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ait Seprea WCibson-invi “sina

Journal

of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Vol. LXXV

(Paris I-V, 1912-1936).

CALCUTTA

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS

PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, 1, PARK STREET

1936

A - =

“~

u .

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,

Vol. LXXV (Parts I-V, 1912-1936).

CONTENTS.

Parr I.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

By J. Sykes Gamble

Parr II.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

By J. Sykes Gamble

Parr ITI.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

By J. Sykes Gamble

Part IV.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

By J. Sykes Gamble

Part V.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

By A. T. Gage

No.

No. 25.

No. :

Page

205

279

393

469

SOURNAL & PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIG SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Wol LXXV, Bart I

1912.

SIRWILLAMJONES|

lil

MDCCXLVI-MDCCXCN

CALCUTTA :

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY, 1, PARK STREET, CALCUTTA.

1912.

Issued 30th March, 1912,

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

For the year 1912.

President :

Colonel G. F. A. Harris, 0.8.1, M.D., F.R.C.P., LMS.

Vice-Presidents :

The Hon. Justice Sir Asutosh Mukhopadhyaya, Kt., 0.8 de

M.A., D.L., D.Sc, F.R.S.E.

G. Thibaut, Esq., C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Sc. .

Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri, C.1.H., M.A.

Lieut.-Colonel F. J. Drury, M.B., I.M.S.

Secretary and Treasurer :

General Secretary :—G. H. Tipper, Esq., M.A., F.G.S.

Treasurer :—D. Hooper, Esq., F.C.S.

Additional Secretaries :

Philological Secretary :—E. D. Ross, Hsq., Ph.D.

Natural History Secretary :—I. H. Burkill, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.

Anthropological Secretary:—N. Annandale, Hsq., D.Sce.,

O.M.Z.S., F.L.S.

Joint Philological Secretary : —Mahamahopadhyaya ‘Satis

Chandra Vidyabhisana, M.A., Ph.D., M.R.A.S.

Medical Secretary :—Capt. J. D. Sandes, I.M.S.

Numismatic Secretary :—The Hon. Mr. H. N. Wright, 1.C.S.

Other Members of Council :

Lient.-Colonel F. P. Maynard, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.P. Gh “i M.S.

The Hon. Mr. Justice H. Holmwood, I.C.S.

K. P. Harrison, Esq., Ph.D

Lient.-Colonel D. C. Phillott.

H. H. Hayden, Esq., C.LE., B.A., B.E., F.G.S.

W. K. Dods, Esq.

5S. W. Kemp, Esq., B.A.

JOURNAL

ASTATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vous LOY: Lier ARY

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL

GARDEN:

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula No. 22.—By J. SyKzEs

GAMBLE, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., late of the Indian Forest

Department.

Four volumes of this work, in 21 Parts, have already appeared,

the first three containing the Thalamiflore, Disciflore and Calyciflore,

by Sir George King, K.C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.; the fourth containing

Gamopetale by Sir George King and Mr. J.S. Gamble. The first two

volumes were entirely Sir George King’s own work; in the third

volume the large Family of Leguminose was done by Lt.-Col. D. Prain, 7

at that time Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden,

Calcutta, the genus Sonerila in Melastomacee by Dr. O. Stapf of Kew,

and the rest by Sir G. King. In the fourth volume, Lt.-Col. Prain

also did Convolvulacee, Solanacee, Scrophulariacee, Labiate and a few

other Families; the Acanthacew were done by the late Mr. C. B. Clarke,

P.R.S. ; and the Gesneraceew were compiled from Mr. H. N. Ridley’s

work on that Family in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society. The other Families were done by either Sir

G. King or Mr. Gamble.

The section of the ‘ Materials ’ dealing with the Monocotyledons

appeared in 1907-8. It was a separate publication entitled

** Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula—Monocotyledons, by

H. N. Ridley, M.A., F.R.S., ete., Director of Botanic Gardens, Singa-

pore, 8.S. (Methodist Publishing House, Singapore),’’ and really

forms the concluding portion of this work.

This number is the first of Vol. V, which is intended to contain

the Monochlamydez and the Gymnosperms; and, owing to the sad

oeeurrence of the death of Sir George King which took place almost

2 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

on the very day that Part 21—the last one of Vol. [V—appeared, Mr.

Gamble is alone responsible for it. He has been promised help by va-

rious Botanists, and especially by Major A. T. Gage, I.M.S., the present

Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta; and hopes

that with this kind assistance the whole work may soon be fully

completed.

The present contribution contains the account of the Families

No. 93 Nyctaginacee, No. 94 Amarantacee, No. 95 Polygonacee,

No. 97 Aristolochiacez, No. 99 Chloranthacee, No. 102 Lauracee and

No. 103 Hernandiacez, all the work of Mr. Gamble except No. 95

Polygonacee which has been contributed by Major Gage. The seven

Families dealt with contain 33 genera and 189 species, of which 1

genus and 78 species were new. The newspecies have been published

in the Kew Bulletin.

In accordance with the Rules adopted by the Vienna Conference,

the measurements in this volume will be given in the metric system:

and it is hoped that this change will not prove an inconvenience.

Family XCIII.—NYCTAGINACE Ai.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire ; stipules

0. Flowers hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual), regular, sometimes

dimorphous; inflorescence various, the flowers often involucrate.

Perianth monopetalous, petaloid, usually small; tube persistent,

enveloping the fruit; limb 3—5-lobed, persistent or deciduous, the

lobes plicate in bud. Stamens 1 to 30, hypogynous, sometimes uni-

lateral; filaments usually unequal, inflexed in bud; anthers included

or exserted, dorsifixed, didymous. Ovary free, 1-celled; ovule

solitary, basal, erect ; style filiform, involute in bud ; stigma small.

Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in the hardened perianth-tube. Seed

erect; testa thin, adherent; albumen soft or floury; embryo with

convolute or incurved cotyledons; radicle inferior.—Distris. Genera

about 22, species about 220, in tropical and warm regions.

1. BomrHaavia, Linn.

Herbs, erect or diffuse, often divaricately branched. Leaves

opposite, often in unequal pairs. Flowers small, paniculate, umbel-

late or subcapitate, articulated with the pedicel; bracteoles small,

often deciduous, rarely involucrate. Perianth-tube long or short,

ovoid below, narrowed above the ovary; limb funnel-shaped or ecam-

panulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 1—5, connate below around the ovary,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 3

exserted; filaments capillary, unequal. Ovary oblique, stipitate :

ovule erect; stigma peltate. Fruii small, enclosed in the ovoid, tur-

binate or clavate, truncate, ribbed or angled, viscidly glandular

' perianth-tube; embryo conduplicate; cotyledons thin, broad, the

outer the larger, enclosing the soft floury albumen; radicle long.—

Distriz. About 30 species, tropical and subtropical.

BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 3 (1753). A diffuse herb;

root fusiform, stout; stems prostrate or ascending, divaricate,

thickened at the nodes. Leaves opposite, in unequal pairs, ovate

or orbicular-ovate, rounded or acute at apex, truncate or cordate

or rounded only at base; upper surface rough, lower whitish

scaly ; larger one of each pair 2—3 cm. long, 1—2 cm. broad, smaller

half the size or less ; main nerves 3—5 pairs, spreading, the lowest

pair near the base; petiole slender, variable in length, up to 2 cm.

long. Flowers in subcapitate heads, in divaricate slender dichoto-

mously branched terminal panicles ; pedicels capillary; bracts small,

lanceolate, acute. Perianth about 2 mm. long, the lower part of the

tube about equalling the upper, the lower glandular enclosing the

ovary, the upper glandular, dotted with red in 5 vertical bands,

campanulate; lobes 5. Stamens 2, slightly exserted; the anthers

glandular on the back. Fruit about 3 mm. long, obovate truncate.

5-ribbed and glandular. Bl. Bijdr. 733; Choisy in DC. Prod. XIII. 2.

452 ; Wall. Cat. 6770 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ILI. 390 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. IT.

480. B. procumbens, Herb. Banks in Roxb. Fl, Ind. I. 146; Wight

Ic. t. 874. B. repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 3; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 709;

Choisy in DC. |. c. 453; Collett Fl. Siml. 410 t. 131; Prain Beng.

Plants 862.——‘ Talu-Dama ’ Rheede Hort. Mal. VII. 105. t. 56.

PENANG: Curtis! Deschamps! Prov. WELLESLEY: Ridley 6983!

StncaporeE: Lobb 309!; Ridley 9131! a common weed of roadsides

and cultivated fields—Distrie. India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago.

tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and America.

Family XCIV.—AMARANTACEAL.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, erect or with climbing branches. Leaves

opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,

rarely polygamous or dicecious, small, usually in terminal and axil-

lary simple or panicled spikes, cymes or clusters, the outermost

flowers of a cluster sometimes deformed ; bracts hyaline or scarious ;

bracteoles 2, scarious. Perianth of usually 5 segments, free or

slightly connate below, scarious or hyaline, persistent, imbricate.

= Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

nerved. Stamens 1—5, opposite the perianth segments; filaments

free or connate below in a membranous hypogynous cup, often alter-

nating with membranous staminodes; anthers dorsifixed, 1- or 2-

celled. Ovary 1-celled, ovoid ellipsoid or globose; ovules 1 or more,

amphitropous, erect or suspended from basal funicles; style some-

times simple or obsolete with capitellate stigma, sometimes 2—3-fid

with acute stigmas, or styles 2 or 3 papillosely stigmatic on the inner

face, erect or recurved. Fruit a membranous utricle, rarely a berry

or a capsule, breaking irregularly or circumscissly, supported by the

persistent perianth. Seed erect or inverted, orbicular ovate or reni-

form, compressed ; testa crustaceous; tegmen, if present, membran-

ous; embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular, surrounding a floury

albumen.—Distris. Genera 48, species about 500, tropical and

subtropical.

Anthers 2-celled :—

Ovary 2—x-ovuled; leaves alternate (Tribe I. CeLosIz a) :—

Fruit a berry ; shrubby a5 +2 .. 1. DEERINGIA.

Fruit membranous ; herbaceous Se .. 2. CELOSIA.

Ovary l-ovuled (Tribe Il. AMARANTE) :—

Ovule erect: leaves alternate :—

Flowers 2-sexual, capitate; utricle circumsciss .. 3. ALLMANTIA.

Flowers unisexual, in large clusters; utricle cir-

cumsciss or indehiscent 32 .. 4. AMARANTUS.

Ovule suspended from a basal funicle; leaves oppo-

site :—

Flowers clustered, 1—3 perfect, surrounded by de-

formed ones :—

Stamens with interposed staminodes 5

Stamens without staminodes - .. 6, Paexeaas

Flowers all perfect :—

Staminodes 0; spikes short; perianth-segments

soft 2 ae aA .. 7. PSILOTRICHUM.

Staminodes present :

Spikes rather short: perianth-segments soft,

often woolly rd a: .-- 8. ADRvA.

Spikes long; perianth-segments spinescent .. 9. ACHYRANTHES.

Anthers |-celled; ovary !-ovuled; ovule suspended from

a basai funicle; leaves opposite (Tribe III. Gom-

PHRENEZ) :— 2 as 59 .. 10. ALTERNANTHERA.

The following plants seem to be commonly cultivated in gar-

dens, besides some of these described.

Telanthera ficoidea, Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2. 363 (1849), a

native of Brazil and used for edgings and carpet borders, the leaves

being of a fine crimson colour.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 5

SINGAPORE: Deschamps !

Gomphrena globosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 224 (1753) the ‘Globe Amavr-

anth’ probably coming from America, with large globose yellow or

crimson heads of flowers. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 732.

Stineapore: 7’. Anderson 80!

1. DrERinera, Brown.

Herbs or rambling or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, petio-

late, entire. Flowers 1—2-sexual, small, in simple or panicled spikes

er racemes, or sometimes fascicled; bract and 2 bracteoles scarious.

Perianth-lobes 5, oblong, imbricate, spreading in fruit, subequal.

‘Stamens 4—5, the filaments broadened and connate at the base in a

cup, slender above; anthers reniform-oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid

er subglobose; stigmas 2—4, subulate; ovules few or many, on long

funicles from the base. Fruit a globose berry or circumsciss

utricle, seated on the spreading persistent perianth. Seeds few or

many, reniform, compressed ; testa crustaceous, puncticulate; em-

bryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous albumen; cotyledons

linear, plano-convex; radicle descending. Distrre. Species 5—6,

Asiatic, Australian and Pacific, one in Madagascar.

Flowers, in long panicled racemes; stamens exsert;

seeds few, under 6 ie ae .. IL. D. celostotdes.

Flowers, in short spikes; stamens scarcely exsert; seeds

very many 5% a ac -. 2. D. indica.

1. DEERINGIA CELOSIOIDES, Brown Prodr. Fl. Nov.-Holl. f. 413

(1810). A woody climbing shrub; branchlets long, slender, climb-

ing, blackish when dry. Leaves membranous, glabrous, ovate or

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded or deltoid-acute, some-

times cordate, often unequal at base; upper surface blackish when

dry, lower pale; 5—10 cm. long, 4—5 cm. broad but often less; midrib

slender, main nerves 7—10 pairs, branching, prominent beneath and

joined by irregular transverse nervules; petiole slender, 1—2°5 cm. long.

Flowers smali, in long slender racemes in terminal drooping panicles

often 30—40 cm. long; bract and 2 bracteoles ovate acuminate, scari-

ous. Perianth-lobes oblong, obtuse, 1—1:‘5 mm. long, scarious on

the margins. Stamens exsert; anthers oblong-reniform. Ovary de-

pressed globose; stigmas 3, papillose. Fruit a succulent scarlet

berry about 5 mm. in diam. ; pericarp rather thin; seeds about 3—6,

black, puncticulate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 682 and ed. Carey and Wall.

TY. 511; Wight Ic. t. 728; Wall. Cat. 6888; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI.

6 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

214; Bot. Mag. t. 2717; Endl. Iconog. t. 62; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1.

1025; Benth. Fl. Austral. V. 209; Baill. Hist. des Pl. IX. 157. t. 230,

231 ; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 714 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 412 : Brandis

Ind. Trees 518 ; Prain Beng. Plants 866 ; D. baccata, Mog. in DC.

Prodr. XIII. 2. 236; Engl. & Prant] Naturl. Pflanzenfam. ITT. 1a. 97.

t. 49. D. indica, Retz in Bl. Bijdr. 542; Cladostachys frutescens,

Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 76; Mig. /. c. excl. syn. Blitum frutescens,

Rumph. Herb. Amb. V. 235 t. 83, fig. 2.

Perak: at Batu Kuran, Scortechini 1593! Distris. India,

Burma, Maiay Islands, China, Australia.

2. DEERINGIA4 INDICA, Zoll. Syst. Verz. Pl. Jav. 110 (1854). A

herbaceous shrub, reaching 1 to 1-5 m.in height; branchlets rather

fleshy, angled when dry, glabrous. Leaves membranous; lanceolate

or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate-acuminate at base ;

glabrous on both surfaces, pale beneath when dry ; 10—20 cm. long,

5—8 em. broad ; midrib rather broad ; main nerves 8—11 pairs, the

lowest pair rather oblique, the rest nearly at right angles to the mid-

rib, curved near the margin ; secondary nerves few ; transverse ner-

vules irregular, obscure ; petiole slender, 1-5 to 2, sometimes to

4cm.long. Flowers in short axillary glabrous spikes 1—4 cm. long ;

bract and bracteoles ovate, acute or obtuse, scarious. Perianth lobes

oblong, acute, concave, scarious on the margins, 2°5—3 mm. long.

Stamens scarcely exsert; filaments filiform above, gradually broaden-

ing to join in a cup 1mm. long; anthersoblong-reniform. Ovary sub-

globose ; stigmas 3, spreading, papillose. Fruit a white subglobose

berry about 5 mm. in diam.; pericarp thick, fleshy ; seeds many (up

to 50), angular-reniform, beaked, black, puncticulate. Mog. in DC.

Prodr. XIII. 2, 236; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1026.

Perak: at Kwala Dipang, Ridley 9583! Scortechini! at

Waterloo, Curtis 2691! near Goping, Larut, on limestone at 150—

300 m. alt. King’s Collector 4611! Duistris. Java, the Moluccas and

Philippine Islands.

2. Certosia, Linn.

Herbs or rarely shrubs, erect or with climbing branches. Leaves

alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, in dense terminal and axillary

spikes, white or pink, shining; bract and bracteoles scarious. Peri-

anth-lobes 5, slightly connate below, scarious, imbricate, oblong or

lanceolate, acute or obtuse, longitudinally nerved, erectin fruit. Sta-

mens 5; filaments slender, connate below in a membranous hypogy-

nous cup; anthers 2-celled, dorsifixed. Ovary 1-celled, ovoid or sub-

_ Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 7

globose ; ovules 2 or more on long funicles from the base of the

ovary; style 0 or short or long, and sometimes elongating after flower-

ing ; stigma simple or 2—3, subulate. Fruit a utricle dehiscing in cir-

cumsciss fashion near the middle, membranous or sometimes coria-

ceous. Seeds 2 or more, erect, lenticular; testa crustaceous, black,

shining or dull; embryo annular, surrounding the floury albumen ;

cotyledons linear; radicle descending or ascending. Distriz. About .

35 species in tropical Asia, Africa and America.

1, CaLosra ARGENTEA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 205(1753). A glabrous annual

herb, reaching 30cm. to 1 m. in height ; stem erect, branches grooved.

Leaves variable, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apex and at

base, glabrous, entire, 2—19 cm. long, 5—25mm. broad ; nerves irregu-

- Jar; petiole 0 or very short and slender. Flowers in dense terminal

cylindric spikes, 3 to 25 or more cm. long, at first pink then becom-

ing shining white, sometimes branching at the apex cockscomb-

fashion ; bract and bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate or awned, sca-

rious,4—5mm.long. Perianth-lobes linear-lanceolate, sharply acumi-

nate, scarious, about 8 mm. long, 3-nerved. Stamens with slender

filaments about 3 mm. long, combined below in a cup 2 mm. deep ;

anthers linear, 1— 1:5 mm. long, the bases finally divaricate. Ovary

ovoid, very thin; style slender, 5 mm. long; stigma small. Ufricle

3—4 mm. long, ellipsoid, tapering into the persistent style. circumciss

about the middle. Seeds 4—8, lenticular, more or less compressed, 1—5

mm. indiam. ; testa black, shining. Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 1197; Roxb. Fl.

Ind. I. 678 and ed. Carey & Wall. II. 507; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb.

Fl. 215; Wight Ic. t. 1767; Wall. Cat. 6916; Bl. Bijdr. 543; Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1028 ; Mog.in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 242 ; Hook. f. in

Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 714; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 393 ; Cooke Bomb. Fi. IT.

' 486; Prain Beng. Plants 867; Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzen.

fam. LIV. J.a. 99, t. 51. C. margaritacea, Yann. l.c. ; Wall. Cat.

6917; Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 76; Baill. Hist. des Pl. IX. 157 tt. 228,

229. ‘ Belutta-adeca-manjen’ Rheede Hort. Mal. X. 75,77. tt. 38,

39.

PERAK : river Pluss, Wray 45! Pananea: at Temerloh, Ridley

2253! Matacca?: Griffith 4181-2! Distris. Throughout India.

Ceylon, Tropical Asia, Africa, America: in fields, native country

unknown.

3. ALLMANIA, Brown.

Erect or diffuse herbs. Leaves alternate; linear, obovate or

spathulate, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, in terminal and axillary,

nn ae

8 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

sessile or pedunculate, globose or ovoid heads; bract 1, bracteeles

2, scarious. Perianth-segments 5, equal, imbricate, free or nearly

so, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, nerved, erect in fruit. Stamens

5, united below in a membranous hypogynous cup ; filaments slender ;

anthers small, 2-celled, dorsifixed. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, narrowed

into a long straight style ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; ovule solitary,

erect. Fruit a subglobose or ovoid circumsciss membranous

atricle. Seed 1, orbicular, flattened ; testa crustaceous, black, with a

basal cup-shaped aril ; embryo annular, surrounding copious mealy

albumen ; cotyledons linear; radicle inferior. Distris. About 3

sp: cies, in Tropical Asia.

1. ALLMANIA NODIFLORA, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6890 (1828). A diffuse

annual (or sometimes perennial ?) herb; branchlets angular, dichoto-

mously divaricate, pale when dry, glabrous or slightly puberulous.

Leaves variable, linear-lanceolate to oblong or spathulate, often mu-

cronate at apex; petiole 0 or slender. Flowers in globose sessile

or shortly pedunculate axillary white or brown heads, 10—15 mm.

in diameter; bract linear-lanceolate, 4—5 mm. long, bracteoles

similar, rather shorter, keeled. Perianth-lobes oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate, 5 mm. long, strongly l-nerved, shortly connate at

the base. Ovary ovoid, membranous; style 1°5 mm. long; stigma

small, capitate, very shortly 2-lobed. Utricle membranous, hyaline.

Seed large, nearly as large as the utricle, orbicular, flattened ; aril

cup-shaped, 2-lobed. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 717; Cooke Bomb.

Fl. II. 487; Prain Beng. Plants 867; Engl. & Prantl Naturl.

Pflanzenfam. III. la. 102, t. 55. Celosia nodiflora, Linn. Sp. PI.

298. Achyranthes nodiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind.I. 678. Chamissoa nodi-

flora, Mart.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 249; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

IT. 1. 1029. C. aspera, Wight Ic. t. 1772. C. dichotoma, Wight -

fest. 17 7a

Disrris. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China.

Var. esculenta, Hook.f. Leaves very narrow linear, 3—5 cm. long.

A. esculenta, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6892 ; Mog. l.c. 249.

Mauacca: Griffith 4182! Cuming 2297! Panane: Ridley 1409!

SINGAPORE: Ridley 9493 !

Var. procumbens, Hook. f. Leaves spathulate or oblanceolate,

3—3°5 cm. long, 10—12 mm. broad. Wall. Cat. 6980 E in part. A.

nodiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1770.

SmuneaPpore: Ridley 3381!

SS ee a ee ee eee a 5 ee

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 9

4. AMARANTUS, Linn.

Annual herbs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, usually entire.

Flowers small, moncecious or polygamous, in cymules of three or

more, arranged in axillary clusters or dense terminal and axillary

spikes or panicles; bract 1, bracteoles 2. Perianth of 3 or 5 mem-

branous equal or subequal segments; in 3 ovate-lanceolate, in 2

oblong or spathulate. Stamens 5 or less, free ; anthers 2-celled ;

staminodes 0. Ovary compressed, ovoid, 1-celled ; style short or 0;

stigmas 2—3, filiform or subulate ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit an orbicular

or ovoid compressed utricle, indehiscent or circumsciss. Seed erect,

orbicular, compressed ; testa crustaceous; embryo annular, enclos-

ing floury albumen; cotyledons linear; radicle inferior. DIsTRIB.

_ Several species, of which some cultivated ; tropical or subtropical.

Perianth-lobes and stamens 5 each; utricle circumsciss :

Leaf axils spinous .. oC Ae .. I. A. spimosus.,

Leaf axils not spinous Sc 56 -. 2 A. caudatus.

Perianth-lokes and stamens 3 each; no spines:

Utricle circumsciss; perianth-lobes, bracts aad’ brac-

teoles long-awned 7 3. A gangeticus.

Utricle indehiscent; DeHanth lobes, ere and Be

teoles shortly-awned ave ee .. 4. A. viridts.

1. AMaRANTUS spINosusS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 991 (1753). An erect

glabrous herb. 30-60 cm. high; stems hard, often reddish, with

many grooved branches and usually sharp divaricate spines usually in

pairs at the leaf axils, 15 mm. long or less. Leaves membranous ;

ovate or oblong, obtuse and sharply mucronate at apex, cuneate at

base, glabrous above, sometimes scurfy beneath ; 3-8 cm. long, 1-4

em. broad; main nerves numerous, about 10 pairs, slender, prom-

inent beneath; petiole slender, 1-6 cm. long. Flowers very nu-

merous, in cymules of 3 or more in dense axillary clusters and in ter-

minal and axillary dense or interrupted spikes, the upper flower in

the spikes usually ¢, the lower 2 or the ¢ and 2 mixed; bracts and

bracteoles linear-lanceolate, sharply mucronate. Perianth-lobes 5:

in @ ovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, scarious, mucronate, 2—3 mm.

long ; in 2 shorter, obovate or spathulate. Siamens5; anthers oblong ;

filaments flattened. Ovary ovoid; stigmas 2—3, subulate. Ulricle

circumsciss about the middle, membranous, rugose. Seed about 1

mm. in diam.; testa black, shining. Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2

260 ; Willd. Hist. Amarant. 38. t. 4. fig. 8; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 611;

Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 216; Wight Ic. t. 513; wer Cat. 6894 ;

Bl. Bijdr. 540; Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. L.1. 1051; Hook. HE Bes ind.

10 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

IV. 718; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 396; Cooke Bomb. Fl. II. 489;

Prain Beng. Plants 869.

PENANG: road sides and waste places, Deschamps! PROVINCE

WELLESLEY: at Krian, Ridley 9419! Mawacca: Griffith 4183 B!

SincaPpore: Ridley 8920! Distr. India, Ceylon, Malay Archi-

pelago, etc.

2. AMARANTUS CauDaTUS, Linn. Sp. PI. 990 (1753). An erect

glabrous herb ; stems striate. Leaves membranous; elliptic, or ovate-

lanceolate, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous,

often dotied ; 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad; main nerves 8-10 pairs,

prominent beneath ; petiole slender 3-5 cm. long. Flowers very

numerous, in cymules in dense clusters axillary or along the rachis

of terminal or axillary drooping spikes 10-20 cm. long; bracts

obovate, sharply long mucronate. Perianth-lobes 5, cblanceolate, mu-

cronate, keeled. Stamens 5; anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid; stigmas

2—3, often thick. Ufricle circumsciss about the middle, membra-

nous, rugose. Seed about 1 mm. in diam. ; testa black, shining. Moq.

in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 255; Wall. Cat. 6907; Willd. Hist. Ama-

rant. 36; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 719; Prain Beng. Plants 870.

A. cruentus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 610. A. caudatus and A.

Alopecurus, Hochst.

SINGAPORE : Ridley 9100!, 10403! 10443! apparently a garden

weed ; Deschamps! Disrris. cultivated and run wild in most tropical

countries.

This seems to be merely a small weedy form of A. caudatus and except for

the absence of spines comes very close to A. spinosus.

3. AMARANTUS GANGETICUS, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1268 (1759).

An erect glabrous herb, 60-120 cm. high; stem stout, branching,

grooved. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, ovate, rnomboid-ovate or

deltoid-ovate, obtusely acute and mucronate at apex, rounded and

then acuminate at base and decurrent on the petiole; both sur-

faces glabrous, white-dotted when dry; 5—15 cm. long, 2—10 cm.

broad; main nerves about 10 pairs, prominent; petiole slender, 2—8

em. long, the upper half bordered by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Flowers very numerous, in cymules clustered in the axils of

the leaves and also forming a long terminal more or less interrupted

spike, the ¢ and 2 mixed; bract ovate, scarious, with a long slender

awn 4 mm. long; the bracteoles rather shorter, lessawned. Perianth-

lobes 3, lanceolate, long-awned, up to 4mm. long, those of ¢ shorter

and less awned. Stamens 3; anthers oblong; filaments slender.

Ovary ovoid; stigmas 3, subulate. Ultricle circumsciss about the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 11

middle, membranous, rugose. Seed 1—1-5 mm. in diam., flattened ;

testa shining, black. Willd. Hist. Amarant. t. 6, f. 11; Roxb. FI. Ind.

ITT. 606; Wall. Cat. 6896 eacl. C.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 261;

Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1033; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 719; Trimen

Fl. Ceyl. III. 396 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 489 ; Prain Beng. Plants 870.

A. tricolor, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. 383; Roxb. 1. c. 608; Wall. Cat. 6902.

A. lanceolatus, Roxb. 1. c. 604; Wall. Cat 6895. A. tristis, Willd.

1. c. 8385; Roxb. 1. c. 604; Wall. Cat. 6904, A. C.; Wight Ic. t. 713.

Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 215. A. oleraceus, Willd. |. c. 386 ; Roxb.

1. c. 605 ; Wight Ic. t. 715. A. polygamus, Willd. 1. c. 384; Roxb.

]. c. 603; Wall. Cat. 6899 excl. D; Wight Ic. t. 714. A. lividus,

Willd. |. c. 536; Roxb. 1. c. 605; Wall. Cat. 6896 C. A. melancholi-

cus, Willd. 1. c. 383; Roxb. 1. c. 608.

| PENANG: about George Town, Deschamps! SiIncarorE: Mac-

pherson road, Ridley 6256! Duistris. Tropical regions, cultivated.

4. AMARANTUS VIRIDIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2. 1405 (1763). An

erect branching glabrous herb 30—60 cm. high, the branches grooved,

oftenreddish. Leaves membranous, ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse and

usually notched at apex, cuneate or truncate at base; both surfaces

more or less white-dotted when dry; 2—8 cm. long, 1—5 cm. broad;

main nerves about 6 pairs, slender; petiole slender, 1—6 cm. long.

Flowers shortly pedicelled, in small cymules in axillary clusters and

in terminal and axillary slender more or less interrupted paniculate

racemes; bract and bracteoles ovate, acute, green-keeled, shorter

than the perianth-lobes. Perianth-lobes 3, in 3 ovate-acuminate,

in 2 obovate, mucronate, membranous, green-keeled, 1—1°5 mm.

long. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong; filaments short, slender.

Ovary oblong-obovate; style thick ; “stigmas 2—3, subulate. Ufricle

suborbicular, indehiscent, membranous, rugose, 1:5 mm. in diam.,

surmounted by the persistent style. Seed lenticular, smooth, shining,

black, 1 mm. in diam. Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 605; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. IV. 720; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 397; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 490;

Prain Beng. Plants 871. A. polystachyus, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6901.

A. fasciatus, Roxb. 1. c. 609; Wight Ic. t. 717. Huxolus caudatus,

Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 274; Wight Ic. t. 1773; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat I. i. 1035.

Matacea: Griffith! Stncapore: Kurz! Hullett 241! Ridley

4690! Deschamps!—Distrip. All tropical and warm countries, a

weed of cultivation.

5. CyaTHuLA, Lour.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire.

12 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Fiowers small, hermaphrodite, in large or small, bracteate and brac-

teolate, spicate or capitate clusters; perfect flowers 1—3 in each

cluster, surrounded by imperfect ones. Perianth-segments 5, scarious,

I-nerved, acuminate or with hooked rigid awns; in the imperiect

flowers reduced to hooked rigid awns. Stamens 5; filaments connate

below with intervening lacerate or 2—3-fid staminodes into a hypogy-

nous membranous cup; anthers 2-celled. Ovary obovoid, 1-celled;

ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal funicle; style simple,

filiform ; stigma capitellate. Fruit an ovoid membranous utricle

enclosed in the perianth, its apex areolate. Seed inverse, oblong:

testa coriaceous, tegmen membranous; embryo annular; cotyledons

linear-oblong, flat, surrounding the farinaceous albumen; radicle

erect.—DistTris. About 10species in tropical and subtemperate Asia,

Africa and America.

1. CYATHULA PROSTRATA, Blume Bijdr. 549 (1825). Aslender an-

nual herb, prostrate below, erect above, thickened and rooting at

the lower nodes; stem angular, glabrous or scaberulous, trichoto-

mously branched above, upper branchlets and rachis densely hispid-

tomentose. Leaves elliptic-rhomboid or ovate, acute at apex, cuneate

at base; both surfaces strigosely hispid, lower often reddish;

2—6 cm. long, 1—3 cm. broad ; main nerves 4—6 pair, prominent ;

petiole very short, sometimes 0. Flowers pale violet, in small droop-

ing clusters arranged in terminal spicate pedunculate racemes 10—15

cm. long; pedicels very short; bract and bracteoles ovate, acumi-

nate, hispid-pubescent. Pertanth-lobes of the 2—3 perfect flowers 5,

lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, hispid, 2—2°5 mm. long: those of

imperfect flowers similar or reduced to hooked awns. Siamens 5 with

slender filaments and minute orbicular anthers, alternating with short

bifid staminodes and forming below a hyaline cup. Ovary obovoid,

glabrous; style slender; stigma capitellate. Utricle thinly mem-

branous, ovoid, surmounted by the remains of the style. Seed 1—1-°5

mm. long, oblong-ellipsoid, testa smooth, shining ; cotyledons oblong,

flat. Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 326; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. FI.

219; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 723; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. IIT. 398; Cooke

Bomb. Fl. II. 496; Prain Beng. Plants 872. C. repens, Mog. 1. c.

330. C. geniculata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. I. 112; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

T. 1.1045. Achyranthes prostraia, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2. 296; Roxb. Fl.

Ind. I. 674 and Ed. Carey and Wall. II. 501. Desmocheia prostraia,

DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 102; Wight Ic. t. 733. D. patula? Wall.

Cat. 6937; D. repens, Roem. and Sch. Syst. V. 552; Wall. Cat.

6938. ‘Scheru-cadelari’ Rheede Hort. Mal X. 157. t. 79.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 13

Penanc: Curtis 17! 944! Deschamps! Mauacca: Griffith! G.

King! Harvey! Hullett! Prax: Scortechini!; at Jenah, etc., Wray

1754! 3489! 3494! Jonore: at Kota Tingji, Ridley 5726 !—DisrTrip.

India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago (Java, Forbes 535! Sumatra, Forbes

1242 !) and through the tropics of the World.

6. Purasia, Juss.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire. Flow-

ers green, hermaphrodite, fascicled in simple or paniculate spikes,

fascicles with 1—2 perfect flowers, the rest imperfect; bract and brac-

teoles scarious, awned. Perianth-segments of perfect flowers 5, nearly

equal, lanceolate, acuminate, 3—5-nerved ; those of imperfect flowers

_ reduced to awns with spreading hooked bristles. Stamens 5; filaments

slender, subulate, shortly combined at the base; anthers 2-celled ; sta-

minodes 0. Ovary ovoid, I-celled; ovule 1, pendulous from a long

basal funicle; style simple; stigma capitate. Fruit an ovoid mem-

branous compressed utricle, enclosed in the perianth, the top areo-

late. Seed inverse, lenticular, rostellate ; testa thinly crustaceous;

tegmen membranous ; embryo annular ; cotyledons linear-oblong, flat,

surrounding the farinaceous albumen ; radicle ascending.—DistTRIB :

Species 5, Asiatic and African.

J. PUPALIA ATROPURPUREA, Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. 331

(1849). A slender, erect, annual or biennial, herb reaching 60 to 150

em. in height ; branches long, straggling or semi-scandent, glabrous,

often tinged with purple. Leaves membranous, ovate or elliptic-lanceo-

late, acuminate and mucronate at apex, suddenly contracted at base;

both surfaces glabrous or nearly so, white-puncticulate when dry ;

2—10 cm. long, 1—5 cm, broad; main nerves distant, about 6 pair;

petiole slender, 6—18 mm. Jong. Flowers in sessile clusters in lax-

pedunculate terminal spikes, up to 25 cm. long; bracts small, ovate ;

acuminate, persistent on the rachis; bracteoles 2, larger, ovate,

strongly keeled and mucronate, 4 mm. long, deciduous with the

flower cluster. Perianth-segments 5, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, 4

mm. long, lanate, 3—5-nerved ; those of imperfect flowers reduced to

elochidiate purple hocked awns. Stamens 5; anthers suborbicular,

minute; filaments slender, very thin, joined at base in a shallow

hyaline cup. Ovary obovate ; style slender, persistent in fruit. U/tr-

cle very thin. Seed oblong, 1—2 mm. long, truncate at both ends ;

testa black, crustaceous; tegmen membranous; cotyledons short;

radicle thick and long. Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 219; Mig. FI.

14 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Ind. Bat. I. 1046; Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 723 ; Trimen FI. Cey]. ITI.

399 ; Cooke, Bomb. FI. II. 497; Prain Beng. Plants 872. Achyran-

thes lappacea, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2. 95. excl. Syn. Hd. 1; Roxb. Fl. Ind.

I. 675, and Ed. Carey and Wall. II. 500. A. atropurpurea, Lamk.

Dict. I. 546. Desmocheta atropurpurea, DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 102 ;

Wall. Cat 6933 excl. K; Wight Ic. t. 731. ‘ Wellia Codiveli’ Rheede

Hort. Mal. X. 117 t. 59.

SINGAPORE AND Penanc: Wallich.—Disrrrs. India, Ceylon, Java,

Madagascar, etc.

7. PstLotricuum, Blume.

Herbs or undershrubs, 3-chotomously branched. Leaves oppo-

site, petiolate, entire. Flowers white or greenish, hermaphrodite, in

axillary solitary or panicled spikes or clusters ; bracts small, chafty :

bracteoles 2, small. Perianth-segments 5, slightly connate below.

ovate, acuminate, ribbed. Stamens 5; filaments unequal, slender.

connate below in a thin cup; anthers 2-celled; staminodes0. Ovary

oblong or subglobose; style slender; stigma capitellate or 2-fid:

ovule i, pendulous from a long basal funicle. Fruit a globose or

compressed utricle, enclosed in the hardened perianth. Szed inverse,

lenticular ; testa coriaceous or crustaceous ; embryo annular, enclosing

the floury albumen ; cotyledons thin, flat; radicle ascending —DistrR1B.

Species 10—12, Asiatic, African or Pacific.

1. PSILOTRICHUM TRICHOTOMUM, Blume Bijdr. 545 (1826). A

flaccid decumbent subglabrous annual herb 30—40 em. high ; branches

erect, striate; nodes hairy. Leaves membranous; elliptic, elliptic-lan-

ceolate or lanceolate, rarely obovate, acute at apex, narrowed at base,

very pale when dry; 2—6 cm. long, 5—15 mm. broad; main nerves

2—3 pair, oblique, obscure; petiole very short or 0. Spikes green,

terminal, 5—15 mm. long; flowers reddish, crowded; bract chafiy,

persistent on the pubescent rachis; bracteoles minute, deciduous

with the flower. Perianth-lobes equal, hard, lanceolate, acuminate.

glabrous, 3—5-nerved, 2 mm. long, persistent around the fruit. Sta-

mens very small; anthers suborbicular: filaments very thin. Ovary

globose; style short; stigma capitate. Utricle membranous. Seed

small; testa black, shining. Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. 1.280; Hook.

f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 725. Achyranthes? carnosa, Wail. Cat. 6931.

Leiospermum ferrugineum, Wight Ic. t. 721. Ptilotus trichotomus, Miq.

F]. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1037.

PERAK: in open ground on mountains at 250—300 m., King’s

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 15

Collector 10732!—DistrrB. India, Burma, Java, Sumatra (Lampor,

180m. Forbes 2650!), Borneo, Philippines.

Agruva, Forsk.

Herbs or undershrubs, more or less woolly. Leaves alternate or

opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in simple or

panicled spikes; bract and 2 bracteoles small. Perianth 5-(rarely

4-) lobed, lobes equal or the outer broader, usually more or less

woolly. Stamens 5, connate with short or long intervening staminodes

in a short hypogynous cup; anthers 2-celled. Ovary ovoid or sub-

globose, I-celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal funicle ;

style simple, short or long ; stigma capitellate. Fruit a membranous

utricle or circumsciss capsule with coriaceous crown. Seed inverse;

testa coriaceous; Hmbryo annular, surrounding floury albumen;

cotyledons linear; radicle inferior.—Disrris. Tropical Africa and

Asia, species about 15.

1. Azrua Cortisi1, Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2201 (1892). A

straggling undershrub or herb apparently perennial; branchlets pale,

crispate-pubescent, grooved when dry. Leaves opposite, membra-

nous; lanceolate, acuminate at apex, acuminate and long decurrent

on the petiole at the base; upper surface puberulous at length glab-

rous, lower softly pubescent with whitish hairs, at length nearly

glabrous ; 6—12 cm. long, 2—5 cm. broad: midrib slender ; main nerves

6 pairs, oblique ; transverse nervules and reticulations obscure ; petiole

slender, 1—2cm.long. Flowersin spikes, 2—4 cm. longin axillary sub-

umbellate panicles or fascicles on a slender peduncle 1—3 cm. Jong;

bract and 2 bracteoles ovate acuminate, 1 mm. long, the former

persistent after the fall of the fruit with the bracteoles and perianth ;

rachis softly strigosely pubescent. Perzanth-lobes ovate-oblong.

acute, white, scarious, 5—7-nerved, 2—3 mm. long. Stamens small,

the cup and staminodes hyaline, the filaments deltoid-subulate; anthers

suborbicular. Ovary membranous, subglobose; style short; stigma

capitate; ovule pendulous on a long funicle. Utricle membranous.

Seed deeply and obliquely reniform, 2 mm. in diam.; testa black.

minutely puncticulate.

PERAK: bottom of Waterloo Estate, Curtis 2712! Scortechini !

on rocks in Upper Perak, at 90 m. alt., Wray 3698 !

This species has not much the appearance of a species of rua; it more

nearly resembles a Psilotrichum as I at first believed it to be. The presence,

however, of antherless filaments between the stamens requires it to be des-

cribed in “rua.

16 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

8. ACHYRANTHES, Linn.

Herbs, sometimes woody below. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in slender simple and panicled spikes, soon

deflexed: bracts membranous, spinescent, persistent on the rachis;

bracteoles 2, spinescent. Perianth segments 5, lanceolate, aristate.

rigid, somewhat connate below, ultimately ribbed and hardened.

Stamens 2—5; filaments filiform, connate at the membranous base and

alternating with as many square staminodes which are toothed

lacerate or with a toothed scale at the back; anthers2-celled. Ovary

oblong, subcompressed, 1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long

basal funicle ; style filiform; stigma capitellate. Fruit an oblong or

ovoid utricle, apex rounded or areolate. Seed inverse, oblong: testa

coriaceous, tegmen membranous; embryo annular, surrounding the

floury albumen ; cotyledons oblong-lanceolate,incurved again; radicle

erect.—-Distris. About 15 species, tropical and subtropical.

1. ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 204 (1753). An erect

undershrub reaching 30—90 cm. in height; stem stout and woody at

base, the nodes swollen; branches few, terete or obscure y quadran-

gular, pubescent, striate. Leaves extremely variable, thick, elliptic

or obovate sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded or subacute at apex,

narrowed at base; both surfaces softly pubescent; 3°5—6 em. long,

2-5—4 cm. broad; main nerves 3—4 pair, obscure; petiole 6—8 mm.

long. Flowers greenish-white, numerous, stiffly deflexed against the

woolly rachis, in elongate terminal lengthening spikes, often 50 cna.

long in fruit; bracts ovate, aristate, membranous, persistent, 3—4

mm. long; bracteoles broadly ovate with a hard spine as long as er

slightly longer than the blade, deciduous with the perianth, 3—5 mm.

long. Perianth-lobes lanceolate, aristate, subequal, with narrow

membranous margins, 3—6 mm. long. Stamens 5; filaments filiform ;

staminodes fimbriate; anthers oblong, scarcely 1 mm. long. Ufricle

oblong-cylindric, membranous, enclosed in the hardened perianth, 2—3

mm. long. Seed brown; cotyledons long, inflexed. Mog. in DC.

Prodr. XIIi. 2. 314; Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 672 and Ed. Carey and Wall.

II. 496; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 218; Wight Ic. t. 1777; Trimen

Fl. Cey!. IIT. 404; Wall. Cat. 6924 excl. H; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1.

1042; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 731: Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 495; Prain

Beng. Plants 875; Baill. Hist.des Pl. IX. 153. tt. 221—223. ‘Cade-

lari’ Rheede Hort. Mal. 155, t. 78.

SincaPoREe: Ridley 10632!—Distrrs. India, Ceylon and all

tropical regions.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 17

9. ALTERNANTHERA, Forsk.

Herbs, usually prostrate, at any rate at base. Leaves opposite.

Flowers hermaphrodite, small, white, in axillary often clustered

heads; bract and 2 bracteoles scarious. Perianth segments 5, un-

equal, the 2 lateral innermost, concave. Stamens 2—5; filaments

short, connate in a short cup, with or without intervening stami-

nodes; anthers 1-celled. Ovary orbicular or ovoid; style short;

stigma capitellate; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal

funicle. Fruit a compressed ovoid orbicular or obcordate utricle, the

margins usually thickened or winged. Seed inverse, lenticular; testa

coriaceous or crustaceous; embryo annular, surrounding the floury

albumen ; cotyledons narrow; radicle superior.—DistTRIB. Species

about 16, tropical and subtropical.

1. ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS, Br. Prodr. Flor. Nov.-Holl. 417

(1810). A prostrate herb, or the lower part of the stem prostrate

and rooting, the upper erect; branches many, glabrous below, the

uppermost with 2 opposite lines of soft hairs. Leaves somewhat fleshy

linear-oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic, obtuse or subacute

at apex, narrowed at base; both surfaces glabrous; margins entire

or obscurely denticulate ; 1—5 cm. long, 1—2 cm. broad ; main nerves

5—T7 pairs, obscure ; petiole very short or 0. Flowers sessile, white,

shining, in small axillary sessile heads; bract and bracteoles ovate,

acuminate, scarious, 1—1°5 mm. long. Perianth-segments 5, nearly

equal, ovate, acuminate, scarious, l-nerved, 2—3 mm. long. Stamens

2—3, veryshort; staminodesusually0. Ovary obcordate, compressed,

broader than long; style very short. Ultricle obcordate, compressed,

about 2 mm. long by 3 mm. broad, margins prominently thickened.

Seed 1—1°5 mm. in diam.,suborbicular ; testa coriaceous, dark brown.

Mog. in DC. Prodr, XIII. 2. 357; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. FI. 220;

Wight Ic. t. 727; Wall. Cat. 6921; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1048;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. IV. 731; Prain Beng. Plants 875. A. triandra,

Lam. Encyc. Method. I. 95: Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 405 ; Cooke Bomb.

Fl. II. 499. A. denticulata, Wall. Cat. 6922. A. prostrata, Don

Prodr. Fl. Nep. 86; Mog. 1. c. 360 for the most part. Gomphrena

sessilis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 225. Achyranthes triandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I.

678 and Ed. Carey and Wall. IT. 505. <‘‘Coluppa’’ Rheede Hort.

ite ot. tb. 11.

Prenane: Curtis 1043!; Deschamps! PrraKk: Scortechini!

SELANGOR: Goodenough! Panana: Ridley 1214! SINGAPORE:

Kunstler 143! Deschamps!.—Distrip. All warm countries.

18 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Family XCV.—POLYGONACEi.

By A. T. Gage.

Herbsor shrubs. Leaves usually alternate and entire, sometimes

serrulate. Stipules usually membranous and forming a tube encircling

the stem. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, spicate, capitate or pani-

culate. Flowers usually bi-sexual, pedicellate; perianth-segments

3—6, usually 5, free or more or less connate, imbricate in the bud,

persistent. Stamens usually 5—8, perigynous. Disc annular, glan-

dular or absent. Ovaryfree, biconvex or 3—4-angled. Styles 1—3 ;

stigmas various, usually capitellate. Ovule 1, orthotropous; nutlet

hard, usually included in the perianth. Seed erect, with membranous

testa and horny or floury albumen. Hmbryo usually lateral, radicle

superior.—DistriB. Species over 600, distributed all over the world,

but with a preponderance of species in temperate regions.

1. Potyconum, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, usually petioled,

stipules forming a membranous tube (ocrea) surrounding the stem.

Inflorescence—in the Malayan Peninsular species—a branched spici-

form raceme or a capitulate panicle. Flowers small, pink or white,

pedicellate in the axils of small membranous spathe-like bracts.

Perianth-segmentsusually 5. Stamens 5—8, perigynous, usually with

minute yellow glands between the bases of the filaments; anthers

usually pink or purple. Ovary lenticular or trigonous. Styles 2—3:

stigmas capitellate. Nué included in the perianth, biconvex or tri-

gonous, brown or black, usually polished.

Inflorescence of branched spiciform racemes :—

Ovary and nutlet bi-convex :—

Stem stout, over 6 dm.; leaves large, 23 cm. long, 4°5

em. broad, very tomentose .. as ins

Stem slender, less than 3 dm.; leaves small, 6°5 em.

long, 6 mm. broad, glabrous or minutely strigose .. 2. P. minus.

. Ovary and nutlet trigonous :—

Perianth eglandular ol So .. 93. P. barbatum.

Perianth glandular :—

Raceme very long, slender, decurved and long-inter-

rupted 3¢ 5c sis -- 4. P. flaccidum.

Raceme rather short, scarcely decurved and short-

interrupted a -- 5. P. Hydropiper.

Inflorescence of capitulate panicles :— ;

An unarmed shrub .. ae ac .. 6. P. chinense..

1. P. tomentosum.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 19

Plants usually with recurved prickles on stem and leaves,

sometimes only one or two at the base of the sti-

pules :—

Nutlet trigonous ne eye .. 7. P. strigosum.

Nutlet biconvex st Eh .. 8. P. pedunculare.

It is curious that P. plebejum, although so widely spread throughout the

tropics, appears to be as conspicuously absent from the Malayan Peninsula as

from Ceylon.

1. PoLyGonum TOMENTOSUM, Willd. in Sp. Pl. II. 447 (1799).

Root-stock prostrate, annual. Stems 6—12 dm., stout, erect, un-

branched, with well developed internodes, grooved and glabrous or

slightly pubescent where,exposed. Leaves light green when fresh, very

shortly petioled lanceolate, finely acuminate both at apex and base,

strigosely or silkily hairy on both surfaces, 14—28 cm. long and

2:°5—4:5cm. broad ; petiole6 mm. long; veins numerous, 20—30, often

obscure. Stipular-tube well developed, membranous, almost or en-

tirely concealing the internode and impressed by its grooves and

furrows, sparsely or thickly strigosely hairy; mouth truncate, beset

with stiff cilia. Inflorescence of branched spiciform racemes; pedun-

cles stout, strigose ; racemes 5—10 cm., erect ; bracts crowded, tubular,

strigose and ciliate. Flowers 4—6 in the axil of each bract; pedicels

about 3 mm. long, articulated below the perianth, and surrounded ait

the base by a delicate hyaline membranous bracteole. Perianth

eglandular, about 4 mm. in diameter, white; segments 5, subequal,

strongly veined. Stamens 5—8, alternating with minute glands at the

base of the filaments which are nearly as long as the perianth seg-

ments; anthers large. Ovary lenticular. Style short, bifid above;

stigmas capitellate. Nut large, biconvexor orbicular, black polished,

closely invested by the perianth. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 and Fl.

Ind. II. 287; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1006; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

30; Wall. Cat. 1709 C and D. Polygonum ocreatum, Houtt. Pfl. Syst.

VI. 442. t. 49, f.1. Polygonum pulchrum, Blume Bijdr. 530.

Perak : Kunstler 393!; Wray 2034!; at Ipoh, Curtis 3178!; Des-

champs!.—Distris. Africa, India, Burma, Andamans, Siam, Malayan

Archipelago, Philippines. ;

2. PoLyGonum minus, Huds. ; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 1. 111

(1856). Stem creeping or ascending or erect, 15—30 cm. faintly

erooved, glabrous. Leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, acute, glab-

rous or minutely strigose, especially on the midrib and nerves beneath,

2—5-7 em. long and about 6 mm. broad ; nerves few or none apparen

20 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Stipular-tube much shorter than the internodes, sparsely adpressedly

strigose, truncate ; mouth beset with stiff cilia considerably shorter

than the tube. Inflorescence of branched spiciform racemes; pedun-

cles slender, glabrous; racemes 1°3—2°5 cm., erect; bracts tubular,

glabrous, stoutly ciliate. Flowers minute, 5 or more in the axil of each

bract, on pedicels as long as or longer than the perianth segments.

Perianth eglandular, segments 5, subequal. Stamens 5—8, very small.

Style bifid above ; stigmas capitellate. Nut minute, lenticular, black

polished, included in the perianth. Boiss. Fl. Orient. IV. 1029; Mig.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1002; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 36; Polygonum

Posumbu, Wall. Cat. 1722. Polygonum ienellum, Bl. Bijdr. 530. Poly-

gonum hypostictum Miq. in Herb. Hohen. 971. Polygonum strictum,

Allioni, Wight Ic. t. 1800.

PERAK: Kunstler810!. PAHANG: Ridley 1616!.—Dister. Ku-

rope, Temperate and Tropical Asia, Australia. Introduced into

America.

3. PoLYGONUM BARBATUM, Linn.; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 1.

104 (1856). Branches stout, erect, glabrous, slightly grooved, 3—12dm.

Leaves very shortly petioled, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate , acuminate

at both apex and base, glabrous or sparsely strigose or strigose only

on the margins or midrib beneath, 9°5—15 cm. long, |-3—- 2:5 em. broad.

Stipular-tube much shorter than the internodes, membranous, glab-

rous or with adpressed strigose hairs ; mouth truncate, with stiff cilia

longer or shorter than the tube. Inflorescence of branched spiciform

racemes ; peduncles slender, glabrous or more or less strigose. Ra-

cemes about 5:7 cm. long; bracts crowded, tubular, glabrous, stiffly

ciliate. Flowers 4 or more in the axil of each bract ; pedicels as long

as or longer than the perianth segments. Perianth white, eglandular,

very small; segments 5, subequal. Stamens 5—8, unequal, alternat-

ing with minute basal glands. Ovary trigonous. Style trifid above,

stigmas capitellate. Nutlet trigonous, blackish brown, polished,

included in the perianth. Bab. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 100;

Wall. Cat. 1708; Wight Ic. t. 1798; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 999.

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 37. Polygonum hispidum, Ham. Poly-

gonum rivulare, Koen.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 290; Grah. Cat. Bomb.

Pl. 172. Polygonum Hornemanni, Meissn. in DC. 1. c. 107.

Jonor: Ridley 11024!. Manacoa: Griffth!. PEnane: Curtis

2785!. Perak: at Ipoh, Curtis 3179!. SELancor: Goodenough

10461!. Sryearore: Hullett 10!; Goodenough 1604!; Ridley 37561,

10729!.—Distriz. Tropical Asia and Africa, and Australia.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 21

4, PoLyGonum FLAccIDUM, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 1. 107

(1856). Stem erect or ascending, 6—9 dm., simple or branched, glab-

rous or more or less strigose, grooved and often glandular. Leaves

shortly petioled, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, many

nerved, glabrous or hispid or strigose on the midrib, margin, and

nerves on both surfaces, glandular, 6°3—15 cm. long and 1:5—3°8 cm.

broad. Stipular-tube much shorter than the internode, adpressedly

strigose, often glandular; mouth truncate, beset with long stout cilia.

Inflorescence of long filiform branched decurved spiciform racemes ;

peduncles glabrous, often glandular ; racemes 5—16 cm. long; bracts

distant, tubular, glabrous, often glandular, shortly ciliate. Flowers

3 or more in the axil of each bract, on pedicels as long as or longer

than the perianth segments. Perianth segments 5, pink, subequal,

thickly glandular. Stamens 7—8, subequal. Ovary trigonous. Style

trifid almost to the base; stigmas capitellate. Nwtlet small, trigo-

nous, black, granulate. Boiss. Fl. Orient. IV. 1029; Hook. f.

Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 39. Polygonum tenellum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 289.

Polygonum mite?, Wall. Cat. 1721, 1721-1. Polygonum Reottlerc,

Roth Nov. Pl. Sp. 205.

PERAK: King’s Collector 809!, 2503!; Ridley 2964!. Pawanc:

Ridley 1335! .—Distr. India and Malayan Archipelago.

5. Potyconum Hypropiesr, Linn Sp. Pl. 361 (1753). An an-

nual herb with stout erect or ascending stem; branches obscurely

grooved, glabrous and often glandular. Leaves subsessile or very

shortly petioled, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, glabrous or with

midrib nerves and margin more or less scabrid, often glandular,

5—9 cm. long and 1—2 cm. broad. Sétipular-tube much shorter than

the internode, membranous, glabrous or sparingly strigose, mouth

truncate, shortly ciliate. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary,

simple or branched, slender flexuous spiciform racemes; bracts

more or less irregularly distant, tubular, glabrous, glandular or

eglandular, shortly ciliate or eciliate. Flowers 2 or more in the axil

of each bract, on pedicels as long as the perianth segments. Perianth

pink, segments 5, thickly glandular, 2 outer narrower than the three

inner. Stamens 5—8; anthers minute. Ovary trigonous; style trifid

above; stigmas capitellate. Nwuilet trigonous, black, granulate.

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 1. 109; Boiss. Fl. Orient. IV. 1029; ‘

Fl. Dan. t. 1576. Polygonum Donii, Wight Ic. t. 1801.

Neeri Sempian: Ridley 10024! Pananc: Ridley 2254!.—

Distris. Cosmopolitan.

22 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

6. PoLyconuM CHINENSE, Linn. Sp. Pl. 363 (1753). A small

shrub reaching a height of 1:5 m.; stem and branches glabrous or

slightly pubescent, sometimes glandular, grooved. Leaves with a

short petiole 6—12 mm. often auriculate and slightly winged above;

lamina oblong-ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, base truncate, rounded or

acute, of upper leaves often cordate or amplexicaul, glandular or not,

usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hispidly-hairy especially on the

midribs and nerves beneath; margins crenulate or entire; nerves

from 5 or 6 to 20 or more, prominent beneath. Length of lamina

2-5—16 cm., breadth 2—8 em. Inflorescence of axillary and termi-

nal corymbose or paniculately branched leafily-bracteate cymes bear-

ing the flowers in few or many capitulate clusters; peduncles glan-

dular or hispidulous, especially near the flower heads; capitula

6—S mm. in diameter; bracts of the flower-clusters glabrous or

hispidly-hairy, eciliate. Perianth segments 5, white or pink, sub-

equal, eglandular. Stamens 7—8,intwo whorls alternating with small

basal glands. Ovary trigonous; style trifid above ; stigmas capitel-

late. Nutlet trigonous, granulate, variable in size. Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XIV. 1. 130; Monog. 60; in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 60;

Bab. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 109; Roxb. Fl. Ind. II, 289;

Wight Ic. t. 1806; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 172; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb.

Fl. 214; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 44. Polygonum cymosum, Roxb.

l.c. Polygonum auriculatum, Meissn. Monog. 39, t. 6; Wall. Cat.

1705 A. and L. Polygonum polycephalum, Wall. Cat. 1707. Poly-

gonum brachiatum, Poir. Dict. IV. 15; Wall. Cat. 1706. Polygonum

patens, Don Prodr. 73; Meissn. Monog. 60. Polygonum corymbosum,

Willd. Sp. Pl. Il. 452. Polygonum ovatum, Heyne in Roth. Nov. Sp.

206. Polygonum adenotrichum, Wall. Cat. 1705 E. Ampelygonum

chinense, Lindl. in Bot. Regist. 1838. Coccoloba crispata, Ham. in

Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 292. Coccoloba indica, Wall. Cat. 1705 H.

Perak: Scortechini!; Kunstler 7968!.—Distriz. India, Ceylon,

Burma, Malayan Archipelago, Philippines, China and Japan.

7. Potyconum stricosum, R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 420,

(1810). Stem stout, 6—12 dm., erect or ascending, grooved and more

or less covered with recurved prickles. Leaves shortly petioled, linear.

oblong, acute, base truncate or shallow-cordate, glabrous or pubescent

beneath, nerves numerous; petiole 6—12 mm. long; lamina 2°5—

7:5 cm. long and 6—18 mm. broad. Petiole, margin and midrib

beneath beset with retrorse prickles. Stipular-tube much shorter

than the internode and encircled with a ring of recurved prickles

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 23

at the base, membranous, glabrous or adpressedly strigose, mouth

shortly ciliate. Inflorescence of corymbose or paniculate cymes bear-

ing about 3—6 obpyramidal or shortly oblong capitula; peduncles

thickly glandular-hairy ; bracts glandular-hairy and ciliate. Flowers

rather large, on pedicels as long as the perianth segments. Perianth

tubular; lobes5,shallow. Stamens 5, minute. Ovary flat; style bifid

above ; stigmas capitellate. Nwtletbi-convex. Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XIV. i. 134; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.47. Polygonum horridum, Roxb.

Fl. Ind. II, 291; Meissn. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 58, and in DC.

Prodr. XIV. i. 133; Wall. Cat. 1697 B and D. Polygonum muri-

catum, Wall. Cat. 1697. Polygonum sagittatum, Don Prodr. 73.

Penang: Wallich 1697 D in Herb. Calcutt.!.—Distris. India,

_ Burma, Ceylon, Malayan Archipelago, China.

8. POLYGONUM PEDUNCULARE, Wall. Cat. 1718 (1828). Stem

somewhat slender, erect, 3—6dm., grooved, glabrous or with a few

scattered retrorse prickles. Leaves shortly petioled, lanceolate or ob-

long acute, base acute, often unequal or truncate or shallow-cordate,

many nerved, glabrous or minutely scaberulous on the margin and

midrib beneath; petiole 6—12 mm. long; lamina 2-5—6°3 cm. long

and 6—25 mm. broad. Stipular-tube considerably shorter than the

internode, glabrous or minutely prickly or with a few retrorse prickles

surrounding the base, mouth eciliate. Inflorescence of paniculately

divaricate slender branches, bearing a few globose or shortly oblong

heads; peduncles slender, glabrous or sparsely hispid; bracts

glabrous, eciliate or very shortly and sparingly ciliate: Flowers very

shortly pedicelled; perianth segments 5,subequal. Stamens5. Ovary

lenticular; style bifid above; stigmas capitellate. Nwtlet biconvex

or globose, polished. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 1. 133 in part;

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.,i. 1011. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 48. Poly-

gonum glabratum, Wall. Cat. 6285.

JOHORE: Ridley 4220! and 11027!. Matacca: Griffith!;

Stoliczka!. Panane: Ridley 1616!. Panane: Deschamps!. PERAK:

Wray, 1890! , 2030! ; Kunstler 2498!; Ridley 2965!. SrLANncor (?):

Ridley 8175!. Sryearore: Wallich 1718!.—Distrip. India,

Ceylon, Malayan Archipelago, Australia, Philippines, China.

Family XCVII.—ARISTOLOCHIACE4.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, usually with more or less un-

pleasantodour. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or lobed ; stipules 0.

24 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Flowers hermaphrodite, often large, usually lurid; terminal, axillary

or lateral ; solitary , racemose or cymose ; bracts various, often wanting.

Perianth simple, more or less adnate to the top of the ovary, regular

or irregular, 3-lobed or tubular and variously shaped, the lobes valvate.

Stamens 6 or more, adnate in 1 or, 2 series to the style-column ; cells

parallel, extrorse, opening longitudinally. Ovary 4—6-celled; pla-

centas parietal, free or meeting in the axis; ovules numerous, an-

atropous ; style columnar ending in stigmatic lobes. Fruit capsular

or baccate. Seeds numerous, horizontal or pendulous; albumen

fleshy, copious, embryo minute-——Distris. Species about 200,

chiefly tropical.

Perianth regular ; ovary 4-celled ; capsule elongate

Stamens uniseriate. . a #6 .. 1. APAMA.

Stamens biseriate .. .. 2. THOTTEA.

Perianth irregular, usually tubular ih an inated base and

expanded limb ; capsule not elongate wife .. 93. ARISTOLOCHIA.

1. Apama, Lamk.

Shrubs or undershrubs, with stellate hairs or glabrate. Leaves

alternate, petiolate, 3—5-ribbed, nerves and reticulations promment

beneath ; stipules 0. Flowers in axillary or terminal or sub-radical

bracteate cymes. Perianth shortly campanulate, equally 3-lobed, val-

vate. Stamens 6 to 12, uniseriate, free or connate around the style ;

anthers extrorse; cells 2; connective thick. Ovary inferior, elongate,

4-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3 or more, free or spreading in a flattened

disk ; ovules numerous, uniseriate in vertical rows from the axis,

pendulous. Capsule elongate, 4-gonous, the keeled valves dehiscing

septicidally from the central placenta of cruciform section. Seeds

very many, oblong, trigonous, sometimes winged, attached in the

furrows of the placenta in a vertical row; testa rugose, with a

crustaceous outer and a membranous inner integument ; albumen

fleshy ; embryo minute.—Distris. Species 4 or 5, India and Malaya,

one species in China.

Style column expanded in a disk ; perianth-tube spreading ;

stamens more than 6, short, connate ; leaf-ribs reaching

nearly to the apex of the ovate long acuminate leaf (Sect.

1. BRAGANTIA) at ..1. A. corymbosa.

Style column divided in 3 Hest peice ; Be thine

urceolate-campanulate ; stamens 6, long, free ; leaf-ribs

reaching scarcely to the middle of the ode nee eeine

acute leaf (Sect. 2. CycLopiscus) oe ..2. A. tomentosa.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 25

1. APAMA CORYMBOSA, Soler. in Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam.

ITI. i. 272 (1889). A spreading shrub reaching 2°5 to 3 m. in height ;

branchlets brown, terete, jointed at the nodes. Leaves distichous,

chartaceo-coriaceous'; ovate ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, long

cuspidate-acuminate at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, entire ;

upper surface smooth, shining, glabrous except on the ribs and nerves,

lower glaucescent and finely stellate-puberulous ; 8—16 cm. long, 4—7

em. broad ; ribs 5 from the base, the outer pair close to the margin,

the inner pair extending nearly to the apex; main nerves from the

midrib 1 to 3 pairs, all joined by very prominent transverse nervules

and reticulations ; petiole short, about 5 mm. long, twisted. Cymes

corymbose, terminal and axillary in upper leaf-axils, 5—8 cm. long

and about as broad, minutely grey-puberulous ; bracts linear, subulate,

up to 5 mm. long; branches spicate ; buds depressed. Perianth-tube

spreading ; lobes cordate, acute, 2—3 mm. in diam, greenish-grey,

thick, rough within. Stamens 8 to 10 or more ; anther cells parallel,

short, rather distant. Stigmas spreading in a disk. Capsule 25—35

cm. long, 5 mm. broad, smooth, acuminate, torulose ; pericarp 4-

keeled, keels puberulous. Seeds trigonous, oblong-lanceolate, winged

on the margins and at the ends, 4—6 mm. long, prominently rugose.

Bragantia corymbosa, Griff. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX. 335 ; Duchart.

in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 429 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1068 ; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V.73. B.melastomefolia, Duchart. 1.c. Asiphonia piperiformis,

Griff. l.c. 333, t. 37, Notul. 344 and Ic. Pl. Asiat.t. 528 ; Ann. Sc. Nat.

Sér. 3, VII. 338. Strakea melastomefolia, Pres] Epim. Bot. 221.

PENANG and Province WELLESLEY : Maxwell’s hill and Kubang

Ulu Reserve, Curtis 2045!. Prrax: at Thaipeng and Ralan Tujor,

Wray 650!, 1793! ; Lariat Peak and Goping, King’s Collector 437},

2875 !. SELANGOR : Caves at Kwala Lumpur, Ridley 411!. Panane:

Raub track, Machado 11552!. Matacca: Griffith K. D. 4438!:

Maingay K. D. 1320!; Lobb!; Cuming 2333!; Bukit Panchore,

Derry 165 !.—Distrip. Sumatra (H. O. Forbes 2965).

2. APAMA TOMENTOSA, Soler. in Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzen-

fam. IIT. i. 272 (1889). Asmall undershrub, creeping below and rooting,

then ascending, reaching 25 to 35 cm. in height ; branchlets grey, his-

pid, furrowed, angular, geniculate and jointed at the nodes. Leaves

2 to 3 at the ends of the branchlets, chartaceo-coriaceous ; ovate or

orbicular-ovate, acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base, entire ;

upper surface smooth, shining, glabrous, lower white-hispid or villous ;

12 to 20 em. long, 8 to 12 cm. broad ; ribs 3 to 7 from the base, the

4 :

26 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

outer 1—2 pairs close to the margin and faint, the inner pair stout,

reaching to about the middle of the leaf; main nerves from the

midrib 6—7 pairs, arching upwards, joined prominent by irregular trans-

verse nervules and reticulation ; petiole 5 to 10 mm. long, densely

hispid. Cymes racemose from near the base of the stem, 5 to 10cm.

long, densely grey-hispid ; bracts many, persistent, linear or linear-

oblong, up to 1 cm. long ; buds obovate, depressed at top. Perianth

dull claret-coloured, yellow at centre; tube urceolate-campanulate

below for 5 mm., annulate within, then spreading and divided to

below the middle in 3 ovate cordate lobes 5 to 10 mm. in diam., lobes

rough within. Stamens 6, free above, filaments joined below ; anthers

2-celled, linear, surmounted by the acute produced connective. Style-

arms 3, erect, ending in rounded hispid stigmas produced beyond the

stamens. Capsule7 to 9 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, linear, long acuminate,

smooth, torulose ; pericarp 4-keeled, the bosses of the seeds prominent

whendry. Seeds trigonous, oblong, not winged, 4mm. long, prominently

rugose. Bragantia tomentosa, Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. 82; Duchart.

in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 431; Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 43, t. 11;

Griff. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX. 335; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1068 ;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 73. B. khasiana, Griff. lc. B. latifolia,

Lindl. in Bot. Reg. under t. 1543. Bragantia n. sp. Br. in Trans.

Linn. Soc. XIII. 219. Ceramium tomentosum, Bl. Bijdr. 1135. Cyc-

lodiscus tomentosus and latifolius, Klotzsch in Monatsb. Berl. Akad.

1859, 592. Aristoloch., Wall. Cat. 9108.

Prenanc: Waterfall, Tanjong Tirie and Paya Trobong, Curtis

1681!, 2754!. PErak: Wray 3471!. Panane : at Kwala Tembeling,

Ridley 2256!.—Distrip. India (Sylhet and Cachar), Burma, Java,

Sumatra (Lampongs, H. O. Forbes 1672 !).

Var. lanuginosa, Hook. f. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath.

Kepau : Lankawi Island, Curtis 1681!. At Kwala, Yapp 69 !.—

Distrie. South Andaman Island (Kurz).

2. THotTEa, Rottb.

Shrubs, erect or straggling. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled,

3—7-ribbed, nerves and reticulations prominent ; stipules 0. Flowers

usually large, in shortaxillary cymes. Perianth broadly campanulate

or urceolate, equally 3-lobed, lobes valvate. Stamens biseriate,

numerous, with short filaments, inserted round the style-column ;

anthers extrorse ; cells 2, rather distant; connective thick. Ovary

inferior, elongate, 4-celled ; style short, thick, arms 5—20, radiating,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 27

sometimes forked, ending in the stigmas; ovules numerous, 2-seriate

in vertical rows from the axis, pendulous. Capsule elongate, 4-gonous,

septicidally 4-valved ; placenta free, central, cruciform in section.

Seeds oblong, trigonous ; testa rugose ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute.

Distrip. Species 5, of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Perianth funnel shaped, widely open, 6—12 cm. long ;

leaves hispid-pubescent beneath; stigmatic rays

§-—15; stamens about 15 in each series. ;

Perianth urceolate in tube, the ine spreading:

about 15 cm. long; leaves glabrous beneath;

stigmatic rays 6; stamens about 16 in outer, 10 in

inner series ae .. 2. DL. dependens.

Perianth urceolate, nearly sided less Han 7 cm. long;

leaves hoary-puberulous beneath; stigmatic rays 4—

6; stamens about 12 in outer, 6 in inner series -. 9. TL. tricornis.

—

. T. grandifiora.

1. THOTTEA GRANDIFLORA, Rottb. in Nye Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk.

Skrift. IT. 530, t. 2 (1783). Anerect shrub, reaching 1—2 m. in height ;

branches stout, woody, villous with spreading hairs, striate, enlarged

and jointed at the nodes. Leaves coriaceous, distichous ; ovate,

ovate-oblong or obovate, acute or shortly cuspidate-acuminate at

apex, cordate at base; entire, upper surface sparsely villous when young,

glabrous when old except on the midrib, lower surface ferruginously

hispid-pubescent ; 20—30 cm. long, 10—20 cm. broad ; midrib con-

spicuously raised on both surfaces ; ribs from the base 2—3 pairs, rather

slender, the inner pair scarcely reaching half-way up ; main nerves like

the ribs 10 to 12 pairs, raised, slightly curved to the margin, joined by

prominent more or less parallel transverse nervules and netted reticula-

tion ; petiole stout, ferruginous-villous, 5 to 10 mm. long. Cymes

simple or branched, spicate, from lower nodes, 3—5 cm. long ; bracts

conspicuous, leafy, lanceolate, densely tawny villous, 1—3 cm. long.

Perianth large, funnel-shaped, not constricted, membranous, 6—12

em. long and as broad at mouth, prominently 9-nerved, and reticulate ;

deep claret-colour with yellow nerves and spots, villous without, cleft

in 3 lobes about 3—4 down. Stamens in two series 15 or more in

each ; filaments short; anthers short, about 1 mm. long. Ovary

densely villous below ; column of styles thick, glabrous, spreading

in 8—15 linear or forked stigmatic rays. Capsule 10—15 cm. long,

straight or twisted, acute at the angle, pubescent. Seeds trigonous,

3—4 mm. long, acute at both ends, tubercled. Griff. in Trans. Linn.

Soc. XIX. 325, t. 36; in Notul. IV. 346 and in Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 530,

531; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, VII. 328; Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. i. 45;

28 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Klotzsch in Monatsb. Berl. Akad. (1859) 589 ; Duchart. in DC. Prodr.

XV. i. 428; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1068; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

74; Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. (1900) 127.

PERAK : dense jungle near Ulu Kerling, 150—250 m. alt., King’s

Collector 8770!. Matacca: Griffith K. D. 4439!; Maingay K. D.

1318! ; at Belimbing, Hervey! ; Hullett 204! ; at Bukit Benang, Curtis

3662!. Smncapore: Oxley!; Lobb 594!; T. Anderson 192!; Kurz! ;

at Selitar and Bukit Mandai, Ridley 178!, 4691!. Vern. ‘‘Seburut ”’

(Ridley).

2. THOTTEA DEPENDENS, Klotzsch in Monatsh. Berl. Akad.

589 (1859). A shrub, reaching 1—2°5 m. in height ; branches stout,

fistular, glabrous, enlarged, jointed and geniculate at the nodes ; inter-

nodes terete. Leaves distichous, chartaceous; obovate or obovate-lan-

ceolate, cuspidate-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, entire; glabrous

on both surfaces ; 15—25 cm. long, 6—12 cm. broad ; 5-ribbed from the

base, the lower pair slender, short, close to the margin, the upper

at first along the midrib and then straight towards the margin ending

about half way up, the midrib stout, conspicuous ; main nerves from

the midrib like the ribs but more widely curved to and along the

margin, 8 to 9 pairs, joined by prominent transverse nervules and these

again by reticulations ; petiole stout, 5—10 mm. long. Cymes simple

or branched, spicate, often drooping, from near the base of the stems,

5—7 cm. long, minutely puberulous ; bracts conspicuous, leafy, lan-

ceolate; rhachis flexuose; buds depressed, triangular. Perianth pale

yellow with centre and margin streaked with claret-colour ; urceolate

below for about 1 cm. in height, then erecto-patent and divided into 3

broad cordate acute lobes about 15 mm. long and 25 mm. broad, each

7-nerved and reticulate, glabrous. Stamens in two series, the outer

ring of about 16, the inner of about 10; filaments slender, 4—5 mm.

long; anthers linear, curved, 4 mm. long. Ovary elongate, slender,

puberulous ; column of styles thick, glabrous, spreading in 6 slender

stigmatic rays, 3—4 mm. long. Capsule slender, 5—10 cm. long, toru-

lose, keeled, constricted between the seeds when dry. Seeds trigo-

nous, 3—4 mm. long, acute at both ends, tubercled. Duchart. in DC.

Prodr. XV. i. 428; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 74. Lobbia dependens,

Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. VI. 144, t. 3; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

I. i. 1068. Piper arborescens, Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. 6648 B.

Prnane : at Waterfall, etc., Curtis 1170!, 1507!; at 250—300

m. in dense jungle, King’s Collector 1661!. Prax: at Tapa, Wray

1318!, 3151!; at Lumut Dinding, Ridley 10346!. StNGAPoRE :

Wallich 6648 B.; Lobb 289!

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 29

3. THOTTEA TRICORNIS, Maingay ex Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V.

74 (1886). A shrub, reaching 1—2 m. in height; branches stout,

pale brown, puberulous, swollen and jointed at the nodes, internodes

channelled. Leaves coriaceo-chartaceous, distichous ; elliptic-oblong

or -obovate, or -oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, attenuate and

rounded at base, entire ; upper surface glabrous, lower hoary-pubes-

cent ; 20—30 cm. long, 7—13 cm. broad ; 5-ribbed from the base, the

midrib stout, prominent, the inner pair slender reaching to about two-

thirds up and then looped, the outer pair close to the margin, small,

looped ; main nerves from the midrib 6—8 pairs, curved upwards and

joined by many prominent curved transverse nervules and a conspicuous

reticulation, all ribs and nerves much raised beneath ; petiole stout,

_ twisted, 6—10 mm. long. Cymes paniculate, 3—5 cm. long, densely

tawny-puberulous ; bracts linear or lanceolate, small, lower ones leafy -

buds depressed globose, 8 mm. in diam., the top with 3 raised points.

Perianth urceolate, only slightly open at the mouth in 3 short lobes,

erey and red, leathery. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer with 12—14,

the inner with 6—8 ; filaments about 1 mm. long; anthers as long,

curved. Ovary slender, tawny-puberulous ; style column thick below,

dividing above in 4 to 6 subulate stigmatic arms 1°55 mm. long. Cap-

sule 15 to 20 cm. long, quadrangular, tawny-pubescent, 4—5 mm. in

diam., not torulose. Seeds oblong-trigonous, shortly tubercled, 4—5

mm. long ; 2 mm. thick.

PERAK : Scortechini, 1952 etc.!; at Goping, Kunsiler (King’s

Collector) 705!. Matacca: Maingay, K. D. 1319!.

3. ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, prostrate or climbing; rhizome often

tuberous. Leaves alternate, generally petioled, entire or lobed,

often with a stipule-like leaf of an undeveloped bud in the axil,

otherwise exstipular. lowers solitary or fasciculate or in the leaf-

axils, bracts at the bases of the flowers often rather large. Perianth

very variable in shape, size and colour ; usually the tube inflated below,

then contracted in a cylindrical neck, then again expanded in a

2-lipped oblique limb, tube usually villous within. Stamens 6 (rarely

less or more) adnate to and around the style-column with which the

filaments and connectives are merged; cells 2, distinct, extrorse.

Ovary inferior, 6-celled (rarely less or more); placentas parietal or

intruded or connivent and connate in the axis; ovules very many,

1—2-seriate, anatropous, in vertical rows ; style column thick, divided

30 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

above the anthersin a 3—6-lobed stigmatiferous disk. Capsule septici-

dally 6-valved or splitting through the placentas. Seeds numerous,

horizontal, often attached to a part of the placenta which comes

away with them, more or less flattened ; albumen fleshy ; embryo

minute, close to the hilum, the radicle outwards.—Distris. About

180 species, chiefly tropical.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate

Perianth 4—6 em. long, upper lip of mouth very short or

none; capsule 3—4 cm. long, papery; seeds fiat,

winged, without an adherent placenta .. . 1. A. Tagala.

Perianth 1:5 em. long, upper lip very short, rounded or

bifid; capsule thick, rugose, 2°5 em. long; seeds

concave, not winged, rugose, with an attached boat-

shaped placenta .. oe - 2. A. minutifiera.

Leaves hastate or prominently and deeply 3-lobed ; petianth |

with upper lip about 3mm.long .. bc .. &. A. Curtisiz.

A. ungulifolia, Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV. 494 (1875); Bot. Mag.

t. 7424 is a handsome species of Borneo cultivated in the Singapore Bot.

Garden. In Journ. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. (1900) 126, Mr. Ridley includes «A.

unguliflora, Mast.’’ as ‘‘ local in long wet grass’’ at Singapore. His specimen

from Jurong is in the Kew Herbarium, but in the doubt whether it is not

merely a garden escape, I prefer not to include it among wild Peninsular

species. It is also found in Sumatra.

1. AristoLocHia TacaLa, Cham. in Linnea VII. 207 (1832).

An extensively climbing shrub, reaching the tops of trees ; branchlets

glabrous, grooved, twisted. Leaves membranous, glabrous, entire ;

ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, deeply cordate

at base with the rounded auricles somewhat convergent; 10—20

cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad ; pedately 5—7-ribbed at base, the midrib

stout, the inner pair of ribs reaching to above the middle of the blade,

the outer pairs spreading or deflexed ; main nerves from the midrib

3—5, all joined by a lax reticulation ; petiole 3—5 cm. long, often

flattened, prehensile. Flowers in lax, axillary, puberulous racemes

2—6 cm. long, usually 1 only fertile ; bracts small, oblong or ovate,

often leafy, up to 1 cm. long. Perianth 4—6 cm. long; pale green,

the lip marked with claret-brown ; the base globose, then eurved and

slender cylindric for about 1 cm., then expanded in an oblique 2-lipped

fannel, the upper lip very short or almost none, the lower produced

in a linear apiculate lobe 2—3 cm. long, the funnel and lip and the

inside of the globose base villous. Stamens 6, in a ring adnate to the

column; anther-cells rather distant. Style-column surmounted by

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 31

an undulate fold ; stigmatic lobes conical, beaked, connivent at tip.

Capsule globose-pyriform or oblong, chartaceous, 3—4 cm. long, trans-

versely linear-rugose between the ribs, 6-celled, the pedicels splitting

into 6 segments in fruit. Seeds very many, horizontal, flattened,

variable in shape but usually obtusely triangular and about 1 cm. in

diam., with fragile wings and membranous testa, keeled on one side

and tubercular on the other ; albumen horny, flat, cordate in shape ;

embryo very minute, the cotyledons rather shorter than the radicle.

Klotzsch in Monatsb. Berl. Akad. 597 ; Duchart. in DC. Prodr. XV. i.

480 ; Prain Beng. Plants 591 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. 11.524. A. Roxburghi-

ana, Klotzsch l.c. 596; Duchart. l.c.; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 75.

A. acuminata, Roxb. FI. Ind. III. 489 (not of Lamk.); Wall. Cat. 2705 ;

Wight Ic. t. 771; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1066; Dalz. and Gibs.

Bomb. Fl. 224. :

Prenane : Wallich 2705!; Curtis 2464!; Deschamps!. PERAK :

Wray 1439!, 2295!, 3247; King’s Collector 2745!, 5000!, 8359 !,

10552 !, 10577!. Sm~ancor: Ridley 7613!. Panane: Ridley 2255!.

Matacca : Maingay K. D. 1321 !.—Distris. India, Ceylon, Burma,

Siam, Java, Sumatra (Forbes 2921 !), Philippines.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA MINUTIFLORA, Ridley ex Gamble in Kew Bull.

79 (1910). A slender climbing shrub ; branches dark brown, corky-

barked, sulcate, much twisted; branchlets very wiry, angular. Leaves

membranous, glabrous, entire ; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate

at apex, deeply cordate at base, the auricles rounded somewhat con-

verging inwards, the sinus 1-5 cm. deep and about as much broad ; 5—15

em. long, 3—7 cm. broad, the broadest near the base ; pedately 5—7-

ribbed at base, the midrib prominent, the inner pair of ribs also prom-

inent and reaching nearly (quite, with loops!) to the apex, the outer

pairs very slender, horizontal or deflexed ; main nerves 2—3 from the

midrib, reticulations faint ; petiole slender, twisted, 3—5 cm. long.

Flowers in lax axillary few-flowered slender puberulous racemes

about 1 cm. long; bracts ovate acuminate, sheathing, 3 mm. long,

puberulous. Perianth in all 1-5 cm. long, red and light grey (Kunstler),

the base globose, 3 mm. in diam., followed by a curved tube 3 mm.

long, then expanded in a 2-lipped funnel, the upper lip very short,

rounded or 2-cleft, the lower produced in a linear twisted lobe 9 mm.

long, the whole puberulous. Stamens 6,minute, connivent in a ring,

the cells obtuse. Ovary puberulous, 6-furrowed; style slender, sur-

mounted by a very short column ending in a peltate 6-lobed disk, the

lobes conical-apiculate. Capsule obovate, 2°5 cm. long, 6-ribbed,

32 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

transversely marked by the prominent edges of the seeds. Seeds

many, pyriform, concave, nearly 1 cm. long, attached to a crustaceous

boat-shaped placenta ; testa granular-rugose ; albumen conform to the

seed, fleshy ; embryo very minute. Ridley M.S. in Herb. Calc.

PerAK: at Lumut, in dense jungle, Ridley 8022!; at Simpit

Dindings, Ridley 10259!; at Larut in very moist places, King’s

Collector (Kunstler) 1964 !.

Var. dolabrata, Gamble. Perianth with the upper lip produced

for about 3 mm.and broadened, the lower 1 cm. long; in bud the lips

closed up and with the tube having the form of an oblique pickaxe.

Leaves as in type, always broadest near the base opposite the insertion

of the petiole, above that sometimes a little indented. Flowers ‘ french

grey, throat dark claret-brown’ (Wray); ‘lower part dark blue, middle

greyish-white, top lighter blue ; fruit yellowish-red when ripe * (Kunst-

ler).

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, Wray 2997!; Larut, 900—1100 m.,

King’s Collector 2969 !.

There are very few flowers available for examination and no fruit. The

stamens and column are identical with those of A. minutiflora and the leaves

are almost exactly the same. The perianth differs, however. and when better

material is available, it may prove to be a good species.

3. ARISTOLOCHIA CuRTIsSi, King ex Gamble in Kew Bull. 78

(1910). A rather small climbing shrub; branches with corky bark ;

branchlets wiry, sulcate, twisted, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous ;

younger ones broadly hastate ; older ones broad, deeply digitately

3-lobed, the middle lobe oblong lanceolate acuminate mucronate. the

side lobes spathulate rounded incurved, base cuneate; both surfaces

glabrous, margins entire ; hastate young leaves about 10 cm. long by

16 cm. broad, the sinus 1—3 em. deep, old leaves 10—20 em. long, 10

—30 cm. broad, the sinuses reaching to within 2—6 em. of the base ;

nervation pedately flabellate, 3-ribbed at the base ; the central rib the

midrib of the middle lobe; the outer ribs at first on the margin of the

cuneate base, then giving off two interior ribs which form the outer ribs

of the middle lobe close to its edges, next giving off one after the other

two ribs for the outer lobes and finally itself forming a slender

intramarginal rib to the same ; the ribs of the outer lobes with few

arcuate anastomosing nerves, the whole connected by transverse ner-

vules and a netted reticulation ; petiole slender, curved, channelled,

5—10 cm. long. Flowers in 1—3, axillary, prominently bracteate,

racemes about 5 cm. long; rhachis zigzag; bracts amplexicaul, reddish,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 33

ovate-acuminate, 1—1°5 cm. long; flowers ‘ velvety dark blue and

pink’ (Kunstler). Perianth puberulous, oblong and inflated at base,

1—5 cm. long, narrowed into a short tube 5 mm. long and then

expanded in 2 lips; the upper short rounded, 3 mm. long; the lower

acuminate, 2—2°5 em. long. Stamens 6, sessile, inserted around the

style-column ; anther-cells 2, very distinct. Style-column short,

expanded in a 6-lobed stigmatic disk with short conical tips. Capsule

oblong, obtuse, 4 cm. long, 6-ribbed, the ribs winged when young.

King M.S. in Herb. Cale.

Prnane : Government Hill, Curtis 330!; at Waterfall, G. King!

at 150 m. in dense forest, King’s Collector (Kunstler) 1453 !

Family XCIX.—CHLORANTHACEAs.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually aromatic. Leaves opposite, usually

toothed, the petioles often connate in a sheath; stipules small, sub-

ulate, usually on the margin of the sheath. Flowers in terminal or

pseudo-axillary spikes, heads or panicles ; unisexual or the male and

female cohering and hermaphrodite supported by a bract ; 3 flowers

without perianth, 2 with a 3-toothed limb adnate to the ovary.

Stamens 1 or 3, connate ; filaments very short and thick; anthers

2-celled, or, if 3 stamens, the side ones I-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style

very short; ovule 1, orthotropous, pendulous from the top of the

cavity. Fruit a small, ovoid or globose, drupe; exocarp fleshy

endocarp crustaceous. Seed pendulous; testa membranous; albumen

copious, fleshy ; embryo minute; cotyledons divaricate or scarcely

distinct ; radicle inferior.—Disirib. Genera 3, tropical and subtropi-

eal; but not African.

1. CHLORANTHUS, Swartz.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, the stems articulate at the nodes.

Flowers in terminal simple or panicled spikes ; hermaphrodite, the ¢

and 2 connate on a bract at the base; perianth 0. Stamens 1 or 3

confluent; if 3, the central anther 2-celled, the side ones 1-celled.

Ovary naked; stigma subsessile, truncate——Distris. About 10

species, Eastern Asiatic.

Stamens 3, connate by their connectives; leaves finely serrate. 1. C. officinalis

Stamen 1, 4-celled on a broad connective; leaves coarsely

serrate wa i ..2. C.brachystachys.

1. CHLORANTHUS OFFICINALIS, Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. 79 (1827).

- A small erect glabrous undershrub reaching 1—2 m. in height.

34 Flora of the Malayan Peninsuia.

Leaves variable in shape and size, usually elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate

or elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, also usually at base; margin,

finely glandular serrate; 7—25 cm. long, 2‘5—10 em. broad; main

nerves about 10 pairs, curving upwards and joined by rather promi-

nent but wide reticulations; petiole O—1 cm. long, each pair joined

in a sheath bearing minute subulate stipules. Inflorescence 5—13 cm.

long ; spikes 2°5 to 5 cm. long, slender ; bracts sheathing, ovate, acute.

Stamens 3 connate by their connectives, the middle anther 2-celled,

the lateral l-celled. Berries 5 to 6 mm. in diam., globose, white. Fi.

Jav. ITT. 10.t.1. Solmsin DC. Prodr. XVI. i. 474; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 801; Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 100. C. elatior, Br. in Bot.

Mag. t. 2199. C. erectus, Sweet; Wall. Cat. 6881. Cryphea erecta,

Ham. in Brewst. Kd. Journ. (1825) 11, t. 2.

Penance: Wallich 6881!. Perak: Curtis 1180!, 1708!; forests

near Larut at about 1000 m. alt., King’s Collector 4235!. DInDINGS:

Ridley!. Matacca: Griffith 4396!; Maingay (K. D.) 1337!. Srvea-

PORE: Hulleit 16 !.—Distris. N. India, Burma, China, Malay Archi-

pelago, Philippines.

2. CHLORANTHUS BRACHYSTACHYS, Blume FI. Jay. fase. VIII.

13, 14, t. 2 (1828). A small erect glabrous undershrub reaching 1 m.

high or more; branchlets terete. Leaves subcoriaceous; lanceolate

or elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, long attenuate at

base ; margins coarsely glandular-serrate; 10—20 cm. long, 3—7 cm.

broad; main nerves 7—10 pairs, rather irregular; reticulations not

prominent; petiole about 1 cm. long, each pair joined in a sheath

bearing 2 small linear subulate stipules on either side. Inflorescence

3—8 cm. long; spikes 1—2 cm. long, rather dense; bracts small,

acute. Siamen 1, short, depressed ; anther-cells 4, connective broad.

Berries 5—6 mm. in diam., globose, red. Wall. Cat. 6880; Solms

in DC. Prodr. XVI. i. 475; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 801, and Ann.

Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 129; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 334; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 100. C. monander, Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 2190 im note. C.

ceylanicus, Mig.1.c. 802. C. denticulatus, Cord. in Adans. ili. 296.

Ascarina serrata, Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. I. 79. Sarcandra chloran-

thoides, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. VIII. 348; Wight Ic. t.

1946; Cord. 1. c. 301.

Penance: Wallich 6880!; Government Hill, Maingay (K. D.)

1338!; Curtis 1050!; Deschamps. PERaxk : in Batang Padang Valley

at about 1000 m. alt., Wray 1479!. Panane: Ridley 13710!.—

Disrriz. India (Khasia Hills, Nilgiris, Travancore), Ceylon, China,

Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 35

Family CII. LAURACEZ.

Erect aromatic trees or shrubs, or (Cassytha) leafless twining

parasites, usually evergreen. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or sub-

opposite, gland-dotted, rarely lobed, the margins entire; stipules 0.

Flowers regular, small, hermaphrodite or dicecious, in axillary or

lateral cymes, clusters, racemes or panicles ; bracts 0 or deciduous,

often involucriform. Perianth usually inferior; tube short, often

enlarging in fruit; lobes usually 6, sometimes more, biseriate, im-

bricate or subvalvate, equal or unequal, one row sometimes want-

ing, deciduous or persistent in fruit, sometimes enlarged as are often

the pedicels. Stamens usually a multiple of the perianth-lobes, in

2—4 series on the tube ; filaments flattened, those of inner staminal

rows usually, of outer sometimes, furnished with a pair of glands ;

anthers erect, 2—4-celled, the cells dehiscing by upcurved, at length

deciduous, valvular lids, the 4th row of stamens often reduced to

staminodes: in Q flowers the stamens replaced by staminodes,

usually linear or clavate, some biglandular asin #. Ovary sessile at

the base of the perianth-tube, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous,

pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruita dry or fleshy berry or

drupe, naked or rarely enclosed in the perianth-tube or often sup-

ported by the more or less enlarged perianth-tube and lobes, the

pedicel frequently thickened. Seed pendulous ; testa membranous ;

albumen 0; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy; radicle minute,

superior.—Distris. About 900—1000 species in the warmer regions

of the world.

Trees or shrubs

Stamens of 3rd row, when present, with extrorse anthers

Anthers 2-celled

Stamens of 3rd row present, those of Ist and

2nd row inirorse, if present

Stamens of Ist and 2nd rows present, all

3 rows fertile

Fruit surrounded by the enlarged

perianth (TribeI. CryprocaryE#) 1. CRYPTocARYA.

Fruit seated on the more or less

enlarged perianth (Tribe ITI. Arot-

LONIEZ) .. 2S exe

Perianth-segments equal, deci-

duous in fruit; fruiting pedi-

cels little or not enlarged .. 2. BEILSCHMIEDIA.

Perianth-segmenis unequal, the

outer 3 smaller, persistent in

36 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

fruit ; fruiting pedicels much

enlarged 50 3. DEHAASIA.

Stamens of Ist and 2nd rows absent, of

3rd row sessile (Tribe III. Acropt-

CLIDIE 2) 543 4, ENDIANDRBA.

Stamens of 3rd row absent, tenes of Ist aha

2nd row extrorse (Tribe IV. MicroporrE&) 5. MicRopora.

Anthers 4-celled; fertile stamens 9 (Tribe V.

CINNAMOME ”))

Leaves usualiy opposite or subopposite,

rarely alternate, usually 3- or more

ribbed ; fruiting perianth-tube enlarged

into a cupule embracing the fruit .- 6. CINNAMOMUM.

Leaves alternate

Fruiting perianth-tube enlarged

Fruiting pedicels enlarged, very

thick, usually warted; outer

perianth-lobes equal to or slightly

smaller than inner ; anthers ovate-

oblong, fairly large ; glands large,

glabrous like the,inner side of the

cordate staminodes .. . 7. ALSEODAPHNE.

Fruiting pedicels hardly onlargen:

perianth lobes' unequal, the 3 outer

smaller than the 3 inner; anthers

ovate-oblong, very small; glands

villous; staminodes ovate, vil-

lous on both sides... . §. NoTHaPHa@BE.

Fruiting perianth-tube hardly eflaveea

Fruiting perianth-lobes reflexed .. 9. MAcHILUS.

Fruiting perianth-lobes erect, cup-

Fruiting pedicels short, not

enlarged ; anthers ovate-ob-

long ; glands large, stipitate ;

staminodes cordate, stipitate 10. PHa@ss.

Fruiting pedicels long, clavate ;

anthers triangular; glands

small or absent; staminodes

triangular, sessile .. 11. STEMMATODAPHNE

All stamens with introrse anthers, the lower cells

sometimes lateral

Anthers 4-celled (Tribe VI. Lrrsrraza).

Fertile stamens 9; involucral bracts decidu-

ous in flower; leaves usually subverticil-

late, 3-ribbed or l-ribbed, penninerved .. 12. AOTINODAPHNE.

Fertile stamens normally 9 or 12, frequently

more, rarely less ; involucral bracts persis-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 37

tent in flower; leaves alternate or sub-

opposite, penninerved ate .. 13. LitsEa.

Fertile stamens 6; involucral bracts early

deciduous; leaves alternate or subverti-

cillate, 3-ribbed.. MH: .. 14. NEOLITSEA.

Anthers 2-celled (Tribe VII. LaurEz

Fertile stamens usually 9 or 12; mvolucral

bracts deciduous or not; leaves alternate

or sub-opposite, penninerved or 3-ribbed.. 15. LINDERA.

Leafless filiform twining parasites with suckers ; stamens

with 4-celled anthers, outer two rows introrse, inner

row extrorse (Tribe VIII. CassytTHrm) .. .. 16. CassyTHa.

Tribe 1.—CRYPTOCARYEA.

1. Cryprocarya, R. Br.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, penninerved

or 3-ribbed, more or less coriaceous. Flowers small, hermaphrodite,

in axillary or subterminal pedunculate panicles. Perianth-tube tur-

binate or ovoid, after flowering constricted at the top; lobes 6, sub-

equal. Perfect stamens 9, those of the 1st row introrse, opposite the

outer 3 lobes of the perianth; those of the 2nd row introrse, opposite

the 3 inner lobes; within and alternate with the stamens 6 stipitate

glands; slightly within these again the 3 extrorse stamens of the 3rd

row opposite the stamens of the lst row; again, slightly within these,

3 stipitate cordate staminodes opposite the stamens of the 2nd row.

Ovary sessile at the bottom of the perianth-tube in which it is

enclosed; style shortiy exserted ; stigma obtuse or capitate. Fruit

wholly enclosed in the perianth-tube which is accresent, drupaceous,

hardened or fleshy, smooth or ribbed, the mouth occluded, the limb

deciduous or more or less persistent ; pericarp membranous or thinly

crustaceous, more or less free from the perianth-tube. Seed with a

membranous testa often not separable from the pericarp; cotyledons

thick, fleshy; radicle minute.—Distr1B. Species about 40, tropical

and subtropical, in both hemispheres.

I have followed Bentham (Fl. Austral. V. 294) and Koorders and Valeton

(Bijdr. X. 211) in describing the glands as free and alternate with the stamens

of the Ist and 2nd row instead of being attached to those of the 3rd. If a fully

open flower is examined it will be seen that the glands are inserted between

the stamens of the 2nd and 3rd rows. If such @ flower is flattened out care-

fully and the staminodes and 3rd row stamens removed (they often come

away together in a ring), the 6 outer stamens and the 6 glands alternate with

38 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

them will be easily apparent. The glands are slightly in front of the 6 outer

stamens and slightly behind the 3 inner and the staminodes.

Leaves 3-ribbed (Sect. 1. CaRYODAPHNE)

Leaves elliptic-ovate, coriaceous, over 7 cm. long, long-

acuminate at apex, margins thin ; .. 1. C. densiflora.

Leaves orbicular-ovate, very coriaceous, anAen 7 cm. long,

searcely acute at apex, margins cartilaginous .. 2. C. Wrayt.

Leaves leribbed, penninerved (Sect. 2. HucRyPTocaRyA)

Leaves with the under surface conspicuously hairy andwith

net-venation prominent

Leaves usually large; panicles dense; flowers compa-

ratively large

Leaves long-acuminate ; bracts long, conspicuous ;

fruit ovoid-oblong ar ; .. 3. C. Grifithiana.

Leaves obtuse, emarginate or shortin acuminate ;

bracts small, inconspicuous ; fruit ellipsoid .. 4. C. crassinervia.

Leaves moderate-sized, never over 15 cm. long and 7

cm. broad ; panicles open ; flowers small..

Leaves elliptic, obtuse or shortly acuminate; fruit

spherical, about 1:5 cm. in diameter .. 5. C. impressa.

Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ;

fruit ovoid-flask-shaped about 2 to 2°5 cm. long,

1-5 em.broad ee ac .. 6. C. rugulosa.

Leaves with the under surface slightly hairy, becoming

glabrous when old ; net-venation fairly prominent 36

Leaves with under surface glaucescent, minutely pu-

berulous; terminal panicles about 15 cm. long ;

fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, faintly ribbed, 25 mm. long,

18 mm. broad . -. J. C. tomentosa.

Leaves with adder surface podaia Faboaaiene only

when young ; terminal panicles about 20 cm. long ;

fruit ovoid-oblong, 30-35 mm. long, 15 mm. broad 8. C. ferrea.

Leaves with the under surface quite glabrous ; net vena-

tion not much raised

Leaves prominently bluish-glaucous beneath ; pani-

cles blackish-tomentose ; bracts and bracteoles prom-

inent, linear, up to 1 cm. long .. 9. C. bracteolata.

Leaves merely bluish or greyish ponosthe panicles

rusty-tomentose; bracts and bracteoles not promi-

nent, small

Leaves 5 to 8 cm. broad or broader, obtuse at apex

Panicle elongate, 20—25 cm. long ; transverse

nervules of leaves prominent, distant .. 10. C.Scortechinit.

Panicles short, 10—15 cm. long ; transverse

nervules of leaves inconspicuous, very

numerous and close o% .. ll. C. areolaia.

Leaves scarcely 3—6 cm. broad, acuminate at apex.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 39

Panicles narrow; bracts of flowers minute ;

main nerves of leaves 7—12 pairs .. 12. C. Kurzw.

Panicles spreading ; bracts of flowers linear,

3 mm. long; main nerves of leaves 6—S

pairs .. Ae Be .. 13. C. cesia.

14. C. enervis.

15. C. Bubon-

gana.

16. C. argentea.

Species imperfectly known

1. CRYPTOCARYA DENSIFLORA, Blume Bijdr. 556 (1825). A tree

reaching 20 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in diameter; trunk thick,

cylindric; bark reddish, smooth; branchlets dark brown, terete,

rather stout, the uppermost somewhat angled and tawny-puberu-

lous ; buds lanceolate, tawny-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, yellow-

ish when dry; elliptic or elliptic-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate at

apex, the acumen obtuse, attenuate at base; upper surface glabrous,

shining, lower glaucous and glabrous, pruinose when fresh ; 8—15 cm.

long, 4—7 cm. broad; 3-ribbed from the base or up to 1 cm. above it,

all impressed above, the side ribs only little fainter than the midrib,

and extending sometimes half-way up, sometimes nearly to the

acumen, or joined by loops to the main nerves of which usually only

1 to 2 curving pairs; transverse nervules few, irregular; nervules

outside the side ribs about 4—5 looped together; reticulations finely

areolately-netted ; petiole stout, 10—15 mm.long. Flowersin axillary

or terminal corymbose tawny-pubescent panicles much shorter than

the leaves, usually 2—3 cm. in length and breadth; cymules dicho-

tomous; bracts ovate, acute, caducous; bracteoles lanceolate; pedi-

cels 1—5 mm. long or less. Perianth-tube turbinate, 1:5 mm. long,

constricted at the mouth; lobes 2—2°5 mm. long, ovate, obtuse.

sparsely villous within. Stamens of Ist and 2nd rows 1:°5—2 mm.

long, the connective produced in a rounded tip; filaments pubescent :

those of 3rd row similar but more slender; staminodes ovate acu-

minate, glabrous in front, villous behind, 1:5 mm. long, stalk °5

mm.; glands glabrous, rounded, stipitate,-°75 mm. long. Ovary and

style narrowly subulate ; stigma capitate. Fruit depressed-globose

with a conical tip, 15—2 cm. long and rather more in diameter,

ipbed and bossed when dry. Seed conform to the pericarp; testan

membranous ; cotyledons plane on the inner, rugose and rounded or

the outer sides. Koord. and Val. Bijdr. X. 213. Caryodaphne densv-

flora, Nees Syst. Laur. 228: Miq. Pl. Jungh. 117 and Fl. Ind. Bat. I.

1, 927; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i, 76.

40 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PERAK: in forest near Larit, King’s Collector 3605!, 5480!,

10684 !—Distris. Java, from 650 to 1500 m. alt.; Borneo (Haw-

land 3333!).

2. CRyprocaRya WrayI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 142 (1910). A

small tree; branchlets nearly black, minutely puberulous, somewhat

angular, lenticellate; buds ovate-acuminate, tawny-puberulous.

Leaves thickly coriaceous; ovate or orbicular-ovate, shortly and very

bluntly acute at apex, truncate at base; upper surface glabrous,

shining, lower glaucous and minutely puberulous; 5—7 cm. long,

4—5 cm. broad; 3-ribbed from about 5 mm. above the base with

sometimes a minute pair from the base close to the cartilaginous

margins, the midrib stout, depressed above, prominent beneath, ex-

tending to the apex, the side ribs curved to 2rds or 3ths of the

way and with 3—5 outside nerves; main nerves 2—3 pairs from the

midrib, curving upwards to and along the margin; transverse

nervules many, arched, indistinct ; reticulations minute, areolate on

the lower surface; petiole stout, grooved above, 5—10 mm. long.

Flowers in terminal or axillary rusty-pubescent panicles of cymes up

to 3 cm. long, longer in fruit; the rhachis angular; pedicels very

short scarcely 1—2 mm. long; buds clavate, 3 cm. long; bracts and

bracteoles deciduous. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1:5 mm. long;

lobes as long as tube, orbicular, rusty-pubescent especially without,

the throat of the tube rusty-villous. Stamens of Ist and 2nd rows

with anthers triangular-ovate, the connective produced in an acute

tip, 1-5 mm. long, villous on the rather stout filaments; those of 3rd

row rather shorter, the tip more rounded; staminodes triangular

acuminate, 1 mm. long, villous on the back, and shortly stipitate;

glands glabrous, rounded, -5 mm. lone with the short stalk. Ovary-

ovoid-cylindric, slightly villous, produced in a slender style and short

capitate stigma. Fruit depressed-globose, glabrous, obscurely ribbed,

with a short terminal cup of the bases of the perianth-lobes; 2 cm

indiam.,!°5cm. long. Seedconform to the fruit; testa membranous ;

cotyledons thick, the inner face nearly plane, outside rugose.

PreRAK: at Gunong Bubu, Larit, 1500 m. alt., Wray 3853!

3. CRYPTOCARYA GRIFFITHIANA, Wight Ic. t 1830(1852). A tree,

reaching 15 to 25 metres in height and 25 to 75 cm. in diameter of

stem; branchlets stout, densely rusty velvety-tomentose. Leaves

coriaceous ; oblong-lanceolate to oblong, long caudate-acuminate at

apex, acute or cuneate, sometimes rounded at base; glabrous and

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 4]

shining on the upper surface when mature except on the midrib which

is rusty-tomentose, when young all rusty villous; lower surface

glaucous and puberulous, between the densely rusty-tomentose midrib

and prominent nervation; 20 to 30 cm. long, 5 to 10 cm. broad;

midrib narrow above, broad and prominent below, densely tomentose ;

main nerves 8 to 12 pairs gracefully arching to and along the margin,

deeply impressed above, prominently raised beneath, each pair

joined almost horizontally by sub-parallel transverse nervules, also

impressed above; petiole stout, 1 cm. long. Flowers subsessile, in

dense crowded rusty-villous bracteate axillary and subterminal pani-

cles up to 10 cm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, usually 5 to 10 mm.

long, one with two similar smaller bracteoles to each flower. Pert-

anth-tube cylindric, slightly constricted at top, 2 mm. long, densely

villous without; lobes ovate-oblong, 4 mm. long, densely rusty-

villous. Stamens of Ist and 2nd row about 2 mm. long with villous

filaments and ovate anthers, those of 3rd row rather longer, the con-

nective produced at the top inan acute crest ; staminodes of 4th row

1-5—2 mm. long, cordate, apiculate, glabrous in fruit, villous behind ;

glands shortly stipitate,1mm.long. Ovary narrowly ovoid, glabrous,

glandular-dotted, attenuated into a slender style: stigma obtuse.

Fruit when young ovoid-oblong, glabrous, obscurely ribbed, attenu-

ated into a ring at top and the boss of the perianth-lobes, when

old globose with a flask-shaped mouth 2 cm. Jong, 1 cm. in diam.

Seed narrowly ovoid, attenuated into a beak; testa membranous,

adherent to the persistent perianth tube; cotyledons thick, inside

face plane; radicle conical. Kurz For. Fl. I. 295; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 117; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 923; Brandis Ind. Trees 527.

‘C. infectoria, Miq. var. caudata, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 68.

Perak: at Ulu Bubong and Ulu Kerling, 100-200 m., King’s

Collector 86593!, 101731, 10999! ; hills at 250—300 m. alt., King’s

Collector 107941; Scortechint 510!. Sunerr Usone: Ridley 2042!

Mauacca: Griffith 42761; Maingay (K. D.) 1249!; Kurz !; at

Merliman, etc. Hoimberg 869!, 899! ; Goodenough 1568!. JOHORE:

at Muar, Biawak, Curtis 3614!. SmncarorE: at Changi, Selitar and

Teban, Ridiey 175!, 427!, 3382!.—Distris. South Tenasserim.

4. CRYPTOCARYA CRASSINERVIA, Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. I. i, 924

(1855). A tree, reaching a height of 20 to 25 m. and a diameter of

stem of 35 to 60 cm.; branchlets stout, subtetragonously angled,

densely rusty tomentose as are the inflorescences and the innovations,

the hairs of the tomentum unequal. Leaves very coriaceous;

42 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

elliptic- or obovate-oblong, or oblong-oblanceolate, sometimes almost

orbicular; obtuse, emarginate, sometimes mucronate or shortly

acuminate at apex, rounded or slightly attenuate at base; margin

usually recurved ; upper surface shining usually conspicuously bullate,

glabrous when mature except on the midrib and nerves; lowersurface

sreyish-rusty-pubescent between the densely rusty tomentose nerva-

tion ; 10—30 cm. long, 5 to 15 cm. broad ; midrib very stout, scarcely

raised or impressed on the upper, much raised on the lower surface ;

main nerves 5 to 10, impressed above, raised beneath, curving

upwards to and along the margin and joined by prominent also

impressed transverse nervules, and these again by reticulations; peti-

ole stout, 1°5 to 2°5 cm. long. Flowers sessile, in stout dense much

branched axillary and terminal panicles up to 10 or 15 em. long;

bracts thick, oblong orspathulate, about 4 mm. long, with 2 bracteoles

1 to 2 mm. long to each flower. Perianth-tube cylindric, densely

rusty-tomentose, 2—5 mm. long; lobes about 4 mm. long, ovate, 3

nerved, grey, the outer slightly acute, tufted hairy near the tip and

somewhat longer than the obtuse inner ones. Stamens of Ist and

2nd row about 2°5 mm. long, the filaments villous, those of 3rd

row as long and with the connective crest-like; staminodes of 4th

row cordate acuminate, obtuse at apex, hirsute on the back, -2 mm.

long; glands large, 1-5 mm. long, glabrous, villous-stipitate. Ovary

slender, ending in a long style and obtuse stigma; the young fruit

prominently urceolate at first. Fruit ellipsoid, black, glabrous and

smooth when ripe, ribbed when young, 2 cm. long by 1-5 cm.in diam-

Seeds conform to the enlarged perianth-tube; testa membranous;

cotyledons fleshy. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. xv. i. 69. C. infectoria,

Mig. var. 8. acuminulata, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i, 68.

Perak: Scortechini 217!; at Maxwell’s Hill, 1000 m., Wray 2962!;

about Larit, on low ground and up to 350 m. King’s Collector

2823 !,4448!, 4670!, 5129!. 5347!, 6037!, 6579!, 6719!, 7935!,

8396!; at Bruas, Burn-Murdoch !—Distris. Sumatra (at Fort de

Kock, Teysmann Herb, Bog. 1007!), Borneo.

This species approaches rather nearly, as hinted by Meissner, to C. Griffith-

iana, but is distinguished by the usually very obtuse, short apiculate or even

emarginate leaves, the ellipsoid fruit, the small bracts and the blunt stam-

inodes. It is therefore considered best to maintain it separate, and the long

series of specimens of either species with very little tendency to intermediate

(Wray 2962 is the only one slightly so) seems to support the conclusion.

Burn-Murdoch gives the Vernacular name ‘‘ Medang miang.’’

5. CRYPTOCARYA IMPRESSA, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.i, 923 (1855). A

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 43

large tree (Wray); branchlets rather stout, dark brown, the upper-

most with theinflorescence and innovations densely finely rusty-tomen-

tose. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic, shortly and sharply and abruptly

acuminate at apex or sometimes ‘obtuse, attenuate at base; dull and

glabrous on the upper surface when mature except on the midrib

which is raised and broad and rusty-tomentose, lower surface glaucous

and puberulous between the densely rusty-tomentose midrib and

prominent nervation; 7 to 15 cm. long, 3 to 7 cm. broad; main

nerves 6 to 10 pairs, impressed above, much raised beneath, curved

upwards to the margin and joined by subparallel transverse nervules,

and these again joined by prominent reticulations; petiole very stout,

2cm. long. Flowers subsessile, in spreading bracteate axillary pani-

cles rarely longer than the leaves ; bracts linear, about 2 mm. long, with

2 minute bracteoles. Perianth-tube turbinate, 1—5 mm. long, con-

stricted at mouth; lobes ovate-oblong, about 2 mm. long, the inner 3

slightly smaller than the others. Stamens of 1st and 2nd row about

1 mm. long, the filaments villous; those of the 3rd row rather

longer and with the connective produced in a broad crest; staminodes

cordate, glabrous in front, villous behind; glands rounded, villous-

stipitate. Ovary narrowly ovoid with a slight angle near the top,

slightly villous; style slender; stigma briefly trifid; young fruit

prominently urceolate and tomentose without. Frwit nearly spheri-

eal, blackish, puberulous, about 1:5 cm. in diam. Hook. f. FI.

Br. Ind. V. 117. C. infectoria Miq. var. y. opaca, Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV. i, 69.

Perak: at Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray 1126!

Maracas: Griffith! (K.D.) 4277!; Maingay (K. D.) 1250!. Sryea-

PORE: in garden jungle, Ridley 4821! or 4921!.—Distris. Sumatra

(at Paya Kombo, Teysmann !).

Wray’s specimen has smaller leaves than usual, with more obtuse points

at apex and less prominent nervation on the upper surface; but I see no reason

to doubt it, for some even of Griffith’s specimens come very near it.

6. CRYPTOCARYA RUGULOSA, Hook f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 118 (1886).

A large tree, reaching 25 to 30 m. in height and adiameter of stem of

60 to 90 cm.; branchlets rather slender, firmly rusty pubescent.

Leaves coriaceous ; oblong or ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute

or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; shining and glabrous above

even on the nerves, finely rusty-pubescent beneath and greyish in

the spaces between the nervules; 5—15 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, deeply impressed above, prominent beneath; main

44 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

nerves also impressed above and raised beneath, 5 to 10 pairs, curved

upwards, and joined by subparallel transverse nervules also impressed

above, and these again by a minute network of reticulations ; petiole

1 cm. long, usually twisted. Flowers very small, pedicellate, in

slender rusty pubescent much branched terminal or axillary leafy

panicles about as long as the leaves ; bracts at base of pedicel oblong,

1-5 mm. long, bracteoles 3 much shorter; pedicels -5 mm. long.

Perianth-tube cylindrical, constricted at mouth, 1-5 to 2 mm. long;

lobes ovate, obtuse, equal, as long as tube, nearly glabrous within.

Stamens of Ist and 2nd rowsshort, anthers ovate, filaments villous,

connective glandular dotted; those of 3rd row obtuse, also dotted,

and with rather large reflexed crest; staminodes of 4th row cordate

acuminate, dotted, villous on the back, ‘75 mm. long; glands -5

mm. long, stipitate. Ovary narrowly ovate, attenuate into the style;

stigma obtuse. Fruit black, glabrous, ovoid-flask-shaped, acute at

apex, 2 to 2-5 cm. long, 1:5 cm. broad. Seed conforms to the fruit;

testa membranous, dark brown; cotyledons very fleshy.

PEnanG: at Muka Head, Curtis 958!. Perak: Road to Bruas

Dinding, Ridley 8359!; at Lumut Dinding, Ridley 10314!; dense

forest about Lariat at 150—300 m. alt., King’s Collector 3749!, 5311 !,

6279!. Matacca: Maingay (K. C ) 1262!; Hullett 664 !.

7. CRYPTOCARYA TOMENTOSA, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I.

i, 335 (1851). A tree reaching a height of 15 to 20 m. and a diam.

of 25 to 35 cm.; branchlets brown, rather stout, somewhat angular

with prominent rather large lenticels, uppermost and innovations

tawny-puberulous. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous; elliptic or oblong-

lanceolate, sometimes subovate, shortly acuminate at apex, cuneate

attenuate or occasionally rounded at base; upper surface glabrous

except on the midrib and main nerves, dull or slightly shining, lower

glaucescent, tawny villous on the midrib and nerves minutely

puberulous between them, ultimately almost or quite glabrous;

10—20 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly impressed

above, prominent beneath; main nerves 8 to 15, slightly raised on

the upper surface, curving upwards to and along the margin and there

sometimes joining in loops, secondary nerves occasional, transverse

nervules subparallel, slender, moderately conspicuous as are the

reticulations between them; petiole 1 cm. long, puberulous. Flowers

pedicellate, in axillary or terminal branching grey- or tawny-pubes-

cent panicles shorter than the leaves and about 10 cm. longif axillary,

if terminal reaching 15 cm. or more; cymes spreading, corymbose ;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 45

bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous; pedicels 1 mm. long. Pert-

anth-tube funnel-shaped, 1-5 mm. long; lobes as long, interior of

flower only very slightly sericeous, quite as in C. ferrea as are the

stamens and ovary. Fruzt ovoid or ellipsoid, black, smooth, ribbed

when young, faintly so when old, 25 mm. long, 18 mm. broad, apex

truncate, depressed, the base rounded. Seed conform to the fruit, 15

mm. long, 10 mm. broad, depressed at apex; testa chartaceous >

cotyledons fleshy. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 923; Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV i, 71; Koord. and Val. Bijdr. X. 218. OC. glaucescens,

‘Hassk. Cat. Bog. 89.

Perak: at Batu Kuran, Scortechini!; near Kinta river and

elsewhere up to 160 m., King’s Collector 5744 !,7050!, 7818 !, 8776 !.—

Distr. Java, Borneo.

var. rugosa, Gamble. Panicles with conspicuously rugose bran-

ches; leaves glabrous, petioles very thick, 1 to 15 cm. long.

Maxacca: at Sungei Hudang, Derry 1142! (Ridley).

This is a species of whose identification I have felt a little doubtful, the

specimen sheets of true C. tomentosa at Kew and Calcutta being very few and

consisting chiefly of rather young sprays. But I think, to judge from the

Calcutta material, both from Java and Borneo, and from the descriptions, that

I am right.

8. CRYPTOCARYA FERREA, Blume Bijdr. 557 (1825). A tree,

reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 25 to 35 em. in diam. ; branchlets

stout, angular, rough and lenticellate, the ultimate ones and the

inflorescence minutely rusty-pubescent. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous ;

oblong or oblong-obovate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at tip

with a short acumen, cuneate or alternate at base sometimes rounded ;

upper surface dull or slightly shining; glabrous, lower pale reddish

or cinnamon-brown, puberulous only when young and on the nerves ;

10—25 em. long, 5—10 cm, broad; midrib stout, slightly impressed

above, prominent beneath; main nerves 9 to 12, or sometimes 15

pairs, impressed slightly above, the lowest pair small and close to the

margin, all gently curving to the margin and joined by prominent

rather distant and irregular transverse nervules, which enclose a

minutely netted reticulation; petiole 5—10 mm. long, rough, puberu-

lous in young leaves. Flowers pedice!led, in axillary or terminal

rusty-puberulous panicles, the axillary ones usually shorter than the

leaves, the terminal reaching sometimes a length of 20 and breadth

of 15 ecm., branches spreading, cymes trichotomous; bracts and

bracteoles small, ovate-lanceolate, caducous; pedicels about 1 mm.

46 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

long. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1—-5 mm. long; lobes ovate,

equal or the inner slightly smaller, 2 mm. long, only slightly pubes-

cent within. Stamens of Ist and 2nd series rounded at tip, filaments

slightly sericeous, those of 3rd series usually acute at tip; glands

subsessile, glabrous, alternate with the outer 6 stamens; staminodes

of 4th row cordate acuminate very shortly villous-stipitate. Ovary

slender, glabrous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 3—3°5 cm. long, 1°5 cm. in

diam., attenuate to the slightly truncate apiculate tip, black, smooth ;

pedicel clavate. Nees Syst. Laurin. 216; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 921;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i, 69; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 119; Koord.

and Val. Bijdr. X. 216. ©. oblongifolia, Bl. 1. c. 557. ; Nees 1. c. 215.

©. obscura, Bl. in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1. 335. C. Mentek, Bl. in

Neos l. c. 218.

Penang: at Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 2739!. PERAK:

about Larit up to 350 m. King’s Collector 3909!, 5974!, 6166},

8562 !, 8708!, 8818!,10976!. Matacca: at Sungei Udang, Derry

425!:at Bukit Sidwan, Pun Bebas 131!; at Sungei Udang, Grood-

enough 1358!. JoHORE: Pmerong, Cantley 8!. SincaPpoRE: at Choa-

chukang, Ridley 5996 !, 8040 !.—Distris. Java.

Vern. ‘ Kayu Medang Kuning’ (Pun Bebas); ‘Medang Merah’ (Good-

enough). In reference to the doubt regarding the identification of this species

given in the Fl. Br. Ind., I have compared the descriptions and available

specimens of both the Peninsular and Archipelago species and believe it to be

correct.

9. CRYPTOCARYA BRACTEOLATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 143 (1910).

A tree, reaching 18 to 24 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in diam. ;

branchlets terete, light brown, minutely grey-puberulous ; innovations

and upper branchlets, also the inflorescence, dark rusty-tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous ; ovate or elliptic, bluntly acuminate at apex,

cuneate at base; upper surface dull or very slightly shining, glabrous

except the midrib, lower surface bluish-glaucous, almost quite white

when dry, the midrib and main nerves tawny-puberulous ; 10—18 cm.

long, 4—8 cm. broad ; midrib rather slender, slightly impressed above ;

main nerves 6 to 8 pairs, the lowest from very near the base, curved

upwards to and along the margin, joined by irregularly subparallel

rather distant transverse nervules, and these again by the somewhat

prominent reticulations ; petiole 1—2 cm. long, twisted. Flowers in

axillary or terminal long-bracteate blackish tomentose panicles much

shorter than the leaves, the axillary ones rarely up to 5cm. the termi-

nal rather longer; bracts and bracteoles similar, linear, up to 1 cm.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 47

long, the tip inrolled; pedicels 1—2 mm. long. Perianth-tube

funnel-shaped, about 5 mm. long, thickened above; lobes oblong,

rounded, 3—5 mm. long. Stamens of ist and 2nd rows with rounded

connective and villous filaments; those of 3rd row with connective

acute; staminodes cordate-acuminate, penicillate at tip; glands

rounded, prominently stalked. Ovary and style slender, glabrous ;

stigma capitate. Fruit black, glabrous, depressed-globose, 15 mm.

long, 18 mm. in diam., tipped with a conspicuousapex. Seed conform

with the fruit; testa membranous; cotyledons thick, hemi-spherical.

PERAK: in dense jungle near Lariit, on hills from 150 to 450

m. alt., King’s Collector 67321, 7521 !.

10. CryprocarRya ScorTEcHINIT, Gamble in Kew Bull. 143

(1910). A tree reaching 18 to 24 m.in height anda diameter of stem

of 40 to 50 cm., branchlets pale brown, angular, puberulous ; inno-

vations rusty pubescent. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic, elliptic-oblong

or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate sometimes long-

acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; upper surface somewhat shin-

ing, glabrous, reticulate, lower purplish-grey or -glaucescent also

glabrous except sometimes for aslight pubescence on the midrib and

main nerves; 10—20 cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad; midrib stout,

slightly impressed above ; main nerves 6 to 9 pairs, curving upwards

to meet in loops near the margin and joined by a few irregular

tranverse nervules and a prominent reticulation, the nerves and

reticulation slightly raised above; petiole stout, channelled above,

1—2 cm. long. Flowers shortly pedicelled, in axillary or terminal

branched panicles reaching 20—25 cm. long, the branches nearly

glabrous, the flowers minutely tawny-grey-pubescent ; main peduncles

about 6 cm. long; cymes spreading, ending in 2 pedicellate with 1

sessile flower; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubes-

cent; pedicels 1 mm. long. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1-5 mm.

long; lobes ovate as long as tube, puberulous within. Stamens of ist

and 2nd series rounded at top, filaments villous; those of 3rd series

narrower, broadly crested at top, filaments villous; staminodes of 4th

row cordate acuminate, villous on the back; glands rounded,

globose, shortly stipitate. Ovary lanceolate, globose, style slender.

Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, truncate at tip, glabrous, 3 cm. long, 10—15

mm. indiam.; pericarp (enlarged perianth-tube) thick, rugose ; pedicels

much thickened, rusty-brown. Seed oblong, acute; testa mem-

branous, cotyledons fleshy.

Prrak: at Thaiping, Ridley 2966! ; at Gunong Haram, Scortechiniz

48 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

568!, 619!; near Larit, up to 1500 m. alt., King’s Collector 6281 !,

6297!, 6298!, 6871!, 8686!, 10895!. Sunerr vusone: Ridley

5849 !.

In its leaves and inflorescence this species strongly resembles C. Wightiuna,

Thwaites, but in its fruit it is quite different ; for that of C. Wightiana is globose

and smooth and has not the very prominently enlarged pedicels. Ridley’s

5849 has the perianth-tube longer than it is in the other specimens, but this is

probably due to the flowers being on the verge of the fruiting stage.

11. CryPTOCARYA AREOLATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 144 (1910).

A large tree, reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in

diam.; branchlets stout, angular, sparsely rusty puberulous and

closely roughly lenticellate, innovations and inflorescence minutely

rusty puberulous. Leaves coriaceous; ovate or elliptic ovate, the

younger sometimes lanceolate, obtusely acute or rounded at apex,

rarely acuminate, cuneate and often unequal at base; upper sur-

face smooth, glabrous and somewhat shining, areolate-reticulate,

lower glaucous, purplish when dry, glabrous except on the midrib

and main nerves; 10 to 20 cm. long, 5 to 8 cm. broad; midrib

moderately stout, flattened or somewhat keeled on the upper sur-

face, prominent on the lower; main nerves 5 to 10 pairs, rather

distant, the lowest pair close to the margin, all at first more or less

straight and then curving to and along the margin, joined by many

slender parallel transverse nervules scarcely more conspicuous

than the elegantly areolate reticulations between them; petiole

curved, 2cm. long. Flowers subsessile, in axillary or terminal rusty-

pubescent branching panicles of cymes, 10 to 15 cm. long; bracts

and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, early caducous. Perianth-tube

cylindrical, 1-5 mm. long; lobes ovate, equal, 2°5 mm. long, pubes-

cent within. Stamens of lst and 2nd rows with villous filaments

and broadly crested subacute connective 1—1-:5 mm. long, those of

3rd row similar but longer and prominently crested ; staminodes of

4th row sagittate, sharply acuminate, 1 mm. long, villous behind

and at the base; glandslarge, rounded and glabrous, villous-stipitate.

Ovary slender as is the style, slightly angled on one side near the

top; stigma capitate. Fruit not known.

PERAK: at Sungie Larit, Wray 2456!; in open jungle on low-

eround at 100—256 m., King’s Collector 6017 !, 6171 !, 8630 !.

12. Cryprocarya Kurz, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 119 (1886).

A small tree reaching 10 to 12 m. in height and with stem 10 to 15

cm. in diameter; branchlets rather slender, terete, lenticellate, gla-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 49

brous except the tawny-puberulousinnovations. Leaves chartaceous ;

lanceolate or ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex,

cuneate or acute or rounded at base; upper surface red-brown,

shining or dull, glabrous except sometimes on the midrib, lower

surface brown-giaucous or bluish-glaucous, sometimes minutely

puberulous on the midrib and main nerves; 10—20 cm. long, 3—6

em. broad ; midrib fairly stout, slightly impressed above as are the

7 to 12 pairs of oblique main nerves which are joined by slender

inconspicuous subparalle! nervules and the minutely netted reticu-

lation; petiole 1—1-5 cm. long, thickened, rugose, nearly glabrous.

Flowers subsessile, in tawny-pubescent axillary or terminal panicles,

the axillary curved and shorter than the leaves, the terminal usually

Somewhat elongate ; bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous. Peri-

anth-tube funnel-shaped, 15 mm. long; lobes ovate-acute or the

iner rounded, sub-equal, sparsely golden-pubescent within, 2 mm.

long. Stamens of lst and 2nd rows 1:5 mm. long, connective

produced in a membranous subacute tip, filaments villous; those

of 3rd row similar but more slender ; staminodes of 4th row cordate,

acuminate, villous at back and on the short base, 1 mm. long;

glands rounded, glabrous, -5 mm. long on villous stalks -25 mm.

long. Ovary slender, glandular, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit

urceolate when young, when old black, ovoid, acute, reaching about

15 cm. long and 1 cm. broad. C. Wightiana, 3. Griffithii, Meissn.

in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 70 (excl. the Canara plant). C. ferrea, Kurz

For. Fl. IT. 295 (not of Blume).

PERAK: at Thaipeng, Wray 2650; in dense jungle near Larut,

King’s Collector 3042!, 3901!, 5250!, 5320!, 5395!, 6083!, 6571!,

8469!. Manacca: Derry 324!. SryaapoRE: Chanchukang, Ridley

3761!, 4134!, 5996!, 6158!.—Distris. Tenasserim, Java, Borneo

(Haviland 3082!, 3652!).

This species seems, by description, to be very near to C. acutiflora, Bl., but

it does not agree with the only specimens of the latter that I have seen. I

do not feel quite sure I am right in identifying the large available material as

belonging to C. Kurzit, of which I have only seen two sheets at Kew (Gréffith

4274 K.D. 1142) ; but I believe it is correct to do so. Ihave been a little in

doubt about K.C. 6083 as to the possibility of its being the flowering form of

C. argentea, but I think not.

13. Cryprocarya cas1a, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 335

(1851). A tree; branchlets pale brown, slender, terete, softly tawny-

velvety. Leaves chartacecus; ovate- or elliptic-oblong, long blunt

acuminate at apex, attenuate, often unequally, at base; upper

50 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

surface duil, glabrous except on the midrib, lower surface glaucous or

glaucescent, minutely puberulous when young, afterwards glabrous ;

9—14 em. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib moderately thick, impressed

and keeled on the upper surface, prominent on the lower; main

nerves 6—8 pairs, impressed above and slightly keeled, raised beneath ,

curved obliquely upwards to the margin and joined by rather indis-

tinct irregular transverse nervules and a minutely netted reticula-

tion; petiole 1 cm. long, moderately stout. Flowers in axillary or

terminal tawny-pubescent panicies, the axillary shorter than the

leaves, the terminal elongated ; branches slender, cymules few-flow-

ered ; bracts linear, about 3mm.long; bracteoles similar but smaller;

pedicels none in central flowers, about 1 mm. long in lateral ones.

Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1°5 mm. long; lobes as long, ovate,

rounded at tip, slightly tawny-villous within. Stamens of Ist and 2nd

rows with acute anther connectives and villous filaments; those of

3rd row similar and rather longer ; staminodes cordate, acute, villous

on the back; glands rounded, glabrous, the pedicel villous. Ovary

and style slender, glabrous ; stigma discoid. Fruit globose, smooth,

10—12 mm. in diam., pericarp fleshy. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 925.

Mawacca : at Sudang Reserve, Derry 1144!. SrneaporEe: Chan-

chukang and Bukit Mandai, Ridley 4820!, 6665!.—DistRis. Java,

Andaman Islands.

Species imperfectly known.

14. CRYPTOCARYA ENERVIS, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 119

(1886). An evergreen tree (?); branchlets slender, black when dry,

glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous; elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acu-

minate at apex, acuminate at base; both surfaces glabrous, brown-

ish green when dry, subglaucous and violet-brown beneath; 7—12

em. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on the upper

surface ; main nerves 6—8 pairs, faint, curving upwards to and along

the margin and there joining in diminishing slender loops ; transverse

nervules few, irregular, faint as are the reticulations ; petiole slender,

about 1 cm. long, bordered above by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Slowers apparently in slender axillary panicles shorter than

the leaves, the flowers themselves wanting. Fruit globose, smooth,

10—12 mm. in diam., faintly sulcate, tip short, obtuse.

Matacca : Griffith K.D. 4336!

15. CRYPTOCARYA BUBONGANA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 144 (1910).

A large tree, reaching 15 to 20m. in height and 60 cm. in diam. of

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 51

stem; branchlets stout, angular, dark brown, uppermost minutely

puberulous. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly

acuminate at apex, attenuately rounded often unequally at base;

glabrous on both surfaces, dull on the upper; 10—16 cm. long, 3—6

em. broad ; midrib very stout, slightly impressed and keeled on the

upper surface, very prominent on the iower; main nerves 6 to 9

pairs, slightly impressed above, very prominent beneath, curved

sradually upwards to and along the margin and joined by very slender

close subparallel transverse nervules and minutely netted reticula-

tion ; petiole curved, slightly puberulous, 10to15mm. long. Panicles

lateral; few-flowered, stout, shorter than the leaves. Flowers not

known. Fruit globose, glabrous, dark green, black whendry, 10—12

mm. in diameter.

PERAK: open mixed jungle on Ulu Bubong at 150 to 250 m.

King’s Collector 10570!

16. CRYPTOCARYA ARGENTEA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 144 (1910).

An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 37 to 50 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets slender, pale brown, lenticellate, the

uppermost minutely puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, often bullate ;

oblong or oblong-lanceolate, shortly obtusely acuminate at apex,

cuneate at base; upper surface bright green when fresh, brown when

dry, shining, glabrous, lower silvery-grey when fresh, bluish-glaucous

when dry, the nerves puberulous ; 8—15 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad ;

midrib rather slender, strongly impressed above; main nerves 8—10

pairs, slightly impressed above, curved to near the margin and then

meeting in a small loop, joined by irregular transverse nervules and

an obscure reticulation ; petiole slender, 9—12 cm. long, black when

dry. Flowers in axillary or terminal slender panicles reaching about

6 cm. in length; only young fruit (ellipsoid, faintly ribbed) known.

PERAK: in dense jungle at 90—180 m. alt., King’s Collector

7966 !

This species comes near to C. Kurz, Hook. f.

Tribe I]. APOLLONIEZ.

2. BrI~scHMIEDIA, Nees.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually

coriaceous, penni-nerved, venose-reticulate. Flowers usually small,

hermaphrodite, axillary lateral or subterminal, racemose or panicled.

52 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Perianth-tube short; lobes 6, subequal, deciduous after flowering.

Stamens 9 perfect, with 2-celled anthers, those of the Ist and 2nd

rows introrse ; those of the 3rd extrorse; staminodes of the 4th

row cordate or ovoid, often concave in front, shortly stipitate ;

glands 6, stipitate, nearly as large as the staminodes, between the

2nd and 3rd row of stamens and rather nearer the latter with which

they often come away though not attached to the filaments. Ovary

sessile, free from the perianth, attenuate into the style; stigma

obtuse. Fruit an oblong ovoid or globose berry; pedicels not or

only thickened below, little at the perianth-ring; perianth quite

deciduous leaving a narrow ring; cotyledons fleshy with often a rudi-

mentary dissepiment between them, sometimes ruminate.—DiIsTRIB.

About 20 species, all tropical.

Leaves very coriaceous, brown when dry. 20—35cm. long,

7—12 em. broad ; flowers in panicles over 10 cm. long. |

Leaves oblong, perianth-lobes ovate, 1—5 mm. long;

stamens short. . an an a6 1. B. insignis.

Leaves obovate, perianth-lobes oblong, 4 mm. long;

stamens rather long a8 oc Ne 2. B. Kunstlerz.

Leaves coriaceous, greenish above when dry, 10—20 cm.

long, 3—10 em. broad; flower panicles mostly under

10 em. long.

Leaves alternate; flowers rather large; perianth-

lobes 3 mm. long.

Leaves glabrous on the reddish brown under

surface; perianth-tube flattened. . .. 3 B. malaccensis.

Leaves villous on the purplish under surface ;

perianth-tube conical as .. 4 B. Curtisi.

Leaves subopposite, rusty-villous; flowers rather

large, in panicles 12 cm. long; perianth-lobes

2°5 em. long hs 46 .. 5. B. Scortechini.

Leaves opposite ; panicles subglabrous, very slender,

up to 6 cm. long; flowers very small.. .. 6. B. lumutensis.

Leaves thinly coriaceous or chartaceous, alternate or

subopposite.

Flower-panicles dense, under 4 em. long; perianth-

lobes 3 mm. long; leaves reddish-brown when dry 7. B. Maingayi.

Flower-panicles spreading, 10—14 cm. long.

Leaves usually shining, greenish on upper sur-

face when dry; main nerves regular, parallel;

panicles grey ae a0 .. 8. B. longipes.

Leaves usually dull, reddish-brown on upper

surface when dry ; main nerves irregular; pani-

cles reddish A ae 9. B. perakensis.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 53

Flowers in very short bracteate racemes; perianth-

lobes 1 mm. long; leaves reddish-brown when

dry; branchlets white .. ae .. 10. B. penangiana.

Species imperfectly known.

Leaves membranous, elliptic or elliptic ovate ; fruit up

to 15 mm. long

ee au 2 11. B. membranacea.

Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ;

fruit up to 25 mm. long a as .. 12. B. pahangensis.

Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit

35 mm. long si a ac -.. 13. B. Foxiana.

1. BEILSCHIMIEDIA INSIGNIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 147 (1910).

A medium-sized tree, reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 45 to 60 cm.

in diameter of stem; branchlets dark brown, stout, glabrous, lenticel-

late; buds slender up to 1 cm. long with glabrous lanceolate scales.

Leaves very coriaceous, opposite or alternate; oblong or oblong-

oblanceolate, acute at apex, attenuate at base; both surfaces glab-

rous, shining, olive-brown when dry; 20—35 cm. long, 7—12 cm.

broad; midrib stout, slightly impressed above, keeled beneath

when dry; main nerves 10 to 15 pairs slightly impressed above and

raised beneath, starting at 50° to 60° with the midrib and curving

up to and along the margin where they end in gradually diminishing

small loops between the angular transverse nervules, these and the

net venation being raised and well marked on the under, less so on

the upper surface ; petiole stout, channelled above, 20—25 mm. long.

Flowers in slender axillary panicles up to 12 cm. long; rhachis

glabrous, flattened; branches slender with few- (2—3-) flowered

cymules; pedicels slender, 2 mm. long. Perianth-tube cup-shaped,

1 mm. long; lobes ovate, obtuse, 1-5 mm. long, glabrous on both

sides except a slight ring below the stamens. Stamens of Ist and

2nd rows 1:5 mm. long, filaments broad, slightly white-villous, con-

nective rounded at apex; stamens of 3rd row similar but longer and

rather more slender, the 2 basal glands broad, obtuse, stipitate ;

staminodes of 4th row cordate, acuminate, concave in front,

slightly villous behind, rather longer (‘75 mm.) than the glands

Ovary ovoid, narrowed into a short style; stigma somewhat bifid.

Fruit globose, reddish-brown to black, rough, 3—4 cm. in diam.,

shortly apiculate, the basal ring of the fallen perianth very

narrow.

PERAK : in dense jungle on low ground under 30 m. above sea-

level, King’s Collector 6615 !, 8479 !.

54 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2. BEILSCHMIEDIA KuUNSTLERI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 147 (1910).

A large tree, reaching 24 to 30 m. in height and 60 cm. or more in

diam. of stem ; branches very stout, 1—2 cm. in diam. at the top;

bark corky, rough, with prominent leaf- scars; leaf-buds thick, ovoid,

scales ovate andrusty-puberulous. Leaves very coriaceous, opposite

or alternate ; obovate or obovate-oblong, rounded or obtusely acute at

apex, long cuneate or attenuate at base; both surfaces glabrous,

shining, prominently reticulate; margins recurved ; 25 —35 cm. long,

9—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, impressed on the upper, much raised

on the lower surface; main nerves 10—12 pairs, irregular, impressed

above, sharply raised beneath, starting at 40°—50° with the midrib

and gently curving to and along the margin where they meet in

irregular loops ; secondary nerves and transverse nervules prominent,

irregular as is the prominently raised reticulation ; petiole very stout,

rough, puberulous, 1°5—2°5 cm. long. Flowers velvety dark red, in

axillary branching slightly puberulous panicles up to 20 cm. long ;

the rhachis angular flattened as are the branches; pedicels slender,

1—2 mm. long. Perianth-tube very short, flattened; lobes oblong,

obtuse, glandular, 4 mm. long, glabrous except a ring below the

stamens. Stamens of Ist and 2nd rows slender, 2—2°5 cm. long,

filaments villous, connective acute, anther cells elongate ; those of

3rd row similar, the 2 basal glands rounded stipitate, -5 mm. long ;

staminodes of 4th row cordate, acuminate, stipitate, concave in

front, slightly villous behind, 1 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, gradually

attenuate into a rather slender style; stigma obtuse. rust (young

only) obovoid, rugose, glabrous, apiculate, the ring of the fallen

perianth-lobes pale, undulate.

PpRAK: in dense jungle on low ground near Lartt, King’s Col-

lector 6854!. SrinGAPoRE: at Bukit Timah, Bayliss 5885!.

3. BEILSCHMIEDIA MALACCENSIS, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 123

(1886). A tree; branchlets stout, shining, lenticellate, uppermost

angular, innovations and leaf-buds dark purplish rusty-pubescent ;

buds ovate-lanceolate. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; elliptic or ellip-

tic-oblong, obtuse or acute at apex, attenuate often unequally at

base; both surfaces glabrous, upper greenish-brown when dry, paler

along the nerves, moderately shining, lower reddish-brown; 12—20

cm. long, 6—10 cm. broad; midrib prominent beneath, slightly

raised above; main nerves 8 to 12 pairs, slightly depressed above,

very prominent beneath, starting at an angle of about 60° with the

midrib and curving to and along the margin, the upper ones joining

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 55

in prominent loops; secondary nerves often prominent, branching

into the prominently widely netted reticulations which are raised on

both surfaces when dry; petiole very stout, rough, 1—2 cm. long.

Flowers in axillary panicles up to 6 cm. long, usually ascending, the

peduncle and divaricating branches stout, purplish rusty-pubescent,

often flattened; bracts ovate-cblong, caducous; pedicels stout,

densely purplish pubescent, 2—3 mm. long; in young fruit the scar

of the fallen perianth making a white ring. Perianth-tube very

short, spreading, flattened ; lobes linear oblong, 3 mm. long, sparsely

purplish-villous within. Stamens slender, those of the outer rows

linear, 2 mm. long, pubescent; those of the inner row similar but

slightly longer, the glands cordate, -75 mm. long; staminodes also

cordate on pubescent filaments, 1—1°5 mm. long. Ovary conoidal,

glabrous; style slender; stigma small, capitate. Fruit notseen. B.

Roxburghiana B ? malaccensis, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 63.

Mauacca: Griffith!; Maingay K. D. 1260!. Srycarore: at

Bukit Timah, Ridley 4424!

4, BEILSCHMIEDIA CurtTIsir, Gamble in Kew Bull. 148 (1910). A

tree, reaching 15 to 20 m. in height; branchlets very stout, densely

dark rusty-tomentose; leaf-buds ovoid with pale tomentum on the

few scales. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; elliptic, rounded at apex

with a very short acuminate point, rounded or obtusely acute at

base ; upper surface shining, olive green when dry, glabrous except

on the midrib and main nerves, lower surface dark reddish-brown,

rusty-villous throughout, tomentose on the nerves ; margins recurved ;

15—30 cm. long, 8—13 cm. broad ; midrib stout, impressed and often

keeled above, prominent beneath; main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, im-

pressed above, prominently raised beneath, leaving the midrib at

about 60° and only slightly curving to very close to the margin

where they, at any rate the uppermost, join in loops; secondary

nerves few, short; transverse nervules rather irregular and distant ;

reticulations visible on the upper surface as a prominently raised

network; petiole very stout, rusty-tomentose, 2—3 cm. long. Flow-

ers in short axillary rusty-tomentose corymbose panicles up to about

2-5 em. long, elongating in fruit; bracts ovate, obtuse, caducous ;

pedicels rather slender, 1:5—2 mm. long. Perianth-tube obconical ;

lobes ovate or oblong, the outer slightly the larger, prominently rusty

hispid-villous, 3—3°5 mm. long. Stamens slender, those of the

outer rows 1‘5—2 mm. long, obtuse, the cells oblong, the filaments

villous; those of the third row rather longer but similar, the glands

56 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

very short, cordate; staminodes cordate, 1 mm. long, very shortly

villous-stipitate. Ovary conoidal, glabrous; style slender; stigma

small, capitate. Fruit oblong or obovoid, nearly black, smooth, 25

mm. long, 12—15 mm. broad, supported by the very narrow ring of

the fallen perianth, the pedicels thickened to 3 mm. in diam. ; pericarp

woody.

PENANG: on Government Hill at 600 m. alt., Curtis 1015! ;

SINGAPORE : in garden jungle, Ridley 8075!

5. BEILSCHMIEDIA SCORTECHINI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 148

(1910). A tree; branches stout, their bark dark brown, rough, with

large lenticels; branchlets stout, flattened, rusty-pubescent ; buds

lanceolate, rusty pubescent, 7 mm. long. Leaves coriaceous, sub-

opposite; oblong-lanceolate, longitudinally folded when young, acu-

minate at apex, attenuate at base ; upper surface glabrous except the

midrib, lower rusty-puberulous when young, afterwards glabrescent

but still rusty-brown ; 12—20 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib very

stout, scarcely raised on the upper, very much so on the lower,

surface ; main nerves about 12 pairs, at an angle of about 60°

with the midrib, gently curved to join in diminishing loops near

the margin; reticulations irregular, very prominent, netted and

raised on the upper surface; petiole very stout, rusty-pubescent,

15—25cm.long. Flowers in axillary rusty-pubescent few-branched

panicles reaching 12 cm. long and about 6 cm. broad ; peduncle about

6 cm. long, those of branches about 2 cm.; all branches stout and

often flattened; pedicels 2 mm. long; bracts and bracteoles very

small, caducous; flower-buds globose. Perianth-tube campanulate,

155 mm. long; lobes oblong, 2°5 mm. long, rusty-villous within.

Stamens of 1st and 2nd rows stout, 2 mm. long, filaments pubescent,

connective obtuse or emarginate at apex; stamens of 3rd row as

long as the others but more slender, emarginate at apex, their 2

basal glands rather large cordate stipitate; staminodes of 4th row

cordate obtuse, concave in front, pubescent behind, scarcely larger

than the glands. Ovary puberulous, style rather slender; stigma

obtuse. Fruit not known.

PERAK: at Caulfield’s Hill, 1220 m. alt., Scortechini 483! 493!.

6. BEILSCHMIEDIA LUMUTENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 148 (1910).

An evergreen tree (?); branchlets slender, glabrous, reddish-brown ;

buds linear, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, prominently reti-

culate ; elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute at apex, attenuate at base;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 57

both surfaces glabrous, shining, olive-brown when dry; 10—14 cm.

long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib rather slender, slightly impressed

above, raised beneath; main nerves 8—10 pairs, the lowest quite

close to the margin, at about 65° with the midrib, curved to anas-

tomose near the margin and joined by an irregular prominent net-

work of reticulation, all raised on both surfaces; petiole 7—12 cm.

long, reddish. Flowers in axillary glabrous panicles of 4—5 slender

elongate branches from a short (about 2—3 mm. long) thick peduncle

which sometimes bears leafy branches; the branches 4—6 cm. long,

ending in few-flowered cymules; pedicels slender; buds globose;

flowers very small, subglabrous. Perianth-tube campanulate, glabrous,

gland dotted; lobes short, ovate or nearly orbicular, glabrous except

for a narrow villous ring at the base of the stamens, tube and lobes

together about 1-5 mm. long. Stamens of Ist and 2nd row about

1 mm. long, connective acute; those of 3rd row similar, the 2 basal

glands rather large; staminodes of 4th row cordate, stipitate, all

glabrous, or the filaments slightly villous. Ovary ovoid, glabrous,

tapering into a short style; stigma obtuse. Fruit not known.

Pgrrak: at Lumut Dinding, Ridley 10323!

7. Berscumrepia Martneayi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 123

(1886). A tree: branchlets very stout, the pale brown corky bark

marked by longitudinal clefts, prominent leaf scars and very large

round lenticels ; leaf-buds ovoid with densely rusty-tomentose scales.

Leaves chartaceous, subopposite, often folded longitudinally; obovate

or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate at apex, narrowly acuminate

at base; both surfaces glabrous, reddish-brown when dry; 12—24

em. long, 4—14 cm. broad; midrib stout, impressed above and

keeled ; main nerves 7—9 pairs, distant, not very prominent, starting

at 60° or less (lowest pair 30°) with the midrib and curving to the

margin and along it and joined together by irregular branches and

diminishing loops; reticulations irregular, prominent and slightly

raised on both surfaces; petiole stout, curved, 1—2°5 cm. long.

Flowers in dense axillary rusty-tomentose panicles up to 4 cm. long

and 3—4 cm. broad; rhachis and branches stout, usually flattened ;

bracts many, conspicuous, ovate, obtuse, densely rusty-tomentose,

about 6—8 cm. long; bracteoles small; pedicels very short; buds

cordate-globose. Perianth-tube very short ; lobes ovate, broad, 3 mm.

long, villous within. Stamens of Ist and 2nd row 1°5 mm. long,

filaments thick, flattened, puberulous, anther-cells oblong, apex of

connective obtuse; those of 3rd row similar but rather more acute

58 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

and 2:5 mm. long, the 2 glands close behind their bases large ovoid,

glabrous, shortly stipitate ; staminodes of 4th row ovate, obliquely

acuminate, concave in front, densely pubescent behind, 1-5 mm.

long. Ovary ovoid, sparsely villous: style elongate ; stigma obtuse.

Fruit not known.

PERAK : at Gunong Haram, Scortechini 727!; at Lumut, Ridley

3104!. Matacca: Maingay K. D. 1268!

King’s Collector 4554! and 5445! from Goping, Perak, 150—-300 m. alt.,

may be fruiting specimens of this species. The leaves are rather smaller but

have much the same texture and nervation. Should it prove to be so, the fol-

lowing must be added to the description:

Fruit ellipsoid-cbovoid, 2°5—3°5 cm. long, 1°5 cm. in diam., somewhat

acute at apex with an oblique tip, nearly black, smooth; ,pedicels enlarged to

5 mm. in diam., rusty-pubescent, ending in the much less enlarged ring of the

fallen perianth; pericarp thick, granular. ;

Wray 1069! from lower Camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Perak, is also, in all

probability, a specimen of the fruit of a species of Beilschmiedia near to B.

Maingayi. It may thus be characterized.

‘“ A small tree; branchlets stout, dark-brown; buds glabrous, lanceolate,

lcm.long. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, chartaceous, acute at apex, but

usually sphacelate, narrowed at base; both surfaces glabrous ; 12—20 cm.

Jong, 5—6 cm. broad; main nerves 8—10 pairs, not very prominent, reticula-

tions prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1—2 em. long, twisted. Frit

oblong. oblique, obtuse at apex, up to 6 em. long and 2 em. in diam., the

pericarp ferruginously rough, scurfy; pedicel greatly thickened.’’ It cannot

be named until the flowers are known.

8. BEILSCHMIEDIA LONGIPES, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 123

(1886). A tree, reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in

diameter of stem; branchlets ashy-grey, longitudinally ribbed when

dry, lenticellate; innovations and lanceolate leaf-buds ashy-grey-

puberulous, the latter with few deciduous scales. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, alternate; elliptic- lanceolate or -oblanceolate, acuminate

usually cuspidately at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface shining,

glabrous, often olive-green when dry, lower surface ashy-grey or rusty-

pubescent, finally glabrate; 15—27 cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad; mid-

rib rather slender, impressed above, raised beneath; main nerves.

10—14 pairs, very prominent beneath, at an angle of 40° to 45° with

the midrib, at first straight, then curving near the margin, all or only

the upper ones joined in loops; transverse nervules and reticulations

irregular, usually prominent on the upper surface; petiole stout,

12—20 mm. long. Flowers in lax elongate ashy-pubescent panicles

reaching 10—-13 cm. in length and 5 cm. in breadth; branches few,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 59

alternate, distant, at right angles to the rhachis, bearing few-flowered

eymules; bracts linear, short; pedicels 1 mm. long on side flower, 0

in central flowers; flowers yellow. Perianth-tube cupshaped, 1-5

mm. long; lobes ovate, rounded, densely grey tomentose without,

puberulous within, as long as the tube. Stamens of Ist and 2nd

rows 1°5 mm. long, filaments puberulous, anthers ovate, connective

acute; those of 3rd row more slender and rather shorter, with 2

orbicular stipitate glands a little behind; staminodes of 4th row

small, cordate, very shortly stipitate. Ovary glabrous; style short;

stigma obtuse. Fruit (very young only) ovoid, glabrous, apiculate,

the scar of the fallen perianth pale.

PERAK: at Sungie Larut, Wray 229)!; Scortechini!; forests near

Larut chiefly on limestone, at 150 to 450 m. elevation, King’s Collec-

tor 3859!, 4765!, 5465!, 5903!, 7238!, 7325! Mawtacca: Main-

gay, K. D. 1248!

9. BEILSCHMIEDIA PERAKENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 149 (1910).

A shrub or small tree reaching 9—12 m. in height and 12—25 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets slender, dark brown, sparsely pubescent ;

innovations densely tawny-pubescent as are the ovoid leaf-buds

about 5 mm. long. Leaves chartaceous, membranous when young,

alternate; elliptic or elliptic-obovate, shortly acuminate at apex,

cuneate or attenuate at base; upper surface glabrous except on the

midrib and main nerves, lower minutely puberulous especially on the

nerves, at length nearly glabrous; both surfaces dull when dry,

reddish brown; 8—15 cm. long, 4—7 cm. wide; midrib moderately

stout, slightly impressed above, raised beneath ; main nerves 10 to 12

pairs, usually irregular, starting at about 50° with the midrib and

curved to the margin where they connect in loops, joined by rather

prominent transverse nervules and reticulations which are conspicuous

on the upper surface; petiole stout, densely pubescent, 5—10 mm.

long. lowers in slender axillary rusty-pubescent panicles reaching

10—14 cm. in length and scarcely 4 cm. in breadth; peduncle usually

long; branches few, generally at right angles to the rhachis; cymules

about 3-flowered ; bracts and bracteoles linear; pedicels slender, of

middle flower almost 0; Perianth-tube very short; lobes ovate,

obtuse or slightly ovate, 1:5 mm. long. Stamens of Ist and 2nd

rows slender, 1 mm. long, filaments puberulous, connective rounded ;

those of 3rd row similar but rather longer, the 2 basal glands ovoid,

stipitate; staminodes of 4th row ovate, acute, rather small. Ovary

oblong; style stout; stigma obtuse. Fruit oblong or obovoid, black

60 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

when dry, 12—15 mm. long, 7—8 mm. broad; pericarp thick;

cotyledons separated by a false dissepiment; pedicels scarcely en-

larged ; ring of fallen perianth pale.

Perak: Scortechini!; dense jungle on hills at 150—250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 8489!, 10026!, 10432!.

10. BEILSCHMIEDIA PENANGIANA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 149

(1910). An evergreen tree, reaching 10—12 m. in height; branchlets

white with smooth shining bark, lenticels oblong; buds perulate.

Leaves subcoriaceous, alternate or subopposite; elliptic or elliptic

lanceolate, very obtusely acuminate at apex, acuminate at base ;

both surfaces glabrous, reddish-brown when dry, upper shining ;

7—10 cm. long, 3—4 cm. broad; midrib broad, depressed on the

upper surface; main nerves 10—12 pairs, irregular, much branched

and joining in loops well within the margin, .prominent on both

surfaces; transverse nervules also prominent, branched, enclosing the

obscure reticulation; petiole broad, -5—1 cm. long, the upper part

bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in very

short axillary bracteate racemes, the buds strobilate with orbicular

fimbriate much gland-dotted slightly puberulous bracts, each en-

closing one flower supported by two lanceolate acuminate fimbriate

bracteoles 1-5 mm. long, the bracts and bracteoles afterwards cadu-

cous ; pedicels thick. Perianth-lobes ovate,. obtuse, ciliate, gland-

dotted, 1 mm. long, sub-equal. Stamens of 1st and 2nd row 1 mm.

long, glabrous, on thick filaments ; those of 3rd row similar with a

pair of suborbicular stipitate glands close to the bases of the fila-

ments ; staminodes of 4th row cordate, very shortly stipitate, -5 mm.

long. Ovary globose, glabrous; style short; stigma obtuse. Fruit

not known.

PENANG: at Penara Bukit at 300 m. alt., Curtis 1098 !

Species imperfectly known.

11. BEILSCHMIEDIA MEMBRANACEA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 150

(1910). A small tree, reaching 4 to 6 m. in height and the stem 7 to

15 cm. in diameter ; branchlets slender, grey, softly blackish-puberu-

lous, innovations rusty-tomentose, as are the small ovoid buds. Leaves

membranous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic-ovate. obtusely acute at

apex, attenuate or slightly and unequally rounded at base ; both sur-

faces olive-green when dry, somewhat shining, glabrous except on the

midrib and main nerves; 10—15 cm. long, 5—8 cm. broad; midrib

slender, raised on both suriaces; main nerves 9 to 11 pairs, starting at

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 61

an angle of about 45° with the midrib and curving to near the margin

where they anastomose in irregular loops; reticulations irregularly

netted, raised and prominent on both surfaces ; petiole thick, pubes-

cent, 5—10 mm. long. Flowers not known, apparently in very short

axillary cymes. Fruit oblong, smooth, up to 15 mm. long and 7 mm.

in diameter; pedicel scarcely enlarged.

PERAK: in open jungle at 600 to 900 m. alt., King’s Collector

10,928!

12. BEILSCHMIEDIA PAHANGENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 150

(1910). A tree; branches slender, greyish-brown; branchlets dark

- brown, glabrous, lenticellate ; leaf-buds very small, ovoid with grey-

puberulous scales. Zeaves chartaceous, alternate; lanceolate or ob-

long-lanceolate, obtusely acute at apex, long- attenuate or -cuneate at

base; both surfaces glabrous, prominently reticulate, upper shining;

10—15 em. long, 3—5 em. broad; midrib rather slender, slightly

raised on both surfaces; main nerves irregular, 10—12 pairs, usually

at about 45° with the midrib, at first straight then branching to

anastomose near the margin: nervules and reticulations irregular,

prominently raised on both surfaces; petiole slender, 1—2 cm.

long, rugose. Flowers not known, in axillary panicles up to about

6cm. long; rhachises slender. rust ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends,

blackish with raised pale spots on tubercles, 2—2°5 cm. long, 1 em.

broad ; cotyledons very fleshy, the false dissepiment membranous.

Pawane: at Kwala Triang and Suboo Lanjoot, Ridley 2273!

13. Brmscumriepia Foxrana, Gamble in Kew Bull. 150 (1910).

An evergreen tree (?) ; branchlets smooth, thick, lenticellate, greenish-

brown. Leaves coriaceous, subopposite, prominently reticulate; lan-

ceolate or oblanceolate, bluntly acuminate at apex, long-cuneately

narrowed at base: both surfaces dull, glabrous; margin slightly

recurved; 12--16 cm. long, 5—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly

raised above ; main nerves 7 pairs at from 40°—50° with the midrib,

oblique and slightly curved upwards to end close to the margin in a

series of diminishing loops which join them; transverse nervules

irregular and with the much netted reticulation prominent and more

or less raised on both surfaces; petiole stout, 2—2°5 cm. long, the

upper part bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Inflores-

cence paniculate, much branched, reaching 20 cm. in length, glabrous,

the peduncle and its branches with oblong lenticels. Fruit ellipsoid,

slightly pustular, 3:5 cm. long, 2—2:5 cm. broad: pedicels slightly

62 Flora of the Malayan Peninsuia.

enlarged, rusty-brown, rugose; scar of the fallen perianth-tube pale,

scarcely enlarged.

PenanG: at Birch’s Hill, Fox 10705! (Herb. Singap.)

3. DEHAASTA, Blume.

Evergreen trees, the branchlets generally pale, the: buds lanceo-

late. Leaves alternate, more or less coriaceous, penni-nerved, often

fascicled at the ends of the branchlets. Flowers small, hermaphro-

dite, in axillary peduncled panicles of few-flowered dichasia.

Perianth-tube very short; lobes 6, the 3 outer much the shortest.

Perfect stamens 9, small, clavate, the anthers 2-celled: those of the.

lst row opposite the outer shorter perianth-lobes, introrse ; those of

the 2nd row opposite the inner perianth-lobes, introrse; those of the

3rd row opposite those of the Ist row, extrorse, each furnished at

the base and a little behind it with 2 rather large subsessile glands;

staminodes of the 4th row opposite the 2nd row stamens small or

wanting, when present usually cordate stipitate. Ovary sessile,

rounded, attenuate into a short style. Fruzt an oblong berry, seated

on the persistent broadened perianth which is supported by the very

much thickened, usually red, often warted, clavate pedicel; cotyle-

dons thick, fleshy; radicle minute.—Disrrte. About 10 species;

Indian and Malayan.

Staminodes of 4th row wanting; leaves chartaceo-coria-

ceous, over 15 cm. long and 7 em. broad; flowers about

5mm.indiam. .. ac ee ee 1. D. microcarpa.

Staminodes of 4th row present; flowers scarcely 3 mm.

in diam.

Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate, not minutely reticu-

late, not fascicled at the tops of the branchlets.. 2. D. nigrescens.

Leaves coriaceous, more or less obovate, reticulate,

fascicled at the top of the branchlets.

Staminodes of 4th row ratherlarge; mainnerves

of leaves prominently impressed above; pani-

cles pubescent Sc 5: -- 3. D. cuneata.

Staminodes of 4th row quite small, main nerves

not prominently impressed; panicles glabrous 4. D. Curtisii.

Leaves very coriaceous, lanceolate, more or less

fascicled; staminodes very small; main nerves

and nervules of leaves prominently raised on

both surfaces .. =f ie .. 5. D. lancifolia.

1. DEHAASIA MicRocAaRPA, Blume in Rumph.i. 162, t. 44 (1835).

A tree with spreading branches reaching 15 to 25 m. in height and

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 63

the stem 40 to 60 cm. in diameter; branchlets rather thick, glabrous,

with white shining bark, lenticellate ; leaf-buds conical, glabrous, up to

1 cm. long with few black scales. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, alter-

nate; elliptic- oblong or -obovate or -oblanceolate, acute or acuminate

at apex, cuneate or attenuate or sometimes unequally rounded at

base; both surfaces glabrous, pale olive-green and shining when dry ;

15—40 cm. long, 7—17 cm. broad; midrib stout, broad, prominent

beneath; main nerves irregularly spaced, 9—15 pairs, usually 12,

the lowest 1 or 2 pairs near the base, the rest more distantly

spaced, all curving upwards to and along the margin where

they meet in short loops, slightly impressed and keeled on the

upper surface, prominent and white on the lower, joined by

irregular transverse nervules and indistinct reticulations; petiole

rather stout, channelled above, 1—3 cm. long. Flowers in erect,

glabrous or slightly puberulous, reddish panicles from the upper axils

and. especially from below the terminal leaf-buds, 10 to 20 cm. long,

56cm. broad; peduncles usually short, angular; branches at right

angles to the rhachis, 1—2 cm. long, flattened, dichotomously

branched; bracts small, ovate; bracteoles triangular; pedicels

clavate, 2—5 mm. long; flower-buds ovoid; flowers yellowish-white.

Pervanth-tube very short, continuous with the pedicel; lobes 6, the

outer 3 triangular, 1—1°5 mm. long, the inner 3 ovate, rounded, 2—3

mm. long, all glabrous or very minutely puberulous without. Stamens

of the first and second rows 2°5 mm. long, filaments broad, white-

villous, anthers short, the cells small, connective depressed at tip ;

stamens of 3rd rowsimilar but rather longer, furnished a little behind

their bases with glabrous sessile glands; staminodes of 4th row want- -

ing. Ovary and slender style 2°55 mm. long; stigma obtuse. Berry

black, oblong-ellipsoid, 4 cm. long; 2 cm. broad, seated on the much

enlarged trigonous obconicscarlet-warted 2—3cm. long pedicel which

is surmounted by the persistent perianth-lobes ; pericarp shining,

thin; embryo depressed at apex. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 126;

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 201. D. squarrosa, Zoll. et Mor.in Zoll. Cat.

113, 115; Hassk. Retz. i. 8; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 929, Haasia micro-

carpa, Nees Syst. Laur. 373; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 60; Mig.

lc. 928. H. tncrassata, Nees Syst. Laur. 376; Mig. l.c. 930. Laurus

incrassatus, Jack in Mal. Misc. ii. No. 7. 33 (ex Wall. Cat. 2589),

Persea incrassaia, Nees Syst. Laur. 127. Machilus incrassatus, Nees

in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 70,

PERAK: Scortechinit 1842!; at Gunong Kerbang, Ridley 14738!;

at Trong, Wray 3188!; in dense forest, chiefly on limestone, up to

64 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

250 m. alt., King’s Collector 4950!, 7360!, 7731!, 8204!, 8655!.

Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4252!: Maingay K.D. 1274!; at Panchor,

Goodenough 1264! Srincarore: at Turong, Ridley 10760 !.—DistRtB.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo (Haviland and Hose 3090!, 3091!, 3332!,

3655 !).

2. DEHAASIA NIGRESCENS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 150 (1916). A

tree, reaching 10—12 m. in height; branchlets slender, greyish-white,

uppermost black when dry; leaf-buds black, lanceolate, without

scales. Leaves chartaceous; lanceolate or oblanceolate, bluntly long-

acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; both surfaces dark brown to

black when dry, dull on the upper, glabrous; 8—13 cm. long, 3—4

cm. broad; midrib slender; mainnerves 8—10 pairs at 40°—50° with

the midrib, slender, curving upwards to meet in loops near the

margin; reticulations irregular, inconspicuous ; petiole slender, 1—2

em. long. Flowers very small, in panicles from the uppermost leaf-

axils, slender, glabrous, up to 10 cm. long; peduncle long; branches

few, at right angles to rhachis, dichotomous ; pedicels clavate; buds

globose. Perianth-tube cup-shaped, continuous with the pedicel;

lobes small, the 3 outer triangular ‘75 mm. long, the 3 inner twice as

long and ovate, all minutely golden-pubescent without, golden-villous

within. Stamens of lst and 2nd row clavate, ‘75 mm. long; connec-

tive obtuse; filaments villous; those of 3rd row similar and a little

longer having 2 large cordate glabrous glands behind at the base ;

staminodes of 4th row ‘5 mm. long, cordate, rather smaller than the

glands. Ovary globose; style short; stigma obtuse. Fruita black

obovate-ellipsoid drupe 2 cm. long by 1 cm. in diam., seated on the

enlarged obconical, straight or curved, bright zed (when dry—black),

pedicel which is surmounted by the persistent perianth-lobes.

PENANG: on Government Hill, at 300 to 600 m. alt., Curtis

1183! Srneapore: Garden jungle, Ridley 13017!

I have taken a long time over the stamens of this species. The material

afforded very few flowers and though most of the anthers were distinctly only

2-celled, I found a few which seemed to me to be as clearly 4-celled. The

anthers are exceedingly minute and are villous so that it is difficult to exa-

mine them, and though I believe I am right in placing it in Dehaasia, it is

quite possible that fresh specimens examined in the field may make its trans-

fer to Nothaphebe necessary. It is noticeable that Curtis’ material though all

bearing the No. 1183 was certainly collected on different occasions and from

different trees, some at 300 m., some at 600 m.

3. DEHAASIA CUNEATA, Blume Rumph. I. 164, t. 46 (1835).

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 65

A tree, reaching 12 to 15 m. in height and 25 to 40 cm. in diameter ;

branchlets moderately slender, with white bark, lenticellate; leaf-

buds small, conical, tawny-velvety, without scales. Leaves coria-

ceous, variable, fascicled at the ends of the branchlets and the one or

two upper joints as if verticillate ; obovate, acute obtuse or rarely

acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; upper surface black when dry,

glabrous except on the midrib and main nerves ; lower surface puberu-

lous, glaucous or glaucescent ; 7—15 cm. long, 3—7 em. broad ;

midrib stout, impressed above, much raised beneath; main nerves 8

to 10 pairs, occasionally more, prominently impressed above and raised

beneath, at first at about 45° with the midrib, curved upwards to near

the margin where they are joined in gradually lessening loops; trans-

verse nervules few, rather irrezular; reticulations minutely areolate,

‘raised on both surfaces; petiole stout, 5—15 mm. long or almost 0,

usually bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers very

small, yellowish, in slender blackish puberulous panicles from the

upper leaf-axils, up to 10 cm. long and 4 cm. broad ; peduncle 4—5

em. long; branches slender, dichotomous; cymules few-flowered ;

pedicels clavate, 2—3 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-tube

short; lobes ovate, obtuse, the outer three the shortest, puberulous

on both sides. Stamens minute ; those of Ist and 2nd rows clavate,

rounded at apex, densely villous, ‘75 mm. long; those of 3rd row a

little longer and with 2 large glabrous glands; staminodes of 4th row

rather large, ovate-cordate, glabrous except a tuft of hairs at base,

stipitate, 75 mm. long. Ovary rounded-conoidal; style almost none;

stigma peltate. Fruit an ovoid oblong berry, 2—4 cm. long, seated

on the enlarged perianth tube and a 2—4 cm. long thick enlarged

warted pedicel, which is sometimes curved ; pericarp bluish-black,

smooth. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 125; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X.

203. Haasia cuneata, Nees Syst. Laur. 378. Cryptocarya cuneata,

Bl, Bijdr. 558. Cyanodaphne cuneata, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.

I, 333; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 76; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.

926. C. tomentosa, Bl. in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 334; Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. Suppl. 145. Alseodaphne grandis, Kurz For. Fl. II. 293 (not of

Nees). Dictyodaphne? Candolieana, Meissn. in DC. l.c. 80. Endian-

dra? Candolleana, Kurz l.c. 295.

Perak: at Thaiping, Wray 2099!, 2654!, 3101! ; in dense low-

level forest near Larut, King’s Collector, 6745!; at Lumut Dinding,

fiudley 3038 !—Distris. Burma, Java, Sumatra.

4, DreHaastA CurRTIst1, Gamble in Kew Bull. 151 (1910). A

66 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

small tree: branchlets rather stout, stiff, rough especially just below

the leaves, greyish-white ; leaf-buds lanceolate acuminate with glab-

rous scales. Leaves coriaceous, in close fascicles at the ends of the

branchlets; obovate, very obtusely acute at apex, long-cuneate at

base; both surfaces glabrous and minutely reticulate, the upper

dark grey, shining, the lower glaucous; margins recurved; 6—12

cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib prominent, raised on both

surfaces; main nerves 10—12 pairs, raised on both surfaces,

at about 70° with the midrib and curved to branch near the mar-

gin and so join in loops, joined by the prominently areolate raised

reticulation ; petiole 1—2 cm. long, black, channelled. Flowers very

small, in slender dichotomous corymbose pedunculate glabrous pani-

cles from the axils of upper leaves or the scars of fallen ones, about

6 cm. long; peduncles 4—5 cm. long, slightly flattened, branches slen-

der ; terminal cymules 3-flowered; pedicels clavate, 2—3 cm. long con-

tinuous with the perianth-tube. Perianth-tube cup-shaped; lobes

ovate, obtuse, the outer three 1—1°5 mm. long, the inner three 1-5—2

mm. long, allslightly pubescent. Stamens very small, those of the Ist

and 2nd rows ‘75 mm. long, clavate, villous, the connective emargi-

nate; those of 3rd row similar but more square and a little longer,

with 2 rather large glabrous glands at the base just behind ; stami-

nodes of 4th row very small, cordate, stipitate, villous behind. Ovary

ovoid; style slender; stigma obtuse. Fruit ellipsoid, black when

dry, smooth, 1 cm. long and:75cm. in diameter seated on the clavate

thickened pedicel 5 mm. long.

PENANG: at the Rifle Range, Government Hill, at 750 m. alt.,

Curtis 1193!. SzLancor: top of Batu caves, Kelsall 1986!; Ridley !

Ridley’s specimen has very small leaves under 5 em. long and 2 em.

broad, and the small fruit here described, but there seems no reason to

consider it other than a low-growing specimen of D. Curtisit.

5. DEHAASIA LANCIFOLIA, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIIT.

320 (1908). A small tree or large shrub reaching 7—8 m. in height

and 28 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets stout, glabrous, dark red-

dish brown, uppermost angled by lines decurrent from the leaves ;

buds very small. Leaves very coriaceous, glabrous, somewhat fasci-

cled at the nodes ; lanceolate or oblong-Janceolate, obtusely acuminate

at apex, cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous, reddish when dry ;

15—20 cm. long, 3:5 to 7 cm. broad; midrib stout, very prominent

beneath ; main nerves 9—14 pairs, raised on both surfaces, at first

straight afterwards curving to meet in loops near the margin; trans-

tet,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 67

verse nervules few, irregular, raised on both surfaces enclosing ob-

scure reticulations ; petiole stout, 1—1:5 cm. long, bordered in the

upper half by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in elon-

gate spreading panicles up to 10 cm. long, with few short pubescent

branches ending in greenish cymules, the flowers 6—7 together in the

cymules with short pubescent pedicels. Perianth-tube obconic, very

short ; lobes nearly glabrous, ovate, the outer 3 much shorter (‘75

mm.) than the inner (1°75 mm.). Stamens nearly glabrous, those

of the Ist and 2nd rows clavate with rounded apices 1 mm. long;

those of the 3rd row similar but with a pair of rather large glabrous

glands at the back of the filaments; staminodes of the 4th row ovate,

‘75 m. long, sometimes absent. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style thick,

curved; stigma large, thick, capitate. Drupe elliptic, 3—4 cm. long,

-the pedicel only slightly thickened.

PaHANG: on Gunong Tahan at 1500—2000 m. alt., A. C.

Robinson and L. Wray 5468!, 5526.

Tribe Jil. AcRoDICLIDIEZ.

4, ENDIANDRA, R. Br.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, penni-nerved, conspicuously

reticulate-areolate, coriaceous ; buds small, with leafy scales. Flowers

small, hermaphrodite, in axillary or subterminal panicles. Perianth-

tube very short; lobes 6, subequal or the inner rather smaller.

Siamens of the Ist and 2nd row absent; those of the 3rd row 3,

2-celled, extrorse, thick, sessile, usually connivent over the ovary ;

staminodes of the 4th row none or minute or replaced by a fleshy

ring; glands absent or 6 at the base of the perfect stamens. Ovary

sessile, usually globose, surrounded by the perianth-tube; style

short ; stigma capitate. Fruit an oblong or subglobose berry, the

pedicel sometimes thickened; perianth usually wholly deciduous.

Distr. About 15 species, Indian, Malayan and Australian.

The Malay Peninsula species all seem to belong to subgenus Dictyodaphne,

Migq. characterized by the absence of staminodes and glands.

Leaves under 10 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, glabrous, main

nerves 8 to 10 pairs; panicles glabrous sc .. lL. BH. Maingayi.

Leaves 10 to 13 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, pubescent

beneath, main nerves 5—6 pairs: panicles densely tawny-

pubescent .. oc oc cc . 2. H. Kingiana.

Leaves over 15 cm. long and usually 10 cm. broad, glabrous,

main nerves 8-10 pairs; panicles nearly glabrous .. 3. #. preclara.

68 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Species imperfectly known.

Leaves glabrous, more or less lanceolate, main nerves 5—7

pairs ae are oe Sc .. 4. H. Wray.

1. Enpianpra Marncayi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 127 (1886).

A large evergreen tree with spreading branches, reaching 20 to

25 m. in height and 40—50 cm. in diameter ; branchlets rather

slender, greyish-brown ; leaf-buds small, with lanceolate glabrous

stipules. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic or elliptic oblong, obtusely

acute or subcaudately acuminate at apex, cuneate at base ; both

surfaces minutely areolate, glabrous, shining, reddish-brown when

dry ; 5—10 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on

both surfaces ; main nerves 8 to 10 pairs, also slightly raised on both

surfaces, otherwise inconspicuous, at first straight then curved near

the margin to join in faint loops ; reticulations prominently areolate;

petiole 7—12 mm. long, slender, black, rugose. Flowers in short

(about 3—4 cm.) axillary subracemose glabrous panicles of few-

flowered (about 5) cymules, the rhachises angular, puberulous ;

pedicels slender, 1 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-tube very

short ; lobes 2 to 2°5 mm. long, glabrous except a thickened granu-

lar-glandular cushion at the base, inner 3 lobes smaller and less im-

bricated than the 3 outer. Stamens thick, conoidal, connivent over

the ovary which they enclose, prominently granular-glandu'ar, 1 5

mm. long; anthers sessile, their cells distant, their lids up-curved

curled backwards. Ovary globose; style short;. stigma capitate.

Fruit oblong or oblong-obovate, glossy black, smooth, 3—5 em. long,

about 2 cm. broad; fruiting pedicel slightly thickened ; pericarp

rather thin ; cotyledons very fleshy.

Perak: forests near Lartit at 150—250 m., King’s Collector

6103!, 8822!. Matacca: Maingay, K.D. 1270!

2. ENDIANDRA Kiyeiana, Gamble in Kew Bull. 151 (1910).

An evergreen tree with spreading branches, reaching 15 to 20 m. in

height and aconsiderable diameter ; branchlets stout, brown, the bark

flaking off, much lenticellate, uppermost glandular-rusty-pubescent ;

buds short, ovoid, densely pubescent. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic,

obtusely short-acuminate at apex, acute or cuneate at base; both

surfaces shining, minutely areolate, upper glabrous except on the

midrib and main nerves, lower softly pubescent, reddish-brown when

dry; 10—13 cm. long, 6—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, thickly pubes-

cent, raised on both surfaces ; main nerves 5—6 pairs, pubescent and

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 69

impressed above, raised beneath, prominent, curved upwards to and

along the margin where the upper ones join in loops; secondary

nerves few, branching and irregular ; reticulations prominently areo-

late; petiole stout, tawny-pubescent, rugose, 1:5—2 cm. long.

Flowers in rather dense short (about 3—4 cm.) axillary and terminal

thickly tawny-pubescent panicles of few-flowered cymules ; pedicels

extremely short or none; bracts very small, caducous; buds ovoid ;

flowers waxy yellowish-brown. Perianth-tube very short, tawny-

pubescent; lobes imbricate, up to 3 mm. long, ovate-oblong, the

outer longer than the inner ones, granular-glandular within especially

at the base. Stamens thick, conoidal, 1-5—2 mm. long, connivent

over the ovary which they enclose, prominently granular-glandular ;

anthers sessile, cells elongate, the lids up-curved and curled out-

wards. Ovary globose, glabrous, 5 mm. in diam.; style very short;

stigma capitate. Fruit not known.

PERAK: in dense jungle at 150 to 250 m., King’s Collector 6487!.

Description largely after Sir G. King’s notes.

3. ENDIANDRA PR&ECLARA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 152 (1910).

An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 45 to 60 cm. in

diameter of stem, with spreading branches ; branchlets stout, smooth,

glabrous, striate, dark brown; leaf-buds small. Leaves chartaceo-

coriaceous ; elliptic-obovate or -oblong, shortly obtusely acute or acu-

minate at apex, cuneate or sometimes rounded at base ; both surfaces

glabrous, shining, conspicuously and minutely reticulate; 15—40

em. long, 5—17 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly depressed above,

much raised beneath; main nerves 8—10 pairs, rather irregular, the

lowest 1—2 pairs from close to the base and more oblique than the

rest, all at first straight then curving gently to and along the mar-

gin when they join in a series of short loops ; secondary nerves few ;

transverse nervules not more prominent than the minutely areolate

reticulations which are raised on both surfaces; petiole stout,

rugose, 10—15 cm. long. Flowers rather large, in branching nearly

glabrous axillary and subterminal panicles reaching 20 cm. in length

and about 10 cm. in breadth; peduncles 0 or very short ; rhachis

glabrous, flattened; cymules puberulous, few-flowered (about 10) ;

pedicels slender, 1—2 mm. long; flowers light yellow, the buds ovoid,

2—3 mm. in diameter. Perianth-tube cup-shaped, puberulous;

lobes ovate, the outer three 2°5 mm. long somewhat larger than the

inner 3, all glabrous without, granular-glandular at the base within.

Stamens thick, conoidal, connivent over the ovary which they en-

70 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

close, 2mm. long; connective prominently granular-glandular ; an-

thers sessile, the cells distant, oblong, their lids up-curved and curled

backwards. Ovary globose; style short, stigma capitate. Fruzt

oblong-ellipsoid, dark red, smooth, 8—10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad ;

pericarp rather thin ; cotyledons very large, fleshy.

Perak: at Tupai, Wray 3097!; near Larut up to 300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4074!, 6714!.

Species imperfectly known.

4, ENDIANDRA WRaAyI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 152 (1910). A small

tree ; branchlets slender, brown, lenticellate, uppermost angular,

rugose ; buds conical, acute. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or

oblanceolate, very obtusely acuminate at apex, acuminately cuneate

at base; both surfaces minutely areolate, glabrous, shining ; 7—14

em. long, 2—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces ;

main nerves 5—7 pair, slightly impressed above, very oblique, at

first straight then curving to join in loops near the margin ; reticu-

lations prominently areolate ; petiole slender, 5 to 10 mm. long.

Flowers in short axillary racemes or panicles, not otherwise known.

Fruit oblong, black, smooth, 2°5 cm. long by 1 cm. broad, on a rather

stout thickened peduncle.

PERAK: at 300 m. in Upper Perak, Wray 3785!.

Wray 2237 from Relan Tujor ‘‘ a tree with dark green leaves and rusty-

brown fruit ’’ agrees as regards leaves fairly well with specimens of Hndiandra

rubescens, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 1, 918 in the Kew and Calcutta Herbaria, but

the fruit is rather different. It is oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, rather

acute at base, 5—6 cm. long, 2—2°5 cm. broad, the pericarp rusty-brown,

furfuraceously netted. Koorders and Valeton describe the fruit of H. rubescens

as ‘subterete or obovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, slightly incurved, oblique

and truncate at base, sometimes striolate, 5—7 cm. long, 2—2°5 cm. broad.’

A specimen in the Kew Herbarium has the pericarp black and smooth. With-

out flowers, I hesitate to describe the plant.

Tribe 1V. MicroPorEa.

5. Micropora, Hook f.

A tree with slender branchlets. Leaves alternate, penni-nerved,

conspicuously reticulate; buds conical with leafy scales. Flowers

small, hermaphrodite, in axillary few-flowered panicles or racemes.

Perianth-tube very short, flattened; lobes 6, orbicular, equal.

Stamens ot the Ist and 2nd row 6, exsert, anthers sessile, thick, sub-

quadrate, cells extrorse, distant, opening by two nearly circular pores,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 71

‘lids upeurved; stamens of the 3rd and 4th rows reduced to short

thick staminodes as large as the fertile anthers and produced above

them. Ovary ovoid, sessile, quite smooth, narrowed into a very short

style; stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, seated on the persistent and

accrescent perianth and stamens.—Distris. One species.

1. Mrcrorora Curtisi, Hook f. Ic. Plant. t. 1547 (1886). An

evergreen tree, reaching 12 to 18 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in dia-

meter of stem; branchlets slender, corky, sreyish-brown, lenticellate,

puberulous ; buds long-conical; scales lanceolate, tawny-villous. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, membranous when young and then black when dry ;

elliptic, acute at apex, attenuate at base ; both surfaces reticulate-areo-

late, reddish-brown, glabrous except on the midrib beneath ; 6—13

- em. long, 3—6 cm. broad ; midrib prominent, nearly flat above, raised

beneath ; main nerves 8 to 10 pairs, curved gently to the margin

and there joined by loops, raised on the lower surface, joined by an

elegant network of reticulatious ; petiole 10—20 mm. long. Flowers

in snort few-flowered tawny-puberulous racemes or panicles 2—3 cm.

long ; bracts lanceolate, 1—2 mm. long; pedicels as long; buds glo-

bose, as are the flowers which are 2—2'5 mm. in diam., light yellow

when fresh. Perianth-tube flat; lobes orbicular, about | mm. long,

ciliate ; stamens and staminodes puberulous and ciliate. Ovary

glabrous. Fruit ovoid, rugose, 3—4 mm. long (immature); accres-

cent perianth and stamens nearly 2 mm. thick. Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 862. Hexapora Curtisti, Hook. f., l.c. 189.

PENANG: at Government Hill, 300 m., Curtis 525!, 1214!;

Ridley (?) 3153!. Perak: open jungle near Larut, at 250—300 m.

King’s Collector 5215!. Panane: Kwala Triang, Lubu Lanjoot, on

the Pahang river (Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. ili, 341).

I have quoted Ridley’s Pahang citation; but the specimens in the Singa-

pore Herbarium from Kwala Triang (No. 2273) and Lubu Lanjoot are not

those of Mzcropora, but of a species of Beilschmiedia.

Tribe V. CINNAMOME.

6. Crinnamomum, Blume.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, usually with aromatic bark. Leaves

opposite, sub-opposite or alternate, 3-ribbed or (Sect. CAMPHORA)

penninerved. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or by abortion polyga-

mous, in axillary or subterminal panicles or sometimes lateral at the

base of the youngest shoots, the branches usually endingin dichasia, the

72 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

middle flowers of which are the largest and most fertile. Perianth-tube

short, funnel-shaped. enlarged in fruit ; lobes 6, subequal, persistent or

partly truncate or deciduous in fruit, Stamens 9 perfect or by abor-

tion fewer, anthers 4 or occasionally 2-celled ; those of the Ist row

opposite the outer perianth-lobes, introrse, eglandular ; those of the

2nd row similar, opposite the inner perianth lobes; those of the

3rd row opposite those of the 1st row, extrorse or with lateral anther-

cells, the filaments bearing two glands which are sessile or stipitate and

usually near the middle, but sometimes at the base and nearly free;

staminodes of the 4th row opposite the 2nd row stamens cuneiform

cordate or sagittate, stipitate. Ovary sessile at the bottom of the

perianth-tube and free from it, narrowed into the style; stigma discoid

or obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit a berry seated on the usually cup-shaped

enlarged perianth-tube, the lobes persistent, deciduous or sometimes

truncate near their middle. Seed conform to the fruit; testa mem-

branous; cotyledons fleshy.—Distris. About 140 species, of tropical

and subtropical Hastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific.

Leaves opposite or sub-opposite, with 3 or more ribs;

inflorescence buds naked or with small scales;

stamens rather large with ovoid or oblong anthers

and elliptic cells. perianth-lobes persistent or tube

truncate after flowering (Sect. I. MaLABaTHRUM).

Midrib without main nerves, but with transverse

nervules between it and the side ribs.

Leaves glabrous, at any rate when mature.

Flower-panicles very short, slender, glab-

rous; leaves caudate at apex .. IL. C. gracilflorum.

llower-panicles elongate, puberulous.

Leaves ovate, acute at apex, side ribs

searcely reaching ?ths of the length

of the blade; fruiting perianth large,

ribbed, with persistent lobes .. 2. C. zeylanicum.

Leaves oblong, side ribs reaching to

near the apex.

Side ribs reaching the apex and

there joining the midrib, ieaves

often very large; fruiting peri-

anth small, with persistent lobes 3. C. ers.

Side ribs reaching the base of the

acumen only.

Acumen attenuately long, very

obtuse at tip; inflorescence

sparsely puberulous; sta-

mens stout, nearly glabrous 4. C. Ridleyz.

Acumen prominent, abrupt.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

obtuse at tip; leaves more

than 4 em. broad, trans-

verse nervules distinct ; in-

florescence grey-pubescent

Acumen merely acuminate,

almost acute at tip; leaves

under 4 cm. broad, trans-

verse nervules indistinct ;

inflorescence very tawny-

pubescent ae

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate with

obtuse apex, side ribs ending 2-3 cm.

below apex; fruiting perianth smooth,

glabrous, the lobes deciduous

Leaves elliptic, obtuse at apex, side

ribs reaching only $ths the length of

blade Bic ane te

Leaves hairy, at any rate on the under sur-

face

Leaves large, usually over 12 cm.

long.

Leaves with prominent ladder-

like transverse nervules and ab-

rupt acumen; flowers in termi-

nal stout panicles .. o¢

Leaves without prominent ladder-

like transverse nervules, the

acumen attenuate; flowers in

axillary slender panicles ate

Leaves small, usually much under 12

em. long.

Leaves with greyish-tawny pubes-

cence, shortly and obtusely acu-

minate at apex, rounded at

base, the side nerves to outer

ribs prominent 50 oe

Leaves with golden-tawny pubes-

cence, attenuately long-acumin-

ate at apex, acuminate at base,

without side nerves to outer

Eibs}) + ais oe a6

Midrib with several pairs of main nerves; leaves

lanceolate, cinereous .. oc oe

Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, penninerved,

1-ribbed ; inflorescence buds perulate; stamens very

small, with rounded obtuse anthers and usually cir-

cular anther-cells; perianth-lobes quite deciduous

after flowering (Sect. II]. CampHora).

Leaves concolorous, pitted in the axils of the

fle

10.

C. rhyncophyllum.

C. lampongunr.

C. vimineum.

C. Deschampsv.

C. javanicum.

C. mollisstmum.

. OC. Scoriechinit.

. C. aureo-fulvum.

. G. cinereum.

74 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

nerves; filaments as long as or were than an-

thers, lower cells elliptic 14. C. tinunctum.

Leaves glaucous beneath, not itbedll in the Sails

of the nerves; filaments scarcely as long as

anthers, lower cells circular ws .. 15. C. Parthenoxylon.

1. CINNAMOMUM GRACILIFLORUM, Gamble in Kew Bull. 218

(1910). An evergreen tree (?) ; branchlets slender, terete, brown, the

younger slightly puberulous ; leaf-buds lanceolate, grey-pubescent.

Leaves chartaceous. opposite or subopposite ; elliptic, elliptic-ovate or

-lanceolate, the apex with a long (1—2-5 cm.) caudate acumen obtuse

at tip, base acute or slightly rounded ; both surfaces glabrous, grey

when dry, the upper shining, the lower dull and glaucescent ; 7—13

cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; ribs 3, slightly raised on the upper, more

so on the lower surface, usually with a small extra pair starting along

or close to the margin and finally forming a slender looped intramargi-

nal ring, the midrib produced to the tip of the acumen, the next pair

curved to the base of the acumen and continued in small loops; side

nerves outside the pair many joining the sinuses of the intramarginal

loops ; transverse nervules irregular, arched ; reticulation areolate ;

petiole slender, black, 5—10 mm. long. Flowers in very slender few-

flowered axillary or lateral racemes up to 4cm. long ; peduncles capil-

lary, glabrous ; pedicel scapillary, clavate at tip ; flowers 3—5, glabrous

without. Perianth-tube campanulate, 1 mm. long, glabrous within ;

lobes ovate-oblong, grey-pubescent within, 2mm.long. Stamens very

slender, glabrous except a few scattered bristles and a small tuft at

base, 2 mm. long ; anthers 4-celled with the upper pair of cells minute,

or 2-celled only ; those of Ist and 2nd rows with small ovate anthers ;

those of 3rd row similar and with a pair of reniform or oblong gla-

brous sessile glands towards the top of the fllament ; staminodes of 4th

row cordate acute. Ovary ovoid with a tooth near the top, glabrous ;

style slender ; stigma small, capitate. Fruit an ovoid drupe 10 mm.

long and about 8mm. in diameter seated on a glabrous cupule

formed of the enlarged perianth-tube bordered by the semi-deciduous

lobes, the cupule about 6 mm. in diameter ; pedicel also obconically

thickened ; pericarp yellowish, shining, crustaceous.

Perak: at Gunong Ijuk, Scortechiné 1228!; in upper Perak,

Wray 3664!.

Thisspeciesresembles in leaf a small-sized var. of C. rhyncophyllum; but the

flowers are completely different. Itseems to come near to C. Burmanni, BL;

but the leaves of that species are thicker and have not the long caudate

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 75

acumen. The nearest relation, however, is C. pauctflorum, Nees, from which it

differs in the thinner more oblong leaves and the side ribs reaching to the very

base of the acumen.

2. CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM, Blume Bijdr. 568 (1825). A

moderate-sized evergreen tree with rather thick aromatic bark, smooth

when young ; branchlets terete, dark brown, the uppermost subquad-

rangular ; leaf-buds ovoid, finely silky. Zeaves coriaceous, opposite or

subopposite ; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusely acuminate

at apex, acute or rounded at base; both surfaces glabrous ; 8—16cm.

long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly raised above, more so

beneath ; side ribs 1 orsometimes 2 pairs, when 2 pairs the outer pair

slender short close to the margin, the main pair strong at first along-

side the midrib for 5—10 mm. then curved to about three-fourths

of the length of the leaf when they disappear in faint loops; trans-

verse nervules irrecular, rather distant, arched, hardly visible ;

reticulation under the lens minutely areolate: petiole broad, dark,

1—2 cm. long. flowers numerous, in silky-pubescent lax axillary

panicles up to 17 cm. long ; peduncles slender, quadrangular, usually

glabrous ; branches spreading, trichotomous, ending in 3-flowered

dichasia; pedicels slender, grey-puberulous; bracts ovate acute,

caducous ; buds subglobose, grey-puberulous. Perianih-tube short,

continuing the pedicel, 1—2 mm. Jong, glabrous within; lobes

oblong or ovoid-oblong, the outer rather longer and sometimes

spathulate 3—5 mm. long, densely silky within. Stamens slender,

those of Ist and 2nd rows spathulate, 2—3 mm. long, the

filaments slightly pubescent, the anther-cells large slightly overlap-

ping, those of 3rd row with small anthers and a pair of large reniform

or oblong glabrous sessile glands about half-way up the slightly

puberulous filaments ; staminodes of 4th row slender, heads small,

cordate-sagittate, filaments nearly glabrous, 1—2 mm. long. Ovary

ovoid, glabrous; style slender; stigma large, peltate. Fruit an

oblong or ovoid-oblong berry 15—17 mm. long, 7—8 mm. in diameter

seated on and partly immersed in the cupular enlarged perianth and its

persistent lobes, the cupule 7—8 mm. in diam., often strongly ribbed ;

pericarp smooth, brown and shining whendry, purple when fresh.

Nees Syst. Laur. 45 and in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 74 and III. 32;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV.i. 13; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 898; Wight

Ie. tt. 123, 129, 184; Wall. Cat. 2573; Kurz For. Fl. II. 287 ; Hook.

f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 131; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. IIT. 440 ; Cooke Bomb. FI. II.

535; Prain Beng. Plants 898 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 533; Baillon Hist.

des Pl. IT. 429. t. 240; Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. ITI. 1.

76 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

113, t. 73. Laurus Cinnamomum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 369; Roxb. FI.

Ind. 11. 295.

Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4246—1!; Chin Singh’s Plantation

(cult), Maingay K.D. 4241!. Stneaporz: Ridley 8099 (cult.) !, garden

jungle 12595!; Hullett 7!; Cantley 148!, 207!. The Cinnamon

tree.—Distris. South India and Ceylon, elsewhere cultivated

only.

This species does not seem to be indigenous in the Malay Peninsula, but

it has been cultivated and seems to have run wild. I have quite failed to

identify the available specimens with the published varieties.

3. CINNAMOMUM INERS, Reinw. in Blume Bijdr. 570 (1825). A

tree, reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and up to 40 cm. in diam. of stem ;

branchlets terete, dark grey-brown, prominently lenticellate, upper-

most appressed-puberulous; leai-buds conical, grey-silky, 5 mm.

long, with small scales ; innovations grey-pubescent. Leaves charia-

ceous to coriaceous, opposite or alternate, very variable in size and

often sphacelate at apex; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate,

sometimes linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute at apex,

rounded or acute at base, 3-ribbed; both surfaces glabrous when old,

slightly puberulous beneath when young, when very young usually

ashy-grey-pubescent ; upper surface shining, Jower dull and pale or

almost glaucous ; margins usually reflexed, cartilaginous ; 6-—-25 cm.

long (sometimes to 40 cm. in young trees and coppice shoots), 2 to 12

em. broad; midrib stout, raised, straight to the apex, side ribs from

the base or leaving the midrib a little above it, uniformly curved to

meet it and each other again at the apex; transverse nervules between

the mid and side ribs subparallel, horizontal or slightly arched;

nerves between the side ribs and margin looped; reticulation under

the lens minutely areolate, in old large leaves scarcely seen; petiole

1—2 cm. long, stout, sometimes twisted. Flowers yellowish in

grey-silky pedunculate subterminal or axillary spreading panicles

of variable length from 5 to 25 cm.; branches lax, dichotomous,

ending in 3- or 7-flowered dichasia ; bracts and bracteoles very small,

caducous; pedicels 3—6 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-tube

funnel-shaped, 1:5 to 2 mm. long, glabrous within; lobes ovate,

acute, 2°5—3°5mm. long, subequal, sericeous within as without, prom-

inently nerved and dotted, spreading during flowering, then closing

up vertically. Stamens 2 to 25 mm. long, those of the Ist and 2nd

rows with ovate anthers with large slightly overlapping cells and

slightly villous filaments and connective ; those of the 3rd row with

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Zu

oblong anthers and with two cordate or sagittate stipitate glands from

the base or a little aboveit, the base and the filaments villous ; stam-

inodes of 4th row cordate-sagittate, glabrous, 1:5 mm. long, villous-

stipitate. Ovary obovoid, rounded at top, glabrous ; style slender ;

stigma large, peltate. Fruit an ellipsoid berry, subtruncated at apex,

10—15 mm. long, 5—7 mm. in diameter, seated on and partly im-

mersed in the cupular enlarged perianth-tube and persistent lobes, the

cupule 5 mm. in diameter ; pericarp smooth, dull, obscurely ribbed.

Blume in Rumph. I. 41, tt. 17,18; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 897;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XI. i, 19 var. a; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar.

II. 73; Wall. Cat. 2583 E; Wight Ic. t. 122; Kurz For. Fl. IT. 287;

ode HT Br? Ind. V:'" 130; Koord:) & | Val! Bijdrt -Xi 752 0 C.

nitidum, Bl. Rumph. I. 35, t. 15; Hook. f. lc. C. Griffithii, Meissn-

lc. 19. Laurus nitida Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 300; Wall. Cat. 2582 excl’

B. Laurus malabathrum, Wall. Cat 2583A.

Penane: Wallich 2573A!; Phillips!; G. King!; Curtis 156!

1548! 2252!. Province WELLESLEY: Ridley 9381!. PERAK: various

places up to 1400 m. alt. Wray 274!, 556!, 1222!, 2674!, 2768!,

3088 !, 3175!, 3328!; King’s Collector 425!, 5705!, 6456!, 6510!,

7603 ! ; Scortechint 323!,1381!. Senancor: at Bukit Kuta, Good-

enough 10540!; at Kwala Lumpor, Curtis! Ridley 15581!. Panane:

at Pekan, Ridley 1144. Matacca: Griffith KD. 4240!, 4242!, 4246!.

Maingay K.D. 1242!,1243!. Stmyeapore: Hullett 81!; Ridley 3370 },

4703 !—Distrisn. Burma, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc.

Kunstler (King’s Collector) has sent from Larut his No. 3861! which seems

to be undoubtedly this species, but the fruit and fruiting calyx are badly

distorted by a fungoid disease.

4. Crnnamomum Ripteyr, Gamble in Kew Bull. 218 (1910).

An evergreen tree ; branchlets dark purplish-brown, smooth, younger

angular and grey-puberulous as are the lanceolate buds. Leaves

chartaceous, opposite or subopposite ; elliptic-lanceolate, long attenu-

ate-acuminate at apex with a blunt acumen, acute at base; both

surfaces glabrous, reddish-brown when dry, the upper shining;

margin cartilaginous ; 10—17 cm. long, 2°5—6 cm. broad; ribs 3,

prominent, the midrib extending to the extreme apex, the side ribs

starting from the base or up to about 5 mm. above it and vanishing

at the base of the acumination ; main nerves none except about 6

pairs arching outside the side ribs; transverse nervules many, sub-

parallel, arched ; reticulation obscure; petiole nearly black, 10Q—15

mm. long. Flowers in grey-tomentose pedunculate axillary or

78 flora of the Maiayan Peninsuta,

lateral branching panicles up to 10 cm. long on the upper branchlets ;

branches subopposite, slender, ending in 7-flowered dichasia ; bracts

minute, lanceolate, deciduous; pedicels slender; buds obovate.

Perianth-tube short, villous within; lobes ovate, 2°5 mm. long,

villous within. Stamens with subglabrous filaments; those of the

lst and 2nd rows 2 mm. long, spathulate, with oblong anthers and

small upper cells; those of the 3rd row also 2 mm. long, bearing a

pair of cordate sessile glands attached near the middle of the fila-

ments ; staminodes of 4th row cordate, 1 mm. long, villous-stipitate.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style slender; stigma peltate, lobed. Fruit

ovoid, apiculate, 10 mm. long, 7—8 mm. in diameter, seated on the

cup-shaped glabrous enlarged perianth-tube about 5 mm. in diam.

at mouth, the mouth entire, the lobes deciduous; pericarp black

when dry, shining.

SINGAPORE: at Changi road, Ridley 4823 !. -

This species has puzzled me much: it comes near C. viminewm in the

acumination of the leaves and in inflorescence it resembles C. Lampongum and

C. rhyncophyllum which are very near each other. The fruiting sheet (Herb.

Singap.) bears on its label only ‘ Singapore’ but no collector’s name. The leaves

resemble those of C. pauciflorum, but the inflorescence is quite different.

5. CINNAMOMUM RHYNCOPHYLLUM, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i.

895 (1855). Asmall tree reaching 15 m. in height of stem and a dia-

meter of 30—40 cm. ; branchlets slender, subtetragonous, pale brown

or greyish, uppermost grey-puberulous as are the conical leaf-buds.

Leaves chartaceous, opposite or subopposite, aromatic, smelling of

cardamoms (Wray); elliptic or elliptic-oblong, the apex with a long

(1—2 cm.) straight or oblique acumen obtuse at tip, the base acutely

attenuate ; both surfaces very pale when dry, glabrous, the upper

shining, the lower dull glaucescent ; 12—18 cm* long, 4—6 em. broad;

ribs 3 prominent, the outer pair from the top of the petiole some-

times following the margin for a short distance, then about half-way

between the midrib and margin to end just below the acumen ; nerves

outside this pair many, oblique or not, joining in an intramarginal

looped nerve; transverse nervules many, regular, subparallel, slightly

arched ; reticulation finely areolate ; petiole rather stout, 7—14 mm.

long. Flowers pale yellow, waxy-looking, in grey-tomentose pedun-

culate axillary branching panicles up to 17 cm. long; branches

many, subopposite, slender, ending in 7-flowered dichasia, the

middle flowers usually the largest and perhaps alone fruit-bearing ;

bracts lanceolate, minute, caducous ; pedicels slender ; buds globose.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 79

Perianth-tube short, villous within ; lobes ovate, acute, 3mm. long,

thickened at the back. Stamens with villous broad filaments; those

of the Ist and 2nd rows 1°5 to 2 mm. long spathulate with ovate

anthers and minute upper cells; those of the 3rd row 2 mm. long

with oblong anthers and submarginal cells, the upper very minute,

the glands obliquely cordate glabrous, very shortly stipitate, attached

near the middle of the filaments; staminodes cordate, glabrous

within, villous without, 1 mm. long. Ovary ovoid-globose; style

rather slender; stigma obliquely peltate, 2—3-angled. Fruzt not seen.

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV.i. 11.

Perak: at Tapa, Wray 1304!; in open forest near Larut up to

150 m. alt., King’s Collector 3287! .—Duistriz. Sumatra.

6. CINNAMOMUM LAMPONGUM, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 358

(1862). A medium-sized tree; branchlets slender, terete, uppermost

quadrangular, minutely grey-puberulous ; leaf-buds conical, grey-silky-

pubescent. Leaves pergamaceous, opposite or subopposite, yellowish

when dry; oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate at

apex, acute at base; upper surface shining glabrous, lower dull

glaucous; 5—15 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; ribs three raised on

both surfaces, the midrib produced to the tip of the acumen, the

side nerves to its base; nerves outside them many, short, united in

a looped intramarginal nerve; transverse nervules subparallel,

arcuate, indistinct; petiole 5—10 mm. long, dark. Flowers in

axillary or subterminal grey-brown pubescent panicles up to 12 cm.

long, the rhachis quadrangular; branches few spreading, ending in

dichasia; pedicels slender. Perianth-tube very short; lobes ovate-

orbicular, obtuse, 1:5 cm. long, villous within, 5-nerved. Stamens

small, with very small upper anther-cells and slender filaments ; those

of Ist and 2nd rows with ovate obtuse anthers; those of the 3rd

row with smaller anthers and a pair of large cordate stipitate

glabrous glands inserted at the middle of the villous filaments;

staminodes of 4th row small, ovate-acuminate, villous-stipitate.

Ovary ovoid, attenuated into a rather thick style; stigma with 2—

3 recurved lobes. Fruzt ovoid, truncate, 10—12 mm. long, 7—8 mm.

in diameter, seated on the enlarged persistent thickened cup-shaped

perianth tube 6 mm. long, 10 mm. in diam. crenulate on the margin;

pericarp yellowish when dry, smooth, shining.

PERAK: in open jungle up to 240 m. alt. near Larut, King’s

Collector 4802!, 6595!.—Distriz. Sumatra (Teysmann, Forbes

2969 !.)

80 Flora of the Malayan Peninsuia.

The description of the fruit is taken from K.C. 4802 which has rather

smaller and narrow leaves and shorter inflorescence, but seems to be this

species.

7. CmNNnAMomMUM vimInEuM, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 76

(1831). A small evergreen tree; branchlets slender, terete, reddish

brown, glabrous, younger subcompressed, minutely hoary-pubescent.

as are the innovations. Leaves opposite or subopposite, chartaceous ;

lanceolate, long acuminate at apex with an obtuse acumen, acute

at base; both surfaces glabrous, upper shining, lower pale; 8—12

em. long, 2—4 cm. broad; ribs 3, divergent from the base or slightly

above it, the midrib extending to the apex, the side ones to about

2—3 cm. below it; main nerves none; transverse nervules many,

irregular, very obscure, enclosing an obscure areolate reticulation ;

petiole slender, 7—10 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers in short lateral

few-flowered panicles from the internodes of upper branchlets,

glabrous, very small. Fruit ovoid, apiculate, 10 mm. long, 75 mm.

in diam., seated on the cup-shaped glabrous smooth enlarged perianth

with smooth margins, this again supported by the obconic glabrous

enlarged pedicel 7 mm. long; pericarp smooth, yellow whendry. Nees

Syst. Laur. 82; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 19; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

J. i. 904; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 131. Laurus viminea, Wall. Cat.

2578.

Penana: Porter!; on West Hill at 750 m. alt., Curtis 1571!

8. CINNAMOMUM DescHamesilZ, Gamble in Kew Bull. 219

(1910). A tree; branchlets slender, terete, dark brown ; leaf-buds

broadly ovoid, 3 mm. long, densely white-silky. Leaves subcoriaceous,

opposite or subopposite; elliptic-ovate or -oblong, obtuse at apex

and glandular-apiculate, rounded or slightly attenuate at base; both

surfaces glabrous, ashy-grey when dry, the upper shining the lower

glaucous ; margin cartilaginous slightly recurved; 7—11 cm. long,

4—6 cm. broad; ribs 3, slightly raised on the upper surface, the midrib

straight to the apical gland, the side pair from the base or very

little above it, widely curving upwards to about three-fourths of the

distance to the apex where they break into slender loops and some-

times join a single pair of slender nerves; outside nerves about 3,

indistinct, widely looped; transverse nervules subparallel, arched,

indistinct as is the areolate reticulation ; petiole black, 5—10 mm.

long. Flowers moderate-sized in slender lax pedunculate axillary

greyish-silky panicles up to 15 cm. long; peduncles filiform, 4-—7 mm.

long ; branches also filiform ending in dichasia of usually 7 flowers ;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 81

pedicels very slender, about 5mm. long. Perianth-tube very short,

scarcely 1 mm. long, glabrous within ; lobes oblong, acute, 2—3 mm.

long, grey-silky-pubescent on both sides. Stamens slender, 1—2 mm.

long, the filaments nearly glabrous; those of the Ist and 2nd row,

with oblong anthers and large cells scarcely overlapping ; those of

the 3rd row with narrower anthers, the lower cells large the upper

minute ; the basal glands thick, reniform-cordate, glabrous, stipitates

attached a little above the base of the filaments; staminodes of 4th

row sagittate, 1 mm. long, villous-stipitate. Ovary obovoid ; style

rather thick; stigma peltate. Fruit not seen.

PENANG : roadsides in the mountains, Deschamps /. SINGAPORE :

in garden jungle, Ridley 12595!

Ridley says he believes this to be an introduced plant, perhaps coming

from 8. India, perhaps from China, but I cannot identify it.

9. CINNAMOMUM JAVANICUM, Blume Bijdr, 570 (1825). An

evergreen tree or shrub; branchlets subquadrangular, densely pale

tawny-tomentose when young, darker and nearly black when old;

buds small. Leaves chartaceous, subopposite, very prominently

nerved; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, abruptly long acuminate at the

apex, cuneate or attenuate at the base; uppersurface shining glabrous

except on the ribs which are villous when young, bullate between

the transverse nervules, lower surface long-villous especially on

the ribs and nervules, the hairs pale brown when young darker

when old; margin cartilaginous; 17—40 cm. long, 1—12 cm. broad ;

3-ribbed from about 5 mm. (1—2 cm. when young): above the

base, the ribs very strong and raised on both surfaces, the midrib

reaching to the tip of the acumen, the side ribs to a little above

its base, outside them and close to the margin a regularly looped

intramarginal nerve; transverse nervules many, regular and straight

or branched forming ladder-like bars between the ribs and between

the outer ribs and the looped nerve, impressed above when young,

not so when old; reticulation minutely netted, prominent when

young; petiole stout, densely tawny-tomentose, 1—3 cm. long.

Flowers in tawny-tomentose subsessile fasciculate branched panicles

up to 15 cm. long; rhachises quadrangular; branches dichotomous,

ending in dichasia; pedicels stout, up to 3 mm. long; buds oblong,

up to 5 mm. long. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1—1°5 mm. long,

thick-walled, pubescent within; lobes ovate-oblong, 3°5—4 mm.

long, also pubescent within, the mouth nearly closed. Stamens 2 mm.

long, the filaments broad villous, the anthers elliptic; those of the

82 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

lst and 2nd rows rather larger than those of the 3rd row, the upper

cells small; those of the 3rd row bearing a little above the base

two large cordate or sagittate glabrous glands; staminodes of the

4th row slender, 1:25 mm. long, the stalk villous, the tip cordate,

glabrous. Ovary ovoid nearly glabrous; style rather thick, twisted ;

stigma with 2—3 recurved lobes. Fruit subglobose, slightly com-

pressed laterally, about 25 mm. in diam.; pericarp thick, fleshy, the

lower half immersed in a thick cupule formed by the enlarged per-

ianth-tube; embryo globose, 15 mm. in diam. Blume Rumph. I.

42, t.19; Meissn.in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.10; Hook. £. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 130;

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 73. C. sulphuratum, Nees in Wall. Pl. As.

Rar. II. 74, and Syst. Laur. 55 im part; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 891.

SINGAPORE : at Changi, Ung Mokio, Bukit Timah and Garden

jungle, Ridley 6453!, 8101!, 15621!; Cantley 22!; Walker 29!.

DistRis: Java, Borneo (J'eysmann 8687).

Ridley says flowers of this beautiful plant are very rare ; only one of his

specimens, without number or locality, possesses them. The description of

the fruit is taken from Koorders and Valeton.

10. CINNAMOMUM MOLLISSIMUM, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V.

131 (1886). A large evergreenshrub or small tree reaching 10—12 m.

in height and 20—30 cm. in diam. of stem, very aromatic; branch-

lets slender, subquadrangular, brown, lenticellate, puberulous, the

uppermost and innovations densely villous with pale golden-brown

spreading hairs as are the ovate leaf-buds,5 mm. long. Leaves chart-

aceous to coriaceous, opposite or subopposite, frequently bullate ;

elliptic, elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, attenuately long acuminate

at apex and often sphacelate, acute or somewhat rounded at base ;

upper surface pale green, glabrous except on the ribs of young leaves,

lower greyish-villous, ultimately nearly glabrous ; margins reflexed ;

10—25 cm. long, 2°5—10 cm. broad; ribs three, deeply impressed

above, the outer pair from a little (3—7 mm.) above the base,

regularly curved almost or quite to the apex; nerves outside these

4—6 on each side obliquely curving to and along the margin and

joined in small loops ; transverse nervules distant, irregular, branch-

ing; reticulation only conspicuous when young; petiole stout,

densely villous, 10—15 mm. long, channelled above. Flowers cream-

coloured, smail, in few-flowered long-peduncled densely golden-

villous panicles 5—10 cm. long; peduncles at least two-thirds of the

length; branches very few, ending in small 7-flowered dichasia;

bracts minute, lanceolate; pedicels short; buds globose, grey-

a ae

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 83

pubescent. Perianth-tube campanulate, 2—3 mm. long, white-

puberulous within; lobes ovate, acute, 2°3—3 mm. long, the outer

very slightly the longer, densely golden-villous within, enlarged

and thickened in fruit as is the pedicel. Stamens with broad villous

filaments ; those of the Ist and 2nd rows 1:5—2 mm. long, with

oblong anthers and large lower cells, the tip subapiculate; those of

the 3rd row as long with narrower anthers, the lower cells opening

more or less laterally, the glands obtuse at apex, unequally cordate

or sagittate at base, shortly stipitate, attached at the middle of the

filaments; staminodes of the 3rd row cordate, glabrous on the inner,

villous on the outer side, 1:25 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, sparsely

pubescent, attenuate into a thick style; stigma obliquely peltate.

Fruit ovoid, glabrous, black when dry, obtuse at apex, 1—1°5 cm.

- long, "75 cm. broad, seated on the enlarged thickened calyx-tube

which is strongly keeled and glabrescent,

PENANG: at West Hill, Curtis 308!. Prraxk: at Thaipeng, Wray

2669!; in open forest at Lartit up to 250 m. alt. King’s Collector

5568!, 6013!.

11. CrinnaMomum ScorRTECHINIL, Gamble in Kew Bull. 219 (1910).

An evergreen tree with thin dark brown fairly smocth bark;

branchlets dark brown, terete, the uppermost subquadrangular

ferruginous-tomentose ; leaf-buds ovoid, densely grey-tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous, opposite or subopposite ; elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-

late, acute or shortly and obtusely acuminate at apex, somewhat

attenuate or rounded at base; upper surface glabrous except on the

ribs, lower densely greyish-tawny tomentose; margins reflexed ;

7—12 cm. long, 2°5—5 cm. broad; ribs 3, impressed above, the

side pair branching from the midrib at from 5—7 mm. above its

base, not always opposite, curved upwards to end a little below

the apex; nerves outside the side ribs about 3—5 on either side,

curved obliquely to the margin and joining in loops; transverse

nervules subparallel, slightly arched, in old leaves very indistinct

as is the reticulation; petiole stout, tawny-tomentose, 10—15

mm. long. Flowers rather large, in few-flowered tawny-pubes-

cent axillary panicles up to 7 cm. long; peduncle slender;

branches short bearing a pair of 3-flowered dichasia; pedicels short,

about 2 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-tube short, scarcely

2 mm. long, glabrous within; lobes ovate, acute, densely tawny

villous within, 2—3 mm. long, the outer slightly the longer.

Stamens rather thick, with broad pubescent filaments ; those of the

84 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1st and 2nd row spathulate, 2—2°5 mm. long, the anther cells large,

scarcely overlapping; those of the 3rd row with narrow anthers,

the cells opening more or less sideways, the 2 reniform glabrous

glands sessile about half-way up the filaments; staminodes of the

4th row sagittate, 1:55—2 mm. long, broadly pubescent-stipitate.

Ovary obovoid, villous, rounded at top; style rather thick, villous;

stigma peltate. Fruit (immature) an ovoid berry seated on the

persistent cupshaped perianth-tube, truncate at the mouth.

PERAK: at camp on Ulu Batang Padang at 1500 m. alt. Wray

1520!; Scortechini 322!.

Wray’s specimens have rather thicker and smaller leaves than Scorte-

chini’s and are grey while the latter are reddish but they agree in shape,

nervation and pubescence; the difference being probably only due to ditference

of level.

12. CINNAMOMUM AUREO-FULVUM, Gamble in Kew Bull. 220

(1910). A bush; the branchlets slender, uppermost angular, densely

golden-tawny-pubescent as are the innovations. Leaves subcoria-

ceous subopposite ; elliptic-lanceolate, attenuately long-acuminate at

apex, acuminate at base ; upper surface dull, softly appressed grey-

pubescent, lower densely golden-tawny-pubescent ; 6—8 cm. long,

1-5—3 cm. broad; 3-ribbed from about 3—5 mm. above the base,

the midrib reaching to the tip of the acumen, the side ribs scarcely

to its base; transverse nervules subparallel, arched, obscure because

hidden in the pubescence ; petiole slender, 1:5—2:5 cm. long, densely

pubescent. Flowers in slender tawny-pubescent peduncled dichasia

from the axils of upper leaves and up to 4 cm. long; peduncle about 3

em. long; branches about 1 cm., flattened ; bracts caducous; pedicels

2 mm. long; buds ovoid. Perianth-tube campanulate, 1 mm. long,

articulate with the oblong rounded 2 mm. long subequal lobes, all

tawny-pubescent. Stamens small, 1-5—2 mm. long; filaments broad,

villous ; anthers ovate, the upper cells very small, those of tne 3rd row

bearing half-way up the filaments a pair of rather large reniform

glabrous glands; staminodes of the 4th row 1:25 mm. long, the

tip cordate, the stalk pubescent. Ovary subglobose, wrinkled,

sparsely hispid; style slender; stigma acute. Fruit not known.

SELANGOR: at Hulu Semangko, on top of the hill, Ridley (?)

12103 !, 15598 !.

13. CINNAMOMUM CINEREUM, Gamble in Kew Bull. 220 (1910). A

tree reaching 15—20 m. in height and thestem with a diameter of 40—

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 85

50cm.; branches spreading ; branchlets slender, terete, glaucous-grey.

Leaves sub-coriaceous, undulate, opposite or sub-opposite ; lanceolate,

acute at apex, subcuneate at base ; both surfaces glabrous, the upper

shining dark green when fresh, olive green whendry, the lower grey-

cinereous as are the young leaves on both sides ; margins cartilagin-

ous; 8—15 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; ribs 3, the midrib slender

‘in young, strong in old leaves, the side pair branching from the

midrib at from 5 to 15 mm. above the base, sometimes not quite

opposite, curving to about 2 of the length of the blade and then

joined by the main nerves and breaking up into loops; main nerves

from the midrib about 4—6 pairs, rather obscure; reticulation pro-

minently areolate in young leaves, hardly apparent in old ones;

_ petiole rather stout, 1 —1°5 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers pale

vellow, in slender long-peduncled grey-pruinose panicles or 7- or 15-

flowered dichasia, reaching 15 cm. in length ; peduncles very slender,

somewhat flattened as are the branches and pedicels ; buds obovoid,

very minutely puberulous. Perianth-tube rather siender, 2 mm. long

glabrous within ; lobes ovate, 2°5 mm. long, white-villous within spe-

cially at the base. Stamens slender, 2—2:5 mm. long; those of the

Ist and 2nd rows with oblong anthers and anther-cells and nearly gla-

brous filaments; those of the 3rd row with smaller anthers, filaments

villous at base and 2 large uniform glabrous stipitate glands, trun-

cate or lobed at apex, inserted about 4 of the way up the filaments

staminodes of 4th row 1:5 mm. long with ovoid acute heads and

villous filaments. Ovary ovate-oblong, narrowed into the slender

style ; stigma peltate, oblique. Fruit not known.

PERAK: at Waterfall Hill at about 360 m. alt., Wray 2629! :

in dense jungle near mountain streams at 300—450 m. alt. near

Thaiping, King’s Collector 8515 !.

14. CINNAMOMUM INUNCTUM, Meissn. in DC, Prodr. XV. 1. 25

(1864). A tree; branchlets slender, black when dry ; leaf-buds lanceo-

late, glabrous. Zeaves membranous or chartaceous, alternate or

sub-opposite ; ovate or elliptic, obtuse or bluntly acuminate at apex,

rounded or attenuate, usually unequally, at base; both surfaces

pale when dry, glabrous; 5—li cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; mid-

rib slender, prominent beneath ; main nerves faint, 6—9 pairs, the

lowest pair frequently opposite and curved to more than halfway up,

the rest joining near the margin in small loops, the axils usually

bearing a pitted gland; reticulation minutely areolate, prominent

under the lens ; petiole slender, 1—2°5cm. long. Flowers small, up

86 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

to 10 mm. broad when open, in slender few-flowered axillary or

lateral glabrous panicles up to 8 cm. long; peduncles slender or

filiform ; branches sub-opposite, subumbellate ; pedicels slender, 5 mm-

long. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, short, glabrous within; lobes

ovate-oblong, obtuse, up to 2 mm. long, white-villous within, deciduous

after flowering. Stamens very small ; the lower anther cells elliptic,

the upper usually circular ; those of the Ist and 2nd rows ‘75—1-25

mm. long, the anthers obtuse, the filaments slender, villous; those of

the 3rd row similar and with a pair of reniform subsessile glands

close to the base outside the filaments ; staminodes of the 4th row

cuneiform, stipitate. Ovary ovoid; style rather thick, curved ; stig-

ma peltate. Fruit an ovate berry the size of a pea, seated on a

funnel-shaped cupule (Meissn.). Kurz For. Fl. II. 289 ; Hook. f. FI.

Br. Ind. V. 135. Camphora inuncta, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. IIT.

32 and Syst. Laur. 89; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1.1. 905. Tetranthera cam-

phoracea, Wall. M.S.

Matacca (7): Griffith K.D. 4256!; Maingay K.D. 1244!.—Dts-

TRI8. Burma (Tavoy).

15, CiInNAMOMUM PARTHENOXYLON, Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XV. i. 26 (1864). A very large tree with straight trunk reaching 30

to 45 m. in height and a diameter of 1 m. and perhaps more;

branches spreading; branchlets moderately thick, nearly black when

dry, the uppermost angular, glabrous: leaf-buds lanceolate, inflores-

cence buds with large silky-pubescent deciduous scales. Leaves very

variable in shape and texture, young ones thin, red when first open,

the old ones subcoriaceous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic- ovate or

-obovate, sometimes lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, acute

or rounded and usually unequal at base ; both surfaces glabrous, the

upper dull or slightly shining, the lower more or less glaucous ;

6—12 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad : midrib slender, not prominent ; main

nerves very irregular, about 6 to 8 pairs, not prominent, curving

upwards to joinin rather obscure loops near the margin; no glands in

the nerve axils; reticulation areolate ; petiole slender, 2--3 cm. long,

usually channelled above. Flowers small, 10 mm. broad when open,

light yellow, in lax slender axillary or lateral panicles up to 8 cm.

long; peduncles and pedicels filiform, glabrous or the latter

puberulous. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, glabrous within; lobes

elliptic-oblong, obtuse, nearly glabrous without, villous within,

2—2°5 mm. long, deciduous after flowering. Stamens minute, the

anthers with nearly circular pores; those of the Ist and 2nd rows

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 87

with nearly orbicular anthers and short slightly villous filaments,

‘75 mm. long ; those of the 3rd row 1:25 mm. long, very obtuse, with

2 large reniform subsessile glands attached near the base outside the

villous filaments ; staminodes of the 4th row cuneiform or sagittate,

stipitate, villous outside, 1 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous ; style

short ; stigma large, peltate. Fruit a globose berry about 7 mm. in

diam. seated on the truncate spreading cup-shaped enlarged perianth-

tube, the fruiting pedicel long-funnel-shaped ; exocarp thick, succu-

lent, dark purple ; endocarpcrustaceous. Seed spherical; testa mem-

branous ; cotyledons hemispherical, enclosing the minute radicle.

Kurz For. Fl. II. 289; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 185; Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. XI. 82. C. pseudo-Sassafras, Meissn. 1. c. 27. C.

? malaccense, Meissn.1.c. 27. C. Neesitanum, Meissn.1.c. 26. Par-

thenoxylon porrectum, pseudo-Sassafras and pruinosum, Blume in

Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 323; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 967. Cam-

phora Parihenoxylon, Nees in Wali. Pl. As. Rar. II. 76; Benth. FI.

Hongk. 290. C. pseudo-Sassafras, Miq. in Zoll. Cat. 113, 114.

C. chinensis, Nees Syst. Laur. 92. Sassafras Parthenoxylon, Nees

Syst. Laur. 491; Wight Ic. t. 1832 (copied from Roxb.). Persea

pseudo-Sassafras, Zoll. in Nat. Gen. Arch. Il. 635. Laurus Parthen-

oxylon, Jack in Mal. Misc. I. 28; Wall. Cat. 2602. L. pseudo-Sassa-

fras, Bl. Bijdr. 573. L. porrecta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 308. Phebe

latifolia, Champ. in Kew Journ. Bot. V. 197.

Penanc: Wallich 2602!; Curtis 512!, 1038!, 1406!; J. Scott. ;

King’s Collector 1456!. Province WELLESLEY: at Tasik Glugor,

Ridley 6968!, 12585!. Dinpinas: at Pangkore, Ridley 8377!.

PERAK: at Lumut Dindings, Ridley 3044!; at Kinta and Gunong

Bubu, King’s Collector 7120!, 8354!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu

Pateh, Wray 1072!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1244!, 1512!.

Distris. Burma, Java, Sumatra, China.

In Herb. Singapore is a sheet collected by F. Dennys at Gunong Menkong

Labar in the Federated States. The specimen has no flowers or fruit but the

leaves are remarkable for being very thick. eaves opposite or subopposite,

very coriaceous; ovate, obtusely acuminate at apex, rounded at base and

slightly decurrent; glabrous and shining on both surfaces; margins flat ;

ribs 3, flat, with a slender quite basal additional pair close to the margin and

soon forming a looped intramarginal nerve ; the inner ribs alongside the midrib

for about 1 cm. then leaving it to curve upwards to about ? of the length

of the blade when they meet.the first main nerves and break into loops;

main nerves from midrib 3—1 pairs, faint, below them prominent not parallel

transverse nervules; outside the ribs 6 or more outer nerves, short, meeting

the intramarginal one; reticulation prominent, beautifully areolate ; length

88 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

10—15 cm., breadth 5—8 cm.; petiole very stout 1—1°5 em. long, bordered

above by the decurrent margins of the blade. It seems to belong to Cimna-

momum; but in the absence of flower and fruit this is not quite certain.

7. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, often subverticillate or

fascicled at the ends of the branchlets, penninerved. Flowers

small, hermaphrodite, in axillary or subterminal panicles, the

cymules of the branches often subumbellate. Perianth-tube short,

continuous with the pedicel ; lobes 6, subequal, the outer ones often

slightly the smaller. Stamens 9 fertile, with 4-celled ovate-oblong

anthers; those of the lst row opposite the outer perianth lobes, and

introrse ; those of the 2nd row opposite the inner perianth-lobes also

introrse ; those of the 3rd row opposite those of the Ist row, ex-

trorse, and with two usually large glabrous glands at the base a

little behind; staminodes of the 4th row opposite the stamens of

the 2nd row, large, glabrous on the inner side, stipitate, ovate or

cordate. Ovary ovoid or globose, l-celled, 1-ovuled; style rather

slender; stigma peltate. Fruit an ellipsoid or globose berry, seated

on the enlarged perianth-tube and usually persistent lobes and

supported by the enlarged often red and warted pedicel (as in

Dehaasia).—DistR1s. India, China, Malay Islands and Peninsula,

about 12 species.

Third row of stamens with glands distinct from the

filaments, at their base.

Leaves membranous

Flowers in glabrous panicles, minute ; berry

ellipsoid 2°5 cm. long Me .. IL. A. peduncularis.

Flowers in grey-puberulous panicles, larger ;

perry globose 1°5 em. long ds .. 2. A. Wrayt.

Leaves coriaceous

Drupe globose under 1°5 em. in diameter ; leaves

under 12 em. in length re .. 3. A. bancana.

Drupe oblong-ellipsoid, 4—5 em. long, 2 em. in

diam. ; leaves over 20 cm. long .. 4 A. peliolaris.

Leaves very coriaceous, rarely under 15 cm. in

length

Berry dull, black, ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long

and 1 cm. broad .. : 5. A. paludosa.

Berry shining, brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 3°5

cm. long and 2 cm. broad, seated on the

prominent enlarged perianth-tube, the

lobes deciduous “ie .. 6. A. insignis.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 89

Berry pale brown, very scurfy and pustu-

lar, oblong-ellipsoid, 7—8 cm. long and

about 4 cm. in diameter; perianth-tube

not enlarged in a ring, its lobes persistent 7. A. Ridieyi.

3rd row of stamens with glands attached to the

filaments above the base: leaves sub-membranous,

pendulous, large; panicles subracemose with dis-

tant branches and few flowers eye .. 8. A. pendulifolia.

Species imperfectly known ae .. 9. A. crassipes.

1. ALSEODAPHNE PEDUNCULARIS, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 144 (1886). A shrub or small tree, reaching 3 to 4:5 m. in height;

branchlets white, slender, uppermost nearly black when dry ; leaf-

buds lanceolate, 5—6 mm. long, black when dry, with few scales.

Leaves membranous, more or less fascicled at the ends of the branch-

lets; elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely subcaudate, acuminate at apex,

acutely attenuate or cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous, dark

olive-green when dry ; 10—20 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib

slender, raised on both surfaces ; main nerves 6 to 10 pairs, slightly

curved for about two-thirds of the distance to the margin and then

joined by broad loops, prominent and pale beneath; transverse

nervules few, irregular, easily visible beneath ; petiole slender,

5—10 cm. long. Flowers minute, greenish yellow, in slender nearly

glabrous pedunculate panicles from the axils of the uppermost

leaves, 3—7 cm. long; peduncles subfiliform up to 4 cm. long;

branches very slender ending in umbellate cymules of about 3—6

flowers; bracts subulate, bracteoles minute; pedicels subclavate ;

buds globose. Perianth-tube short; lobes nearly equal, ovate,

1—1°5 mm. long, glabrous without, puberulous within. Stamens

very short, hairy, those of Ist and 2nd rows -75 mm. long with

very short villous filaments; those of 3rd row similar but longer and

with 2 ovate glabrous villously stipitate -5 mm. long glands at the

base or alittle behind ; staminodes of the 4th row reniform, glabrous

except on the back and for a villous tuft at base. Ovary globose,

slightly villous; style thick, curved; stigma broadly peltate.

Fruit an ellipsoid berry, 2°5 cm. long, 1°5 cm. in diameter, supported

on the persistent perianth lobes and the much thickened cylindric

straight or curved red pedicel, 2-4 cm. long; pericarp black when

ripe, smooth. Haasia peduncularis, Nees Syst. Laur. 376: Meissn.

in DC. Prodr. XV. I. 61; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 930. Machilus

peduncularis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 70. Persea peduncu-

laris, Nees Syst. Laur. 125 (excl. syn. Rumph.). Laurus peduncu-

laris, Wall. Cat. 2596.

90 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Penance: Wallich 2596!. Perak: Wray 3632!, 3683!, 3792!;

Scortechini 536!; near Ulu Kerling and Ulu Selangor at 120 to

240 m. alt., King’s Collector 7916!, 8632!, 8836!. SELANGOR: at

Labu and Petaling, Ridley 7622!, 8492!; at Kwala Lumpur,

Mohamed 1908!

2, ALSEODAPHNE WRaAYI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 220 (1910). A

tree. reaching 30 m. in height and a considerable girth; branchlets

rather slender with greyish-white bark; leaf-bids lanceolate acu-

minate nearly 1 cm. long, black, with few scales. Leaves mem-

branous, somewhat clustered at the ends of the branchlets; ellip-

tic-lanceolate, obtusely rather long acuminate at apex, narrowed at

base; upper surface glabrous, dull, olive-brown when dry, lower

minutely puberulous and punctate finally glabrous; 7—12 cm.

long, 3—5 cm. broad ; midrib slender, slightly impressed and keeled

above, raised beneath; main nerves 10—12 pairs raised beneath,

rather irregular and usually oblique, curving to branch and meet

near the margin in irregular loops; transverse nervules and

reticulation clear but not prominent; petiole 1—1-°5 cm. long,

channelled above. Flowers pale green, about 5 mm. in diam. in

pedunculate branching slender grey-puberulous panicles from the

upper leaf-axils, about as long as the leaves and reaching 10 cm.

in length and 5 cm. in breadth ; peduncles slender, 4 to 5 cm. long ;

branch peduncles also slender, cymules 3—5-flowered ; pedicels

very slender, somewhat clavate, about 7 mm. long; bracts ovate,

caducous; bracteoles minute, triangular; buds globose. Perzanth-

tube short, cup-shaped ; lobes subequal or the outer very slightly the

shorter, up to 2 mm. long, puberulous within as without. Stamens

of Ist and 2nd rows slender, clavate, 2 mm. long, the filaments and

connective villous; stamens of 3rd row as long but more slender

and the 2 upper anther-cells very inconspicuous, glands at the base

ovoid glabrous rather large; staminodes of 4th row oblong, glabrous

except the tuft of hair at the base, about as large as the glands.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style slender; stigma peltate. Fruit a

globose or slightly ellipsoid berry 1:5 cm. in diam., seated on the

persistent reflexed perianth and a clavate subtrigonous enlarged

fleshy pedicel 2 cm. long; pericarp black, shining, thin; embryo

depressed at apex.

Perak: at Kota, Wray 2543!; in forest near Larut, King’s

Collector 54931, 5917!

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 91

The leaves of this species resemble those of A. peduncularis, but the

flowers are larger and different in many respects.

3. ALSEODAPHNE BANCANA, Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. I. i. 915 (1855).

Tree (?); branchlets moderately thick, greyish-brown, lenticellate

uppermost more slender; leaf-buds ovate acute, with few shining

whitish scales. Leaves coriaceous, usually fascicled at the ends of

the branchlets; obovate, shortly obtusely acuminate at apex,

cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous, upper dark olive-green to

black when dry, lower dull and somewhat reddish puberulous when

young ; margins slightly recurved ; 10—20 cm. long, 5—9 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, prominent and raised on both surfaces; main nerves

10—12 pairs, the lowest faint, impressed above, raised beneath, at

first nearly straight then curving upwards to meet at about 5 mm.

from the margin in prominent loops ; transverse nervules few, paral-

lel; reticulation obscure ; petiole stout, much wrinkled, 10O—15 mm.

long, bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers

very small, in slender subracemose panicles from the uppermost

axils, about as long as the leaves ; peduncles slender, 5—8 cm. long ;

branches short ; cymules 3—5-flowered ; pedicels slender, 4—5 mm.

long ; buds globose, 2 mm. in diam. Perianth-tube short, lobes

subequal, the outer rather shorter than the inner, puberulous, obo-

vate, obtuse. Stamens very minute ; those of Ist and 2nd rows with

nearly orbicular anthers and short broad pubescent filaments,

‘75 mm. long; those of 3rd row rather longer and narrower, the

glands at their base large, white, glabrous ; staminodes of 4th row

ovate, acute, glabrous without, hairy at back, 5 mm. long. Ovary

rounded ; style short, thick ; stigma peltate. Fruct a globose berry

1-5 cm. in diameter, seated on the persistent perianth lobes and

a not much thickened warty enlarged pedicel; pericarp black,

smooth, rather thin. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XI.1i. 28. <A. decipiens,

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 145.

SINGAPORE: Garden jungle and Bukit Timah, Ridley, 3369!,

4937!; at Chanchukang, Ridley 6156!, 6160!—Distris. Bangka,

(Horsfield!, Kurz!), Borneo (Haviland 3086 !).

4, ALSEODAPHNE PETIOLARIS, Hook. f. in Fi. Br. Ind. V.

145 (1886). A large tree; branchlets subverticillate, very stout,

lenticellate, dark brown, scurfy; buds short, conical. Leaves

coriaceous ; oblong or oblong-obovate, abruptly and sharply caudate-

acuminate at apex, attenuate to nearly rounded at base: both sur-

92 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

faces glabrous, dark brown when dry, reticulate; margins slightly

recurved ; 20—30 cm. long, 12—18 cm. broad ; midrib stout, im-

pressed above, much raised beneath ; main nerves 8—12 pairs, at

first straight then curved to join in loops near the margin; trans-

verse nervules many, prominent, enclosing the much netted reticu-

lation, all the nerves and nervules raised on both surfaces ; petiole

very stout, 3—6 cm. long. lowers in stout panicles reaching

20—30 cm. in length from the axils of the upper leaves, the branches

rusty-puberulous, ascending ; pedicels short, gradually thickening ;

bracts minute, caducous. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 1—1°5 mm.

long; lobes subequal, 2°5 mm. long, rusty-puberulous without.

Siamens short, nearly glabrous or only with sparse rusty hairs on the

filaments, those of the 1st and 2nd rows obtuse, 1:5 mm. long ; those

of the 3rd row 2 mm. long with a pair of large glabrous glands at

the base behind ; staminodes of the 4th row ovate, small, sometimes 0.

Ovary ovoid; style thick, puberulous; stigma large, capitate.

Fruit an oblong-ellipsoid drupe 4—5 cm. long, 2 em. in diam., the

pericarp black when dry, supported on the persistent perianth-lobes,

the pedicels thickened only to about 3 mm. in diam., rugose and

scurfy. Nothaphebe ? petiolaris, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 59.

PaHane: at Telom, Ridley 13782 !—Distris. India (Assam),

Burma.

5. ALSEODAPHNE PALUDOSA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 221 (1910).

A very large tree reaching 24—30 m. in height and about 1 m. in

diameter of stem; branchlets very stout, rough, dark grey ; leaf-

buds conical, glabrous, about 5 mm. long, with many outer scales.

Leaves very coriaceous, fascicled at the ends of the branchlets ;

obovate, obtuse or rather deeply emarginate at apex, long-cuneate

at base; upper surface glabrous shining, lower glaucous; margins

recurved ; 20—25 cm. long, 7—9 cm. broad; midrib very stout,

slightly raised above and prominently channelled, nearly flat be-

neath; main nerves 15 to 17 pairs, rather faint, impressed above,

slightly raised beneath, lower ones at about 50° with the midrib,

upper at 70°, only curved near the margin or hardly looped;

transverse nervules few, irregular, not visible on the upper surface ;

reticulation minutely areolate, indistinct beneath, invisible above ;

petiole stout, 3—4 cm. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of

the blade. lowers imperfectly known; fruiting inflorescence of

racemose panicles from the uppermost axils reaching 10—15 cm. in

length; peduncles and rhachis prominently warted; enlarged pedi-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 93

cels obconic, slightly flattened, glaucous and much warted, 2—3 cm.

long, surmounted by the prominently persistent perianth-lobes and

stamens. Perianth-lobes triangular, 5 mm. long and glabrous in

fruit, the outer ones slightly the smaller. Stamens in fruit very

slender, clavate, glabrous ; those of Ist and 2nd rows 3 mm. long;

those of 3rd row 4 mm. long and with 2 rather large rounded glands ;

staminodes of 4th row cordate, glabrous, stipitate. Fruit (young)

an oblong ellipsoid berry about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. in diam., the

top depressed ; pericarp tough, dull, black when dry.

PeRAK: in dense jungle on low wet ground in Larut, King’s

Collector 5378 !

This species is very near A. insignis and agrees with it very closely in the

leaves, but in this the nerves are impressed while in that they are raised ; the

midrib also differs; while insignis seems only to have the apex sometimes

slightly emarginate. The fruit of insignis has a prominent annular ring and

the perianth-lobes which are not very persistent are quite small, while in

paludosa there is no ring and the lobes are large and prominent.

6. ALSEODAPHNE INSIGNIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 221 (1910). A

very large tree reaching 24 to 30 m. in height and about 1 m. in

diam. of stem; branchlets very stout, dark brown; leaf-buds conical,

about 5 mm. long, with few lanceolate glabrous scales. Leaves very

coriaceous, fascicled at the ends of the branchlets; oblong or obovate

or oblanceolate, rounded or very obtusely acute at apex, cuneate or

attenuate, often somewhat decurrent at base; both surfaces glabrous,

the upper shining, the lower bluish-green ; margins thickened ; size

variable from 12—15cm. by 5—7 cm. and somewhat rounded at base,

to 15—35 cm. by 5—10 cm. and narrowed at base; midrib very stout,

prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 12—15 pairs slightly

raised on both surfaces, starting at about 70° with the midrib and

curved nearly to the margin where they join in loops; not prominent

on the upper, but very evident on the lower surface, joined by rather

inconspicuous transverse nervules and a minutely netted reticulation ;

petiole stout, 3—6 cm. long, channelled above by the continuation of

the margins of the blade. Flowers light green with yellow stamens,

in subterminal, erect, stout, minutely puberulous panicles reaching

15 cm. in length; peduncles and rhachis angular, nearly black ;

branches short, tawny-puberulous, subumbellate ; bracts small, ovate-

lanceolate, caducous; pedicels stout, trigonous; buds clavate ;

fruiting panicles from the uppermost leaf-axils 10—30 cm. long;

peduncles in fruit very stout. Perianth-lobes puberulous, the outer

94 Flora of the Malayam Peninsula.

3 shorter than the inner 3 which are 2°5—3 mm. long and ovate.

Stamens rather slender, those of the Ist and 2nd rows 2 mm. long,

clavate; those of 3rd row similar but larger, and with 2 rather large

glabrous glands at the base; staminodes of 4th row ovate-cordate,

glabrous on the inner, villous on the outer face and on the short

stalk; 1—1:5 mm. long. Jruwit shining, glabrous, bright green,

chestnut brown when dry, oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse, reaching 3°5 cm.

in length and 2 cm. in diam. ; seated on the much enlarged perianth-

tube which then assumes the form of an annular flattened disk nearly

2 cm. in diam., this again is supported by the clavate, flattened or

trigonous, enlarged pedicel 2 cm. long, green mottled with brown spots

when fresh, glaucescent and prominently warted when dry.

Perak: near Larut in dense forest up to 300 m. alt., King’s

Collector 6608 :, 6958!, 7273!, 8451!

7. ALSEODAPHNE RIDLEYI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 222 (1910).

A medium-sized tree; branchlets very stout, light brown, lenti-

cellate ; leaf-buds short, with many scales. Leaves very coriaceous,

clustered at the ends of the branchlets ; elliptic- oblong or -obovate,

often unequal-sided, obtuse or very minutely apiculate at apex,

rounded or attenuate at base; both surfaces glabrous, the upper

shining, the lower glaucous ; 13—25 cm. long, 5—13 ecm. broad ;

midrib very stout, flattened above or slightly raised, raised beneath ;

main nerves 12 to 15 pairs, irregular, at from 60° to 70° with the

midrib, curving to and along the margin but scarcely looped, very

slightly raised above, more so beneath, joined by irregular transverse

nervules and an areolate reticulation hardly visible above but more

prominent beneath ; petiole very stout, enlarged and wrinkled at base,

2—4 cm. long, upper part bordered by the decurrent blade-margins.

Flowers in glabrous panicles from the upper leaf axils, the panicles

reaching 10 cm. long and 5 cm. broad; peduncle rather short, flat-

tened; branches few, 3-chotomous; bracts ovate acute 2—3 cm.

long ; cymules few-flowered ; pedicels clavate, enormously thickened

in fruit as is the rhachis; buds globose. Perianth-tube short;

lobes ovate, the outer slightly smaller. Stamens very small, clavate,

rounded; glands of 3rd series ovoid ; staminodes of 4th series ovate,

glabrous. Fruit a very large oblong ellipsoid berry with depressed

top, 7—8 cm. long and about 4 em. in diameter, seated on the much

thickened pedicel which is often 1—5 cm. thick at top ; pericarp

%—5 mm. thick, densely covered as are the enlarged rhachis and

pedicel with tawny-brown scurf and raised pustules.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 95

SeLanaor: at 15th mile Pahang track at about 300 m. alt.,

Ridley 8532 !

8. ALSEODAPHNE PENDULIFOLIA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 222

(1910). A tree, reaching a height of 12 to 18 m. and a diameter of

stem of 20—40 cm.; branchlets very stout, at least 10 mm. in

diam. at apex, scarred and wrinkled; leaf-buds ovoid, glabrous,

5 mm. long, with spreading scales. Leaves sub-membranous, fas-

cicled at the ends of the branchlets and ‘ hanging downwards in the

shape of an umbrella’ (King’s Collector); obovate or oblanceolate,

obtuse or very shortly acuminate at apex, long cuneate at base; both

surfaces dull, reddish-brown when dry, the lower paler, glabrous ;

17—35 cm. long, 5—ll cm. broad; midrib slender, little raised on

either surface; main nerves 15 to 20 pairs, slender, curving upwards

to and along the margin, joined by many rather irregular transverse

nervules and then again by an irregularly areolate reticulation,

prominent under the lens especially beneath ; petiole slender, curved,

2—4 em. long, bordered above by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Flowers pale yellow, about 5 mm. broad when open; in long,

very lax glabrous subracemose panicles from the axils of the fas-

cicled leaves, and nearly as long as the leaves ; peduncle rhachis and

branches somewhat flattened, black when dry ; branches slender, few-

flowered, ending in 3-flowered umbels; pedicels slender, clavate at

tip, 7 mm. long; buds glabrous, obconic. Perianth-tube funnel-

shaped, thick; lobes ovate acute, the outer 1 mm. the inner 2 mm.

long, sparsely silky within. Stamens 1:5—2 mm. long, with the

anther-cells unequal, the upper pair very small; those of the Ist and

2nd rows with ovate anthers and broad puberulous filaments; those

of the 3rd row with oblong anthers, the upper cells minute, the fila-

ments puberulous, and the 2 reniform glabrous large glands subses-

sile a little above the broad filament base; staminodes of 4th row

cordate, glabrous, broadly stipitate. Ovary ovoid, attenuate into

the short style; stigma small, obtuse. Fruit (very immature) a

globose glabrous drupe seated on the enlarged perianth and its

enlarged pedicel.

PERAK: in dense forest, chiefly of bamboo, near Ulu Bubong

and Ulu Kerling, up to 200 m. alt., King’s Collector 8785!, 10623!.

Without locality, Burn-Murdoch in Herb. Singap. Vern. ‘ Medang

Payong’ !

Species imperfectly known.

9. ALSEODAPHNE CRASSIPES, Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 146

(1886), A tree?, branchlets stout, woody, with ashy bark, upper-

96 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

most and innovations rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, alternate

or sub-opposite, falcately recurved; elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate

at apex, cuneately narrowed at base; both surfaces glabrous, yellow-

ish when dry, upper shining ; 10—13 cm. long, 2°5—4 cm. broad ;

midrib slender, main nerves 6—8 pairs, raised on both surfaces, at

first straight then branching and joining in loops at some distance

from the margin; reticulation sparse but prominent; petiole

slender, 1:5—25 cm. long. Fruiting peduncles numerous, 7—10 cm.

long, very strict, thickened upwards, as rigid and woody as the

branchlets and thicker at the top than the pedicel is broad; pedicels

4—6 mm. long, cylindric, black. Fruit smooth, ellipsoid, 15—18

mm. long, 10—12 mm. in diam., dark blue-black, pruinose, with

red pedicel.

Matacca : Maingay K. D. 1261!

A.? costalis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 72 and Syst. Laur. 185 ;

Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 146 seems to be Iztsea robusta, Bl.

ALSEODAPHNE LucIDA, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 72 (1831).

«* Branches stout, lenticellate. Leaves 20—30 cm. long, scattered,

very coriaceous, obovate-oblong, acuminate, base obtuse ; shin-

ing above, paler beneath; nerves 16—20 pairs, spreading, slender ;

midrib prominent above ; reticulations beneath very faint ; petiole

2-5—4 cm. long, terete, thickened and rugose at the base.’’ (Des-

cription from Fl. Br. Ind.). Syst. Laur. 186; Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XV. i. 29; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 147. Laurus ? lucida. Wall.

Cat. 2590.

StnGAPoRE: Wallich 2590!

In the FI. Br. Ind. it is suggested that this is not a Laurineous plant, but

it seems not unlike a Ivtsea. The chief characteristic of the leaves is that the

main nerves are at first straight and parallel and curve close to the margin.

8. NoTHAPH@BE, Blume.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, not subverticillate but more

or less crowded towards the ends of the branchlets, penni-nerved.

Flowers very small, hermaphrodite. in axillary or subterminal

panicles, the cymules of the branches generally subumbellate.

Perianth-tube very short, continuous with the pedicel ; lobes 6, un-

equal, the 3 outer usually much smaller than the inner. Stamens 9

fertile, with 4-celled ovate-oblong very small villous anthers and

short filaments ; those of the lst row opposite the outer perianth-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 97

lobes introrse ; those of the 2nd row opposite the inner perianth-

lobes, also introrse ; those of the 3rd row opposite those of the Ist

row, extrorse, with 2 small villous rounded glands at the base a little

behind the glands sometimes wanting ; staminodes of the 4th row

opposite the stamens of the 2nd row, very small, ovate or triangular,

villous on both sides. Ovary ovoid or globose, style slender, stigma

peltate. Fruit an ellipsoid or oblong-obovoid berry seated on the

enlarged perianth-tube and sometimes persistent lobes and supported

by the slightly enlarged pedice].—Disrris. Malay Islands and Pen-

insula, about 13 species.

Leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, cuneate at base,

under 20 em. long; glands of 3rd row stamens always

present.

Leaves without very prominent raised reticula-

tion; flower panicles under 12 cm. long.

Flower-panicles glabrous or only puberu-

lous.

Leaves chartaceou8s, main nerves

6—8 pairs .. BiG .. L. N. umbellifiora.

Leaves membranous, main nerves

8—10 pairs 50 .. 2. WN. fruticosa.

Flower-panicles rusty-tomentose (exe. var.

giabrescens); leaves chartaceo-coriaceous 3. N. Kingiana.

Leaves with very prominent ra sed reticulation ;

flower-panicles over 15 cm. long . 4. N. reticulata.

Leaves panduriform-obovate. cordate-auriculate at Rec,

over 20 cm. long ; glands of 3rd row stamens absent

or exceedingly minute 5c ie -- 5. N. panduriformis.

1. NOTHAPH@BE UMBELLIFLORA, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 328 (1850). An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 25 m. in

height and a considerable girth; branchlets glabrous, slender, white,

the uppermost black when dry, innovations rusty-tomentose; leaf-

buds lanceolate, very small, rusty-tomentose, with few or no scales.

Leaves chartaceous ; elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, cuspidate-

acuminate at apex, long-cuneate at base rarely almost rounded but

always somewhat decurrent ; glabrous on both surfaces, the upper

dark olive brown, the eee reddish; 8 to 20 cm. long, 3—6 cm.

broad ; midrib slender, prominent beneath; main nerves 6—8 pairs,

sometimes rather more, rather oblique, curved to the margin

where they are joined in loops, cross nervules few, irregular, promi-

nent, raised; reticulation obscure; petiole 8—12 mm. long, often

curved. Flowers minute, in axillary thyrsiform slender puberulous

panicles shorter than the leaves and up to 10 cm. long; branches

98 ’ Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

many, ultimate cymules umbelliform; bracts ovate, tomentose ;

bracteoles minute; pedicel clavate, 1—2 mm. long; buds globose,

about 1 mm. in diam., sub-glabrous; flowers reddish. Perianth-lobes

very small, ovate ; outer 3:5 to 3°75 mm. long, inner three 1—1°25

mm. long, slightly pubescent within. Stamens minute, villous with

unicellular hairs, those of Ist and 2nd rows -75 mm. long, rounded

at top; those of 3rd row similar but slightly larger, with 2 villous

rounded glands a little behind them; staminodes of 4th row minute,

ovate, densely villous. Ovary globose, 5 mm.in diam.; styleas long;

stigma small, peltate. Fruit an oblong obovoid dark purple berry

about 4 cm. long and 2 cm. in diam., seated on the persistent

perianth tube and lobes and the very slightly thickened pedicels ;

pericarp smooth, often spotted, rather thin. Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XV. i. 58; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X.105. WN. chartacea, Bl. l.c. fide

Koord. & Val. Ocotea umbellifera, Blume Bijdr. 573. Phebe ?

umbelliflora, Nees Syst. Laur. 115; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 911. P.

chartacea, Mig. 1.c. 912. Haasia nitida, Meissn. in DC. le. 61.

Alseodaphne umbelliflora, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 145.

SramESE States: Tongka, Curtis 2933!. PENANG: Batu

Ferengy, Waterfall and other places, Curtis 1230!, 1536!, 2784!,

3068!. Perak: in forest near Larut, Thaiping and Goping, King’s

Collector 3437!, 5897!, 6645!, 7490!, 8484!. Matnacca: Griffith

K.D. 4253; Maingay K.D. 1247!, 1247-2!, 2515!; Derry 951!; at

Selandan, Goodenough 1823!. Srycapore: at Chanchukang, &c.,

Ridley 1855!, 2888!, 3934!, 4576!, 6267!.—Distris. Java, Suma-

tra, Borneo.

Vern. ‘Medang Linggudi’ (Derry); ‘ Kelah putih’ (Goodenough). .

Curtis 3665! from Waterfall, Penang, with oblanceolate glabrous leaves

20 cm. long and an ellipsoid drupe 3 cm. long, the leaves with about 13 pairs

of main nerves, seems to belong to a species of Nothaphebe near to N. umbelli-

flora, Blume.

2. NOTHAPH@BE FRUTICOSA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 223 (1910).

A shrub reaching 2—2:5 m. in height; branchlets slender, with

greyish-white bark, uppermost black when dry; leaf-buds linear-

lanceolate, black, glabrous, 5 mm. long. Leaves membranous, to-

wards the ends of the branchlets but not crowded; lanceolate or

oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; both surfaces

glabrous except the midrib above, olive-brown when dry; 10—15

cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, slightly keeled above ;

main nerves 8—10 pairs, irregular, curving upwards and sometimes

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 99

branching, to meet in irregular loops well within the margin, scarcely

raised above ; transverse nervules few, inconspicuous but visible

on the lower surface as are the reticulations; petiole slender, 5 to 15

mm. long. Flowers minute, 4mm in diam., in very slender glab-

rous pedunculate panicles from the axils of upper leaves reaching

7 cm. in length and about 2 cm. in breadth; peduncles filiform as are

the branches and pedicels, the latter clavate nearly 3 mm. long ;

buds globose. Perianth-tube very short; lobes ovate, the outer

about 1 mm. long, the inner 1°5 mm., all very glandular and nearly

glabrous without, puberulous within. Stamens of 1st and 2nd rows

very small, clavate, villous, 15 mm. long; those of 3rd row rather

longer with 2 villous rounded glands at the base; staminodes of

4th row ovate obtuse, villous. Ovary oblong; style very thick,

curved; stigma large, peltate. Fruit not known.

Perak: at Tapa, Wray 182!; at Ulu Bubong and Larut up to

nearly 1000 m. alt., King’s Collector 5448!, 11029! Srnanecor: at

Ulu Selangor, Goodenough!

An obscure species much resembling in leaf Alseodaphne peduncularis and

Wrayt, but with the flowers of Nothaphebe umbelliflora.

3. NorHarH@pe Kinerana, Gamble in Kew Bull. 224 (1910).

A tree, with spreading branches, reaching 12 to 18 m. in height and

40 to 50 cm. in diameter of stem ; branchlets moderately stout, grey-

ish-white, lenticellate; leaf-buds lanceolate, tawny pubescent, with

few scales. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, variable in shape; elliptic

or elliptic-obovate or -oblanceolate, obtusely acute to even sharply

cuspidate acuminate at apex, cuneate attenuate or slightly rounded

at base; upper surface shining, olive-green when dry, minutely punc-

ticulate, glabrous except on the midrib, lower reddish-brown glab-

rous ; l10O—25 cm. long, 5—9 cm. broad ; midrib stout, raised on

both surfaces; main nerves 8—11 pairs, starting at 50° to 60° with the

midrib and curving to and along the margin, the upper ones joining

in prominent loops, slightly impressed above, raised beneath, joined

by rather irregular distant transverse nervules, which and the minor

reticulations are prominent on both surfaces; petiole stout, 1—3 cm.

long, the base often wrinkled, the upper part bordered by the decur-

rent margins of the blade. lowers reddish or yellowish, small, in

rusty-tomentose panicles from the upper leaf-axils, the panicles

10—12 cm. long and about 4 cm. broad; peduncle short; rhachis

often flattened, branches short, ending in umbels of 3—6 flowers ;

bracts very small, ovate, caducous; bracteoles minute; pedicels

100 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

clavate, about 5 mm. long. Perianth-lobes densely rusty-tomentose

without, thick, the 3 outer much shorter than the 3 inner, pubescent

within. Stamens very small, those of the lst and 2nd rows villous,

scarcely 5 mm. long, filaments short, broad, connective obtuse ;

those of the 3rd row villous, about ‘75 mm. long, with 2 minute vil-

lous glands at the base; staminodes ovate, villous, very small and

inconspicuous. Ovary oblong, attenuated into a slender style; stigma

large, peltate. Fruit an obovoid oblong, often curved, berry 5—7

em. long by 2 cm. broad, seated on the persistent perianth tube and

lobes and somewhat enlarged rugose pedicel ; pericarp dark red,

spotted, smooth, rather thin, the apex wrinkled.

Perak: .at Waterfall, Thaipeng, etc. Wray 2268!, 2701!,

3452!; on low ground near Larut and up to about 800 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 1928!, 3182!, 4938!, 6647!, 7295!.

Var. glabrescens, Gamble. Panicles very short, few-flowered,

glabrous, the cymules not prominently subumbellate ; glands at the

base of the 3rd row stamens often absent. Leaves obovate or ellip-

tic-oblong, acuminate at apex.

Dinpines : at Lumut, Curtis 3445! (Herb. Singap. and Penang).

4, NOTHAPHGBE RETICULATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 224 (1910).

Asmall tree reaching 12—15 m. in height and 15—25 cm. in diam. ;

branchlets moderately stout, pale brown; leaf-buds very small,

rounded, pubescent. Leaves chartaceous; elliptic-obovate or cblan-

ceolate, obtusely often cuspidately acuminate at apex, cuneate at

base ; both surfaces glabrous, prominently reticulate and pale olive-

brown when dry ; 12—-22 em. long, 4—8 cm. broad ; midrib slender,

slightly raised above, more so beneath; main nerves 8 to 12 pairs,

starting at about 60° with the midrib and curving to and along the

margin where they are connected, the lower by a series of small loops,

the upper by larger ones, joined by a prominently reticulated net-

work of nervules which are raised on both surfaces ; petiole rather

slender, 1°5—3 cm. long, the upper part bordered by the decurrent

margins of the blade. Flowers in spreading glabrous axillary or

subterminal many-flowered panicles reaching 15—20 cm. in length ;

rhachis somewhat flattened; branches distant, often decurved,

often 6 cm. long; cymules subumbellate ; pedicels slender, clavate ;

flowers secund. Perianth-tube short; lobes ovate, acute, the outer 3

rather the smaller, 15—2 mm. long. Stamens small, those of 1st and

2nd rows clavate, 1:5mm.long, the anthers elongate, filaments slen-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. . 101

der and villous ; those of 3rd rowsimilar but slightly longer and with 2

rounded villous glands; staminodes of 4th row very small, lanceo-

late, villous as the other stamens with purplish-red hairs. Ovary

ovoid, attenuated into a slender style ; stigma large, peltate. Fruit

an ovoid or ellipsoid berry 4 cm. long by 2—3 cm. in diameter, seated

on the enlarged rugose pedicel about 1 cm. long, the perianth-tube

forming a flattened ring, the lobes apparently deciduous ; pericarp

rather thick, dark-brown when dry, with prominent raised corky

ferruginous pustules.

PERAK : Scortechini !; at Gunong Bubu, 1500 m. alt., Wray

3872!; at cottage, Ridley 2967!; in dense jungle on high moun-

tains at 1000—1200 m. alt., King’s Collector 7002!.

5. NOTHAPH@BE PANDURIFORMIS, Gamble. A tree, reaching

about 12 m. in height and a considerable girth; branchlets stout,

grey, rough, striate; leaf-buds short, lanceolate, puberulous. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, more or less fascicled towards the ends of the

branchlets, alternate; obovate or panduriform, obtuse or bluntly api-

culate at apex, cordate-auriculate at base; glabrous on both surfaces,

nearly black when dry on the upper, reddish brown on the lower;

20—30 cm. long, 7—10 cm. broad, in old trees smaller and with

fewer nerves; midrib broad, stout, usually fat on the upper surface,

raised on the lower; main nerves 12 to 20 pairs, more numerous near

the base. at first nearly straight, then curved to close to the margin

where they meet in loops, joined by prominent parallel transverse

nervules and the reticulation; petiole very stout, 5—6 mm. long,

sometimes 0. lowers very small, yellow, in branching axillary rusty-

pubescent panicles 10—20 cm. long and scaly at the base ; branches

slender ; terminal cymules subumbellate, densely rusty-tomentose ;

bracts and bracteoles triangular, acute, very small; pedicels thick,

about 2 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-tube very short; outer

3 lobes triangular, +5 mm. long; inner 3 ovate, half as long again.

Stamens minute; those of 1st and 2nd rows clavate, °5 mm. long,

apex glabrous, filaments coppery-villous; those of 38rd row longer,

obtuse at tip, basal glands none or extremely minute; staminodes

of 4th row triangular, glabrous in front, villous behind. Ovary

ovate; style short, curved; stigma peltate. Fruit an obovoid or

cylindric-oblong curved berry 5—7 cm. long and 2—2°5 cm. in

diam., seated on the remains of the perianth and a slightly enlarged

pedicel, the apex wrinkled and depressed; pericarp coriaceous,

rather thin, smooth, dull red, when dry dark brown ; seed cylindric,

102 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

cotyledons conform to fruit, the apex depressed. Alseodaphne

panduriformis, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 145.

PERAK : Scoriechini 1130!; at Chaukat Sardang and Simpang,

Wray 742!, 2039!; at Ulu Bubong up 180 m. alt., King’s Collector

7815!, 10019!, 10433!, 10655!. Snancor: at Labu river, Ridley

7624!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1263!; at Panchor, Goodenough

1258!; at Brisu, Derry 950!. Panane: at Ayer Etam, Ridley 2413!;

at Chenei river, Fox 5010!.

Vern. ‘Poko Rengas’ (Wray); ‘ Medang Kladi’ (Goodenough).

9. Macutus, Nees.

Evergreen trees; buds of the inflorescence with imbricate scales :

leaf-buds lanceolate. Leaves alternate, penni-nerved, minutely reti-

culate. Flowers small or moderate-sized, hermaphrodite, in slender

panicles, usually from the axils of upper leaves and appearing

fascicled. Perianth-tube short or obsolete ; lobes 6, subequal, or

the outer slightly the smaller, persistent and reflexed or spreading

in fruit. Stamens 9 perfect, with 4-celled anthers ; those of the Ist

rew opposite the outer perianth-lobes, introrse, with long filaments

and ovate or elliptic anther-cells; those of the 2nd row similar,

introrse, opposite the inner perianth-lobes ; those of the 3rd row

opposite the Ist row stamens, extrorse, with oblong narrow anthers,

slender filaments and a pair of stipitate glands at the base;

staminodes of the 4th row cordate, stipitate, opposite the 2nd row

stamens. Ovary sessile, narrowed into the style; stigma small or

discoid. Fruit a globose or oblong berry, seated on the reflexed

perianth which is hardly enlarged; fruiting pedicel not enlarged.

—Distris. About 25 species, all Asiatic, chiefly in north and north-

east India and Burma, extending to China and Japan.

Macuitus Scortecuinttr, Gamble in Kew Bull. 226 (1910).

A tree, reaching 12 to 15 m. in height and 40 to 50 cm. in diameter

of stem; branchlets dark brown, moderately stout, ;iuppermost

minutely tawny-puberulous as are the small lanceolate leaf-buds;

scars of the inflorescence bud-scales prominent. Leaves chartaceous ;

obovate or obovate-oblong, shortly acute at apex, cuneate or atten-

uate at base; both surfaces dull, glabrous, olive-brown when

dry; 10—20 cm. long, 4—7 cm. wide; midrib rather slender,

channelled above, raised beneath; main nerves 8—10 pairs, slightly

impressed above, raised beneath, at about 70° with the midrib.

Bi |...

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 103

curving to the margin, the upper ones joined in loops; transverse

nervules irregular; reticulation prominently areolate under the

lens; petiole slender, glabrous, 1—2 cm. long, channelled above.

Flowers small, yellow, 6mm. in diameter when open, in peduncu-

late grey-tawny pubescent axillary panicles reaching 10—20 cm.

long; peduncles about one-third of the length of the panicle ;

branches spreading, dichotomous, subcorymbose, endingin 3-flowered

dichasia ; pedicels slender, 2—3 mm. long; buds globose. Perianth-

tube very short; lobes subequal, ovate acute, densely tawny-tomen-

tose without, sericeous within, 2—3 mm.long. Stamens slender ;

filaments silky-pubescent; those of lst and 2nd rows 2 mm.

long with ovate obtuse anthers; those of 3rd row as long, with

oblong anthers and glabrous reniform stipitate glands ; staminodes

‘of 4th row cordate, villous-stipitate, 1 mm. long. Ovary oblong;

style slender ; stigma obtuse, small. Fruit not known.

Perak : Scortechint 492!; an high mountains near Thaiping

at 1000 to 1500 m. alt., King’s Collector 8413 !.

The fruit being unknown it is impossible to say for certain whether this

species belong to Phabe or Machilus; but it has more the habit of Machilus

than of Phebe.

10. PHapez, Nees.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often fascicled at

the ends of the branchlets, penni-nerved (in Asiatic species); leaf-

buds lanceolate or ovate, with few and usually spreading scales,

sometimes with none. lowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous,

in pedunculate panicles from the upper leaf-axils as if fascicled, the

branches dichasioid. Perianth-tube short ; lobes 6 subequal, the

outer 3 somewhat shorter than the inner, spreading at flowering,

afterwards closing, erect and enlarged. Perfect stamens 9, with

4-celled ovate-oblong anthers; those of the 1st row opposite the outer

perianth lobes, with elliptic introrse anthers, and slender filaments ;

those of the 2nd row similar and also introrse, opposite the inner

perianth-lobes; those of the 3rd row ‘opposite those of the Ist row

but extrorse, often rather longer and more slender, bearing at or

a little above their bases two large stipitate glabrous glands; stami-

nodes of the 4th row opposite the 2nd row stamens, cordate or

sagittate, stipitate, glabrous within. Ovary sessile, usually globose ;

style slender; stigma obtuse. Fruit an ovoid, ellipsoid or globose

berry, seated on a cup formed of the enlarged erect persistent

104 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

perianth-lobes ; cotyledons fleshy, the embryo conform to the fruit.—

DistRrB. Species about 20, in India and Malaya, with a further

14 American.

Leaves lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so.

Leaves long-acuminate, main nerves 10—15 pairs ;

perianth glabrous; berry ovoid; filamentsvillous 1. P. lanceolata.

Leaves obtusely -acuminate, main nerves 7—10

pairs; perianth glabrous or slightly puberulous,

berry globose; filaments glabrous .. 2. P. declinata.

Leaves obovate, hairy

Flowers rather large, 1 em. broad when open.

Leaves chartaceous, cuneate at base; ferruginous-

pubescent beneath; perianth densely ferrugin-

ous-tomentose 5 5 .. 3. P. macrophylla.

Leaves coriaceous, rarely RON a base, glau-

cescent and minutely puberulous beneath only;

perianth greyish tomentose : .. 4, P. Kunstleri.

Flowers small, under 6 mm. broad Ghien open.

Leaves coriaceous, shortly cuneate or attenuate

at base; perianth densely tawny-pubescent ;

panicles up to 25 cm. long ae iD saclae GDUCH-

Leaves thinly coriaceous, long cuneate at base;

perianth grey-tomentose; panicles up to 10

em. long only xe a5 .. 6. P. cuneata.

i. Pape tanczonata, Nees Syst. Laur. 109 (1836). A small

evergreen tree; branchlets slender, with yellowish-white bark,

young ones black when dry, villous, with persistent linear tawny-

pubescent leafy scales; leaf-buds lanceolate with similar scales.

Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, usually clustered at the ends of the

branchlets; lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, long cuneate at

base; olive-brown and shining on the upper surface, pale brown

on the lower, glabrous; 12—23 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib

slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 10 to 15 pairs, curving

upwards to and along the margin, the upper ones joining in loops;

transverse nervules and reticulation irregularly netted, prominent

on the lower surface; petiole slender, 1—3 em. long. Flowers in

slender axillary glabrous subcorymbose panicles ; peduncles slender,

in flower about 5 cm. long, much longer in fruit; branches few,

spreading, ending in dichasia; bracts linear, 5 mm. long, grey-

puberulous; pedicels slender, clavate; buds obovoid, glabrous;

flower pale yellow. Perianth-tube short; lobes ovate, subequal,

3 mm. long, villous within. Stamens of 1st and 2nd rows 15 mm.

long, anthers oblong, obtuse, filaments and connective villous.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 105

those of 3rd row rather large and with narrower anthers, fur-

nished near the base behind with 2 reniform glabrous glands on

short villous stalks or nearly sessile; staminodes of 4th row

1:25 mm. long, cordate, glabrous, villous-stipitate. Ovary globose;

style slender; stigma peltate. Fruit an ovoid berry 12—13 mm.

long, 7—8 mm. in diam., seated on the enlarged glabrous unequal

erect perianth-lobes; pericarp smooth, black. Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XV. i. 34 (excl. var. y.); Wight Ic. t. 1821; Brandis For. Fl. 377

and Ind. Trees, p. 532; Kurz For. Fl. II. 290; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 141; Prain Beng. Plants 900; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X.94; Ridley

in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. III. 340 Ocotea lanceolata, Nees in

Wall. Pl. As. Rar. Il. 71. Laurus lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 2599.

L. lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IT. 309.

PaHANG: banks of Tahan river, Ridley 2272.—Distris. India

(subtropical Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards), Burma, Java

(Middle and East Java).

The description is taken entirely from Ridley’s specimens which agree

well in flower and fruit with the Indian ones, but have longer and narrower

leaves with more numerous main nerves and more conspicuous reticulation.

2. PH@BE DECLINATA, Nees Syst. Laur. 114 (1836). A tree;

branchlets slender, grey, upper ones black when dry; leaf-buds

small, lanceolate, slightly silky, without scales. Leaves chartaceo-

coriaceous ; lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at

apex, cuneate or attenuate at base; upper suriace glabrous, shin-

ing, black-brown, lower reddish-brown or subglaucous, glabrous or

very minutely puberulous; 7—12 cm. long, 2—45 cm. broad;

midrib slender, impressed above; main nerves 7—10 pairs, very

slender, obscure, curving upwards to and along the margin and

joined by the minutely areolate reticulation ; petiole slender, black,

1—2 em. long, channelled above. Flowers in slender axillary black

panicles, 8—12 cm. long; peduncles long, slender, terete; branches

few, subcorymbose, ending in dichasia; pedicels slender, 2—5 mm.

long, clavate; buds globose ; flowers glabrous or slightly puberulous,

Perianth-tube short; lobes ovate acute, subequal, the 3 outer slightly

shorter, 2—3 mm. long, ciliate on the margins, silky within at

the base. Stamens slender, 1 mm. long, glabrous except a tuft of

silky hairs at the base; those of the Ist and 2nd rows with oblong

anthers; those of the 38rd row with narrower anthers and two

large stipitate glands at the base a little behind; staminodes of

4th row cordate-sagittate, silkily stipitate, 1 mm. long. Ovary

106 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

globose; style short; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose berry

7—10 mm. in diameter, seated on the short persistent scarcely

enlarged perianth lobes and slightly enlarged pedicels; pericarp thin,

black. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XI. i. 34; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 906;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 142; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 95. P. lan-

ceolata, var. y. ligustrina, Meissn. le. P. parviflora, Bl. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. I. 327; Mig. lc.; Meissn. lc. P. swmatrana, Meissn.

le. (non Miq. fide Koord. & Val.) P.lamponga, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

Suppl. 359. Ocotea declinata, Bl. Bijdr. 572. O. ligustrina, in part,

Nees in Wall. Pi. As. Rar. If. 71 and III. 32. Laurus declinata,

Bl. Cat. Hort. Buit. 66. LZ. ligustrina, Wall. Cat. 2588A. Machilus

sp., Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 862.

PENANG: at Penara Bukit, Curtis 942!, 1030!; at Balik Pulau,

hidley 9420!; Government Hill, Pox 47!. PERAK:in open jungle on

hills at 250 to 400 m. alt., King’s Collector 8748!. SELANGOR: at

Ulu Selangor, Goodenough 10530!. Stycarorge: Wallich 25884 ;

at Changi, Ridley 1811!, 4707!.—Distrrp. Java (Forbes 594!),

Sumatra.

Some of Curtis’ specimens in Herb. Singap. have fruits with erect

perianth-lobes and with reflexed perianth-lobes on the same shoot; apparently

they are normally erect. The perianth-lobes are properly glabrous as described

in the Fl. Br. Ind. but sometimes puberulous without as admitted by Koorders

and Vaileton. The following variety is only distinguishable by still greater

silky pubescence.

var. sericea, Gamble. Perianth-lobes markedly silky villous

without.

PERAK: on Haram Peak, Scortechint 554!

3. PHG@BE MACROPHYLLA, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 326

(1851). An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 20 m. in height and 40 to 50

cm. in diameter of stem; branchlets stout, tuberculate, the upper

parts with ferruginous tomentum, as are the thick conical leaf-buds

with lanceolate scales. Leaves chartaceous ; obovate or more rarely

elliptic, shortly obtusely (occasionally acutely) apiculate at apex,

cuneate or attenuate at base; upper surface shining, glabrous

except on the midrib and main nerves, generally bullate, lower

ferruginous-pubescent; margin recurved; 12—30 cm. long, 7—15 cm.

broad ; midrib very stout, impressed above as are the main nerves

and transverse nervules, prominent beneath; main nerves 10 to 15

pairs, the lower ones very small and close together, curved outwards

to and along the margin and joined, the lower by a series of small,

flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 107

the upper by wide loops; transverse nervules many, prominent;

reticulation irregularly areolate; petiole stout, very tomentose,

15—3 em. long. Flowers rather large, greenish yellow, 1 cm. broad

when open, closed after flowering, in long-peduncled densely ferru-

ginous-tomentose panicles from the upper leaf-axils, reaching 25 cm.

or longer and about 8 cm. in breadth; peduncles two-thirds of the

length, tomentose even in fruit; branchestspreading, corymbose,

dichotomous, ending in 3-flowered dichasia; bracts and bracteoles

lanceolate, caducous ; pedicels short, clavate; buds globose. Peri-

anth-tube short; lobes elliptic acute, the outer three slightly shorter

than the inner which are 6—7 mm. long. Stamens large, the fila-

ments and stalks of the glands and staminodes villous; those of Ist

and 2nd rows 3 mm. long with elliptic emarginate anthers, those of 3rd

row similar, but longer and oblong and narrow and with large stipi-

tate glabrous reniform glands 1°5 mm. long; staminodes of 4th row

cordate, acuminate, glabrous, with stalk 3 mm. long. Ovary globose,

glabrous; style slender; stigma small, peltate when young. Fruit

an ovoid-oblong berry 20 mm. long, 10 mm. in diameter, truncate

at apex, seated on the enlarged puberulous perianth-lobes, nearly

10 mm. long; pericarp brown, shining, rather thin. Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 908; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XI. i. 38; Koord. & Val.

Bijdr. X. 88. P. elliptica, Blume l.c. Persea macrophylla, Blume

Bijdr. 568 in part. Machilus? macrophylla, Nees Syst. Laur. 674

tn part.

PERAK: at Waterloo, Curtis 2727!; Scortechini 1779!; hill

forests about Larut up to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 3918!, 5607!,

5663!. Singapore: at Bukit Mandai, Ridley 4581!, garden jungle,

Ridley 3579!, 3891!, 13317!.

4, PH@se KuNSsTLERI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 226 (1910). A

large tree reaching 25 to 30 m. in height and 60 to 90 cm. in diameter

of stem; branchlets stout, rugose, with prominent scars and oblong

corky lenticels, uppermost tawny-puberulous; leaf-buds short, ovoid,

tawny-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous; obovate or elliptic-obovate,

obtuse or obtusely short apiculate at apex, attenuately narrowed at

base for the lower half; upper surface shining, glabrous, lower

glaucescent, minutely puberulous; margins slightly recurved ;

12—24 cm. long, 6—11 cm. broad; midrib rather stout,impressed on

the upper, raised on the lower surface; main nerves 8 to 12 pairs,

impressed above, prominently raised beneath, curved to the margin

where they meet in loops, joined by rather prominent distant trans-

108 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

verse nervules and an irregularly netted reticulation; petiole 1°5 to

4 cm. long, somewhat flattened above, puberulous. Flowers pale

yellow, 10 mm. in diameter, in stout long-peduncled grey-tawny

puberulous panicles from the axils of upper leaves, reaching about

20 cm. in length; peduncles 10—12 em. long; branches 5 em. long

or less, dichotomous, subcorymbose, ending in pairs of flowers or

3-flowered dichasia; br4ets caducous, triangular; pedicels slender,

5—6 mm. long ; buds oblong, 5—7 mm. long. Perianth-tube short ;

lobes ovate acute, the outer 4 mm. long, the inner 5 mm., tomentose

on both sides. Stamens slender, those of Ist and 2nd rows with ellip-

tic anthers and long villous slender filaments 3 mm. long; those of the

3rd row 3°5 mm. long, the anthers oblong, truncate at apex, the two

glands large, reniform, glabrous, attached a little above the base;

staminodes of 4th series cordate, glabrous, villous behind and as the

rather slender stipes, 2mm. long. Ovary globose, minutely hirsute ;

style slender; stigma obtuse, slightly spreading. Fruit an ovoid

berry 15 mm. long, 10 mm. in diam., truncate at apex, seated on

the slightly spreading persistent glabrous perianth-lobes; pericarp

bluish-green when fresh, nearly black and wrinkled when dry.

Perak : in forests on hills near Goping up to 240 m. alt.,

Kunstler (King’s Collector) 4491!, 6180!, 8173!; Scortechint 497!;

at Blanda Mabok, Wray 3964!. Sunezr Usone : Herb. Singap.

2325 (Vern. ‘ Poko Medang Kusirai’)!. SrveaporE: at Pulau Ubri,

Fidley 5915!.—Distrip. Borneo (Haviland!).

5. Puass opaca, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 327 (1851).

A tree reaching 20—25 m. in height and 40—50 em. in diameter of

stem; branches stout with whitish bark; branchlets thick, lenticel-

late, uppermost minutely puberulous; leaf-buds conical, 6—7 mm.

long, densely tawny-puberulous, with leafy scales. Leaves coriace-

ous; obovate or oblanceolate or elliptic-obovate, shortly and obtusely

acuminate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base usually for some

length ; upper surface glabrous, shining, lower dull glaucescent,

minutely puberulous, finally glabrous; 10—27 cm. long, 5—8 cm.

broad; midrib stout, impressed above, raised beneath ; main nerves

8 to 15 pairs, prominent beneath and often dark, variable in

obliqueness, but all curving to and along the margin, joined by

rather obscure parallel transverse nervules and an inconspicuous

reticulation; petiole black, terete, 15—25 mm. long. Flowers 4—6

mm. broad when open, in spreading rusty-pubescent panicles from

the axils of the uppermost leaves, appearing fascicled, reaching

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 109

25 em. or more in length and 10 to 12 in breadth; peduncles about

12 cm. long; branches 2—3 cm. long, dichotomous, usually ending

in 3-flowered dichasia; bracts lanceolate, leafy, early caducous ;

bracteoles similar but smaller; pedicels clavate; buds globose.

Perianth-tube short; lobes elliptic, acute, 3—4 mm. long, the outer

slightly shorter than the inner, densely tawny-pubescent. Stamens

of Ist and 2nd rows with elliptic obtuse anthers 1°5 to 2 mm. long,

and villous filaments ; those of 3rd row oblong rather longer and

with two large glabrous reniform stipitate glands near the base,

back of connective, filaments and stalks of the glands villous;

staminodes of 4th row cordate, apiculate, glabrous, on long villous

stalks, 1 mm. in all. Ovary globose, glabrous or very slightly

puberulous ; style slender; stigma small. Fruit an ovoid berry, 15

mm. long, 10 mm. in diameter, depressed at apex, seated on the

closely appressed persistent perianth-lobes, 5 mm. long and glabrous

as is the fruiting rhachis of the panicle; pericarp smooth, shining,

reticulate when dry. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 909; Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XI. i. 36; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 143; Koord. & Val.

Bijdr. X. 91. P. attenuata, Miq. in Pl. Jungh. 125. P. densiflora,

Bl. Ie.; Mig. l.c.; Meissn. lc. P. ygavanica, Meissn. l.c. 37. P.

malaccensis, Meissn. |.c. 37. P. lucida, BI. l.c.; Mig. l.c.; Meissn.

lic. fide Hook. f. Alseodaphne? grandis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II.

72 and Syst. Laur. 183; Meissn. l.c. 28. Laurus grandis, Wall. Cat.

2594A. Persea grandis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 32.

PenanG: Wallich 2594 A!. Prax: hill forests near Perak,

up to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 5980!, 8339!. Maxacca: Griffith

K.D. 4255!; Maingay K.D.1245!, 1246!; at Merliman, Goodenough

1620!; Holmberg 708!; Derry 922!; at Sadanun reserve, Derry 513!.

JOHORE: at Kwala Sembrong, Lake and Kelsall 4013!2 Srtnaapore:

at Pulau Ubu, Ridley 5915!—Distris. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Var. cuspidata, Gamble. Leaves cuspidate-acuminate at apex,

rather thin; perianth-lobes shorter, less pubescent.

Perak: near Ulu Kerling at 150—250 m. alt., King’s Collec-

tor 8538 !.

6. Puape cuneata, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 908

(1851). A tree reaching 29 to 25 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in

diameter of stem; branchlets stout, pale-brown, with prominent

scars and lenticels, uppermost tawny-pubescent. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, more or less fascicled at the ends of the branchlets;

i10 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

obovate or obovate-oblong, shortly acute or acuminate at apex,

long-cuneate at base; upper surface shining, glabrous except at the

midrib, lower tawny-puberulous especially at the nerves; margins

slightly recurved; 10—25 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib pro-

minent, impressed above, raised beneath; main nerves 8—12 pairs,

slightly impressed above, curving obliquely upwards to the margin,

the upper ones joining in loops; transverse nervules prominent, sub-

parallel; reticulation prominent under the lens; petiole 10—25 mm.

long, densely tawny-tomentose. Flowers about 3—6 mm. broad

when open, in long-peduncled greyish-tawny panicles from the

uppermost leaf-axils, reaching 10 cm. in length in flower, much

longer in fruit; branches few, spreading, ending in subcorymbose

dichasia ; pedicels 2—4 mm. long, clavate; buds globose; flowers

yellowish. Perianth-tube short; lobes subequal, the outer 3 rather

the shorter, ovate acute, about 3 mm. long, densely grey-tomentose.

Stamens of 1st and 2nd rows 1:5—2 mm. long, the anthers elliptic

obtuse or emarginate, glabrous in fruit, the filaments villous; those

of 3rd row rather longer and similar but the anthers narrower,

oblong, the 2 basal glands large glabrous reniform villous-stipitate ;

staminodes of 3rd row cordate, 1:25 mm. long, villous-stipitate,

Ovary rounded, glabrous; style slender; stigma small. Fruit an

ovoid or ellipsoid berry reaching 20 mm. long and 12 mm. in

diameter, truncate at apex, seated on the enlarged, puberulous,

appressed or somewhat spreading perianth-lobes; pericarp bluish-

green when fresh, pale and shining when dry, finally black. Mig.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 908; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XI. i. 36; Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. X. 90. P. multiflora, Bl. 1.c.; Mig. 1.c.; Meissn. Le.

(fide Koord. & Val.). Persea macrophylla var. cuneata, Bl. Bijdr.

568. Machilus macrophyllus var. Nees Syst. Laur. 674.

PRovINcE WELLESLEY: at Kubong Ulu Reserve, Curtis 24251.

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley!; in dense jungle near Larut up to

1300 m. alt., King’s Collector 801!, 2646!, 6249!, 6577!, 6616!,

6995!, 10893!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, over 1000 m. alt.,

Wray 1186!. Stneapore: at Changi, Ridley 4812!—Distrip. Java.

11. SrzmMMatTopapune, Gamble.

Trees. Leaves alternate, membranous, crowded towards the

ends of the branchlets; the nerves conspicuous. Flowers in umbels

in lax panicles from the upper leaf-axils ; pedicels very long and

Llora of the Malayan Peninsula. Sunil

conspicuous. Perianih-lobes 6, subequal, with a raised ring at their

base inside. Stamens 9 fertile with 4-celled anthers; those of the

first and second rows short triangular with no or very short broad

filaments. introrse; those of the 3rd row similar but with extrorse

or marginal anther-cells, and with two minute glands at the base,

sometimes absent; staminodes of the 4th row triangular, sessile;

the staminal ring detachable. Ovary usually globose; style short ;

stigma minute. rut a large globose berry ; fruiting perianth per-

sistent, the lobes erect or somewhat reflexed; the pedicel enlarged,

clavate.— Distrip. One species.

STEMMATODAPHNE PERAKENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 227

(1910). A tree with spreading branches reaching 10 to 12 m. in

height and 30 to 45 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets moderately

stout, with greyish white bark; leaf- buds lanceolate, tawny-pubescent.

Leaves membranous; obovate, long acuminate at apex, cuneate,

attenuate or sometimes a little rounded at base; both surfaces

glabrous, the upper nearly black when dry, often bullate, the lower

dark brown; 12—30 cm. long, 6—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, flat or

slightly impressed above, much raised beneath; main nerves 10 to

15 pairs, unequally distant, slightly impressed above, raised beneath,

straight or slightly curved to near the margin, where the lower ones

end in a series of small loops and the upper ones are joined by

prominent large loops forming a continuous intramarginal nerve to

the apex; transverse nervules parallel, slender, more or less im-

pressed above, smaller reticulation not prominent; petiole variable in

length, I—5 cm. long,channelled above, glabrous. Flowers small, in

lax slightly puberulous panicles from the upper leaf-axils, reaching

10—12 em. in length and black when dry ; peduncleslender, 3—7 cm.

long; branches few, 1—1°5 cm. long, ending in 4—5-flowered umbels;

pedicels conspicuous, red, clavate, minutely puberulous, 1O—15 mm.

long; buds globose. Perianth-lobes subequal, rounded, 1—2 mm. -

long, with a pubescent ring at their base within behind the stamens.

Stamens triangular, with no or very short thick villous filaments, all

‘5—7 mm. long, those of 3rd row with very minute or no basal

glands; staminodes of 4th row triangular acute, ‘6 mm. long, villous

at base. Ovary ovoid-globose; style very short, conical; stigma

minute. Fruit a large obovoid globose berry reaching 6 cm. in

length and 4—5 cm. in diameter, seated on the persistent more or .

less reflexed perianth-lobes and the enlarged clavate warted pedicel

2—3 cm. long and 5—7 mm. broad at top; pericarp smooth.

112 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PERAK: at Thaipeng, Wray 2658!; at Kwala Dipong, Scor-

techini 1793!; Ulu Bubong and Larut Hills up to 300 m. alt., King’s

Collector 3153!, 6703!, 10541!. Matacca: at Batang Malacca,

Derry 203!, 1157!. Vern. ‘Medang Taying’ (Derry), ‘Meddang

Katanah’ (Herb. Singap. 920!), ‘Medang Kuning’ (Herb. Singap.

865 !).

Tribe VI. LITSEEA.

12. AcTINODAPHNE, Nees.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves subverticillate, rarely scat-

tered or opposite, penni-nerved, sometimes 3-ribbed at base, leaf-

buds with imbricate perulate scales. Flowers small, dicecious, in

axillary or lateral dense bracteate sessile or peduncled clusters or

short racemes bearing bracteate umbellules of usually 5; the bracts

imbricate, caducous ; the pedicels lengthening after the fall of the

bracts. Perianth-tube short; lobes 6, sub-equal. Stamensin o

flowers 9; those of the Ist row 3, opposite the outer perianth-lobes ;

those of the 2nd row 3, opposite the inner, both without glands ;

those of the 3rd row opposite those of the Ist the filaments 2-glan-

dular; anthers all oblong, introrse, 4-celled; filaments slender.

Staminodes in 2 flowers also 9, those of the Ist and 2nd rows spathu-

late or linear, eglandular, those of the 3rd row linear and biglandular.

Ovary in 2 flowers ovoid, attenuate into the style; stigma dilated ;

ing flowers rudimentary and empty or obsolete. Fruit a berry

resting on the enlarged hardened flat or concave perianth-tube, the

perianth-lobes usually persistent. Seed with thin testa; cotyledons

very thick, usually hemispheric.—Distrrs. About 50 species, in

India, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago and eastwards to

Japan.

I regret to say that I am not very well satisfied with the work done on

this most difficult genus, and especially with the following analysis. Except

in the first three species the material available has been meagre and characters

difficult to obtain.

Leaves at least 10—20 cm. long by 4—12 cm. broad;

drupe globose.

Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous, fruiting perianth

discvid.

Leaves in whorls of up to 12 or more, lower

surface glabrous or nearly so; drupe 20—25

mm. in diam. oe ae -- lL. A. sesquipedalis.

Leaves in whorls of 6 to 10, lower surface

rusty-tomentose ; drupe l0—13mm.indiam. 2. A. Maingay?.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 113

Leaves obovate, chartaceous, lower surface puberu-

lous, glaucous; drupe 10—12 mm. in diam.;

fruiting perianth disciform ae Sromenneys

Leaves lanceolate, chartaceous, lower surface glab-

rous, glaucous ; fruiting perianth cup shaped

Leaves not reaching 10—20 cm. long by 4—12 cm.

broad; drupe globose or ovoid; fruiting perianth

usually cup-shaped,

Leaves usually over 10 cm. in length, more or less

lanceolate.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, glaucous beneath;

fruiting perianth flattened AC . 5. A. johorensis.

Leaves subcoriaceous, usually puberulous ise

neath, not glaucous; fruiting perianth cup-

shaped oe .. 6, A. malaccensis.

Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, faanesvillows be-

neath; fruiting perianth cup-shaped, rugose 7. A. Ridleyt.

Leaves usually under 10 cm. in length, at most

under 12 cm. coriaceous.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate at apex.

Leaves giaucous or glaucescent beneath,

puberluous only when young a5 ish

Leaves greyish-tawny-pubescentatall times 9.

Leaves elliptic pee obtuse at apex, glaucous

beneath .. 3 . 10. A. oletfolia.

Leaves Pile stent or Gtorate, white- aie

cous beneath.

Leaves cuspidate-acuminate at apex .. ll. A. cuspidata.

Leaves bluntly acute at apex.. .. 12. A. fragilis.

. glomerata.

. montana.

A. pruinosa.

A. Hulletti.

1. ACTINODAPHNE SESQUIPEDALIS, Hook. f. and Th. in Herb.

Ind. Or.; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 151 (1886). A large tree reach-

ing 15 to 20 or more metres in height and 50 to 75 cm. in diameter of

stem; branchlets very stout, light-tawny-pubescent, the uppermost

silkily villous ; verticil-nodes marked by the very prominent scars

of fallen leaves and leaf-bud scales; terminal branch-buds very large

with imbricate tawny-pubescent scales, the outer ones leaf-like

reaching 5 cm. or more in length and 4 cm. in diam. Leaves coriace-

ous, in prominent whorls of 12 or more; oblanceolate, shortly

acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface shining, smooth,

lower subglaucous, silky-villous especially on the nerves, at length

glabrous; 20—50 cm. long, 4—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, channelled

above, strongly raised beneath and often very silky-villous; main

nerves 15 to 20 pairs, at about 30° with the midrib, only slightly

curved near the margin, raised on both surfaces; transverse nervules

and reticulation inconspicuous; petiole very stout, tawny-villous,

1—2 cm. long. Flowers in dense clusters 1 to 3 cm. in diameter on

114 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

the branchlets between the upper verticils and supported by orbi-

cular concave deciduous bracts; clusters bearing a number of shortly

peduncled involucres each of 4 orbicular concave deciduous bracts

and enclosing an umbellule of 5 flowers, the centre one longer

peduncled (5 mm.) than the 4 outer (2 mm.); ¢@ and 2 flowers

similar with short perianth-tubes and 6 subequal concave perianth-

lobes, pubescent without, glabrous within, 5-nerved and prominently

gland-dotted at length recurved. Stamens of ¢& flowers in 3 rows,

those of the 2 outer rows eglandular, those of the inner row with a

pair of long sessile glabrous glands; anthers oblong 1:5—2 mm.

long, glabrous; filaments as long as anthers with a thick tuft of

golden-tawny unicellular hairs. Staminodes of 9 flowers oblong or

lanceolate, glabrous, the inner row biglandular. Ovary short, villous,

that of & flowers rudimentary or 0, that of 2 flowers ovoid; style

thick, curved; stigma peltate, large, crenately 3—4lobed. Fruit

globose, orange when ripe, smooth, shining, 20—25 mm. in diam.

seated on the enlarged thickened rugose perianth which is cup-shaped

when young, at length disciform, 10—15 mm. in diam.; pericarp

thick, fleshy, shining. Litsea macrophylla, Kurz For. Fl. II. 305

not of Blume. Myristica sesquipedalis, Wall. Cat. 6809.

PENANG: Wallich 6809!; at Waterfall and Pulau Boetong,

Curtis 2304!, 2473!. PERak: at Maxwell’s Hill, 4000 it., Curtis

2053!; Scortechint 209!; at Relan Tujor, Wray 4225!; Goping,

Larut, etc., up to 1000 ft., King’s Collector 4399!, 5008!, 5147!,

6435!, 7202!.—Distrip. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith 4327!

2. ACTINODAPHNE Matncayi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 151

(1886). A large tree reaching 15 to 20 m. or more in height and a

considerable diameter of stem; branchlets very stout, dark tawny-

pubescent, the uppermost and innovations densely villous with

brown hairs, verticil-nodes marked by the prominent scars of fallen

leaves and leaf-bud scales; terminal branch-buds oblong with

imbricate scales, the outer ones leaf-like reaching 1 to 2 cm. in length

and densely tawny-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, in whorls of about

6 to 10; oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, shortly

acuminate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base; upper surface

shining, glabrous except the nerves, lower rusty-tomentose especially

on the nerves, younger ones subglaucous between them; 15 to 40

em. long, 5—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly raised, flattened

and tomentose above, much raised beneath; main nerves 10 to 20

pairs at about 40° to 50° with the midrib, curved upwards to the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 115

margin, impressed above and pubescent, strongly raised, beneath ;

transverse nervules very prominent, subparallel, much raised be-

neath, slightly depressed above, joined by a prominent reticulation ;

petiole very stout, rusty-tomentose, 2 to 4 em. long. Flowers in

dense clusters about 2 cm. in diam. on the internodes between the

upper verticils and supported by orbicular concave bracts glabrous

within ; clusters bearing many stoutly-peduncled involucres each of

4 orbicular concave bracts enclosing an umbellule of 5 flowers,

the centre one longer peduncled than the 4 outer; 3 and 2 flowers

similar with 6 subequal ovate concave perianth-lobes, tomentose

without, glabrous within, 5—7 nerved, prominently gland-dotted,

at length recurved, 4—5 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers in 3 rows,

the inner row with a pair of large rugose glabrous glands a little

above the base of the filaments; anthers elliptic-oblong, 2 mm. long,

glabrous; filaments rather longer with a tuft of tawny-brown hairs

at their bases. Stamens of 2 flowers reduced to lanceolate glabrous

staminodes. Ovary, style and stigma of @ flowers not seen, in

3 flowers0. Fruit globose, bright yellow when ripe, smooth, 10—13

mm. in diam., seated on the flat, enlarged, 6-lobed perianth 10 mm.

in diameter and villous beneath, the lobes reflexed; pericarp thick,

fleshy ; pedicels little enlarged, 3 mm. long, villous.

PERAK: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, at 1000 m. alt.

Wray 915!, at Tapah Wray 1333!; at Goping on low ground up to 150

m., King’s Collector 6172!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1258!, 1275!.

SINGAPORE: at Pulau Ubin, Ardley 9489!, at Bukit Timah Ridley!

Kunstler says: ‘‘ this is a very fine-looking tree ’’ and indeed it must be.

Var. macrocarpa, Gamble. Leaves only slightly pubescent be-

neatb and more glaucous; fruit depressed-globose 2—2°5 cm. in

diameter.

PERAK: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, 1000 m. alt.

Wray 1230! (a bush); in dense jungle on high mountains, Larut,

900—1200 m., King’s Collector 6435! (a small tree 20 to 25 ft. high).

Panane: at Telan, Ridley 13783!—Distris. Borneo, at Matang,

Ridley 11675! %

Var. elliptica, Gamble. Leaves elliptic, acuminate at apex,

rounded attenuate at base, glaucous and pubescent beneath, 20—25

em. long, 10—12 cm. broad; young fruit in pedunculate cymes about

3 cm. long.

PERAK: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray 1226}.

116 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

3. ACTINODAPHNE GLOMERATA, Nees Syst. Laur. 597 (1836).

A spreading tree reaching 10 to 12 m. in height and 30 to 45 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets fairly stout, striate, shortly rusty-puber-

ulous, ultimately glabrescent; verticil-nodes scarred; innovations

densely silky pubescent ; terminal branch-buds with the outer scales

leaf-like 2—3 cm. long and the inner ones persistent at intervals on

the internodes very silky and about 15 mm. long. Leaves chartace-

ous, in whorls of 4 to 7; obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute

or cuneate at base; upper surface glabrous except on the nerves,

scarcely shining, lower pale grey to glaucous, minutely velvety

puberulous, rusty-pubescent on the nerves; 10—30 cm. long, 6—12

em. broad; midrib moderately stout, rusty pubescent, slightly raised

on the upper, more so on the lower surface; main nerves 8 to 12

pairs at about 50° with the midrib, at first straight, then curved to

and along the margin, raised on both surfaces; transverse nervules

many, subparallel, prominent beneath, other reticulations scarcely

visible; petiole pubescent, 2—2°5 cm. long. Flowers yellowish, in

clusters of rather long-pedunculate rusty-pubescent cymes on the

branchlets between the upper verticils or axillary at those verticils

supported by orbicular concave deciduous bracts; cyme-peduncles

slender, up to 2 cm. long, bearing umbellules of 5 flowers or less,

supported by an involucre of 4 boat-shaped ovate bracts up to 1 cm.

long; pedicels slender, those of the central flower longest at first,

afterwards all subequal, 5 mm. long; perianth-tube very small or

none; lobes ovate, glabrous within, 3—4 mm. long, 3—5-nerved.

Stamens of ¢& flowers in 3 rows, those of the Ist and 2nd rows

eglandular, 4mm. long, with oblong obtuse anthers and slender

filaments bearing a tuft of tawny hairs at the base; those of

the 3rd row as long but with more rounded anthers, and the fila-

ments bearing tufts of tawny hairs and halfway from the base two

large glabrous ovoid glands; pistil of 9 flowers none. Staminodes

of 9° flowers, ovary, style and stigma not seen. Fruit depressed-

globose, up to 12 mm. in breadth and 10 mm. high, shortly apiculate,

in compound umbels with thickened peduncles, seated on the

flattened disciform enlarged perianth not lobed at the margins and

about 6 mm. in diam. ; pericarp thick, smooth, apparently yellow;

cotyledons hemispheric. Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. I. 3438;

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 968; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 215;

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 114. Litsea giomerata, Bl. Bijdr. 566;

Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 65. Laurus glomerata, Bl. Cat. Hort.

Buit. 66.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 117

PERAK: in open jungle on marshy ground under 100 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4192!. Srincapore: at Bukit Tima, Bukit Mandai

and Bukit Panyang, Ridley 6296!, 6741!, 12529!—Duistrip. Java

(Forbes 526 !), Sumatra.

4. ACTINODAPHNE MONTANA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 312 (1910).

A tree reaching 15 to 20 m.in height and 30—45 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets dark brown, glabrous, striate ; shoot-buds cylindro-

conical, 1 cm. or more long, perulate, the scales ovate, rusty-villous,

with recurved tips. Leaves chartaceous, in whorls of 4—5, the nodes

thickened; lanceolate or oblanceolate, long acuminate at apex,

acuminate at base; both surfaces glabrous, the upper brown when

dry, paler near the nerves, the lower bluish-green beneath, grey-

glaucous when dry; 15—25 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib

prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 8—10 pairs, very

oblique, at about 30° with the midrib, gently curving to join in

serial loops near the margin; transverse nervules prominent, usually

arched, enclosing the netted reticulation; petiole rather siender,

1—3 cm. long, channelled. Flowers in umbellules in pubescent

racemes about 2 cm. long from the internodes between the whorls,

the flowers themselves not known. Young fruit (mature not known)

enclosed in the cup-shaped enlarged perianth-tube, puberulous with-

out, villous within, the cup as long as the rather slender enlarged

pedicels.

PERAK: in open forest on mountain tops near Larut at 900

—1100 m. alt., King’s Collector 2129!, 2913!.

This species comes very near to A. angustifolia, Nees, but differs in having

the nerves of the leaves not raised and in a much longer cup to the fruiting

perianth-tube. When the flowers and ripe fruit are obtained it may be

possible to say if it is not a variety only.

5. ACTINODAPHNE JOHORENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 313 (1910).

A tree?, branchlets terete, greyish-brown, glabrous, uppermost

slightly rufous-villous; buds small, villous. Leaves coriaceous, in

whorls of 3—5; narrowly lanceolate, obtuse at apex, long-cuneate

at base; glabrous on both surfaces, the upper shining, olive-

green when dry, the lower glaucous-grey; 12—16 cm. long, 3—5 cm.

broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves distant,

6—7 pairs, oblique, raised on the upper surface, joining in loops near

the margin; secondary nerves few; transverse nervules very faint

on the upper surface; reticulation minutely areolate, almost invis-

ible; petiole 2—3 cm. long, channelled. Flowers in apparently sessile

118 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

umbellules on the internodes between the leaf-whorls, otherwise not

known. Fruita globose drupe 12 mm. in diam., seated on the flat-

tened lobed enlarged perianth-tube 7 mm. in diam. ; fruiting pedicel

thick, 8 mm. long; pericarp dull black when dry.

JOHORE: at Gunong Panti, 500 m. alt., Ridley 4419!—Dsstris.

Lingya.

6. ACTINODAPHNE MALACCENSIS, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V.

148 (1886). A tree; branchlets rather stout, densely rusty-tomen-

tose; terminal branch-buds lanceolate, the outer scales leaf-like, up

to 1 cm. long. Leaves subcoriaceous, in whorls of 4 to 7; elliptic-

oblong or -lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex, attenuate at

base; upper surface shining, glabrous, lower puberulous when

young, glabrous when old except sometimes on the nerves; 10—20

em. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib rather slender, raised on the

upper surface; main nerves 8—12 pairs, often rather irregular and

branched, impressed above, conspicuous beneath; transverse

nervules few, irregular; reticulation obscure; petiole rusty-tomen-

tose, 1—2 cm. long. Flowers in globose clusters 7—13 mm. in

diam. at the verticils or on the internodes between them, supported

by small orbicular deciduous bracts; clusters with many sessile

involucres each of 4 orbicular concave bracts 2—3 mm. long, pubes-

cent without glabrous within and 1—3-nerved; each involucre

bearing an umbellule of 3 flowers, the middle one longer pedicellate

than the side ones; 3 and 2 flowers similar, with 6 ovate ciliate

perianth-lobes 2 mm. long, puberulous without, glabrous within.

Stamens of 3 flowers in 3 rows, 1:5 mm. long, the anthers ovate,

the filaments hidden in tufts of tawny-silky hairs, those of the inner

row with 2 large nearly basal reniform glabrous glands; rudimentary

ovary conical. Staminodes of 2 flowers also in 3 rows, those of the

2 outer rows clavate, those of the third row hastate with two large

glabrous glands on the filaments; filaments always with tufts of silky

hair. Ovary sub-globose; style short, slender; stigma broadly

peltate. Fruit ‘globose, 8 mm. in diameter, seated on the very

small cup-shaped thickened perianth-tube 3 mm. in diam.; pedicel

very short and thick ’ (Hooker).

Mautacca: Maingay K.D. 1259!; Hullett 647!. SINGAPORE: in

garden jungle, Ridley 9123!

7. ACTINODAPHNE RIDLEYI, Gamblein Kew Bull. 312(1910). A

tree ?; branchlets terete, cylindric, uppermost rusty-pubescent; buds

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 119

small. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous, in whorls of 4 to 6; lanceolate,

acuminate and mucronate at apex, acuminate at base; upper surface

shining, glabrous, areolate, lower tawny-villous, pubescent on the

midrib and nerves; margins somewhat recurved; 10—16 cm. long,

3—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces; main

nerves 6—8 pairs, curving upwards to join in small loops near the

margin; transverse nervules straight, obscure as is the reticulation,

which under the lens seems punctate on the upper surface; petiole

moderately stout, rusty-pubescent, 1—2 cm. long. lowers in sessile

axillary or lateral umbellules supported by chaffy deciduous scales ;

involucral bracts orbicular, deciduous; flowers about 4 in each um-

bellule; perianth-tube 2°5 mm. long ; perianth-lobes obovate, obtuse,

3°5 mm. long, densely villous without, glabrous within. Stamens of

3 tlowers unknown. WStaminodes of ? flowers 9, those of the outer

two rows linear-clavate 1:5 mm. long, the filaments villous, those of

the 3rd row similar but with a pair of large subreniform glabrous

glands a little above the base. Ovary obovoid, hirsute on top ;

style slender, curved; stigma small, 3-lobed. Fruit a globose drupe

nearly 1 cm. in diam., seated on the enlarged rugose cup-shaped

perianth-tube which is surmounted by the persistent lobes and

staminodes; pericarp shining, glabrous.

JOHORE: at Gunong Pulai, Ridley 12165!—Distris. Borneo

(Haviland).

8. ACTINODAPHNE PRUINOSA, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. IT. 68

(1831), III. 31 (1832) and Syst. Laur. 591. A tree; branchlets

slender, pale brown, uppermost rusty-tomentose; terminal buds

lanceolate 1—1°5 cm. long, with many acuminate glabrous chaffy

imbricate scales. Leaves coriaceous, in whorls of 4 to 6; lanceolate

elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate often caudately at

apex, cuneate at base; upper surface shining, smooth, lower glau-

cous or glaucescent, finely puberulous when young; 7—12 cm. long,

3—5 em. broad; midrib red, slender, raised on both surfaces; main

nerves § to 10 pairs, slender, rather irregular, curved to and along

the margin, slightly impressed on the upper surface, raised beneath ;

reticulation obscure; petiole slender, 7—13 mm. long. Flowers

sessile or peduncled in fascicles on the internodes between the

verticils or at the verticils themselves, supported by orbicular basal

bracts; 3 in globose heads up to 1 cm. in diam., when in bud

in shortly-peduncled umbellules supported by 4 concave early cadu-

cous hispid bracts, the outer ones keeled and 4 mm. long; umbel-

120 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

lules of 3 (or 5, two being rudimentary) flowers, the central one

pedicelled, the side ones sessile at first but afterwards pedicelled,

each flower with 6 orbicular ciliate perianth-lobes glabrous within

afterwards reflexed; 2 in tawny-pubescent cymes 1 cm. long, the

cymes branching and bearing similar bracteate umbellules of 3—35

flowers, flowers with a shortly campanulate perianth-tube, tawny-

villous within, and 6 ovate reflexed perianth lobes 1°5 to 2 mm. long.

Stamens of 3 flowers in 3 rows, those of 2 outer rows oblong-ovate

with slender villous filaments, those of »rd row similar but with

two large glabrous glands on the filaments; staminodes of 92 flowers

small, those. of two outer rows slender oblong with villous filaments,

those of 3rd row hastate with a pair of large glands at the base.

Ovary ovoid; style curved, slender; stigma peltate; ovary of 3

flowers similar but very small. Fruit a globose drupe, 5—7 mm. in

diam., seated on the cupular, turbinate, enlarged perianth-tube about

6 mm. in diam., lobes deciduous leaving a waving margin; pericarp

smooth; enlarged pedicel clavate, up to 7 mm. long, Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV. 1. 216; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 152; Mig. FI. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 967. Laurus pruinosa, Wall. Cat. 2584 A. B.

Penance: Waillich 2584 B!; at Moniot’s road, 1200 ft. (both

g and 2) Curtis 1020!. StncaporE: Maingay, K.D. 1253!; at

Changi, Ridley 2768! (leaves rather larger and less glaucous than

*ype and fruiting pedicels longer).

Var. Kunsileri, Gamble. Upper branchlets less pubescent. Leaves

less acuminate at apex, more so at base. Drupe globose, up to

1 cm. in diam., seated on a smaller more thickened turbinate cupule

6 mm. in diam. at mouth; pedicels shorter, less clavate.

PERAK: dense jungle on low ground near Larut at 90—150 m.

alt., King’s Collector 6063!.

9. AcTINODAPHNE HuLierti, Gamble in Kew Bull. 314 (1910).

A tree: branchlets rather slender, dark greyish-brown, uppermost

closely tawny-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, in whorls of 3 to 5;

oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface

shining, glabrous except on the midrib, lower softly and closely grey-

ish-tawny-pubescent ; 7—11 cm. long, 2—3 cm. broad ; midrib slender,

raised on both surfaces, tawny-pubescent, branching into 5—6 pairs

of very oblique (20°—30°) main nerves which often again branch;

transverse nervules few, only apparent in very old leaves; reticula-

tion not visible: petiole 5—10 mm. long, tawny-pubescent. Flowers

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 121

in bracteate axillary or lateral clusters, the bracts deciduous leaving

a thick very short peduncle: 3 flowers on pedicels 2—3 mm. long;

perianth-tube short, villous; perianth-lobes ovate, ciliate, pubescent

without, glabrous within, 2°5 mm. long. Stamens 9, those of the Ist

and 2nd rows shortly oblong on short villous filaments, those of the

3rd row rather shorter and with each a pair of large reniform glands;

rudimentary ovary ovoid, with short style; staminodes of 92 flowers

not known, nor fruit.

SINGAPORE: in Botanic Garden (wild ?) Hullett 659!—also sheet

in Herb. Kew with number 38=2 ‘from botanic garden’ !

10. ACTINODAPHNE OLEIFOLIA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 313 (1910),

A shrub or small tree, scarcely 2—3 m. high; branchlets slender.

terete, pale greyish-brown, uppermost densely and softly ferrugin-

ous-villous as are the leai-buds and inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous,

in whorls of 4—8; elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, very obtusely atten-

uate at apex, shortly attenuate at base; upper surface shining or

rather dull, prominently areolately pitted, lower surface paler or

glaucous, both surfaces glabrous; 5—11 cm. long, 2—3 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, prominent, reddish; main nerves 8—10 or more, pro-

minent and raised above, at about 70° with the midrib, curved

upwards to anastomose near the margin; secondary nerves many ;

transverse nervules arched, reticulation areolately netted; petiole

red, slender, 1—2 cm. long, slightly twisted. Flowers in dense

tawny-villous cymose clusters of umbellules in the axils of the

verticils or on the internodes between them, supported by orbicular

concave deciduous bracts; umbellules usually of 5 dowers, the

centre one the longest, surrounded by 5—6 concave imbricate

involucral bracts; in 3 flowers umbels 1 to about 3, in 2 flowers

apparently only 1; perianth-lobes ovate, densely villous without,

glabrous within, 2—3-nerved, the inner 3 slightly the smaller and

narrower, 2—3 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers in 3 rows, the

inner row with 2 large reniform sessile glands, filaments villous with

golden-tawny hairs; staminodes of 2 flowers also in 3 rows, the

outer 2 rows spathulate, the inner hastate with 2 large glabrous

glands. Ovary in 3 flower without ovules; style slender; stigma

capitate, lobed. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 7—12 mm. long, 4—7 mm.

broad, the base supported by the cup-shaped enlarged perianth-tube

which is surmounted by the persistent perianth-lobes and 5—7 mm.

broad at top; pedicels thickened, 5 mm. long, tawny-villous; peri-

carp smooth, surmounted by the persistent style.

122 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PERAK: at Gunong Batu Pateh, 1400 m. alt., Wray 280!, at

Gunong Inas, 1500 m., Wray 4111!; in open jungle on top of Gunong

Batu 1500—1600 m., King’s Collector 7347!; at 1500 m., Scortechins

350!. Panane: at Gunong Berimbu, Ridley 13728!; at Kluang

Terbang W. D. Barnes!—Distriz. Borneo (near Kuching, Sarawak,

Haviland and Hose 334!)

This species greatly resembles A. stenophylla, Thwaites, a Ceylon species ;

but differs in the shorter peduncles and the fruit, and espceially in the fruiting

perianth-tube which has persistent lobes and is more cup-shaped, while in

A. stenophylla the lobes are deciduous and the tube shallow. A. stenophylla

also has the midrib of the leaves tawny-villous, while the under-surface in

A. oleifolia is quite glabrous. The Borneo specimens have rather larger leaves

reaching 4—5 cm. in breadth and much less prominently areolate, but other-

wise agree.

11. AcTINODAPHNE CUSPIDATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 314 (1910).

A tree reaching 12 to 18 m. in height and 20—30 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets rather thick with greyish or yellowish bark, upper-

most rusty-pubescent; shoot-buds perulate, the scales ovate or

lanceolate, acuminate. Leaves coriaceous, in whorls of about 4;

elliptic or elliptic-obovate, long cuspidate-acuminate at apex with a

very sharp acumen, attenuate at base; upper surface glabrous,

shining, lower glaucous-white with scattered black hairs, the midrib

and nerves rusty pubescent ; 8—12 cm. long, 4—5 cm. broad; mid-

rib prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 8—10 pairs,

irregular, curving upwards to join in loops near the margin; trans-

verse nervules nearly horizontal, enclosing the rather minute reticu-

lation; petiole slender, rusty-pubescent, 1 cm. long. Flowers in

umbellules in very short rusty-pubescent racemes under 1 cm. long,

subterminal or lateral from the internodes between the whorls, sup-

ported at the base by chestnut-brown hard ovate acuminate caducous

scales; peduncles very short; involucral bracts 4, broadly ovate,

enclosing the umbellule of 4 flowers; perianth lobes ovate, obtuse,

ciliate, gland-dotted, 2—5 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers 9, those

of the Ist and 2nd rows 2 mm. long, with oblong anthers and slender

villous filaments, those of the 3rd row shorter with a pair of large

glabrous, sessile or very shortly stipitate, glands at the base, rudi-

mentary ovary very small; style slender; stigma capitate. Fruit

and 2 flowers not known.

PERAK: in dense jungle on hills at 150—250 m. alt. near Ulu

Bera, King’s Collector 10797!

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 123

11. AcTINODAPHNE FRAGILIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 315 (1910).

A tree reaching 12—18 m. in height and up to 60 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets rather slender, dark greyish-brown, with longitudi-

nal cracks, glabrous, the ultimate ones minutely puberulous. Leaves

coriaceous, in whorls of 2—4; ovate or elliptic-ovate, bluntly-acute

at apex, acute at base; glabrous on both surfaces, the upper pale

brown when dry, the lower white-glaucous; 5—12 cm. long, 2—5 cm.

broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 5—6

pairs, the lowest pair subopposite, curving to the margin and then

joining in loops; transverse nervules and areolate reticulation

obscure; petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long, channelled. Flowers in

umbellules in slender rusty-puberulous pedunculate umbels up to

1 em. long, lateral on the internodes between the leaves of the upper-

most branchlets, the joints easily breaking, glabrous in fruit; in-

volucral bracts very early deciduous; pedicels slender, 2 mm. long ;

perianth-tube short, with a ring of golden-villous hairs at the mouth

within ; lobes ovate, ciliate, glabrous within, 1 mm.long. Stamens of

g flowers not known. Staminodes of 2 flowers very small, clavate,

the filaments villous at base, those of the 3rd row with a pair of orbi-

cular glabrous glands. Ovary globose; style slender; stigma large,

capitate. Fruit an ovoid drupe nearly 1 cm. long, 7—8 mm. in

diam., seated on the patelliform enlarged perianth-tube 5—6 mm. in

diam., its margin entire; pericarp smooth, shining; enlarged pedicel

7 mm. long.

PERAK: in open jungle on tops of hills, Ulu Bubong, 180—280

m. alt., King’s Collector 10743!, 10904!

13. Litsza, Lamk.

Evergreen or rarely deciduous trees or shrubs ; leaf-buds usually

without scales. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite or sub-

opposite, penni-nerved. Flowers dicecious, in sessile or more usually

pedunculate umbellules of several flowers, varying from 2 to 15 but

usually 4 to 6, supported by 4 to 6 or rarely more involucral bracts,

the outer ones at any rate orbicular concave; umbellules in axillary

or lateral (i.e. above leaf-scales or on branches or on the trunk)

racemes varying from under | cm. long to about 20 cm., the raceme

bracts very caducous; flower-pedicels short, sometimes 0; perianth-

tube in ¢ flowers 0 or very small, in 2 flowers funnel-shaped, lobes

normally 6 often more sometimes wanting in whole or part, equal or

124 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

unequal. Stamensin 3 flowers normally 9 or 12, sometimes more,

rarely less (in one species 6), in four rows, those of the two outer

rows with eglandular or occasionally 1—2-glandular filaments, those

of the 3rd row with biglandular filaments, as are those of the 4th

row when present, all the stamens with 4 cells, two cells introrse or

the lower pair lateral; ovary 0 or rudimentary with rudimentary

style and stigma, very rarely l-ovuled. Staminodes in 92 flowers

normally 9 or 12, etc., as in 3, those of the outer 2 rows usually

clavate or spatulate, those of the inner rows usually shorter subulate

or clavate with a pair of glands at their bases; ovary enclosed in

the perianth-tube or free, globose or ovoid; style usually thick,

often curved ; stigma dilated, irregularly lobed. /rwit globose, ovoid,

ellipsoid or cylindric, resting on the more or less enlarged perianth-

tube and supported by the more or less enlarged pedicel; the

enlarged perianth-tube sometimes very small and merely supporting

the fruit, sometimes obconic or cupular partly enclosing it, some-

times even much enlarged and almost wholly enclosing it; perianth-

lobes usually deciduous, occasionally persistent; pericarp usually

succulent. Seed 1; testa thin; cotyledons conform to the seed,

fleshy.—Distris. Tropical and subtropical Asia, in India, Burma,

the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago eastwards to Japan, south

to the Pacific Islands, Australia and New Zealand; scarce in Africa

and America: species from 150 to 200,

In preparing the following key, I have reluctantly been obliged to

abandon the idea of arranging the species under the old subgenera having

found the task almost impossible. However, in avoiding characters taken

from the flowers and relying chiefly upon those of the leaves, inflorescence

and fruit, I think I may have made it more easy to follow in the field, where

a worker can only very rarely have at his command specimens of both ¢ and

¢ plants as well as of the fruit. It may not be out of place to sound a note

of warning as to the fruit; the enlarged perianth forming the cupule varies

greatly as it develops gradually to maturity; and mature specimens are quite

necessary for proper identification. The flowers in this genus are very variable

but in a single umbellule there are usually one or two flowers with the normal

number of parts, the rest frequently varying considerably from them, the

central flower often having more than the normal number.

I need say little on the reasons for the adoption of Litsea, Lamk., as the

generic name; for the subject was fully gone into first by Jussieu in the Annales

d’ Hist. Nat. VI. 197 who fixed on Litsea, and by Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 371 who decided to adopt Tetranthera, Jacq., and afterwards by

Bentham and Hooker in the Gen. Pl. III. 162 who showed that Litsea, Lamk.,

was the correct name. They have been followed in this by Pax in Engler and

Prantl Natur]. Pflanzenfam. IIT, 2, 199.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 125

Leaves alternate. (Nos. 1-48.)

Leaves hairy on the lower surface. (Nos. 1-12.)

Perianth-lobes incomplete or 0; tomentum

grey

Umbellules in pedunculate umbels or corymbs

up to 5 cm. long; leaves usually obtuse.. 1. LD. chinensis.

Umbellules in almost subsessile clusters i

leaves short-acuminate 2. L. tomentosa.

Perianth-lobes complete ; tomentum usually more

or less reddish. (Nos. 3-12.)

Umbellules on woody tubercules from the

trunk of the tree

Leaves under 30 cm. long, 10 em. broad,

purplish-red beneath ac .- 3. L. johorensis.

Leaves over 30 cm. long, 10 em. broad,

rusty-tomentose beneath < 4. L. truncifiora.

Umbellules in clusters or racemes on ine

branchlets. (Nos. 5-12.)

Leaves coriaceous, obovate, usually very

large, nerves and nervules very strong ;

branchlets very stout

Umbellules peduncled, in short

thick racemes scarcely 1 cm. long;

leaves rusty beneath -. 5. L. grandis.

Umbellules subsessile, in racemes

4—6 cm. long; leaves greyish be-

neath .. Oc - 6. L. artocarpifolia.

Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate, Ses

small, nerves and nervules strong,

branchlets moderately stout .. 7. DL. firma.

Leaves chartaceous or membranous,

small to moderate-sized

Umbellules in short clusters.

(Nos. 8-11.)

Branchlets very slender; leaves

oblong-lanceolate ; umbellules

subsessile, in clusters of only

2—3.. -- 8. LZ. gracilis.

Branchlets aideratee stout

Leaves __ elliptic-lanceolate;

umbellules in many-flower-

ed fascicles; fruit ovoid;

fruiting perianth very small 9. L. amara.

Leaves broadly elliptic or

orbicular.

Leaves elliptic, ovate or

orbicular, strongly

nerved, densely rufous

126 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

hirsute; umbellules in

clusters of 3—4 Se

Leaves elliptic or elliptic-

oblong, sparsely grey-

or tawny-pubescent;

umbellules in dense

| clusters :

Umbellules in racemes reaching

10—16 ecm. in length; leaves

cordate; fruit oblong; fruiting-

perianth obconic, very small ..

Leaves glabrous or only slightly hairy on the lower

surface. (Nos. 13-48.)

Umbellules in clusters or short racemes (in 15

L. brachystachya panicled). Nos. 13-36.)

Fruit small, under 7 mm. in diameter;

fruiting perianth very small, scarcely

enlarged. (Nos. 13-15.)

Umbellules in clusters or very short

racemes under 1 em. long

Leaves membranous, lanceolate,

strongly scented .. sc

Leaves chartaceous, more or less

elliptic, long-petioled an

Umbellules in panicles of racemes

reaching 4—10 cm. in length, leaves

elliptic, chartaceous .. ae

Fruit oblong, 2 cm. by 1 cm., pedicel long,

clavate; leaves coriaceous; fruiting peri-

anth small, flattened. 6 mm. in diameter

Fruit moderate-sized, about 1 cm. in diam.,

pericarp thin; fruiting perianth , charta-

ceous, cleft; leaves submembranous,

rather large, glaucous beneath ye

Fruit moderate-sized, 8—15 mm. in diam. ;

fruiting perianth cup-shaped bearing the

remains of the lobes and staminodes.

(Nos. 18-19.) .

Leaves oblanceolate, 23—43 cm. long,

neatly glabrous, pergamaceous;

fruiting perianth thin; umbellules

in clusters on branches below leaves

Leaves elliptic-oblong under 25 cm.

long; fruiting perianth thick; um-

bellules in clusters among the

leaves or below them

Leaves chartaceous, young slicht-

ly pubescent, transverse nerv-

ules prominent; peduncles of

10. L. hirsutissima.

op tile

12.

13.

15.

16.

18.

L. polyantha.

L. cordata.

L. cttrata.

. L. petiolata.

L. brachystachya.

L. angulata.

. L. snathacea.

L. magnifica.

—_————

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 127

umbellules slender, up to 12

mm. long ae OC

Leaves coriaceous, young softl

tomentose, transverse nervules

obscure; peduncles of umbel-

lules thick, under 5 mm. long..

Fruit moderate-sized to large; fruiting

perianth with entire margins, the lobes

and staminodes deciduous. (Nos. 21-29.)

Leaves more or less elliptic, usually

over 20 cm. long; fruiting perianth

thick, cup-shaped; umbeltules axil

lary or lateral among the leaves

or a little below them

Fruit ovoid; fruiting perianth not

spotted, rather large and long-

pedicelled ; leaves chartaceous,

more or less ovate, dark red-

dish-brown when dry, under 10

em. broad ae :

Fruit ellipsoid-oblong, 2 cm. by 1

em. ; fruiting perianth smooth,

with short pedicels; leaves

coriaceous, more or less ovate,

under 4 cm. broad :

Fruit cylindric-oblong, 2 cm. by

under 1 cm.; fruiting perianth

rough, with short pedicels;

leaves coriaceous, more or less

obovate, 4—9 cm. broad

Leaves more or less oblong, 15—30

em. long or more; fruiting perianth

thick, cup-shaped or saucer-shaped,

spotted; umbellules axillary or

lateral among the leaves or below

them, flowers scarcely known

Leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, 3—5 cm. broad,

reddish beneath, transverse

nervules and reticulation vis-

ibie; fruit globose, 10 mm. in

diam. with a large spotted cup

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4—7

cm. broad, transverse nervules

and reticulation obscure; fruit

globose, apiculate, 16 mm, in

diam., pedicel short bis

Leaves oblong-obovate or -ob-

lanceolate, 5—S8 ecm. broad,

19. L. Ridley.

20, L. penangiana.

. 21. L. castanea.

. 22. LD. quercina.

. 23. L. cylindrocarpa.

24. L. Wray.

25. L. singaporensis.

128 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

transverse nervules and reticu-

lation faint; fruit globose,

apiculate, 10 mm. in diam.,

pedicel long a5 ae

Leaves elliptic-oblong, 8—14 cm.

broad, transverse nervules and

reticulation faint; fruit glo-

bose, 15 mm. in diam.

Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong or

obovate, glaucous beneath,

20—40 cm. long; fruiting peri-

anth patelliform, 10—12 mm.

in diam. supporting the globose

fruit, 15 mm. in diam,

Leaves pergamaceous, oblong-obo-

vate, 15—35 em. long, sub-

glaucous beneath; fruiting

perianth very large and woody

enclosing the globose fruit

Fruit wanting. (Nos. 30-37.)

Leaves elliptic, nerves prominently

parallel, close, more than 8 pair.

Leaves cuspidate-acuminate; ra-

cemes grey-pubescent ee

Leaves acute or acuminate only ;

racemes nearly or quite glab-

rous ips

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo-

late, nerves distant and somewhat

irregular (Nos. 32-37).

Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate,

areolate; racemes 3—5 mm.

long

Leaves oblanceolate, greyish-sub-

glaucous beneath, usually under

6 cm. bread, apex with an

acumen

Upper surface of leaves

dark; racemes 8—15 mm.

long, peduncles 10—12

mm. long a zis

Upper surface of leaves pale ;

racemes under 7 mm. long,

umbellules sessile

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sub-

glaucous bereath ; usually over

6 cm. broad, apex rounded;

involucres densely grey-puberu-

lous

26. L. perakensis.

5 A).

30.

.- dl

. 32.

. 34

40.) Bibs

. 27. L. pustulata.

. 28. L. patellaris.

L. fenestrata.

L. Foxiana.

. L. monticola.

L. Scortechinit.

. L. ochracea.

. L. oblanceolata.

L. Kunsitleri.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 129

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or -oblan-

ceolate, acuminate, glaucous be-

neath, nerves distant, 6 pairs;

umbellules subglabrous, peduncles

10—20 mm. long We .. 36. L. claviflora.

Leaves ovate or elliptic, scarcely 10

cm. long, nerves 4—6 pairs; ped-

uncles glabrous 5 mm. long .. 37. L. Helfert, var.

ovata.

Flowers in elongated racemes (in 38 L. myristicefolia

scarcely over 2cm. long. (Nos. 38-48.)

Leaves narrow, rarely over 7 cm. broad or 20

em. long, more or less glabrous. (Nos. 38-41.)

Racemes short, glabrous; leaves coria-

ceous ; fruiting perianth fleshy, near-

ly at right angles with the long

peduncle, half enclosing the globose

fruit 8 mm.in diam. .. .. 38. L. myristicefolia.

Racemes moderately long, glabrous

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong,

abruptly acuminate; racemes

2—5 cm. long; fruiting peri-

anth cup-shaped to flattened ;

fruit ovoid to globose, 15—18

mm. in diam. be . 39. L. Teysmanni.

Leaves coriaceous, @bionglancae-

late, long acuminate; racemes

7—9 cm. long; fruiting peri-

anth hemispheric on an enlarged

clavate pedicel and half enclos-

ing the globose fruit 10 mm. in

diam. .. . 40. L. machilifolia.

Racemes up to 17 cm. foes pubescent

leaves chartaceous, oblong-lanceo-

ate, puberulous beneath .. 41. L. Panamonja.

Leaves broad. (Nos. 42-48.)

Racemes glabrous

Leaves submembranous, elliptic ;

racemes 10—25 cm. long;

branchlets angular, almost wing-

ed; fruit not known . 42. L. Curtisir.

Leaves coriaceous, ablanseslatas

racemes 10 em. long; branch-

lets rounded; fruit depressed-

globose enclosed in a woody

nest-like cupule about 2 em.

in diam. ae .. 43. L. nidularis.

Racemes puberulous, up to 15 cm.

long; leaves coriaceous, elliptic-

Lr!

130 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

obovate, up to 45 cm. long and 20

em. broad; fruit globose 2°5—3

cm. in diam. on a saucer-shaped

cupule 25 mm. in diam. -. 44. L. megacarpa.

Racemes tomentose or pubescent. (Nos. -

45—48.)

Racemesrather short, up to 10 cm.

long; leaves coriaceous, oblong-

lanceolate with broad midrib;

fruiting perianth obconic, 25—

30 mm. in diam. .. -. 45. LD. sebifera.

Racemes long, reaching 16—20cm.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ob-

long or oblanceolate; petiole

4—7 em.long .. -- 46. DL. Maingayt.

Leaves scarcely coriaceous, ellip-

tic-oblong, under surface pu-

bescent; petiole under 4 cm.

long

Leaves reddish beneath;

fruiting perianth cup-

shaped, smooth, 15—20

mm. in diam.; stamens

sometimes 6 only -. 47. L. Noronhe.

Leaves greyish beneath;

fruiting perianth saucer-

shaped, pustulate, 27

mm. in diam, . 48. DL. robusia.

Leaves opposite or subopposite, sometimes sikarnats!

(Nos. 49-55.)

Leaves more or less elliptic-lanceolate, under 20 cm.

long, 6 cm. broad, glabrous or slightly pubescent.

Leaves long-cuspidate-acuminate; main nerves

5—7 pairs oe -- 49. L. sarawacensis.

Leaves obtuse, acute or only shortly acuminate.

Leaves membranous or chartaceous, main

nerves 8—12 pairs; fruit ellipsoid, 5 mm.

in diam.; fruiting perianth very small

with persistent lobes Se .. 50. L. lancifolsa.

Leaves pergamaceous, main nerves 6—8

pairs; fruit cylindric-oblong,6—7 mm. in

diam.; fruiting perianth 7 mm. in diam.,

lobes neste 35 . 51. L. gracilipes.

Leaves obovate-oblong or -oblancéolate, grey- or

rusty-pubescent or -tomentose

Leaves membranous to chartaceous, grey-

pubescent beneath ; transverse nervules and

reticulation obscure Ae -. 52. L. ujongensis.

Leaves chartaceous, rusty-pubescent beneath,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 131

transverse nervules and reticulation pro-

minent .. zi Ae -. 53. L. sessilifiora.

Leaves coriaceous, rusty-tomentose beneath,

transverse nervules and reticulation obscure.

Umbellule-peduncles 5—10 mm. long;

fruiting perianth saucer-shaped, thin,

10—20 mm. in diam ; leaf-tomentum

dark brown when dry .. 54. DL. ferruginea.

Umbellule peduncles 10—20 mm. long;

fruiting perianth cup-shaped, thick, 17

mm. in diam.; leaf-tomentum light

brown when dry oe .- 55. L. Griffithii.

1. Lrrsza cainensis, Lam. Encyc. Méthod. III. 574 (1789).

A small or moderate-sized evergreen tree of variable leaves and

inflorescence, pubescence, etc.; branchlets terete, glabrescent; buds

perulate, densely silky tawny-pubescent as are the innovations.

Leaves chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, alternate or subopposite or

subverticillate at the ends of the branchlets; lanceolate or oblong

or elliptic, sometimes even ovate or obovate, acute or obtuse at

apex, usually acute at base; upper surface somewhat shining, closely

but markedly minutely reticulate, glabrous except on the midrib,

olive green when dry, lower surface paler and varying from glabrous

to densely grey-pubescent; 10—25 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; mid-

rib broad, pubescent ; main nerves about 8—10 pairs, often branched ;

transverse nervules irregular and distant; reticulation minutely

netted; petiole 1—3 cm. long, grey-pubescent to glabrous. Flowers

in umbellules, in axillary or lateral pedunculate umbels or corymbs

up to 5 cm. long, the 9 rather shorter than the ¢ ; umbels of 2—5

umbellules on peduncles 5 mm. (2?) to 12 mm. {¢#) long; umbellules

12 mm. broad (¢), half that size (2) with 4 concave pubescent in-

volucral bracts the outer pair orbicular, the inner narrower; flowers

in each umbellule about 10 to 12, fewer and much smaller in 9? than

in ¢ ; pedicels about 2 mm. long; perianth-tube short; perianth-lobes

incomplete, sometimes 0, rarely more than 2 or 3, when present linear

or spathulate, pubescent. Stamens of ¢ flowers normally 12, some-

times fewer, sometimes up to 15 or even more, those of outer rows

10 mm. long, on slender villous filaments and with subquadrate

anthers ; those of inner rows rather shorter and with a pair of long-

stalked clavate glands attached at the very base of the filaments ;

rudimentary ovary often 0, when present conical and very small.

Staminodes of 2 flowers normally 12 sometimes fewer, often more,

those of outer rows spathulate, 2 mm. long, with villous filaments,

132 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

those of inner rows similar with long-stalked clavate glands asin 3.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style long, thick; stigma peltate, often

lobed. Fruit small, 7—10 mm. in diameter, globose, seated on the

very slightly enlarged flattened tube of the perianth, about 2 mm.

broad; pericarp thin, black or purple; cotyledons hemispherical.

Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 449; Cooke Bomb. Fl. II. 539; Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. X. 134. L. sebifera, Pers. Syn. II. 4 (1807); Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 157; Prain Beng. Plants 902; Brandis Ind. Trees 536. L.

multifora, Bl. Bijdr. II. 564 (1825). L. glabraria and levis, Juss. in

Ann. Mus. VI. 212. LZ. geminata, Bl. Bijdr. 564. L. tetranthera and

platyphylla, Pers.l.c. Tetranthera laurifolia, Blame Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 372: Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. IT. 66, III. 30; Meissn. in

DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 178; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 823; Bot. Reg. t. 893;

Wall. Cat. 2550 C. and 2555 A.D.; Brandis For. Fl. 379; Kurz For.

Fl. II. 297; Benth. Fl. Austral. V. 305. 7. Roxburghii, Nees l.c. 65.

and 30 and Syst. 515. '. apetala, Roxb. Cor. Pl. II. 25. t. 147 and

Fl. Ind. IIT. 819; Gaertn. f. Fruct. III. 226. t. 222; Wall. Cat. 2554

B. and C. 7. litoralis, Bl. 1.c. 375. TZ. glabraria, levis and geminata,

Nees Syst. Laur. |.c. 7’. tomentosa, Nees in Wall. I.c. 65 and Syst.

Laur. 511. Glabraria tersa, Linn. Mant. 276; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 941;

G. litoralis, Mig. l.c. 943. Tomex tetranthera and sebifera, Willd. Sp.

Pl. Il. 839, 840. Sebifera glutinosa, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. II. 783.

Laurus involucrata, Koenig in Retz. Obs. VI. 27.

Malay Peninsula, fide Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ; Koord. & Val.,

etc.—Distris. India, Burma, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Malay

Islands, China, Australia.

There are no specimens of this species from our area in the Kew or Calcutta.

or Singapore Herbaria; but it seems best to include the description. I have

been in doubt whether I should not follow Merrill and call it Z. tersa, Merrill, in

Philipp. Journ. of Se. I. 57 (1906); but after much consideration have pre-

ferred to leave it under the better known name adopted by such authorities.

as Trimen, Cooke and Koorders & Valeton.

2. Litrsza TomMENTOoSA, Blume Bijdr. 566 (1825). A tree reach-

ing 15—20 m. in height and a diameter of bole of 45 to 60 cm.;

branchlets stout, rough, puberulous, uppermost and innovations.

tawny-pubescent ; buds oblong. Leaves membranous when young,

chartaceous when older, obovate or oblong-obovate, abruptly short-

acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface shining, puberu-

lous when young, afterwards glabrous except on the midrib and

main nerves, lower surface minutely grey-tawny-pubescent ; 12—20

cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib stout, broad, pubescent ; main

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 133

nerves 12—15 pairs, straight at first afterwards curved near the

margin; transverse nervules prominent in old leaves, reticulation

minutely netted; petiole 2—3 cm. long, stout, tawny-pubescent.

Flowers in umbellules, in dense axillary or lateral bracteate clusters

on a very short stout common peduncle about 5 mm. long; bracts

oblong, densely grey-pubescent without ; umbellule-peduncles thick,

grey-pubescent, 5 mm. long; involucral bracts 4, orbicular, concave,

grey-pubescent without, glabrous within, about -4 mm. in diam.;

flowers in umbellule 5, on short pedicels 2 mm. long; perianth-lobes

small, incomplete, ovate-acute or sublinear, sometimes missing.

Stamens of 3 flowers ‘‘20—24 slightly longer than the perianth

lobes, with villous filaments; glands about 8—12, obconic, stipitate,

hidden in the villous hairs of the tube; rudimentary ovary small

glabrous ; stigma 0.” Staminodes of @ flowers many (up to 30)

densely imbedded in stiff tawny hairs; those of outer rows spathu-

late on slender villous filaments, those of inner rows with a pair of

stalked clavate glands inserted at the bases of the filaments. Ovary

ovoid ; style thick ; stigma large, peltate, often lobed. Fruit ‘* ellip-

soid, obtuse, about 3 cm. long, 1-5—2-5 cm. broad, seated on the

cupular enlarged perianth-tube 2 cm. broad 3 mm. high, the margin

irrecularly 9—12-toothed or subentire; pedicel obconic, 1°5—2°5 cm.

long, often much incurved.’’ Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 138.

Tetranthera vestita, Nees Syst. Laur. 551; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 372; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 178. Glabraria vesiiia,

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 941. Polyadenia grandis, Hassk. Cat. Bog.

566, non Nees.

PENANG: at West Hill, 75 m. alt., Curtis 1182!; in dense jungle

at Larut 90—150 m. alt., King’s Collector 5886!—Distrip. Java.

The leaves of Curtis specimens are thicker and stouter than those of

Kunstler, but they are older; and the inflorescence (2 in both) is the same.

This is apparently the oldest use of the specific name tomentosa: the S. Indian

L. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 2550 will have to be called LZ. apetala. The descrip-

tions of the stamens ( ¢ ) and fruit are taken from Koorders and Valeton.

The Javan specimen in Herb. Kew ( 2 ) has the leaves rather broader and

more obovate than is the case with the Peninsular ones; but in other respects

it agrees, and I see no reason to doubt the identification.

3. LITSEA JOHORENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 315 (1910). A

small evergreen tree with smooth white bark; branchlets grey, rather

slender, the uppermost densely red-brown-tomentose as are the

lanceolate buds, the petioles and undersurface of the leaves and the

inflorescence, Leaves coriaceous, alternate, somewhat crowded to-

134 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

wards the ends of the branchlets; oblanceolate, acuminate usually

abruptly at apex, long attenuate at base; upper surface dark brown

and dull when dry, glabrous except the puberulous midrib and main

nerves, areolate reticulate, lower sparsely tomentose purplish-red

when dry ; 10—30 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad ; midrib rather slender,

impressed above; main nerves 10—14 pairs impressed above, start-

ing at about 70° with the midrib and at once curving upwards to

and along the margin; transverse nervules rather irregular and

branched, not very prominent, enclosing -the areolate reticulation ;

petiole rather slender from a thickened base, channelled above,

15—3°5 cm. long. Flowers in umbellules on slender tomentose

peduncles 15 mm. long (<3) several together on hard woody tubercles

with rugosely scarred cylindric branches up to 18 mm. long on the

tree-trunk; the umbellules when open reaching 15 mm. indiam. (<7),

or 10 mm.( 2); involucral bracts 4—5, orbicular, concave, tomentose

without, glabrous within; flowers in each umbellule 6—7, subsessile ;

perianth-lobes 6, oblong or spathulate, obtuse, sparsely villous, 5—7

mm. long, much gland-dotted. Stamens of 3 flowers variable in

number, normally 9, but often 10, those of the outer rows up to

9 mm. long with large 3 mm. long oblong anthers and slender

slightly villous filaments, sometimes with 1 or 2 small glands at the

base, those of the inner row shorter and with a pair of reniform and

usually emarginate shortly stipitate glands at the base itself; anther-

cells very large, elliptic-oblong, the upper introrse, the lower

lateral; rudimentary ovary ovoid; style thick; stigma spreading,

bifid. Staminodes of 2 flowers variable in number, normally 9 but

often up to 12, those of the outer rows linear subulate, slender,

slightly villous, 3 mm. long, sometimes with glands at their bases ;

those of the inner rows triangular-acuminate with 2 large basal

glands, 1 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style thick, curved ;

stigma large, peltate, irregularly lobed. Fruct (immature) ovoid,

truncate at apex, apiculate, half-enclosed in the hemispheric rough

persistent perianth-tube 6 mm. long and 10 mm. in diam. at the

mouth which is entire or lobed and bears remains of the perianth-

lobes and staminodes; enlarged pedicel very stout, short; pericarp

smooth.

JoHORE: at Tanyong Bunga, Ridley 6458!, near Castlewood,

Ridley 9163!, at the Mount Austen, Ridley 11995!, at Seduah, Ridley

13479!

This species comes rather near to L. caulifiora, Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc.

2nd Ser. IV. 219 collected by Haviland on Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo at 5000 ft.,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135

but the venation of the leaves is different and the umbellules are much larger.

The specimens of the ¢ flowers and young fruit were found separate with

Ridley’s No. 6458 which is otherwise o&; they must have been collected on a

different tree.

4. LiITSEA TRUNCIFLORA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 316 (1910). .A

handsome evergreen tree reaching 18 m. in height and 30—40 cm. in

diam. of stem; bark of stem greyish-brown, smooth; branchlets

rather stout, pale brown, the uppermost and lanceolate buds and

the petioles of the leaves dark brown rusty-tomentose. Leaves

chartaceous, alternate; obovate or oblanceolate, rounded or emargi-

nate at apex,"long-cuneate-attenuate at base ; upper surface shining,

glabrous except the villous midrib, areolate-reticulate, lower blue-

green when fresh, pale grey-brown when dry, softly rusty-tomentose

especially on the nerves; margin recurved; 28—56 cm. long, 11—22

em. broad; midrib very stout, impressed above, much raised

beneath ; main nerves 16—22 pairs, impressed above, prominent

beneath, often branched and with secondary nerves between, start-

ing usually at from 70°—80° or sometimes at right angles to the

midrib, at first straight but curving near the margin to meet in

irregular loops; transverse nervuies distant, irregular, often branched,

prominent, enclosing the areolate reticulation which is best seen

on the upper surface; petiole very stout, flattened above, 1°5—2°5

em. long. Flowers in umbellules on rather slender pubescent pe-

duncles 10—15 mm. long (¢) 7—8 mm. (2) many together on hard

thick woody tubercles on the tree-trunk, the clusters about 5 cm. in

diam. ; umbellules (¢) 10—12 mm. in diam. when open; involucral

bracts 4, orbicular, concave, minutely puberulous without, glabrous

within; flowers in each umbellule 4—5, sessile; perianth-lobes 6,

very variable, mostly linear-oblong, toothed at the apex, sparsely

villous, gland-dotted, 5—6 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers variable

in number, usually 9 or 12; those of the outer rows 7—8 mm. long

with oblong anthers and very slender villous filaments, sometimes

with glands at the base; those of the inner rows shorter and with a

pair of rounded often emarginate very shortly stipitate glands close

to the base; anther-cells very large, elliptic, upper all introrse,

lower lateral; rudimentary ovary ovoid ; style slender, much curved,

glabrous; stigma large, peltate, bifid. Staminodes of @ flowers

apparently all with basal glands, outer linear-clavate, villous, 3 mm.

long, inner shorter, the glands thick. Ovary ovoid ; style slender,

straight; stigma peltate. Fruit (very unripe) depressed globular,

enclosed almost completely in the turbinate enlarged perianth-tube

136 Flora of the Malayan. Peninsula.

which when young is nearly globular with a small orifice bearing

remains of the perianth-lobes and staminodes.

PERAK: open jungle in Goping District at 150—300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4582!, 8211! Herb. Singap. No. 448(9)! Vern.

‘ Suko Medang Kunit’, without locality.

This species, to judge by leaf-specimens, which is all that is available (in

Herb. Cale.) of Tetranthera? ochrascens, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. I. 146, 363,

comes very near that species; but the venation does not fully agree.

5. LitsEa GRANDIS, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 162 (1886). A

large tree reaching 25 to 30 m. in height and 60—90 em. diam. of

stem; bark warted; branchlets very stout, angular, the upper ones

densely tawny-tomentose; buds ovoid, 1—3 ecm. long, velvety.

Leaves coriaceous, alternate; broadly obovate or orbicular-ovate

or -obovate, generally obtuse but sometimes acute or shortly acumi-

nate at apex, attenuate or rounded or sometimes subcordate at base;

upper surface dull or shining, glabrous except the midrib and main

nerves, lower densely rusty-tomentose; margins recurved; 10—30

em. long, 5—18 cm. broad; midrib very stout, flat and tomentose

above or sometimes impressed, prominent beneath; main nerves

12 to 20 pairs, divergent from the midrib at from 60°—70°, straight

to near the margin where they curve upwards, deeply impressed

above, raised beneath; transverse nervules very many and promi-

nent, regular, ladder-like; reticulation in the intervals again more

or less transverse; petiole very stout, 2—4cm. long. Flowers in

pedunculate (7—15 mm.) umbellules in short (up to 10 mm.) axillary

or lateral thick racemes of about 10; involucral bracts 5, orbicular,

concave, densely greyish silky tomentose without; open umbellules

10 mm. broad in ¢ , 7—8 mm. in @ ; flowers in each umbellule 5—7

in ¢, 4—5in Q; pedicels stout; perianth-tube short, lobes linear-

oblong in 2, lanceolate-acute in ¢, silky, about 4 mm. long, 6—8

in ¢, fewerin 9. Stamens in 2 flowers normally 12, but frequently

more, up to 21; those of the 2 outer rows normally eglandular, but

frequently with 1 or more stipitate glands, anthers short truncate at

base, rounded above, filaments very slender, sparsely strigose, 3—4

mm. long; those of the inner rows shorter and with a pair of small

clavate stipitate glands at the base; upper anther-cells introrse,

lower lateral; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes of 92 flowers

normally 12; those of outer rows clavate, 2 mm. long, the filaments

villous ; those of inner rows linear and with a pair of shortly-stalked

small glands at the base. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style thick, bent

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 137

to a hook at the top; stigma peltate, lacerate. Fruit ellipsoid,

11—16 mm. long, S—10 mm. broad, seated on the obconical thin

enlarged perianth-tube, 5—7 mm. high, 8 mm. in diam., the margins

sharp, entire crenulate or sometimes cleft; pedicels much thick-

ened, 6 mm. long; pericarp yellowish, shining, smooth, glabrous.

Brandis Ind. Trees 537. Tetranthera grandis, Wall. Cat. 2552; Meissn.

in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 188; Kurz. For. FI. II. 299. Polyadenia

grandis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 62 and Syst. Laur. 574.

Penang: Porter (Wallich 2552)!; on Government Hill, Curtis

1104!. Prrax: at Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray 1100!,

1157!; in hilly country at 150—300 m., King’s Collector 5888!,

10918! Matacca: Maingay K. D. 1256!. Styearore: at Chan-

chukang, Changi, Bukit Timah, etc. Ridley 3962!, 4700!, 5062!,

5974!, 5975!, 6452!, 10698!, 10802!, 10859!; Cantley 116!—Dis-

TRIB. Burma, Java?

6. LirsEA ARTOCARPIFOLIA, Gamblein Kew Bull. 316(1910). An

evergreen tree; branchlets very stout, rough, brown, marked with

lenticels and large leaf-scars, uppermost and large ovate-lanceolate

buds densely rusty-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; obovate,

obtuse or slightly apiculate at apex, attenuate at base ; upper sur-

face shining, glabrescent except on the midrib and nerves, lower

surface grey, closely rusty-pubescent ; margin recurved; 20—25 cm.

long, 9—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, very broad (4 mm. near base)

depressed above, much raised beneath ; main nerves about 20 pairs,

regular, parallel, impressed above, prominent beneath, at about

60°—70° with the midrib, at first straight then curving to join the

margin ; transverse nervules many, prominent, straight or branched ;

reticulation obscure; petiole very stout, 10—15 mm. long, chan-

nelled above. Flowers in sessile or very shortly peduncled umbel-

lules, closely packed in rusty-pubescent racemes 4—6 cm. long from

the axils of fallen leaves on the last shoot; umbellules (¢ only)

when open 15 mm. in diam. ; irvolucral bracts 5, orbicular, concave,

enclosing 6 flowers ; pedicels stout, villous, 4 mm. long; perianth-

lobes 6—8, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, silky-villous on both sides,

5mm. long. Stamens of ¢ flowers 9—15, apparently normally 12, of

which those of the outer rows 8 mm. long, eglandular or sometimes

with glands ; those of the inner rows a little shorter, and furnished

with a pair of large reniform often emarginate stipitate glands

a little above the bases of the villous slender filaments; anthers

obovate, the upper cells introrse, the lower lateral ; rudimentary

138 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovary 0 or very small with small capitate stigma. Staminodes of @

flowers and fruit not known.

PERAK: at Relan Tujor, Wray 2233 !.

Tn leaf this species resembles ZL. grandis but differs in the much longer

tacemes, the nearly sessile umbellules, the broader leaf-midrib and other

points.

7. Lirsza Firma, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 162 (1886). A

very large tree, reaching a height of 30—40 m. and a diameter of , 1

metre or more ; branchlets moderately stout, greyish- brown, the upper-

most and innovations minutely rusty puberulous ; buds lanceolate,

not perulate. Leaves subcoriaceous, alternate; oblong-lanceolate

or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, rarely acuminate at apex, cuneate

often unequally at base ; upper surface dull, glabrous, reddish-brown,

lower minutely reddish or greyish rusty-puberulous, at length glab-

rous; 8—18 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout,

somewhat channelled on the upper surface, much raised on the

lower ; main nerves 10—15 pairs, rather irregular, curving upwards

to and along the margin, more or less impressed above; transverse

nervules many and conspicuous on the under surface, often branched

or irregular; reticulation areolately pitted on the upper surface

(under the lens); petiole 1—2 cm. long, rather slender. Flowers in

peduncled (5—7 mm.) umbellules in rusty-pubescent axillary or

lateral umbelliform racemes of about 5—6; umbellules in ¢ about

7 mm. in diameter with 4—6 concave orbicular involucral bracts ;

flowers in umbellule 5—6, shortly pedicelled ; perianth-tube in ¢

very short; lobes oblong, tawny-villous, 2—3 mm. long, subacute,

those of 2 slightly smaller. Stamens in 3 flowers 9, those of the

2 outer rows eglandular 6—8 mm. long, with long filiform sparsely

hispid filaments and oblong anthers, those of the inner row similar

or rather shorter with smaller anthers and a pair of reniform stipi-

tate glands at the bases of the filaments; lower anther-celis lateral,

upper large and introrse in the outer rows, minute or even wanting

in the inner row; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes of 2 flowers

linear, subulate, with hispid filaments 2—3 mm. long, the inner three

with a pair of reniform stipitate glands at the base. Ovary not seen.

Fruit ovoid-oblong, truncate at apex, 1O—12 mm. long, 8 mm. broad,

seated on the shallow obconic enlarged perianth-tube 3 mm. high,

6—7 mm. in diameter; enlarged pedicel stout, 5 mm. long;

pericarp pink when ripe, smooth. Tetranthera firma, Blume Mus.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 139

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 381; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 190; Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 950.

Perak: hills near Larut at 120—180 m. alt., King’s Collector

6772!, 7931!. Matacca: Maingay K. D. 1271!; Kofar Ali 4!.

Smneapore : at Bukit Timah, Ridley 6453!, at Chauchukang 6820 !—

Distris. Sumatra, at Bigin Telok, 150 m. alt., Forbes 3239!;

Borneo, Korthals; Celebes.

Ridley’s specimens have the leaves more rusty-puberulous and the young

fruit cupules nearly globose with small orifice, but the orifice widens later on

to a shallow cup; and I see no reason to doubt their identity.

8. Lirsza cGRacttis, Gamble in Kew Bull. (1910). A small

tree; branchlets very slender, densely tawny-pubescent, innovations

silky. Leaves membranous, alternate; oblong-lanceolate, acumi-

nate at apex, attenuately acute at base; upper surface shining,

glabrous except on the midrib ; lower sparsely villous, closely so on

the midrib and main nerves; 8—14 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; mid-

rib slender, slightly impressed above ; main nerves 8—10 pairs, start-

ing at about 70° with the midrib and curving at once upwards to

and along the margin and breaking up in small diminishing loops ;

transverse nervules irregular, branched; reticulation obscure ;

petiole slender, 4—5 mm. long. Flowers in small pale brown um-

bellules on very slender short (:3 to -4 mm.) peduncles, 2—3 together

in the axils of upper leaves; umbellules of ¢ 4 mm. in diam. in

flower; involucral bracts 4, straw-coloured, membranous, villous

without, glabrous within, ovate, concave; flowers in each umbellule

3, pedicels minute; perianth-lobes very thin, obovate, villous

outside, gland-dotted, 1—1°5 mm. long in @, under 1 mm. in Q.

Stamens of & flowers 9, exsert, those of the outer rows 6, nearly

2 mm. long with small obovate anthers and slender long-pilose fila-

ments; those of the inner row 3, similar but shorter and with a pair

of rounded subsessile glands at the bases of the filaments; rudimen-

tary ovary 0. Staminodes of @2 flowers 9, minute, those of the

outer rows 6, clavate, with pilose filaments, those of the inner row 3

subulate with a pair of rounded glands at the base. - Ovary globose ;

style thick, curved; stigma peltate, 3-lobed. Fruit (unripe)

obovoid, apiculate, Rented on the thick enlarged or -tube, the

lobes ae staminodes persistent.

PERAK: at Temango, Ridley 14603! (both ¢ and @ branches).

A very interesting and pretty species, which looks as if it were deciduous,

140 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

but*there is no information about this. The flowers are very small and

delicate.

9. Lirsza amMaRA, Blume Bijdr. 563 (1825). An evergreen

shrub or small tree reaching at most 12—15 m. in height and 30—40

cm, in diam. of stem; branchlets moderately stout, somewhat angled

and sinuate, the uppermost and innovations rusty-tomentose.

Leaves chartaceous when dry, alternate, very variable in shape and

pubescence; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apex,

acute or cuneate or rounded at base ; upper surface smooth, shining,

lower rusty-villous, often glaucescent; 7—15 cm. long, 3—7 cm.

broad; midrib prominent, channelled above, raised beneath ; main

nerves S—16 pairs, spreading, curved near the margin, the lowest

close, impressed above, prominent beneath; transverse nervules

many, slightly arched, subparallel, also impressed above ; reticula-

tion areolate ; petiole rusty-tomentose, 4—10 cm. long. lowers in

short-peduncled (about 5 mm.) umbellules, in few- or many-flowered

racemose axillary or lateral rusty-pubescent fascicles ; umbellules up

to 8 mm. broad in 3, 6 mm. in 2, with 4—5 orbicular concave

involucral bracts; flowers in each umbellule 5—7, with short

pedicels ; perianth-tube short, villous within with long hairs; lobes 6,

unequal, from linear-oblong to obovate, glabrous or nearly so, 2—3

mm. long. Stamens in 3 normally 9, those of the 2 outer rows

3—3°5 mm. long with oblong anthers and slender filaments long

villous especially at base; those of the 3rd row shorter and with a

pair of large subsessile reniform glands near the bases of the fila-

ments ; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes of ¢@ flowers 9 to 12,

those of the 2 outer rows slender, clavate, 1—1°5 mm. long, those of

the inner rows subulate or clavate 1 mm. long with a pair of large

reniform glands asin 3. Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved above ;

stigma large, peltate, lobed. Fruit ovoid, apiculate, 8 mm. long,

6 mm. broad, seated on the only slightly enlarged perianth-tube,

which is 5 mm. in diam. at the mouth and bears the remains of the

perianth-lobes and staminodes; fruiting pedicel obconic, greatly

thickened, up to 5 mm. long, glabrous ; pericarp smooth. Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 163; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 150; Brandis Ind.

Trees 536. T'etranthera amara, Nees Syst. Laur. 551; Bl. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. I. 379; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 949; Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV. 1. 190; Kurz. For. Fl. II. 299. 7’. fruticosa, Nees 1.c. 543.

T. capitulaia, Miq. Pl. Jungh. I. 182 and FI. Ind. Bat. l.c.

Kepau: at Yan, Ridley 5491!; Rawi island 15697!. PENANG:

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 141

Wallich 7878!, 8005; Phillips!; Curtis 326!, 733!, 1073!. 1458!;

Ridley 9340!. Prax: at Tapa Simpang and Tupai, Wray 1260!,

2038 !, 2047 !, 2330!, 3603!; at Tapa Temango, etc., Ridley 14046!,

14505!, 14508!, 14583!; Scortechini!; Tea Gardens, Ridley 2981!;

near Larut, King’s Collector 998!, 2040!, 2584!, 3033!, 3431!,

3505!, 4494!, 5927!, 7626!, 7859!. SrLancor: at Ulu Selangor

and Bukit Kutu, Goodenough 10544!, 10545!; at Kepong, Burn-

Murdoch (Ridley) 14285!; at Kwala Lumpur, Ridley 7626!. Matac-

ca: Maingay K. D. 1276!; Grifith!. Srycapore: Ridley 4825!.

—Distris. Burma, Malay Archipelago.

There is a huge amount of material available for the study of this poly-

morphic species. The old specimens of the Calcutta Herbarium were fortunately

carefully arranged some yearsago by Sir George King according to varieties.

According to this arrangement, the most general form, that apparently described

as such in the Fl. Br. Ind., is the var. ochracea, Blume, which is described

above and that most easily separable is var. fusco-tomentosa, Meissn., which

is maintained in the Fl. Br. Ind. and often has stamens with only 2 cells.

Were it not for Sir George King’s careful work, I should have preferred to

follow Koorders and Valeton and treat the whole species as one with forms

gradually passing from one to the other, but I think var. fusco-tomentosa

above-mentioned and var. angusta, Meissn., also admitted in the Fl. Br. Ind.,

are clear enough. I have further added var. attenuata, the form with large

leaves long acuminate at apex and attenuate at base; but of this 1 have more

doubt, for the specimens graduate into the general form on the one hand and

into angusta on the other.

Var. fusco-tomentosa, Meissn. |.c. Leaves, branchlets and inno-

vations densely villous with long golden-tawny hairs; the leaves

variable, usually ovate or ovate-oblong but sometimes even oblanceo-

late or obovate, usually cuspidate-acuminate at apex, rounded at

base but occasionally acute, the length often up to 20 cm., the

breadth to nearly 10 cm.; main nerves up to 20 pairs, the lowest

pairs close together ; branchlets often zigzag. Flowers as in type,

but stamens often only 2-celled, apparently by loss of the partitions

between the upper and lower cells. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 163.

PERAK: at Gunong Ijuk, Scortechini!; at Simpang and Tupai

Larut, Wray 2047!, 2330!. Nari Sempitan: at Gunong Angsi,

Ridley 11895!. Trinacanvu: at Bundi, Rostado!. Mauacca: Griffith

K. D. 4293!; Maingay K. D. 1251; at Sungli Hudang, Goodenough

1595!. JonorE: near Gunong Panti and at Tebong Tinggyi, Ridley

4156! 11050!

The many specimens with only 2-celled anthers have puzzled me con-

siderably, other characters being decidedly those of Litsea andnot of Lindera.

142 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

I can only think that it is a case where the perhaps rather artificial distinction

between the species having 4 and 2 cells respectively fails, as Sir D. Brandis

has shown that it also fails in Lindera.

Var. angusta, Meissn. l.c.; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. le. Leaves

glabrescent, often grey or silvery beneath, lanceolate or oblanceolate,

acuminate at apex, attenuate at base. Flower-clusters axillary or

lateral, ¢ with many or 2 with few umbellules; rudimentary ovary

in ¢ sometimes present, lanceolate, with long style and small capitate

stigma. Tetranthera angusta, Wall. Cat. 6344; Nees in Wall. Pl. As.

Rar. III. 30 and Syst. Laur. 641.

Kevan: Langkawiisland, Curtis 2610!; Ridley 14965!. Penane :

Wallich 6344!. Prrak: Upper Perak, Wray 3559!; Gunong Bubu,

King’s Collector 6772!, 7620!. Matacoa: Griffith K. D. 4295!;

Sungei Udang, Derry 524!; Gunong Sedang, Ridley!; Bukit Tampu,

Goodenough 1957!. Panana: Pekan, Ridley 2266!—DistRis.

Burma.

Var. attenuata, King in Herb. Calc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or

-oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, narrowed or rounded at base,

often nearly 20 cm. long, minutely rusty-pubescent beneath. Flower

clusters with few or many umbellules, these with rather long

peduncles.

Prenane: Penang Hill, Batu Feringy, etc., Ridley 9473!, etc.

Perak: Larut, Ulu Selangor and Ulu Bubong, King’s Collector

4614!, 8750!, 10142!. Sztancor: at Weld’s Hill, Burn-Murdoch 41.

Matracea: Maingay K. D. 1266!, 1278!; at Batu Tiga, Derry 990!.

PanHane: at Kwala Luit, Ridley 2265!, at Telun, Ridley 13781!.

10. Lirsza urrsutissima, Gamble in Kew Bull. 357 (1910). A

shrub reaching 2°5m. in height ; branchlets rather stout, nearly black,

the younger ones clothed with long golden hairs as are the innova-

tions, the margins and nerves of the leaves and the inflorescence.

Leaves soft, membranous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acumi-

nate and ‘often with a long (10—15 mm.) filiform acumen at apex,

more or less rounded at base; upper surface dark green when fresh,

chestnut-brown and shining when dry, the younger with prominent

scattered golden stiff hairs the older glabrescent, under surface paler

similarly hirsute especially on the nerves; 15—20 cm. long, 7—12

em. broad; midrib rather slender, channelled above; main nerves

12—15 pairs, impressed above, regular and regularly curved to the

margin; transverse nervules many, subparallel, conspicuous; reticu-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 143

lation obscure ; petiole stout, 1—2 cm. long, densely golden-hirsute,

often geniculate at the leaf-insertion. Flowers in umbellules on

slender, 1 cm. long, peduncles, clustered in the axils of the leaves,

rarely more than 3—4 together; involucral bracts 4, concave,

nerved, the margins fimbriate, hirsute without, glabrous within;

flowers in each umbellule 5—6; perianth-lobes oblong, 2—3 mm.

long, very glandular, nearly glabrous, the apex dentate; pedicels

very short. Stamens of 3 flowers 9; filaments slender, glabrous

except a tuft of long hairs at their bases; anthers 4-celled, those of

outer rows obovate, those of the inner row ovate with a pair of large

sessile glands a little above the base of the filaments, rudimentary

ovary 0. Staminodes of 2 flowers and fruit not known.

PERAK: road to Gunong Hijan, 750 m. alt., Curtis 1344!;

Goping and Thaiping 90—150 m. alt., King’s Collector 404! 8399!

Var. geniculata, Gamble. Branchlets prominently geniculate at

the nodes. Leaves smaller (S—12 cm. long, 6—7 cm. broad), ovate

or orbicular, obtuse and sometimes slightly apiculate at apex, sub-

cordate at base, bullate; upper surface shining, glabrous. Flowers

similar but anthers sometimes 2-celled or with very minute upper

cells, filaments sparsely hirsute.

Perak: at Goping, King’s Collector 878!

This variety comes very near indeed to extreme forms of L. amara, var.

fusco-tomentosa, and may be said to be a connecting link between the two

species.

11. Litsza POLYANTHA, Juss. in Ann. Mus. VI. 211 (1805). A

moderate-sized evergreen tree, reaching 12—18 m. in height and 50—60

cm. in diam. of stem; bark dark grey; branchlets moderately stout,

somewhat angular, dark brown, the uppermost and innovations with

more or less tawny pubescence; buds lanceolate, leafy. Leaves soft

when fresh, chartaceous when dry, alternate, sub-bifarious; elliptic or

elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, obtuse or slightly acute at apex,

rounded at base or nearly subacute; glabrous and dull on the upper

surface, grey- or tawny-pubescent on the lower sometimes nearly

glabrous; 7—15 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib rather slender,

impressed on the upper, raised on the lower surface; main nerves

8—12 pairs, at about 60° with the midrib at first then curving to the

margin, impressed above ; transverse nervules many, parallel and

prominent beneath, joined again by subparallel reticulations ; petiole

pubescent, 12—25mm.long. Flowers in pedunculate (6é—12 mm. long)

144 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

umbellules, many togetherin short axillary or lateral tawny-pubescent

bracteate racemes 5—6mm. long, several such racemes together often

forming dense cylindric clusters of flowers around the branchlets;

umbellules when open 10—12 mm. broad in 3, 8 mm. in @ ; involu-

cral bracts 4—5, orbicular, concave, reflexed in flower; flowers in each

umbellule 5—6; perianth-tube short, on a 2—3 mm. long villous

pedicel; lobes usually 6, very variable in shape, from linear-oblong to

elliptic or obovate, ciliate, glandular-punctate, 2—3 mm. long.

Stamens in 3 flowers normally 9, an outer row of 3 eglandular, a

second row of 3 1—2-glandular, a 3rd row of 3 opposite the first

biglandular, but sometimes there is a 4th row of 3 biglandular and

occasionally a few more, the outer rows slightly longer than the

inner, up to 4 mm. inall; glands large, reniform, stipitate, attached

to the slender villous filaments near the base; upper anther-cells all

introrse, lower lateral or extrorse ; rudimentary ovary 0. Siaminodes

in ¢@ flowers in similar number and arrangement, the outer rows

clavate with slender villous filaments 2 mm. long, the inner subulate

thick 1:5 mm. long, the glands very large. Ovary ovoid ; style thick,

slightly curved ; stigma broad, peltate. Fruit ellipsoid, 7—10 mm.

long, seated on the slightly enlarged perianth-tube 4 mm. broad,

with somewhat reflexed entire margins; enlarged pedicel 7 mm.

long hardly thickened; pericarp smooth, black; cotyledons hemi-

spherical. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 162; Prain Beng. Plants 903;

Brandis Ind. Trees 536; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 147. LZ. mono-

petala, Pers. Syn. Il. 4. Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb. Cor. Pl. II.

26, t. 148 and FI. Ind. III. 821; Neesin Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 66

and Syst. Laur. 525; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 378 ; Meissn.

in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.189; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 948; Brandis For.

Fl. 380, t. 45; Kurz For. Fl. II. 299. TZ. macrophylla, Wall. Cat.

2549. TT. alnoides, Miq. Pl. Jungh. 180 and Fl. Ind. Bat. le. 7.

hexantha, Sieb. Fl. Maurit. 92.

Prenanea: Maingay K.D. 1277!; Government Hill, Curtis 283! ;

Government Hill and Balik Pulau, Ridley 6371!, 7065!, 9731!,

10352!. Prrak: Gunong Pundo, King’s Collector 8326! PaHANa:

at Pulau Tawar, Ridley 2271! ; at Sungei Telai, Machado 11553!; at

Kwala Tembeling, Ridley’s Collector! (these two with more glabrous

involucres).—Distris. Northern India, Burma, Java, China.

12. Lairsza corpata, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 177 (1886). A

spreading evergreen tree reaching 15 m. in height, occasionally 30 m.

with a diameter of 90 cm. (Kunstler 8269); branchlets rather

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 145

slender, smooth, black when dry, the uppermost rusty-tomentose as

are the innovations. Leaves membrano-chartaceous, alternate ;

broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, cordate

at base sometimes unequally ; upper surface smooth, shining, glab-

rous except on the nerves, lower rusty-tomentose, dark reddish-

brown when dry ; 10—17 cm. long, 6—10 cm. broad ; midrib slender

above and channelled, stouter below; main nerves 10—14 pairs,

impressed above, raised beneath, the lowest 1—2 pairs curved

downwards and then up, the rest at 50°—70° with the midrib at

first straight then curved to near the margin where they fade away

in diminishing loops; transverse nervules prominent, straight or

slightly curved, sometimes branched, enclosing the minutely areolate

reticulation ; petiole rather slender, 10—25 mm. long, often rugose.

Flowers in umbellules on slender peduncles 7—10 mm. long in

3 ,4—5 mm.in 92, inslender puberulous axillary erect or drooping

racemes reaching to 16 cm. long in ¢@, barely 10 cm. in 2? ; rhachis

angled; raceme bracts small, ovate, tomentose, 1—2 mm. long,

caducous; umbellules 7—8 mm. in diam. when open; involucral

bracts 5, slightly puberulous without, glabrous within, the outer

3 orbicular concave, the inner 2 obovate and much smaller ; flowers in

each umbellule 6, on very short golden-villous pedicels ; perianth

tube short, long-pilose within, lobes 6, oblong, obtuse or acute,

glabrous except for a few long pilose hairs on the back, ¢ 3and 2? 2

mm. long, gland-dotted, those of @ early deciduous. Stamens of

& flowers 12, those of the outer rows 3 mm.long with ovate anthers

and slender filaments bearing long pilose hairs in tufts near the base,

those of the inner rows similar but shorter with a pair of large

oblong sessile glands a little above the bases of the filaments;

rudimentary ovary ovoid, thickly pilose with twisted style and

capitate stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers also normally 12, some-

times fewer in inner rows, those of the outer rows clavate about

1 mm. long, the filaments bearing a tuft of pilose golden hairs as

in 3, those of the inner rows subulate, scarcely shorter, with a pair

of large oblong subsessile glands a little above the base. Ovary

ovoid, apparently glabrous; style thick, curved; stigma peltate,

lobed. Fruit oblong, acute, glossy dark red when fresh, black when

dry, up to 2 cm. long, 9 mm. broad, seated on the slightly enlarged

perianth-tube, which at first is somewhat cup-shaped enclosing the

base of the fruit, afterwards slightly obconic, spreading and

flattened, about 5 mm. in diam., the margins smooth; enlarged

pedicel about 1 cm. long; pericarp smooth, thin; cotyledons semi-

146 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

oblong. Tetranthera cordata, Jack in M’Clelland’s Calc. Journ. Nat.

Hist. IV. 356; Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. I. 578; Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV. 1.196. '. cordifolia, Meissn. 1.c.

Perak: at Assam Kumbong, Sungie Larut, Thaipeng, etc.,

Wray 2126!, 2462!, 2871!, 3045!; Scortechini!; road to Campar,

Ridley 9597!; dense jungle on low ground and hills up to 180 m.

alt. near Larut, Ktng’s Collector 3176 !, 3962!, 5180!, 6529 !, 8269!,

10824!. SeLANGoR: at Kerling, Goodenough 10537!. Matacca:

Griffith 4298!; at Sungei Udang, Goodenough 1353!. JonoRE: at

Kota Tinggyi, Ridley 4226!; at Bukit Murdon, Lake and Kelsall

4027!. Srveapore: at Kranji, Rédley’s Collector 6743!; at Bukit

Timah, Kunstler 353!—Distr1p: Sumatra; Borneo (near Kuching,

Sarawak, Haviland and Hose 1807!; at Rejang, Sibu, Haviland and

Hose 3654 C!);

The flowers of the Borneo specimens are slightly larger than those from the

Peninsula, but the specimens are better developed and the structure is the

same.

13. Lirrsza ciTRATA, Blume Bijdr. 565 (1825). A deciduous (?)

shrub or small tree reaching 10—12 m. in height with 15—20cm. dia-

meter of stem, all parts orange-scented; branchlets slender, smooth,

nearly black when dry, leaf-buds naked, acuminate, tawny-puberu-

lous. Leaves membranous; lanceolate, attenuately acuminate at

apex, attenuate or cuneate or sometimes rounded at base; upper

surface smooth, shining, glabrous, olivaceous or blackish, lower

glaucous; 7—13 cm. long, 2—4'5 cm. broad; midrib slender, dark

and prominent on the lower surface; main nerves 10—12 pairs

at first at nearly 80° with the midrib then curving to and along the

margin, secondary nerves rather prominent, transverse nervules and

reticulation prominent on the upper surface when dry; petiole

slender, 10—18 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers in axillary or lateral

umbelliform racemes bearing on peduncles about 5 mm. long about

7 involucrate umbellules; involucre of 4 concave nearly glabrous

bracts; flowers in each umbellule 5 on slender puberulous pedicels ;

perianth-tube short, lobes 6, oblong or obovate, ciliate, silky within,

2 mm. long, those of ¢ and 2? flowers similar. Stamens of ¢

flowers 9 (occasionally up to 12), those of the first two rows eglandu-

lar with quadrate anthers and slender filaments sparsely villous as is

the connective, 3 mm. long; those of the third row rather shorter,

also with quadrate anthers and a pair of large sessile or subsessile

reniform glands attached near the bases of the filaments; anther-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 147

cells all introrse except the lower ones of inner row which are often

lateral; rudimentary ovary conical, with slender style and small

spreading stigma. Staminodes of 9 flowers 9, those of the Ist and

2nd_ rows linear, villous, 1 mm. long, those of the 3rd row subulate,

villous, with a pair of large semisagittate sessile glands above the

base of the filaments. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, with short thick style

and large peltate usually lobed stigma. Fruit small, globose, 5—6

mm. in diameter, seated on the very slightly enlarged flattened

perianth-tube about 2 mm. broad ; pedicel 5 mm. long; pericarp

fleshy, glabrous, aromatic; cotyledons hemispherical. Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 155; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 142; Brandis Ind. Trees

535. Tetranthera citrata, Nees Syst. Laur. 560; Bl. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. I. 385; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 958. 7. polyantha, Wall.

Cat. 2538; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 67 and Syst. Laur. 545;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 182 (excluding China as locality) ;

Kurz For. Fl. IT. 301.

Perak: Thaiping Hills, 3000 ft., Ridley 11390! Panane: at

Telom, Ridley 13780!.—Distris. India (Eastern Himalaya, Assam,

Khasia Hills, Manipur, usually above 5000 ft.), Upper Burma, Java

(above 2000 ft.).

It is very difficult in poor specimens to distinguish this from Lindera

pipericarpa.

14, Litsza Petrotata, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 171 (1886).

A very large evergreen tree reaching to 30 or even 45 m. in height

and to more than 1] m. in diameter of stem; branchlets moderately

stout, grey-brown when dry, uppermost and innovations glabrous

except the minutely puberulous grey ovate-lanceolate buds. Leaves

chartaceous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate,

obtuse or obtusely acute or sometimes acuminate at apex, cuneate

sometimes unequally at base; upper surface bright green with

yellow ribs when fresh, dull or shining reddish-brown when dry,

glabrous, lower also glabrous, paler reddish-brown ; 7—15 cm. long,

3—8 cm. broad ; midrib impressed above; main nerves 5—8 pairs,

slender, impressed above, curving to the margin ; transverse nervules

many, sub-parallel, not prominent; reticulation areolate; petiole

slender, 1:5—2cm.long. Flowers in umbellules on slender peduncles

5 to 10 mm. long in ¢, shorter and stouter in 2, in rather dense

lateral puberulous bracteate racemes usually 5—7 mm. long, forming

clusters of up to 12; umbellules about 8 mm. in diam. in ¢, 5 mm.

148 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

in 2 ; involucral bracts 5, glabrous or only minutely pubescent, thin,

orbicular, concave, reflexed ; flowers in each umbellule 5—7, pedicels

stout, pubescent ; perianth-tube short, lobes 6, linear-oblong, membra.-

nous, ciliate and laxly villous,3 mm. long. Stamens in 3 flowers 9,

those of the outer 2 rows 5—7 mm. long with oblong anthers and

filiform villous filaments, those of the inner row rather shorter with

smaller anthers and a pair of small reniform stipitate glands at the

base ; rudimentary ovary very small with long villous style and

capitate stigma. Staminodes in 2 flowers normally 9, those of the 2

outer rows subulate clavate 2—2°5 mm. long with hispid filaments,

those of the 3rd row short clavate glabrous with a pair of large

reniform shortly stipitate glands. Ovary globose, glabrous; style

thick, 3 mm. long; stigma. large, discoid. Fruit nearly globose,

6—7 mm. in diameter, seated on the very slightly enlarged flattened

perianth-tube, about 3 mm. in diam., the margins sinuate somewhat

reflexed ; pedicel stout, clavate, 5—7 mm. long; pericarp smooth,

rugose when dry.

PERAK: in open jungle on low hills up to 250 m. alt., King’s

Collector 480!, 4460!, 7759!, 7761!; Scortechint!. SELANGOR: at

Kwala Lumpur, Ridley’s Collector 4699!. Matacca: Maingay K.D.

1265! Singapore: in Garden, Garden jungle, etc., Ridley 56!, 3368!,

6821!, 10640!, 10838!, 11337!, 11839!; at Galang, Baker 3033 !.

Vern. ‘ Poko Parawas’.

15. Lirszta BRacuystacuyA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III.

143 (1900). A spreading evergreen tree reaching a height of 15—18 m.

and up to 90 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets rather slender,

smooth, nearly black when dry, angled, channelled decurrently from

below the bases of the nodes, uppermost and innovations minutely

grey-puberulous. Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous, alternate,

glabrous ; elliptic or elliptic-ovate, obtusely acuminate at apex, acute

or rounded often unequally at base; upper surface shining, bright

green when fresh, dark brown when dry, lower bluish green when

fresh, brown when dry; margins slightly recurved ; 10—14 em. long,

5—7 cm. broad; midrib slender, impressed above, prominently

raised beneath; main nerves 7—9 pairs, rather irregular, impressed

above, at from 50° to 60° orsometimes 70° with the midrib, curved to

join the margin ; transverse nervules rather distant and not prom-

inent, straight or curved, enclosing the netted and rather obscure

reticulation ; petiole slender, 15—25 mm. long, channelled above.

Flowers in umbellules or slender peduncles up to 6 or even 10 mm.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 149

Jong in panicles of racemes reaching to 4 sometimes to 10 cm. in

length; rhachis angled, black when dry, minutely puberulous or

glabrescent ; raceme bracts minute, grey-puberulous, caducous ;

umbellules when open 5 mm. in diam.; involucral bracts 4—5,

glabrous, reflexed in flower, the outer orbicular, the inner ovate or

oblong; flowers in each umbellule 5—6, very small, on short villous

pedicels; perianth-tube glabrous within except for tufts of long

hair at the mouth; lobes 6 or fewer, some occasionally wanting, some

merely linear, normally lanceolate, acuminate, villous on the back,

1—1°5 mm. long, those in ¢@ flowers early deciduous in a ring.

Stamens of 3 flowers usually 9, the 6 of the outer rows 2 mm. long

with subquadrate anthers and slender filaments long pilose at the

base, the 3 of the inner row shorter and with a pair of shortly

stipitate reniform glands near the bases of the filaments; rudimentary

ovary 0. Sitaminodes of 92 flowers 9, those of the outer rows 6

clavate, the filaments long-pilose, those of the inner row 3 subulate

with a pair of large nearly sessile glands at their middle. Ovary

globose, glabrous; style short; stigma large, peltate, lobed. Fruit

globose or slightly ellipsoid, 8 mm. long, 7 mm. in diam., seated on

the slightly enlarged obconic perianth-tube 3 mm. in diam.; enlarged

pedicel 5 mm. long; pericarp thin, smooth ; cotyledons hemispheric.

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 156. Tetranthera brachystachya, Bl. Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 384 (1851); Meissn. l.c. 196. 7. lucida, Hassk.

Cat. Hort. Bogor. 90 (1844) and Pl. Jav. Rar. 216; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

I. 1, 956 excl. syn. ; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1, 197.

Perak: at Matang Jambu, etc., Wray 2518 ! 2886!; forests of

Larut and Ula Buvong at 120—200 m. alt., King’s Collector 6855,

10528 !—Distris. Java.

The description of the fruit is taken from Buitenzorg specimens.

Koord. and Val. consider that Wight’s t. 1836 is probably intended to represent

this species, but a comparison of the specimen of Wight’s in Herb. Kew does

not bear out this suggestion. Wight’s t. 1836 probably represents L. glabrata,

Wall. Litsea lucida, Bl. Bijdr. 961, is a Lindera.

16. Litsza aNcuLATA, Blume Bijdr. 563 (1825). An evergreen

tree reaching 12—17 m. in height and 40—50 cm. in diam. of stem ;

branchlets moderately stout, grey, blackish-scurfy and lenticellate,

uppermost angular, nearly black when dry, minutely puberulous ; leaf

buds lanceolate, grey-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; ellip-

tic or elliptic-oblong or -obovate, obtusely acute or acuminate at apex,

attenuate or cuneate at base; upper surface olive-brown, shining,

150 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

glabrous ; lower dark reddish brown, minutely but sparsely puberu-

lous when young, afterwards glabrous; 10—20 cm. long, 4—6 em.

broad ; midrib thick, impressed and sometimes keeled above, raised

beneath ; main nerves prominent, 7—12 pairs, usually 10, regular,

parallel, impressed above, bisulcate beneath, leaving the midrib at

from 65°—70° and curving rather obliquely to the margin where

they end; transverse nervules obscure, very slender, numerous and

nearly straight, sometimes branched, enclosing the very minute

obscure reticulation ; petiole stout, 10—25 mm. long, black. Flowers

in umbellules on slender grey-pubescent peduncles 5—7 mm. long, in

axillary or lateral short pubescent racemes reaching (buds only) 1 em.

in length with about 6 flowers; involucral bracts 5, the 2 outer

coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular, concave, the rest membranous and

ovate, the innermost fimbriate and puberulous without; flowers in

each umbellule 6, subsessile ; perianth lobes 6—8, irregular in shape,

sometimes alternately ovate-acute and oblong-obtuse, densely golden-

villous without. Stamens in 3 flowers (from bud only) 12—16,

usually 12, glabrous, those of inner rows with a pair of large

angular glands near the bases of the filaments. Stamnodes of 92

flowers 9, the 3 inner short and furnished with large quite adnate

glands (Koorders & Valeton). Fruit glossy, dark red, ovate-

oblong, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. in diam., the tip obtusely acute, seated on

the flattened enlarged perianth-tube with undulate margins 6 mm.

in diam.; enlarged pedicel clavate, flattened, 14—17 mm. long ;

pericarp when fresh speckled with white, the tip green (Kunstler)

when dry nearly black. Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 158. UL. Rein-

warditi, Bl. M.S. fide Meissn. Tetranthera angulata, Nees Syst.

Laur. 544; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 384; Miq. Fi. Ind. Bat.

I. 1. 956; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV.1.197. 7. pseudo-angulata, Bl.

p..c.1. 385.

PERAK : on low ground at Larut, King’s Collector 5350!, 6683!.

SELANGOR : at Gua Batu, Ridley 8505!—Distris. Java.

I believe the identification to be correct: unfortunately there are only

leaf specimens available for comparison in the Kew and Calcutta Herbaria.

Koorders and Valeton describes the drupes as depressed-globose.

17. LitsEA SPATHACEA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 358 (1910). A

shrub or small shrubby tree scarcely reaching 6 m. in height and 5—8

em. diam. of stem; branchlets rather stout, pale brown, sulcate or

striate, lenticellate, innovations puberulous; buds lanceolate, leafy.

Leaves submembranous, alternate, very variable; elliptic -oblong or

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 151

-oblanceolate or -obovate, rounded or acute or acuminate some-

times even cuspidate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base;

upper surface dull, olive-green, glabrous, lower glaucous or bluish-

green, rarely reddish, also glabrous; 8—24 cm. long, 5—10 cm.

broad; midrib pale, slender, impressed above, prominent beneath ;

main nerves 9 to 12, pale, curving upwards to join in loops

near the margin; transverse nervules few but nearly straight

and prominent, shining, conspicuous on the under surface, the

smaller reticulations very evident on the upper surface when dry ;

petiole 5—20 mm. long, bordered above by the decurrent margins of

the blade. lowers in sessile or very shortly peduncled umbellules in

very short few- (1—3-) flowered long-bracteate racemes axillary or

lateral; bracts subulate, 3—5 mm. long; umbellules with 6 ovate-

orbicular concave involucral bracts, the inner 3 smaller than the 3

outer, densely tomentose without, glabrous within, 5—7 mm. long,

3s and @ nearly equal in size; flowers in each umbellule usually 6;

perianth-tube short (1—1°5 mm.) in’, longer (3 mm.) in 2 ; lobes 6,

ovate, acute in 3, oblong in 2°, ciliate, l-nerved, 3 mm. long,

glabrous or nearly so within. Stamensin 3 flowers 9—12 in 4 rows,

most (usually 6) of outer rows eglandular with 6 of inner rows shorter

and biglandular, but often 3 only in inner row biglandular; outer

rows 4 mm. long with small ovate acute anthers and very slender

glabrous filaments, inner 2°5 mm. long with smaller anthers and

shorter filaments and a pair of large sessile or shortly stipitate

glands at their bases; rudimentary ovary ovate, very small with

thick often bent style and peltate stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers

as the stamens of the 3 the outer ones clavate on capillary stalks

3 mm. long, the inner similar but 1—5 mm. long and with a

pair of oblong glands at the base. Ovary ovoid with thick fleshy

geniculate style and peltate slightly lobed stigma. Fruit ovoid,

apiculate, 12—15 mm. long, 8—10 mm. broad, seated on the

enlarged persistent but thin chartaceous perianth-tube which is

12 mm. in diam. bearing the persistent perianth lobes and often cleft

in 2—5 segments ; pericarp thin, glabrous; cotyledons semi-ovoid,

fleshy.

PERAK: at Relan Tujor, Sungie Larut and Maxwell’s hill, Wray

2198!, 2286!, 2755!; at Maxwell’s hill, Scortechint 1410!; among

rocks, in dense forest and up to 1000 m. alt., King’s Collector 3493},

4971!, 5130!, 5280!; Maxwell’s hill, Ridley! SrLancor: at Kwala

Lumpur, Curtis 2371!

152 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Var. tomentosa, Gamble. Leaves more obovate, rusty-pubescent

beneath as are the upper branchlets and buds.

Perak: Scortechini 1289!

18. Lirs—EA MAGNIFICA, Gamble. A small tree, bark smooth,

pale,thin; branchlets moderately stout, pale brown, uppermost angu-

lar rusty-pubescent; buds lanceolate, hardly perulate. Leaves perga-

maceous, more or less crowded towards the ends of the branchlets ;

oblanceolate, rounded and very shortly acuminate at apex, very long-

and narrowly-cuneate at base; upper surface dull, olive-green when

dry, glabrous except the midrib; lower surface paler, minutely grey-

puberulous or glabrous except on the nerves; 23—43 cm. long,

6—10 cm. broad; midrib stout, flat or impressed above, very pro-

minent beneath; main nerves 15 to 20 at about 50° with the midrib,

slightly curved to the margin, impressed above, raised beneath ;

secondary nerves few and short; transverse nervules irregular and

obscure; reticulation obscurely netted; petiole stout, 1 cm. long,

sometimes 0. Flowers in long- (about 2 cm.) peduncled umbellules in

very short thick woody racemes each bearing about 12 and about

7 mm. long, the racemes forming globose clusters 7—8 cm. broad on

thick branches below the leaves; umbellules with 6 orbicular con-

cave involucral bracts, densely grey-pubescent without, glabrous

within, ¢ umbellules about 2 em. in diam. when open, 2? much

smaller ; flowers in each umbellule 7—9in ¢, about 5in @ ; perianth-

tube funnel-shaped, 2—3 mm.long; perianth-lobes usually 6, oblong,

ciliate, glandular, 3-nerved, 5—6 mm. long in ¢,4 in 2. Stamens

of ¢ flowers 9 to 12, usually 12 in 4 rows, those of the two outer

rows 7—9 mm. long, the filaments very slender and villous, the

anthers 3°5—4 mm. long, acuminate, the upper cells oblong introrse,

the lower overlapping the upper and lateral ; those of the two inner

rows 5—6 mm. long, similar but with the anthers shorter, and bear-

ing at the base of the filaments a pair of stout pyriform sessile or

subsessile glands under 1 mm. long; rudimentary ovary ovoid with

long (4—5 mm.) style and spreading 2—3-fid stigma. Staminodes

of 2 flowers usually 12, sometimes more and rather variable, those

of the 2 outer rows linear-subulate, 4—5 mm. long, slightly villous

near the base, those of the 2 inner rows shorter and rather stouter

3—4 mm. long and bearing a pair of stout basal glands asin the ¢.

Ovary ovoid; style 7 mm. long, gradually expanding upwards;

stigma peltate, lobed, 25 mm. in diam. at top. rut (unripe)

ovoid, subtruncate, apiculate, 10 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, seated on

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 153

the cup-shaped enlarged perianth-tube, smooth on the margins or

with the remains of the perianth-lobes and staminodes, pubescent

without, 5 mm. high and 8 mm. in diam.; pericarp thin, smooth,

dotted. Lepidadenia magnifica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 936. Cyli-

codaphne magnifica, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 203.

Penance: Waterfall gardens, Ridley 10770!. Maacca: at

Nyalas, Derry 1017!. (Vern. ‘Madang Telon’); Ridley’s Collector

448! (Vern. ‘ Madang Kuraing’).—Distris. Sumatra (Teysmann

1011 from Batang baroes, west coast !).

Teysmann’s specimen in Herb. Calc. has leaves only but all the specimens

enumerated agree with it.

Var. pahangensis, Gamble. Leaves larger, up to 12 cm. broad,

more coriaceous, shining above reddish beneath when dry; main

nerves less oblique, at about 70° with the midrib, deeply impressed,

up to 25; petiole up to 2 cm. long, very stout.

PaHAnG: at Pulau Chenkel and Kwala Tenok, Ridley 2271 ! etc.,

(Vern. ‘Thadang Kunyit’).

The & flowers of this variety exactly agree with those of Derry 1017.

The ? flowers have been used in the description of the species.

19. LirsEa Riptey1, Gamble in Kew Bull. 317(1910). Atree;

branchlets moderately stout, dark brown, uppermost minutely rusty-

puberulous as are the lanceolate buds and the inflorescence. Leaves

chartaceous, alternate; elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, obtuse or

acute or acuminate, often mucronate at apex, long attenuate at base ;

upper surface smooth, shining, glabrous except the rusty-puberulous

midrib, minutely areolate-reticulate; lower paler or even sub-

glaucous, younger slightly puberulous, later glabrescent, the nerves

pubescent; margins recurved; 10—25 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad;

midrib slender, scarcely raised above, prominent beneath; main

nerves 7—10 pairs, often irregular or branched, impressed above,

raised beneath, starting at about 50° with the midrib and curving

upwards to and along the margin, the uppermost 2—3 pairs nearly

rejoining the midrib at its apex; transverse nervules very irregular,

prominent, enclosing a faint areolate reticulation; petiole stout,

flattened above, slightly rugose, nearly black, 1°5—2°5 cm. long.

Flowers in short (up to 12 mm.) slender-peduncled umbellules in very

short axillary or lateral racemes of 6—12, the racemes densely rusty-

villous about 5 mm. long; umbellules 8—10 mm. broad when open ;

involucral bracts 4, ovate-oblong, concave, 4 mm. long; flowers in

154 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

each umbellule 4—6; perianth-tube short, lobes 6, oblong, villous,

2—3 mm. long. Stamens in ¢@ flowers usually 9 (sometimes but

less often up to 12), those of the outer rows 3 mm. long with sub-

quadrate anthers and slender villous filaments, those of the inner

rows shorter and with a pair of subsessile glands attached a little

above the bases of the filaments; rudimentary ovary conical, with

slender style and bifid stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers usually 12

(sometimes 9), those of the outer rows clavate with villous filaments

1—2 mm. long, those of the inner rows shorter and with a pair of

rather large glands a little above the base. Ovary ovoid, glabrous;

style curved; stigma subcapitate, bifid. Frutt nearly globose, 15mm.

in diam., seated on the enlarged, at first nearly closed, later hemis-

pheric, at length obconical rugose perianth-tube about 6 mm. high,

8—10 mm. in diam. at the crenulate mouth and bearing the remains

of the lobes and staminodes ; pedicel short, slightly enlarged only ;

pericarp smooth, somewhat shining and wrinkled when dry.

SINGAPORE: at Changi, Ridley 3803!; at Reservoir Road,

Ridley 5101!; at Bukit Mandai, Ridley 3836!, 4701!, 5064!, 5852!,

10833! ; at Holland Road, Hullett ; at plant house, Cantley 193!

This speciesis not unlike LD. Wallichit, Hook. f., but differs in being pubes-

cent and having leaves not prominently areolate-reticulate.

20. Litszea PENANGIANA, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 171

(1886). A small evergreen tree, reaching 7—9 metres in height and

15 cm. diameter of stem; branchlets pale brown densely softly

rusty-tomentose as are the innovations, petioles and inflorescence ;

buds ovoid. Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; elliptic-oblong, obtuse or

shortly acute at apex, cuneate at base ; upper surface dark-green

when fresh, olive-brown when dry, glabrous, somewhat shining; .

lower pale bluish-grey when fresh, cimnamomeous when dry, at

first minutely soft tomentose especially on the nerves, afterwards

glabrous ; 10—22 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, slightly

channelled above; main nerves 8—10 pairs curving upwards to and

along the margin, transverse nervules and reticulation faint on

lower, minutely areolate on upper surface; petiole stout, 1—2-5 cm.

long. Flowers in sessile or very shortly (up to 5mm.) peduncled

umbellules in very short small racemose axillary or lateral clusters of

3—4 ; involucral bracts 4, densely tomentose, ovate, concave ; flowers

in each umbellule 4—6; pedicels very short or 0; perianth-tube

stout, 2 mm. long, villous within ; lobes 6, oblong, obtuse, ciliate,

glabrous within, tawny-villous without, 2—3 mm. long, erect or

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 155

spreading in ¢, more spreading in 9. Stamens of ¢& flowers 12, in

_ 4rows, those of the outer row longest, 3 mm. long, eglandular, those

of the 2nd 2°5 mm. long eglandular, those of the 3rd and 4th 2—2°5

mm. long with a pair of large reniform stipitate glands near the base ;

anthers ovoid, filaments of outer rows villous, of inner nearly

glabrous, cells of 4th row anthers sometimes 2 only, all introrse ;

rudimentary ovary slender with slender style and bifid stigma.

Staminodes of 2 flowers 12, those of 2 outer rows slenderly clavate,

2 mm. long with villous filaments, those of inner rows similar but

shorter and with a pair of large stipitate glands near the base.

Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved; stigma peltate, bifid. Fruit

ellipsoid, apiculate, 8—12 mm. long, 7—8 mm. broad, seated on a

thick cup formed by the enlarged perianth-tube, cup at first nearly

enclosing the fruit, afterwards hemispheric 10 mm. in diameter, the

outside rugose, the margin crenulate with remains of the perianth-

lobes and staminodes; enlarged pedicel very short, thick; pericarp

shining, yellowish when dry.

Penance: Phillips; on Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 1258/2 !;

at Moniots’ road, 600 m. alt., Curtis 1587!, 2159!; at 550 m., King’s

Collector 1580!. Perak: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh,

Wray 921!, 969!, 1081!, 1188!; Scortechint 369!; at 300 to 600 m.

alt., King’s Collector 8067!

The leaves and fruit of this species resemble those of L. Griffithiz, but the

leaves are alternate and not opposite and the flowers are different. Were it

not for the remarks made by Sir Jos. Hooker in the Fl. Br. Ind. I should have

been disposed to refer this species to Tetranthera accedens, Blume.

21. LitsEA cCASTANEA, Hook. f. in FI. Br. Ind. V. 171 (1886).

A large tree reaching 30 or 40 m. in height and a great girth of

stem ; branchlets rather stout, dark grey-brown, hoary, lenticellate,

uppermost minutely greyish-tawny-puberulous as are the linear

lanceolate buds the petioles and inflorescence. Leaves chartaceous,

alternate ; elliptic, elliptic-ovate or -obovate, sometimes nearly or-

bicular, obtuse or emargmate at apex, rounded sometimes un-

equally at base ; upper surface dark green when fresh, shining and

dark reddish-brown when dry, lower paler and redder, both glabrous

except the nerves, sometimes puberulous beneath and areolate

reticulate; margins recurved; 7—22 cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad;

midrib stout, deeply impressed above, much raised beneath ; main

nerves 8—16 pairs, deeply impressed above, at an angle of about 60°

with the midrib at first nearly straight then curved to near the

156 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

margin where they, at any rate the upper ones, meet in loops

strongly marked beneath; transverse nervules many, prominent,

slightly arched; reticulation minutely netted; petiole fairly stout,

1—2°5 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers in umbellules on rather

stout peduncles 8—12 cm. long in short axillary or lateral 6—8 mm.

long racemes of about 6—8 each; raceme bracts ovate deciduous;

umbellules when open 10—12 mm. broad (¢ only); involucral

bracts 4°5, ovate or ovate-orbicular, concave, white-tomentose, reflexed

in flower; flowers in each umbellule 4—6; perianth-tube 3 mm. long,

lobes 6—8, spreading or reflexed, variable but usually oblong-

spathulate, densely villous without, glabrous within, 5 mm. long.

Stamens in 3 flowers 12—16, normally 12, those of outer rows

6—8 mm. long with ovate anthers and very slender sparsely villous

filaments, those of inner rows shorter with subquadrate anthers and

a pair of round long stipitate glands at about one-third of the

length of the filaments; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes in 9

flowers (bud only) 9—15, those of the outer rows clavate with villous

filaments, those of the inner rows subulate-clavate with a pair of

reniform stipitate glands near the base. Ovary globose, included in

the speedily circumsciss perianth-tube ; style thick, curved, glabrous;

stigma large, conical. Fruit ovoid, to cylindric-ovoid 12 to 20 mm.

long, 8 to 10 mm. broad, the base enclosed in the hemispheric cup-

shaped enlarged perianth-tube 7—8 mm. high and 12 mm. in diam.

at the circular mouth, the outside slightly rough, slightly puberu-

lous; pedicel rather slender, slightly flattened, 10 mm. long;

pericarp smooth, shining, yellowish-brown when dry.

PERAK: at Sungie Larut and Kota, Wray 2353!, 2867!, 3119!;

in mixed forest about Larut up to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 3296!,

3509!, 4937!, 6497!, 10283!, 10926! SrLancor: at Kwala Lum-

pur, Ridley’s Collector!; Burn-Murdoch (Ridley 13204!) Mawacca:

Maingay K.D. 1259!; at Bukit Bruang, Goodenough 1422!; at

Brisu, Derry 1047!.

22. LitsEA QuERCINA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 318 (1910). A tree;

branchlets greyish-brown, rather slender, uppermost grey-pubescent

as are the innovations and the petioles and midrib of the leaves.

Leaves coriaceous, alternate, areolate-reticulate ; elliptic or elliptic-

ovate, obtuse and mucronate sometimes emarginate at apex,

rounded at base; both surfaces dark greyish-brown when dry, upper

shining, glabrous except on the nerves, lower minutely puberulous

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 157

to nearly glabrous; 6—8 cm. Jong, 3—3°5 cm. broad; midrib

slender but prominent, pubescent, deeply impressed above; main

nerves 7—9 pairs, impressed above, starting at about 70° with the

midrib and curved to near the margin; transverse nervules faint ;

areolate reticulation prominent on both surfaces under the lens;

petiole 8—10 mm. long, rather slender. Flowers in umbellules on

peduncles 6—8 mm. long on very short lateral racemes. Fruit

ellipsoid-oblong, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. in diam., seated on the cup-shaped

enlarged perianth-tube, the cup black when dry, dull, 7 mm. high,

9 m. in diam. at the sharp circular margin; enlarged pedicel very

stout, 4 mm. long; pericarp smooth, shining, yellowish and wrinkled

when dry.

PERAK: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray 1174!

Very near L. castanea, but has much smaller thicker leaves, not red when

dry, and with fewer main nerves.

23. LITSEA CYLINDROCARPA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 318 (1910).

A spreading evergreen tree reaching 30 or 40 m. in height with a

diam. of 90—120 cm. of stem; branchlets moderately stout, grey_

ish, smooth, uppermost angular, minutely grey-puberulous as are

the lanceolate buds and the inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, alter-

nate ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -obovate, obtusely acute or rounded

and very shortly apiculate or simply mucronate at apex, cuneate or

attenuate at base; dark green and shining above when fresh, dull

and brown and glabrous when dry except the prominently impressed

midrib and main nerves, pale brown to glaucous and very minutely

puberulous beneath; margins recurved; 9—18 cm. long, 4—9 cm.

broad ; midrib slender ; main nerves 6—12 pairs, prominent, parallel,

deeply impressed, starting at about 70° with the midrib and only

slightly curving till close to the margin; transverse nervules many,

straight, parallel but often hardly visible ; reticulation not visible;

petiole 10—25 mm. long, channelled and puberulous above. Flowers

in rather long- (up to 1 cm.) pedunculate umbellules in axillary or

lateral grey-pubescent racemes or clusters of racemes about 15—17

mm. long; raceme bracts ovate, acute, deciduous; involucral

bracts ovate-orbicular, 4—5 mm. long, concave, glabrous within,

at length spreading; flowers in each umbellule 5; pedicels short,

tawny-villous; perianth-lobes oblong acute, very membranous,

villous, 2—3 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers very variable, 8—13,

normally 9, those of the outer rows up to 5 mm. long with ovate

anthers and slender villous filaments, sometimes with 1 or 2 glands

158 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

at the base; those of the inner rows shorter and biglandular, the

glands rather small; rudimentary ovary rounded, villous; style

slender; stigma oblique. Staminodes of 2 flowers not known. Fruit

cylindric-oblong, 2 cm. long, 7—9 mm. broad, obtuse at apex,

seated on the cup-shaped rugose puberulous enlarged perianth-tube

5 mm. high, 7 mm. broad at the mouth; pedicel thick, flattened,

5 mm. long ; pericarp red when ripe, rugose when dry; cotyledons

oblong, base acute.

PENANG: at Batu Etam, 500 m., Curtis 787!. Province WEL-

LESLEY : at Nibong Tibal, Curtis 3473!; at Krian, Ridley 9388!.

PERAK: in dense jungle on low ground up to 30 m. alt., King’s

Collector 5500!, 5568 !, 6207!, 6673!; at Bruas, Burn-Mardoch 211

—Distris. Java, Borneo (base of Matang, Ridley 11673!; near

Kuching, Haviland 3297 !).

24, Lrrsza WRaAyI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 319 (1910). An ever-

green tree reaching 20—25 m. in height and up to 60 cm. in

diameter of stem; branchlets slender, greyish-brown, uppermost

darker, angled, slightly puberulous ; leaf-buds lanceolate, grey-puber-

ulous. Leaves chartaceous, alternate-elliptic; oblong, or oblong-

lanceolate or -oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, long attenuate at

base or more rarely acute ; upper surface smooth, shining, glabrous,

dark-brown, lower paler and reddish, glabrous or the youngest

very slightly puberulous; margins slightly recurved, thickened ;

10—17 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, slightly im-

pressed above, raised beneath; main nerves 10—13 pairs, hardly

impressed above, leaving the midrib at about 60° and curving at once

obliquely upwards to and along the margin, the upper ones join-

ing in loops; transverse nervules slender, irregular, often branched,

enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 15—25 mm.

long, the upper half bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade.

Flowers (buds only) in umbellules on slender villous or sub-glabrous

peduncles 4—6 mm. long, single or fascicled or in very short (5 mm.)

puberulous racemes, axillary or lateral on the upper branchlets ;

raceme bracts ovate, grey-puberulous, caducous; involucral bracts

4—5, villous without, glabrous within, the fifth when present

obovate, the rest orbicular concave; flowers in each umbellule

5—6; perianth-lobes 6, villous without, oblong, obtuse or acute

usually alternately. Stamens in ¢ flowers 12, glabrous, those of

the outer rows with acute anthers, those of the inner rows obtuse

and with a pair of sessile glands halfway up the filaments; rudi-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 159

mentary ovary ovate with short style and cleft stigma. Staminodes

of 2 flowers also 12, glabrous, those of the outer rows clavate,

those of the inner rows subulate with a pair of large sessile glands

above the base. Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved; stigma capitate.

Fruit globose with slightly conical blunt apex, 10 mm. in diam.

seated on the enlarged spotted perianth-tube; cupule when young

nearly globose enclosing the fruit with only a very small orifice, at

length obconical enclosing only the lower half of the fruit, 8 mm.

high and 12 mm. in diameter at the mouth, margin smooth.

enlarged pedicel thick, slightly flattened, 4 mm. long; pericarp waxy

white when fresh, yellowish when dry.

PERAK: at Waterfall Hill, Wray 1853!, 4036!; Scortechini! ; in

hill forests near Larut at 250—450 m. alt., King’s Coltector 6908!,

7569 !.

25. LITSEA SINGAPORENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 358 (1910). A

tree (?), branchlets moderately stout, pale brown, glabrous; buds

lanceolate, pubescent, Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; oblong-lanceo-

late or -oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusely acute at apex, long-

cuneately narrowed at base; margins recurved; upper surface

smooth, shining, areolately reticulate, glabrous, pale brown when

dry, lower also smooth and glabrous and lighter in colour;

15—30 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, flat or slightly

raised above, raised beneath ; main nerves 6—12 pairs, obscure and

slightly impressed above, prominent beneath and conspicuous,

curved to and along the margin; transverse nervules faint; reticula-

tion areolate, fairly prominent on upper surface; petiole stout,

rugose, 1:5—2 cm. long. lowers in puberulous pedunculate (up to

13 mm.) umbellules in axillary or lateral thick racemes of about

1—4 and 7 mm. long; involucral bracts 4, thin, orbicular, concave ;

flowers in each umbellule 5, on thick short pedicels ; perianth-tube

short, lobes spathulate, rusty-villous without. Stamens in ¢ flowers

12, those of the two inner rows biglandular (buds only available) ;

staminodes of 9 flowers not seen. fruit depressed globose, apicu-

late, 15 mm. in diam., seated on a shallow rather thin hemispheric

cupule 7 mm. high, 16 mm. broad; cupule broadening with age,

rugose or pustulate without, margin smooth; enlarged pedicel short,

6—7 mm. long, stout; pericarp smooth, pale yellowish or greenish

when dry.

SINGAPORE: at Bukit Timah, Toas, in Garden jungle and

160 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Botanic Garden, Ridley 2118!, 3372!, 3894!, 4135!, 4826!, 5965!,

5736!; at Tanglin, Hullett 5738!—Distris. Borneo, Bongaya river,

Ridley 9075!

26. LITSEA PERAKENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 359 (1910). A

tree reaching 20 or more metres in height and 50 cm. in diam. of

stem ; branchlets nearly black when dry, striate, glabrous. Leaves

sub-coriaceous, alternate; oblong, oblong-obovate or -oblanceolate,

obtuse acute or acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; dark green

above when fresh, olive-brown and shining when dry, bluish green

beneath when fresh, sub-glaucous when dry, glabrous on both

surfaces; margins recurved; 15—30 cm. long, 5—8 ecm. broad;

midrib stout, reddish, scarcely raised above, prominent beneath;

main nerves 10—12 pairs, somewhat irregularly parallel, starting at

about 50° with the midrib and curved gradually to and along the

margin, the upper few looped so as nearly to rejoin the midrib at

its tip; transverse nervules few, faint as is the reticulation ;

petiole stout, 1:55—3 cm. long, glabrous. lowers in slenderly-

peduncled (S—10 mm. long) umbellules in short axillary lateral or

sometimes sub-terminal glabrous or minutely puberulous racemes

about 8 mm. long; raceme bracts lanceolate, acuminate ; umbellules

(3 only) up to 10 mm. broad when open; involucral bracts 4,

orbicular, concave, glabrous within, 3—4 mm. in diam.; flowers in

each umbellule 5; pedicels 2—3 mm. long; perianth-lobes oblong,

obtuse or acute, ciliate at the tips, 3 mm. long. Stamens of o

flowers 9—12, usually 12, those of the outer rows 5—6 mm. long

with obovate anthers and slender filaments slightly villous at base,

those of the inner rows shorter with smaller anthers and a pair of

rounded shortly stipitate glands near the base; lower anther-cells

all lateral; rudimentary ovary short, with thick glabrous style and

capitate stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers not known. Fruit glossy

with white spots when fresh, yellowish when dry, globose, 1 cm. in

diam., apiculate, seated on the shallow cup-shaped enlarged perianth-

tube 5 mm. high and 10 mm. in diam. at the mouth ; the cup and

its very thick somewhat flattened 8—10 mm. long pedicel roughly

tubercular.

Perak: at Larut and Goping up to 250 m. alt., King’s Collector

5114!, 6069!, 6085!. JoHorm: at Sungei Telrang, Ridley 13233!.

SINGAPORE: at Bukit Timah, Ridley 14135!.

Kunstler describes this as a magnificent and rare tree.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 161

27. Lirsza pustuLatTa, Gamble in Kew Bull. 359 (1910) A

small or moderate-sized evergreen tree reaching 12 to 18 m. in

height and 25—37 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets stout with

large pith, pale brown, smooth, striate when dry, uppermost

slightly puberulous. Leaves subcoriaceous, alternate; elliptic-

oblong or slightly obovate, rounded and with a short acumen at

apex, broadly attenuate to rounded at base; upper surface shining,

glabrous, lower bluish-green or slate-coloured when fresh, sub-

glaucous when dry; margins recurved; 18—35 cm. long, 8—14 cm.

broad; midrib stout, flat above, raised beneath; main nerves 8—12

pairs, slightly impressed above, starting at from 50°—60° with the

midrib and curving upwards to and along the margin, the upper-

most nearly reaching the apex; transverse nervules many, faint,

arched, enclosing the obscure areolate reticulation; petiole stout,

2—3 em. long. Flowers in umbellules in short axillary or lateral

racemes about 1 cm. long; rest not known. Fruit globose, slightly

depressed, 15 mm. in diam., seated on the shallowly obconic patelli-

form enlarged very rugose spotted and pustulate perianth-tube,

when young this is globose with a very small orifice and enclosing

the fruit, later on it is hemispheric, finally patelliform 5—6 cm. long

12cm. in diam., margin smooth; enlarged pedicel thick, also rugose

and pustular, flattened, 8—12 mm. long; pericarp smooth, yellowish

when dry.

Perak: dense forests near Larut up to 250 m. alt., King’s

Collector 2544!, 3418!, 5140!.

28. LitsntA PATELLARIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 360 (1910). A

spreading evergreen tree reaching 12—18 m. in height and 20—30 cm.

in diameter of stem; branchlets stout, smooth, brown, the upper-

most puberulous; leaf-buds ovoid. Leaves sub-coriaceous, alternate ;

oblong or obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base;

upper surface smooth, shining, glabrous, lower bluish-green when

fresh. grey-glaucous when dry, minutely puberulous when young

afterwards glabrous; margins recurved ; 20—40 cm. long, 7—14 cm.

broad; midrib stout, plane above, much raised beneath; main

nerves 8—10 pairs, slightly impressed above, prominent beneath,

starting at about 50° with the midrib and passing obliquely with

only aslight curve upwards to and along the margin where they end

in small diminishing loops; transverse nervules many, arched, some-

times branching, enclosing the minutely netted reticulation; petiole

stout, 2—3 cm. long. Flowers not known, but racemes axillary

. 21

162 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

very short. Fruit globose, slightly depressed, 10—12 mm. high,

15 mm. in diam., seated on the patelliform nearly flattened rugose

enlarged perianth-tube 10—12 mm. in diam., margin smooth;

pedicel rough, flattened, 7—8 mm. long with the cup; pericarp

bright red when ripe, glossy, yellowish and wrinkled when dry.

PERAK ::in dense forest at 150—250 m. alt. near Larut, King’s

Collector 7312!

29. LitsEA FENESTRATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 360 (1910). A

large evergreen tree reaching to 30 m. in height and a considerable

girth of stem; branchlets very stout with pale brown bark, the

uppermost angular and very minutely puberulous as are the lan-

ceolate buds. Leaves pergamaceous, alternate; oblong or oblong-

obovate, rounded or retuse at apex, attenuate or rounded and often

unequal at base; upper surface more or less shining, pale olive-green;

lower sub-glaucous; both glabrous except on the nerves beneath,

areolate-reticulate; margins recurved, cartilaginous; 15—35 cm.

long, 8—14 cm. broad; midrib very stout, nearly flat above, much

raised beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, distant, slightly impressed

above, raised beneath, starting at about 50°—60° with the midrib

and curving to and along the margin; transverse nervules very

irregular, branched, enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole

very stout, 1—2°5 cm. long, rugose. Flowers in umbellules on short

(7 mm.) stout tawny-puberulous peduncles in thick dense clusters

on the branches usually of 2-years’ old wood; umbellules when open

about 12 mm. in diam.; involucral bracts 4—5, orbicular or

obovate, concave, tawny-puberulous without, glabrous within;

flowers in each umbellule 6—7 on pedicels about 4 mm. long;

perianth-lobes 6, linear-oblong, obtuse, villous without, glabrous

within, 4—5 mm. long, recurved in flower. Stamens of ¢ flowers

variable in number, normally 12, those of the outer rows about

6—7 mm. long with elliptic decurrent anthers, very slender slightly

villous filaments and occasional glands at the base; those of the

inner rows shorter and furnished a little way above the base of

the filaments with a pair of oblong bifid stipitate glands, cells all

introrse; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodesof 92 flowers not known.

Fruit globose, 22 mm. in diam., at first completely enclosed in the

turbinate, woody, truncate-pear-shaped, pale brown, furfuraceous,

enlarged perianth tube, later on about 20 mm. long, the orifice

circular, 10—12 mm. in diam., finally the orifice opening to nearly

25 mm., the fruit }—2rds exsert; enlarged pedicel very stout,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 163

5 mm. long; pericarp very thick, waxy-white outside when fresh,

later purple.

PERAK: in dense jungle near Larut up to 250 m. alt., King’s

Collector 5938!, 6859!.—Distris. Sumatra at 450 m. alt., Forbes

3174!. Borneo, near Kuching, Haviland 3088 probably.

30. LirszrA Foxtana, Gamble in Kew Bull. 361 (1910). A

medium-sized tree ; branchlets stout, rough, pale grey, uppermost angu-

lar, minutely rusty-pubescent as are the linear-lanceolate buds, the

petioles and midribs of the leaves and the inflorescence. Leaves

subcoriaceous, alternate ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -obovate; long

cuspidate-acuminate at apex, attenuate at base ; dark brown and dull

and glabrous except on the prominently impressed midrib and main

nerves on the upper surface, glaucescent and minutely puberulous

on the lower surface ; margins recurved ; 10—20 cm. long, 5—7 cm.

broad; midrib stout, prominent ; main nerves 12—16 pairs, parallel,

prominent, the lowest pair marginal, at an angle of about 60° with

the midrib and curving only near the margin, the upper 2 or 3

meeting in loops below the cusp; transverse nervules many, straight,

regular, parallel but faint; reticulation obscure ; petiole thick, 2—3

em. long. Flowers in slenderly pedunculate (about 6 mm. long)

umbellules in grey-pubescent axillary or lateral racemes up to 2 cm.

long in ¢, 5 mm. in 9, the racemes sometimes in fascicles of 2—3 ;

raceme bracts very small, deciduous ; involucral bracts 4, orbicular,

concave, 4—5 mm. in diam.; open umbellules nearly 10 mm. in

diam. in ¢,8mm.in @ ; flowers in each umbellule 5—6; pedicels

short or almost 0; perianth-lobes oblong, obtuse or acute, villous,

ciliate, ¢ 3 mm. 2 15—2 mm. long. Stamens of ¢ flowers

variable in number, 8—10, normally 9, the outer rows 3—4 mm.

long, with ovate anthers and slender villous filaments, those of inner

rows shorter with a pair of rather small subsessile glands near the

bases of the filaments; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes of 9°

flowers also very variable, but normally 9, those of outer rows

clavate, 2—3 mm. long, with villous filaments, those of inner rows

shorter, subulate, with a pair of rather large ovate glands a little

above the base. Ovary globose, glabrous; style thick, curved ;

stigma large, lateral, long-bifid. Fruit not known.

PENANG: at Moniot’s road, Curtis ¢ 2305! and @ without

number!

164 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

31. LitszEa montTiIcoLA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 361 (1910). A

tree reaching 12—15 m. in height and 45—60 cm. in diam. of stem ;

branchlets stout with pale brown bark, sub-quadrangular, scurfy

and nearly glabrous, the small terminal buds only minutely pubes-

cent. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic-oblong or

-obovate, acute or acuminate and slightly mucronate at apex,

attenuate at base; both surfaces glabrous, olive-brown when dry

and somewhat reddish beneath ; margins recurved ; 10—20 cm. long

4—6 cm. broad; midrib prominent, impressed above ; main nerves

8—12 pairs, subparallel, the lowest pair marginal, impressed above,

raised beneath, at about 50° with the midrib, curving gently to the

margin and a little parallel to it; transverse nervules straight,

subparallel, obscure as is the areolate reticulation; petiole stout,

black when dry, glabrous, channelled above, 15 mm. long. Flowers

in umbellules on rather stout, 6—8 mm. long, glabrous peduncles,

in thick angled puberulous up to 20 mm. long 8—10-flowered

axillary or lateral racemes; involucral bracts 4, orbicular, glabrous

except the ciliate margins of the 2 inner, 4—5 mm. in diam.;

flowers in each umbellule 5, densely golden-tawny-villous; perianth-

lobes 6, ovate-acute or -acuminate, densely villous without, glabrous

within, gland-dotted. Stamens of ¢@ flowers variable in number

and arrangement, 8—13, but normally 9; those of outer rows 3mm.

long with oblong anthers and filaments densely villous with long

hairs, those of inner rows shorter and with a pair of large ovate

subsessile glands near the base of the filaments; lower anther-cells

lateral; rudimentary ovary 0. Staminodes of 2 flowers and fruit

not seen.

PERAK: on the top of Gunong Ejon at 1200—1400 m. alt., and

near Thaiping 1000—1200 m., King’s Collector 7000!, 8454!

This species comes rather near to L. Foxiana, but the leaves are not so

long acuminate nor glaucous beneath nor pubescext, the racemes are short,

the umbellules are glabrous instead of grey-pubescent, the flowers inside the

involucral bracts are densely tawny villous, instead of being merely sparsely

so, and the main nerves are more distant.

32. Litsza ScortEecHrIni1, Gamble in Kew Bull. 362 (1910). A.

tree ?; branchlets chestnut-brown, ferruginous-puberulous, somewhat

angled; buds lanceolate, golden-pubescent, as in the inflorescence.

Leaves chartaceous, alternate; lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, long-

and sharply acuminate at apex, long-attenuate at base; upper

surface glabrous except on the nerves, minutely reticulate; lower

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 165

faintly ferruginous-pubescent, more strongly so on the nerves ;

10—17 cm. long, 4--6 cm. broad; midrib slender but prominent,

deeply impressed and puberulous above, raised beneath; main

nerves 6—10 pairs, impressed above, the pairs sub-opposite, curved

to and along the margin, the upper ones joining in loops; transverse

nervules many but faint; joined by a minutely areolate reticulation ;

petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long. Flowers in umbellules on rather

short (2—3 mm.) peduncles in very short (3—5 mm.) axillary or

lateral racemes, the whole shorter than the petiole; involucral

bracts 5, membranous, glabrous inside, the margins fimbriate, 4

usually orbicular and concave, 1 obovate; flowersin each umbellule 5;

perianth-lobes oblong, densely golden-villous without. Stamens

normally 9 with much villous hair at the base, the filaments slender,

the anthers subquadrate obtuse, the 3 inner with a pair of sessile

oblong glands about halfway up the filaments. Staminodes of 9

flowers and fruit unknown.

PERAK: at Haram Parah, Scortechini 866 !

33. LitsEA OCHRACEA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 144 (1900).

A tree with spreading branches reaching 15—20 m. in height and

60—90 cm. diam. of stem; branchlets rather stout, greyish brown,

somewhat angled, uppermost darker, innovations minutely tawny-

puberulous, as is the inflorescence; buds lanceolate. Leaves charta-

ceous, alternate ; ob!ong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, shortly acuminate

at apex, long-narrowed at base; upper surface dull, olive brown

when dry, glabrous, lower ashy-glaucescent, sometimes slightly

puberulous especially along the nerves; 12—28 cm. long, 4—8 cm.

broad; midrib stout, flattened above, raised beneath; main nerves

7—10 pairs starting at about 40°—50° with the midrib and curving

upwards to and along the margin; transverse nervules many, more

or less prominent beneath in a network of reticulation; petiole

rather slender, glabrous, 12—20 mm. long. Flowers in very slender-

ly (10—12 mm. long) peduncled umbellules, corymbosely seated

about 10—12 together on 8—15 mm. long axillary or lateral racemes

(2 shorter than 3); umbellules of 3 about 8—10 mm. broad when

open, of 2? smaller; involucral bracts 4, orbicular-ovate, concave,

puberulous without ; pedicels slender, about 1—5 mm. long; flowers,

in each umbellule 6; perianth-tube in ¢ 1 mm. long, lobes ovate,

ciliate, 2—5 mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers normally 12, those of

the outer rows 2—5 mm. long with elliptic-oblong anthers and

166 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

slightly villous filaments, those of the inner rows shorter with a pair

of ovate stipitate glands about halfway up the filaments; rudi-

mentary ovary conical, glabrous. Staminodes of 9 flowers (rather

imperfect) 12, clavate, nearly glabrous, the inner ones with a pair

of large glands somewhat above the base. Ovary ovoid, glabrous ;

style thick; stigma peltate. Fruit a globose berry half-enclosed in

the cup-shaped tuberculate sulcate enlarged perianth-tube, 10 mm.

broad at the mouth, 5 mm. high, the margin crenately lobed;

enlarged peduncle thickened, 6 mm. long. Cylicodaphne ochracea,

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II. 13; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.

205. Lepidadenia ochracea, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. i. 938.

PERAK: at Chanderiang and Goping, from about 100—250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector, 5666!, 5959!; Scortechini? ! —Distriz. Sumatra

(Korthals).

34. LITSEA OBLANCEOLATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 362 (1910). A

small evergreen tree reaching about 10—12 m. in height and with a

diameter of stem of 45 cm.; branchlets pale brown, slender,

lenticellate, with raised vertical lines below the nodes and leaves;

innovations and leafy buds rusty-puberulous as is the inflorescence.

Leaves chartaceous, alternate; oblanceolate, obtuse at apex witha

short abrupt acumen, long-cuneately-narrowed at base; both surfaces

glabrous, dull, upper pale brown when dry, lower sub-glaucous;

10—23 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib rather slender, slightly

raised above, more so beneath ; main nerves 8—10 pairs, impressed

above, starting at an angle of about 40° with the midrib and at

once curving obliquely to and along the margin; transverse nervules

fairly regular and straight but obscure; reticulation scarcely

visible; petiole slender, twisted, 10—15 mm. long, bordered above

by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in sessile umbellules

on very short (at most 7 mm. long) axillary or lateral thick racemes ;

raceme bracts ovate, rusty tomentose; involucral bracts 4, orbicular,

concave; flowers in each umbellule 4—5, on slender pedicels 2 mm.

long; perianth-lobes spreading, ovate, obtuse, glabrous within,

2mm.long. Stamens of 3 flowers 9—12, slender, glabrous, those

of the outer rows exsert, those of the inner rows shorter and with a

pair of sessile oblong glands a little above the base of the filaments;

rudimentary ovary very small, with slender style and small bifid

stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers and fruit not known.

Perak: chiefly in moist places near Larut up to 90 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 1952 !, 2020!

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 167

This species is distinguished from LZ. ochracea chiefly by the oblanceolate

leaves, very much shorter racemes and sessile umbellules; but they are very

close to each other.

35. Litszea KunstLeRiI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 363 (1910). An

evergreen tree reaching 18 m. in height and about 50 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets stout, angular from raised lines decurrent from the

leaves, dark grey or glaucous, glabrous; buds lanceolate. Leaves

chartaceous, alternate; oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or

emarginate at apex, attenuate and somewhat rounded at base;

when fresh dark green above, bluish-green beneath, when dry olive-

brown above, sub-glaucous beneath, both surfaces glabrous, areolate-

reticulate; 15—30 cm. long, 6—12 cm. broad; midrib rather slender,

slightly channelled above, raised beneath; main nerves 12—14 pairs,

slender, rather irregular, starting at from 50°—690° with the*midrib

and curved upwards to near the margin and along it, fading off in

small loops, slightly impressed above; transverse nervules irregular,

branched, enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole stout, glabrous,

channelled above, 1—2 cm. long. Flowers in grey-puberulous umbel-

lules on slender 8 mm. long peduncles, fascicled in very short thick

axillary or lateral racemes up to 10 mm. long and about 10 together ;

raceme bracts ovate, caducous; umbellules (3) when open about

12 mm. broad; involucral bracts 4—6, usually 6, the outer orbicular,

the inner obovate, glabrous within; flowers in each umbellule 7;

pedicels 2 mm. long; perianth-tube funnel-shaped, lobes 6, variable,

usually oblong or obovate, 3—4 mm. long, glabrous within, pubes-

cent without, gland-dotted. Stamens of 3 flowers 12, those of the

outer rows eglandular, up to 4 mm. long with ovate anthers and

slender slightly villous filaments, those of the inner rows shorter and

with a pair of rather large reniform shortly stipitate glands near the

base, lower anther-cells all lateral; rudimentary ovary very small

with slender style. Staminodes of 2 flowers and fruit not known.

PERAK: near Gunong Pondo and Gunong Bubu, up to 250 m,

alt., King’s Collector 7527!, 7670!

36. LitTsEA CLAVIFLORA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 363 (1910). A

tree, reaching 10—12 m. in height and 20—12 em. in diam. of stem ;

branchlets slender, pale brown, glabrous except the uppermost shoots,

innovations and inflorescence which are minutely puberulous. Leaves

chartaceous, alternate; elliptic-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, shortly

acuminate at apex, narrowed at base; upper surface olive-green

168 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

when dry, dull, lower glaucous; 10—18 cm. long, 4—8 em. broad;

midrib slender, impressed above, raised beneath ; main nerves about 6

pairs, impressed above, starting at about 40° with the midrib and

curved to and along the margin where they become looped; transverse

nervules prominent, distant, joined again transversely in a network,

prominent beneath; petiole rather slender, 8—l10mm. long. Flowers

in rather long (1—2 cm.) -peduncled subglabrous umbellules 2—3

together in a very short raceme in the axils of the upper leaves or of

fallen leaves; umbeliules (3 only) about 7 mm. broad when open;

involucral bracts 4, orbicular, concave, 4 mm. broad; flowers 5 in

each umbellule; perianth-tube short, villous within, lobes 6, oblong,

obtuse, glabrous except at base within and outside, prominently gland-

dotted, 2 mm. long. Stamens of ¢ flowers 12, those of the outer

rows 3—4 mm. long with elliptic anthers and slender villous filaments,

those of the inner rows shorter with oblong obtuse anthers and a

pair of large subsessile quadrate glands near the bases of the

filaments; rudimentary ovary conical, glabrous. Staminodes of 9

flowers and fruit unknown.

PERAK: near Thaiping in dense forest at 150—300 m. alt.,

King’ s Collector 8492!.

This species somewhat resembles JL. gemellifiora, Boerl. (Tetranthera

gemelliflora, Mig.); but that species has much thinner leaves and almost fili-

form peduncles, rarely more than two together on the extremely short rhachis.

37. LitszaA HELFerRI, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 172 (1886).—

Distris. Tenasserim (or Andaman Islands) Helfer, K.D. 4307.

Var. ovata, Gambie. A tree; branchlets rather slender, dark

brown, glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous; ovate or elliptic, acuminate

at apex, attenuate at base, upper surface olive-brown when dry,

glabrous, lower glaucescent, glabrous except along the nerves ; 5—11

cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib rather stout, main nerves 4—6

pairs curved to anastomoze near the margin, slightly impressed

above ; transverse nervules prominent, joined by a prominent reticu-

lation; petiole stout, 5—7 mm. long. Flowers in subglabrous

umbellules on peduncles 5 mm. long, 1—3 together on extremely

short tubercles in the axils of the leaves; involucral bracts reflexed

in flower; flowers 4—5 in each umbellule. Stamens 12, the 6 of

the 3rd and 4th rows biglandular, filaments glabrous; anthers sub-

quadrate ; rudimentary ovary ovoid; with a slender style. Stami-

nodes of 2 flowers and fruit not known.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 169

PERAK: at Ulu Batang Padang, Wray 1600!

This may prove to be a distinct species when more and better specimens are

obtainable.

38. LirszA MYRISTIC@FOoLIA, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 172 (1886).

An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 18 ft. in height and 30 to 40cm. in

diameter of stem; branchlets moderately stout, grey, the uppermost

nearly black when dry; buds lanceolate, leafy; all parts quite

glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; elliptic-oblong or lanceolate

or obovate, obtuse or obtusely acute or acute at apex or sometimes

retuse, cuneate or attenuate at base; upper surface bright green and

glossy when fresh, olive brown and dull when dry, lower dull and

subglaucous; margins recurved; 8—23 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad;

midrib deeply impressed above, raised prominently beneath; main

nerves 6—12 pairs, immersed and faint, curved upwards to and

along the margin, transverse nervules and reticulation not apparent ;

petiole stout, 1—2 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers glabrous,

in long- (1—2 cm.) peduncled umbellules, single or in pairs or many

(up to 12) together on short racemes axillary or lateral on the upper

branchlets; umbellules when open up to 10 mm. broad ing ,7 mm. in

2 ; involucral bracts 4—6, orbicular, concave, reflexed; flowers in

each umbeliule usually 6, shortly pedicelled; perianth-tube short,

lobes 6, oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, 3—4 mm. long in ¢

shorter in @, gland-dotted. Stamens in 3 flowers 9—12, those

of the two outer rows about 3 mm. long with ovate anthers and

slender filaments, eglandular or sometimes with 1—2 small glands;

those of the two inner rows shorter with oblong anthers and

a pair of large reniform stipitate glands above the bases of the

filaments; rudimentary ovary in 9-stamened flowers ovoid with

curved style and peltate stigma, in 12-stamened flowers 0. Stami-

nodes in 2 flowers 9 to 12, usually 12, the outer 2 rows oblong

clavate 2°5 mm. long, the inner two rows similar but shorter and with

a pair of large reniform glands at the base. Ovary ovoid; style

thick, much curved; stigma large, peltate, 3-lobed. Fruit glo-

bose, 8 mm. in diameter, half-immersed in the cupular fleshy

enlarged perianth-tube 1 cm. long, 8 mm. broad at mouth;

enlarged pedicel clavate, nearly at right angles with the cupules and

up to 2°5 cm. long when dry; pericarp smooth. Brandis Ind.

Trees 538. Tetranthera myristicefolia, Wall. Cat. 2548; Nees in Wall.

Pl. As. Rar. IT. 67, IIT. 31, and Syst. Laur. 555 ; Kurz For. Fl. If. 302

(excluding var. 2); Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 957. Cylicodaphne

170 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

myristicefolia, Meissn. in D.C. Prodr. XV. 1. 208. C. oblonga, var. y

Griffithit, Meissn. |.c. 205. Lepidadenia Griffithit, Wight Ic. t. 1846.

Diospyros ? acuminata, Wall. Cat. 4129.

Penance: Wallich 2548!; Porter (Wallich 4129); at Waterfall, etc.,

Curtis 769!, 1079!; on Penang Hill, Ridley 7071!; at 250—350 m.

alt., King’s Collector 5204!. Mauacca: Griffith K.D. 4282! ; Cumming

2321!; Maingay K.D. 1254!, 1267!; at Kwala Linggi, etc., Derry

97!, 416!, 1008!; at Sungli Hudang, Goodenough 1681!, Ridley

1603!, Holmberg 690!; at Alor Gajah, Ridley 10026!. Panane: at

Telom ridge, Ridley 13725!. Stncarore: Ridley 4824!, 5973!, 6096!,

13331!.-—Distris. Burma.

39. Litsza TEYSMANNI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 319 (1910). An

evergreen tree; branchlets rather stout with pale brown lenticellate

bark, uppermost blackish, glabrous or slightly puberulous; leaf-buds

lanceolate, grey-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, glabrous ;

elliptic-oblong or -obovate, obtuse or abruptly cuspidate-acuminate at

apex, acute at base and often unequal; upper surface shining, olive-

brown, lower paler, reddish-grey, dull; margin slightly recurved; 10

—l7 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout, raised be-

neath; main nerves 8—12 pairs, slender, scarcely visible above, more

so beneath, at an angle of 50° with the midrib, curving upwards to

and along the margin, the upper ones meeting in loops; transverse

nervules irregular, branched, enclosing the rather widely netted

reticulation ; petiole stout, 1°5—3 cm. long, the upper part bordered

by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in umbellules on

slender glabrous 4—6 mm. long peduncles in slender axillary racemes

2—5 cm. long; rhachis glabrous, angular, nearly black; involucral

bracts 4, very minutely puberulous or glabrous; flowers in each

umbellule (? only) 5, pedicels villous, 1 mm. long; perianth-tube

villous without, glabrous within except at the mouth; lobes variable,

usually oblong, obtuse, slightly villous without, glabrous within, 1

mm. long. Stamens of ¢ flowers not seen. Staminodes of 2 flowers

12, the 6 outer clavate with slightly villous filaments, the 6 inner

subulate rounded or acute at apex, with a pair of large ovate glands

at the base. Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved then straight; stigma

peltate, 3-lobed. Fruit ovoid at first, afterwards globose, 15—18

mm. in diam., the base enclosed in the rugose sulcate enlarged

perianth-tube, at first cup-shaped, afterwards flattened, 12 mm. high

including the somewhat flattened peduncle 15 mm. in diameter, the

margin undulate; pericarp spotted when fresh, rugose when dry.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 171

PERAK: at Kotah and Simpang, Wray 2409!, 3019!; in dense

jungle on low ground, King’s Collector 6689!. Matacca: at Mer-

liman, Ridley 5845!.—Disrris. Bangka (Teysmann)!; Borneo at

Sarawak (Beccari 1649!, 4061!).

The specimens King’s Collector 6689 and Beccari 4061 have usually

thicker and broader and more obtuse even emarginate leaves, but the fruits are

identical with the rest and some of the leaves are acute, and it does not seem

to me expedient to propose a variety.

40. LiTsEA MACHILIFOLIA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 320(1910). An

evergreen tree, reaching 12 to 24 m. in height and about 40—50 cm.

in diam. of stem ; branchlets slender, dark grey to nearly black when

dry; leaf-buds linear, minutely grey-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous,

alternate; oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, acute or

cuneate often unequally at base; upper surface shining, glabrous,

lower glaucescent when young, very minutely puberulous; margins

slightly recurved ; 10—20cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad ; midrib slender,

slightly raised above, more so beneath; main nerves obscure, 10O—15

pairs, immersed, at about 60° with the midrib and curving upwards

to join near the margin in faint loops; transverse nervules few, very

faint and irregular, enclosing the minutely areolate reticulation ;

petiole slender, black when dry, 1—2.cm.long. Flowers in umbellules

on slender peduncles 4—5 mm. long, in slender paniculate glabrous

axillary or subterminal often leafy racemes, the racemes 7—9cm. long

in 3, 3—5 cm. in@ ; rhachis angular, black; raceme bracts small,

ovate, caducous ; umbellules when open 8 mm. broad in 3,6 mm. in

2 ; involucral bracts 4, sometimes 5, orbicular, glabrous, the inner

slightly fimbriate or lobed; flowers in each involucre 5, very small;

pedicels about 1 mm. long, very slightly villous: perianth-tube in 2

1—1°5 mm. long, glabrous within except a few hairs at the mouth;

lobes 6—8, very variable in size and shape, those of ¢ up to 2mm.

jong, of ? to 1 mm., often lobed or ciliate, prominently gland-

dotted. Stamens in 3 flowers 9—13, usually 12, glabrous, those of

outer rows 2—3 mm. long with ovate anthers, those of inner rows

shorter with a pair of large shortly stipitate glands, a third above the

base of the filaments; rudimentary ovary ovoid; style slender;

stigma cleft. Staminodes of 92 flowers 12—14, normally 12, those of

the outer rows clavate acuminate, and 1 mm. long, those of inner rows

subulate with a pair of sessile not very large glands at their middle.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style thick, curved ; stigma capitate. Frust

globose, 10 mm. in diam., half sunk in the hemispheric enlarged

172 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

perianth tube about 8 mm. high and 12 mm. in diam. at the mouth,

margin smooth; enlarged pedicel clavate, flattened, 10—12 mm.

long; pericarp smooth, yellowish.

PrenancG: Moniot’s road at 300 m. alt., Curtis 795!. PERAK:

Scoriechini! SiNGAPORE: garden jungle, Ridley 4706!, 3458!.

Var. angustifolia, Gamble. Branchlets grey. Leaves usualiy

smaller and narrower, 2°5—5 cm. broad; panicles much more

branched. Flowerssmaller; involucresand rhachis sometimes slightly

puberulous especially in 2; stamens usually 9; perianth-lobes with

fewer and larger glandular dots. Fruit globose, 15—17 mm. indiam.,

seated on the rugose fleshy orange-coloured nearly flat enlarged

perianth-tube, which is finally about 2 mm. thick and 15 mm. in

diam. : enlarged pedicel much flattened and curved 14—20 mm. long;

pericarp when fresh green and spotted, when dry yellowish and

wrinkled.

Perak: Gunong Batu Pateh, at 1000 to 1400 m. alt., Wray

416!, 985!, 1032!, 1108!; at Gunong Haram, Scortechini 326!, 588!;

on low ground and hills up to 250 m. alt. at Larut and Goping,

King’s Collector 3561!, 6113!, 6815!. SELancor: at Bukit Kutu

at 900 m. alt., Ridley 7633!. Matacca: at Brisu, Derry 653 !.

SrveaPorRE: at Bukit Mandai, Ridley 6739!; King’s Collector 1236!.

The available specimens show the fruits of the species not quite ripe, so

the cupule may possibly flatten out as it does in the variety. Wray says that

the flowers have the scent of the garden ‘‘Syringa’’ (Philadelphus.) Scorte-

chini’s specimens 328 have the rhachis of the inflorescence rather thicker and

more puberulous.

4). LirseA Panamongsa, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 175 (1886).

A large evergreen tree, reaching 12 m. in height (Curtis) or more ;

branchlets moderately stout, greyish brown, with small lenticels and

channels decurrent from below the leaf-bases, uppermost minutely

grey-puberulous as are the lanceolate leaf-buds and the inflorescence.

Leaves chartaceous, alternate; elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or

-oblanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, acute at base,

sometimes almost rounded; upper surface glabrous, olive-brown,

lower paler, minutely grey-puberulous; 10—20 cm. long, 4—5 oreven

to 9 cm. broad; midrib slender, immersed or slightly impressed

above, raised beneath; main nerves 10—14 pairs, slender, slightly

impressed above, at an angle of about 55° with the midrib, curved

upwards to and along the margin; transverse nerves obscure,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 173

irregular and branched, enclosing an irregular reticulation ; petiole

rather slender, 1—2 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers in

umbellules on rather stout peduncles 5—6 mm. long in grey-puberu-

lous elongate often leafy racemes up to 17 cm. long in @, axillary

to the upper leaves or the scars of fallen leaves; rhachis angled ;

raceme bracts small, ovate, very caducous; umbellules of # when

open 8 mm. in diam. ; involucral bracts 4—5, the fifth when present

ovate the rest orbicular concave, reflexed in flower; flowers in each

umbellule 6; pedicels slender, 2 mm. long; perianth-lobes thin,

variable in size and shape, usually oblong, acute or obtuse, villous

without, glabrous within, gland-dotted, ciliate, 2°5—4 mm. long.

Stamens in 3 flowers 12, exsert, those of the outer rows 4 mm. long

with oblong obtuse anthers and slender slightly villous filaments,

those of the inner rows rather shorter with acute anthers and a pair

of reniform lobed stipitate glands at the bases of the filaments ;

anther cells all introrse or the lower lateral; rudimentary ovary

very small with slender style and bifid stigma. Staminodes of Q

flowers and fruit not known. Tetranthera Panamonja, Ham. in

Wall. Cat. 2553 A. B.; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 67 and Syst.

Laur. 561, 677; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.197; Kurz For. FI.

II. 302.

PERAK: Waterloo new road, at 450 m. alt., Curtis 2694!.

Manacca: at Hulu Chambong, Derry 1002!—Distris. India,

(Assam), Burma.

This seems to be var. 6 longiracemosa, Meissn. |. c.

42. Litrsra Curtisit, Gamble in Kew Bull. 363 (1910). A large

evergreen tree with spreading branches reaching 24 —30 m. in height

and 60—90 cm. in diam.; branchlets rather stout, stiff, sharply

angled, almost winged, black when dry; buds lanceolate, grey-

puberulous. Leaves submembranous, alternate; elliptic or elliptic-

obovate, rounded and very short acuminate, sometimes emarginate

at apex, shortly attenuate and subcuneate at base ; both surfaces

glabrous, upper olive-brown to nearly black when dry, lower subglau-

cous; 15—26 cm. long, 6—11 cm. broad; midrib stout, broad,

immersed above, raised beneath; main nerves 13—15 pairs, plane

or slightly impressed above, slightly raised beneath, subparallel,

starting at about 60° with the midrib, at first straight then curving

to and along the midrib and breaking up in faint loops; transverse

nervules distant, straight or slightly arched, very faint, enclosing the

174 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

minute but obscure reticulation; petiole rather thick, black when

dry, straight, about 2—2°5 cm. long. Flowers in umbellules on

peduncles about 6 mm. long, rather distantly arranged along the

slender angular glabrous or slightly puberulous rhachises of axillary

or lateral or sometimes subterminal occasionally leafy racemes,

reaching 10—25 cm. in lengthin ¢, barely 10 cm. in 2 ; raceme-

bracts minute, very caducous; umbellules # when open 1 cm.

broad, 2 narrower; involucral bracts 4, glabrous or very minutely

puberulous, orbicular, concave, spreading in flower; flowers in each

umbellule 5—6; perianth-tube funnel-shaped, 2°5 mm. long, villous

inside; lobes 6—9, unequal, membranous, nearly glabrous, usually

obovate acute, 3°5 mm. long or lessin 9. Stamens of 3 flowers 9 to

14 or perhaps more, normally (apparently) 9, glabrous ; those of the

outer rows about 4 mm. long with ovate often apiculate anthers and

slender filaments, sometimes bearing glands at the base; those of

the inner rows shorter with a pair of large more or less reniform

lobed stipitate glands near the base; rudimentary ovary very

small, ovoid, with minute style, enclosed in the perianth-tube.

Staminodes of 9? flowers 12—16, those of outer rows spathulate,

gland-dotted, those of inner rows subulate with a pair of large

sessile glands about halfway up. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style very

thick, curved; stigma peltate. Fruit not known.

PENANG : at cooly lines, Government Hill, at 360 m. alt., Curtis

2449!. Perak: in dense jungle near Larut at 90—150 m. alt., King’s

Collector 6161!: Scortechini 162!.

48. LiTsEA NIDULARIS, Gamblein Kew Bull. 365 (1910). A large

evergreen tree reaching 25—30 m. in height and 90—120 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets stout, pale brown, smooth, striate when

dry, with prominent leaf-scars; buds ovate, acuminate, glabrous,

1 mm. long. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, glabrous; oblanceolate

or elliptic-obovate, rounded and sometimes emarginate at apex, long

cuneate, alternate or sometimes rounded at base; upper surface

shining, lower bluish-green when fresh, reddish glaucescent when

dry ; margins much recurved ; 10—25 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad ;

midrib moderately stout, channelled above, much raised beneath ;

main nerves 10—12 pairs, impressed above, at from 50°—60° with

the midrib, at once curved to and along the margin where they end

in a faint series of loops; transverse nervules rather distant, straight

or arched, often branched, enclosing the prominent minutely

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 175

areolate reticulation; petiole stout, 15—25 mm. long. Flowers in

umbellules on slender glabrous peduncles up to 15 mm. long,

distantly arranged in slender racemes about 10 cm. long in 2,

scarcely 4.cm. in @, axillary or lateral from above the scars of fallen

leaves ; umbellules when open 8—10mm. indiam. in 3 ,5mm. in ? ;

involucral bracts 4, glabrous, orbicular, concave, reflexed in flower;

flowers in each umbellule 4—5 on very short (2 mm.) pedicels ;

perianth-lobes 6—8 in 3 , 4—6 in 2 , oblong, acute or obtuse, sparsely

villous, 3mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers 12—16, normally 12, those

of the outer rows 5 mm. long with subquadrate anthers and slender

sparsely villous filaments; those of the inner rows shorter with

obovate anthers and a pair of large lobed shortly stipitate glands

near the bases of the filaments, lower anther-cells lateral; rudi-

mentary ovary conical, glabrous, long, those of inner rows shorter

thicker with a pair of large nearly orbicular stipitate glands at the

base. Ovary ovoid; style rather thick; stigma large, peltate, lobed.

Fruit waxy, deep yellow in colour, depressed globose, apiculate, 14

mm. in diam., 7—8 mm. high, almost included in the rather shallow

nest-like cupule formed by the enlarged perianth-tube, the cupule

rugose without, under 10 mm. high and 18—20 mm. in outer

diameter, the margins incurved leaving an orifice 10—12 mm. in

diameter ; enlarged pedicel clavate, flattened, 1 cm. long; pericarp

shining, smooth when dry.

PrenaneG: on Government Hill, 650 m., Curtis 3279! in herb.

Penang. Prrak: in dense jungle near Larut at 250—300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 6885!; at Hulu Kenat, Scortechini 759!. .

44, LitseA MEGACARPA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 364 (1910). A

large spreading evergreen tree reaching 18 to 24 m. in height and

occasionally 30 or even 36 m., with a considerable diameter of

stem ; branchlets stout, brown, somewhat shining, with prominent

leaf-scars and occasional lenticels, the uppermost angular, often

nearly black when dry, glabrous as are the lanceolate buds. Leaves

coriaceous, alternate, glabrous; elliptic-oblong, or -obovate, obtuse

and apiculate rarely cuspidate at apex, attenuate at base for the

lower two-thirds sometimes rounded, often unequal; upper surface

dark green and glossy when fresh, shining olive-brown when dry,

lower paler, cinereous when dry ; margins slightly recurved ; 15—-45

em. long, 7—20 cm. broad; midrib stout, immersed above, raised

beneath; main nerves 10 to 15 pairs, rather distant, irregular,

176 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

slightly impressed above, starting at from 50°—60° with the midrib

and curving to and along the margin; transverse nervules obscure,

distant, irregular and branched, enclosing the prominent minutely

areolate reticulation; petiole stout, curved, 1:°5—6 cm. long,

channelled above. Flowers in umbellules on slender puberulous

peduncles 5—20 mm. long, in slender axillary or lateral racemes

reaching 1O—15 cm. long in 3, and 5—10 cm. in 9, the rhachis

angular, puberulous or glabrescent; raceme bracts minute, ovate,

caducous; umbellules when open 10 mm. broad in 3, 5mm. in Q;

involucral bracts 4, orbicular, concave, puberulous without, the

inner fimbriate on the margins ; pedicels slender, silky-villous, 1—5

mm. long; flowers in each umbellule 4—5; perianth-tube funnel-

shaped, 1—5 mm. long, villous; lobes 6, ovate acuminate, 2 mm.

long, sparsely villous without, those of 9 scarcely 1 mm. long.

Stamens of 3 flowers 9—12, usually 12, glabrous except at base,

those of the outer rows 4 mm. long with oblong anthers and slender

filaments, those of the inner rows shorter with a pair of large

* variously lobed sessiie or stipitate glands from just above the base

of the filaments; rudimentary ovary 0 or very small, conical with

capitate stizma. Staminodes of Q flowers also 12, glabrous, those of

the outer rows clavate 1:5 mm. long, those of the inner rows

subulate 1 mm. long or less with a pair of large lobed glands asin 3.

Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved; stigma peltate, 2—3-lobed.

Fruit large, globose, slightly depressed, about 2.5—3 cm. in diam.,

when very young almost enclosed in the enlarged turbinate

perianth-tubecupule, later on about one-third enclosed in a cup-shaped

cupule, finally scarcely 5 mm. high being at the base surrounded

by the margins of a saucer-shaped cupule 25 mm. in diam. at the

mouth and 7—10 mm. high, somewhat rugose without; enlarged

pedicel thick, flattened, 15 mm. long: pericarp thick, bright red

when fresh and often spotted, shining and yellowish when dry.

Province WELLESLEY: at Sungie Dhanu, Curizs 25111.

Perak: at Sungie Larut and Tupai, Wray 2337!, 2730!; Scorte-

chint 265!, 270!, 589!; in various localities about Larut up to 900

m. alt., King’s Collector 3697!, 6076!, 6124!, 6155!, 6237!, 6409!,

6567!, 6613!, 6689!, 6774!, 6866!, 2704!. SELancor: at

Dusun Tua, Ridley 7621!. SincaporeE: at Toas, Ridley 6455!.

45. LiTsEA SEBIFERA, Blume Bijdr. 560 (1825). A small tree

reaching a height of 20m.and with adiameter of stemof 42cm. ; bark

ashy grey; branchlets very stout, brown, with prominent leaf-scars

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Lr,

and elliptic lenticels, uppermost angular, minutely puberulous ;

innovations silvery-silky. Leaves coriaceous, alternate ; lanceolate or

ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronate

at apex, rather abruptly cuneate, often unequally, at base; upper

surface glabrous, lower paler, when young silky-tomentose and

silvery; 15—50 cm. long, 5—12 cm. broad; midrib very broad

(up to 4 mm.) immersed above, much raised beneath; main nerves

14—20 pairs, slender, obscure above, not prominent beneath, |

starting at about 60° with the midrib and curving to and along the

margin; transverse nervules few, distant, very obscure as is the

reticulation; petiole stout, rugose, 1—2 cm. long, channelled

above. Flowers in tomentose umbellules in axillary or lateral tawny-

pubescent racemes 3—10 cm. long, the peduncles 2—5 mm. long ;

raceme bracts rather large, boat-shaped, 6 mm. long, very early

caducous ; umbellules when expanded about 1 cm. broad ; involucral

bracts 4, orbicular, concave, silky-tomentose without, glabrous

within ; flowers in each umbellule 5—7, sessile; perianth-tube short,

grey-vilious within, lobes usually 6, sometimes more, ovate acumi-

nate, ciliolate,3 mm.long. Stamens of & flowers 12—16, those of

the outer rows 5 mm. long with subquadrate anthers and grey-

villous filaments, sometimes with glands at the base, those of the

inner rows much shorter and with a pair of rather large oblong obtuse

subsessile glands at the base; all the anthers introrse or the lower

slightly lateral; ovary ovoid, glabrous, with short style and peltate

stigma, ovule apparently fertile. Staminodes of 2 flowers not seen.

Fruit depressed-globose, 2—3 cm. diam., half-immersed in the very

rough leathery obconic enlarged perianth-tube, 10O—15 mm. high

and 25—30 mm. in diam. at the acute mouth ; enlarged pedicel stout,

flattened, 10—15 mm. long; pericarp smooth, fleshy within; testa

membranous; cotyledons very fleshy, much depressed, hemispheric,

about 1 cm. high to 2 cm. broad. Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 140;

Greshoff Nutt. Ind. Pl. 9 t. 3. Lepidadenia Wightiana, Nees Syst.

Laur. 583; Wight Ic. 1837; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 933; Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 180. Cylicodaphne sebifera, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 388; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 202. Tetranthera

calophyila, Miq. Pl. Jungh. I. 183; Zoll. Verz.114. TJ. Roxburghic,

Hassk. Pl. Jav. 213 excl. syn.

Mauay PENINSULA: D. 7’. Gwynne- Vaughan, 397! at Bukit besar,

200 feet. Stncapore: Balestier road, Goodenough in Herb. Sing.,

Vern. ‘‘ Malah.’’—Distris. Java (Zollinger 317!, Junghuhn 760!,

761!; De Vriese, Lobb, Kurz); Borneo (Ridley 12429!).

178 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Ridley writes that this plant is not really wild in Singapore, but was prob-

ably introduced from Java and planted by Javanese. Even in Java it is ap-

parently only cultivated. Blume calls it a large tree, but I prefer to follow

the latest authors, Koorders and Valeton, who describe it as small. The fruit

is said to give a useful wax. The locality ‘ Nilghiri Hills’ has been omitted,

for the reasons given in the Fl. Br. Ind. Koorders and Valeton call it herma-

phrodite and certainly flowers of Junghuhn 760. otherwise ~ seem to have

fertile ovules. The only fruiting specimen I have seen is that of Goodenough

in the Singapore Herbarium: it has not the thick cupule of Greshoff’s picture

which may perhaps bebadly drawn. I cannot help thinking that both L. Garcie,

Vidal Revis. Pl. Vasc. Philipp. 228 (1886), and ZL. griseola, Elmer in Leafi.

Philipp. Bot. II. 378 (1908), may belong to L. sebijera, Bl.

46. Litsza Matneayt, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 175 (1886).

A large evergreen tree reaching 24—36 m. in height and 60—90 cm.

in diam. of stem; branchlets stout, glabrous, blackish when dry,

uppermost angular; buds lanceolate, grey-puberulous, as in the

inflorescence. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, alternate, oblong or oblan-

ceolate, obtuse acute or sometimes long acuminate at apex, attenuate

and often unequal at base; both surfaces glabrous, upper shining,

bullate, reddish brown when dry, lower paler; margins recurved;

16—40 cm. long, 5—13 cm. broad; midrib stout, plane above,

raised beneath ; mainnerves 10—18 pairs, irregular, impressed above,

prominently raised beneath, starting at 50°—60° with the midrib,

at first straight, then curved to near the margin where they are con-

nected in prominent loops; transverse nervules irregular, impressed

above, often branched, enclosing the netted reticulation ; petiole long,

slender, 4—7 cm. long, black, thick at the base. Flowers in

tomentose umbellules on peduncles 5—7 mm. long, rather distantly

scattered along the rhachises of slender axillary or lateral drooping

racemes up to 16 cm. long; raceme bracts boat-shaped, about 6 mm.

long, very caducous, grey-puberulous ; involucral bracts 4—5, coria-

ceous, orbicular, concave, grey-puberulous without, glabrous within ;

umbellules when open (¢) 10—12 cm. in diam.; flowers in each

umbellule 6; perianth-tube funnel-shaped, hoary-villous on both

sides, lobes 6—8 also hoary-villous without, irregular in shape,

obtuse acute or acuminate, 3 mm. long. Stamens of ¢ flowers 12

or more, those of the outer rows 3—4 mm. long with oblong usually

apiculate anthers and slender glabrous filaments, those of the inner

rows much shorter, the anthers subquadrate apiculate, the filaments

furnished with a pair of large usually angular glands at the base;

upper anther cells introrse, lower lateral; rudimentary ovary sunk in

the perianth-tube or 9. Staminodes of 2 flowers and Frutt not known.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 179

PERAK : in dense jungle on hills at 150—300 m. alt. near Larut,

King’s Collector 4737!. Matacoa: Maingay K.D. 1264!, 1273!.

47. LitszA NORONH#, Blume Bijdr. 56 (1825). A small ever-

green tree reaching 12 m. in height and 20 cm. in diam. of stem,

more usually a stout shrub 3—5 m. high; branchlets stout, with

pale brown smooth bark, the uppermost with the lanceolate buds

and innovations silky-puberulous. Leaves subcoriaceous, alternate ;

elliptic-oblong or-obovate, obtuse or shortly apiculate at apex, cuneate

or attenuate at base; upper surface when dry olive brown, dull,

glabrous, lower grey- or reddish-glaucous, minutely puberulous or

glabrous ; 20—45 cm. long, 8—17 cm. broad; midrib moderately

stout, slightly impressed above, much raised beneath; main nerves

10—16 pairs, impressed above raised beneath, rather irregular,

starting at about 60° with the midrib, at first nearly straight, then

curved to and along the margin and then joined by a series of

decreasing loops; transverse nervuies irregular, distant, branched,

enclosing the rather largely areolate reticulation; petiole stout,

curved, 1—4 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers in tomentose

umbellules on peduncles 5—15 mm. long or longer, usually distantly

arranged along slender tawny-pubescent racemes 5—20 cm. long the

2? shorter than the ¢ ; racemes axillary or lateral or on older branch-

lets in the axils of fallen leaves; raceme bracts ovate or nearly

orbicular and caducous; involucral bracts 5, orbicular, concave,

3-nerved, ciliate or the inner fimbriate, glabrous within, recurved in

flower; flowers in each umbellule 5—6; pedicels 2—3 mm. long in

3,0in 2; perianth-tube 0 or very short in ¢, 2mm. long in @,

lobes oblong, obtuse or acute, nearly glabrous, variable in number

(5—7) and shape, 3—5 mm. longin ¢,2mm.in 2. Stamensin ¢

flowers variable in number, from 9—12, normally 9, those of the

outer rows long exsert, 6 mm. long with obovate anthers and slender

villous filaments sometimes glandular at base, those of the inner

rows shorter, with smaller anthers and a pair of large glabrous lobed

glands at the bases of the filaments; rudimentary ovary 0, or if

present very small with capitate stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers

also variable in number and arrangement, 9—12, normally 9, those

of the outer rows slenderly clavate 1°5—2 mm. long with villous

filaments, those of the inner rows short, 6 mm. long, subulate

with a pair of large lobed glands asin ¢@, usually flattened. Ovary

ovoid, style much curved, thick; stigma thick, peltate, deeply

lobed. Fruit (unripe) small, rounded, laterally compressed, broader

180 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

than long, apiculate, seated on but not immersed in the spreading

enlarged obconic or cup-shaped perianth-tube about 15—20 mm. in

diam. at mouth; pedicelthickened; pericarp red when ripe. Koord.

& Val. Bijdr. X. 176. Cylicodaphne noronhiana, Blume in Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat.I. 380; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 202. C. rubra,

Blume l.c.; Meissn. l. c. Lepidadenia noronhiana, Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. 1.934. LZ. rubra, Mig. 1. c. Tetranthera rubra, Nees Syst.

564. Myristica Hookeriana, Wall. Cat. 6802 2

PERAK: in Upper Perak, Ulu Tupai, etc., Wray 2688!, 3477!,

3552!, 4246!; at Goping, Chandenang, etc., up to 250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 1087!, 5688 !, 6443!, 7495!; at L. W. Rest House,

Scortechint 742!, 1901!; at Kwala Depang, Curtis 3181!, 3319!.

SELANGOR: Batu caves woods, Ridley 8197!. Srmxecapore: Wallich

6802 B! ?—Distris. Java, Sumatra.

Koorders and Valeton specially mention that they find only 4 involucral

bracts, 5 subsessile flowers, 4 perianth-lobes and 6 stamens or staminodes.

I cannot understand this as I have examined many flowers and find always

the fiowers of Cylicodaphne as I have described them. The number of

stamens varies much and sometimes the perianth-lobes are partly converted

into stamens, but I have rarely seen so few as 6 though this occurs sometimes

as in Curtis 3319 and in the var. described below. I fail to see the connec-

tion with Tetradenia suggested by Koorders and Valeton.

Var. hexandra, Gamble. Leaves more coriaceous, very obtuse

at apex, rounded at base; midrib very broad; main nerves up to

20 pairs. Flowers in umbellules on longer (15—20 mm.) peduncles ;

perianth-lobes 4, stamens usually only 6.

SELANGOR: at Ginting Biday, Ridley 7620!.

48. LitsEA RoBuUsTA, Blume Bijdr. 560 (1825). A large

spreading evergreen tree reaching 24—30 m. in height and a con-

siderable diameter, up to 90 cm.; branchlets stout, pale brown

when dry with smooth bark, the uppermost much darker, angular,

minutely grey-puberulous as are the lanceolate leaf-buds; branch

buds large globose with many orbicular tawny-puberulous bracts.

Leaves submembranous, alternate; elliptic-oblong or -oblanceolate,

acute or acuminate at apex, attenuate and finally often rounded at

base; upper surface glossy green when fresh, olive brown when

dry, glabrous, lower paler and very minutely grey-puberulous,

finally glabrous; margins slightly recurved; 20—50 cm. long, 8—18

em. broad; midrib stout, immersed above, much raised beneath;

ie;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 18]

main nerves 18—21 pairs, fairly regular and parallel, slightly

impressed above, those of narrower leaves starting at 50°--60°, those

of broader ones at 60° to even 80° with the midrib, only slightly

curving till near the margin where they fade in small loops;

secondary nerves between the main ones occasional; transverse

nervules faint and usually branched, enclosing the very minute but

obscure areolate reticulation; petiole stout, 3—4 cm. long, chan-

nelled above. Flowers in tomentose umbellules on short peduncles

5—7 mm. long in 3, 4—5 in 9, in slender racemes up to 18 cm.

long in ?,6cm. in ?, from the axils of fallen leaves on the previous

year’s wood; rhachis angular, puberulous; raceme bracts ovate,

very caducous; umbellules when open 10—12 mm. broad in 2,

slightly less in @ ; involucral bracts 4—6, the inner small, the

outer orbicular, concave, rusty-grey puberulous without, at length

reflexed ; flowers in each umbellule 7; pedicels thick, short or 0,

perianth tube thick, villous within, lobes 6, obovate, acute or

obtuse, silky-villous without, glabrous within, 4—5 mm. long in 3,

less in 2, lobes in 2 early deciduous. Siamens in 3g flowers 12,

rarely more or less, those of the outer rows 5 mm. long with oblong

anthers and slender slightly villous filaments sometimes mono-

glandular, those of inner rows shorter and with a pair of large

flattened sessile lobed glands near the bases of the filaments; upper

anther-cells introrse, lower lateral; rudimentary ovary ovoid, with

short glabrous style and lateral stigma. Siaminodes of 2 flowers

usually 12, in the central flowers up to 15, those of outer rows

oblong spathulate, glabrous, gland-dotted, 25 mm. long; those of

inner rows subulate, villous behind, also 2°5 mm. long, with a pair

of flattened oblong sessile glands near the base. Ovary ovoid,

glabrous; style thick, curved; stigma capitate, reflexed, silky. Fruit

depressed-globose, greenish-white, 15 mm. high, 25 mm. in diam.,

seated on the enlarged pustulate rough perianth-tube, which when

quite young is nearly completely closed, when half ripe hemispheric,

finally saucer-shaped and more or less spreading, 10 mm. high, 27 mm.

in diam., the edges sharp; enlarged pedicel thick, flattened, curved,

20 mm. long; pericarp shining, rugose when dry. Koord. & Val.

Bijdr. X. 163. Tetranthera robusta, Nees Syst. Laur. 564. Lepida-

denia robusta, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. i. 934. Cylicodaphne robusta,

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II. 11.; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.

202. Laurus grandis, Wall. Cat. 2594 B. Alseodaphne? costalis,

Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 72 and Syst. Laur. 185; Meissn. in

DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 29; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 146.

182 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PERAK: in dense jungle on low hills at 90—150 m. elevation

near Goping and Larut, King’s Collector 5781!, 5878!, 6167!, 8266!.

SELANGOR: at Gua Batu, Ridley 8529!. SrncarorE: Wallich 2594b!.

Distars. Burma (Griffith 4326!).

49. LitTsEA SARAWACENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 365 (1910). A

small tree (?); branchlets slender, pale brown, glabrous, uppermost

and buds only minutely tawny-puberulous. Leaves chartaceous,

opposite and subopposite; elliptic -or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-

acuminate at apex, acute at base; upper surface reddish-brown

when dry, smooth but scarcely shining, glabrous, lower paler, also

glabrous; 8—14 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender; main

nerves 5—7 pairs, oblique, curved upwards to near the margin, and

meeting in prominent arched loops, slightly impressed above; trans-

verse nervules horizontal, irregular, obscure as is the reticulation;

petiole 5—6 mm. long. Flowers in peduncled (2—5 mm., very

slender) umbellules in short axillary or lateral racemes of about 5

and scarcely 4 mm. long; umbellules in bud 3 mm. broad, with 4

orbicular nearly glabrous concave involucral bracts about 2 mm. in

diam. ; flowers in each umbellule 5, sessile in bud; perianth-tube

short, densely villous within, lobes 6, ovate, subacute, ciliate,

15mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers (in bud only) 9, those of the

2 outer rows as long as the perianth-lobes and with slender slightly

villous filaments, those of the inner row much shorter, with smaller

anthers and with 2 large sessile glands near the base which is sur-

rounded with villous hairs; rudimentary ovary very small or 0.

Staminodes of 2 flowers not seen. Fruié (immature) ovoid apiculate,

seated on the obconic enlarged perianth-tube which is glabrous

and smooth at the margins, the lobes deciduous ; pericarp smooth,

black when dry.

SINGAPORE: in reservoir woods, Ridley 4817!.—DistRis. Borneo,

Sarawak, Beccari 905!, 1475!, 1708!, 1796!; near Kuching, Hamiand

3077!. 3646:.

50. LirsEA LANcIFOLIA, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 159 (1886).

A bush or small tree reaching 12 m. in height and 20—30 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets slender, pale greyish-brown, uppermost

and innovations grey- or rusty-tomentose; buds lanceolate. Leaves

membranous or chartaceous, opposite or subopposite or rarely alter-

nate; oblong, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate often abruptly

and sometimes obtusely at apex, often mucronate, cuneate attenuate

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 183

or sometimes more or less rounded at base ; upper surface dull, glab-

rous, lower glaucous or cinereous, rusty-tomentose when young ;

7—20 cm. long, 2—6 cm. broad ; midrib slender, tomentose beneath,

slightly channelled above; main nerves 8 to 12 pairs, curving rather

obliquely upwards to and along the margin; transverse nervules

faint andirregular as is the reticulation; petiole tomentose, short,

3—7 mm. long. Flowers yellowish, in peduncled (up to 5 mm.)

umbellules in short axillary or lateral bracteate rusty-pubescent

racemes of about 5 together; umbellules about 6 mm. broad with

4 orbicular concave involucral bracts 2—3 mm. in diam., spreading

in flower; flowers in each umbellule 3, very small and very shortly

pedicelled ; perianth-tube very short both in # and 9? and densely

long-villous within at mouth, lobes 6, ovate-oblong, acute, 3 mm.

long, those of 2? smaller. Stamens of 3 flowers 9, those of the outer

2 rows eglandular with small quadrate anthers and slender villous

filaments 3 mm. long; those of 3 inner shorter (2 mm.) and with a

pair of large rounded sessile glands at the base; rudimentary ovary

ovoid with short style and 2-lobed stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers

also 9, those of 2 outer rows spathulate 1 mm. long, those of the

inner row short conical with 2 large rounded sessile glands and tufts

of long hairs. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style rather thick, bent ;

stigma iarge, peltate, lobed, all together 2—3 mm. long. Fruit

ellipsoid, apiculate, 10 mm. long, 5 mm. in diam., seated on the

slightly enlarged (4 mm. in diam., 2 mm. high) but not hardened

perianth-tube which is more or less crowned with the remains of

the perianth-lobes and staminodes; pericarp smooth; pedicels

thickened and elongated to 3—4 mm. Prain Beng. Plants 902.

Tetranthera lancifolia, Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. 2532; Nees in Wall. Pl.

As. Rar. II. 65 and Syst. Laur. 509; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.

194; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 944; Kurz For. Fl. II. 300. T. chrysantha

and 7’. pusilla, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 376. 7. attenuata, Wall.

Cat. 2534 in part. .

PERAK: at Relan Tujor, Tapu and other places, Wray 996!,

1306!, 2610!, 2895!, 3438!; King’s Collector 2963!, 3233!, 3254!,

3351!, 6609!, 10526!, 10533!. SELaNcor: at Kwala Lumpur,

Curtis 2401!. JoHORE: at Jafiaria, G. King /. StnGApPore: at Selitar,

Ridley 6454!; at Bukit Payang, Ridley 12563!.—Distris. India

(E. Himalaya, Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet), Burma, Sumatra,

Borneo.

Var. rufa, Gamble. Leaves smaller, narrower, more tomentose;

fruit nearly globose.

184 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PERak: King’s Collector 7789!, 8807!, 10113!.

In my opinion this variety hardly differs from L. fulva, Boerl. = Tetran-

thera fulva, Blume.

51. Litsza GRACILIPES, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 159 (1886).

A sntall evergreen tree reaching a height of 15 to 20 m. and 40—50

cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets slender, grey, uppermost nearly

black, glabrous or minutely puberulous; leaf-buds lanceolate, grey-

puberulous. Leaves pergamaceous, opposite or subopposite; elliptic

or elliptic-oblong or -oblanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate at

apex, sometimes mucronate, cuneate at base or sometimes almost

rounded ; upper surface pale olive-brown, glabrous, lower grey,

glabrous or when young slightly puberulous especially along the

nerves; 10—16 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, slightly

impressed above; main nerves 6—8 pairs, faint, distant, leaving the

midrib at about 60° and curved to and along the margin; transverse

nervules few, obscure as is the reticulation; petiole thick, 8—15

mm. long, black. Flowers in umbellules on slender puberulous

pedicels up to 15 mm. long, in axillary or lateral very short (5 mm.)

racemes of about 1—10: involucral bracts 4, orbieular, concave,

rusty-puberulous without, glabrous wtihin, the margins ciliate or the

inner fimbriate, reflexed in flower; umbellules in ¢ 8 mm. in diam.

in flower, in 2 5 mm.; flowers in each umbellule 3—4 on short

pedicels: perianth-lobes 6, densely silky villous without, ovate-acute

or oblong-obtuse, 2-3 mm. long in 3, 2mm. in 2, gland-dotted.

Stamens of 3 flowers 9—12, normally 12, those of the outer rows

long exsert, 5 mm. long with oblong anthers and slender slightly

villous filaments, those of inner rows shorter and with a pair of

reniform stipitate glands from the bases of the filaments; rudimen-

tary ovary 0 or very small, conical, glabrous. Staminodes of 9

flowers 12, those of the outer rows clavate-spathulate 1—1-5 mm.

long, those of the inner rows clavate with a pair of large glands at

the base. Ovary ovoid; style thick, curved; stigma peltate 2—3-

lobed. Fruit cylindric-oblong, obtuse at apex, 15—17 mm. long,

6—7 mm. in diam., seated on the obconic enlarged perianth 7 mm.

Jong with pedicel and 7 mm. in diam. at mouth; pericarp glossy

green spotted with white (Kunstler), yellowish and smooth when

dry ; testa crustaceous ; cotyledons semi-cylindric.

Pgerak: at Thaipeng, Wray 2101!; on low ground near Larut,

King’s Cotlector, 5421!. 5455!. Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4311!.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 185

JOHORE: at Tanjong Kupang, Ridley 6457!.— Distris. Borneo

(Haviland 3327!, Kurz! 3329!).

52. LirsEA UJONGENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 366 (1910). An

evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 6 to 9 m. in height; branch-

lets rather slender, densely rusty-tomentose. Leaves membranous

to chartaceous, opposite or subopposite; oblanceolate, rather

abruptly cuspidate acuminate at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base

which is slightly rounded ; upper surface shining, glabrous except the

tomentose midrib and nerves, lower surface rusty-tomentose on the

nerves and nervules, minutely srey-pubescent between them; 12—22

em. long, 5—7 cm. broad; midrib slightly raised above, more so

beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, slender, curving upwards to near

the margin; transverse nervules irregular, obscure, as is the reti-

culation; petiole rather stout, short, rusty-tomentose 5—8 mm.

long. Flowers in nearly sessile umbellules in very short 2—3-flowered

axillary fascicles; perianth-lobes in 2 about 1 mm. long villous

outside prominently gland-dotted, more or less persistent in fruit as

are the linear glabrous staminodes, the outer ones 1°5 mm. long,

the inner three 1 mm. long witha pair of large glands at their base; 3

flowers unknown. Fruit ellipsoid, 10 mm. long 8 mm. in diameter,

seated on the disciform enlarged perianth-tube 4—5 mm. in diam.

and 3—4 mm. high including the enlarged vilious pedicel: style

and stigma more or less persistent ; pericarp crustaceous, black when

dry.

NzeGRi SEMBILAN : Sungei Ujong, Ridley’s Collectors 1904!, 1942!,

2305!, 2316!, 5846!. Manacca: at Gunong Sedang, etc., Rrdley,

3172!, 5848!; allin Herb. Singap.

Var. nervosa, Gamble. Leaves subsessile, thickly pubescent,

especially on the nerves, rounded at base; the nerves, transverse

nervules and reticulation prominent. Ovary ovoid with long style

and peltate 2-lobed stigma.

PEARK: at Gunong Batu Pateh, lower camp, Wray 1129!;

Scortechini 2097!

53. LITSEA SESSILIFLORA, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 160 (1886),

A small tree; branchlets as thick as a goose-quill, the uppermost

subquadrangular densely rusty-tomentose ; budsovoid, short. Leaves

chartaceous, opposite, more or less bifarious ; oblong-oblanceolate,

obtuse at apex with a short acuminate point, cuneate or attenuate

186 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

at base; glabrous above, except the midrib which is slightly raised

and tomentose, other nerves being deeply sunk, rusty-pubescent

beneath; 15 —30 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib slender on upper,

stout on lower, surface where very prominent; main nerves 16—20

pairs, impressed above, very prominently raised beneath, straight or

not at first then curved to meet (all but the lowest) in prominent

marginal loops; secondary nerves few, transverse nervules distant

but prominent, as is also the reticulation ; petiole very stout,

tomentose, 5—15 mm. long. Flowers in densely tawny-pubescent

umbellules sessile in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves, solitary

or crowded, 6 mm. in diam.in 3, @2 smaller; involucral bracts 4,

orbicular, concave, 4 mm. in diam. (3), smaller in 9? ; perianth-

tube funnel-shaped, 2—3 mm. long; perianth-lobes 6, ovate, obtuse,

broader inthe 3 than inthe 9. Stamens of & flowers 9; those of

the outer 2 rows eglandular, 2°5 mm. long, with elliptic obtuse anthers

and slender villous filaments ; those of the inner row shorter, 1-5 mm.,

with a pair of large nearly or quite sessile glands at the bases of the

filaments ; rudimentary ovary ovoid with thick style and small

bifid stigma. Staminodes of 2 flowers also 9; those of the 2 outer

rows clavate villous 1:25 mm. long; those of the inner row spathu-

late, 1 mm. long, with a pair of large glabrous subsessile glands at

the base. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style thick, curved at top; stigma

peltate, bifid. Fruit (young only) ovoid, at least 7 mm. long, apicu-

late, seated on the funnel-shaped enlarged perianth-tube which is

5 mm. broad at the mouth and carries the remains of the perianth-

lobes and staminodes ; pericarp thin, smooth.

PENANG: on Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 1511! and Ridley

7917!; in Moniot’s road, Curtis 649!. JoHoRE: at Gunong Taning,

Lake and Kelsall 4085 !—Distris. Sumatra; Borneo (Beccari 1545).

Beccari’s specimens from Borneo have the leaves smaller and not so

prominently marked by sunk nerves as the others, and they are more pubescent

beneath, but the flowers (2) agree. In Maingay’s specimens the sunk

nerves and nervules make a close imitation of the well-known ‘ crocodile skin ’

pattern.

54, LitsEA FERRUGINEA, Blume Bijdr. 561 (1825). A large tree

reaching more than 30 m. in height and a considerable girth (9 m.

diam.—King’s Collector); wpper branchlets thick, striate, angular,

densely dark ferruginous-tomentose; buds ovoid with densely tomen-

tose scales. Leaves coriaceous, alternate or sometimes subopposite,

obovate or obovate-oblong, acute and mucronate at apex, cuneately

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 187

attenuate at base; upper surface shining, glabrous except the midrib,

lower minutely dark ferruginous-tomentose, more so on the nerves ;

margins recurved; 10—18 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, im-

pressed above, prominently raised beneath; main nerves 10O—13 pairs,

parallel, at about 40° with the midrib, curved in the upper part to and

along the margin, impressed above, prominently raised beneath;

transverse nervules sub-horizontal, obscure ag is the reticulation ;

petiole stout, 10—15 mm.long. Flowers yellowish, without densely

dark-tawny-tomentose, in peduncled (5—10 mm.) umbellules in

short lateral racemes of about 5 and up to 5 mm. long; umbellules

7 mm. in diam., (3) with 4 orbicular concave involucral bracts

glabrous within ; flowers in each umbellule about 7 very shortly

pedicelled ; perianth-tube short, lobes ovate-oblong, ciliate, 3-nerved,

glandular, 3 mm. long. Stamens in 3 flowers 12 in 4 rows, nearly

or quite glabrous ; those of the 2 outer rows with subquadrate anthers

and slender filaments, 1-5 mm. long, eglandular; those of 2 inner

rows similar but smaller and only 1 mm. long with a pair of oblong

sessile glands near the tops of the very short filaments; rudimentary

ovary ovoid with thick style and short stigma. Staminodes in 2

flowers also 12, glabrous, those of the outer rows spathulate, 1°25

mm. long; those of the inner rows 1 mm. long, subulate, with a pair

of glands near the tops of the filaments. Ovary not seen. Fruit

depressed-globose, 16 mm. in diam., 12 mm. long, when young nearly

quite surrounded by the rugose cupule formed by the enlarged

perianth-tube which opens out gradually and at length becomes a

shallow rather thin patelliform cup under 5 mm. high and 1—2 em.

broad at mouth; pedicel obconic, rough, 5 mm. long; pericarp

smooth, yellowish when dry. Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 179.

Cryptocarya ferruginea, Bl. Cat. Hort. Bog. 65. Tetranthera Blumet,

Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II. 65. Actinodaphne Blume, Nees Syst.

Laur. 598. Lepidadenia ferruginea, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.I. 1. 935. Cyli-

codaphne ferruginea, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. I. 207.

Perak: Hills near Larut at 150—250 m. alt., etc., King’s Col-

lector 6039!, 6826!, 7546!, 8437!. SrncaarorE: at Selitar, Ridley

6151!—Distris. Java.

55. Lirtsza GRIFFITHII, Gamble. An evergreen tree reaching

20 m. in height and 30—45 cm. in diam. of stem ; branchlets stout,

greyish-brown, somewhat angular, uppermost and innovations

densely dark rusty-tomentose; buds leafy, with few deciduous scales.

Leaves coriaceous, opposite or subopposite or rarely alternate ; oblong

188 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or obtusely acute at apex, cuneate or at-

tenuate to almost rounded at base; upper surface shining, yellowish

green, glabrous except on the midrib, minutely reticulate, lower surface

densely light rusty-tomentose ; margins recurved; 10—30 cm. long,

3—9 cm. broad ; midrib flat or slightly impressed above, prominent

beneath; main nerves 8—15 pairs, regular and regularly curved

upwards to and along the margin, the uppermost joining in loops,

faint and slightly impressed on the upper surface, densely tomentose

and very prominent on the lower; transverse nervules arched ; re-

ticulation minutely areolate; petiole stout, 1—2°5 cm. long. Flowers

yellowish or white, densely dark-tawny tomentose without, in

peduncled (1—2 cm.) umbellules in short stout axillary or lateral

racemes of about 5 and about 1 cm. long; umbellules 8—10 mm. in

diam. (3), 7 mm. broad (@), with 4 orbicular or ovate concave in-

volucral bracts, 5 mm. in diam. glabrous within ; flowers in each

umbellule 6—S, usually 7, very shortly pedicelled; perianth-tube

funnel-shaped, 1:5 to 2 mm. long, lobes oblong ciliate, nearly

glabrous within, 1—3-nerved, 4 mm. long in 3, 2 mm.in 92, 1-5

mm. or ‘5 mm. broad. Stamens in ¢ flowers 12, in 4 rows; those

of the outer two rows with short quadrate anthers 15 mm. long,

the filaments 4—5 mm. long, villous; those of the inner rows shorter,

the anthers 1 mm. long, the filaments 2 mm. long, furnished above

the base with a pair of large oblong truncate sessile glands; upper

anther cells all irtrorse, lower all lateral; rudimentary ovary ovoid

with thick straight style 2 mm. long and a bilobed papillose stigma.

Staminodes of 2 flowers 12,in 4 rows; those of the outer 2 rows

spathulate, 15mm. long; those of the inner two rows club-shaped,

1 mm. long, with a pair of large sessile glands attached above the

base. Ovary ovoid ; style very thick and fleshy, 3 mm. long; stigma.

peltate, 3—4lobed and crenulate, the margins reflexed. Fruit

ovoid, 2—2°5 cm. long and 13 mm. in diam., apiculate, half immersed

in the hemispheric cup-shaped enlarged perianth-tube which is

about 17 mm. high and as much in the diam. of the truncate sharply-

edged mouth, prominently warted and very shortly pedicelled ;

pericarp smooth, wrinkled when dry. JL. Blumit, Hook. f. in Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 160, non Nees.

Perak: at Changkat Jerin, Wray 2757!; at Ulu Bubong and

near Larut at 90—180 m. alt., King’s Collector 5865 !, 8573!, 10167!.

SeLancor: in Weld’s Hill Reserve, A. Burn-Murdoch 282 (Ridley

14284)!, Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4285!; Maingay K.D. 1252!.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 189

JOHORE: at Jafiaria, G. King!, Hullett!. Suxvaaporr: Reservoir

woods and garden jungle, Ridley 5823!, 5569!.—Distriz. Sumatra,

in Lampongs, 4.0. Forbes 1762!.

This is the plant described in Fl. Br. Ind. as Litsea Blumii, Nees, and

identified from the Java specimens in Herb. Kew. Koorders and Valeton have,

however, pointed out that LZ. Blumii, Nees = L. ferruginea, Blume, is a

different plant and after examining many specimens I fully agree in their

opinion, so that a new name has to be found for this species.

14. Nzowitsea, Merr.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, opposite, subopposite or

verticillate, triple-nerved, usually areolate-reticulate, more or less

lanceolate ; buds perulate. Flowers dioecious, in sessile umbellules,

in clusters or short racemes in the axils of upper leaves, or on the

branchlets between the nodes, the clusters with small bracts at their

bases; involucral bracts 4, deciduous; flowers in each umbellule

3—7, pedicels elongating ; perianth-lobes 4. Siamensin 3 flowers6;

those of the two outer rows eglandular, the 2 inner biglandular,

anther-cells all introrse or the lowerlateral. .Siaminodes of 2 flowers.

6, arranged as the stamens, usually linear or linear-clavate. Ovary

ovoid, style thick; stigma usually peltate, in ¢ flowers 0 or rudi-

mentary. Fruit a globose berry seated on the slightly enlarged

disciform perianth-tube and somewhat elongate pedicel; pericarp

smooth; cotyledons hemispheric.—Distris. India and Malaya, one

species or more extending to the Philippines and Australia: species

about 30.

Leaves alternate .. =c ac .. IL. N. zeylanica.

Leaves opposite subopposite or verticillate

Leaves glaucous beneath, softly villous on the

nerves and petioles and also on the upper branch-

lets and inflorescence .. se .. 2. N. villosa.

Leaves densely and softly rusty-villous on the

under surface, on the nerves of the upper sur-

face, on the branchlets and inflorescence .. 3 N. mollissima.

Leaves glabrous except when young, very pro-

minenily areolate-reticulate ae .. 4, N. Kedahensis.

1. NeouitsEA zEyLaNIca, Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Sc. I.

Suppl. 57 (1906). An evergreen tree of variable character of

foliage, flowers and fruit; branchlets slender, glabrous, greyish-

brown, the uppermost sometimes minutely pubescent; innovations

190 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

golden-tawny-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, alter-

nate; elliptic or elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate, acuminate often

abruptly at apex with obtuse points, acute or rounded at base ;

glabrous un both surfaces except sometimes when very young, the

lower surface glaucous or not; margin usually recurved; 6—14 cm.

long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces, side

ribs from about 5—8 mm. above the base, curving upwards to dis-

appear halfway up or a little higher; main nerves irregular, 2—5

pairs, obscure as are the arched transverse nervules; reticulation

areolate, sometimes prominently, more usually only under the lens;

petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long, curved. lowers in sessile umbellules,

in short axillary or lateral (on internodes of upper branchlets)

fascicles or racemes up to 10 mm. in length, the raceme bracts

orbicular, ciliate ; umbellule buds globose, minutely tawny-puberulous

or glabrescent, 3—5 mm. in diam.; involucral bracts 4, the 2 outer

orbicular, concave, the 2 inner more or less obovate; flowers in each

umbellule 3 to 5 or even to 7, on silky-villous pedicels finally reach-

ing 5mm.longin #,orl-‘5mm.in Q ; perianth lobes oblong, obtuse

or acute, gland-dotted, sparsely villous outside, about 3 mm. long.

Stamens in 3 flowers 6, ‘exsert; those of the outer rows with small

subquadrate anthers and slender filaments which are glabrous or

slightly villous, 4—5 mm. long; those of the inner row similar but

shorter, and with a pair of large reniform emarginate stipitate glands

about half-way up the filaments (at base in bud!); rudimentary

ovary 0 or very small with slender style. Staminodes of 2 flowers

also 6; those of the outer rows linear villous, 2 mm. long; those of

the inner row linear-clavate, 1-5 mm. long, with a pair of large reni-

form or cordate glands at their bases. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style

stout, twisted; stigma large, lateral. Fruzt globose, 8 to 15 mm. in

diam., seated on the disciform enlarged perianth tube, the disk

4 mm. in diam., crenate on the margins, the lobes quite deciduous ;

enlarged pedicel clavate, 5—7 mm. long; pericarp smooth, shining;

cotyledons hemispheric. Tetradenia zeylanica, Nees in Wall. Pl. As.

Rar. II. 64 and III. 30. 7. foliosa, Nees and 7. furfuracea, Nees l.c.

Tetranthera foliosa, pulcherrima (in part) and furfuracea, Wall. Cat.

2563, 2567, 2568. Litsea zeylanica, C. and Fr. Nees in Amen. Bot.

Bonn. Fasc. I. 58 (1823) t. 5; Nees Syst. Laur. 626; Meissn. in DC.

Prodr. XV. 1. 226; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 346, Wight Ic. tt.

132, 1844; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 294; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 223;

Brandis For. Fl. 382 and Ind. Trees 540; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

178; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 454: Benth. & von Muell. Fl. Austral.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 191

V. 307; Cooke Bomb. FI. II. 540; Prain Beng. Plants902. JL. oblonga,

Nees Syst. Laur. 678; Wight Ic. t. 1845. J. striolata, Blume l.c.

347; Meissn. l.c. 223. L. foliosa, Nees l.c. 622: Blume l.c. 346;

Meissn. l.c. 222 (excl. var. 8.) ; Kurz For. Fl. II. 306. JL. furfuracea,

Nees l.c. 625; Blume l.c. 347; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 975. L. scrobicu-

lata, Meissn. l.c. 223. L. trinervia, Juss. in Dict. Sc. Nat. X XVII.

79. Laurus Cassia, Linn. ex Wight in Hook. Journ. Bot. IT. (1840)

336. L. involucrata, Vahl in Herb. Juss. ex Lamk. Dict. IIT. 445;

Roxb. Cor. Pl. IT. 46, t. 187.

Prenane: Wallich 2568 b!; Curtis 443!, 468!; at Batu Feringgi,

Ridley!. Province WeEuiLESLEY: at Bukit Turu, Ridley 6956!.

Perak: Scortechini 1085!. Matacca : on Mount Ophir, etc., Griffith

4331!; Maingay K.D., 1255!; at Brisu, Holmberg 759!. Panane:

at Praman and Kwala Pahang, Ridley! (c.f. also Ridley in Trans.

Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. III.541). Smveaporze: Wallich 2568a!; at Changi,

Pulau Ilbin and Bedoh, Ridley 3604a!,4811!, 4819!, 8406 !.—DistRrB.

India (in most hilly regions), Burma (Martaban Hills), Ceylon,

Borneo (Mount Kinabalu at 2500 m., Haviland 1128! c.f. Stapf in

Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. IV. 220), Philippines Queensland.

2. NEOLITSEA VILLOSA, Gamble. An evergreen tree reaching

12—18 m. in height and 35—50 cm. in diam. of stem; branch-

lets moderately stout, grey, the uppermost densely grey-tawny

puberulous; branch buds ovate, perulate, rusty puberulous, the

scales obtuse; leaf-buds in 9 trees smaller. Leaves coriaceous,

opposite subopposite or subverticillate, the verticils usually of 5;

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long and sharply acuminate at apex,

acuminate at base; upper surface glabrous, shining, olive-brown

when dry, minutely areolate-reticulate, lower bluish-green when

fresh, glaucous when dry, glabrous except the ribs and nerves which

are softly rusty-villous; margins slightly undulate, recurved;

10—15 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib rather slender, impressed

above and keeled, raised beneath; side ribs from about 7 mm. above

the base, oblique, impressed above, reaching to about half-way up and

then ending in diminishing small loops which connect them with the

lowest pair of nerves; nervules outside them 10 or more, looped;

main nerves 3—5 pairs, prominent, sometimes branched, impressed

above, oblique, joined by loops near the margin; transverse nervules

many, arched, fairly prominent enclosing the areolate reticulation;

petiole rather slender, twisted, pubescent, 10—12 mm. long, the

upper part bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers

192 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

in sessile umbellules in clusters of usually 4 to 6 on the upper

branchlets between the nodes; umbellule buds globose, 5—6 mm. in

diameter, closely grey-tawny pubescent; involucral bracts 4, orbi-

cular, concave; flowers in each umbellule 4—5 (buds of ¢ only);

perianth-lobes 4, oblong, densely silky-villous without. glabrous

within. Stamens of 3 flowers 6, the 4 of the outer rows with oblong

anthers and slender filaments villous only at the base, the 2 of the

inner row similar with a pair of large orbicular stipitate glands at

the base; rudimentary (?) ovary ovoid; style curved; stigma capitate.

Staminodes of 2 flowers linear clavate. Fruit globose, 10 mm. in

diam., seated on the flattened subquadrangular enlarged perianth-

tube, villous within, 3 mm. in diam.; enlarged pedicel stout, 4—5

mm. long; pericarp bright red, wrinkled when dry. Litsea villosa,

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. i. 349; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.

221.

PERAK : in dense forest on tops of high mountains in Larut at

1200—1400 m. alt., King’s Collector 6979!, 7011!.—Distris. Ambo-

ina, Philippine Islands.

3. NEOLITSEA MOLLISSIMA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 366 (1910) and

172 (1911). Asmall evergreen tree; branchlets moderately stout,

rounded, grey, the uppermost softly and closely rusty-villous ; leaf-

buds ovate, perulate, densely villous. Leavescoriaceous, opposite sub-

opposite or subverticillate, the verticils usually of 3 ; lanceolate, long

acuminate at apex, acute at base; upper surface shining, olive-brown

whendry, glabrous except the rusty-villous midrib; lower surface

densely and softly rusty-villous, the nerves especially, greyish between

the nerves; margins slightly recurved; 9—12 cm. long, 2°5—3°5 cm.

broad; midrib stout, raised on the upper surface; side pair of ribs

starting from about 5 mm. above the base and ending half-way up

or a little further; main nerves 3—4 pairs, the pairs subopposite,

very oblique, slightly impressed above, raised beneath; transverse

nervules many, arched, obscure, enclosing the regular minutely

areolate reticulation vis‘ble only with the lens; petiole stout, rusty-

villous, 6—8 mm. long. Flowers in densely rusty-villous sessile

umbellules, 1—3 together, axillary or on the branchlets between the

upper nodes; involucral bracts very caducous; flowers in each

umbellule apparently 5 (2 only) on very short villous pedicels;

perianth-tube densely long silky-villous within as are the 4 lanceolate

perianthlobes. Staminodes of 2 flowers 6; those of the two outer

rows linear-clavate, 1-5—2 mm. long, sparsely villous, the inner pair

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 193

similar but shorter and with a pair of rather large cordate stipitate

glands at their bases. Ovary ovoid; style densely villous; stigma

capitate. Stamens of 3 flowers and fruit not seen.

Perak: at lower camp Gunong Batu Pateh at 1000 m. alt.,

Wray 931!

4, NEOLITSEA KEDAHENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 367 (1910) and

172 (1911). An evergreen tree; branchlets slender, terete, uppermost

in verticils, densely rusty-villous as are the leaf-buds. Leaves coriace-

ous, verticillate, prominently areolately pitted ; elliptic-lanceolate, cus-

pidate-acuminate at apex, narrowed at base; upper surface glabrous

except when young and then rusty-villous on the ribs and nerves,

lower surface strigosely villous when young especially on the ribs

and nerves and margin, afterwards glabrous; margin cartilaginous,

recurved; 6—11 cm. long, 2—3°5 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised

on both surfaces; side ribs slender, raised, starting at about 6 mm.

above the base, ending a little above half-way in lessening slender

loops which join the lower main nerves; main nerves 3—5 pairs,

slender, curving obliquely to near the margin and there joining in

slender loops; transverse nervules many, obscure, arched, enclosing

the deeply pitted reticulation; petiole slender, 5—6 mm. long,

pubescent when young. Flowers in sessile umbellules in dense

axillary or lateral clusters supported by short obtuse bracts; in-

volucral bracts 4, orbicular, concave, ciliate or fimbriate on the

margins, 5—7-nerved, densely rusty-tomentose without, glabrous

within ; flowers in each umbellule 5, on short long-villous peduncles ;

perianth-lobes 4 (3 only) ovate, obtuse or acuminate, densely

villous, 15—2 mm. long. Stamens in @ flowers 6, the 4 outer

with oblong anthers and slender glabrous filaments, the 2 inner shorter

and with a pair of reniform stipitate glands at the bases of the fila-

ments; rudimentary ovary ovoid, sparsely villous ; style slender;

stigma capitate. Staminodes of 2 flowers and frut¢ unknown.

KerpaH: on Kedah Peak at 900 m. alt., Ridley 3590!, 5940!

Tribe VII. LAURE.

15. LinpERa, Thunb.

Shrubs or trees, often deciduous; buds naked or perulate.

Leaves alternate or subopposite, penni-veined or 3—5-ribbed, chartace-

ous or coriaceous. lowers dicecious, in pedunculate or sessile umbel-

194 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

lules, axillary or lateral on the branchlets; involucral bracts 2 to 4,

concave, usually hemispheric ; flowers in each umbellule 1 to 6 or

more; pedicels long or short; perianth-tube very short, lobes 6 or

more, usually unequal. Stamens in 3 flowers normally 9 or 12, in

three or four rows; those of the outer rows eglandular ; those of the

inner rows biglandular; anthers all introrse, 2- (or rarely 4-) celled,

filaments usually slender; ovary 0 or rudimentary with rudimentary

style and usually peltate stigma. Staminodes of 2? flowers normally

9 or 12, also in three or four rows ; those of the outer rows clavate

eglandular; those of the inner rows clavate or subulate biglandular.

Ovary ovoid; style usually thick; stigma peltate. Fruit globose or

ovoid, seated on the usually slightly enlarged perianth-tube with

usually persistent lobes ; pedicel often thickened ; pericarp succulent.

Seed 1; testa thin, cotyledons conform to seed, usually hemispheric.

—Distris. About 60 species in tropical and Eastern Asia to Japan

and in North America.

Leaves 1-ribbed, penninerved ; flowers in each umbellule

more than 9.

Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, short-acuminate, upper

surface olive-green when dry Ss .. Ll. L. malaccensis.

Leaves chartaceous, obovate, long-acuminate,

upper surface blackish when dry ws se De de Wrage

Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate ; main

nerves about 12 pairs a .. o. L. oxyphylla.

Leaves chartaceous, lanceolate, Bt. main

nerves 7— 8 pairs : .. 4. DL. polyantha.

Leaves membranous, aulonelsncesians greyish ;

main nerves about 8—12 pairs ae . 5. L. pipericarpa.

Leaves 3-ribbeéd, more or less penninerved on iain

flowers in each umbellule i—3.

Leaves chartaceous, over 6 cm. long.

Leaves long caudate-acuminate at apex; main

nerves from midrib 1—3 pairs; flowers in

each umbellule usually 1; perianth-lobes

obtuse .. : 36 .. 6. L. bibracteata.

Leaves rarely eandate: usually acuminate at

apex; main nerves from midrib 2—5 pairs;

flowers in each umbellule 3; perianth-lobes

acuminate oe ae -. te Ly, ceava.

Leaves coriaceous, usually under 6 cm. long;

perianth-lobes obtuse... of .. 8. ZL. rufa.

1. LinpeRA MmaLaccensis, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 183

(1886). A tree reaching 15 to 25 m. in height and 40 to 60 cm. in

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 195

diam. of stem; branchlets dark brown to black, smooth, uppermost

and lanceolate leaf-buds ferruginous-silky. Leaves subcoriaceous,

alternate, glabrous or slightly puberulous, especially on the nerves,

beneath; broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate and often

cuspidate at apex, rounded or sometimes acute at base; upper

surface shining, olive-green when dry, lower dark reddish-brown;

7—17 cm. long, 4—9 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both

surfaces; main nerves 5--7 pairs, slightly impressed above, the

lowest 1—2 pairs from near the base, the rest more distant, all

curving gradually and joining in loops a little distance from the

margin; transverse nervules distant, irregular, the reticulation

obscure; petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long, channelled above and near

the top bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers

in pedunculate sparsely villous umbellules clustered in stout racemes

in the axils of the leaves; racemes 1—6 mm. long; peduncles slender

8—15 mm. long, 2 somewhat shorter than 3 ; involucral bracts 4,

the outer pair hemispheric, early deciduous; flowers in each umbel-

lule 9 or more; pedicels slender, 1—%3 mm. long; perianth-lobes 6,

in 3 obovate lobed, in ? oblong or spathulate, gland-dotted, 1—1-5

mm. long. Stamens of 3 flowers 9, very small; those of Ist and

2nd rows glandular with glabrous filaments ; those of 3rd row bearing

a pair of rather large glands a little above the bases of the filaments ;

rudimentary ovary 0 or very smail, conoidal. Staminodes of 9

flowers also 9; those of rows I and II linear clavate; those of row

III clavate with large glands asin 3. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style

thick, curved; stigma peltate, lobed. Fruit a globose or ovoid

drupe 6—20 mm. long, 6—15 mm. in diameter; pericarp smooth ;

fruiting pedicels thickened, 3—10 mm. long, surmounted by the

scarcely enlarged perianth ; fruiting peduncle also thickened, 15—20

mm. long.

Perak: at Relan Tujor, Wray 3133!; WScoriechini!; about

Goping and Larut, King’s Collector 873!, 963!, 2533!, 5139!, 5167!,

5578 !,5679!,8839!. Matacca: Griffith4297!; Maingay K.D. 1257!,

1272!; at Sungei Udang, Holmberg 778!. JoHoRE: at Batu Pahat,

Ridley 11030!. Sinearore: at Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang and

Turong, Ridley 3459!, 5998!, 10776!.

Scortechini’s specimens, as also Ridley 3373! from Selitar and 4704! from

Dalvey road, Singapore, have thinner less acuminate and less shining leaves,

fewer flowers in the clusters and lighter coloured branchlets, but otherwise

seem to belong to this species, and are scarcely worthy of being classed as a

variety. Griffith 4297 is the ¢ plant of a stiff reddish brown form with long-

196 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

pedunculate umbellules. It may prove to be a separate species, when ~

flowers and fruit are known.

I believe this species to be identical with Lindera lucida, Boerl. Handb.

Fl. Ned. Ind. III. 147; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 238, ete. I have spent

some time over the question, which must have previously been considered by

the author of the FI. Br. Ind., and in deference to him I leave ‘ malaccensis ’

as the specific name, though I fear that it may have to give way to ‘lucida.’

2. LinpERA WRayI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 367 (1910). A small

tree; branchlets moderately stout, smooth, black when dry ; innova-

tions and lanceolate leaf-buds ferruginous-puberulous. Leaves chare

taceous or almost membranous, alternate; obovate or elliptic-

obovate, or -oblanceolate, long cuspidate-acuminate at apex, occasion-

ally rounded or even emarginate, long-cuneate-acuminate at base;

both surfaces glabrous, the upper nearly black when dry, somewhat

bullate, the lower reddish; 10—18 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib

slender, slightly impressed; main nerves 8—14 pairs, impressed

above, curved upwards to join in loops near the margin; transverse

nervules prominent beneath, regular, arched; reticulation obscure;

petiole slender, 8—18 mm. long. Flowers in umbellules on slender

glabrous peduncles 5—7 mm. long in short axillary or lateral racemes

about 7 mm. long; involucra] bracts 4, hemispheric, glabrous, deci-

duous; flowers in each umbellule (¢) about 7, ( 2 ) about 8; pedicels

very short; perianth-lobes ovate acute, often lobed, 1—2 mm. long,

smallerin ° thanin ¢, glabrous. Stamens in ¢& flowers 9, slender,

glabrous, 2mm. long; those of Ist and 2nd rows with slender fila-

ments and obtuse anthers; those of 3rd row similar but less obtuse

and with a pair of large angular glands a little above the bases of

the filaments ; rudimentary ovary small, conoidal. Staminodes of 2

flowers 9, very minute; those of Ist and 2nd rows linear clavate,

glabrous; those of 3rd row subulate with a pair of large angular

glands about the middle of the filaments. Ovary ovoid; style long,

thick, curved; stigma peltate, lobed. Fruit (immature) an ovoid

drupe 7—10 mm. long on a much thickened pedicel, pericarp

smooth.

PeRAK: on Gunong Batu Pateh 1300 m. alt., on Gunong Brum-

ber and Gunong Iras, 1500 m. alt., Gunong Bubu, 2000 m. alt., Wray

399!, 1564!, 3866!, 4149!; at Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9706!; Scor-

techini!.

Scortechini’s specimens and Wray 399 have thinner more reddish leaves

than the others, but I see no reason to separate them. Wray 1564 is a

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. to7

specimen with rounded or emarginate leaves, but this is probably due to insect

action or browsing when young.

3. LINDERA OXYPHYLLA, Hook. f.in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 183 (1886).

A tree reaching 9—12 m. in height (Curtis); branchlets stout, black-

ish grey, the younger ones black when dry and smooth, glabrous

except the innovations; leaf-buds lanceolate, ferruginous-pubescent,

Leaves subcoriaceous, alternate; lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,

acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; the upper surfaces nearly black

when dry, glabrous, the lower subglaucous; 8—13 cm. long, 3—4

em. broad; midrib rather slender; main nerves about 12 pairs,

obscure, curving to the margin; secondary nerves few, between the

main nerves; transverse nervules very few, obscure as is the

reticulation; petiole black, channelled, 7—12 mm. long. Flowers

in umbellules, on peduncles about 5 mm. long in short axillary and

lateral ferruginous-pubescent racemes near the ends of the branchlets,

10—12 mm. long; involucral bracts 4, hemispheric, 4 mm. long,

deciduous; flowers in each umbellule about 9—10; pedicels stout,

short; perianth-lobes obovate-spathulate. Stamens of 3 flowers 9;

those of the 1st and 2nd rows on villous filaments 3 mm. long; those

of the 3rd row with rather shorter filaments and 2 large reniform

glands at their base, anthers ovoid 1 mm. long with large cells;

rudimentary ovary small, conoidal. Staminodes of 2 flowers and

fruit not known. Tetranthera oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 2547; Miq. FI.

Ind. Bat. I. 1. 957. Daphnidium oxyphyllum, Nees in Wall. Pl. As.

Rar. II. 63 and Syst. Laur. 618. Aperula oxyphylia, Blume Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 366: Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. i. 240.

Penance: Wallich 2547!; Government Hill at 750 m.alt., Curtis

1103!

4. LINDERA POLYANTHA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III. 147

(1900). A moderate-sized tree; branchlets nearly black, angular,

striate, the youngest ferruginous-puberulous as are the lanceolate

naked leaf-buds and the inflorescence. Leaves chartaceous, alternate ;

lanceolate, acuminate at apex, acute, often unequally, at base;

upper surface reddish-brown, glabrous, shining, the lower also reddish,

often glaucescent ; 9—11 cm. long, 3—4 cm. broad; midrib rather

stout ; main nerves 7—-8 pairs, oblique, curved to the margin, some-

what raised on the upper surface; transverse nervules obscure as

is the reticulation; petiole 1O—15 mm. long, channelled, slender.

Flowers in umbellules on peduncle 7—8 mm. long in short axillary

198 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

or lateral ferruginous-puberulous racemes 10--15 mm. long, the

rhachis angular; involucral bracts 4, hemispheric, deciduous,

densely ferruginous-puberulous ; flowers in each umbellule about 12;

pedicels short; perianth-lobes ovate-oblong, villous within, 1-5 mm.

long. Stamens of ¢ flowers 9; those of Ist and 2nd rows ovate, acute,

on villous filaments; those of 3rd row similar and with a pair of large

‘glands near the base; rudimentary ovary small, glabrous, conoidal,

the style short and stigma small. Staminodes of 2 flowers not

known. J ruii a globose berry, 8—10 mm. in diam., minutely apicu-

late: pericarp thin. Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 236. Aperula poly-

antha, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 366, 367; Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XV. 1. 241. Polyadenia polyantha, Nees Syst. Laur. 577; Mig. FI.

Ind. Bat. I. 961. Laurus polyantha, Bl. Bijdr. 554.

PERAK: at Bujong Malacca, Scortechini 148!—Distr1. Java.

5. LINDERA PIPERICARPA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III. 147

(1900). A small tree reaching 9—12 m.in height ; branchlets slender,

nearly black, uppermost puberulous. Leaves membranous, alter-

nate; lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, acute or

rounded at base; upper surface shining, olive-green, glabrous except

on the midrib, lower glaucescent, puberulous especially on the

nerves; 6—15 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad: midrib slender, black,

pubescent; main nerves 8—12 pairs, curving outwards to join in

loops near the margin ; transverse nervules straight, fairly prominent ;

reticulation obscure; petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long. lowers in

umbellules on slender 5—10 mm. long peduncles in clusters or short

grey-puberulous racemes, scarcely 1 cm. long, from the internodes

of the branchlets; bracts grey-puberulous, deciduous; involucral

bracts 4, semi-orbicular, concave, glabrous without, villous within,

2—3 mm. long, gland-dotted; flowers in each umbellule about 6;

perianth-lobes ovate, obtuse, villous at the base within. Stamens

‘of ¢ flowers 9 with 2-celled anthers; those of the lst and 2nd rows

1 mm. long, with slender pubescent filaments ; those of the 3rd row 1°5

mm. long, with a pair of rather large reniform glands about the middle

of the filaments; rudimentary ovary small, conoidal. Staminodes

of 2 flowers not known. /ruii a globose berry, the size of a small

pea (4—5 mm.in diam.) shortly beaked, black, seated on the slightly

enlarged perianth-tube. Avperula % pipericarpa Meissn, in DC. Prodr.

XV.1. 242. Polyadenia pipericarpa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 962.

PERAK : Scortechint 290!; in rocky localities in forest at 900—

1200 m. alt., King’s Collector 6948!—DistRis. Sumatra.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 199

6. LInDERA BIBRACTEATA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III.

146 (1900). A slender shrub reaching 3 to 45 m. in height, or a

small tree; branchlets very slender, terete, the uppermost and the

lanceolate leaf-buds silkily tawny-villous. Leaves chartaceous, alter-

nate; ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate, long and sharply caudate-acumi-

nate at apex, acute or rounded at base ; upper surface olive-brown,

shining, glabrous except on the ribs; lower surface glaucescent,

the ribs at the base very villous ; 7—11 cm. long, 2 to 3°5 cm. broad;

ribs 3, the midrib extending to the extreme tip of the acumen, the

side ribs starting from about 2 mm. above the base, and extending

to nearly two-thirds of the length of the leaf; main nerves 1 to 3

from the midrib above half its length, curving to the margin and join-

ing in loops, outside the side ribs 10 or more short nerves arched

near the margin; transverse nervules slender, prominent beneath,

irregular, joined by a minutely areolate reticulation; petiole very

slender, tawny-villous, 6—12 mm. long. lowers in sessile umbel-

lules in axillary clusters; involucral bracts 2 to 4, the outer if

present often small, glabrous except theciliate margins; flowers in

each umbellule 1—3, usually 1; pedicels short, densely villous;

perianth-lobes 6, oblong, obtuse, 2 mm. long, glabrous within, villous

without, narrower and shorter and more acutein 2. Stamens of ¢

flowers 9 or more, usually 9; those of the two outer rows with obtuse

anthers and villous filaments; those of the inner rows rather longer

but similar and with a pair of rather large glands a little above the

bases of the filaments; rudimentary ovary ovoid with short style and

peltate stigma, Staminodes of 2 flowers also 9 to 12; those of the

outer rows linear-clavate with villous filaments ; those of the inner

rows similar and with a pair of stipitate ylands at the very base.

Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style twisted; stigma capitate. Fruit a

globose drupe up to about | cm. in diam. ; enlarged perianth-tube

scarcely any; pedicel clavate, 1 cm. long. Koord. & Val. Bijdr.

X. 233. Daphnidium bibracteatum, Nees Syst. Laur. 615; Blume

Mus Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 351; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. X. 1. 229. D.

acuminatum, Blume l.c.; Meissn.1.c. D. cesiwm, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat,

1.1. 976 tn pari only. Laurus bibracteata, Bl. Bijdr. 553. L. acumi-:

nata, and L. microphylla, Reinw.; Nees l.c. 611.

PERAK : on Maxwell’s Hill, etc., up to 1200 m. alt., Wray 1193!,

2945 !, 4162!; Larut at 450 to 600 m., King’s Collector 2641! ; Scorte-

chint 640!; at Hermitage 900 m., Curtis 1332!; at Gunong Keladang,

Ridley 9589! , at Taiping, Ridley 14515!.—_Distriz. Java (Bantam,

Forbes 354!)

200 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Wray Nos. 1193, 4162 are fruiting specimens only and have rather smaller

less acuminate leaves, not so glaucous beneath; so IT am not quite sure of

them.

7. Linprera cmsiA, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III 146 (1900).

A small tree reaching 3 to 4°5 m. in height and a diameter of stem

of 5 to 8 cm.; branchlets slender, dark brown, rather rough, the

uppermost densely villous, the innovations silkily tawny-villous.

Leaves chartaceous, alternate; elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate, long-

acuminate at apex, rarely caudate, acute at base; upper surface

smooth, glabrous except on the ribs, lower surface bluish green when

fresh, glaucous when dry; 6—10 cm. long, 3—5 em. broad; ribs 3,

the midrib prominent, reaching the tip of the acumen, the side ribs

starting from 4—5 mm. above the base, curving and ending in small

loops about half-way up; main nerves from the midrib 2—5 pairs,

prominent, joined near the margin by arching loops, nerves outside

the side ribs about 6—8, short; transverse nervules irregular,

branched and anastomozing; reticulation areolate: petiole 6—10

mm. long, slender, blackish-villous. Flowers in sessile umbellules in

close axillary clusters; involucral bracts 2—3, if more than 2 the

outer quite small, glabrescent without; flowers in each umbellule 3,

sessile or on very short villous pedicels; perianth-lobes 6, lanceolate-

acuminate, 1—2 mm. long, gland-dotted, villous without and at

base within. Stamensof 3 flowers 90r12; much longer than perianth-

lobes, up to 5 mm., with oblong short anthers and slender villous

filaments, those of the outer rows shorter than those of the inner, the -

inner with a pair of rounded rather small glands at the very bases

of the filaments; rudimentary ovary ovoid with short curved style

and large peltate stigma. Staminodes of 9 flowers and fruit not

known. Daphnidium cesium, Nees in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 351;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XY. I. 229; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 976 (in

part only).

PERAK: Maxwell’s Hill, Scortechint 14!, 1200 m. alt., Curtis

2052!; dense forest near Larut at 1000—1200 m. alt., King’s Collector

6951!. SELANGOR: at Sempang, Ridley 15597 !.—Distris, Java.

I believe and hope I am correct in the identification of this species from

the Java specimens in the Calcutta Herbarium and from descriptions.

8. LINDERA RUFA, Gamble. A shrub reaching 2 m. in height;

branchlets rather stout, rough, brown, uppermost ferruginous-

villous as are the innovations; buds ovoid, perulate, the scales

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 201

obtuse. Leaves coriaceous, alternate; ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

long acuminate at apex, acute at base; upper surface olive-brown

‘when dry, shining or dull, glabrous except on the midrib, lower

surface tawny-villous when young, glaucous when old, margins

recurved; 4—7 cm. long, 2—3 cm. broad; ribs 3, midrib stout,

produced to the tip of the acumen, impressed and usually villous

above, side ribs from 4—5 mm. above the base, nearly straight,

ending about half-way up; main nerves from the midrib 2—3

pairs, irregular, nerves outside side ribs 0 or few; transverse

nervules very faint, reticulation areolate; petiole slender, tawny-

villous, 1O—15 mm. long. Flowers in umbellules, sessile or very

shortly pedunculate in axillary tawny-villous clusters or racemes ;

involucral bracts 4, hemispherical, very much gland-dotted, glabrous

within; flowers in each umbellule 1 to 3 on very short long-

villous pediceis, perianth-lobes 6, unequal, ovate or ovate-

oblong, 15—2 mm. long, gland-dotted, long-tawny-villous at

base within as is the very short perianth-tube. Stamens of

3 flowers usually 9, glabrous except at the base; those of the

outer rows with shortly oblong anthers and slender filaments; those

of the inner row similar and with a pair of large reniform stipitate

glands at the base; rudimentary ovary ovoid, with short style and

peltate stigma. Staminodes of 92 flowers 9 to 12, clavate, those of

outer rows longer than those of the inner which have glands at the

base asin 3. Ovary ovoid; style thick, twisted; stigma capitate,

lobed. Fruit (immature) an ovoid drup2 6 mm. long, seated on the

persistent perianth-lobes and staminodes; pedicel thickened and

lengthgned ; pericarp shining. Lindera cesia, Reinw. var. rufa, Stapf

in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. IV. 220.

Perak: Ulu Batang Padang 1500 m., Gunong Brumbu Pahang

2100 m. and Gunong Bubu 1500 m., Wray 1571!, 1581!, 3921!;

_Scortechini!; high rocks on Gunong Batu Pateh 900—1200 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 8066!. SrLancor: top of Ulu Semangko, Ridley

12060!.—Distris. Borneo (Kinabalu 2500 m., Haviland 1106!);

Sumatra (Mt. Dempo 2200 m., Forbes 2394!).

Tribe VIII. CASSYTHEAE.

16. CassytHa, Linn.

Filiform twining parasites, adhering to their host by suckers.

Leaves consisting of minute scales or none. Flowers small, herma-

202 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

phrodite, sometimes dimorphic, spicate, capitate or racemose :

bracteoles 3. Perianth-tube short and globose or turbinate and as.

long as the lobes; segments 6, the 3 outer smaller. Perfect stamens

9 or 6, 2-celled ; those of the 1st row opposite the outer perianth-

lobes, introrse, those of the 2nd row opposite the inner perianth-

lobes, introrse, sometimes reduced to staminodes ; those of the 3rd

row opposite those of the Ist row, extrorse, the filaments with a pair

of glands at the base; within these and opposite those of the 2nd row

3 sessile or stipitate staminodes. Ovary globose, free in flower but

included in the perianth-tube, which closely covers it in fruit; style

short; stigma subsessile, small or capitate. /ruit a drupe enclosed in

the enlarged inflated perianth-tube which is crowned by the remains

of the lobes and stamens; pericarp of two layers, the outer thin

and smooth, the inner thick and hard. Seed conform to the drupe;

testa thin; cotyledons fleshy, at length confluent.—DistTris. Species-

about 15, chiefly Australian, with a few S. African, one in Borneo

and one widely distributed.

CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 35. Stems very long,

cord-like, much twisted together, often branched, glabrous or pubes-

cent, dark green. Flowers in lax or dense lateral spikes 1-5—5 cm.

long; bracteoles small, rounded, ciliate; rhachis puberulous. Peri-

anth-tube turbinate, about 2 mm. long; lobes 6, the 3 outer very

small, rounded, ciliate; the 3inner oblong, concave, valvate. Stamens

of the Ist row ovate, with broad filaments; those of the 2nd row with

narrow filaments ; those of the 3rd row triangular, with sessile round-

ed glands; staminodes of the 4th row triangular, acute, subsessile.

Fruit a globose white drupe, 5—7 mm. in diameter with a hard peri-

carp enclosed in the fleshy enlarged perianth-tube which is crowned

by its segments. Nees Syst. Laur. 642; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1.

255; Wight Ic. t. 1647; Wall. Cat. 2608, 7534; Roxb. Fl. Ind. II.

314; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 223; Griff. Notul. IV. 353; Hook.

Fl. Exot. t. 167; Benth. Fl. Austral. V. 311; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III.

555; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. V,188; Prain Beng. Plants 904; Cooke

Bomb. Fl. If. 541. ‘ Acatsjavalli’ Rheede Hort. Mal. VII. t. 44.

Matay PENINSULA : Gwynne-Vaughan 243!. Penance: Wallich:

Curtis 1203!. Perak: King’s Collector 4956!. PaHane: at Rumpin

river, fidley!. Matacca: Griffith4238!; Harvey!; at Sungei Udang,

Goodenough 1384!. Srncarore, Ridley 3380!.—Distri. Through-

out India, Ceylon, Arabia, Mascarene Islands, Malay Archipelago,

Australia, Polynesia, Tropical Africa, America.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 203

Family CII]. HERNANDIACEA.

Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate,

entire, exstipulate. Flowers bisexual or monoecious or polygamous,

regular, usually small, white or greenish. Perianth superior ; seg-

ments free or shortly united below in two valvate 3—5-merous whorls

or more rarely in one imbricate 4—8-merous whorl ; stamens 3—S in

a single whorl; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing introrsely or laterally by 2

valves ; staminodes more or less glandular, in 1 or 2 whorls outside

the stamens or absent ; those of the outer whorl in pairs at the base

of the stamens, those of the inner whorl alternate with them. Ovary

inferior, l-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry,

often ey ribbed, sometimes with 2—4 longitudinal wings

(Iiligera) or with 2 terminal wings formed by accrescent perianth-

segments (Gyrocarpus) or wingless and enclosed in an inflated cupule

_ (Hernandia). Seed solitary, exalbuminous; embryo straight ; coty-

ledons large, plano-convex, more or less lobed or flattened and spi-

rally twisted. Distris. About 35 species, tropical.

Leaves trifoliolate ; fruit with 2—4 broad lateral wings 1. Illigera.

Leaves simple or peltate; fruit ovoid, not winged but

enclosed in the inflated cupule 20 .. 2. Hernandia.

Leaves broadly ovate, usually lobed; fruit with to

long wings formed by enlarged perianth-lobes .. .. 3. Gyrocarpus.

(1) Llligera and (3) Gyrocarpus have already been described

under Combretacee, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. IT (1897), pp. 342-

345. The genus Iiligera has later been revised by 8. T. Dunn in

Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. XXXVIII, 290, and the following species

admitted as belonging to the Malay Peninsula.

1. J. trifoliata, Dunn=I. appendiculata, Kurz For. Fl. Burma

I. 469 (non Blume) ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. II. 348.

2. I. pulchra, Blume Bijdr. 1153=J. lucida, Teysm. & Binn. ;

King, l.c, 344,

2. Hernanopia, Linn.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, ovate or peltate, entire, 3—7-

ribbed. Flowers moncecious, 3-nately involucrate at the ends of the

branches of a lax panicle ; each involucre with 3 flowers, the central

one 2 with a cupular involucel at the base of its peduncle, enclosing

the ovary ; the two lateral ones ¢, also shortly peduncled ; bracts of

the involucre 4—5, subvalvate in bud. Pertanth-lobes subvalvate,

those of the ¢ 3 to 6, those of the 2 4to0 8. Stamens as many as

204 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

and opposite to the outer perianth-lobes, the filaments with 1—2

glands or sometimes none at the base; anthers 2-celled, extrorsely or

marginally dehiscent with longitudinal valves attached to the con-

nective ; staminodes in Q flowers usually 4. Ovary inferior, fleshy ;

style included in the tube, clavate at tip ; stigma dilated, toothed or

lobed. Fruit a drupe, enclosed in the enlarged inflated involucel

having a terminal circular orifice ; pericarp ribbed or smooth, with a

terminal umbilicus. Seed conform to the fruit, exalbuminous.; testa

thick, crustaceous, open at the apex opposite the radicle ; cotyledons

fleshy, hemispheric, lobed, ruminate; radicle short, superior.—

Distrip. Species 8—12, in tropical regions of both worlds.

HERNANDIA PELTATA, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XV. 1. 263 (1864).

A tree; branchlets stout, smooth, marked with the scars of fallen

leaves. Leaves rather coriaceous; broadly ovate, peltate, acute or

obtuse at apex, rounded truncate or subcordate at base ; margin entire,

recurved ; ribs 5—7 from the insertion of the petiole, usually 1—2

em. above the base, all raised on the lower surface, nerves from the

midrib about 5 pairs, about as many also from the innermost pair

of ribs ; reticulation prominent beneath ; 10—20 cm. long, 7—15 cm.

broad ; petiole stout, terete, about 7 cm. long. Panicles 10—15 cm.

long, corymbose, hoary-puberulous; bracts in pairs, ovate-spathulate,

3—5 mm. long; involucral bracts 5—7 mm. long, oblong, obtuse ;

pedicels short; s flower with 6, 2 flower with 8 perianth-lobes

about 5 mm. long; involucel of ¢ flower cup-shaped, truncate-

Stamens 3 each with 2 clavate glands at the bases of the filaments ;

staminodes of 2 flower subglobose. Fruié an oblong 8—10-ribbed

drupe 2 cm. long with a terminal rounded boss 5 mm. long, enclosed

in the enlarged inflated lanceolate involucel which is open at top in

a circular orifice ; pericarp leathery, smooth without. Seed globose,

1—5 cm. in diam; testa crustaceous, emarginate at apex; cotyle-

dons fleshy, palmately lobed, ruminate. Kurz For. FI. 11, 309 ; Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. Madr. t. 300; Benth. Fl. Austral. V. 314; Hook. f. in Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 188; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 456; Koord. & Val. Bijdr.

VII, 108; Brandis Ind. Trees, 542. H. sonora, Linn. Sp. Pl. I. 981

in part; Bl. Bijdr. 550; Wight Ic. t. 1855; Wall. Cat. 7811; Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 887. : |

Dinpincs : at Pangkore Laut at sea level, Wray 4252!; Curtis

3446!. SmncaPorE: Wallich 7811 D.!.—Distriz. Ceylon, Andamans,

Malay Archipelago, N. Australia, Pacific Islands, E. Africa, Mada-

gascar.

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JOURNAL & PROCEEDINGS

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ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LXAXV, Part II,

1912.

SIRWILLAMJONES

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CALCUTTA :

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE

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1912.

Issued 15th October, 1912.

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OF THE

-ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

For the yea 1912.

: ae President :

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Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 23.—By J. Sykes

GAMBLE, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., late of the Indian Forest

Department.

This Part, continuing the Monochlamydez, deals with the

Families Nos. 100 Myristicacez, 101 Monimiacez, 105 Thymeleacez

(including 105 67s Gonystylacez which should properly have come in

Thalamiflore near Tiliacez), 106 EHleagnacez and 108 Santalacez

(including the genus Champereia which should properly have come

in Opiliacez), all the work of Mr. Gamble. In the descriptions of

Myristicaceze he has closely followed the recent Monograph of the

whole Family by Dr. Warburg of Berlin (Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-

Carol. Bot. LX VIII) ; and in Monimiacez he has followed that of Miss

Janet Perkins in Engler’s ‘Pflanzenreich’ so that there are no new

genera or species. In Thymeleacex there is one new species and in

Santalacez there are four, making five in all. The Latin descriptions

of these species have been published in the Kew Bulletin.

Altogether, in the 6 Families described there are 16 genera and

73 species of which, as above mentioned, 5 species are new.

The next part, No. 24, will contain, with other Families, the

description of the Family Piperaceze (No. 98) by Monsieur Casimir de

Candolle of Geneva, who has described a large number of new species.

Family C—MYRISTICACEA.

Evergreen trees, often stellately-tomentose, sometimes with

branching hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, penni-nerved, sometimes

pellucid-punctate, exstipulate. lowers dicecious, small, regular, brac-

teate, in axillary or lateral (from scars of fallen leaves) panicles, cymes,

umbels or fascicles, rarely in racemes; bracteoles persistent or cadu-

cous; perianth gamophyllous, inferior, with 3 (sometimes 2 or 4) lobes

valvate in bud; andreecium of 3—18 (or even —30 or more) extrorse

anthers, connate in a sessile or stipitate column, head, ring or disc,

sessile or sometimes with short filaments; anthers 2-celled, linear or

ovate; ovary superior, free, sessile, l-celled; stigma capitate, dis-

coid or lobed; ovule 1 basal, erect, anatropous. rut more or less

fleshy, splitting usually into 2, sometimes into 4, valves. Seed erect,

enclosed in a thin or fleshy, entire or lacerate, usually highly coloured,

often aromatic arillus; testa usually thick; albumen copious, hard,

LIBRARY

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL

GARDEN,

206 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

usually ruminate; embryo very small, basal; cotyledons divaricate,

flat or crumpled; radicle short, inferior—Distripution: Tropical

regions of Asia and Australia (181), America (38), and Africa (16),

235 species (Warburg).

Anthers attached more or less by their backs to a

column formed of the connate filaments.

Anther column sessile

Anthers completely attached to the column; aril-

lus entire or nearly so .. -. 1. HoRSFIBLDIA.

Anthers attached to the column be eee lower

parts only, their apices free; arillus laciniate

almost to the base ae 2. GYMNACRANTHERA.

Anther column stipitate, and metal produced

beyond the anthers, which are completely attached

to it; arillus laciniate almost to the base .. 3. MyYRISTICA.

Anthers attached by their bases stellately to a peltate

usually stipitate column formed of the connate fila-

ments; arillus laciniate at the apex only or not at

all (except K. retusa) oP Su .. 4 Kynema.

1. HorsFretpia, Willd.

Dicecious trees with evergreen chartaceous glabrous leaves, the

main nerves joining near the margin, the transverse nervules obscure.

Inflorescence of loose {at any rate the 3) usually compound panicles;

bracts sometimes large, usually caducous: flowers small, globose or

subclavate, pedicellate or rarely sessile, bracteoles 0; perianth 2—4-

toothed. Andrecium sessile or subsessile; filaments combined in a

globose or clavate column; anthers 12—30 completely attached to

the column by their backs. Stigmas very small, sessile, connate.

Fruit globose or ovoid-globose; pericarp leathery, rarely succulent;

arillus entire or scarcely laciniate. Seed conform to the fruit; testa

thin, woody; albumen ruminate; cotyledons connate at the base.

—Duistrere. S. Asia from India to New Guinea, species about 51.

Anthers fully touching each other.

Perianth bivalved (very rarely 3-valved) .. IL. A. globularia.

Perianth 3-valved for the most part at least.

Lobes of the perianth papillose within .. 2. H. canarioides.

Lobes of the perianth not papillose.

o& flowers elongate or oval.

f flowers large, 4—5 mm. long, elongate, as

long as the pedicel; leaves hve hairy

beneath : Ae) ae Jal, yaoi,

¢ flowers medium- ad 2—3 mm. Vione! oval-

globose, much shorter than the pedicel;

leaves thickly hairy beneath .. -. 4 EH. floceuiosa.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 207

¢@ flowers medium-sized, 3 mm. long, elong-

ate, longer than the pedicel; leaves glab-

rous beneath bir ae ya) Os EL. Fulua:

o& flowers globose.

Leaves hairy.

¢ flowers somewhat longer than their pedicels;

leaves usually very large, transverse nerves

strongly impressed ¢ . 6. A. grandis.

oa flowers as long as their pedicel=: Teavon

rather small, transverse nerves indistinct.. 7. H. tomentosa.

Leaves glabrous.

Flowers large, 2 mm. long; inflorescence pu-

bescent .. ie AG .. 98. A. Wallichir.

Flowers smaller, !—5 mm. long ; inflorescence

nearly glabrous... 60 .. 9. H. amygdalina.

Anthers free at the margins.

Perianth almost always 2-valved.

# flowers large, 2 mm. long oc .. 10. H. majuscula.

# flowers smal!, up to 1 mm. long.

Young branches with two raised lines; leaves

thin Ne fe Sei Beinga.

Young branches without raised finds leaves

thick.

Inflorescence glabrous; flowers somewhat

longer than their pedicels ie 7.) 125 Ei sucosa.

Inflorescence pubescent; flowers somewhat

shorter than their pedicels .. .. 13. H. crassifolia.

Perianth 3-valved.

Young branches with two raised lines ..- 14. A. brachiata.

Young branches without raised lines.

“inflorescence pubescent; fruit ovate, under 2

em. long . or .. 15. H. Lemanniana.

Ai nioaectenes weakly Huescont fruit almost

globose, over 3 cm. long : .. 16. H. subglobosa.

“inflorescence quite glabrous ; faves thinner

and narrower * vi .. 17. H. Ridleyana.

Species of which the J flowers are unknown.

Fruit ovate, 5 cm. long, 3 em. broad; leaves 15—25

’ em. long, 5—8 em. broad with 12 main nerves .. 18. H. racemosa.

1. HORSFIELDIA GLOBULARIA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 288, t. xxi

(1897). A giabrous bushy tree reaching 9—15 m. in height; branch-

lets cinereous, rather rough, lenticellate, uppermost with faint pairs of

lines decurrent from the leaf-axils. Leaves thinly coriaceous; oblong,

obovate-oblong or narrowly elliptic-oblong, rather abruptly acu.

minate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface dark greenish-brown

208 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

when dry, lower pale brown, both puncticulate; margins slightly

revolute; 15--30 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib rather stout,

flattened above, prominent and rough beneath ; main nerves 11—18

pairs, rather faint and thin, at first straight then curving to vanish

or join in very faint loops near the margin; reticulation obscure ;

petiole 1—1°5 cm. long, rather rough. Flowers : 3 in axillary spread-

ing glabrous panicles 7—16 ecm. long and 7—8 cm. broad; branches

many, many-flowered; pedicels 1—3 mm. long; perianth very coria-

ceous, transversely 2-valved, 3 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, slightly

rugose outside, the margins of the valves meeting when in bud but

not overlapping; andrcecium an obconic compressed sessile 2-lobed

cup, bearing about 20—30 elongate linear anthers, connate from base

to apex, each anther completely inflexed about the middle: 9? in pan-

icles much shorter than the 3; pedicels thick; ovary glabrous, sessile,

faintly bilobed. Fruit small, almost globose; 13 mm. long, 12 mm.

broad; pericarp thick, glabrous. Seed 9 mm. long, 7°5 mm. broad;

testa thin; arillus complete, red. Myristica globularia, Bl. Rum-

phia I. 190, t. 64, fig. 2; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 66; A. DC.

Prodr. xiv. 1. 202 in part. M. bivaivis, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. v.

107 ; King Ann. Calc. ITI. 307, t. 139.

Mauacca: fidley!. SINGAPORE: Garden jungle, Murton 149!;

Ridley 2644!; cult. in Botanic Garden, Ridley 393!—Distris. Java,

Celebes, Amboina.

2. HORSFIELDIA CANARIOIDES, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 294, t. xxi

(1897). A tree reaching 10—20 m. in height and up to 60 cm. in

diameter of stem; branches spreading; branchlets cinereous, rough,

slender, the youngest dark brown nearly glabrous; leaf-buds linear-

lanceolate, puberulous, under 1 cm. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous;

elliptic-oblong to elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, rounded

and slightly oblique at base; both surfaces brown when dry, the lower

slightly paler’ than the upper; margins revolute; 12-—24 cm. long,

5—8 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout, slightly impressed and .

keeled above when dry; main nerves 12—15 pairs, faint on the

upper, slightly prominent on the lower surface, sub-horizontal ; reti-

culation very obscure ; petiole 7—12 mm. long, stout. Flowers: 3 in

slender much-branched many-flowered spreading panicles from the

axils of the leaves and of fallen leaves, 5—8 cm. long and as much

broad; rhachises puberulous; cymules subumbellate ; pedicels slender

up to 4 mm. long, glabrous; perianth globose in bud, glabrous, teeth

3—5, cut nearly to the base, spreading, acute, papillose within ; andree-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 209

cium subsessile, turbinate, almost annular, about 1 mm. high;

anthers about 10, incurved at tip: 9? in lax spreading slender panicles

15—23 cm. long, not otherwise known. Fruit oblong-ovoid, blunt at

the apex, slightly narrowed at the base; 6—8 cm. long, about 3 cm.

in diam., glabrous; pericarp leathery, 6 mm. thick. Seed 5 cm. long,

cylindric-elliptic, the apex subapiculate, the base rounded; testa

smooth with bold longitudinal coloured markings; arillus thin, fleshy,

extending tothe apex, slightly laciniate, occasionally with wide areole

atthesides. Myristica sp. Hook. f.in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 13 (Coll. Main-

gay). M. canarioides, King Ann. Calc. IIT. 304, t. 134.

Perak: at Ulu Bubong and Ulu Bera at 120—240 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 10064! , 10194!, 10562!, 10816!, 108451!. Ma-

Lacca: Maingay K.D. 1298!; at Lubok Kedondong, Ridley 3313!.

SINGAPORE: at Sungei Turong, Bukit Mandai and Stagmount, Ridley

6095 !, 8426!, 8906!, 11270!.

3. HORSFIELDIA SUPERBA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 295 (1897). A

tree reaching 12—15 m. in height and probably considerably more

(‘a lofty tree’ Ridley); branches spreading; branchlets very stout,

cinereous-brown, rough, prominently marked with the large scars of

fallen leaves, the younger ones covered, as are the undersurfaces of

the leaves and the panicles, with loose scurfy bright rufous minute

stellate tomentum; buds lanceolate, 3 cm. long. Leaves large, coria-

ceous; elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or shortly

acuminate at apex, attenuate and slightly unequal at base; upper

surface when young densely tomentose, ultimately giabrous except

the midrib, somewhat shining, lower dull; margins slightly revolute

when dry; 25—70 cm. long, 10—22 cm. broad; midrib very stout;

main nerves 15—30 pairs, impressed on the upper, very prominent

and almost winged on the lower surface when dry, spreading, straight

at first, inter-arching near the margin; reticulation obscure;

petiole 12—25 mm. jong, very stout. Flowers: 3 in robust branching

panicles from the scars of fallen leaves, 1O—15 cm. long; branches

many, 2—5 cm. long with somewhat flattened peduncles; flower

clusters subumbellate; pedicels up to 1 cm. long; perianth leathery,

ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, obtuse, 6—8 mm. long, teeth 3—4,

triangular; andrcecium shorter than the perianth, obtuse, ovoid;

anthers nearly 20, quite connate: 2 in stout woody racemes 2—5 or

more cm. long, the rhachis woody, pale, rufous tomentose; perianth

coriaceous, glabrous, widely tubular with 2—3 shallow acute teeth;

ovary ovoid, slightly oblique, glabrous, grooved; stigma flat. Fruzt

210 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovoid-globose, rough, warted, glabrescent, 6—8 cm. long and nearly

5 cm. in diam.; peduncle stout, woody, 10—12 mm. long; pericarp

succulent, 12—18 mm. thick. MWyristica superba, Hook.f. and Th. Fl.

Ind. 162; A. DC. in Prodr. xiv. 1. 194; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 62;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 105; King Ann. Cale. IIT. 298 tt. 124 dzs,

125 bis.

PENANG: Phillips!; at Waterfall, Curtis 2966!. PERAK: Scorte-

chini!; near Gunong Batu Puteh at 450—600 m. alt., King ’s Collector

8624!. SreLnancor: at Ulu Selangor, Goodenough 10526!. Mawacca:

Hervey!; at Jasin, Holmberg 2100!. Stycarore: at Sungei Ben-

kang, Ridley 216! .

4, HorsFIELDIA FLOccULosA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 297 (1897).

A handsome tree reaching 12—20 m. in height and 25—50 cm. in

diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets stout, when young

densely clothed with thick felted bright rufous tomentum, when old

subglabrous, striate, rough and cinereous. Leaves large, coriaceous ;

oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex,

rounded or slightly cuneate at base; upper surface hispid puberu-

lous, the midrib and nerves flocculent-tomentose when young ulti-

mately glabrous, lower densely covered with pale cinnamomeous stel-

late flocculent tomentum; margins revolute when dry; 30—45 cm.

long, 10—18cm. broad; midrib very stout; main nerves 15—20 pairs,

impressed on the upper, boldly prominent on the lower surface,

rather straight at first but inter-arching near the margin; transverse

nervules faint, slightly impressed on the upper surface; reticulation

obscure; petiole 1—2 cm. long, very stout, tomentose. Flowers: 3

in robust spreading many-flowered panicles from the axils of fallen

leaves, 15—20 cm. long, 8—10 cm. broad; rhachises and peduncles

flocculently cinnamomeous-tomentose; cymules rather loose; pedi-

cels slender, clavate, 3—4 mm. long; perianth obovoid, thin, glab-

rous, 3mm. long, teeth 3—4, shallow, acute; androecium subsessile,

obovoid, truncate at apex, 2mm. high; anthers about 10, confluent

and incurved at top: 2 not known. Fruit unknown. Myristica

flocculosa, King Ann. Calc. IIT. 302, t. 131.

Perak: in dense forest near Ulu Kerling at 120—180 m. alt.;

King’s Collector 8618! .

5. HORSFIELDIA FULVA, Wark. Monog. Myrist. 297 (1897). A

tree, reaching 12—15 m. in height; branchlets rather stout, pale

brown, slightly rough, scurfy, rufous-puberulous when -young..

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 211

Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, often obovate, acute at apex,

attenuate at base; both surfaces glabrous, dull, reddish-brown

when dry, the lower the paler; margins recurved; 10—17 cm. long,

4—6 cm. broad; midrib stout, scurfy, rufous-puberulous on both

surfaces; main nerves 12—14 pairs, stout, straight at first, curved

near the margin; reticulation obscure; petiole 6--10 mm. long,

rufous-puberulous, thick. Flowers: 3 from the young branchlets

below the leaves in crowded spreading many-flowered scurfy stel-

late-pubescent rufous panicles, 5—8 cm. long; ultimate branchlets

subumbellate; pedicels slender, 2 mm. long; perianth obovoid, 4—5

mm. jong, glabrous on both surfaces, divided for + or + of its length

into 3 broadly triangular teeth; andrcecium sessile, cylindric, slightly

apiculate; anthers about 10, connate from base to apex: ? not known.

Fruit from the branchlets below the leaves, solitary, on woody

warted often curved peduncles 12 mm. long or more, ovoid, com-

pressed, slightly pointed, glabrous, 2°5 cm. long, 2. cm. in diam. ; peri-

carp thick, yellowish, subsucculent, dehiscing in 2 divaricating valves.

Seed broadly ovoid; testa thin, shining, the rugulose albumen appear-

ing through it; arillus reddish-orange, thin, tough, entire, completely

enveloping the seed. Myristica fulua, King Ann. Calc. III. 297, t.

124.

PERAK: at Goping, Scortechini 184!. Matacca: Maingay

K. D. 1304!.

Var. paludicola, Warb. |.c. Leaves slightly appressed puberu-

lous beneath; petiole 1:5—3 em. long. Flowers: 2 in lateral ferru-

ginous-puberulous panicles 4—8 cm. long; rhachis stout, angular or

flattened, as are the branches; perianth ovoid obtuse, 2-lobed, the

lobes prominently persistent and recurved in fruit. Myristica palu-

dicola, King Ann. Calc. III. 328, t. 169.

PERAK: in wet ground, at low elevations, King’s Collector 4267 !,

4706!, 6688!; Wray 3071!. Strycarore: at Selitar, Audley 6126!

This may be merely the 2 form of H. fulva.

6. HorsFIELDIA GRANDIS, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 301 (1897).

A small tree, reaching 6—9 m. in height and 15—20 cm. in diam.

of stem; branchlets stout, at first densely rufous-tomentose,

afterwards striated, tomentose on the ridges and glaucous in the

furrows, ultimately glabrous with rough striated reddish-brown

bark. Leaves large, thinly coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, very shortly

and suddenly acuminate or blunt at apex, rounded or slightly cune-

212 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ate and often unequal at base; upper surface bullately reticulate,

scabrid from numerous short stiff branching hairs, glabrescent when

old, lower surface densely and uniformly covered with bright reddish-

brown stellate tomentum; margins slightly revolute when dry; 25—

40 cm. long, 10—20 cm. broad; midrib stout, rather broad and

strong, densely tomentose beneath ; main nerves 16—19 pairs, spread-

ing and arching within the margin, impressed on the upper, prom-

inent on the lower surface; tranverse nervules very prominent, im-

pressed above, raised beneath and joined by an irregular prominent

reticulation; petiole 2.5—6 mm. long, stout. Flowers: 3 in branch-

ing many-flowered panicles 18—25 cm. long, 6—8 em. broad, from the

axils of leaves or of fallen leaves; rhachis and branches densely pale

rufous-lanate; cymules dense; pedicels very short, 1 mm. long;

perianth globose, 1—2 mm. in diam., glabrous, black-dotted, teeth

o—4 triangular; andrcecium sessile, turbinate, depressed, 155 mm.

in diam., 1 mm. high; anthers about 13—15, much incurved at the

apex: 9 not known. Fruit unknown. Myrisiica grandis, Hook. f.

in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 157 (1860). WM. rubiginosa, King Ann.

Calc. III. 302, t. 130.

SINGAPORE: in dense forest, King’s Collector 1233!; in garden

jungle, Ridley 4132!—Distris. Borneo.

7. HORSFIELDIA TOMENTOSA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 302 (1897).

A tree, reaching 9—18 m. or more in height and about 45 cm. in diam.

of stem; branches spreading; branchlets rather slender, rusty-

stellate-tomentose as are the undersurfaces of the leaves and the

inflorescence branches; leaf-buds lanceolate, about lem. long. Leaves

submembranaceous or rather thicker; elliptic or elliptic-obovate or -ob-

lanceolate, acute or abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate, attenuate

or sometimes rounded or even subcordate at base; upper surface glab-

rous, dull brown when dry, lower reddish-brown, glabrescent when

old; 12—25 cm. long, 5—9 cm. broad; midrib rather slender ; main

nerves 12—15 pairs, straight at first, curved near the margin, slight-

ly prominent on both surfaces; reticulation obscure; petiole about

15 mm. long, slender. Flowers: 3% in many-branched many-

flowered panicles up to 10 cm. long; branches spreading, laxly

rufous-tomentose, ending in densely-flowered cymules; pedicels

1—1°5 mm. long, slender; perianth depressed-globose, thin, glabrous,

2—2'5 mm. in diam.,, divided halfway into 3—4 broad triangular acute

teeth; androecium sessile, depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diam., 1 mm.

high; anthers 10O—15, much incurved at either end; 2 not known,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 213

the young fruits in short solitary 8—10-flowered racemes. frit in

lax racemes of 3-—5, 2—2°5 cm. long, ovoid, slightly flattened, ridged

along the suture, subglabrous; pericarp fleshy; pedicel about 6 cm.

long. Seed ovoid; testa crustaceous, shining; arillus fleshy, entire,

not laciniate or areolate, embracing the whole seed. Myrisirea tomen-

tosa, Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 161 (1855); Hook. f. FJ. Br. Ind. V.

105; A. DC. in Prodr. XIV. 204; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 68; King

Ann. Cale. III. 301, t. 129. Myristicacea, Wall. Cat. 9025. Myris-

tica Horsfieldia, Wall. Cat. 6806 (in part).

Kepau: at Yan, Ridley 5489!. Penane: Porter (Wallich 9025!) ;

Phillips!; at Pulau Boetong, Curtis 1197!, 1748!; Ridley 7205!,

10240!, 10787!. Smtancor: at Weld’s Hill, Burn-Murdoch 44!.

' Perak: in bamboo and other forest up to about 250 m. alt., King’s

Collector 4165!, 5671!, 6102!, 79981, 8642!, 10386!, 10557!. Ma-

Lacca: Maingay K.D. 1284; at Sungei Jernoh, Derry 967!; at

Chaban Woods, Ridley 3171!.

8. HorsFreLpDia WatLicuit, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 305 (1897).

A large tree, reaching a height of 30 m. or more and 60—-80 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets stout, rough, with dark grey channelled

bark, the youngest minutely rusty-tomentose; leaf-buds lanceolate,

i—2 cm. long. Leaves coriaceous; oblong and acute at apex or

rarely elliptic and blunt, the base rounded, subtruncate or subcordate ;

upper surface shining, greenish-brown, glabrous, lower rutous-

brown, loosely and deciduously stellate-tomentose; margins revo-

lute; oblong forms 25—35 cm. long and 7—11 cm. broad, elliptic

forms 15—20 cm. long and about 10 cm. broad; midrib stout,

flattened or somewhat channelled above; main nerves 1i—22 pairs

in the oblong, 10—12 in the elliptic forms, stout, impressed above,

straight at first, curved and looped together near the margin; trans-

verse nervules arched, visible on the lower surface; reticulation

obscure; petiole 1—2 cm. long, stout, channelled. Flowers: 3 in

long stout spreading many-flowered rufous-tomentose panicles

10—30 cm. long from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves;

branches thick, with subumbellate cymules, pedicels very short,

tomentose; perianth fleshy, glabrous, globose, 2—3 mm. in diam.,

teeth 3—4, triangular, acute; andrcecium sessile, ovate- or obovate-

globose, depressed at apex, 2mm. high; anthers about 15, incurved,

confluent: ¢ in panicles like the ¢ but stouter, shorter and fewer-

flowered, the flowers larger: perianth coriaceous, tomentose exter-

nally at the base otherwise glabrescent; teeth 3, spreading; ovary

214 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

globose, sessile, glabrous; stigma sessile, small, linear. Fruit (quite

young) ovoid, smooth, on a short stout pedicel, the slightly enlarged

perianth persistent at the base, (old) obovoid, finely rugose, 5—6 cm.

long, 3—5 cm. in diam. Myristica Wallichtt, Hook. £. and Th. FI.

Ind. 161 (1855) ; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 203; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2, 67;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 105; King Ann. Cale. IIT. 303, tt. 132, 133

(excl. syn. crassifolua, Hook.f. and Th.). MW. Horsfieldia, Wall. (not of

Bl.) Cat. 6806, in part.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: at Kubang Ulu, Curtis 2423! Prrax:

Scortechint 246!; in hilly forest near Goping at 150—250 m. ailt.,

King’s Collector 4837!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1284! Sryearore:

Wallich, 6806, in part!; Murton 1481!; Maingay K.D. 1283!; at

Taunglin and Chanchukang, Ridley 4422!, 5060!.

The description of the old fruit is taken from Ridley 4422, a specimen

which probably neither King nor Warbug had seen when they wrote their

monographs.

9. HoRSFIELDIA AMYGDALINA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 316 (1897):

A glabrous tree; branchlets terete, nearly glabrous, with white lenti-

cels usually conspicuous. Leaves pergamaceous ; elliptic-oblong,

acute, scarcely acuminate, at both ends; blackish-brown above

when dry, reddish-brown beneath; 12—18 cm. long, 3—7 cm.

broad ; main nerves 8—12 pairs, hardly conspicuous, somewhat paral-

lel and curved near the margin, impressed above; transverse

nervules and reticulation obscure; petiole about 12 mm. long, chan-

nelled. Flowers: 3 in locse branching panicles from the axils of the

leaves or of fallen leaves, 8—10 cm. long; rhachis fulvous-puberu-

lous; bracts lanceolate, acute, early caducous; perianth in bud

globose, 1—1-5 mm. in diam., 2—3-lobed; andreecium 1 mm. long,

globose, sessile; anthers 12—15, erect, incurved at the apex; 2 not

known. Fruit on thick peduncles, 3—4 cm. long, 2—3 em. broad;

pericarp thick, fleshy, the valves subacute when dry. Seed ovate,

smooth, shining; the arillus complete or more or less distinctly and

very shortly laciniate at the apex; albumen ruminate. Myristica

amygdalina, Wall. Cat. 6797 (1828) and Pl. As. Rar. I. 79, t. 90; A. DC.

in Prodr. xiv. 1.203; Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 160 (excl. syn. ezaltata,

Wall.); Hook. f. Fl.Br. Ind. V. 106, (excel. syn. ewaltata, Wall.); Kurz

For. Fl. Burma IT. 283; King Ann. Calc. III. 300, t. 125 in part. M.

floribunda, Wall. Cat. 6805. M. integra, Wall. Cat. 6799. M. glabra,

Hook. f. and Th. |.c. 161 in part; A. DC. 1.c. 202 in part; Hook. f. 1.c.

in part; King l.c. 310, t. 142. M.sucosa, King t. 172, figs. 2, 5, 6, 7.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 215

Prenanc: Curtis. Singapore: Murton 76! —Duistris. Sylhet,

Burma, Andamans.

There are no specimens in Hb. Cale. and Murton’s is apparently the only

one at Kew, the description has, therefore, been adapted from that of Warburg.

10. Horsrietpia Magsuscuta, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 315

(1897). A tree, reaching 12—21 m. in height and 30—50 cm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets stout, greyish-brown, rough, warted,

glabrous except the rufous-puberulous extremities and lanceolate leat-

buds. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous; elliptic or elliptic-obovate,

acute or shortly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface

pale, greenish-brown when dry, dull, lower bright reddish-brown ;

margins revolute; 18—25 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib stout,

usually slightly keeled above, prominent and often rufous-puberu-

lous beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, spreading, raised and keeled

above, raised beneath, interarching within the margin at about 5 mm.

from it; transverse nervules few, obscure on the upper, faint on the

lower surface; petiole stout, 12—18 mm. long, channelled above.

Flowers: 3 in lax much branched panicles up to 8 cm. long and 6 cm.

broad from the axils of fallen leaves, wide at the base and narrowing

upwards, the main rhachis stout, angular, scurfy; branches ending

in few-flowered cymules; pedicels short; buds globose, 1—2 mm. in

diam.; perianth thick, leathery, rugose, glabrous, with 3—4 trian-

gular teeth; andrcecium nearly sessile, trigonous, depressed ; anthers:

about 10—13, narrow, attached at the sides, free at the apex: 2 in.

shorter, less branched stouter panicles; perianth ovoid, 2 mm. in

diam., rough; ovary subglobose; stigmaconical. Fruityellowish-red,

on the branches below the leaves, in pairs or solitary, broadly ovoid,

obtuse but slightly pointed when young, glabrous, 4:5 cm. long,

4cm. in diam.; pericarp thickly leathery. Seed ovoid, faintly reticu-

late, smooth; arillus fleshy, entire, covering the whole seed and over-

lapping at the apex. Myristica majuscula, King Ann. Calc. III. 310,

t. 143 (1891).

PzRak: at elevations up to 600 m. alt., King’s Collector 5059!,

6004!, 7965!; at Thaipeng, Wray 122!, 2705!, at Waterfall Hull,

Wray 2064!, 2218!; Scortechint 837!. SInGapoRE: at Bajan, Bukit

Timah, &c., Ridley 4439!, 5971!, 6448!, 6449!, 6451!

11. HorsFre:p1a Irnya, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 371, t. xxii

(1897). A large tree, reaching 12—18 m. in height ; branches spread-

ing; branchlets stout, greyish-brown, lenticellate, with prominent

216 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

pairs of raised ridges joining the bases of the leaf-scars, the upper-

most dark brown, glabrous; leaf-buds linear-lanceolate. Leaves

membranous, glabrous; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex,

cuneate at base; upper surface dull greenish-brown when dry, lower

paler not greenish; 14—20 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib rather

prominent ; main nerves 10—20 pairs, slender, at first straight,

curved near the margin and sometimes looped; transverse nervules

few, obscure as is reticulation; petiole about 1 cm. long. lowers:

3 minute, yellow, in axillary glabrous or minutely rufous-pubescent

scurfy, many-flowered panicles 6—10 cm. long; branches slender,

ending in glomerulate clusters of flowers; bracts oblong, scurfy,

dotted, 1—2 mm. long, early caducous; pedicels slender, 1—2 mm.

Jong; buds globose, 1 mm. in diam.; perianth very thin, bivalved;

andreecium broadly obovate, flat-topped, slightly elongate trans-

versely; anthers about 6—10, free except at base, incurved at the

apices: 2 in smaller panicles than the ¢ , 4—5 cm. long, the flowers

fewer and larger; perianth obovoid, bivalved, thick; ovary glabrous,

sessile, globular; stigma small, subterminal. rust solitary or in

scanty racemes, globose, about 2 cm. in diam., glabrous; pericarp

yellow, thick, coriaceous. Seed spherical; arillus red, thin, fleshy,

completely enveloping the seed, entire or slightly cleft at the very

apex, the lobes overlapping. Myristica Irya, Gaertn. Fruct. I. 195,

t. 41 (1788); Poiv. Encyc. Meth. Dict. xii. 36; Lam. Ill. t. 833, 3;

Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 159; A. DC. in Prodr. xiv. i. 202 (excel.

syn. M. exaltata, Wall.); Mig. Fi. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 64; Bedd. Forest

Man. 176; Kurz For. Fl. II. 282; de Vriese Pl. Reinw. 95;

Thwaites Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 11; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. IL’. 485; Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 109 (excl. syn. M. exaliata, Wall.); King Ann. Cale. III.

309, tt. 141, 141 bis; Brandis Ind. Trees 525; Koord. and Val. Bijdr.

IV. 184. M. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 576 and in Rumphia I. 190, t.

62. M.spherocarpa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. I. 79, t. 89; Wall. Cat.

6796. I. exaltata, Wall. Cat. 6804 in part. M. micrantha, Wall. Cat.

6807. I. Vriesiana, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IT. 49.

PenanG: at Pulau Boetong, Curtis 936!. Matacca: Griffith,

K.D. 4357!; Maingay K.D.1291!, 1292!. Prrax: at Krian, etc.,

Scortechini 1738!; King’s Collector 7447!; at Bruas Dindings, Ridley

7206!. Durypines: at Pulau Sembilan, Ridley 3043!. JonorE: at

Sungei Panh, Adley 11328!. Sryeapore: on Pulau Buru, Ridley.

1701!; Changi, Ridley 4814!; in garden jungle, Ridley 8857! .—Dts-

TRIB. Java, Sumatra (Forbes 3197!), Ceylon, Burma, Andamans,

Borneo.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 217

12. HorsFIELDIA sucosa, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 322 (1897). A

large tree, reaching a height of from 18 to 30 m. and a diam. up to

nearly 1 m.; branches spreading; branchlets stout with rather rough

greyish-brown bark, the uppermost together with the lanceolate leaf-

buds and the surfaces of the youngest leaves covered with minute

deciduous scurfy tomentum. Leaves coriaceous; oblanceolate or

obovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, much narrowed at

the base from the middle downwards; both surfaces glabrous, dull, the

lower paler than the upper when dry; margins revolute; 12—-25 cm

long, 5—7 cm. broad; midrib conspicuous, especially beneath; main

nerves 9—14 pairs, inconspicuous and slightly impressed on the upper,

prominent and minutely winged on the lower surface; reticulation

obscure ; petiole 1—2 cm. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of

the blade. Flowers: 3 numerous in branching panicles from the

branchlets below the leaves, 8—15 cm. long, the rhachises zigzag,

angular, the branches scurfy, ending in subumbellate cymules;

pedicels slender 3—5 mm. long; perianth thin, globular, 2—3 mm.

in diam., puberulous without, glabrous within with vertical nerves,

teeth 2—3, triangular, short; andreecium sessile, subglobular;

anthers about 10, connate at the sides, the apices free, incurved: 9Q

in axillary stout, rigid, spreading, rusty-puberulous panicles 3—4 cm.

long and about 3 cm. broad; perianth ovoid-globose, glabrous, fleshy,

with 3 short triangular teeth; ovary sessile, ovoid-globose, glabrous;

stigma sessile, grooved, prolonged on one side. Fruzt solitary or 2—

3 in a raceme, when ripe ovoid or pyriform, very succulent, glabrous,

6—7°5 cm. long, 4—5 em. in diam.; peduncle woody, about 4 cm.

long; pericarp 12-13 mm. thick. Seed ovoid, about 3—4 em. long;

arillus fleshy, yellow, enveloping the whole of the seed, slightly

laciniate and conduplicate at the apex, otherwise entire. Myristica

sucosa, King Ann. Cale. III. 301, t. 172 (1891) in part (figs. 1, 3, 8, 9).

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: at Krian, Ridley 9461!. Puraxk: at

Gunong Batu Pateh lower camp at about 1000 m. alt., Wray 467!;

in forest to about 300 m. alt. near Larut Goping and Ulu Bubong,

King’s Collector 4078! , 4647!, 10475!. Matacoa: Maingay K.D.

1300!. SrvGarore: Ridley 6559!, 11355!.

13. HORSFIELDIA CRASSIFOLIA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 323 (1897).

A tree reaching a height of 18 to 24 m. and 45—60 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets robust, rough, dark-brown, lenticellate, uppermost

puberulous as are the linear-lanceolate leaf-buds. Leaves coriaceous,

glabrous when old, rufous-tomentose beneath when young; elliptic-

218 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

oblong, rather wider in the lower half, obtuse at apex, slightly and

suddenly cuneate at base, otherwise rounded; upper surface dull,

greenish when dry, with scattered shallow pits, lower reddish-brown,

-dull, subglaucous; margin slightly revolute; 16—22 cm. long, 7—9

em. broad; midrib stout, channelled and keeled above, prominent

and rough beneath; main nerves 12—15 pairs, impressed above when

dry, rather prominent beneath, at first straight and parallel, curving

and interarching near the margin ; reticulation very obscure; petiole

very stout, 2 cm.long. Flowers: 3 in spreading rufous-tomentose

panicles 6—12 cm. long, 5—7 cm. broad, from the axils of the leaves

or of fallen leaves; branches many, ending in many-flowered rather

dense clusters; bracts ovate or obovate, scurfy, 2—3 mm. long,

caducous, but a few persisting till the flower opens; pedicels 1—1°5

mm. long; buds globose, 1—1-5 mm. in diam.; perianth bivalved, the

valves thin, rugose outside; andrcecium sessile, flattened, elongated

transversely ; anthers 6—10, partially attached to the column but

easily separable, slightly incurved at tip: 9? im stout scurfy panicles

up to 8 em. long, 5 cm. broad, the pedicels very thick 2-5 mm. long;

buds globose, 3—3:5 mm. in diam., vertically furrowed; perianth

bivalved, very thick; ovary depressed globose, with sessile bilobed

stigma. Fruit yellow, in panicles 5—-7 cm. long of about 4—6, 2 cm.

long, 1:5 cm. diam., ovoid, the rhachis and peduncles very thick,

angular, rugose, the perianth-lobes persistent, reflexed; pericarp

thick, minutely ragose when dry, splitting down one side. Seed

ovoid, smooth; arillus thin, fleshy, covering nearly the whole seed,

laciniate only at the apex. Myristica crassifolia, Hook. f. and Th.

Fl. Ind. 160 (1855) ; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. i. 204; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.

2.68; Hook. f. F). Br. Ind. V. 108; King Ann. Calc. ILI. 308, t. 140,

t. 172, fig 4. MM. Irya var. crassifolia, Mig. in Herb. M. Horsfieldit,

Blume?, Wall. Cat. 6806 (in part).

PERAK: in dense forest on low wet ground up to 300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 6688!. Matacoa: Griffith K.D. 4350!; Cantley; at

Sungei Hudang, Derry 1163!. SinearorE: Wallich 6806 in part ;

T. Anderson 9!; at Chanchukang, Bukit Mandai, and Bukit Timah,

Ridley 361!, 1819!, 1828!, 3831!, 4132!, 5826!, 6909!, 8040!, 10695! .

—Distris. Bangka, Borneo, Amboina (De Vriese 22!).

The 2 flowers have been described from Ridley’s No. 10695, the fruit from

Kunstler’s 6688 and Ridley’s specimens, the identification of which there seems

no reason to doubt. I have not quoted King’s Collector 10413 and some others

admitted by Warburg as I think they belong probably to H. sucosa.

14, HorsFIELDIA BRACHIATA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 325 (1897).

———

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 219

A tree reaching 20—30 m. in height; branches spreading, pendulous;

branchlets stout, glabrous, brown, lenticellate, with prominent pairs

of raised ridges joining the bases of the leaves or leaf-scars, innova-

tions and lanceolate leaf-buds rusty-pubescent. Leaves chartaceous,

elabrous; oblong-lanceolate or -elliptic, acuminate, sometimes ab-

ruptly, at apex, acute or rounded or even sometimes subcordate at

base; both surfaces dull, the upper olivaceous, the lower reddish-

brown when dry; 18—25 cm. long, 6—10 cm. broad; midrib moder-

ately stout, flattened and slightly keeled above, prominent and

scurfy-puberulous beneath; main nerves 15—20 pairs, raised on both

surfaces, spreading and joining in loops near the margin; transverse

nervules distant, arched, visible on lower surface only ; petiole 6—8

mm. long, thick. lowers: 3 inslender, much-branched, spreading,

many-flowered panicles from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves,

10—15 cm. long and about as much broad; rhachis rusty-puberulous

to glabrescent; branches ending in subumbellate cymules; pedicels

about 1:5—2 mm. long; perianth leathery, 1—1:5 mm. in diam.,

teeth 3, triangular; andrcecium subsessile, sharply trigonous; anthers

about 9, slightly attached at the sides, the apices free: ? in spread-

ing panicles 10—15 em. long, rhachis rather thicker than in 3 , rusty-

puberulous; branches at right angles bearing subumbellate cymes at

the ends; pedicels thick, 2 mm. long; perianth leathery, 3 mm. in

diam., teeth 3; ovary sessile, ovoid, ridged on one side; stigma short,

oblique, 2-lobed. Fruits 6—8 together in woody spreading cymes

from below the leaves, ovoid, 3 cm. long about 2 cm. in diam. ; peri-

carp rather thin, glabrous. Seed ovoid, smooth ; arillus covering the

whole of the seed, slightly laciniate and overlapping at the apex.

Myristica brachiata, King Ann. Calc. 311, t. 144 (1891). M. Hors-

fieldia, Wall. (non Bl.) Cat. 6806 in part. M. polyspherula, Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. v. 108 in pari.

PERAK : in dense forest on low wet ground, King’s Collector 4704 !,

6771!; Scoréechint 1649!: Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4351!. Sinea-

PORE: Ridley 4439!.

15. HoRsFIELDIA LEMANNIANA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 326

(1897). A tree reaching 12—20 m. in height and 30—37 cm. in diam.

of stem; branchlets dark brown, somewhat rough, the younger rusty-

puberulous and scurfy, ultimately glabrous and striate. Leaves

chartaceous, fragile when dry; oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acu-

minate at apex, cuneate to slightly rounded at base; upper surface

pale greenish-brown when dry, glabrous, shining, lower surface dark

220 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

brown, dull, glabrous except the midrib; margin slightly revolute;

10—17 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, keeled above,

scurfy-puberulous beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, thin but

sharp and bold on both surfaces, subparallel, gently curving to near

the margin and there joining in arches at 2—3 mm. from the edge;

transverse nervules and reticulation obscure ; petiole 8—12 mm. long,

channelled. Flowers: 3 in much-branched, spreading, rusty tomen-

tose panicles from the axils of leaves and of fallen leaves 5—12

em. long, 3—7 cm. broad; rhachis rusty-puberulous; branches

ending in subumbellate cymules; bracts lanceolate, densely rusty-

tomentose, quickly deciduous; pedicels about 1°5 mm. long; peri-

anth globose, glabrous, black when dry, 1 mm. in diam., teeth 3,

triangular; andreecium sessile, 3-angled; anthers 9—12, ovate, free

at the margins: 2 in stout, few-flowered rusty-pubescent panicles,

4 cm.indiam.; ovary sessile, ovoid, glabrous; stigma sub-bilobed.

Fruit in short racemes of 2—-3, pedunculate, ovoid, narrowly ridged

on one side, glabrous, 2 cm. long, 1—5 cm. in diam.; pericarp

coriaceous. Seed ovoid, smooth, shining; arillus completely cover-

ingit. Myristica Lemanniana, A. DC. in Ann. Sc. IV. 31, t. 4, and

Prodr. xiv. 203; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.1I. 2.66. MM. globularia, Hook.f. and

Th. Fl. Ind. 180; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. i. 202 in part. M. polyspherula,

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 108; King Ann. Calc. 312, t. 146.

PERAK: in dense forest at 150—300 m. alt., Ulu Bubong, etc.,

King’s Collector 3309!, 5536!, 7526!, 10256!, 10431!, 10513!; at

Goping, Scortechina 211!; at Thaiping, Wray 2088!. Matacca,

Grifith K.D. 4354!; Maingay K.D. 1286!; at Bukit Panchur and

Merliman, Derry 1136! and 1216!. Sivcapore: at Jurong, Chan-

chukang, and Bukit Timah, etc., Ridley 2042!, 2108!, 4438! 8930!;

at Bukit Timah, Hulleit 209! .

16. HORSFIELDIA SUBGLOBOSA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 328,° t.

xxi. (1897). A tree reaching 12—24m.in height ; branches spreading ;

branchlets brown, striate, rusty-pubescent and scurfy when young,

glabrous when old, faintly 2-ridged between the leaves or leaf-scars.

Leaves stiffly chartaceous, fragile when dry; elliptic-oblong, acumin-

ate at apex, cuneate or sometimes rounded at base: upper surface

glabrous, pale, olivaceous-brown when dry, lower surface reddish-

brown except the deciduously pubescent midrib; margins recurved ;

15—26 cm. long, 5—7 cm. broad, broadest in the middle; midrib

slender, keeled on the upper surface; main nerves 13—17 pairs, sub-

parallel, raised on both surfaces, nearly straight to join in arches at

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 221

about 4 mm. from the edge; transverse nervules and reticulation

obscure; petiole stout, 8—12 mm. long, bordered by the decurrent

margins of the blade. Flowers: ¢ in axillary, lax, spreading pan-

icles 4—S8 cm. long; rhachis slightly scurfy-pubescent especially when

young; pedicels 1—-1'5 mm. long, glabrous; perianth globose, glab-

rous, scarcely 1 mm. in diam. with 3 acute triangular teeth; andro-

cium transversely ovoid, compressed or 3-angled, anthers about 10

attached only by their bases, the margins free: 2 inshorter panicles,

2—3 em. long, subglabrous, sparingly branched; pedicels thick;

perianth subglobose, 1—1°5 mm. in diam., shortly 3-toothed; ovary

depressed-globular, glabrous, with small! oblique stigma. Frwit

solitary or in racemes of 2 or 3, ovoid-globose, glabrous; 3:5—4 cm.

long, 2.5—3 cm.in diam.; pericarp yellowish red, thickly coriaceous.

Seed globose, smooth; arillus rather thick, entire, covering the testa

completely. Myristica subglobosa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 383;

Ann. II. 49. WM. globularia, Bl. and subglobosa, Mig. in Ann. I. 206.

M. glabra, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 65 im part. M. glabra, Miq. var.

sumatrana in Ann. II. 49. M. Colleitiana, King Ann. Calc. III.

313, t. 147.

PpraAk: in forests up to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 3620!,

3899!, 6566%!, 6672!, 6737!. JonorE: Road to Gunong Palai,

Ridley 12155!.—-DisTR1B. Sumatra.

17. HorsrieLp1a RipLteyana, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 231 (1897).

A tree, reaching 12—18 m. in height and up to 30 cm. or more in

diam. of stem ; glabrous except the panicle and leaf-buds, branchlets

slender, dark brown, with very faint pairs of ridges from the bases of

the leaf-scars; innovations rusty-puberulous. Leaves chartaceous;

lanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface

greenish when dry, lower bright brown; 7—13 cm. long, 2°5—4-5 em.

broad; midrib slender, slightly impressed above; main nerves 7—10

pairs, inconspicuous, spreading; petiole 1—1-5 cm. long, channelled

above. Flowers: 3 in spreading scurfy or almost glabrous panicles

from the axils of leaves or of fallen leaves, up to 6 em. long; rhachis

angular; branches short, ending in subumbellate cymes; pedicels 1-5

~~—2 mm. long, slender; perianth thick, globose, 1—1:5 mm. in diam.,

teeth 3—4, triangular, acute; andrcecium sessile, trigonous, with

7—10 suberect anthers attached at their bases, free at their margins

and apices: 2 in short racemes, 1-5—2 cm. long; perianth thick,

globose, 1:5—2 mm. in diam., the teeth short; ovary sessile, glabrous,

grooved, with an oblique grooved stigma. fruit (young) solitary or

222 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

in short racemes of 2—4, ellipsoid. 1—2 cm. long, 10—15 mm. in

diam.; pedicel 5 mm. long, stout; pericarp thick, glabrous, leathery.

Seed oval, smooth; arillus thin, quite entire and completely covering

the seed. Myristica Ridleyana, King Ann. Calc. III. 311, t. 145

(1891).

PERAK: at elevations from 180—240 m. alt., King’s Collector

10917!; at Haram, Scortechini 862!. SuneEr Usone: Cantley 1798.

HOORSFIELDIA SYLVESTRIS, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 337, t. xii (1897).

Myristica sylvestris, A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 1. 198; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1.2.61. MM.

pendulina, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 859; King Ann. Cale. 329, t. 170 is re-

presented in the ew and Calcutta Herbaria by specimens collected in Singa-

pore by Ridley (No. 186) and Cantley. ‘The former is labelled ‘from the

Gardens’ and it seems very probable that Cantley’s specimen (also 2) is

similarly from a cultivated tree. Warburg believes that it is only a cultivated

plant in Singapore as it also is ‘in Java. I, therefore, content myself with this

note and do not give a description.

18. HORSFIELDIA RACEMOSA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 347 (1897).

A tree, 9—12 m. in height; young branches thin, glabrous, dark-

coloured, older ones striate, polished. Leaves thinly coriaceous;

elliptic to elliptic-oblong, subacute or shortly and abruptly acuminate

at apex, rounded or subcuneate at base; glabrous on both surfaces,

the upper shining, the lower dull and paler; 15—25 cm. long, 5—8

cm. broad; main nerves 12—16 pairs, slightly prominent on the

upper, very prominent on the lower, surface, straight and faintly

inter-arching near the margin; transverse nervules and reticulation

only slightly visible on the lower surface; petiole about 1°5 cm. long,

channelled. Flowers not known. Fruit in lax glabrous racemes, 25

—40 cm. in length, ovoid, slightly oblique, pointed, about 5 cm.

long, 3 cm. broad; pericarp thickly leathery, glabrous. Seed smooth,

ovoid, pointed; arillus fleshy, red, completely enveloping the testa,

shortly fimbriate at the apex. Myristica racemosa, King in Calc.

Ann. 328, t. 173.

PrENaye: pass to Ralan, Curtis 934!. Sincapore: Bukit Timah,

Ridley 6355 !.

Warburg thinks that this species is most probably referable to oither H.

Prainié of the Andaman Islands or H. canarioides, and I cannot help thinking .

he is right, especially in regard to the latter-mentioned.

2. GYMNACRANTHERA, Warb.

Dicecious trees with evergreen pergamaceous glabrous leaves,

reddish-white beneath, the main nerves confluent near the margin,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 223

the transverse nervules obscure. Inflorescence of axillary panicles,

the flowers fasciculate; bracts at the bases of the pedicels caducous;

flowers small, urceolate, pedicellate; bracteoles 0; perianth 3—4-

toothed. Andrecium sessile; filaments combined in an oblong thick

column; anthers 6—12, elongate, the lower parts adnate to the

column by their backs, the apices free, often inflexed and covering

almost the whole column. Stigmas sessile, connate, scarcely bilobed.

Fruit globose or ovoid; pericarp thick, fleshy; arillus laciniate

almost to the base. Seed conform to the fruit; testa woody; albu-

men ruminate; cotyledons divaricate, connate at the base.—DrstTRIB.

S. Asia from India to the Philippines and New Guinea, species 11.

g flowers 4 mm. long, thickly rusty-tomentose, as is

the undersurface of the leaves when young; leaves

20—35 em. long. ae on -. IL. G@. Morront.

g flowers at most 3 mm. long, almost glabrous; the

undersurface of fully-developed leaves glabrous.

Main nerves of the leaves strongly prominent

beneath; leaves usually longer than 15cm. .. 2. G. ForseEstm.

Main nerves of the leaves only slightly prominent

beneath; leaves usually under 15 em. .. 3 G. FARQUHARIANA.

1. GYMNACRANTHERA Murtoni, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 357, t.

xx. (1897). A tree reaching 25 m. in height; branchlets stout,

densely covered with very short rufous tomentum beneath which

they are minutely lenticellate and striate; leaf-buds densely rufous-

tomentose. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-ovate, shortly and abruptly

acuminate at apex, broadly rounded and often emarginate at base;

upper surface glabrous, shining, lower covered with deciduous rusty

tomentum, finally glabrous and subglaucous; margins slightly re-

volute; 20-35 cm. long, 7—12 cm. broad; midrib stout, broad

above, prominent beneath; main nerves 20—22 pairs, parallel, sub-

horizontal, at first straight, curving and inter-arching near the

margin; transverse nervules irregular, subparallel ; reticulation

obscure; petiole 1—2 cm. long, stout, rugose, channelled above.

Flowers: 3 in axillary densely silky, rufous-tomentose panicles up to

8 cm. lone; branches spreading, many-flowered ; buds ovoid, 3—4

mm. long; pedicels very short; perianth leathery with 2 or sometimes

3 teeth, tomentose without, less so within ; andreecium sessile, broadly

ovoid, obtuse at apex; anthers about 7—10, narrow, elongate, their

apices free and acuminate: 2 very short, axillary, few-flowered,

pedicels short. Fruit ovoid, flattened, acute at apex, obtuse at

base, densely covered with rufous tomentum, 2:5 cm. long, 1° cm.

224 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

broad splitting into two valves; pericarp coriaceous, 2 mm. thick.

Seed (immature) ovoid ; arillus longer than the seed and deeply laci-

niate, thin. Myristica Murtoni, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 105; King

Ann. Cale. IIT. 297, t. 124 ter. M. ferruginea, Wall. Cat. 6803; King

lier298, t4 125:

SINGAPORE: Wallich 6803!; at Selitar, Audley 1835!, 4815!; at

Sungei Morai, Ridley 3890!.

2. GYMNACRANTHERA ForpeEstt, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 363, t.

xx. (1897). A tree, reaching 18—24 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in

diam. of stem, glabrous except the rufous-tomentose lanceolate leaf-

buds and puberulous inflorescence; branchlets slender, pale brown,

smooth, with minute lenticels. Leaves chartaceous or thinly coria-

ceous; oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate

or somewhat rounded at base; both surfaces when dry somewhat -

purplish-brown, the upper shining, the lower glaucous; 15—25 cm.

long, 5—10 cm. broad; midrib rather stout, impressed above,

prominent beneath; main nerves 13—17 pairs, thin but distinct

beneath, sub-horizontal to ascending, inter-arching within (5 mm.

from) the margin in rather prominent loops; secondary nerves and

transverse nervules few; reticulation obscure; petiole about 10—15

mm. long, channelled above. Flowers: 3 in spreading panicles 5—6

cm. long from the axils of the leaves or of failen leaves ; branches short,

many-flowered, bearing umbellate cymules, in subglobular clusters ;

pedicels slender, 2 mm. long; perianth at first ovoid, afterwards

urceolate, 3°5—4 mm. long; teeth 3—5, reflexed, nearly as long as

the tube, acute; andrcecium sessile, 2 mm. high, subquadrangular ;

anthers 6—10, free at the apex and sides, twisted: 2 in condensed

panicles, fewer-flowered than in 3 and under 2°5 cm. long; perianth

scurfy-pubescent within; teeth acute; ovary sessile, ovoid, scurfy-

pubescent; stigma oblique. Fruit in racemes 3—12, when young

subglobular, when ripe narrowly obovoid, grooved, slightly scurfy,

2—2'5 cm. long, 12 mm. in diam.; peduncle rather stout, thickened

upwards, 8—10 mm. long; pericarp yellow to red, coriaceous. Seed

smooth, ellipsoid or slightly obovoid; arillus extending to the apex of .

the seed, thin, pale, fleshy, divided to the base into many narrow

segments. Myristica Forbesu, King Ann. Calc. IIT. 306, t. 137.

PENANG: Government Hill, Maingay 1293!. PrRovinck WEL-

LESLEY: at Krian, Ridley 9464!. PERAK: common at elevations up

to 250 m. alt., King’s Collector 37831, 6591!, 6784!, 6973!, 7419!,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 225

7645!, 7732!, 8159!, 8722!, 8756!, 10080!; at Tapa, Wray 1429!.

NEGRI SeMBILAN: at Tampur, Goodenough 1845!. Manacca: Main-

gay K.D. 1295; at Ayer Panas, Holmberg 818!; at Kesang Tua and

Sungei Hudang, Goodenough 1317!, 1355!. Sineapore: at Selitar,

Ridley 6270!.—Distris. Sumatra (Forbes 2976!, 3061 !).

3. GYMNACRANTHERA Farquuariana, Warb. Monog. Myrist.

365, t. xx. (1897). A tree reaching 20—30 m. in height and up to

about 90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets

slender, at first rusty-puberulous, afterwards paler, often slightly

lenticellate ; leaf-buds linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long. Leaves

subcoriaceous, glabrous; lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or slightly

oblanceolate, acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface

shining, brown when dry, lower pale, purplish-brown, glaucous ;

margins revolute; 7—15 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender,

slightly impressed above, prominent and dark beneath ; main nerves

6—10 pairs, usually indistinct, only slightly inter-arching ; reticula-

tion obscure ; petiole about 1 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers :

3 in spreading rusty-puberulous panicles 2-5—4 cm. long and 2°5

em. broad from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves; pedicels

1-5—2 mm. long, puberulous; cymules umbellate, 6—10-flowered ;

perianth ovoid, inflated, 2-5—3-5 mm. long, puberulous outside and

inside, the inside also with numerous vertical lines; teeth 3 or 4,

triangular, acute, nearly half the length of the perianth; andrcecium

cylindric, sessile, 1°5—2 mm. long; anthers 7—8, narrow, elongate,

the apices and edges free: 2 in few-flowered short panicles, 2—2°5

em. long, from the axils of fallen ieaves; pedicels short; perianth

deeply 3—4-cleft, 2—2-5 mm. long, the lobes acute, their tips reflexed ;

ovary sessile, ovoid-globose, tomentose; stigma sessile, transversely

2-lobed. Fruit in woody racemes of 2—5, ovoid, slightly pointed at

each end, faintly grooved on one side and ridged on the other, 1°5—

2 cm. long, 1—1-5 cm. in diam., rufous-pubescent, becoming glabrous

with age; peduncle 8—12 mm. long, stout; pericarp thick. Seed

ellipsoid, mottled, smooth; arillus thin, extending to the apex of the

seed, narrowly laciniate. Myristica Farquhariana, Wall. Cat. 6795;

A. DC. Prodr. xiv.; 200; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 63; Hook. f. &

Th. Fl. Ind. 161; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 108 (all in part, Malay

Peninsula material only); King Ann. Cale. III. 305, t. 1386. MM.

eugeniefolia, A. DC. l.c. 190; Mig. lc. 58; Hook. f. l.c. 113; King

I.c. 330.

PENANG: Curtis 487, 804!, etc. Perak: Scortechini!; at Tapa

226 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

and Waterfall Hill, Wray 1436!, 2034!: in hilly forests up to 900 m.

alt., King’s Collector 3833!, 4640!, 5408!, 5801!, 6141!, 6620!,

6631!, 6652!, 6932!, 7481!. SrLancor: Batu Tiga, Curtis 3768!.

Maracca: Maingay K.D. 1290, 1293, 1302!, 1303!, 1306!; Hervey!.

JOHORE: at Bukit Patani, Ridley 11029!. SrncarorE: Wallich

6795!; Cantley 41; Ridley 2102!.

Var. major, King. Young branches rather darker than in the

typical form; leaves 12—1IS8 cm. long, larger than in the typicai

form and more glaucous beneath, the nerves more distinct on the

lower surface; panicles of 3 flowers rather long (6—8 cm.), the

flowers larger (3°5—4 mm.); fruit larger, 2:5 cm. long, scarcely ridged

on the side opposite the groove.

PERAK: in hill forests, King’s Collector 6548!, 6622!, 6736!,

7928!; at Thaipeng, Wray 2399!, 2695!. Mawacca: Griffith K.D.

4355!. SInGAPORE: Ridley 102!, 3961!.

Var. Griffithii, Warburg. Leaves with more distinct nerves:

which are more oblique and interarch more conspicuously; male

inflorescence less branching, nearly glabrous, the perianth scarcely

half as big as in the type, 1:5—2 mm. in diam., glabrous within,

andreecium smaller, ovoid-globular. Myristica Griffithii, Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 109; King Ann. Calc. IIL. 305, t. 135.

PenanG: at Moniot’s Road, etc., at 450 m. alt., Curtiss 2406!,

2458!. Manacca: Griffith K.D. 4356!.

3. Myristica, Linn.

Dicecious trees with chartaceous or pergamaceous leaves, usually

white or glaucescent beneath and often with a ferruginous tomentum ;

main nerves confluent near the margin; transverse nervules often

subparallel, scarcely distinct. Inflorescence of cymes, umbels or few-

flowered panicles, axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves; bracts

caducous; flowers rather large, urceolate or campanulate rarely

tubular, pedicellate; bracteoles persistent, usually oblique, at the

base of the perianth; perianth 3-toothed. Andreciuwm stalked:

filaments connate in a column often produced beyond the anthers;

anthers 12—30, elongate, connate to the column and to each other.

Stigmas connate, bilobed. Fruit large, ovoid or oblong; pericarp:

thick, succulent, rarely leathery; arillus laciniate almost to the base.

Seed conform to the fruit; testa hard: albumen ruminate ; coty-

ledons connate.—Distriz. South Asia from India to the Philippines,

Polynesia and tropical Australia ; species about 80.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Inflorescence branching, the ultimate branches bear-

ing at least 3 flowers; leaves, atleast when mature,

glabrous beneath.

¢ perianth broadly ovoid or almost globose, 5—8

mm. long; . inflorescence much longer than

the petiole; fruit very large (8—12 cm. long,

3:5—4:5 em. broad) .. a oo) le MwA:

% perianth ovoid or ellipsoid.

Bracteoles of flowers large.

Bracteoles broad, 4 mm. long; top of

andreecium free, glabrous; ¢ flowers 5mm.

long, 4 mm. broad; leaves lanceolate, 16—

29 em. long Si -. 2, M. Matneavt.

Bracteoles narrow, 2mm. long ; top of andree-

cium covered by the anthers; & flowers

3—4 mm. long, 1:‘5—2 mm. broad; leaves

linear or lanceolate, S—11 cm. long Soe Min GiCANT HA.

Bracteoles of ~ flowers small, rarely over 1

mm. long.

Ss flowers 3—4 mm. long; leaves oblong-

lanceolate or -oblanceolate under 18 ecm.

long, 4 cm. broad .. re .. 4. M. InmRs.

& flowers 2—2°5 mm. long; leaves oblong

over 15 cm. long, 4 cm. broad .- 5. M. MALACCENSIS-.

Inflorescence not branching or forked; leaves, when

mature, glabrous beneath, sometimes a slight

pubescence remaining.

Leaves beneath only slightly lighter in colour than

above, not glaucous.

Flowers narrowly urceolate, oblique, 8 mm.

long, 4 mm. broad; bracteole on the pedicel

0-5 mm. below the perianth 56 .- 6. M. ELLIPTiICa.

Flowers urceolate, not oblique; bracteole at

the base of the perianth Si -. 7. M. SUAVIS.

Flowers long elliptic, 5 mm. long, 2—3 mm.

broad; bracteole at the base of the perianth 8. M. cINNAMOMEA.

Leaves beneath light coloured, mostly glaucous.

| Pedunele of ~ inflorescence slender, not woody,

a ways under 3, mostly under 2 mm. thick.

¢ Perianth ovoid, rarely linear, 4—7 mm.

| long .. 56 ie .. 9. M. FRAGRANS.

| Peduncle of ~ inflorescence very thick, usually

| woody; leaves on an average longer than

| 20 cm.

Anthers 14—18; inflorescence up to 9 mm.

long; fruit with close weak felt .. 10. M. CRASSA

Anthers 10—14; ¢ inflorescence 3 mm. long;

fruit thickly woolly a5 -. ll. M. LowIANA.

228 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1. Myristica Maxima, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 385 (1897). A

tree reaching 24—30 m. in height and 90—120 cm. in diam. of stem;

branches spreading; branchlets stout, smooth, lenticelled, glabrous;

buds lanceolate, tawny. Leaves coriaceous; oblong, sometimes

slightly obovate, shortly and rather abruptly acuminate at apex,

rounded or subtruncate rarely cuneate at base; upper surface glab-

rous, shining, lower pale, glaucous, minutely adpressed-lepidote when

young; margins recurved; 25—40 cm. long, 10—15 cm. broad;

midrib very stout; main nerves 20—30 pairs, spreading or subhori-

zontal, inter-arching within the edge, prominent beneath, scaly when

young, but ultimately glabrous; petiole stout, 2—3 cm. long.

Flowers: 3 in panicles, axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves,

10—17 cm. long; rhachis flattened, scaly; branches short, bearing

subumbellate racemes of 4—6 flowers; pedicels slender, 1—2 cm.

long; bracteole semi-annular or suborbicular, embracing half the

base of the flower, 2 mm. long; perianth leathery, scaly-tomentose

without, glabrous within, urceolate, 6 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, the

mouth with 3 broadly triangular subacute teeth; andrcecium cylin-

dric, 4—5 mm. long, on a short thick stalk 1—2 mm. long, nearly as

long as the perianth, the connectives connate in a cone at the apex;

anthers 12—20 narrowly elongate: 2 unknown. Fruit ellipsoid or

oblong when ripe, blunt at the apex, slightly narrowed at base,

minutely rufous-pubescent, sub-furfuraceous, 7—9 cm. long, 4—5

cm. in diam.; pericarp thickly coriaceous. Seed shining, conform to

the fruit; arillus thin, fleshy, bright red, extending to the apex of

the seed, laciniate and areolate. WM. bracteata, King (non DC.) Ann.

Clac. III. 286, t. 107.

PENANG: Government Hill 350 m., Curtis 1497!. PHRAK: atlow

elevations on the hills near Larut, King’s Collector 5513!, 6960!; at

Larut, Scortechint 1872!. Sincapore: at Bukit Timah, fidley

3363!—Distrip. Borneo (Beccari 1556!).

2. Myristica Matneayt, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 104 (1886).

A tall tree reaching 9—18 m. in height and 45—60 cm. in diam. of

stem; bark contracting in longitudinal ridges; branchlets rather

stout, at first rusty-tomentose, afterwards glabrous with thin nearly

black bark. Leaves coriaceous; linear-oblong, acute or acuminate at

apex, acute cuneate or rounded at base; upper surface shining,

lower dull, both glabrous, pale brown when dry; margins recurved ;

13— 20 cm. long, 4--5 cm. broad; midrib stout, shghtly impressed

and keeled above, prominent beneath; main nerves 16—18 pairs, im-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsulz. 229

pressed above, slightly prominent beneath, evanescent towards the

margin ; transverse nervules rather obscure, impressed ; petiole 2—2°5

em. long. Flowers: 3 in drooping, solitary, axillary, 10- to 16-

flowered rusty-tomentose umbellate cymes; peduncle 5—6 mm. long;

pedicels thick, 3 mm. long; bracteole half-orbicular, up to 5 mm.

long, embracing the lower half of the flower on one side; perianth

ovate, rusty-tomentose without, granular within, up to 6-5 mm.

long, teeth ovate, acute; andrcoecium fusiform, shortly apiculate, 5

mm. long, on a very short rufous-villous column: anthers 7 or 8,

linear: 2 not known. Frwit oblong, 7—9 cm. long and 3—4 cm. in

diam., blunt, glabrous; peduncle about 2°5 cm. long, stout, woody ;

pericarp thick, fleshy. Seed ellipsoid, smooth, 5 cm. long; arillus

fleshy, reaching to the apex of the seed, deeply fimbriate in its upper

half. King Ann. Cale. IIT. 294, t. 114; Warb. Monog. Myrist. 398.

PENANG: at Moniot’s road, 450. m. alt., Curtis 2455!. Prrax:

Scortechini!. Matacca: Maingay K. D. 1289!; at Bukit Jas, Derry

1033!.

3. MyrisTica GicanTEeA, King in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. II.

288, t. 110 (1891). A large tree reaching 27—40 m. in height and

considerable girth; bark black, fissured; branchlets thin, at first

rusty-puberulous, afterwards giabrous and dark coloured; leaf-buds

lanceolate, rusty-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous; narrowly elliptic-

oblong or -lanceolate, obtuse or obtusely acute at apex, acute at

base; both surfaces glabrous, upper shining, pale when dry, lower

dull, pale, subglaucous at first; margins revolute; 7—11 cm. long,

2—3'5 cm. broad; midrib impressed and keeled above. prominent

beneath; main nerves 12—18 pairs, subhorizontal, faint, impressed

abeve, interarching close to the edge; reticulation impressed above,

obscure beneath ; petiole 12—18 mm. long, channelled. Flowers: 3

in’ rusty-pubescent, cymose, rather stout panicles from the axils of

the leaves or of fallen leaves, twice as long as the petioles; perianth

3—4 mm. long, ovoid, with short blunt or subacute teeth, rusty-

tomentose without, subglabrous within: pedicel 3—4 mm. long;

bracteole narrowly semi-annular, embracing half the base of the

perianth, tomentose; andreecium half the length of the perianth,

eylindric, blunt, the anthers linear, about 10, stalk about one-third of

the length of the column, tomentose: @ unknown. rut (imma-

ture) 2°5 cm. long, solitary, on a thick woody pedicel 12—25 mm.

long, broadly ovoid, slightly pointed, densely rufous-tomentose.

Seed ovoid, shining; the arillus thin, extending to the apex of the

230 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

seed, narrowly fimbriate nearly to the base. Warb. Monog. Myrist.

400.

PERAK: at elevations under 300 m. alt., Scortechini 19491;

King’s Collector 5866!, 6050.

4. Myristica 1neRS, Bl. Bijdr. 575 (1828). A tree; branch-

lets slender, dark brown, rough, uppermost subglaucous and slightly

puberulous. Leaves chartaceous; oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate,

acute or slightly acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; both surfaces.

glabrous, upper olivaceous when dry, lower reddish-brown; margins.

slightly recurved; 8—1S8 cm. long, 3—4 cm. broad; midrib slender,

keeled above; main nerves 12—15 pairs, impressed above, oblique,

curving to and along the margin but not looped; transverse nervules

and reticulation obscure; petiole 1 to 1°5 cm. long, often twisted.

Flewers: 3 in short panicles of subumbellate cymules from the axils.

of the leaves or of fallen leaves, the panicles up to 2—2°5 cm. long;

pedicels slender, about 4 mm. long; bracteole ovate, 1:25 mm. long,

embracing the base of the perianth; perianth ovoid, 3—4 mm. long,

rusty-puberulous without, glabrous within, 3-toothed, the teeth

1—1°5 mm. long; andreecium 2°5 mm. long, slender, the anthers as.

long as the stalk, the latter rather slender, puberulous; anthers

about 10: @ in short axillary panicles about 14 mm. long, puberu-

lous; bracts very short as are the pedicels, bracteoles large, at the

base of the perianth; perianth inflated, campanulate, tomentose

without, 5mm. long, 4mm. broad; ovary ovoid-conic, ferruginous-

pubescent: stigma obtuse. Fruzt very large, oblong, single or in

pairs, up to 7 cm. long, 4 em. thick; peduncles short, thick; pericarp.

slightly tomentose, soon glabrescent. Seed 4—5 cm. long, 2—3 cm.

broad; the arillus thick, red, laciniate except near the base. BI.

Rumphia I. 184, t. 58; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 190 (evel. syn. Roxb. and

Cum.); Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 57 (excl. as above); Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. iv. 175; Warb. Monog. Myrist. 521, t. xvii. MW. sublanceo-

lata, Miq. |.c. 58.

Perak: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, at about 1000 m.

alt., Wray 1214!.

(1886). Aglabroustree; branchlets rather slender. Leaves oblong or

oblong-elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, usually rounded but

sometimes acute at base; 15—25 cm. long, 4—9 cm. broad; midrib

stout; main nerves 15—20 pairs, at first nearly straight, finally

5. Myristica MALACCENSIS, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 104.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 231

interarching near the edge; petiole 1—2 cm. long. Flowers: ¢ in

solitary panicles from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves, 7—10

em. long, slender; flowers 2‘5 mm. long on filiform pedicels 5 mm.

long in subumbellate cymes; bracteoles large, reniform, membran-

ous, glabrous with ciliate margins; perianth subglobose, sub-inflated,

very coriaceous. glabrous, its apex with 3 broad blunt shallow teeth ;

andreecium much shorter than the perianth, broad, subtruncate,

almost sessile; anthers about 7, their tips free, sub-acute: 9 not

known. Fruit unknown. King Ann. Calc. III. 287, t. 107 bis;

Warb. Monog. Myrist. 411.

Maracca: Maingay K.D. 1305.

6. Myristica ELLIPTICA, Wall. Cat. 6798A (1828). A tree reach-

ing 18—24 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches

stout, spreading; branchlets rather slender, pale, at first rusty

puberulous, afterwards clabrous like all other parts. Leaves chartace-

ous; elliptic or elliptic-oblong to linear-oblong, shortly and rather

bluntly acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate and slightly unequal at

base; both surfaces pale when dry, upper shining, lower dull, glau-

cous; margins slightly recurved when dry; 13—20 cm. long, 4—10

em. broad; midrib stout, prominent beneath; main nerves 8—12

pairs, distant, curving to and along the margin, slender; reticulation

not visible; petiole 12—20mm.long. Flowers: 3 in shortly pedun-

culate, supra-axillary umbels rather longer than the petioles; pedun-

cles5—7 mm. long; pedicels 2:5—5mm.long; bracteole suborbicular ;

perianth 8—9 mm. long, elongate and narrowly tubular, suburceolate,

divided for 4 to } its length into 3 narrowly ovate acute teeth with

many black glandular dots, puberulous or glabrous without, glabrous

within; andreecium cylindric, bluntly apiculate, nearly as long as the

tube, the stalk shorter than the column; anthers about 10: 2? um-

bellate like the 3: perianth distinctly urceolate, the lobes ovate,

blunt; ovary sessile, adpressed pubescent, tapering into the oblique

lateral stigma; style0. Fruit oblong, long-narrowed at the base,

ridged along the suture, slightly gibbous; 7—8 cm. long, 2—3°5 cm.

broad, glabrous; pericarp reddish-yellow, thick, succulent. Seed

cylindric, tapering at the ends; arillus deep red, laciniate at the sides,

rather succulent. Hook. f. & Th. Fl. Ind. 162; A. DC. Prodr. xiv.

I. 190; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 58; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 102;

King Ann. Calc. IIT. 295, t. 113; Warb. Monog. Myrist. 485, t. xvi.

M. calocarpa, Miq. 1.c. 68, Suppl. 383 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. IT. 48.

M, sycocarpa, Miq. l.c. 68 and Ann. l.c. 48.

232 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

PENANG AND SINGAPORE: Wallich and Porter 6798A!. PEnanc:

Curtis 1122!. Perak: in dense forest on low hills, King’s Collector

3732!, 4276!, 4426!, 4703!, 5198!, 5288!, 8559!, 10321!, 10583!: at

Waterfall hill and Tupai, Wray 1736!, 2345!; at Goping, Scortechini

79!, 1964!. Mazracca: Maingay K.D. 1296!. Sincavore: by

stream, Chanchukang, Ridley 331!; at Bukit Timah, Ridley 6920! —

DistRis. Sumatra, Borneo.

7. MyRistTica suavis, King in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. Ii.

295, t. 121 (1891). A tree, all parts glabrous except the minutely

pubescent leaf-buds and flowers; branchlets rather stout, cinereous,

striate, the tips dark-coloured and smooth. Leaves coriaceous ;

elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, the base slightly unequal-sided ;

upper surface dull, lower pale; margins recurved; 15—23 cm. long,

5—6 cm. broad; midrib stout; main nerves 20—25 pairs, at first

straight, parallel, then curving to and along the margin, impressed on

the upper, prominent on the lower surface; petiole 2.5 mm. long,

stout, channelled above. Flowers: g¢ 2—4 together in short thick

woody racemes from the axils of the leaves, or close together on the

branches below the leaves; pedicels about 2°5 mm. long; bracteole

broad, semi-orbicular, embracing the base of the flower on one side;

perianth narrowly campanulate, cut half-way down into 3 triangular

acute recurved teeth, scurfy-tomentose without, glabrous within;

andreecium cylindric, not apiculate, shortly stalked; anthers about 6,

linear, connate: @ like the ¢ but with longer stouter pedicels and

shorter teeth; ovary narrowly ovoid, minutely tomentose; stigma

sessile, divided by a central grove into 2 oblong lobes. Fruit unknown,

the arillus of the young seed extending to its apex, deeply and

narrowly laciniate, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 441.

Maxacca: at Selandor: J. M. Alwis!.

8. MYRISTICA CINNAMOMEA, Kingin Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Cale.

III. 292, t. 116 (1891). A tree reaching 18 to 24 m. in height and 60

to 120 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets thin,

rather dark, sparingly rufous-puberulous at first, finally glabrous;

buds lanceolate. Leaves thinly coriaceous; lanceolate or oblong-

lanceolate, tapering about equally to either end; upper surface shin-

ing, pale brownish-green when dry, lower uniformly covered with a

close layer of cinnamomeous minute stellate adpressed hairs;-

margins recurved when dry; 10—25 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad;

midrib stout, deeply impressed above; main nerves 14—20 pairs,

faint on both surfaces, slightly impressed on the upper, ascending;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 233

reticulation not visible; petiole 1—2 cm. long, scurfy-pubescent.

Flowers: & in rufous-tomentose 8- to 14-flowered axillary umbellate

cymes about as long as the petioles; peduncle stout, flattened,

10—12 mm. long; pedicels slender, 5 mm. long; bracteole ovate,

acute, obliquely embracing one side of the base of the flower; peri-

anth elongate-ovoid, tubular, 6mm. long. minutely scurfy-tomentose

without, glabrous within, teeth subacute; andreecium cylindric,

nearly as long as the perianth, slightly apiculate, on a stalk nearly or

quite as long; anthers about 10, linear: 2 not known. Fruit

reddish-yellow, ellipsoid, sometimes tapering at the base, the apex

sub-obtuse but apiculate, 6—9 cm. long, ridged down the middle,

minutely rufous-tomentose; pericarp 9—-12 mm. thick, fleshy;

peduncle stout, 6—12 mm. long and about 5—7 mm. thick. Seed

cylindric-ellipsoid, 5 cm. long; testa thin, shining; arillus thin, ex-

tending to the apex of the seed, deeply laciniate at the sides. Warb.

Monog. Myrist. 445.

PERAK: at elevations under 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 1057!,

d504!, d5170!, 5355!, 5458!, 5770, 6696!, 7474!; Wray 3026!.

SINGAPORE: at Changi, Bukit Mandai and Sumbanang, Ridley 3377!,

3581 !, 5572!, 6266 !.

9. Myristica FRaGRaNs, Houtt. Handleid Hist. Nat. Linn. II.

3. 233 (1774). A tree reaching 12—15 m. in height and a considerable

girth, glabrous except the ovary and young fruit; bark nearly black ;

branchlets slender, brownish; leaf-buds linear-lanceolate. Leaves

thinly coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, shortly acuminate at

apex, acute at base; upper surface shining, lower dull subglaucous;

6—13 cm. long, 4—6'5 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout, prom-

inent beneath; main nerves'8—10 pairs, impressed above, prom-

inent beneath, curving to and along the margin; reticulation

obscure; petiole 1O—15 mm. long, slender. Flowers: & in slender

supra-axillary umbellate cymes 2—3 cm. long; perianth 5 mm. long

ellipsoid, sub-urceolate with short triangular teeth; bracteole ovate,

1:5 mm. long, deciduous leaving an oblique ring; pedicels slender,

6—12 mm. long; andreecium cylindric, 3 mm. long, on a stalk 1:5

mm. long; stamens 9—12: @? larger than the # and in fewer-

flowered umbels; perianth 8—10 mm.; long, urceolate, the teeth

short, reflexed; ovary sessile, cylindric-ellipsoid, tawny-villous;

stigmas 2 flat, broad, fleshy. rut broadly pyriform, sometimes

apiculate, 6—9 cm. long and nearly as broad, glabrous; pericarp

yellow, succulent. Seed broadly ovoid, areolate, striate, embraced to

234 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

the apex by the red, fleshy, much laciniate arillus. A. DC. Prodr.

xiv. 1. 189; Bl. Rumph. I. 180, t. 55; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 53;

Bentl. & Trim. Med. Pl. III. t. 218; Baill. Hist. des Pl. II. 498, tt.

298—306; Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. III. 2. 41, fig. 35;

Hook. £.. Fl. Br; Ind. V. 102; King im) Anni) Cale iy 287 ot:

108; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. IV. 194; Brandis Ind. Trees, 524.

M. officinalis, Linn.f. Suppl. 265; Gaertn. Fruct.1. 194, t. 41 (excel. syn.

Rumph.); Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 155, 156 and Bot. Mag. tt. 2756, 2757;

Spach Suites Buff. t. 143; Warb. Monog. Myrist. 458. M. moschata,

Thunb. in Act. Holm. (1782) 45; Wall. Cat. 6785; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ITT.

‘733; Bl. Bijdr. 575. M. aromatica, Lamk. in Act. Par. 155 (1788)

tt. 5—7 and Ill. Gen.'t. 832; Roxb: Cor. Pl) 1 274 2o7— Pala”

Rumph. Herb. Amb. II. 14,t. IV. The Nutmeg Tree.

Cultivated in the Malay Peninsula. Prnane: Wallich 6785 E;

King’s Collector 1677!; Curtis!. Mauacca: Griffith K. D. 4352!;

Maingay K. D. 1285!. Sincapore: Cuming 2418!.—Distris. In-

digenous in the Moluccas, cultivated in most tropical regions.

I have thought it right to include the description of the true Nutmeg tree,

so universally cultivated in tropical countries. t

10. Mygistica crassa, King in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. IIT.

293, t. 117 (1891). A large tree reaching 12 to 18 m. in height and 60

-—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets rather

‘stout, very dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous ; oblong,

elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate at apex,

cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous, the lower pale, subglaucous ;

margins recurved when dry; 18—40 cm. long, 7—12 cm. broad;

midrib prominent, especially beneath; main nerves 15—22 pairs,

impressed above, spreading and interarching near the edge; reticula-

tion obscure; petiole 2°5—3-5 cm. long, stout, channelled. Flowers :

g in many-flowered tomentose sessile umbels from stout woody

axillary peduncles about 5 mm. long; pedicels 5—7 mm. long, rather

slender; bracteole orbicular-ovate, rugose, closely embracing half the

flower on one side; perianth 5 mm. long, minutely rusty-tomentose

without, glabrous within, ovoid when young, urceolate and slightly

constricted about the middle when adult, the apex acute, 3-cleft to

about one-third of its length, the teeth ovate-acute; androecium

narrowly ovoid, apiculate, 3 mm. long, on a lepidote stalk of 2 mm ;

anthers 14—18, linear: 2? not known. Fruit solitary or in clusters

of 2—3, pedunculate, ovoid-globose, slightly pointed, the base

rounded or subtruncate, minutely rufous-puberulous, 3°5—7-5 cm.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 235

long and half as much in diam.; pericarp yellowish, thick, succulent.

Seed ovoid; arillus fleshy, yellow, laciniate, extending to the apex of

the seed. Warb. Monog. Myrist. 495.

PERAK: at low elevations under 150 m. near Larut, etc., King’s

‘Collector 2758!, 4475!, 5065!, 6061!, 7756!, 10038!; Waterfall Hill,

Wray, 646!. Matacca: Cantley 35!.

11. Myristica Low1ana, King in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. IIT.

293, t. 120 (1891). A tree reaching a height of 13—24 m. and 60—

90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets rather

stout, rough, dark-coloured. Leaves coriaceous; oblong, elliptic-

oblong or sometimes slightly obovate, acute sometimes acuminate at

apex, cuneate or rounded and sometimes unequal at base; upper

surface shining, lower dull, subglaucous, both surfaces glabrous;

margins recurved ; 15—30 cm. long, 5—9 cm. broad; midrib very

‘stout, somewhat impressed above, prominent beneath; main~nerves

- 16—20 pairs, prominent on both surfaces and impressed on the upper,

parallel, at first straight, curved near the margin and. interarching ;

transverse nervules visible and impressed on the upper surface;

petiole 2—3 cm. long, stout. Flowers: g in dense many-flowered

rusty-pubescent glomeruli, shorter than the petioles, from small

solitary thick tubercles 5 mm. long in the axils of the leaves or of

fallen leaves; pedicels slender, 3:5—7°5 mm. long; bracteole ovate or

obovate-rotund, embracing more than half the perianth on one side,

glabrous within, 2—5 mm. long; perianth 2°5—3-5 mm. long, ovoid,

rusty-pubescent without, glabrous within, cut to about one-third of

the way down into 3 broadly triangular teeth; andrcecium ellipsoid,

on a puberulous stalk much shorter than itself, together 2 mm. long;

anthers about 10—14: ? not known. Fruit ovoid, pointed at each

end, 6—8 em. long, 3—4 em. in diam.. covered with soft rufous

woolly tomentum; pericarp sinuate-ridged, the ridges appearing

through the tomentum. Seed ellipsoid, blunt at both ends, about 5

em. long; arillus thin, extending to the apex of the seed, its sides cut

into wide areole. Warb. Monog. Myrist. 496.

PERAK: at Port Weld, Scortechini 1551!, 1855!; in rocky locali-

ties in forest up to 300 m. alt. near Larut, King’s Collector 5537!,

7258!. Matacea: at Merliman, Goodenough 1621!.

Ridiey No. 10922 from Fort Canning, Singapore, is Myristica guattervifolia,

A. DC.; Warb. Monog. Myrist. 412. Im all probability it is from a cultivated

plant. The tree is common in the Philippine Islands and has also been col-

lected at Labuan in Borneo (Moiley 139!)

236 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

4. Kwnema, Lour.

Dicecious trees with coriaceous or chartaceous leaves usualiv

glaucous beneath, often covered with ferruginous tomentum; main

nerves confluent near the margin; transverse nervules parallel, prom-

inent. Inflorescence of unbranched densely racemose or subumbel-

late clusters usually on thick tubercular peduncles from the axils of

the leaves or of fallen leaves; bracts caducous; flowers rather large,

subglobose patelliform or urceolate, pedicellate; bracteoles persistent

about the middle of the pedicels or above it; perianth 3-toothed.

Andrecium usually stalked; filaments connate in a peltate disk:

anthers 8—20 free, attached by thin bases stellately to the margin of

the disk, never erect, dehiscing downwards. Style short, thick ;

stigmas connate in a bilobed disk often dentate or laciniate at the

margin. rut ovoid or oblong; pericarp thick, fleshy, tomentose;

arillus jlaciniate at the apex only. Seed conform to the fruit;

albumen ruminate; cotyledons scarcely connate at the base, divar-

cate or suberect.—Distris. 8S. Asia from India to the Philippines

and New Guinea, species about 38.

¢ flowers very large, about 1 cm. in diam. ; leaves very

long, 25—65 em.; fruit large, with very thick wool;

disk of andrcecium subconcave with 18—20 anthers 1. K. HooxeriAna.

@ flowers moderate-sized, 5—S mm. in diam.; leaves

18—40 cm. long; fruit medium-sized, rufous-tomen-

tose; disk of andreecium convex with 13—15 anthers 2. K. CANTLEYTI.

¢ flowers small, under 5 mm. in diam.

Disk of androecium convex-mammillate at top;

leaves narrow with parallel nerves 10—32 cm.

long, 2—9 em. broad ss ss .. 3. K. INTERMEDIA.

Disk of andreecium not mammuillate.

Pedicel of ~ flower more than double as long as

the perianth.

Anthers 40—45, sessile, disc concave; leaves

small, 6—14 cm. long, 3—6 ecm. broad,

nervules and reticulation scarcely visible .. 4. K. Cunrisi.

Anthers less than 20, mostly 8—13; dise flat,

anthers horizontal on short filaments on its

margin.

Pedicel of # flower 44—6 times longer than

perianth ; anthers 9—12.

Leaves thinly coriaceous with 7—14 pairs

of main nerves; reticulation prominent 5. K, KuNsTLERt

Leaves membranous with 13—18 pairs of

main nerves; reticulation obscure .. 6. K. MALAYANA

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 237

Pedicel of « flower 2—4 times longer than

perianth; anthers 8—l\S8.

Young branchiets nearly glabrous; ner-

vules weak; fruit large, 2°5—4°5 cm.

long die 510 50

Young branchlets rusty-pubescent; ner-

vules strong; fruit 3—4cm.long .. 8. K. conrmrra.

7. K. WRavyt.

Pedicel of ~ flower twice longer than the perianth

or less than it.

Mature leaves glabrous beneath, at most the

nerves a little hairy ; pedicel almost always

twice as long as the & perianth; anthers

suberect or erect on the margin of the usually

flat or slightly concave disc.

Bark of the branchlets longitudinally

cracked, black: leaves reddish-glauces-

cent beneath, cordate at base; anthers

10—12 as si .. 9. K. FURFURAOEA.

Bark of the branchlets not longitudinally

cleft.

Anther-bearing disk very small, its stalk

long ; anthers 6—10, suberect, leaves

large, glaucous beneath, cordate .. 10. K. oBLoNGIForia.

Anther-bearing disk of ordinary dia-

meter, its stalk short.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate 10—15 cm.

long, 2—5 em. broad ; flowers about

8 in umbel] .. 56 -- 11. K. missionis.

Leaves lanceolate 8—14 cm. long, 2°5—

4-5 ecm. broad; flowers 3—4in umbel 12. K. Gmuiata.

Mature leaves pubescent beneath and on the

nerves ; pedicel shorter than the « perianth ;

stamens 6—9 erect on the margin of a small

disk, stalk long ae sis so Bh US, TeyNoppiayA.

Species of which the “ flower are unknown ; mature

leaves very large, appressed pubescent beneath:

fruit over 5 em. long or oc .. 14. K. REervsa.

1. Knema Hooxeriana, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 251, t. xxiv. (1897).

A large tree reaching a height of 18—30 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam.

of stem; branches spreading; branchlets stout, with dark grey bark

peeling off in flakes, innovations densely covered with soft tawny

floceulent wool. Leaves coriaceous; oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceo-

late, obtuse or acute at apex, acute or somewhat rounded or even

subcordate at base; both surfaces glabrous when adult, when young

softly flocculent beneath, the upper shining, the lower subglaucous ;

25—65 em. long, 5—17 cm. broad; midrib stout, broad at base;

238 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

main nerves 20 —30 pairs, prominent especially beneath, parallel,

curving to close to the margin and then interarching; transverse

nervules many, sub-parallel, prominent beneath; petiole very stout,

1—1-5 cm. long, at first thickly rusty-flocculent afterwards glabrous.

Flowers: 3 in clusters of from 6 to 9 from thick tubercles in the

axils of fallen leaves nearly 1 cm. in diam., densely flocculent-woolly;

pedicels 1—2 cm. long; bracteole broadly ovate, 2—3 mm. below the

flowers, 5 mm. long; perianth obovoid, the teeth 3 broadly triangular,

thick and fleshy, glabrous inside and longitudinally furrowed toward

the base ; andrceecium on an obconic furrowed stalk, disk subconcave

glabrous bearing on the margin 18—20 sessile curved anthers: 9 with

shorter pedicels and broader teeth; ovary densely woolly, stigma

subsessile, concave, with many irregular lobes. Fvuzt ellipsoid,

4:5—8 cm. long, 3—4 em. thick, densely covered with a coating of

dense silky fulvous wool, thicker than the crustaceous pericarp.

Seed cylindric-ovoid; arillus thin, reniform, scarlet, completely en-

veloping the testa. Myristica Hookeriana, Wall. Cat. 6802 A; Hook.

f: & Th. Fl. Ind." V. 156: A. DC, Prodrisciws 7202. iigpe lyin:

Bat. I. 2. 69, Suppl. 384; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 109; King Ann.

Cale. IIT. 325, t. 163.

Penance: Wallich 6802 A!; Government Hill, Maingay K.D.

1279!; Curtis 202!, 2479!; Norris!. Prraxk: in hill forest near

Goping and Larut at 120—240 m. alt., King’s Collector 57541, 6007),

6656!. Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4342!. Srmvq@apore: Caniley 2904! ;

T. Anderson 10!; Hullett 314!; at Bukit Timah, etc., Ridley 2109!,

3701!.—Disrris. Borneo; Sumatra (at Ogan-Ulu, Palembang, T'eys-

mann !).

2. KnEMA CANntTLEYI, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 554, t. xxiv. (1897).

A tree reaching 6—15 m. in height and 20—30 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets moderately stout, pale reddish-brown with smooth

bark, the young ones and innovations densely felted with rufous

tomentum, the hairs branched. Leaves coriaceous; oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, acute at apex, subacute or rounded at base; upper

surface shining, glabrous, lower glaucescent, glabrous when old, when

yeung flocculently rufous-tomentose; margins slightly recurved.

18—40 cm. long, 4—9 cm. broad; midrib prominent, raised on both

surfaces; main nerves 15—20 pairs, raised above, curved to near the

margin and then interarching, the lower in diminishing loops, the

upper in single loops; transverse nervules subparallel, branching

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 239

into the netted reticulation; petiole stout, 1—3 cm. long, at first

thickly rufous-tomentose, afterwards glabrous. Flowers: 3 densely

felted, rufous tomentose, in many-flowered sessile umbels from tuber-

cles in the axils of leaves and of fallen leaves; pedicels 1—1°5 cm.

long; bracteoles ovate, close to the perianth ; perianth depressed, tri-

gonous, obovoid-globose, 6 mm. in diam., lobes 3, broadly triangular,

glabrous within; andrcecium surrounded by a raised disk, the stalk

cylindric 1 mm. high, the peltate top convex, papillose, surrounded

by the radiating anthers, anthers 13—15 with short filaments: 9?

subsessile in few-flowered clusters on tubercles as in 3; buds ovoid,

the bracteole minute, lobes 3 broadly triangular, glabrous within ;

ovary depressed globular, densely rufous-tomentose; stigma peltate,

large, with 12 or more often-forked lobes. fruzt ellipsoid, blunt,

densely covered with rufous-tomentum, about 3 cm. long, 2 cm,

broad, supported by the persistent perianth-lobes. Seed narrowly

obovate, pointed; arillus thin, entirely enclosing the testa. Myris-

tica Cantleyi, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 110; King Ann. Calc. III.

o21, t. 168.

Prenane: at Pulau Boetong, Curtis 2770!. Prrak: at Thaipeng,

ete., Wray 2700!, 3126!; Scortechini!; in dense forest on low wet

ground near Thaipeng and Larut, King’s Collector 3350!, 5317!,

5614!, 6569!, 6867!, 7290!, 8443!. Srin@arorE: Cantley 195!,

3083 !.

3. KNEMA INTERMEDIA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 564, t. xxv.

(1897). A tree reaching 12—24 m. in height and 30—45 ecm. in

diam. of stem; branchlets moderately stout with greyish rather

smooth bark, younger thinly covered with minute scurfy rufous

tomentum. Leaves coriaceous; narrowly oblong-lanceolate or oblong,

acute or shortly acuminate at apex, shortly cuneate or rounded at

base; upper surface shining, lower pale, both when young rusty-

pubescent, afterwards glabrous; 10—49 cm. long, 2—9 cm. broad;

midrib prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 12—22

pairs, raised above, parallel, slightly curving to the margin and flatly

interarching close to it; transverse nervules very many, raised and

prominent on the upper surface and branching into the netted re-

ticulation; petiole 10—13 mm. long, at first tomentose, afterwards

glabrous and black, channelled. Flowers: 3 in rusty-tomentose

umbels of 6—8 from short rounded woody tubercles in the axils of

leaves or of fallen leaves; pedicels rather slender, up to 1 cm. long;

bracteole small, ovate, close under the perianth; perianth ovoid-

240 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

globose, subtrigonous, 4—7 mm. in diam., lobes triangular-ovate,

glabrous and striate within; androecium convex-mammillate at top,

the stalk very short, the disk radiating; anthers 12—15: 9 in axil-

lary umbels similar to 3 but sessile, the bracteole embracing the

perianth-; perianth obovoid, lobes 3, acute; ovary ovoid, densely

rufous-tomentose; stigma sessile with 6—8 short suberect narrow

lobes. Fruit usually solitary, rarely in clusters of 2—3, 3-5—4 cm.

long, 2 cm. in diam., ellipsoid, grooved on one side, covered with a

thin layer of minute rufous tomentum. Seed ellipsoid, elongate,

subrugose; arillus thin, entire or shortly laciniate towards the apex,

completely enveloping the testa. Myristica intermedia, Bl. Rumph.

1. 187; Hook: f. & Th. Fl. Ind. 158; AD WCF Prodi: 206;

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 70; Ann. I. 207; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 112; King Ann. Calc. III. 318, t. 154; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. IV.

192. M. iteophylla, Miq. l.c. 59. M. corticosa, Hook. f. & Th. var.

decipiens, Miq. Ann. II. 57.

PENANG: Government Hill, etc., Curtis 1044!, 3402!; Waterfall

Gardens, Ridley 10786!. PrRrak: at Batu Togoh, etc., Wray 2130!;

3010!; at Haram Parah, Scortechini 631!, 803! ; in dense forest on low

ground up to 120 m. alt., King’s Collector 5419!, 6146!, 6371!, 6704!,

7576!. Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4359! (with diseased ¢ flower);

Maingay K.D. 1281!; Caniley 525!. Sineapore: at Bukit Timah,

Cantley 29!, 83!; Lobb!; at Tanglin, Hullett 5739!; Ridley 1820!,

7203!, 2039!, 2107!,9222!.—Distris. Java (Koorders!, Forbes 542!,

etc.), Sumatra (forbes 2573!), Borneo (Korthals), etc.

Var. dubia, Warb. Leaves broader, the transverse nervules very

slender; branchlets, petioles and flowers densely furfuraceous.

Penane: Wallich 6810!.

4. KnEma Curtisir, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 567, t. xxv. (1897).

A tree, all parts glabrous except the minutely puberulous leaf-buds

and 3 flowers; branchlets slender with greyish bark, uppermost

light brown sometimes becoming nearly black. Leaves thinly coriace-

ous; elliptic, elliptic-ovate or -obovate, acute or subacuminate at

apex, acute at base; upper surface shining, olivaceous when dry.

lower dull, subglaucous; margin slightly recurved; 6—14 cm. long,

3—6 cm. broad; midrib slender; main nerves 9—16 pairs, slightly

curved to interarch near the margin; secondary nerves few, trans-

verse nervules irregularly subparallel, enclosing the prominent .

minutely netted reticulation; petiole about 1 cm. long, slender.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 241

Flowers: 3 in umbels of 3—10 from short woody axillary tubercles ;

pedicels slender, 6—10 mm. long; bracteole minute, near the base

of the pedicels; perianth depressed-ovoid, trigonous, 3 mm. in diam.,

lobes 3 broadly triangular; andrcecium with a concave disk, some-

times slightly convex in the middle, the stalk short, thick, obconic ;

anthers about 40—45, sessile on the margin of the disk: @? in few-

flowered umbels; pedicels scarcely shorter than in 3; ovary ovoid,

tomentose, the stigma with 6 radiating acute teeth. Fruit solitary

or in pairs, ellipsoid or ovoid, often gibbous at the base, sometimes

with two keels one more prominent than the other, 2°5—3 cm. long,

about 2 cm. in diam., pericarp pale greenish orange, rusty-puberulous.

Seed ovoid; arillus red, thin, entire or slightly lobulate at apex,

completely enclosing the testa. Myristica Curtisii, King Ann. Calc.

III. 326, t. 167. Myristica (Maingay 1301) Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

118.

PEnane: Waterfall, etc., Curtis 1024!, 1301!, 3679!. Perak: at

Hermitage, Curtis 1320!; at Thaipeng, Wray 2112!; at Haram Parah,

etc., Scortechina 292!,763!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1301! ; Alwis

2240!; at Batu Tiga, Derry 1172!. Neeart Sempiian: at Tampin

Hill, Goodenough 1854!.

5. Knema KunstLeri, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 568, t. xxv.

(1897). A tree reaching 9 to 15 m. and even to 30 m. in height with

a stem of considerable diameter; branches spreading; branchlets

slender, at first slightly and minutely rusty-tomentose as are the

innovations, afterwards dark and glabrous. Leaves thinly coria-

ceous, glabrous, much reticulate when dry; elliptic or elliptic-oblong,

sometimes ovate, shortly and often bluntly acute or acuminate at

apex, sometimes obtuse, cuneate and rounded and slightly unequal

at base; upper surface shining, greenish when dry, lower glaucescent,

brownish white with small brown dots; 8—18 cm. long, 4—8 cm.

broad; midrib rather slender, keeled above; main nerves 7—14

pairs, brown, scurfy and prominent on the lower surface, parallel,

slightly curved and interarching near the margin; transverse nervules

subparallel, hardly more prominent than the conspicuously netted

reticulation; petiole stout, dark, 12—14 mm. long. Flowers: ¢ in

4—12-flowered rusty-pubescent umbels from short woody axillary

tubercles ; pedicels 7—10 mm. long, slender, the minute bracteole at

or a little above the middle; perianth in bud depressed-globose,

trigonous, 2—4 mm. in diam., when open spreading, lobes 3, fleshy,

broadly triangular-ovate, concave, glabrous within; andrcecium with

242 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

short cylindric stalk, disc flat glabrous; anthers 9—12 horizontal,

with short filaments attached to the edge of the disc: 9 not known,

ovary sessile, ovoid, rugulose; style very short glabrous; stigma

with 3 short spreading conical lobes. Fruit usually solitary, yellow,

sometimes in clusters of 2—3, pedunculate, 20—22 mm. long, 15—17

mm. in diam., broadly ovoid-globose, slightly apiculate, ferruginous-

puberulous when young, afterwards glabrescent. Seed broadly ovoid,

smooth; arillus red, thin, slightly lobed at the apex, completely

enveloping the testa. Myristica Kunstleri, King Ann. Calc. IIT.

314, t. 149.

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill at 900 m. alt., Curtis 2051!; Scorte-

chinit 175!; at Gunong Keledang, Ridley 9587!; at Waterfall Hill

and Blanda Mabok, Wray 2056!, 3985!; in hilly forests at various

elevations up to 600 m. alt., King’s Collector (Kunstler) 2614!,

2743!, 3372!, 3393!, 3510!, 4150!, 4216!, 4414!, 4605!, 4949),

5867!, 6440!, 7180!, 10022!, 10549!, 10826!. Smnancor: at Kwala

Lumpur, Ridley 3538 !.

6. KNEMA MALAYANA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 570, t. xxv. (1897).

A tree reaching 9—21 m. in height and 25—30 cm. in diam. of stem;

branches spreading or drooping; branchlets rather slender, minutely

rufous-pubescent when young. finally glabrous, dark and striate.

Leaves membranous; narrowly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, sub-

acute or obtuse at apex, rounded or subcuneate at base: upper

surface glabrous, shining, lower glaucescent ; 9—15 cm. long, 3°5-—6.

em. broad; midrib slender, keeled above; main nerves 13—18 pairs,

spreading, prominent beneath, parallel, interarching near the margin ;

transverse nervules subparallel, prominent, enclosing the netted

reticulation; petiole nearly 1 cm. long, slender. Flowers: 3 in

almost sessile axillary 5- to 8 flowered rusty-puberulous umbels from

axillary or lateral tubercles; pedicels slender, 12—15 mm. long,

bearing the minute bracteole above the middle; perianth in bud

depressed-globose, bluntly 3-angled, 3 mm. in diam., lobes 3, broadly

ovate, fleshy, striate and glabrous within; andrcecium on a short

stalk thickened upwards, the disc flattened bearing 10—12 anthers

radially on the margin: 2 in fewer-flowered umbels than ¢ , obovoid

in bud; ovary sessile ovoid-globose, style short; stigma peltate,

glabrous, with 4 acute lobes. Fruit small, ovoid or slightly obovoid,

narrowed at the base, 12—14 mm. long, 9—11 mm. in diam.,

minutely rusty-tomentose. Seed ovoid-rotund, sessile, smooth;

arillus thin, reniform, irregularly fimbriate at apex, enveloping the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 243

testa. Myristica glaucescens, Hook. f. & Th. Fl. Ind. 157 non

Knema glaucescens, Jack; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. III in part; King

Ann. Calc. IIT. 323, t. 161. MM. corticosa, A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 1. 205

(in part); Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 69 (an part).

PENANG: Curtis. PERAK: at Tapa Batang Padang, Wray 176!;

in hilly forest up to 300 m. alt., King’s Collector 4352!, 5706!,

5726!, 6128!, 7599!, 8541!, 10286!, 10594!. Manacca: Griffith

K. D. 4843!; Maingay K. D. 1280!, 1280/2!, 1299!; Ridley 7122!;

at Ayer Panas, Derry 1038!. Panane: at Kwala Brok, Ridley 2263!.

StyGapore: at Bukit Timah, Cantley 20!; Garden jungle, etc., Ridley

4136!, 4816!, 4817! —Distrais. Burma.

7. KnemMA WRayt. Warb. Monog. Myrist. 572, t. xxiv. (1897),

A tree reaching to 30 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem;

branches spreading ; branchlets rather slender, glabrous, pale, striate.

Leaves thinly coriaceous; narrowly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute

or subacute rarely acuminate at apex, rounded or subcuneate at

base ; both surfaces glabrous, shining above, glaucous beneath ; 16—

24 em. long, 6—9 cm. broad; midrib prominent beneath; main

nerves 13—20 pairs, prominent beneath, parallel, nearly straight at

at first, then curved along the margin but scarcely interarched ;

transverse nervules very many, close, parallel, prominent, netted

with the reticulation; petiole 10—i12 mm. long. Flowers: @ in

many-flowered compound rusty-puberulous umbels from short woody

axillary tubercles ; pedicels slender, 7—10 mm. long, bearing the

small oblong pubescent bracteole above the middle; perianth in bud

3—4 mm. in diam., subglobose, lobes 3—4 ovate, thick, ridged in-

side; andreecium on a short stout stalk, disc subtriangular, flat or

subconvex, anthers 13—17 on short filaments, horizontal: @ not

known. fruit oblong-ovoid or ovoid 2°5—4:5 cm. long, 1—2°5 cm.

broad, in axillary pedicellate pairs, cinereous, glabrescent, pericarp

yellow. Seed oblong-ovoid or ovoid; arillus entire, thin, tough,

completely enveloping the testa. King Ann. Calc. III. 315, t. 151.

Perak: at Ulu Seding, Wray 2006! ; in forest up to 150 mm. alt.,

King’s Collector 5299!, 6514!, 6521!, 7475!, 8277!, 10#44!, 10691!.

Stycapore: at Jurong, Ridley 3873!.

8. KneMa conrerta, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 578, t. xxiv. (1897).

A tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 45—60 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets rather stout, pale brown, striate, glabrous, the

youngest densely covered with short stellate or branched rusty

244 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

tomentum. Leaves subcoriaceous; oblong or oblong-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or slightly cordate at base;

both surfaces minutely reticulate, the upper glabrous, shining, the

lower when young and specially on the nerves with minute loose

scurfy tomentum, ultimately glabrous and subglaucous; margins

recurved; 13 —27 cm. long, 4:5—6°5 cm. broad: midrib moderately

stcut, keeled above; main nerves 14—28 pairs, parallel, straight,

curved and interarching near the margin: transverse nervules very

many, subparallel, closely netted with the reticulation; petiole stout,

10—15 mm. long. Flowers: 3 in densely crowded axillary clusters

of 20—30 on woody tubercles, rusty-pubescent; pedicels 7—10 mm.

long with the bracteole about the middle; perianth in bud sub-

globose, depressed, bluntly 3-angled. about 4 mm. in diam., the

teeth broadly triangular, acute fleshy, glabrous within; andrcecium

on an obconic striate stalk, the disc concave and sometimes slightly

mammillate in the centre at first, afterwards flat, triangular;

stamens 8—18 on short filaments, at first recurved, afterwards flat or

even suberect: 2 larger than ¢ but in smaller clusters obovoid or

urceolate with 3 short subacute teeth; ovary depressed-globose,

tufous-tomentose, style narrow, stigma cupshaped with lobed

margins. Fruit axillary solitary or in pairs, ovoid, blunt, 3°5—4cm.

long, 2--2°5 cm. in diam., shortly rufous-pubescent when young,

glabrescent when ripe, the pericarp thick. Seed ellipsoid, pointed ;

arillus covering the whole testa, minutely laciniate at the apex.

Myristica conferta, King Ann. Calc. IIL. 265, t. 150.

PENANG: at Pulau Boetong, Curtis 2770!. PERAK: at Thai-

peng, Wray 2377!; indense jungle on low wet ground, King’s Collector

6211!, 10295!. Panane: at Pulau Chengei, Ridley 2264!. Matac-

cA: Griffith K.D. 4345!; Maingay K.D. 1289!, 1294!. SINGAPORE:

Maingay K.D. 1297!; at Bukit Mandai, Ridley’s Collector 442!.—

DistRis. Andamans, Borneo.

Var. Scortechinii, Warb. Leaves longer, 16—32 cm. long, with

thicker petioles. Andrecium with flatter disc, the stamens hori-

zontal with rather longer filaments. Fruit ovoid-globose shorter,

longer pedunculate, the pedicels of the 2 longer, 11—12 mm.

Myristica Scortechinit, King Ann. Calc. III. 317, t. 153.

Prrak: at Goping, Scortechinii 178!; at Gunong Batu Pateh

1300 m. alt., Wray 285!, at Tapa, Wray 1422!; in hill forests from

100 to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 5617!, 5939!, 6043!, 6694!,

7926!, 10635!.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 245

I have followed Warburg in reducing King’s M. Scortechinii to a variety of

M. conferta, but I cannot help feeling alittle doubt in the matter. It is pos-

sible that further investigation on the spot will restore it to specific rank.

9. KneMA FURFURACEA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 581, t. xxiv.

(1897). A tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 60—90 cm. diam.

of stem; branchlets stout, the younger ones densely covered with a

thick furfuraceous tawny tomentum, the older glabrous with black

bark much cracked. Leaves coriaceous; narrowly oblong-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate at apex, cordate at base; upper surface shining,

pale brown when dry, lower dull, reddish-glaucescent, glabrous

except on the midrib beneath; 10—50 cm. long, 3—13 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, broad at base, prominent, often rusty-tomentose

beneath; main nerves 18—36 pairs, prominent, parallel, at first

straight, then curved to and along the margin but scarcely inter-

arching; transverse nervules subparallel, distinct, enclosing the

rather obscure reticulation; petiole very stout, 10—14 mm. long, at

first densely rusty-tomentose, afterwards glabrous. Flowers: 3 in

6 —8-flowered densely rusty-pubescent umbels from woody tubercles

in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves; pedicels 7—10 mm.

long, bearing the minute bracteole about the middle; perianth in

bud obtusely trigonous subglobose, 4—5 mm. in diam., divided into

3 blunt triangular teeth, glabrous inside; andrcecium on a stout

obconic furrowed stalk, the disc circular or slightly 3-angled, anthers

10—13 on the disc margin, curving upwards so as to open vertically :

2 in fewer-flowered umbels, sessile, the bracteole at the base of the

perianth, obovoid, 7—8 mm. long, with 3 teeth; ovary sessile,

globose, densely rufous-tomentose, stigma sessile, concave, many-

toothed. Fruit subglobose at first and densely rufous-tomentose,

when ripe ovoid or ellipsoid, blunt, 2°5—3-5 cm. long, pericarp thick.

Seed elliptic or oblong; arillus thin, completely enveloping the whole

of the testa except at the extreme apex where it is divided into 5 or

6 narrow lobes. Myristica furfuracea, Hook. f. & Th. Fl. Ind. 159;

A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 1. 206; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 70; Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 112; King Ann. Calc. III. 318, t. 155. M. longifolia,

Hook. f. & Th. l.c. 156 (the Malayan material).

PENANG: Porter!; Phillips !; various places, Curtis 1459 !, 2456!,

2769!, 2827!. Perak: in dense forest from the plain up to 360 m.

-alt., King’s Collector 5600!, 5720!, 5819!, 6025!, 6059!, 6515!,

7551!, 10349!. Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4346!; Maingay K.D.

2287!, 1288!; at Tubong, Goodenough 2001!; at Batu Tigali,

246 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

——o

Holmberg 773!. Stncarore: Cantley 69!; Murton 150!.—Distr1s.

Sumatra (Forbes 2694!).

10. KNEMA oBLOoNGIFOLIA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 586. t. xxiv.

(1897). A-shrub or small tree reaching 12 m. or more in height,

stem slender: branchlets slender, at first minutely scurfily rusty-

tomentose, afterwards subglabrous, the bark pale brown. Leaves.

membranous; oblong or oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, rarely

elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, truncate or cordate at

base: upper surface glabrous, shining, lower dull, glaucous, when

young with much loose stellate rufous hair; 15—40 cm. long, 4—10

em. broad; midrib rather thick, prominent, impressed and keeled

above; main nerves 20—28 pairs, spreading, parallel, sometimes

distant, sometimes close, curved near the margin and the upper ones

only interarching; transverse nervules rather obscure, subparallel ;

reticulation obscure; petiole stout, 1 -2 cm. long, rufous-tomentose

when young. Flowers: 3 in 4—12-flowered umbels from short,

woody, axillary tubercles; pedicels 5—10 mm. long, bearing the

minute bracteole at the summit; perianth in bud obovoid or sub-

urceolate, obtuse. 4 mm. long, 3 mm. in diam., lobes 3 broadly

triangular, ribbed and glabrous within; andreecium on a long cylin-

dric stalk, as long as the tube, disc very small, concave; anthers

6—10, sessile, suberect on the disc margin: 9@ sessile, in short but

stoutly pedunculate 4—6-flowered axillary umbels; buds ovoid,

lobes of perianth ovate blunt, glabrous within; ovary sessile, ovoid-

conic, rusty-tomentose; style short; stigma of 2 rounded compressed

lobes. Fruit in pairs or solitary, axillary, shortly peduncled, obovoid’

or ovoid, slightly pointed, sharply ridged, 3—3°5 cm. long, 2—2°5 cm.

in diam.; pericarp thin, densely covered with harsh short rusty

tomentum; peduncle 4mm. Jong. Seed ovoid, mottled ; arillus thin, .

deeply lobed, covering only the lower half of the testa. Myristica

oblongifolia, King Ann. Calc. IIT. 313, t. 148.

PENANG: on rocky ground at about 250 m., King’s Collector

1372!; Curtis 1044!. Prrax: in forest on low ground and up to 250°

m., King’s Collector 835!, 4534!, 5983!, 8645!. Srntancor: Pahang

Track, Ridley 8504!; Ginting Bidai, Ridley 7627!. Matacca: at

Ayer Panas, Derry 1038!. Sryeapore: Garden jungle, Rrdley!.

Var. monticola, King. Leaves smaller, 15—25 cm. long, subacute

or rounded at base, the nerves fewer, the petiole more slender.

Flowers: 3 almost sessile on elongated tubercles, the stalk of the-

andrcecium longer. A hill variety.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 247

Perak: Scortechini!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, 1000:

m. alt., Wray 993!, 1077!, 1087!; in hilly forest at 750—1050 m.

alt., King’s Collector 3582!, 3810!, 6330!, 8322!, 10953!.

11. Knema missioniIs, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 602, t. xxv.

(1897). A tree 6 to 15 m. high; branchlets slender, dark brown,

minutely tawny-pubescent when young, ultimately glabrous and

striate. Leaves membranous to chartaceous ; oblong-lanceolate or

oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate at apex,

attenuate at base, or sometimes rounded ; both surfaces glabrous,

upper shining, lower glaucous; 10O—15 cm. long, 2—5 em. broad;

midrib slender, slightly impressed above; main nerves 13--16 pairs,

slightly raised above, parallel, curving and interarching near the

margin; transverse nervules irregular, reticulation obscure; petiole

slender about 1 cm. long. Flowers: 3 in rusty-puberulous umbels.

of about 8 on axillary or lateral tubercles which are at first short but

elongate gradually to nearly 1 cm. long; pedicels slender, 5—7 mm.

long with the bracteole near the summit; perianth in bud depressed:

globose, trigonous, about 3 mm. in diam., scurfy pubescent without,

lobes 3 triangular, glabrous within; andrcecium on a short thick stalk,

the disc subconcave bearing the 10—12 anthers suberect on its

margin: 2 in similar umbels on similar tubercles; pedicel much

shorter with the bracteole close under the perianth ; perianth urceolate,

scurfily pubescent without, the lobes triangular; ovary conoidal,

densely rusty-villous ; style short, stigma bilobed, the lobes often

again bifid. Fruit subglobose, rusty-pubescent, finally nearly glab-

rous, apiculate, 18 mm. long, 14 mm. in diam.; pericarpthin. Seed

subglobose, smooth; arillus entire or only fimbriate at the apex

Myristica missionis, Wall. Cat. 6788; King Ann. Calc. III. 321, t.

158. M. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 6794. M. corticosa, Hook. f. &

Th. Fl. Ind 158 (in part); A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 1. 205 (in part); Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 69 (in part). M. glaucescens, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 111 (in part). M. spherula, Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 859.

ToneKa: at Puket: Curtis 2925!. KerpDan: at Pulau Songsong,

Curtis! PEnane: Wallich 6788!; Curtis 700!,935!. Prax: Cant-

ley. Matacca: Griffith K.D. 4344!; Miller 9!; Maingay K.D. 1282!,

1299!; Hervey!; Cuming 2315!; Cantley! (MW. spherula Hk. f. type).

PaHANG: at Pulau Manis, Ridley 2262!. Stnearore: Wallich 6794!;

Ridley 4816, 4817, 6447! ?.—Distris. Burma, Borneo.

12. KneMa GEemiNATA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. S04. t. xxv.

(1897). A tree: young branches slender, rufous-furfuraceous, ulti-.

248 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula

mately glabrous, with two obscure ridges decurrent from the leaf-

bases. Leaves pergamaceous; oblong lanceolate, subacuminate at

apex, cuneate or rounded at base; upper surface shining, lower

glaucescent, when young golden rusty-tomentose; 8—14 cm. long,

2°5—4:5 cm. broad; midrib slender, main nerves 12—16 pairs, thin

but prominent beneath, spreading, curving near the margin and

rather obscurely interarching: transverse nervules irregular, obscure

as is the reticulation ; petiole about 1 cm. long, slender, dark, chan-

nelled. Flowers: 3 in 3—4-flowered sessile umbels on short axillary

tubercles; pedicel slender, 6 mm. long, the bracteole above its

middle; perianth in bud subglobose, rufous-puberulous, 3 mm. in

diam., lobes 3, subacute, glabrous and striate within ; andrcecium on

a short glabrous stalk, the disc flat, glabrous, with 9—10 sessile

radiate anthers on its margin, curving upwards: 2 not known.

Fruit axillary, usually in pairs, often solitary, ellipsoid or ovoid,

blunt at apex, narrowed at base, ridged at the sides, 2—2°5 cm.

long; pericarp thin. Seed shining; arillus thin, fleshy, entire, slightly

laciniate below the apex. Mvyristica geminata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

Suppl. 385, Ann. I. 207; King Ann. Calc. ITI. 322, t. 160.

PENANG ?: Curtis 3679!. PERAK: at Kurow, Scortechini 1527!.

JOHORE: at Gunong Palai, G. King!.—Distris. Burma, Sumatra

{Forbes 2911!).

13. KnemMa LauRINA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 606, t. xxiv.

(1897). A tree reaching 12—20 m. in height and 30—45 cm. in diam.

of stem; branchlets rather stout, pale brown, faintly striate, the

youngest harshly rufous-tomentose. Leaves chartaceous; oblong or

oblong-obovate or -oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded

or subcordate, often unequally, at base; upper surface shining,

glabrous, lower surface tomentose, thickly on the nerves, sparsely on

the parenchyma between them, hairs stellate; margin slightly

recurved; 10—30 cm. long, 4-10 cm. broad; midrib rather slender,

raised above; main nerves 12—24 pairs, parallel, impressed above,

spreading, curved near the margin and more or less interarching;

transverse nervules thin, subparallel, enclosing the minutely netted

areolation; petiole about -1 cm. long, thick, rufous-tomentose.

Flowers: @ in dense, axillary, rufous-tomentose, many-flowered

umbels on thick tubercles; pedicel 2—3 mm. long, bearing under the

perianth the rather large ovate bracteole; perianth in bud obovoid,

3—4 mm. long, 3-lobed; andreecium long-stalked, the stalk widening

afterwards, striate, 2mm. long, disc small, glabrous, concave, bearing

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 249

6—9 erect sessile anthers: 2 in umbels on tubercles asin ¢; ovary

sessile, depressed-globose, densely rufous-tomentose ; style 0, or very

short; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes patent, toothed. Fruit ovoid or

ellipsoid, 2°5—3 cm. long, 1°5—2 cm in diam.; pericarp leathery,

densely covered with coarse rufous tomentum. Seed ellipsoid; arillus

thin, red, entire, completely enveloping the testa. Myristica laurina,

BI. Rumph. I. 189, t. 61; DeVriese Pl. Reinw. 96; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

I. 2. 71 and Suppl. 385; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 112 (excluding spec.

Maingay) ; King Ann. Calc. III. 319, t. 156; Koord. & Val. Bijdr.

IV. 186. M. tomentosa, Bl. (non Thunb.) Bijdr. 577.

Penance: Pulau Boetong Reserve, Curtis 1191!; Moniot’s road,

Curtis 2457!. PERak: Waterloo. Curtis 2728!; at Haram Parah,

etc., Scortechini 54!, 830!, 831!; in thick forest at 100—300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4807!, 5092!, 7452!, 7686!. Manacca: at Bukit

Panchur and Batu tiga, Derry 485!, 979!; at Sungei Hudang, Ridley

1800!. Sryeaporn: Ridley 2044!—Distris. Java, Sumatra, Bor-

neo, etc.

14. Knema RETUSA, Warb. Monog. Myrist. 642, t. xxv. (1897).

A tree, reaching 12—18 m. in height and 40—50 cm. in diam. of

stem; branchlets stout, striate, pale brown and cinereous when dry.

Leaves very large, coriaceous; oblong, elliptic-oblong or -obovate,

obtuse or retuse at apex, rounded or subcordate at base; upper

surface glabrous, shining, lower pale brown or whitish from a uniform

layer of dense minute cinnamomeous hairs; margins recurved; 35—

55 cm. long, 14—21 cm. broad; midrib stout, impressed above;

main nerves 16-—-24 pairs, spreading subhorizontally and straight

near the base, gradually more and more curved towards the apex

and interarching ; transverse nervules many, subparallel, prominent

above; petiole stout, 1—2 cm. long. Flowers not known. Frutt

2—3 together on short thick tubercules from the scars of fallen

leaves, ovoid, apiculate, gibbous on one side at the base, 5—6 cm.

long, 5 cm. in diam.; pericarp thick, minutely rufous-tomentose.

Seed narrowly obovoid, smooth; arillus very small, merely embracing

the base of the seed, thin, much fimbriate. Myristica retusa, King

Ann. Calc. III. 330, t. 171.

PERAK: in dense jungle, Gunong Bubu range, 150—250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 7690 !.

‘250 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Family CIMONIMIACE.

Trees or shrubs, rarely scandent, often aromatic. Leaves oppo-

site, rarely alternate, entire or serrate, usually coriaceous, exstipu-

late. Flowers 1—2-sexual, regular, usually in short cymes or

racemes; bracts small or 0, or 2 valvately enclosing the bud.

Perianth inferior, globose ovoid or depressed, rarely campanulate ;

limb 4—many-toothed, teeth in one or several series, equal, or the

outer sepaloid and the inner petaloid, sometimes obsolete when the

perianth is calyptrate. Stamens few or many in one or many series

on a disk adnate to the perianth tube, included ; filaments short,

simple or with basal scales; anthers erect, 2-celled, opening by slite

or by valves opening upwards; staminodesin ? flowers usually none.

Carpels many or rarely solitary, sessile on the disk or on the sides of

the perianth-tube, or immersed in a disk, l-celled; styles long or

short, stigma small; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous, anatropous

or orthotropous. /rutt a drupe, free or enclosed in the disk or on a

discoid receptacle, indehiscent. Seed erect or pendulous; testa

membranous; albumen fleshy; embryo near the hilum and minute,

cotyledons usually flattened ; radicle superior or inferior.—DisTRIB.

Genera 31, species 253 (according to Perkins and Gilg in Engler’s

Pflanzenreich), chiefly in tropical America, also in Africa, Australia

and the Pacific Islands, a few only in tropical Asia.

Stamens 4, the anther-cells distinct and dehiscing

longitudinally .. ans cle .. J. Marraaa.

Stamens 8, the 4 outer larger than the 4 inner, the

anther-cells confluent bo oe .. 2. Krpara.

1. MarrHaa, Blume.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or subserrate, petiolate,

glabrous. Flowers fasciculate in the axils of the leaves or at the

nodes of the branches below them, moneecious, pedicelled, Perianth

depressed-turbinate, with 4 minute lobes at the nearly-closed mouth,

at length circumsciss, the top dehiscent. Stamens 4 on the flattened

receptacle of the 3 flower; filaments very short; anthers ovoid, 2-

celled, longitudinally dehiscing ; pistillode of ¢ flower minute. Car-

pels many, on the broad flattened receptacles of the ? flower; style

short, conical; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a

fleshy pedunculate drupe, one or several on the persistent enlarged

flattened receptacle. Seed pendulous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 251

‘small, flat; radicle clavate, superior.—Distris. About 3 species in

the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Perianth of # convex in bud, leaves under 20 cm. long.

Leaves oblong, 3—6 cm. broad aE Seis SANOmAr

Leaves oval-oblong, 4—8 cm. broad .. .. 2 M, LATYFOLIA.

Perianth of ~# concave in bud, leaves over 20 cm. long,

6 ecm. broad ts a ws : 3. M. CALOPHYLLIA.

1. MattHmaA Sancta, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IT. 90., t. x.

(1849). A tree, reaching 12 to 15 m. in height and 25—40 cm.

in diam. of stem; branchlets smooth, glabrous, ashy-grey, terete,

the uppermost somewhat flattened. Leaves chartaceo-coriaceous ;

oblong, rather abruptly short- or long-acuminate at apex, acute at

base ; margins entire, recurved ; both surfaces glabrous, glossy green

when fresh, greyish when dry especially beneath ; 10—20 cm. long,

3—6 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent, keeled above; main

nerves 6—9 pairs, more or les simpressed above, prominently raised

beneath, curved outwards and joined near the margin by prominent

intramarginal arches; secondary nerves between the main nerves

also joining the arches and often branched ; reticulation irregularly

netted ; petiole stout, twisted, channelled, 4—10 mm. long. Flowers

in subumbellate cymes or fascicles in the axils of the leaves or of

fallen leaves: bracts small, pubescent; peduncles stout, puberulous,

about 5—10 mm. long; pedicels slender, pubescent, flattened, those

of 9 2—4 em. long, enlarged in fruit, those of ¢ flowers shorter ;

perianth turbinate, that of 3 flowers 4—5 mm. broad with conical

apex and 4 minute lobes, that of ? flowers 6—13 mm. broad with

depressed apex and obscure lobes, circumsciss at the broadest point.

Stamens 4, filaments very short, connective broad. Carpels « , subu-

late, pubescent. Fruit an ovoid drupe about 2—2°5 cm. long by 1—

1-5 cm. in diam., angled, many together, stalked, on the enlarged

perianth base; pericarp crustaceous, indigo-blue when ripe. Seed

oblong, about 15 cm. long, with prominent funicle and broad hilum;

albumen thick; cotyledons ovate-oblong, flattened, 4—6 mm. long;

radicle as long as cotyledons, thick. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2. 670;

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 74; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 115; Perkins &

Gilg in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 52, fig. 10, 1—4 and xlix 18.

Perak: Wray 2811!; at Gunong Haram, Scortechini 704!; in

dense forest on mountains near Thaiping and Larut at 700—1200 m.

alt., King’s Collector 6380!, 8455!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1308!.

SINGAPORE: Garden jungle, Ridley 107!—Disrriz. Sumatra, Borneo.

252 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2. MATTH#A LATIFOLIA, Perk. in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. xxv. 563,

fig. 10, 5—7 (1898). A glabrous shrub or small tree; branchlets

greyish with yellowish patches and lenticels. Leaves chartaceo-coria-

ceous; oval or oval-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, rounded-

cuneate at base; glabrous on both surfaces, the upper greenish when

dry, the lower reddish-brown except the nearly white nerves;

margins slightly recurved ; 10—20 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib

rather slender, prominent, keeled above; main nerves 8—10 pairs,

prominent on the under surface, curving outwards to join in prom-

inent intramarginal loops; secondary nerves between the main

nerves also joining the arches and branched; reticulation loose, ir-

‘regular; petiole 1—1°5cm. long. lowers in umbels on axillary or

lateral tubercles, pedicels 5—6 mm. long, « 1—1‘5 mm. in diam. ;

receptacle depressed-cupular; 2 4—5 mm. broad, flattened. Stamens

4, filaments very short, anthers ovoid. Carpels « , subulate, pubes-

cent. Fruit a bluish-red ovoid drupe 15—17 mm. long, 5—7 mm. in

diam.; pericarp crustaceous. Perk. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. 52, t.

10, 5—7 and xlix. 17, t. 7 B.C.

Matacca: Maingay 1308!.—Distris. Java (cult.).

The description is partly taken from Miss Perkins’—it does not seem to

me that it differs much from M. sancta. The sheets in the Calcutta Herbarium

show narrower leaves than do the specimens at Kew.

3. MAaTrTHa#A CALOPHYLLA, Perk. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxv. 563

(1898). <A tree (?); branchlets smooth, pale brown, glabrous except

when quite young, innovations tawny-pubescent ; pith large. Leaves

submembranous; ovate- or elliptic-oblong, abruptly cuspidate-acu-

minate at apex, rounded or subacute at base; both surfaces glabrous,

the lower slightly reddish when dry; margins entire, cartilaginous ;

20—30 cm. long, 7—9 cm. broad; midrib stout, main nerves 8—10

pairs, pale, the lowest pair from quite at the base, the rest distant,

curving upwards and joining, especially the upper ones, in broad

arches, outside which are smaller arches forming intramarginal

nerves; secondary nerves and reticulation also pale, irregular,

branching ; petiole straight, 1-5—2 cm. long, channelled. Flowers

in short subumbellate pubescent cymes in the axils of the leaves or

of fallen leaves; rhachis very short; pedicels slender, flattened, 1—2

cm. long, bracteolate about the middle, elongating and thickening in

fruit; perianth in g obovate-globose, 6 mm. in diam., deeply con-

cave; in 2 depressed globose, 5 mm. in diam., the apex conical,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 253

circumsciss at the broadest part, the top calyptrate deciduous,

the base not much (up to 6 mm.) enlarged in fruit. Stamens 4,

sessile, the anthers ovate. Carpels many, glabrous except for

villous hairs at the base; style curved, subulate; ovule rather

large. Fruit (immature) an ovate slightly angled drupe 12—15

mm. long on a slender stalk about 10 mm. long, several together

on the only slightly enlarged perianth base; pericarp black when

dry. Perk. and Gilg in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 52 and XLIX.

16. t. 7 A.

SrycarorE: at Bidasi, Angmoko, Bukit Timah, Chanchu Kang,

etc., Ridley 9165!.—Distris. Borneo (Sarawak, Beccari 3236!),

Philippines.

2. Kisara, Endl.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or dentate. Flowers

moncecious, small, in axillary or lateral cymes or panicles; bracts

very small. Perianth ovoid, globular or hemispherical, nearly

closed by 4 short lobes in 2 series, those of 3 erect, those of @ in-

flexed, hooked; pedicels usually long; in fruit the ¢@ perianth

circumsciss above the disk which is much enlarged and often reflexed.

Stamens 5—8, 2-seriate; filaments thickened; anthers 1-celled, open-

ing vertically in 2 unequal valves; staminodes in 9 flowers 0.

Carpels many, free, on the inside of the urceolate perianth ; style very

short; ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a fleshy sessile or

stipitate drupe, many together seated on the enlarged perianth-tube.

Seed conform to the drupe; testa membranous; albumen fleshy;

cotyledons flat, leafy, ovate; radicle thick, superior.—DIsTRIB.

According to Perkins and Gilg 15 species, in the Malay Peninsula

and Archipelago.

The latest work on this genus is that by Miss Janet Perkins in Engler’s

Bot. Jahrb. xxv. (1898) and in Engler’s Pflanzenreich Heft 4 (1901) and

Nachtrage Heft 49 (1911). In describing the species of the genus Kibara she

refers to three of the four species described from the Malay Archipelago by

Blume in his Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. Vol. II, pp. 88, 89, different Malay

Peninsula specimens which in the Flora Indica and Flora of British India had

been placed under K. cortacea, Endlicher, as they had previously been placed

by Miquel in the Fl. Ind. Bat. Thus: Griffith’s No. 4365 from Malacca is

referred to K. cusprdata, Blume, as is Maingay’s No. 1307; while Curtis’ 2255

from Penang is attributed to K. chartacea, Blume, K. cortacea is considered as

only a Javanese species, with its variety serrulaia first raised to specific rank

and then in the Nachtrag reduced to varietal. Miss Perkins lays much stress

on the texture of the leaves and I have found it very difficult to follow her in

254 Flera of the Maiayan Peninsula.

this. ‘The series of specimens belonging to the Caleutta Herbarium at my

disposal seemed to me as regards leaves to be very difficult to separate, and I

found it difficult to obtain characters’ from the flowers and fruit. After much

consideration it appeared to me that the best characters were to be got from

the inflorescence, and I consequently have thought it best to try and follow

Miss Perkins as far as possible and to arrange the material accordingly. [{

eannot say that I am fully satisfied with the resuit, but I do not see my way

to anything better and I should greatly hesitate to make new species of any

of the material without better reasons than I can give at present. I have

consequently divided the material among the four species K. chartacea,

K. cuspidata, K. coriacea and K. serrulata, the best-marked of which is probably

the last. It is quite possible that the next monographer will reduce at any

rate the first three to one species.

Inflorescence 2—-3 cm. long .. si .. 1. K. cusprpata.

Inflorescence to 10 cm. long .. ahd .. 2. K. CHARTACEA.

Inflorescence to 14 em. long.

Pedicels 6—7 mm. long Lp se .. 3. K. CORIACEA.

Pedicels 20—25 mm. long . re .. 4, K. SERRULATA.

1. Krpara cusprpata, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. Il. 89

(1852—56). A shrub or small tree reaching at most 4—5 ft. in

height; branchlets stout, smooth. Leaves chartaceous; ovate or

elliptic, shortly cuspidately acuminate at apex, cuneate to almost

rounded at base; both surfaces glabrous, yellowish when dry; margin

recurved, entire or slightly and distantly serrate or undulate in the

upper half ; 12—30 cm. long, 6—15 cm. broad; midrib stout; main

nerves 5—7 pairs, irregular, at first straight then curved, the upper

ones to meet in loops at from 6 to 10 mm. from the margin; second-

ary nerves few, reticulation irregular, conspicuous on the under sur-

face especially ; petiole 1—2 cm. long, channelled above. Flowers in

much-branching axillary pubescent cymes 2—3 cm. long; pedicels

slender, up to15 mm. long in 3 , stouter and upto 10 mm. in 9 ; bracts

deciduous, bracteoles as the perianth-tube minute, ovate ; perianth-

tube ovoid, lobes very small, hooked withinin 9. Carpels pubescent.

Drupe ellipsoid, 15 mm. long, 10 mm. in diam., smooth, seated on the

fleshy, lobed, enlarged receptacle; enlarged pedicels clavate, 8—10

mm.long. Perk. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 573 and Monog. 61, Nachtr.

33. K. coriacea, Endl.; Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 166 and Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 114 in part only.

Prnane: Government Hill, 360 m., Curtis 1242!. Prax: at

Tupa, 60 m. alt., Wray 829!; at Ulu Bubong, in dense forest at 120

—180 m. alt., King’s Collector 10415!, 10455!. Matacoa: Griffith

K.D. 4365!; Maingay K.D. 1307!.—Distris. Sumatra.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 255

KIBARA CHARTACEA, Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II. 89

(1852—56). A small tree reaching 7—8 m. in height; branchlets

rather stout, smooth, pale brown. Leaves subcoriaceous; elliptic or

ovate or ovate oblong, shortly cuspidate-acuminate at apex, acute or

rounded at base; both surfaces glabrous, yellowish when dry;

margin slightly recurved, entire or minutely distantly serrate on the

upper half; 15—30 cm. long, 8—16 cm. broad; midrib fairly stout.

raised above; main nerves 6—8 pairs, prominent, irregular, curved,

the upper ones meeting in loops; secondary nerves and reticulation

irregularly netted, prominent on the lower surface; petiole stout,

channelled, 1:-5—2 cm. long. Flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes

reaching 10 cm. in length in fruit, branches dichotomous. Drupe

ovate acuminate, up to 15 mm. long, 10—12 mm. in diam., slightly

rugose ; enlarged receptacle lobed; pedicel thick, about 5 mm. long.

Perk. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxv. 572 and Monog. 61. K. coriacea,

Endl. ; Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 166 and Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

144 in part only.

PENANG: back of W. hill road to Batu Ferengy, Curtis 2255! ;

rocky jungle near Thaipeng, 250—300 m., King’s Collector 8524!.—

Distris. Sumatra.

3. Kipara coriaczea, Tul. in Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris VII.

404 (1855). A small tree, reaching 4:5 m. in height; branchlets

rather stout, smooth, brown. Leaves subcoriaceous ; ovate or oblong-

ovate or -lanceolate, acute at apex, cuneate at base; both surfaces

glabrous, yellowish when dry ; margin entire or very distantly and

inconspicuously toothed in the upper half; 16—22 cm. long, 7—10

cm. broad; midrib moderately stout; main nerves 6—8 pairs,

curved, the upper ones meeting in loops about 5 mm. within the

margin: secondary nerves few, reticulation irregular, prominent on

the under surface; petiole 1—1:5 cm. long, channelled. lowers in

axillary or lateral, puberulous, panicles of cymules reaching 14 cm.

in length; cymules subumbellate ; pedicels curved, flattened, clavate,

6—7 mm. in length; bracteoles 2, near the base of the flower;

perianth of @ circumsciss, the lobes deciduous. Carpels pubescent.

Drupe ovoid, acute. Hook. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 166 and Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 114 in part; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 73; Perk. in Engl.

Bot. Jahrb. xxv. 576, Monog. 63 and Nachtr. 35; Koord. Exkurs. F1.

Jav. IL. 259. K. Blumei, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. I. 846; Bi. Mus. Bot.

Lugd Bat. IT. 88, t. ix.

256 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Perak: Singie Rajah, King’s Collector 1005! —DistR1B. Java,

etc.

4. KrBaRA SERRULATA, Perk. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 575 (1898).

A tree reaching 12—15 m. in height (Kunsiler), a large shrub (Curtis) ;

branches stout, branchlets smooth, pale brown. Leaves chartaceous ;

oblong-ovate or -obovate, acuminate at apex and often sphacelate.

attenuate to rounded at base; both surfaces glabrous, yellowish

when dry; margins distantly serrulate in the upper half; 20—30 cm.

long, 8—16 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised above; main nerves

7—8 pairs, very irregular, the lower curving to fade away in loops,

the upper curving to meet in loops at about 5—10 mm. from the

margin; reticulation irregular, prominent; petiole stout, 1—2 cm.

long, channelled. Flowers in axillary subterminal or lateral pedun-

culate panicles of subumbellate cymes, reaching 10—15 cm. in

length; pedicels of g very slender, about 2 cm. long, of 2 stouter,

about 2°5 cm., both puberulous. Stamens and Carpels pubescent.

Drupe ellipsoid, beaked, subrugose, 16 mm. long, 10 mm. in diam.;

enlarged pedicels cylindric, 5 mm. long, receptacle 1—1-5 cm. broad.

Perk. Monog. 62, t. 16 A.; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. Il. 259. K.

Blumei, Steud.; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II. 88, var. serrulata ;

Perk. Monog. Nachtr. 36.

Penanc: at Waterfall, Curtis!. Prraxk: Ulu Telama, Scorte-

chint 1307!; near Gunong Malacca, King’s Collector 7205 !|.—DIstTRIB.

Java.

Family CV. THYMELASACEA.

Shrubs or trees with tough fibrous bark, rarely herbs. Leaves

alternate or opposite, simple, quite entire. Flowers usually herma-

phrodite, in axillary or terminal heads, umbels, clusters, spikes or

racemes; bracts various, often forming an involucre. Perianth

regular, tubular or campanulate, often corolline, 4—5-lobed, the

lobes imbricate in bud, often with scales at their bases. within.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the perianth,

rarely half as many, adnate to the tube of the perianth, those

opposite the lobes usually attached above the alternate ones; fila-

ments short, rarely as long as the anthers; anthers erect, 2-celled, the

cells parallel, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk hypogynous, annular

cupular or of scales, sometimes 0. Ovary superior, 1—2-celled ;

ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous, pendulous from the apex of the

cell; style short or long, terminal or excentric; stigma usually

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 257

capitate. Fruit a small berry drupe or capsule. Seed solitary or

one in each cell, pendulous or lateral; albumen fleshy or 0; embryo

straight ; cotyledons fleshy, usually thick; radicle short, superior.—

Distris. About 40 genera, about 360 species, in temperate and

tropical regions.

Ovary l-celled, l-ovuled; fruit indehiscent (Tribe 1.

EUTHYMELES).

Perianth without scales, lobes 4; stamens as many

as and opposite to the lobes or twice as many.

Leaves alternate; hypogynous disk usually 0 .. 1. DapHne.

Leaves usually opposite; hypogynous disk of 1—

4 membranous seales .. .. 2. WIKSTRAMIA,

Perianth with scales above the stamens, iobes 5;

stamens twice as many as lobes.

Stamens in one row; scales 10, free or connate in

pairs, long ..

eis ¥ .. 3. LINOSTOMA.

Stamens in two rows; scales 5, bifid or bilobed,

short re 36 5c .. 4, HENKLETA.

Ovary 2-celled, cells l-ovuled; fruit a loculicidal

capsule (Tribe II AQuimmARIzz) Bi .. 95. AQUILARIA.

1. DapHne, L.

Erect or prostrate shrubs, sometimes small trees. Leaves alter-

nate, scattered or congested, evergreen or deciduous. Flowers herma-

phrodite, in terminal or lateral sessile or peduncled heads or short

racemes, the heads sometimes with involucrate bracts. Perianth

tubular or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4, the throat withoutscales. Stamens

in 2 superposed rows of 4 each; filaments short; anthers oblong.

Disk hypogynous, tubular; often 0. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, pendu-

lous; style short; stigma capitate. Fruct a fleshy or coriaceous

drupe, globose or ovoid. Seed 1; testa crustaceous; albumen none

or scanty; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex.—Distris. About 80

species, in subtropical and temperate Europe, Asia and N. Africa.

DaPsaNe composira, Gilg in Engl. and Prantl. Naturl. Pflan-

zeniam. III. 6 A. 238 (1894). A shrub or small tree reaching 3 to 6

m. in height and 10 cm. in diam. of stem (Kunstler); branchlets

slender, brown, with fibrous inner bark, glabrous. Leaves membra-

nous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex and at base;

glabrous, dark green above, pale or glaucescent beneath; 8—18 cm.

long, 2—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, pale beneath; main nerves

10—14 pairs, at first nearly at right angles with the midrib, curved

near the margin where they anastomose; secondary nerves many,

258 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

prominent as is the reticulation; petiole slender, short, 2—5 mm.

long. Flowers white, in heads of 5—9, sessile on a silky villous

receptacle, on slender peduncles 2—7 cm. long; in bud protected by

an involucre of 2 concave suborbicular reddish imbricating bracts

pubescent to nearly glabrous without, minutely pubescent within.

Perianth tubular, densely white-silky-villous without, glabrous within,

7—9 mm. long; lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, 2—3 mm. long, alter-

nately short and long. _ Stamens 8, the upper 4 opposite the perianth-

lobes, the lower 4 alternate with them; anthers oblong, yellow, 1

mm. long; filaments very short. Ovary glabrous below, densely

silky-villous above; hypogynous disk membranous, brown, tubular,

dentate, 1—1°5 mm. long; style slender; stigma large, capitate.

Fruit an ovoid glabrous drupe, about 5mm. long. Koord. Exkurs.

Fl. Jav. I. 657. D. pendula, Smith Plant. Ic. ined. IT. t. 34 (1790) ;

Wickst. Monog. Daphn. 12; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 540; Kurz

For. Fi. Il. 333; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 194; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.

I. 1. 877. D. montana, Meissn. in Regensb. Denkschr. III. 284.

Scopolia composita, Linon. fil Supp!. 409 (1781). Hriosolena montana,

Bl. Bijdr. 651; Hassk. Cat. Bogor. 92.

PERAK: at Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9682!, at Ulu Batang

Padang, Ridley 13707!; Birch’s Hill, Wray 510!; Scortechini 531! ;

in dense jungle on mountain tops, Larut, etc., at 1000—1409 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 3812!, 6940!. SeLancor: at Bukit Kutu, 900 m.

alt., Ridley 7614!.—Distris. Burma, Java (Kurz!, Hasskarl!, Lobb

247!, deVriese!, Forbes 1103!), Sumatra (Teysmann!; Beccari 2!;

Forbes 1856!, 2468!).

2. WixstRa@mi1A, Endl.

Shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers

hermaphrodite, in terminal or axillary spikes or racemes, ebracteate.

Perianth-tube slender, elongate: lobes 4, spreading, the throat naked.

Stamens 8, in two series, the upper opposite the perianth-lobes near

the mouth, the lower alternate with them at mid-tube; filaments

short; anthers oblong. Hypogynous disk of |—4 membranous scales,

linear, free or joined below. Ovary sessile or subsessile, 1-celled;

style very short; stigma large, capitate or globose. Fruit a fleshy

or dry drupe, more or less included in the persistent base of the

perianth; pericarp fleshy or membranous. Seed conform to the

pericarp; testa crustaceous; inner testa, if present, membranous;

albumen 0 or very scanty; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex.—Dis-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 259

tris. About 20 species, in Tropical and Hastern Asia, Australia and

the Pacific Islands.

Leaves subcoriaceous, 2—4 cm. long, 1—1°5 em. broad;

inflorescence terminal, under | cm. long .. .. J. W. VIRIDIFLOBA.

Leaves submembranous, 3—9 ecm. long, 1:5—3 cm.

broad ; inflorescence axillary, 1—2 em. long or more 2. \\S. CANDOLLEANA.

Leaves membranous, 5—13 ecm. long, 2°5—4°5 cm.

broad; inflorescence termfnal, very short Sen SVEN ED TeRayete

1. WIKSTR@MIA VIRIDIFLORA, Meissn. in Denkschr. Regensb. Bot.

Geselisch. III. 206 (1841). A glabrous shrub; branchlets slender,

dark brown, inner bark fibrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite,

decussate, subcoriaceous; oblong or obovate, rounded at apex,

cuneate at base; both surfaces reddish-brown when dry; 2—4 cm.

long, 1—1°5 cm. broad; main nerves about 8—10 pairs, oblique,

slender. irregular and often branched; petiole very short, 1—2 mm.

long. Flowers in short few-flowered terminal spikes or fascicles,

scarcely | cm. long. Perianth-tube 5-10 mm. long, glabrous,

greenish-yellow. contracted at the mouth; lobes rounded, 2 mm.

long, spreading. Disk of 2 or 4 slender scales, scarcely 1 mm. long,

united in pairs. Drupe 6—7 mm. long, ovoid, scarlet. Seed acute

at both ends; cotyledons thick. Meissn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 2. 546;

Benth. Fl. Hongk. 297; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 897; Prain Beng.

Plants 906. W. indica, C. A. Mey. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Petersb. I. 357

(1843) var. viridiflora, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 195. Daphne viridr-

flora, Wall. Cat. 1049. Diplomorpha? viridiflora, C. A. Mey. l.c.

358.

Kepau: Langkawi small islands, Curtis 3693!. PuNnane:

Government Hill, Curtis 1426!; at Balik Pulau, Ridley 8023!; on

hills, Deschamps!. Singapore: Lobb. 326!.—Duistris. India,

Burma, Philippines, China.

2, WIKSTR@MIA CANDOLLEANA, Meissn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 544

(1857). A shrub (Wray, Curtis, etc.) or small tree reaching 4—6 m.

in height and 5—-7°5 cm. diam. of stem (Kunstler); branches slender,

dark, with fibrous bark; branchlets slender, terete, dark brown,

enlarged at the nodes. Leaves submembranous, opposite; ovate or

elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, long acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse

at base; upper surface dull, reddish-brown when dry, lower paler ;

margins recurved; 3-9 em. long, 1:-5—3 cm. broad; main nerves

8—12 pairs, irregular, prominent beneath, often branched; secondary

nerves many, similar to the main nerves; reticulation rather obscure;

260 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

petiole very short, scarcely 1—2 mm. long. Flowers in axillary

racemes, 1—2 cm. long, puberulous, gradually elongating, on slender

peduncles 1 cm. long; pedicels very short, pubescent ; flowers yellow

or white, many, those not fruiting leaving prominent scars. Perianth

tube slender, 6—8 mm. long: lobes 2—3 mm. long, alternately long

and short, obtuse, incurved, glabrous. Hypogynous disk of 4 oblong

scales, connected in pairs, I—2 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous;

style slender; stigma globose, papillose. Drupe ovoid, red, glabrous,

7mm. long. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 879.

KepaH. on Kedah Peak, Ridley 5482!. KeLanran: at Cam-

posa, Ridley/. Perak: at Gunong Batu Pateh, Gunong Bubu and

Gunong Mas, at 1300—1500 m., Wray 204!, 3834!, 4136!; tops of

hills at 1260—1300 m., King’s Collector 2340!, 6985!; at Gunong

Bubu, etc., Scortechini 336!, 792!; at Gunong Hijan 1800 m., Curtis

2055!, Ridley 2900!. Panane: at Kluang Terbang and Bukit Setam-

pat Telom, etc., Ridley 10904!, 13705!, 13796!, 16092!.—DisrTRIB.

Java, Madura. The alpine specimens have smaller and more reddish

leaves than those from lower levels.

3. Wikstra@Mia RipLEyI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 200.(1912). A

small shrub; branchlets slender, dark brown, terete, the uppermost

puberulous. the nodes prominent. Leaves opposite, membranous ;

lanceolate, rather obtusely acute at apex or almost acuminate, acute

at base or somewhat rounded ; both surfaces olive-brown when dry,

smooth, shining, glabrous; 5—1i3 cm. long, 2°5—45 cm. broad;

midrib slender; main nerves about 8—10 pairs, obscure, irregular,

oblique, with intervening occasional secondary nerves ; reticulation

obscure; petiole very short, 2—3 mm. long. Flowers yellow, in

terminal few-flowered (5—6) fascicles, on peduncles about 5 mm.

long; pedicels very short, pubescent. Persanth-tube slender,

elongate, up to 10 mm. long, glabrous; lobes ovate, 4 mm. long,

subequal. Stamens inserted below the throat of the tube, the two

rows 2—}3 mm. apart: filaments very short; anthers oblong, 1:5 mm.

long. Hypogynous disk of 4 linear lobes, in two combined pairs, 1—2

mm. long, hyaline. Ovary obovoid, hirsute at apex; style slender;

stigma large, papillose. Druwpe with red fleshy pericarp, 6—7 mm.

long, 5mm. in diam. Seed with crustaceous outer and membranous

inner testa; cotyledons very fleshy.

TRINGGANU: at Pulo Katam, Ridley!. Panane: at Pekan and

Kwala Brawas, Ridley 1583!. (all in Herb. Singap.).

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 261

3. Linostoma, Wall.

Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, penni-

nerved. Jlowers hermaphrodite, in small panicled sometimes um-

belliform cymes; bracts 2, on the peduncle, subopposite, leafy, at

length enlarged and membranous. Perianth-tube cylindric, the base

at length turgid; lobes 5, spreading; scales 10, inserted on the

mouth of the tube above the stamens, free or connate in pairs.

Stamens 10, inserted at the mouth of the tube, sometimes alternately

long and short; filaments slender, exserted, broadening above into

the connective; anthers ovoid or oblong, obtuse, dehiscing longi-

tudinally, the cells enclosing the broadened connective. Hypogynous

disk 0, or of a short lobed ring surrounding the base of the ovary-

stalk. Ovary stipitate, long-hirsute, ovoid or oblong; style filiform ;

stigma capitate, penicillate; ovule 1. Frutti ovoid or globose

included in or supported on the more or less cleft inflated base of the

perianth-tube; pericarp red, crustaceous. Seed conform to the peri-

carp; testa membranous; albumen 0; cotyledons large, hemispheric,

fleshy.—Distris. Species 6, 3 in India and Malaya, 3in 8S. America.

LINOSTOMA PAUCIFLORUM, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.iv. 234

in note (1844). An erect or scandent shrub ; branchlets long, slender,

black when dry. Leaves opposite, chartaceous, glabrous; elliptic or

obovate, obtuse or retuse and mucronate at apex, rounded or nearly

acute at base; lower surface almost glabrous; margin entire, thick-

ened from being closely reflexed; 2>5—5 cm. long, 1:5—2°5 cm.

broad; main nerves very numerous, often nearly 50 pairs, at from

‘70°—90° with the midrib, parallel, ending in the margin; secondary

nerves also numerous; reticulation obscure: petiole slender, up to 3

mm.long. Cymesterminal or axillary, few- (2—4-) flowered supported

by pairs of leafy, white, ovate or ovate-oblong, floral leaves, thinner

than and with fewer nerves than the regular leaves, reaching 4 cm.

long by 2 cm. broad ; peduncles filiform, glabrous; pedicels slender ;

flowers greenish-white. Perianth-tube slender, glabrous on both

surfaces, somewhat constricted at mouth, 10-nerved, 1—2 cm. long;

lobes 5 imbricate, 2 outer narrower than 3 inner, linear-oblong, 8—

10 mm. long; scales clavate, crenulately rugose, about 5 mm. long.

Stamens nearly as long as the corolla-lobes, the connective broadened

and decurrent into the filament. Disk annular, lobed. Fruzt en-

closed in the slightly cleft, urceolate, enlarged, 10-ridged perianth-

tube nearly 1:5 cm. long, ;pericarp glabrous, crustaceous. Seed

262 Vlora of the Malayan Peninsula.

globose, 6—7 mm. in diam., testa membranous. Walp. Ann. I. 587;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 2. 600; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

Xxxix. ii. 83 and in For. Fl. II. 334; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 882;

Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 198. Psilea dalbergioides, Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. Suppl. 355.

Kepau: Langkawiisland, Curtis!. PENane: Curtis713!. Din-

pines: Pangkore, Scortechini 983!; Ridley 8017!; at Lumut, Ridley

10289!. Stnecarorn: near Stativa, Griffith 4376!; Maingay 1308/3! ;

Bukit Timah, Goodenough! ; Changi Soyang, Ridley 1858 !.—Disrris.

Burma (Kurz); Sumatra (Sibogd, West Coast, Teysmann!).

4. EnKunra, Griff.

Scandent shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, penni- nerved.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in terminal capitula on the branches of an

elongated terminal panicle, each branch bearing bracts and two floral

leaves, the said leaves usually small and bractiform, but in fruiting

branches large, leafy, chartaceous, coloured and reflexed with the

upper side downwards on thickened petioles. Perianth-tube tubular.

ovoid, constricted below the throat; lobes 5, short, erect and in-

curved; scales 5, short, bifid or bilobed, behind the stamens on the

throat of the perianth-tube. Stamens 10, in two rows on the upper

part of the perianth-tube, the upper 5 just below the throat, the

lower 5 a little below; filaments short, slightly broadening under the

anthers; anthers 2-celled, the cells parallel, introrse, the connective

not broadened. Hypogynous disk 0, or a very minute glabrous ring

at the base of the ovary. Ovary sessile, ovoid; style short; stigma

oblong, papillose; ovule |, pendulous. Fruit a drupe supported at

the base by the cleft remains of the perianth: pericarp woody. Seed

conform to the pericarp; testa soft, sub-membranous; albumen 0;

cotyledons fleshy, hemispheric.—DistrrB. One species, perhaps

another in the Andaman Islands.

ENKLEIA MALACCENSIS, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 234

in note (1844). A climbing shrub with brown bark and decurved

branches; branchlets, inflorescence and undersurface of leaves softly

ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves alternate or subopposite, coriaceous ;

elliptic to suborbicular, broadly acute, rounded or retuse and mucro-

nate at apex, obtuse or obtusely acute at base; upper surface dull,

olivaceous when dry, lower softly tomentose; margin entire, thick-

ened; 5—10 em. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, tomentose on.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 263

both surfaces, prominent beneath; main nerves about 15—20 pairs,

at from 70°—S0° with the midrib at first then arched to the margin ;

transverse nervules subparallel, oblique; reticulation obscure ; petiole

8—12 mm. long, tomentose. Panicles elongate, up to 25 cm. long,

15 em. broad; bracts small, near the bases of the branches; floral

leaves of two kinds, the smaller linear-oblong 6—12 mm. long, the

larger on fruiting branches leaf-like, pale brown, oblong-obovate,

obtuse at apex and base, prominently nerved and reticulate, deflexed,

the upper surface usually lowest, 5—6 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad,

the petiole thick on a thickened base ; heads termina!, subumbellate ;

bracteoles minute; buds clavate; flowers greenish-brown. Perianth-

tube tubular-ovoid, constricted above, densely rusty-tomentose with-

out, glabrous within, 5—6 mm. long; lobes short, 2—3 mm. long,

incurved, villous within: scales 5, minute, obtuse, bilobed or bifid,

glabrous. Stamens very small, filaments short, anthers oblong.

Ovary densely white hirsute; style very short; stigma capitate.

Drupe ovoid, prominently ribbed and reticulate, 12—15 mm. long,

1 cm. broad, beaked; pericarp woody; remains of perianth at base

only; pedicel thickened. Seed subglobose, 6 mm. in diam.; testa

softly membranous; cotyledons hemispheric: radicle rather large,

acute. Walpers Ann. J. 588; Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam.

II]. 6A. 231. EF. malayana, Griff. Notul. IV. 363. Lasiosiphon

scandens, Endl. Gen. Pl. Suppl IV. Part 2. 67 (1847); Meissn. in

DC. Prodr. xiv. ii. 598. Linostoma scandens; Kurz in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. xxxix. ii. 83 (1875) and For. Fl. II. 334; Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. 1. 881; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 198. LZ. siamense, Kurz

L.L.e. fide Hook f.

Maracca: Griffith 4375; at Ayer Punas, Curtis 3493!; at Sungei

Udang, Goodenough 1674!; Alwis!. Stneapore: Maingay 1308/2!;

Schomburgk 101!; in experimental garden, Ridley 5565!, at Bukit

Timah, Ridley 6427!.—Distrre. Burma and Siam (Kurz).

5». AQUILARIA, Lamk.

Trees. Leaves alternate, penni-nerved, glossy. Flowers herma-

phrodite, pedicellate, in axillary or terminal peduncled umbellules,

ebracteate. Perianth tube campanulate; lobes 5, spreading or re-

flexed ; scales 10 on the throat of the perianth, densely pilose, con-

nate below in a short ring. Stamens 10, alternate with the scales

and below them; filaments short; anthers oblong, introrse, the cells

often unequal. Ovary sessile, densely villous, 2-celled; style very

264 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

short; stigma large, capitate, papillose; ovules 2, pendulous.

Hypogynous disk 0, or a very minute ring. Fruit a compressed

obovate or oblanceolate 2-celled capsule, loculicidal; pericarp coria-

ceous or woody; placentas on the middle of the valves. Seeds 2 or

1 by abortion, ovoid, the base of each bearmg a long caudiform

appendix reaching to the bottom of the cell; testa crustaceous,

tegmen soit, corky; albumen 0; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex.—

About 10—12 species, in India, Malaya, China and the Philippines to

New Guinea.

Leaves glabrous, shining, under 10 cm. long; perianth

5 mm. long, puberulous; capsule obovoid, glabrous,

under 3 cm. long 39 Se .. 1. A. MALACCENSIs.

Leaves puberulous beneath, dull, usually over 10 em.

long; perianth 8—10 mm. long, grey-tomentose;

capsule oblanceolate, grey-tomentose, 4 em. long .. 2. A. HIRTA.

1, AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS, Lamk. Dict. I. 49 (1783) and Ii.

t. 356. A large tree reaching 18 to 24 m. in height and 60 cm. in

diam. of stem; bark whitish, rather smooth; branchlets slender, pale

brown. young ones pubescent; buds silky. Leaves chartaceous,

glabrous ; oblong-lanceolate or shortly oblong, acutely or obtusely

caudate-acuminate at apex, rounded or attenuate at base; both

surfaces shining, smooth; margins wavy, recurved and thickened Bi

6—10 cm. long, 2°5—4:5 cm. broad; main nerves 8 to 12 pairs, rather

irregular, often branched, curving to the thickened margin and with

secondary nerves between, also many very fine subparallel nervules ;

petiole thickened, 4—6 mm. long. Umbellules on axillary or lateral

branchlets, about 6-flowered; peduncles 6—10 mm. long; pedicels

slender, 3—4 mm. long. Perianth-tube campanulate, puberulous

without, nearly glabrous and 10-ribbed within, 3 mm. long; lobes

ovate, 2 mm. long, villous, reflexed in flower; scales 10, obtuse,

densely pilose, 1 mm. long. Stamens below the scales, the anthers

about as long. Ovary densely villous; style short; stigma capitate.

Capsuie broadly obovoid or oblanceolate, 2°5—3 em. long, 2—2-5

cm. broad ; pericarp woody, smooth outside or warted. Seeds ovoid,

puberulous, beaked, 6—7 mm. long, the basal appendage as long and

twisted. DC. Prodr. II. 59; Meissn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 2. 602 excel.

citation of Benth.; Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 248; Kurz For. FI. Il. 236;

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 883 and Suppl. 356; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

200: Baillon Hist. des Pl. VI. 100, figs. 67—69; Gilg in Engl. &

Prantl] Naturl. Pllenzenfam. III. 6A. 224, Fig. 77B; Ridl. in Journ.

R. As. Soc. Straits Br. xxxv. 73; Koord. Exkurs. Fl]. Jav. 656. A.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 265:

ovata, Cav. Diss. VII. 377, t. 334. ‘Agallochum Secundarium ’

Rumph. Herb. Amb. IT. 34, t. 10.

Panane: Government Hill and Waterfall, Curtis 1534!; Balik

Palau, Ridley!. Prax: in hilly forest near Larut at 150 to 250 m.

alt., King’s Collector (Kunsiler) 3569!; Scortechint!. Pawane: at

Kwala Luit, Ridley 2581!. Matacca: Griffith 4382! ; Maingay K.D.

553!, 1317!; at Brisu, Derry 1151!; at Sungei Udang, Bukit Bruang

and Bukit Tampin, Goodenough 1355!, 1424!, 1873!; Bukit Sulu,

Alwis 1600!. JouorE: at Castlewood, Ridley/. Srvaarore: Kranji

and Garden jungle, Ridley 6375!.—Distris. Burma? (Kurz);

Sumatra, Bangka (Teysmann), Java. Vern. ‘ Garu.’

2. AquitaRtA HiRTA, Ridley in Journ. R. As. Soc. Straits Br.

xxxv. 73 (1901). A small tree reaching 30 ft. in height; branchlets:

pale brown, rough, uppermost tomentose; leaf-buds lanceolate,

white-silky. Leaves subcoriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acu-

minate and mucronate at apex, obtusely acute or rounded at base;

both surfaces olivaceous when dry, the lower paler, upper glabrous,

lower puberulous especially when young; margin recurved and

thickened ; 8--18 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib rather stout,

usually impressed above, tomentose beneath; main nerves numerous,

20—30 pairs, irregular, sometimes branched, nearly straight to the

thickened margin and with secondary nerves between, also many very

fine subparalle! horizontal nervules; petiole thickened, 5—7 mm.

long, curved. Umbeilules on axillary branchlets or subterminal, 8—

10-flowered, densely grey-tomentose; peduncles short, slender, 5—10

mm. long; pedicels slender, 5—6 mm. long; buds clavate, 1 cm. long

at time of opening. Perianth-tube cylindric, 8—10 mm. long, densely

tomentose without, ribbed and sparsely villous within; lobes ovate,

4mm. long, villous on both surfaces, erect in Hower and fruit; scales

10, very small, ovate, densely pilose. Stamens below the scales, the

anthers twice as long as them. Ovary clavate, densely villous; style

short, slender; stigma conical-capitate, bifid. Capsule densely-olive-

grey tomentose without, oblanceolate, somewhat acute at apex, much

narrowed at base and supported by the persistent somewhat enlarged

perianth, 4 cm. long, 1—1-:5 cm. broad; pericarp leathery. Seeds

ovoid, glabrous, beaked, 1 cm. long, the basal appendage half as.

long again; testa crustaceous, black, shining.

JoHoRE: at Bukit Pengaram, Ridley 11020!, Murton 2!. Sinca-

PORE: at Bajan, Goodenough 3837!. Vern. ‘Chandan.’

266 Flora of the Malayan Peninsuia.

Family CV bis GONYSTYLACE.

Trees. Leaves alternate, evergreen, penni-nerved. Flowers

hermaphrodite, in short racemes or umbels in axillary or terminal

panicles; buds globose. Perianth short, cupshaped, 5-cleft, thickly

coriaceous, hirsute within, with a ring of elongated setaceous curved

scales at the base within. Stamens many at the base of the perianth ;

filaments short; anthers basifixed, elongate, 2-celled, the cells

rounded over the top. Ovary 4—6-celled; ovules solitary in each

cell, pendulous, anatropous; style filiform, geniculate-flexuose ;

stigma clavate. Fruit a subglobose, irregularly loculicidally dehis-

cing capsule; pericarp very thick. Seeds usually 1—2 only, globose

or oblong, pendulous; testa crustaceous, tegmen membranous;

albumen 0; cotyledons large, fleshy, plano-convex ; radicle minute,

superior.—DistRIs. One genus.

This Family was described by Gilg in Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzen-

fam. Nachtr. 231 (1897) to receive the genus Gonystylus which had been placed

in Thymeleaceze by previous authors. It comes, according to Gilg, just before

Tiliacere but is Monochlamydeous.

1. GonystTyLus, Tevsm. and Binn.

Characters of the Family.—Distrin. Malay Peninsula and

Archipelago, 7 species.

GonystyLus Matneayi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 200 (1886).

A large tree reaching 18 to 24 m. in height and 45 to 60 cm. in diam.

of stem; branches woody with black smooth bark wrinkled when dry ;

branchlets moderately thick, young ones and inflorescence finely grey-

pubescent. Leaves chartaceous; elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate ,

somewhat abruptly obtusely cuspidate-acuminate and mucronate

at apex, rounded or cuneate at base; both surfaces shining, olive-

brown when dry, upper glabrous, lower black-glandular, glabrous or

slightly puberulous especially on the midrib; margin thickened; 10—

20 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent beneath,

slightly impressed above; main nerves about 20 pairs, starting at

about 70° with the midrib and curved to join in an arched intra-

marginal nerve; secondary nerves many, parallel, branched to join

the main nerves in a raised reticulation; petiole stout, rugose,

puberulous, 1—2 cm. long. Panicles terminal, densely and finely

grey-pubescent, 8—12 cm. long; branches short, about 1 cm. long;

racemes subumbellate, 3—6-flowered; pedicels straight, 1—2 cm.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 267

long; buds globose, about 5mm. in diam. Perianth thick, densely

villous with stiff hairs within; lobes 5, unequal; scales subulate,

often bifid, black when dry, 2—3 mm. long, about 15 to 20 in

number in a ring a little above the bases of the lobes. Stamens

about as many as the scales and within them; filaments very

slender, short; anthers 1 mm. long, oblong. Ovary densely villous

without, usually 4-celled in a cross; style very long, twisted; ovules

flattened. Capsule large, globose, obovoid or ellipsoid-oblong, 4—6

em. long, 2°5 to 4 cm. in diam.; pericarp very thick and woody, the

2—4 valves of transverse woody fibres, the surface rough, pitted.

Seeds 1—4, usually 1 or 2, globose or oblong; testa crustaceous ;

cotyledons very fleshy, 2—3 cm. in diam. Gilg in Engl. & Prantl

Naturl. Pflenzenfam. Nachtr. 232; Ridl. in Journ. R. As. Soc. Straits

Br. xxxv. 89 (1901).

Penane: Government Hill, Curtzs 1509!, 3036!; at Balik Pulau,

Ridley 9399!. Prrak: at Tapa, Wray 1252!; at Goping, Scortechini

1957!; near Larut, King’s Collector 3703!. 3778!, 6925!, 74781,

7592!,7752!. Manacca: Maingay K.D.1441!. Srycarore: Garden

jungle, Ridley 6186!; Bukit Mandai, Ridley 6719!; at Chua Chu

Kang, Ridley 6719a!.

The great mass of available material shows considerable variation, to

some extent in the leaves, but especially in the size of the fruit. But I have

tried in vain to arrange it in varieties and must come to the same conclusion

as Ridley did. In his ‘ Notes on the Flora of Singapore’ in the Journal of the

Straits Br. R. As. Soc. he has pointed out that ‘ the fruit in Herbarium speci-

mens often splits before itis ripe.’ He clearly considers that the Peninsular

material, of which the Singapore Herbarium has a great series of specimens,

all belongs to one species, and I have thought it right to follow him and des-

eribe it accordingly. The typeis Maingay’s 1441, the leaves of which are more

reddish-brown and slightly more pubescent beneath than most of the other

material, but I can find no other difference.

Family CVI. ELATAGNACEAL.

Trees or shrubs with copious silvery or brown scales. Leaves

alternate or opposite, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers small,

regular, hermaphrodite or dioecious, in axillary fascicles, spikes or

racemes; bracts small, deciduous. Perianth in hermaphrodite or 2

flowers tubular, constricted above the ovary, persistent below, decidu-

ous above, limb 2—4-lobed; in i sometimes of 2 membranous lobes.

Stamens in hermaphrodite flowers adnate to the throat of the perianth-

tube, as many as the lobes and alternate with them, in ¢ flowers

268 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

adnate to the base of the perianth and twice as many as the lobes;

filaments free, short, anthers oblong, 2-celled, the cells parallel, dehis-

cing longitudinally. Ovary free, l-celled; style filiform, stigma

lateral; ovule 1, basal, erect, anatropous. Fruit a nut, closely

covered by the thickened perianth base; pericarp membranous. Seed

erect; testa crustaceous or hardened; albumen scanty or 0; coty-

ledons thick, fleshy; radicle inferior—Duistrig. North temperate

and tropical regions : genera 3, species about 16.

1, Euzaenvs, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with silvery or stellate scales. Flowers herma-

phrodite, axillary, solitary or in fascicles or racemes. Perianth-tube

campanulate or funne!-shaped, narrowed above the ovary; lobes 4,

valvate, deciduous. Stamens 4, on the mouth of the perianth on a

prominent ring, alternate with the lobes. Ovary 1-celled, style linear,

stigma lateral. Fruit a nut, closely covered with the thickened

perianth-base.—Distris. 8. Europe, temperate and tropical Asia,

Australia, N. America; species 12.

EL#AGNUS LaATIFOLIA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 121 (1753). A large climb-

ing shrub, with thick stem; branches stout, spinescent; branchlets

rough, covered, like the leaves beneath and inflorescence, with rust-

coloured, shining, peltate scales. Leaves variable, membranous to

coriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or acuminate at

apex, acute to almost rounded at base; upper surface pale green with

scattered silvery scales when young, lower surface silvery, scaly when

young, rusty brown when older; 5—10 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad;

midrib slender ; main nerves 5—7 pairs, curving to near the margin

and then joining in loops; reticulation rather obscure; petiole

slender, 1—1°5 cm. long. Flowers $ or 3, many, greenish or

yellowish-white, in axillary fascicles or racemes up to 2 cm. long, the

rhachis lengthening and rugose with the scars of fallen flowers and

bracts ; bracts boatshaped, curved, caducous, I—2 mm. long; pedicels

short. Perianth-tube campanulate, 5—10 mm. long; lobes ovate,

acute, 2—3 mm. long, spreading; anthers oblong, 1 mm. long; style

hirsute towards the base. Jruit ellipsoid-oblong, 1—2 or more cm.

long, crowned with the top of the perianth, orange or red with white

spots, densely scaly, prominently 8-ribbed when dry ; mesocarp suc-

culent, edible; endocarp densely felted. Seed oblong; testa shining;

cotyledons thick, fleshy ; radicle pointed, small. Schlecht. in DC.

Prodr. xiv. 610; Wight Ic. t. 1856; Wall. Cat. 4028; Bl. Bijdr. 637;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 269

Brandis For. Fl. 390, t. 46 and Ind. Trees 547; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Man.

t. xxv, fic. 1; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 461; Prain Beng. Pl. 908; Cooke

Fl. Bomb. II. 543; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 202; Koord. Exkurs. F1.

Jav. II. 658. HH. conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 440 and Ed. Carey and

Wall. I. 460; Kurz For. Fl. IT. 331; Schlecht. in DC. l.c. 612. 24.

arborea, Roxb. ll.c. 441 and 461; Schlecht. l.c. 611; Wall. Cat. 4027.

i. ferruginea, A. Rich. Monog. Elzagn. 387, 404; Schlecht. lc. 610;

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 980; Wall. Cat. 4029. #. Thwaitesii and

Wallichiana, Schlecht. l.c. 611, 612. H. Kologa, Schlecht. 1.c. 611;

Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 224.

Prenane: Maingay K.D. 1312!; at Government Hill, 750 m.,

Curtis 904!; Ridley!; King’s Collector 5214!.—Duistris. India,

Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, China.

Ridley says that the plant is only introduced and run wild in Penang, but

in view of its wide distribution in India and the Archipelago, it seems best to

describe it here.

Family CVIIT. SANTALACEA.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, many being parasitic or semi-parasitic

on the branches or roots of other plants. Leaves alternate or op-

posite, entire, sometimes scale-like or 0, exstipulate. Inflorescence

various; flowers inconspicuous, usually bracteate and bracteolate,

regular, 1—2-sexual. Perianth superior or partly inferior, 3—8-

lobed—toothed or -partite. Stamens as many as and opposite to the

perianth lobes, attached to or above the perianth-base; anthers 2-

celled. Disk epigynous or perigynous. Ovary l-celled, inferior;

ovules 2—3, adnate to or pendulous from a central column; style

short; stigma entire or 3—-6-lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seed

globose or ovoid, rugose or sulcate; testa thin or wanting; albumen

copious, fleshy: embryo usually terete; radicle superior.—DiIstTRip.

About 240 species, in temperate and tropical regions; genera about

23.

Erect or climbing, usually parasitic shrubs; flowers

minute, in short racemes; drupe small... .. 1. HENstowra.

Trees, often spiny ; flowers in short catkin-like spikes ;

drupe large 50 ae -. 2. SCLEROPYRUM.

Genus to be transferred to Opiliacee—CHAMPEREIA.

1. Hernstowr14, Blume.

Parasitic shrubs with spreading, erect or twining branches.

Leaves alternate, petiolate, thickish. Flowers very minute, mone-

270 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

cious or dicecious, the ¢ in fascicles of cymes or capitula from the

axils of the leaves, the 2 or ¢ solitary or in small clusters. Perianth-

tube of 3 0, of 2 adnate to the ovary, globose, ovoid or oblong; lobes

5—6, valvate. Stamens 5—6, inserted at the base or middle of the

lobes and opposite to them, in 2 none or reduced to staminodes, in

g as in ¢@; filaments short, thick; anthers introrse, didymous,

dehiscing by a transverse slit. Disk concave or convex, epigynous.

Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2—4, suspended from the apex of a

free central placenta; stigma subsessile, discoid or lobed. Drupe

ovoid, obovoid or subglobose; exocarp fleshy; endocarp hard, often

bony, protruded within in 5—10 vertical sinuous hard plates into fis-

sures in the stellately-lobed seed. Seed with long funicle and much-

lobed albumen; embryo central; cotyledons linear or oblong, usually

shorter than the superior radicle.—Distris. About 20 or more

species, Indian, Malayan and Chinese.

Drupe large, reaching 13 mm. long, 9 mm. broad;

leaves coriaceous, broadly obovate or orbicular,

pedately 5-ribbed ; racemes up to 2 cm. long -. ) 1 SS Ripneye:

Drupe medium-sized, 8—10 mm. long, 6—8 mm. broad.

Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic or obovate, 3- or

pedately 5-ribbed; racemes up to 7—12 mm. long;

drupe 5-furrowed 55 2. H. VARIANS.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, obovate or obianeooines!

sometimes orbicular, 3-ribbed; racemes 5—7 mm.

long; drupe smooth ES 3. H. WRAYI.

Leaves coriaceous, ovate, obtuse at apex, 9- Abba:

racemes 20 mm. long; drupe obscurely furrowed

Drupe small.

Drupe globose, 5 mm. in diam., obscurely 5-fur-

rowed; leaves coriaceous, obovate to orbicular, 3-

or pedately 5-ribbed ; racemes 6 mm. long .. 5. H, LoBBIANa.

Drupe globose, 3 mm. in diam.

Drupe 4—6-furrowed; leaves subcoriaceous, el-

liptic or obovate, usually small, 3—5—7-ribbed

but not channelled; flowers from a tubercle,

nearly sessile : ae .. 6. H. BUxIFOLIA,

Drupe obscurely fea: leaves coriaceous,

obovate, obtuse and emarginate, 3- or pedately

5-ribbed, the ribs in channels ; fowersin fascicles

of short racemes a 55 .. 7. H. mMonticoza.

1. HeEnNsLowia Riptey1, Gamble in Kew Bull. 201 (1912). A

climbing parasitic (?) shrub; branchlets stout, nearly black when dry.

Leaves coriaceous; broadly obovate or orbicular, rounded and some-

times slightly emarginate at apex, abruptly narrowed at base into

H. PLURINERVIS. ?

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 271

the petiole; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the lower fer-

ruginous-brown, sometimes puncticulate; margin slightly recurved ;

2—5'5 cm. in diam.; ribs primarily 3, the 2 outer pedately branch-

ing early to make 5, curved to join in faint loops at the apex; main

nerves none, transverse nervules and reticulation irregular, obscure ;

petiole 1—2 cm. long, rather slender below, above gradually broad-

ened to the blade. Flowers rather large (for the genus) in slender

few-flowered racemes up to 2 cm. long, fascicled in the axils of the

leaves; bracts small, deciduous. Perianth tube in 3 very short,

lobes 5--6, triangular, 15 mm. long: in ¢ enclosing the ovary,

lobes rather shorter than in ¢, persistent. Disk concave, 3 api-

culate only in the centre, ¢ with the lobed stigma. Drupe rather

large, obovoid, about 13 mm. long, 9 mm. broad, exocarp furrowed,

slightly rugose and with many irregular protuberances into the albu-

men within.

SELANGOR: Sempang mines, Ardley 15568!. Panane: at

Kluang Terbang, Barnes!; at Gunong Tahan, 1500—1800 m. alt.,

Wray and Robinson 5484 ? !.

2. HENSLOWIA VARIANS, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 244. t.

xliii (1850). A climbing parasitic shrub reaching 4—6 m. in length;

branches terete, nearly smooth, nodose and somewhat angular.

Leaves subcoriaceous; elliptic or obovate, obtuse or rounded at apex,

narrowed at base; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the

lower sometimes puncticulate, olive-green when dry; margins re-

flexed; 4—9 cm. long, 2—6 cm. broad; ribs usually 3, sometimes 5

by the bifurcation of the outer ones, sometimes with a pair of in-

conspicuous ones near the margin, all curving to anastomose near

the apex; nerves very few, irregular and irregularly netted; petiole

3—10 mm. long, the upper part bordered by the decurrent margins

of the blade. Flowers minute; ¢ in fascicles of racemes 7—12 mm.

long in the axils of-the leaves, bracts minute, caducous, buds de-

pressed, concave at top; pedicels short, 1—2 mm. long; ¢ also

fascicled but the racemes fewer. Perianth-tube very short in 3, the

lobes triangular, 1—1°5 mm. long, minutely recurved-apiculate; in?

surrounding the ovary, the lobes persistent in fruit. Disk in ¢@ flat

or slightly concave, 2°5 mm. in diam.; in ¢ surrounding the 5-lobed

stigma. Drupe ellipsoid-globose, 8—10 mm. long, 6—7 mm. broad,

rugose, the endocarp 5-furrowed; cotyledons usually shorter than the

radicle. A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 631; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 233;

Brandis Ind. Trees 554. Dendrotrophe varians, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.

1. 780.

272 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Trane: Kunstler (King’s Collector) 1386!. Kepan: at Coah,

Curtis 2593!. Penanc: on Penang Hill, G.King!. PRovincz WEL-

LESLEY: at Tasik Glugur, Ridley!. Dinpines: at Lumut, Redley!;

Scortechini!. Psrak: Larut at 240—300 m. alt, King’s Collector

5213!. Maxacca: Maingay K.D. 1316/2!; at Bukit Bruang, Ridley

322!; at Pringgit, Goodenough 1675!; Hullett 640!. JoHoRE: at

Tanjong Kupang, Ridley!. Stncaporn: at Chenchukang, Good-

enough!; at Changi, Ridley!—Distrip. Tenasserim (Griffith K.D.

4390!, 4392!), Borneo.

3. HensLowia Wrayi, King M.S. in Herb. Calc.; Gamble in

Kew Bull. 201 (1912). A climbing parasitic shrub reaching a consider-

able length (12—18 m., Kunstler); branchlets terete, slender, the

older somewhat rough. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic, obovate or

oblanceolate sometimes orbicular, obtusely acute or rounded at apex,

acute or acuminate at base; both surfaces glabrous, dull, olivaceous

when dry; margins recurved; 4—8 cm. long, 2—-5 cm. broad; ribs

3, prominent, sometimes branched but rarely; nerves few, short,

inconspicuous, chiefly outside the outer ribs; reticulation obscure ;

petiole rather thick, about 5 mm. long, gradually expanding into the

blade. Flowers in short fascicles of racemes from the axils of the

leaves or the scars of fallen leaves; o slender, 3—4-flowered, 5—7

mm. long, with small ovate bracts on the rhachis and below the

flowers; ¢ racemes thicker, fewer-flowered ; pediceis scarcely 1 mm.

long. Pertanth-tube in 3 very short, lobes triangular, -5—1 mm.

long, apex hooked; in 3 enclosing the ovary, lobes as in #. Disk

concave, 1 mm. broad; in 3 with a minute apiculus, in ¢ witha

5-lobed stigma. Drupe ellipsoid-obovoid, 1 cm. long, 7-5 mm. broad ;

smooth, not ribbed, endocarp rugose; albumen much lobed.

PERAK: hilly country at 150—300 m., King’s Collector 4214!,

10834! (type); at Sungie Larut and Relan Tujor, Wray 2279!,

4032!. Manacca: Goodenough 1937!; Hervey!.

4, HENSLOWIA PLURINERVIS, Boerl. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. III.

181 (1900)? A climbing shrub; branchlets rounded, rather rough,

nearly black when dry. Leaves coriaceous; ovate, obtuse at apex,

narrowed at base into the broad petiole; both surfaces glabrous,

upper somewhat shining, lower dull; margins recurved; 4—7 cm.

long, 3—5 cm. broad; ribs about 9, usually starting from the base,

but occasionally branched; main nerves none, transverse nervules

and reticulation very obscure; petiole stout, broad, 5—10 mm. long,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 273

gradually broadening into the blade. Flowers hermaphrodite (?) in

racemes up to 2 cm. long, fascicled 2 to 3 together in the axils of the

leaves. Perianth-tube enclosing the ovary; lobes 5, triangular, 1

mm. long, persistent in fruit. Disk slightly concave, 5-angled, with

the 5-lobed stigma in the centre. Drupe suborbicular, 8 mm. long,

7 mm. broad, exocarp fleshy, the endocarp rugose, obscurely chan-

nelled, with many protuberances into the albumen within. Dendro-

trophe plurinervis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 1096 ?

PERAK: at Gunong Batu Pateh, 1300—1400 m. alt., Wray 278!.

-—Distris. Sumatra, Teysmann.

The description herein given is taken from Wray’s specimens and the

suggested identification was first made after reading Miquel’s description of his

D. plurinervis in the Fl. ind. Bat. By the courtesy of the authorities at Kew,

I was enabled to examine the type specimen, lent from the Herbarium at

Utrecht, and the examination only confirms my doubt. The type specimen is

poor indeed, consisting now of only slender branchlets and a few leaves in poor

condition, the branchlets, which bear the appearance of having had suckers, are

smoother and the leaves are rather thinner and more nearly orbicular than in

Wray’s specimen, but the agreement seems sufficiently close to make it un-

desirable at present to consider Wray’s plant as a new species.

5. Henstowia Lopsrana, A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 631 (1857). A

climbing parasitic shrub reaching 4—5 m. in length; branches

usually rough, but often nearly smooth, sometimes striate, dark

brown when dry, uppermost angular, nodose. Leaves coriaceous;

broadly obovate to orbicular, rounded at apex, attenuate and almost

cuneate at base; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the lower

dull and sometimes puncticulate, usually dark brown when dry;

margins reflexed ; 2:5—6 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; ribs usually 3,

the outer pair sometimes bifurcated ; nerves very few, irregular and

chiefly between the outer ribs and the margin; petiole broad, 4—6

mm. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers

minute; 3 in fascicles of racemes up to 6 mm. long in the axils of

the leaves, bracts minute, caducous, buds clavate, convex at top,

pedicels scarcely 1 mm. long; ¢ also in fascicled racemes but of few

flowers, the floral bracts obovate, 2 mm. long; pedicels very short.

Perianth tube in & very short, in $ enclosing the ovary, the lobes

persistent in fruit. Diskin & flat or concave; in # annular, thick,

surrounding the columnar 5-lobed stigma. Stamens with the con:

nective of the anthers produced in a rounded apiculus. Drupe

globose, 5mm. in diam., obscurely 5-furrowed and rugose ; cotyledons

274 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

oblong, nearly as long as the radicle. Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 233;

Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. I. Suppl. 50.

PrenaneG: Lobb 334!; Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 1315!;

Curtis 1393, etc.!; Ridley!. Panane: at Praman and Katapang,

Ridley 1239!. Mauacca: Griffith; Mainyay K.D. 1313!. Stne@a-

PORE: at Changi, Ridley 4697!, 4728!, 5909!; Kunstler (King’s Col-

lector) 1181!.—Disrrit. Borneo (Haviland 84!), Philippine Islands.

6. HENSLOWIA BUXIFOLIA, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 224

(1850). A slender climbing parasitic shrub reaching 5--10 m. in

length, sometimes trailing on the ground; the branches terete, wiry,

dark brown. Leaves yellowish-green, subcoriaceous; elliptic or obo-

vate, obtuse or obtusely acute at apex, narrowed at base, young ones

often spathulate; glabrous on both surfaces and dull, the upper

sometimes shining; 1—6 cm. long, 0°5—2 cm. broad: ribs 3, or 5 or

7 by the subdivision of the outer pair, the inner 3 only reaching to

and joining at the apex; nerves rarely 1—2; reticulation obscure ;

petiole broad, 3—6 mm. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of

the blade. Flowers minute, sessile, or very minutely pedicelled on

the top of a peduncle scarcely 5 mm. long; 3 very scarce, without

bracts, ¢ bracteate at base; all from very short tubercles on the

branchlets. Perianth-tube very short in 3, the lobes triangular,

under 1 mm. long, hooked at the apex; in ¢ surrounding the ovary,

the lobes persistent in fruit. Diskin 3 flat, 5-lobed; in ¢ concave

with a minute 5-lobed stigma. Drwpe dark red or purplish-black,

globose, rugose, 3 mm. in diam.; endocarp 4—6-furrowed. A. DC.

Prodr. xiv. 631; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 234. Dendrotrophe buxifolia,

Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 781. Osyris rotundaia, Griff. Notul. N. 742

and Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 627, f. 2.

KepaH: at Kedah Peak, Ridley!. Prnana: at Polo Inajah,

Curtis 477!. Prax: at Larut, under 100 m. alt., King’s Collector

4179!. Trinacanu: at Bundi, Ridley!. Panane: at Kluang Ter-

bang, Barnes 10908!; at Praman Pekan, Ridley 3!, 89!. Manacca:

in littoral woods, Tanjong Cling, Griffith K.D. 4391!; Cuming 2366;

at Gunong Mering, Ridley 3159!. Jonorz: at Tanah Runto, Good-

enough 3381!; top of Bukit Pengaram, Ridley 11032!. SINGAPORE: at

Kranji, Bajan, etc., Ridley!.—Disrris. Bangka (7'eysmann) Borneo.

7. HENSLOWIA MONTICOLA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 201 (1912). A

parasitic shrub; branchlets smooth, angular, striate, nearly black.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 275

Leaves coriaceous ; obovate-spathulate, very obtuse and emarginate

at apex, acuminate at base; both surfaces dull, glabrous, nearly

black when dry; margins recurved; 2—3 cm. long, 1:5—2°5 em.

broad; ribs 3, the two outer forked pedately to make 5 in all, curved

to join in loops at the very apex, the 5 lying in channels and them-

selves raised on the upper surface; main nerves few, short; transverse

nervules and reticulation irregular, raised on the upper surface:

petiole rather slender, about 5 mm. long, gradually broadening into

the blade. Flowers hermaphrodite, in very short axillary or lateral

fascicles of racemes, the racemes very few-flowered, 3—5 mm. long,

bracts 0, or quickly deciduous. Perianth-tube enclosing the ovary ;

lobes triangular, acute, ‘5—1 mm. long, persistent in fruit. Disk

concave, 1—2 mm. broad, with 5-lobed stigma in the centre. Drupe

blue-black, globose, 2 mm. in diam., obscurely furrowed; exocarp

fleshy, endocarp rugose with many interior plates: albumen much

branched ; cotyledons much shorter than the radicle.

PERAK: camp on Ulu Batang Padang, 1500 m. alt., Wray 1536!.

I am still unable to identify Maingay K.D. 1314 from Malacca: see

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 234. It seems to come nearest to H. Wrayi or H.

plurinervis ? .

2. ScLEROPYRUM, Arnott.

Trees with axillary spines. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, penni-

nerved. lowers polygamous, in short catkin-like spikes at the leaf-

less nodes. Perianth-tube of male flowers solid, of female or herma-

phrodite flowers adnate to the ovary; lobes 4—5, valvate or sub-

imbricate. Stamens 4—5, opposite the perianth-lobes, filaments

bifid, the anther-cells on separate branches, transversely dehiscing.

Disk annular, undulate on the margin. Ovary inferior; ovules 3,

pendulous from the top of a central column; style short; stigma

large, peltate. Fruit a pyriform drupe on a thickened pedicel,

crowned by the remains of the perianth-lobes; exocarp thick, fleshy,

endocarp hard. Seed 1, globose; albumen copious; embryo terete,

central, surrounded by the albumen; cotyledons oblong; radicle

superior._—DistTriB. Species 2—-3, in India and Malaya.

Leaves glabrous; drupe subglobose, pyriform, 2—3

em. in diam. ae oc

Leaves softly tomentose beneath; drupe pyriform, 1—

1-5 cm. in diam, oe ve .- 2 S. RIDLEYI,

1. S. MAINGAYI.

276 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1. ScteRopyRuM Matneayl, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 235

(1886). A medium-sized tree reaching 12—15 m. in height, the stem

armed with stout spines (Curtis); branchlets smooth, pale brown.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acuminate at apex, acute or

rounded, usually unequally, at base; both surfaces glabrous, olive-

brown when dry; 15—30 cm. long, 8—13 cm. broad; midrib strong,

impressed above; main nerves 4—5 pairs, prominent, irregular,

keeled above, curving to anastomose in loops near the margin, joined

by irregular widely-netted nervules; petiole stout, 1—1°5 cm long.

Spikes of 3 flowers about 5 cm. long, the rhachis pubescent; bracts

ovate acuminate ‘5—1 mm. long recurved; perianth-tube thick, lobes

2 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous within; of ¢ flowers elongated,

much enlarged in fruit and then reaching 20 cm. or more. Stamens

short, filaments thick, glabrous, anther-cells rather large. Disk 5-

lobed. Ovary pubescent; stylethick; stigma capitate, lobed. Drupe

subglobose, pyriform, the peduncle contracted, the globose portion

2—3 cm. in diam.; exocarp fleshy, glabrous, endocarp bony, deeply

ribbed. Seed globose, conform to the endocarp; albumen fleshy.

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. V. 375; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. IT. 169.

Penane: at Puntie Achie, Curtis 3082!. Panane: at Sungei

Tahan, Ridley 2651!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1438!; at Marlimo,

Alwis 2156!.

2. SCLEROPYRUM RIDLEYI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 202 (1912). A

small tree, the trunk armed with sharp thick straight thorns 1—2°5

em. long; branchlets thick, also spinous, the uppermost softly fer-

ruginous-tomentose, as are the innovations, the inflorescence and the

under surfaces of all but old leaves. Leaves submembranous, vari-

able in shape; ovate obovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumin-

ate sometimes abruptly at apex, acute or rounded and often unequal

at base; both surfaces pale when dry, the upper somewhat bullate ;

10—25 cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad; midrib prominent, impressed

above; main nerves 6—10, irregular, prominent beneath, curving to

anastomose near the margin, joined by prominent irregular trans-

verse nervules and reticulation ; petiole 3—10 mm. long, channelled

above. Spikes of 3 flowers densely rufous-pubescent, 7—8 cm. long,

the rhachis thick, the perianth-tube thick, 5 mm. long; of ¢ flowers

15—25 em. long, the rhachis densely pubescent; perianth-tube

cylindric, rufous-tomentose, 2—3 mm. long; perianth-lobes ovate,

reflexed, 2—3 mm. long. Stamens very short, filaments thick,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 277

anther-cells very small. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary pubescent ; style thick ;

stigma capitate, lobed, the lobes reflexed. Drupe pyriform, 3—4 cm.

long, the upper part 10—15 mm. in diam.; exocarp glabrous or

nearly so, endocarp bony, rugose; fruiting rhachis thickened. Seed

t cm. in diam., cotyledons thin, oblong.

SINGAPORE: at Selitar, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Bajan, Chanchu-

kang, etc., Ridley 1921!, 4761!, 5889!, etc.; at Changi, Hullett 850!.

CHAMPEREIA, Griff.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, shortly petio-

late. Flowers minute, in 3—5-fiowered axillary panicled cymes,

hermaphrodite or sometimes 3 by abortion; bracts minute or 0.

Perianth inferior; segments 5, valvate. Stamens 5, perigynous,

opposite the perianth-lobes ; filaments filiform; anther-cells parallel,

dehiscing longitudinally. Disk hypogynous, annular, often lobed.

Ovary superior, half immersed in the disk; stigma broad, sessile ;

ovule solitary, erect. Drupe ellipsoid, pedicelled; exocarp thin,

endocarp crustaceous. Seed conform to the drupe; embryo inverted

in the middle of fleshy albumen; cotyledons 2—4, linear; radicle

superior, clavate.—Distris. About 2—3 species, of the Malay

Peninsula and Archipelago.

In the Naturl. Pflanzenfam. Engler and Prantl have transferred this genus

to OpInr1acEa and have been followed by Merrill. This seems to be right, but

I describe it here as it was omitted from the description of OLacinea (includ-

ing Opintacr™®) in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIV. IT. 1 (1895). 94

CHAMPEREIA GRIFFITHIANA, Planch. in Herb. Hook. A shrub

or small tree reaching 4—5 m. in height: branchlets slender, pale

brown, smooth. Leaves subcoriaceous ; ovate-oblong or lanceolate,

acute to long acuminate at apex, acute at base; both surfaces

glabrous, pale when dry and puncticulate; 7—15 cm. long, 3—6 em.

broad; midrib slender, prominent; main nerves about 5—6 pairs,

distant, arched, joined by irregular reticulation; petiole 5 -7 mm.

long. Male panicles slender, 5—10 cm. long; pedicels filiform,

2—7 mm. long; fruiting panicles much longer and stouter, the pedi-

cels enlarged; perianth-lobes reflexed in 3, erect in ¢ flowers.

Drupe 1O—15 mm. long, 10 mm. in diam., yellow to bright red when

ripe; pericarp smooth, the apex rounded. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

236; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv. II. 154 and in For. Fl. IT.

330 (Griffithii). Champereia Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 237.

Prnana: Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 375!; Curtis 1551;

278 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Sulloh Bahang, Curtis 1163!; Batu Ferengy, Curtis 1716!, 2262!;

King’s Collector 1291!. Prraxk: near Ulu Kerling, King’s Collector

8550!, 8715!; upper Perak at 90 m. alt., Wray 3485!. Dinpines:

at Lumut, Ridley 8021!, 10267!. SuLancor: Klang gates, Ridley

13456!. Panane: at Pekan, Ridley 1097!. Matacca: Griffith K.D.

4388!; Ridley!; Derry 25!, 462!. Jonoru: Bukit Sialu, etc., Ridley

4696!; Lake and Kelsall. StycaporE: Changi, Chanchukang,

Ridley!.—Distris. Burma, Andaman Islands, Sumatra.

Merrill in Philipp. Journ. of. Sc. I. Suppl. 50 (1906) follows Vidal in identi-

fying this with C. Cumingiana = Opilia Cumingiana, Baill. Adansonia III. 124.

(1862), but an examination of the Philippine specimens in the Kew and Calcutta

Herbaria leaves me somewhat in doubt about this, and so I prefer not to follow

him in changing the name.

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JOURNAL & PROCEEDINGS

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LXXV, Part III,

1914.

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CALCUTTA:

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY, 1, PAkK STKEET, CALCUTTA.

1914.

Issued 4th June, 1914,

ASIATIC SOCIETY. OF BENGAL i

‘For the eas 1914, .

_ President.

His Excellency the Right Hon. Thaw David Baron “a

Carmichael of Skirling, G.C.1.E., K.C.M, Ge <3 :

Vice-Presidents, Sa eaceal

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Numismatic Secretary.

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Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.—By J.

Syxes Gamstze, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., late of the

Indian Forest Department.

This Part contains the Families Nos. 96 Nepenthacex, 98

Piperaceze, 104 Proteacee and 107 Loranthacez. The account of

the Family of the Nepenthacez has most kindly been contributed by

Prof. J. M. Macfarlane, Director of the Botanic Garden at the Univer-

sity of Philadelphia, U.S. America, author of the Monograph of the

Family in Engler’s Pflanzenreich. The account of the large Family

of the Piperaceze is due to the kindness of Monsieur C. de Candolle

of Geneva. The other two Families are my own work.

The new species in the Piperacez, 54 in number, were published

as Part No lin Vol. VI of the Records of the Botanical Survey of

India. Three new species in Proteacex, by Lieut.-Col. Sir D. Prain,

C.M.G., C.I.E., F.B.S., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and two

by myself have been published 'in the Kew Bulletin, as well as 6 new

species in Loranthacez. The total number of new species is thus

65.

Family XCVI. NEPENTHACEAL.

By J. M. Macrartane.

Suffrutescent or frutescent, climbing, rarely erect or prostrate

plants. Stem cylindric to tmgonous. Leaves alternate, sessile or

petiolate, often decurrent, divisible into basal lamina, excurrent

tendriliform midrib, terminal inflated ascidiform midrib usually

bearing ciliate laminar wings, also with orifice bounded by a corru-

gated peristome and lid at first closing but later arching over pitcher

orifice; lamina and specially pitcher glandular, adapted for the attrac-

tion and catching of insects. Inflorescence a raceme of cymes con-

densing usually to a simple raceme, with small green, yellow or claret-

coloured often ebracteate flowers. Flowers dicecious, regular, mono-

chlamydeous. Sepals 4, rarely 3, in decussate pairs, glandular and

-nectariferous within, persistent. Stamens monadelphous, anthers

rarely indefinite or 6—4, usually 12—8, aggregate into a globose

mass. Pistil of 4, rarely 3, syn arpous carpels; ovary oval to ovate,

usually hairy, 4—3-celled with numerous minute ovules; style short

or absent; stigma 4—s-lobed. Fruit a leathery. or subwoody loculi-

cidal capsule. Seeds small, albuminous, with membranous filiform

280 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

bicaudate testa and embryo in axis of albumen.—DistTRIB. Mada-

gascar to Philippine Islands and N. Australia; one genus with about

65 species.

NEPENTHES, Linn.

' Characters as given above.

Inflorescence a raceme of paniculate cymes; ig

lid small, reflexed a0 - «. 1. N. ampatlaria.

Inflorescence a raceme, pedicels 3 —1 dower

Longitudinal leaf-veins 2 to 4 pairs.

Leaves sessile, more or less amplexicaul, non-

decurrent.

Leaf-veins 2 pairs, marginal, obscure, pitcher

elongate with white tomentose collar

below the corrugated, peristome -- 2. WN. albo-marginata.

Leaf-veins 3 pairs, marginal, obscure,

pitcher elongate with dull tomentose

collar below the peristome .. 3. N. gracillima.

Leaf-veins 4 pairs, disposed between nb

and margin, lid glabrous within; pedi-

cels usually 1-flowered 20. 4. WN. singalana.

Leaf-veins 4, rarely 5, pairs, disposed He

tween rib and margin, lid glabrous within;

pedicels 3—2-flowered at least below .. 5. WN. sanguinea.

Leaf-veins 4 pairs, lid with long rigid hairs

within ; pedicels biflorous, bracteolate.. 6. N. Macfarlanev,

Leaves sessile, decurrent, leaf-veins 2, rarely

3 pairs; pedicels biflorous below, uniflorous

above 2

Longitudinal leaf-veins 56 pairs,

Leaves sessile, amplexicaul, decurrent; peris-

N. Reinwardtiana.

tome uniform, narrow 8. WN. gracilis.

Leaves sandr s: peristome of mibener olaneate

posteriorly into a high neck we .. 9. N. Rafflesiana.

Longitudinal leaf-veins 7—10 pairs.

Leaves petiolate, herbaceous, margin delicately

ciliate-dentate ote ge .. 10. WN. phyllamphora.

1, NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA, Jack in Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 271

(1835). A tall climbing shrub, sometimes with prostrate branches.

Stem 12—20 m. high, cylindric, ferrugineo-tomentose when young, at

length brown glabrous, internodes usually elongated. Leaves 10—35

cm. long, 4—9 cm. broad, petiolate, half-amplexicaul; petiole winged.

gradually expanding into a lamina; lamina lanceolate to obovate,

ferrugineo-tomentose when young at length glabrous, sparsely hairy

beneath; longitudinal veins 4, rarely 3 pairs, parallel, united by

oblique parallel nerves; leaves on prostrate branches often crowded

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 281

reduced, with clustered richly-coloured pitchers; tendril 5—8.cm.

long, hirsute; pitchers usually small, 3—5 cm. long, 2—3 cm. broad,

often larger on prostrate shoots, ventricose to subcylindric, green to

purple-green, often blotched or marbled with claret; wings broad with

doubly-ciliate margins ; peristome transverse, narrow and recurved

outwardly, wide and obliquely descending within, green, or purple-

striped, lid narrow elliptic, reflexed, eglandular; pitcher within uni.

formly glandular, shining. Inflorescence 15-35 cm long; raceme of

many dense 2—5-flowered ferrugineo-tomentose cymes. Sepals 4,

external pair larger, yellow-green, glandular within. Staminal column

shorter than sepals, glabrous, anthers 12—8. Ovary ovoid, + tetrago-

nous, stigmatic lobes triangular. Capsule 2°5—3 cm. long, pubes-

cent to subglabrous. Seeds 12—15 mm. long. Korthals Verh. Nat.

Gesch. Bot. 39, t. 13; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5109 and in DC.

Prodr. XVII. 93; André in Ill. Hort. XXIV. 45, t. 272; Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 69: Macfar. in Engl. Pfl.-reich IV. iii. 33, t. 13. W.

ampullacea, Low Sarawak 69; Miq Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1076.

Perak: at Larut, Kunsiler 4087!, 4148!, 6222!: at 100—300

ft. alt. Wray 600!, 1794; at Ipoh, Curtts!. Manacca: at Padang

Batu on Mt. Ophir and Ayer Punas, Cuming!; Griffith!. JonorE:

Burbidge; Jensen. Sincapore: Jack!; Wallich 2243!; Maingay

K.D. 1322!; T. Anderson 161!, 163!, 164!, 166!. Brntane: Jack!;

Wallich!.—Distr1s. Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo and N. Guinea.

2. NEPENTHES ALBO-MARGINATA, Lobb in Gard. Chron. (1849)

580. A slender climbing shrub. Stem 5—10 m. high, subcylindric to

trigonous, densely white to grey stellate-pubescent when young, at

length almost glabrous, internodes short below, elongating upwards.

Leaves 10—30 cm. long, 1—4 cm. broad; broadly amplexicaul, scarce-

ly decurrent, expanding from a subpetiolate base into an elliptic-

lanceolate lamina, above and below stellate-pubescent, at length

glabrous, margin ciliate, revolute in drying; longitudinal veins 2

pairs, obscure; transverse nerves few, reticulate; tendril short;

pitcher 5—15 cm. long, 1:5—3 em. broad, green and purple-striated or

almost purple, subdimorphic; lower pitchers subventricose below,

eylindric above, with expanded ciliate wings, upper tubular with

shallow non-ciliate wings or ridges, peristome cylindric, uniform,

sharply striate, purple-green to purple, bounded below externally by

a grey or white tomentose collar; lid 1:5—2°5 cm., ovate to orbi-

cular, richly glandular within; spur simple or 2—3-fid. Inflorescence

20—30 cm. long, racemose, loosely flowered, lower pedicels 2 upper

282 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

I-flowered. Sepals 4, elliptic, tomentose without, glandular within.

Staminal column equal to sepals, tomentose, anthers 12—8. Ovary

tomentose. Capsule 2°5—3 cm. long, valves attenuate, truncate at

apex. Seeds 12 mm. long. Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXII.

422, t. 73; Masters in Gard. Chron. (1872) 542; Hook. f. in DC.

Prod. XVII. 102 and Fl. Br. Ind. V. 70; Burbidge in Garden XVI,

542 ic. col; Macfar. in Engl. Pfl-reich IV. iii. 37. N. tomentelia and

N. Teysmanniana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 1073, 1075.

Penance: King’s Collector 1720!, 1723!, alt. 2000—2700 ft. at

Penara Bukit, Curtis’ Collector!, probably also Wallich 2244!: Lobb!;

Walker 13!, alt. 2000 ft., Hullett 163!. Prrak: at Larut, King’s

Collector 2022!, alt. 800 ft. Matacca: on Mount Ophir, Lobb!:

Hullett 872! : Whitehead.—Distriz. Malaya to Sumatra and

Borneo.

3. NEPENTHES GRACILLIMA, Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc.

XXXVIII 320 /1908). A slender climbing shrub. Siem trigono.

cylindric, glabrous. Leaves 5—10 cm. long, 1—1-5em. broad; sessile,

half amplexicaul, coriaceous, lanceolate, glabrous; longitudinal veins

3 pairs united by reticulate transverse nerves; tendriJ slender below

thickened towards pitcher; pitchers 5—10 em. long, I1—1‘5 em.

broad, subcylindric, widest at middle, pale green with elongated purple

areolae, wings narrow, sparsely ciliate abov >, reduced to shallow non-

ciliate ridges below ; peristome uniform, cylindric, oblique, elevated

posteriorly, faintly striate, bounded below by a dull densely tomen-

tose external collar; lid 1—1-°5 cm., ovate, with large circular glands

within; spur simple, recurved; pitcher within smooth glaucous

purple above, glandular and shining over lower half. Injlorescence

12—20 cm. long; raceme shorter than peduncle, slender; pedi-

cels 1-flowered, bracteolate. Sepals oval, densely tomentose without

and along inner margin. Staminal column equal to sepals, pubescent

below, glabrous above, anthers 8—6. Female flower unknown.

Capsule 14—15 mm. long, fusiform, valves lanceolate, sparsely

pubescent.

Pawane: at Telom. Ridley 13704!; on Mt. Gunong Tahan

about 3000 ft. alt., Robinson and Wray 5309!.

4. NEPENTHES SINGALANA, Beccari Malesia III 12. t. 3 (1886).

A terrestrial or epiphytic climbing shrub, often drying brown black.

Stem 2—3 m. high, 3—4gonous, pubescent, at lengthglabrous. Leaves

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 283

6—20 cm. long, 2°5—4:5 cm. broad, sessile, widely amplexicaul,

coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, pilose at apex and base when young,

at length glabrous; longitudinal veins 4, rarely 3 or 5 pairs, trans-

verse nerves obscure, irregularly reticulate ; tendril 15—25 cm. long,

thickened upwards towards pitcher; pitchers subdimorphic, lower

cylindric-ventricose with narrow ciliate or dentate wings, upper

cylindric with shallow wings or ridges: peristome cylindric, trans-

verse or slightly oblique, finely striate; lid 2°5--4 cm. cordate-orhi-

cular, glabrous, with immersed glands on the inner side; pitcher within

glaucous purple over upper, glandular over lower half. Inflorescence

10—25 cm. long; raceme with 1- rarely 2-flowered pedicels. Sepals

4, margins tomentose. Staminal column longer than sepals, glabrous;

anthers 12—10. Capsule 15—20 mm. long, brown, shining. Seeds

12—15 mm. long. Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. XX XVIII. 320 (1908)

under name V. Bongso. Macfar. in Engl. Pfl-reich IV. iii. 47.

Pawanc: on Mount Gunong Tahan, Robinson and Wray 5411;

at 5000 ft. alt.—Duistris. Malaya, Sumatra.

5. NEPENTHES SANGUINEA, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. (1849) 580,

f. 2. A terrestrial or epiphytic climbing shrub. Stem 2—7 m. long,

trigonous, glabrous, apex pubescent, internodes short. Leaves

12—45 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad, sessile, widely amplexicaul, lanceo-

late oblong, glabrous or slightly hairy beneath; longitudinal veins 4

rarely 5, obscure, parallel, united by obscure radiating nerves;

tendril 10—20 cm. long, + pubescent; pitchers 10—30 cm. long, 5—8

em. broad, subdimorphic, lower cylindric-ventricose, often greenish

red to red, with expanded ciliate wings, upper cylindric to infundi-

_ buliform, reddish green or yellow-green and red spotted, with

narrow usually non-ciliate wings or ridges; peristome narrowed

anteriorly and posteriorly, widely expanded and sharply striate

postero-laterally ; lid 3—10 x 2—8 cm. ovate-cordate, glandular within ;

pitcher within glaucous or purplish over upper half, yellow shining

and glandular over lower half. Inflorescence 20—60 cm. long; raceme

lax, pedicels delicate grey pubescent, lower 3—2-flowered upper 1-

flowered Sepals 4, reddish purple and glandular within. Staminal

column pubescent below, glabrous above, anthers 8. Ovary quadran-

gular, pubescent. Capsule 16—25 mm. long. Seeds 8—12 mm. long.

Griff. Not. 1V. 348; Masters in Gard. Chron. (1872) 542; Hook. f. in

DC. Prodr. XVII. 160 and FI. Br. Ind. V. 70: W. G. Smith in Flor.

Mag. (1874) t. 128; Planchon in Fl. d. Serr. XXII. 166, f. 2343; Veitch

ort. Veitch. 303; Macfar. in Engl. Pil.-reich IV. iii. 45. N. pumila,

284 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Griff. Not. IV. 349; not N. sanguinea in Gard. Chron. (1882) IT. 809 =

N. Veitchit.

Perak: Wray 129!; Burbidge on Taiping hills; Engler 5332!;:

hills near Larut, King’s Collector 2022!, about 800 ft. elev., 2635!, at

2500—4000 ft. elev., 3307!, at 4600 ft. 3316!; Gunong Batu Putih,

King’s Collector 8018! at 3000—4000 ft.; on Maxwell’s Hill 4400 ft.

alt. Fox 183!; at Bujong Malacca, 4000ft. alt. Curtis 3362!. Pananc:

at Kluang Terbang, Barnes 10912!. SzxLancor: at Bukit, Kensall!.

Matacca: at Gunong Ladong or Mount Ophir, Griffith 4411!; on

Mount Ophir, Zobb 169!; Ridley 3174!; Whitehead. Styearore:

at Bubo, Murton 35! at 5000 ft.—Duistris. Malaya?, Borneo

(Burbidge).

6. NepENTHES MacrarLaNnet, Hemsley in Proc. Linn. Soc.

(1905) 12, in Gard. Chron. s. 3, KX XVII (1905) 241, 260, in Hook.

Icon. Pl. XXTX tt. 2814, 2815 (1906). Alow climbing often epiphytic

shrub. Stem 2—3 m. high, trigonous, grooved, ferrugineo-hirsute

when young. Leaves 6—20 cm. long, 2—3:5 em. broad; sessile, semi-

amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate to obovate, glabrous or sparsely hairy

along upper midrib; longitudinal veins 4 pairs, innermost starting

one-third up from leaf base, transverse nerves obscure irregularly

reticulate; tendril 10—20 cm. long uniform; pitchers 8—15 cm. long,

2:5—4 cm. broad, di- to tri-morphic, lower ventricose, pale green to

whitish with abundant purple blotches, wings narrow below expanded

and ciliate upward, mouth ovate oblique; peristome cylindric

anteriorly, expanded postero-laterally, inner edge pectinate, lid

3—4'5 cm. orbicular-cordate, without glabrous, within bearing few

to many long rigid unicellular hairs and circular nectar glands;

pitcher within over upper third to half smooth glaucous-purple,

below shining glandular; median pitchers cylindric; upper pitchers

infundibuliform gradually narrowed into tendril, pale green with

purple flecks and spots, wings narrow or reduced to prominent ribs,

pitcher within smooth purple over triangular posterior upper area,

glandular below. Inflorescence 15—25 cm.; raceme with biflorous

hirsute pedicels each bracteolate at fork. Sepals 4, subovate,

ferrugineo-pubescent without and with many minute glands within.

Staminal column equal to sepals, puberulous below, anthers 6.

Ovary ovate, shortly stalked, pubescent. Capsule 18—20 mm. long,

shining, valves lanceolate with depressed bilobed stigma. Seeds 10—

12 mm. long. Macfar. in Engl. Pfl.-reich IV iii. 77.

Pgerak: Scoriechini!; on Gunong Bubu, Wray 3849!; at 5000

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 285

ft. elev., King’s Collector 7395!, at 5300 ft., 7421!; at Gunong Batu

Putih, Wray 339!, at 6700 ft. Wray 1643!.—Disrrie. Malaya.

7. NEPENTHES REINWARDTIANA, Mig. Pl. Jungh. I. 168 (1851).

A graceful branched climbing shrub. Stem 2—3 m. high, triangular

to subcylindric. Leaves 7—25 cm. long, 1—3-5 cm. broad, sessile,

broadly amplexicaul, + decurrent, herbaceous, linear lanceolate, glab-

rous ; longitudinal veins mostly 2, rarely 3 or 4 pairs, innermost

starting from near middle of rib, transverse nerves obscure reticulate :

tendril 15—30 cm. long, delicate but thickening upward; pitchers

10—20 cm. long, Z—4 cm. broad, nearly uniform, cylindric or slightly

ventricose below, expanded toward mouth, glabrous, semi-membran-

ous, pale green to purple green, wings in lower pitchers expanded

non-ciliate, in upper reduced to ridges; peristome ovate, oblique,

cylindric, uniform, faintly striate, lid elliptic- or orbicular-cordate,

glabrous with many minute glands within, pitcher internally glau-

cous-violet over upper half or two-thirds, with two brown ‘“‘ eyes”’

on upper posterior triangular area, below shining glandular. Sta-

minal inflorescence 20--45 cm., pistillate 10—15 cm. long; raceme

lax, pedicels biflorous below uniflorous above. Sepals elliptic, glab-

brous, glandular along middle within. Stamznal column longer than

sepals, ferrugineo-tomentose below, anthers 8. Ovary densely tomen-

tose. Capsule 25—30 mm. long, tetragonous, shining. Seeds 15—17

mm. long, testa around embryo brown, wings pale. Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. IL i. 1075, Suppl. 151, 366 and Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind. 4 t. 4;

Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXII 422 as N. Retnwardtii, in DC.

Prodr. XVII 103 and FI. Br. Ind. V. 70; Macfar. in Engl. Pfl.-reich

IV. iii. 50.

PAHANG: Hulleitt 5716!2 SrneaporE: Wallich not 2244=N.

gracilis, but ‘‘ prope Kuttalam lecta ab amicis Michel’’ !—DisTR1.

Malaya, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo, Singga, 100-200 ft. Hulleit

(Ridley 5693 !).

8. NEPENTHES GRACILIS, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 22. t.

1 (1839). Much branched, delicate, low, climbing shrubs. Stem 2-3 m.

high, greenish purple, trigonous, glabrous. Leaves 10—20 cm. long,

1-5—4 cm. broad, sessile, broadly amplexicaul, decurrent, linear to

elliptic, herbaceous, glabrous or slightly pubescent; longitudinal

veins 5-7 pairs, united by irregular ascending nerves; tendril 6—10

em. long delicate; pitchers 6—12 cm. long, 1—3 cm. broad, sub-

dimorphic, lower cylindric-ventricose with + expanded ciliate wings,

upper cylindric with narrow wings or non-ciliate ridges, pale green

286 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

with fine purple spots or coloring without and within; peristome

narrow, cylindric, uniform, striate; lid 1—2°5 cm., orbicular-cordate,

glabrous, glandular within; pitcher over upper half within glaucous

green to purple, below shining glandular, upper row of glands large.

Inflorescence 10—40 cm. long, slender; pedicels 1- rarely 2-flowered.

Sepals elliptic, tomentose without. Siaminal column shorter than

sepals, glabrous; anthers 12—8, convolute. Ovary ovate, ferrugineo-

tomentose. Capsule 2—3 cm. long, often curved, brown, shining.

Seeds 15 mm. long. Spach Hist Nat. des Veg. XIII 325, t. 144;

Miq. HI. Ind. Bat. Li. 1071; Hook. f. in DC. Prod. XVII 104 and in FI.

Br. Ind. V. 71; Beccari Malesia III. 14; G. Beck in Wien. III.

Gart. Zeit. (1895) 190; Macfar. in Engl. Pfl.-reich IV. iii. 58. WN.

levis, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. (1848) 655. WN. Korthalsiana Miq. }.c.

1071, Suppl. 151, 366, and Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871) 2 t. 1.

PEeNaNG: at Batu Ferengy, Curtis!. Perak: at Larut, King’s

Collector 1941!, 4019!, 4025!, 4084! at 100 ft. alt. Dinpines: at

Pulau Sembilan, Curtis!. Manacca: Jack!; Wallich 2248!; Cuming

2310!; at Ayer Panas, Derry!; at Bukit Bruang, Curtis!. JOHOR: ?

Ridley 11026!. Sineapore: 7’. Anderson 1671; at Changi, Ridley!.

at Bukit Timah, Ridley (Engl. 3911)!.

N. gracilis var. arenaria, Ridley in Hbb. Kew and Calcutta N.

1473 is a dwarf pale form, that grew in wet sandy spots at Pramau

in Pahang.

9. NEPENTHES RAFFLESIANA, Jack in Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 270

(1835). A tall rarely dwarf climbing shrub. Stem 15 m. or less,

cylindric, branched, white tomentose when young, at length glabrous.

Leaves 20—50 cm. long, 5—10 cm. broad, subcoriaceous, petiolate,

petiole 5—15 cm. long, winged, semiamplexicaul; blade oblong to

elliptic, densely white tomentose when young, later glabrous; longi-

tudinal veins usually 5 pairs, inconspicuous; lateral nerves obscure

obliquely ascending, parallel; tendril 20—40 cm. long, thickened

toward pitcher; pitchers 10—20 cm. long, 7 -12 em. broad, dimor-

phic, lower ventricose. pale green or whitish green, richly purple

spotted wings widely expanded below narrowed upward, ciliate;

peristome ovate, oblique, elevated posteriorly into a high neck with

dentate inner edge that carries lid, purple and green striped; upper

pitchers 12—30 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad, infundi buliform, pale

green, purple striate or spotted; wings narrow, shortly or not ciliate,

or reduced to strong ridges; lid 4—10 cm. long, 3—8 cm. broad,

ovate-oblong, without glabrous, within with 2 parallel patches of

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 287

glands between margin and middle; spur 10—30 mm. long tapered;

pitcher within from mouth to upper third or fourth of length glaucous

or glauco-purple, smooth, shining and richly glandular below.

Inflorescence 15—30 cm. long, white tomentose, later subglabrous ;

raceme densely fowered ; pedicels uni- rarely bi-florous. Sepals 4, ovate

or elliptic, tomentose without, crimson and densely glandular within.

Staminal column equal to sepals, glabrous, purple; anthers 20—16

irregularly biseriate. Ovary oblong. white-tomentose; stigma four-

lobed, peltate. Capsule 2—4 cm. long, sparingly tomentose. Seeds

15—20 mm. long, testa round, embryo brown, wings white.

Korthals Verh. Nat. Ges. Bot. 35 (1839); Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.

4285 (1847); Lemaire in Fl. d. Serr. III t. 213, 214 (1847); Blume

Mus. Bot Lugd.-Bat. II. 9 (1852); Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1.i. 1070

(1855); Van Houtte in Fl. d. Serr. XVI. 167 (1867); Hook f. in DC.

Prodr. XVII 96 (13873); Masters in Gard. Chron. II (1882) 424 tt. 69,

70; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 69 (1890); Macfar. in Engl. Pfl.-reich

[V. ili. 61. N. Sanderiana, Burbidge Flora and Sylva Ii. 113 (1904).

ITT 280 (1905) with col. pl.

Matacca: on Mount Ophir, Maingay K.D. 2751!. SINGAPORE:

Jack; Wallich 2242!; Beccari!; T. Anderson 162!; at Bukit Mandi,

Ridley!; at Tampinis, Goodenough 4692!; at Kranji, Ridley, 3371!;

at Changi, Ridley 4693!; Chanchu Kang, King’s Collector 5629! at

300 ft. alt.—Distriz. Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Banka.

10. NEPENTHES PHYLLAMPHORA, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. p. 2, 874

(1805). A branched, climbing or prostrate. bright green shrub. Siem

5—8 m. long, cylindric, sparingly stellate-pubescent when young at

length glabrous, lower internodes short, upper elongate to 7 cm.

Leaves 15—45 cm. long, 6—8 cm. broad: thin, herbaceous, petio-

late; petiole 4-15 cm. long, with vertical wings, half-amplexicaul

at base gradually expanded upward into the lamina; lamina elliptic-

oblong, above and below glabrous or sparsely puberulous along lower

rib surface, margins dentate-ciliate; longitudinal veins 6—10, com-

monly 7 or 8, united by many oblique parallel nerves; tendril 15—25

em. long, thickened upwards toward pitcher; pitchers 8—15 cm. long,

2—3 em. broad, monomorphic, subcylindric, slightly ventricose in

lower half, contracted toward mouth above, pale green to reddish-

green, slightly puberulous, wings narrow, ciliate or not in lower,

reduced to ridges in upper pitchers; peristome cylindric, orifice cir-

cular to elliptic, transverse or slightly oblique, nearly uniform, pale

green to purple; lid 2—4 cm. nearly orbicular with circular scattered

288 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

glands within; inner pitcher surface glaucous- or reddish-green over

upper half, shining and with many distinct circular glands over lower

half. Inflorescence 20—35 cm. long; peduncle and raceme stellate

pubescent; pedicels 2—1-flowered below, 1-flowered above. Sepals

4, elliptic tomentose without, abundantly glandular within. Stam-

nal column glabrous, anthers 20—16, biseriate, convolute, Ovary

ovate, white-tomentose, style short with 4-grooved stigmas. Capsule

18—20 mm. long. Seeds 15—16 mm. long, delicate. Jack in

Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 271; Korthals Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839) 28;

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. Il. 7; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 1069;

Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. X XII 422, in DC. Prod. XVII 97, and FI.

Br. Ind. V. 69; Beccari Malesia I. 213 and Til. 11; Hemsley in Bot.

Mag. t. 8067; Macfar.in Engl. Pfl.-reich IV. iii. 63. Phyllamphora mir-

abilis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 606. N. macrostachya, Blume and N.

fimbriaia, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II. 7; Miq. Ill. Fl. Arechip.

Ind.3 t. 2,5 t. 6. WN. distillatoria, Wall. Cat. 2244; Aiton Hort.

Kew. ed. 2, V. 420. WN. O’ Brieniana, Rodigas in Ill. Hort. (1890) 109.

Kepau, at Langkawi Island, Mahomed Hanif!. PENANG: on

Mount Elvira, Curtis!, at Waterfall, Curtis!. Prov. WELLESLEY :

at Tassek Glugor, Curtis!. Prrak: at Ulu Bubong, King’s Collector

10631! at 400—600 ft. alt.; at Telok Bahang, Curtis!. SInGaPore:

Wallich 2244!; at Changi, Aidley—DistRiB. China and Cochin

China, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and N. Guinea ?, N. Australia.

Family XCVIII. PIPERACEAE.

By C. DE CANDOLLE.

Herbs or shrubs or small trees, growing on the soil or epiphytic,

parenchyma, with aromatic or resiniferous cells. Stem and branches

containing either (in Peperomia) a system of distinct fibrovascular

bundles with limited centrifugal growth, disposed in more or less

concentric rows and anastomozing together in the nodes; or (in

Piper) two fibrovascular systems, one of which is composed of

peripheric bundles with unlimited centrifugal growth, the other of

intramedullar bundles with limited centrifugal growth ; the bundles

of both systems anastomozing together in the nodes. Jecaves simple,

entire, exstipulate in Peperomia, stipulate in Piper. Inflorescence

spiciform. Flowers very small, 1—2-sexual. Perianth 0. Stamens

1—10, hypogynous or connate with the ovary at its extreme base,

rarely higher. Ovary 1-celled, a single terminal orthotropous ovule.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 289

Fruit (a berry) indehiscent. Seed adherent to the endocarp ; embryo-

sac persistent at the apex of a copious perisperm, including the

dicotyledonous embryo and a scanty endosperm ; radicle superior.

Stigma globular or rarely bilobed, very small; fruit minute,

0'5—2 mm. long. Leaves exstipulate 316 .. 1. PEPEROMIA.

Stigmas 2—6, very rarely a single globular stigma (so far

only in two species) ; fruit small, 3—11 mm. long.

Leaves stipulate .. nc ne SL OEP ER

1. PepERomiA, Ruiz and Pavon.

Herbs, annual or perennial, usually succulent. Leaves exstipu-

late, alternate or (seemingly) opposite or verticillate. Spikes pedun-

culate, either solitary and inserted in the axils of fully developed

leaves, or terminal, or inserted in the axils of imperfect leaves and

then geminate or paniculate or umbellate, or very rarely epiphyllous.

Bract very small, usually hypopeltate, seldom squamiform. Flower

bisexual, sessile or subsessile, often sunk with its bract in a depression

of the rhachis. very rarely(only in two West Indian species) connate with

its bract. Stamens 2, lateral, hypogynous; anthers extrorse, 2-celled ,

bivalvate when opening. Ovary free, formed by a single carpel ;

stigma globular or rarely bilobed, always very small and sometimes

hardly visible; ovule with a single integument. erry usually

rounded at its base or more rarely contracted into a slender stipe.

1°, Leaves opposite or the upper ones ternate -quaternate.

a. Stem and leaves more or less pubescent.

Stigma inserted obliquely a little below the summit of

the ovary; limb of leaf elliptic or cbovate-elliptic,

cuneate at the base, up to 4 mm. :ong 1. P. dindigulensis

Stigma terminal; limb of leaf obovate or sounded:

obovate, acute or subacute at the base, 12°5—20 mm.

long .. ae D0 56 he dee (iene

b. Stem and leaves alaprous.

Stigma terminal; limb obovate or elliptic-rhomboid,

rounded at the apex, acute at the base, 26—40 mm.

long .. ar se oc ao Bh

2°. Leaves alternate.

a. Limb glabrous on both surfaces.

Stigma inserted obliquely a little below the summit of

the ovary. Limb elliptic, cuneate at the base,

obtuse at the apex, up to 40 mm. long.. .. 4. P. Mazwellana,

Stigma terminal.

Berry globose, uniformly glandulose-asperulate. Limb

rounded-ovate, cordate at the base, obtuse at the

apex, up to 29 mm. long, and 31 mm. wide .. dS. P. malaccensis.

P. poriulacoides

290 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Berry covered with longitudina] glandulose-asperulate

riblets. Limb deltoid-cordate, subobtusely acumi-

nate at the top, up to 26 mm. long and 19 mm. wide 6. P. pellucida.

5. Limb densely hirtillous on both surfaces.

Stigma inserted obliquely a little below the summit of

the ovary. Limb rounded-obovate, 23 mm. long,

14°5 mm. wide .. a ar .. @. P. kotana.

1. PEPEROMIA DINDIGULENSIS, Mig. Syst. Pip. 122, in Hook.

Journ. Bot V. 549 and Till. Pip. 19, t. 13. Erect, stem and branches

puberulous. Leaves opposite or the terminal ternate, moderately long-

petioled ; limb membranous when dry, elliptic or obovate-elliptic,

cuneate at the base, obtuse or subobtuse at the top, puberulous on

both surfaces, 5-nerved; up to45mm. long and 38 mm. wide; petiole

puberulous, about 8 mm. long. Peduncles axillary and terminal,

about 8 mm. long, puberulous. Spikes 7—8 cm. long, filiform,

glabrous ; limb of bract rounded, subsessile at its centre; anthers

elliptic; ovary emergent, obovate; stigma globular, glabrous, ob-

liquely inserted slightly lower than the apexofthe ovary. C.DC.in

Prodr XVI. i. 442; Wight Ic. t. 1921; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 98

exclud. syn. P. Thwaitesit,C. DC. P. Heyneana, Wight Ic. t. 1922.

Piper ovalifoliwum, Heyne in Wall. Cat. n. 6663 A. and B. (except

lower specimen, vide Hook. f. 1. c.).

PaHANG: top of the Kota Glanggi caves, Ridley 2346. SELAN-

GOR: rocks at Batu caves, Ridley.—Distris. India (Deccan Penin-

sula, rocks of Dindigul). '

2. PepEromra Wray, C. DC. in Records Bot. Survey Ind. VI. 1.

(1912). Stem decumbent, puberulous, rooting at the nodes; branches

erect, densely puberulous, nearly 1 mm. thick, angulose when dry,

ramulose, up to 10°5 cm long. Leaves opposite, petioled; limb

puberulous at the margins on the upper surface, otherwise glabrous,

obovate or the uppermost rounded-obovate, acute or subacute

at the base, the lower up to 20 mm. long and 7—15 mm. wide,

the uppermost 6mm. in diam.; petiole densely puberulous, 4—6 mm.

long. Peduncles terminal, glabrous, up to 12°5 mm. long. Spikes

about 24 mm. long and 1 mm thick, glabrous; limb of bract

rounded with short central pedicel; anthers elliptic, filaments very

short; ovary ovate, stigma terminal, glabrous. Berry globose,

asperulate, nearly 1 mm. in diam., its base immersed in the rhachis.

PERAK: upper part of the valley of the Batang Padang, at

1500—2000 ft. altitude, on dead tree, Wray 1455.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 291

3. PEPEROMIA PoRTULACOIDES, A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. Ed. VI. I. 172

(1831). Herb: succulent, quite glabrous; branches erect from a

creeping stem, up to 6 mm. thick, flattened when dry. Leaves oppo-

site or the upper ones ternate-quaternate, petioled ; limbmembranous

when dry, pellucid-dotted, obovate or elliptic-rhomboid, acute at the

base, rounded at the top, 3-nerved ; 26—40 mm. long and up to 26mm.

wide; petiole5—12mm.Jong. Peduncles axillary and terminal, 3—4

em. long. Spikes up to 5 cm. long, filiform when dry; limb of bract

round with a very short central pedicel; anthers subglobose ; ovary

turbinate, emergent; stigma terminal, punctiform, puberulous. Miq.

Syst. Pip. 130 and in Hook. Lond. Journ Bot. V. 550; C, DC. in

Prodr. XVI. i. 443; Wight Ic. t. 1922; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 98.

P. Candolleana, Miq. Syst. Pip. 130. Piper portulacoides, Lam. Il.

82; Vahl. Enum. I. 350. P. Trifolium Herb. Willd. n. 737.

SeLancor: rocks at Batu caves, Ridley.—Distris. India (Tra-

vancore mountains, Courtallum), Bourbon, Mauritius. .

4, Peperomia Maxwe Luana, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 1. (1912). Stem decumbent. rooting at the nodes ; spiciferous

branches erect, glabrous, nearly 1mm. thick when dry. Leaves alter-

nate, moderately long petioled; limb subcoriaceous and fuscescent

when dry, elliptic, obtuse at the top, cuneate at the base, 3-nerved,

glabrous on both surfaces and very minutely ciliate at the margins

near the summit, up to 40 mm. long and 20 mm. wide; petiole

glabrous, 5 mm. long. Peduncles terminal and axillary, glabrous,

8—10°5 mm. long. Spikes glabrous, up to 5 em. long, little less than

1mm. thick, densiflorous ; limb of bract orbicular, 0°5 mm. in diam.,

subsessile at its centre; ovary emergent, obovate; stigma glabrous,

obliquely inserted slightly lower than the top of the ovary ; bract

and ovary reddish-punctulate when dry.

PERAK: Maxwell’s hill, Ridley 5481.

5. PEPEROMIA MALACCENSIS, Ridley in Kew Bull. (1895) 185, ea

©. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 2. Stems prostrate, succulent,

glabrous. subangulose, rooting from the nodes, little more than 1 mm.

thick when dry. Leaves alternate, moderately long petioled, glabrous ;

limb dark green or cupreo-tuscous when living, fuscescent and

membranous when dry, rounded-ovate, the b se not deeply cordate,

the summit obtuse, 5-nerved, 29 mm. Iong and up to 31 mm. wide;

petiole 12°5 mm. long. Peduwncles terminal, nearly as long as the

petiole, glabrous. Spikes 38 mm. long when flowering, glabrous ;

292 Flora of the Malayan Peninsuia.

limb of bract oblong-rounded with a central pedicel immersed with

the flower in the rhachis; ovary globose, stigma terminal, minute,

glabrous. Berry globose, asperulate, its base immersed in the

rhachis, nearly 1 mm. indiam.

Matacoa: Batu Tiga, rocks in forest, Derry 80.

6. PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA, Kth.in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 1. 64 (1815) ;

Kunth Syn. I. 117; Pl. Aeq. II. 53. Annual, erect, quite glabrous,

about 30 cm. high, ramulose; branches pellucid when dry. Leaves

alternate, petioled; limb membranous and pellucid when dry, deltoid-

cordate, subobtusely acuminate, 7-nerved, up to 26 mm. long and 19

mm. wide; petiole 14:5 mm. long. Peduncle terminal, leaf-opposed.,

nearly as long as the petiole. Spike about twice as long as the leaf,

filiform membranous when dry, glabrous; limb of bract round, sub-

sessile at its centre ; anthers rounded, filaments very short. Berry

globose, mucronate at the apex, with longitudinal verruculose ribs;

stigma terminal, puberulous. A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. Ed. VI. 1. 164; Mig.

Syst. Pip. 79 and in Hook Lond. Journ. Bot. IV. 413; C. DC. in

Prodr. XVI. i. 402; Dahlst. Stud. S. and C. Amerik. Peper. 16, t. 1,

fig.1. Piper pellucidum, L. Sp. 1.163; J. Hill Veg. Syst. XXVI. t.

18, fig. 3; Aublet Hist. Pl. Guy. I. 21; Lam. Ill. 82; Vahl Enum. I.

346; Willd. Sp. PL. I. 163; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 117.

Naturalized. PrNnana: Common in the town, Curtis 1968.

Perak: Wray 1769. Trinacanu, Bundi, Rostado. SINGAPORE :

Deschamps ;.shady places, Kunstler 211.—Distrip. Trop. America,

West Indies, Trop. Africa, Malayan Archipelago, India (Poona,

Cooke; Andamans King’s Coll. 11891).

7. PErpERomia Kortana, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

2(1912). Stem erect from a creeping base, densely hirtillous, about 1

mm, thick when dry. Leaves alternate, petioled; limb densely

hirtillous, on both surfaces, rounded-obovate, 23 mm. diam. in the

inferior leaves ; elliptic, subacute at the base, rounded at the top,

23 mm. long, 14°5 mm. wide, 5-nerved inthe superior leaves ; petiole

densely hirtillous, 10 mm. long in the inferior, 4 mm. long in the

superior leaves. Peduncle terminal Spike 27 mm. long, 1 mm.

thick, glabrous, densiflorous; limb of the bract obovate, subsessile

at its centre, brown-dotted when dry; anthers rounded; ovary

emergent, obovate; stigma punctiform, glabrous, inserted obliquely

and slightly lower than the top of the ovary.

Panana: Kota Glanggi, Ridley.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 293

This species is very much like P. convexa, Miq., from which it differs by its

obovate bract.

2. Piper, L. (pro parte).

Shrubs or small trees, with swollen nodes. Leaves provided with

stipules inserted on the margins of the petiolar sheath. Spikes

pedunculate, usually oppositifolious, rarely axillary or condensed at

the top of an axillary ramulet. Flowers unisex ual or bisexual,

sessile or rarely pedicellate. Stamens 2—6, rarely 1 or 8—10, hypo-

gynous or connate with the ovary at its base, rarely higher ; anthers

deciduous, usually 4-valvate, rarely 2-valvate when opening, slits

lateral, filaments persistent. Ovary free or partly imbedded in and

connate with the rhachis ; stigmas 2—6, very rarely a single terminal

stigma.

Key to the Sections.

A. Flowers sessile.

a. Spikes oppositifolious.

Bracts not connate .. .. SECTION I, EUPIPER.

Bracts connate at their lower and

upper ends ne .. Seorion II, MuxpeEra.

6. Spikes condensed at the top of an

axillary ramulet Sb -- Section III, Heorerta.

B. Flowers pedicellate ye -- SEOTION IV, ENCKEA.

Secor. I.--Evuprper C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 339, emend.

Spikes oppositifolious. Bracts not connate, hypopeltate, with

a central pedicel or subsessile or adnate to the rhachis and then free

only at their ends and lateral margins. Flowers sessile, unisexual or

rarely bisexual. Stamens 2, lateral, rarely 3—4 of which 2 are lateral.

Ovary free or partly imbedded in and concrescent with the rhachis.

Key to the species of the Malayan Peninsula.

(All dicecious, except ns.: 7, 25, 32, 46, 48 which are polygamous.)

N.B.—All measurements and other foliar characters indicated in this key

and in the diagnoses always refer to the leaves of the upper part, that is to say

of the flowering part of branches. The width of leaves is taken from their

widest Portions.

A. Berry not stipitate. (Nos. 1—29).

1°. Bract not adnate to the rhachis, rounded or obovate,

with central pedicel or sessile. (Nos. 1—78).

a. A single orbicular or globose stigma, berry partly

imbedded in the rhachis. (Nos. ! 2).

A Leaf entirely glabrous. Limb oblong-elliptic-lanceo-

late, 9°5—11-°5 cm. long, 2—3 cm. wide .. 1. P. globulistigmum

234 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

A ALeaf more or less pubescent, hairs ramulose. Limb

oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, up to 12 em. long, and

5cem.wide .. oe aie -. 2. P. ramipilum.

b. Stigmas 3-4-5. (Nos. 3—23).

A Ovary and berry prolonged upwards into a style.

(Nos. 3 7).

x Limb multinerved.! Berry partly imbedded in the

rhachis.

Leaf entirely glabrous. Limb elliptic-lanceolate,

8-5—9°5 cm. long, 3-2—3°5 em. wide.. .. 3. P. rufispicum.

x x Limb multiplinerved.2 Ovary and berry free.

— Leaf entirely glabrous.

+ Bract orbicular; spike much shorter than the leaf.

Limb oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, 1I—13 cm. long,

3—4 cm. wide 6 se -. 4. P. penangense.

++Bract obovate; spike nearly as long or longer than

the leaf.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, 12—13-5 em. long, 5—5-7

cm. wide se : 40 -. 5. P. conibaccum.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, 1529 em. long, 6—10°5

em. wide Sc ee 6. P. magnibaccw.

——Leaf glabrous above, pabeceene underneath, young

branches retrorsely hirsute.

Limb elliptic, 11—15 em. long, 5:‘5—7 em. wide .. 7. P. stylosum.

A AOvary and berry without styies. (Nos. 8—23).

x Limb multinerved. (Nos. 8, 9).

— Leaf entirely glabrous. Limb oblong-ovate, acutely

acuminate, thse base rounded on one side, attenu-

ate on the other side oe oe

——Leaf hirsute on the petiole and bse of the fen:

Limb obijong-ovate, acutely acuminate, the ex-

treme base half-cordulate.. at .. 9. P. miniatum.

x x Limb multiplinerved. (Nos. 10— 7).

— Limb entirely glabrous. (Nos 0O— 5).

+ Base of the limb rounded on both sides or at least

on one side.

@ Base of the limb equilateral or nearly so. Limb

ovate, acutely acuminate, 11-5 cm. ae nearly

P. flavibaccum.

5em. wide .. .. 10, P. semangkoanwi..

® @ Base of the limb distinctly inoaailateralla .. ll. P.gymnocladum.

Limb oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, up to 18°8

em. Jong Bre aie we .. 12. P. boehmeriae-

folium (forma).

1 That is to say with all the main nerves free from the base.

2 That is to say with some of the main nerves issuing from the central

nerve, the others free from the base.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 295

+ + Base of the limb attenuate on both sides.

@ Spiciferous branches glabrous

Limb 7:6 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate. Peduncle

much longer than the petiole ,

Limb 16 em. long, elliptic-lanceolate. Bract rounded

Limb 15—22 em. long, elliptic-lanceolate. Bract

obovate .. aS a ay

@@ Spiciferous branches puberulous. Limb up to

8-5 em. long, cvate-lanceolate us oe

——Limb glabrous above, pubescent underneath. (Nos.

Ggal'?):

+ Base of limb cordate and equilateral. Limb up to

22 em. long, rounded ovate, acutely acuminate ..

+ + Base of limb rounded on both sides and equilateral.

Limb about 9 em. long, ovate, acutely acuminate ..

+++ Base of limb rounded on one side, attenuate on

the other. Limb up to 12 cm. long. oblong-

elliptic-lanceolate

x x x Limb penninerved,! entirely glabrous, attenuate

at the base.

Limb oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, 12—15 cm. long ..

OO Ovary and berry partly imbedded in the rhachis.

(Nos. 19—23).

xLimb multinerved, glabrous above puberulous

underneath on the nerves. Base of limb cordate

and equilateral. Limb oblong-ovate acutely

acuminate .. ar 36

x x Limb multiplinerved.

— Limb entirely glabrous.

+ Berry glabrous.

Limb ovate or rounded-ovate, subacutely acuminate,

up to 5 = cm. long os 3c ye

Limb ovate, acutely acuminate, 13°5 cm. long,

Tem wide .. 26 5¢ :

++Berry tomentose. Limb ovate or rounded-ovate,

acutely acuminate,l10—13 cm. long .. a6

——Limb glabrous above, pubsscent underneath, amply

ovate, acutely acuminate, up to 22°5 cm. long,

the base cordate and inequilateral .. 26

2°. Bract adnate to the rhachis, obovate-oblong or

elliptic-oblong or oblong. (Nos, 24—29).

a. Bract free at both ends and along its lateral and

thinned margins. (Nos. 24—28).

13. P. lonchites.

14. P. gymnophyllum -

6. P. magnibaceum.

15. P. puberuli-

rameum.

16. P. velutinervium.

17. P. sarmentosuimn.

12. P. boehmeriae-

folium, var. lanatum.

18. P. Scortechinii.

19. P. longum.

20. P. subfragile.

. 21. P. minutistigmum.

22. P. Betle.

23. P. febrifugum.

1 That is to say with all its main lateral nerves issuing from the central

nerve.

296 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

— Limb entirely glabrous, multiplinerved, the base

attenuate on both sides. (Nos. 24—-27).

+ Bract quite glabrous. (Nos. 24—26).

Limb elliptic, acutely acuminate, nearly 10-5 cm.

long, red underneath es sis -. 24. P. porphyro-

Pra phyllum.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely and rather long

acuminate, 11—15 em. long, 5—9 em. wide.

Anthers rounded a 06 Seo)

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely and rather long

acuminate, 13—15 em. long and 4:°5—5:5 cm.

wide. Anthers ovate Be 56 .- 26. P. flavispicum.

+ +Bract minutely puberulous on the back and ciliate.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, 7°-5—10

. P. nigrum.

em. long 3c 50 od .. 27. P. longicaule.

——Limb glabrous above, puberulous underneath,

penninerved.

Limb elliptic, acutely acuminate, 12 em. long, the

base rounded on one side.. 20 .. 28. P. kotanwm.

5. Bract free at both ends, its lateral margins not

thinned.

Limb elliptic, acutely acuminate, about 10°5 cm.

long, 4°5—6°5 cm. wide, the base rounded on

both sides Hy

Berry stipitate. Nos. 30—48).

1°. Bract rounded. (Nos. 30—32).

x Limb multiplinerved.

— Limb entirely glabrous, 10—13cm.long. Bract glabrous.

Limb ovate, acutely acuminate, cordate at the base 30. P. dindingsanum.

Limb lanceolate of ue .. 31. P. caninum var.

-- 29. P. leptonema.

glabrum.

——Limb glabrous above, pubescent underneath, 9—11'5 i

em. long. Bract pubescent.

Limb ovate-oblong, acutely acuminate, attenuate

at the base .. se are .. 31. P. caninum.

x xLimb penninerved, pubescent on both surfaces,

elliptic-lanceolate, up to 17°5 em. long .. 32. P. malaccense.

2°. Bract obovate or oblong-elliptic. (Nos. 33—48).

x Limb multinerved, entirely glabrous.

Limb oblong-ovate, subobtusely acuminate, up to

9 em. long He:

x x Limb multiplinerved. (Nos. 34—42).

— Limb entirely glabrous. (Nos 34—4)).

@ Bract not adnate to the rhachis, with a central

pedicel or sessile. (Nos. 34—37).

O Base of limb rounded on one side, attenuate on the

other side.

Limb oblong-ovate acutely acuminate, up to 12°5

5 em. long A nic aie .. 34. P. subalbicans.

ate .. 33. P. selangorense.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

O OBase of limb attenuate on both sides and equilateral.

+ Limb 5-plinerved.

Limb subovate-elliptic-lanceolate, subacutely acumi-

nate, 9—11°5 em. long

Limb oblong-elliptic, acutely douinidates up to 10: 5

em. long O° oe

+ +Limb 7-plinerved, elliptic-lanceolate, sanale acumi-

nate, up to 75 cm. long

@@BEract adnate to the rhachis and fee ‘onde at the

margin. (Nos. 38—42).

QO Base of limb cordate or cordulate, or obtuse.

Limb ovate, subobtusely acuminate, 9 cm. long,

38—44 mm. wide 20

Limb oblong-ovate or subohovate- Eablones sauicle

attenuate, about 25 cm. long, 11 em. wide ws

Limb oblong-elliptic, acutely and rather long acumi-

nate, about 10°5 em. long, 42 mm. wide ie

— Limb glabrous on both sides.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, 11°5

em. long, 6 em. wide 50 oe ee

——Limb glabrous above, pubescent underneath,

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, up to

14:5 cm. long, 6 cm. wide De ee

x x xLimb penninerved. Bract obovate or oblong.

(Nos. 43—48).

— Limb entirely glabrous. (Nos. 43, 44).

@ Base of limb rounded on one side, attenuate on the

other side.

Limb oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, 13—16 cm.

long, 4:8—7 cm. wide ae are sc

@ @ Base of limb attenuate on both sides.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, 13-16

em. long, 4:8—7 cm. wide oe

—-~- uimb pubescent on both surfaces. Bract shortly

pedicellate. (Nos. 45—48).

@ Base of limb cordate or cordulate.

Limb oblong-elliptic, shortly and subacutely acumi-

nate, up to 17 cm. long and 7 cm. wide

Limb oblong acutely acuminate, 20°8—33-8 ecm.

long, 4°2—5°6 ecm. wide .. ae oe

@ @ Base of limb rounded and slightly inequilateral.

Limb subobovate-elliptic, acutely acuminate, stipe

hirtellous

@@@ Base of limb rounded on one side, attenuate on

the other side.

35. P. Curtisit.

. 36. P. paucistigmum.

. d7. P. Mazxwellanum.

. 38. P. pedicellosum.

39. P. ribesiordes.

40. P. mucronatum.

41. P. longibracteum.

42. P. xanthocarpum.

43. P. larutanum.

.. 44. P. collinum.

- 45. P. muricatum

forma peninsularis.

46. P. protractum.

. 45. P. muricatum,

forma pilistipes.

298 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Limb obovate-oblong, acutely acuminate, 20 cm.

long, up to7 cm. wide .. .. 47.. P. bipedale.

@ @ @ @ Base of limb attenuate on both eee and equilateral.

Limb lanceolate-elliptic, acutely acuminate, nearly

25 em. long, 12 cm. wide.. So .. 48. P. Redleyz.

C Ovary and berry unknown. (Nos. 49—60).

1°. Bract not adnate to the rhachis, rounded or obovate

with a central pedicel or sessile. (Nos. 49—58).

x Limb multiplinerved. (Nos. 49—57).

— Limb entirely glabrous. (Nos. 49—55’.

@ Base of limb rounded on both sides and slightly

inequilateral.

O Bract glabrous.

Limb ovate, acutely attenuate, up to 15:5 em. long,

9em.wide .. : .. 49. P. nigrantherum.

Limb oblong-ovate, souttsly: HouRnats: bout 9 cm.

long, 4 cm. wide ae ° .. 0. P. filipes.

OoOBract pubescent. Limb onladeeinnet shortly and

obtusely attenuate, up to 9°5 cm. long, 3°5 em.

wide one oe aie -- Ol. P. rufibractewm.

@@Base of limb rounded on one side, attenuate on

the other side.

Limb elliptic-oblong, acutely and rather long

acuminate, 12-5 em. long, 4°5 em. wide .- 52. P. Kunstler.

@@ @ Base of limb attenuate on both sides.

O Bract rounded.

Limb elliptic-lanceolate, equilateral at the base,

8-5 em. long, 2°6 cm. wide .. 03. P. curtipetiolum.

Limb elliptic-oblong, nearly squilatoral oh the base,

up to 15 cm. long and 4cm. wide .. .. 54. P. erecticaule.

O OBract subobovate-elliptic.

— Limb elliptic-lanceolate, inequilateral at the base,

14°5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide eieta .. 55 P. eucalyptolem-

bum.

——Limb glabrous above, pubescent underneath.

Base of limb cordate. Limb rounded-ovate,

obtusely acuminate, up to 15 cm. long, 14 cm.

wide a ne ',. 56. P. subrubrispicum.

———Limb pubescent on both saneHoes,

Base of limb attenuate on both sides and equilateral.

Limb oblong-ovate-lanceolate, up to 10°5 cm. long,

3°5 em. wide ete a .. 57. P. longamentum.

x x Limb penninerved, entirely glabrous. Base of limb

attenuate on both sides.

Limb subsessile, subobovate-elliptic-oblong, acutely

acuminate, up to 19 cm. long, 5 em. wide -- 58. P. subsessililim-

bum.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 299

2°, Bract adnate to the rhachis, oblong or obovate-

oblong, free at both ends and at its lateral

margin. (Nos. 59, 60).

Limb entirely glabrous, multiplinerved, the base

rounded or subrounded on both sides.

Anthers obovate. Limb elliptic, acutely acuminate,

14 em. long, 9 em. wide .. an ae

Anthers reniform. Limb oblong-ovate, acutely

acuminate, up to 18 em. long and 6 cm. wide .. 60. P. argyrites.

D. Inflorescence unknown. oie we .. 61. P. clypeatum.

59. P. obovantherum.

1. PIPER GLOBULISTIGMUM, C.DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

3 (1912). Branches glabrous, light brown when dry, the spiciferous

up to 1 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, not libriform; no peri-

pheric lysigenous canal; many dark brown cells in bark and pith.

Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb rigid and opaque, 9°5—11°5

em. long and 2—3 cm. wide, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, acutely and

rather long attenuate, the sides of the base unequally long, the

shortest tapering, the longest rounded ; penninerved, the central

nerve emitting on each side 3 alternate ascendent nerves, the upper-

most from 24—36 mm. above the base ; petiole about 5°5 mm. long,

2 of which between the side of the limb, sheath basal. Peduncle

glabrous, 26 mm. long. Spike: 2 cylindric, 52 mm. long and 1 mm.

thick when ripe; rhachis densely velutino-puberulous ; bract gla-

brous, its limb orbicular, rigid, 1 mm. in diam. with a very short

central pedicel. Berry partly imbedded in the rhachis, its upper free

portion rounded and densely velutino-puberulous; a single stigma,

globular and very small.

PERAK : Scortechini!.

2. PIPER RAMIPILUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 3

(1912). Creeper, upto9m.long. Branches pubescent when young,

soon glabrous, the spiciferous 2 mm. thick drying brown; hairs

ramulose in the female but not so in the male; collenchyma continu-

ous, not libriform; a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves shortly

petioled ; limb rigid-membranous when dry, subpellucid-dotted, up to

12 em. long and 5 cm. wide, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves

underneath, the hairs ramulose ; ovate elliptic, acutely acuminate,

the base cordulate and slightly inequilateral; 7-plinerved, the central

nerve emitting 2 ascendent alternate nerves, the uppermost from

about 32 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2

nerves free from the base, the external more arcuate and much

shorter than the others ; petiole densely pubescent, 8 mm. long, of

300 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

which 2 mm. between the sides of the limb, sheath prolonged up to

the middle of the petiole; stipules glabrous, confluent in an obtuse

apex. Peduncle sparingly pubescent, 20—24 mm. long, slender.

Spike: 3 about 7:8 em. long, up to 2 mm. thick, attenuate at the

top ;.rhachis glabrous ; bract glabrous, its limb rounded 1 mm. in

diam ; stamens 2, anthers elliptic, 2-valvate: 910-5 cm. long anda

little over 2 mm. thick when ripe, obtuse at the top; rhachis and

bract as in the male; ovary glabrous, its base partly imbedded in

the rhachis; a single minute orbicular stigma. Berry free except at

its extreme base, globose, about 1 mm. in diam., orange or dark-

yellow when living, black when dry.

PenanG: at Balik Pulau at 800—1000 ft. alt., Ourtis 792:

Kunsiler 1481; Deschamps. PrRaK: at Gunong Bulang, on trees,

King’s Collector 270 ; at Gunong Keledang, Ridley 9582; at Larut,

King’s Collector 3574; JonoreE ; at Bukit Saya, Ridley 11022.

3. PIPER RUFISPICUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 4

(1912). Branches glabrous, light brown when dry, the spiciferous

about 1 mm. thick; collenchyma in distinct laterally widened

bundles, its inner zone libriform ; a central and several peripheric

lysigenous canals. Leaves glabrous ; limb rigid and opacous, 8°5-9

em. long and 3:2—3°5 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acutely attenuate,

the base slightly inequilateral, attenuate on one side, sub-attenuate

on the other side ; 6-nerved, 3 nerves on one side and 2 on the other

side of thelimb. Peduncle glabrous,13mm.long. Spike: 2 cylindric,

rounded at the top, 5:7 cm. long, 2°6 cm. thick ; rhachis rufo-

tomentose ; bract suborbicular, emarginulate at the top, minutely

glandulose on both surfaces, sessile at its centre, 1 mm. in diam.

Berry deeply imbedded in the rhachis, with a free conic and slender

style about 1-5 mm. long ; stigmas 4, short, ovate-acute.

Perak : at [juk, Scortechini 1177.

4. PIpeR PENANGENSE, C. DC. in Prod. XVI. i. 353 (1869).

Erect, about 2 ft. high. Branches glabrous, fuscous when dry; the

spiciferous nearly 2mm. thick ; collenchyma in distinct, laterally much

widened, bundles and not libriform; a single central lysigenous canal.

Leaves glabrous, shortly petioled; limb membranous when dry,

minutely pellucid-dotted, 11—13 cm. long, 3—4 cm. wide, oblong-

elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral, acute or

nearly so; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent alter-

nate nerves, the uppermost from about 18 mm. above its base,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 301

and having on each side of it 2 lateral ascendent nerves free from the

base; petiole 4—6 mm. long,sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, about

15 mm. long. Spike: 2 ovate-globose, nearly 4—6 mm. long,

rhachis pilose ; bract glabrous, orbicular, subsessile, 1-5 mm. in diam. ;

ovary free, glabrous, ovate, with an elongated style and 3—4 ovate-

acuminate stigmas. Berry sessile, globose, about 3°5 mm. long with

its slender style. Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 88 Chavica venan-

ensis, Miq. Syst. Pip. 279, Illustr. 45. t. 44.

Penane: Wallich 6642 B. (in Herb. Berol), 6644 B. (in Herb.

Hook.); Ulu Selama, Wray 4170. Prrax: at Gunong Inas,

Scortechint ; Wray 4087.

5, Piper conrpaccum, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind., VI. 4

(1912). Branchlets glabrous, the spiciferous 4 mm. thick, 6—7-costel-

ate, the riblets membranous ; collenchyma in distinct and laterally

widened bundles, not libriform; a single central lysigenous canal,

abundant yellow cells in bark and pith. Leaves shortly petioled,

glabrous; limb firm when dry, 12—13°5 cm. long, 5—5:7 cm. wide,

elliptic-lanceolate, subacutely acuminate, the base equilateral, acute;

7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the

uppermost from 20—30 mm. above the base, and having on each side

of it 2 ascendent nerves free from the base; petiole 10 mm. long,

sheath basal. Peduncle as long as the petioles. Spike: 2 nearly

40°3 cm. long ; rhachis glabrous ; bract glabrous, its limb obovate,

attenuate in its lower part, 2 mm. long; ovary free, attenuate into

a conic style; stigmas 3—5, more rarely 5 and sometimes 2, linear.

Berry glaucescent when dry, its style 7 mm. long.

SELANGOR: at Semangko, Ridley 17056.

6. PreerR mMaGnripaccum, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 5

(1912). Scandent. Branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous

up to 6 mm. thick and costellate; collenchyma in distinct laterally

widened bundles, not libriform; a single central lysigenous canal.

Leaves moderately long petioled, glabrous ; limb subcoriaceous when

dry, 15—22 cm. long, 6—10°5 cm. wide ; elliptic-lanceolate, acutely

acuminate, the base acute and equilateral; 7—9-plinerved, the

central nerve emitting 2 opposite ascendent nerves from 20-26 mm.

above the base and having on each side of it 2—3 ascendent nerves

free from the base, the external much shorter than the others ;

petiole about 20 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle nearly as long

as the petiole, glabrous, 2 mm. thick when dry. Spike: 2 about

302 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

21 cm. long, rhachis glabrous ; bract glabrous, its limb obovate, up to

3 mm. long, more or less prolonged and lacerate at its lower end,

widely subsessile ; ovary free, glabrous, ovate attenuate at the top ;

stigmas 3—4, linear, acute and recurved. Berry sessile, globose and

acuminate at the top, black when dry.

PERAK: Maxwell’s hill, alt. 4000 ft.; September, Curtis 2046 ; at

Thaiping, March, Ridley 2963, 5480; at Larut, rare, growing closely

to the stem of a tree in dense jungle, King’s Collector 6369; at

Maxwell’s hill, alt. 3800 ft, Wray 4239. SmLancor : Semangko pass,

April, Ridley 15569.

This species will probably, when the male is known, have to be placed in

Section SARCOSTEMON perhaps as aform of P. Korthalsii Miq. with larger

and multinerved leaves, longer spikes and bracts not adnate.

7. PIPER styLosuM Miq. in Ann. Bot. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 1. 139

(1863-64). Erect, 8-24 in. high. Branches densely and retrorsely

ochraceo-hirsute, the spiciferous 2mm. thick ; collenchyma continu-

ous, almost entirely libriform; a single central lysigenous canal ;

sclerosed cells abundant in the pith, less so in the bark. Leaves

shortly petioled ; limb membranous when dry, minutely pellucid-

dotted, glabrous above, densely hirsute on the nerves and veins

underneath; 11—15 cm. long, 5°5—7 cm. wide; elliptic, acutely

acuminate, the base obtuse or subattenuate on one side, rounded and

wider on the other side; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2

opposite or subalternate ascendent nerves, the uppermost from about

5'2 cm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2 ascendent

nerves free from the base; petiole 6—8 mm. long, densely hirsute,

sheath basal. Peduncle nearly equal to the petiole, densely ochraceo-

hirsute. Spike: S about 20 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, rhachis hirsute ;

bract glabrous, its limb orbicular, 1 mm. in diam. with a central

pedicel; stamens 2, anthers oblong, 4-valvate, much shorter than

the oblong filaments: androgynous spike cylindric, about 10 mm.

long, white when living, rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, subobovate-

orbicular with a central pedicel; stamens as above; ovary free,

glabrous; stigmas 3, ovate. Berry ovate, with a rather long conical

style. C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 344. P. rostratum, Hook f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 87 (not Roxb.). P. birmanicum, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 338.

Dixpines: Gunong Tungul, Ridley. Perak: Larut Hills Tea

Gardens, Curtis 2049; Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley; Gunong Batu Putih,

alt. 4500 ft., Wray 283 ; at Kwala Wok, Wray 864; at Larut, King’s

Collector, 2491 ; in dense jungle, rich soil, 300—500 ft., 7791; Scor-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 303

techint ; Goping, King’s Collector 415; Kampong Simpai, Batu Pahat,

Lake and Kelsall 4015. Setanaor: Gua Batu, Kajang, Kwala

Lumpur, Ridley.—Disrris : Sumatra, Borneo.

8. PipER FLAviBAccUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 5

(1912). Branches glabrous, pale brown when dry, the spiciferous

about 1 mm. thick ; collenchyma continuous, sparsely libriform; a

single central lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately long petioled,

glabrous, limb rigid, membranous when dry, copiously pellucid-

dotted; 10—11 cm. long, 2:8—3:5 cm. wide; oblong-ovate, acutely

attenuate, the base inequilateral, attenuate on the shorter, rounded

and wider on the longer side; 4-nerved, 2 lateral ascending nerves

on one side of the base and a single on the other; petiole 10 mm.

long with basal sheath. Peduwncle glabrous, slender, nearly 20 mm.

long. Spike: # about 22 mm. long when flowering ; rhachis hirsute ;

bract glabrous, its limb round, 0:5 mm, in diam. with a central short

pedicel ; stamens 2, anthers rounded, 4-valvate, much shorter than

the oblong filaments: 2? 20 mm. long when ripe. Berry free,

globose, bright yellow when living, brown when dry, 2 mm. in diam.

PERAK : Scortechini; summit of Gunong Batu Putih, alt. 6700

ft., Wray 271, 331.

9. PIPER MINIATUM Bl. in Verh. Bat. Genoots. XI. 166 (1826) and

Enum. Pl. Jav. 1. 65. Slender creeper,up to 6m. long. Branches

glabrous drying brown, the spiciferous nearly 1 mm. thick; collen-

chyma in distinct bundles, nearly entirely libriform ; a single central

lysigenous canal. Leaves very shortly petioled ; limb rigid-membra-

nous when dry, very minutely pellucid-dotted, 8-18 cm. long, 4-9cm.

wide. shining above, glabrous on both surfaces except at the base

where the nerves are at first hirsute and soon glabrous; oblong-

ovate, acutely acuminate. slightly inequilateral and very shortly half

cordulate at the extreme base the longer side of which is auriculi-

form; 5-7-nerved ; petiole hirsute especially at the margins, about

4 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, 26 mm. long, slender.

Spike: 3 10°5 cm. long, up to 7 mm. thick, rhachis hirsute; bract

glabrous, its limb round, 0-5 mm. in diam. with a central rather long

pedicel ; stamens 3, anthers elliptic, 2-valvate, filaments very short:

2 10°5—18 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, densely bacciferous, rhachis

and bract as in the male; ovary free, glabrous, oblong ; stigmas 3,

very minute. Berry oblong-obovate, angulose, 2 mm. long, bright red

when living, black when dry. C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 354 ;

304 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 85. P. auriculatum, Bl. 1. c. 171, Enum.

66. P. glandulosum, Opiz in Presl Reliq. Haenk. 158. P. lanceola-

tum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.159. P. moluccanum, Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1. 112.

Chavica miniaia, macrostachya, lanceolata, Mig. Syst. Pip. 234, 236,

264 ; Ill. Pip. 32, 33. t.t. 28, 29 and Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. ii. 440, 445.

Penanc : Wallich 6644 ; between rocks at 500 ft. altitude, King’s

Collector 1533; on rocks and trees, Curtis. PERAK: Water-

fall, Curtis 2290; at 300 ft. altitude, Wray 1959; Larut, clings to

trees in dense jungle, King’s Collector 748; at 300-600 ft. in open

jungle on trees in rocky localities, Kunstler 1925. Matacca: Maingay

K.D. 1327; at Bukit Benang, Derry 535, on Mt. Ophir, Derry 3152.

Johore: Tanjong Kupang, Ridley 6426. Srtncapore : at Toas, Ridley

4684.

10. PirER SEMANGKOANUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 6 (1912). Glabrous in all its parts, spiciferous branches 1°5 mm.

thick ; collenchyma in distinct bundles, sparsely libriform ; a central

lysigenous canal; abundant blackish cells in the pith. Leaves

shortly petioled ; limb membranous when dry, 11:5 cm. long, 5 cm.

wide; ovate, acutely acuminate, the base rounded and equilateral ;

7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves from

nearly 42 mm. above the base and having on each side of it 2 ascen-

dent nerves free from the base; petiole 5 mm. long, sheath basal.

Peduncle as long as the petioles. Spike: 92 cylindric, black when

dry, 8°5 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; bract orbicular, subsessile at

its centre; ovary free, stigmas 4, linear.

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, Ridley. Smnancor: Semangko pass,

Ridley.

11. PreeR GymnociapuM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

6 (1912). Glabrous inallits parts; branches drying brown, the speci-

ferous up to 1:5 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform, in distinct

bundles ; a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves shortly petioled ;

limb firmly membranous when dry, up to 14:5 cm. long and 6°5 cm. .

wide, pellucid-dotted, ovate, shortly and acutely attenuate, the base

rounded and inequilateral, wider and slightly longer on one side;

7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 2 ascendent

nerves, the uppermost from 12°5 mm. above the base, and having

on each side of it one subascendent short and thin nerve free from

the base ; petiole 10 mm. long, of which 2 mm. between the sides of

the limb. Peduncle up to 22mm. long. Spike: 2 16:8 mm. long,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 305

2-1 mm. thick when flowering; bract rounded, 0°52 mm. in diam. with

a short central pedicel; ovary free; stigmas 3-4, ovate-oblong, acute

at the top. Berry sessile, globose, nearly 3 mm. in diam.

Pexak: Maxwell’s hill, Ridley 5479.

12. PIPER BOEHMERIAEFOLIUM, Wall. Cat. 6654 (1828); C.

DC., in Prodr. XVI. i. 348; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 85. Chavica

boehmeriaefolia, Miq. Syst. Pip. 265; Ill. Pip. 41, t. 37.

Forma b, glabrifolia, C. DC. n.f. Erect, 0°9--1:2 m. high;

branches glabrous, brown when dry, the spiciferous nearly 2 mm.

thick ; collenchyma continuous, not libriform ; no lysigenous canal.

Leaves moderately long petioled, glabrous ; limb membranous when

dry, minutely pellucid-dotted, up to 18°8 cm. long and 7:5 cm.

wide, oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, the base inequilateral,

rounded on the longest attenuate on the shortest side ; penninerved,

the central nerve emitting 5 nerves on the longest and 4 on the

other side, the uppermost from 5 cm. above the base, the superior

ascendent, the inferior subascendent and more curved ; petiole about

6'5 mm. long, of which 2:2—4°4 mm. between the sides of the limb,

sheath basal. Peduncle 4.4 mm. long, glabrous. Spike: S about

28 mm. long, light yellow when flowering, later yellowish-red, rhachis

hirsute ; bract glabrous, its limb round, little less than 2°2 mm. in

diam. with a short central pedicel; stamens 3, anthers reniform,

4-valvate, much shorter than the oblong filaments.

PERAK: Larut, at 500-1500 ft. altitude, in dense old jungle

on rocky rich soil, Kunstler 2231, 2517.

Var. lanata, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. l.c. P. lanatum Roxb. FI.

Ind. 1. 159, Ed. Carey and Wall. 1. 161; Wall. Cat. 6647; C. DC. in

Prodr. 1. 341. P. Cubeba, Wall. Cat. 6645 (not Linn.). P. lonchites,

Wall. Cat. 6644 in part. P. javanicum, OC. DC. lc. 343. Cubeba

lanata, Miq. Syst. Pip. 298; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. 2. 450. ©. Lowong var.

quintuplinervis, Miq. |. c. 298.

Ramlets densely hirsute: structure as in the type except that

there are a few sclerosed cells opposite the medullary rays; limb

11—12 em. long, 3°5—4 cm. wide, the upper surface hirsute princi-

pally on the nerves, undersurface and petiole densely hirsute.

Peduncle up to 2 cm. long.

PENANG: Wallich 6647.

Var. glabra, Hook. f. |.c.; ramlets and leaves quite glabrous.

Limb lanceolate, 4—5 in. long, up to 2 in. wide.

306 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Pauana: Tahan river, Ridley 2259, 2260; Ayer Panas, Derry

497. PrRak: in dense jungle, clinging to stems of trees, alt. 200-

300 ft., King’s Collector 4184; a small pepper 4-5 ft. long, fruit

bright red when ripe, Kunstler 3411. Prov. WELLESLEY: at 100-300

ft. altitude, a long slender pepper, in dense jungle on trees, fruit red,

Kunstler 1613; Ridley 14496.

Var. humilis C. DC. n. var.; shrub about 60 cm. high. Ramlets

glabrous, petioles hirtillous; limb of leaves glabrous. Berry globose,

nearly 1 mm. in diam.

PERAK: Wray 1949; Scortechini.

Var. angustifolia, Miq. ex Hook. f. l.c.; ramlets and leaves

glabrous, lanceolate, 38 —42 mm. long, up to 12°5 mm. wide.

Matacoa: Maingay K.D. 1333.

13. PIPER LONCHITES, Wall. Cat. 6644 (1828). Erect ? Branches

glabrous, smooth, drying brown, the spiciferous 1 mm. thick ; collen-

chyma libriform in distinct bundles ; a central and several peripheric

lysigenous canals. Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb mem-

branous when dry, copiously and minutely pellucid-dotted, 7:6 cm.

long and neariy 31 mm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acutely attenuate, the

base very slightly inequilateral, acute on the shortest, subrounded

on the longest sides; 5-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2

opposite ascendent nerves from nearly 6:3 mm. above the base

and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free from the base ;

petiole 3:3 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, very slender,

13-5 mm. long in the male, 19-25 mm. long in the female. Spike: 3

about 12°5 mm. long when flowering; rhachis hirsute ; bract gla-

brous, rounded, subsessile at its centre, 1 mm. in diam. ; stamens 3,

anthers ovate, 4-valvate, shorter than the adult, oblong, filaments :

2 about 29°5 mm. long and 2°5 mm. thick; rhachis and bract

asin the male ; ovary free, stigmas 3—4, lanceolate. Miq. Syst. Pip.

I; 331; C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 358; “Hookvi vB Brand: Vv:

40; non Roém. & Sch. Syst. Mant. 1, 241 quod = P. lanceolatum,

Roxb. = P. miniatum, Bl.

PrewanG: Wallich. Prrak: Scortechint.

Forma b, C. DC. n.f. Branches as in the type; collenchyma

almost entirely libriform, a single central lysigenous canal, a zone

of sclerosed cells between the masses of phloem of the peripheric

fibro-vascular bundles. Limb rigid when dry, the base slightly

inequilateral, acute on both sides.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 307

Penanc: Hook. f. and Thoms. PERak: Scortechini.

Forma c, C. DC. n.f. P. khasianum, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i.

349. Branches slightly costellate ; collenchyma libriform, in distinct

bundles, a single central lysigenous canal, no sclerous cells.

PERAK: erect, Ridley 14497; Scortechini 619.

14. Pip—ER GyMNopHYLLUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 6 (1912). Branches glabrous, dark brown and black-dotted when

dry, the spiciferous up to 2 mm. thick; collenchyma partly or quite

libriform in distinct bundles. Leaves moderately long petioled, gla-

brous; limb membranous when dry, black-dotted underneath, up to

16 cm. long and 5:5 cm wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate

at the top, acute and slightly inequilateral at the base; 6-pli-

nerved, the central nerve emitting 3 ascendent nerves of which 2 on

one side, the uppermost from nearly 25:5 mm. above the base, and

having on each side of it one ascendent short nerve free from the

base; petiole up to 10°5 mm. long with basal sheath. Peduwncles

glabrous, 12°5 mm. long. Spike: ? nearly half as long as the limb ;

rhachis fulvescent-hirsute ; bract glabrous, rounded, 1°5 mm. in

diam., subsessile at its centre ; ovary free, ovate, glabrous, stigmas

3-4, linear. Berry ovate, 4:2 mm. long, black when dry.

PERAK: Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9527.

Perhaps 2 of P. eucalynitolimbum.

15. PIPER PUBERULIRAMEUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

V1.7 (1912). Branches sparingly puberulous, drying brown, the spici-

ferous 1 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform in distinct bundles; a

single central lysigenous canal. Leaves shortly petioled; limb rigid

when dry, copiously pellucid-dotted, 755—8:5 em. long and 2°5 cm.

wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acutely atten-

uate, the extreme base acute and slightly inequilateral ; 5-plinerved,

the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent opposite nerves 8°5—10°5

mm. above the base and having on each side of it one ascendent

nerve free from the base ; petiole puberulous, 8°4 mm. long, of which

less than 1 mm. between the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Pe-

duncles slender, glabrous, 19mm. long. Spike: 9 about 3°5 cm. long

when fruiting, rhachis densely hirsute ; bract glabrous, its limb round,

1-5 mm. in diam., sessile at its centre; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas

mostly 4, rounded and short. Berry sessile, globose-ovate, nearly

4-2 mm. long, drying black.

308 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Penang: Government hill, at 2000 ft. altitude, April, Curtis

2291: Balik Pulau, March, 8026. Sunext Usone: Curtis 2083.

16, PrreR VELUTINERVIUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

7 (1912). Stem 0:9-—2:4 m. high, its lower portion rooting from the

nodes ; spiciferous branches fulvescent-hirsute when young especially

in the male, 4:2 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform in the male and

not so in the female, in distinct laterally widened bundles ; a single

central lysigenous canal. Leaves long petioled ; limb membranous

when dry, copiously pellucid-dotted, glabrous above, velvety-hirtil-

lous underneath on the nerves and veins ; up to 22 cm. long and 21 cm.

wide ; rounded-ovate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral and

deeply cordate; 11-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 opposite

ascendent nerves from nearly 6°3 mm. above the base, and having on

each side of it 5 nerves free and divergent from the base; petiole

fulvescent-hirsute and more densely so in the male, 11:5 mm. long,

sheath prolonged up to 17 mm. above the base; stipules glabrous.

Peduncle up to 16°8 mm. long, fulvescent-hirsute in the male, nearly

glabrous in the female. Spike: 3 3°83 cm. long, 4:2 mm. thick ;

rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb rounded, 1 mm. in diam. with

a central pedicel; stamens 2, anthers subglobose, 4-valvate, much

shorter than the oblong and exsert filaments: 9? up to 5:7 cm.

long and 5:2 mm. thick; rhachis hirsute; bract rounded, 1:5 mm.

in diam. with a central pedicel; ovary free, ovate, glabrous;

stigmas 3, more rarely 4, ovate-oblong. Berry sessile, ovate-globose,

yellow-red when living, black when dry, 4:2 mm. long.

Perak: Larut, at 1809-2000 ft. altitude, in open jungle between

rocks, August, King’s Collector 2193, 2196.—Distris. Sumatra.

17. Prp—ER SARMENTOSUM, Roxb. FI. Ind. Ed. Car. & Wall. I.

162 (1820). Erect, 15—45 cm. high, “ ramous at top, jointed and

smooth, sarmentose shoots issuing in abundance from the top of the

root and the lower part of the stem, by which the plant is quickly

propagated to any extent’’ (Roxb. |.c.). Branches minutely

puberulous, the spiciferous nearly 1 mm. thick; collenchyma not

libriform, in distinct bundles; a single central lysigenous canal.

Leaves moderately long petioled; limb membranous when dry,

minutely pellucid-dotted, about 9 em. long, and 4:2 cm. wide,

glabrous above, minutely puberulous underneath on the nerves, ovate,

acutely acuminate, the base rounded, equilateral or very nearly so ;

7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 309

uppermost from about 8:5 mm. above the base, and having on each

side of it 2 nerves from the base, the inner ascendent, the outer

sub-ascendent and much shorter than the others; petiole minutely

puberulous, 6°3 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle very minutely

puberulous, slender, up to 7°55 mm.long. Spike: & about 25 mm.

long, 25mm. thick; rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb rounded,

05 mm. in diam. with a central pedicel: 9 about 16°8 mm.

long and 6:3 mm. wide when ripe; rhachis and bract as in the male;

ovaries free and very densely condensed, glabrous ; stigmas 3, ovate.

Berry globose, sessile, black when dry, nearly 1 mm. in diam,

Spreng. Syst. I. 117; Herb. Willd. n. 682; C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i.

352. Chavica sarmentosa, Miq. Syst. Pip. 242, in Hook. Lond. Journ.

Bot. IV. 433, in Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 2. 441, in Suppl. (Sumatra) 186, 473,

in Pl. Jungh. I. 16, in Linn. XXI. 482; Wight Ic. t. 1929. Peperomia

sarmentosa, A. Dietr. Sp. I. 161.

Penance: Wallich. Stnaarore: roadsides and hedges, Des-

champs; damp and shady places, Kunstler 212.—Distris.: Java,

Borneo, Philippine Islands.

18. Piper Scortecuinti, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

8 (1912). Slender creeper, 4°5 -6 m. long; branches glabrous, dark

brown when dry, the spiciferous 11-5 mm. thick ; eollenchyma not

libriform or partly so, in distinct laterally widened bundles ; no peri-

pheric lysigenous canal ;: many rubescent cells in bark. Leaves short-

ly petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry, copiously and

minutely pellucid-dotted, 12—15:5 ecm. long, 3°6—4°8 cm. wide;

oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base attenuate, its

sides unequally long in the male, of same length in the female ;

penninerved, the central nerve emitting from nearly half of its

length 7 ascendent nerves of which 3 on the shortest 4 on the long-

est side of the limb; petiole up to 12°6 mm. long of which 2°1—4:2

mm. between the sides of the limb; sheath prolonged a little above

the base of the petiole. Peduncle glabrous, slender, 14°7—25:2 mm.

long. Spike: 3 65 cm. long, nearly 1 mm. thick when flowering ;

rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, rounded-subobovate ; stamens 2,

anthers elliptic, 2-valvate, filaments very short: 2 about 7°6—15°6

em. long when ripe; rhachis and bract as in the male; ovary

free, glabrous, ovate; stigmas 3, linear. Berry sessile, subobovate-

globose, shortly mucronate, 4:2 mm. long, black when dry.

PERAK: on Maxwell’s hill, at 3000 ft. altitude, March, Scorte-

310 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

chint 285; Larut at 2800-3000 ft. altitude, August, Kzng’s Collector,

3230; on limestone hills at Goping 300—500 ft. altitude, 5906.

19. PipzR Loneum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 29 (1753) (exclus. Syn. Rumph.).

Creeping below, flowering shoots erect. Branches glabrous, pale

brown when dry, the spiciferous 1 mm. thick; collenchyma in distinct

bundles, libriform in its inner zones; a single central lysigenous

canal. Leaves shortly petioled; limb membranous when dry,

copiously pellucid-dotted, about 6—10 cm. long and 2°5—3:5 cm.

wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent on the nerves underneath ;

oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate, the base cordate equilateral or

slightly wider on one side than on the other; 5—7-nerved, the 3

central nerves stouter than the others; petiole minutely pubescent,

about 6 mm. long in the upper Jeaves, sheath basal. Peduncle

minutely pubescent, 21—24 mm. long in the male, 12°6—14°6 mm. in

the female. Spike: 3 up to 5°5 cm. long and 3 mm. thick; rhachis

glabrous; bract glabrous, its limb rounded 1:5 mm. in diam., with

a rather long central pedicel; stamens 2, anthers elliptic, filaments

short: @ about 15 mm. long and up to 45 mm. thick when

flowering ; rhachis and bract as in the male ; ovary partly imbedded

in the rhachis, its upper portion free and glabrous; stigmas 3,

ovate-acute. Berry partly imbedded in the rhachis, its upper free

portion glabrous and globose, 2 mm. in diam., blackish when dry.

P. longum Pistolochiae Pluk. Almag. 297, Phyt. t. 104, fig. 4,

Herb. Pluk. 97, fol. 105; ‘ Cattu tirpali,’ Rheede, Hort. Mal. VII. 27,

t. 14. P. folits cordatis petiolatis sessilibusque, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 30.

P. longum, Herb. Burm. 4, fig. 3; Hill Dict. 26, 17. t. 17 fig. 1; Vahl!

Enum. I. 334; Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. 161; Herb. Willd. n. 698, fol. 1;

Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 156; Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 40; C. DC. in Prodr.

XVI. i. 355 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V.83. Chavica Roxburghii, Miq.

Syst. Pip. 239; [Il. Pip. 35, t. 30; in Hook. Lond. Journ. IV. 433; in

Linn. XX. 130; in Fl. Ind. Bat. I. ii. 430; Hayne Arnz. Gewachs.

XIV. t. 20.

PENANG: Curtis 837; near the bank of Kuila river, King’s

Collector 385. SELaANcor: Langat, Ridley 399. Panane: Pekan,

Ridley 1004.—Distr1B.—India, Malay Archipelago.

20. PIPER SUBFRAGILE, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI, 9

(1912). Scandent. Branches glabrous, light brown when dry, the

spiciferous 0°56 mm. thick; collenchyma in distinct bundles, libri-

form; a central and several lysigenous canals. Leaves shortly

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 311

petioled, glabrous; limb subcoriaceous when dry, copiously pellucid-

dotted, 5-5 em. long, 3:6 cm. wide, ovate, shortly and subacutely

attenuate, the base rounded, both sides of same width, one slightly

longer than the other; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2

ascendent opposite nerves from nearly 8:4 mm. above the base, and

having on each side of it 2 nerves free from the base, the inner

ascendent, the outer subascendent; petiole 66 mm. long, of which

2:1 between the sides of the limb. Peduncle glabrous, 3:3 mm. long

when still young. Spike: 2 10°5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; rhachis

hirsute; limb of bract rounded, glabrous with a central hirsute

pedicel; ovary glabrous, its lower portion imbedded in the rhachis :—

Perak : Kurau, in the plains, May, Wray 4262.

A species very much like P. fragile, Bentham, from which it differs by the

structure of the branches.

21. PirpER MINUTISTIGMUM, C. DC.in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

9 (1912). Avery large pepper, 9—12 m. long. Branchlets glabrous,

light brown when dry, the spiciferous up to 3 mm. thick; collen-

chyma continuous, its inner zone sparingly libriform; no peripheric

lysigenous canal; very abundant fuscous cells in bark and pith.

Leaves moderately long petioled, glabrous; limb rigid when dry,

minutely and sparingly peliucid-dotted, 13°5 cm. long, 7 cm. wide;

ovate, acutely acuminate, the base rounded, both sides of same

width but unequally long; 9-plinerved, the central nerves emitting 2

alternate ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 16°5—19°3 mm.

above the base, and having on each side of it 3 nerves free from

the base, all nerves prominent underneath; petiole 19 mm. long

of which 6°3 mm. between the sides of the limb, sheath basal.

Peduncle glabrous 5:8—7‘7 cm.long. Spike: 2 cylindric about 9 cm.

long and nearly 4 mm. thick when ripe; rhachis velutino-puberulous ;

bract glabrous, its limb ovate-rounded 1°5 mm. long, with a very

short and thick pedicel inserted below its centre; ovary deeply

imbedded in the rhachis, convex and velutino-puberulous in its upper

free portion; stigmas3 minute. Berry subquadrangular at the apex.

Perak: Larut, September, King’s Collector 2388; Scortechinz.

22. PiprR Betuz, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 1, 28 (1753). Scandent.

Branches glabrous, brown when dry, the spiciferous 0°5 mm. thick ;

collenchyma continuous or subcontinuous, partly libriform ; a central

and several peripheric lysigenous canals, abundant brown cells in

bark and pith. Leaves glabrous; limb membranous when dry,

312 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

very minutely pellucid-dotted, 10—13 cm. long, 45—90 mm. wide ;

ovate or rounded-ovate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral,

rounded or more or less cordate in the inferior leaves, 5-pli—9-pli-

nerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 1—2 ascendent

nerves, the uppermost from about 20 mm. above the base, and

having on each side 1—2 nerves free from the base, the external

less ascendent and much thinner than the others ; petiole 15—35 mm.

long with a sheath prolonged up to +— of its length. Pedunele

glabrous, as long as the petiole in the male and longer than

it inthe female. Spike: # nearly as long as the limb ; rhachis tomen-

tose; bract glabrous, its limb rounded or obovate, sessile at its

centre ; anthers elliptic, 4-valvate; filaments short, of same width as

the anthers: 2 about 5 cm. long and 10 mm. thick when ripe;

rhachis tomentose; bract as in the male; base of the ovary

imbedded in the rhachis, stigmas 4—5, lanceolate ; Berry convex and

tomentose in the upper part.

Vahl Enum. I. 328; Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 159; Rosy Fl. Ind. Ed.

Car. & Wall. I. 160; C. DO. in. Prodr. XVI. i. 359; Hook. f. FI.

Br. Ind. V. 85 (excluding Ic. Wight and Syn. Ch. Chuvya, Miq.) ;

Bot. Mag. t. 3132 (excluding fruit analysis). Chavica Beile, Miq.

Syst. Pip. 186. Ch. auriculata, Miq. Syst. 269. Aetanthe hexagyna,

Miq. Syst. Pip. 412.

Cultivated in the hotter and damper parts of India, Ceylon, the

Malay Peninsula, Andamans and Nicobar Islands, Oceania.

Forma 6, C. DC. in Philipp. Journ. Se. V. 431. P. Betle var. y

densum in C. DC. Prodr. l.c. 360 ; limb more ovate and less equilateral

at the base.

PenanG: Balik Pulau, Ridley 8029. Prax: Waterloo, at 1500

ft. altitude, Curtis 2701. SrLancor: Kwala Lumpur, Curtis 2368,

2369. Srncapore: Vern. “Sirih Batek,’’ Ridley 4684.—DistRIz. :

ANDAMANS: King’s Coll. 322. Nicopars: Kurz.

23. PIPER FEBRIFUGUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 10

(1912). Scandent. Branches densely fulvescent-villose, the spicifer-

ous 4 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous and libriform ; no peri-

pheric lysigenous canal, or zone of globose sclerous cells between the

collenchyma and the peripheric fibrovascular bundles. Leaves short-

ly petioled ; limb firmo-membranaceous when dry, nearly 22°5 cm.

long and 13 cm. wide; glabrous above, shortly and rather densely

hirsute underneath ; ovate, acutely acuminate, the base cordate with

round unequally long and wide lobes inserted at the same level on the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 313

petiole ; 13-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 3 pairs of opposite

ascendent nerves, the uppermost from nearly 9 cm. above the base,

and having on each side of it 3 divergent nerves free from the base ;

petioles 10 mm. long, densely villous. Peduncle minutely puberu-

lous, 45mm. long. Spike: 2 about 16:5 cm. long, 3°5 mm. thick

when flowering; rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb round with

a shert central and thick pedicel; ovary half imbedded in the

rhachis, umbonate and glabrous above; stigmas 3, ovate-acute.

Berry black when dry.

SuncEr Usone: Vern. ‘‘ Akar Sangkap,’’ Cantley 1867.

The roots when boiled are given in cases of fever.

24, PipER PORPHYROPHYLLUM, N. EK. Brown in Gard. Chron.

(1884) XXII. 438. Scandent. Branches glabrous, the spiciferous

0:5 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform, in distinct bundles; a single

central lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately long petioled, glab-

rous; limb membranous when dry, marble pink underneath when

living, nearly 10°5 cm. long and 4°5 cm. wide, elliptic, shortly and

acutely acuminate, the base acute and shortly inequilateral ; 7-pli-

nerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost

from nearly 2°5 cm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2

ascendent nerves free from the base ; petiole 8:5 mm. long of which 1

mm. between the sides of the base. Peduncle up to 17 mm. long,

glabrous. Spike: 3 a little longer than the limb, rhachis hirsute;

bract glabrous, oblong, adnate, free at the margin, rounded iat both

ends; stamens 3, anthers small obovate, filaments very slender: 9

up to twice as long as the limb, rhachis and bract as in the male ;

ovary free, glabrous, stigmas 4 linear. Berry ovate, attenuate at

the apex, 5 mm. long, reddish-black and longitudinally wrinkled when

dry. P. nigrum?, Wall. Cat. 6643 E, F. ex Hook. f.in Fl. Br. Ind.

V.96. Cissus? porphyrophyllus, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. I. 225

and Fl. des Serres Ser. 2, IV. t. 1491 (a sterile specimen).

PERAK: Hijau range, Curtis 2048. Dinpinas: Ridley 3035.

Malacca, Singapore and Penang, Wallach 6643.

Found in the whole Peninsula from Tringganu to Singapore.

25. PirpeR nicrRuM, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 1, 28 (1753). Climbing,

quite glabrous. Branches terete, the spiciferous 2—3 mm. thick ;

_ collenchyma libriform, continuous, in a thin layer; a central and

many peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves moderately long petioled :

limb coriaceous, more or less glaucous underneath, minutely pellucid-

314 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

dotted, 11—15 cm. long, 5—-9 cm. wide, a little narrower on one side

of the central nerve than on the other side; ovate-elliptic, acutely

acuminate, the base subattenuate and equilateral; 7-plinerved, the

central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from about

35 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2 ascendent

nerves free from the base, the outer much shorter and less ascendent

than the others; petiole 2—3 cm. long, with sheath prolonged up to

its middle or a little higher. Peduncle nearly as long as the petiole.

Spike about as long as the limb; bracts linear-oblong, adnate to the

rhachis and free from it only at the margins, the lower end obtuse,

the upper more rounded; flowers commonly unisexual and dicecious,

more rarely bisexual, surrounded by a sort of calicule formed by the

ends of the adjacent bracts; stamens 2, anthers rounded-reniform

much shorter than the fleshy filaments; ovary free, rounded, stigmas

3—4, rarely 5, lanceolate. Berry sessile, globose, red when fresh,

drying black, 3—4mm.indiam. Vahl Enum. I. 329; Roxb. Fl. Ind.

1. 150 and Ed. Carey & Wall. 1.153; Blume in Verh. Bat. Genoots.

XI. 191, f. 11—17; Mig. Syst. Pip. 308, Ill. Pip. 50, t. 50; C.

DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 363; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 90; Hayne

Arnz. Gewachs. XIV. t. 6; Bot. Mag. t. 3139; Schitzl. Icon. II. t. 81.

Cultivated in the damp parts of India, Ceylon, the Malay

Archipelago and most other tropical countries.

Var. subpenninervis C. DC. n. var., limb elliptic-lanceolate 17:5

cm. long, 7°5 cm. wide, acutely and rather long acuminate, the

base equilateral, acute, the central nerve emitting 4 ascendent nerves,

the uppermost from nearly 6 cm. above the base, and having on each

side of it one ascendent nerve free from the base; flowers bisexual,

stamens 3. Berry elliptic-globose, attenuate and acute at the apex,

4 mm. long.

Dinpines: Gunong Tungul, Ridley 8018. Perak: Ridley 8027,

8382; Waterloo, Curtis 2700. Srnancor: high cave Gua Batu.

Curtis 8180.—DistRiB.: Tenasserim, Helfer 4425.

26. PIPER FLAVISPIcUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 10:

(1912). Erect, 2feet high. Branches glabrous, the spiciferous about

1-5 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform, in distinct and rather thick

bundles; a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves very shortly

petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry, minutely pellucid-

dotted, 13—15 cm. long and 4°5—5’5 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate,

rather long acuminate, the base acute and equilateral; 7-plinerved,

the central nerve emitting 2 alternate ascendent nerves, the upper-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 315

most from nearly 4 cm. above the base, and having on each side of

it 2 lateral ascendent nerves free from the base, the external much

shorter and thinner than the others ; petiole 4 mm. long with basal

sheath. Peduncle glabrous, 6°3 mm. long. Spike: 3 5°6 cm. long,

1 mm. thick, rhachis glabrous; bract glabrous, its limb oblong-

obovate, 2°55 mm. long, up to 1:5 mm. wide; stamens 3, anthers

ovate, 4-valvate, nearly as long as the oblong filaments: 2 5:6

em. long and yellow when ripe; bract as in the male. Berry free.

ovate, 4 mm. long, drying black.

Perak : Sunga Prya, near a small limestone hill in dense jungle,

King’s Collector 1004.

27. PIPER LONGICAULE, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 11

(1912). Climber, 6—7 cm. long, clinging to trees and shrubs.

Branches glabrous, light brown when dry, the spiciferous 1 mm.

thick ; collenchyma libriform, in distinct thin bundles; a single central

lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately long petioled, glabrous ; limb

rigid-membranous when dry, minutely and inconspicuously pellucid-

dotted; 75—10 cm. long, 3:5—4 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate,

acutely acuminate, the base subacute and slightly longer on one side

than on the other ; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 alternate

ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 12—14 mm. above the base,

and having on each side of it 2 ascendent nerves free from the base,

the external much thinner and shorter than the others ; petiole nearly

7 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, about 12 mm. long,

05 mm. thick. Spike: 3 nearly 8cm. long and 1 mm. thick; flowers

almost verticillate ; rhachis hirsute; bract adnate, obovate-oblong,

15 mm. long, obtuse at the lower end, rounded or shortly attenuate

at the apex, minutely puberulous on the back and ciliolate at the free

margins; stamens 3, anthers obovate, 4-valvate, little longer than

the oblong filaments: ? up to 19°5cm. long, white on the living

plant when flowering ; rhachis hirsute 1°5 mm. thick; bract 2°5 mm.

long, otherwise as in the male; ovary free, glabrous ; stigmas 4—5,

linear, acute, recurved. Berry ovate, subacute at the apex, nearly

2°5 mm. long, yellow or red when living, brown when dry.

Penane: Curtis 1318. Perak: Ulu Slim at 500—800 ft. alti-

tude, in dense jungle and on rocky soil, King’s Collector 10673 ;

Scortechini; Larut, at 1000-—3000 ft. altitude, King’s Collector 2545 ;

4048, 5876; Kota, Larut, in plains, August, Wray 2857; Tapa

1347. Maraccoa: Mairgay K.D. 1335.—Distris. Inpia, Wight

2556.

316 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

28. Preer KoTanum, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 11

(1912). Branches glabrous, blackish when dry, the spiciferous 1 mm.

thick ; collenchyma libriform, continuous ; a single central lysigenous

canal. Leaves shortly petioled ; limb rigid-membranous when dry,

minutely pellucid-dotted ; up to 12 cm. long and 5 em. wide ; glabrous

above, velutino-puberulous underneath; elliptic, acutely acuminate,

the base slightly inequilateral, acute on the shortest, rounded on the

longest side; penninerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 3:

ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 31:°5—37:'5 mm., the lowest

from a little above the base; petiole glabrous, up to 8°5 mm. long.

Spike: 2 6:4 cm. long, 1 mm. thick ; rhachis glabrous ; bract glabrous,

elliptic, adnate to the rhachis and free only at the margins, a little

over 1 mm. long and 0:25 mm. wide; ovary free; stigmas 3, tri-

angular, acute at the apex. Berry globose, nearly 3 mm. in diam.,

black when dry.

PERAK: Kota, in the plains, Wray 1947.

29. PIPER LEPTONEMA, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 91 (1885) excel.

specimens of Zollinger. Scandent. Branches glabrous, drying brown,

the spiciferous 1 mm. thick, in those 2 mm. thick collenchyma libri-

form in distinct thin and laterally widened bundles ; a single central

lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately long petioled, glabrous; limb

membranous when dry, minutely pellucid-dotted, about 10°5 cm.

long and 4:5—6°5 cm. wide in the male, 776—10 cm. long and 4:4—

5 cm. wide in the female; elliptic, acutely acuminate, the base

rounded and nearly equilateral; 7-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 12°5—14:7 mm.

above the base and having on each side of it 2 nerves free from the

base, the inner ascendent, the outer subascendent, much shorter and

thinner than the others; petiole 8°5—12°5 mm. long, sheath basal.

Peduncle glabrous, very slender, 12°6—14°7 mm. long. Spike: 3

nearly 9 cm. long, flowers obliquely verticillate; rhachis hirsute with

no lysigenous canal; bracts oblong, rounded at both ends, adnate,

very tightly condensed, raised but not thinned at the lateral margins,

free only at the ends, very minutely puberulous and ciliate, the

adnate surface containing large lysigenous cells; stamens 3, anthers

exsert, obovate-elliptic, 4-valvate, shorter than the oblong filaments:

2 nearly up to 13 cm. long, rhachis and bract as above, ovary

glabrous, ovate, prolonged at the apex into a short and thick style,

stigmas 4—5, oblong, subulate at the top. Berry sessile, oblong-

ovate, with a short and thick style, 4:2 mm. long, black when dry.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 317

PERAK: Larut at 1200 ft. altitude, November, Kunstler 2557;

in dense jungle, rocky soil, at 600—800 ft. altitude, a long creeper

over 50 feet long, King’s Collector 1067, male specimens; Wallich,

female specimen in Herb. Calcutta.

With its bracts the lateral margins of which are not thinned, this species is.

somewhat intermediate between sections EupIPpER and MULDERA.

30. PIPER DINDINGSANUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

12 (1912). Branches glabrous, the spiciferous 2 mm. thick; collen-

chyma nearly continuous and partly libriform ; a central and several

peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves moderately long petioled,

glabrous ; limb membranous when dry, up to 12°56 cm. long and 65

em. wide, ovate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral and

rounded or repand subcordate; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emit-

ting 2 opposite ascendent nerves from about 10 mm. above the base.

and having on each side of it 2 subascendent nerves from the base,

the external much thinner than the others; petiole 10 mm. long

with a basal sheath. Peduncle 14:7 mm. long, glabrous. Spike: 2

16°8 mm. long when ripe, rhachis hirtillous ; bract glabrous, its limb

rounded, 1 mm. wide with a central moderately long pedicel contain-

ing gelified cells; ovary free, glabrous, ovate; stigmas 3 linear.

Berry obovate-globose, 3 mm. long, black when dry.

Dinpines: July, Ridley 8370.

31. PrpER cANINUM. Blume in Verh. Batav. Genoots. XI. 214,

f. 26 (1862). Scandent. Branches glabrous, branchlets brown when

dry, shortly hirtillous when young in the male, more densely and

longer hirsute in the female, the spiciferous nearly 0°5 mm. long in

the male | mm. in the female; collenchyma in distinct bundles, its

internal zone libriform; a single row of intramedullar bundles; a

single central lysigenous canal in the male and a few peripheric in the

female; an interfascicular zone of sclerosed cells opposite the medul-

lary rays in the male. Leaves shortly petioled; the limb membran-

ous and with pellucid dots when dry, glabrous above more or less

pilose underneath ; up to li cm. long and up to 23 mm. wide in the

male and to 4cm. in the female: ovate-oblong, acutely acuminate,

the base equilateral attenuate; 5-plinerved, the central nerve emitting

2 ascendent nerves the uppermost from 10:5 mm. above the base, and

having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free from the base;

petiole slender, up to 10°5 mm. long with basal sheath. Peduncle as

long as the petiole, puberulous. Spike: ¢ many times shorter than

318 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

the limbs; rhachis hirsute; limb of the bract rounded, hirtillous above

and ciliate with a central short pedicel ; stamens 2, anthers globose,

4-valvate: 2 many times shorter than the limbs; rhachis and bracts

as in the male; ovary free, glabrous, stigmas 3—4, ovate, acute.

Berry ovate-globose, black and 5 mm. long when dry, its stipe nearly

of same length. A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. I. 681; C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i.

341; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 82; C. DC. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. V.

458. P.Cubeba Vahl Enum. I. 332; Roxb. FI. Ind. I. 159 and Ed.

Carey & Wall. I. 161; Wall. Cat. 6645. Cubeba canina, Miq.

Comm. Phyt. 33, t. 3, Syst. Pip. 293, Fl. Ind. Bat. I. ii. 449

and Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat -fasec. V. 137.

Perak: at Gunong Bintang, Kunstler 281; in Upper Perak

alt. 300 ft., Wray 3606; at Kwala Wok, Wray 853; at Bukit Tungul,

Ridley 3356. Sinaarore: Ridley 4686; at Selitar, Ridley 4688;

Ridley 6425; Tanjong Katong, jungle by road to Siglap, Ridley.

32. PIPER MALACCENSE, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 12

(1912). Branches hirsute when young, glabrous afterwards; the

spiciferous 1-5 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, not libriform ;

a central and many peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves shortly

petioled; limb membranous when dry very minutely pellucid-dotted,

up to 17‘5 cm. long and nearly up to 6 cm. wide, hirsute on both

surfaces on the nerves; elliptic-lanceolate, acutely and rather long

acuminate, the base slightly inequilateral, acute or rounded on the

longer side; penninerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 3

ascendent nerves, the uppermost from about 5°5 cm. above the

base; petiole densely hirsute, 7 mm. long, of which 2 mm. between

the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Peduncle hirsute, nearly as long

as the petiole. Spike 3 cm. long; rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous,

its limb rounded 1°5 mm. in diam.; flowers sometimes bisexual, then

stamens 1—2, anthers rounded; ovary free, ovate, glabrous; stigmas

4, linear, acute. Berry globose, 3 mm. long, black when dry. much

longer than its stipe.

Mavacca: Vern. ‘‘ Poku Pimpin,’’ Ridley 2338; at Merliman,

Ridley 1617.

33. PIPER SELANGORENSE, ©. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

13 (1912). Scandent. Branches glabrous, slender, the spiciferous

1 mm. thick, greenish when dry ; collenchyma in distinct laterally

widened bundles, partly libriform; a single central lysigenous canal ;

many fulvescent cells in pith and bark. Leaves shortly petioled,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 319

glabrous; limb rigid-membranous when dry, copiously and minutely

reddish-pellucid-dotted, up to 9 cm. long and 4:5 cm. wide, oblong-

ovate and subobtusely acuminate, the base rounded, both sides of

same length one of them wider than the other; 5-nerved, the

central nerve emitting many strong patulous veins and having on

each side of it 2 ascendent nerves free from the base, the outer

much thinner than the inner; petiole about 6 mm. long. Peduncle

12 mm. long, slender, glabrous. Spike: 2 nearly 26 mm. long,

rhachis hirtillous ; bract glabrous, its limb obovate, 3 mm. long with

a thick central pedicel containing gelified cells; ovary free, ovate;

stigmas 3, oblong, short and blunt. Berry stipitate, black when

dry, about 4 mm. long, its stipe 3 mm. long.

SeLancor: Semangkoh, Sempang Mines, Ridley 15565.

34. PipER suBALBICANS, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

13 (1912). Branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous 1°5 mm.

thick ; collenchyma partly libriform in distinct bundles; a single

central lysigenous canal; numerous orange-coloured cells in bark and

pith. Leaves glabrous, moderately long-petioled ; limb membranous

and pale when dry, whitish underneath when living, up to 12°5

em. long and 58 mm. wide; oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate, the

base slightly inequilateral, rounded on the longest attenuate on the

shortest side ; 7—9-plinerved, the central nerve emitting on each side

2—3 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 26—39 mm. above the

base, and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free from

the base; petiole slender, up to 10 mm. long of which 2 mm.

between the sides of the limb, sheath slightly prolonged above the

base of the petiole. Peduncle very slender, glabrous, about 10—12

mm. long. Spike: 2 nearly 32mm. long; rhachis hirsute; bract

glabrous, obovate, subattenuate towards its lower end, 3 mm. long,

up to 1 mm. wide, sessile above its centre; ovary free, glabrous,

ovate; stigmas 3, ovate, short. Berry elliptic and longer than its

stipe while still young, drying black.

Perak : Gunong Batu Putih, lower camp, at 3400 ft. altitude,

Wray 448.

35. Piper Curtisi, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 14

(1912). Slender creeper, 3—4:5 m. long, clinging to the stems of trees.

Branches glabrous, the spiciferous up to 1 mm. thick; collenchyma

continuous, partly libriform ; a single central lysigenous canal ; numer-

ous yellow cells in bark and pith. Leaves moderately !ong-petioled,

320 - #lora of the Malayan Peninsula.

glabrous ; limb membranous when dry, copicusly black-dotted under-

neath, 9—11°5 cm. long 3:7—4:5 cm. wide, subobovate-elliptic-lanceo-

late, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral and acute; 5-plinerved,

the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves from about 2 mm. above

the base with many spreading veins higher up, and having on each

side of it one ascendent nerve free from the base ; petiole very thin,

10mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, very thin, as long as the

petiole. Spike: 9 slender, 4 cm. long; rhachis hirsute; bract

glabrous, its limb elliptic 2 mm. long with a central short and thick

pedicel containing gelified cells ; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas 3—4.,.

ovate-acuminate. Berry globose, yellowish-red when living, black

when dry, nearly 4 mm. in diam., its stipe a little shorter.

PERAK: at Waterloo in May, Curtis 2699 ; at Larut at 2500—3000

ft. altitude, King’s Collector 6263; Scortechini. SELANcor: Kwala

Lumpur, Curtis. Mauacca: where Vern. ‘‘Akar Siri Haton’’, Ridley

2a01.

36. PipaR PAucIsSTIGMUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

14,(1912). Slender creeper; branches glabrous, the spiciferous nearly

1mm.thick; collenchymalibriform in distinct laterally much widened

bundles; a single central lysigenous canal; numerous yellow cells in

bark and pith. Leaves moderately long-petioled, glabrous ; limb

membranous when dry, copiously blackish-dotted underneath, up to

10°5 cm. long and 32 mm. wide ; oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate,

the base equilateral and acute; 5-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from about 26 mm.

above the base, and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve

free from the base ; petiole very slender, 8-4 mm. long, sheath basal.

Peduncle very slender, as long as the petiole, glabrous. Spike: 9

nearly 4 cm. long; rhachis puberulous; bract glabrous, its limb

obovate, 1 mm. long and up to 1 mm. wide, with a central short

pedicel; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas 2 or 3, ovate-acuminate.

Berry sealing-wax red when living, black when dry, globose, nearly

3 mm. in diam., its stipe shorter.

Perak: near Ulu Kerling, April, on trees in dense bamboo

forest, at 500—700 ft., King’s Collector 8820 ; Scortechini.

37. PreprR MAxweccanvM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

15 (1912). Scandent. Branches glabrous, light brown when dry,

the spiciferous 2 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous and libriform ;

a single central lysigenous canal; numerous orange-coloured cells in

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 321

bark and pith. Leaves moderately long-petioled, glabrous; limb

membranous when dry, reddish-dotted underneath, up to 7°5 cm.

long and 36 mm. wide; elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, equi-

lateral and acute at the base ; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting

on each side 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 26 mm. above

the base, and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free

from the base ; petiole slender, 11 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle

glabrous, slender, 8-14 mm. long. Spike: 9 about 36 mm. long, rha-

chis hirtillous ; bract glabrous, obovate, 1-5 mm. long and up to 1°5

mm. wide, shortly pedicellate above its centre, the pedicel containing

gelified cells; ovary free, ovate, glabrous; stigmas 3, ovate-acute,

Berry stipitate, globose, transparent and red when living, black when

dry, about 4 mm. in diam., the stipe a little shorter.

Perak: Maxwell’s hill, at 2500 ft., Wray 1734.

38. PIPER PEDICELLOSUM, Wall. Cat. 6646 A. (1828). Scandent.

Branches glabrous, dark brown when dry, the spiciferous 2 mm. thick ;

collenchyma libriform in distinct often laterally much widened bundles ;

a central and one or two peripheric lysigenous canals ; sclerosed cells in

the bark between the masses of phloem of the peripheric fibro-vascular

bundles. Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous ; limb subcoriaceous when

dry, copiously pellucid-dotted, 9 cm. long, 38—44 mm. wide ; ovate,

obtusely acuminate, the base cordate and slightly inequilateral ;

7—9-plinerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 2 pairs of

ascendent opposite nerves, the uppermost from only 6 mm. above

the base, and having on each side of it 1—2 nerves free from the base,

the external more curved and thinner than the others; petiole 6:3

mm. long of which 2 mm. between the sides of the limb. Peduncle

glabrous, 8—9 mm. long, 4:5 mm. thick. Spike: 9 2°5—4 cm. long,

rhachis hirsute; bract puberulous on the back and ciliolate on the

margins, adnate above its centre, oblong-obovate, attenuate and

subacute toward the lower end ; ovary free, ovate, glanduloso-asperu-

late ; stigmas 4 or more rarely 3, ovate oblong and acute. Berry

globose, yellowish-red when living, black when dry, 5 mm. in diam.,

its stipe 6 mm. long, very minutely puberulous. C. DC. in Prodr.

XVI. i. 343, exclud. spec. P. Lamberti: ; Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 8}.

Cubeba Neesii, Miq. Syst. Pip. 292.

PERAK : Larut, at 100 ft. a large pepper 60-100 ft. long clinging

to trees, February, King’s Collector 5571; at alt. 1200—1500 ft.,

King’s Collector 10761. Matacca: at Ayer Panas, November. Ridley

322 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1612. SingarorRE: Wallich 6646 A.—DistrIB. Assam, Andaman

Islands.

Forma 6; limb yellow when dry, uppermost pair of lateral nerves

emitted from 26 mm. above the base. .

ANDAMANS : Goplakabang, King’s Collector.

39. PIPER RIBESIOIDES, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. I. 79, t. 9 (1830) and

Cat. 6637 (1828). Scandent. Branches pale when dry, glabrous, the

spiciferous about 4 mm. thick ; collenchyma continuous, libriform ; a

central and several peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves very large,

moderately long-petioled, glabrous ; limb coriaceous and pale brown

when dry, about 25 cm. long, 11 cm. wide; oblong-ovate, acutely

acuminate, the base equilateral, deeply cordate ; 9—13-plinerved, the

central nerve emitting 1—3 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from

about 9 cm. above the base, and having on each side of it 3 nerves

free from the base; petiole about 4—5 cm. long and 5 mm. thick,

sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, about 8:4 mm. long and 2 mm.

thick. Spike: 2 6—8 cm. long; rhachis hirsute; bracts glabrous,

adnate, free aj the margin, oblong, rounded at both ends; ovary

free, ovate-oblong, glabrous ; stigmas 3, oblong, acuminate, recurved.

Berry globose, about 6 mm. long, its stipe nearly of same length. C.

DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 342; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 81. Cubeba

Wallichit, Miq. Syst. Pip. 289, Ill. Pip. 47, tab. 46, 47.

Kepau: Langkawi, Gunong Raya, Curtis 2541. Prax: at 300

ft. altitude, Wray 3726; at Batu Togoh, Wray 70904; at alt. 200

ft., Wray 2184; at Waterfall, Taiping, Wray 4244. Manacca: Good-

enough 1496.—Disrris. Burma, Tenasserim, Andamans.

Forma 6 C. DC. n. f. limb only slightly cordate or rounded at

the base, 2 spikes generally 2 at the top of a branch, one opposite

an undeveloped leaf.

Perak: Larut at 300—600 ft. altitude, King’s Collector 1942; at

Sungei Ryah, King’s Collector 900; plains, Wray 4248. SELANGOR :

Camphor forest, Rawang, Ridley 7608. Matacoa: Maingay K.D.

1331; Derry 80, 82.

Forma c C. DC. n. f£. Limb subobovate-oblong, cordate or

rounded at the base. Peduncle 4 mm. long and very slender in the

male plant. Spike: 3 about 33 mm. long, ] mm. thick, rhachis hir-

tillous; bract glabrous, adnate, free at the margin, oblong, rounded

at both ends; stamens 2, anthers obovate: 9? generally solitary .

peduncle and rhachis as in the type: bract minutely ciliate at the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 323

margins. Berry glossy, bright when young, red when ripe. Piper

sumatranum, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 348; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 81. Cubeba swmatrana, Miq. Comm. Phyt. 42, tab. V, fig. A,

Syst. Pip. 290, Fl. Ind. Bat. I. ii. 448, Suppl. 8.

Penana: back of west hills, at 500 ft. altitude, Curtis 2256.

Perak: Larut, at 500—1000 ft., a large creeper 40—60 ft. long,

King’s Collector 6618; alt. 2000—2500 ft., King’s Collector 2901;

Scortechini 165. Srnaapore: Reservoir Road, Ridley 4825.—D1stTRIB.

Tenasserim, Andaman Islands, Sumatra.

40. PrrER MucRONATUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 15

(1912). Creeper; branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous

1 mm. thick. Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb coriaceous

when dry, up to about 10°5 cm. long and 4:2 mm. wide; oblong-

elliptic, acutely and rather long acuminate, the base equilateral,

obtuse; 5-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 opposite ascendent

nerves from 10 mm. above the base and having on each side of it

one ascendent nerve free from the base ; petiole 6 mm. long, sheath

prolonged nearly up to the middle of the petiole. Pedunele glabrous,

6mm.long. Spike: 9 nearly 21 cm. long ; rhachis puberulous ; bract

glabrous, adnate, linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. Jerry gla-

brous, elliptic, 2 mm. long, attenuate at the top into a style, its stipe

1 mm. long.

SuncEI Usone: Ridley 2126.

41. PIreER LONGIBRACTEUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 16 (1912). Branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous 1-9

mm, thick ; collenchyma libriform, in distinct bundles; a single cen-

tral lysigenous canal. Leaves rather long-petioled, glabrous; limb

elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base acute and equilateral,

11-5 cm. long, 5—6 cm. wide; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2

alternate ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 16 mm. above the

base, and having on each side of it 2 ascendent nerves free from the

base, the external much thinner and shorter than the others ; petiole

slender, 12—16 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, slender,

16mm. long. Spike: 2? 10°5 cm. long; rhachis glabrous, 1 mm. thick ;

bract glabrous, oblong-obovate, attenuate at the base, nearly 2:2 mm.

long, sessile above its middle ; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas 4, ovate-

acuminate. Berry stipitate, elliptic, black when dry, 4 mm. long,

its stipe a little shorter.

PeRAK : Maxwell’s hill, Wray 101.

324 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

42. PreeR XANTHOCARPUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

16 (1912). Scandent. Branches ylabrous, drying brown, the spici-

ferous 1 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, libriform ; a single cen-

tral lysigenous canal; abundant orange-coloured cells in bark and

pith, Leaves shortly petioled ; limb up to 145 em. long and 6 cm.

wide; elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral

acute ; glabrous above, puberulous underneath ; 7—9-plinerved, the

central nerves emitting on each side 1—2 ascendent nerves, the upper-

most from 26—39 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2

ascendent nerves free from the base ; petiole glabrous, nearly 6 mm.

long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, up to 26 mm. long, slender.

Spike: 2 upto 12 cm long; rhachis hirsute ; bract glabrous, its limb

oblong, subattenuate towards the lower end, rounded at the top,

adnate, free at the margins, about 3 mm. long and up to 1 mm.

wide; ovary free, ovate, glabrous; stigmas 3—4, ovate-acuminate.

Berry globose, nearly 3 mm. in diam., orange coloured when living,

black when dry, longer than its stipe.

Perak: at 1000 ft. altitude, Wray 3795

43. PipeR LaRgutTanum, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

16 (1912). Growing on the stems of large trees, 3—5°5 m. long.

Branches glabrous, the spiciferous 2mm. thick ; collenchyma libriform,

nearly continuous; a central and several peripheric lysigenous canals;

abundant fuscous cells in bark and pith. Leaves very shortly

petioled, glabrous; limb rigid-membranous when dry, copiously

pellucid-dotted; 13—16 cm. long, 4:83—7 cm. wide; oblong-elliptic,

acutely acuminate, the base inequilateral, rounded on the longest

attenuate on the shortest side; penninerved, the central nerve

emitting on each side and nearly from its whole length numerous

patulo-subascendent nerves; petiole 4:8 mm. long of which 4 mm.

between the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, 17

mm.long. Spike: 2 56cm. long, white when living, black when

dry; rhachis hirsute ; bract adnate, free and minutely ciliate at its

margin, 4°5 mm. Jong, little less than 1 mm. wide, oblong, rounded at

both ends; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas 3—4, ovate-acuminate.

Berry globose, 4 mm. in diam., bright red when living, black when

dry, scattered among the flowers.

Prerak: Larut, September, King’s Collector 3327.

44, PIPER COLLINUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 17

(1912), Slender creeper 3:-5—45 m. long. Branchlets glabrous, the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 325

spiciferous 2 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, not libriform ; a

single central lysigenous canal; yellow cells scattered in bark and pith.

Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry,

black-dotted underneath; 13—-16 cm. long, 4:8—7 cm. wide; elliptic-

lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base equilateral and acute; penni-

nerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 4 subascendent and

thin nerves, the uppermost from 6 cm. above the base; petiole 6

mm. long, sheath prolonged nearly to the middle of the petiole.

Peduncle 30 mm. long, glabrous. Spike: 2? nearly 8cm. long; rhachis

hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb obovate, subsessile at its centre,

1-5 mm. longer; ovary free, ovate, glabrous; stigmas 3, linear.

Berry stipitate, ovate acute at the apex, black when dry, 5 mm.

long, its stipe shorter.

Perak : Larut, Goping on limestone hills, at 300-500 ft., April,

King’s Collector 5906 ; Scortechini.

45, Piper MURICATUM, Bl. in Verh. Batav. Nat. Genoots. XI. 219,

f. 1 (1826) & Enum. Pl. Jav. fasc. I. 68; Mig. Syst. Pip. 326, Ill. Pip.

55, t. 55, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. IV. 438 and FI. Ind. Bat. I.

mepeso4 Cc. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 34l'; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

82.—Distris: Java, Sumatra.

forma peninsulare, C. DC. n. f. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 17

(1912). Herb or shrub up to 3°5 m. high. Branches densely hirsute.

the spiciferous 3 mm. thick, hairs nearly 0-7 mm. long ; collenchyma

nearly wholly libriform in distinct laterally widened bundles or

continuous; a central and several peripheric lysigenous canals.

Leaves moderately long petioled ; limb membranous when dry, up to

17 em. long and 7 cm. wide, pilose on both surfaces, oblong-elliptic,

shortly and subacutely acuminate, the base inequilateral and moder-

ately cordate ; penninerved, the central nerve emitting on each side

3---4 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 5:°5—7:5 cm. above the

base; petiole densely hirsute, up to 10 mm. long of which 2 mm.

between the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Peduncle densely hirsute,

as long as the petiole. Spike: 9 about 4 cm. long; rhachis hirsute ;

bract glabrous, its limb obovate, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, with a

thick pedicel containing gelified cells; ovary free, ovate, globose,

subacute at the apex; stigmas 3—5, linear. Berry stipitate, ovate-

globose, subacute at the apex, glabrous, black when dry, up to 4 mm.

long, its stipe 2 mm. long.

Prrak : Scortechini; Larut, Waterfall hill, at 500 ft. altitude,

326 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

with fruit sealing-wax red, Ridley 11025; at 100—2000 ft. altitude

with fruit yellowish red, King’s Collector 1958, 2880; at Jenan Wray

1757; SELANGOR: Pahang Track, Ridley 8531.

jorma pilistipes, C. DC. 1. c. 18 about 60 cm. high; limb sub-

obovate-elliptic acutely acuminate, rounded and slightly inequilateral

at the base. Berry red when living, its stipe hirtillous.

Perak: Waterfall hill, in rocky localities, rich soil, King’s Collec-

tor 4869 ; Wray 2076, 4237. SeLancor: Kwala Lumpur, Ridley 4685.

forma pilosior Miq. in Linn. xxi, 485; limb elliptic or subovate-

elliptic, moderately and acutely acuminate, equilateral] and cordate

at the base, densely fulvescent-hirsute on both surfaces.

SELANGcor : May, Ridley 7610.—DistrRis. Java, Sumatra.

46. PreER PROTRACTUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 18

(1912). Dicecious or moneecious and then with androgynous spikes.

Branches densely hirsute, with hairs 1 mm. long, the spiciferous

nearly 6mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, partly libriform; a cen-

tral and many peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves shortly petioled ;

limb, 20°8—33-8 cm. long, 4:2—5°6 cm. wide, pilose on both surfaces

especially along the nerves, oblong, subacutely acuminate, the base

cordulate and slightly inequilateral ; penninerved, the central nerve

emitting on each side 4 nerves, the upper ones ascendent and

opposite, the lower subascendent and much thinner than the others ;

petiole hirsute underneath, 10 mm. long of which 6 mm. between

the sides of the limb, sheath prolonged above the base. Peduncle

hirsute, about 12 mm. long. Spike: nearly 8°7 cm. long, with male

flowers in its upper portion when androgynous, rhachis hirsute ; bract

glabrous, obovate, more or less attenuate towards its lower end, with

a very short and thick pedicel; ovary free, ovate, glabrous; stigmas

3—4 linear. Berry globose, acute at the apex, 4 mm. long, its stipe

nearly of same length.

JoHORE: Gunong Pulai, Castlewood, Ridley. Srincaporr :

Sungei Jurong, Ridley 5888 ; Chan-Chu-Kang, Ridley 6723.

47. PIPER BIPEDALE, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 19

(1912). Erect, 60cm. high. Branches hirsute, the spiciferous 2 mm.

thick ; collenchym in distinct and laterally widened bundles, not libri-

form; a central and many peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves

moderately long-petioled ; limb membranous when dry, hirsute on the

nerves above and on the whole lamina underneath, 20 cm. long and

up to 7 cm. wide, obovate-oblong, acutely acuminate; the base

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 327

slightly inequilateral, rounded on the longer, attenuate on the shorter

side; penninerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 4—5 nerves

of which the 2 uppermost ascendent, the others less so and much

thinner ; petiole densely hirsute, up to 14 mm. long of which 4 mm.

between the sides of the limb. Pedwnele hirsute, 12 mm. long.

Spikes: 9 about 32 mm. long, green when flowering; rhachis

hirsute ; bract glabrous, its limb obovate, 1:5 mm. long, with a central

and thick pedicel containing gelified cells; ovary free, glabrous,

ovate-acuminate ; stigmas 3, linear and acute. Berry stipitate,

ovate-globose, acute at the apex, black when dry, 4 mm. long, its

stipe much shorter.

PERAK : at 300 it. altitude, Wray 3%10.

48, PIPER RIDLEYI, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 19

(1912). Erect, herb or shrub 2—8 ft. high. Branches densely hirsute

with hairs nearly 1 mm. long, the spiciferous 4 mm. thick ; collenchy-

ma sparingly libriform in distinct bundles; a central and many peri-

pheric lysigenous canals; sclerosed cells in the bark. Leaves shortly

petioled ; Jimb membranous when dry, nearly 25 cm. long and 12 cm.

wide, hirsute on both surfaces ; lanceolate-elliptic, acutely acuminate,

the base acute and nearly equilateral ; penninerved, the central

nerve emitting on each side 5 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from

about 6-5 cm. above the base ; petiole hirsute, up to 10°5 mm. long.

Peduncle hirsute, up to 1:4 cm. long in the male and up to 2:2 cm. in

the female. Spike: 3 nearly 10°5 cm. long and 2 mm. thick ; rhachis

hirsute ; bract glabrous, obovate, subacute at the base with a short

thick pedicel containing gelified cells; stamens 2, anthers rounded:

2 a little shorter than in the male; rhachis hirsute; bract gla-

brous, obovate, up to 2 mm. long and 1°5 mm. wide with pedicel

as in the male; ovary free, glabrous; stigmas 4, linear, acute. Berry

globose, glabrous, shorter than its puberulous stipe.

Perak: Maxwell’s hill, Curtis 2047 ; Waterloo, Curtis 2697!; rich

scil, rocky locality, at 1000-1500 ft. altitude, August, King’s Collector

10784; Gunong Batu Putih, lower camp, alt. 3400 ft.. Wray 428.

SELANGOR: Ginting Peras, May, Ridley 7690; 15tb mile along Pahang

track, Ridley 8519;

forma b, branches with a continuous and nearly quite libriform

collenchyma; spikes androgynous, the inferior flowers bisexual, the

superior male.

PERAK : dense bamboo forest, at 500—700 ft. altitude, near Ulu

328 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Kerling, flower light yellow, fruit sealing-wax red, King’s Collector

8810.

49, PIPER NIGRANTHERUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. 20

(1912). Branches glabrous, the spiciferous 2 mm. thick; collenchyma

not libriform, in distinct thick and laterally much widened bundles

or even subcontinuous ; no peripheric lysigenous canals ; dark-reddish

cells abundant in bark and pith. Leaves moderately long-petioled,

glabrous; limb rigid-membranous when dry, minutely pellucid-

dotted, up to 16°5 cm. long and 9 cm. wide; ovate, acutely acu-

minate, the base inequilateral, cordate, both sides inserted at thie

same level, one wider and longer than the other ; 8-plinerved, the

central nerve emitting on both sides 2 ascendent nerves the upper-

most from 16 mm. above the base, and having on one side of it 3 on’

the other 2 nerves free from the base, the inner subascendent the

outer more arcuate and much shorter; petiole nearly 15 mm. long,

with sheath prolonged up to its middle. Peduncle as long as the

petiole. Spike: $ about 9 cm. long and 3°5 mm. thick; rhachis

hirsute ; bract glabrous, its limb obovate, attenuate at the lower end,

with a central clavate pedicel; stamens 2, anthers ovate, shorter

than the filaments, dark black when dry.

SINGAPORE : in the Botanic Garden, and probably also spontane-

ous, Ridley.

50. Piper FILIpEs, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. 20 (1912).

Creeping. Stalk and branches very slender, glabrous, the spici-

ferous branches up to 1 mm. thick ; collenchyma libriform, in distinct

bundles; a single central lysigenous canal ; a zone of sclerosed cells

between the phloem masses of the peripheric fibro-vascular bundles.

Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry,

minutely reddish-pellucid-dotted, about 9 cm. long, 4 cm. wide;

oblong-ovate, acutely attenuate, the base rounded, both sides of same

length but slightly unequally wide; 5-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting 2 opposite or subopposite ascendent nerves from about 6 mm.

above the base, and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve

free from the base ; petiole very thin, with a sheath prolonged a little

above its base. Peduncle filiform, glabrous, nearly 28 mm. long.

Spike: ¢ 16 mm. long and nearly 1 mm. thick when flowering, white

when living; rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb rounded, 0°5

mm. in diam. with a short central pedicel; stamens 3, very short,

anthers rounded, 4-valvate.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 329

Perak: at Larut at 3200—500 ft. in open jungle on rich rocky

soil, King’s Collector 3122.

51. Preer RUFiBRAcTEUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

21 (1912). Branches glabrous drying brown, the spiciferous | mm.

thick ; collenchyma subcontinuous and nearly libriform ; no lysigenous

canal. Leaves very shortly petioled, glabrous; limb subcoriaceous

when dry, copiously pellucid-dotted; up to 9°5 cm. long and 3°5

em. wide; oblong-elliptic, shortly and obtusely attenuate, the base

inequilateral, rounded on both sides; 9-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting 2 alternate ascendent nerves the uppermost from nearly

29 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it 3 nerves free

from the base the most external more arcuate much thinner and

shorter than the others; petiole 55 mm. long of which 3 mm.

between the sides of the limb, sheath prolonged a little above the

base. Peduncle glabrous 4°2 mm. long. Spike: 3 25°5 mm. long

and 1 mm. thick when nearly flowering; rhachis glabrous; limb of

bract obovate, subattenuate at its lower end, densely rufo-pubescent

outside, with a glabrous short and thick pedicel containing gelified

cells; stamens 2 or ? 3, anthers ovate. 4-valvate, shorter than the

oblong filaments.

Mauacca: Maingay K. D. 13829.

52. PirpER KUNSTLERI, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 21

(1912). Erect, 60—90 cm. high. Branches glabrous, drying brown,

the spiciferous 0°5 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, sparingly

libriform ; a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves glabrous, very

shortly petioled; limb membranous when dry, minutely pellucid-

dotted, 12°5 cm. long, 4:5 cm. wide; elliptic-oblong, acutely and rather

long acuminate, the base slightly inequilateral, attenuate on the

shortest sides rounded on the longest ; penninerved, the central nerve

emitting on each side 3 ascendent thin nerves, the uppermost from

25—30 mm. above the base; petiole about 2 mm. long with basal

sheath. Peduncle glabrous, very slender, 6 mm. long. Spike: 3

nearly 21 mm. iong and 2 mm. thick when flowering, rhachis hirsute ;

limb of the bract orbicular, glabrous, 0°6 mm. in diam., with a short

hirsute and central pedicel; stamens 3, anthers ovate, 4-valvate,

much shorter than the rather long filaments.

PENANG: in dense jungle on rocky ground, February, King’s

Collector 1315.

330 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

53. PIPER CURTIPETIOLUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. 22

(1912). Branches glabrous, reddish-brown when dry, the spiciferous

nearly 1 mm. thick; collenchyma in distinct and laterally widened

bundles, not libriform; no peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves

shortly petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry, minutely

pellucid-dotted, 85 cm. long, 26 mm. wide; elliptic-lanceolate,

acutely acuminate, the base equilateral and acute ; 5-plinerved, the

central nerve emitting 2 ascendent alternate nerves, the uppermost

from about 17 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it

one ascendent nerve free from the base ; petiole 5 mm. long, sheath

basal. Peduncle glabrous, very slender, nearly5mm.long. Spike: 3

about 17 mm. long and 1:5 mm. thick; rhachis hirsute ; bract glab-

rous, its limb rounded, nearly 1 mm. in diam., subsessile at its centre;

stamens 3, unequally long, anthers ovate, much shorter than the

oblong filaments when these are fully developed.

PERAK : Scortechint ; Gunong Inas, Wray A145.

54. PIPER ERECTICAULE, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. 22

(1912). Erect. Branches glabrous, the spiciferous about 1 mm. thick ;

collenchyma libriform, continuous, rather thick ; a single central lysi-

genous canal. Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous ; limb membranous,

black-dotted underneath when dry, up to 15 cm. long and 4 cm.

wide ; elliptic-oblong, acutely acuminate, the base nearly equilateral

and acute very slightly wider on one side; 8-plinerved, the central!

nerve emitting 5 ascendent nerves of which 2 on one side 3 on the

other side, the uppermost from 3 cm. above the base, and having

on each side of it one ascendent nerve much shorter than the others :

petiole up to 5 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, 7 mm.

long. Spike: 3 13mm. long when flowering; rhachis hirsute ; bract

glabrous, its limb rounded, 1 mm. in diam., shortly pedicellate near

its centre ; stamens 3, anthers ovate.

Kgpau# : woods on Kedah Peak, an erect pepper, June, Ridley.

55. PIPER EUCALYPTOLIMBUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv.

Ind. 23 (1912). Scandent, 45—6 m. long. Branches glabrous, dark

brown when dry, the spiciferous 9:5 mm. thick ; collenchyma in distinct

bundles and partly libriform; a single central lysigenous canal.

Leaves shortly petioled, glabrous; limb membranous when dry,

minutely reddish-pellucid-dotted, about 14:5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide;

elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, the base acute distinctly nar-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 331

rower on one side, equally long on both sides ; 7-plinerved, the central

nerve emitting on each side 2 ascendent thin nerves, the uppermost

from 5°7 cm. above the base, and having on each side of it one

ascendent nerve free from the base; petiole 63 mm. long, with

basalsheath. Peduncle glabrous, 8:5 mm. long, very slender. Spike:

3 65 cm. long and 2 mm. thick when nearly flowering; rhachis

hirsute; bract glabrous, its limb subovate-elliptic, 1-5 mm. long,

with a very short and thick pedicel containing gelified cells; stamens

2, anthers elliptic, 2-valvate.

~ Perak : at Larut, 2800—3000 ft. alt., King’s Collector 3228.

56. PIPER SUBRUBRISPICUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 23 (1912). About 90 cm. high. Branches rather long-hirsute,

the spiciferous 3 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, not libriform ;

a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves long-petioled ; limb mem-

branous when dry, copiously pellucid-dotted, glabrous above, hirsute

underneath, up to 15 em. long and 14 cm. wide; rounded-ovate,

obtusely acuminate, the base equilateral, deeply cordate; 9-plinerved,

the central nerve emitting 2 opposite ascendent nerves from 4:2

mm. above the base and having on each side of it 3 nerves free from

the base ; petiole about 6 cm. long, hirsute on the back, the sheath

prolonged up to nearly 14:5 mm. above the base, the stipules densely

pubescent outside. Peduncle hirsute,6°3mm.long. Spike: 3 about

6 cm. long and 4:2 mm. thick when flowering, obtuse at the top,

white and tinted dull-pink when living, blackish red when dry ;

rhachis glabrous ; bract glabrous, its limb oblong-obovate, attenuate

towards the lower end, with a short central pedicel; stamens 3,

anthers reniform, 4-valvate, shorter than the oblong filaments.

Perak: upper land, Wray 3579.

57. Pirp—ER LONGAMENTUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI.

23 (1912). Scandent? Branches hirsute, drying brown, the spicifer-

ous nearly 1 mm. thick, hirtillous ; collenchyma in distinct laterally

widened bundles, its inner zone libriform; a single central lysigenous

canal. Leaves shortly petioled ; limb membranous when dry, minutely

pellucid-dotted, up to 10°5 cm. long and 3:5 cm. wide, oblong-ovate-

lanceolate, acutely and rather long acuminate, equilateral and acute

at the base, sparingly pubescent above and rather densely under-

neath ; 5-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 opposite ascendent

nerves from about 14:7 mm. above the base and having on each side

392 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

of it one ascendent nerve free from the base; petiole 6-3 mm. long,

densely hirtillous. Peduncle nearly glabrous, 8:4 mm. long, slender.

Spike: 3 nearly 14 cm. long, 1:5 mm. thick; rhachis hirsute; bract

glabrous, its limb rounded, nearly 1 mm. in diam.; stamens 2,

anthers ovate, 4-valvate, nearly as long as the oblong filaments.

PERAK: at Larut, 1800—3000 ft., August, King’s Collector

32071.

58. PIPER SUBSESSILILIMBUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

VI. 24 (1902). Scandent, cirrhi ramulose. Branches glabrous, dry-

ing brown, the spiciferous nearly 1 mm. thick ; collenchyma libriform,

in distinct laterally much widened bundles; a central and many peri-

pherice lysigenous canals; very abundant dark brown cells in bark

and pith. Leaves subsessile, glabrous ; limb membranous when dry,

minutely pellucid-dotted, up to 19 cm. long and 5 em. wide, sub-

obovate-elliptic-oblong, acutely and moderately long acuminate, the

base attenuate, shorter on one side; penninerved, the central nerve

emitting on each side from nearly all its length about 20 thin sub-

spreading nerves; petiole 3 mm. long of which 1 mm. between the

sides of the limb, sheath hasal. Peduncie glabrous, 8-4 mm. long.

Spike: 3g still juvenile, nearly 6 cm. long, up to 2 mm. thick,

yellow when living; rhachis hirtillous ; bract glabrous, its limb longi-

tudinally elliptic with a short central pedicel.

Perak: near Goping in dense jungle, August, King’s Collector

578.

59. PipprR opovantTHeruM, C. DC.in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI..

24 (1912). Branches glabrous, dark brown when dry, the spicifercus

1 mm. thick, in branches 2 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform, in

distinct bundles; a single central lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately

long-petioled, glabrous ; limb membranous when dry, elliptic, up to

14 cm. long and 9 cm. wide; elliptic, acutely acuminate, the base

siibrounded slightly longer on one side; 7-plinerved, the central

nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from nearly 12

mm. above the base, and having on each side of it 2 ascendent

nerves free from the base ; petiole 12 mm. long of which 2 mm. be-

tween the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, nearly

19 mm. long, very slender. Spike: 3 about 52 mm. long and nearly

1 mm. thick when flowering ; rhachis hirtillous; bract adnate, obovate-

oblong, subattenuate at the lower end, obtuse at the apex, minutely

ciliate at the margins otherwise glabrous, 2°5 mm. long, up to 1 mm.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 333

wide ; stamens 3, anthers obovate, 4-valvate, a little longer than the

oblong filaments.

PrrRak : Government hill, March, Ridley 2732.

Perhaps the ¢ of P. Zuccarinii, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1, 365.

60. PrreR arGyRitTss, Ridl. MSS. ex C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv.

Ind. VI. 25 (1912). Branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous

up to 15 mm. thick; collenchyma continuous, sparsely libriform; a

single central lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately petioled, glab-

rous ; limb firm when dry, minutely pellucid-dotted, up to 18 cm.

long and to 6 cm. wide; oblong-ovate, acutely acuminate, the base

rounded and slightly inequilateral; 7-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 15 mm. above the

base and having on each side of it 2 nerves free from the base, the

internal ascendent the external subascendent much thinner and

shorter than the others; petiole 10 mm. long, 2 mm. of which be-

tween the sides of the limb, sheath prolonged up to the middle of

thepetiole. Peduncleglabrous,25mm.long. Spike: 3 8cm.longand

3 mm. thick when nearly flowering; rhachis hirsute; bract glabrous,

obovate, adnate to the rhachis, up to 1°5 mm. long; stamens 2, an-

thers reniform, 4-valvate, filaments of same width as the anthers.

SELANGOR: Gua Batu, December, Frdley 8176; Ginting Bidai,

May, Ridley 7611.

61. PiezeR cLyPEaTuM, Wall. Cat. 6655 A and B (1828). Stem

creeping, rooting from the nodes; collenchyma continuous, mainly

libriform, a single row of intramedullar bundles; a single central

lysigenous canal. Leaves very shortly petioled; limb rigid-mem-

branous when dry, pellucid-dotted, glabrous above, pubescent

underneath, round or ovate-rounded cordate at the base, 11:°5—15

em. diam. Spikes unknown. C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 378;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 96 and 537. P. obtusissimum Mig. Syst.

Pip. 337. P. manillanum, Mig. |. c. 339.

PENANG, SINGAPORE: Wallich.—Distr1rp. Assam, Manilla.

Sect. IJ.—Muxtpera, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 79, emend.

(Sect. ScuizonmPHROS, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 24).

Spikes oppositifolious. Bracts adnate to the rhachis except at

their lower and upper ends where they are connate into a receptacle

containing stamens or ovaries. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 2—10

334 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ina single or in a double transverse row. Ovary free, solitary or

2—4 free ovaries in a transverse row.

1°. -Receptacle glabrous outside, pubescent inside:

Male and female receptacles sessile, much

condensed, elliptic, bilabiate, the female

receptacle containing a single ovary .. 62. P. pentandrum.

Male receptacle sessile, distant, elliptic,

bilabiate i Life .. 63. P. flavimarginatum.

Female receptacle subsessile, rounded,

containing a single ovary .. .. 64. P. firmum.

2°. Receptacle pubescent, outside and inside:

Male receptacle stipitate, rounded, 3—5-

androus Bi A -- 65. P. Maingayi.

Male receptacle elliptic, bilabiate, 2-an-

drous oe 3c .. 66. P. rarispicum.

Male receptacle reniform, bilabiate,

8-androus We .. 67, P. Schizonephros.

Female receptacle sessile, elliptic, bila-

biate, containing 3—4 ovaries .- 68. P. polygamum.

3°. Species insufficiently known ae .- 69. P. pachyphyilun.

62. PipER PENTANDRUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 25

(1912). Scandent. Branches glabrous, dark brown when dry, the

spiciferous 2 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform in distinct laterally

widened bundles; a single central lysigenous canal or none; a circle of

sclerous cells tightly surrounding the peripheric fibro-vascular bundle.

Leaves glabrous, moderately long-petioled ; limb coriaceous, the

upper ones 9—12°5 cm. long, 3:5—5 cm. wide, the lower up to 12°5

em. long and 7:5 cm. wide; elliptic-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,

the base equilateral, acute ; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2

opposite or alternate nerves the uppermost from 10°5—12°5 mm.

above the base, and having on each side of it 2 ascendent nerves free

from the base ; petiole about 10°5 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncles

glabrous, as long as the petiole. Spike: 3 about 27 mm. long and

3 mm. thick, densely floriferous; rhachis glandular-asperulate when

young, later glabrous; receptacles sessile, much condensed, elliptic,

bilabiate, glabrous outside, hairy inside, woody ; stamens 5, rarely 6,

anthers ovate, 4-valvate, shorter than the oblong filaments: 9?

about 27 mm. long and 4 mm. thick; ovary free, glabrous, ovate;

stigmas 3, elliptic-acute. Berry globose, 5 mm. in diam.

PERAK : upper land, at 300 ft., Wray 3655 ; Scortechini 114.

Var. 2. magnifolium C. DC. 1. c. Branches thicker ; collenchyma

libriform, continuous or nearly so; many peripherous lysigenous

canals; no sclerose cells round the peripheric fibro-vascular bundles;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 335

limb elliptic, 12 em. long 7°5—10 c.m. wide; petiole, peduncle and

female spike nearly 26 mm. long.

PERAK: Scortechini 779.

63. PIPER FLAVIMARGINATUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind.

26 (1912). Branches glabrous, drying brown, the spiciferous 2 mm.

thick; collenchyma libriform, continucus; a central and several

peripheric lysigenous canals; in branches 4 mm. thick there is a

continuous zone of sclerosed cells tightly surrounding the peripheric

fibro-vascular bundles. Leaves moderately petioled, glabrous; limb

elliptic, acutely acuminate, acute and inequilateral at the base,

nearly 12 cm. long and 8cm. wide; 7-plinerved, the central nerve

emitting on each side 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from about

23 mm. above the base, and having on each side of it one ascendent

nerve free from the base; petiole 14:8 mm. long with 63 mm.

between the sides of the limb, sheath basal. Pedwncle glabrous

nearly 26 mm. long. Spike: 3 63 cm. long; rhachis glabrous

receptacles subsessile, loose, elliptic, bilabiate, glabrous outside

hirsute inside ; stamens 8, in a single row, anthers ovate, 4-valvate,

shorter than the oblong filaments.

SINGAPORE: at Chan-Chu-Kang, Ridley 3772? ; at Bukit Timah,

Ridley 6425.

64. PipgeR FIRMUM, C. DC. in Prodr. XVi. 1. 242. “Scandent.

Branches glabrous, reddish-fuscescent when dry, the spiciferous

about 2 mm. thick ; collenchyma libriform, in distinct bundles; a cen-

tral and many peripheric lysigenous canals; sclerosed cells surround-

ing the masses of phloem of the peripheric fibro-vascular bundles.

Leaves moderately petioled, glabrous ; limb coriaceous, about 7°9 em.

long and 3 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at the top, the base

acute, equilateral or slightly inequilateral ; 5—6-plinerved, the central

nerve emitting 2—3 ascendent nerves, the uppermost from near the

base and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free from the

base ; petiole 8-5 mm. long with basal sheath. Pedunele glabrous,

12°55 mm. long. Spike: 9? nearly 4 cm. long; rhachis glabrous;

receptacle sessile, rounded, flattened when adult, glabrous outside,

hirsute with adpressed hairs inside. |Berry globose, glabrous, 5 mm.

in diam., brown when dry. Muldera firma, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot.

Lugd.-Bat. V. 140.

PERAK: Tapa, Wray 1281.—Distris: Java, Herb. Bogor, Kurz

1290; Sumatra, Korthais.

336 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Differs from Korthals’ specimen only by the presence of peripheric lysigen-

ous canals.

65. Piper maineayti, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.80(1885). Branches

glabrous, fuscescent when dry, the spiciferous 1-5 mm. thick;

collenchyma libriform in distinct bundles; several peripheric lysi-

genous canals; a continuous zone of sclerosed cells tightly surround-

ing the peripheric fibro-vascular bundles. Leaves moderately long-

petioled, glabrous; limb thickly coriaceous, 10:5—13 cm. long,

5'3—6'5 em. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, the base equilateral: 5-pli-

nerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves, the uppermost

from 3°9—5°5 cm. above the base, and having on each side of it

one ascendent nerve free from the base; petiole up to 8°5 mm. long,

sheath basal. Peduncle a little longer than the petiole, finely

tomentose as are the rhachis and receptacles. Spike: 3 nearly 42

mm. long, densely velutino-puberulous ; the receptacles stipitate,

loose, rounded, 1:5 mm. in diam., densely velutino-puberulous

outside and inside, 3—5-androus; anthers ovate, 4-valvate, shorter

than the filaments: ¢ 5:3 cm. long; receptacles sessile, rounded,

densely velutino-puberulous outside and inside. Berry globose,

about 6 mm. in diam.

SINGAPORE AND Maxacca: Maingay K.D. 1334, 1336.

The leaves are like those of P. firmum, but the spikes, by their pubes-

cence, are very different from those of that species.

66. PIPER RARISPICUM, C. DC. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 27

(1912). Branches glabrous, blackish when dry, the spiciferous 1 mm.

thick; collenchyma continuous, libriform; a central and many

peripheric lysigenous canals. Leaves moderately long-petioled,

glabrous; limb 10°5—13 cm. long, 5°8—7 cm. wide; ovate, acutely

and rather shortly acuminate, the base rounded and slightly inequi-

lateral; 7-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent nerves the

uppermost from 14:°5—16°5 mm. above the base, and having on each

side of it 2 nerves free from the base, the inner ascendent the outer

subascendent, much shorter and thinner than the others: petiole

145—19 mm. long. Peduncle slender, glabrous, 29 mm. long.

Spike: 3 rarely seen, 5°9 cm. long; rhachis puberulous ; receptacles

stipitate, elliptic, velutino-pubescent outside and inside, diandrous ;

anthers obovate, 4-valvate, about 0°5 mm. long, the oblong filament

of same length.

PENANG: road to Sungei Penang, at 1500 ft., Curtis 1771.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 337

67. PrpER SCHIZONEPHROS, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. 1. 241 exclud.

spec. Jungh. Branches glabrous, dark brown when dry, the spici-

ferous nearly 1 mm. thick; collenchyma libriform, in distinct bun-

dles, a central and several peripheric lysigenous canals; a thick circle

of sclerosed cells tightly surrounding the peripheric fibro-vascular

bundles. Leaves glabrous; limb coriaceous, 8—13 cm. long,

2°>6—5 em. wide; elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, the base

equilateral; 5-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 ascendent

alternate nerves the uppermost from about 26 mm. above the

base and having on each side of it one ascendent nerve free from

the base; petiole about 8°5 mm. long, sheath basal. Peduncle

glabrous, nearly 18 mm. long, slender. Spike: 3 15°5—18°5 cm.

long; rhachis very slender, hairy; receptacles stipitate, reniform;

about §-androus, filaments short, anthers small, rounded, 4-valvate,

shorter than the filaments. Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 79. Schizone-

phros glaucescens, Griff. Notul. IV. 363.

PENANG: Government hill, Curtis 1771. Matacca: at Ching,

Griffith 4400.

68. PIPER PpoLyaeynum, C. DO. in Records Bot. Surv. Ind. VI. 27

(1912). Large climber, stem up to 13 cm. thick. Branches glabrous,

drying brown, the spiciferous 7 mm. thick; collenchyma in these

31am. thick libriform in distinct bundles, no lysigenous canal; a circle

of sclerose cells tightly surrounding the peripheric fibro-vascular

bundles. Leaves moderately long-petioled, glabrous; limb coriaceous

when dry, elliptic, shortly and acutely acuminate, the base attenuate

and slightly inequilateral; about 13 cm. long and 6:5 cm. wide;

penninerved, the central nerve emitting on each side 3 alternate and

ascendent nerves, the uppermost from 29 mm. above the base ;

petiole 14:5 mm. long of which 2 mm. between the sides of the limb,

sheath basal. Peduncle glabrous, 29 mm. long, slender. Spike: 9

nearly as long as the limb, rhachis minutely puberulous; receptacles

rather distant, sessile, transversely elliptic, minutely velutinous

outside, densely hirsute inside, containing 3—4 ovaries of which only

one maturing; ovaries free, sessile, ovate, velutinous at the top;

stigmas 3, linear. Berry glabrous, globose, nearly 5 mm. in diam.

Perak, at 3500 ft., Wray 4068. Sunert Usone: Stephenson.

69. PIprR PACHYPHYLLUM, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 80 (1888).

Glabrous. Leaves moderately long-petioled; limb probably fleshy

when living, thickly coriaceous and pale yellowish when dry; elliptic,

338 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

acute or acuminate, 10°5—15 cm. long, 5°5—10°5 em. wide; 5—7-

plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 nerves and having on each

side 1—2 nerves free from the base; petiole 6°3—12°6 mm. long.

Peduncle much longer than the petiole, very stout; rhachis glabrous ;

bracts forming a ring round the base of the smooth globose berry (ex

Hook. f. l.c.).

Matacca: Groffth.

Sect. [1].—Heckeria, Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 195.

(Sect. PotomoreHEe C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 133).

Spikes axillary or condensed at the top of an axillary branchlet.

Bract hypopeltate. Flower bisexual. Stamens 2-3. Ovary free,

stigmas 3.

70. PIPER UMBELLATOM, Linn. Sp. Pl. 43, var. subpeltatum

C. DC. in Donn.-Sm. Enum. V1. 339. Shrub 0°9—2 m. high. Stem

and branches glabrous, the spiciferous minutely glandulose, about

7mm. thick ; collenchyma not libriform, in distinct and laterally much

widened bundles ; 2 rows of intramedullar bundles, a single lysigenous

canal. Leaves very long petioled; limb membranous when dry,

copiously reddish-pellucid-dotted, velutino-puberulous on both sur-

faces; about 16—18 cm. long and up to 30 cm. wide, rounded-reniform,

acutely and very shortly acuminate, the base equilateral, deeply

cordate, 17-plinerved, the central nerve emitting 2 pairs of ascendent

nerves, the uppermost from up to 26 mm. above the base, and having

on each side of it 6 nerves diverging from the base; petiole velutino-

puberulous on the back, 24—-30 cm. long, sheath prolonged up to the

middle of the petiole. Spiciferous branch 3—4 cm. long, minutely

puberulous, bearing 5—7 peduncles about 12 cm. long in the axils of

oblong-acuminate and early deciduous scales. Spikes up to 8 cm.

long and 3 mm. thick; rhachis glabrous; limb of bract triangular,

ciliate at the margin, with a central glabrous pedicel; stamens 2 on

the extreme base of the ovary; anthers deciduous, very small, nearly

reniform, 4-valvate. Berry obovate, trigonous, about 0°75 mm. long,

glabrous; stigmas 3, linear, sessile, very short. P.subpeltatum, Willd.

Sp. Pl. I. 166; C. DC. in Prodr. l.c. 333; Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 95.

Heckeria subpeltata, Kth. in Linn. XIII. 571. Potomorphe subpeltata,

Mig. Syst. Pip., 213, Ilustr. 29, tab. 26, in Linn. XX. 129, Pl.

Jungh, 1. 116, Fl. Ind. Bat. I. ii. 437 and Suppl. 186; in Linn. XXI.

481; Wight Ic. t. 1925.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 339

Penanc: Wallich 6638. Prrak: Kuala Weh, Wray 348;

Larut, King 1890; Waterloo, Curtis 2698; Scoriechini; Wray 2467.

SzeLancor: Bidai, Ridley 7612.—Distr1B. India (Deccan Peninsula

from the Concan hills at 5000 ft. altitude southwards, Nilgiris),

Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands, Tropical America,

West Indies, Tropical Africa.

Secr. 1V.—Encxza, C. DC. in Prodr. XVI. i. 234, emend.

Spikes oppositifolious. Bract squamiform, more or less cucul-

late. Flower bisexual. Stamens 5—6, rarely 4. Ovary free, stigmas

3—5.

71. Preer LAPPacetm, C. DC. in Flor. Ind.-Chin. V. 68. Root

fibrous, stem erect, 30—35 cm. high, glabrous; collenchyma con-

tinuous, not libriform; no lysigenous canal. Leaves moderately long

petioled, glabrous ; limb membranous when dry, pellucid-dotted : 10

em.long, 6cm. wide ; ovate, acutely acuminate, the base inequilateral

cordate; 5—7-nerved, the 3 central nerves stouter than the others:

petiole about 17 mm. long, of which 2 mm. between the sides of

the limb, sheath more or less prolonged above the base, stipules

attenuate and decurrent at the top. Peduncle glabrous, nearly

70 mm. long. Spike 60 mm. long; rhachis slender, minutely

glandulose; flowers distant, pedicellate; bract ovate, 1 mm. long;

pedicel of the flower 3 mm. long; stamens 6, filaments very short,

anthers oblong; ovary rounded, covered with glochidiate processes ;

style terminal, carnose, glabrous; stigmas 4, ovate-linear. Berry

globose, 3 mm. in diam, bristling with glochids, these about 3 mm.

long. P. Zippelia, C. DC.in Prodr. XVI. i. 256. Zippelia begonie-

folia, Bl. in Roem. Schult. Syst. VII, 1614, 1651; Miq. Syst. Pip.

258, Illustr., 58, tab. 92f.c. Zippelia lappacea, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar.

76, tab. 16.

PERAK: at Kwala Dipang, Ridley 9584; Ulu Batang Padang,

Ridley 13786.—Distr1e.: Tonkin, Java, Sumatra.

Family CIV. PROTEACE.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves usually coriaceous; alter-

nate or scattered, rarely opposite or verticillate; entire, toothed or

pinnatisect ; stipules none. Flowers capitate, spicate, racemose or

rarely solitary; hermaphrodite or by abortion polygamous or diceci-

ous, regular or irregular; bracts small, caducous or nearly obsolete,

340 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

sometimes imbricate, persistent and hardened in fruit, forming a cone;

bracteoles 0O—2. Perianth inferior, segments 4, at first valvately

connate in a tube with gibbous base at length more or less separating

with free recurved tips. Stamens 4, inserted on or opposite to the

perianth-segments ; anthers erect, the connective continuous with

the filaments; cells 2, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Disk

consisting of 4 hypogynous scales, free or connate, alternating with

the filaments, sometimes 0. Ovary superior, sessile or stipitate,

1-celled, often oblique; style terminal, the tip thickened; stigma

terminal or lateral; ovules solitary or in pairs or many, biseriate.

Fruit a nut or drupe, indehiscent or ultimately opening on the

inner edge or at the tip, or a follicle or capsule with often thickly

coriaceous valves. Seeds solitary or in pairs or few; testa mem-

branous or coriaceous, sometimes winged; albumen 0; cotyledons

compressed or fleshy, often unequal; radicle short, inferior or

lateral. DistRis. Genera about 50, species very many, chiefly

Australian or South African, a few only in tropical Asia, Africa and

America, none in Europe, N. Asia or N. America.

1. Henicta, Lour.

Trees or largeshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or rarely

pinnatisect. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes, herma-

phrodite, regular, pedicelled, usually in pairs; bracts small, caducous;

bracteoles minute. Perianth—tube slender, limb narrow, ovate or

oblong, straight, segments revolute whenin flower. Stamens 4, anthers

oblong, connective produced in an apiculus. Hypogynous scales free

or connate in a cup-shaped disk. Ovary sessile; style slender ; stigma

terminal; ovules 2, basal or lateral, attached below the middle.

Fruita subglobose hard nut. Seeds 1—2, subglobose or hemispheric ;

testa rugose or veined; cotyledons fleshy. Duisrris. Tropical Asia

and Australia.

Racemes glabrous; hypogynous scales connate or com-

pletely forming a cup; bracts and bracteoles minute.

Leaves petioled.

Petiole up to 1 em. long; leaves subcoriaceous,

entire or distantly serrated in the upper half;

perianth moderately slender, thick .. L. A. attenuata.

Petiole 2—3 cm. long; leaves firmly coriaceous,

entire; perianth stout, very thick .. 2. H. petiolaris.

Leaves sessile or nearly so, the margins of the pina

decurrent quite to the base.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 341

Leaves entire; hypogynous scales in a cup;

perianth thick 40 iG

Leaves coarsely serrate in the upper half; perianth

thin fe ah ate - 4. H. robusta.

Racemes pubescent, tomentose or villous; hypogynous

seales free.

3. H. Kingiana.

Racemes densely rufous-pubescent or velvety ; leaves

entire or nearly so.

Leaves rufous-pubescent beneath, petioles 3—4

em. long; racemes 15—20 cm. long; bract and

bracteoles ovate, minute fe .. 0. HZ. rufescens.

Leaves plumbeous beneath, nearly glabrous,

petioles 1—1-5 cm. long; racemes dense, short ;

bract and bracteoles linear, conspicuous .. 6. A. velutina.

Leaves glabrous, yellowish when dry, petiole 1—2

em. long; racemes slender, 5—10 cm. long;

bract and bracteoles acuminate, short .. 7. H. excelsa.

Leaves glabrous, nearly black when dry, petiole

about 1 cm, long; racemes slender, short; bract

and bracteoles rather short Bs .. 8. H. Scortechinit.

Racemes glabrescent; bracts and bracteoles short.

Racemes 10—15 cm. long; leaves yellowish when

dry, entire ; leaf petiole over 1 cm.long .. 7. H. excelsa.

vars. salicifolia

and forbesii.

Racemes 15—20 cm. long; leaves prominently

serrate, olive-brown when dry, under-surface

yellowish ; leaf petiole under 1 em. long .. 9. A. Curtisiz.

1. Henicia attenuata, Bl. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2. 1. 216

(1834). A large shrub or low tree reaching a height of 6—9 m. witha

diam. of up to 30-—40 cm.; branches spreading ; branchlets pale brown,

moderate-sized, smooth; all parts quiteglabrous. Leaves subcoriace-

ous; obovate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, long at-

tenuate at base; olive-green or reddish when dry, the upper surface

slightly shining and somewhat bullate; margins entire or with a few

distant serratures in the upper half; 12—30 cm. long, 5—11 cm. broad ;

midrib slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 8—10 pairs,

irregular, curving upwards and the upper ones interarching ; secondary

nerves and transverse nervules irregularly but prominently netted asis

the reticulation ; petiole thickened at base, up to Icm. long, bordered

above by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers pale yellow, in

pairs or single, rather distant, from the rhachis of a cylindrical

242 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

raceme reaching 20—30 em. in length, from the axils of fallen leaves

of the previous year’s wood; pedicels at right angles to the rhachis,

3—5 mm. long; bract and bracteoles very small, acute, caducous;

perianth rather thick, in bud linear-clavate, 2—3 cm. long; hypogy-

nous scales connate, truncate, dentate, 1 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers

oblong, 2-celled ; filaments very short, connective produced in a blunt

apiculus. Ovary glabrous, style as long as the perianth, stigma

ellipsoid-clavate. Fruit ovoid, 3—4 cm. long, 2—3:5 cm. in diam.,

narrowed at both ends, obscurely 6-angled, the thickened pedicel 3

mm. in diam. Seeds 1—2, subglobose, testa thinly leathery ; coty-

ledons hemispheric. Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 83; Meissn. in

DC. Prodr. XIV. 439; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 985; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 190; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. V. 313. Rhopala attenuata, Jack in

McLell. Calc. Journ. IV. 352; and in Mal. Mise. I. 2. 10; Hook. Bot.

Misc. II. 65; Wall. Cat. 1040; Walp. Ann. I. 592, V. 313. Rk. moluc-

cana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 83; Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey and Wall. I. 364 and

Fl. Ind. I. 361 non Br. nec Jack. R. racemosa, Roxb. M.S. in

Herbb. Linn. Soc. Lond. and Kew.

Penance: Jack (Wallich 1040!); at Tulloh Bahang, Curtis 1181!;

at Waterfall, Curtis 2765!: Ridley 12683!. Perak: Scortechini 195!,

196!, 795!; at Batu Togo, Tupai, Waterfall Hill, etc. Wray 21591,

96711, 3144!, 3156!, 4052!; in various places from sea level to 600

m. alt., King’s Collector 764!, 3383!, 4301!, 4594!, 5931!, 8496!,

8795!. SeLaneor: at Kwala Lumpur, Curtis 2372!; at Dusum Tua,

Ridley!. Panane: at Tahan river, Ridley!. JoHorE: at Mount

Austin, Ridley 13008!.—Distris. Java (Koorders).

2. HELICIA PETIOLARIS, Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 84

(1838). A tree reaching 18—20 m. in height and 45—60 cm.

in diam. of stem; branches spreading ; branchlets stout, smooth,

grey, uppermost nearly black and angled; all parts glabrous.

Leaves firmly coriaceous ; broadly obovate, obtuse or obtusely acute

at apex, long-cuneate at base, rarely slightly lobed; upper surface

shining, olive-green, lower also somewhat shining and purplish

when dry; margins entire; 10—35 cm. long, 5—15 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 7—9 pairs,

somewhat impressed above, spreading, curving upwards to join in

diminishing loops near the margin; secondary nerves and transverse

nervules irregularly netted, all nerves and reticulation slightly raised

on both surfaces ; petiole 2—3 cm. long, channelled above by the

decurrent margins of the blade, the base enlarged. Plowers cream-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 343

coloured, geminate, on bifid pedicels from the stout angular rhachis

of an elongated axillary or lateral raceme reaching 20—30 cm. in

length ; pedicels at right angles to the rhachis, 4—6 mm. long, the

two branches slightly shorter; bract and bracteoles minute, acute,

caducous; perianth very thick, coriaceous, in bud linear-clavate,

2—2°5 cm. long, the limb of the lobes elliptic, the lobes spirally

recurved in flower ; hypogynous scales connate, truncated, toothed,

1 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers oblong, 2-celled, 3 mm. long;

filaments very short; connective produced in an ovate apiculus.

Ovary glabrous; style nearly as long as the perianth lobes ; stigma

clavate, suleate. Fruit depressed-ovoid, shortly pointed, 2 cm. long,

2°5 cm. in diam., smooth ; pedicel little thickened, 2 mm. in diam.

Seed subglobose, testa membranous, cotyledons hemispheric.

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 438; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 983; Hook.

f. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 190. Rhopala moluccana, Jack in McClell. Calc.

Journ. 208, Mal. Misc. I. ii. 10; Hook. Bot. Misc. II. 65; Wall. Cat.

1041 non Br. nec Roxb.

PENANG: Cultivated, Jack (Wallick 1041!). PERak: at Goping,

Scortechini 1977!; in various places in forest up to 250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4641!, 5438!, 8442!, 8687!. SmLancor: 15th mile

Pahang track, Ridley 8499!; at Kwala Lumpur, Goodenough 10472 !.

SincaporEe: Ridley 3625 !, 4695 !, 4696!, 6257!, ete; at Changi

Reserve, Goodenough 141!

3. Heticta Kineiana, Prain in Kew Bull. 342 (1912). A tree,

reaching a height of 15—20 m. and 30—45 cm. in diam. of stem, all

parts quite glabrous ; branches spreading ; branchlets stout, smooth,

dark grey to nearly black, uppermost sharply angled. Leaves cori-

aceous ; obovate or elliptic-obovate, rounded or shortly obtusely some-

times emarginately acuminate at apex, cuneately attenuate at base ;

upper surface light green, dark olive-green when dry, lower purplish

brown when dry, both surfaces dull; margins entire, recurved ; 15 —25

em. long, 6—11 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised on both surfaces ;

main nerves 10—12 pairs, the lowest 1—2 pairs very oblique from close

to the base, the rest more widely curving and joining in gradually

diminishing loops ; transverse nervules prominent, irregular, angu-

larly branching and enclosing an angular areolate reticulation ;

petiole none or very short, the margins of the blade extending to the

enlarged base. Racemes stout, stiff, singly from the axils of the

leaves or of fallen leaves, up to 30 cm. long; pedicels stout, 4—5 mm.

long, bearing two flowers on branches 45—6 mm. long; bract and

344 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

bracteoles minute, acute, caducous ; perianth in bud 3:5—4 em. long,

thick, the apex angular; hypogynous scales connate in a truncate

slightly dentate cup 1—1‘5 mm. long. Stamens with elliptic anthers,

the connective broad, its apiculus blunt, cells 3—3°5 mm. long ;

filaments broad, 2 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style and

clavate stigma as long as perianth. Fruit globose or ovoid, some-

what pointed at both ends, ridged on one side, 3—4 cm. long,

2-—3 cm. broad ; pericarp smooth, 2 mm. thick. Seed conform to

the drupe ; testa membranous ; cotyledons 2—4, granular.

PERAK: in open forest, from the low ground to the tops of

hills 250—300 m. alt. near Larut, King’s Collector 3714!, 3881!,

6217!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu Putih, 1200 m. alt., Wray 983!,

1160! .

4. Heticia roBusta, Wall. Cat. 2702 (1820). A small tree

reaching 8 m. in height and 15 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets

smooth with greyish-brown bark; all parts quite glabrous except some-

times the rhachis of the racemes which is slightly puberulous. Leaves

subcoriaceous; obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusely acute

or even acuminate at apex, cuneately narrowed in the lower

half, finally rounded or subcordate; upper surface dull or shining,

greenish when dry, lower dull dark brown ; margin coarsely serrate,

the lower part often entire; 15—25 cm. long, 6—12 cm. broad;

midrib stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 10—12 pairs,

irregular, usually obliquely curved to the margin ; transverse nervules

irregularly netted, prominent; petiole none or very short and much

thickened. Racemes axillary, up to 30 cm. long, the rhachis moder-

ately stout, angled; pedicels short, dividing near the base into two

usually of different lengths, in all nearly 5 mm. long; bract and

bracteoles minute, acute; perianth thin, in bud linear clavate,

2—3 cm. long, the limb of the lobes elliptic, recurved, the lobes

spirally recurved in flower; hypogynous scales more or less con-

nate, truncate, denticulate, 1—1°5 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers

oblong, 3 mm. long; filaments very short ; connective produced in |

a rounded apiculus. Ovary glabrous, style nearly as long as the

perianth lobes; stigma clavate, sulcate. Fruit obliquely globose,

apiculate, obscurely 4—6—ribbed, reaching 2°5—3 cm. in diam.,

smooth ; fruiting pedicel very short, 4mm. in diam. Seed globose,

testa very thin, cotyledons hemispheric. Bl. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser.

2, i. 220; Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 83; Meissn. in DC. Prodr.

XIV. 440; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 986 ; Kurz For. Fl. II. 311 ; Hook.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 345

f. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 191; Brandis Ind. Trees 543. H. macrophylla,

Wall. Cat. 3661. A. javanica, Bl. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2. i. 217;

Benn. l.c. 83, t. 18; Meissn. l.c. 440; Mig. l.c. 986; Koord. & Val.

Bijdr. V. 306. H. castaneefolia, Meissn l.c. 441. Helittophyllum

javanicum, Blume Bijdr. 652. Rhopala robusta, Roxb. FI. Ind. ed.

Carey & Wall. I. 366 and Fl. Ind. I. 363; Wight Ic. t. 191.

R. glabrata, Wall. Cat. 1039.

Maracoa: Griffith K. D. 4367!; Cuming 2338!; Maingay

K. D. 1309!, 1311!; at Sungei Udang, Derry 523!. SELancor:

at Kwala Lumpur, Ridley 10225!.—Jonore: at Bukit Tana Abang,

Take & Kelsall 4010!. Distr: India (Assam and Khasia),

Burma, Java, (forbes 377!, 670!, 2731! etc.), Sumatra (Forbes

2212/1).

5. HELICIA RUFESCENS, Prain in Kew Bull. 342 (1912). A

largetree reaching a height of 18—24 m. and 60cm. or more in diam.

of stem ; branches spreading ;. branchlets stout, dark ashy grey, the

uppermost densely dark rufous-tomentose. Leaves subcoriaceous ;

obovate or broadly oblanceolate, acute or very shortly acuminate

at apex, long cuneate at base; upper surface dark green, dull

olive-green when dry, glabrous except on the midrib and nerves

when young, lower reddish brown, densely rufous—pubescent when

‘young, gradually glabrescent when older ; margin entire; 15—30cm.

long, 6—11 cm. broad; midrib prominent, raised on both surfaces,

crispedly brown-puberulous above ; main nerves 16—20 pairs, close

and parallel and straight in the lower, more distant and curved in the

upper half and there joining in angular loops; transverse nervules

irregular, angled and branched; reticulation irregular, prominent ;

petiole 3—4 cm. long, thickened at base, densely rufous-tomentose.

Racemés single or in pairs from the axils of the leaves or of fallen

leaves, densely dark rufous—pubescent, 15—20 cm. long; pedicel

short, 1 mm. long, bearing two flowers on branches 2 mm. long; bract

and bracteoles ovate, minute; perianth in bud 10—12 mm. long,

the lobes in flower very much spirally curved, glabrous within ; hypogy-

nous scales free, obtuse, glabrous. Stamens with linear anthers

2°5—3 mm. long, the connective apiculus blunt; filaments slender,

1mm. long. Ovary densely rufous-villous; style slender, including

the cylindric grooved stigma as long as perianth. Fruit yellowish—

brown, subglobose, flattened on both sides, slightly ridged on the

outer, apex and base acute, 3 cm. long, 2°5 cm. broad, 1:5 cm. thick,

rufous-tomentose, gradually becoming glabrescent; pericarp 2—3

346 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

mm. thick. Seed conform to the fruit, testa membranous; cotyledons

fleshy, channelled across the middle.

PERAK: in open forests about Larut and Thaiping, on hills

from 150—450 m. alt., King’s Collector 4213!, 4939!, 5096!, 8504!;

at Waterfall Hill and Tapai, Wray 2083 !, 3084! .

6. Hericta veLuTiINA, Prain in Kew Bull. 343 (1912). A tree

reaching a height of 15—20 cm. and 25—33 ecm. in diam. of stem ;

branchlets stout, grey, striate, the uppermost minutely grey-puberu-

lous. Leaves chartaceous; broadly oblanceolate, rather abruptly

acuminate at apex, cuneate at base; upper surface bright green,

olive green and shining when dry, glabrous, lower also somewhat

shining, plumbeous, glabrous except a slight pubescence along the

midrib; margin entire, recurved when dry; 10—20 cm. long, 4—7

em. broad; midrib moderately stout, prominent on both surfaces ;

main nerves 14—16 pairs, impressed above, raised beneath, straight

and parallel, interarching near the margin; secondary nerves and

transverse nervules irregular, branched, enclosing an angular

reticulation ; petiole 1—1:5 cm. long, thickened at base, the upper

part bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Racemes

single or in pairs from the axils of fallen leaves on the past year’s

wood chiefly, up to 7 cm. long (bud—specimens only), densely

rufous velvety ; flowers densely congested, in pairs on very short

pedicels or sessile, ascending ; bract linear, 7—8 mm. long, bracte-

oles linear, 4—5 mm. long ; perianth in bud shortly and thickly clavate,

5 mm. long, glabrous within ; hypogynous scales minute, free, trun-

cate, glabrous. Stamens with oblong nearly sessile anthers, the

connective-apiculus short, thick. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style

thick, stigma clavate. Fruit not known.

PERAK: in open forest at Gunong Bubu, Larut, 600—750 m.

alt., King’s Collector 7316!

7. HELICIA EXCELSA, BI. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2. i. 219 (1834).

A large tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 40—50 em. in diam. of

stem ; bark grey, scabrous; branches spreading ; branchlets rather

slender, grey, the uppermost and innovations densely dark rusty-

tomentose. Leaves coriaceous; obovate or oblanceolate, obtusely

rather abruptly acuminate at apex, long cuneate at base; margins

entire or rarely the upper part coarsely serrate; both surfaces

glabrous, yellowish-green when dry, the upper shining ; 10—15 em.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 347

long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised beneath ; main nerves

6—-8 pairs, irregular, raised on the upper surface, soon branching

and irregularly anastomosing; reticulation irregular, prominent ;

petiole slender, 1—2 cm. long, the upper part bordered by the

decurrent margins of the blade. lowers yellowish-green, in pairs in

axillary or terminal racemes 5—10 cm. long, densely dark rusty-

villous; pedicels 1—2 mm. long, 2-flowered, branches 1—1°5 mm.

long; bract acuminate, 1—2 mm. long, at the bases of the pedicels,

bracteoles on the branches 1 mm.; perianth slender, 4—6 mm.

long, clavate in bud; hypogynous scales 4, free, ovoid, glabrous,

‘5 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers 1—2 mm. long, the connective

rugose, produced in a short apiculus. Ovary ovoid, ferruginous-

villous; style slender, as long as perianth; stigma clavate. Fruit

ovoid, oblique, smooth, 10 mm. long, 7—8 mm. in diam.; pedicel

slightly thickened, 3 mm. in diam. Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 84 ;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 441; Kurz For. Fl. II. 312; Miq. Fl.

Ind. Bat. I. i. 987; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind V.191. Rhopala excelsa,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 363 and ed. Carey & Wall. I. 365; Spr. Syst. Veg.

I. 482. 11; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. Mant. III. 285; Wight Ic. t. 190

(copied from Roxb.).

PERAK: on tops of low hills in open jungle near Goping and

Ulu Bubong, 90—250 m. alt., King’s Collector 5928 !, 6100!, 10836! ;

near Gunong Bubu, Scortechint 774!. Matacca: at Sungei Hudang,

etc. Goodenough 1388! 1760!; Derry 456!, 530!. SrineaporE: at

Chenchukang, Goodenough 2759!; at Kranji, Ridley 6428! .—DistTRIB.

India (Chittagong), Burma (Tenagsserim).

Var. salicifotia. Innovations nearly glabrous. Leaves narrower,

less abruptly and obtusely acuminate at apex, entire. Racemes

longer, 10—13 cm. long, the rhachis and perianth nearly glabrous,

the bract and bracteoles longer; the hypogynous scales 1 mm. long,

oblong. Fruit larger, nearly 2 cm. long, 10—12 mm. broad, blue-

black when ripe. H. salicifolia, Presl. Epimel. Bot. 247 (1849) ;

Meissn. in DC. Prodr. XIV. 439 ; Kurz For. Fl. II. 312. H. excelsa

var. edentula Benn. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 84.

PERAK : in dense jungie on low ground, Goping, King’s Collector

691 !, 6096!; at Simpang, Wray 2310!; at Gunong Haram Parah,

Scortechint 687!. Matacca: Maingay K. D. 1310!; at Sungei

Hudang, Derry 1202!.—Distris. Burma (Tenasserim, Helfer 4366!)

var. Forbesit. Similar to the last, but the /eaves much larger,

12—22 em. long, 4—8 cm. broad; main nerves up to 10 pairs.

348 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Racemes still more glabrous, longer, up to 15 cm.; perianth longer

and more slender ; bract broader.

PERAK : in open jungle on low ground near Larut, King’s Collector

3392!.—Distris. Sumatra (at Moeara Merg Kulem, 450 m. alt.

Forbes, 3047 a! .)

8. Heticta Scortecuini, Gamble in Kew Bull. 117 (1913). A

tree ?, branchlets smooth, pale brown, the youngest slightly puberu-

lous. Leaves chartaceous; oblanceolate, abruptly caudate—acumi-

nate at apex, cuneate at base; both surfaces dull, the upper nearly

black when dry, glabrous, the lower reddish-brown with a few hairs

scattered on the surface; margin shortly but closely serrate on the

upper two-thirds, entire towards the base; 12—18 em. long, 4—6

em. broad ; midrib slender, prominent beneath ; main nerves 8—10

pairs curving towards the margin and there joined in angular

loops, prominent beneath; transverse nervules irregular, branch-

ing, enclosing an irregular reticulation; petiole about 1 cm. long,

the margins of the blade decurrent almost to its base. Racemes

(young only) from the axils of fallen leaves, solitary or geminate,

minutely ferruginous-hirsute; pedicels short, 2-flowered; bract

ovate, acuminate, 2 mm. long; bracteoles similar, 1 mm. long ;

perianth in bud clavate ; hypogynous scales free, ovate, glabrous.

Ovary glabrous, style short, stigma cylindric clavate. Fruit not

known.

Perak: Scortechini 467! .

The specimens are in bud only and the description is taken almost

entirely from that of Father Scortechini.

9. Heticra Cortisi, Gamble in Kew Bull. 116 (1913). A tree

reaching 6—9 m.in height; branchlets pale brown, smooth, glabrous.

Leaves chartaceous; oblanceolate, acuminate, often obtusely, at

apex, long-attenuate at base; both surfaces glabrous, olive-brown

when dry, the lower rather paler and reddish; margins strongly

serrate from the middle upwards ; 12—18 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad ;

midrib slender, prominent beneath; main nerves 8—10 pairs,

prominent especially beneath, curving to near the margin and there

more or less interarching; transverse nervules few, branching and

enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole under 1 cm. long, the

margins of the blade decurrent nearly to its base. Racemes axillary,

slender, 15—20 cm. long, the rhachis and pedicels minutely rusty-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 349

puberulous when young, later glabrescent ; pedicels slender, 2 mm.

long, then bifid, the branches as long again; bract and bracteoles

minute, caducous ; perianth in bud clavate, slender, thin, 7—8 mm.

long, the lobes oblong acute ; hypogynous scales free, ovate, obtuse,

1 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers oblong, connective apiculate;

filaments short, flattened. Ovary ovoid, ferruginous-villous ; style

5—6 mm. long, very slender; stigma narrowly cylindric. Fruit not

known.

PENANG: at Penara Bukit, 450 m. alt., Curtis 3020!.

Family CVII. LORANTHACEA:.

Evergreen shrubs, rarely herbs, usually parasitic on the branches

of trees; stems much-branched, often jointed. Leaves usually

opposite sometimes alternate, coriaceous, entire, sometimes reduced

to scales or absent ; stipules none. lowers regular or zygomor-

phic, hermaphrodite or unisexual, sometimes large and brightly

coloured, sometimes inconspicuous ; racemose, spicate, capitate or

fascicled, usually bracteate and often with 2 or more bracteoles

Calyx adnate to the ovary; limb annular or cupular, truncate,

entire or shortly toothed, sometimes none. Petals or perianth seg-

ments 3-—8, valvate, free or more or less connate in atube. Stamens

as many as, and opposite to, the petals and more or less adnate

to them ; filaments slender or none; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed,

opening by longitudinal slits or’ by rows of cells or by pores.

Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; usually without distinct placenta or ovule ;

style short or long; stigma simple or hardly lobed. Fruit a

l-seeded berry or drupe with fleshy pericarp and often viscid

mesocarp. Seed solitary without distinct testa; albumen fleshy

or absent ; embryos 1, rarely 2, with distinct hypocotyl and 2 or more

cotyledons; radicle superior. Distrip. Chiefly tropical, a few in

temperate regions. Many species.

Calyx present though the limb is sometimes reduced to

merely a rim ; flowers hermaphrodite (Subf. I. Loran-

THEA).

Calyx-tube supported by a bract, no bracteoles

Anthers basifixed is Se .. 1. Lorantaus.

Anthers dorsifixed a .. 2. LOxANTHERA.

Calyx-tube supported by a bract and two bracteoles ;

anthers basifixed oe a6 .. 3. HELYTRANTHE.

350 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Calyx-tube without bract, bracteoles 0—4; inflo-

rescence capitate, involucrate; anthers basi-

fixed one : 55 .. 4 LEPEOSTEGERES.

Calyx obsolete or represented oo a rim; flowers uni-

sexual] (Subf. II. Viscr2).

Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.

Plants with leaves ; flowers moncecious in jointed

spikes, at the bases of the joints .. -. 5. GINALLOA.

Plants withcut leaves ; flowers dicecious or mone-

cious surrounding the bases of the internodes 6. KoORTHALSELLA.

Anthers opening by many pores; flowers in axillary

triads or flattened capitula.

Plants with leaves or leafless; anthers combined

with the perianth-lobes 45 os da, Viscom:

Plants with leaves; anthers not combined Bo

the perianth-lobes 50 56 .. §. NovroTHIxos.

I have been unable to examine specimens of Nallogia Gaudichaudiana,

H. Baill. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. II. 985 (1892) said to be a Malacca tree (?)

with cylindric branches, alternate membranous leaves and axillary flowers of

which only the ~ are known. The perianth is 5-lobed and the anthers open

by lateral clefts. For the generic description see Baill. Hist. des Pl. XI. 478.

1. Lorantuus, Linn. (restricted).

Parasitic shrubs, with many branches. Leaves opposite, sub-

opposite or alternate, usually thick and fleshy or coriaceous, entire.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually «coloured, in racemes spikes or

fascicles, in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves, rarely terminal ;

bract usually small, supporting the base of the calyx-tube, no

bracteoles. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; the limb short, trun-

cate or toothed, sometimes almost obsolete. Corolla polypetalous

or gamopetalous, regular or zygomorphic; lobes 4—6, valvate, free

or more or less connate in a tube, erect or reflexed, the tube often

split down one side. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and

adnate to them; filaments slender or thickened ; anthers basifixed,

usually linear, opening by longitudinal cells, sometimes trans-

versely septate. Disk none. Ovary 1-celled; style filiform, some-

times geniculate; stigma entire, obtuse or capitate. Fruit baccate,

usually globose ovoid or ellipsoid, crowned by the persistent calyx.

Seed albuminous, adnate to the pericarp, often surrounded by

glutinous pulp; testa none; embryo straight, terete. DIsTRIB.

Most tropical countries of the Old World.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Corolla lobes free (Subgenus I. EvLorantTHus)

Flowers in racemes or spikes.

Petals 5 (Sect. I. LoRANTHOBOTRYS).

Racemes involucrate at base (Subsect. 1. CHrrrruM).

Leaves sometimes whorled, lanceolate to ovate-

oblong, 8—20 cm. long fs

Raceme-bases sunk in the substance of the branchlet ;

style filiform (Subsect. 2. CotEoBorTrys).

Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acute, 7—13 cm.

long ; petals rather thin ; anthers 13 -14 mm.

long, septate AC sc ae

Leaves elliptic or obovate, obtuse, 4—6 cm.

long; petals very thick; anthers 8 mm. long.

septate ce ae 5

Racemes not involucrate or sunk in a protuberance

of the branchlet; style articulate (Subsect. 3.

LANTHORUS) ..

Petals 4 (Sect. JI. PuanicaNTHEMUM).

Racemes 5 -7 em. long, rusty-pubescent; style not

articulate : ‘

Flowers in sessile clusters ; Las 4 (Sect. IIL BABATRAN-

THUS).

Heads always axillary (Subsect. I. CyatTHiscus)

Heads rarely axillary, usually opposite in clusters on

the internodes (Subsect. 2. HUBARATRANTHUS)

Corolla gamopetalous (Subgenus II. DENDROPHTHOE) ..

Corolla 4-lobed; fruit more or less pearshaped (Sect I.

CICRLANTHUS). {septate.

Fruit more or less stalked, pyriform; anthers not

Fruit gradually contracted into the stalk; flowers

usually single or in few-flowered racemes; leaves

more or less oblong 26 ais s¢

Fruit truncate at top, less gradually contracted ;

flowers in densely fascicled cymes ; leaves elliptic,

tomentose beneath

Fruit abruptly contracted into a Jentce stalk ;

flowers in few-flowered cymes; leaves elliptic.

glabrous when old beneath se se

Fruit not stalked, oblong, rugose; flowers in pairs or

threes in umbellate cymes; anthers septate a

Corolla 5-lobed; fruit ovoid (Sect. II EUDENDROPH-

THOE).

Branchlets, leaves beneath and infloresence with orange

rusty tomentum, leaves ovate lanceolate, acuminate,

8—13 cm long; corolla inflated in the middle, 4 cm.

long; racemes 2°5 em. long.. oe

Branchlets and leaves beneath glabrous ; “os Towgens ce

sometimes puberulous or furfuraceous.

Racemes under 1°5 cm. long, furfuraceous ; corolla

351

1. ZL. pulcher.

2. L. heteranthus.

3. L. crasstpetalus.

4. L. pentapelalus.

5. L. coccineus.

6. L. productus.

7. L. Lobbii.

8. L. obtectus.

9. L. ferrugineus.

10. ZL. malaccensis.

ll. ZL. estipttatus.

RE: Casuarine.

352 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

funnel-shaped, under 2 em. long; leaves very

coriaceous ba .. 13. ZL. crassus.

Racemes 2—3 cm. long, Seay sabeacenee corolla

ventricose at base, 1°5—2 cm. long; leaves thickly

coriaceous... .. 14. DL. pentandrus.

Racemes 4—7 cm. long, Oneeanet ; cores gradually

enlarging, 4 cm. long; leaves coriaceous .. 15. L. longifiorus.

Racemes 6—10 cm. long, glabrous; corolla inflated

above the middle, 6- 8 cm. long; leaves very

coriaceous, large. his hs .. 16. L. grandifrons.

Corolla 6-lobed ; fruit cylindric.

Pedicels 1-flowered (Sect. III. KIncELLA).

Leaves oblong, over 15 cm. long; corolla 10 cm.

long; anthers 8—10 mm. long Py .. 17. LZ. Scortechint.

Pedicels 2-flowered (Sect. 1V. ARcutwvs).

Leaves elliptic, under 8 cm. long; corolla 4—5 cm.

long; anthers 2 mm. long : .. 18. DL. Duthieanus.

1. Lorantuus PULCHER, DC. pre IV. 295 (1830). A large

parasitic shrub growing in large masses on the stems of trees and

reaching 6—8 {t. or more in height ; branchlets robust, terete, with

greenish-grey, shining papery bark, uppermost angular; lenticels

elongate, leafscars very prominent. Leaves opposite or subopposite,

sometimes whorled, very coriaceous, glabrous ; lanceolate, ovate or

elliptic oblong, long-acuminate at apex, acute to rounded at base ;

upper surface dark green, lower paler, both light olive-brown when

dry and minutely impressed punctate; margin recurved ; 8—20 cm.

long, 2—8 cm. broad; midrib stout; main nerves about 6—10 pairs,

nearly horizontal, short and interarching near the margin, rarely

visible ; petiole stout, variable, 5—20 mm. long. Racemes or spikes

subterminal or axillary, solitary or fascicled, densely-flowered from

base to point, 10—30 cm. long; the bases surrounded by an involucre

of linear tawny scales; rhachis stout; pedicels thick, up to 3 mm.

long; bract boat-shaped, acute and ciliate at apex. Calyx urceo-

late, 2—3 mm. long; limb annular. Corolla in bud 8 mm. long,

constricted in the middle ; petals 5, red or the tips yellowish, linear

oblong, acute at tip, recurved when open from the middle, the

upper part above the stamens having, beneath the thin inner

epidermis, a layer of long narrow unicellular hairs, otherwise

glabrous. Stamens inserted on the middle of the petals with a

rugosity below them; filaments flat, 1—2 mm. long; anthers 2 mm.

long, the inner valves of the cells shorter than the outer which are

curved at the top. Ovary short; style somewhat stout, 6 mm.

long; stigma hardly capitate. Fruit subcylindric, truncate at apex,

5—6 mm. long, pericarp greenish-sticky within. Seed toothed at

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 353

tip, embryo minute. Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 205; King in Journ.

As. Soc. Beng. lvi. ii. 90. ZL. spectosus, Wall. Cat. 578. L coccineus,

Hook. Bot. Misc. t. 58 (not of p. 278). Dendrophthoe pulcher, Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 821. Chiridiwm speciosum, van Tieghem in Bull.

Soc. Bot. Fr. XLT. 541.

Siamese Srates: Setub, Ridley 14923!. Kepan: Rawei island,

Ridley 15704!. Prenane: Porter (Wallich 578)!; Phillips!; at 90—

300 m. alt., King’s Collector 2281!, 4868!; Curtis 394!; on Penang

Hill, Ridley 9390!. Perak: at Sungie Larut, etc., Wray 2296!,

3225!; on hills up to 1200 m. alt., King’s Collector 6257!, 6407!,

10540!. Panana: at Tahan river, Ridley 2410!2% (leaves very shining

and thinner).

L. puniceus, Wall. Cat. 522; Hook. f, Fi. Br. Ind. V. 223 seems to be this

species and was identified with it, in the Calcutta Herbarium, by the late

Sir George King,

var. Parishii. Leaves linear lanceolate, verticilled at the summit.

Racemes subterminal in the axils of the whorl of leaves. LZ. Parishii,

Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 205. JZ. perakensis, Engl. in Engl. &

Prantl Nachtr. 129. Chiridium verticillatum, van Tieghem in Bull.

Soc. Bot. Fr. XLI, 541.

Perak: Scortechini 231!; at Larut at about 300 m. alt., King’s

Collector 6278!. SELANGOR: at Bukit Kutu, Ridley 7617!.—DistTR1B.

Tenasserim (Parish 3005!); Siam (Kerr 17631)

2. LORANTHUS HETERANTHUS, Wall. Cat. 537 (1828). A stout

parasitic shrub reaching 3 m. or more in height, nearly glabrous; branch-

lets stout, terete, dark brown or nearly black, older shining; leaf and

raceme scars very prominent. Leaves coriaceous, alternate or oppo-

site; elliptic or oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtusely acute

at apex, attenuate at base ; both surfaces glabrous, upper shining and

obliquely striolate, lower dull, pale yellowish-brown when dry; mar-

gins subsinuous, recurved; 7—13cm. long, 2—5 cm. broad; midrib

rather slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves about !0 pairs,

joined in loops near the margin, obscure as is the reticulation ; petiole

stout, 2—3 cm. long, easily disarticulated. Racemes solitary or 2—3

together, terminal and axillary, the base more or less immersed in the

branchlets, surrounded by a shallow cup, often curved, red, rusty-

puberulous when young, up to 17 em. long, very sparsely flowered ;

rhachis angular; pedicels stout, at right angles to rhachis, about 1

em. long; bract lateral, boatshaped, concave, ciliate; flowers in bud

curved upwards, very slender, acute, about 3—4 cm. long. Calyx

cylindric, 7—8 mm. long, striate, limb slightly spreading, entire.

354 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Petals 5—6, linear, crimson, 2—3 cm. long, about 1 mm. broad, base

rather broader, upper part reflexed in flower, epidermis on inner side

thin with a layer of long unicellular hairs beneath. Stamens inserted

near the base of the petals, very slender, apiculate; filaments 3—4

mm. long; anthers 13—14 mm. long; cells 2, marginal, conspicuously

transversely septate. Ovary cylindric; style filiform, angular,

rugose, nearly 2cm. long; stigma simple. Fruit urceolate, glabrous,

striate, 9 mm. long, 5 mm. in diam.; seed obovoid; embryo slender.

DC. Prodr. V. 306; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 208; King in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 91; Brandis Ind. Trees 548; Prain Beng. Plants

911; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 157. LZ. elewtheropetalus, Kurz in

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XL. ii. 64 and For. Fl. II. 321. Dendrophthoe

macrocalyx, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i, 821. Coleobotrys heterantha, van

Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XVI. 542.

Kepaw: on Kedah Peak, 900 m. alt., Ridley 5484!. Perak:

at Haram Purah, Scoriechini 860!: up to 1000 m. alt., Wray 1172!,

3234!: on trees near Larut at 750—1000 m. alt., King’s Collector

6362!; at Temango on Durians, Ridley 14566 !. Panane: at Kwala

Pahang, Ridley 1809!—Disrris. India (Chittagong), Burma, Siam

(Schmidt 695!), Java, Borneo (Haviland), Sumatra (Forbes 2867 !).

3. LORANTHUS CRASSIPETALUS, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LVI. ii. 91 (1887). A parasitic shrub; branchlets very stout, striate

with lines from below the leaves or leafscars; bark shining, nearly

black when dry. eaves coriaceous, alternate; elliptic or obovate,

obtuse at apex, attenuate at base; glabrous, striolate, upper surface

shining, lower dull; margins recurved; 4—10cm. long, 2—5 cm.broad ;

midrib slightly prominent; main nerves invisible when fresh, obscure

when dry as is the reticulation; petiole 5—7 mm. loug, stout.

Racemes solitary or in pairs, axillary, stout, rigid, erect, sparsely

many-flowered, 5—15 cm. long, the base enclosed in a thick walled

hollow in the branchlet, and subtended by an orbicular ciliate in-

volucral scale: rhachis angular, striate, slightly puberulous ; pedicels

stout, at about 60° with the rhachis, 2—5 mm. long; bract broad,

cochleate, continuing the pedicel and half embracing the calyx tube ;

flowers erect, nearly parallel to the rhachis, the corolla in bud nar-

rowly conical. Calyx-tube cylindric, 5—7 mm. long, striate, slightly

puberulous; limb spreading, cupshaped, truncate, with a wavy

margin, 1—1‘5 mm. long. Petals 5, linear, very thick, acute at tip,

smooth and yellowish externally, ridged and bright red internally,

18—22 mm. long, the inner epidermis layer covering a layer of

linear unicellular hairs. Stamens very slender, inserted about 4 up

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 355

the petal: filaments quadrangular, 2—5 mm. long; anthers 8 mm.

long with two very narrow transversely septate cells. Ovary

cylindric; style filiform, quadrangular, rugose; stigma minute.

Fruit not known. Coleobotrys crassisepala, van. Tiegh. in Bull. Soc.

Bot. Fr. XLI 542 ?

PERAK: on Gunong Idjou, Scortechini 363!, 521; camp on Ulu

Batang Padang, 1500 m. alt., Wray 1507!; Larut Hills, Rildey!

Ridley’s specimenin Herb. Singap. has the same flowers, but the leaves are

larger and the racemes longer than in the other ones.

4, LORANTHUS PENTAPETALUS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall.

IT. 211 (1824). A large much branching parasitic shrub reaching

90—120 cm. in height; branchlets stout, terete, with dark blackish

grey bark, glabrous, the youngest alternately compressed. Leaves

coriaceous, opposite or sometimes alternate; ovate or ovate-lanceo-

late, sometimes elliptic or suborbicular, acute or acuminate, often

obliquely, at apex, rounded or attenuate at base; both surfaces dark

green and glabrous when fresh, the uppermost with purplish margins,

nearly black when dry; 6—12 cm. long, 2--7 cm. broad; midrib

stout, prominent beneath; main nerves about 6—8 pairs, very faint ;

reticulation irregular, obscure ; petiole 1—2 cm. long, rather slender,

furrowed. Racemes solitary or in pairs or threes from the axils of the

leaves or of fallen leaves, 10—20 cm. long, all parts bright red in

colour except the yellow tips of the petals, flower bearing almost to

the base which is sunk in a circular protuberance of the branchlets;

rhachis glabrous or slightly puberulous, slightly angular; pedicels

very short, thick, at right angles to the rhachis, the flowers ascending

so as, at first at any rate, to be parallel to the rhachis ; bract ovate,

acute, ciliate, appressed to the calyx tube; flowers in bud constricted

in the middle, the basal part nearly globose. Calyx cylindric,

2—3 mm. long, the limb obscurely toothed. Petals 5, the basal

portion obovate, thick, glabrous and convex within, the neck trans-

versely rugose, the upper portion ligulate, acute, reflexed in flower,

the whole 6 mm. long. Stamens inserted above the neck of the

petals; filaments broad, 1—2 mm. long ; anthers elliptic, 1 mm. long,

the inner valve of each cell shorter than the outer. Ovary shortly

eylindric ; style slender, 5 mm. long, jointed in the middle, rugose,

the lower half 4—5-angled, the upper slender ; stigma small, subtrun-

cate. Fruit crimson, ellipsoid, truncate at apex, 7 mm. long, 5 mm.

in diam., seed obovoid. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I, 553; DC. Prodr. IV. 295:

Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. t. 225 and Cat. 503; Griff. Notul. IV. 617

and Ic. Pl. Asiat. tt. 624, 625; Blume FI. Jav. Loranth. 39, tt. 14,

356 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

23 A; Kurz For. Fl. II. 322; Korth. Verh. Lor. 66; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 206; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 90; Engl. in

Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. III. i. 185; Prain Beng. Plants

911; Brandis Ind. Trees 548; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 158. ZL.

polycarpus, Wall. Cat. 540. L. erythrostachys, Wall. MS. Pheni-

canthemum pentapetalum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.i. 823. Dendrophthoe

pentapetala, G. Don Gen. Syst. III. 419. Lanthorus pentapetalus,

van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLI. 488.

Prenane: Government Hill, Maingay K.D. 691!, 692!; Curtis

205!; on trees at 300—750 m. alt., King’s Collector 1522!; Hullett

167!; Ridley 9364!, 10780!. PERAK: on tree branches about Larut

and Goping up to 900 m. alt., King’s Collector 4227!, 4377!; on

Gunong Batu Putih, 1000—1300 m. alt., Wray 406!, 466!, at the

Cottage, Larut, 1300 m., Wray 4240!; Scortechini 390!; Ridley 2968).

SeLancor: at Ginting Bidai, 600 m. alt., Radley 7619! Matacca:

Griffith. K.D. 2724!, 2725!: at Serkam, Derry 1098!; Hervey!.

PaHanec: at Pekan, Ridley 1072!. StncaporE: Lobb 327 !.—DIstTR1IB.

India (EK. Himalaya, Assam, E. Bengal), Burma, Java, Sumatra,

Borneo (at Kuching Ridley 11666!; Haviland), Siam (Murton 65!,

Kerr 619!).

5. LORANTHUS COCCINEUS, Jack in Mal. Misc. 1. 8(1820). A para-

sitic shrub, reaching 90—120 cm. in height; branchlets stout, terete,

light to dark brown, uppermost rusty or scurfy tomentose as are the

innovations. Leaves coriaceous, alternate or subopposite; ovate or

ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acute at apex, rounded or cordate at

base; both surfaces glabrous or slightly puberulous, dark olive-green

when dry ; 6—12 em. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent

beneath ; main nerves 5—7 pairs, curving and meeting in loops to-

wards the margin; reticulation irregular; petiole 10O—15 mm. long

moderately stout. Racemes axillary, solitary or in pairs, stellately

rusty-pubescent, 5—7 cm. long, erect or somewhat spreading, flower-

bearing throughout; rhachis striate ; pedicels very short, thick, nearly

at right angles to the rhachis, the flowers sideways inserted so as, at

first at any rate, to be closely parallel to the rhachis; bract cucul-

late, ovate, closely appressed to the calyx-tube ; flowers in bud slightly

constricted in the middle, 5—7 mm. long. Calyx cylindyic, slightly

constricted below the annular obscurely 4-lobed limb, 1—2 mm. long.

Petals 4, crimson, the basal portion ovate, glabrous within, the neck

and ligulate upper portion with frilled margins, the whole 5—7 mm.

long, the upper parts reflexed in flower. Stamens inserted at the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 357

neck of the petals; filaments flat, 2 mm. long; anthers oblong, obtuse,

the cells very narrow, marginal, separated by a broad connective.

Ovary ovoid, 4-angled, the neck narrowed ; style slender, 4-sided, not

jointed; stigma large, reniform, capitate. Fruit reddish-brown, ob-

tusely 4-angled, flask-shaped, truncate at tip, 8 mm. long; seed 4-

angled. Hook. Bot. Misc. I. 278 (excl. t. 58); Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed.

Carey and Wall. II. 215; DC. Prod. IV. 296; Griff. Notul. TV. 620

- and Ie. Pl. Asiat. t. 626; Kurz For. Fl. II. 322; Korth. Verh. Lor. 68 ;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 206; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii.

91; Brandis Ind. Trees 549. JL. racemiferus, Wall. Cat. 539; DC. Lc.

Phoenicanthemum coccineum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 825; van Tiegh.

in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLI. 544. P. Bennettianum, Miq. l.c. 826.

Dendrophthoe coccineus, G. Don Gen. Syst. II. 419. D. ? racemi-

ferus, G. Don. l.c.

PENANG: on trees at 250—300 m. alt., King’s Collector 4914!;

Government Hill, Curtis 243!. Prraxk: at Waterfall Hill, etc., 250 m.

alt. Wray 2582 !, 3270!; Scortechini 261!; on trees near Larut and

Goping, King’s Collector 1017!, 2323!, 8124!, 10524!. Pauane: at

Kwala Pahang, Ridley 1427!. SeLanaor: at Labu river, Ridley

7616!. Manacca: Griffith K.D. 2718!: Maingay K.D. 690!; at

Bukit Senggeh, Goodenough 1453!. Jonore: at Bukit Kayara, Ridley

11340!. Sincapore: at Bukit Mandai, Ridley’s Collector 6697!.—

Distris. India (Cachar), Burma, Andamans, Borneo (at Kuching

Haviland 472!), Bangka.

6. LornantTHusS PRODUOCTUS, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii.

91 (1887). <A parasitic glabrous shrub with long branches; branch-

lets strongly 4-angled, slightly flattened especially at the nodes, dark

brown to nearly black when dry. Leaves coriaceous, opposite ;

lanceolate or ovate, obtusely acute at apex, cuneately attenuate,

often unequally, at base; blue-green when fresh, black-brown when

dry and much wrinkled on both surfaces; margins subsinuate, re-

curved; 6—12 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad ; midrib stout, prominent

on both surfaces ; main nerves 3—8, very irregular, curving to and

along the margin and joined in loops; reticulation obscure; petiole

stout, 7—15 mm. long, bordered by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Flowers crowded in axillary clusters, sessile; bract a short

cylindric obscurely 2—4-crenate tube 4 mm. long, enveloping the

calyx-tube; flowers in bud clavate about 1 cm. long. Calyz-tube

very short; limb cylindric, truncate, dentate, ciliate on the margins,

4—5 mm. long. Petals 4, free, linear-oblong, acute, thick, 10—13

358 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

mm. long, reflexed in flower from about the middle, margins of

slightly enlarged base ciliate. Stamens inserted a little below the

middle of the petal, which is rugose below them; filaments broad,

4 mm. long; anthers about 3—4 mm. long, curved when mature :

cells parallel, introrse, transversely septately pitted in a double row

of cells, inner valves shorter than outer. Ovary ovoid ; style linear,

angled, rugose, slightly geniculate a little below the middle; stigma

small, truncate. Fruit globose, 6—S mm. in diam., smooth,

crowned by the persistent rather long cylindric calyx-limb and

enveloped at base by the persistent bract which forms a flat-

tened cup; seed obovoid, surrounded except at the base by the sticky

gum, embryo linear. Cyathiscus productus, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc.

Bot. Fr. XLI. 539. ‘

Perak: Scortechini 391!, 581!; camp on Ulu Badang Padang,

1500 m. alt., Wray 1531!, 2949!; near Larut at 1000—1200 m. alt.,

King’ s Collector 3240!.

7. LopantHus Logsit, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 204 (1886). A

parasitic shrub; branchlets terete with pale greyish-brown obscurely

puberulous scaly bark, innovations ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves

opposite,’ thickly coriaceous, glabrous; ovate-lanceolate, acuminate

at apex, rounded oracute at base; when fresh dark green above,

brownish-green beneath, both surfaces nearly black when dry and

minutely impressed-punctate through contraction of the tissues ; 5—15

em. long, 2—6 cm. broad; midrib thick, main nerves about 4—6

pairs rarely at all visible; petiole none or up to 7 mm. long, thick.

Flowers pale yellow, minute, sessile, clustered on a thickened cushion-

like peduncle, 6 —20 in each cluster, the clusters in opposite pairs in

the axils of the leaves or in whorls at intervals along the internodes ;

bract scale-like. Calyx tubular, rusty-pubescent, 2 mm. long, the

limb very faintly toothed. Petals 4, free, linear-oblong, thick, pu-

berulous, 4mm. long. Stamens minute, inserted above the middle of

the petals; anthers 1 mm. long, filaments as long. Ovary globose ;

style very short; stigma cylindric, papillose, 3 mm. long, obtuse and

obscurely 4-lobed at apex. Fruit brown, ellipsoid, 4—5 mm. long,

puberulous, tipped with the remains of the calyx-limb. King in

Journ. As. Soc. Beng: LVI. ii.90. Baratranthus Lobbit, Kingit, Scorte-

chinit, bicolor, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLI. 537.

KepauH: on Kedah peak, Ridley 5486!. Pmnanea: Lobb 338!;

Maingay K.D. 695/2!; at 600—750 m. alt., King’s Collector 1318!,

1695!; on Government Hill, Curtis 85!; 389!; Balik Pulau Road,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 359

Ridley 8020!; on Penang hill, Ridley 10183!. PrRak: on trees

on the hills about Larut, Goping, etc., up to 1500 m. alt., King’s

Collector 2643!, 4486!, 5011!, 6294!, 8061!, 11024!; Scortechini!;

at lower camp and to the summit of Gunong Batu Putih, 1000—

2000 m. alt., Wray 357!, 933!, 1018!, 2521!; at Gunong Hijan,

Ridiey 2969!. SmLancor : at Samangko Pass, Ridley, 2058!. PAHANG:

at Tahan river, Ridley 2251!; at Gunong Tahan, Wray & Robinson

5485!: Ridley 16095!. Jonore: at Kukub, Ridley 13261!. Sinea-

pore: at Changi and Chanchukang, Ridley!.

Van Tieghem in his paper in the Bulletin of the Société Botanique de

France, Vol. XLI. 533 entitled ‘ Quelques complements a 1’étude des Loranthées

& ealice dialysépale et anthéres basifixes’’ has expressed the opinion that there

are four species distinct from each other in the material arranged and distri-

buted by Sir G. King after writing his paper on the species of Loranthus indi-

genous in Perak. They are thus characterized and separated :

Leaves sessile. . sve a . 1. Baratranthus Lobbii.

Leaves petiolate, broad, often unequal-sided, their

surfaces similar, their lateral nerves visible even

on the upper surface .. ei .. 2. Baratranthus Kingii

(King’s Collector 2643, 6294).

Leaves petiolate, their surfaces similar, their

lateral nerves not visible ae .. 3. Baratranthus Scortechiniz

(Scortechini—no number).

Leaves petiolate, their surfaces dissimilar the

lower being reddish yellow 33 .. 4. Baratranthus bicolor

(King’s Collector 4486, 11024).

The question of absence of petiole in ZL. Lobbiz is not borne out by the

specimens quoted by Hooker in the FI. Br. Ind., for both Maingay’s and

Curtis’ specimens show short petioles. The other characters quoted do not

seem to be constant so I prefer to leave the material as sorted by Sir George

King and not to attempt a subdivision which I do not myself believe to be

warranted.

8. Lorantuus optectus, Wall. Cat. 534 (1828). A parasitic

‘shrub with slender pendulous branches; branchlets slender, terete,

greyish-brown, shining, with small raised lenticels, uppermost with

innovations and inflorescence thickly covered with a tomentum of

rusty-red, mossy, jointed hairs. Leaves chartaceous, opposite or sub-

opposite; ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtusely acute at apex,

rounded or cordate at base ; both surfaces blackish-brown when dry,

upper smooth, glabrous when mature, lower also glabrous except the

midrib when old, thickly rusty-tomentose when young; 3—S8 cm.

long, 1:5—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, main nerves 7—8 pairs, irre-

gular, joined in arches towards the margin; reticulation fairly

360 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

prominent in a dry state; petiole rather thick, 4—5 mm. long, tomen-

tose. Flowers in axillary fascicles, single or in short few-flowered

racemes about as long as the petiole, densely mossy-tomentose ;

pedicels short ; bract ovate, obtuse, 1—2 mm. long, clasping the base

of the calyx tube. Calyz-tube obovoid, 5—6 mm. long; limb stout,

constricted at the mouth. Corolla-tube in bud slender, curved,

clavate, the tip obtuse, 10—12 mm. long, when open cleft about haif-

way down on one side; lobes 4, short, obtuse, thick. Stamens 4;

anthers 1 mm. long, apiculate; filaments as long or slightly longer,

flat. Ovary obovoid; style slender, 4-angled; stigma scarcely capi-

tate. Fruit pyriform, the stalk gradually attenuate downwards, the

mouth contracted, about 1 cm. long. DC. Prodr. IV. 298. L.

Scurrula, L. var. obtecta, Kurz For. Fl. 11. 319; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 209. LZ. Seurrula, L. var. levigata, Hook. f. l.c. Dendrophthoe

obtectus, G. Don Gen. Syst. Ili. 419.

TRANG: on branches of trees on low ground, King’s Collector

(Kunsiler) 1418!. Prrak: Maxwell’s hill, 1500 m. alt., Fox 120!.

Matacoa: Griffith K. D. 2733! , 2735!; at Bukit Senggeh, Goodenough

1833!. JoHoRE: at Kota Tinggyi, etc., Ridley 4212!, 11031!.—

DistTRis. Burma.

The Malay L. obtectus, Wall., seems to me to be distinct from the Indian

D. Seurrula so I have thought it best to retain Wallich’s name instead of

describing the material under L. Scurrula var. obtecta as is done in the Fl. Br.

Ind. It Oe Verse Meat L. Schultesii, Blame of Java. I have carefully ex-

amined the original specimens of L. Scurrula, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. Il. 472 now in

the possession of ‘thie Linnean Society, and consider that the Malay specimens

now under consideration do not agree with it. The leaves have a, different

shape, the flowers are rather larger and the fruit is less truncate while all the

parts are more conspicuously tomentose.

9. LorantTHus FERRUGINEUS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall.

Il. 207 (1824). A parasitic shrub with long pendulous branches ;

branchlets terete, moderately slender, the bark greyish-brown, minute-

ly lenticellate, uppermost parts, like the under surface of the leaves,

the innovations and the inflorescence covered with dense ferruginous

mossy tomentum of jointed squarrose hairs. Leaves opposite or

sub-opposite, coriaceous; uniform in shape, elliptic, very obtusely

acute at apex, rounded at base; upper surface dark brown or black

when dry; 4—10 cm. long, 2—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, often

zigzag; main nerves 5—8 pairs, irregular, branching and joined in

loops towards the margin; reticulation obscure; petiole 7—8 mm.

long, rough, channelled above. Flowers in axillary fascicles of few-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 361

(2—6-) flowered cymes as long as or slightly longer than the petioles ;

pedicels slender, short; bract ovate embracing the base of the turbi-

nate calyx-tube. Calyx-tube 4—5 mm. long, limb short, ciliate.

Corolla variable in length, 10—20 mm. long, in bud clavate, when

open cleft on one side half way down, green or grey inside; lobes 4,

obtuse, glabrous within. Stamens 4, anthers oblong, 1—1:5 mm.

long; filaments broad, 15—2°5 mm. long. Ovary cylindric; style

slender, 4-angled, slightly bent near the top; stigma subrotund.

Fruit ovoid-pyriform, densely mossy-tomentose, truncate at top

Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 551 and II. 188 (ferruginosus) ; DC. Prodr. IV. 299;

Wall. Cat. 500; Jack in Mal. Misc. I. 9 and in Hook. Bot. Misc. I.

279, t. 59; Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 210; King in Journ. As. Soe.

Beng. LVI. ii. 92; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 159. Dendrophthoe

ferruginea, G. Don Gen. Syst. III. 420; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. [. i. 812.

Cichlanthus ferrugineus, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII. 253.

Penanc: Wallich 500!; Phillips!; at Waterfall, Curtis 2640! ,

G. King!; Kurz!; Penang Hill, Ridley 10782, etc.!; John Scott!;

Deschamps!. Perak: at Changkat Serdang, Wray '745!; Scortechini

22!, 630!, 2099!. Panane: at Katapong, near Pekan, Ridley

1234!. Matacca: Griffith K. D. 2727!; Maingay K. D. 686; Cuming

2257!; Hervey!; Hullett 399!; Ridley 10755!. SitneaporEe: King’s

Collector 1139!; Ridley!; Murton 137!.—Duistris. Java, Sumatra.

10. LorantHus mataccensis, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 210

(1886). A parasitic shrub reaching 60—90 cm. in height; branchlets

brownish-grey, terete, closely lenticellate with small pale rounded

lenticels, uppermost slender, scurfily rusty-pubescent. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, opposite or subopposite; elliptic or ovate-elliptic, obtusely

acute at apex as at base; both surfaces dark brown when dry, almost

shining above, puberulous when young, glabrous when old except the

midrib; 3—6 em. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender, rusty-

pubescent; main nerves 4—6 pairs, irregular, meeting in arches to-

wards the margin, reticulation otherwise obscure; petiole slender,

rusty-puberulous, 6—10 mm. long. Flowers in axillary few- (about

5-) flowered rusty-pubescent cymes as long as the petiole; pedicels

short, slender; bract ovate, minute, 1 cm. or more below the base

of the calyx-tube which is pyriform and 2—3 mm. long, the limb

truncate, contracted. Corolla brownin bud, slender, clavate, 10—11

mm. long, when open one side split about half way down; lobes 4,

acute, short. Stamens 4, anthers oblong, ‘5—1 mm. long, shortly

apiculate; filaments rather longer. Ovary ovoid; style slender, 4-

362 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

sided, stigma subcapitate. Fruit reddish-brown, obconic, rather

abruptly contracted into a slender stalk, scurfily rusty-pubescent,

about 8 mm. long in all. King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 93.

Prnane@: on tree-branches at 600—-750 m. alt., King’s Collector

(Kunstler) 1308!. Prrak: on high trees at 900—1200 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 6286! ; Scortechini 311!; 647! Senancor: at Gint-

ing.Bidai, Ridley! Panane: at Katapong, Ridley 1232!. Matacca:

Griffith 2711!

_ 11. Lorantuus ststipitatus, Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2

TV. 221 (1894). A parasitic shrub; branchlets slender, brown, rough

with many small circular whitish lenticels, uppermost and innovations

rusty and scurfily pubescent. Leaves thinly subcoriaceous, sub-

opposite; elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse or emarginate at apex,

shortly cuneate at base; upper surface glabrous, lower glabrous when

old, when young densely rufous-tomentose ; 3°5—5-5 cm. lon g, 2°5—5

cm. broad; midrib slender, main nerves 3—4 pairs, irregular, meeting

in arches near the margin; reticulation obscure; petiole slender,

8—10 mm. long. lowers in an umbellate cyme in pairs or threes on

a common slender peduncle 8—10 mm. long, single or fascicled in

the axils of the leaves, rufous-tomentose as the whole inflorescence :

pedicels slender, 7 mm. long; bract very small, ovate, embracing

the calyx-tube. Calyx ovoid or nearly globose; limb very short,

ciliolate. Corolla-tube in bud very slender, curved, clavate, 10—24

mm. long, glabrous within, the tip ovoid, when open cleft into 4

lobes, one of the clefts extending about to the middle of the tube.

Stamens inserted near the top of the tube; filaments adnate to the

tube below, free only for about 1 cm.; anthers oblong, 2--2°5 mm.

long, obtuse, cells transversely septate. Ovary included in the calyx-

tube; style very slender, 4-angled, stigma clavate. Fruit oblong,

7mm. long, 4 mm. in diam., glabrous, prominently rugose, not

stalked.

PrrRak: Scortechini 421!, at Gunong Haram 647!.—Disrrip.

Borneo (Fraser 183!; Kinabalu Mt. Haviland 1351).

Scortechini 421 was identified by Sir George King with L. Scurrula, L. var.

obtecta, but Dr. O. Stapf in his paper on the Flora of Kinabalu in Borneo,

tightly pointed out that the fruit is quite different, being oblong and not clavate.

He, like Sir G. King, makes Scortechiné 311 the same, but that specimen seems

to me to differ very much and to belong to L. malaccensis,

12, Lorantuus CasuaRrin#&, Ridley in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser.

III. 342 (1893). A parasitic shrub; branchlets stout, smooth, with

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 363

dark brown lenticellate bark, the younger ones and other parts

covered with a rusty orange-coloured (when fresh) tomentum. Leaves

fleshy, opposite; ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded or

subcordate at base; upper surface glabrous, lower covered with a

rusty tomentum; 8—13 cm. long, 4—5 cm. broad; midrib stout,

raised on both surfaces; main nerves about 5—6 pairs, very obscure

as is the reticulation; petiole 5—6 mm. long. Flowers in axillary

racemes about 2°5 cm. long, covered with a ferruginous tomentum

of branched multicellular hairs; bract lanceolate, acuminate, 12 mm.

long. Calyz-tube short, cylindric, somewhat compressed in the

middle, limb scarcely any. Corolla-tube curved, narrowed a little

above the base then dilated and again slightly narrowed below the

mouth, 4 cm. long, cleft on one side to about the middle, glabrous

within; lobes 5, linear, curved, 10—12 mm. long. Stamens 5;

anthers linear, apiculate, 3—4 mm. long; filaments slender, 5 mm.

long. Ovary ovoid; style slender, longer than the stamens; stigma

subclavate. Fruit (immature) lageniform, densely rusty tomentose

without, 8—10 mm. long.

PAHANG: on Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst, at Sungei Meang.

Ridley 1526!.

13. Lorantuus crassus, Hook. f.in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 217 (1886).

A parasitic shrub; branchlets stout, the younger ones with smooth

grey bark and few lenticels, the older ones rough with many lenticels ;

nodes swollen. Leaves'very thickly coriaceous, opposite subopposite

or alternate, very variable in shape; elliptic, ovate-oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, sometimes nearly orbicular, obtusely acute at apex,

rounded or attenuate at base; both surfaces dark brown and opaque

when dry; 8—18 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib very stout |

especially at base, raised on both surfaces; main nerves irregular,

5—6 pairs, distinct when dry, curving upwards to disappear near

the margin; reticulation not visible; petiole very stout, 5—7 mm.

long. Flowers in axillary racemes up to 12 mm. long; the racemes

about 5—6-flowered, densely furfuraceous; pedicels very short,

stout; bracts ovate, acute, 1—2 mm. long. Calyz-tube globose or

urceolate, the limb truncate, faintly lobed. Corolla straight, funnel-

shaped, not or only very slightly split on one side, 17—18 mm. long,

equally cleft to a little below the middle into 5 linear lobes, reflexed

for half their length. Stamens 5; anthers linear, 2—3°5 mm. long,

as long as the stellately puberulous filaments. Ovary ovoid; style

slender, nearly as long as the corolla-lobes; stigma large, capitate.

364 Flora of the Maayan Peninsula.

Fruit ovoid-oblong, 8—10 mm. long, puberulous without, crowned

by the cupular persistent calyx-limb. Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. R.

As. Soe. LIX. 165. LZ. retusus, Wall. Cat. 504, in part only.

Kepau: Lankawi island Curtis 2641! Vern. ‘ Bendalu apia’ ;

on Dacrydium, the leaves red, Gunong Jerai, Ridley. SINGAPORE:

Wallich 504! (in part only); at Changi, Ridley 1933!; in gardens

Ridley 8064! , 8901; at Bukit Mandi, Ridley! .

14, LoRaNTHUS PENTANDRUS Linn. Mant. 63 (1767). A parasitic

shrub, reaching a considerable size even to 3—4 m. in height,

branches stout ; branchlets rather stout, terete, grey, shining, upper-

most puberulous. Leaves thickly coriaceous, subopposite, or alter-

nate; variable in shape, lanceolate- or ovate-elliptic to nearly

orbicular, obtuse to acute at apex, broadly attenuate to cuneate at

base; both surfaces glabrous, dark brown or almost black when dry ;

5—15 cm. long, 3—10 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent, wavy ;

main nerves 3—5 pairs, faint; reticulation not visible; petiole stout,

6—10 mm. long, bordered above by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Flowers in axillary, sometimes fascicled, scurfy, grey-pubes-

cent racemes reaching 2—3 cm. long; rhachis slender, stellately pu-

bescent as are the calyx, corolla and filaments; pedicels short, slender ;

bract ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, embracing half the base of the calyx-

tube. Calyx-tube ovoid or urceolate, 3 mm. long, densely grey-

tomentose; limb shortly 5-toothed. Corolla in bud cylindric above,

ventricose at base, puberulous, 15—20 mm. long; when open cleft

two-thirds of the way down into 5 equal linear acute lobes which are

reflexed at their middle; greenish outside, yellow or orange within.

Stamens 5, erect, nearly as long as the corolla lobes; anthers linear,

obtuse at apex, 2 mm. long; filaments flat, 5 mm. long, sparsely

stellate-farinose. Ovary ovoid: style rather thick, angled; stigma

capitate. Fruit ovoid, 8—10 mm. long, contracted and crowned at

the top by the persistent calyx-limb, at first farinose at length

glabrous; cotyledons pointed. DC. Prodr. IV 305; Bl. Bijdr. 661 ;

Kurz For. Fl. IT. 320; Blume Fl. Jav. Loranth. 33, t.10; Korth. Verh.

Lor. 80; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 216; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,

LVI, ii. 93; Prain Beng. Plants 911; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II.

159. L. farinosus, Desr. in Lamk. Encyce. III. 597; Roxb. Fl. Ind.

ed. Carey & Wall. II. 221; Wall. Cat. 514; Griff. Notul. IV. 616

and Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 620, f. 1, 2; L. rigidus, contractus and Finlay-

sonianus, Wall. Cat. 531, 6864, 6871. L. maculatus and venosus BI.

Bijdr. 662. Dendrophthoe pentandra and farinosa, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 365

I. i. 818, 819; van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII, 252.

Scurrula pentandra G. Don Gen. Syst. III, 424. Hlytranthe farinosa,

G. Don Gen. Syst. VI, 427.

Sramgse Srates: Setul, Ridley 14921!; Trang at 30—60 m.

alt., King’s Collector 1411!. Penana anp Sincapore: Wallich

514A!. Prnanc: on various trees at 150—30)0 m. alt., King’s

Collector 1299!; on Eugenia Jambos, Penang Hill, G. King!; at Penara

Bukit, Curtis 476!; Phillips!. Province WELLESLEY: King’s Col-

lector 1613!. Perak: at Gunong Haram, etc., Scortechini 22! , 605!;

at Waterfall, Gunong Inas, etc., Wray 1267!, 1839! , 1903! , 2062! ,

4085!; on tree-branches at Larut, etc., King’s Collector 4931! , 7538!,

7767!; at Pangkor, Ridley 8032!. Panane: on Hibiscus tehaceus,

Sungei Meang, Ridley 1534!. Matacca: Maingay K.D. 685! , 687!;

Cuming 2363! Sinearore: Lobb 293!; Hullett 345!; King’s Col-

lector 1164!; Deschamps!; at Changi, Ridley 1930!; on trees in Bot.

Garden, Ridley 6817! , 8901!.—-Disrris. India (E. Bengal), Burma,

Siam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

15. LoRANTHUS LONGIFLORUS Desr. in Lamk. Encycel. III 598

(1789). A large parasitic glabrous shrub; branches stout, marked by

prominent pale lenticels on a grey smooth bark; branchlets terete,

smooth, the nodes swollen. Leaves coriaceous, opposite or alternate,

very variable in shape; oval, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at apex,

attenuate or rounded at base; both surfaces dull, olive brown when

dry ; 9—15 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad; midrib very stout at base but

quickly narrowing, prominent; main nerves very irregular, about

6—10 pairs, much branched, and joined by irregular transverse

nervules; reticulation obscure; petiole stout, O—1l cm. long.

Racemes axillary or from the axils of fallen leaves or from 1—2-year

old wood, solitary or fascicled, inserted-in a shallow cup-like involucre,

4—7 cm. long, many-flowered, usually upcurved with upcurving

flowers; pedicels 4 mm. long, slender; bract cupular, acuminate on

the upper side and embracing the calyx-tube. Calyz-tube short;

limb cup-shaped, entire or minutely denticulate. Corolla pink or red,

often with green lobes; buds 4—4°5 cm. long, curved, gradually

enlarging upwards and clavate at tip; when open the tube 3 cm.

long, cleft above in 5 lobes which are reflexed for 1—1°5 cm. long,

one or two clefts often deeper than the rest. Stamens 5; anthers

narrow, 12 mm. long, the filaments equal or shorter. Ovary sunk in

the calyx-tube; style as long as the corolla-lobes ; stigma capitate.

Fruit oblong, smooth or dotted, 1—1-5 em. long, crowned by the

366 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

cupular calyx-limb. DC. Prodr. 1V, 304; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey

and Wall. II, 217; Wight & Arn. Prodr. iv. 384; Dalz. & Gibs.

Bomb. Fl. 110; Brandis For. Fl. 397 and Ind. Trees 549; Kurz For. -

Fl. II. 321; Wall. Cat. 507; Wight Ic. t. 302; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 214; Trimen FI. Ceyl. III, 468; Cooke Fl. Bomb. II. 548; Prain

Beng. Plants 910. JL. bicolor, Roxb. Corom. Pl. II. 20 t. 139; FI.

Ind. I. 548, IT. 185; Wall. Cat. 499. LD. Wightianus, Wall. Cat. 6872.

Dendrophthoe longiflorus, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII.

252. Scurrula longiflora, G. Don Gen. Syst. Il, 423. < Valli-ithi-

cauni’ Rheede Hort. Mal. X. 5, t. 4.

Matacca: Griffith 1710!.—Distris. India, Burma, Ceylon.

16. LoRANTHUS GRANDIFRONS, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LVI. ii, 93 (1887). A parasitic shrub reaching 99—120 ecm. in height :

branches stout with dark greyish-brown roughly lenticellate bark ;

branchlets terete, rather slender, little swollen at the nodes; dark-

brown. Leaves alternate or sub-opposite or rarely opposite, thickly

coriaceous; broadly ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex,

rounded or cordate at base; both surfaces dull, sparsely pulverulent,

upper often bullate, dark brown when dry; margin recurved ; 12—

27 cm. long, 6—16 cm. broad; midrib very stout, slightly raised

above, very prominent beneath; main nerves 4—6 pairs, prominent,

especially on the lower surface, the lower pairs from near the base,

the others distant, all curving upwards and joined in loops towards

the margin; secondary nerves and transverse nervules also prominent

beneath ; petiole very stout, 15—3 cm. long. Flowers in racemes

from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves; the racemes 6—10

em. long, densely covered with grey pulverulent sub-deciduous more

or less stellate tomentum, erect or curved, about 30-flowered;

pedicels short, about 3 mm. long, thick; bract small, ovate, acute,

embracing the base of the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube cylindric, inflated

at base, 3—5 mm. long; limb 5—6 toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric,

slender, base whitish, upper parts pink, 6—8 ecm. long, curved, 5-

ribbed, more or less inflated above the middle; lobes 5, red within,

nearly 2 cm. long, the upper | cm. reflexed, linear. Stamens 5, ex-

sert; anthers linear, fattened, obtuse, 5—6 mm. long; filaments flat,

4 mm. long, stellate-pulverulent. Ovary ovoid; style filiform,

angular, slightly longer than the stamens; stigma subglobose. Fruit

ovoid, thickly grey-pulverulent, crowned by the persistent calyx-

limb, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. in diam.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 367

Siamgse States: Pongah and Kasum, Curtis 3266!. PERaxk:

at Hulu Kwansa, Scortechini 926!; at Kota and Matang Sambu

Wray 1958!, 2517!; on the branches of trees near Kinta river and

Larut, King’s Collector 786!, 2067!. Nrari SEMBILAN : at Serem-

ban, Ridley 10023!. Panane: at Tulom Alaty, on Vitex vestita, etc.,

Ridley 2248!. Smvancor: at Kwala Lumpur, Ridley’s Collector!.

Matacca: at Batang Malaka, Derry 1156! Vern.‘ Mendalu hesar.’—

Distris. Sumatra (Forbes 1665!, on trees by the edge of heavy

forest in Lampongs).

17. LoranrHus ScoRTECHINII, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LVI. i. 94 (1887). A parasitic shrub reaching 60—90 cm. in height ;

branches stout with smooth shining reddish-brown bark; branchlets

thick, terete, smooth, the uppermost pale and angular. Leaves

coriaceous, in verticils of about 6; elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceo-

late, abruptly caudate-acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; both

surfaces dark green when fresh, dark olive brown and dull when dry

and then minutely wrinkled; margin recurved ; 18—25 cm. long, 6—

10cm. broad; midrib very stout, very prominent on both surfaces and

minutely wrinkled; main nerves about 15 pairs, invisible in fresh,

obscure in dry, specimens, sub-horizontal; petiole very stout, 2—6

em. long, narrowly winged by the decurrent margins of the blade.

Flowers numerous, crowded, in short racemes scarcely 4—6 cm. long,

at most, from the old wood; rhachis very stout, woody, pitted;

pedicels very short, stout; bract ovate, acute, 2mm. long, embracing

the base of the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube cylindric, 5 mm. long, limb

irregularly dentate. Corolla pale yellow, the lobes tinged with green ;

tube glabrous, cylindric at base, gradually expanded in a slender

curved funnel, 10 cm. long; lobes 6, linear, 3cm. long, the upper

2 cm. recurved in flower. Stamens 6; anthers linear, acute, 8—10

mm. long; filaments slender, as long as anthers. Ovary cylindric;

Style filiform, as long as the stamens; stigma red, globose. Fruit

not seen. Kingella Scortechinii, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

XLII. 250.

Perak: at Gunong Haram, etc., Scortechini 90!, 702!; on

branches of large trees near Goping at 90—240 m., King’s Col-

lector 6020! .

18. Loranraus Duruizanus, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LVI. ii. 94 (1887). A parasitic shrub; branches stout; branchlets

terete, sparsely lenticellate with pale pinkish-brown bark, uppermost

368 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

slender, angular when dry, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, .

opposite or in verticils of 3 together; elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceo-

late, obtusely acute at apex, attenuate at base; both surfaces glab-

rous, greyish-green when dry, 5—8 cm. long, 2—3 cm- broad; midrib

slender, raised on both surfaces; main nerves invisible in fresh,

rather prominent in dry, specimens, 3—5 pairs, irregular, very

oblique, curving to anastomose near the margin in an areolate

reticulation; petiole 1 cm. long, rather stout. Flowers in slender

racemes from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves, reaching 1—5

cm. in length and about 6-flowered; rhachis, pedicels and bracts

minutely puberulous; pedicels 3—4 mm. long; outer bract small,

ovate, acute, embracing a pair of flowers each of which is supported

by a shallow cup-shaped bracteole. Calyxz-tube cylindric, 3—4 mm.

long; the limb short, truncate, waved at the margin. Corolla

tubular, glabrous, bright red, curved, inflated upwards and con-

stricted at the neck in bud, 4—5 cm. long; lobes 6, linear, sub-

spathulate, 8—10 mm. long, eventually reflexed. Stamens 6;

anthers oblong, 2 mm. long, filaments about 4 mm. long, slender.

Ovary cylindric, surmounted by a thickened cushion from which

springs the filiform style, as long as the stamens; stigma globose.

Fruit not seen. Arculus Duthieanus, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot.

Fr. XLII. 445.

Perak: Scortechini!. Singapore: at Bukit Timah, Ridley!.

van Tieghem makes this a separate genus nearer to Hlyiranthe than to

Loranthus. I do not find the two bracteoles to each flower that he discovered,

but there certainly is one. I prefer to retain Arculus in Loranthus, but it

certainly is different from the rest of the genus.

2. LOXANTHERA, Blume.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire, exstipulate, opposite

or alternate. Flowers in short cymes from the axils of the leaves or

of fallen leaves; bract ovate, very small, embracing the base of the

calyx-tube. Calyx-tube cylindric; limb cupular, irregularly cleft.

Corolla-tube very long, contracted a little above the base and again

above the insertion of the filaments; lobes 6, linear-spathulate,

reflexed in flower. Stamens 6; filaments slender, arched at the top

and broadening into the back of the connective rather below its

middle; anthers linear, cells 2, parallel. Ovary cylindric; style fili-

form; stigma clavate. Fruit of Loranthus, etc.—Distris. Two

species, in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 369

1. LoxANTHERA SPECIOSA, Blume & Fisch. Fl Jav. Lor. 11.

tt. 20 and 23 C (1828?) A parasitic shrub; branchlets terete,

smooth, moderately stout, uppermost sub-compressed. Leaves

opposite or sub-opposite, coriaceous; ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute

or obtuse, sometimes retuse, at apex, attenuate, more or less un-

equally, at base; both surfaces smooth, glabrous, olive-brown when

dry; 8—12 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib fairly prominent,

dark; main nerves 6—8 pairs, very obscure as is the reticulation;

petiole stout, I—1°5 cm. long. Flowers in axillary or sub-terminal,

few-flowered, puberulous cymes 2—3 cm. long, the joints very fragile;

pedicels stout, 5—8 mm. long; bract very small, ovate, embracing

half the base of the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube cylindric, 4 mm. long,

limb expanded in a cupula 2 mm. long, dentate on the margin.

Corolla-tube red without, yellow within, curved, in bud 10—12 em.

long, narrowly funnel-shaped to the insertion of the stamens and

then constricted, clavate at apex, when open divided into 6 lobes

narrowed at the base, spathulate above and circinately twisted, about

4 cm. long. Stamens 6; filaments 3 cm. long, curved and thick-

ened at apex in a right angle; anthers attached a little below the

middle, hooked at top and bottom, 7 mm. long. Ovary cylindric ;

style filiform; stigma red, clavate. Fruit not seen. G. Don Gen.

Syst. ITI. 430; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 822; van Tiegh. Bull. Soc.

Bot. Fr. XLII. 448; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 166. Loranthus

Loxantherus, DC. Prodr. IV. 316. L. coccineus, Reinw. MS. (not of

Jack); Bl. Bijdr. 664. ZL. Reinwardtianus, Schult. Syst. VII. 105:

DC. Prodr. iv. 306. L. specitosus, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI.

ii. 95. non BI.

PERAK: Scortechini 1328!; on a tree on the hanks of the

Kinta river, King’s Collector 767!. Mauacca: Griffith K.D. 2716!.

JOHORE: Muar river bank, Curtis 3661!.—Distris. Java, Sumatra

(Forbes 3234!), Borneo (near Kuching, Haviland !)

3. ELYTRANTHE, Blume (amplified).

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, more or less

coriaceous, entire, exstipulate. Flowers few, inspikes, racemes or pairs

with one bract and two bracteoles which may be free or combined in

a cup. Calyx-tube cylindric, the limb small, truncate. Corolla-

tube usually entire, more or less cylindric or funnel-shaped, lobes

5 or 6, usually 6,- equal, reflexed in flower. Stamens 5—6, anthers

basifixed. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, style slender, stigma

370 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

usually capitate. rutt as in Loranthus.—Distris. India, Malaya,

Polynesia and New Zealand.

Flowers in spikes ; bract and 2 free bracteoles large, longer

than the calyx-tube (Sect. I. EuELyTRANTHE).

All parts glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse ;

bract and bracteoles obtuse, 6—7 mm. long ; corolla-

tube white ays S6 wo the IEE anlaockas

Most parts scurfily rusty- bere lbae: leaves elliptic or

obovate, obtuse; bract obtuse, 10—12 mm. long,

bracteoles acute, 9—10 mm. long ie 2. H. Maingay.

Flowers in racemes; bract and bracteoles shorter ree

the calyx-tube, the latter free or combined in a cup

(Sect Il. MacrRosoxEn).

Corolla-tube more than 4 cm. long

Leaves more or less ovate, acuminate at apex—

Leaves under 16 cm. long, 6 em. broad; corolla-

tube 4—6 em. long, crimson, the lobes green

with purple tips oe sks .. 3. EH. formosa.

Leaves over 15 em. long, 6 em. broad ; corolla-

tube 5—6 cm. long, bright yellow, the lobes

green outside, red within a .. 4. H. Kunstlerz.

Leaves more or less orbicular, cordate at base;

corolla-tube 8—9 em. long, red RS .. 5. H. platyphylia.

Corolla-tube 2—3 cm. long, red; leaves lanceolate,

7—10 em. long, under 5 em. broad ae .. 6. H#. avenis.

‘Corolla-tube under 2 cm. long

Calyx-tube and corolla-lobes prominently papillose

without; racemes of 2 flowers; leaves oblanceolate 7. H. papillosa.

Calyx-tube and corolla-lobes not papillose ; racemes

rather slender with more than 2 flowers, the

flowers clavate in bud, more or less funnel-shaped

in flower.

Leaves obovate, usually retuse at apex .. 8. H. retusa.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, usually acute at apex.

Pedicels, bract and bracteoles puberulous;

ovary cylindric oe : et On Een owes

Pedicels, bract and bracteoles Fiabrenee 5 ovary

globose .. Be ls .. 10. #. globosa.

Corolla-tube under | cm. long.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, over 2°5 cm.

broad, obtusely acuminate; racemes clustered,

4—5-flowered, 12—15 mm. long Pa .. ll. H. Barneszii.

Leaves lanceolate, under 2°5 ecm. broad, acuminate ;

racemes in nearly sessile fascicles, 1—3-flowered,

scarcely 5 mm. long a .. 12. H. Robinsonii.

Flowers in pairs in the excavations of a thick peduncle ;

bract moderately large, bracteoles combined in a trun-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 37)

cate cup cleft opposite the bract, shorter than the

calyx-tube (Sect. III. Buume3za).

Bract 2 mm. long, bracteole cup 2—3 mm. long; leaves

thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate at apex,

rounded or shortly attenuate at base; corolla-tube

deep red, lobes green with purple margins .. 13. £. diantha.

Bract 3—4 mm. long, bracteole-cup about 3 mm. long ;

leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtusely

acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; corolla-tube

red passing into green, lobes yellow bordered with

red .. ae ys As, .. 14. #. Wrayt.

1. ELYTRANTHE aLBIpA, Blume FI. Jav. t. 22 (1828 2} a large

parasitic glabrous shrub; branches stout with pale grey bark and

prominent nodes; branchlets thick, terete. Leaves opposite, char-

taceous or subcoriaceous; ovate or oblong, obtuse or obtusely acute

at apex, broadly cuneate or attenuate, often unequally, at base; both

surfaces dull bluish-green when fresh, greyish brown when dry; 6—

12cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout, prominent

on the lower surface, less so on the upper; main nerves 10—12 pairs,

irregular, spreading, early-branched, joined by the slender secondary

nerves and irregularly areolate reticulation, prominent especially on

the lower surface ; petiole rather slender, 1—2 cm. long. Flowers in

2—6-flowered distichous spikes, single or clustered in the axils of the

leaves or of fallen leaves; peduncles stout, about 1 cm. long or

longer; rhachis stout, decussately excavated to receive the flowers,

usually about 1 cm. long or less; bract boat-shaped, concave, keeled,

obtuse, 6—7 mm. long; bracteoles 2, thinner, as long as the bract and

produced beyond it. Calyx-tube cupular, short, truncate. Corolla

tube white, constricted above the ovary, then enlarged, curved, 2—3

em. long; lobes 5—6, slender, bluish without, pale pink within, re-

curvedin flower, 1 cm. long, thickened ina band in the middle within,

the tip acute. Stamens 5—6; anthers 1—2 mm. long, oblong, apicu-

late; filaments broad,crimson,5mm.long. Ovary ovoid, style rather

thick; stigma small, capitate. Fruit not known. G. Don Gen.

Hist. IIT. 428; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. I. i. 832; Engl. & Prantl Naturl.

Pflanzenfam. III. i. 189; van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII. 439;

Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 163. Loranthus albidus, Blume Bijdr.

665; DC. Prodr. IV. 299; Korth. Verhand. Loranth. 87; Hook f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 222; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 98; Brandis.

Ind. Trees 551. L. leucosiphon, Griff. Notul. IV. 623 and Ic. Pl. Asiat.

tt. 619, 621—623.

SIAMESE States: Trang, King’s Collector 1422!. PENANG:

372 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Government Hill, Curtis 1113!. Prax: at Gunong Haram, Scorte-

chint 428!, 626!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, about 1000

m. alt., Wray 450!. Mauacca: Griffith K.D. 2708!; Maingay K.D.

693. Srvearore: at Bukit Timah, Ridley 8042!.—Distris. Java,

Sumatra, Borneo.

2. ELyrrantHEe MainGayi,Gamble. A parasitic shrub; branch-

lets terete, moderately stout, scurfily rusty-puberulous, uppermost

somewhat flattened; nodes distant, thickened. Leaves opposite,

coriaceous; elliptic or obovate, obtuse at apex, acute at base; both

surfaces dull, rusty-brown when dry, scurfy ; 5—8 em. long, 2—5 cm.

broad; midrib moderately stout, nearly black on the lower surface;

main nerves slender, obscure, 3—6 pairs; reticulation not visible ;

petiole stout, 6—12 mm. long, rusty-puberulous. Flowers in sessile,

axillary, scurfily rusty-pubescent spikes, single or fascicled, about

1—1-5 cm. long; rhachis very stout, decussately excavated to receive

the flowers; bract oblong, obtuse, scurfily pubescent, 10 —12mm. long;

bracteoles 2, oblong acute, also scurfily pubescent, 9—10 mm. long.

Calyx-tube rather slender, limb cupular, 2—2°5 mm. long, glabrous.

Corolla-tube glabrous, at first broad, then constricted, then funnel-

shaped, 4mm. long; lobes 6, linear, acuminate, spreading or

recurved, 10 mm. long, thickened within. Stamens 6; anthers acu-

minate, 1—1°5 mm. long; filaments broad, 2—3 mm. long. Ovary

ovoid; style rather stout; stigma capitate. Fruit not known.

Loranthus Maingayt, Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 222.

Matacca; Maingay K.D. 694!. Sineapore: at Karanji, Ridley

6923!.

3. ELYTRANTHE FoRMOSA, G. Don Gen. Hist. Dichl. Pl. IIT. 426

(1834). A parasitic shrub reaching 1:55—2 m. in height, all parts

glabrous; branches rounded, pale brown, smooth; branchlets

terete, brown, uppermost obscurely angled; nodes swollen. Leaves

opposite or slightly sub-opposite, coriaceous; ovate or elliptic-ovate

or -lanceolate, acuminate and often cuspidate at apex, obtuse rounded

or rarely attenuate at base; upper surface shining, somewhat bullate,

lower smooth; margins recurved ; 10—16 cm. long, 4—6 em. broad;

midrib stout, prominent; main nerves 6—8 pairs, irregular, often

obscure, if visible impressed above, somewhat prominent beneath,

curving upwards to and along the margin: secondary nerves and

reticulation obscure; petiole stout, channelled, about 3—5 mm.

long. Flowers in few- (3-5-) flowered umbellate cymes from the

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 373

axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves; peduncle stout, about 3 mm.

long; pedicels 3—4 mm. long; bract ovate, concave, 1—5 mm.

long; bracteoles 2, smaller, obtuse or slightly acute. Calyx-tube

cylindric, the limb obscurely toothed, slightly spreading. Corolla

tube bright crimson, 4—6 cm. long, curved, gradually inflated above

and again constricted at the mouth below the lobes; lobes in bud 6,

greenish, the tips purple, obovate, afterwards reflexed and twisted,

1—2 em. long, thickened in a broad ridge inside. Stamens 6; fila-

ments broad, 1 cm. long; anthers linear-oblong, 4 mm. long,

minutely apiculate. Ovary cylindric; style filiform, geniculate near

the top: stigma obtuse. Fruit not seen. Engl. & Prantl Naturl.

Pfilanzenfam. Nachtr. 126; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. IJ. 164. Lor-

anthus formosus, Bl. Bijdr. 664 and Fl. Jav. Loranth. t. 15; DC.

EmedrstV..297;, Kurz For) HI. (1: 317: Hook. £. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 220:

King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 95 Macrosolen formosus,

Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 827; van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLI

442.

PERAK: Scortechini 392!; at Gunong Batu Putih, lower camp

and-summit, 1800 m. alt., Wray 484!, 873!; on trees at 1000—1200

m. alt., King’s Collector 2170! , 6264!; at Bujong Malacca, 700—800

m. alt., Curtis 3322! .—Distris. Burma (Griffith K.D. 2729); Java.

The description has been largely taken from that of Scortechini.

4. ELYTRANTHE KuNnSsTLERI, Gamble. A large parasitic shrub,

usually up to 1 m. in height, sometimes reaching 3 metres, all parts

glabrous; branches stout, swollen at the nodes, the bark pale brown;

branchlets stout, terete, pale. Leaves coriaceous, opposite; ovate

to ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded at base; both surfaces

shining, somewhat bullate and olive-brown when dry; margins

recurved; 15—25 cm. long, 6—12 cm. broad; midrib very stout,

prominent on both surfaces; main nerves 6—10 pairs, prominent,

impressed above, raised beneath, irregular, curving to disappear

a little short of the margin; secondary nerves also prominent, but

much shorter, reticulation obscure; petiole 0 or stout and scarcely

3 mm. long. Flowers in few- (about 5-) flowered cymes 1—1°5 cm.

long, single or clustered in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves ;

peduncle stout, about 5 mm. long; pedicels 5—7 mm. long; bract

ovate, acute, 2—3 mm. long; bracteoles smaller, obtuse, all concave.

Calyx-tube cylindric, smooth, 6 mm. long, the limb truncate, wavy,

slightly spreading. Corolla clavate and boldly 6-angled in bud;

374 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

tube bright yellow, shghtly curved, inflated at the base of the limb,

5—6 cm. long: lobes 6, bright green externally, dark red within,

reflexed, sub-spathulate, 1'3—2:°5 cm. long, broadened below, with

a broad thick ridge internally, the tips acute. Stamens 6;

filaments stout; anthers linear, 7—8 mm. long, obtuse at apex.

Ovary cylindric; style slender; stigma truncate. Fruit ovoid, 14mm.

long, 8 mm. broad, bright yellow when fresh, black when ripe; seed

ovoid, 1 cm. long, suleate. Loranthus Kunstlert, King in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 95 (1887). Macrosolen Kunstlert, van Tiegh.

in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII. 442.

PERAK: on trees from sea level up to 2650 m. alt. near Larut,

Goping and Thaiping, King’s Collector 2669! , 2760!, 6009! , 8460!.

Dinpines: at Telok Sera, Ridley 8030!. Panane: Taban river

and Kadonding Pulau, Ridley!.—Distris. Borneo? (Haviland).

5. ELYTRANTHE PLATYPHYLLA, Gamble. A glabrous parasitic

shrub; branchlets stout, pale brown, quadrangular. Leaves coria-

ceous, opposite or subopposite ; broadly ovate-rotund or suborbicular,

obtusely rounded at apex, cordate at base; both surfaces smooth,

olive green when dry; margins unequally and remotely crenate or

entire ; 9—12 cm. long and broad; midrib prominent, thick at base

but quickly narrowing; main nerves 4—6 pairs, chiefly from near the

base, spreading to anastomose near the margin; reticulation irregu-

larly areolate; petiole very stout, scarcely 2 mm. long. Flowers

in very short axillary racemes of about 4; bract ovate, acute; brac-

teoles joined in a hemispheric minutely margined cup. Calyz-tube

cylindric, truncate, the limb scarcely lobed. Corolla large, curved,

tubular, red, expanding slightly upwards, 6-angled and inflated below

the apex, the tube 8—9 cm. long; lobes 6, green, 2 cm. long, reflexed,

linear-lanceolate or subspathulate, blunt and inflexed at the tips,

broadly thick-ridged within, spreading at base. Stamens 6; anthers

linear, with a minute spur at base, 7 mm. long; filaments thick, 10

mm.long. Ovary cylindric; style filiform ; stigma small, subcapitate.

Fruit not known. Loranthus platyphyllus, King in Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. LVI. ii. 97 (1887) not of Rich.

Perak: Scortechini 606?!: SrLancor: at Ginting Bidai, Rid-

ley 7618!. JoHorE: at Sungei Hulu Sembrong, Lake and Kelsall !

6. ELYTRANTHE AVENIS, G. Don Gen. Syst. Dichl. Pl. IIT. 426

(1834). A parasitic shrub reaching 1°5 m. in height, glabrous;

branchlets angular, moderately stout, with rough scaly reddish-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 375

brown bark; nodes swollen, uppermost internodes compressed.

Leaves coriaceous, opposite or subopposite : lanceolate, obtusely acute

or acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; both surfaces dull, olive

green when dry, margins slightly recurved; 7—10 cm. long, 2°5—5

em. broad; midrib fairly stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves

obscure, if visible when dry 6—10 pairs; reticulation obscure; petiole

none or very short, bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade

Flowers in short 3-flowered cymes, single or 2—3 or more together

in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves; peduncle very short,

about 1 mm. long; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long; bract ovate, acute,

2mm. long; bracteoles shorter, rounded, the bract and bracteoles

together embracing the calyx-tube. Calyz-tube cylindric, 2 mm.

long, the limb irregularly 5—6-lobed. Corolla tube slender, curved,

red, slightly thickened below the limb, 2—3 cm. long; lobes 6, linear,

reflexed in flower, thickened, 15—2 cm. long. Stamens 6; anthers

narrowly linear with a slight spur at the base, 4 mm. long; filaments

filiform, 8 mm.long. Ovary cylindric; style filiform; stigma globose.

Fruit (immature) ovoid. #. evenia, Engl. in Engl. & Prantl Nachtr.

126; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 164. Loranthus avenis, Bl. Bijdr.

663 (1825); DO. Prodr. IV. 297; Korth. Verh. Lor. 85. ZL. evenius,

BI. Fl. Jav. Loranth. t. 16, (1828%); King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

LVI. ii. 97. Macrosolen evenius, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1.1, 827. Mique-

lina evenia, van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII, 443.

Kepau: on Kedah Peak, Ridley 5485!. Prrak: Scortechini!;

on Gunong Hijan, Gunong Bubu and Ulu Batang Padang, at about

1500 m. alt., Wray 645!, 1508!, 3884!. Panane: at Kluang Terbang,

Barnes 109062!.—Duistris. Java, Sumatra (Mt. Dempo, Forbes

2401!)

Wray, on No. 3884, says the flowers are ‘very pale green’, but Miquel

describes them as red as does Koorders, while the plate in Blume’s Flora Jave

shows them as pale dull red. In every other respect Wray’s specimens agree

perfectly. I am rather doubtful about Barnes 10906 which has thinner and

more acute leaves.

Loranthus hypoglaucus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. II. 309 (1872) and

For. Fl. Li. 318; Hook f. Fl. Rr. Ind. V. 50 may possibly be only a variety of

this with leaves glaucous beneath and corolla tube a little more uniform in

thickness (Pegu: Nattoung ridge, 6000 ft. Kurz 382!)

7. ELYTRANTHE PAPILLosa, Gamblein Kew Bull. 45 (1913). A

parasitic shrub; branchlets rather slender, round, rough, pale brown.

Leaves opposite, coriaceous; oblanceolate, rounded at apex, cuneate

at base; both surfaces dull when dry and olive brown; 3—4 cm.

376 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

long, about 1—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, obscure; main nerves

1—2 pairs, from close to the base only and very oblique, scarcely

visible on the lower surface; reticulation not apparent; petiole none

or at least under 3 mm. long. Flowers yellow-orange, in very short

pedunculate pairs, 1—-2 together in the axils of the leaves or of fallen

leaves: peduncle about 1 mm. long as are the pedicels; bract' small,

ovate, acute; bracteoles minute, in a 2-lobed lip. Calyz-tube ovoid,

2mm long, prominently papillose, the limb a mere rim. Corolla-tube

glabrous, cylindric in bud and 6-angled, funnel-shaped in flower, 7—8

mm. long; lobes 6, prominently papillose without, spathulate and

recurved in flower, 5—6 mm. long. Stamens 6; anthers oblong,

1—5 mm. long; filaments slender, 5 mm. long. Ovary ovoid; style

slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit not known.

SinGaPore: at Kranji, Ridley 2045!

8. ELYTRANTHE RETUSA, G. Don Gen. Syst. Dichl. Pl. III. 425

(1834). A parasitic glabrous shrub; branchlets stout, rough, lenti-

cellate, greyish-brown; nodes swollen. Leaves opposite or sub-

opposite, thickly coriaceous ; obovate, elliptic or orbicular, sometimes

obcordate, obtuse or retuse at apex, cuneate or attenuate at base;

upper surface somewhat shining, olive-brown when dry, lower dull;

margins recurved; 5—12 cm. long, 2°5—5 cm. broad; midrib rather

stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 3—5 pairs, obscure and

sometimes invisible; reticulation obscure; petiole very stout, 5—7

mm. long. Flowers in racemes of 5—7 up to about 1—5 cm. long,

solitary or in pairs from the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves ;

pedicels slender, 2—3 mm. long; bract ovate, acute, very small; .

bracteoles combined in a 2toothed cup, minute. Calyzx-tube

cylindric, 2—3 mm. long, the limb a narrow entire rim. Corolla-

tube pale rose, cylindric below, dilated below the lobes, up to 2 cm.

long; lobes 5—6 usually 6, linear, reflexed in flower, 1 cm. long,

yellowish-green. Stamens 5—6; anthers linear, slender, 3—4 mm.

long; filaments broad, 5 mm. long. Ovary included in the calyx-

tube; style slender; stigma capitate. Fruit globosely ovoid, 5—7

mm. long. Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. III. i. 188;

Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 164. Loranthus retusus, Jack in Roxb.

Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall. II 212; DC. Prodr. IV. 296; Wall. Cat.

504 in part; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. -V. 219. Macrosolen retusus, Miq.

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 828 ; van Tiegh. in Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. XLII. 442.

Perak: at Lumut on Hugenia, Ridley 9432!. Matacca: Griffith

K. D. 2703!; Maingay K. D. 688!; Cuming 2305!; on Dacrydium,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 377

Mount Ophir, Ridley 3160!; top of Mount Ophir, Hullett!. Sinea-

PORE: Wallich 504!; on Rhodomyrtus at Changi, Ridley 1808!; King’s

Collector 1170!.—Distrip: Java, Borneo.

9. E.LytTranrHe Lowi1, Gamble. A parasitic shrub; branchlets

moderately stout, terete, brown, the nodes slightly swollen. Leaves

rigid, coriaceous, opposite; ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at

apex, attenuately rounded at base; upper surface shining, olive-green

when dry, lower dull, subglaucous; margins recurved when dry; 4—

6 em. long, 1°5—2-5 cm. broad; midrib slender, visible only on the

under surface; main nerves about 4—6 pairs, rarely at all visible; reti-

culation invisible; petiole stout, rugose, 3—4 mm. long. Flowers

in 2—4-flowered racemes, scarcely 1 cm. long, in axillary clusters of

1—3; pedicels puberulous, about 3 mm. long; bract ovate, acute,

2—3 mm. long; bracteoles united in a 2-toothed cup, |—2 mm. long,

both puberulous without. Calyx-tube cylindric, smooth, 4mm. long ;

the limb very short, truncate, waved. Corolla-tube curved, 6-angled

and slightly inflated at the base of the lobes, 1—1:5 cm. long; lobes

6, 1 cm. long, subspathulate, thickened at the apex, reflexed in

flower. Stamens 6; anthers oblong, 1—5 mm. long; filaments broad,

6mm.long. Ovary cylindric; style filiform, nearly as long as the

stamens; stigma capitate. Fruit not known. Loranthus Lowii,

King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI. ii. 98 (1887).

PERAK: without locality, Scortechint 861!.

10. ELyTRaNTHE GLoBosA, G. Don Gen. Syst. Dichl. Pl. III. 426

(1834). A parasitic usually glabrous shrub; branchlets terete, pale

brown with lenticellate bark, the nodes swollen. Leaves coriaceous,

opposite or rarely alternate or in whorls of three; elliptic-ovate or

-lanceolate, sometimes more or less oblong, acuminate at apex,

attenuate at base; both surfaces smooth, shining, olive brown when

dry ; 6—12 cm. long, 2—6 cm. broad; midrib conspicuous, impressed

above; main nerves irregular, often obscure, 5—6 pairs; reticulation

obscure; petiole 3—8 mm. long. Flowers in axillary racemes, single

or in pairs or sometimes clustered, up to 2—3 cm. long; pedicels

slender, 0—3 mm. long; bract ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, bracteole-

cuplmm. Calyz-tube urceolate, smooth; limb cup-shaped, truncate.

Corolla in bud linear-clavate, with folds below the lobes, when open

campanulate and slightly gibbous, obtuse, 5—6 mm. long; lobes 6

or sometimes 5, linear, reflexed at the middle, glabrous without,

colour varying from green to yellow, usually with purplish tips and

378 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

stripes. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; filaments slender,

exsert; anthers small, the cells parallel. Ovary conform to the calyx-

tube; style long, filiform; stigma large, capitate. Fruit an ovoid

or globose berry, smooth or minutely dotted, reaching 5 mm. in

diam., yellowish in colour, the pericarp fleshy. Engl. & Prant.

Naturl. Pflanzenfam. III. i. 188; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. IT. 164.

E. ampullacea, G. Don |.c. 425. Loranthus globosus, Roxb. FI. Ind. I.

550, II. 187 and ed. Carey and Wall. II. 206; DC. Prodr. IV. 297;

Wall. Cat. 6870; Kurz For. Fl. II. 315; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 220.

L. subglobosus, Wall. Cat. 538; DC.1.c. 297; Kurz lc. 316. LZ. oleoi-

des, DC. lic. LD. oleifolius, Wall. Cat. 524. JL. viridiflorus, Wall. in

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall. If. 219; Wall. Cat. 512. JL.

spherocarpus, Bl. Bijdr. 661 and Fl. Jav. Loranth. t. 17; DC. l.c. 297;

Korth. Verh. Lor. 85. LD. ampullaceus, Roxb. |.c. 189 and 209; DC.

l.c. 296; Kurz l.c. 316; Wall. Cat. 502; King in Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. LVI. 11. 97. LZ. pallens and L. carinatulus Wall. Cat. 523, 529;

DC. l.c. 296, 297. L. subumbellatus, Bl. Bijdr. 661 and Fl. Jav.

Loranth. t. 17; DC. l.c. 297. Macrosolen pallens, spherocarpus and

oleoides, Miq. F 1. Ind. Bat. I. i. 830, 831.

SrtaAMESE States: Trang, King’s Collector 1398!. KEDAH:

Pulau Lankawi, Curtis 2421!. PEnane: Wallich 523!, 524!; King’s

Collector 1663!. Perak: at Tapa, Wray 1419!; King’s Collector

7866!, 10697!; Scortechint 221!, 859!. Matacca: Griffith K.D.

2704!; Cuming 2343!; Maingay K.D. 689!. Sincarore: Murton

13!; King’s Coilector 1142!; Ridley 103!, 2022! etc.; Hullett 655!.

Var. puberula, Gamble. Inflorescence covered with grey puberu-

lous down ; fruits rugose.

PERAK: at Kuala Kangsa, Wray 3355!; at Ulu Bubong, King’s

Collector 10088!; Scortechinit 258!. Trinaganu: at Pulau Kaltan,

Ridley!. Stncarore: Ridley 9220! , 14173!.

11. ExytrantHe Barnesit, Gamble in Kew Bull. 45 (1913). A

parasitic glabrous shrub (?) ; branchlets stout with brown rough bark,

the nodes much swollen. Leaves coriaceous, opposite; lanceolate or

oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex, rounded, usually

unequally, at base; margins recurved; upper surface shining, lower

dull, olivaceous when dry; 6—12 cm. long, 2°5—4*5 em. broad;

midrib prominent and raised on both surfaces; main nerves 7—9

pairs, nearly at right angles to the midrib, curved near the margin,

reticulation not visible; petiole stout, 5—7 mm. long. Flowers in

4—5-flowered glabrous racemes about 12—15 mm. long, clustered

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 379

many together on the enlargement of the nodes in the axils of the

leaves and at the ends of the branchlets; pedicels slender, 1:5—-2 mm.

long; bract ovate-acute, the bracteoles similar and nearly free.

Calyxz-tube ovoid, vertically channelled; limb 1 mm. long, truncate.

Corolla in bud clavate, angled below the lobes, 8 mm. long; when

open the 6 lobes linear acute, reflexed from about the middle (2).

Stamens 6; anthers oblong, 1-25 mm. long ; filaments 3:5 mm. long.

Ovary ovoid; style slender, slightly angled; stigma obtuse or emargi-

nate. Fruit not known.

Panana: at Kluang Terbang, W.D. Barnes 10905!

12, EnyrrantrHe Rogpinsonu, Gamble in Kew Bull. 45 (1913).

A parasitic shrub growing on trees ; branches stiff, with greyish-brown

thin bark; branchlets slender, wiry, the uppermost somewhat

angular when dry; all parts glabrous Leaves coriaceous, opposite

or sub-opposite; narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at apex and at

base; upper surface red, lower dull green when fresh, upper oliva-

ceous, shining, lower ferruginous-brown and dull when dry; 5—8 cm.

long, 1—2°5 cm. broad; midrib slender, prominent on both surfaces ;

main nerves indistinct, 3—5 pairs, irregular, very oblique and

speedily disappearing: reticulation obscure; petiole 3—4 mm. long,

bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers small,

bright orange red, in nearly sessile fascicles of 1—3- flowered racemes

scarcely 5 mm. long in the axils of the leaves or of the scars of fallen

leaves; pedicels very short; bract ovate, acute ; bracteoles combined

in a bifid lip. Calyx-tube ovoid, 2 mm. long, the limb truncate,

entire or very slightly lobed. Corolla in bud clavate, 5—6 mm.

long, angled below the lobes; lobes 6, linear-lanceolate, as long as

the tube. Stamens 6: anthers very small, 0°5 mm. long, the fila-

ments 1:5mm.long. Ovary ovoid ; style slender ; stismasmall, obtuse.

Fruit not known. Loranthus globosus, Ridley in Journ Linn. Soc.

XXXVIII. 321 not of Roxb.

PaHaNG: on Gunong Tahan, 1200—1500 m. alt., Wray and

Robinson 5404!

13. ELYTRANTHE DIANTHA, Gamble. A parasitic shiub, reach-

ing 1 m. in height, quite glabrous; branchlets slender, terete, with

pale brown bark, the nodes swollen. Leaves opposite, thinly coria-

ceous; lanceolate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate at

apex, rounded or very shortly attenuate at base; both surfaces olive-

green and somewhat shining when dry; margins slightly recurved ;

380 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

8—15 cm. long, 2—6 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both

surfaces ; main nerves 4—6 pairs, irregular, oblique, slightly raised

above; reticulation also slightly raised when dry, areolate; petiole

rather slender, 4—6 mm. Jong. Flowers in pairs in the excavations

of a very short peduncle, each with an ovate-acute bract 2 mm. long

at the base; bracteoles united in a thick cup 2—3 mm. long, cleft at

the outer margin opposite the bract and embracing the base of the

calyx-tube. Calyz-tube smooth, cylindric, the limb short, truncate.

Corolla deep red, curved, narrowly tubular, inflated and boldly

6-angled just under the limb, clavate in bud, 5 cm. long; lobes 6,

twisted, reflexed, oblanceolate, 2 cm. long, thickened within in a

flattened ridge, green with purple margins. Stamens 6, lemon-

yellow: anthers linear, 5—--6 mm. long; filaments 7 mm. long, green.

Ovary cylindric; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruct globular,

smooth, 10—12 mm. in diam., crowned by the calyx-limb. Loranthus

dianthus, King and Scort. M.S.; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVI.

ii. 96 (1887). Blumelia diantha, van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.

XLII. 441.

Perak: near Larut, Scortechini76! , 604!; at Relan Tujor, Wray

1785! , 2210!; on trees in open forest up to 250 m. alt., King’s Col-

lector 1870! , 6446!.

14. EtyrrantHe Wrayt, Gamble in Kew Bull. 46 (1913). A

parasitic shrub; branchlets stout, terete, with pale brown bark, the

nodes swollen. Leaves opposite, thickly coriaceous; oblong-lanceo-

late, obtuse or obtusely acute, sometimes obtusely acuminate at

apex, attenuate and often unequal at base; both surfaces green

tinged with red when fresh, smooth and olive-green when dry;

10—13 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised on both

surfaces; main nerves 5—6, irregular, oblique, joined by a faint

often obscure reticulation; petiole O—10 mm. long, bordered by the

decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers in pairs in the excavations

of a short thick axillary peduncle, each flower subtended by a broadly

ovate horizontal bract 3°5 mm. long; bracteoles united in a thick

truncate cup 3 mm. long, cleft at the outer margin opposite the

bract and embracing the calyx-tube; peduncle 3 mm. long, thick.

Calyz-tube smooth, cylindric, 3—4 mm. long, the limb also cylindric,

truncate, 4—6 mm. long. Corolla-tube red passing into green below

the lobes, curved, narrowly tubular, inflected below the lobes and 6-

angled, clavate in bud, 4—5 cm. long; lobes 6, yellow bordered with

red, narrowly lanceolate, acute at apex, broadened out at base,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 381

thickened in a ridge within, twisted and reflexed in flower, 1°5—2 cm.

long. Stamens 6; anthers linear, acute at apex, slightly spurred in

front at base, 7—8 mm. long; the filaments as long. Ovary short,

cylindric; style slender, geniculate below the top; stigma obliquely

capitate. Fruct not known.

PERAK: in Upper Perak at 300 m. alt., Wray 3770!.

4. LEPEOSTEGERES, Blume.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire, exstipulate, opposite

or sub-opposite. Inflorescence consisting of a sessile capitulum sur-

rounded by sheathing imbricate involucral bracts, gradually lengthen-

ing upwards and sometimes with an inner series; flowers in each

capitulum few—many, sessile on a flattened receptacle ; bract to each

flower 0; bracteoles O—+, often elongate. Calyx-tube short, cylin-

dric or angular, the limb entire or shortly lobed. Corolla-tube

elongate sometimes cleft to the base, slender, the 5—6 lobes reflexed

when open. Stamens 5—6 inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube ;

anthers basifixed, linear or subulate; filaments slender. Ovary

included in the calyx-tube; style filiform; stigma subclavate. Fruit

as in Loranthus, etc.—Distris. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Bract and bracteoles of the flower absent; inflorescence up

to 15 em. long; corolla-tube very narrow, laciniate ..» Ll. L. Beccariz.

Bract none, bracteoles 4 up to 2 cm. long; inflorescence up

to about 6 cm. long; corolla-tube funnel-shaped, split on

one side .. ae ae oc .. 2 DL. Kingit.

1. LeprostecERES Beccarit, Gamble. A glabrous parasitic

shrub, the branches. often very long, otherwise about 60—90 cm.

high; branchlets stout, terete, greyish-brown, the younger quadran-

cular (at least when dry); nodes swollen. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

opposite or sub-opposite; from ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to

suborbicular, very variable even on the same plant, subacute or

obtuse at apex, cuneate or rounded at base; both surfaces dull,

bluish-green when dry; 6—12 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib

fairly stout, scarcely visible on the upper surface; main nerves

about 6 pairs, oblique, indistinct; secondary nerves occasional,

obscure as is the reticulation; petiole moderately stout, 2—3 cm.

long. Inflorescence lateral, from nodes on the old wood, of 20—30-

flowered densely involucrate sessile capitula, subglobose when young,

afterwards strobiliform and much elongate (up to 15 cm.); invo-

lucral bracts large, numerous, imbricate, pale red, oblong to semi-

382 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

orbicular, obtuse, the inner 5—8 cm. long, the outer gradually

shorter; receptacle obconic, flattened, bearing the closely packed

sessile flowers; bracts and bracteoles to the flowers none. Calyzx-

tube angular, 4—5 mm. long, truncate, the limb a mere rim.

Corolla-tube deep claret-colour, very slender, 7—10 cm. long, split-

ting into 6 very narrow linear yellow segments which are united

for about 1 cm. at base and again slightly just below the twisted

reflexed linear obtuse lobes, the lobes about 2 cm. long. Stamens 6;

anthers linear, acuminate, very narrow, 12 mm. long, the cells

lateral; filaments slender, 10 mm. long. Ovary cylindric, rounded

at top; style filiform; stigma small, rounded. Fruit subangular,

globose, 8 mm. in diam. Loranthus Beccarii, King in Journ. As.

Soc. Beng., LVI. ii. 98 (1887). Stegastrum Beccarit, van. Tiegh. in

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII. 447. Elytranthe Beccarii, Engl. in Engl.

& Prantl Nachtr. (1897) 126.

Perak: at Gunong Ijuk, Scortechini 1208!; on the branches

of trees at elevations up to 600 m. alt., King’s Collector 5793! ,

7956!; at Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9577!.—Distris. Borneo (Beccari

1171; Haviland 3642 !).

2. Luprostegeres Kine, Gamble. A parasitic shrub;

branchlets stout, terete, with smooth pale brown bark, the younger

ones slightly lenticellate; nodes swollen. Leaves coriaceous, oppo-

site; ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex, rounded and

often unequal at base; both surfaces olive-green when dry, rather

dull, smooth; 7—15 cm. long, i—8 cm. broad; midrib stout, promi-

nent; main nerves apparently 6—7 pairs, usually quite invisible on

either surface as is the reticulation; petiole very stout, 1—2 cm.

long. Inflorescence axillary, from new wood, of 4—6-flowered densely

involucrate sessile capitula, up to about 6 cm. long, prominently 4-

angled when young and strobiliform, afterwards elongate; involucral

bracts large, red, keeled, the outer series of 6—7 decussate pairs, the

uppermost of which are linear-oblong, obtuse, 3—4 cm. long, the lower

gradually smaller and more acute, the inner series of a single lanceolate

pair 2—2-5cm. long; receptacle flattened, bearing the sessile flowers

each of which has 4 linear-lanceolate acute keeled bracteoles about

2cm.long. Calyx-tube angular, 2—3 mm. long, the limb unequally

6-toothed. Oorolla-tube narrowly infundibuliform, 3—4 cm. long,

curved below the middle, split nearly }-way down on one side and

cleft at the apex into 5—6 lanceolate acuminate teeth which are at

first reflexed and twisted and then upright and 1—1°5 em. long

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 383

Stamens 5—6; anthers subulate, acuminate, 5 mm. long, with a

slight process at their bases; filaments as long as the anthers.

Ovary cylindric ; style filiform, as long as the stamens; stigma small,

subcapitate. Fruit ovoid, elongate, crowned by the remains of the

calyx-tube. Loranthus Kingii, Scortechini ex King in Journ As. Soc.

Beng. LVI. ii. 99 (1887).

PERAK: at Gunong Ijuk, Scortechini 1251!; camp on Ulu

Batang Padang, 1500 m. alt., Wray 1526!. Panane: at Kwala

Tenoh, Sunjie Tahan river, Ridley’s Collector 2249!. Mawtacca:

Maingay K.D. 695!; at Selandan, Ridley 10771!; at Bukit Sedanan,

Goodenough 1451! . .

Goodenough says the flower is striped white and red, Ridley’s Collector

says, ‘ bright red with yellow-orange stripes,’ Ridley and Wray say, ‘ red,’ but

the material seems to me to belong all to the same species though Sir G. King

has named some of the sheets L. Forbesiz. Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2. IV.

222 under his Loranthus sabaensis a species from over 3000 m. alt. on Mount

Kinabalu in Borneo, doubts if Maingay’s 695 really is Scortechini’s plant.

From the (only meagre) specimens of the type that I have examined I think it

must be, but it is quite clear that further investigation on the spot is needful

to clear up the point.

5. Grinaxcwoa, Korth.

Parasitic shrubs, growing on trees; branches dichotomous or

whorled, jointed at the nodes, bearing, just above each node, a

sheath-like thickening ending in a free ring. Leaves opposite,

coriaceous. Flowers moneecious, in triadsin terminal and axillary

jointed spikes; bracts connate, cup-shaped, at the base of each joint

of the spike, broadened in alternate spikes. Perianih-tube in 3 3-

lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate, thick: in 9 oblong, also 3-lobed,

the lobes smaller and thinner. Stamens 3, opposite the perianth-

lobes; filaments very stout, short; anthers ovoid, 2-celled, the cells

opening by introrse longitudinal or curved slits. Ovary conform

to the perianth-tube which encloses it; style none; stigma capitate;

ovules 1—2. Fruit a 1-seeded berry; pericarp leathery enclosing

a viscous layer surrounding the seed; perianth lobes persistent.

Seed ovoid; testa thin; albumen fleshy, bearing the embryo at its

apex; cotyledons very small; radicle minute, superior.— DISTRIB.

Malay Peninsula, Andaman Islands and Ceylon (according to van

Tieghem 9 sp.).

1. GtNALLOoA stamica, Craib in Kew Bull. 455 (1911).

Var. Scortechinii, Gamble. Branchlets terete, rather stout, the

sheath-like thickening about 8 mm. long. Leaves very coriaceous,

384 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat falcate, obtusely acute at apex,

unequally rounded or attenuate at base; 5—8 cm. long, 2—5 cm.

broad; ribs 3, faint, other nerves and reticulation invisible ; petiole

stout, up to 7 mm. long, gradually broadening to the base of the

blade. Spzkes terminal, 5 cm. long or more; bracts joined in a cup

embracing the rhachis. Flowers: 3 not known, 2 with 3 minute

perianth-lobes surmounting the oblong perianth-tube enclosing the

fruit.

PERAK: ? Scortechini! .

Only one sheet of this interesting plant is available and the material is

veryscanty. The branchlets and leaves resemble those of G. stamica, but that

species has 5 nerves to the leaves; it is close enough, however, to be considered

a 3-nerved variety and when more material is available it may prove to be a

distinct species.

6. KorTHALSELLA, van Tiegh.

Leafless parasitic shrubs, the branches jointed, furnished with

bracteate scales at the joints, the joints all in the same plane.

Flowers in the axils of the scales, moneecious, surrounded by tufts of

hair, # and @ with 3 perianth-lobes which are persistent after

flowering in 9. Anthers 3, 2-celled, cells opening by longitudinal

slits introrsely but the anthers being connected at their margins the

pollen issues by a central aperture. Ovary obovoid, placenta central,

embryo basal, stigma small. Fruit an obovoid berry, the seed

albuminous.—Disrris. India and Malaya, species according to van

Tieghem, 61 (Bifaria); according to Engler much fewer.

1, KorrHaLseLLA gaPonica, Engl. in Engl, & Prantl Naturl.

Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 138 (1897). A small tufted leafless parasitic

shrub, yellow or brown when dry, reaching scarcely 15 cm. in

height ; branches flattened, contracted at the nodes, the internodes

variable in length and breadth reaching 2—5 cm. in length and 5

mm. in breadth, obovate in shape and usually strongly keeled, not

twisted but allin one plane. Flowers very minute, in dense clusters

fascicled in cup-shaped bracts at the tips of the internodes and sur-

rounded at base by short erect hairs, ¢ very few; perianth lobes 3,

triangular, acute, concave, persistentin 29. Berryellipsoid or obovoid,

2—5 mm. long, fleshy. Viscum japonicum, Thunb. in Trans. Linn.

Soc. IT. 329 (1794); DC. Prodr. IV. 283; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 226;

Trimen FI. Ceyl. III. 472: Collett Fl. Siml. 440; Brandis Ind. Trees

552. V. opuntia, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 64. V. articulatum, Miq. Prol. Fl.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 385

Jap. 297; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 141 and Fl. Austral. ITI. 396; Brandis

For. Fl. 393 (not of Burm.). V. moniliforme, Wt. & Arn. Prodr.

380; Wight Ic. t. 1018 and Spic. Neelgh. t. 87; Kurz For. Fl. II. 325

(not of Bl.). V. Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 6877 (not of Wt. and Arn.).

KepaH: on Gunong Jerai, Ridley!. Matacca: on Mount Ophir,

Ridley 3161!—Distris.: India, Ceylon, China, Japan, Australia.

I have been unable to ascertain to which of his many species of BIFARIA

the Malay Peninsula form of the old Viscwm japonicum is attributed by van

Tieghem. His B. japonica is restricted to the Japanese plant first collected by

Thunberg in 1794: see Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLIIT. 173 (1896).

7. Viscum, L.

Parasitic shrubs, growing on trees; branches usually di-tri-

chotomous, sometimes whorled, jointed, the internodes terete angular

or flattened. Leaves opposite, flat and thick or reduced to small

scales, coriaceous. Flowers unisexual, small, fasciculate or solitary

or usually in triads, in the axils of the leaves or at the nodes of the

branches, rarely terminal; bractssmall; bracteoles 2, free or connate

ina cup. Perianth-tube ino solid, in 9 adnate to the ovary; lobes

usually 4, very short, ovate or triangular. Stamens as many as the

perianth-lobes and adnate to them, dehiscing introrsely by numerous

pores. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules solitary or paired; stigma

sessile or subsessile. Fruita succulent berry with soft viscid mesocarp.

Seed adnate to the pericarp; albumen copious, solid; embryo terete,

enclosed in the albumen, solitary or 2 to each seed. DistRis.: Tem-

perate and tropical regions, species about 30.

Leafy shrubs, perianth-lobes deciduous (Sect. I.

Proronrxta, Korth.)

Leaves thin. ovate or lanceolate, often falcate,

acuminate at apex; involucral bracteoles acu-

minate, lateral flowers of triads 2, central” .. 1. V. monozewm.

Leaves thick, obtuse at apex; involucral bracteoles

obtuse, lateral flowers of triads “7, central ?.

Upper internodes cylindric, striate; leaves coria-

ceous, more or less oblong; berry warted .. 2. V. orientale.

Upper internodes alternately flattened; leaves

very coriaceous, obovate; berry smooth .. 3. V. Wray?.

Leafless shrubs, perianth-lobes apparently persistent

(Sect Il. Asprptxta, Korth.)

Articles 4—10 mm. broad; flowers comparatively

large, in many fascicles; berry 5 mm. in diam .. 4. V. dichotomum.

Articles 2—4 mm. broad; flowers very minute in

few fascicles; berry about 3 mm. in diam. .. 5. V. articulatum.

386 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Articles 2 mm. broad; flowers very minute, in

few fascicles; berry 2°5 mm. in diam. .. 6 V. flexuosum.

1. Viscum monotcum, Roxb. FI. Ind. IT. 763 (1832). A para-

sitic shrub with numerous dichotomous or opposite branches ;

branchlets terete, slender, slightly thickened at the nodes, furrowed

when dry. Leaves opposite, thinly coriaceous; ovate or lanceolate,

often falcate, more or less acuminate at apex, attenuate at base;

both surfaces glabrous, nearly black when dry; 3-—5 em. long, 1—2

cm. broad; 3—5-ribbed, the outer ribs slightly pedate; nerves few,

reticulate; petiole none or verysbort. Flowers moneecious, in axillary

sessile or very shortly ({ mm.) peduncled clusters of 1—3, supported

by two ovate acuminate bracteoles combined in a shallow cup, the

outer flowers of triads 9 the central one Sor wanting; perianth 4-

lobed, the lobes ovate—acute, those of the # bearing the sessile

anthers. Ovary oblong; style 0; stigma very short, conical. Fruit

an oblong, smooth yellowish berry, truncate at apex. DC. Prodr.

IV. 278; Brandis For. Fl. 393 and Ind. Trees 552; Wt. & Arn. Prodr.

379 (in note under V. orientale); Griff. Notul. IV. 637 and Ic. PI.

Asiat. t. 631; Kurz For. Fl. II. 324; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 224.

Cooke Fl. Bomb. II. 552; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. III. 471; Prain Beng.

Plants 912. V. falcatum, Wall. Cat. 492; DC. lc. V. confertum, Roxb.

lic. fide Wt. & Arn. V. bengalense, Roxb. Ill. in Herb. Kew. t. 1181.

StaMESE States: Kasoom, Curtis 3265!.—Duistris. India,

Burma, Ceylon.

2. VISCUM ORIENTALE, Willd. Sp. Pl. [V. 737 (1805). A parasitic

shrub with numerous dichotomous or opposite branches; branchlets

terete or angular and grooved, glabrous, the ultimate ones often very

slender; nodes thickened. Leaves opposite, fleshy-coriaceous; obovate

or elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse at apex, attenu-

ately narrowed at base; both surfaces glabrous, black or brown when

dry, 2—7 cm. long, 1—2°5 cm. broad; 3—5-ribbed, the outside ribs

slightly pedate, often very short, and often looped above; nerves few,

irregular, transverse ; reticulation obscure; petiole none or very short.

Flowers moneecious, in axillary, sessile or peduncled, clusters of 1—3,

supported by two ovate bracts which are combined in a boat-shaped

involucre; when in threes the central flower usually 2? , the outer ones

much smaller and 3 , sometimes all ¢ or reduced to only one 2 ; perianth

4-lobed, the lobes triangular, 1—5 mm. long ing, 1 mm. in? ,ing

flowers one pair slightly larger than the other. Anthers 4, sessile by

their connectives, often one pair larger than the other and more obtuse,

—_

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 387

pores rather few. Ovary ovoid, stipitate, truncate; style short, coni-

cal; stigma capitate. Berry ovoid or subglobose, purplish red, rather

prominently warted, as large as a pea, sessile or more or less stalked,

the stalks up to 1—2 mm. long, thick. DC. Prodr. IV. 278; Wt. &

' Arn. Prodr. 379; Bl. Bijdr. 666 and Fl. Jav. Loranth. tt. 24, 25;

Benth. Fl. Austral. III. 396; Wall. Cat. 491; Brandis For. Fl. 393

and Ind. Trees 552; Kurz For. FI. II. 324; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

224; Cooke Fl. Bomb. II. 552; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. III. 471; Prain

Beng. Plants 912; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 804; Koord. Exkurs. FI.

Jav. II. 166. V. verticillatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. III. 764.

_ Perak: at lower camp, Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray 1074!;

tea gardens, Ridley!. Panane: at Pulau Jellam, Ridley 2250!.

Maracoa: at Merliman, Derry (?) 195!. SineGaporEe: Ridley 1827!,

3777! , 6816!, 10369!. 11392!.—Disrris. India, Burma, Ceylon,

Java, Borneo (Haviland 3092!), China, New Guinea, Australia.

Var. ovalifolium, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 805. Leaves larger, up

to 8 em. long, 5 cm. broad, often paler when dry, the 3 middle ribs

prominent, the two side ones short and faint ; flowers solitary in the

involucres and more numerous and in closer fascicles in the leaf-axils;

stigma shorter and broader. JV. ovalifolium, Wall. Cat. 489; DC.

Prodr. IV. 278; Kurz For. Fl. II. 325; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 225.

V. obtusatum, Wall. Cat. 494; DC. l.c. 279.

Kepau: at Pulau Songsong, Curtis 2599! Prnane: Wallich

489!; Penang Hill, Ridley 9373! Perak: WScortechini 732!.

Matacea: Griffith K.D. 2739!, 2740!; Cuming 2341!; at Tanjong

Kling, Ridley 3162!.—Distris. Burma, Andamans, Siam (Kerr

818!).

3. Viscum Wravyi, King M.S. in Herb. Calc. ex Gamble in

Kew Bull. 47 (1913). <A parasitic shrub with rather stout dicho-

tomous or opposite branches; branchlets terete, the uppermost with

the internodes more or less flattened in alternate directions; nodes

only slightly swollen. Leaves opposite, thickly fleshy-coriaceous,

light yellowish green when fresh, nearly black when dry; obovate,

rounded or slightly emarginate at apex, cuneate at base; both sur-

faces glabrous, slightly shining; margins recurved ; 3—4°5 cm. long,

1—3 cm. broad; ribs 5, the outer ones pedately inserted, only

slightly visible on the undersurface; other nerves and reticulation

obscure; petiole 0. Flowers in axillary, shortly pedunculate, clusters

of 1—3 supported by 2 connate ovate bracteoles forming a boat-

shaped involucre, the middle flower ? on a 1 mm. long pedicel, the

388 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

two outer ¢& sessile; perianth 4-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, those of 3

rather larger than those of 9 and 1 mm. long. Anthers 4, sessile by

their connective, with few (about 6—7) circular pores. Ovary

oblong, contracted below the truncate mouth; stigma conical.

Berry ovoid, pale green, truncate at apex, smooth, 5 mm. in diam.;

seed ellipsoid, embryo oblique.

Kerpan: on Kedah Peak, Ridley 5847!. Prax: at lower camp.

Gunong Batu Putih Wray 1111!.

The anthers in this species, at any rate in the specimens available, are very

difficult to make out. They seem at first sight to open longitudinally, but a

high power shows the minute pores.

4, Viscum picHotomum, D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 142 (1825).

A leafless pendulous much‘ di-trichotomously branched parasitic

shrub, yellow or brown when dry; branches terete, branchlets

jointed at the nodes and easily separating when dry, the internodes

(articles) flattened, longitudinally (about 5—9-) ribbed, slightly

narrowed above attenuate below, each article at right angles to its

neighbour but twisted near the base so that all appear to be in one

plane; 1:5—4 cm. long, 4—10 mm. (—15 mm. Koord.) broad.

Flowers small, in axillary fascicles of 1—3, when 3 the central flower

of the triad usually 9 the outer ones 3, triads supported by a pair

of connate cup-shaped bracts, the ? again bibracteolate the bracteoles

1:5 mm. long; perianth lobes 4, ovate, 1.5—2 mm. long, those of 3

spreading those of ? erect usually deciduous. Anthers adnate to the

middle of the perianth-lobes, one pair rather larger than the other

and more obtuse, pores rather large and conspicuous. Ovary cylin-

dric, smooth, truncate; stigma capitate. Berry globular, dull white,

smooth, 5 mm. in diam.; seed rugose. DO. Prodr. IV. 284; Engl.

& Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 140: V. articulatum, Burm.

var. dichotomum, Kurz For. Fl. II. 325; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 226;

Cooke Fl. Bomb. II. 553. V. articulatum, Collett Fl. Siml. 440, t.

143. V. elongatum, Wall. Cat. 495; DC. 1.c. V. opuntioides, Willd.

Sp. Pl. 1V. 740; Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 764; Wall. Cat. 496.

Province WELLESLEY: at Tassik Glugor, Curtis!. PERAK: up

to 100 m. alt., King’s Collector 4191!; at Simpang, Wray 2023!;

Scortechini 603!. Mavacca: Griffith K.D. 2742!; Hervey!. Jonore:

at Bukit Imlyn, Ridley!.—Disrris. India, Burma.

I have thought it best to follow Engler in retaining this species, not only

on account of the broader articles of the stem for these vary very much, but on

account of the larger and more conspicuous flowers and fruits.

—]

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 389

5. ViscUM ARTICULATUM, Burm. FI. Ind. 311 (1768). A leaf-

less pendulous much di-trichotomously or verticillately branched

parasitic shrub nearly black when dry; branches terete, branchlets

jointed at the nodes and easily separating when dry, the internodes

(articles) flattened, longitudinally (about 5-) ribbed and narrowed at

the ends, each article at right angles to its neighbour, but twisted

near the base so that all appear to be in one plane, 1°5—3-5 cm.

long, 2—4 mm. broad. Flowers very minute, in axillary fascicles

(often only one) of triads of which the central flower is usually ? the

outer ones o', triads supported by a pair of connate cup-shaped

bracts, the 2 again bibracteolate, the bracteoles 1 mm. long;

perianth-lobes 3—4, triangular, acute, persistent, those of ¢ reflexed,

those of 2 erect. Anthers adnate to the bases of the perianth-lobes,

at first joined in a central mass, afterwards separate and with very

minute pores. Ovary cylindric, smooth; stigma small, rounded.

Berry globular, smooth, glassy-white or yellowish, about 3 mm. in

diam. DC. Prodr. IV. 284; Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I.i. 806; Kurz. For.

Fl. II. 305 (excl. citation of Brandis For. Fl.); Hook. f. F!. Br. Ind. V.

226; Engl. & Prantl Naturl. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 140; Koord.

Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 167; Cooke Fl. Bomb. II. 553. ‘Vz. fragile, Wall.

Cat. 498 B. V. compressum, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. II. 861; DC. lc.:

Blume Fl. Jav. Loranth. t. 24. WV. aphyllum, Griff. Notul. IV. 634

and Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 630.

PENANG: on Penang Hill, J. Scott! ; at 300—750 m. alt., King’s

Collector 1686!; on Government Hill, Curtis 2151!. Mawacca:

Maingay K.D. 697!; Cuming 2258!. Sincapore: at Chanchukang,

etc., Ridley 8054! .—Duisrris. India, Burma, Java.

6. ViscUM FLExUosUM, King M.S. in Herb. Calc. ex Gamble in

Kew Bull. 47 (1913). A leafless pendulous much di-trichotomously

branched parasitic shrub reaching 2—3 ft. in length, olive brown

when dry; branches terete, yellowish; branchlets very slender,

jointed at the nodes, the internodes (articles) slightly flattened,

longitudinally 1—3-ribbed, linear, scarcely attenuate, each article at

right angles to its neighbour but twisted so that all appear to be in

one plane; 1:5—2°5 cm. long, 2 mm. broad. Flowers minute, in

axillary pairs of triads or single, the triads supported by a pair of

connate shallow bracts and consisting of a central 9 flower and two

outer flowers of which one or both ¢; the 2 again bibracteolate,

bracteoles *75 mm. long; perianth lobes 3—4, exceedingly minute,

scarcely -25 mm. longer in 9 less in 3, erect, deciduous. Anthers

390 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

adnate to the perianth lobes, pores very minute. Ovary ovoid,

smooth, truncate; stigma very small, rounded. Berry globular,

glassy white, 25 mm. in diam.

SincarorE: King’s Collector 1187!; Tauglin, etc., Radley 6018! ,

8912!; Murton 151!.

8. Norotruixos, Oliver.

Parasitic hoary or tomentose shrubs, growing on the branches

of trees or on other Loranthaceae; branches dichotomous. Leaves

opposite, flat, more or less coriaceous, ribbed. Flowers minute,

monoecious, in terminal spikes or sessile and uniseriate in a row of

3—7 on the margins of a flattened receptacle supported by a pair of

small bracts, the said receptacles pedunculate, single or in threes or

more in a cyme in the forks of the branchlets; sometimes the ¢

flowers in separate heads near the ends of the branchlets, the 9

flowers in separate heads lower down, sometimes ¢ and 9 mixed in

the same row. Perianth-tube in ¢@ short and solid, in ? adnate

to the ovary; lobes 4 rarely 3 or 5, small, triangular, valvate.

Stamens in 3 flowers attached to the bases of the perianth lobes

around the sinuate margins of a flattened disk; filaments short or

none; anthers erect, broad, dehiscing introrsely by circular pores.

Ovary in 2 flowers infericr, crowned by a fleshy disk; stigma sub-

sessile; ovule solitary, at first not apparent. Fruita 1-seeded berry,

the pericarp viscid within. Seed oblong, on a basal cup-shaped

placenta; testa very thin; embryo pendulous in a fleshy albumen,

the radicle thickened, the cotyledons short, linear. Distris: Ceylon,

Malaya and Australia; species about 5.

Branchlets, leaves and iaoueeeen Ze coe ererl with golden

mossy tomentum .. -- Ll. N. subaureus.

Branchlets, leaves and indiveteones covered. aa greyish-

tawny stellate tomentum ae ae .. 2. N. Malayanus.

1. NororHixos supauRrgeus, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. VII.

103 (1864). A parasitic shrub, the young parts, inflorescence and

under surface of the leaves densely covered with a golden mossy

floccose tomentum; branchlets terete, yellow, striate when dry, the

nodes swollen. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

obtuse or acute at apex, narrowed at base; upper surface shining,

lower densely stellately floccose-tomentose; variable in size, 2—6cm.

long, 1—3°5 cm. broad; 3-ribbed from the base, the nerves and

reticulation not visible; petiole O—3 mm. long. Heads usually 5- or

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 391

more-flowered, the flowers uniseriate, usually 1 flower only ¢ the

rest 2 ; bracts ovate acute; peduncle 4—5 mm. long, often secund.

Perianth-lobes triangular, usually 4. Stamens exceedingly minute,

filaments as long as the broadly ovate obtuse anthers which open by

about 5—7 pores. Berry ovoid-oblong, densely floccose-tomentose.

Benth. Fl. Austral. IiI. 397. Viscum subaureum, F. Muell. in Herb.

Hook.

Perak: at Logon, Herb. Mus. Perak (Scortechini ?)!.—Distr1s.

Australia, New Guinea (H. O. Forbes 779!).

2. NoToTHIxoS MALAYANUS, Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 1519

(1886). A parasitic shrub, the young parts, inflorescence and under

surface of leaves covered with a greyish-tawny tomentum of more or

less stellate hairs; branchlets terete, the bark with prominent longi.

tudinal cracks; the nodes flattened. Leaves obovate or suborbicular,

rounded and slightly apiculate at apex, attenuate at base; upper

surface dull, lower tomentose; 2—4 cm. long, 1—2°5 em. broad; 3-

ribbed from the base, the nerves and reticulation not visible; petiole

0—4 mm. long. Heads usually 5—7-flowered, the flowers uniseriate;

usually 1—2 flowers only s the rest 9; bracts minute, ovate, acute;

peduncle 4 mm. long, erect. Perianth-lobes 4, triangular-ovate.

Stamens very minute; filaments very short; anthers broadly ovate,

obtuse, opening by a circle of pores near the margins. Berry ovoid-

oblong, stellate-tomentose.

PENANG: at Tulloh Babang, Curtis 233!.

_ Proceedings, 1865—1904 (now amalgamated with Tonal : . :

Memoirs, Vol. 1, etc., 1905, ete.

Journal, Vols. 1—73, 1832—1904.

Journal and Proceedings [N. 98.], Vol. 1, efc., 1905, ete.

Centenary Review, 1784—1883.

Bibliotheca Indica, 1848, ete.

A complete list of publications sold by the Society can be

obtained by application to the Honorary Secretary, 1, Park Street@

Calentta.

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and to the grounds and public rooms of the Society

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= JOURN AL & PROCEE DI NGs eet

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Awe

Vol, LXXV, Part IV,”

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CALCUTTA: ©

PRINTED AT THE BALTIS! MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE.

ew ASIATIC SOCIETY, 1, PARK STREET, CALCUTTA,

h 1915, :

Issued Ist June, 1915.

“Scr rae et

“ist of Officers and Members of Council —

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

For the year 1915.

President.

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Leonard Rogers, Kt., C.I.E., M.D.,

BS., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., F.A.S.B., I.M.S.

Vice-Presidents,

The Hon’ble Justice Sir Asutosh Mukhopadhyaya, Kt.,

C.8.1., D.L., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., F.A.S.B.

Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri, C.I.E., M.A.,

F.A.S.B.

H. H. Hayden, Esq., D.Sc., C.LE., B.A., B.E., B.A.T,

F.GS8., F.AS.B.

N. Annandale, Esq., D.Sc., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., F.A.S.B.

Honorary Secretary and Treasurer.

General Secretary :—F. H. Gravely, Esq., M.Sc.

‘Treasurer :—R. D. Mehta, Esq., C.I.E.

Additional Secretaries.

Philological Secretary :—A. Al-ma’mun Sintayarde: Esq., .

Iftikharul Millat, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt., LL.D., Bar.-at-

Law.

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Natural Science F.CS., F.G.S., F.A.S.B.

‘Secretaries : Physical Science—E. P. Harrison, Esq.,

Ph.D.

Anthropological Secretary :—N. Annandale, Esq., D.Sc.,

C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., F.A.S.B.

Joint Philological Secretary :—Mahamahopadhyaya Satis

Chandra Vidyabhiisana, M.A., Ph.D., F.A.S.B.

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Honorary Librarian:—S. W. Kemp, Esq., B.A., F.A.S.B.

Other Members of Council.

C. 8S. Middlemiss, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.A.S.B. 7

W. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

Major D. McCay, M.B., I.M.S.

H. R. James, Esgq., MLA.

The Hon’ble Mr. Justice J. G. Woodroffe, M.A., B.C.L.

Numismatic Secretary.

H. N. Wright, Esq., I.C.S.

Materials for a Flora of ihe Malayan Peninsula, No. 25.— By J. SyKrs

GamBL#, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., late of the Indian Forest

Department.

This Part contains the Families No. 95 (bis) Cytinaceez and 109

Balanophoracee both by Mr. H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S., late

Director of the Botanic Garden at Singapore; also Nos. 112

Juglandacez, 113 Myricacee, 114 Casuarinacee, 115 Fagacez and

116 Salicacez all by Mr.Gamble. In these 7 Families there are 11

genera and 65 species, of which 1 species in Balinophoracee and

8 in Fagacee arenew. The new species have been described, with

the usual Latin diagnoses, in the Kew Bulletin.

Family XCVI bis CYTINACEA.

By H. N. RipLey.

Parasitic fleshy herbs, leafless or with a number of scales scattered

or imbricate, reduced to a single subsessile flower or with a more

_ or less evolute flower spike. Flower unisexual or hermaphrodite,

fleshy, campanulate, the tube adnate to the ovary, above broken

up into from 3 to 12 lobes. Stamens usually innumerable ; anthers

_ sessile round the central column, bilocular. Ovary inferior or half

_ superior, unilocular or with multilamellate placentas imperfectly

plurilocular; stigma single, entire, cupshaped or discoid, or on

numerous styles on the top of the ovary or column; ovules very

numerous on parietal placentas or pendulous from the apices

of loculi, orthotropous or anatropous. Fruit fleshy, unilocular,

_ indehiscent or irregularly dehiscing. Seeds minute, albuminous —

_ Disrris. Genera 7, species about 25; in temperate or tropical

: regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

Flower solitary, lobes 5; stigmas numerous .. 1. RAFFLESIA.

Flower solitary, lobes numerous; stigma one, large,

cupshaped = ne ae .. 2. BRUGMANSIA.

1. RaFrvesia, R. Br.

Fleshy unisexual plants, parasitic on woody climbers, stemless,

1 with ovate bracts at the base of the flower adnate to the ovary.

> Perianth very large, fleshy, dull red, fetid; tube hemispheric,

> limb 5-lobed; lobes imbricate, spreadirg, broad, obtuse, glabrous,

394 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

with an elevated annular corona in the mouth. Genital column

short, thick, with a single or double ring surrounding it; apex

flat, dis:oid, with numerous styliform processes. Male flower with

a single series of anthers surrouading the neck of the column;

anthers globose, sessile, opening by a single terminal pore; styli-

form processes glabrous. Female flower similar, but anthers abortive

or absent and styliform processes hairy at the tip. Ovary inferior

with numerous labyrinthiform placentas; ovules numerous, anatro-

pous. Seeds very numerous, minute.—DistRiB. Species about 6,

in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago from Sumatra to the

Philippines.

1. RarrLesiA Hassecti, Suring. Act. Soc. Reg. 1878. Perianth

about 15 em. across; scales at base numerous, ovate, rounded.

about 1:5 cm. long; tube broad, campanulate, short, covered

inside wth slender branched processes, upper. ones near the

mouth unbranched and clubbed ; lobes and corona bright Indian-

red with dull white irregular elevated blotches scattered over

them, lobes oblong, truncate, spreading. Genital column thick

with one elevated ring, base vertically ribbed; anthers in male

flower 20; styliform processes 15 to 17, tapering upwards, 2 cm.

long, (when dry) white. Hasselt & Boerlage in Veth, Midden-

Sumatra, LV. ii. Flora t. 1, 2; Solms-Laubach, Ann. Jard. Buitenz

1X 239 and in Engl. PHanzenreich, Rafflesiaceew, p.9; Engl. & Prantl.

Natirl. Pflanzenfam. III. 1. 279, t. 178.

Perak: Taiping hill forests, Cantley, Wray; Temengoh Woods,

Ridley.—Distris. Sumatra.

Solms-Laubach in Herb. Kew. labels this R. Cantleyi, sp. nov., but seems

never to have published any description of it or referred to it in his Monograph

in the Pflanzenreich. I cannot distinguish it from R. Hasseltii. It occurs

sporadically in the dense forests and is used by the Malays as a drug under

the name of ‘ Kerubut.’ It emits only a faint odour of carrion.

2. Brugmansia, Bl. %

Fleshy unisexual or bisexual plants, parasitic on woody creepers,

leafless aud stemless, with ovate obtuse bracts. Perianth smaller

than in Rafflesia, fleshy, coriaceous; tube adnate to the ovary,

above campanulate; lobes elongate, acuminate, induplicate-

valvate, five or six, splitting two or three times when expanded,

outside glabrous, inside hairy. Genital column cylindric; anthers

numerous in a single ring below the large cupshaped hairy

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 395

stigma, opening by 2 pores. Ovary inferior, unilocular ; ovules

very numerous, on numerous indefinite placentas. Seeds minute.—

Distris. Species 2, one Japanese, and one in Sumatra, Borneo

and the Malay Peninsula.

1. Bruemansta Lowu, Bece. in Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. xi. 198

(1868), and Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. (uld series) I, 84, t. v and vii,

t. 74.

Unisexual. Perianth dark brownish-red, about 2 cm. tall and

14 cm across; tube glabrous within; lobes covered with long

reddish hair, deflexcd, acuminate, 14 to 16 in number when fully

expanded. Column shortly stipitate; anthers numerous, in the

male flower 2-celled, in the female abortive Stigma large, cup-

shaped, hairy. Fawcett Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 244, t. 36; Solms-

Laubach Pflanzenreich I. c. p. 10.

Panane: at Kwala Tembeling, Azdley—Duistris. Sumatra

(Forbes), Borneo in Sarawak and Limbang (Beccari), Seringok

(Everett).

Very foetid. Everett in litt. says, ‘‘It is dark brownish red and exactly

resembles a piece of hairy skin. It exhales a putrid odour, and on its being

taken into the house, flies were immediately attracted to it and laid their eggs

on it. These eggs were hatched out in due time, and the maggots after

wandering about the flower died.”

Family CIX. BALANOPHORACEA.

By H. N. Riprey.

Parasitic herbs with a tuberous rhizome and leaves reduced to

scales, or bract-like. Flowers small, in un sexual or bisexual spikes.

Perianih of male flowers of 3 to 8 valvate lobes or wanting.

Siamens 1 to many, filaments free or usuaily connate, anthers

bilocular or 4- to many-locular, often connate. Perianth of femaie

flower usually 0, or tubular, or lobed. Ovary giobvse ellipsoid,

sessile or stalked, l- to 3-locular; styles 1 or 2; ovules solitary

in the loculi. ruit small, resembling the ovary, one-cciled, one-

seeied —Disrrip. Genera 14, species about 4U; in the tropics of

both hem.spheres, Europe and New Zealand.

Styles olitary,

_Female flower naked Se ais .. 1. BALANOPHORA,

Styles 2,

. Female flower with tubular perianth .. .. 2. RHOPALOCNEMIS.

396 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1. BALANOPHORA, Forst.

Fleshy, red or yellow herbs with a tuberous warty rhizome.

Peduncles cylindric with large scale leaves, or subfoliaceous yellow

leaves. Spikes unisexual or bisexual, ovoid or cylindric, dense-

flowered. Perianth of male flowers stipitate, with 3 to 6 lobes, ovate

or oblong, valvate. Siamens 3 to many; filaments connate in a

cylinder ; anthers bilocular with bilocellate loculi or connate into a

3- to many-locellate mass. Perianth of minute female flowers 0, the

flowers sessile on the receptacle or on the stipes of fleshy cellular

bodies (spadicels). Ovary ellipsoid with a slender hair-like style and

terminal stigma; ovule solitary, pendulous Seed very minute,

globose.—Distriz. Species about 15, in Tropical Asia and Australia.

Spikes unisexual, red.

Anther cells 5, hippocrepiform oe .. IL. B. gigantea.

Anther cells more than 5, linear

Rhizome branched, pustular; anther cells 20 or

more s a .. 2. B. multibrachiata.

Rhizome fuboreds not ised’ anther cells

about 12 ie : .. 93 B. globosa.

Spikes slender, unisexual, Teller ; Teuanth lobes in

two dissimilar pairs . oc .. 4. B. truncata.

Spikes bisexual, yellow, pendee a0 .« 5. B. insularis.

1. BALANOPHORA GIGANTEA, Wall. Cat. 7249 (1828). Rhizome

tuberous, 15 cm. through, tessellate, not pustulate, dark orange

colour, subterranean, bluntly lobed. Peduncles up to 10 cm. tall,

covered by numerous ovate or lanceolate subcoriaceous obtuse deep

red scales. Male spike cylindric-conic, densely flowered, the flowers

sunk in alveoli, the pedicels as long as the perianth, white. Perianth-

lobes linear oblong, equal, their apices truncate, incurved, 7 mm.

long, bases white, tips deep red. Androecium white, compressed,

cylindric, obtuse, cells horse-shoe-shaped, 5 (‘‘4 to 6’’ Fawcett).

Female spike shortly peduncled, obovoid, top rounded, 3 cm. long,

2 cm. across. Spadicels oblong-cylindric, obtuse, stipitate ; female

flowers borne on the stipes of the spadicel and shorter than it.

Fawcett Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, II, 325, t. 33, fig. 5—7.

Perak: Ulu Batang Padang near Telom, in dense forest, Ridley,

at Kinta G(unong) M(alaka?) King’s Collector 7199. SmLaNGoR:

on the roots of a large fig tree, Semangkoh Pass, Ridley 8520.—

Distris Burma, Tonkin.

Kunstler describes the colouring of the plant as light yellow, the stem

and leaves as fleshy, the flowers sulphur yellow, calyx deep red. I have

described it according to my field notes. It was referred by Hooker fil. Fl.

;

hie

Heo

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 397

Brit. Ind. V. 238 to B. indica, Wall. from which I consider it to be distinct,

as does Fawcett.

2. BALANOPHORA MULTIBRACTEATA, Fawcett in Trans. Linn.

Soc. Ser. II. ii. 236, t. 34, fig. 15—18 (1886). Rhizome dichotomously

branched with subterete branches, scarlet, tessellate and sprinkled

with papillae; branches about lcm. through, the erect flowering

ones 3—4 cm. long, broken up at the top into 5 or 6 rounded lobes.

Male spike 6 cm. long, shortly stalked, lax-flowered, with a few

scale-leaves at the base. Pedicels 5mm.long. Perianth-lobes 4,

linear oblong, obtuse, about 5 mm. long. Androecium short,

flattened, oblong, with over 20 linear narrow straight cells. Female

spike shortly oblong, globose, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, shortly

peduncled, with a few broad scale-leaves at the base. Spadicels

oblong, sessile. Female flowers very slender on a receptacle about

as long.

PawanG: Gunong Iran, and Telom, Ulu Batang Padang,

Ridley, Kloss and Robinson.—Distriz. Sumatra.

The branching scarlet rhizome largely above ground and resembling scarlet

coral makes this a very beautiful and distinct plant.

3. BALANOPHORA GLOBOSA, Jungh. in Nov. Act. Acad, Caes.

Nat. Cur, XVIII. Suppl. i. 210, t. 2 (1841). Yuber subterranean,

often large, 15 cm. through, light brown, tessellate, not pustular,

yellow within; branches numerous, short, broad, cone-shaped, split at

the top into irregular lobes. Plants unisexual, spikes on very short

peduncles, 2—3 cm. long, covered with numerous coriaceous ovate

obtuse dark red scales. Male spike 2cm. long, shortly protruding

from the scales, red; rhachis rather stout with broad truncate

horse-shoe-shaped bracts; the flowers sunk in alveoli, very short,

4 mm. long, shortly stalked. Perianth-lobes 5, oblong, truncate,

tips incurved. Androecium ellipsoid, flattened, with about 12

vertical linear cells. Female spike ellipsoid, subglobose, with a

broad rounded top, 2 cm. long, hardly protruding from the scales.

Spadicels oblong, obtuse, sessile, rather large. Female flowers

_ shorter, borne on ete receptacle.

PERAK: Ulu Batang Padang, Telom, Ridley. Pauanca: Gunong

_Tahan, Robinson 5413, up to 1800 m. elevation; K’luang Terbang,

ie Be Barnes. SELANGOR: Semangkoh Pass at from 600 to 1200 m. alt.,

Ridley. Matacca: Mt. Ophir, Ridley; Maingay K.D. 1240.—

Distris. Java.

398 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

The commonest species in the Peninsula, parasitic on coniferae, Dacrydium ,

ete. Junghuhn only describes and figures the female, but I have little doubt

that this is the plant he intended. A rhizome from Java from De Vriese, who

calls it B globosa, is identical with the Peninsular species. Fawcett, however,

refers it to his species B. ramosa.

4. BaLANOPHORA TRUNCATA, Rid]. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XLI,

296 (1912). Rhizome tuberous, as large as the fist, deeply buried,

tessellate and papillose, not pustular. Male flower stems 7 to 20cm.

long, slender, dirty yellow. Leaves sheathing the basal portion 3

to « , rather distant, lanceolate, obtuse to oblong, 2 to 3 cm. long.

Flower spik lax, slender, 4—9 cm.long; flowers sessile, transversely

oblong, 5 mm. wide by 2 mm. across. Outer perianth-lohes 2,

transversely oblong, inner pair linear oblong, much narrower, obtuse,

truncate, yellow. Androecium white, transversely oblong; cells

parallel, linear, very numerous. Female flower spike not seen.

Perak: Ulu Batang Padang at about 900 m elevation, parasitic

on a woody climber, Ridley. Setancor: Mt. Menuang Gasing

between 900 and 1500 m. elevation, C. B. Kloss.

This is allied to B. polyandra, Griff., but is more slender and with very

differently shaped perianth lobes.

5. BALANOPHORA INSULARIS, Ridl. in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str.

Br. XLV. 213 (1907). Rhizome rather small, about 2 in.

through, nodular and warted. Stems one or more with a small

volva split into 4 or 5 rounded lobes at the base, 8—9 cm. tall,

entirely lemon yellow, 3 mm. thick. Leaves oblong, linear, blunt,

2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, tips often denticulate. Spike with scattered

male flowers at the base; apex ellipsoid-ovate, female. Male flowers

1 mm. across; perianth lobes oblong, truncate, upper and lower

ones longer and wider than the lateral! ones. Androecium trans-

versely oblong, cells 7—8, hexagonal. Female flowers shortly stalked,

with numerous obovate tailed spadicels; ovary obovoid, minutely

pustulate. ;

Perak: Lenggong, Ridley. Pauana: East coast on Pulau Aur,

Feilding.—Distris. Christmas Island.

2. RHOPALOCNEMIS, Jungh.

Fleshy parasitic herbs, yellow or red. Rhizome tuberous or

elongate, scales and leaves absent. Spikes unisexual, sessile or

stalked, cylindric, many-flowered. Flowers of both sexes minute,

imbedded in a mass of filiform cellular hairs; bracts peltate, conic,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 399

ataiked, angled, umbrella-shaped, covering the spikes at first, then

deciduous. Mal» flowers intundibuliform with licerate morzins,

-or of 4 obcuneate oblong truncate lobes; stamens °, connate, anther-

cells numerous, linear, connate. Fema'e flower: perianth tubular

or bilobed, lobes rounded; stvles 2, stigmas discoid; ovule 1,

pendulous. Seed globose, albumen thin, embryo large —DistF tp.

Species 2. One in Java and the Himalayas and one in the Malay

Peninsula.

1. Raoratoonemts RuFicees, Ridl. in Kew Bull. 188 (1914).

Rhizome elongate, terete, over 15 cm. long, branched, 5 mm. throuch,

yellow becoming oranze-brown outside. Leaves, scales and volva

none. Stems columnar, terete, 8—1l0cm. long. 7mm. through, yellow

with brown transverse streaks, Capitulum ovoid to cylindric, 4—l0

em. long. 2—3 cm. through, rose pink covered with bright red bracts;

bracts stipitate, cone-shaped, 4- to 6-angled (when dry), 5 cm long

and 4mm. across the widest part; soon deciduous. Male flowers

2mm. long, perianth lobes 4, oblong, truncate, shortly connate

at the base; androecium shorter, column thick; anthers ellipsoid

in an obtuse oblong head with about 8 linear loculi. Female flowers

minute, flattened; perianth elliptic, tubular; stvles 2, stigmas

discoid. Hairs in both sexes very numerous, dense, enclosing the

flowers.

Prexana: Stoliczka (in herb. Calc); Penara Bukit, Ridley.

PERAK: Taiping Hills in dense forest, Low, Ridley, Anderson.

Very distinct from the only other described species, R. phalloides, Jungh., in

the slender creeping rhizome, the absence of any volva, the tall cylindric

peduncle and cylindrical red capitulum.

Family CXII. JUGLANDACEAS.

Trees, usually large, with hard wood, often strongly aromatic.

Leaves alternate, pinnate, stipules 0. Flowers moncecious: 3 in

catkins in simple or paniculate pendulous spikes; perianth O or of

3—6 lobes adnate to the bract: 9 in erect, sometimes afterwards

pendulous, few or many-flowered spikes or racemes; perianth

4-lobed, superior; bract inferior, often enlarged in fruit. Stamens

2 or more, on the perianth-lobes ; anther-cells parallel ; filaments

very short or 0. Ovary inferior, 1 celled ; ovule solitary, erect,

orthotropous ; style short ; stigmas 2, short sessile or long, laciniate.

Fruit a drupe or nut, naked or clothed with the marcescent bract and

perianth-lobes; pericarp fleshy or succulent: endocarp hard, bony

400 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

or crustaceous, sometimes dehiscent, with sinuously inflexed inner

walls and 2—4 basal pits within. Seed basifixed, 2—4-lobed at base ;

albumen 0; cotyledons equal, sinuous or subfoliaceous and con

torted; radicle superior.—Distris. Genera 5, chiefly in North Tem-

perate regions, a few species tropical.

1. ENGELHARDTIA, Lesch.

Trees, often of large size. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets entire or

serrate often with the under surfaces covered with glandular scales.

Flowers moncecious, in paniculate spikes or racemes, usually the

lower branches 3, the terminal one ? , sometimes the ¢ lateral or

axillary on the wood of the previous year, the 2 from the axi! of

the new year’s shoots; 6 erect or pendulous, 2 pendulous; both ¢

and 9? supported by bracts, which in the @ are persistent and

become expanded in fruit. Perianth in @ irregularly but usually

4-lobed,in 2 usually 4-lobed and surmounting the ovary. Stamens

4 subsessile on the perianth lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-celled,

l-ovuled ; ovule erect, orthotropous; style short ; stigmas 2, short,

sessile or long laciniate and inwardly stigmatose, often 2fid. Frust

a small globose nut, adnate to the much enlarged, 3—6-lobed,

scarious, net-veined bract, three lobes usually much elongate, the

mid-lobe the longest; epicarp or perianth-tube thin, stiffly hirsute or

covered with glandular scales; endocarp 2-valved. Seed 2—4-lobed

at the base, the cotyledons rugosely folded and contorted.—DistR1B.

Species 6 (if #. aceriflora and EH Colebrookiana are considered as

varieties of H. spicata) in India, China and the Malay Peninsula

aud Archipelago.

Fruit covered with acicular hairs; perianth of o flowers

irregular.

Fruiting bract 4lobed, cupshaped at base, the

inner lobe obtuse, short, crenate or emarginate,

the 3 outer much enlarged; leaves large, up to ~

30 cm. Jong, usually membranous .. . lL. H. spicata.

Fruiting bract 3-4lobed, cleft within to the Bade!

the inner lobe short, acute, the 3 outer much

enlarged; leaves up to 15 em. long, coriaceous.. 2. H. nudiflora.

Fruit covered with glandular scales; perianth of ¢

flowers regular, 4-lobed; fruiting bract 3-lobed, cleft

within to the base.’ the inner lobe absent, the outer

3much enlarged; leaves coriaceous, 20—30 cm. long. 3. H. Wallichiana.

1. EnceLtwarptia spicata, Blume Bijdr. 528 (1826) and FI.

Jay. Jugland, 8, tt. 1 and 5A (1828). A large subdeciduous tree,

Fiora of the Malayan Peninsula. 40]

reaching in Java 30 m. or more in height ; branchlets greyish brown,

lenticellate, the uppermost more or less pubescent and often with

rounded glandular scales. Leaves paripinnate with 3—7 pairs of

opposite or subopposite leaflets, membranous or chartaceous, up to

30 cm. long in all, petiole 5—10 cm. long; leaflets petiolulate or

subsessile, elliptic-oblong or -ovate, acute or acuminate at apex,

rounded or attenuate, usually unequally, at base; margins entire;

both surfaces smooth, olive brown when dry, the under sometimes

softly pubescent: 10—18 cm. long,4—6cm. broad; mainnerves 10-—

12 pairs, curving to near the margin, reticulation areolate. Flowers

in slender pendulous pubescent spikes: ¢ spikes up to 30 cm. long,

deciduous; bracts entire or trifid, at apex bearing 3 or more irregu-

lar oblong perianth-lobes embracing the stamens, the end lobe often

elongate; stamens in two rows of about 6 each, anthers oblong,

hispid, shortly apiculate, filaments very short: @ spikes also up to

30 cm. long; bract cup-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes unequal ; perianth-

lobes 4—5, narrow, superior, persistent and often reflexed ; ovary,

as also the base of the bract, densely clothed with stiff acicular.

hairs; style short, stigmas 4, slender, papillose. Mruiét a globose

crustaceous nut, 5 mm. in diam., covered with stiff acicular hairs and

crowned with the persistent perianth-lobes and style ; cupular bract

scarious, embracing the base of the nut, 4-lobed, the 3 outer Inbes

much enlarged, the midlobe obovate or spathulate, 3—4 cm. long, up

to l—5 cm. broad, the 2 side lobes similar but only half as long, the

inner lobes short emarginate or crenate, about 5 mm. long, the

XVI. ii. 140; Kurz For. Fi. If. 491; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 842;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 595; Engl. & Prantl Natur!. Pflanzenfam.

III. i. 24, Figs. 19 B, 20 B; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. V. 165; Koord.

Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 51; Brandis Ind. Trees 620; Prain Beng.

Plants, 984. WH. Roxburghiana, Lindl. in Wall PI. As. Rar. II. 87, t.

199 (the fruit only); Wall. Cat. 490; Brandis For. FI. 500. JSuglans

pterococca, Roxb FI. Ind. III. 631 (in part only).

PreRak: King’s Collector 162!; at Temango, Ridley 14494!.—

Distris. India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, Philippines.

2. HNGELHARDTIA NuDIFLORA, Hook. f. Ic. Pl. 1747 (1888) and

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 597. A lofty tree; branchlets pale brown with con-

spicuous lenticels, the uppermost tawny-pubescent and glandular.

Leaves paripinnate with 2—6 pairs of opposite or subopposite leaflets,

coriaceous, 10—15 cm. long in all; leaflets subsessile, elliptic or

402 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

obovate, obtuse at apex usually with a short acute point, attenuate

or cuneate more or !ess unequally at base; entire or suhcrenate on

the margins; the upper sirface dark and shining when dry the

lower ferruginous-brown nearly glabrous and glandular; 3—8cm long,

2—3 em. broad; nerves 6—10 pairs, somewhat impressed above, pro-

minent beneath. Flowers: ¢ in slender axillary spikes 2—4 cm.

long, bracts subpestinately lobed in minutely antheriferous lobes,

anthers ellipsoid, hispidulous: 9 in subsolitary slender axillary

spikes 5—8 cm. long, erect in flower pendulous in fruit ; bracts 3 fid,

very glandular, the midlohbe the longest ; perianth-lobes 4, triangular

acute, recurved in fruit; ovary orbicular, stiffly hirsute; style

slender, divided into 2-—4 filiform stigmas. Fruit a small globose

nut, about 4 mm. in diam., covered with stiff acicular hairs and

surmounted by the persistent perianth lobes ; cupular bract much

enlarged, cleft nearly to the base within and divided on the outside

into three scarious spathulate lobes, the mid-lobe 3—4 em. long and

up to | em. broad, the side-lobes about half as long, all three prom-

inently net-veined and covered with glandular scales (inside is a

short acute fourth lobe, sometimes absent).

PenanG: Government Hill, Maingay K.D.1510!. Prax: at

Bruas Dindings, a tall slender tree with red fruit, Ridley 7213!.

SINGAPORE : in garden jungle, Redley 5905 !.

var. crenata Hook f. M.S. in Herb. Kew. Leaflets prominently

crenate, very unequal at base; fruiting bracts with the side lobes

frequently winged and the small inner lobe more expanded. 4.

serrata, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind V. 596 not of Blume.

Penane: at Muka head, 150 m. alt., Curtis 716!.

It would be interesting, as Sir J. D. Hooker suggested, to obtain o flowers

of this var.; it is not impossible that it may prove to be a distinct species. I do

not think it is Z. serrata, Bl., of which I have seen specimens in the Kew

and Calcutta Herbaria.

3. Encetaarpria WaALLicHiANA, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 4942

(1828). A tall densely foliaged tree, reaching a height of 24—30 m.

of stem; branchlets slender, dark grey, smooth, the uppermost

minutely tawny-puberulous. Leaves paripinnate with 2—4 pairs of

leaflets, subopposite or alternate, coriaceous, 20 —30 cm. long in all,

the petiole 5—10 cm. long; leaflets petiolulate (about 1 em ), sub-

falcately lanceolate, long but obtusely acuminate at apex, narrowed

and somewhat decurrent at base; margins entire, reflexed; both

Fe Te en ee eer | Peat ae

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 403

surfaces smooth, glabrous, yellowish-green when fresh, olive-brown

when dry; ]0—16 cm. long, 3—5 cm broad; main nerves 12—14

pairs, curved to join in loops near the margin, reticulation areolate.

Flowers in spikes or racemes ‘in spreading suberect panicles: &

spikes 5—10 cm. long ; bracts minute, 3-lobed, covered with glandular

scales ; perianth-lobes 4, obovate, cucullate, also densely glandular

without, each bearing usually 3 stamens, one at base two a little

higher up, anthers minute, suborbicular, nearly sessile: 2 in tawny-

puberulous racemes reaching 20 cm. in length; pedicels 3—5 mm.

long, curved upwards ; bracts cup-shaped, 3 lobed; perianth-lobes 4

asin g', surmounting the glandular depressed-orbicular ovary ; style

very short, stigmas 4 spreading caducous. Fruit a globular nut

5—6 mm. in diam., closely covered with golden round glandular scales

and surmounted by the hardened persistent perianth-lobes; cupu'ar

bract at first small, then gradually expande1 into a 3-lobed scarious

involucre cleft to the base on the inner side, the mid-lobe spathu-

late, 4cm. long by 1—1-5 cm. broad, the side lobes oblong 2-25 cm.

long by 8 mm. broad, the whole involucre prominently net-veined,

with glandular scales and scurfy on the nerves. C. DC. Prodr. XVI.

ti. 141; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 596. #. chrysolepis, Hance in

Ann. Sc. Nat. Sér. 4 XV. 227; Baill. Hist. Pl. XI. 403, fig. 469.

E. Roxburghiana, Lindl. in Wall Pl. As. Rar. IL. 87 t.199 (1n part

only, i.e. all but the fruit). Juglans pterococca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III,

631 an part only.

PENANG AND Sine@apore: Wallich 4942!. Prnane: Govern-

ment Hill, 2000 ft. Maingay K.D. 1509!; Curtis 56!; King’s Col-

lector 1799!; Ridley 9367!. Perak: in old dense forest about Larut

at 1000 m. alt., King’s Collector 2915!; Scortechini!; Wray !.—Dis-

TRIB. China, Tonkin.

The plate in Wallich Pl. As. Rar. clearly represents this species except the

drawing of the fruit, which belongs to EH. spicata. The plate is copied from

Roxburgh’s drawing of Juglans pterococca and the description in Roxb. Fl. Ind.

except as regards the female flowers and fruit clearly belongs, as suggested

by Hook. f. in the Fl. Br. Ind., to this species also.

Family CXIII. MYRICACE.

Glandular and aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate

penninerved, simple or rarely pinnatifid, entire serrate or irregularly

dentate; stipules 0. Fiowers unisexual, dicecious or rarely mone-

cious, in bracteate catkin-like spikes; the male spikes solitary,

404 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

fascicled or panicled, the female spikes axillary, the bracts 1—4-

flowered ; in moneecious species the male flowers below, the female

above. Male flowers: stamens 3—6, rarely more, on a torus adnate

to the bract; filaments short, free or connate; anthers erect, 2-

celled. Female flowers: ovary l-celled, sessile, with 2—4 minute

bracteoles; style bifid, inwardly stigmatose; ovule 1, erect, ortho-

tropous. Drupe ovoid or globose with a resinous, often papillose,

succulent or waxy exocarp and hard endovarp. Seed erect; testa

membranous, albumen 0; embryo straight, cotyledons plano-convex,

radicle short, superior. Genus 1.

1. Myrica, Linn.

Characte rs of the Family.

Distris. Species about 63, in temperate and tropical regions,

not yet reported from Australia.

1. Myrica &SCULENTA, Buch.-Ham. in D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep.

56 (1825). A small evergreen dicecious tree or large shrub, some-

times reaching 10 m. in height; branches rather stout with smooth

greyish brown bark, branchlets pale, lenticellate, the uppermost

brownish-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, crowded towards the ends of

the branchlets; oblanceolate or obovate, rounded or obtuse or

obtusely acute at apex, cuneate at base; slightly pubescent beneath

when young, especially on the midrib, and sparsely covered with

circular resinous glands, glabrous on both surfaces when old, when

dry the upper surface nearly black, the lower purplish-brown ; margins

entire or serrulate towards the tip, those of young shoots often

prominently dentate; 4—12 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib prom-

inent on both surfaces; main nerves 10—15 pairs, usually nearly at

right angles with the midrib, joining in loops near the margin;

secondary nerves short, reticulation areolate; petiole 4—6 mm. long,

tuberculous. Flowers: o in panicles 4—5 em. long; catkins in

clusters on a pubescent rhachis and its branches, the catkins up

to 3 cm. long; each catkin subtended by an ovate cordate bract

about 1:5 mm long, covered with glandular scales; flowers in each

catkin about 10—12, each with a small ovate cordate flowering bract

and 3—6 stamens; anthers orbicular, 2-celled, filaments short : 2 in

simple sp kes up to about 4cm. long; rhachis grey-pubescent ; flowers

in each catkin about 3, subtended by an ovate obtuse glandular-scaly

bract about 1 mm. long, each flower with a bract about 0-5 mm.

long; styles long; scales at the base of the ovary 2—3, very minute.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 405

Fruit an ellipsoid flattened drupe 0°5—1 cm. long, the exocarp

covered with dense brown hair and red clavate fleshy papillose

processes; endocarp thick, bony, rugoselv pitted without. Chevalier

Monog. Myric. 120 (1991), M. sapida, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep.

t. 45 and Cat, 6811; C. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 151; Brandis For. Fi. 495.

M. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 765 (1832); C. DC. lec. 151;

Wight Ic. tt. 764, 765; Wall. Cat. 6812. M. missionis, Wall.

O36, 7297: C. DC. lic. 152: _M. Farquhariana, Wall. Tent. Lc. 61;

wate coals; C: DC. |l.c. 152. M.Nagi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind -V.

597 non Thunb.; Kurz For. Fl. II. 475; Collett Fl. Siml. 475 t.

151; Brandis Ind. Trees 620.

PauwanG: at Peeken and Kwala Brawas, Ridley 1076!, 1567!.

Mauacea: Griffith K.D. 5008!; Maingay KD. 1347; at Bukit

Bruang and Bukit Kajan, Alwis!, Vern. ‘Poko Golinche’ and

“Poko Kusama.’ Singapore: Wallich 6813!; a bushy tree on the

seashore at Toas, Ridley 297!; in Woodland at Kranji. Ridley

297; at Bajan, Vern. ‘Kayteng’ Ridley 3955.—Distris. India,

China, Japan.

Var. auriculata, Gamble. Leaves auricled at the base, main

nerves more conspicuous beneath. Flowers in catkins, clustered

on the rhachis of a simple spike 2—4 cm. long; bracts of each

catkin acuminate, reflexed, 2 mm. long, those of each flower acute,

1 mm. long.

PaHanG: at Gunong Tahan, up to 1500 m. alt., July 1905.

Wray and Robinson 5519!.

Family CXIV. CASUARINACEA.

Trees or shrubs; branches woody; branchlets subherbaceous,

eylindric, grooved, jointed, the internodes ending in a short whorled

sheath of connate subulate scales, which represent the leaves, the

branchlets having the habit of Ephedra or Equisetum. Fiowers monce-

cions or dicecious: ¢ in whorls in terminal spikes of short superposed

toothed cups, each flower 2-bracteolate; 2 in ovoid or globose heads,

bracteate and bracteolate. Perianth: ¢ of 1 or 2 concave

segments, circumscissile at the base and pushed off by the anther

eventually: @ none. Stamen 1, inflexed in bud; anther large, the

cells distinct placed back to back but free above and below, dehis-

cing longitudinally. Ovary minute, 1-celled; style short, then bifid

with long filiform red arms stigmatose to the base; ovules 2,

collateral, semi-anatropous. Fruit an oblong or cylindric cone

406 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

formed of the enlarged hardened bracts and bracteoles, which to-

gether make 2-valved cavities en losing the achenes; achenes

compressed, thin above and with many spiral vessels, crustaceous

below, winged terminally and tipped by the style. Seed by abortion

solitary, laterally attached; testa membranous; albumen 0; coty-

jedons flat, equal, fleshy: radicle superior.—DistRis. 1 genus.

1. CasuaRINA, Forst.

Characters of the Family.

Distriz. About 23 species, chiefly Australian, a few only

Malayan and Pacific, one extending to the E. Coast of the Bay of

Bengal.

1. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA, Forst. Char. Gen. 103, t. 53

(1776). A very tall tree with drcoping branches. the younger ones

covered with the recurved remains of the scales; branchlets fili-

form, internodes about 4—6 mm. long, sheaths with 6—8 scales

(leaves) usually 8. Flowers moncecious: o spikes cylindric or

elongate-clavate, 1:5—2 cm. long, flowers in whorls of usually 8 ;

bracteoles lanceolate-penicillate; perianth lobes unequal, hooded:

? in subglobose heads about 5 mm. long, bracteoles minute.

Fruit cones globular-oblong about 1 cm. in diam., with about

12 rows of achenes in puberulous hardened bracts. Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat I.; 875 and in DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 338; Brandis For. FI.

435 and Ind. Trees, 620; Kurz For. Fl. IL. 494; Benth. & Von

Mueller Fl. Austral. VI. 197; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 538; Engl.

& Prantl] Naturl. Pflanzenfam. Ill. i. 17, Fig. 15 A—L; Koord.

& Val. Bijde X. 272; Koord. Exkurs:” FE) Saye ie bain

Beng. Plants 985. C. muricaia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ILI. 519; Wall. Cat. :

6815. C. littorea, Rumph. Herb. Amb. III. 86, t. 57.

Panane: at Pekan and Sungei Meang, Aidley!.—Disrris. Coast

of the Bay of Bengal, from Chittagong southwards; coast of the China

sea; Malay Archipelago, Pacific Islands, Australia, elsewhere fre-

quently cultivated in most tropical regions.

Family CXV. FAGACEA.

Trees or rarely shrubs. JLeares simple, alternate, penninerved,

entire toothed or lobed; stipules free, caducous. Flowers minute,

usually monoecious, occasionally dicecious, sometimes herma

phrodite; males in erect or pendulous catkins or spikes or rarely

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 407

cymosely capitate; females in spikes or capitate or solitary; bracts

sometimes involucrate. Perianth: % usually 6- occasionally 4—7-

lobed, membran us, the lobes free or connate: 92 usually asin ¢ but

smaller, free or adnate to the ovary, usually with an involucre and

miany imbricate scales. Stamens usually 6 or 12, sometimes fewer,

occas o1ally more, adnate to the base of the perianth, filaments

slender, anthers dehiscing Jongitudinally. Ovary in ¢ flowers

reduced to a rudimentary pistillode or 0: in 2 more or less com-

pletely 3—6-celled, the cells 2-ovuled; ovules pendulous anatropous;

styles as many as the cells; stigmas terminal, often minute. Fruit

a nut, sometimes 1—4 nuts, included within or surrounded by often

greatly enlarged invo'ucrate bracts forming a cupule; pericarp

coriaceous or woody. Seed pendulous, usually solitary; testa mem-

branous; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, fleshy, plano-convex or

sinuate, sometimes indented in star-like fashion, sometimes rumi-

nate; radicle superior.—Duistris.: Genera 5, chiefly of north

temperate regions or of hilly districts in the tropics.

Nut (acorn) | only ; cupules cup-shaped or saucer-shaped

or completely enclosing the acorn.

Male spikes pendulous; stamens usually 6; stigmas

broad, covering the inner surface of the summit

of the recurved styles or capitate on them;

cupule (in Malay Peninsular species) lameilate,

surrounding the lower part of the acorn only;

leaves usually serrate or lobed =: -. 1. QUERCUS.

Male spikes erect; stamens usually 12; stigmas

consi-ting of a pore, terminal on the slightly

curved styles; cupule of imbricate scales or

lamellate or entirely enclosing the acorn, some-

times smooth, occasionally spiny; leaves usually

entire, rarely serrate .. =- -. 2. PASANTA.

Nuts 1 or up to 4; cupules enclosing the nuts, often

splitting irregularly, usuajly armed with spines or

clusters of spines or sometimes tubercular only ;

stigmas as in Pasania; leaves entire or serrate .. 93 CASTANOPSIS.

i It will be seen that I have preferred, with a slight modification, to

adopt the genera propused by Prantl in Engler’s ‘ Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien’

and to subdivide the old genus Quercus uader which the Malay Peninsular

Oaks were described by Sir G. King in his Monograph and by Sir J. D. Hooker

; in the Flora of British India into the two very well marked genera Quercus

and Pasaniu, rather than to follow the more detailed subdivision preferred

: by Oers.ed in 1866 or by Schottky in 1912. The genus Castanopsis, at any rate

so iar as the species with one nut in the cupule is concerned, comes very

near to Pasania, especially to those species which have prickly cupules.

;

408 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1. QuERcos, L.

Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves toothed or

lobed, rarely entire. Flowers moncecious: ¢ solitary or 1—3 to-

gether, in pendulous catkins; 9 solitary in erect few-flowered spikes.

Perianth: & cup-shaped, thin, with usually 6 sometimes 3—5 lobes

supported by small bracteoles: 9 asin 3 , but smaller, free or adnate

to the ovary, surrounded by an involucre of many imbricate or

annular scales. Stamens usually 6, sometimes fewer; filaments

slender ; anthers rather large. Ovary: in 3 flowers 0 or reduced toa

villous pistillode; in @ flowers 3-celled, the cells 2-ovulate:

styles usually 3, short, recurved; stigmas broad, lining the inner

faces of the styles. Acorn ovoid globose or turbinate, seated on or

partly enclosed in a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cupule, the in-

volucral scales hardened into teeth or tubercles or annular lamelle;

pericarp crustaceous or coriaceous; surmounted by an umbo con-

sisting of the persistent styles. Seed 1; testa membranous; coty-

ledons fleshy, plano-convex.—Distriz. Temperate regions of the

Northern Hemisphere, a few only extending down into the mountains

of Malaya, about 200 species (Prantl).

According to Prantlin Englerand Prantl’s ‘ Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien

the genus is divisible into 3 Sections, all the species of the Malay Peninsula

and Islands belonging to the Section CycLOBALANOPSIS in which the involucral

bracts forming the cupule are united to form concentric lamelle with entire

crenate or denticulate margins, and the leaves are dentate or serrate.

Leaves with silvery scales on the lower surface, serra-

tures near the apex obscure and shallow; acorn-

cupules obconic-at base, then hemispheric, with

8—10 minutely denticulate lamelle,2cm.deep .. 1. Q. argenitata.

Leaves glabrous on the lower surface, serratures near

the apex prominent.

Leaves 10—18 em. long; cupule cylindric-hemis-

pheric, 2—2 5 cm. in height and depth, the lamel-

lz thin tomentose a Ae .. 2. Q. otdocarpa.

Leaves 5—7 cm. long; cupuleslightly obconic

below then cylindric, 1—5 cm. in height and

diam., 2 of the lower belts much thickened,

the rest thin Pee Ss .. 3. Q. turbinata,

var. crassilamellata. |

1. QuERcUS ARGENTATA, Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot.

215, t. 47, fig 1—17 (1839—42). Atree; branchlets stout, rough,

very prominently lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong,

oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly and somewhat obtusely

ee eee

;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 409

caudate-acuminate at apex, acute or acuminate at base; margin

entire or the upper third very obscurely repand-serrate with

45 teeth; upper surface shining, glabrous, olive-brown when

dry, lower dull with a layer of minute silvery scales; 10—20 cm.

long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib slender, prominently impressed above

and raised beneath; main nerves 10—15 pairs, regular, rather indis-

tinct, curved to near the margin and then joining in small loops;

transverse nervules very many, subparallel, faint like the reticulation ;

petiole slender, 1°5—3 cm. long, grooved. Spikes: ¢ in axillary or

lateral panicles up to 3 cm. long; rhachis of panicle angled, subgla-

brous, of spikes tawny villous; bracts of spikes linear-subulate, 3 mm.

long; bracteoles ovate-acute, 1‘5mm.long: Q lateral, 2—5 cm. long,

stout; rhachis densely lenticellateandrough. Flowers in each cluster

3; perianth cup-shaped, obscurely 3-lobed; stamens 4—6. Fruit

sessile; mature cupule obconic at base then hemispheric, embracing

about half the acorn, 2°5 cm. indiam., 2 cm. deep; lamella about

8—10, thin, broad, subequal, grey-puberulous, minutely denticulate ;

acorn ovoid, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, 3cm. long, 2 em. in

diam., the umbo truncate-conic. Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I.

299; A. DC. in Prodr. XVI. ii. 91; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 858; Ann.

Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 115; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 230.

King Ann. Cale. II. 30, t. 24 A. Cyclobalanopsis argentata, Oerst;

in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 79 t. I. II. 5 to 8 (1866).

Matacca: at Batu Tiga, Vern. ‘ Pinang Pinang’ Holmberg 770!.

SINGAPORE: in garden jungle, Ridley 6443!.—DistRis, Sumatra

Korthals, Forbes 2719, 2753; Bangka Teysmann; Borneo Hallier

2864! ( & flowers).

The description of the ~ flowers (unfortunately still in bud-stage) is taken

from Hallier’s specimen, that of the fruit from a ripe acorn collected by Ridley,

as the fruits described by King and his predecessors were admittedly immature.

2. QuERCUS o1DOCARPA, Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 216,

t. 47. fig. 18 (1839—42). A large tree reaching 30 m. in height

and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets brown, stout, with

many prominent lenticels, the uppermost puberulous; buds ovoid,

small, pubescent. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate,

acuminate at apex, acute or acuminate and sometimes unequal

at base; upper surface glossy green when fresh, reddish-brown and

shining when dry, lower dull, smooth, glabrous; margin entire below,

prominently serrate in the upper fourth part with about 2—4 in-

curved fairly deep serratures; 10—18 cm. long, 3°5—6 cm. broad ;

410 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

midrib stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 8—12 pairs

slightly prominent on the upper, more so on the lower surface,

curved to close to the margin; transverse nervules prominent,

subparallel, enclosing the prominent reticulation; petiole 2—3 cm.

long, slender. Spikes: ¢ unknown: @ solitary, shorter than the

leaves, flexuous, stout especially in fruit. Fruit sessile; cupule

cylindric-hemispheric embracing one half to three-fourths or even

more of the acorn, 2—2°5 cm. in diam. and depth; lamelle

6—8, broad, thin, minutely tomentose, the margins of the lower

boldly crenate, of the upper subentire; acorn ovoid-globose, with

a slightly flattened top and conical zoned umbo minutely tomentose,

2—3 cm. long, 2—2'5 cm. in diam. Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I

302; A. DC. in Prodr. XVI. ii. 99; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I; 856 and

Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 115; Wenzig in Jahrb.iBot. Gart. Berl. IV.

233; King in Ann. Calc. II. 28 t. 214; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

603. Cyclobalanopsis oidocarpa, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel.

78 (1866).

Prenane: at Batu Feringi, Vern. ‘ Brangen Babie’, Curtis 434!.

Perak: in dense forest up to 250 m. alt., Larut, King’s Collector

3723! 8258!; Scortechini (acorn only). Distr: Sumatra Korthals,

Forbes 585!; Borneo. Vern. ‘ Berangan Antan’ Ridley.

3. QUERCUS TURBINATA, Blume Bijdr. 523 (1825), Fl. Jav. Cupul.

31, t. 18 and Mus. Bot-Lugd.-Bat. I. 302; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i,

855 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 114 (excl. syn. Q. Horsfieldit:

Miq.); Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 22: Koord.-Exkurs. Fl. Jav.

II. 60, fig. 10. Q. lineata, Bl. var. Merkusii, Wenzig in Jahrb.

Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 232 (excl. syn. Q. Horsjieldii; Miq.); King

Ann. Cale. II. 33, t. 26. 2. @Q. WMerkusii, Endl, Gen. Pl. Suppl. IV.

ii. 28. Cyclobalanopsis Merkusti, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk.

Meddel, 79 (1866). C. turbinata, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

XLVII. 648 (1912).

Var. crassilamellata, Gamble. A largetree; branchlets stout,

dark grey, rough. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, shortly and

obtusely acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; margins serrate ;

in the upper third or fourth part with about 4—5 pairs of serratures ;

glabrous or slightly puberulous on the lower surface, shining on the

upper, dull on the lower surface and reddish-brown and slightly

glaucescent when dry; 5—7 cm. long, 1:55—3 cm. broad; midrib

moderately stout, slightly grooved on the upper, raised on the lower

surface; main nerves 8—9 pairs, regular, subparallel, raised on both

— ee

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 411

surfaces ; transverse nervules many, irregular and branched, reticula-

tion obscure; petiole slender, 6—12 mm. long. Spikes: 3 in dense

short catkins, 1—2 cm. long, clustered in upper leaf-axils, densely

villous: 9 under 3 cm. long, very stout in fruit. Flowers: 3

perianth 6-lobed, the lobes very small and thin, densely villous ;

stamens 6, anthers large, reniform, the connective penicillate;

2 unknown. Frutt sessile, when very young truncate-obconic,

the orifice showing only a short umbo tipped with the 3 divaricate

styles; when nearly mature cupule slightly obconic at base for 5 mm.

with about 2 belts, then cylindric for 1—1°5 cm. with about 4 belts,

then flat with 2—3 belts, leaving an orifice 5—10 mm. in diam. from

which only the umbo of the ovoid depressed shining slightly

puberulous acorn protrudes, the acorn being 1 cm. in diam. and

7mm. in height; the second and third lowest belts much thickened,

corky, crenately-lobed, the upper belts entire.

Penane: West Hill at about 750 m. alt., Curtis 903! Perak:

camp on Ulu Batang Padang, 1500 m. alt., Wray 1532!

This may prove to be a new species when better material becomes available,

but in leaves and also in the acorns, except the two conspicuously thickened

belts, it agrees well with Teysmann’s specimens of Q. Merkusiz, Endl., from

Bangka Island. I quite agree with Koorders and Valeton that Q. turbinata, Bl.,

is distinct from Q. lineata, Bl. The description of the ~ inflorescence and

flower is taken from Curtis 903 which seems to, but does not certainly, belong

to the same plant as Wray’s fruiting specimen. The leaves, however, agree

quite well and the species belongs clearly to this genus.

2. Pasanta, Oerst.

Trees usually evergreen. Leaves usually entire, rarely serrate.

Flowers moncecious or sometimes dicecious, often androgynous,

in erect spikes, when androgynous the 2 in the lower part the ¢

above, sometimes a few ¢ between, solitary or in clusters of

3 or more in 3, of 3 at most in 9, the clusters supported by minute

bracteoles. Perianth cup-shaped, with usually 6, occasionally more

lobes: ¢o larger than ?, the latter surrounded by an involucre of

many imbricate or annular scales. Stamens usually 12, rarely fewer

or more; filaments very slender, erect; anthers very small, reniform

or globose. Ovary in 3 flowers a conspicuous villous pistillode;

in @ flowers 3-celled, the cells 2-ovulate; styles 3, cylindric-

subulate, spreading; stigma a terminal pore. Acorn ovoid globose

or turbinate, seated on or enclosed except the umbo in a cupule;

cupule with the scales imbricate or combined in lamellz or reduced

412 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

to mere lines, sometimes tubercular or spinous; pericarp crustaceous

coriaceous Or woody, surmounted by an umbo consisting of the

persistent styles, adherent to the cupule at the base or sometimes

entirely. Seed 1, testa membranous, cotyledons fleshy, plano-

convex or sinuous, sometimes indented star-like by protuberances

of the endocarp.—Distris. Chiefly of the Malay Peninsula and

Archipelago and the Pacific Islands, about 100 species (Prantl).

Cupules with imbricate scales, their apices free, acorns

much exsert (Sect. I. EUpAsantA).

Mature cupules shaggy with rather long (to 5

mm.) soft spreading scales.

Cupules thin, enclosing most of the acorn;

acorn densely silky; leaves membranous,

oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, caudate-

acuminate, 10—25 cm. long, pubescent on

midrib and nerves .. a - .. Ll. P. lappacea.

Cupules thick, large, enclosing about two-

thirds of the acorn; acorn large, tawny-vel-

vety; leaves very coriaceous, ovate, ob-

tusely acute, 6—12 cm. long, glabrous

Cupules saucer-shaped, the margins incurved,

enclosing only the base of the acorn; acorn

cylindro-globular, depressed, 2°5 cm. in

diam. ; leaves coriaceous, oblong or elliptic,

obtuse or acute, 10—20 cm. long, glabrous.. 3. P. Scortechinii.

P. Kingiana.

Mature cupules with more or less adpressed,

small, imbricate, acute or apiculate scales.

Cupules hemispheric, 12 mm. in diam.; acorns

narrowly cylindric-conic, 2°5 cm. long.

prominently umbonate; leaves thinly cori-

aceous, more or less oblong, acute, glabres-

cent except on the midrib and nerves -.. 4 P. Kunstler.

Cupules saucer-shaped, the scales imbricate-

Scales not at all arranged in rings;

acorns glabrous, in conspicuous close

spikes; leaves coriaceous.

Acorns ovoid-conic to depressed-

globose; leaves variable. rather

large, acuminate, 10—30 cm. long

by 4—10 em. broad, glabrous .. 5. P. spicata.

Acorns globose-conic; leaves ellip-

tic-oblong, caudate-acuminate,

very large, 20—40 em. long by 6

—18 cm. broad, glabrous .. 6. PB. grandifrons.

Acorns ovoid-cylindric ; leaves ob-

long, cuspidate-acuminate, 20

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 413

—45 em. long by 5—8 c.m. broad,

glabrous except midrib and nerves ;

perulate scales conspicuous. -. 7. P. Falconert.

Seales more or less arranged in obscure

rings but distinct and apiculate ; acorns

ovoid-conic.

Acorns velvety; cupule-scales ad-

pressed, but their apices not spread-

ing or reflexed.

Leaves elliptic, subcoriaceous,

shortly caudate-acuminate,

7—15 cm. long, main nerves

9—10 pairs not prominent .. 8 P. Lamponga.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or

-oblanceolate, coriaceous, cau-

date-acuminate, 12—20 cm.

long; main nerves 8—l4 pairs,

prominent a6 -. 9. P. Wallichiana.

Acorns glabrous; cupule-scales ap-

pressed, but their apices spreading

or reflexed.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic,

acute, pubescent at first, then

glabrous i .. 10. P. sundaica.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ob-

long, cuspidate, densely to-

mentose as se dle J2e Jens

Cupules flat, only applied to base of acorn;

cupule-scales appressed with minute apices;

acorn ovoid, puberulous; leaves thinly cor-

iaceous, elliptic, long caudate-acuminate, .. 12. P. Curtisii.

Cupules with the scales united in concentric entire or

denticulate lamellae; acorns much exsert (Sect IT.

CYCLOBALANUS).

Cupules solitary or in pairs or threes, usually one

only developed.

Acorn conspicuously longer than broad, ov-

oid-conical; cupule saucer-shaped, under

2-5 em. in diam., the lamelle denticulate;

leaves obtusely caudate-acuminate.

Acorn glabrous or silkky-pubescent, sharp-

ly conical, usually 15 cm. high;

leaves coriaceous, usually elliptic-lan-

ceolate, stellate-tomentose beneath. .. 13. P. conocarpa.

Acorn densely grey-sericeous-pubescent,

obtusely conical, usually 2 cm. high;

leaves chartaceous, elliptic-ovate, sil-

very-lepidote beneath ae .. 14. P. Ewyckit var. lati-

folia.

414 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Acorn not conspicuously longer than broad,

hemispheric ; cupule cup-shaped or saucer-

shaped, under 2 cm. in diam., the lamellae

hardly denticulate.

Cupule very thin saucer-shaped, the

lamellae rather indistinct. :

Acorn more or less ovoid, under

2cm. in diam., glabrous; leaves

thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, acute .

at base, silvery-lepidote beneath 14. P. Hwyckis.

Acorn broadly hemispheric, under |

2:5 em. in diam., glabrous; leaves

chartaceous, elliptic,, rounded at

base, minutely stellate-pubescent

beneath. .. a .- 15. P. eyrtorhynche.

Cupule moderately thick: leaves coria-

ceous.

Lamellae not very prominent, ob-

scurely denticulate.

Acorn ovoid-conic, glabrous;

leaves broadly elliptic, 7—12

em. long, glabrous .. 16. P. Bennettit.

Acorn depressed-hemispheric ;

leaves oblong-lanceolate or

-oblanceolate, 10—25 cm.

long, lepidote-puberulous .. 17. P. Cantleyana.

Lamellae prominent and thickened. ~

Acorn depressed-globose, over

2cm.indiam.; leaves elliptic,

8—l5cm.long .. .. 18. P. Wenzigiana.

Acorn ovoid-conic, scarcely 1:5

cm. in diam.; leaves lance-

olate, 6—9 cm. long -= 19. PR Rass:

Acorn turbinate or depressed-hemispheric.

conspicuously broader than long.

Cupule thin, its edges spread out free

from the acorn ; lamellae broad and flat ;

acorn sparsely sericeous, 3 cm. indiam.;

leaves oblong, thinly coriaceous, minute-

ly white-puberulous beneath, nerves

very oblique, 15—30 cm. long .. 20. P. Etchlert.

Cupule thick, its edges incurved and .

appressed to the acorn, lamellae more

or less thickened.

Acorn under 2°5 cm. in diam.;

leaves thinly coriaceous.

Lamellae few, about 5, broad;

leaves oblong-lanceolate or

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 415

oblanceolate, long caudate-

acuminate, 15—20 cm. long,

4—6 em. broad ..

Lamelle many, about 8—l0,

the lower ones broad: leaves

elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate,

shortly obtusely acuminate,

5—13 em. long, 2—4 cm.

broad . -

Acorn 3—4 cm. in diam.; leaves

very coriaceous.

Lamellae S8—13, thick and

prominently annulate: acorn

glabrous, hardly depressed ;:

leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or

emarginate, cuneate, S8—20

em. long, glabrous beneath...

Lamellae about 10, rounded, in-

distinct and irregular, wavy :

acorn tomentose, much de-

pressed; leaves oblong, acu-

minate at apex and base, 15

—30 cm. long, minutely to-

mentose beneath

Lamelle about 5, acute, more or

less oblique ; acorn very large,

glabrous, much depressed;

leaves elliptic-oblong or -lan-

ceolate, caudate-acuminate,

10—20 ecm. long, glaucescent

beneath

Cupules combined usually in threes, sometimes

less, sometimes more, together, apparently

several developed: leaves large, lanceelate, very

coriaceous. . ae ec :

Cupules enveloping the whole acorn except the umbo,

but not adnate to it except at base; with scales or

tubercles or spines or merely ringed (Sect. III.

CHLAMYDOBALANUS).

Cupules with appressed scales; leaves coriaceous,

entire, more or less elliptic ; acorns velvety.

Cupules always thin; acorns depressed-turbi-

nate; main nerves of leaves 12—14 pairs ..

Cupules thin when half ripe, thick tubercled

when mature; acorns globose; main nerves

6—8 pairs Dc me

| Cupules with spreading spines; leaves more or

| less lanceolate ; acorns pubescent or silky.

)

. 21. P. Clementiana.

. 22 P. Omalokos.

23. P. lucida.

. 24. P. cyclophora.

. 25. P. costata.

. 26. P. lampadaria.

27. P. Blumeana.

. 28. P. confragosa.

416 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Cupules depressed, completely covered with

rather soft spines which are hooked at the

apex; leaves subcoriaceous, entire .- 29. P. Wray.

Cupules more or less conical with numerous

tufts or broken lines of sharp spines; leaves

coriaceous, entire; « spikes fairly stout,

perianth-lobes nearly free ae . 30. P. discocarpa.

Cupules obliquely ovoid with oblique rings

of sharp spines: leaves coriaceous, entire

or serrate in the upper half; # spikes

almost filiform, perianth-lobes free .. 31. P. acuminatissima.

Cupules smooth, with few faint rings or none.

Cupules with faint rings, and obscure vertical

lines between; leaves chartaceous, elliptic;

fruit pedicels very thick 2 . 32. P. encleisacarpa.

Cupules without rings but with vertical ke 5

leaves coriaceous, lanceolate; fruits sessile 33. P. Robinsontt.

Cupules enveloping the acorn except the umbo and

adhering to it for some distance above the base ;

ringed or tubercled concentrically or obliquely (Sect.

TV. LrrHocaRPUs).

Fruits pyriform ; flattened and umbonate at top;

cupule obscurely lamellate, completely enclosing

the sericeous thin top of the pericarp ; acorn sepa-

rable only at the top; leaves coriaceous, oblong 34. P. Maingayit.

Fruits ovoid or obovoid, narrowed towards the

apex; cupule with 5—7 slightly prominent

lamellae; leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate .. 35 P. Beccariana.

1. PASANIA LAPPACEA, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 84

(1866). A tree with spreading branches reaching 18—24 m. in

height and about 60cm. in diam. of stem ; branchlets fairly stout,

greyish, sparsely tomentose, young ones, young leaves and inflores-

cence thickly and villously fuscous-tomentose. Leaves membra-

nous; oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate at

apex, acutely attenuate sometimes unequally at base; margins

entire; upper surface puberulous when young, afterwards glab-

rescent except the midrib and nerves, lower pubescent especially

on the midrib and nerves; 10O—25 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad; mid-

rib prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 12—16 pairs,

nearly parallel, usually impressed above, at first straight, then

curved close to the margin to run parallel with it ; transverse nervules

many, subparallel, enclosing an areolate reticulation; petiole rather

stout, pubescent, 5—7 mm. long. Spikes simple, solitary, axillary,

slender, up to 20 cm. long, tawny-villous; ¢ most frequent and

longest, and lowest, upper ones usually 2, some partly 3 partly

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 417

9. Flowers: 3 chiefly in clusters or sometimes solitary, bract

1 to each cluster ; perianth 5—6-lobed, the lobes thin ovate, villous

without glabrous within, 1—1:5 mm. long; stamens 9—12, with long

slender filaments; pistillode villous: 9 single or in clusters of 2—3,

unibracteate ; cup densely clothed with scales having long points

that enlarge into soft spines; perianth lobes short, inconspicuous ;

styles 3, cylindric. Fruits clustered or solitary in spikes up to

15 em. long; cupule velvety, sessile, flattened at base, ovoid above,

2—2°5 cm. in diam., 1—1‘5 cm. in height, embracing nearly the

whole acorn when young and one-half or more when ripe, covered

with distant soft curved spines about 4 mm. long these spines

being the free apices of the closely adherent scales ; acorn ovoid-

conic, about 2cm. high, sofuvly and densely silky, crowned by an

umbo formed of the persistent styles. Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

XLVII. 675. Quercus lappacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 637 (1832);

Wight Ic. t. 220; Wall. Cat. 2780; A. DC. in Prodr. XVI. ii. 87;

Kurz For. Fl. II. 484; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 223;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 607; King Ann. Calc. IT. 41, t. 33; Brandis

Ind. Trees 629. Q. hirsuta, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.3734. Q. Mackiana,

Hoole Ic. Pl. t. 224.

PERAK: in open forest near water at 90—120 m. alt. King’s

Collector 39191; Scortechini!.—DistRip. India (Khasia Hills and

Sylhet), Burma.

As pointed out by King the acorn-cups in Malay specimens more fully

enclose the acorns than do those of Indian and Burmese specimens.

2. Pasania Kinerana, Gamble in Kew Bull. 177 (1914). A

tree ; branchlets stout, short, knotty, the bark dark brown, scaly,

sparsely lenticellate ; bud-scales short, ovate, obtuse, puberulous.

Leaves very coriaceous, glabrous; ovate, obtusely acute at apex,

rounded at base and then decurrent on the petiole; dark green

when fresh, olive-brown when dry, the upper surface shining; mar-

gin recurved; 6-12 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad; midrib stout.

slightly raised and channelled near the base on the upper surface,

prominent on the lower ; main nerves 6—8 pairs, starting along the

midrib at first then curved to the margin where they fade in dim-

inishing loops ; transverse nervules irregular, enclosing the promi-

nently areolate reticulation ; petiole stout, about 4mm. long. Spikes

10—20 cm. long with stout angular puberulous rhachises, ¢ 2 and

androgynous mixed, the ? usually uppermost, axillary to the

uppermost leaves. Flowers solitary, in androgynous spikes, the 2

418 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

lowest, passing into afew ¢ then into ¢@ only, all with lanceolate

bracteoles 2 mm. long and cushions of imbricating tawny-pubescent

triangular scales; perianth of 3 cup-shaped, 2 mm. long, very

villous, lobes 6, ovate-acute, 1 mm. long, that of 2 similar but

smaller; stamens 12 or less, filaments slender, short in ¢ flowers,

anthers ovate; pistillode in ¢ villous; styles in 9 cylindric, 2°5

mm. long, conspicuous. J'ruits when young having cupules covered

with spreading scales about 3 mm. long and minutely puberulous ;

when mature the cupules cup-shaped on a stout scaly pedicel 6 mm.

long, 2—2°5 cm. long, the lips recurved, 2°5—3 cm. in diam. embra-

cing about two-thirds of the acorn; scales near the base large, ovate,

cuspidate-acuminate, spreading, often 5 mm. long, near the mouth

the scales are smaller by degrees; acorn ovoid-globose from a

flattened base, tawny-velvety, 2—2°7 cm. in diam., 1°5—2 cm. high;

umbo thick.

Perak: at Gunong Bubu, Larut, 1350 m. alt., Wray 3910!, at

Gunong Inas. 1500 m. alt., Wray 4155!. Panane: at Gunong

Brumbez, 2100 m. alt., Wray 1586!.

3. Pasanta ScortTecHinit, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLVII.

676 (1912). A large tree reaching 18—30 m. in height and 90 em. in

diam. of stem; branchlets stout, purplish-black, sparsely lenti-

cellate. Leaves coriaceous; oblong or elliptic, obtuse or subacute

at apex, cuneate at base; margins entire, reflexed ; both surfaces

glabrous, glossy green with a bluish tinge when fresh, reddish brown

when dry, upper shining; 10—20 cm. long, 4—5 cm. broad ; mid-

rib slender, ra sed on both surfaces; main nerves 8—10 pairs, raised

beneath, curving to and along the margin ; transverse nervules few,

irregular ; reticulation areolate, obscure; petiole stout, wrinkled,

9—12 cm. long. Spikes in fruit erect, solitary, subterminal, very

stout, about 10 cm. long. Flowers not known. Fruit very large,

sessile ; cupule woody, saucer-shaped, the margin incurved, 3 cm.

in diam. 1 cm. high, covered thickly externally with soft conical

pubescent scales, embracing only the base of the acorn; acorn

cylindro-globular, shining, chestnut-brown, truncate at base, slightly

depressed at top and crowned by an umbo formed of the persistent

style 25cm. in height and diam. Quercus Scortechinii, King in

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 608 (1888) and Ann. Cale. II. 43, t. 35 A.

PERAK: in open forest on a hillside at about 1000 m. alt.,

Larut, King’s Collector 2188 !.

VASES = E

hs le ee Le ee Oe See eS eet eT

;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 419

4. Pasanta KunstLEeri, Gamble. A tree with spreading head

and pendulous branches reaching 12—15 m. in height and about

60 cm. in diam. of stem; branchlets dark brown, smooth, the

young ones paler and minutely tomentose. Leaves thinly coriace-

ous; elliptic- or oblanceolate-oblong, acute or shortly and often

obtusely acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base; margins entire,

reflexed ; both surfaces minutely pubescent when young, glabrescent

whea old except on the midrib and nerves, which, especially the

former, are puberulous on both sides, brown or reddish-brown when

dry; 10—23 cm. long, 4—-8 cm. broad; midrib moderately stout,

keeled on the upper surface, prominent on the lower; main nerves

8—12 pairs, at first straight, sharply curved near the margin to join

in loops, those of the upper half most prominently so, impressed

above, prominent beneath; transverse nervules distant, rather

obscure as is the areolate reticulation ; petiole none or very short,

under 5 mm. long, thick, pubescent. Spikes axillary and solitary

or terminal, and in fascicles of 3—4, some ¢ only, some ?, some

occasionally both « and 2, 10—30 cm. long; rhachis slender,

ridged, tawny pubescent. lowers: 3 solitary, many- (about 5-)

bracteolate; perianth of 5—6 erect tomentose oblong acute lobes

1:5 mm. long; stamens 8—12, 3—5 mm. long with long filaments

and minute globose anthers; pistillode thick, villous: ? (some ¢)

also solitary, bracteolate; cup scaly, crowned by the 6-lobed erect

perianth, shorter than in the ¢ and enclosing the thick pubescent

style with 3 prominent diverging branches. Fruzt solitary in long

spikes; cupules subsessile, shallowly hemispheric, 12 mm. in diam.,

7mm. deep when young, embracing more than half the acorn, when

old only the lower fifth; the scales broadly ovate, acute, keeled,

closely appressed, fulvous-tomentose; acorn narrowly cylindric-

conic, glabrous, up to 2°5 cm. long and 1°5 cm. in diam., crowned

with a conspicuous umbo contracted below the persistent perianth

and the remains of the style. Quercus Kunstleri, King in Hook. f.

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 606 (1888) and in Ann. Cale. II. 40, t. 31.

PERAK : in aes places from sea level to about 300 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 2482!, 2621!, 2742!, 2953!, 3054!, 3608!, 5128 !,

5144!, 5358!, 5406!, 5436! 5556! 5655!, 5699!, 7571!; Wray

3138! ; at Larut, Scortechini 1567!. Smnancor: at Kwala Lumpur,

Ridley 5110!.

5. Pasania spicata, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 83

(1866). A large tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 50—75 cm.

420 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

in diam. of stem ; branchlets stout with dark grey or blackish bark,

the lenticels conspicuous and usually in vertical lines, young shoots

sometimes puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, shining, glabrous; ellip-

tic-oblong or -lanceolate or -oblanceolate or -obovate, sometimes

panduriform, acuminate often obtusely at apex, the acumen usually

curved sideways, attenuate at base, sometimes rounded or subauri-

culate; 10—30 cm. long, 4—10 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent

on both surfaces; main nerves 10—20 pairs, slender, subparallel,

raised on both surfaces, arched near the margin ; transverse nervules

indistinct and irregular, enclosing the areolate reticulation ; petiole

short or long, 0°5—2°5 cm. long, flattened. Spikes erect, in terminal

panicles or fasicles, usually dicecious, occasionally the ¢ spikes

bearing a few 92; often reaching 25—30 cm. long, minutely grey-

tomentose. Flowers: 3 insessile clusters, crowded above, separate

below, supported by an ovate acuminate or subulate bract 1—3 mm.

long ; sometimes bracteolate; perianth-lobes usually 6, very short,

obtuse, villous without, glabrous within; stamens 10—12 with

slender glabrous filaments and small ovate anthers ; pistillode large,

villous, often oblong, flattened at top: 2 in clusters of 83—5 or

distinct ; perianth 6-lobed; styles very small. Fruits when ripe

densely crowded on a stout erect woody rhachis, reaching 20 or more

cm. in length, single or in clusters of 3—5; when single, bearing

usually the abortive cupules at the base of the fertile one; cupule

saucer-shaped, embracing at most the lower third of the acorn and

sometimes less, the margin acute, the scales broadly ovate-apiculate,

appressed, imbricate, pubescent when young, glabrous when old;

acorn ovoid-conic to depressed-globose, smooth when ripe, the

umbo very smail. Schky.in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLVII. 664. Quercus

spicata, Smith in Rees Enac. XXIX.12; G. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 56;

Wall. Pl. As. Rar. I. 40, t. 46 and Cat. 2781 A and B; Miq. Fi. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 848 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 106; A. DC. in Prodr.

XVI. ii. 85; Kurz For. Fl. II. 486; Brandis For. Fl. 489 and Ind.

Trees 629; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 609; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot.

Gart. Berl. IV. 224; Oudem. Annot. Cupul. Jav. 5. 6, t. 1, 4 fig. 1;

Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 39; King in Ann. Cale. II. 47, t. 41;

Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 65. Q. squamata, Roxb. FI. Ind. IIT.

638: Wight Ic. t. 213. Q. grandifolia, G. Don in Spreng. Syst. IIT.

856; Prodr. Fl. Nep. 57. Q. Arcaula, Ham. Ms. in Spreng. Syst. IIT.

857; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 290. @Q. elegans, Blume in

Bataav. Verh. IX. 208, Bijdr. 518 and FI. Jav. Cupul. 21, t. 10;

Oudem. Annot, Cupul. Jav. 5,9, t. 2, 3. @Q. pyrifolia, Blume Mus.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 42}

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 304; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 864. Q. racemosa,

Jack in Mal. Mise. VII. 86; Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 205.

Q. glaberrima, B). Verh. l.c. 210, t. 2, Bijdr. 519 and Fl. Jav. Cupul.

17 t. 18; Mig. Pl. Jungh. I. 10. @. depressa, Bl. Verh. l.c. 209,

t. 1. Q. litoralis, Bl. Mus. Bot. I. 303; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X.

65. Q. sphacelata, Bl. Mus. Bot. I. 304; Koord. & Val. lc. 65.

Q. placentaria, Bl. Bijdr. 513; Fl. Jav. 1. c. 19, t. 9.

Distris. India, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Vern. ‘Mempening Bungkus,’ ‘ Berangan Padi’ (Ridley).

Var. gracilipes, A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 86. Leaves lanceolate or

oblanceolate, gradually narrowed into the long petiole ; cupule prom-

inently scaly; acorn rounded and depressed at apex. Hook. f. FI.

Br. Ind. V. 610; King Ann. Calc. II. 48, t. 42—4; Koord. l.c. 66.

Q. gracilipes, Miq. in Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 347.

PROVINCE WELLESLEY: at Bukit Mutayaim, Curtis 2829!.

Perak: in dense forest up to 150 m. alt., Goping District, King’s

Collector 6085 !, 6118 !, 8228!; in Upper Perak at 300 m. alt., Wray

3772!; Scortechini!. Matacoa: Maingay K.D. 1456!. Sincapore:

Maingay K.D. 1457!; at Bukit Timah, Ridley 4441!; at Sungei

Udang, Derry 424!.—Distris. India (Khasia Hills), Burma,

Sumatra.

Var. microcalyx, A. DC.1.c. Leaves small; fruit small; cupules

often solitary or subconnate ; acorn with usually a conical apex.

King in Ann. Cale. II. 48, t. 43 9—11. @. microcalyx and Q. anceps,

Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 204 and 206; Oudem. Annot.

Cupul. Jav. 6. t. 4 fig. 3; A. DC. l.c. 86. (excl. syn. Q. turbinata,

Roxb. and Q. Thomsoni, Miq.). @. Arcaula, Ham. var. microcalyx,

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 290. @Q. Rhioensis, Hance in Journ.

Bot. (1878) 198.

PrRAk : King’s Collector 10947!.—Distris. Rhio, Java, Suma-

tra.

6. PASANIA GRANDIFRONS, Gamble. A very large tree reaching

a height of 18—30 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading ; branchlets brown, smooth, grooved, minutely puberu-

lous. Leaves very large, coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, abruptly cau-

date-acuminate at apex with an obtuse acumen, rounded or

cordate, often unequally, at base; upper surface glossy green when

fresh, brown and shining when dry, lower silvery grey when fresh,

dull and pale when dry ; 20—40 cm. long, 6—18 cm. broad; mid-

422 ' Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

rib thick, deeply impressed but strongly keeled above, prominent

beneath ; main nerves 12—20 pairs, regular, parallel, the lowest

2—3 somewhat deflexed, the rest straight to near the margin where

they curve to join in loops, raised on both surfaces; transverse

nervules many, nearly straight and parallel, again joined by

numerous close parallel nervules enclosing the areolate reticulation ;

petiole very stout, under 1 cm. long. Spikes mostly 2, in slender,

brown-hoary, terminal panicles 20 cm. or more long; bracts of the

panicle-branches ovate, obtuse, auriculate, early caducous. Flowers :

3 glomerulate in rather distant elongate clusters, gradually closer

towards the top; cluster-bracts ovate-acute, 2 mm. long; flower

bracteoles similar but smaller; flowers usually oblong; perianth-

lobes 6, very short, obtuse, stellate-pubescent outside, nearly

glabrous within; stamens 12, filaments slender. anthers globose ;

pistillode large, often oblong, very villous: @ solitary with short

truncate styles. Fruits distant, in stout woody spikes up to 20 cm.

long ; pedicels very stout, hoary, about 5 mm. long, usually bilamel-

late, the lower without scales, the upper with a row of rather large

ones: cupule when young with the edges incurved and embracing

3ths of the acorn, when ripe saucer-shaped, flat at base, very shallow

(about 4 mm. deep), 2 cm. in diam., the edges not incurved,

embracing only the base of the acorn; scales ovate-acuminate,

pubescent, imbricate, closely appressed except the free sharp

apices, when quite young in more or less annular series; acorns

ovoid-conic when young, globose-conic with a flat base when adult,

glabrous except slight pubescence round the umbo, shining, smooth,

2 em. in diam., 15 mm. high, the umbo small. Quercus grandijrons

King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 610 (1888) and in Ann. Calc. II.

49, t. 83 B.

Penance: at Penara Bukit, Curtis 3042!. PERAK: in dense

forest in Larut up to 1000 m. alt. or more, King’s Collector 3766!,

4867!, 4872!, 5365!, 6544!, 6604!, 7259!; Scortechini!; at Relan

Tujor, Wray 2615!.

7. Pasanta Fatconert, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLVII.

676 (1912). A small tree; branchlets stout, dark brown, shining,

with prominent white lenticels; resting buds large, prominently

sheathed in many pale lanceolate acuminate silky-puberulous scales

reaching 2 cm. long and somewhat long persistent. Leaves thinly

coriaceous ; linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate,

acuminate often cuspidately at apex, acute or somewhat rounded at

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 423

base; upper surface green, brown when dry, shining, somewhat

bullate, glabrous, lower yellowish when fresh, brown when dry,

often puberulous along the midrib near the base otherwise glabrous ;

margins recurved when dry; 20—45 cm. long, 5—8 cm. broad ;

midrib stout, flattened and slightly raised on the upper, much raised

on the lower, surface ; main nerves 12—20 pairs, distant, impressed

above, straight at first or slightly curved to near the margin and

then prominently curved to join in loops; transverse nervules few,

irregular, not prominent ; reticulation minutely areolate but obscure ;

petiole very stout, 5—10 mm. long. Spikes: & slender, erect, up

to 15—20 cm. long from the axils of the perulate scales of the

terminal shoots, which shoots elongate and are tawny-villous like

the spike-rhachises ; bracteoles ovate, acuminate, villous, 2—3 mm.

long: @ slender, up to 20 cm. long; rhachis tawny-villous; brac-

teoles long lanceolate. Flowers: g single or in clusters of few

together at short intervals along the spikes ; perianth-lobes 6, ovate,

subacute, villous, 1:5 mm. long ; stamens 12, with slender filaments

and small globose anthers; pistillode rather small, circular, villous:

2 solitary, scaly, imbricate, perianth-lobes shorter than in 3’, styles

short, glabrous, spreading. Fruits in very long (often 40 cm.)

spikes, the fertile mixed with many abortive, single or in pairs;

rhachis stout, tawny-villous; pedicel 0 or under 2 mm. long; cupule

in young fruits enclosing half the conical glabrous prominently

umbonate acorn, when mature saucer-shaped closely velvety within

and with the margins finally reflexed, 15—25 mm. in diam. and

5 mm. high embracing the base of the acorn, the scales ovate, acute,

puberulous, reddish, closely appressed even to the apex; acorn

ovoid-cylindric, glabrous, 20—25 mm. high and 17—22 mm. in diam. ;

umbo rounded, blunt, rather short, stigmas persistent. Quercus

Falconert, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. IL. 197 (1875), For. Fi. II.

485 ; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 608; King in Ann. Calc. II. 42 t. 34.

Quercus minor, Ridl. in Journ. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. No. 57, 95(1910).

Kerpau: Langkawi Island, Curtis 1677!, Ridley 9836!, 15494,

15791!; Alor Sta., Radley 14960!. Perak: in Upper Perak at

about 20 m. alt., Wray 3410!, 3776!; at Temango, Ridley 14689!.

Distris. Tenasserim Falconer 458!, Lace 4768 !.

8. Pasanta Lamponaa, Gamble. A large tree reaching a height

of 18—24 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading ;

branchlets fairly stout, dark-brown to black, smooth, marked by

numerous very prominent pale lenticels, glabrous or the youngest

424 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

pulverulent. Leaves subcoriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,

rarely oblong-lanceolate, shortly and rather abruptly caudate-acu-

minate at apex, acute at base ; leaves when fresh bright green above

silvery grey beneath, when dry olive-brown and somewhat shining

and glabrous above, ashy-grey and dull and slightly pubescent be-

neath; 7— 15cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad; midrib slender, keeled above ;

main nerves 9—10 pairs, parallel, curved gently to and along the

margin ; transverse nervules rather scanty , subparallel, enclosing the

areolate reticulation which is usually punctate on the upper surface;

petiole 5—8 mm. long, channelled above. Spikes slender, ¢ or

androgynous in many-branched terminal panicles, up to 15 cm. long,

the androgynous spikes few the 9 flowers below; rhachises minutely

grey-pulverulent. Flowers: 3 solitary or in groups of 2—4, rather

distant ; bracts ovate-acute, pubescent, 1—2 mm. long; perianth

lobes 6, rounded, 1 mm. long, crisply villous without, nearly

glabrous within ; stamens 12 with long rather thick filaments and

small reniform anthers; pistillode circular densely white-villous :

@ single or in pairs; bracts as in ¢ also perianth-lobes but these are

shorter ; styles 3, conical, spreading, glabrous. Fruits in rather

slender erect spikes about 7—8 cm. long, the rhachises woody

pubescent and lenticellate as the branchlets ; pedicels none or up to

5 mm. long, stout, scaly ; cupules when quite young covered with

soft blunt scales and enclosing the acorn, when older the scales

apiculate and about 3—rds of the acorn enclosed, when ripe the

cups shallow, minutely sericeous, saucer-shaped with vertical sides,

16—18 mm. in diam. and 5—6 mm. deep embracing only the base of

the acorn; scales broad, connate, with acute appressed apices, and

arranged in faint but regular rings; acorns ovoid-conical, tawny-

velvety, 15—18 mm. in diam. and nearly 2 cm. high; umbo sharp,

under 1 mm. long. Quercus Lamponga, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl.

348 (1862); A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 95; Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

T. 109; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. [V. 229; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 611; King Ann. Calc. IT. 53, t. 49. @Q. brevipetiolata, Scheff.

Observ. Phyt. II. 47. Cyclobalanus Lamponga, Oerst. in Kjoeb.

Vidensk. Meddel. 81 (1866).

Province WELLESLEY: at Nibong Tebal, Curtis 3471!. Prax:

in dense forest up to 150 m. alt., Larut, King’s Collector 3878 !,

5413!, 6455!, 6479!, 6490!, 6578!, 6756!, 6910!, 7278!; Larut,

Scortechint 1472!, etc. ; at Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Putih, Wray

7468!; at Thaipeng, Wray 26998! SinaaroRe: Pulau Ubin, Ridley

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 425

9479!; at Budit Timah Ridley 6442!.—Disrris. Sumatra (Lam-

pongs, Teysmann), Bangka, Borneo, New Guinea.

Var. Hwyckioides, Gamble. Branchlets paler. Leaves smaller,

rarely over 10 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, the bases more acuminate,

more silvery beneath, main nerves closer and more numerous.

Spikes more slender, the bracts of the flowers longer and more con-

Spicuous. Fruits with the cups more lamellate and the points of

the scales less prominent though present.

Perak: in dense forest up to 300 m. alt., King’s Collector

4449!, 6503!, 7777!, 10884!; at Assan Numlong, Wray 2570!.

SELANGOR: Pahang track, Ridley 8502!; at Kwala Lumpur, Ridley’s

Collector 5011!. Mawacca: at Brisu, Derry 400!. Srvgarore: at

Seeleetah, G. King!; in garden jungle, Ridley 1606!, 4093!; at Chan

Chu Kang, Ridley 3387!; Hulleti 119!.

This is the form which King has called, on the sheets of the Calcutta

Herbarium, ‘‘ Q. Lamponga, Miq. passing into Q. Hwyckii, Korth.” In leaves

it resembles Q. Hwyckii more than Q. Lamponga but the conical velvety acorns

are those of Q. Lamponga and the scales of the acorn-cups though rather more

prominently lamellate, yet show clearly that they are connate and apiculate so

that I consider it to be more nearly allied to the latter species.

9. Pasania WaLLicHIANna, Gamble. A large tree reaching a

height of 12—18 m. and 40—60 ecm. in diam. of stem; branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, pale brown or greyish-brown, minutely

lenticellate, puberulous, the youngest cinereous-tomentose ; bud-

seales ovate, acute,tomentose. Leaves coriaceous; oblong-lanceo-

Jate or -oblanceolate, abruptly caudate-acuminate at apex, acu-

minate at base; upper surface glossy green when fresh, brown and

shining when dry, glabrous except the midrib, lower silvery grey,

glabrous or puberulous; 12—20 cm. long, 3—8 cm. broad; midrib

rather slender, prominent, raised and pubescent on both surfaces;

main nerves 8—14 pairs, prominent beneath, at first parallel and

straight, curved close to the margin and joining in loops; transverse

nervules irregular, enclosing the rather obscure reticulation; petiole

8—12 mm. long. Spikes solitary, and axillary or in small terminal

panicles, up to about 20 cm. long, ¢ only or androgynous, the ¢

above, the 2 below. Flowers: 3 loosely glomerulate in oblong

sessile patches; bracts subulate, 1—2 mm. long; perianth-lobes 6,

very short, obtuse, villous without; stamens 12 with slender fila-

ments and small globose anthers ; pistillode large, round or oblong,

villous: @ in rather distant clusters of 3—5; perianth inconspicu-

ous; styles 3, conical, divergent. Fruits crowded in stout spikes

426 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

about 10—13 cm. long; pedicels thick, very short, woody; cupules

when young cup-shaped, enclosing three-fourths of the acorn, then

gradually opening out and when mature saucer-shaped, about 15

mm. in diam. and 3—4 mm. deep, embracing only the bases of the

acorns, hoary puberulous; scales broad, appressed in obscure rings

only the sharp minute apices free ; acorns hemispheric, tawny-velvety,

the apices conical, 15 mm. in diam., 10 mm. high; umbo apiculate

with the remains of the stigmas. Quercus Wallichiana, Lindl., in

Wall. Cat. 2778 (1831); Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. VIII. 4; Trim.

Journ. Bot. (1874) 241; Hook. @. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 610; King Ann.

Cale. II. 51, t. 46.

PENANG: Wallich 2778!; King!; Stoliczka!; on Government

hill at 300 m. alt., Curtis 120!, 253!, 365!; at about 300—600 m.

alt., King’s Collector 1515!, 1573 !, 1795!, 2279!,5199!. Prax: in

open forest, Larut, to 450 m. alt., King’s Collector 4853!, 5195! ;

top of low hills, Ulu Bubong, King’s Collector 10832!. SmLaneor :

Pahang track, Ridley 8502!. Manacoa: Griffith K.D. 4467; Main-

gay K.D. 1460--2!, 1532!; at Sungei Hudang, Goodenough 1362!.

SINGAPORE: at Selitar, Ridley 5113!, 5114!; at Pulau Ubin, Ridley

9479!; at Turong, Ridley 3384!

10. Pasania suNDAICA, Oerst. Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 83 (1866).

A large tree reaching 12—18 and even 30m.in height and 60—

80 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets stout,

greyish-brown, the young ones minutely fulvous-tomentose; bud-

scales ovate, acute, very tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous ;

elliptic or elliptic-oblong or elliptic-subobovate, acute or shortly and

obtusely acuminate at apex, attenuate or more or less rounded

at base; dark green above when fresh, brown and dull when

dry, furfuraceously pubescent especially on the nerves and midrib,

then glabrous, silvery grey beneath when fresh, greyish-brown

when dry and hoary-tomentose, glabrescent later on; 10—20 cm

long, 5—10 cm. broad; midrib prominent, raised and tomentose

on both surfaces; main nerves 10—15 pairs, parallel, the lowest

2—3 pairs rather near the base, nearly straight to the margin

where they curve abruptly to join in diminishing loops, raised on

both surfaces and pubescent; transverse nervules subparallel,

slightly arched; reticulation obscure; petiole stout, 5—7 mm,

long. Spikes in large much branched spreading terminal panicles,

up to 20 cm. long, # much more numerous than ¢, sometimes

androgynous, 3 above 2 below; rhachises densely furfuraceously

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 427

fulvous or ashy tomentose; bracts ovate lanceolate very caducous.

Flowers: 3 solitary or in rather loose clusters; bracts ovate-subulate

about 1 mm. long; perianth-lobes 6, short (under 1 mm. long),

ovate, obtuse or slightly acute, spreading, villous without; stamens

12 or more, with slender filaments and very small globose anthers;

pistillode large, round, very villous: 2 solitary or in groups of

2—4: bracts as in o'; perianth-lobes ovate shorter than in o,

pedicel and base covered with subulate blunt often reflexed scales;

styles 3, conical, divergent. Frutis in stout erect spikes 10—15

em. long, single or rarely in groups of 2—4; pedicels stout, about

4 mm. long, scaly; cupules saucer-shaped, flat, the margins incurved

when immature at first quite embracing the acorn, later half

embracing it, erect when ripe, 15—23 mm. in diam., 2—3 mm.

deep and so embracing only the base of the acorn; scales broadly

ovate, connate, tawny-pubescent, sometimes more or less in rings,

the apices sharp, spreading or even deflexed ; acorn globose-conic or

ovoid-conic, glabrous, the base truncate when ripe, 2 cm. high

and 2°5 cm. in diam.; umbo prominent, sharp, often 2—3 mm.

long, with the remains of the styles. Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

XLVII. 675. Quercus sundaica, Blume Verh. Bat. Genootsch. 1X.

216 (1825), Bijdr. 520, Fl. Jav. Cupul. 11, t. 2—3 and Mus. Bot.-

Lued.-Bat. I. 292; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, I. 1. 850 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 109; A. DC, Prodr. XVI. ii. 89; Oudem. Annot. Cupul. Jav.

11; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 611; King Ann. Cale. II. 51, tt.

47, 48; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. XI. 31; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jay.

II. 63. Q. mappacea, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. 202; Mig. FI. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 850. @Q. Korthalsit, var. mappacea, Blume Mus. Bot. !.

293; A. DC. Le. 90. @Q. pseudomolucca, Bl. vars. Korthalsit and

sundaica, Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. I 227. Q. muricata,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 635.

Penane: Maingay K.D. 1530!; on Penang hill G. King/;

Government Hill, Vern. ‘ Brangen Babie’ Curtis 442!; at elevations

of from 300 to 750 m., King’s Collecior 1622!, 1627!, 1692!,

1780!, 22641, 2274!, 2282!, 2284!, 4837!, 4840!; at Bellevue, Ridley

10784!. Perak: in forest up to about 750 m., Larut, King’s Collec-

tor 2232!, 3272!, 3341!, 3502!, 3681!, 3866!, 3944! 4870! 4944!,

5543! 6583! 7013!, 7241!, 7254!, 7371!; at Thaipeng, Wray 3103!;

Scortechini!. Mauacca: at Hulu Chemliong, Derry 1131!; at Ayer

Panas, Ridley 1113! (doubtful). Jonore: at Kwala Sembrong, Lake

and Kelsall 4014!.—Disrris. Java,Sumatra (Forbes 2933!, 3144!).

Borneo. Vern. ‘ Mempening Bagan’ (Ridiey).

428 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

11. Pasanra Hystrrix, Gamble. A large tree reaching a height

of 18—24 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam of stem; branches spreading ;

branchlets densely fulvous-tomentose; bud-scales broadly ovate,

acute, somewhat persistent. Leaves coriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-

oblong, acute or shortly cuspidate at apex, acute at base; upper

surface deep green when fresh, olive-brown when dry, furfuraceous-

pubescent especially on the nerves, when old nearly glabrous and

shining, lower pale also furfuraceous-pubescent, the hairs on both

sides often stellate; margin recurved; 10—22 cm. long, 4—8 cm.

broad; midrib stout, raised on both surfaces and densely tomentose ;

main nerves 12 to 16 pairs, parallel, slightly curved to close to

the margin and then suddenly bending along it and meeting

in diminishing loops; transverse nervules many, arched, prominent

beneath ; reticulation obscure ; petiole stout,6—7 mm.long. Spikes :

¢ in terminal panicles densely fulvous-tomentose, reaching 15 c.m.

in length; @ solitary, axillary, up to 10 cm. long; bracts

short, ovate acuminate, early caducous. Flowers: 3 solitary or

in clusters, the bracteoles lanceolate; perianth 1 mm. long, the

6 lobes obtuse; stamens 12 with slender exert filaments and small

reniform anthers; pistillode cushion-like, circular, very villous:

2 solitary with a lanceolate bracteole as in @ densely covered

with short usually spreading or reflexed conical scales; perianth

asin 3 but smaller; styles 3, conical, small. rusts in stout spikes

up to 12 cm. long, solitary or rarely with 1 or 2 abortive at

the base; pedicel thick, obconic, flattened, 5 mm. long; cupule

when young nearly enclosing the acorn, funnel-shaped, the margins

incurved, the scales long, soft, spreading or reflexed, when ripe

saucer-shaped embracing only the base of the acorn, 2 cm. in

diam. and 5 mm. high, the margin only slightly incurved, the scales

ovate, sharp, fulvous-tomentose, connate, the apices erect or recurved,

rings rather obscure; acorn conico-hemispheric, with truncate base,

glabrous when ripe, about 1 cm. high without the very prominent

cylindric umbo. P. Korthalsii, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel.

83 (1866). Quercus Hystrix, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 201

t. 43 (1839-—1842); Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 223;

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 611; King Ann. Calc. ITI. 54, t. 50.

Q. Korthalsit, Blume var. Hystrix, Bl. in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i.

293; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 90; Oudem. Annot. Cupul. Jav. 11.

Castanea ? furfurella, Mig. Fl, Ind. Bat. Suppl. 352 ; Ann Mus. Lugd.-

Bat. 1.108. Cyclobalanus Hystrix, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel.

81 (1866).

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 429

Perak: in open forest at Ulu Bulong, etc., up to 250 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 7865!, 10636!; Scortechini!. Matacca: Griffith

K.D. 4473!; Maingay K.D. 1458!; at Bukit Bruang, Curtis 3645!

at Sungei Hudang and Hulu Chembrong, Derry 1124!, 1131!; at

Selandan and Ayer Panas Ridley 10765!, 10789!. SinGaporRe:

G. King!; King’s Collector 1253!; at Toas, Ridley 3383 !.—DistR1p.

Sumatra. Vern. ‘Mempening or Kampuning.’

Var. longispica, Gamble. Spikes (in young fruit only) up to

20 cm. long with the fruits in threes or rarely solitary; cupule

scales in rings, soit, fulvous-tomentose, appressed.

PERAK: Scortechini (without number or locality).

I have thought it best to make this a variety, the leaves are like those

of P. Hystriz though rather more prominently nerved, but the young fruits

differ a good deal. When it is better known, it may prove to be a distinct

species.

12. Pasania Curtisii, Gamble. A tree reaching 9—12 m. in

height and 60 cm. or more in diam. of stem; branches spreading ;

branchlets pale brown, glabrous, with shining smooth bark and many

prominent lenticels. Leaves thinly coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or

-ovate or -lanceolate, obtusely long caudate-acuminate at apex,

acuminate at base; glossy bright green above, pale silvery below

when fresh, both surfaces pale live-brown when dry and glabrous;

margins slightly recurved; 12—25 cm. long, 5—8 cm. broad;

midrib prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 9—10

pairs, distant, slender, obliquely curving to and along the

margin where they almost disappear, inconspicuous above, prominent

beneath ; transverse nervules few, irregular, enclosing the obscure

areolate reticulation; petiole stout, 4—6 mm. long. Spikes numer-

ous, very long (up to 20 cm.) and slender in clusters some single

some in panicles from the upper axils of the leaves, ¢ most

numerous, but 2 frequent, occasional spikes androgynous ; rhachises

grey-puberulous, angular. Flowers: 3 solitary or sometimes few

together on the angles of the rhachis; bracteoles small, ovate, pubes-

cent; perianth lobes 6, ovate, spreading, ciliate, about 1 mm. long ;

stamens 12 with slender filaments and small globose anthers ; pistil-

lode cushion-like, white-villous, rather small and circular: ? (some

¢) solitary, bracteole asin ¢ , base with imbricate rounded scales

perianth-lobes as in ¢ and rather prominent; styles 3—4, long,

subulate. glabrous; stamens in ¢ flowers very small perhaps without

ertile pollen. Fruits crowded and touching but not connate, in

430 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

long-peduncled spikes up to about 10—12 em. long, the rhachises

woody, but not very stout; pedicel none; cupules in quite young

fruit cup-shaped and embracing haif the acorn, later on quite flat

and thin, 18 mm. in diameter, applied to the base of the acorn;

scales closely connate, imbricate, appressed, only the minute apices

free; acorn when young flattened hemispheric-conical, when old

ovoid, puberulous, 2 em. high and as much in diam.; umbo con-

spicuous. Quercus Curtisii, King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 612

(1888) andin Ann. Calc. If. 56, t. 52.

Penance: at Waterfall, G. King, August 1879!; Curtis 1253!;

in forest up to 240m. alt., King’s Coilector, 4833!, 4836 ! 4832! 4854!.

Perak: at Larut up to 300 m. alt., King’s Collector 3304!, 4902!,

10678!. SELaNGcor: at Rawang, Ridley 12062!.

13. Pasanta conocaRpa, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLIX

357 (1913). A large tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 60—90

cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading; branchlets stout with

light brown bark, the youngest and young leaves densely covered

with minute rufous stellate tomentum ; resting buds ovoid, grey-

tomentose, their scales lanceolate, 5 mm. long, deciduous. Leaves

coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, abruptly caudate-acumin-

ate at apex for about 1 cm. the tip obtuse, acute at base; upper

surface at first minutely stellate-puberulous, afterwards glabrous

and shining, the midrib tomentose, lower surface stellate-tomentose,

grey or pale brown; margins sometimes undulate ; 7—15 cm. long,

3—6 cm. broad; midrib raised on both surfaces; main nerves

10—14 pairs, prominent beneath, slightly curving to join in arches

near the margin ; transverse nervules prominent, irregular and branch-

ing; reticulation obscure; petiole 3-8 mm. long, tomentose.

Spikes: 3 solitary and axillary, with prominent bracts, rather short,

sometimes the 3 flowers ending the 9 spikes: 2 in terminal

panicles up to 15 cm. long, all greyish stellate-tomentose. lowers:

g¢ in fascicles of 1—3, sessile, bracteole lanceolate 1—2mm. long ;

perianth-lobes very short, obtuse, subglabrous within ; stamens 12,

with slender filaments and small globose anthers ; pistillode rather

small, circular, densely villous: -9 solitary, bracteole as in ¢, base

cylindric, styles 3, spreading. Fruits when ripe touching and mixed

with many undeveloped ones; in spikes with a woody rhachis up

to 10 cm. long; cupules puberulous, when young obovoid nearly

completely embracing the young acorn, the lamellae few but

prominent and denticulate, when ripe embracing only the base of

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 431

the acorn, saucer-shaped, 15—18 mm. in diam., 5--6 mm. deep, with

5—6 denticulate lamellae ; acorn glabrous or silky-pubescent, ovoid-

conical with truncate base, 15—20 mm. high and about 18 mm.

in diam.; umbo very prominent, long and sharply tipped with the

persistent styles. Quercus conocarpa, Oudem. in Versl. en Mededeel.

XIT. 206 (1868) and Annot. Cupul. Jav, 18, t. 10 (1868). Migq.

in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 118; A. DC. in Prodr. XVI. ii. 93;

Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 230; Hook f. Fl. Br.

fae V.) G12: King Ann: ‘Cale. IL: 61, t..56.A 5 Koord: .&, Val.

Bijdr. X.50 ; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. Il. 68. Cyclobalanus conocarpa,

Oerst. Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 81. (1866).

PERAK: at Goping and Ulu Bubong, in open forest up to 250 m.

alt., King’s Collector 821!, 5816!, 58146!, 10519!; Scortechini!.

SINGAPORE: Cantley 182; King’s Collector 1249!; at Selitar, Changi

and Chanchukang, Ridley 5115!, 5116!, 5118!, 5989!; Hullett 622!.

—Distris. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

The Perak, Singapore and Bornean specimens differ from Oudeman’s

type from Java in having the leaves more abruptly caudate-acuminate and

the acorns glabrous, otherwise they agree as King has pointed out. King’s

identifications have been confirmed apparently by Koorders, but I cannot help

feeling that better specimens from Java might show that the Peninsular and

- Bornean tree is at least a well-marked variety.

14, Pasania Ewycxni, Gamble. A large tree reaching a height

of 18—24 m. and a diam. of stem of 70—i00 cm.; branches spread-

ing; branchlets rather stout, brown, with scattered white lenticels,

the youngest more slender lepidote-puberulous; resting buds small,

scales linear-lanceolate. Leaves thinly coriaceous: lanceolate or ob-

long-lanceolate, long caudate-acuminate at apex, acute at base ; upper

surface when young slightly lepidote afterwards glabrous, lower

silvery-grey-lepidote-pubescent; margins entire or sometimes un-

dulate; 10—15 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised

on both surfaces ; main nerves 11—14 pairs, slightly raised above,

parallel, at first nearly straight, curving near the margin to join

in diminishing loops; transverse nervules many, oblique, nearly

straight, parallel, enclosing the minutely areolate reticulation ; petiole

7—11 mm. long, partly bordered by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Spikes: 3 up to 10 cm. long, in few-branched, rather con-

tracted terminal panicles; rhachis angular, lepidote-puberulous ;

bracteoles ovate acute, 1 mm. long: 9 solitary, at the base of

the 3 panicle. Flowers: 3 solitary or in clusters of 3—4; perianth

subeylindric, pubescent, 1—1‘5 mm. long, lobes 6 very short; stamens

432 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

12, filaments slender, anthers ovate, small, minutely apiculate; pistil-

lode large, very villous, whitish when dry. Fruits in spikes up

to 25 cm. long with a stout rhachis; pedicel much thickened, 0—7

mm. long, annulate; cupules very thin, when young enclosing nearly

the whole acorn, when mature saucer-shaped embracing only the lower

third of the acorn, minutely grey-tomentose, 2—2°5 cm. in diam.,

5—6 mm. deep; lamellae about 7—10, fairly distinct, usually entire ;

acorn hemispheric or ovoid-conic about 2 cm. in diam. and 1°5

em. high, truncate and intruded at base, glabrous except close

under the umbo which is sharp and conical. Quercus Hwyckii,

Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 212, t. 46 (1839-42). Bl. in Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I 300; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 94; Wenzig in

Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 230; King Ann. Calc. II. 68, t. 62 A.

Cyclobalanus Hwyckii, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. XLVITI. 80.

Perak : in open forest on low hills at 150—250 m. alt. King’s

Collector 7846!. Singapore: at Bukit Timah, Goodenough 396!.

—Distris. Sumatra (Korthals !).

Var. latifolia, King in Ann. Calc. II. 68, t.62 B. Leaves charta-

ceous, elliptic ovate, more shortly and obtusely caudate accuminate,

transverse nervules not quite so close or so straight ; cupules thicker,

the lamellae denticulate; acorn longer, up to 2 cm., densely grey-

sericeous-pubescent. Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 614 (acorn described

as glabrous).

PERAK: in open forest in rocky places near Thaipeng up to

250 m. alt., King’s Collector 8532!. Siyeaprore: at Bukit Timah,

Ridley 5117!

When in leaf only this species can easily be mistaken for P. Lamponga.

15. PASANIA CYRTORHYNCHA, Gamble. A large tree reaching

a height of 18—24 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, with smooth shining pale grey bark

and scattered lenticels, innovations scaly, grey-puberulous as also

the inflorescence, youngest leaves blackish when dry as are the buds

and bud-scales. Leaves chartaceous; elliptic or elliptic-oblong,

abruptly shortly (under 1 cm.) obtusely caudate-acuminate at apex,

rounded or sometimes cuneate at base ; upper surface glabrous, not

shining, reddish-brown when dry, lower pale and covered especially

when young with very minute grey stellate pubescence; margin

entire ; 12—22 cm. long 6—10 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised on

both surfaces ; main nerves 10—15 pairs, slightly curved to about

Se ee ee ee ee

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 433

1 cm, from the margin and then joined by somewhat angular often

gradually diminishing loops ; transverse nervules prominent, rather

irregular, enclosing the areolate rather obscure reticulation ; petiole

about 5 mm. long; stipules linear, about 5 mm. long, caducous.

Spikes: 3 up to about 15 cm. long, in large spreading grey-puberulous

terminal panicles; rhachises slender, angular; bracteoles linear-

lanceolate, 15 mm. long: Q solitary, axillary. Flowers: 3 soli-

tary or in clusters of 2—4, the lower distant, the upper close;

perianth cup-shaped, 1 mm. long, sub-glabrous within, lobes 6,

ovate acute; stamens 12, filaments slender, recurved or spirally

twisted, anthers slightly oblong ; pistillode densely villous, nearly

white when dry, circular or oblong in outline. Fruits solitary,

sessile, in stout spikes up to 15 cm. long; rhachises very stout,

pale grey like the branchlets; cupules when young campanulate,

when mature very thin, saucer-shaped, embracing the lower half

of the acorn, about 23 mm. in diam., 6—7 mm. deep; lamellae 6—7,

rather thin and indistinct, the margins undulate with very obscure

minute teeth; acorn broadly hemispheric, truncate and intruded at

base, chestnut-brown, shining and smooth, glabrous except just

under the umbo, diam. as the cupule, height with the umbo 17 mm. ;

umbo small, conical. Quercus cyrtorhyncha, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

Suppl. 350 (1862); A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 105; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V 613; King Ann. Calc. IT. 66, t. 60 B.

PERAK : in various localities at from 150 to 900 m. alt., King’s

Collector 4898!, 5820!,7117!, 10809!, 10944!. Smrangor: at Gint-

ing Bidai, Ridley 7615 !.—Distr1s. Sumatra, Borneo.

16. Pasanta Bennetril, Gamble. A tree; branchlets moder-

ately stout to slender, the bark dark brown, innovations glabrous

as are all parts except the inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous ; broadly

elliptic, abruptly obtusely cuspidate at apex, acuminately narrowed

at base; upper surface dull, smooth, lower whitish when fresh

greyish-brown when dry ; 7—12cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad; midrib

stout and broad, raised above; main nerves 18—12 pairs, curved

to near the margin and then joining in loops, faint on both surfaces ;

transverse nervules many, fairly regular and parallel, slightly

arched, more numerous near the midrib; reticulation obscure;

petiole slender, up to 1 em. long, bordered almost to the base by the

decurrent margins of the blade. Spikes: # up to about 9 cm. long,

in axillary or subterminal panicles of several branches, the rhachises

angular, grey-puberulous: @ solitary or very few in axillary or

434 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

subterminal panicles, rhachises as in @. Flowers: @ solitary;

bracteole ovate, scarcely -6 mm. long; perianth 1—1-5 mm. long,

tube cup-shaped, lobes 6, short, obtuse, slightly puberulous with-

out ; stamens 12, filaments slender, anthers globose, very small ;

pistillode large, densely villous: 9 solitary; bracteole as in ¢ ,

cupule annular, styles short, erect. Fruits when ripe nearly touch-

ing and mixed with many undeveloped ones, in spikes with a stout

woody rhachis up to about 7 cm. long; cupules puberulous, when

young subcylindric with about 5 lamelle and nearly completely

enclosing the acorn, when ripe very shortly thickly pedicelled,

saucer-shaped, about 1 cm. high and 2 cm. in diam., embracing only

the base of the acorn; lamelle distinct, the teeth of the scales also

distinct though minute; acorn glabrous, ovoid-conic, 2 cm. in

diam., 15cm. high, base deeply intruded, umbo short. Quercus

Bennetizt, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 857 (1855), Suppl. 348 (1862),

and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 112; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 94 ;

Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 235; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 612; King Ann. Calc. Il. 64, t. 58 A. Q. Miqueliana, Scheff.

Obs. Phyt. II. 48, III. 94.

PERAK: at Gunong Inas at 1500 m. alt., Wray 4095!, 4105!,

4126!. Panane: at Kluang Terbang, Barnes 10910!. Jonore; at

Tanjong Kupang, Hadji Senawi, etc., Ridley 6446 !, 11060!, 12515 !.

SINGAPORE: Maingay K.D. 1460!; at Selitar, etc., Ridley 3960 !,

6439 !.—Distris. Bangka (Teysmann, Kurz), Sumatra (Teysmann),

Borneo (Beccari).

17. Pasania CanTLEYANA, Gamble. A large tree reaching

24—30 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, angular, minutely lepidote-puberulous

or glabrous, bark greyish-brown, smooth with prominent lenticels

grouped at the bases of the fruit-spikes or in longitudinal patches

on the internodes; bud-scales ovate, falcate, deciduous. Leaves

vigidly coriaceous ; oblong-lanceolate or -oblanceolate, cuspidate-

acuminate, often rather abruptly, at apex, attenuate and somewhat

decurrent at base ; upper surface very minutely lepidote-puberulous

or glabrous, glossy-green when fresh, shining, olive brown when

dry, lower surface more densely lepidote-puberulous, silvery grey

when fresh, pale brown when dry; margins entire; 10—25 cm.

long, 4—8 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent and raised on

both surfaces; main nerves 12—15 pairs, parallel, prominent on

the lower surface, at first straight or only slightly curved, then

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 435

sharply curved close to the margin; transverse nervules many and

nearly regular and parallel, enclosing the very minutely areolate

reticulation ; petiole stout’ at base, 15-20 mm. long, the upper half

bordered by the decurrent margins of the blade. Spikes: 3 soli-

tary, axillary, reaching 15—20 em. long; rhachises angular, grey-

lepidote ; bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3 mm. long, promi-

nent, especially on the lower part of the rhachis below the flowers:

2 also solitary, axillary, up to 25 cm. long ; rhachis stout, angular ;

bracteoles asin @. Flowers: 3 solitary orsubglomerulate; perianth

cup-shaped, !--1°5 mm. long, lobes 6, shallow, obtuse, villous within;

stamens 12, filaments slender, anthers small, globose; pistillode

cylindric, densely villous: 2 in groups of 2—3 or sometimes soli-

tary, on stout pedicels, soon reaching 5 mm. jong and decurrent

at their bases both above and below to the rhachis, young cups

prominently scaly styles; 3, small. Fruits single or sometimes in

pairs on a very stout woody pedicel along the thick rhachis of a

woody raceme, when single the undeveloped ones remaining at the

base ; pedicel about 5—10 mm. long and 5 mm. thick at base,

puberulous and 1—3-lamellate ; cupule in young fruits depressed-

globular embracing all but the apex and umbo of the acorn, when

old saucer-shaped, embracing only the base of the acorn, 20—25 mm.

in diam. and about 5 mm. high, softly minutely grey-puberulous,

the margin thin, acute ; lamellae about 5—7, obscurely denticulate ;

acorn depressed hemispheric, younger conical, the base deeply in-

truded, surface appressed silvery-grey-sericeous, 2 cm. in diam.,

15 cm. high; umbo small, conical: Quercus Cantleyana, King in

Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 613 (1888) and Ann. Cale. II. 64, t. 59.

Perak : in dense forest up to 300 m. alt., Goping, Chanderiang,

etc., King’s Collector 5112!, 5121!, 5396!, 5475!, 5554!, 5623!,

5814!, 7274!. Sinecarore: Lobb!; Cantley 149; at Changi, Ridley

3386 !; at Bukit Timoh, Redley !.

King remarks that the ~ and 2 flowers are apparently produced on differ-

ent trees; only local investigation can show if this is invariably the case:

certainly all the specimens avaiiable have either 7 flowers only or only ¢,

not both.

18. PasanrA Wenziciana, Gamble. A large tree reaching a

height of 18—24 m. and about 40 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading ; branchlets slender with dark brown shining bark and very

small lenticels, all parts except the inflorescence glabrous. Leaves

coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, abruptly caudate-acuminate

436 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

at apex, the tip obtuse, acute or cuneate at base; upper surface

shining, lower dull; margin recurved ; 8—15 cm. long, 3—5°5 cm.

broad ; midrib stout, prominent on both surfaces; main nerves

12—14 pairs, indistinct, slightly raised on the upper surface, very

slightly curved to about 5 mm. from the margin and then joining

in somewhat angular loops with lesser loops outside them ; trans-

verse nervules few, irregular and branching, enclosing the minutely

areolate reticulation ; petiole slender, dark, 8—11 mm. long. Spikes:

3 10—15 em. long, solitary and axillary or in lax, spreading, termi-

nal, leafless panicles , rhachises angular, grey-puberulous ; bracteoles

triangular-ovate, scarcely | mm. long, scurfy without: @ few,

solitary, axillary. Flowers: 3 solitary or in groups of usually 3;

perianth cup-shaped, 1—1:5 mm. long, puberulous without, glabrous

within, lobes 6, broad, ciliate; stamens 12 or sometimes more,

filaments slender, anthers globose, small; pistillode cylindric, seri-

ceous, white when dry and conspicuous: @ not known. ruts in

spikes up to 20 cm. long, usually solitary but sometimes 2—3

together one or more being undeveloped ; rhachis very stout, rough ;

pedicel thick, scarcely 3mm. long; cupule saucer-shaped, embracing

only the base of the acorn, 2 cm. in diam., 4—6 mm. deep, the

upper margin slightly incurved ; lamellae 5—7, sericeous, prominent,

thick, the edges entire; acorns depressed-globose, glabrous below,

grey-sericeous towards the apex, 2—2°5 cm. in diam., 12—15 mm.

high, the base intruded; umbo conical. Quercus Wenzigiana,

King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 613 (1888) and in Ann. Cale. IT. 65,

t. 58 B. @Q. Diepenhorstii, Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. 231

(not of Miquel).

Prenane: Government Hill, etc., Curtis 360!, 368!. Perak:

in open forest near Goping, up to 150 m. alt., King’s Collector 5955!.

Mauacca: Griffith K.D. 4482!: Maingay K.D. 1527 !.—DiIstRIB.

Borneo.

19. Pasanta Rassa, Gamble. A large tree reaching a height of

18—24 m. and 60—90 em. in diam. of stem; branches spreading ;

branchlets slender, dark-brown, rough, the innovations and inflores-

cence grey-pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves coriaceous ; nar-

rowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate often

obtusely at apex, acute at base and slightly decurrent ; smooth on

both surfaces, the upper shining, the lower dull and pale when dry ;

margins entire, recurved ; 6—9 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib

slender , raised on both surfaces and sometimes pubescent ; main nerves

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 437

obscure, 12—15 pairs, nearly straight to near the margin and there

joined by somewhat angular loops, secondary nerves few; transverse

nervules very irregular much branched enclosing the minutely areo-

late but obscure reticulation; petiole slender, 5—10 mm. long, occa-

sionally (Sumatran specimens) longer, the upper part bordered by the

decurrent margins of the blade. Spikes usually under 10 cm. long,

slender, axillary or the 3 in sparse terminal panicles, the 9 solitary

in lower axils; rhachis of # very slender, angular, grey-pubescent,

of 2 stouter; bracteoles very minute, ovate-acute. Flowers: 3 in

glomerules of about 3, rarely solitary ; perianth cup-shaped, small

scarcely 1 mm. long, lobes 6, puberulous, ciliate on the margins;

stamens 10, filaments slender, anthers globose; pistillode large, very

villous, white when dry; 2 solitary, sessile, cupule obscurely ringed ;

perianth-lobes asin & but smaller; styles 3, very short. Fruzt in

spikes up to 10 em. long, solitary, sessile ; cupules obconic below,

saucer-shaped above and quite shallow, thin, 10—12 mm. broad,

3—5 mm. high; when quite young embracing the whole acorn, when

ripe its base only, the edges acute, spreading ; lamellae 4—6, seri-

ceous, when quite young denticulate, when old entire broad and

thickened ; acorn ovoid-conic, smooth and shining, glabrous except

just around the umbo, 15 to nearly 20 (var.? montana, Hook. £.) mm.

in diam. and height, the base much intruded; umbo conic, sharp.

Quercus Rassa Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 350 (1862) and Ann. Mus.

Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 112; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 95; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 113; King Ann. Calc. IT. 66, t. 60 A.

PENANG: Government Hill, Curtzs 362!; West Hill at 600 m.

alt., Curtis 363!; in dense forest at 600—700 m. alt., King’s

Collector 1689!; on Penang Hill, Ridley 9369!, Fox 10647).

PERAK : Scoriechini 329!; at about 1400 m. alt., King’s Collector

6957!, 6983!. Matacca: at Bukit Besar, Ophir Ridley 10021!.

PmaNnANG, at Gunong Tahan, 1800 m. alt., Wray & Robinson 5440 !.

—Distris. Sumatra, Borneo, Java (fide Koorders).

Var. lanuginosa, Ridley M.S. in Herb. Kew. Branchlets, under

surface and midrib and leaves fulvous-pubescent.

SELANGOR: top of Semangkoh Hill, 1300 m. alt., Ridley 15576 !

The variability of this species is noticed in the Fl. Br. Ind. and it may be

well here to call attention to Ridley’s remarks on the subject in his paper on

‘New and rare Malayan Plants’ in Journ. Str. By. R. As. Soc. No. 61 (1912),

p. 36. His No. 12061 from Ulu Semangkoh mentioned in the same paper has

much thicker and differently-shaped leaves and is probably a new species.

438 Fiora of the Malayan Peninsula.

20. Pasanta HicuHuert, Gamble. A large tree reaching 24—30

m. in height and 30—60 cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading,

crown sometimes low; branchiets stout, shining, with whitish-brown

bark studded in places with large pale often elongate lenticels.

Leaves thinly coriaceous; elliptic-oblong, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,

caudate-acuminate at apex, acuminate at base; both surfaces dull

and pale olive-brown when dry and covered, especially the lower,

with very minute whitish pubescence; margins entire; 15—30 cm.

long 5—8 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominent on both surfaces;

main nerves 10—12 pairs, distant, prominent beneath, very oblique,

starting at an angle of 35°—45° with the midrib, curving to and

along the margin; transverse nervules irregular and indistinct

as is the reticulation; petiole stout, 5—10 mm.long. Spikes up to

15 cm. long, axillary or in few-branched terminal panicles, # @ or

androgynous, sometimes with hermaphrodite flowers; rhachis much

angled, grey-puberulous: bracteoles very small, ovate. Flowers: 3

usually solitary; perianth nearly 2 mm. long, deeply cleft in 6 ovate

acute puberulous lobes; stamens 12, filaments very long and slender,

anthers small, ovate; pistillode smali, pale brown-villous: 2 also

solitary, the cupule stout, perianth as in 3; styles 3, very long,

subulate, spreading, pubescent: ¢ with rather smaller perianth.

Fruits in spikes 10—20 cm. long with a-stout rhachis, pale and

lenticellate like the branchlets; pedicels 0 or only 5 mm. long, stout;

cupules thin with sharp edges, when young saucer-shaped and

embracing one-half to nearly the whole of the acorn, when mature

patelliform and nearly flat, 3—3-5 cm. in diam., and only embracing

the base of the acorn, their edges free from it; lamellae 5—7, broad,

flat, very minutely denticulate; acorn when young ovoid-conic

with prominent umbo and the remains of the styles, minutely serice-

ous, when mature flattened depressed—turbinate sparsely sericeous

becoming glabrescent, reaching 3 cm. in diam. and 1'5 cm. high,

the basal attachment rather small, about 1 cm. in diam.; umbo

small. Quercus Hichleri, Wenzig. in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 236

(1886); Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 615; King Ann. Cale. II. 72,

t. 68.

PsaRAK: onlow ground and up to about 500 m. alt. in dense

forest, King’s Collector 3875!, 4043!, 5290! 5570!, 6630!, 7289!,

7305!, 7384!, 8485!; at Assam Kumbong and Ralan Tujor, Wray

2577! 2607!.—Distris: Sumatra (Forbes 3035!, 3183!, 3189!).

Vern. ‘Mempenung jantan,’ ‘Mempenung Putih’ Ridley.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 439

This species and P. Curtisii, Gamble, much resemble each other in leaves,

but differ in other respects.

21. Pasania CLEMENTIANA, Gamble. A tree; branchlets brown

the younger ones black, bark with elongate lenticels. Leaves thinly

coriaceous; oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate at

apex, acutely attenuate at base; upper surface shining, olive-brown

when dry, lower pale-brown dull; margins entire; 15—20 cm. long,

4—6 cm. broad; midrib stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves

11—13 pairs, oblique; slender, at first nearly straight, curved

to join in obscure arches close to the margin; transverse nervules

rather distant, irregular, enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole

stout, about 1 cm. long. Spikes: 3 (sometimes androgynous)

under 10 cm. long, axillary and solitary or in terminal much

branched panicles; rhachis grey-puberulous, angled; bracteoles

triangular, very small: @ solitary, axillary. Flowers: 3 in clusters

of about 4; perianth cup-shaped about 1 mm. long, lobes 6 obtuse.

stamens 12, filaments slender, anthers reniform, small; pistillode

rather large, densely whitish-villous: @ solitary or in threes, the

young cupules truncate-pyriform with 4 broad distinct lamellae, quite

enclosing the fruit. Fruits solitary or in threes of which 1 or 2

undeveloped; cupules when young obconic, when old sessile and

saucer-shaped, enclosing half the acorn, thick (4 mm.), about 3 cm. in

diam. and 1 cm. deep, the margins incurved ; lamellae about 5, broad,

the margins entire; acorns turbinate, flattened at base with a

broad attachment, 2—2°5 cm. in diam., 1 cm. high, glabrous; umbo

conical. Quercus Clementiana, King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 614

(1888) and Ann. Calc. IT. 69, t. 63 A.

Penane: Maingay K.D.1529!; on Government hill; Curtis 3095!

PERAK: Scortechini!. Matacca: at Sungei Udang, Ridley!.

22. PasantA Omaxoxkos, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLVII.

676 (1912). A large tree reaching a height of 24—30 m and 60—90

em. in diam. of stem, branches spreading ; branchlets brown, rough,

longitudinally striate and lenticellate, the uppermost angular, grey-

scurfy puberulous, bud-scales subulate-lanceolate. Leaves thinly

coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, abruptly and shortly

obtusely acuminate at apex, cuneately attenuate at base; both

surfaces glabrous and shining, dark green when fresh, olive-green

when dry; margins entire; 5—13 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad;

midrib rather stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves l5—20

440 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

pairs slightly prominent on both surfaces, nearly straight at first,

joined near the margin by somewhat angular loops; transverse

nervules irregular, reticulate and much branched, enclosing the areo-

late reticulation ; petiole short, about 5 mm. long; stipules lanceo-

late, oblique. Spikes up to about 17 cm. long & or androgynous,

slender, grey puberulous, solitary and axillary or in sparse few-branched

terminal panicles; rhachises slender, angled, bracts linear falcate,

about 5 mm. long; bracteoles minute, ovate-acute. Flowers: 3 in

elongate clusters of usually 3—4, rarely solitary, perianth cup-shaped ,

very short, lobes 6, minute, incurved; stamens 12, filaments slender,

anthers small; pistillode round, white-villous: 2 notseen. Fruits

usually solitary in spikes, about 10—12 cm. long with very stout

rough rhachises; pedicel 0; cupules when young embracing nearly

half the acrorn, when mature only its base, saucer-shaped or flat,

thick, the margins incurved, 2°5—3:5 cm. in diam. 6—7 mm. deep ;

lamelle about 8—10, the lower ones broad and thick, the upper

gradually narrower, all minutely tomentose, slightly undulate

on the margins; acorns hemispheric or somewhat ovoid, glabrous

except just round the umbo, shining, the base with wide circular

intruded attachment, 1:55—2°5 cm. in diam., 1:5 cm. high: umbo

small conical. Quercus Omalokos, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 214

(1839—42); Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd..Bat: I. 301; Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 860 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 112; A. DC. Prodr.

XVI. ii. 92; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 231; Hook

f, Fl. Br. Ind. V. 614; King Ann. Cale. II. 70, t. 23 B. Cyclobalanus

Omalokos, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 80 (1866).

PgeRAxK: in dense forest on the hills up to 1200 m. alt., Goping,

Thaiping, etc. King’s Collector 5950!, 6901!, 8194!, 8447!; Scorte-

chini!. Matacca: at Sungei Hudang, Derry 583!; Goodenough

1227 !.—Distris. Sumatra (Korthals/). Vern ‘ Mempenung putih’

Ridley.

23. Pasania LuciIDA, Gamble. A large tree reaching a height

of 24—30 m. or more with 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, glabrous, dark purplish-brown to nearly

black when dry with scattered elongate lenticels, prominently angled

and usually furnished with raised lines decurrent from the leaf-axils ;

bud-scales ovate-acuminate more or less persistent. Leaves rigidly

coriaceous; cuneately oblanceolate or oblong, obtusely rounded

or emarginate at apex, acuminate or long-cuneate at base; both

surfaces glabrous and shining, dark green when fresh, reddish-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 44]

brown when dry; margins entire, recurved; variable in size, 8—20

em. long, 3—8 cm. broad; midrib very stout, raised on both surfaces ;

main nerves 10—20 pairs, not prominent, irregular, at first nearly

straight, near the margin branching angularly and anastomosing,

transverse nervules an irregular much branched reticulation; petiole

stout, short, 5—10 mm. long, glabrous. Spikes up to 20 cm. long

in close panicles terminal or axillary to the uppermost leaves, ¢ most

numerous, 2 apparently less numerous and solitary, androgynous

very frequent the ¢ flowers above the ? below; rhachis slender,

angular, grey-puberulous ; bracts linear-subulate, nearly 1 cm. long.

bracteoles ovate, 1 mm. long. Flowers: ¢ solitary or in clusters

of usually 3 together; perianth cup-shaped, 1 mm. long, pubescent,

lobes 6, broadly ovate; stamens 12, filaments long, anthers very small

globular; pistillode large, pale, densely villous: 9 solitary or in

clusters of 2—3, cupule rather thick, perianth as in ¢ but smaller,

styles small, conical. Fruits usually solitary in spikes of about

15 cm. long with very thick rhachises deeply pitted with the

prominent scars of abortive flowers ; pedicel 0; cupule when young

embracing nearly the whole acorn, when mature only its base,

2-5—3°5 cm. in diam., 5 mm. deep, saucer-shaped or flat, grey tomen-

tose, the base of the much intruded; lamellae 8—13, when young

very thick, the inner ones much inflexed and very narrow, when -

mature narrower the margin slightly undulate; acorn hemispheric

hardly depressed at apex, truncate at base with a very broad

attachment, smooth shining, glabrous except sometimes around

the minute conical umbo, 3—3:5 in. in diam. 15—20 mm. high;

pericarp thick, woody, the endocarp intruded in plates, star-like, into

the seed. Quercus lucida, Roxb. Fl Ind. III. 635 (1832); Mig. FI.

Ind. Bat. I. i, 863 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 166; Hook. f. Fl. Br.

Ind. V. 614; King. Ann. Calc. II. 69, t. 64. @Q. cuneata, Herb.

Roxb.; Wall. Cat. 3732.

PenanG: Maingay K.D. 1526!; King’s Collector 1810!; half

way up Penang Hill, G. King!; at Chalet, Curtis 930!. Prrax:

generally on low ground and up to 15) m. alt., King’s Collector

3990!, 5086!, 5279!, 5307!, 5325!, 5351!, 5429!, 5675! 5682!,

6198!, 6500!, 6914!; at lower camp, Gunong Batu Putih, 1000

m. alt., Wray 998!, 1190!, at Waterfall hill, 600 m. alt., Wray 2217!,

at Selama, Wray 4177. Sincapore: King’s Collector 1255!; at

Teban, Ridley! ; at Chenchu-Kang, Ridley 1603!; at Bukit Mandai,

Ridley 3414a!; Machado}.

442 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

24. PaSANIA CYCLOPHORA, Gamble. A very large tree reaching

30—40 m. in height and 60—120 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, smooth, angular, glabrous, purplish-

brown when dry, sparsely lenticellate ; bud-scales lanceolate, tawny-

puberulous, nearly 1cm. long. Leaves coriaceous; oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, acuminate often caudately at apex, acuminate at base;

upper surface glossy dark green when fresh, brown and shining when

dry, when young sometimes lepidote, lower silvery grey when fresh,

yellowish-glaucous when dry with dense minute pale tomentum ;

margins entire, recurved; 15—30 cm. long, 5—10 em. broad ; midrib

very stout and prominent, raised on both surfaces; main nerves

16—20 pairs, conspicuous, parallel, oblique, slightly impressed above,

slightly curved to and along the margin, the apical ones meeting

in loops; transverse nervules very many, fairly regular and parallel

but curved, joined by rather obscure smaller nervules; petiole stout,

1—2cm. iong, the upper end bordered by the decurrent margins of

the blade; stipules ovate, tawny-puberulous, very caducous. Spikes

about 10—12 cm. long, & or androgynous, solitary or in small

axillary or terminal panicles on the new branchlets; rhachis angular,

minutely puberulous or subglabrous; bracts ovate acute; bracteoles

ovate acuminate, very many, usually 1 toeach og and 2toeach 9

flower. Flowers: 3 solitary or in clusters of 2—4, perianth cup-

shaped, puberulous, 1°5—2 mm. long, lobes 6, ovate, acute ; stamens

12, filaments slender, anthers very small, globose; pistillode rather

small, white-villous when dry: @ solitary, cup with apprsssed

scales, perianth as in & but lobes less acute; styles 3 small, conical.

Fruits very large, sessile on a thick rhachis up to 12cm. long; cupules

very thick (to 1 cm.), saucer-shaped, embracing half the acorn, the

margins rounded and incurved, 4°5—6 cm. in diam. 2—2°5 em. high,

minutely tomentose without; lamellae up to about 10, rounded,

the margin wavy, indistinct and irregular; acorn flattened, much

depressed at the top, broadly attached at base, densely and minutely

furfuraceous-tomentose, about 4cm. broad and 1:5 cm. high, the

inner walls of the pericarp protruded within star-like through the

testa and cotyledons of the seed; umbo in the depression, conspicu-

ous, conical, about 6 mm. high. Quercus cyclophora, Endl. Gen.

Pl. Suppl. IV. ii. 28 (1847); A. DC. Prodr. XV. ii. 102; Mig. Ann.

Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 113; Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 615; King Ann.

Calc. II. 71, t. 67. @. depressa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 640 (not of

H. B. K. or of Bl.). Q. placentaria Wall. Cat. 2779 and 2779 B.

not of Bl.) ; Hance in Journ. Bot. 364 (1875). Q. penangensis, Miq.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 443

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 859. Q. umbonata, Hance in Journ. Bot. 241

(1874), 364 (1875).

Penane: Wallich 2779!; Maingay K.D. 1528!; Norris!;

G. King!; Curtis! 361; Stoliceka!. Perak: on hills in dense forest

up to 1000 m. alt., King’s Collector 2402!, 6821!, 6888!; at lower

camp Gunong Batu Putih, Wray 1207!. SzLancor; at 15th mile,

Pahang track, Ridley 8503!. Sincapore: Wallich 2779B!; in

Botanic Garden, Hullett 654!; at North Selitar, Ridley 115!.

25. Pasania costaTa, Gamble. A tree reaching a height of

18—24 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem, branches spreading ;

branchlets rather stout with smooth brown bark and small lenticels,

the youngest slightly lepidote soon becoming glabrous; leaf-buds

lanceolate with linear slightly falcate nearly glabrous scales about

1 em. long. Leaves thickly coriaceous ; elliptic-oblong or elliptic-

lanceolate or -oblanceolate, abruptly caudate at apex, the acumen

obtuse, acute or almost rounded at the base which is slightly

decurrent on the petiole; upper surface bright green when fresh,

olive-brown, shining and glabrous when dry, lower glaucescent,

dull; margin entire, slightly recurved when dry ; 10—20 em. long,

4—7 cm. broad; midrib very stout, prominent on both surfaces ;

main nerves 10—14 pairs, indistinct, straight at first, then curving

to meet in loops near the margin; transverse nervules irregular,

distant, enclosing the minutely areolate reticulation which is con-

spicuous on both surfaces; petiole 7—17 mm. long. Spikes termi-

nal or axillary, ¢ or 9 or ¢ and ? together the latter the highest,

minutely grey-puberulous: ¢ up to 25 cm. long, slender but stiff :

2 about 15 cm. long, slender; bracteoles of ¢ conspicuous in bud,

linear-subulate, 2—3 mm. long. Flowers: ¢ in clusters of usually

3, each cluster to a bracteole; perianth cup-shaped, 1 mm. long,

cleft halfway down into 6—7 rounded lobes; stamens 12—15,

filaments long, slender, anthers ovate apiculate; pistillode large,

white-villous: ¢@ solitary, distant, the cupule fiattened on the

rhachis, perianth-lobes as in ¢ but smaller; styles 3, very short.

Fruits in stout spikes about 15 cm. long, distant, very large, 4°5

em. in diam. when mature, 2°5 cm. high, very broadly turbinate,

obliquely set on the very thick 1:5 cm. long pedicel which is ringed

near the middle; rhachis like the branchlets; cupules when young

embracing most of the acorn, turbinate and about 5-ringed, when

mature obconic, minutely hoary, separate from the acorn but

ineurved over it for about 5 mm. at the top; lamellae 2, wide and

444 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

more or less oblique on the lower part, 3 closer together at the over-

lap ; acorn patelliform, the exsert portion scutiform, slightly convex,

chestnut-brown, shining, glabrous; umbo conical; walls of the

pericarp very thick, at least 5 mm., the endocarp slightly protruded

inwards in narrow plates. Quercus costata, Blume Bijdr. 522, Fl.

Jav. Cupul. 25, t. 13, 14 and Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 301; Korth.

Verh. Nat. Gesch. 212; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 93; Miq. Fl. Ind.

Bat. I. i. 862, and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 116; Wenzig in Jahrb.

Bot. Gart. Berl. IV. 239; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 617; Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. X. 60; King Ann. Calc. II. 81 t. 76 A; Koord. Exkuis.

Fl. Jav. II. 70. Lithocarpus scutigera, Oudem. Annot. Crit. Cupul.

Jav. 20, t. 12. Cyclobalanus costaia, Oerst. Kjoeb. Vidensk. Med-

del. 81 (1866).

PERAK: in hill forests up to 300 m. King’s Collector 4891!,

5166!, 5584!, 5783!, 7277 (ripe fruit); Scortechini!.—DistTR1B.

Java, Sumatra.

This species has usually been placed in Sect. Lirmocarpus as believed to

have the acorn completely attached to the cupule, but as after cutting through

a good, quite ripe specimen I find this not to be the case, I have followed Oersted

in transferring it to Sect. CycnoBatANnus. King considers the Peninsular

‘material to belong to Blume’s var. convexa, but I cannot agree in this.

Scortechini’s specimens agree well with both Blumes’ and Oudemans’ figures, and

the rest of the material differs only in having the fruit (much more mature)

very broad and obconic instead of cylindrical. The thickness and hardness

of the pericarp is most remarkable.

26. PASANIA LAMPADARIA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 177 (1914). A

small tree ; branchlets very stout with smooth dark-grey or nearly

black bark, rough with dark rounded lenticels. Leaves very coria-

ceous ; lanceolate, acuminate at apex with an oblique obtuse acumen,

attenuate at base and more or less decurrent on the petiole ; upper

surface smooth, shining, lower whitish when fresh with a minute

felted pubescence, grey when dry ; margins entire, recurved ; 20—25

cm. long, 6—10 em. broad ; midrib very thick and prominent; main

nerves 12—14 pairs, at first nearly straight, curving to vanish along

the margin; transverse nervules many, subparallel, slightly arched ;

reticulation obscure ; petiole very stout, wrinkled, 1—1:5 em. long,

bordered partly by the decurrent margins of the blade. Flowers not

known. ruts (immature) sessile in stout spikes about 10 cm. long,

usually 3 together, occasionally more, sometimes (the lower ones)

single or in pairs; cupules enclosing about three-fourths of the half

mature acorn ; lamellae to each acorn about 5, minutely denticulate ;

acorns white-sericeous ; umbo prominent, conical.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 445

Perak : at lower camp Gunong Batu Puteh, 1000 m. alt., Wray

1176! ‘saplings used when dry as torches in fishing by Sakais’ ;

camp on Ulu Batang Padang 1500 m. alt. Wray 1514!:.

27. Pasanta BuiumeEaANA, Gamble. A tree reaching 12—15 m.

in height, branches spreading; branchlets stout, greyish-brown,

lenticellate, the ultimate ones shining, plumbeous, minutely pul-

verulent; resting-buds globose, the scales obtuse. Leaves coria-

ceous ; elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate

at apex, acute at base; upper surface glabrous, dull or shining,

greyish-brown when dry, lower pale, very minutely stellate-tomen-

tose; margin entire, recurved ; 15—20 cm. long, 4—7 cm. broad;

midrib stout, raised on both surfaces ; main nerves 12—14 pairs,

prominent beneath, parallel, straight at first, curving somewhat

abruptly close to and along the margin; transverse nervules many,

parallel; reticulation obscure ; petiole very stout, 1—1-:5 cm. long.

Spikes usually ¢ or androgynous, slender, axillary or in terminal

panicles; rhachis minutely grey-tomentose; bracteoles minute.

Flowers: & very small, solitary or in clusters of 3—4; perianth

very short, lobes obtuse ; stamens with very slender filaments and

minute ovate anthers; pistillode grey-villous: @ solitary, the in-

volucre scaly, perianth-lobes short ; styles short, spreading. Fruzts

depressed-turbinate, solitary in dense spikes about 10—12 cm. long,

the rhachis very stout, rough with prominent lenticels and lepidote-

puberulous; pedicel stout, very short, about 5 mm. long; cupules

thin, when very young produced above the ovary, in half-ripe

specimens enclosing the whole acorn except the umbo, grey-pubes-

cent and covered into prominent appressed or spreading subulate

scales, when mature covering from two-thirds to nearly the whole

of the acorn and splitting in vertical fissures, the scales in obscure

rings ; acorns depressed-turbinate till about half-ripe, when mature

globose or hemispheric-conic, densely sericeous-tomentose, 1°5—2

em. in diam. and 1—5 cm. high ; umbo conical, surmounted by the

persistent stigmas. (Quercus Blumeana, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch.

Bot. 208, t. 44 (1839—42); Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 288; A. DC.

Prodr. XVI. ii. 103; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 863 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-

Bat. I. 116; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. LV. 237; Hook. f. Fl.

Br. Ind. V. 615; King Ann. Calc. II. 75, t. 69 B; Koord. &

Val. Bijdr. X. 57; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. II. 69. Cyclobalanus

Blumeana, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 81 (1866).

PErak: Scortechini!; in Larut, 1000-1200 m. alt., King’s Col-

lector 3232 !.—DistrRis.: Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

446 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

The leaves in the Peninsular specimens are considerably larger than those

figured by Korthals, but in other respects Sir G. King’s identifications seem

correct.

28. Pasanta conrracosa, Gamble. A large tree reaching a

height of 24—30 m. and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem; branches

spreading ; branchlets stout, smooth, greyish-brown, with few but

rather large lJenticels, the youngest scurfy; leaf-buds ovoid with

small narrow acute scales. Leaves very coriaceous; elliptic or

elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly and obtusely cuspidate-acuminate at

apex, acute at base ; upper surface dark green when fresh, more or

less shining when dry, smooth, lower greyish when fresh minutely

greyish appressed-pubescent when dry; margins slightly recurved :

10—18 cm. long, 3—75 cm. broad; midrib stout, prominently

raised on both surfaces; main nerves 6—8 pairs, raised beneath,

curving gradualiy to and along the margin; transverse nervules.

many, subparallel, indistinct as is the reticulation ; petiole stout,

10—12 mm. long. Flowers unknown. Fruits sessile, solitary,

globose, ii stout or somewhat slender terminal or axillary spikes up

to 20 cm. long, the peduncle about 4—5 cm.; rhachis like the branch-

lets; when ripe up to 3°5 cm. in diam. and 3 cm. high ; cupules

when half-grown thin enveloping three-fourths or more of the

acorn, rugosely reticulated with appressed ovate acute keeled scales

of which only the apex of the upper ones is free, when mature

thicker and enveloping the whole acorn except the umbo, the scales

thickened into irregular coarse tubercles; acorn globose when young,

when mature somewhat depressed, minutely velvety; umbo promi-

nent, the stigmas persistent. Quercus confragosa, King in Hook.

f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 616 (1888) and in Ann. Cale. II. 77. t. 71.

PERAK: in forest on low hills up to 150 m. alt. King’s Collector

8123!, 8188!.

This is a very remarkable species especially in the difference between the

young and the mature cupules.

29. Pasanta Wrayit, Gamble. A tree, branchlets rather

stout, pale, shining, the young ones densely and minutely fulvous-

tomentose. Leaves subcoriaceous; oblong-lanceolate, long—cau-

date-acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse and often unequal at

base ; both surfaces dull, minutely stellate-puberulous especially on

the midrib, lower paler; margins recurved when dry; 13—20 cm.

long, 3—5 cm. broad ; midrib prominent, raised on both surfaces ;

main nerves 12—16 pairs, prominent especially on the lower surface,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 447

curved slightly to just within the margin and then suddenly bent

parallel to it; transverse nervules many, arched, often branching,

enclosing the minute reticulation; petiole stout, tomentose, 3—5

mm. long. Flowers not known. Fruits sessile, solitary in axillary

dense spikes under 10 cm. long of which the peduncle about half

that length and, with the rhachis, fulvous-tomentose ; cupule fulvous-

tomentose, much depressed, 2 cm. in diam., 1 cm. high, when young

almost discoid, enveloping the whole acorn and completely covered

with stout simple at first incurved afterwards radiating rather soft

spines which are usually hooked at the apex; acorn depressed,

fulvous-sericeous. Quercus Wrayii, King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

Cale. II. 77, t. 104 (1889).

Perak: at Kota, Wray 2854!. Panane: at Telom, Ridley

13727}.

The description of the fruits is perforce taken from immature specimens.

30. Pasanra pDiscocaRPa, Gamble. A large tree reaching

30—40 m. in height and up to 120 cm. in diam. of stem ; branchlets

purplish-brown with conspicuous large usually oblong lenticels ;

resting-buds small ovoid with ovate scales. Leaves coriaceous ;

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate and usually mucro-

nate at apex, acute at base; upper surface glabrous, deep green

when fresh olivaceous when dry, shining, lower paler and brown

when fresh, with minute appressed cinnamonuous pubescence ; 8—16

em. long, 3—5 em. broad ; midrib rather slender, slightly impressed

above ; main nerves 8—10 pairs, curving gradually to and along the

margin, thin but prominent beneath; transverse nervules many,

subregular, obscure as is the reticulation; petiole 5—8 mm. long.

Spikes about 10 cm. long in erect terminal spreading tomentose

panicles, lower ones many and ¢, the 2 few and near the top of

the panicles only; bracteoles minute, broad, obtuse, °5 mm. long,

those of 2 smaller and more acute. Flowers: 3 very small in

clusters of 2—4; perianth-lobes nearly free, ovate, about -7 mm.

long, pubescent; stamens 12, filaments slender, anthers globose ;

pistillode of many separable villous scales: ? solitary; perianth-

lobes very small; styles 3, subulate, spreading. Frwit sessile, hemis-

pheric- or turbinate-conic, minutely tawny-pubescent, 1°5 cm. long,

2 cm. in diam.; cupule thin, completely enclosing the whole acorn

except the umbo, concave at base and bearing scattered tufts or

broken lines of simple or branching spreading pubescent sharp spines

up to 8 mm. long; acorn minutely appressed-pubescent with retrorse

448 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

hairs, base very concave, umbo conical. Quercus discocarpa, Hance

in Journ.-Bot. for 1874, 242; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 616; King

Ann. Calc. II. 76, t. 70. Castanopsis discocarpa, Hance in Journ.

Bot. for 1878, 201.

PENANG : at Penara Bukit, 300 m. alt., Curtis 1155!. Perak:

in open hilly forest at 250—450 m. alt., Larut, King’s Coilector

5482!; at Gunong Bubu, Scortechint 841!.—Distris. Bangka

(Teysmann), Borneo (Haller).

31. PASANIA ACUMINATISSIMA, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel.

84 (1866). A tree up to 25 m. in height and 1°5 m. in diam. of

stem; branchlets nearly black, lenticellate, slender, the youngest

minutely puberulous ; leaf-buds globose with 2—3 subulate scales

at base. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long

acuminate at apex the acumen somewhat obtuse, acute or somewhat

rounded and often unequal at base; upper surface when dry ashy-

grey, shining, glabrous, lower surface reddish-brown, glabrous or

minutely rufous-pubescent ; margin entire or the upper half coarsely

serrate, the serrations at the ends of the main nerves, usually

reflexed when dry; 4—12 cm. long, 2—3°5 cm. broad; midrib

slender, very slightly impressed above; main nerves 8—11 pairs,

prominent beneath ; transverse nervules many, subprominent, enclos-

ing the areolate minute reticulation ; petiole 5—19 mm. long, some-

what flattened. Spikes from the axils of the upper leaves, erect,

solitary but paniculately arranged: ¢@ very slender, almost filiform,

slightly puberulous, under 5 cm. long; bracteoles ovate-acuminate

glabrous except the villous tip, 1—1:5 mm. long: 2 stouter up to

6 cm. long; bracteoles as in ¢. Flowers: ¢& solitary in the axils

of the bracteoles ; perianth-lobes free, much imbricate, orbicular,

nearly 1 mm. in diam., the margins ciliate; stamens 10—12 or more,

filaments very short, anthers rather large; pistillode villous with

1—2 rudimentary ovaries and stigmas embedded in the hairs: 2

also solitary, distant, the cupule scaly ; perianth-lobes as in ¢ but

smaller ; stamens sometimes present ; styles 2—3, spreading, sub-

clavate. Fruits in spikes up to about 10 cm. long, rhachises like

the branchlets ; cupules (immature) obliquely ovoid, closely envelop-

ing the whole acorn except the umbo, minutely fulvous-puberulous

without, villous within, bearing 4—4 rather oblique rings of stout

sharp erect or recurved tubercular spines ; 15—20 mm. long, 10—12

mm. in daim.; acorn ovoid-apiculate, flattened on one side; umbo

rounded. @Q. acuminatissima, A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 102 (1869) ;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 449

Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. Il. 69. Q. Junghuhnii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.

I. i. 853 (1855); Oudem. Annot. Crit. Cupul. Jav. 15, t. 9, Wenzig

in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. LV. 237; King Ann. Calc. II. 78, t. 73.

Q. fagiformis, Jungh. in Nat. Tijdschr. N. Ind. Ser. 3, IV. 119 (1857)

and in Bonplandia VI. 82 with picture of stem and roots; Miq. l.c.

870; Koord. & Val. Bijdr. X. 54. Q. lineata, Miq. (not of Bl.) Pl.

Jungh. I. 10. Castanea acuminatissima, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I.

283 (1850); Mig. I.c. 867. C.? sessilifolia, Bl. lc. 284; Miq. Le.

867.

Perak: at Gunong Bubu, Scortechini 832!.—Distrin. Java,

at high elevations (Blume, Teysmann, De Vriese, Junghuhn Kurz,

Forbes 335, 941).

Scortechini’s specimens have entire leaves, but agree well with the Java

specimens, which have often the leaves entire; they were identified with this

species tentatively by King in Hb. Calc., and I do not doubt the correctness of

his opinion. The tree is described in most of the works on the Flora of Java as

having many stems and as putting forth countless suckers from the roots. The

picture in ‘Bonplandia’ shows these forming a kind of hut and sheltering the

natives. Scortechini gives no information regarding the stem and roots of the

Perak trees.

32. PASANIA ENCLEISACARPA, Gamble. A large tree reaching

24-30 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam. of stem, branches

spreading; branchlets rather slender, dark greyish brown to nearly

black, furrowed, smooth, youngest ones whitish-lepidote. Leaves

chartaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-oblong, abruptly caudate-acuminate

at apex the acumen obtuse, acute at base; upper surface dark

green when fresh, dark grey when dry, glabrous, shining or dull,

lower silvery-grey when fresh, plumbeous when dry and sublepidote ;

margins entire; 10-—17 cm. long, 4—6 cm. broad, sometimes smaller ;

midrib fairly strong, slightly raised on both surfaces; main nerves

7—9 pairs, boldly curving to and along the margin, the upper ones

to meet in loops; transverse nervules few, distant, enclosing the

areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 1 cm. long. Spikes: g and

2 usually separate, but sometimes androgynous the 3 flowers

above the 2 below: 3 slender, up to 20 cm. long or more, many

together in lax terminal grey-pubescent panicles ; bracteoles very

small, ovate, acute: 9 and androgynous nearly as long, axillary,

solitary. Flowers: 3 in somewhat elongate clusters, rarely of only

2—3; perianth cup-shaped, 1 mm. long, cleft about half way down

in 6 slightly acute pubescent lobes ; stamens 12, filaments slender,

anthers ovoid; pistillode large, often oblong, very villous: @ soli-

450 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

tary or rarely 2—3 together, on a very stout upcurved flattened

pedicel; cupule thick, faintly 2—4-annular; perianth as in ¢;

ovary densely silky ; styles 3, spreading. Fruits hemispheric, 2—3

em. in diam., 1:5—2 cm. high, in stout spikes up to 20 cm. long;

rhachis like the branchlets ; enlarged pedicel very stout, 1—1°5 cm.

long, obconical, flattened ; cupule thin, smooth, chartaceous, red-

dish-brown when dry, enveloping the whole acorn except the umbo,

the margin often split, with 4—5 faint wavy rings, which are again

connected by obscure straight vertical lines; acorn densely white

appressed-sericeous with retrorse hairs, the base deeply hollowed

out, the apex broadly conical tipped with the remains of the stigmas ;

endocarp with intruded plates, the cotyledons thus presenting a

shallow conic star-like figure of about 10 rays enveloping the conical

intruded endocarp. Quercus encleisacarpa, Korth. in Verh. Nat.

Gesch. Bot. 208, t. 45 (1839-42), Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I.

288; A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 103; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 862 and

Ann, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 116; Wenzig in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl.

IV. 238; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 617; King Ann. Cale: TT. 30; t.

75. Cyclobalanus encleistacarpa, Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel.

81 (1866). ;

PENANG: on Government Hill, Curtis 254!; in dense forest at

300 m. alt., King’s Collector 1581!. Prrax: in forest up to about

300 m. alt., King’s Collector 2828 !, 5143! (small leaves 6—7 cm. by

25—3 cm.), 5477!, 5523!, 5594!, 5682!, 5689!, 5739 !, 7541!;

Wray 3291!. Spraneor: at Rawang, Ridley 10474!. Sunexrt

Usone. Matacoa: Derry 1213!. Srtneapore: Cantley !.—Distris.

Sumatra (Korthals, Forbes 2943!). Vern. ‘Mempenung putih,’ ‘ Ber-

angan babi hutan’ Ridley.

The Sumatra specimens have the fruit more conical and longer (2 cm. or

more) than the Peninsular ones which are almost flat or only slightly conical

at top.

Var. aperta, King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 617. Acorn

smaller more nearly globose, the cupule always open for the upper

fourth, the diam. of the orifice 1.6 cm. in ripe or nearly ripe speci-

mens, margin often thickened. King l.c.

Penana: Maingay K.D. 1531!.; Government Hill at 600 m.

alt., Curtis 366!. Perak: in forest on the hills up to 1200 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 4855 !, 8303!; Scortechini!.

33. Pasania Roprnsonu, Gamble. A tree, branches stout,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 451

dark-coloured. Leaves coriaceous; lanceolate, acuminate, acute at

‘apex, narrowed and cuneate at base; upper surface brown when

dry, lower silvery except the brown nerves; 15 cm. long, 5 em.

wide ; main nerves 11] pairs, raised beneath; transverse nervules

parallel. Spikes in erect racemes, numerous, terminal, 8 cm. long,

on branches 12 cm. long ; base 3mm. long; rhachis scurfy. Flowers :

3 sessile; perianth lobes 6, short, dentiform, acute, pubescent ;

stamens 12, anthers ellipsoid ; pistillode pulvinate, silky; bracts

very small: 2 on separate spikes; styles 3, short. Fruit when

young with the cupule covering the acorn and covered with short

appressed triangular scales, when mature the cupule thin, free from

the acorn except at base and covering all but the umbo, splitting at

the top into 5 irregular lobes, pubescent, faintly vertically ribbed

but without rings, 1-5 cm. long; acorn rather longer, ovoid, taper-

oD?

ing at apex, silky; umbo short with 3 persistent styles. Quercus

Robinsonii, Ridley in Journ. Fed. Mal. States V. 46 (1914).

SELANGOR: Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 1500—1700 m. alt.,

Dyak Collector of the States Museum.

I have seen no specimens, the description is taken from Ridley’s.

34. PasantA MarncGayil, Schky in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XLVII. 627

(1912). A very large tree; branchlets fulvous with pale lenticels,

young branchlets and inflorescence minutely fulvous-tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous; elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, shortly acumi-

nate at apex, cuneately acute at base; upper surface olive-brown

when dry, minutely lepidote pubescent on the midrib and nerves

otherwise nearly glabrous, under surface covered with very minute

pale fulvous stellate pubescence; margin entire ; 20—25 cm. long,

7—15 cm. broad; midrib rather stout, prominent on both surfaces ;

main nerves 15—20 pairs slightly raised above, slightly curving to

within the margin and then sharply bent to join in intramarginal

loops ; transverse nervules many, subparallel, often branched, more

distinct on the upper than on the lower surface, and enclosing the

minutely areolate reticulation; petiole stout, 2°5—3 cm. long,

minutely tomentose, bordered above by the decurrent margins of the

blade. Spikes: 3 about 12 cm. long, very slender: @ solitary, 16

em. long or more. Flowers: 3 in elongate rather distant clusters

on the fulvous-tomentose rhachis ; bracteoles very small, lanceolate,

acute ; perianth cup-shped, 1—1-25 mm. long, cleft nearly to the

base in almost lanceolate villous lobes; stamens 12, filaments

slender, anthers globose ; pistillode usually elongate, very villous :

452 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2 solitary ; cupule covered with minute scales arranged in lamellae;

perianth asin ¢ but much smaller; styles minute. Fruits in thick

racemes, 10—15 cm. long; narrowly pyriform with truncate umbo-

nate apex, 3°5 cm. long, 2—4 cm. in diam.; pedicel thick, erect,

nearly 1 cm. long; cupules woody, embracing the whole acorn and

adherent to it except at the top, smooth and minutely tomentose

with about 3—6 obscure oblique lamellae; acorn confluent with the

inner walls of the cupule, the flattened top sericeous ; umbo small,

exsert; pericarp hard, corky, about 5 mm. thick, endocarp walls

slightly intruded in narrow plates. Quercus Maingayii, Benth. in

Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1314 (1880); Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 617; King

Ann. Cale. II. 82 t. 77.

Penane: Maingay K.D. 1464!: Curtis 267!. Srtancor: 15th

mile, Pahang track, Ridley 8588 !.

Wray 1142! from Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Putih, resembles this very

closely in its branchlets and leaves, the only noticeable difference being that

there are more main nerves. The fruits, however, of which there are only very

young specimens, are in clusters of 1—3, more usually one or two abortive, but

all connected and having cupules with irregular wavy hardened lamellae, while

in P. Maingayit the fruits seem to be always solitary.

Wray 1097! also from Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Putih, consists of branch-

lets with 2 flowers in terminal panicles of spikes and a few very young con-

spicuously lamellate fruits. It may perhaps, as suggested by Sir G. King,

belong to P. Javensis, (Bl.) Prantl with which it agrees fairly well in leaves.

35. Pasanta Beccariana, Prantl. in Engl. & Prantl. Naturl.

Pflanzenfam. II1. i. 55 (1888). A tree, reaching 18—2] m. in height ;

branchlets slender, brown, the young ones minutely fulvous-puberu-

lous; bud-scales lanceolate about 3mm. long. Leaves subcoriaceous ;

lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, obtusely acuminate at apex, acuminate

at base; upper surface glabrous, shining, lower pale greyish-brown,

minutely hoary-pubescent; margin entire; 6—9 cm. long, 2—3 cm.

broad; midrib slender, raised above; main nerves 8—10 pairs,

curving gradually at first, more sharply close to the margin

which they follow ; transverse nervules many, obscure as in the reti-

culation ; petiole slender, 1—1°5 cm. long. Spikes solitary from the

upper leaf-axils forming a few-branched apparently terminal panicle,

¢ upto7, 2 to6cm.long. Flowers: 3 very small, in clusters in the

axil of an ovate pubescent bracteole ; perianth-lobes 5—6, ovate

acute; stamens 10—12 with very slender filaments and ovoid anthers ;

pistillode white-villous: 2 (rather old) with a subcylindric about

8-ringed involucre; perianth very small; styles 3, short. Fruit

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 453

ovoid cr obovoid, up to 7 cm. long, 4.cm. in diam., in short spikes

with a stout fulvous-puberulous rhachis; cupules woody, thick-

walled, closely enveloping the whole acorn except the styles and

partly adnate to it, ringed externally with 5—7 prominent rings

joined by many obscure longitudinal lines; acorn ovoid with very

hard pericarp. Quercus Beccariana, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t.

1315 (1880; ; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 617; King Ann. Cale. II. 83,

t. 78.

Srncapore: Murton 61! ‘‘ abundant, the wood very brittle and

useless.”’—Distris. Borneo (Beccari 3310!).

3. CASTANOPSIS, Spach.

Trees, rarely shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves entire

toothed or lobed. Flowers monecious, in erect spikes, bracts small :

spikes usually either ¢ or 2 only, sometimes androgynous. Peri-

anth cup-shaped, lobes usually 6. Stamens usually 12, sometimes

less, at the base of the perianth-cup, filaments slender; anthers

small, ovate or globose. Pistillode in ¢ flowers a villous cushion.

Ovary atter fertilization 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3,

cylindric, stigma a terminal pore as in Pasania. Fruit of 1—4

ovoid or plano-convex nuts covered by the closed fruiting involucre

(cupule) and sometimes (when 1] nut) adnate to it, the involucre

irregularly dehiscent and covered in more or less cyclic arrange-

ment with clusters of spines or tubercles; pericarp of nuts where

free from the involucre coriaceous. Seeds usually 1 to each nut.—

Distris. One species in N. America, the rest of tropical or sub-

tropical Asia.

Nuts usually 3, not adherent to the cupule.

Fruit-cupules more or less covered with spines.

Spines of the fruit 1 cm. long or more, needle-

like, hairy, in dense tufts covering very nearly

the whole cupule and concealing its surface.

Spines shortly strigose-hairy; leaves ovate,

under 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, minutely

tawny puberulous beneath .. -. IL. C. malaccensis.

Spines with long shaggy hairs; leaves ellip-

tic, usually over 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad,

densely ferruginous-pubescent beneath .. 2. C. Scortechiniz.

Spines of the fruit at most 1 cm. long, subulate,

minutely tawny-pubescent, in scattered tufts

or rough lines covering the cupule partly.

Nuts usually 3, spines about 5 mm. long in

454

tufts not clearly arranged in rings but

usually stalked: leaves beneath furfurace-

ous-villous ; branchlets hardly lenticellate

Nuts usually 1, spines 6—10 mm. long in

tufts arranged in rings and not stalked:

leaves beneath scaly and stellate-pubes-

cent; branchlets prominently lenticellate.

Spines stout, flattened, curved, under 1 cm. long,

covering most of the cupule; fruits globose or

double-globose, broader than long.

Spines very numerous, fairly slender; leaves

very sarge, over 40 cm. long, 12 cm. broad.

Spines rather scanty. very stout; leaves

small, under 16 cm. long, 6 em. broad

Fruit cupules without spines but bearing short

pyramidal tubercles.

Tubercles sharp when dry, 3—3°5 mm. high ;

leaves coriaceous, more or less nae under-

surface rufous-puberulous

Tubercles not sharp, scarcely 7 mm. fact:

leaves chartaceous, more or less lanceolate,

under-surface glabrous

Nut 1, adherent within to the cupule.

Fruit cupules covered with sharp subulate spines;

spines staghorn-like in tufts on the top of thick

stalks.

Fruits globose, 5—6 cm. in diam. ; spines 10—15

mm. long, the tufts regular except a bare

patch on the inner side ; leaves large, oblong

or elliptic, tawny-velvety beneath

Fruits oblong o- globose, 2—3 cm. in diam. ;

spines 8—10 mm. long, the tuits often in

oblique bands, no bare patch; leaves rather

small, lanceolate, somewhat glaucescent be-

neath

Fruit-cupules covered on the outer sata with

stout flat triangular spines 7—9 mm. long; fruits

obovoid-hemispheric, bare on the inner surface;

leaves small, lanceolate, ashy- or tawny-pube.cent

beneath :

Fruit-cupules with no or ofall eed wibetelee

flattened on inner side.

Fruits obovoid, 2°5 cm. in diam.; tubercles

short, pyramidal, in transverse ridges; leaves

elliptic, under-surface minutely pubescent

Fruits pyriform, 2°5 cm. in diam.; tubercles

none, only short vertical ridges; leaves lan-

ceolate, under-surface only pubescent on

midrib

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

= LO!

oie

macp be

- 13.

. C. fulva.

. C. costata.

. C. catappefolia.

. C. Andersoni.

. C. Hullettii.

. C. sumatrana.

. C. megacarpa.

C. Ridleyi.

C. Wallichii.

C. nephelioides.

C. Curtisi.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 455

‘1. CasTANopsis MALACCENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 178 (1914).

A tree; branchlets slender with dark brown bark scarcely at all

lenticellate ultimate ones tawny-pubescent ; leaf-buds small, ovoid,

the scales ovate-acute. Leaves thinly coriaceous ; ovate or lanceo-

late, acuminate and usually mucronate at apex, rounded, often

unequally at base; upper surface scaly-puberulous when quite

young, afterwards glabrous, olive-green when dry, lower surface

minutely tawny-puberulous ; margin entire; 5—10 cm. long, 3—4

em. broad ; midrib slender, impressed above; main nerves 8—10

pairs, curved to and along the margin where they disappear in small

loops; transverse nervules very many and close enclosing the areo-

late reticulation and with it conspicuous on the upper surface when

dry; petiole slender, 8—10 mm. long. Spikes and flowers not

known. Fruits (immature) globose, 1-5—2 cm. in diam., in slender

axillary spikes up to 10 cm. long, rhachis under 3 mm. in diam. ;

cupule thin, densely and almost completely covered with tuits of

spreading straight pubescent needle-like spines 1—1-5 cm. long, the

Spines rarely branched, geniculate at base and covered except the

extreme tips with short strigose tawny hairs; nuts usually 3, silky.

Matacca: Maingay K.D. 1461!; at Brisu, Derry 947!.

Maingay’s specimens in Herb. Calcutt. have the fruits of Pasania sundaica

in an envelope attached.

2. CasTanopsits Scortecuinu, Gamble in Kew Bull. 178 (1914).

A tree; branchlets stout, with grey rough bark, conspicuously

furfuraceous-puberulous especially the ultimate ones; leaf buds

ovoid, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, about 5 mm.

long. Leaves subcoriaceous; elliptic or slightly oblanceolate, cuspi-

date-acuminate at apex, acute at base; upper surface glabrous

except the midrib, olive-brown when dry, lower thickly ferrugin-

ous-pubescent ; margin entire; S—12 cm. long, 3—5 cm. broad:

midrib slender, slightly raised and minutely puberulous on the

upper, more prominent and pubescent ‘on the lower surface; main

nerves 12—15 pairs, slender and slightly impressed above, little

curved at first more so close to the margin where they disappear

along it; transverse nervules fairly numerous, rather irregular,

reticulation obscure; petiole stout, very short, ferruginous-pubes-

cent, 5 mm. long. Spikes: g not known: 9 about 15 cm. long

axillary and lateral on upper branchlets; rhachis grey and fur-

furaceous-pubescent; bracteoles short, obtuse. Flowers: 92 usually,

only surrounded by a short cup of bracteoles. Fruits globose about

456 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2 cm. in diam., rhachis of spike scarcely thickened; cupule densely

covered with tufts of branching staghorn-like very sharp spines up

to 12 mm. long, the spines covered with long shaggy ferruginous

hairs.

PERAK: (without locality or number) Scortechini !.

3. CASTANOPSIS FULVA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 179 (1914). A tree

reaching 18—24 m. in height and 45—60 cm. in diam. of stem,

branches spreading ; branchlets stout, dark purplish brown, covered,

especially when young, with dense fulvous tomentum, hardly lenti-

cellate; buds ovoid, the scales ovate, acuminate, tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous; elliptic or sometimes elliptic-oblong, shortly and

abruptly acuminate at apex, acute or somewhat rounded at base;

upper surface bright green when fresh, bright brown shining and

glabrous when dry, lower ‘speckled brown and grey’ when fresh,

strigosely furfuraceous-villous and fulvous. when dry; margin

thickened, recurved ; 8-16 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad ; midrib stout,

impressed above, fulvous-tomentose when dry; main nerves 12—16

pairs, parallel, starting nearly at right angles with the midrib and

slightly curving to the margin and there breaking up into diminish-

ing loops; transverse nervules not prominent, rather irregular ;

petiole 12—20 mm. long, fulvous-tomentose. Spikes: ¢ not known :

2 up to 18 cm. long, the rhachis grey-tomentose ; bracts lanceolate.

Flowers: 9° 1—4 but usually in threes, surrounded by an involucre

of many grey-tomentose ovate-lanceolate imbricate scales ; perianth

densely grey-tomentose; styles short spreading. Fruits globose,

2—2°5 cm. in diam. in spikes up to about 20 cm. long ; cupule thin,

more or less densely covered with fascicles of curved or staghorn-

shaped sharp spines which are flattened and grooved and tawny-

villous except the points and about 5 mm. long, the fascicles usually

on stout stalks; nuts 1—4, usually 3, separating from the cupule,

the pericarp sericeous-villous; umbo rather large. }

PERAK : in dense forest on low hills at 90—150 m. alt., Batang

Padang, Kiny’s Collector 7751!. Smuaneor: at Sungei Buloh, Vern.

‘Kertak Tanga’ Mohammed Hashim for A. M. Burn-Murdoch 38!.

Sir George King identified the Perak specimens with C. Hystrix, but with

some doubt. The same doubt is also expressed by a? in the Fl. Br. Ind. I

cannot think that they can be anything but quite distinct from any form of

C. Hystrix and have no hesitation in describing the new species. ‘

4. CasTanopsis costata, A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 110 (1864).

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 457

A fine tree reaching 12—15 m. in height and 60—70 cm. in diam. of

stem, branches spreading; branchlets stout, glabrous when old,

minutely tawny-pubescent when young; bark greyish-brown to

nearly black, prominently studded with large pale lenticels; buds

slobose, 5mm. in diam., the scales ovate, obtuse, grey-tomentose.

Leaves chartaceous or subcoriaceous; elliptic or elliptic-oblong,

shortly and often abruptly acuminate at apex, acute or rounded at

base ; upper surface bright green when fresh, olive-green when dry,

glabrous above except the midrib, lower reddish-brown when fresh,

also when dry, covered with minute fulvous scales and stellate

pubescence ; margin slightly recurved; 8—16 cm. long, 3°5—7 cm.

broad ; midrib moderately stout, raised and dark-tomentose on the

upper, raised on the lower surface ; main nerves i12—16 pairs, sub-

parallel, impressed above, slightly curved at first, more abruptly so

near the margin; transverse nervules many, obscure; reticulation

scarcely visible; petiole 10—15 mm long, thickened at base.

Spikes slender, 10 —20 cm. long, the 2 usually above the ¢ below,

in loose terminal or axillary tawny-pubescent panicles: bracteoles

ovate-acuminate, about 2 mm. long. Flowers: ¢ solitary or in

rather distant clusters on the rhachis; perianth tawny villous, cut

nearly to the base, the lobes acute ; stamens with slender filaments ;

pistiilode densely villous: 9 usually in threes surrounded by an

involucre of soft scales; perianth asin 3 : staminodes like minute

stamens, usually 12; styles 3, short, spreading. Fruit globose,

slightly depressed, 2—3 cm. in diam., in dense spicate clusters up to

about 10 cm. long; cupules thin, covered, in more or less concentric

rings, with fascicles of straight or curved sharp grooved, often

flattened spines which are hardly subdivided and not on stalks, and

about 6—10 mm. long; nut usually solitary, the pericarp densely

fulvous-sericeous ; umbo prominent. Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I.

120; Scheff. Obs. Phyt. II. 50 (var. bancana). C. trisperma, Scheff.

l.c. Castanea costata, Blume Mus. Bot, Lugd.-Bat. I. 284; Miq. Fl.

Ind. Bat. I. i. 866.

PERAK : at elevations up to 1500 m. alt., King’s Collector 2909!,

3651!, 6975!; at Thaipeng, Vern. ‘ Buah Brangan’, Wray (fruits

edible) ; Scortechina!.—DistRis. Java, Sumatra, Bangka.

Sir G. King in his Monograph, and {in the Flora of British India and

Koorders. Exkurs. Fl. Jav. all put this under C. javanica, but in my opinion

the fruit of the two species is so distinct that they must be kept separate.

5. CASTANOPSIS CATAPPAEFOLIA, King in Hook. f, Fl. Br. Ind,

458 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

V. 621 (1888). A large tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 40—50

cm. in diam. of stem, branches spreading; branchlets very stout,

dark brown to nearly black with small inconspicuous lenticels,

ultimate ones when young furfuraceous-puberulous ; leaf buds large,

perulate, the scales lanceolate 1—1°5 cm. long, stift, nearly glabrous.

Leaves coriaceous, very large ; oblanceolate, acute at apex, gradu-

ally narrowed, almost cuneately, at base; upper surface glabrous

except on the midrib and nerves, shining, lower dull, very minutely

puberulous ; margin entire; 40—50 cm. long, 12—20 em. broad ;

midrib very stout, raised and puberulous on both surfaces ; main

nerves about 25—30 pairs, impressed keeled and puberulous above,

very prominent beneath, parallel, starting nearly at right angles

with the midrib and only slightly curving to near the margin and

then somewhat abruptly to join each other in loops; transverse

nervules rather few but prominent, again transversely joined and

enclosing the rather obscure reticulation; petiole very stout, rugose,

10—15 mm. long. Spikes: 3 not known: 2 25—30 em. long,

stout, with black angular rhachis minutely puberulous. Flowers:

2 usually 3 together in the axil of an obtuse bracteole enclosing a

cup of smaller bracteoles; perianth very small ;-styles 3, short,

spreading, slender. Fruits globose or double-globose and then each

half about 4cm. in diam., minutely fulvous-puberulous, sessile, in

spikes with avery stout rhachis; cupule thin, crustaceous, when

double splitting vertically, covered externally with closely packed

tufts of simple, subulate, flattened, striate, very sharp spines about

7 mm. long, the tufts in obscure oblique bands, the inner face more

or less free; nuts 1—3, of which one usually small and empty, the

good ones ovoid-globose, densely tawny-sericeous except the rather

small rugose glabrous base, 2—2°5 em. long. King Ann. Cale. II.

100, t. 92.

Perak: in open forest on low hills at 100—150 m. alt., King’s

Collector 8137 !.

6. CASTANOPSIS ANDERSONI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 179 (1914).

A tree; branchlets moderately stout with greyish-brown bark, the

ultimate ones brown, minutely fulvous-pubescent ; leafbuds globose,

perulate, glabrous, the scales ovate, acute or acuminate. Leaves

thinly coriaceous ; obovate or oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute

at apex, acutely attenuate at base; glabrous, upper surface when

dry shining, olive-brown, lower dull reddish-brown ; margin entire,

slightly recurved ; 8—16 cm. long, 3—6 cm. broad ; midrib slender,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 459

raised on both surfaces; main nerves 10—15 pairs, slightly raised

on both surfaces, curved to and along the margin and then ending

in small diminishing loops ; transverse nervules obscure, subparallel,

enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 1:55—2°5 cm.

long. Spikes: 3 slender, up to 20 cm. long in axillary or terminal

panicles; rhachises fulvous-puberulous: ? not seen. Flowers: 3

solitary or in few-flowered clusters ; bracteoles ovate, acute, 1 mm.

long ; perianth-lobes 6, nearly free, ovate, acute or obtuse, villous,

ciliate on the margins, 1 mm. long; stamens 12 with long filaments

and very small globose anthers; pistillode very villous, often

obscurely 3-lobed. Fruits sessile, globose or double-globose and

then transversely elongate, obscurely 4-channelled, in stout spikes

about 15 cm. long, the rhachises 5 mm. thick or more; 2°5 cm. high,

3°5 cm. long, 2 cm. broad; cupules thick-walled, studded scantily

with clusters of subulate, simply or slightly branched, fulvous-

puberulous curved, flattened, striate, sharp spines 5—10 mm. long

when ripe; nuts 3 of which or 2 sometimes empty, ovoid-complanate,

densely rufous-sericeous except the rugose base.

Matacca: at Sungei Hudang, Goodenough 1593!. SINGAPORE :

T. Anderson 85!; Kurz!; Hullett74!; at Changi, Ridley 3388!, at

b) ’

Tanglin, Ridley 3389!, in garden jungle Ridley 10162!, 11353 !.

This species comes very near to C. Schefferiana, Hance in Journ. Bot. 200

(1878); King l.c. 105, t. 99 but the leaves are longer, have more main nerves

and a longer petiole and the spines on the fruit are at least twice as long.

7. Castanopsis Hunuettit, King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. V.

623 (1888). A large tree, reaching 18—24 m. in height and 60—90

cm. in diam. of stem, branches spreading; branchlets stout with

dark brown or nearly black bark and large prominent usually

elongate lenticels, ultimate ones minutely scurfy, fulvous-tomentose ;

leafbuds ovoid, perulate, the scales ovate acute, fulvous-tomentose.

Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,

acute acuminate or very shortly cuspidate at apex, acute or rounded

and often unequal at base ; upper surface glabrous, shining, dark

green when fresh, olive-green when dry, lower surface dull, rufous

and very minutely puberulous; margin entire, hard and recurved ;

12—24 em. long, 5—11 cm. broad ; midrib stout, prominent on both

surfaces ; main nerves 15—18 pairs, prominent beneath, parallel,

curved to and along the margin where they vanish; transverse

nervules rather scanty, arched and irregular, rather obscure as is

the reticulation; petiole 2—3 cm. long, swollen and rugose below,

460 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

bordered above by the decurrent margins of the blade. Spikes

rather slender, up to 15 cm. long, in axillary or terminal many-

branched fulvous-tomentose panicles, ¢ many, 2 fewer, usually

from axillary branches, some androgynous. Flowers: ¢ in round

or elongated clusters of up to 5; bracteole ovate acuminate, 1:5

mm. long; perianth-lobes 6, nearly free, irregular but usually ovate

acute, villous, scarcely 1 mm. long; stamens 12 with long usually

twisted filaments and very small globose anthers; pistillode thick,

villous: 2 in groups of 3 with one outer bracteole as in ¢ and

many smaller in a cup; perianth-lobes asin ¢ but smaller; styles

3, short, conical. Fruits sessile when ripe, very shortly thickly

pedicelled when young, in dense woody spikes up to 15 em. long,

the rhachis very stout, 1 cm. in diam.; cupules when young

depressed-globose with 3—4 vertical channels and between them

studded with groups of short pyramidal sharp tubercles; when

mature depressed-obovoid, minutely fulvous-tomentose, usually

constricted by shallow channels, 3 cm. high, 4—4°5 em. long, 3—3°5

em. thick, the umbo prominent ; between the channels about 4—6

curved more or less horizontal but oblique raised ridges studded

with many sharp pyramidal tubercles 3—3°5 mm. high ; dehiscing

to near the base in 3—4 unequal valves; nuts 2—4, hemispheric-

complanate, nearly 2 cm. high, the upper part chestnut-brown,

shining, sparsely covered with retrorse fulvous hairs, the base rugose,

dull, glabrous. King in Ann. Cale. II. 104, t. 98.

PENANG : in forest up to 600 m. alt., King’s Collector (Kunstler)

1672!, 2266!, 4844!, 4999!, 5261!; on Government Hill, 300 m.

alt., Curtis 419!; Ridley!. Perak: in open forest up to 300 m.

alt., King’s Collector 5261!, 7753!; Scortechini!. Matacca: Main-

gay K.D. 1459!, 1462!, 1463!; at Merliman and Sungei Hudang,

Derry 466!; at Bukit Bruang, Goodenough 1344!. SINGAPORE:

Hullett 78!; T. Anderson 191!; Kurz!; King’s Collector 238!,

1216!; Cantley 49!; Ridley in various places, 3392!, 3861 !, 4682!,

5199!, 14143!. Vern. ‘ Berangan Papan’ (Ridley).

8, CASTANOPSIS SUMATRANA, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. for

1863, 182. A large tree reaching 24—30 m. in height and 60—90

cm. in diam. of stem, branches spreading ; branchlets stout, dark

brown with many prominent pale lenticels, the ultimate ones glab-

rous or scantily and deciduously puberulous ; leafbuds lanceolate,

perulate, the scales lanceolate, spreading. Leaves chartaceous or

thinly coriaceous, very variable in size ; oblong-lanceolate or -oblan-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 461

ceolate, sometimes elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, or

sometimes nearly obtuse, acuminate acute or almost rounded at

base ; dark green when fresh, olive-green when dry, glabrous on

both surfaces; margins entire; 8—25 cm. long, 3—10 cm. broad;

midrib moderately stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves

12—20 pairs, thin but prominent and raised on both surfaces, curv-

ing slightly to near the margin then rather abruptly to break up

along it in small loops; transverse nervules very many, often

branched or irregular, enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole

1°5—2 cm. long, swollen at base. Spikes slender, about 10—15 em.

long, cinereous-pubescent, in long-peduncled terminal or axillary

panicles, 3 very many, ? few, some androgynous the ° below

the & above, sometimes the @ from the past year’s wood with

stout rhachises, showing late development. Flowers: 3 solitary or

in clusters of few together ; bracteole small, ovate, obtuse ; perianth-

lobes 6, free, ovate-obtuse, very small, villous ; stamens 12, with

slender filaments and minute globose anthers; pistillode very villous,

pale, sometimes small: 2 in groups of usually 3, bracteoles 1 or

more asin 3 ; perianth asin 3 but even smaller ; staminodes like

minute stamens ; styles 3, spreading, villous at base. Fruits in

thick woody spikes reaching to 20 and even 25 cm. long, when quite

young depressed globose with prominent tubercles and more or less

pedicelled, when older more or less lobed and constricted, the

tubercles flatter, the pedicel less, when mature obovoid or globose,

almost sessile, usually slightly constricted in 2—3 lobes, up to 2cm.

high, 3 cm. long and 2—2-°5 cm. broad; cupule thick-walled,

brittle, minutely grey-pubescent, bearing externally 3—5 irregular

transverse rows or groups of short pyramidal tubercles, dehiscence

irregular or not at all; ripe nuts 1—3, when 1 ovoid, when more

ovoid-complanate, appressed sericeous except the rugose base which

occupies one-third of the whole. A. DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 113: Hook

f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 623; King Ann. Calc. IT. 103, t. 97; Brandis Ind.

Trees 635. Oastanea inermis, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 6;

Cat. 2762; A. DC. l.c. 116; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 481. C. glomerata,

Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I. 283. Quercus? glomerata, Wall. Cat.

2791 (not of Roxb.). Callacocarpus sumatrana, Miq. Pl. Jungh. 13,

Fl. Ind. Bat. I. i. 868, Suppl. 353 and Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. I. 118.

Penanea: Wallich 2791!; Curtis 1563 !, 2968!; King’s Collector

1624!, Perak: Scortechini 167!; at Gapis, Vern. ‘ Buah Brangan,’

Wray 811!; at Batu Togoh, 60 m. alt. Wray 2168!; at various

462 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

places and at various elevations up to 300 m., King’s Collector 2041!,

2299!, 2586!, 3098!, 3788!, 4495!, 4695!, 4835!, 5382!, 5462!,

5510!, 5812!, 5941!, 6782!, 7378!, 7971!, 10301!, 10903!. Mat-

acca: Griffith K.D. 4442!, 4470!; Maingay K.D. 1457! ; at Brisu,

Derry 28!. Siyearore: Ayer Panas, Wallich 2762 !.—DistR1p.

Burma, Sumatra, Lingya, Borneo.

9. CASTANOPSIS MEGACARPA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 180 (1914).

A large tree reaching 12—18 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam.

of stem; branches spreading, pendulous; branchlets moderately

stout with dark brown bark and very small lenticels; uppermost

ones minutely tawny velvety ; leaf-buds ovoid, the scales lanceolate,

tawny-velvety. Leaves coriaceous; oblong or elliptic-oblong or

elliptic, shortly cuspidate-acuminate at apex, acute or rounded

sometimes unequally at base; upper surface glabrous, olive-brown

when dry, shining, lower minutely fulvous- or cinnamomeous-pubes-

cent; margin entire, recurved; variable in size from 8—14 cm. long

by 3—4 cm. broad to 16—24 cm. long by 5—9 cm. broad; midrib

moderately stout, raised on both surfaces; main nerves 12—16

pairs, parallel, slightly raised above, prominent beneath, very

slightly curved to close to the margin and then abruptly curved to

fade away closely along it; transverse nervules many, subparallel,

rather faint, enclosing the obscure areolate reticulation ; petiole

1°5— 2-5 cm. long, swollen at base. Spzkes slender, up to 20 cm. long,

in loose terminal or axillary panicles, chiefly ¢, the 2 apparently

scarce; rhachis slender, angular, furfuraceous. Flowers: 3 in

clusters of usually 3—5 in the axil of an ovate-acuminate pubescent

bracteole about 1 mm. long; perianth-lobes 6, nearly free. obovoid,

villous, about 1 mm. long; stamens 12 with rather short slender

filaments and small globose anthers; pistillode rather small, very

villous: 2 not known. Fruits globose, when mature reaching 5—6

cm. in diam., in rather slender spikes with the rhachis 5 mm. in

diam.; cupule very thick-walled (1 cm. at the base, 5 mm. in the

middie) the walls granular, hard ; covered, except an oblong patch

on the inside, with scattered tubercles forming thick stalks from the

summit of which radiate simple or staghorn-like branched slender

subulate spines, usually 1—1‘5 cm. long and minutely stellate-

pubescent except at the tips, nearly glabrous at length; nut 1,

closely adherent to the cupule, only the umbo protruded from a

small orifice; seed ovoid, 2°5 cm. long, 2 cm. in diam. the testa thin

and closely pubescent ; cotyledons sinuate. C. javanica, Hook. f. in

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 463

Fl. Br. Ind. V. 620 (not of A. DC.); King Ann. Calc. II. 97, t. 88;

both in part only.

Perak: at various altitudes up to 600 m. alt., Larut and

Kinta, King’s Collector 3488!, 3939!, 6386!, 6469!, 6522!, 7070!.

Maracca: Maingay K.D.1459/3!; at Ayer Panas, Goodenough 1316!;

at Sungei Udang, Vern. ‘ Kazu Sabilek ’, Derry 1093!. SINGAPORE :

at Bukit Timah, Ridley 5118!; in garden jungle, Ridley 6683!.

6894!; Cantley 25!. Vern. ‘ Berangan Gajah’, ‘Kata Bileh Seb-

dek’ (Ridley).

The following specimens, Maingay K.D. 1459/2 from Malacca; Curtis 2492

also from Malacca and Ridley 7023 from Province Wellesley, come near this

species, but differ in having thinner leaves which are hardly at all cimamome-

ous on the lower surface. They may belong to a new species, but ripe fruit

would be necessary before a description can be written. Von Seemen has

identified Maingay’s specimens with C. Hudlettiz, but I cannot agree in this.

10. Castanopsis RipLtEey1, Gamble in Kew Bull. 180 (1914). A

large tree reaching 18—24 m. in height and 60—90 cm. in diam. of

stem; branches spreading; branchlets slender, with dark brown

bark and many rounded pale lenticels, ultimate ones puberulous ;

leaf-buds ovoid, the scales lanceolate, tawny-pubescent. Leaves

coriaceous ; lanceolate, shortly acuminate and mucronate at apex,

acute or rounded, usually unequally, at base; upper surface glab-

rous, shining, dark olive-brown when dry, lower somewhat glauces-

cent, minutely puberulous ; margin entire, recurved ; 6—13 cm. long,

3—5 cm. broad ; midrib slender, slightly impressed above, prom}-

nent beneath; main nerves 10—14 pairs, parallel, slightly raised

above, straight almost to the margin and there sharply curved along

it; transverse nervules close, parallel, branched, enclosing the

areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 1—1:5 cm. long. Spikes and

flowers not known. Fruits obiong or globose-oblong, 3 cm. long,

2—3 cm. in diam., in slender spikes about 10—12 cm. long, the

rhachis scarcely 2 mm. in diam.; cupule crustaceous, granular,

brittle, 3 mm. thick ; glabrous or slightly tawny-puberulous, covered

with distant usually stalked tufts of slender branching curved or

straight staghorn-like spines 8—10 mm. long arranged more or less

in oblique bands, the spines except their extreme tips covered with

scattered strigose stellate tawny-pubescence ; nut 1, ovoid-oblong,

2°5 em. long, adherent to the cupule, the umbo exsert ; sced oblong,

obtuse, the testa thin, sericeous; cotyledons irregular.

PERAK: on low ground, King’s Collector 6831!. Matacca:

at Sungei Udang, Goodenough 1479!:.

464 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

11. CastaNnopsis WaLLIontII, King in Hook, f. FI. Br. Ind. V.

624 (1888). A tree, reaching 12—15 m. in height and 40—60 cm.

in diam. of stem; branchlets slender, darkly lenticellate, with dark

greyish-brown rough bark, the ultimate ones and inflorescence

covered with minute cinereous subflocculent pubescence; leaf-buds

very small, ovoid. Leaves chartaceous ; lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-

late, shortly acuminate often mucronate at apex, acute often

unequally at base; upper surface glabrous, olive-brown when dry,

lower minutely cinereous- or ferrugineous-pubescent ; margin entire,

often recurved ; 5—-9 cm. long, 2—4 cm. broad; midrib slender,

impressed above, pubescent beneath; main nerves 6—10 pairs, thin,

slightly prominent beneath; transverse nervules few and, with the

reticulation, irregular; petiole slender, 6--10 mm. long. Spikes

slender, up to about 10cm. long, in terminal or subterminal cinereous-

pubescent panicles, 3 or (rarely ?) 9 or androgynous the @ above

the 2 below. Flowers: & in clusters, bracteole lanceolate, villous;

perianth-lobes 6, unequal, nearly free, villous; stamens 12 with

slender filaments and minute globose anthers: @ with rugose

cupule and minute styles. Fruits sessile, obovoid-hemispheric,

flattened on the inner side and slightly curved inwards, 3—3°5 cm.

in diam., in very stout spikes up to about 10 cm. long ; rhachis very

thick with dark rough bark; cupule when mature thick-walled

densely covered on the rounded surface with stout flat triangular

curved sharp spines about 7—9 mm. long, smooth or raised on the

flattened surface, enclosing the whole of the single nut which is .

more or less adherent to the cupule ; nut depressed-globose, fulvous-

pubescent; cotyledons sinuate. King Ann. Calc. II. 106, t. 101 A.

Castanea Tungurrut, Wall. Cat. 2763 (not of Blume).

PENANG: on Convalescent Hill, Wallich 2763 !; in open forest at

300—450 m. alt., King’s Collector 4848!; on Government Hill,

Curtis 416!, Fox 10646!. Maracca: Griffith K.D. 4444!; Maingay

K.D. 1465!. Srnecapore: at Bukit Timah, Changi and in garden

forest, Ridley 3390!, 3959!, 5567!; Cantley 34!.

12. CASTANOPSIS NEPHELIOIDES, King in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.

V. 624 (1888). A tree reaching a height of 12—18 m. and 40—60

cm. in diam. of stem; branches spreading ; branchlets slender with

dark greyish-brown to nearly black bark, slightly puberulous and

with few lenticels, the ultimate ones and inflorescence covered with

fulvous furfuraceous tomentum ; leaf-buds ovoid, perulate, about

4 mm. in diam., the fulvous scales ovate acute. Leaves chartaceous ;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 465 ~

elliptic or elliptic-oblong or slightly ovate, shortly and obtusely

acuminate at apex, acute or somewhat cuneate at base; upper

surface glabrous, bright green when fresh, olive-green when dry,

lower silvery-grey when fresh, when dry minutely and sparsely

furfuraceous-pubescent ; margin entire; 9—14 cm. long, 4—-6 cm.

broad ; midrib slender, slightly keeled above; main nerves 9—12

pairs, slender, prominent beneath, parallel, straight at first, curved

near the margin to break up in diminishing loops; transverse

nervules many, prominent, enclosing the areolate reticulation ;

petiole 6—10 mm. long, channelled above. Spikes slender, up to 15

em. long, in lax minutely fulvous-tomentose terminal leafless panicles

up to 20—25 cm. long, # and @ mixed the latter usually uppermost,

sometimes androgynous the @ below. Flowers: ¢@ in clusters,

somewhat distant below, closer above; bracteoles minute, ovate;

perianth-lobes 6, ovate, acute, often unequal, nearly free, villous;

stamens 12 with long filaments and small globose anthers ; pistillode

rather small, villous: @ solitary, distant, bract ovate-obtuse,

bracteoles 2—3; cupule densely villous; perianth as in 3 but

smaller; styles 3, short. Fruits obovoid, flattened on the inner

side and ofen curved, 2'5 cm. in diam., in spikes up to about 15 cm.

long ; rhachis like the branchlets; cupule when mature reaching

5—6 mm. in thickness, enclosing the whole of the single nut, except

the small umbo and persistent stigmas, the outer surface covered

except on the flattened side with short pyramidal, angular, fulvous-

pubescent tubercles which are more prominent in immature speci-

mens than in mature ones in which they are scarcely more than

short ridges; nut adherent to the cupule; seed with thin brown

testa and sinuate cotyledons. King in Ann. Cale. II. t. 102.

PERAK : in various places in forest up to about 200 m. alt.,

King’s Collector 3843!, 4740!, 5542!, 6417!, 6423!, 6453!, 6518!

7208!, 7231!, 7235!, 7835!, 7991!, 8624!, 10589!, 10838!; Scor-

techint 1153!. Matacca: at Brisu, Derry 597!. Sinaarorr: at

Bukit Timah, Ridley 6440!. Vern. ‘ Resak’ (Ridley).

13. Castanopsis Curtisi1, King in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. IT.

107, t. 103 (1889). A tree reaching 20 m. in height; branchlets

slender, glabrous, minutely lenticellate, with bark nearly black

when dry; leaf-buds small, oblong-lanceolate with lanceolate acu-

minate minutely grey-sericeous scales. Leaves chartaceous ; lanceo-

late or oblanceolate ; cuspidate-acuminate, usually rather abruptly,

at apex, acute and often unequal at base; both surfaces glabrous,

466 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

dark brown when dry, the upper shining, the lower dull, minutely

appressed-puberulous on the midrib; margins entire; 7—14 cm.

long, 3—5-5 cm. broad; midrib slender, raised on both surfaces ;

main nerves 10—12 pairs, thin, prominent, subparallel, curving

gently to near the margin and then somewhat abruptly along it;

transverse nervules many, often branched, somewhat prominent,

enclosing the areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 7—9 mm. long.

Spikes and ¢ flowers not known; @ with spreading ovate perianth-

lobes and 3 cylindric styles. Fruits solitary, pyriform, 2°5 cm.

in diam., the upper side flattened, the apex excentric just above it,

in stout lateral racemes about 10 cm. long; pedicel thickened, 8—10

mm. long, 5 mm. thick; cupule moderately thick, minutely cinere-

ous-tomentose, marked with short interrupted vertical ridges, when

very young obovoid prominently tawny-villous and tubercular,

defiexed ; pericarp of nut adherent within to the cupule, the umbo

and remains of stigmas alone exsert, its inner surface tawny-villous ;

seed with thin rugose testa and sinuate cotyledons.

PENANG: at Penara Bukit, etc., at about 300 m. altitude,

Curtis 1691!; Government Hill at about 450 m. alt. Curtis 3034 !

Ridley 10071 from Kwala Pedas, Negri Sembilan has been identified by

A. von Seemen in the Kew Herbarium as being probably Castanopsis echidno-

carpa,A.DC. The material is so poor that I have thought it best not to include

it in the key and descriptions.

In his paper on the Flora of the Telém and Batang Padang Valleys in the

Journ. Fed. Malay States Museum, vol. iv, page 63 (1909), Ridley mentions

the finding of Castanopsis argentea, A. DC. His specimen is in the Kew Her-

barium, in young fruit only, and seems to me to come nearer to C. Hystrix

A. DC., but; to properly identify species of Castanopsis ripe fruit is indis-

pensable.

Family CXVI. SALICACEAL.

Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipules

free. Flowers dicecious, in catkins, each bract with one flower,

bracteoles 0. Perianth 0. Disk of one or more scales or glands or

cup-shaped. Stamens 2 or more; filaments free or connate ; anthers

ovate orbicular or oblong, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary sessile

or stipitate, l-celled; ovules few or many on 2—4 subbasal or

parietal placentas, erect, anatropous; style short or 0; stigmas

short, notched or lobed. Fruit an ovoid or lanceolate 2—4-valved

capsule. Seeds few or many, funicle with a pencil of long silky

hairs; albumen 0; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, inferior.

—Disrriz. Genera 2, chiefly in N. temperate regions.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 467

1. Saurx, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes small or prostrate. Leaves usually

narrow, penninerved, petioles short. Flowers usually in erect cat-

kins; bracts small; disk of 1 or 2 separate scales. Stamens 2,

rarely 3 or more, anthers small, filaments filiform. Ovary sessile or

stalked; placentas 2; ovules few, 2-seriate on each placenta, usually

4—8. Fruit a 2-valved capsule-—Distris. Species about 160 with

innumerable varieties and hybrids, mostly of the Northern Hemi-

sphere, very few tropical.

SALIX TETRASPERMA, Roxb. Cor. Pi. I. 66, t. 97 (1795). A

small tree reaching a height of 12 m., trunk up to 3 m. in girth ;

bark rough; branches suberect ; branchlets purplish-brown, smooth.

Leaves submembranous; ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long

acuminate at apex, attenuate or rounded at base, sometimes

unequally; green and glabrous above nearly black when dry, white

and when young more or less silky beneath; margins entire or

serrulate ; 5—20 cm. long, and 2—5 cm. broad; midrib fairly pro-

minent ; main nerves 10—20 pairs, curving to and along the margin

prominent, between the main nerves, branching and enclosing the

areolate reticulation; petiole slender, 1°5—2 cm. long; stipules

subulate, deciduous. lowers appearing after the leaves: # in

slender usually lateral villous catkins up to 12 cm. long, more

or less leafy at base, sessile, single or clustered; bracts ovate,

obtuse, silky-villous, under 1 mm. long; disk of 2 glands the outer one

larger and obtuse: 2 in shorter catkins, pedicellate; bracts obovate-

oblong, acute, villous ; disk of one clasping cup-shaped basal gland.

Stamens 5—10; filaments free, slender, 2—2°5 mm. long ; anthers

small, orbicular. Ovary fusiform, glabrous ; ovules usually 4; stig-

ma sessile, 2-lobed, each lobe again divided. Capsule glabrous,

ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the 2 valves reflexed, stalk slender about

4mm. long. Seeds 4-6, the funicle silky-penicillate; cotyledons

oblong. Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 753; Willd. Sp. Pl. III. 657 ; Anderss.

Monog. 1, fig. 1 and in DC. Prodr. XVI. ii. 192 ; Wight Ic. t. 1954;

Brandis For. Fl. 462, t. 58 and Ind. Trees 636; Kurz For. FI. II. 493;

Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 302 ¢ branch only; Wall. Cat. 3700 A in part,

3700 E, 3707, 9104, 9106; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. FI. 220; Miq. FI.

Ind. Bat. I. ii. 460; Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. V. 626; Cooke Fi.

Bomb. II. 662; Prain Beng. Plants 989; Koord. Exkurs. Fl. Jay II

468 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

44. §. disperma, Don Prodr. 58; Anderss. in Act. Holm. (1850) 500

and in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. 42. S. Hors fieldiana, Mig. 1c. 461.

Penane: at Batu Phunghie and Ayer Etam, Curtis 698!; at

Balik Pulau, Ridley 9406!. Pzrak: on open low ground generally

near water, Larut, King’s Collector 1987!; at Ulu Temango, Ridley

14495!; at Pluss river Wray 546!. Panane: at Pekan, Ridley !.

SELANGOR: at Bukit Kutu, Ridley 10543!; at Weld’s Hill, Burn-

Murdoch 8!. Matacca: Machope Forest at sea-level, Maingay K.D.

1466!; Griffith!; Hervey!; at Bukit Jus Derry 929!; at Batang

Malaka, Holmberg 849! ; at Bukit Senggah, Vern. ‘* Dahoo’’ Good-

enough 1404!.—Distris. India, China, Malay Archipelago.

Among the specimens from the Malay Peninsula in the Herbaria of Kew,

Calcutta and Singapore, I have found none of the flowers of the female plant,

so the description of them is taken from Indian specimens. Most of the avail-

able material agrees closely with the specimens of S. Horsfieldiana. Miq. of

Java, as might be expected.

NS eee OOS ee

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Se SENS St. ie: Nt Pate

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JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

Vol. LXXV, Part V,

1936

(Concluding Part)

SIRWILLAMJONES|

}

MDCCXLVI-MDCCXCIV

CALCUTTA

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS

PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, 1, PARK STREET

1936

Issued September, 1936

Officers and Members of Council

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

1936

President

H.E. The Rt. Hon’ble Sir John Anderson, P. C., G.C.B., G.C.1.E.

Vice-Presidenits

Sir David Ezra, Kt., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Rai Sir Upendra Nath Brahmachari Bahadur, Kt., M.A., M.D., Ph.D.,

F.B.A.S.B.

ce Knowles, c. L.E., B.A. (Cental: ), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., I.M.S.,

The Hon’ble Sir B. L. Mitter, K.C.8.I., Kt., Barrister-at-Law.

Secretaries and Treasurer

General Secretary :—Johan van Manen, Esq., C.I.E., F.R.A.S.B.

Treasurer :—S. L. Hora, Esq., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S.B.

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Joint Philological Secretary :—Shamsu’l ‘Ulama Mawlawi M. dana

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Secretaries.

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PRIVILEGES OF ORDINARY MEMBERS

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in each month except in September and October.

(6) To propose and second candidates for Ordinary Membership.

rooms of the Society during the hours they are open to members.

(d) To have personal access to the Library and other public rooms of the Society, and

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NOTE

Justification for the issue of the present part of ‘‘ Materials

for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula”’ lies partly in the fact

that the old series of the Journal of the Society requires to be

closed. Its closure has been held up for a number of years on

account of the fact that the materials in type did not, as they

stood, bring the work to an appropriate end.

Strictly speaking, the present issue under the title

“Materials”? involves a misnomer, for not long after these

materials went to the press the Flora of the Malay Peninsula,

itself, by Ridley, appeared, comprising the substance of the

materials already published in this Journal and extending to

what had not been included here.

Manuscript on the Euphorbiacez, extending to several

hundred pages more than are given here, was also awaiting

publication when the Flora appeared. Publication of this

cannot now be justified ; but the addition of an index to all the

materials, including the species of the present six genera of the

Euphorbiacez, will appropriately close the work and the series.

The elaborate precision of Col. Gage’s key to the genera

of Euphorbiacee here given will be apparent. This alone

would justify the issue of what is already in type, and with the

index allows of a closure which is overdue.

UPENDRANATH BRAHMACHARI,

Actg. General Secretary,

Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.

CALCUTTA :

1, Park STREET,

August, 1936.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 26.—By

A. T. GaGE.

This part contains the first instalment of Family No. 117,

Euphorbiaceae, being an account of the species belonging to six

genera, out of the total of 64 genera found to occur in the Malayan

Peninsula.

Family CXVII. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, seldom climbers, often with a mild

juice. Leaves usually alternate and simple, if compound nerves

pinnately so; sometimes reduced to scales; glabrous or + — simple

or stellately hairy or lepidote; stipules usually present and usually

small, caducous or persistent, rarely connate as a bud sheath

lamina and petiole junction sometimes glandular. Flowers 1-sexual

monoecious or dioecious, usually small, often minute. Inflorescence

usually mixed; sometimes, as in Huphorbia, of turbinate involucre

resembling a gamosepalous perianth within which l-stamened ¢

florets surround a solitary 2 flower reduced to a stipitate pistil

but usually axillary or racemose and centripetal, with the ultimate

divisions cymose and centrifugal or, from reduction of the ultimate

cymules to a single flower, centripetal throughout; sometimes spiri-

formly racemose or paniculate or sometimes of terminal dichotomous

cymes or reduced to simple clusters or solitary flowers; bract

subtending the cymes or flowers usually small and scalelike, some-

times enlarged and sometimes connate and involucre form; bracteoles

often 2 within a bract or indefinite. Perianth seldom 0, when

present often differing in the sexes; sometimes single and calycine

with valvate or imbricate segments or with sepals in 2 series imbri-

cate and similar or rarely with outer and inner series dissimilar,

sometimes double, with petals small and scalelike or rarely with

petals larger than the sepals and contorted imbricate. Male flowers

without a disk or with an intrastaminal disk or extrastaminal disk

or with glands or lobes alternating with stamens of outer series.

Stamens various; solitary or fewer than or as many as the separate

or indefinite and sometimes very numerous; filaments free to

variously united ; anthers variously affixed, usually 2-celled, rarely

3-4-locellate; the loculi usually parallel or didymous with longi-

470 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

tudinal dehiscence, sometimes variously divaricate, sometimes + —

cruciformly arranged, rarely confluent at the apex and rarely with

porous or transverse dehiscence. Pvistillode present or 0. Female

flowers without a disk or the disk present and hypogynous and

annular or pulvinate or lining the lower part of calyx; staminodes

seldom present. Ovary usually sessile, 1-many-locular but often

3-locular, the loculi 1-2-ovuled; the ovules pendulous from the

inner angle, with ventral raphe, anatropous, often with the funicle

expanded into a cellular or scalelike or hoodlike mass; styles

present or stigmas sessile; styles as many as the carpels, free or

+ — united and entire or + — divided, erect or spreading or re-

curved, subulate or variously thickened or dilated, with stigmatic

surface on inner face; sessile stigmas + — lobed or disciform.

Fruit usually a capsule of as many cocci as ovarian loculi, usually

3, the cocci breaking away into 2 valves from a persistent centre

axis; sometimes a drupe with 1-3 cells, seldom of 2-3 pyrenes.

Seeds as many as the ovules or fewer, attached at or from above

the middle to near the apex of the cell, with or without an arillus

or caruncle at the apex; albumen usually abundant and fleshy;

embryo usually straight, enclosed in the albumen and with large

complanate cotyledons, rarely minute with narrow semiterete ccty-

ledons; rarely albumen 0 or very scanty and cotyledons fleshy

DistTRiB. Genera about 200 with about 4,000 species mostly con-

fined to the tropics.

Since No. 25 of these ‘‘ Materials’ was published in 1915, the great increase

in cost of paper and printing has made condensation—consistent with clearness,

—of statement a virtue of necessity. Accordingly the original MSS. of that

account of the Huphorbiaceae—a great part of which was written before the

war—has been entirely rewritten and reduced. The reduction may be far from

apparent, as owing to so many of the species—all of which are unisexual to

begin with—having dioecious flowers and different inflorescences in the two sexes

only a relative, not an absolute shortening of specific descriptions has been

possible. The generic definitions have been restricted to descriptions of the

characters common only to the Malayan Peninsula species under each genus,

but these characters—including the vegetative ones—have been described in

considerable detail to avoid repetition of them in successive specific descrip-

tions.

The citations of authors have been ruthlessly pruned, only those being

given that I think are likely to be of practical use to students of Malayan

Euphorbiaceae.

The most important works are :—

E. Borssrer. Euphorbia in D.C. Prodr. XV, ii, 7-187 (published

1862).

——

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 471

J. Mutter. Euphorbiacee in D.C. Prodr. XV, ii, 189-1273, (published

1862-66).

J. D. Hooxrer. Euphorbiaceae in FI, Brit. Ind. V, 239-477, (published

1887).

J. J. Smita. Euphorbiaceae in Koorders and Valeton Boomsorten of

Java, Bijd. No. 12, 9-637, (published in 1910).

To economise space in referring to those four works, only the author’s

name and page number are given, the name of the work and the year of publi-

cation being understood. As these four works should be at the disposal of any

systematic student of Malayan Euphorbiaceae, no citations—apart from the

more important synonyms—appearing in any of them and accepted by me

as correct, are repeated in this account. Only such of the more important

synonyms as I have verified or have reason to believe are correct are given.

Citations of works other than the four mentioned above are given in full,

The most important collections from the Malayan Peninsula have been

made by Curtis, Kunstler, Ridley, Scortechini and Wray. On the specimen

tickets Kunstler’s own name seldom appears, his identity being hidden usually

as ‘‘ Dr. King’s Collector.”” To save space in the quotation of sheets, the

letters C., KC., R., S. and W. are used to denote respectively Curtis, Kunstler

or King’s Collector, Ridley, Scorteehini and Wray. The surnames of other

collectors are given in full. The numbers quoted for sheets collected by

Griffith and Maingay are the numbers under which those sheets were distributed

from Kew Herbarium.

In the descriptions the colours mentioned are the colours in the dried state

unless otherwise mentioned. Under ‘‘leaves”’ the word ‘‘ nerves” without

any qualifying adjective means lateral nerves; the numbers of nerves men-

tioned in any description of leaves are the numbers counted on one side of the

midrib on the lower surface of the leaf. The word ‘‘ nervules’’ without any

qualifying adjective means the secondary nerves connecting the primary

lateral ones. ‘‘ Reticulation’’ means the network formed by the ultimate

veinlets filling the internervular spaces. The signs ‘‘ +—”’ signify ‘‘ more or

less.”’

The seeds of very many species, especially of those with l-seeded ca-

pillary loculi, have a +— convex dorsal and 2 ventro-lateral surfaces, the

latter varying from almost plane to convex in various degrees and separated

by a mesial longitudinal ridge which may be of various degrees of acuteness or

obtuseness. Such seeds have a general resemblance to a headless beetle, except

of course that in beetles there is usually no distinct mesial ventral ridge. The

term ‘“‘ scarabaeoid”’ is used to indicate briefly the form of such seeds in the

generic and specific descriptions.

SYNOPSIS OF TRIBES, SUBTRIBES AND GENERA.

The separation by exclusive characters of the various tribes and subtribes

to which Euphorbiaceae have been divided by different botanists is by no

means easy, as @ study of the tribal and subtribal characters given in

Genera Plantarum, in the Flora of British India and in the Pflanzenfamilien

proves. The divisions here adopted follow in the main Pax’s arrangement

in the Pflanzenfamilien (Teil, III Abt. 5) with diagnostic and other modifica-

472 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

tions. Hndospermum placed by Pax under Gelonieae is, on account of its valvate

calyx and 4locellate anthers, transferred to Acalypheae. So Hrismanthus also

placed by Pax under Gelonieae, although it is petaliferous, is transferred to

Cluytieae.

A. Cells of Ovary 2-ovuled.—Phyllanthoideae.

a. Embryo large 33 .. Tribe I, PHYLLANTHEAE.

b. Leaves simple.

c. Flowers petaliferous.

d. Calyx lobes valvate in bud; staminal

filaments united ; 2 disk with a coronal

annulus : es -- Subtribe I, Bridelinae.

Ovary 2 oolied a5 ae .. 1. BRIDELIA.

Ovary 3-celled Se 3 .. 2. CLEISTANTHUS.

’, Calyx lobes imbricate in bud; fila-

deca free; 2 disk without a coronal

annulus x ae .- Subtribe II, Andrachninae.

Disk annular or cupuliform ; albumen scanty 3. ACTEPHILA.

Disk of separate glands; albumencopious .. 4. ANDRACHNE.-

c’. Flowers apetalous.

d. Leaves alternate.

e. &@ flowers in axillary fascicles or solitary.

7. # disk 0 or annular or of separate

glands; stigmas not dilated or only

soattip .. - Subtribe III, Phyllanthinae-

g. Disk or glands in ire ee aad

usually also in 2.

h. Disk or glands 0 in 2 ye .- 5. AGYNEIA.

h’. Disk or glands in ¢?.

7. Flowers dioecious a .. 6, FLUEGGEA.

j’. Flowers monoecious.

Disk in # and 2 of fleshy minute

scales or (but rarely in 2) amembran-

ous crenulate or lobed ring or shallow

Cup mr “Js a5 .. 7. PHYLLANTHUS.

Disk in # and @ of linear or ligulate

petaloidlobes .. as .. 8. PHYLLANTHODEN- !

g’. Disk or glands 0 in ¢ and $. DRON. )

Sepals ~ and 2 spreading or 2 calyx

tubular and dentate aS . 9. GLOCHIDION.

¢ calyx turbinate or obpyriform, with

thickened crenulately inflected lobulate

margin.. 35 .. 10. BrEeynta.

& calyx deriptesed from above down-

wards and disciform, with a minute cen-

tral opening sic .. ll. SAUROPUS.,

7’. &@ disk a central flat or concave

plate; stigmas broadly dilated .. Subtribe IV, Drypetinae.

12. DRYPETES.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 473

«’. do flowers in axillary spikes or ra-

cemes or panicles ae .» Subtribe V, Antidesminae.

/. & disk very distinct, fleshy circular, pul-

vinate or subconical .. ele .. 13. ANTIDESMA.

7’. & disk 0 or of very minute glands.

g. & flowers in axillary or subterminal

panicles .. ae Ys .. 14, ScoRTECHINIA.

g’. & flowers in very short catkinlike spikes.

do catkins and lower surface of leaves

gland dotted ; fruit of laterally flattened

GOCCI ena. Be ate .. 15. HyMENOCARDIA.

@ catkins and lower surface of leaves

eglandular; fruit ovoid or globose .. 16. APoRosA.

g°. & flowers in moderately to very long,

+— pendent racemes or racemiform pan-

icles or es ee .- L7. BACCAUREA.

d’. Leaves opposite “5 .. Subtribe VI, Toxicodendrinae.

18. CHORIOPHYLLUM.

b’, Leaves compound 20 .. Subtribe VII, Bischofiinae.

19. BIscHOFTA.

a’. Embryo minute .. -- Trib2 II, DAPHNIPHYLLEAE,

20. DAPHNIPHYLLUM.

B. Cells of Ovary 1-ovuled.—Crotonoideae.

a. o& and & flowers with single or

double perianth and not clust-

ered together in calyxlike invo-

lucres.

b. Inflorescence of terminal 2-3-

chotomous cymes.. .. Tribe III, JATROPHEAE.

c. 7 and @ flowers apetalous are .. 21. ELATERIOSPERMUM.

c’. & flowers petaliferous.

Stamens free .. she aeons .. 22. ALEURITES.

Inner or all stamens connate ae .. 23. JATROPHA.

b’. Inflorescence axillary or if terminal not

of 2-3-chotomous cymes.

c. o& flowers petaliferous.

d. Outer or all stamens oppo-

site thesepals .. .. Tribe IV, GALEARIEAE.

Inflorescence of very long slender arched

single terminal spiciformracemes ., .. 24. GALBARTA,

Inflorescence of axillary or lateral fascicles

orcymesorpanicles .. - .. 25. MicRoDEsMIs,

d’. Outer or all stamens alter-

nate with the sepals.

e. Stamens strongly inflected

inthe bud .. -- Tribe V, CROTONEAE,

26. CROTON.

AT4 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

e’, Stamens erect in the bud Tribe VI, CLUYTIEAE.

f. Inner or all staminal fila-

ments united.

g. Pistillode present .. Se .. 27. TRIGONOPLEURA.

g’. Pistillode 0.

Stamens 3-5 are are .. 28. TRIGONOSTEMON.

Stamens 10-20 .. xs .. 29. DrmoRPHOCALYX.

7’. Staminal filaments all free.

g. Anther cells pendulous from the apex .. 30. AGROSTISTACHYS.

g’. Anther cells connate.

o@ flowers on hairlike pedicels from

axillary conicules of minute imbricate

bracts; pistillode present; 2 sepals

foliaceous 56 ae .- 31. ERISMANTHUS.

& flowers not on hairlike pedicels from

axillary conicules; pistillode 0; 2 se-

pals not foliaceous .. aC ..- 32. OSTODES.

c’, & flowers apetalous.

d. Twining shrubs.. .. Tribe VII, PLUKENETIEAE.

e. & calyx 3-lobed; stamens 3.

Flowers in androgynous racemes ; disk 0;

2 calyx of 3 sepals SC se .. 33. CNESMONE.

Flowers in l-sexual racemes; disk lining 2

calyx; 2 calyx of 5 sepals sc .. 34. MEGISTOSTIGMA.

e’. & calyx 4-6-lobed ; stamens 8-30.

Leaves simple, not lobed; involucres 0; 2

sepals not lacerate or pinnatifid .. .. 35. PLUKENETIA.

Leaves 3-foliolate or lobed; flower heads

with large involucres; 2 sepals lacerate or

pinnatifid .. 5 52 .. 36.. DALECHAMPIA,

d'. Erect shrubs or trees, rarely erect herbs.

e. & calyx valvateinbud .. Tribe VIII, ACALYPHEAE.

¢. Stamens free or united only at the

base and unbranched.

g. Anther cells 2.

h. Cells diverging upwards from |

the base .. ae -- Subtribe I, Acalyphinae.

7. Cells not flexuous or vermiform.

Flowers regularly distributed along

rachis ; cocci dehiscing loculicidally.. 37. CLAOXYLON.

Flowers in distant clusters on a fili-

form rachis; cocci dehiscing Joculici-

dally and septicidally o: .. 38. Micrococca.

7’. Cells flexuous or vermiform .. 39. ACALYPHA.

h’. Cells not diverging from the

base oie ota .- Subtribe II, Mercurialinae.

j. Cells pendulous, diverging from the

apex .. ac ne .. 40. COELODEPAS.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 475

7. Cells parallel or didymous, connate, or

adnate to a broad connective.

k. Stamens 4-10; central disk or con-

vexity 0

Pistillode 0 che _ .. 41. ALCHORNBA.

Pistillode stout ae .. 42. HPIPRINUS.

k’. Stamens 20 to very many; central

disk or convexity conspicuous.

l. Stamens surrounding a flat or slight-

sped concave disk . 43, COELODISOUS.

. Filaments imbedded baiseon ie

ee of a large convex central

glandular mass.

Filaments exserted: filiform; an-

thers of usual shape .. .. 44, BLUMEODENDRON.

Filaments very short, peltately

bearing orbicular imbricating con-

nectives, on inner surface of which

are the cells . -. 45. BotRYOPHORA.

. Stamens arising find, a central,

convex, non-lobulate, eglandular

receptacle.

m. Flowers 1-1-5 cm. in diam., ap-

pearing before the leaves; fruita

drupe a6 30 .. 46. TREWIAa.

m’. Flowers much less than 1 cm. in

diam., not appearing before the

leaves; fruit capsular.

nm. Flower clusters with about

thrice as many bracts as flowers ;

bracts glumaceous .. .. 47. KUNSTLERA.

n’. Flower clusters with not more

bracts than flowers and usually

fewer; bracts not glumaceous.

Ovule and seed ecarunculate.. 48. MaLLorus.

Ovule and seed carunculate .. 49. CoccocErRas.

g’. Anthers with 3-4 locelli.

h. Anthers with a prominent broad shield-

like connective bearing pairs of super-

posed unequal locelli; fruit indehiscent 50. PrycHoPpyxis.

h’. Connective not broad ; locelli equal and

+— ecruciformly arranged on face or

apex of connective.

7. Stamens 50-60, distinctly verticillate ;

Mae shortly produced; styles

— elongate and divided .. . 51. CLEIDION.

ae not more than 30, atl

much fewer, not distinctly verticillate ;

476 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

connective not produced; styles short

and simple or stigmas sessile.

Stamens not arising from a distinct

clavate receptacle ar .. 52. MACARANGA.

Stamens arising from a distinct cla-

vate receptacle .. a .. 53. ENDOSPERMUM.

j’. Staminal filaments repeatedly

branched .. Ea .- Subtribe III, Ricininae.

Flowers monoecious; 2 calyx spathi-

form ; leaves palmately lobed .. .. 54. RIcINuUs.

Flowers dioecious; ? calyx not spathi-

form ; leaves not palmate ice .. 55. HomMonota.

e’. o& calyx imbricate in bud

or obsolete.

- f. Inflorescence of axillary

or leaf-opposed clusters,

seldom of axillary racemi-

form panicles; disk or

glands in both sexes or at

least in the 2 .. Tribe IX, GELONIEAE.

g. Staminal filaments united with base of

conspicuous pistillode. . 40 .. 56. CHAETOCARPUS.

g’. Stamens free ; pistillode 0 or very small

Flowers dioecious ; clusters leaf-opposed 57. GELONIUM.

Flowers monoecious; clusters or pan-

icles axillary os ae .. 58. BALIOSPERMUM.

}’. Flowers in 1-sexual or 2-

sexual usually glanduli-

ferous axillary or terminal

spikes, racemes or pan-

icles; disk 0 .. .. Tribe X, HIPPOMANEAE.

g. Erect shrubs or trees.

h. & calyx laterally compressed, of 2

sepals.

Racemes axillary ; stamens 12-15 .. 59, PimELEODENDRON.

Racemes terminal; stamens 6 or fewer 60. HoMALANTHUS.

h’. & calyx not compressed, usually 3-

lobed.

Flowers dioecious ; inflorescence lateral 61. ExcorcarRta.

Flowers monoecious ; inflorescence ter-

minal .. ate Ai .- 62. SAPIUM.

gia Auhetbinne. ae ae .. 63. SEBASTIANIA.

a’. Flowers of both sexes clustere

within calyx like involucres,

each cluster consisting of several

o flowers—reduced to stipitate

stamens—surrounding a central

solitary ¢ flower reduced to a

stipitate 3-carpellary pistil; the

i ey

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 477

whole superficially resembling

a g gamosepalous flower .. Tribe XI, EUPHORBIEAE.

64. EUPHORBIA.

Excluded genus.—LoPHoPYXIs.

KeEy To THE GENERA.

For the case of a family like Euphorbiaceae the ideal would be to have

three keys, one foundéd on male material, another on female material in flower

and the third on material in fruit. Unfortunately the material so far available

is not enough to allow of this ideal being attained. The present key is therefore

of the nature of a makeshift and not a satisfactory one. Still it is hoped that

in conjunction with the generic synopsis it may be of some use. Trigonopleura,

Botryophora and Kunstlera are absent from the female section of the dioecious

division, as the female plants of those genera are as yet unknown. -

A. Flowers Monoecious. i

a. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled.

6. Flowers petaliferous ; petals usually minute.

ce. Calyx lobes valvate ; staminal filaments united

in ashortcentral column; $ disk with a coronal : .

‘

annulus.

Ovary 2-celled ete a .. 1. BRIDELIA.

Ovary 3-celled oe aD .. 2. CLEISTANTHUS.

ce’. Calyx lobes imbricate ; filaments free; 2 disk

without a coronal annulus.

Flowers rather large; disk a basal cup or

ring; albumen scanty .. .. 3» ACTEPHILA.

Flowerssmall; disk of separate sintde- albu-

men copious .. ae ote -. 4, ANDRACHNE.

6’. Flowers apetalous.

c. Disk or glands in ¢ flowers and usually also in

fen

d. Disk or glands 0 in 9 flowers... .. 5. AGYNEIA.

ad’. Disk or glands present in 2 flowers.

Disk in ¢ and @ of fleshy minute scales or

(but rarely in ) a crenulate or lobed ring or

shallow cup.. 7. PHYLLANTHUS.

Disk in ~ and 2 of iepar or ligule Stal:

oid lobes .. 5 .. 8. PHYLLANTHODEN-

e’. Disk or glands 0 in Bathe sexes. DRON.

Sepals of both sexes spreading or ? calyx

tubular and dentate... . 9. GLOCHIDION.

¢ calyx turbinate or ehayeiionn, with thick-

ened and crenulately inflected lobulate margin 10. BREYNTA.

o ealyx compressed from above downwards 4

and disciform with a minute central opening... 11. SAUROPUS.

f. Cells of ovary l-ovuled.

Flowers # and @ clustered within calyxlike

involucres, each containing several to many ¢

478 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

flowers—reduced to stipitate stamens—surrounding

a central solitary 2 reduced to a stipitate 3-car-

pellary ovary; the whole superficially resembling

a ¢ flower with a gamosepalous calyx ..

b’. Flowers of different sexes not clustered within

calyxlike involucres but separate and with a single

or double perianth.

c. o& flowers at least petaliferous, usually also the

2 ; petals sometimes very minute in 2.

d. Staminal filaments free.

e. 3 flowers on hairlike pedicels from axillary

conicules of minute imbricate bracts; pis-

tillode capillary ; & sepals foliaceous a3

e’. o& flowers not on hairlike pedicels from

axillary conicules; pistillode 0; 2 sepals not

foliaceous.

f. Junction of lamina and petiole eglandular

/’. Junction of lamina and petiole prominently

2-glandular.

Inflorescence of terminal 2-3-chotomous

cymes; fruitalarge drupe .. a0

Inflorescence of terminal androgynous

spikes or racemes ; fruit a capsule tee

d’. Inner or all staminal filaments connate to

form a central column.

e. Leaves +— orbicular, often lobed; flowers

in terminal dichotomous cymes; stamens nu-

merous 50 a0 :

e’. Leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers in axillary

or terminal spikes or racemes or in axillary or

lateral clusters ; stamens 3-10.

Flowers and fruits in axillary or terminal

spikes or racemes; pistillode0..

Flowers and fruits in axillary or lateral

clusters; pistillode 3-cleft, surmounting

staminal column .. a6

c. Both ~ and ? flowers apetalous.

d. Twining plants.

e. o& calyx 3-lobed ; stamens 3.

Plant densely villose; racemes androgy-

nous; stamens alternisepalous; disk 0; 2?

calyx of 3 sepals; stigma not larger than

ovary = 50 ore ,

Plant almost glabrous or only pubescent;

racemes l-sexual; stamens central; disk

lining # calyx; 2 calyx of 5sepals; stig-

ma larger than ovary ne

e’, & calyx 4-6-lobed; stamens 8-30.

..- 64.

31.

22.

26.

. 23.

. 28.

om Pll

. 33.

34.

EUPHORBIA..

ERISMANTHUS:;.

. OSTODES.

ALEURITES.

CROTON.

JATROPHA.

TRIGONOSTEMON..

TRIGONOPLEURA..

CNESMONE.

MEGISTOSTIGMA.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Leaves simple, not lobed ; racemes without

conspicuous involucral bracts; 2 sepals not

lacerate or pinnatifid oir

Leaves 3-foliolate or lobed; flower heads

with conspicuous involucral bracts; @ se-

pals lacerate or. pinnatifid 56 - 36.

d’, Erect shrubs or trees.

e. Flowers in 2-3-chotomous cymes; staminodes

in § flowers AG a SOM

e’. Flowers in l-or 2-sexual axillary or terminal

spikes, racemes or panicles or 2 flowers

solitary ; staminodes 0.

j. Stamens not exceeding 20, usually fewer.

g. Anther cells diverging upwards from the

base.

h. Cells not flexuous or vermiform . 38.

h’. Cells flexuous or vermiform, very

minute. 3c 58 - 39.

g’. Cells not diverging from the base.

h. o& calyx compressed, of 2 sepals.

Racemes axillary, eglandular; sta-

mens 12-15... ae . 59:

Racemes terminal, glandular; sta-

mens 6-10 oe 56 so GU:

h’. # calyx not compressed, usually 3-

lobed.

7. Stamens 2-3,

Inflorescence lateral .. co (ll

Inflorescence terminal .. so GZ

7’. Stamens more than 4,

k. Glandsin # flowers .. . 58

k’. Glands 0 in & flowers.

1. Pistillode 0 .. Sc .. 41

1’. Pistillode present.

Staminal fils. dilated ; cells pendu-

lous or divergent downwards; ?

sepals not alternating with thick

scales ae oe . 40.

Filaments not dilated; cells pa-

rallel; 2 sepals alternating with

thick scales. . a6 .. 42.

7’. Stamens numerous.

g. Filaments branched; cells distant .. 54.

g’. Filaments not branched; cells not dis-

tant. ;

h. Cells unequal, in superposed pairs on

a broad produced connective so SL

. 30.

PLUKENETIA.

DALECHAMPIA.

ELATERIOSPERMUM,

Micrococca.

ACALYPHA.

PIMELEODENDRON.

HoMALANTHUS.

. EXCOECARIA.

. SAPIUM.

. BALIOSPERMUM.

. ALCHORNEA.

CoELODEPAS.

EPIPRINUS.

RICINUS.

PrycHOPYXIS.

479

480

h’. Cells equal, not in superposed pairs.

Anthers 2-celled, cells parallel or

didymous, adnate to the connective. .

Anthers of 4 minute locelli cruci-

formly arranged

A herb se

a’.

B. Flowers Dioecious.

I.—Mate PuLants.

a. Flowers petaliferous.

b. Disk or glands present.

c. All staminal filaments united into a distinct

Jeolumn sie 3 5 Palle

. All filaments free or dale the inner hones

a. Disk a 5-lobed ring Oo ae G8)

d’. Disk of separate glands.

e. Petals 5.

Flowers in lax terminal many-flowered cymose

panicles ae ee

Flowers in axillary or Eareainal ne flowered

racemes 20 46 o BB)

e’. Petals 8; flowers in axillary or lateral

glumaceously bracteate racemes or spikes .. 30.

b’. Disk or glands absent.

c. Flowers in long slender arched single sarninal

spiciform racemes 50 - 24

c’. Flowers in axillary or latoral fascicles, cymes or

panicles.

Pistillode present a6 6 oo 25.

Pistillode 0 .. oe oe no BPA

a, Flowers apetalous.

b. Disk or glands present.

c. Staminal filaments united with base of conspi-

cuous pistillode . 56.

ce’. Filaments all free or only the inner connate.

d. Stamens fewer than 10.

e. Disk of separate glands.

Leaves less than 7 cm. long ; stamens exserted 6.

Leaves more than 10 cm. long; stamens

included .. 56 OG

e’. Disk circular, conical or pulvinate oo

d’, Stamens more than 10, often very many.

e. Disk a central disciform or quadrate plate

with the stamens surrounding it.

Leaves alternate, poenninerved, without stel-

late pubescence; sepals 4-6, imbricate Ac

Leaves opposite, in unequal pairs, basally

- Ol.

58 ote oo (ORY

. 14,

13.

12.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

MALLOTUS.

CLEIDION.

SEBASTIANIA.

TRIGONOPLEURA.

. ACTEPHILA.

ALEURITES.

DIMoRPHOCALYS.

AGROSTISTACHYS.

GALEARIA.

MIcorRoDESMIs.

OSsTODEs.

CHAETOCARPUS.

FLUEGGEA.

SCORTECHINIA.

ANTIDESMA.

DRYPETES.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

3-7-plinerved, with stellate pubescence ; sepals

3, valvate .. ae ae . 43.

e’. Disk a central hemispherical polygonally

multilobulate mass, with filament bases be-

tween the lobules . 44,

6’. Disk or glands absent.

c. Leaves trifoliolate . 19.

e’, Leaves simple and opposite.

d. Leaves of a pair practically of the same size.

e. Flowers small, not appearing before the leaves ;

stamens not more than 4; leaves not basally

3-5-plinerved.

Plants without milky j juice 5 ; bracts of inflor-

escence eglandular ey US.

Plants with milky juice ; Braet of inflores-

cence with basal wartlike glands .. ae Olle

e’. Flowers large, appearing before the leaves ;

stamens many ; leaves basally 3-5-plinerved.. 46.

d’. Leaves of a pair distinctly unequal . 48.

c”. Leaves simple and alternate.

d. Anthers peltate on disciform connectives and

imbricate to form a globose central tesselated

mass So cc . 45.

d’. Anther cells in superposed pairs on each side

of a broad triangularly produced connective ;

the upper cell of each pair much the larger .. 50.

ad”, Anther cells 2, equal, diverging downwards

from their apex . 40.

d”’. Anther cells 2, equal, diversas sore ote from

their base Sade

d””, Anther cells 2, oneal and prrallel or did

mous.

e. Stamens fewer than 20.

j. Calyx compressed, of 2 sepals .. ». 59.

}’. Calyx not compressed, sepals or lobes or

teeth more than 2.

g. Rachis of inflorescence glandular.

Plants with milky juice; stamens 3 op Ole

Plants without milky juice; stamens 4-6 15.

g’. Rachis of inflorescence eglandular.

h. Flowers in small axillary catkinlike spikes 16.

h’. Flowers not in catkinlike spikes.

7. Stipels present

7’. Stipels 0.

k. Undersurface of leaves minutely pellu-

cidly dotted ae as

k’. Undersurface of leaves not minutely

pellucidly dotted.

.. 41,

.» 41.

481

COELODISCUS.

BLUMEODENDRON.

BISCHOFIA.

CHORIOPHYLLUM.

EXCOECARIA.

TREWIA.

MALLOTUS.

BoTRYOPHORA.

PTYOHOPYXIS.

COELODEPAS.

CLAOXYLON.

PIMELEODENDRON.

E}XCOECABIA.

HYMENOCARDIA.

APOROSA.

ALCHORNEA.

482 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Anthers large, compressed -. 20.

Anthers minute, not compressed oo Ws

e’. Stamens more than 20, often very many.

f. Filaments repeatedly branched. 55 BG}.

7’. Filaments not branched, free on a central

receptacle.

g. Sepals 5, much imbricate al on! Bio

g’. Calyx valvately 3-6 lobed.

Flower clusters with about thrice as many

glumaceous bracts as flowers .. tenet

DaAPHNIPHYLLUM.

BACCAUREA.

Homonota.

GELONIUM.

KUNSTLERA.

Flower clusters with not more bracts

than flowers and usually fewer; bracts 48. Matnorus.

49. CoccocERAS,

not glumaceous ake

d’”’", Anthers of 3-4 minute equal locelli cruci-

‘formly arranged on face or apex of connective.

e. Stamens 50-60, distinctly verticillate; connec-

tive shortly produced .. he -. 51. CLEIDION.

e’. Stamens not more than 30, usually much

fewer, not distinctly verticillate; connective

not produced.

Stamens not arising from a distinct clavate

receptacle .. 36 56 .. 52, MACARANGA.

Stamens arising from a distinct clavate re-

ceptacle 25 50 oe .. 53. ENDOSPERMUM,

II.—FEMALE PLANTS.

a. Leaves compound, trifoliolate 3h .- 19. BISCHOFIA,

a’. Leaves simple, opposite.

b. Leaves of a pair practically of the same size.

c. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled .. ae -- 18. CHORTIOPHYLLUM.

c’. Cells of ovary 1-ovuled.

Plants without milky juice; lamina base 3-5-

plinerved ; flowers large, appearing before the

leaves; 2 flowers usually solitary on longe-

glandular peduncles bc a0 .- 46. TREWIA.

Plants with milky juice; lamina base not 3-5-

plinerved; flowers small, not appearing before

the leaves; $2 flowers many, in axillary glan-

dular bracteate spiciform racemes .. .. 61. EXcoECcARIA.

b’. Leaves of a pair distinctly unequal .. { vs ioe

a‘. Leaves simple, alternate.

b. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled.

c. Petals present .. ae oe .. 3. ACTEPHILA,

c’. Petals 0.

d. Disk or glands present in flower.

e. Ovary and fruit 1-locular oe .. 13. ANTIDESMA.

e’. Ovary and fruit 2-4-locular.

Styles elongate; fruit a dehiscent capsule less

than 1 cm. in diam. .. 30 .. 6. FLUEGGEA.

isc |

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Stigmas sessile; fruit drupaceous, indehis-

cent, more than | cm. in diam.

ed’. Disk or glands 0.

e. Undersurface of leaves thickly gland dotted ;

goals flattened, winglike : alos

. Undersurface of leaves Golendulur fruit not

Piiaticncd or winglike.

f. Fruit 1l-celled, l-seeded.

g. Fruit drupaceous; albumen abundant ; em-

bryo very minute 5 240);

g’. Fruit a 4-valved capsule; albumen very

scanty or 0; embryo with large fleshy coty-

ledons ve a Seca wes

. Fruit 2-4-celled, soveralsoodod:

Flowers and fruits axillary and sessile or

shortly pedicelled on very short bracteate

spikes; seeds without an arilloid coat

Flowers and fruits on racemiform panicles,

+— pendent from leaf or leaf scar axils or

from trunk; seeds with an arilloid coat sully

'b’. Cellsof ovary l-ovuled.

c. Flowers petaliferous.

d. Inflorescence of terminal 2-3-chotomous cymes 22.

d’. Inflorescence of very long slender arched

single terminal spiciform racemes se) 24.

.d”. Inflorescence of axillary or lateral fascicles or

eymes or panicles, or if terminal not of 2-3-

chotomous cymes nor of single spiciform race-

mes.

-e. Racemes or spikes glumaceously bracteate

e’. Floral bracts not glumaceous.

f. Calyx greatly enlarging in fruit

f’. Calyx not enlarging in fruit.

Fruit a drupe

. 30.

-c’. Flowers apetalous.

d. Disk or glands present.

e. Calyx valvate or dentate.

f. Ovary and fruit usually 2-locular ;

subpeltate .. a

f’. Ovary and fruit dealt 3-locular ; stigmas

subulate.

Fruit sulcately 3-coccate, small, dehiscent ..

Fruit globose, large, indehiscent

e’. Calyx imbricate.

Styles present ; fruit capsular

stigmas

-d’. Disk or glands 0

e. Leaves stipellate

o ley

. 16.

3 29:

. 25.

Fruit a capsule i we 56 Wc

.- O.

37.

. 44.

. 56.

Stigmas sessile; fruit drupaceous Ao We

. 42.

DRYPETES.

HyMENOOARDIA.

DAPHNIPHYLLUM.

. SCORTECHINIA.

APOROSA.

BACOAUREA.

ALEURITES.

GALEARIA.

AGROSTISTACHYS.

DIMORPHOCALYSX.

MIcRODESMIS.

OSTODES.

ENDOSPERMUM.

CLAOXYLON.

BLUMEODENDRON.

CHAETOCARPUS.

GELONIUM.

ALCHORNEA.

483

484 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

e’. Leaves not stipellate.

f. Under surface of leaves pellucidly punctate

or granular glandular or lepidote.

g. Under surface of leaves pellucidly punctate ;

flowers in terminal spikes a0 .- 41. ALCHORNEA.

g’. Under surface of leaves granular glandular

or lepidote; flowers in axillary spikes or

panicles.

h. Flowers in single axillary spikes ; lower

surface of leaves lepidote = .. 55. Homonota.

h’. Flowers in axillary panicles; lower sur-

face of leaves + — granular grandular.

Seeds carunculate aye .. 49. CoccocERAS.

Seeds ecarunculate as { an eae

}’. Undersurface of leaves neither gland dotted

nor pellucidly punctate.

g. Bracts of inflorescence with a basal promi-

nent wartlike gland .. . 61. EXCoECARIA.

g’. Bracts of inflorescence splgncinlan or only

_granularly gland dotted.

h. Fruit capsular, not large.

Calyx and ovary tomentose; styles pal-

mately branched . : . 40. CoELODEPAS.

Calyx and ovary Slabrous niplen not pale

mately branched 50 .. 51, CLEIDION.

h’, Fruit drupaceous, large.

Fruit ovoid, rufous-velutinose .. 50. PrycHOPYXIs.

Fruit globose depressed, glabrous .. 59. PIMELEODENDRON.

BripELiA, Willd.

Erect or scandent shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, shortly

petioled, caducously stipulate; lamine entire, elliptical, ovate or

obovate or lanceolate, penni-nerved; the nerves directed forward

and outward, straight or with slight arching towards the margin to

anastomose near it; secondary nerves numerous, subparallel and at

right angles to the laterals; nervules numerous, fine, subparallel, at

right angles to the secondary nerves; ultimate nervation close, sub-

quadrately reticulate. Flowers small, usually monoecious, collected

in small subglobose clusters that are axillary or strung along the

terminal twigs, sessile or shortly pedicelled, surrounded by minute

scarious bracteoles; calyx regularly 5-partite, sepals valvate ; pe-

tals 5, alternate with and much smaller than the sepals, attached

just below and external to the outer edge of the disk, obovate or

obcuneate, subentire or lobulate; disk in the @ pulvinate or

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 485

saucer-shaped, in the ? lining the calyx tube and giving off an

inner coronal lobed or dentate, rarely entire, + — conical annulus that

encircles the upper part of the ovary and in fruit is adpressed to

the outer portion of the disk. Stamens central, 5, with filaments

united for some distance below to form a central column, free above

and spreading ; anthers ovoid, erect in bud, versatile, with parallel

cells dehiscing longitudinally; pistillode surmounting the staminal

column, subconical usually 2-lobed. Ovary bilocular ; styles usually

2, free or united for a variable distance, bifid above. J ruit drupa-

ceous, on a persistent calyx, ovoid or globose, small, with 2 in-

completely dehiscent 1-2-usually 1-seeded pyrenes. Seeds with

fleshy or membranous albumen; embryo straight or slightly curved ;

cotyledons foliaceous, complanate.

Distris. Tropical Africa, India, Indo-China, Philippines,

Malayan Archipelago, Polynesia, Australia.

Species about 50, of which 7 so far known from the Malayan

Peninsula,

Flower-clusters in axils of stipular bracts;

2 disk bristly in flower and fruit fe .. J. B. stipularis,

Flower clusters without stipular bracts ;

@ disk glabrous.

Lamina lanceolate, glaucous or subglaucous on the

lower surface Kai ac 5G .. 2. B. tomentosa.

Lamina ovate or elliptic, not glaucous on the lower

surface.

Lamina almost or entirely glabrous on the lower

surface Me .. 93 B. ovata.

Lamina tomentose or finely adpressedly pubes-

cent on the lower surface.

Fruits subglobose .. ate .. 4. B. pustulata.

Fruits elliptical.

Lamina softly rufous-tomentose on lower

surface 5 +5 .. 5. B. cinnamomea.

Lamina minutely adpressedly pubescent

on lower surface.

Flowers not very minute;

9 petals rusty-hirsute .. .. 6. B. Griffithii.

Flowers very minute ;

@ petals glabrous or with only a hair

or two oe 34 .. 7. B. penangiana.

1. BripELia stTipuLaRis, Bl. Bijdr., 597 (1825). A large sub-

scandent fulvous-tomentose shrub, with moderately sized elliptical

to oblong-orbicular leaves. Twigs alternate, terete, glabrescent

below, densely fulvous-tomentose above, |—4 mm. thick, with inter-

486 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

nodes 1—3 cm. long. Lamine coriaceous, with acute or subacute

or rounded apex, subacute or obtuse or subtruncate or subcordate

base and entire or undulate margin, 2°5—12 cm. long, 1:5—9 cm.

broad, dark brown on upper, paler brown on lower surface, sparsely

fulvous-tomentose on upper surface and + —so on lower; midrib and

nerves indented on upper surface, both nerves and nervules prominent

on the lower ; nerves 8—12; petiole terete, fulvous-tomentose, 8 mm.

long; stipules broadly lanceolate, acuminate, fulvous-tomentose,

5—6 mm. long, 3—4 mm. broad. Flowers clustered in the axils or

on long leafless but stipulate spikes or panicles; the clusters a few

mms. in diam., with 8—12 buds in a cluster,+ —suffulted by nu-

merous small membranous broadly-lanceolate fulvous-tomentose

bracteoles; usually only 1 or 2 buds in a cluster fully developing and

usually only ¢ or only @ flowersin a cluster. ¢ Flowers shortly

pedicelled, broadly ovoid acute in bud, 4 mm. long, exclusive

of pedicel, and 5 mm. across; calyx divided about half way down,

the lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate acute, greenish-yellow,

shortly puberulous at the apex or glabrescent; petals shortly broad-

ly clawed, broadly cuneate or obovate, with subtruncate or sub-

acute subcrenulate apex, 2 mm. broad and rather Jess long; disk

thick, sublobulate, projecting slightly beyond the base of the sepals ;

stamens scarcely equalling the sepals, glabrous; anthers oblong-

ovate, less than 1 mm. long; pistillode filiform below and within

the staminal tube, free above and ending in a narrowly ovoid

glabrous apex. 2 flowers resembling the ¢, but subsessile and

with petals scarcely clawed and mesially longitudinally sulcate

on inner surface with a basal swelling on each side of the sulcus;

annulus of the disk narrow, laciniate, with a ring of bristles immedi-

ately below it: ovary ovoid, glabrous, 1-5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick;

styles 15 mm. long, flattened, glabrous, + —bifid; stigmas irregu-

larly clavate, subtuberculate. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 1—1-2 cm. long,

8—9 mm. thick, glabrous, smooth, bluish-black ; pyrenes subpyri-

form scaphoid, with flat or slightly concave centrally excavate ven-

tral surface, convex and superiorly keeled dorsal surface, obtuse

base and acute carinate apex, 9 mm. long, 6 mm. broad and 3°5 mm.

thick, obscurely longitudinally ridged on basal half of dorsal surface.

Mull. Arg. 494 in part; Hook. f. 270, in part; Gehrmann in Bot.

Jahrbuch, XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 29; J. J. Smith, 315; Jabl. Pflanz-

enreich, IV, 147; VIII, 55.—B. retusa A. Juss. Tent. Kuphorb. 27, t.

7.£.22.—B. Zollingeri Miq. FI]. Ind. Bat. I, ii, 364.—Cluytia stipularis

L. Mant. 127.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 487

Penana: Wallich 7878 N !. Perak: S. 1380!; Kinta River

K.C.813!. Panana: Palau Rumput, R. 2275!. Maracoa: Griffith!

Maingay 415 !,1369!, R. 2119!. Jonor: Muar, C.!; Bukit Patani

FR. 11041! Batu Pahat, R. !. SincaporE: McPherson Road, R.

10918!; Kalang, R. 11269!

Distris. India, Indo-China, Malayan Archipelago, Philip-

pines, Tropical Africa.

The specimens quoted above agree with the specimen of Cluytia stipularis L.

in the Linnean Herbarium. Bridelia scandens Willd., Cluytia scandens Roxb.

have usually been given as synonyms of B. stipularis, but B. scandens is a dis_

tinct species as Gehrmann points out, differing from B. stipularis in the absence

of bristles from the female disk and in having smaller fruits.

2. BrIDELIA TOMENTOSA, Bl. Bijd. 597 (1825). A shrub or

small tree, with closely arranged leaves, minute monoecious flowers

in small sessile or subsessile axillary clusters, and pisiform frults.

Twigs terete, 1—2 mm. thick, + — rusty-pubescent and lenticellate ;

internodes -5—1 cm. long. Lamine lanceolate, with acute or sub-

acuminate apex, rounded or subcuneate or cuneate base and sub-

undulate margin, subcoriaceous, 2°5—11 cm. long, -1—4°5 cm.

broad; upper surface dark brown, glabrous or sparsely rusty- pubes-

cent on midrib and nerves: lower surface paler brown, glaucous or

subglaucous, + —rusty-pubescent and with prominent midrib and

nerves ; nerves 8—12; petiole slender, subterete, rusty-pubescent

or glabrescent, 3—4 mm. long; stipules narrowly subfalcately lan-

ceolate acuminate, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, rusty pubescent.

Flower clusters subglobose, 3—5 mm. in diam., with 10—30 flowers

3s only or 2 only or mixed, imbedded in but not suffulted by nu-

merous minute membranous rusty-pubescent bracteoles. ¢ flowers

in bud subglobose, about 1 mm. in diam., expanding to 3mm., very

shortly pedicelled, glabrous; calyx divided almost to base into 5

subequal broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate sepals ; petals less than

half the size of sepals, attached below the outer edge of disk, sub-

sessile, subflabelliform or subcuneate, sometimes biauriculate ; disk

circular pulvinate; stamens scarcely equalling the sepals. 9

flowers slightly larger than the 3, ovoid in bud, subsessile; calyx

as in the ¢; petals minute, subsessile, obovate, subcrenulated

disk glabrous, with subvertical membranous laciniately-margined

annulus ; ovary ovoid, compressed, less than 1 mm. long, glabrous ;

styles free to the base, terete, half as long as the ovary, shortly

bifid; stigmas recurved, slightly irregularly thickened. Fruit

globosely ovoid, smooth, glabrous, bluish-black, 4—5 mm. in diam.

488 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

pyrenes subhemispherical, with flat or slightly coneave ventral and

convex carinate dorsal surface. Mull. Arg., 501; Hook. f., 271; J.

J. Smith, 320; Gehrm, in Bot. Jahrbuch. XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 32;

Jabl. in Pflanzenreich IV, 147. VIII, 58.—8B. Loureirit Hook. and Arn.

Bot. Beech. Voy. 211. ?8B. lanceaefolia Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 737.

B. rhamnoides Griff. Notul. IV, 480. 8B. lanceolata Kurz in Nat.

Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXVII, 45. Amanoa tomentosa Baill. Adans.

VI, 336. Cleistanthus lanceolatus Mull. Arg. 507.

Kepau: Langkawi, C.!. Prenane: Wallich!, Deschamps !

Government Hill, C. 112!, 146!. Weturstey: Jasek Gelugur, R.

6967!. Perak: S.!; Larut, K.C. 2492!, 2676!, 53884!; Waterfall

Rh. 2977! ; Pankor, Rk. 7923!. SpeLtaneor: Klang, Fox!; Gua Batu

R.8202!. Mauacea : Griffith 4885 !, Maingay 1370!, 1575 !, Hervey! ;

Sungei Udang, Holmberg 864!, Goodenough 1679!; Panchor, Good-

enough 1741!; Ayer Panas, R.1572!. Jononr: Bukit Muar, Feilding}.

SInGAPORE; Hullett 105!, K.C. 991!, 1260!; Garden jungle, AR.

9116!.

Distris. India, Indo-China, Malayan Archipelago, Philip-

pines, Australia.

3. BRIDELIA OVATA, Dene. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. III, 484 (1834).

A small tree, entirely glabrous except on lower surface of young

leaves. Branches terete, 3—4 mm. thick, pale brown-cinereous to

black ; flowering twigs terete, 1—2 mm. thick, lenticellate, black

internodes -5—1:'5 cm. long. Lamine ovate, with acute or sub-

acute apex, rounded or subcuneate base and entire margin, coria-

ceous, 2—10 cm. long, 1—5 cm. broad; upper surface glossy, green

or brown-olivaceous, finely reticulate; lower surface dull, brown

sparsely pubescent when young; midrib and nerves slender, reddish

and prominent on both surfaces; nerves 8—12, connected by

numerous subparallel primary nervules and the latter by numerous

rather irregular secondary nervules; reticulation . subquadrate ;

petiole subterete, slender, 4—6 mm. long; stipules subfalcately

lanceolate-acuminate, ciliolately margined, 2 mm. long. Flower-

clusters axillary and strung at intervals of ‘5—1°5 cm. along the

flowering twigs, of only a few flowers, ¢ and 2 mixed but usually

one sex predominant, encircled at their bases with minute broadly

ovate scarious bracteoles. ¢ flowers sessile, subconically ovoid in

bud, 2 mm. long, 1°5 mm. across the closed and 4 mm. across the

open flower; calyx divided halfway down into deltoid-lanceolate

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 489

sepals; petals 1 mm. long and broad, ovate or obovate, sublobulate

or subentire; disk saucer-shaped ; staminal column short ; pistil-

lodecolumnar. @ flowers sessile, subconically ovoid in bud, 3 mm.

long ; calyx divided less than halfway down, lobes narrowly deltoid ;

petals obovate, 1:5 mm. long, entire or with denticulate apex: an-

nulus of the disk crenulately margined ; ovary ovoid; styles short,

bifid to the base; stigmas scarcely thickened. Fruit globose, 5—6

mm. in diam. smooth; pyrenes subhemispherical, with flat ventral

and convex carinate dorsal surface, 5 mm. broad, 3 mm. thick.

Mull. Arg. 495: Hook. f. 274; J. J. Smith 324; Gehrm. in Bot.

Jahrbuch. XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 33; Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 61.—

B. Curtisii Hook. f. 273; B. Kurzii Hook.f. 273; B. pedicellata Rid-

ley in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Branch, No. 59, 167.

Preruis: Bukit Lagi, R. 14889!

Kepan: Langkawi, C. 3688 !, 8326!. Prnanca: Batu Ferengy,

C.1736!; Tulloh Bahang, C. 97!, 1500!

Distris.: Malayan Archipelago, Australia.

In the Flora of British India, Hooker places this species amongst the doubt-

ful and excluded ones, and gives a brief and not very accurate description of it.

There are two sheets of the Timor plant in Kew Herbarium collected by Riedlé,

on whose specimens Decaisne based his deseription of B. ovata. On one of the

sheets have also been fixed indiscriminately a fragment and separate leaves of

Wallich’s No. 7888 ‘‘ Cluytia from Burma,” which is B. burmanica Hook. f.

The nervation Hooker mentions under his description of B. ovata is unfortun-

ately the nervation of B. burmanica. The real B. ovata in Kew Herbarium has

only 8—12 nerves. The specimen referred to by Hooker as B. ovata Dene, pro-

cured by Kurz from the Buitenzorg Garden is merely a specimen so named by

Kurz. It is certainly not B. ovata Dene., but I should say B. minutiflora Hook

f. Icannot distinguish B. Curtisii Hook. f. from B. ovata Dene. The material of

B. Curtisti consists only of a single sheet in flower only, collected by Curtis at

Tulloh Bahang, and could seem to be merely a male specimen of B. ovata Dene.,

Ridley’s No. 8326, collected by Curtis at Langkawi has been referred by

Williams (Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1905, 31) to B. Kurzit Hook. f. It appears to me

to be exactly like the cotype sheets of B. ovata Dene., in Kew Herbarium. B,

Kurzti Hook. f., seems to me in any case merely a form of B. ovata Dene., but

the material of it is very scanty. Gehrmann refers B. Curtisii Hook. f. to

B. Grifithit Hook. f., which it does not at all resemble.

4. Bripewra pusruLata, Hook. f. 271. A tree with moderate-

ly sized leaves and minute flowers in dense subglobose axillary clus-

ters. Twigs stout, angled or subterete, 2—4 mm. thick, postulately

lenticellate, sparsely shortly setulosely rusty-pubescent or glabres-

cent; internodes -3—3 cm. long. Lamine coriaceous, broadly

490 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovate, with abruptly acuminate apex, rounded or obtuse base and

entire slightly revolute margin, 95—18 cm. long, 4—8 cm. broad ;

upper surface dark brown, glabrous, subnitid ; lower clearer brown,

rusty pubescent on the prominent midrib and nerves ; nerves 9—13 ;

petiole slender, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, subterete, 8 mm.

long; stipules triangular-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, rusty pubescent.

Flower-clusters -5—1 cm. in diam., with numerous flowers, ¢@ only

or 2 only or mixed, suffulted by numerous broadly ovate, scarious,

rusty-pubescent bracteoles. 3 flowersin bud globosely-ovoid, 1:5

mm. long, subsessile, glabrous; calyx divided more than halfway

down into triangular lanceolate sepals; petals attached just below

outer margin of disk, less than ‘5 mm. long, sessile, obovate, entire or

emarginate ; disk circular-pulvinate ; staminal column short, glab-

rous; anthers less than:5 mm. long; pistillode the size of an anther,

smooth, glabrous. ? flowers larger than the 3, ovoid, subsessile,

3 mm. long; calyx as in the 3, but with sepals puberulous at their

apex; petals as in the ¢ but narrower; disk fleshy, with entire

annulus; ovary ovoid, glabrous, scarcely 1 mm. long; styles 2 mm.

long, united for more than half their length, sometimes one of them

trifid; stigmas irregularly thickened. Fruit ovoid, 7 mm, in diam.,

glabrous, smooth, with one pyrene. Gehrm. in Bot. Jahrbuch. XLI,

Beibl. No. 95, 38; Jabl. in Pflanzenreich l.c. 75.

Perak: Goping K.C. 508!. Szttancor: Kwala Lampur, no

collector's name!. Matacca: Maingay 1371!. Jonor: Jaftaria,

King!; Castlewood, R. 9167!. Sincarore: no collector’s name,

2923!; Sungei Jurong, R. 3874!; Thompson Road, Hullett 5829! ;

Rogie, f. 10740!

5. BRIDELIA CINNAMOMEA, Hook. f. 273. A thorny subscan-

dent shrub, with short rigid brachiate branchlets, moderately sized

leaves and comparatively few-flowered clusters, axillary and spicate

along the terminal twigs. Branches terete, 5—8 mm. thick, glabrous,

pale brown, with small scattered prickles; twigs subterete, 10—20

em. long, 2 mm. thick, pustulately lenticellate, pale brown and

glabrous on the older parts, dark brown to almost black on the

younger parts, sparsely rusty-pubescent or glabrescent ; internodes

1—1°5 cm. long on the terminal flowering twigs, 2—3 cm. on the

branches. Lamine thinly coriaceous, ovate, with acute or shortly

acuminate apex, rounded base and entire margin, 3°5—8 cm. long,

2—5'5 cm. broad ; upper surface dark-olivaceous, sparsely pubes-

cent on midrib and nerves, subnitid ; lower surface sparsely cinna-

’

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 491

mon-tomentose; midrib and nerves slender, prominent on lower

surface ; nerves 6—8; petiole slender, -subterete, 6 mm. long, cinna-

mon-pubescent; stipules...., Flower-clusters 5 mm. in diam.,

with numerous deep-red flowers, ¢ only or 2 only, imbedded in a

mass of minute, oblong-lanceolate, laciniately-margined scarious

bracteoles. <3 flowers pseudo-pedicellate, in bud conical above the

pseudo- pedicel, 3 mm. long including the 1 mm. long pedicel, 1°5 mm.

in diam., sparsely cinnamon-pubescent on outer, glabrous on inner

surface; sepals ovate-lanceolate, half the length of the calyx; petal

scarcely 1 mm. long, narrowly obcuneate, with obtuse .base and

usually a bristle on the lower surface ; disk saucer-shaped; stami-

nal column short; pistillode columnar. 2 flowers sessile, ovate,

3 mm. long, 5 mm. in diam. when open; sepals as in the 3 ; petals

oblong or oblong-obovate, less than 1 mm. long, entire, bristly on

the outer surface ; disk glabrous, annulus submembranous, irregular- |

ly dentately margined ; ovary pyriform, glabrous ; style single short,

stout, bifid, above; stigmas clavellate. Fruit ovoid, not seen

mature, smooth.

Gehrm. in Bot. Jahrbuch. XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 38, under B.

Griffithit Hook. f.; Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 74.

Perak: Kinta. 60—100 m., K.C.7101!; other places in Perak,

60—200 m. K.C. 7960!, 7989!, 8392!, 10612!; Assam Kumbang,

W. 2121!; Thaiping, W. 2391!. Jonor: Kota Tinggi, R. 4157!.

SINGAPORE : Seletar, R.!

Distris. Malayan Archipelago.

Type sheet is K.C. 7101 from Kinta in Kew Herbarium. Under B.

cinnamomea, Hooker quotes Perak Scortechini as well as Kinta (misprinted

Kinla in the Fl. Brit. Ind.), King’s Collector. In Kew Herbarium the sheets

collected by Scortechini Nos. 1822 and 1823 are named by Hooker ‘“‘ B. cinna-

momea,’ while the Kinta sheet. K.C. 7101 is named by him ‘ B. ? cinna-

momea.” Scortechini’s sheets agree with each other and with Haviland’s No.

800 from Borneo. They differ altogether from the Kinta sheet, K.C. 7101,

which on the other hand agrees with Haviland’s Nos. 937 and 1858 from

Borneo. Hooker’s description of B. cinnamomea is based on the mixture of

sheets, but as his description of B. cinnamomea as “<a thorny shrubby creeper

10—15 feet long”’ is taken from the Kinta specimen ticket, the Kinta specimens

are taken as the type, all the more so as the Scortechini sheets Nos. 1822 and

1823 named ‘‘ B. cinnamomea’’ by Hooker in the Kew Herbarium and Haviiand’s

No. 800—the latter in fruit—are a species of Cleistanthus, being C. perakensis

Jabl. B.cinnamomea may be merely, as Gehrmann considers it, a variety of

B. Grifithit Hook. f. The twospecies are certainly very closely allied, both

being scandent shrubs.

492 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

6. BriprLia GRiFFitHit, Hook. f., 272. A scandent shrub.

Branchlets terete, glabrous, pale brown, minutely lenticellate, 3—6

wm, thick; young flowering twigs terete, glabrous or sparsely minute-

ly rusty-pubescent near the nodes, dark brown to black, lenticellate,

1—3 mm. thick ; internodes ‘5—3 cm. long. Lamine thinly coria-

ceous, ovate to broadly lanceolate, with shortly acuminate apex,

entire margin and rounded to cuneate base, 4°5—12 cm. long, 2—6

cm. broad ; upper surface glabrous, dark brown to dark olivaceous,

subnitid, reticulate, with slender prominent midrib and nerves;

lower surface dull, brown, sparsely and very minutely pubescent to

almost glabrous ; nerves 7—12; petiole slender, subterete, 6 mm. long,

sparsely rusty-pubescent or glabrescent; stipules narrowly lanceo-

late, 3 mm. long, rusty-pubescent. Flower-clusters axillary and

strung along the young twigs at -5—3 cm. long intervals, 6 mm. in

_ diam. of numerous small congested flowers # and 2 mixed; brac-

teoles minute, broadly ovate acute, + — pubescent and subcarinate

on outer, glabrous on inner surface. ¢ flowers shortly stoutly

pseudo -pedicellate, globosely ovoid, 2 mm. long; calyx very sparse-

ly pubescent to almost glabrous on outer, glabrous on inner surface,

divided more than halfway down into deltoid sepals; petals less

than ‘5 mm. long, obcuneate or subrhombic, subentire or irregularly

lobulate, glabrous or with a bristle or two on outer surface; disk

lining the calyx cup, entire; staminal column short; pistillode the

size of an anther, glabrous. @ flowers in bud shortly bluntly fusi-

form, 2°5 mm. long; calyx rusty-pubescent on outer surface towards

the base, glabrous towards apex of outer surface and on inner,

divided about halfway down into deltoid sepals ; petals -5 mm. long,

ovate or obovate, entire, somewhat fleshy, subcarinate and + —

rusty-hirsute on outer surface, glabrous on inner; disk sublobulate-

ly margined, with crenulate annulus; ovary ovoid, compressed,

glabrous ; styles short, subterete, glabrous ; stigmas irregularly sub-

spathulately thickened. Fruit....

Gehrm. in Bot. Jahrbuch. XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 38; Jabl. in

Pflanzenreich, l.c.74. Perak: S.! Matacca: Griffith |.

Type sheets are those quoted, which are in Kew Herbarium.

7. BriIDELIA PENANGIANA, Hook. f.272. A tree5—15 m. high,

with spreading branches. Branchlets terete, pale-brown, glabrous,

pustulate, 2—5 mm. thick; flowering twigs slender, terete, black,

lenticellate, glabrous or sparsely rusty-pubescent near the nodes;

internodes ‘5—3 cm. long. Lamine membranous or thinly coria-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 493

ceous, broadly or narrowly ovate or obovate or broadly lanceolate oF

oblanceolate, with shortly, sometimes abruptly, acuminate apex and

rounded to cuneate base, 4—14 cm. long, 3-—7'5 cm. broad ; upper

surface brown to dark-olivaceous or almost black, glabrous, nitid,

boldly reticulate, with slender prominent midrib and nerves ; lower

surface dull, brown to dark-olivaceous, finely sparsely rusty-pubes-

cent especially on the slender prominent nerves and midrib; nerves

8—12; petiole subterete, slender, 6 mm. long, glabrous or with a

few rusty hairs; stipules minute, lanceolate rusty-pubescent.

Flower-clusters axillary and strung along the young shoots at -5—3

cm. long intervals, subglobose, 4—6 mm. in diam. of numerous

minute flowers ¢ and ? mixed, but usually one sex predominat-

ing; bracteoles minute, ovate, acute, subfimbriate, + —rusty-pubes-

cent and subcarinate on outer surface, glabrous on inner. <& flowers

subsessile, subglobosely ovoid in bud, 1 mm. long; calyx pubescent

on outer surface, glabrous on inner, divided more than halfway

down into deltoid sepals; petals very minute, obovate or obcune-

ate; disk lining the calyx cup, entire; glabrous; staminal column

short ; pistillode the size of an anther, glabrous, 2 flowers subsessile

obovoid, 2 mm. long; calyx as in the ¢ ; petals less than’5 mm.

long, subspathulately obovate, subentire, glabrous or with a few

hairs on outer surface; annulus of the disk dentate; ovary ovoid,

compressed, glabrous; styles united below for a variable distance,

glabrous; stigmas irregularly thickened. Fruit with subacute or

acute ends, smooth, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. thick, with one elliptical

pyrene. B. minutiflora, Hook. f.273; Gehrm. in Bot. Jahrbuch.

XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 38; J. J. Smith, 310; Jabl. in Pflanzenreich,

exo:

Penance: K.C.1350!; Government Hill, 150 m. C. 527! ; Water-

fall, C. 1719!. Perak: S.!; Ulu Kerling, K.C. 8576!; Penara

Bukit, R. 7920!

Distris. Lower Burma, Malayan Archipelago.

Type sheet is C. 527.

I am unable to detect any specific or even variotal difference between

B. penangiana and B. minutiflora. Hooker refers to B. minutiffora as a very

remarkable species on account of the solitary style. An examination of the

type sheets has failed to yield a single flower with a solitary style. All the

type flowers examined had styles of the ordinary character, united for a vari-

able distance from the base and each bifid above. Hooker’s description appears

therefore to have been based on one or several abnormal flowers, or possibly

confused with that of B. cinnamomea, which hasa single style, and which itself as

far as Hooker’s names in Kew Herbarium are concerned, is a mixture of a Bri-

494 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

delia and a Cleistanthus. See note under B. cinnamomea. Gehrmann unites B.

penangiana with B, Grifithit, a course that I am not disposed to follow. B.

Grifithit has considerably larger flowers than B. penangiana and is a scandent

shrub, whereas B. penangiana is a tree reaching to a height of 16 m.

CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. f.

Shrubs or trees, with terete or subterete branchlets rarely angled

and with alternate, bifarious, caducously or persistently stipulate,

shortly-petioled leaves. Lamine entire, penninerved; nerves sub-

opposite or alternate, at acute angles with the midrib, directed out-

wards and forwards with + —curving usually to anastomose in loops

near the margin, rarely (in C. bracteosus) distinct to the margin ;

cross-nervules subparallel to irregular; reticulation irregularly poly-

gonal. Flowers monoecious, with a+ —turbinate or obconic torus,

small, in axillary bracteolate clusters, often strung along small-leaved

twigs. ¢ flowers with calyx divided halfway or rather more than

halfway down into 4—5 sepals valvate in bud or slightly imbricate

at the apex; petals 5, minute, + —spathulate or ovate or obovate or

cuneate, with entire or subcrenulate margin ; stamens 5, inserted on

a usually short column surrounding the subconically ovoid entire or

shortly trifid pistillode; anthers erect in bud, introrse, dehiscing

longitudinally, dorsi-fixed, versatile; disk lining the lower part of

calyx, entire or+ —dentate. ? flowers with calyx and corolla as

in the ¢ and persistent in fruit; ovary 3-locular; styles 3, free or

+ -—connate, shortly bifid rarely simple; disk lining the lower part

of calyx and giving off an inner crenulate, dentate, or + —lobed

annulus, which surrounds the ovary and+—conceals it; stami-

nodes 5, extremely minute, scalelike, in a circle at base of inner sur-

face of disk. Fruit a dry 3-locular 3-sulcate capsule, sessile on or

+ —stipitate from the persistent perianth, dehiscing into 3 bi-valved

rounded cocci, leaving a central columella with pentagonal base ;

cocci each with a mesial sutural line; endocarp horny, separable

from the thin pericarp. Seeds subtrigonously ovoid, with a convex

subcarinate dorsal surface and two ill-defined ventro-lateral surfaces,

smooth, glabrous; apex subacute; base obtuse and often excavate ;

albumen mostly scanty ; cotyledons broad, folded. Distris. Tropi-

cal Africa, India, Ceylon, Indo-China, Philippines, Malayan Archi-

pelago, Australia. Species about 80.

Flower clusters in axils of bialate bracts .. .. IL. C. bracteosus.

Flower clusters not in axils of bialate bracts.

Flowers elongate, slenderly pseudopedicellate ; fruits

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 495

Flowers sessile or subsessile ; fruits sessile or only

on short pedicels.

(a) Lamina glabrous on lower surface.

*Lamina glaucous on lower surface.

Lamina ovate, apex abruptly caudate .

Lamina lanceolate elongate, gradually

acuminate.

Lamina membranous, upper surface dull

Lamina coriaceous, upper surface nitid

**Lamina not glaucous on lower surface.

*Calyx pubescent or hirsute in flower

and fruit.

Lamina membranous, greenish yel-

low ie ae a

Lamina coriaceous, not greenish yel-

low.

Petals hirsute

Petals glabrous.

Lamina base rounded or sub-

cordate ;

Lamina base acute a0

+7Calyx glabrous in flower and fruit.

§F lower clusters minute, of few flowers

on very slender glabrous paniculate

branchlets.

Lamina membranous

Lamina coriaceous.

Lamina lanceolate, thrice as

long as broad, gradually

acuminate ;

Lamina ovate, not thrice as

long as broad, abruptly cau-

date .. en. :

: §§Flower clusters not minute, not on

slender glabrous paniculate

branches.

> iil,

Stipules persistent, aculeate.. 13.

Stipules caducous.

Lamina base rounded

Lamina base acute.

Lamina of moderate size,

membranous :

Lamina very large, coria-

ceous ke Sc

46) Lamina +— pubescent or tomentose on lower

surface.

*Lamina glaucous on lower surface.

Petiole very stout, densely tomentose

14.

. 15.

C. glaucus.

C. membranaceus.

C. nitidus.

C. flavescens.

C. hirsutopetalus.

C. podocarpus.

C. glandulosus.

C. malaccensis.

C. heterophyllus.

C. gracilis.

C. stamensis.

C. parvifolius.

C. decurrens.

. C. macrophyllus.

C. lanugtnosus.

= PATS

Mest OE po ee

496 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Petiole not stout, not densely tomen-

tose.

Nerves 10—15 is .. 18. C. hirsutulus.

Nerves 5—8.

Lamina base acute; petiole 5—6

mm. long O° .. 19. C. praetermissus..

Lamina base rounded; petiole

2 mm. long.

Lamina apex rounded or

shortly acuminate ; nerves

at an angle of 60° with mid-

rib and distinctly curved 20. C. polyphyllus.

Lamina apex caudate ;

nerves at an angle of 45°

with midrib, almost

straight we .. 21. C. Maingayt.

**Lamina not glaucous on lower surface.

tPubescence very minute and very

closely adpressed, rusty or silvery.

Nerves fewer than 8.

Lamina base acute .. 22. C. vestitus.

Lamina base rounded ae ona Mangers

Nerves 12—20 .. .. 24. C. myrianthus.

Nerves 8—10 .. .. 25. OC. pseudomyrianthus..

tTPubescence not very minute, not

very closely adpressed.

Pubescence rufous.

Lamina base and apex a-

cute ; pubescence sparsely

ramentaceous .. 26. C. ellipticus.

Lamina base rounded, apex

shortly abruptly acumi-

nate; pubesence not ra-

mentaceous .. 1. 20. CL rufus:

Pubescence not rufous.

Flower clusters often

closely crowded on

very short spici-

form branchlets ;

aculeate .. 20. C. polyphyllus..

Flower clusters not

closely crowded ;

bracteoles not acu-

leate.

Nerves 10—15,

distinctly curv-

ed .. .. 19. O. hirsutulus.

Nerves 6—8, al-

most straight.. 21. C. Maingayt..

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 497

1. CLEISTANTHUS BRACTEOSDUS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich IV. 147;

Vill, 41; (1915). A small tree. Branchlets, stramineous-brown,

glabrous, 4—8 mm. thick ; flowering twigs lateral from the branch-

lets, 5—15 cm. long, 1—2 mm. thick, rusty scurfily-pubescent or

glabrescent; internodes -5—1'5 cm. long. Lamine coriaceous, ob-

long, oblanceolate or oblong-ovate, 16—40 cm. long, 6—13 cm.

broad, with caudately acuminate apex and narrowly to broadly

cuneate or round base; upper surfaced olivaceous, subnitid, gla-

brous, obscurely reticulate, with slender indented midrib and nerves ;

lower surface dull, pale cinnamon to almost silvery, very finely

closely adpressedly pubescent, except on midrib and nerves, with

minute rusty hair-like scales sparsely interspersed, the prominent

midrib and nerves glabrous or sparsely minutely ramentaceous ;

nerves 14—20, distinct to the margin; cross nervules numerous,

close, subparallel, connected irregularly to form a rather open and

transversely elongate irregularly polygonal reticulation, petiole

very stout, subterete, glabrous, closely wrinkled, 1-5—2 cm. long;

stipules not seen. Flower-clusters strung along the flowering twigs

at short intervals. each in the axil of a stipuliform bract, of rather

few flowers and one sex predominating in a cluster; bracts broadly

ovate, acute, 7 mm. long and broad, + —rufous-pubescent and

often mesially narrowly bialate on the outer surface, glabrous

and smooth on the inner; the mesial dorsal alee sometimes united

by their inner margin and prolonged into an abrupt caudiform

apex; bracteoles broadly ovate, thinly membranous or almost

hyaline, glabrous except for a few minute adpressed rufous hairs

on the subcarinate outer surface. < flowers seen only in young

bud; entirely glabrous sepals lanceolate; petals ovate. 9? perianth

seen only in fruiting stage, sessile, ovoid, 4—5 mm. long, entirely

glabrous; sepals deltoid; petals obovate-spathulate, 1 mm. long;

annulus of the disk irregularly dentate ; ovary not seen. Capsule

on a stout, terete, glabrous, 8 mm. long pedicel, the base of which

is surrounded by the remains of the perianth, glabrous, crimson

turning black, obscurely reticulate, 9 mm. long, 1°3 cm. broad.

Seeds cordate-ovate, 7 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, 4—5 mm. thick,

slightly compressed antero-posteriorly, with convex ecarinate dorsal,

and 2 subconvex ventro-lateral surfaces separated by a rounded

ridge which has a small irregular hilar depression at its lower end ;

surface of seed, brownish-black, glabrous, not quite smooth; apex

rounded ; base cordately retuse.

498 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Perak: S. 1777!, 1917!, 1919!; W. 3648!; Kota Bahru, K.C.

926!; Goping, K.C. 8169 !

The type sheets are in Kew Herbarium. This species has been confused

with C. macrophyllus, Hook. f.,from which it differs in the much larger leaves.

with their finely pubescent undersurface and in the presence of stipular bracts.

2. CLEISTANTHUS PEDICELLATUS, Hook. f. 281. A small tree,

everywhere glabrous on the vegetative parts, except for a few

minute adpressed hairs on very young shoots and on the lower sur-

face of very young leaves, and for rarely a few minute hairs at the

base of adult leaves. Branchlets pale to dark-brown, 3—5 mm.

thick; young twigs, 1—2 mm. thick, black. Lamine coriaceous,

broadly lanceolate to ovate or oblong-elliptic, 4—12 cm. long, 1:5

—5 cm. broad, boldly closely reticulate on both surfaces, with mid-

rib and nerves indented on the upper and prominent on the lower,

with subcaudately acuminate apex and cuneate base; upper sur-

face dark-olivaceous to almost black, subnitid ; lower surface dark

brown, dull to subnitid ; nerves 5—7, anastomosing near the margin ;

cross-nervules irregular, somewhat distant and scarcely distinguish-

able in the general close reticulation ; petiole subterete, shallowly

channelled on upper surface, closely transversely wrinkled, 4 mm.

long; stipules caducous, minute, narrowly deltoid Flower-clusters

axillary, of 20 or more pseudo-pedicellate flowers, ¢ or 2 only

in a cluster; bracteoles minute, ovate, acute, + —dorsally carinate,

pubescent or glabrescent on outer surface, glabrous on inner. ¢

flowers in bud clove-shaped, glabrous, with an elongated pedicelli-

form calyx-tube, -5—1 cm. long including the tube, 2 mm across

the globosely ovoid top, which is divided into lanceolate sepals;

petals subquadrate, with irregularly 2—3-dentate apical marginal

disk lining the expanded apical portion of the calyx tube ; staminal

column short; pistillode short, stout, obscurely trigonously column:

ar, with obtuse obscurely trilobed apex. 2 perianth seen only in

fruit, glabrous; calyx as in the ¢@; petals ovate acute or lanceo-

late, entire, 15 mm. long; annulus of the disk membranous, dentate ;

ovary hirsute ; tube of calyx in fruit up to 1:3 cm. long, forming a

slender pseudo-pedicel to the capsule. Capsule not seen mature,

7 mm. in vertical, 8 mm. in transverse diam., sparsely rusty-hirsute

to glabrescent. Seeds not seen. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 44.

Penane: K.C. 1794!, 1501!; Government Hill, 200—300 m.

C. 169!, 1401!; West Hill, 300 m. C. 3599!; Penang Hill, Hullett !.

Perak: Thaipeng, W. 2375!

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 499

The type sheet is Curtis 169 in Kew Herbarium.

3. CLEISTANTHUS GLAUCUS, Jabl. Pflanzenreich, IV, 147. VIII,

25. (1915). A tree, 10O—13 m. high. Branchlets, dark-brown, gla-

brous, somewhat rough or grooved, + — pubescent, 2—5 mm. thick :

young flowering twigs a few centimetres long, lateral, 1 mm. hice

grooved and ridged longitudinally, fuscous-tomentose, bearing leaves

much smaller than the ordinary ones; internodes 3—5 mm. long.

Lamine on branches and branchlets coriaceous, ovate or oblong,

ovate, 4:55—12 cm. long, 1°5—-4:5 cm. broad, with shortly caudately

acuminate apex and rounded to subcordate base, glabrous and ob-

scurely reticulate on both surfaces except for a few hairs near base

of midrib on lower; upper surface subnitid, olivaceous; lower surface

glaucous; nerves slender, 6—7, anastomosing near the margin; cross

nervules distant, irregular; petiole scarcely 2 mm. long, subterete,

closely transversely wrinkled, sparsely rusty-pubescent or glabrous;

lamine on flowering twigs not exceeding 2 cm. long and 1 cm. broad,

+ — pubescent on lower surface ; stipules subulate-aculeate, rigid,

black, 4 mm. long, sparsely rusty-pubescent or glabrous. Flower-

clusters axillary, strung at short intervals along the small-leaved

twigs, of few flowers s# only or 2 only; bracteoles broadly ovate

acute, +-— carinate and rusty-pubescent on outer, glabrous on

inner surface. ¢ flowers not seen. 2 flowers ovoid ; calyx pubes-

cent on outer, glabrous on inner surface, sepals deltoid; petals

spathulate or obcuneate, acute or subacute, subentire, 1 mm. long,

glabrous ; annulus of the glabrous disk dentate, membranous ; ovary

ovoid, densely hirsute. Capsule not seen entire, sparsely hairy,

obliquely closely shallowly grooved. Seeds not seen.

PERAK: Goping, K.C. 4526! ; locality illegible, R. 7926!

The type sheet is K.C, 4526 in Kew Herbarium.

4. CLEISTANTHUS MEMBRANACEUS, Hook. f. 278. A tree up to

10 m. high, with slender hanging branches JBranchlets pale-brown,

glabrous, 2—5 mm. thick ; flowering twigs 1—2 mm. thick, angular,

grooved, + — rusty-pubescent. Lamine membranous, narrowly

lanceolate, with caudately acuminate apex and acute or subacute

base, 3°5—18 em. long, 1—5-5 cm. broad ; upper surface glabrous or

slightly rusty-pubescent on basal end of midrib, olivaceous, dull,

reticulate ; lower surface at first very finely sparsely adpressedly

pubescent, finally glabrous, subglaucous; midrib and nerves slender ;

nerves 10—15, anastomosing near the margin; cross-nervules ir-

500 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

regular; petiole slender, subterete, closely transversely wrinkled, + —

setulosely rusty-pubescent, 4 mm. long; stipules persistent, scari-

ous , aculeate, rusty-pubescent to glabrous, 5—8 mm. long. Flower-

clusters strung along the twigs at intervals of -5—1:5 em., of fairly

numerous flowers, ¢ only or 2 only; bracteoles ovate, acute, rusty-

pubescent on outer, glabrous on inner surface. ¢ flowers clove-

shaped in bud, pseudo-pedicellate, 2-5 mm. long, 1—2 mm. in diam.,

sepals ovate, acute, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; petals very

minute, broadly obovate, glabrous ; staminal column short; pistil-

lode columnar, obscurely 3-ridged, pubescent. 2 flowers sessile,

globosely ovoid, 2 mm. long, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent:

sepals deltoid ; petals ovate entire, glabrous, less than 5 mm. long ;

annulus of the disk membranous, crenulate; ovary globosely ovoid,

hirsute; styles very short, free; stigmas scarcely thickened. Cap-

sule sessile, + — adpressedly rusty-pubescent, 8 mm. in vertical

1 cm. in transverse diam.; cocci sparsely setulosely puberulous on

inner surface. Seeds cordate-ovate, 6mm. long and broad, 4 mm.

thick, glabrous, blackish-brown, obscurely ridged, with convex cari-

nate dorsal and sub-bilateral ventral surface, obtuse apex and cor-

dately excavate base. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 26.—C. stipulatus-

Hook. f. 281.

Prenane: Penang Hill, R.!. Perak: W. 3257!; Larut, K.C.

1974!, 3355!, 3424! 6619!

The type sheets are K.C. 3355 and 6619 in Kew Herbarium. MHooker’s V.

stipu latus (K.C. 1974) is merely a mature fruiting specimen of C. membranaceus.

The eapsule of K.C. 1974 is not quite glabrous, but pubescent at base and apex

like most of the so-called glabrous capsules.

5. CLEISTANTHUS NITIDUS, Hook.f. 280. Asmalltree. Branch-

lets pale-brown, 2—3 mm. thick, + — pubescent towards the apex,

glabrous lower down; young twigs 1 mm. thick, terete, fulvous or

rusty-tomentose ; internodes 1—2cm. long. Lamine thinly coriac-

eous, lanceolate, 5—15 cm. long, 1:8—5 cm. broad, with caudate

acuminate apex and subtruncate or obtusely rounded or almost sub-

cordate base; upper surface glabrous, olivaceous, subnitid, reticu-

late; lower surface dull, brown-olivaceous, subglaucous, very sparse-

ly and finely adpressedly pubescent or glabrous; midrib indented

and nerves slightly prominent on upper, both prominent on lower

surface; nerves 8—12, anastomosing near the margin; cross-

nervules irregular; petiole rather stout, subterete, fulvous-tomen-

tose or glabrescent, 5 mm. long; stipules not seen. Flower-clusters

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 501

axillary, 4 mm. in diam., rufous-tomentose, of 3 or of 2? flowers

only ; bracteoles ovate, acute or subacute, carinate, + — rusty-

tomentose on outer surface, glabrous on inner. go flowers sessile,

obpyriform in bud, 2 mm. long; calyx rufous-tomentose externally,

glabrous internally, with deltoid sepals ; petals broadly flabelliform

crenulate, glabrous, ‘5 mm. across the apex; disk smooth, entire;

staminal column short, stout, glabrous; pistillode pubescent at the

base, deeply trifid. flowers withcalyx of the 3 ; petals obovate,

subentire, 1 mm. long and broad, glabrous; annulus of the disk

membranous, dentate and later 5-lobed ; ovary subglobose, densely

hirsute ; styles slender, free, bifid halfway down; stigmas subcla-

vate. Capsule on a very short stout pedicel that is almost con-

cealed by the perianth, 8 mm. in vertical, 9 mm. in transverse

diam., at first rufous-tomentose, later glabrescent and reticulate.

Seeds cordiform, 6 mm. long, 4°5 mm. broad, 3 mm. thick, with con-

vex carinate dorsal and 2 obscurely defined ventro-lateral surfaces

obtuse apex and cordately excavate base.

Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 28, C. Curtisi, Jabl. J.c. 22.

Pmnane: K.C. 1348!, C. 3002!; Government Hill, C. 146!,

1575!, 3048!; Waterfall, C. 1464!; Batu Ferengy, C. 3588!. Suin-

GAPORE: Lobb !

The type sheets are Curtis 146, and Lobb’s sheet, both in Kew Herbarium.

6. CLEISTANTHUS FLAVESCENS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, IV, 147;

VIII, 19; (1915). A small tree, 5 m. high. Branchlets glabrous

pale brown, 2—5 mm. thick ; young twigs, darker brown, 1 mm. thick,

sparsely shortly puberulous or glabrescent; buds rusty-tomentose.

Lamine membranous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic, 5—15 cm. long,

2—6 em. broad, with finely acuminate apex and acute or cuneate

base; upper surface yellowish-green, glabrous, subnitid, reticulate ;

lower surface dull, yellowish-green, glabrous or with sparse, very

minute, adpressed, hair-like scales on midrib and nerves and general

surface ; nerves slender, 7—10, anastomosing near the margin, often

with a minute triangular pit in the nerve-midrib axil ; cross-nervules

distant, rather irregular and not very distinct from the general

moderately close reticulation ; petiole slender, subterete, + — setu-

losely puberulous, 4—8 mm. long, closely irregularly wrinkled ;

stipules caducous, aculeate, a few mms. long, rusty-pubescent to

glabrous. Flower-clusters axillary along the young twigs, small,

of few flowers ¢ only or 2? only; bracteoles broadly ovate, with

502 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

caudate apex, + — rusty-pubescent on outer, glabrous on inner

surface. o flowers seen in bud only, ovoid, sessile; calyx rusty-

pubescent externally, glabrous internally, sepals deltoid; petals

subquadrate, apiculate; staminal column short; pistillode short,

stout, subtrigonously columnar, with obtuse, obscurely 3-lobed

apex. 2 flowers sessile, ovoid, 3°5 mm. long; calyx as in the ¢ ;

petals flabelliform with subcrenulate apical margin, less than 1 mm.

long; disk subcrenulate, with annulus reduced to a very narrow

irregularly dentate membranous ring, scarcely separable from the

disk; ovary globosely ovoid, densely hirsute; styles short, slender,

glabrous; stigmas recurved, subspathulately thickened. Capsule not

seen mature, sessile, 7 mm. in vertical and transverse diameters, pale

brown, obscurely obliquely closely grooved, + — adpressedly hairy.

PERAK: Goping, K.C. 686!; Sundeng Keledang, R. 9578!.

The type sheet is K.C. 686 in Kew Herbarium. See note under C. glandu-

losus.

7. CLEISTANTHUS HIRSUTOPETALUS, Gage in Kew Bull. No. 7

(1914), 239. A tree about 10 mm. high. Branchlets and young

twigs, glabrous, the former dark brown, lenticellate 2—3 mm. thick,

the latter pale-brown, 1—2 mm. thick ; internodes 1—3°5 cm. long.

Lamine coriaceous, narrowly ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 7—18 cm.

long, 3—5:5 cm. broad, glabrous, with subcaudately acuminate apex

and rounded or subcuneate base, which in the latter case is con-

tracted above the petiole, with 2 small pulvinate swellings at the

petiolar junction ; upper surface pale olivaceous to brown, nitid,

with slender midrib, obscure nerves and reticulation very obscure ;

lower surface dull and paler than upper, with nerves and reticula-

tion less obscure; nerves 6—8, anastomosing near the margin;

cross nervules few, irregular, scarcely distinguishable from the

general reticulation ; ultimate reticulation visible only by transmit-

ted light, very close, subquadrate; petiole subterete, glabrous, close-

ly transversely wrinkled,3—7 mm. long; stipules caducous, lanceo- |

late, 3 mm. long, glabrous or with a few minute hairs. Flower-clus-

ters axillary, of rather few flowers, @ only or 2? only; bracteoles

ovate or lanceolate, + — rusty-pubescent and subcarinate on outer

surface, glabrouson inner. ¢ flowers not seen. 2 flowers sessile,

ovoid, 6 mm. long; calyx adpressedly hairy externally, glabrous

internally, with deltoid or lanceolate sepals; petals obovate, entire,

1-5 mm. long, adpressedly hirsute on outer surface, the hairs extend-

ing beyond the apex, glabrous on inner ; annulus of the disk mem-

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 503

branous, dentate; ovary subglobosely ovoid, hirsute. Capsule sub,

sessile on a stout, 3 mm. long, obconically terete, sparsely adpressed-

ly hirsute pedicel that is almost concealed by the perianth, sparse-

ly hirsute at the base, otherwise glabrous, smooth, light-brown, 1

em. in vertical diam. Seeds suborbicularly ovoid, 8 mm. long,

7 mm. broad, 5 mm. thick, with convex subcarinate dorsal and 2 ill-

defined ventro-lateral surfaces.

Pmnane: Penaru Bukit, C. 3049!; Bukit Tumiary, no collec-

tor’s name, 1420 (1655)!. All type sheets.

8. CLEISTANTHUS PODOCARPUS, Hook. f. 281. A tree 12—16

m. high. Branchlets angled, scurfily-pubescent to glabrescent, 2—3

mm. thick; young twigs rusty-tomentose. Lamine coriaceous,

oblong-lanceolate, 7—22 em. long, 2°5—7-5 cm. broad, with acumin-

ate apex and subcordate base; upper surface olivaceous, glabrous,

subnitid, with indented midrib and nerves; lower surface dull,

olivaceous, glabrous or + — scurfily-pubescent on basal part of the

stout midrib; nerves and midrib prominent; nerves 7—9, anasto-

mosing near the margin; petiole stout, subterete, + — rusty-pubes-

cent, 7 mm. long; stipules caducous, minute, triangular, rusty-

pubescent. Flower-clusters axillary, of few comparatively large

flowers, ¢ or 2 only; bracteoles broadly ovate, rusty-pubescent on

outer surface, glabrous on inner. ¢ flowers not seen. @ flowers

sessile, ovoid, 8 mm. long, 4 mm. in diam. ; calyx rusty-pubescent

on outer, glabrous on inner surface, sepals deltoid ; petals obcune-

ate, glabrous, 1°5 mm. long, with rounded crenulate apical margin;

annulus of disk not distinctly seen; ovary globosely ovoid, densely

hirsute; styles free, short, somewhat stout and flattened, tomentose

at the base, glabrous above; stigmas subspathulately thickened.

Capsule on a short, stout, terete, pubescent pedicel, that scarcely

exceeds the perianth, rusty-villose, 8 mm. in vertical, 1 cm. in trans-

verse diam. ; cocci closely obliquely shallowly ridged and furrowed.

Seeds not seen. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, |.c. 29.

Perak: Larut, K.C.3277!, 3297!, 6427!, 6450!, 6685 !, 6701!,

7740 !.

The type sheet is 3277 in Kew Herbarium.

9. CLEISTANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, IV,

147; VIII, 18; (1915). Branchlets dark-brown, glabrous, 2—3 mm.

thick; flowering twigs subterete or angled, glabrous or rusty-pubes-

cent near the nodes. Lamine, coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5—6

504 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

em. long, 1:°5—3'5 cm. broad, with acuminate apex and acute or

cuneate base; upper surface olivaceous, subnitid, obscurely reticu-

late, with slender midrib and nerves ; lower surface brown, glabrous

or with a few hairs near base of midrib, dull, reticulate, with nerves

and midrib prominent; nerves 6—8, anastomosing near the margin ;

cross-nervules irregular, scarcely distinguishable; ultimate reticula-

tion visible only by transmitted light, fine, close ; petiole subterete,

glabrous or sparsely setulose, closely transversely wrinkled, 6—8

mm. long; stipules subpersistent, subulate to aculeate, rigid, rusty-

pubescent to glabrous, 6 mm. long Jlower-clusters axillary, of

rather few flowers with one sex predominant; bracteoles broadly

ovate, with abruptly caudate apex, + — rusty-pubescent and sub-

carinate on outer surface, glabrous on inner or with a few basal

hairs. @ flowers shortly pseudo-pedicellate, obpyriform in bud,

3 mm. long; calyx pubescent externally, glabrous internally, sepals

deltoid ; petals subrhombic to subreniform, glabrous, crenulate ;

retuse or apiculate, less than °5 mm. long; disk glabrous, with sub-

crenulate margin, glandular opposite the petals; staminal column

short; pistillode subconically ovoid with obtusely trifid apex. 9

flowers and fruit not seen.

PERAK: Gunong Keledang, R. 9578 !.

The number 9578 has also been given to a specimen of C. flavescens Jabl.

from Sundeng Keledang. See under C. flavescens.

10. CLEISTANTHUS MALACCENSIS, Hook. f. 277. Twigs brown,

1—3 mm. thick, glabrous or fulvous-tomentose or sparsely rusty-

pubescent near the apices, Lamine subcoriaceous, lanceolate, 5:-5—

14 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, with acuminate apex and acute or cune-

ate base, glabrous, dark-brown on upper, paler brown on lower sur-

face; nerves 4—6 anastomosing near the margin; cross nervules

numerous, close, subparallel; petiole slender, glabrous, subterete,

5—6 mm. long; stipules not seen. Flower-clusters axillary and

strung at short intervals along slender short simple or longer pani-

culately branched lateral twigs, 2—3 mm. in diam., with few minute

flowers; bracteoles ovate, glabrous on inner surface, with easily

removed scurfy fulvous scale-like hairs on outer. ¢@ flowers sessile,

ovoid in bud, 2 mm. long, glabrous; sepals ovate ; petals spathu-

late; disk circular pulvinate; pistillode subconically columnar,

caducously rusty tomentose, obscurely 3-lobed. 2 flowers in bud

conically ovoid, glabrous, 2 mm. long; sepals lanceolate; petals

oblong-obovate, glabrous, less than ‘5 mm. long; entire 7 annulus of

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 505

the disk narrow, membranous, dentate; ovary ovoid, caducously

hirsute ; styles simple. Capsule on a terete, glabrous, 5 mm. long

pedicel, glabrous, 8 mm. in vertical, 9 mm. in transverse diam,

Seed trigonously ovoid, glabrous, brownish-black, 6 mm. long, 4 mm.

broad, 3 mm. thick, with convex carinate dorsal and 2 irregular

ventro-lateral surfaces, obtuse base and subacute apex. Jabl. in

Pflanzenreich, IV, 147. VIII, 32.

Mauacca: Maingay 1373! type sheet in Kew Herbarium.

Stnaapore: Chu Chu Kang, R. 4586!; Seletar, R. 6169!.

11. CLEISTANTHUS HETEROPHYLLUS, Hook. f. 276. A tree,

entirely glabrous, except the bracteoles, ovary and sometimes the

flowering twigs. Branches fexuous, 1—3 mm. thick, greyish-brown ;

flowering twigs sometimes sparsely setulosely puberulous ; internodes

‘5—1'5 em. long. Leaves large on the branches, small and caducous.

on the flowering twigs; lamine of the large leaves coriaceous, lan-

ceolate, 7—16 cm. long, 2°5—7 cm. broad, with long acuminate

apex and subcuneate base; upper surface brown-olivaceous, sub-

nitid, obscurely reticulate; lower surface dull, brown; midrib pro-

longed to extreme tip ; nerves obscure on upper surface, 4—7, an-

astomosing near the margin ; cross-nervules indistinct ; reticulation

well defined ; petiole subterete, slender, 5 mm. long ; stipules not

seen; lamine on flowering twigs 1:5—2°7 cm. long, 4—6 mm.

broad, lanceolate, with sub-acuminate, acute or subacute apex and

subcuneate base. Flower-ciusters axillary and strung at 6—S mm.

intervals along the lateral and terminal small-leaved twigs, 3—4 mm.

in diam., of few minute flowers, # and 2 mixed; bracteoles scari-

ous or membranous, deciduously bristly on outer surface, glabrous

on inner. of flowers sessile, ovoid, glabrous, 2 mm. long ; sepals

deltoid or lanceolate ; petals obovate, less than ‘5 mm. long ; disk

circular pulvinate ; pistillode with 3-lobed apex. 2 flowers turbin-

ate, sessile, 3—4 mm. long, glabrous ; sepals deltoid ; petals nar-

rowly obovate, retuse or subentire, 5 mm. long ; ovary ovoid, bristly

hirsute; styles short, free, as long as the ovary ; stigmas slightly

thickened. Capsule on a very short stout pedicel that scarcely

exceeds the perianth, 1:2 cm. in both diameters, pale brown, glab-

rous except for scattered hairs at base, apex and in the sulci.

Seeds ovoid, compressed, smooth, brown, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. broad,

5 mm. thick, with a convex subcarinate dorsal, 2 ill-defined ventro-

lateral surfaces, and obtuse apex and base. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich,

lc. 14, GC. laevis Hook. f. 277. Panana: Pulau Tiuman, Burkill !.

Sasswel

506 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Matacoa! Maingay 1372!; Bukit Bruang, C.!. SINGAPORE

North Singapore, K.C. 5!; Changi, R. 3417!; Botanic Garden,

Murton !, R. 3418! ; Bajau, R. 6247 ! ; Sungei Jurong, #. 6744 !.

C. laevis was founded on a solitary and poor specimen, which I am unable

to distinguish from C. heterophyllus, also founded on a solitary and poor speci-

men. The presence or absence of the small leaves is no criterion of specific

difference as they are caducous. The appearance of the reticulation on the

lower surface varies with the age of the leaf. In young leaves the nerves and

nervules appear as yellowish and ‘‘ unfinished’”’ on a light chocolate back-

ground; in older leaves the reticulation is distinct and similar in all the speci-

mens to that of the type of C. heterophyllus.

12. CLEISTANTHUS GRACILIS, Hook. f. 277. Asmall bushy tree

5—8 m. high ; twigs divaricate, glabrous, 1—2 mm. thick. Lamine

subcoriaceous, lanceolate, 2°5—6°5 cm, long, 1—3 cm. broad, with

acuminate or caudate apex and acute base, entirely glabrous ;

upper surface brown-olivaceous, subnitid, lower yellowish-brown,

dull ; nerves 5—7, anastomosing near the margin; petiole slender,

subterete, 3—4 mm. long; stipules not seen. Flower-clusters 2—5

mm. in diam., of comparatively few flowers, ¢ and 2 mixed,

bracteoles ovate, hirsute on outer, glabrous on inner surface. ¢

flowers sessile, ovoid acute in bud, 2 mm. long, glabrous, sepals

unequal, 2 short deltoid and 3 longer lanceolate ; petals extremely

minute, spathulate ; disk circular pulvinate, sublobulate ; pistillode

columnar, undivided, caducously scurfy-tomentose. 92 flowers ses-

sile, larger than the ¢ , 2.5—3 mm. long, fusiform in bud, glabrous ;

sepals subequal, lanceolate ; petals linear-oblong or subspathulate,

less than ‘5 mm. long; disk lining the obconical calyx cup and ex-

tended above it as 5 broad subdentate +-— connivent lobes; ovary

ovoid, densely hirsute ; styles short, united at the base, undivided ;

stigmas clavellate. Capsule sessile, 8 mm. in diam., sparsely hairy

at the base. Seeds ovoid-oblong, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 3°5

mm. thick, with convex carinate dorsal and 2 ventro-lateral irre-

gular sub-convex surfaces. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, |.c. 15, C. dasy-

phyllus Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1905, p.31. PrEruis: R. 14908!

Kedah: K.C. 1709!; Langkawi, C. 2810 !. Panana; Kota Glanggi,

R. 2301!

The type sheet is K.C. 1709 in Kew Herbarium. Curtis No. 2810, on which

Williams founded C. dasyphyllus seems to me merely a specimen of C. gracilis,

with a predominance of male flowers. The adult leaves are broader in propor-

tion to their length in Curtis’ specimens than in the type of C. gracilis, but the

younger leaves are alike in both.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 507

13. CLEISTANTHUS SIAMENSIS, Craib in Kew Bull. 71] (1913)

shrub or small tree, 3—6 m. high. Branchlets dark brown, 2—3

mm. thick, glabrescent; flowering twigs 1—2 mm. thick, grooved, +

— shortly rusty or fulyvous pubescent ; internodes -5—3 cm. long.

Lamine coriaceous, lanceolate, 4—16 cm. long, 1—4°5 cm. broad

with acute or acuminate apex and obtusely cuneate base, concolo-

rous, pale green-olivaceous ; upper surface shiny, reticulate, glabrous

witha few minute hairs on base of midrib; lower surface dull, glab-

rous or sparsely pubescent on the prominent nerves and midrib

nerves 10—16, anastomosing near the margin; cross-nervules not

distinguishable from the moderately close reticulation ; petiole sub-

terete, sparsely puberulous or glabrescent, 2 mm. long, closely trans-

versely wrinkled; stipules persistent, subulate aculeate, sparsely

puberulous or glabrous, 5—6 mm. long. Flower-clusters 3—7 mm. in

diam., of comparatively few flowers, ¢ and @ mixed; bracteoles

ovate, subulate, carinate and hirsute on outer surface, glabrous on

inner. <o flowers subglobose, sessile, 3 mm. long, entirely glabrous,

sepals deltoid ; petals flabelliform, less than 1 mm. long, with irregul-

arly crenulate or lacerate apical margin; disk lining the calyx cup

sublobulate ; pistillode subtrigonously columnar, with 3-fid apex, ca-

ducously scurfy-pubescent. 9 flowers globosely ovoid, sessile, 3—

mm. long, with perianth as in the 3; disk subcrenulate; annulur

very membranous, narrow, below the upper edge of the disk and

closely adherent to inner surface of disk as to be scarcely distin-

guishable; ovary subglobose, densely hirsute; styles free, slender

short, terete glabrous, shortly bifid; stigmas subspathulately thick-

ened. Capsule sessile, hirsute at base and apex and in the sulci

otherwise glabrous or with only a few scattered hairs, reticulate

7 mm. in vertical, 1 cm. in transverse diam. Seed not seen. Jabl.

in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 23. C. penangensis Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c.

21.

Penane: K.C. 1673!; Waterfall, C. 1481!; Penang Hill, R.!.

Balik Pulau, R. 12730!

Distris. Siam.

The type sheet is K.C. 1673 in Kew Herbarium. The species has been con-

fused with C. membranaceus, but differs from the latter in having coriaceous

leaves not glaucous on lower surface but shiny on the upper, and in having

larger flowers with different petals.

14. CLEISTANTHUS PARVIFOLIUS, Hook. f., 281. A tree, 10—

13 m. high, with spreading branches, glabrous on all the vegetative

508 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

parts. Branchlets pale yellowish-brown, 2—4 mm. thick; inter-

nodes 1—2 em. long; flowering twigs 1 mm. thick. Lamine mem-

branous or thinly coriaceous, elliptical or oblong-ovate or oblong

obovate, 4—9 em. long, 1:5—3 cm. broad, with acute or subacumi-

nate apex and rounded base; both surfaces somewhat dull, the

upper dark olivaceous, obscurely reticulate, with indented midrib

and slightly elevated nerves, the lower greenish-brown, with very

slender nerves and prominent midrib; nerves 10—15, anastomos-

ing near the margin; cross-nervules much broken up and scarcely

distinct from the general open reticulation ; ultimate nervules very

fine, forming a close subquadrate reticulation; petiole subterete

channelled above, 5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled; stipules not

seen. Flower-clusters strung along the short lateral twigs, of few

flowers, os or 2 only; bracteoles not seen. o¢ flowers not seen

2 perianth seen in fruit only; sepals deltoid-lanceolate; petal

obovate-spathulate, with subcrenulate or retuse apical margin, 1—

1-5 mm. long, glabrous; disk glabrous; annulus not seen; ovary

hirsute. Capsule sessile, hirsute at base and apex, otherwise

glabrous, light-brown. Seeds not seen. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich,

Les ik

PERAK: Goping, K.C. 4540! the type sheet in Kew Herbarium.

15. CLEISTANTHUS DECURRENS, Hook. f. 278. Amany-stemmed

shrub, 3—6 m. high, with arched branches. Branchlets 2—4

mm. thick, pale yellowish-brown, glabrous, lenticellate; young

twigs, very young leaves and buds + — rusty-tomentose or pubes-

cent. Lamine subcoriaceous, oblong-elliptic or broadly lanceolate

or oblanceolate, 7—17 cm. long, 2—7 cm. broad, with acute or acu-

minate apex and cuneate base narrowing subcaudately to the

petiole ; upper surface olivaceous, glabrous, subnitid, reticulate,

lower dull green, glabrous or sparsely adpressedly scurfy on the

midrib and nerves; the latter slender and slightly indented or

upper, stouter and raised on lower surface; nerves 5—7, anasto-

mosing near the margin; cross-nervules irregular and rather widely

spaced ; reticulation fairly open; petiole 5—6 mm. long, channelled

above, closely transversely wrinkled, rusty-tomentose to glabres-

cent; stipules minute, triangular, + — rusty-pubescent. Flower-

clusters strung along the lateral twigs, 3—4 mm. in diam., of ¢

and @ flowers mixed; bracteoles membranous, ovate, the inner

ones rusty-tomentose, the outer ones glabrescent and dorsally cari-

nate. dflowers ovoid in bud, 3—4 mm. long, subsessile; calyx

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 509

glabrous or pubescent at the tip with lanceolate sepals ; petals very

shortly clawed, 1 mm. long, glabrous, cbcuneate or obovate, with

truncate or rounded erosulate apex; disk a broad fleshy glabrous

annulus adherent to upper part of calyx cup; pistillode stout

columnar, obscurely 3-ridged and obtusely trifid, caducously scurfy

2 flowers sessile, conically ovoid in bud, 3—4 mm. long, with

glabrous perianth and disk ; sepals lanceolate ; petals sessile, obo-

vate, entire, 1 mm.long; annulus of disk narrow, membranous, sub-

lobulate; ovary ovoid, densely hirsute; styles free, short, bifid

stigmas spathellate. Capsule ona 5—7 mm. long terete, glabrous or

sparsely hairy pedicel], 7 mm. in vertical, 9 mm. in transverse diam.

at first sparsely tomentose, later glabrous except for a few hairs at.

base and apex and in the sulci; cocci glabrous internally. Seed

not seen. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c. 33.

PENANG: Batu Ferengy, C. 3657!.; Perak: S. 1745!, 1916 x

Goping, K.C. 476!; Larut, K.C. 4285!, 4637!

The type sheets are Scortechini 1745 and 1916, and K.C. 476, all in Kew

Herbarium.

16. CLEISTANTHUS MACROPHYLLUS, Hook. f. 278. A tree 1-

m. high, with spreading branches, glabrous on all vegetative parts.

Twigs brown, 2—5 mm. thick. Lamine thinly coriaceous, narrow

to broadly oblong-ovate or elliptical or broadly lanceolate or oblan-

ceolate, 14—30 cm. long, 5—10 em. broad, with subcaudately acu-

minate apex and cuneate base; upper surface glossy deep-green

when fresh, olivaceous and subnitid when dry, boldly reticulate,

lower surface greenish-brown, sub-vernicose ; midrib prominent or

both surfaces, more so on lower; nerves 10, anastomosing near the

margin; cross-nervules irregular, wide apart; reticulation some-

what bold and open; petiole 6—-8 mm. long, corrugulate ; stipule

minute, caducous, lanceolate. Flower-clusters strung along the

lateral-twigs, 6—7 mm. in diam., of numerous flowers, # and 9

mixed bracteoles ovate, acute, carinte, + — tomentose on outer sur-

face, glabrous on inner. ¢ flower ovoid in bud, shortly pedicellate,

510 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

rounded or subtruncate, crenulate apex; disk projecting usually

beyond the calyx-cup, thick, fleshy, lobulately dentate; annulus

given off about halfway up, membranous; ovary ovoid, densely

hirsute; styles short, stout, shortly bifid; stigmas irregularly

clavate. Capsule ona stout, terete, glabrous, "8—1 cm. long, pedicel

9 mm. in vertical, 1:5 cm. in transverse diam., glabrous except for

a few hairs at base and apex and in the sulci. Seeds seen only

immature, ovoid, corrugulate, 7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, 4 mm. thick

Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, I.c. 35.

Perak: S. 1759!; Goping, K.C. 4314!, 6182!; Srneapore!

Bukit Timah, R. 6478 !, 6518!, 10,441!

The type sheet is Scortechint 1759 in Kew Herbarium.

17. CLEISTANTHUS LANUGINOSUS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, IV,

147; VII, 26; (1915). Branchlets dark-brown, irregularly scurfy-

pubescent or glabrescent, 3—5 mm. thick; young twigs 2—3 mm.

thick, densely fulvous-tomentose; internodes 1:°5—3 cm. long.

Lamine thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, 12—22 cm. long, 4—7

cm. broad, with acuminate apex and cuneate base; upper surface

olivaceous, glabrous or + — pubescent on midrib, subnitid, reticu-

late; lower surface dull, glaucous, villose especially on the promi-

nent midrib, nerves and nervules glabrescent; nerves 10—12

anastomosing near the margin; cross-nervules rather distant, con-

nected by a rather open network; ultimate reticulation visible only

by transmitted light, close, subquadrate; petiole very stout, 8 mm.

long, 2—3 mm. thick, densely fulvous-tomentose ; stipules persist-

ent, ovate acuminate to subulate, + — rigid, fulvous-tomentose at

first, later glabrescent ; -7—1 em. long. Flower-clusters 1—1:5 cm.

in diam., of few rather large flowers, ¢ and 2 mixed; bracteoles

rather large, ovate, acute or acuminate, + — hirsute and subcarin-

ate on outer surface, glabrous on inner. co flowers subsessile, ovoid

in bud, turbinate when open, 7 mm. long; sepals deltoid or lanceo-

late, + — hirsute on outer surface, glabrous, on inner; petals sub-

cuneately obovate, 1 mm. long, glabrous, apical margin irregularly

dentate; disk lining the calyx cup, glabrous, entire; staminal column

3 mm. long, glabrous; pistillode ovoid, glabrous, 3-fid. 9 flowers

subglobosely ovoid ; calyx asin @; petals obovate subacute or sub-

rhombic, subcrenulate, glabrous, 2 mm. long; annulus membranous ;

ovary subglobosely ovoid, densely hirsute; styles connate below,

short, slender, glabrous, shortly 2-fid; stigmas slightly subspathu-

lately thickened. Capsule not seen mature, deciduously hirsute.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 511

Jonor: Mt. Ophir, Hullett 779!, the type sheet in Kew

Herbarium.

18. CLEISTANTHUS HIRSUTULUS, Hook. f. 278. A tree, 10—14

m. high, with spreading branches. Branchlets brown, glabrous

2—3 mm. thick; flowering twigs 1 mm. thick, angled and grooved

or subterete, rusty-tomentose ; internodes °5—1°5 cm. long. Lamine

membranous, obovate-oblong, 3°5—13 cm. long, 1°5—5 cm. broad,

with subcaudately acuminate apex and rounded or obtusely cuneate

base ; upper surface olivaceous, subnitid, reticulate rusty-pubescent

on basal half of midrib, otherwise glabrous; lower surface dull

green, subglaucous, rusty-pubescent on midrib and basal margin,

very sparsely adpressedly pubescent on nerves and general surface

or glabrescent ; midrib and nerves slender; nerves 10O—15, anasto-

mosing near the margin; cross-nervules irregular and often broken

up by subsidiary lateral nerves; petiole scarcely 2 mm. long, rusty-

pubescent; stipules persistent, acicular, 5 mm. long, rusty-pubes-

cent. Flower-clusters strung along the twigs, of fairly numerous

3g and 2 flowers mixed; bracteoles ovate, acute, carinate and + —

rusty-pubescent on outer, glabrous on inner surface. o flowers

fusiform in bud, 3 mm. long; calyx pubescent externally glabrous

internally ; sepals deltoid; petals shortly clawed, suborbicular,

erenulate, ‘5 mm. long and broad; disk lining calyx cup, subcrenu-

lately margined ; pistillode hirsute, ovoid, with subacute 3-fid apex.

2 flowers 5 mm. long, fusiform in bud; calyx cup turbinate ; sepals

janceolate, pubescent externally, glabrous internally; petals 1 mm.

long, oblong-obovate, subcrenulate ; annulus of the disk setulosely

pubescent on outer surface; ovary globosely ovoid, densely hirsute ;

styles united for half their length, slender, terete, glabrous, 2-fid ;

stigmas slightly clavate. Capsule sessile, 9 mm. in vertical, 1:3

em. in transverse diam., + — adpressedly rusty-pubescent. Seeds

roughly ovoid, 5 mm. long and broad. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c.

26.

Perak: S. 1260! K.C. 7412!, 7453!; Goping, K.C. 4562!,

5870!; Sungei Larut, W.2481!. Panane: R. 2299!. SINGAPORE:

Bukit Timah, R. 6514!

As Hooker points out, this species is allied to C. membranaceus, but is dis-

tinguished from it by the more pubescent calyx, the different form of the petals,

and the shiny upper surface of the leaves.

19. CLEISTANTHUS PRAETERMISSUS, Gage in Kew Bull. No. 7

1914, p. 240. Branchlets pale-straw, glabrous, pustulate, 2—4 mm.

512 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

thick. Lamine membranous, elliptical, lanceolate, 8—13 em. long,

3—5 cm. broad, with long acuminate apex and acute or cuneate.

base; upper surface dark brown-olivaceous, glabrous, subnitid,.

obscurely reticulate ; lower surface dull-brown, + — glaucous, + —

hirsute on midrib and nerves, which are slender and prominent on

lower, and indented on upper surface; nerves 6—8; cross-nervules

somewhat distant and irregular, connected by an open reticulation ;

ultimate reticulation, visible only by transmitted light, close;

petiole slender, glabrous, closely wrinked, 5—6 mm. long ; stipules

not seen. Flower-clusters axillary and on short lateral spiciform

twigs, small, of few flowers, ¢ or 2 only; bracteoles minute, ovate,

acute or acuminate, + — adpressedly hirsute and carinate on outer

surface, glabrous on inner. <¢ flowers not seen. 9 flowers sessile

ovoid, with glabrous perianth; sepals deltoid or lanceolate; petal

shortly clawed, subspathulately obovate, subcrenulate, 1:5 mm.

long ; disk and membranous annulus glabrous; ovary subglobosely

ovoid, hirsute; styles united at the base, short, subterete, glabrous

shortly bifid; stigmas subspathulate. Capsule sessile, 8 mm. in

vertical, 11 mm. in transverse diam., glabrous except for a few hairs

at apex, base and in the sulci, black, polished, obscurely reticulate,

Seeds brown and yellow mottled, smooth, 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad

and 4 mm. thick, with subacute apex and obtuse excavate base.

Dinpine: Gunong Tungul, R. 9440!

20. CLEISTANTHUS POLYPHYLUS, Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss.

2me Ser. V, 31 (1905). A small bushy tree, 3—5 m. high, with

numerous, closely-ranked, rather small leaves. Branchlets dark-

brown, glabrous or scurfy-pubescent, 2—5 mm. thick; flowering

twigs 1 mm. thick, + — rusty or yellowish-pubescent ; internodes

‘S—2 cm. long. Lamine thinly coriaceous, broadly lanceolate or

ovate or obovate, 5—8 cm. Jong, 1—3 cm. broad, with acute or

shertly acumjnate apex and rounded or subcuneate base; upper

surface pale olivaceous to dark brown, subnitid, + — pubescent on

midrib, otherwise glabrous, obscurely reticulate, with very slender

midrib and nerves; lower surface dull, pale olivaceous to light-

brown, +-— glaucous, + — pubescent especially on the slender

prominent nervesand midrib ; nerves 5—7 ; petiole slender, hirsute,

2 mm. long; stipules persistent, subulate to finely aculeate, at first

pubescent, then glabrous, 5—8 mm. long. Flower-clusters axillary and

also spiciformly congested on short lateral twigs, of rather few and

iy (See ab Ak x

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 513

large, 3—5 mm. long, lanceolate-aculeate, + — hirsute and carinate on

outer surface, glabrous on inner. ¢& flowers ovoid, 4—5 mm. long;

ealyx hirsute externally, glabrous internally, with deltoid or sub-

lanceolate sepals; petals rhombic, 1 mm. long and broad, sub-

crenulate, glabrous or with a few bristles externally in bud; disk

Jining calyx cup; pistillode subconically columnar, bluntly trifid,

glabrous, minutely papillose. 9 flowers ovoid, 6 mm. long; calyx

hirsute externally, glabrous internally, sepals lanceolate-acuminate

or almost aculeate; petals 15 mm. long, obovate, with truncate

subcrenulate apical margin and a few bristles on outer surface ;

annulus of thedisk first dentate, later obscurely lobed; ovary

globosely ovoid, densely hirsute; styles united below, slender terete,

glabrous, shortly bifid ; stigmas slightly thickened. Capsule sessile,

7 mm. in vertical, 8 mm. in transverse diam., adpressedly hirsute.

Seedsnot seen. Jabl in Pflanzenreich, |.c. 24. C. trichocarpa Ridley

in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Br. No. 59, 167 and No. §1, 58.

SetuL: R.14886!. Parris: #.14885!. Kepaw: Langkawi, C.

2795!, 8306!; Bukit Penang, &. 14884!; Rawei Island, R. 15730!;

locality illegible, R. 15731!; Burau Bay, #. 15793!. Punane.

Penang Hill, R. 10209!. Prrax: Trong, K.C. 1389!

The type sheet is Curtis 2795 in Kew Herbarium.

21. CxuErstantaus MatneaAyil, Hook.f., 280. Branchlets 2—3

mm. thick, pale to dark brown, + — rusty-pubescent ; young lateral

twigs 1 mm. thick, short, densely rusty-tomentose ; internodes

*5—lem. long. Lamine coriaceous, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate,

4-5—12 cm. long, 2—5cm. broad, with shortly caudately acuminate

apex and rounded oralmost subcordate base ; upper surface glabrous

subnitid, olivaceous, with rather obscure midrib nerves and reticula-

tion; lower surface in young leaves densely rusty-tomentose, in

older leaves glaucous or light dull brown, sparsely adpressedly

pubescent, with prominent midrib, nerves and reticulation; nerves

6—8; cross-nervules irregular; petiole 3 mm. long, closely wrinkled,

+ — rusty-pubescent; stipules persistent, acicular, 4 mm. long,

+ — rusty-pubescent. Flower-clusters rusty-tomentose, of compara-

tively few sessile flowers 3 or 2? only; bracteoles broadly ovate,

slenderly caudately acuminate, rusty-tomentose on outer, glabrous

on inner surface. ¢ flowers elongate ovoid, 3—5 mm. long; calyx

adpressedly hirsute ; sepals lanceolate with acute, acuminate or

aculeate, finally recurved apex ; petals shortly clawed, 1 mm. long,

subquadrate or broadly spathulate with subcrenulate apex, sparsely

514 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

bristly tomentose on outer surface, glabrous on inner; disk lining

the calyx cup, thin, glabrous subcrenulate ; pistillode columnar,

subtrigonous, glabrous, obscurely 3-lobed. 92 flowers subglobosely

ovoid or spindle-shaped in bud, 5 mm. long; calyx as in the ¢@ ;

petals 2 mm. long, broadly shortly clawed, ovate or obovate, sub-

entire, sparsely hirsute on outer surface, glabrous on inner ; annulus

of the disk narrow, glabrous, membranous, sub-lobulate ; ovary

globosely ovoid, densely hirsute; styles free, slender, short, adpres-

sedly hirsute on outer surface, glabrous on inner, shortly bifid ;

stigmas recurved, subspathulately thickened. Capsule (seen only

in fragments) about 1 cm. in both diameters, apparently sessile,

sparsely and rather adpressedly tomentose. Jabl. in Pflanzenreich,

lic. 25.

Perak: S.!. Matacca: Maingay 1374!; Ayer Keroh, R.!

The type sheet is Maingay 1374 in Kew Herbarium.

22. CLEISTANTHUS VESTITUS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, IV, 147;

VII, 32; (1915). Branchlets pale brown, cinereous or leprose

glabrous, 4—7 mm. thick; flowering twigs 1—2 mm. thick, + —

densely fulvous-tomentose; internodes -8—2 cm. long. Lamine

membranous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate

5:5— 15 cm. long, 2°5—5:5 cm. broad, with long acuminate apex and

acute or cuneate base; upper surface glabrous, brown ; lower finely

densely adpressedly cinnamon-pubescent ; midrib and nerves slender

obscure on upper surface, prominent on lower; nerves 6, directed

with very slight curving forward and outward to the margin; cross-

nervules numerous subparallel, close towards the base and often

bifurcating ; reticulation obscure; petiole 4—6 mm. long, densely

fulvous-tomentose; stipules not seen. Jlower-clusters axillary and

also strung along the flowering twigs at short intervals, subglobose

of rather few small flowers, ¢ or 2 only; bracteoles minute, ovate,

densely rufous-tomentose. o¢ flowers sessile, ovoid, glabrous, 3 mm.

long ; sepals lanceolate; petals obcuneate, scarcely 1 mm. long, with

retuse or apiculate apical margin; disk lining the deep calyx cup

glabrous; pistillode stout, columnar, 3-lobed, in bud caducously

scurfy-hairy, finely papillose. 2 flowers and capsule not seen.

Bridelia cinnamomea, Hook. f. 273, in part.

Perak: S. 1822!, 1823!. Jonor: Muar, C. 3610!. Sinea-

PORE: Botanic Garden, R. 13463 !.

Distriz.—Borneo, Haviland 800 !.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 515

See note under Bridelia cinnamomea. Jablonszky places the Peninsula

specimens as a form of C. vestitus.

23. CLEISTANTHUS Kine, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, IV, 147;

VIII, 40; (1915). A small tree, 3—5 m. high, with spreading

branches. branchlets pale brown, glabrous, 3—5 mm. thick; young

twigs stramineous, glabrous; internodes 2—3 cm. long. Lamine

coriaceous, ovate, 11—15 cm. long, 4—-8 cm. broad, with acuminate

apex and rounded to subcuneate base ; upper surface green, glabrous,

subnitid, reticulate; lower surface greenish-brown, dull, very finely

and closely adpressedly velutinose, reticulate; midrib and nerves

slender ; nerves 5—7; cross-nervules rather distant and irregular,

sometimes scarcely distinguishable from the general open reticula-

tion ; petiole slender, glabrous, 7—8 mm. long, closely wrinkled

stipules not seen. lower-clusters few, of ¢ or 2 flowers only

bracteoles minute, ovate, entirely glabrous. o flowers not seen.

2 perianth seen only in fruit, sessile, ovoid; calyx entirely glabrous

with lanceolate sepals; petals broadly subspathulately obovate

shortly clawed, subcrenulate, °5 mm. long ; disk and annulus glab-

rous; ovary not seen. Capsule on a stout, glabrous, 5—7 mm. long

pedicel, 8 mm. in vertical, 1-1 cm. in transverse diam., glabrous.

PERAK: Larut, K.C. 3064!, 6863 !.

The type sheetsin Kew Herbarium.

24. CLEISTANTHUS MYRIANTHUS, Kurz For. Fl. 370 (1877).

Branches 3—7 mm. thick, glabrous below, scurfy-pubescent higher

up; young twigs 2—3 mm. thick, fulvous tomentose at first, later

scurfy-pubescent ; internodes -5—2°5cm. long. Lamine coriaceous;

lanceolate, 10—30 cm. long, 3:°5—10 cm. broad, with acuminate

apex and rounded base; upper surface glabrous, subnitid, olivace-

ous, reticulate ; lower surface finely adpressedly velutino-pubescent-

rusty to subsilvery; nerves 12—20; petiole 1 cm. long, + — ful-

vous or subsilvery tomentose, transversely wrinkled ; stipules mi-

nute, adpressed, triangular, rusty-tomentose. Flower-clusters in the

axils of leaves and branches, °5—1 cm. in diam., of numerous flowers,

é@ and @ mixed; bracteoles broadly ovate, fulvous-tomentose on

outer surface, glabrous on inner, subfimbriate. ¢ flowers ovoid in

bud, subsessile, 3—4 mm. long, glabrous; sepals deltoid; petals

broadly obcuneate, ‘5 mm. long; pistillode conically ovoid, acute,

trisuleate with trifid apex. 9 flowers larger than the ¢ , subsessile

turbinate, 4—5 mm. long, glabrous; sepals deltoid or lanceolate ;

—— eee

516 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

petals very shortly clawed, obovate or subrhombic, acute, 1 mm.

long; annulus entirely concealing the ovoid, glabrous ovary; styles

united at the base, glabrous, very shortly bifid; stigmas clavellate.

Capsule on a short stout pedicel, subglobose and 1 cm. in diam.,

glabrous, brownish-black. Seeds ovoid, compressed, black, glabrous,

5 min. long, 4 mm. broad and 3 mm. thick. Hook. f. 275; Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timbers, 2nd. edit. 598; Brandis, Ind. Trees, 561 ; Robin-

son in Philip. Journ. Se. C. Bot. III, 190, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, l.c.

37. Nanopetalum myrianthum Hassk. in Verh. Kon. Ac. Amster.

XXIV, 140; Mull. Arg. 610.

SincAPoRE: Jurong, R. 3415!; Bukit Mandai, R. 3416!; Chu

Chu Kang, R. 5986!; Kranji, R. 6515!.

Distrip.—Assam, Lower Burma, Andamans and Nicobars, Ma-

layan Archipelago, Philippines.

25. CLEISTANTHUS PSEUDOMYRIANTHUS, Jabl. in Pflanzenreich,

IV, 147; VIII, 41; (95). A small tree. Branchlets subterete,

cinereous, glabrous, 1-5—4 mm. thick. Lamine coriaceous, oblong

ovate or broadly elliptic, 8—4 cm. long, 3-5—6 em. broad, with

shortly caudately acuminate apex and subacute to rounded base ;

upper surface pale olivaceous, nitid, glabrous with slender midrib

and nerves; lower “surface dull, subargenteous, very minutely ad-

pressedly pubescent, with larger but still very small ramentiform

brownish hairs scattered + — over the surface especially near the

prominent midrib and nerves or glabrescent; nerves 8—10; cross

nervules subparallel to rather irregular; petiole subterete, 4 mm.

long, transversely closely wrinkled, adpressedly fulvous tomentose

at first, later glabrous; stipules lanceolate, 3 mm. long, entire

sparsely adpressedly fulvous pubescent. lower-clusters axillary

ratker few flowered, apparently ¢ and 9 flowers in the same cluster,

but ¢ flowers seen only in extremely minute bud; bracteoles broadly

ovate or triangular, + — dorsally carinate, glabrous or minutely

adpressedly sparsely pubescent on outer surface. 9? flowers sessile ;

calyx 4 mm. long, split more than halfway down into 4—5 coriace-

ous ovate acute sepals, glabrous; petals spatulate, 2 mm. long,

glabrous, with + — erosulate, obtuse or acute apex; disk annular

membranous, erect, entire or almost so, glabrous, closely embracing

basal half of the ovoid glabrous ovary ; styles short, simple or very

shortly bifid at apex. Fruit on a stout, 5 mm. long, glabrous, ob-

conical pedicel; capsule seen only in pieces, apparently 1 cm. from

a Om

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 517

base to apex, glabrous, with exocarp + — reticulate on both surfaces.

Seed broadly scarabaeoid, 5—6 mm. long and broad.

Perak: Sungei Larut,W. 2486 !, the type in Kew Herbarium.

26. CLEISTANTHUS BLLIPTICUS, Hook. f.281. A shrub or tree :

10—14 m. high, with spreading branches. Branchlets 2—5 mm. thick

pale-brown, glabrous or pubescent above; young twigs 2—3 mm.

thick, + — rusty-pubescent ; internodes -5—5 em. long. Lamine

coriaceous, elliptic-obovate or ovate, 6—24 cm. long, 3—10 cm.

broad, with subacute or shortly caudately acuminate apex and cune-

ate base; upper surface dark green when fresh, olivaceous when dry,

glabrous or rusty-pubescent on midrib, subnitid, obscurely reticulate ;

lower surface dull brown, sparsely very minutely adpressedly rusty-

scaly pubescent or glabrescent ; midrib and nerves evident on upper

and prominent on lower surface ; nerves 8; petiole -5—1 cm. long,

rufous-tomentose to glabrescent; stipules not seen. lower-clusters

1 cm. in diam., densely fulvous-tomentose, of 3 or 2 flowers only;

bracteoles broadly ovate, densely rufous-tomentose on outer, glab-

rous on inner surface. ¢ flowers in bud ovoid, 3 mm. long; calyx

rufous-tomentose externally towards the apex, glabrous internally ;

sepals deltoid lanceolate ; petals flabelliform, crenulate, less than

1 mm. long and broad, glabrous ; disk lining the calyx cup, entire ;

pistillode short, stout, columnar, trifid, densely hirsute. 92 flowers

with calyx of the ¢ ; petals obovate-spathulate, entire, 1 mm. long ;

annulus of the disk, membranous; ovary not seen. Capsule ona

stout, glabrous, terete, 1 mm. long pedicel, subglobose, glabrous 1-1

cm. in both diameters. Seeds elongately ovoid, 8 mm. long, 5 mm.

broad, 4 mm. thick, with convex subcarinate dorsal and ill-defined

ventro-lateral surfaces, rounded apex and cordately excavate base.

Jabl. in Pflanzenreich, I.c. 32.

Penane: Batu Ferengy, C. 3657!. Prraxk: Larut, K.C. 2018!

2080 !, 2769!, 3739!, 3755 !, 5162!; Assam Kumbong, W. 1930!

. Kota, W. 2547!; Trong, W. 2763!; Thaipeng, Burn Murdoch

Hrs:

The type sheet is K.C. 3739 in Kew Herbarium.

27. CLEISTANTHUS RUFUS (Hook. f.), Gehrm. Bot. Jahr. -

buch. XLI, Beibl. No. 95, 42 (1908). A sparingly branched shrub,

3—4 m. high. Branchlets terete, 2—5 mm. thick, pale yellowish

brown, glabrous below, scurfy rusty pubescent higher up ; inter-

nodes ‘5—3'5 cm. long. Lamine membranous or thinly coriaceous

518 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovate or obovate, 10—17 cm. long, 4—6'5 cm. broad, with abruptly

shortly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base; upper

surface at first fulvous tomentose, later glabrous or pubescent only

on the slender midrib and nerves, dark olivaceous, finely obscurely

reticulate ; lower surface dull brown, + — rufous pubescent especi-

ally on the prominent nerves and midrib; nerves 8—9; cross

nervules numerous, close, subparallel, connected by smaller, less

regular secondary nervules; reticulation fine; petiole stout, sub-

terete, + — rusty tomentose, 4—5 mm. long; stipules minute,

caducous. Flower-clusters axillary, densely rufous tomentose, 4—5

mm.in diam., of many minute flowers, #@ and 2 mixed, and

almost entirely concealed by the bracteoles, that are broadly ovate,

densely scurfy rufous tomentose on outer surface and glabrous on

inner. @ flowers sessile, ovoid, 2°55 mm. long; calyx glabrous

except for caducous scurfy rusty tomentose tufts on outer surface -

of apex, divided about halfway down into ovate or deltoid lobes ;

petals subquadrate, glabrous, ‘5 mm. long and broad, with sub-

erenulate apical margin; disk subentire; pistillode subtrigonous,

sparsely caducously scurfy pubescent, with trifid apex. ¢? flowers

sessile, ovoid or fusiform in bud, 2—3 mm. long; calyxas in the @ ;

petals oblong spatulate, glabrous, -5 mm. long, with subcrenulate

apical margin ; annulus of the disk membranous, irregularly dentate ;

ovary globosely ovoid, caducously densely hirsute, the entire hairy

coat being readily removed, leaving the ovary glabrous; styles

united for some distance, slender, short, subterete, glabrous, shortly

bifid ; stigmas slightly thickened. Capsule on a 4 mm. long, terete,

glabrous pedicel, § mm. in vertical and 1 cm. in transverse diam.,

glabrous, subnitid, reticulate. Seeds not seen mature. Jabl. in

Pflanzenreich, l.c. 32. Bridelia rufa, Hook. f. 278.

Penana: 30—120 m. K.C. 1351!; Waterfall, C. 1480 !.

3. ACTEPHILA, Bl.

Shrubs or trees, with simple, alternate, petiolate, stipulate,

entire, penninerved leaves; lateral nerves of the laminze curved

slightly outwards and forwards to inarch near the margin ; nervules

irregular ; reticulation irregularly polygonal, fairly close. Flowers

monoecious, petaliferous, axillary, in closely imbricatingly brac-

teolate nodules or very small racemules, pedicelled, ¢ and 9 in the

same axil or in different axils; calyx of both sexes 5-fid almost to

the base, the sepals entire imbricate in bud persistent in the 2 ;

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 519

petals 5 in both sexes, much smaller than the sepals and attached

just external to the disc ; stamens 5, within the disc, surrounding a

central trifid pistillode, filaments free or united only at the base

anthers adnate, loculi parallel ; disc in both sexes a shallow cup or

ring, thinly fleshy, with 4+ crenulate margin, glabrous ; ovary sessile

on the disc, subglobose, 3-locular, the loculi 2-ovuled, glabrous

or tomentose; styles 3, minute, free or united at the base, thick,

entire or bifid, persistent. Jruit a dry 3-coccate capsule, loculici-

dal or the cocci breaking into 2 valves, leaving a central colu-

mella. Cocci 1—2-seeded. Seeds triquetrous, rather large, with

ecnvex dorsum and 2 plane lateral surfaces meeting at an acute

angle; testa thin; albumen scanty or 0; cotyledons fleshy, condu-

plicate. Species about 10, distributed from Southern and Eastern

India to the Malayan Archipelago and Australia.

2 sepals 1—2 cm. long; ovary tomentose ot jel Alovalea:

2 sepals only a few mms. long; ovary glabrous.

Lamina relatively small, rarely longer than 17 cm. or

broader than4'5cm. .. o6 ae .. 2. A. excelsa.

Lamina relatively large, up to 30 cm. long and 9:5 cm.

broad a ae Ae ae .. 3. A javanica.

1. ACTEPHILA OVALIS (Ridley), Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., 1X, |

No. 2 (1922), 219. A?shrub or? tree. Branchlets at first angled and

grooved, later subterete, 2—4 mm. thick, + minutely puberulous,

brown; internodes a few mms. to 5 cm. long. Lamine elongate

ovate or obovate or lanceolate, membranous, 6—15 cm. long, 2—6

em. broad, with obtuse apex in obovate lamine acuminate in others,

base cuneate or subcuneate, glabrous on both surfaces, subnitid

and pale green to olivaceous on the upper, dull and paler on the

lower ; midrib slender on both surfaces ; nerves 12—16; reticula-

tion delicate ; petiole slender, 2—4 mm. long, glabrous or with a

few minute hairs ; stipules membranous, broadly lanceolate, 2—2°5

mm. long, glabrous er with a few minute hairs on outer surface

Male inflorescence not seen. Female inflorescence of solitary flowers

in the axils; pedicels 4—6 cm. long, slender, slightly thickening

towards the calyx, glabrous or with a few minute hairs near the

calyx; calyx spreading, 2°5—4-4 cm. across; sepals slightly un-

equal, membranous or subscarious, broadly ovate, acute, 1—2 cm.

long, °6—1:5cm. broad, sparsely puberulous and obscurely glandular

or eglandular at the base, with midrib and 3—4 nerves radiating

from the base on each side of the midrib, and with clear dendritic

reticulation ; petals minute, membranous, distant, ovate or obovate

520 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1 mm. long, with obtuse entire or erosulate apex; disc annular

1 mm. broad, shallowly subcrenulate; ovary obtusely trigonously

ovoid, 2 mm. in diam., densely fulvous tomentose, externally,

glabrous internally; styles united at the base, entire, spreading,

2:5 mm. long, fleshly subulate, with subcapitate, slightly recurved

stigmatic apex. Capsule about 15 cm. from base to apex; cocci

minutely sparsely adpressedly pubescent, breaking into 2 valves;

epicarp and mesocarp coriaceous, with inner surface of mesocarp

reticulately rugulose ; endocarp crustaceous, finely rugulose on inner

surface. Seeds subcordately ovoid, 1 em. long and broad, 6 mm.

thick, with crustaceous smooth obscurely mottled testa. Dimor-

phocalyx ovalis Ridley in Journ. Straits Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 50,

178 (1911).

Peruis: Kanya, R. 14890!. Lanexawi: Coah, C.!

This remarkable species has a deceptive resemblance to a Dimorphocalyx

but the 2-ovuled loculi and the absence of albumen, with the presence of the

outerplicated cotyledons declare it an Actephila.

2. ACTEPHILA EXCELSA, Mull. Arg. in Linnaea XXXII, 78

(1863).

A shrub. Branchlets 155—3 mm. thick, pale brown, glabrous

or + minutely hirtellous; internodes ‘5—3 cm. long Lamine

elliptical lanceolate, thinly coriaceous, 6—17 em. long, 1°8—4°5 em.

broad, with acute or acuminate apex and cuneate or subcuneate

base, glabrous on both surfaces, subnitid on upper, dull on lower ;

nerves and midrib slender; nerves 10—12; reticulation fairly clear

petiole 3—4 mm. long, stoutish, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous ; sti-

pules deciduous, scarious, lanceolate, 2—3 mm. long, entire, glabrous

or with a few minute hairs on outer surface. Male flowers usually

several in an axil, females several or solitary; bracteoles broadly

ovate, entire, 1—2 mm. long and broad, membranous, + concave,

with a few minute hairs on the outer, glabrous on the inner surface ;

male flower pedicels slender, subterete, 5—6 mm. long. thickening

towards the calyx, + sparsely hirtellous; male calyx subcampanul-

ate, 3 mm. long, sepals somewhat unequal, oblong ovate or broadly

lanceolate, + sparsely minutely adpressedly hairy on outer glabrous

on inner surface; petals narrowly spathulate, glabrous, entire,

1—1°5 mm. long; disc annular, crenulate; stamens free; pistillode

columnar. Pedicel of female flowers slender, up to 5 cm. long

thickening gradually to the calyx, glabrous or with a few minute

adpressed hairs; perianth and disc as in the male but somewhat

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 521

larger; ovary subglobose, glabrous; styles minute, very short,

stout, glabrous, bifid, with subcapitate stigmatic apices. Capsule

depressed slightly, 15—2 cm. in transverse and 1—1°3 cm. in

vertical diameter, glabrous, slightly rough, obscurely veined, the

cocci breaking into 2 valves; pericarp crustaceous, scarcely 1 mm.

thick ; endocarp glabrous, nitid and finely rugulose within. Seeds

triquetrous, 1 cm. long, with a very convex dorsum, and 2 plane

lateral surfaces meeting at an acute angle. Mull. Arg., 222. Hook

f., 282.

Perak: Larut, K.C. 7165!; Tambin, &. 9592!

SeLancor: Kwala Lumpur, C. 2379!; Gua Batu, FR. 8530 !.

StnearoreE: Sungei Morai, R.!.

3. ACTEPHILA JAvanica, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2, 356 (1859).

A small tree. Branchlets subterete 2—5 mm. thick, at first

minutely sparsely hirtellous, then glabrous; internodes 1—4 cm.

long. Lamine thinly coriaceous, oblong elliptical, lanceolate or

oblanceolate, 6°5—30 cm. long, 2°2—9°5 cm. broad, glabrous, with

shortly caudately acuminate apex and subcuneate base, subnitid on

upper, dull on lower surface, with slender nerves and midrib;

nerves 7—12; reticulation clear; petiole somewhat slender, slightly

thickened at both ends, grooved on upper surface, ‘8—5 cm. long,

glabrous or sparsely hirtellous; stipules triangular, entire, acute

3—4 mm. long, + puberulous on outer, glabrous on inner sur-

face. Flowers in closely imbricatingly bracteolate nodules or very

short racemules, ¢ and @ in the same or different axils ; bracteoles

triangular, 1 mm. long and broad, entire, glabrous, + concave,

¢ flower pedicels 3—5 mm. long, terete, glabrous or sparsely mi-

nutely hirtellous ; calyx subglobose in bud, 2 mm. in diam.; sepals

oblong. subequal, glabrous, 2—4 mm. long; petals membranous

broadly spathulate, with a very short claw and rounded + erosulate

apex; disc subangular, crenulate; pistillode cylindrical, deeply

3-fid, with apices subpeltate and + ciliolate. 9 flowers larger than

the g; pedicels slender, up to 4 cm. long, thickening towards the

calyx; perianth as in the ¢ but sepals larger and bearing on inner

surface at the base a transverse series of minute pellucid glands,

disc crenulately 5-lobed; ovary trigonously globose, somewhat

depressed, glabrous; styles connate at the base, very short, thick

2 fid, the branches with capitate stigmatic apex. Capsule +

522 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

depressed, subglobose, 1:5 em. high, 2°3 cm. broad, breaking into 3

bivalved 1—2-seeded cocci. Seed 1:25 em. long, with obscurely

striate and mottled testa. Mull. Arg., 222; Hook. f., 283; J. J.

Smith, 46.

Penane: West Hill, C.!. Senanaor: Batu Caves, R. 13,375!

Sincaror&: Anderson 170!; Garden Jungle, R. 402!, 403 !.

In addition to these species K.C. No. 5073 collected in Larut Perak seems

a new species of Actephila, but the material is too imperfect for description.

4. ANDRACHNE, Linn.

Shrubs or suffruticose herbs with erect or decumbent branches,

glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate,

stipulate, entire, penninerved or + distinctly 3-nerved. Flowers

monoecious, axillary, pedicelled, the # often fasciculate, the ?

solitary; calyx of both sexes divided into 5—6 sepals imbricate

in bud; petals as many as sepals, smaller, in @ flowers minute;

disk usually of membranous glands, entire or bilobed, free or vari-

ously connate. Stamens 5—6, alternate with the petals; anthers

erect subglobose, with parallel loculi; pistillode central, minute;

cylindrical, entire or 3-partite. Ovary subglobose, substipitate,

trilocular ; styles 3, connate below, bifid above; stigmas subcapi-

tate. Fruit a capsule of 3 bivalved 2-seeded cocci; seeds curved,

exarillate, ecarunculate, alouminous; cotyledons broad, flat.

Species about 20, variously distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa

and N. America.

ANDRACHNE FRUTICOSA, Dene. (non Linn.) in Nouv. Ann. Mus.

III, 484 (1834).

A small erect branched shrub, -3—-6 m. high. Stem terete,

2 mm. thick, pale brown, sparsely shortly hirsute or glabrescent,

spatingly alternately branched; branches like the stem but more

slender; internodes ‘5—2°5 cm. long. Lamine ovate or obovate,

membranous, 3—9 cm. long, 1‘5—4 cm. broad, with acute apex,

cuneate base and entire margin; upper surface pale green, with

slender midrib and nerves, sparsely adpressedly hirsute at first, then

glabrous or sparsely hirsute on midrib ; lower surface paler green,

subglaucous, with slightly prominent midrib and nerves, sparsely

adpressedly hirsute ; nerves 3—4, subopposite or alternate, curved

forward and outward to inarch with each other near the margin;

reticulation delicate, irregularly polygonal; petiole slender, sub-

terete, + — hirsute, ‘5—2 cm. long; stipules...... . & flowers

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 523

minute, on filiform, hirsute or glabrous, -‘5—1 cm. long pedicels,

calyx cupular, 1 mm. long and broad, divided almost to base into

5 oblong ovate or obovate sepals, sparsely hirsute on outer surface

glabrous on inner; petals much narrower than sepals, spatulate

hyaline, ‘5 mm. long, glabrous; disk of as many pairs of glands as

sepals and opposite the latter; the glands linear, submembran-

ous, glabrous, half as long as the sepals; stamens free, with very

filiform glabrous filaments half as long as the sepals: anthers

minute, subquadrately ovate ; pistillode central, of several, minute,

subterete lobes. 9 flowers larger than the ¢, on slender hirsute

pedicels that may reach 1 em. in length; calyx 4 mm. long, other-

wise as in the ¢; petals 0 or very minute; disk glands opposite

the sepals, short, obovate, bluntly bilobulate; ovary globosely

ovoid, hirsute, 1:5 mm. in vertical, 2 mm. in transverse diam.,

styles glabrous, less than 1 mm. long, bifid almost to the base ;

stigmas clavellate. Capsule subglobose, depressed, hirsute, 4 mm.

in diameter. Seeds triquetrous, 1:5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, with

longitudinally curved dorsal and 2 plane lateral surfaces, all trans-

versely plurisulcate, glabrous and dark brown. Mull. Arg., 235;

Hook. f., 284 and Ic. Plant. XVIII t. 1704. A. Decaisnei Bth. Fl

Austral. VI, 88.

PERLIS: Tebeng Tenggi, &. 14883!. Kepau: Langkawi, C

2540 !.

Perak: Larut, K.C. 2383!; Gunong Pondo, K.C. 8336!. Ss-

LANGOR: Kwala Lumpa, Kelsall! ; Gua Batu, R. 8203!.

Distris.—Siam, Malayan Archipelago, Philippines, Australia.

Andrachne fruticosa was the name originally given by Linnaeus to the

species now known as Breynia patens Bth. Decaisne in 1834 published the

description of a species from Timor under the name ‘‘ Andrachne fruticosa L.”’

assuming incorrectly that it was the plant of Linnaeus. As the plant of

Linnaeus was not an Andrachne while Decaisne’s plant was, J. Muller in DC

Prodr. XV, II, 235 (1886) retained Decaisne’s name and applied it to Decaisne’s

plant. The Malayan Peninsula specimens agree with Decaisne’s plant. Hooker

f in Ic. Plant. xviii, t. 1704 does not agree with Miiller, who placed Cumming’s

Philippine specimens under A. australis. Hooker considers part if not all of

A australis Mull. Arg. as A. fruticosa Dene. Hooker also rejects, which I think

good reason, Bentham’s name of A. Decaisnez in the Flora of Australia.

5. AGyYNeErA L.

Annual or perennial ascending or procumbent herbs with

diffuse angled or compressed stems and alternate stipulate leaves

Inflorescence of monoecious apetalous flowers in axillary fascicles

—

524 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

usually one ? and several # flowers in an axil. Flowers small

shortly pedicelled ; calyx of both sexes 6-partite or the 2 calyx

5-partite and persistent; sepals imbricate in bud. Disc of ¢

flowers extra-staminal, of 5—6 somewhat elongate subpetaloid lobes

opposite the sepals; stamens forming a central column with an

enlarged trigonous apex ; anthers sessile, attached to the angles of

apex of column, with parallel loculi, extrorse, dehiscing longitudin-

ally; pistillode absent. ¢ flowers without a disc; ovary when

young turbinate, with a thick rather fleshy apex; styles 3, short,

bifid, with incurved stigmas ; loculi 3, each 2-ovuled; later the apex

of ovary becomes excavate with a 6-lobulate margin and the styles

sunk in the cavity. ruiz an ovoid dry dehiscent capsule on the

persistent calyx; cocci 3, bivalved, 2-seeded, breaking away from

a central columella. Seeds narrowly triquetrous, curved along their

length ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons plane.

DISTRIB. 2 species, distributed to India, Malaya and Mauritius.

AGYNEIA BACCIFORMIS, Ad. Juss. Tent. Euph., 24 (1824).

An annual or perennial glabrous herb, up to 40cm high. Root

+ vertical, subterete, tortuous, woody, 2 mm. thick. Stems alter-

nately or dichotomously branched, slender, subterete or subangular

internodes ‘5—5 cm. long. Lamine ovate to linear-lanceolate

membranous, 1—3 cm. long, -2—1'2 em. broad, with acute apex,

subacute cuneate or obtuse base and entire margin; nerves 5,

slender, obscure, inarching near the margin; reticulation obscurely

polygonal ; petiole 1 mm. long; somewhat flattened; stipules 1 mm.

long, aculeolate. o¢ flowers very minute; sepals oblong ovate °

truncate, subtrilobed with inflected apex. 2 flowers very shortly

pedicelled ; calyx 2 mm. deep; sepals 5—6, subequal, ovate, acute

gland dotted and margined with white. Capsule subglobosely ovoid,

obtusely trigonous, 5 mm. high, 4 mm. thick, reddish-brown ; cocci

slightly carinate. Seeds light brown, with tetragonous tuberculate

base, acute trigonous apex, and ventral angle truncate for some

distance, and with a longitudinal hilar excavation. Mull. Arg. 238 ;

Hook. f. 285.

Pawane: Kwala Pahang, #&.!. Sincaroru: Tanjong Katong,

R.1. Distr. India, Ceylon, Java, Mauritius.

6. Fxiueesna, Willd.

Unarmed or spinescent shrubs, with small alternate entire

petioled penninerved leaves. lowers dioecious, small, in basally

——— a

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 525

minutely multi-bracteolate axillary fascicles, apetalous, males

often numerous, females usually few in a fascicle. Calyx of

both sexes similar, deeply 5-partite, with sepals imbricate in bud.

Stamens 5 or sometimes fewer, free; anthers erect, extrorse, with

parallel loculi and longitudinal dehiscence ; disc in the ¢ of minute

glands alternating with the stamens ; pistillode 2—3-partite. Ovary

3-locular, seated on an annular disc, the loculi 2-ovuled; styles 3,

basally connate, recurved or spreading, 2-partite, the branches entire

or bifid. Fruit baccate or breaking into 2-valved cocci. Seeds

triquetrous ; albumen rather scanty ; embryo incurved, with broad

flat cotyledons. Distris. About 6 species in Tropical Africa and

Asia.

FLUEGGEA virosa, Baill. Et. Euphorb. 593, t. xxvi, f. 39 (1858).

Branchleis divaricate glabrous, ‘5—2 mm. thick, quadrangular,

ribbed, brown, + lenticellate; internodes -S5—2 cm. long. Lamine

ovate, oblong ovate or obovate, membranous, 1-5—4 cm. long, ‘8—2-2

em. broad, with rounded to subacute apex, entire margin and acute

base, glabrous and dull on both surfaces, glaucescent on the lower;

midrib nerves and nervules slender; nerves 6—9, curved outwards

and forwards to inarch near the margin: nervules irregular ; reticu-

lation irregularly polygonal, close; petiole slender, glabrous, sub-

terete, 3—6 mm. long; stipules triangular. acute, glabrous, 2—2-5

mm.long. Sracteoles of fascicles ovate or triangular, membranous,

glabrous, °5—1 mm. long. ¢ flowers on terete, glabrous, 2—4 mm.

long pedicels; calyx obovoid in bud; sepals subequal, oblong ovate

or obovate, "7—1 mm. long, membranous, glabrous, with minutely

erosulate apical margin; glands fleshy, + angled; pistillode con-

spicuous, glabrous, deeply 3-fid, the branches with recurved dilated

and + divaricately bifid apex. 92 flowers on glabrous terete -7—3

mm. long pedicels; calyx 4—5-partite, the sepals unequal, ovate

1—2 mm. long, entire or + erosulate ; disc thinly fleshy, crenulate ;

ovary pyriform, glabrous; styles loricate, deeply bifid. Fruiting

pedicel filiform, 25—35 cm. long; fruit indehiscent, depressed

globose, white, 5—8 mm. in diam., with fleshy mesocarp. Seeds 1:7

—2-4 mm. long. Hook. f. 328; J. J. Smith 51; Fl. Trop. Africa,

VI, Sect. I. Pt. IV, 736.

Kepau: K.C. 700!; Sungei Ryah, K.C. 99!. DistrRis.

Tropical Africa. Asia and Australia.

526 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

7. PHYLLANTHUS, L.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves varying much in size and shape

alternate, reduced to minute scales on the primary branches, distich-

ous on the branchlets, with entire lamine, penninerved, equilat-

eral or inequilateral, shortly petioled, stipulate. Flowers usually

monoecious, apetalous, discigerous, small, axillary, solitary or glom-

erate or in minute glomeriform racemules ¢& calyx 4—6-partite,

the sepals imbricate in 2 series, + ovate, entire or + fimbriate,

disc rarely a narrow membranous lobed ring, usually of 4—6 minute,

subreniform or amorphous scalelike glands alternate with the sepals,

androecium of 2—5 stamens, the smaller number usually united in

a short central column, the larger number free and + diverging

or the inner 2—3 + connate by their filaments; anthers minute,

ovate, sessile on the column and didymous or subhorizontal or basi-

fixed and diverging with free filaments or connivent with connate

filaments; connectives not or slightly or rarely moderately pro-

duced; pistillode 0. 9 calyx with 5—7 sepals, often larger than

the male but otherwise resembling it; disc of minute fleshy scales

or a membranous crenulate or lobed ring or shallow cup; ovary

subglobosely ovoid or turbinate, glabrous or + puberulous, 3-locular

or (in two Malayan Peninsula species) 4—9-locular; ovules 2 in

each loculus, collateral in the 3-locular ovaries, partially superposed

in the 4—9-locular ovaries; styles as many as the loculi, simple in

the 4—9-locular ovaries, bifid in the 3-locular ovaries, free or +

connate. Fruit a small berry (in two species) or usually a sub-

globose dry septitragally dehiscent 3-locular capsule, glabrous or +

puberulous or echinate, small or moderately sized or rather large

and inflated. Seeds triquetrous, varying much in size, with a

convex dorsal and 2 ventro-lateral plane surfaces, granulate or

minutely tubercled or striate or pitted or transversely or longitu-

dinally ridged ; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat

or flexuous._-Distris. About 400 species, throughout the tropics

and subtropics.

Even with Glochidion separated off, Phyllanthus still remains a somewhat

mixed genus, and a re-elevation of some of its sections to generic rank would

probably be an advantage. The scope of this account of the Malayan Penin-

sula species dose not justify me in intrenching on the work of the monographer,

and so here the genus as treated in ths Flora of British India has as regards

its sections been left undisturbed.

Hooker’s statement (Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 286) that the # flowers in the Emblica

section have no disc requires qualification, as his own species P. pectinatus has

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 527

distinct glands inthe ~ flowers. Ridley (Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd Ser. III, Bot.

345) records P. maderaspatensis L. from the sea shore at Kwala Pahang. I

have however seen no specimen of that species in the herbaria of Kew, Singa-

pore, Penang, and Calcutta from the Malayan Peninsula. P. Hmblica L. is

stated in the Flora of British India to be distributed as far south as Malacca,

but I have seen no specimens in the herbaria mentioned above. P. acutus

Wall. Cat. 7931, Herb. Finlayson (Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 301), does not appear to occur

in the Malayan Peninsula. Finlayson’s collections were made in Siam and

Cochin-China and were taken to Calcutta by Wallich when the latter returned

from his visit to Penang in 1823.

—— ——————e—eOOeeEeeeeEeeeeeeeeeEOOeOOEOEee Sesser

INDEX

To VotumME LXXV.

Acalyphez, 474.

Acanthacex, 1.

Achyranthes, 16.

Achyranthes aspera, Linn, 16.

Achyranthes atropurpurea, 14.

Achyranthes ? cornosa, 14.

Achyranthes lappacea, 14.

Achyranthes nodiflora, 8.

Achyranthes prosirata, 12.

Achyranthes triandra, 17.

Acrodiclidiez, 67.

Actephila, 472, 474, 477, 479, 480,

482, 518.

Actephila excelsa, 516, 520.

Actephila javanica, 516, 521.

Actephila ovalis, 516.

Actinodaphne, 112.

Actinodaphne Blumet, 187.

Actinodaphne cuspidata, 113, 122.

Actinodaphne glomerata, 113, 116.

Actinodaphne Hullettii, 113, 120.

Actinodaphne johorensis, 113, 117.

Actinodaphne Maingayi, 112, 114.

Actinodaphne Maingayi, var. ellip-

tica, 115. :

Actinodaphne malaccensis, lille

118.

Actinodaphne montara, 113, 117.

Actinodaphne oleifolia, 113, 121.

Actinodaphne pragilis, 113, 123.

Actinodaphne pruinosa, 113, 119.

Actinodaphne pruinosa, var. Kuns-

tleri, 120.

Actinodaphne Ridleyi, 113, 118.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis, 112,

113.

Aerua Forsk, 15.

Aerua Curtisii, 15.

Aetanthe hexagyna, 312.

Agallochum Secundarium, 265.

Agrostistachys, 474, 480.

Agyneia, 472, 477, 523.

Agyneia bacciformis, 524,

Alchornea, 475, 479, 481, 483, 484.

Aleurites, 473, 478, 480, 483.

Allmania, 4, 7.

Allmania nodiflora, 8.

Allmania nodiflora, var. esculenta,

Br.,, 8.

Allmania nodiflora, var. procum-

bens, 8. i

Alseodaphne, 88.

Alseodaphne bancana, 88. 91.

Alseodaphne ? costalis, 96, 181.

Alseodaphne crassipes, $9, 95.

Alseodaphne decipiens, 91.

Alseodaphne ? grandis, 65, 109.

Alseodaphne insignis, 93.

Alseodaphne lucida, 96.

Alseodaphne paludosa, 88, 92.

Alseodaphne panduriformis, 102.

Alseodaphne pendulifolia, 89, 95.

Alseodaphne peduncularis, 88, 89.

Alseodaphne petiolaris, 88, 91.

Alseodaphne Ridleyi, 88, 94.

Alseodaphne umbelifiora, 98.

Alseodaphne Wrayi, 88, 90.

Alternanthera, 17.

Alternanthera denticulata, 17.

Alternanthera prostrata, 17.

Alternanthera sessilis, 17.

Alternanthera triandra, 17.

Amanoa tomentosa, 488.

Amarantacez, 2, 3.

Amarantus, 4, 9.

Amarantus Alopecurus, 10.

Amaranius caudatus, 9, 10.

Amarantus cruentus, 10.

Amarantus fasciatus, 11.

Amarantus gangeticus, 9, 10.

Amarantus lanceolatus, 11.

Amarantus lividus, 11.

Amarantus melancholicus, 11.

( 529 )

530 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Amarantus oleoraceus, 11.

Amarantus polyganus, 11.

Amarantus polystachyus, 11.

Amarantus spinosus, 9, 10.

Amarantus tricolor, 11.

Amarantus tristis, 11.

Amarantus viridis, 9, 11.

Ampelygonum chinense, 22.

Andrachne, 472, 477, 522.

Andrachne australis, 523.

Andrachne Decaisnei, 523.

Andrachne pruticosa, 522, 523.

Antidesma, 473, 480, 482.

Apama, 24.

Apama corymbosa, 24, 25.

Apama tomentosa, 18, 25.

Apama, tomentosa, var. lanuginosa,

26.

Aperula oxyphylla, 197.

Apolloniece, 51.

Aporosa, 473, 481, 483.

Aquilaria, 257.

Aquilaria hirta, 264, 265.

Aquilairia malaccensis, 264.

Aquilaria ovata, 265.

Arculus Duthieanus, 368.

Aristolochiacez, 2, 23.

Aristolochia, 24, 29.

Aristolochia acuminata, 31.

Aristolochia curtisii, 32.

Aristolochia minutiflora, 30, 31.

Aristolochia minutiflora, var. dola-

brata, 32.

Aristolochia Roxburghiana, 31.

Aristolochia Tagala, 30.

Ascarina serrata, 34.

Asiphonia piperiformis, 25.

Baccaurea, 473, 482, 483.

Balanophoracee, 393, 395.

Balanophora, 395, 396.

Balanophora gigantea, 396.

Balanophora globosa, 396, 397.

Balanophora insularis, 396, 398.

Balanophora multibracteata, 396,

397.

Balanophora truncata, 396, 398.

Baliospermum, 479.

Baratranthus bicolor, 359.

Baratranthus Kingii, 358, 359.

Baratranthus Leobbii, 358, 359.

Baratranthus scortechinii 359.

Beilschmiedia, 51.

Beilschmiedia curtisii, 52, 55.

Beilschmiedia Foxiana, 53, 61.

Beilschimiedia insignis, 52, 53.

Beilschmiedia Kunstleri, 52, 54.

Beilschmiedia longipes, 52, 58.

Beilschmiedia, lumutensis, 52, 56.

Beilschmiedia Maingayi, 52, 57.

Beilschmiedia Malaccensis, 52, 54.

Beilschmiedia membranacea, 53, 60.

Beilschmiedia pahangensis, 53, 61.

Beilschmiedia penangiana, 53, 60.

Beilschmiedia perakensis, 52, 59.

Beilschmiedia Seortechinii, 52, 56.

Bischofia, 481, 482.

Blitum prustescens, 6.

Blumeodendron, 481.

Boerhaavia, 2.

Boerhaavia diffusa, 3.

Boerhaavia procumbens, 3.

Boerhaavia repens, 3.

Botryophora, 481.

Bragantia corymbosa, 25.

Bragantia khasiana, 26.

Bragantia latifolia, 26.

Bragantia melastomoefolia, 25.

Bragantia n. sp. 26.

Bragantia tomentosa, 26.

Breynia, 472, 477.

Bridelia, 472, 477, 484.

Bridelia cinnamomea, 485, 490,

491, 493.

Bridelia Curtisii, 489.

Bridelia, Griffithii, 485, 489, 491,

492, 494,

Bridelia Kuzii, 489.

Bridelia lanceaefolia, 488.

Bridelia lanceolata, 488.

Bridelia Loureirii, 488.

Bridelia minutiflora, 493.

Bridelia ovata, 485, 488.

Bridelia pedicellata, 488.

Bridelia penangiana, 485, 492, 494.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 531

Bridelia pustulata, 485, 489.

Bridelia retusa, 486.

Bridelia rhomnoides, 488.

Bridelia scandens, 487.

Bridalia stipularis 485.

Bridelia tomentosa, 485, 487.

Bridelia Zollingeri, 486.

Brugmansia, 394.

Callaeocarpus sumatrana, 461.

Champereia Griffithiana, 277.

Camphora Chinensis, 87.

Camphora Parthenoxylon, 87.

Camphora pseudo-Sarssafras, 87.

Caryodaphne densiflora, 39.

Casuarinaceez, 393, 405.

Casuarina, 406.

Casuarina equisetifolia, 406.

Cassythee, 201.

Cassytha, 201.

Cassytha filiforsmis, 202.

Castanea acuminatissima, 449.

Castanea costata, 457.

Castanca ? furfurella, 428.

Castanea glomerata, 461.

Castanea Hystria, 456.

Castanea inermis, 461.

Castanea ? sessilifolia, 449.

Castanea trisperma, 457.

Castanea Tungurrut, 464.

Castanopsis, 453.

Castanopsis Andersoni, 454, 458.

Castanopsis argentea, 466.

Castanopsis costala, 457.

Castanopsis costana, 454, 456.

Castanopsis catappoefolia, 454,

457.

Castanopsis curtisii, 454, 465.

_ Castanopsis fulva, 454, 456.

Castanopsis Hwllettii, 454, 459.

Castanopsis malaccensis, 453, 455.

Castanopsis megacarpa, 454, 462.

Castanopsis nephelioides, 454, 464.

Castanopsis Ridleyi, 463.

Castanopsis schefferiana, 459.

Castanopsis scorstechinii, 453, 455.

Castanopsis sumatrana, 454, 460.

Castanopsis Wallichii, 454, 464.

Celosia, 4, 6.

Celosia argentina, 7.

Celosia margaritacea, 7.

Celosia nodiflora, 8.

Ceraminum tomentosum, 26.

Chaetocarpus, 476, 480, 483.

Chamissoa aspera, 8.

Chamissoa dichotoma, 8.

Chamissoa nodiflora, 8.

Champereia, 277.

Champereia Cumingina, 278.

Chavica Betle, 312.

Chavica sarmentosa, 309.

Chiridium speciosum, 353.

Chiridium verticillatum, 353.

Chloranthacee, 2, 33.

Chloranthus, 33.

Chloranthus brachystachys, 33,

34,

Chloranthus elatior, 34.

Chloranthus electus, 34.

Chloranthus monander, 34.

Chloranthus officinalis, 33.

Choriophyllum, 473, 481, 482.

Cichlanthus ferrugineus, 361.

Cinnamomee, 71.

Cinnamomum, 71.

Cinnamomum aureofulvum, 73,

84.

Cinnamomum Burmanni, 74.

Cinnamomum cinereum, 73, 84.

Cinnamomum Deschampsii, 73, 80.

Cinnamomum graciliflorum, 71.

Cinnamomum Griffith, 77.

Cinnamomum iners, 72, 76.

Cinnamomum inunctum, 74, 85.

Cinnamomum javanicum, 73, 81.

Cinnamomum lampongum, 73, 79.

Cinnamomum ? malaccense, 87.

Cinnamomum mollissimum, 73, 82.

Cinnamomum Neesianum, 87.

Cinnamomum Parthenoxylon, 74.

86.

Cinnamomum pauciflorum, 78.

Cinnamomum pseudo-Sassafras, 87.

532 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Cinnamomum rhynocophyllum,

73, 78.

Cinnamomum Ridleyi, 72, 77.

Cinnamomum Scortechinii, 73, 83.

Cinnamomum sulphuratum, 82.

Cinnamomum vimineum, 73, 80,

78.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 72, 75.

Cladostachys frustescens, 6.

Claoxylon, 474, 481, 483.

Cleidion, 475, 480, 482, 484.

Cleistanthus, 472, 477.

Cleistanthus bracteosum, 494, 497.

Cleistanthus Curtissi, 501.

Cleistanthus dasyphyllus, 506.

Cleistanthus decurrens, 495, 507.

Cleistanthus ellipticus, 496, 517.

Cleistanthus flavescens, 495, 501,

504.

Cleistanthus glandulotus, 502.

Cleistanthus glaucus, 495, 499.

Cleistanthus glanduolsus, 495, 503.

Cleistanthus gracilis, 495, 506.

Cleistanthus heterophyllum, 495,

505.

Cleistanthus hirsutopetalus, 495,

502.

Cleistanthus hirsutulus, 496, 511.

Cleistanthus Kingii, 496, 515.

Cleistanthus laevis, 506.

Cleistanthus lanceolatus, 488.

Cleistanthus lanuginosus, 495, 510.

Cleistanthus macrophyllus, 494,

495, 509.

Cleistanthus Maingayi, 496, 513.

Cleistanthus malaccensis, 495, 504.

Cleistanthus membranaceus, 490,

495, 499, 500, 507, 511.

Cleistanthus myrianthus, 496, 515.

Cleistanthus nitidus, 500.

Cleistanthus parvifolius, 495, 507.

Cleistanthus pedicellatus, 494, 498.

Cleistanthus podocarpus, 495, 503.

Cleistanthus polyphyllus, 496, 512.

Cleistanthus praetermissus, 496,

oll.

Cleistanthus pseudo-myrianthus,

496, 516.

Cleistanthus rufus, 496, 517, 518.

Cleistanthus siamensis, 495, 507.

Cleistanthus stipulatus, 500.

Cleistanthus vestitus, 496, 515.

Cluytiezx, 474.

Cluytia scandens, 487.

Cluytia stipularis, 486.

Coccoceras, 475, 482, 484.

Coccoloba crispata, 22.

Coccoloba indica, 22.

Coelodispus, 474, 475, 479, 481,

482, 484.

Coleobotrys crassisepala, 355.

Coleobotrys heterantha, 354.

Convolvulacea, 1.

Croton, 473, 478.

Crotonez, 473.

Cryphea erecta, 34.

Cryptocaryez, 35, 37.

Cryptocarya, 37.

Cryptocarya acuminulata, 42.

Cryptocarya areolata, 38, 48.

Cryptocarya argentina, 38, 51.

Cryptocarya bracteolata, 38, 46.

Cryptocarya bubongana, 38, 50.

Cryptocarya cesia, 38, 49.

Cryptocarya crassinervia, 38, 41.

Cryptocarya cuneata, 65.

Cryptocarya densiflora, 38, 39.

Cryptocarye enervis, 38, 50.

Cryptocarya ferrea, 38, 45, 49.

Cryptocarya ferruginea, 187.

Cryptocarya glaucescens, 45.

Cryptocarya griffithiana, 38, 40.

Cryptocarya Griffithii, var. caudata,

38, 41.

Cryptocarya impressa, 38, 42.

Cryptocarya infectoria, 41, var.

opaca, 43.

Cryptocarya Kurzii, 38, 48.

Cryptocarya Mentek, 46.

Cryptocarya oblongifolia, 46.

Oryptocarya obscura, 46.

Cryptocarya tomemtosa, 38, 44.

Cryptocarya tomentosa, var. rugosa,

45.

Cryptocarya rugulosa, 38, 43.

Cryptocarya Scortechinii, 38, 47.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 533

Cryptocarya Wightiana, 49.

Cryptocarya Wrayi, 38, 40.

Cubeba lanata, 305.

Cubeba Lowong, var. quintupliner-

vis, 305.

Cubeba sumatrana, 323.

Cubeba Wallichii, 322.

Cyanodaphne cuneata, 65.

Cyanodaphne tomentosa, 65.

Cyathula, 11.

Cyathula geniculata, 12.

Cyathula prostrata, 12.

Cyathula repens, 12.

Cyclobalanopsis argentana, 409.

Cyclobalanopsis Merkusu, 410.

Cyclobalanopsis turbinata, 410.

Cyclobalanus Blumeana, 445.

Cyclobalanus conocarpa, 431.

Cyclobalanus costata, 444.

Cyclobalanus encleistacarpa, 450.

Cyclobalanus EHwyckii, 432.

Cyclobalanus Hystrix, 429.

Cyclobalanus Lamponga, 424.

Cyclobalanus Omalokas, 440.

Cyclodiscus latifolius, 26.

Cyclodiscus tomentosus, 26.

Cylicodaphne, 177.

Cylicodaphne ferruginea, 187.

Cylicodaphne myristicoefolia, 170.

Cylicodaphne noronhiana, 180.

Cylicodaphne oblonga, var. Griffi-

thi, 170.

Cylicodaphne ochracea, 166.

Cylicodaphne robusta, 181.

Cytinacez, 393.

Dalechampia, 474, 479.

Daphne composita, 257.

Daphne viridiflora, 259.

Daphnidium acuminatum, 199.

Daphnidium bibracteatum, 199.

Daphnidium coesium, 200.

Daphinidium coesium, 199.

Daphnidium oxyphyllum, 197.

Daphniphyllum, 473, 482, 483.

Deeringia, 4, 5.

Deeringia baccata, 6.

Deeringia celosioides, 5.

Deeringia indica, 6.

Dehaasia, 62.

Dehaasia cuneata, 62, 64.

Dehaasia Curtisii, 62, 65.

Dehaasia loncifolia, 62, 66.

Dehaasia microcarpa, 62.

Dehaasia nigrescens, 62, 64.

Dehaasia squarrosa, 63.

Dendrotrophe buxifolia, 274.

Dendrophthoe coccineus, 357.

Dendrophthoe farinosa, 364.

Dendrophthoe ferruginea, 361.

Dandrophthoe longiflorus, 366.

Dendrophthoe macrocalyx, 354.

Dendrophthoe abtectus, 360.

Dendrophthoe pentandra, 364.

Dendrophthoe pentapetala, 356.

Dendrophthoe pulcher, 353.

Dendrotrophe varians, 271.

Dephne montana, 258.

Dephne pendula, 258.

Desmocheta atropurpurea, 14.

Desmocheta patula, 12.

Desmocheta prostrata, 12.

Desmocheta repens, 12.

Dimorphocalyx, 474, 480.

Diplomorpha ? viridiflora, 259.

Drypetes, 472, 480, 483.

Dyospyros ? Acuminata, 170.

Eleagnacez, 205, 267.

Eleagnus, Linn., 268.

Eleagnns conferta, 269.

Llewagnus ferruginea, 269.

Hlateriospermum, 479, 470, 473.

Hlwagnus Kologa, 269.

Hleagnus latifolia, 268.

Hlwagnus Thwaitesii, 269.

Hlcwagnus Wallichiana, 269.

Endiandra, 67.

Endiandra? Candolliana, 65.

Endiandra Kingiana, 67, 68.

Endiandra Maingayi, 67, 68.

Endiandra preclara, 67, 69.

534 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Endiandra rubescens, 70.

Endiandra Wrayi, 68, 70.

Endospermum, 476, 482, 483.

Engelhardtia, 400.

Engelhardtia chrysolepis, 403.

Engelhardtia nudiflora, 400, 401.

Engelhardtia Roxburghiana, 4091,

403.

Engelhardtia spicata, 400.

Engelhardtia Wallachiana, 400,

402.

Enkleia, 257, 262.

Enkleia, malaccensis 262.

Enkleia malayana, 263.

Elytranthe, 349, 369.

Elytranthe albida, 370, 371.

Elytranthe avenis, 370, 374.

Elytranthe Barnesii, 378.

Eiytranthe Beccorii, 382.

Elytranthe diantha, 371, 379.

EHlytranthe evenia, 375.

Elytranthe farinosa, 365.

Elytranthe formosa, 370, 372.

Elytranthe Globosa, 370, 377.

Elytranthe Globosa, var. Puberula,

378.

Elytranthe Kunsferi, 370, 373.

Elytranthe Lowii, 370, 377.

Elytranthe Maingayi, 370, 372.

Elytranthe papillosa, 370, 375.

Elytranthe platyphylla, 370, 374.

Elytranthe retusa, 370, 376.

Elytranthe Robinsonii, 370, 379.

Elytranthe Wrayi, 371, 380.

Eriosolena montana, 258.

Erismanthus, 474, 478.

Epiprinus, 475.

Euphorbiacezr, 469.

Huxolus caudatus, 11.

Excecaria, 476, 479, 481, 482,

484.

Fagacee, 393, 406.

Fluggea, 524, 480, 482, 472.

Fluggea virosa, 525.

Galearia, 473, 480.

Geleunium, 482.

Geloniez, 476.

Gelonium, 483, 476.

Gesneracece, 1.

Ginalloa, 3590, 383.

Ginalloa Siamica, var. Scortechinii,

383.

Glabraria litoralis, 132.

Glabraria tersa, 132.

Glabraria vestita, 133.

Glochidion, 472, 477.

Gomphrena globosa, 5.

Gomphrena sessilis, 17.

Gonystylacez, 205, 266.

Gymnacranthera, 206, 222.

Gymnacranthera Farquhariana,

BR, LAS.

Gymnacranthera Forbesii, 223,

224.

Gymnacranthera Murtoni, 223.

Gyrocarpus, 203.

Haasia cuneata, 65.

Haasia incrassata, 63.

Haasia micocarpa, 63.

Haasia peduncularis, 89.

Heckeria subpeliata, 338.

Helicia, 340.

Helicia attenuata, 340, 341.

Helicia castanecefolia, 345.

Helicia Curtisii, 341, 348.

Helicia excelsa, 341, 346.

var. Forbesii, 347.

var. salicifolia, 347.

Helicia javanica, 345.

Helicia Kingiana, 341, 343.

Helicia macrophylla, 345.

Helicia petiolaris, 340, 342.

Helicia robusta, 341, 344.

Helicia rufescens, 341, 345.

Helicia Scortechinii, 341, 348.

Helicia velutina 341, 346.

Helittophyllum javanicum, 345.

Henslowia, 269.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 535

Henslowia, buxifolia, 270, 274.

Henshowia lobbiana, 270, 273.

Henslowia monticola, 270, 274.

Henslowia plurinervis ? 270, 272.

Henslowia Ridleyi, 270.

Henslowia varians, 270, 271.

Henslowia Wrayi, 270, 272.

Hernandiacez, 2, 203.

Hernandia, 203, 205.

Hernandia peltata, 204.

Hernandia sonora, 204.

Hexapora Curtis, 71.

Hippomanez, 476.

Homalanthus, 476, 479.

Homonoia, 476, 482, 484.

Horsfieldia, 206.

Horsfieldia amygdalina, 207, 214.

Horsfieldia brachiata, 207, 218.

Horsfieldia canarioides, 206, 208,

299

anne

Horsfieldia crassifolia, 207, 217.

Horsfieldia flocculosa, 206, 210.

Horsfieldia fulva., var. paludicola,

207, 210; 211.

Horsfieldia globularia, 206, 207.

Horsfieldia grandis, 207, 211.

Horsfieldia Irya, 207, 215.

Horsfieldia Lemanniana, 207,

219.

Horsfieldia majuscula, 207, 215.

Horsfieldia Prainii, 222.

Horsfieldia racemosa, 207, 222.

Horsfieldia Ridleyana, 207, 221.

Horsfieldia subglobosa, 207, 222.

Horsfieldia sucosa, 207, 217.

Horsfieldia superba, 206, 209.

Horsfieldia sylvestris, 222.

Horsfieldia tomentosa, 207, 212.

Horsfieldia Wallichii, 207, 213.

Hymenocardia, 473, 481, 483.

Illigera, 203.

Illigera appindiculata, 203.

lligera lucida, 203.

Iligera pulechra, 203.

Ilhgera trifoliata, 203.

Jatropha, 473, 478.

Juglandaces, 393, 399.

Juglans pterococca, 401, 403.

Kibara, 250, 253.

Kibara Blumei, 255.

Kibara serrulata, var. Bluwmei, 256.

Kibara chartacea, 253, 254, 255.

Kibara coriacea, 253, 254, 255.

Kibara coriacea, var. serrulata, 253.

Kibara cuspidata, 253, 254.

Kibara serrulata, 256.

Korthalsella, 350, 384.

Korthalsella japonica, 384.

Knema, 206, 236.

Knema, conferta, var. Scortechinit,

237, 243, 244, 245.

Knema Cantleyi, 236, 238.

Knema Curtisii, 236, 240.

Knema furfuracea, 237, 245.

Knema geminata, 237, 247.

K. Hookeriana, 236, 237.

EKnema glaucesceus, 2438.

Knema intermedia, var. dubia,

236, 239, 240.

Knema Kunstleri, 236, 241.

Knema laurina, 237, 248.

Knema malayana, 236, 242.

Knema missionis, 237, 247.

Knema oblongifolia, var. monti-

cola, 237, 246.

Knema retusa, 237, 249.

Knema Wrayi, 237, 243.

Kunstlera, 482, 475.

Labiate2, 1. :

Lobbia dependens, 28.

Lanthorus pentapetalus, 356.

Lauracez2, 2, 35.

Lauree, 193.

Laurus acuminata, 199.

Laurus bibracteata, 199.

536 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Laurus Cinnamomum, 76.

Laurus declinata, 106.

Laurus glomerata, 116.

Laurus grandis, 109, 181.

Laurus involucrata, 132.

Laurus lanceolata., 105.

Laurus ligustrina, 106.

Laurus malabathrum, 77.

Laurus microphylla, 199.

Laurus nitida, 77.

Laurus Parthenoxylon, 87.

Laurus peduncularis, 89.

Laurus polyantha, 198.

Laurus porrecta, 87.

Laurus priinosa, 120.

Laurus pseudo-sarsafras, 87.

Leguminose, 1.

Leiospermum ferrugineum, 14.

Lepeostegeres, 350, 381.

Lepeostegeres Beccarii, 381.

Lepeostegeres Kingii, 381, 382.

Lepidadenia ferruginea, 187.

Lepidadenia Griffithii, 170.

Lepidadenia magnifica, var. pahan-

gensis, 153.

Lepidadenia noronhiana, 180.

Lepidadenia ochracea, 166.

Lepidadenia robusta, 181.

Lepidadenia Wightiana, 177.

Lasiosiphon scandens, 263.

Lindera, 193.

Lindera bibrocteata, 194, 199.

Lindera coesia, 194, 200.

Lindera malaccensis, 194.

Lindera oxyphylla, 194, 197.

Lindera pipericarpa, 194, 198.

Lindera polyantha, 194, 197.

Lindera rufa, 194, 200.

Lindera, Wrayi, 194, 196.

Linostoma, 252, 261.

Linostoma pauciflorum, 261.

Linostoma scandens, 263.

Linostoma siamense, 263.

Lithocarpus scutigera, 444.

Litseez, 112.

Litsea, 123,

Litsea amara, 125, 140,

var. fusco-tomentosa, var. angusat-

ta. var. attenuata, 141, 142.

Litsea angulata, 126, 149.

Litsea Blumi, 188.

Litsea brachystachya, 126, 148.

Litsea castanea, 127, 155,

Litsea cauliflora, 134.

Litsea chinensis, 125, 131.

Litsea citrata, 126, 146.

Litsea claviflora, 129, 167.

Litsea cordata, 126, 144.

Litsea Curtisii, 129, 173.

Litsea cylindrocarpa, 127. 157.

Litsea fenestrata, 128, 162,

Litsea ferruginea, 131, 186.

Litsea firma, 125, 138.

Litsea Foxiana, 128, 163.

Litsea gemelliflora, 129, 268.

Litsea glabaris, 132.

Litsea glabrata, 149.

Litsea glomerata, 116.

Litsea gracilipes, 131, 184.

Litsea gracilis, 125, 139.

Litsea grandis, 125, 136.

Litsea Griffithii, 131, 187.

Litsea Helferi, var. ovata, 168.

Litsea hirsutissima, var. genicu-

lata, 143.

Litsea johorensis, 125, 133.

Litsea Kunstbri, 128, 167.

Litsea lancifolia, 130, 182.

Litsea lancifolia, var. rufa, 183.

Litsea levis, 132.

Litsea lucida, 149.

Litsea machilifolia, 129, 171.

Litsea macrophylla, 114.

- Litsea machilifolia, var. angusti-

jfolia, 172.

Litsea magnifica, 126, 152.

Litsea Maingayi, 130, 178.

Litsea megacarpa, 130, 175.

Litsea monopetala, 144.

Litsea monticola, 128, 164.

Litsea myristicefolia, 129, 169.

Litsea midularis, 130, 174.

Litsea noronhe, 130, 179.

Litsea oblanceolata, 128, 166.

Litsea Ochracea, 128, 165,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 537

Litsea Panamonja, 129, 172.

Litsea patellaris, 128, 161.

Litsea penangiana, 154.

Litsea perakensis, 128, 160.

Litsea petiolata, 126, 147.

Litsea platyphylla, 132.

Litsea polyantha, 126, 143.

Litsea pustulata, 128, 161.

Litsea quercina, 127, 156.

Litsea Ridleyi, 127, 153.

Litsea Reinwardii, 150.

Litsea robusta, 130, 180.

Litsea sarawacensis, 130, 182.

Litsea Scortechinii, 128, 164.

Litsea seleifera, 130, 176.

Litsea sebeifera, 132.

Litsea sessiliflora, 131, 185.

Litsea singaporensis, 127, 159.

Litsea spathcea, 126, 150.

var. tomentosa, 152.

Litsea tetranthera, 132.

Litsea Teysmanni, 129, 170.

Litsea tomentosa, 125, 132.

Litsea trunciflora, 125, 135.

Litsea ujongensis, 131, 185.

Litsea ujongensis, var. nervosa,

185.

Litsea Wrayi, 127, 158.

Litsea villosa, 192.

Litsea zeylanica, 190.

Loranthacez, 279, 349.

Loranthus, 349, 350.

Loranthus albidus, 371.

Loranthus ampullaceus, 378.

Loranthus avenis, 375.

Loranthus Beccarii, 382.

Loranthus bicolor, 366.

Loranthus carinatulus, 378.

Loranthus casuarine, 351, 362.

Loranthus coccineus, 351,353, 356,

369.

Loranthus crassipetalus, 351, 354.

Loranthus Duthieanus, 352, 367.

Loranthus eleutheropetalus, 354.

Loranthus estipitatus, 351, 362.

Loranthus farinosus, 364.

Loranthus ferrugineus, 351, 360.

Loranthus globosus, 378.

Loranthus grandifrons, 352, 366.

Loranthus crassus, 352, 363.

Loranthus-heteranthus, 351, 353.

Loranthus hypoglaucus, 375.

Loranthus Kingii, 383.

Loranthus Kunstleri, 374.

Loranthus leucosiphon, 371.

Loranthus Lobbii, 351, 358.

Loranthus longiflorus, 352, 365.

Loranthus Loxantherus, 369.

Loranthus maculatus, 364.

Loranthus malaccensis, 351, 361.

Loranthus oleifolius, 378.

Loranthus obtectus, 351, 359.

Loranthus oleoides, 378.

Loranthus palleus, 378.

Loranthus pentandrus, 352, 364.

Loranthus pentapetalus, 351, 355.

Loranthus perakensis, 353.

Loranthus platyplyllus, 374.

Loranthus productus, 351, 357.

Loranthus pulcher, 351, 352.

Loranthus Pulcher, var. Parishii,

353.

Loranthus puniceus, 353.

Loranthus raceneiferus, 357.

Loranthus Reinwardtianus, 369.

Loranthus retusus, 364.

Loranthus rigidus, contractus and

finlaysonianus, 364.

Loranthus retusus, 376.

Loranthus scortechinii, 352, 367.

var. levigata, 360.

var. obtecta, 360.

Loranthus speciosus, 353, 369.

Loranthus sphcerocarpus, 378.

Loranthus subglobosus, 378.

Loranthus subumbellatus, 378.

Loranthus venosus, 364.

Loranthus viridiflorus, 378.

Loxanthera, 349, 368.

Loxanthera speciosa, 369.

Loxanthera wightianus, 366.

Macaranga, 476, 482.

Machilus, 102.

538 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Machilus incrassatus, 63.

Machilus macrophylla, 107.

Machilus pedunculars, 89.

Machilus Scortechinii, 102.

Machilus Sp. 106.

Macrosolen evenias, 375.

Macrosolen Kunstleri, 374.

Macrosolen, pallens, 378.

Macrosolen retusus, 376.

Mallotus, 475, 482, 480, 481, 484.

Matthza, 250.

Matthza colophylla, 252.

Mathea latifolia, 251, 252.

Mathea sancta, 251, 252.

Megistostigma, 478.

Melastomaceae, 1.

Mercurialine, 474.

Micrococea, 474, 479.

Microdesmis, 473, 483, 480.

Microporee, 70.

Micropora, 70.

Micropora Curtisii, 71.

Miquelina evenia, 375.

Monimiaceae, 205, 250.

Muldera, 293, 333.

Myrica, 404.

Myricacee, 393, 403.

Myrica esculenta, 404.

Myrica esculenta, var. avricu-

lata, 405. ;

Myrica Farcuhariana, 405.

Myrica integrifolia, 405.

Myrica Missionis, 405.

Myrica Nagi 405.

Myrica sapida, 405,

Myristicacez, 205, 213.

Myristica, 206, 226, 241.

Myristica amygdalina 214.

Myristica aromatica, 234.

Myristica biwalvis, 208.

Myristica bracteata, 228.

Myristica calocarpa, 231.

Myristica Cantleyi, 239.

Myristica cinnamomea, 227, 232.

Myristica Collettiana, 221.

Myristica conferta, 244.

Myristica conarioides, 209.

Myristica corticosa, 243, 247.

Myristica corticosa, var. decipiens,

240.

_ Myristica brachiata, 219.

Myristica crassa 227, 234.

Myristica crassifolia, 218.

Myristica Curtisti, 241.

Myristica miptica, 227, 231.

Myristica euginiaefolia, 225.

Myristica exaliata, 216.

Myristica Farquhariana, 223,

(225.

Myristica ferruginea, 224.

Myristica floribunda, 214.

Myristica flocculosa, 210.

Myristica Forbesti, 224.

Myristica fragrans, 227, 233.

Myristica fulva, 210.

Myristica furfuracea, 245.

Myristica geminata, 248.

Myristica gigantea, 227, 229.

Myristica glabra, 221, 214.

var. Sumatrana, 221.

Myristica glaucesceus, 243, 247.

Myristica globularia, 208, 221.

Myristica grandis, 212.

Myristica Griffithi, 226.

Myristica guatteriifolia, 227, 235.

Myristica Hookeriana, 180.

Myristica Horsfieldia, 213, 214,

218, 219.

Myristica ineris, 227, 230.

Myristica intermedia, 240.

Myristica Irya, 216.

Myristica Irya var. crassifolia,

218.

Myristica iteophylla, 240.

Myristica javanica, 216.

Myristica Kunstleri, 242.

Myristica lanceolata, 247.

Myristica laurina, 249.

Myristica Lemannana, 220.

Myristica longifolia, 245.

Myristica Lowiana, 227, 235.

Myristica Maingayi, 227 228.

M. majuscula, 215.

Myristica malaccensis, 227, 230.

Myristica maxima, 227, 228.

Myristica micrantha, 216.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 539

Myristica missonis, 247.

Myristica moschata, 234.

Myristica Murtoni, 224.

Myristica officinalis, 234.

Myristica oblongifolia, 246.

Myristica pendulina, 222.

Myristica polyspherula, 219, 220.

Myristica racemosa, 222.

Myristica retusa, 249.

Myristica Ridbyana, 222.

Myristica rubiginosa, 212.

Myristica Scortechinii, 244, 245.

Myristica spaerocarpa, 216.

Myristica Sphaerula, 247.

Myristica suavis, 227, 232.

Myristica subglobosa, 221.

Myristica Suberba, 210.

Myristica sublanceolata, 230.

Myristica sucosa, 214, 217.

Myristica sp., 209.

Myristica sycocarpa, 231.

Myristioa sylvestris, 222.

Myristica tomentosa, 213, 249.

Myristica Vriesiana, 216.

Myristica Wallichii, 214.

Nanopetalum myrianthus, 516.

Neolitsea, 189.

Neolitsea Kedahensis, 189, 193.

Neolitsea mollissima, 189, 192.

Neolitsea vicllosa, 189, 191.

Neolitsea zeylanica, 189.

Nepenthacee, 279.

Nepenthes, 280.

Nepenthes albo-marginata, 280,

281.

Nepenthes ampullaria, 280.

Nepenthes distillatoria, 288.

Nepenthes levis, 286.

Nepenthes fimbriata 288.

Nepenthes gracilis, 280, 285.

Nepenthes gracilis, var. arenaria,

286.

Nepenthes gracillima, 280, 282.

Nepenthes Korthalsiana, 286.

Nepenthes macrostachya, 288.

Nepenthes Macfarlanei, 280, 284.

Nepenthes phyllamphora, 280, 287.

Nepenthes pumila, 283.

Nepenthes Rafflesiana, 280, 286.

Nepenthes Reinwardtiana, 280, 285.

Nepenthes Sanderiana, 287,

Nepenthes Sanguinea, 280, 283.

Nepenthes Singalana, 280, 282.

Nepenthes Teysmanniana, 282.

Nepenthes tomentella, 282.

Nepenthes veitchii, 284,

Nothaphcebe, 96.

Nothaphebe chartacea, 98.

Nothaphebe glabrescens, var. King-

lana, 100.

Nothaphcebe Kingiana, 97. 99,

Nothaphcebe panduriformis, 97,

101..

Nothaphebe ? petiolaris, 92.

Nothaphcebe fruticosa, 97, 98.

Nothaphcebe reticulata, 97, 100.

Nothaphcebe umbeliflora, 97.

Notothixos, 350, 390.

Notothixos Malayanus, 390, 391.

Notothixos subaureus, 390.

Nyctaginacee, 2.

Ocotea declinata Bl, 106.

Ocotea lanciolata, 105.

Ocotea ligustrina, 106.

Ocotea umbelifera, 98.

Olacinez, 277.

Opiliacez, 277.

Ostodes, 474, 478, 483, 480.

Osyris rotundata, 274.

Parthenoxylon porrectum, 87.

Parihenoxylon pruinosum, 87.

Parthenoxylon pseudo-sassafras, 87.

Pasania acuminatissima, 416, 448.

Pasania Beceariana, 416, 452.

Pasania Bennettii, 414, 433.

Pasania Blumeana, 415, 445.

540 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Pasania Cantleyana, 414, 434.

Pasania Clementiana, 415, 439.

Pasania confragosa, 415, 446.

Pasania conocarpa, 413, 430.

Pasania costata, 415, 443.

Pasania Curtisii, 413, 429, 439.

Pasania cyclophora, 415, 442.

Pasania cyrtorhyncha, 414, 432.

Pasania discocarpa, 416, 447.

Pasania encleisacarpa, 416, 449.

Pasania encleisacarpa, var. aperta,

450.

Pasania Hicheri, 414, 438.

Pasania Ewyckii, 413, 431.

Pasania Ewyckii, var. latifolia,

413, 432.

Pasania Falconeri, 413, 422.

Pasania grandifrons, 412, 421.

Pasania Hystrix, 413, 428.

Pasania Hystrix, var. longispica,

429,

Pasania Javensis, 452.

Pasania Kingiana, 412, 417.

Pasania Korthalsii, 428.

Pasania Kunstleri, 412, 419.

Pasania lampadaria, 415, 444.

. Pasania Lamponga, 413, 423.

Pasania Lamponga, var. Hwyckio-

des, 425.

Pasania lappacea, 412, 416.

Pasania lucida, 415, 440.

Pasania Maingayii, 416, 451.

Pasania, 407, 411.

Pasania omalokas, 415, 439.

Pasania Rassa, 414, 436.

Pasania Rassa, var. lanuginosa,

437.

Pasania Robinsonii, 416, 450.

Pasania Scortechinii, 412, 418.

Pasania spicata, 412, 419.

Pasania spicata, var. gracilipes,

421,

Pasania spicata, var. microcalyzx,

421.

Pasania sundaica, 413, 426, 455.

Pasania Wallichiana, 413, 425.

Pasania Wenzigiana, 414, 435.

Pasania Wrayii, 416, 446.

Peperomia, 289.

Peperomia caudolleana, 291.

Peperomia dindigulensis, 289, 290.

Peperomia Heyneana, 290.

Peperomia Kotana, 290, 292.

Peperomia malaccensis, 289, 291.

Peperomia Maxwellana, 289, 291.

Peperomia pellucida, 290, 292.

Peperomia portulacoides, 289, 291.

Peperomia sasmentosa, 309.

Peperomia Thwailesii, 290.

Peperomia trifolium, 291.

Peperomia Wrayi, 289, 290.

Persea grandis, 109.

Persea incrassata. 63.

Persea macrophylla, 107, 110.

Persea peduncularis, 89.

Persea pseudo-sassafras, 87.

Pheebe, 103.

Phebe attenuata, 109.

Phebe chartacea, 98.

Phoebe cuneata. 104, 109.

Phoebe declinata, 104, 105.

var. sericea, 106.

Phebe densiflora, 109.

Phebe elliptica, 107.

Phebe javanica, 109.

Phoebe Kunstleri, 104, 107.

Phoebe lanceolata, 104.

Phoebe lanceolata, var. ligustrina,

106.

Phebe latifolia, 87.

Phebe lucida, 109.

Phcebe macrophylla, 104, 106.

Phebe malaccensis, 109.

Phebe multiflora, 110.

Pheebe opaca, 104, 108.

Pheebe opaca, var. cuspidata, 109.

Phebe sumatrana, 106.

Phebe umbelifiora, 98.

Phabe Bennettianum, 357.

Phenicanthemum coccineus, 357.

Phenicanthemum pentapetalum,.

356.

Phyllamphora mirabilis, 288.

Phyllanthodendron, 477, 479, 472.

476, 484.

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 541

Phyllanthus, 472, 526.

_ Phyllanthus acutus, 527.

Phyllanthus Emblica, 527.

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, 527.

Phyllanthus pectinatus, 526,

Pimeleodendron, 481, 484.

Piperacez, 205, 279, 288.

Piper, 293.

Piper arboresceus, 28.

Piper argyrites, 299, 333.

Piper auriculatum, 304.

Piper Betle, 295, 311.

Piper Betle, var. densum, 312.

Pipec bipedale, 298, 326.

Piper birmanicum, 302.

Piper beehmeriefolium, 305.

Piper beehmerizfolium, 294, 305.

var. angustifolia, 306.

var. glabra, 305.

var. humilis, 306.

var. lanata, 305.

var. lanatum, 295.

Piper caninum, 296, 317.

Piper caninum, var. glabrum, 296.

Piper clypeatum, 299, 333.

Piper collinum, 297, 324.

Piper conibaccum, 294, 301.

Piper cubeba, 305.

Piper curtipetiolum, 298, 330.

Piper Curtisii, 297, 319.

Piper dindingsanum, 296, 317.

Piper erectccaule, 298, 330.

Piper eucalyptolimbum, 298, 330.

Piper febrifugum, 295, 312.

Piper filipes, 298, 328.

Piper firmum, 334, 335.

Piper flavibaccum, 294, 303.

Piper flavimarginatum, 334, 335.

Piper flavispicum, 296. 314.

Piper glandulosum, 304.

Piper globulistigmum, 293, 299.

Piper gymnocladum, 284, 304.

Piper gymnophyllum, 295, 307.

Piper Javanicum, 305.

Piper kotanum, 296, 316.

Piper Kunstleri, 298, 329.

Piper lanatum, 305.

Piper lanceolatum, 304, 306.

Piper

297.

Piper

314.

Piper

lappaceum, 339.

larutanum, 297, 324.

leptonema, 296, 316.

lonchites, 305.

lonchites, 295, 306.

longamentum, 298, 331.

longibracteum, 297, 323.

longicaule, 296, 315.

longum, 295, 310.

magnibaceum, 294, 301.

Maingayi, 334, 336.

malaccense, 296, 318.

miniatum, 294, 303, 306.

manillanum, 333.

Maxwellanum, 297, 320.

minutistigmum, 295, 311.

muricatum, 297, 325.

moluccanum, 304.

mucronatum, 297, 323.

muricatum, forma pilistipes,

nigrantherum, 298, 328.

nigrum, 296, 313.

nigrum, var. subpeuninervis,

obovantherum, 299, 332.

obtusissimum, 333.

ovalifolium, 290.

pachyphyllum, 334, 337.

paucistigmum, 297, 320.

pedicellosum, 297, 321.

pellucidum, 292.

penangense, 294, 300.

pentandram, 334.

Polygynum, 334, 337.

porphyro-phyllum, 296, 313.

portulacoides, 291.

protractum, 297, 326.

puberulirameum, 295, 307.

ramipilum, 294, 299.

rarispicum, 334, 336,

ribesioides, 297, 322.

Ridleyi, 298, 327.

rostratum, 302.

rufibracteum, 298, 329.

rufispicum, 294, 300.

sarmentosum, 295, 308.

schizonephros, 334, 337.

542 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Piper Scortechinii, 295, 309.

Piper selangorense, 296, 318.

Piper semangkoanum, 294, 304.

Piper stylosum, 294, 302.

Piper subalbicaus, 296, 319.

Piper subfragile, 295, 310.

Piper subpeltatum, 338.

Piper subrubrispicum, 298, 331.

Piper subsessililimbum, 298, 332.

Piper sumatranum, 323.

Piper Umbellatum, var. subpelta-

tum, 338.

Piper velutinervium, 295, 308.

Piper xanthocarpum, 297, 324.

Piper Zippelia, 339.

Plukenetia, 474, 479.

Polyadenia grandis, 133, 137.

Polyadenia polyantha, 198.

Polygonaceez, 2, 18.

Polygonum auriculatum, 22.

Polygonum adenotrichum, 22.

Polygonum barbatum, 18, 20.

Polygonum chinense, 18, 22.

Polygonum corymbosum, 22.

Polygonum cymosum, 22.

Polygonum Donu, 21.

Polygonum flacidum, 18, 21.

- Polygonum glabratum, 23.

Polygonum hispidum, 20.

Polygonum Hornemanni, 20.

Polygonum horridum, 23.

Polygonm Hydropiper, 18, 21.

Polygonum hupostictum, 20.

Polygonum minus, 18, 19.

Polygonum mite ? 21.

Polygonum muricotum, 23.

Polygonum ocreatum, 19.

Polygonum patens, 22.

Polygonum peduculare, 18, 23.

Polygonum polycephalum, 22.

Polygonum Posumbu, 20.

Polygonum pulchrum, 19.

Polygonum rivulare, 20.

Polygonum sagittalum, 23.

Polygonum strictum, 20.

Polygonum strigosum, 18, 22.

Palygonum tenellum, 20, 21.

Polygonum tomemtosum, 18, 19.

Potomorphe subpeltata, 338.

Proteacez, 279, 339.

Psilea dalbergioides, 262.

Psilotrichum, 14.

Psilotrichum trichotomum, 14,

Ptilotus trichotomus, 14.

Ptychopysis, 475, 479, 481, 484.

Pupalia, 13.

Pupalia atropurpurea, 13.

Quercus, L., 407, 408.

Quercus anceps, 421.

Quercus Arcaula, 420.

Quercus Arcaula, var. macrocalyzx,

421.

Quercus argentana, 408.

Quercus Beccariana, 453.

Quercus Bennettii, 434.

Quercus Blumeana, 445.

Quercus brevipetiolata, 424.

Quercus Cantleyana, 435.

Quercus Clementiana, 439.

Quercus conocarpa, 431.

Quercus confragosa, 446.

Quercus costata, 444.

Quercos cyclophora, 442.

Quercus cyrtorhyncha, 433.

Quercus depressa, 421, 442.

Quercus Diepenhorstii, 436.

Quercus discocarpa, 448.

Quercus Hichleri, 438.

Quercus elegans, 420.

Quercus encleisacarpa, 450.

Quercus Hwycku, 432.

Quercus Falconeri, 423.

Quercus glaberrima, 421.

Quercus glomerata, 461.

Quercus gracilipes, 421.

Quercus grandifolia, 420.

Quercus grandifrons, 422.

Quercus hirsuta, 417.

Quercus Horsfieldu, 410.

Quercus Hystrix, 428.

Quercus Junghuhnui, 449.

Quercus Korthalsi, var. mappacea,

A427,

Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 543

Quercus Korthalsii, var. Hystrix,

428.

Quercus Kumstleri, 419.

Quercus Lamponga, 424.

Quercus lappacea, 417.

Quercus lineata, 44.9.

var. Merkusii, 410.

Quercus literalis, 421.

Quercus lucida, 441.

Quercus Mackiana, 417.

Quercus mappacea, 427.

Quercus Merkusii, 410.

Quercus microcalyx, 421.

Quercus minor, 423.

Quercus Miquelian, 434.

Quercus Maingayti, 452.

Quercus muricata, 427.

Quercus oidocarpa, 408, 409.

Quercus Omalkos, 440.

Quercus placentaria, 421, 442.

Quercus penangensis, 442.

Quercus pseudomolucca, 427.

var. Korthalsii, 427.

var. sundaica, 427.

Quercus pyrifolia, 420.

Quercus racemosa, 421.

Quercus Rassa, 437.

Quercus Rhicnsis, 421.

Quercus sphacelaia, 421.

Quercus spicata, 420.

Quercus sundaica, 427.

Quercus squamata, 420.

Quercus Thomsoni, 421.

Quercus turbinata, var. crassila-

metiata, 410.

Quercus turbinata, 408, 410), 421.

Quercus umbonata, 443.

Quercus Wallichiana, 426.

Quercus Wenzigiana, 436.

Quercus Wrayii, 447.

Rofflesia, 393.

Rafflesia cantbyi 394.

Rafflesia Hasseltii, 394.

Raffiesia Hasseltti, 394.

Rhopala attenuata, 342.

Rhopala excelsa, 347.

Rhopala glabrata, 345.

Rhopala moluccana, 342, 343.

Rhopala racemosa, 342.

Rhopala robusta, 345.

Rhopaloenemis, 395, 398.

Rhopalocnemis phalloides, 399.

Rhopalocnemis ruficeps, 399.

Ricininae 476, 479.

Salix, 467.

Salix disperma, 468.

Salix Horsfieldiana, 468.

Salix letrasperma, 467.

S. Santalacez, 205, 269.

Sapium, 476, 479.

Sarcandra chloranthoides, 34.

Sassapras Parthenoxylon, 87.

Sauropus 472, 477.

Scleropyrum, 275, 269.

Scleropyrum, Maingayi, 275, 276.

Scleropyrum Ridleyi, 275, 276.

Scopolia composita, 258.

Scrophulariacee, 1.

Scortechinia, 473, 480, 483.

Seurrula peutandra, G. Don., 365.

Sebastiania, 476, 480.

Silicacez, 466.

Solanacee, 1.

Sonerila, 1.

Stegastrum Beccarti, 382.

Stemmatodaphne, 110.

Stemmatodaphne, perakensis, 111.

Strakcea melastomcefolia, 25.

Telanthera ficoidea, 4.

Tetradenia foliosa, 190.

Tetradenia furfuracea, 190.

Tetradenia Zeylanica, 190.

Tetranthera alnoides, 144.

Tetranthera amara, 140.

Tetranthera angulata, 150.

Tetranthera angusta, 142.

Tetranthera apetala, 132.

544 Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Tetranthera attenuata, 183.

Tetranthera Blunei, 187.

Tetranthera brachystachya, 149.

Tetranthera Calophylla, 177.

Tetranthera capitulata, 170.

Tetranthera chrysantha, 183.

Tetranthera citrata, 147.

Tetranthera cordata, 146.

Tetranthera cordifolia, 146.

Tetranthera firma, 138.

Tetranthera fruticosa, 140.

Tetvanthera geminata, 132.

Tetranthera glabraria, 132.

Tetranthera grandis, 137.

Tetranthera hexantha, 144.

Tetranthera lancifolia, 132, 183.

Tetranthera litoralis, 132.

Tetranthera levis, 132..

Tetranthera lucida, 149.

Tetranthera macrophylla, 144.

Tetranthera monopetala, 144.

Tetranthera myristiceefolia, 169.

Tetranthera oxyphylla, 197.

Tetranthera Panamonja, 173.

Tetranthera polyantha, 147.

Tetranthera pseudo-angulata, 150.

_ Tetranthera pusilla, 183.

Tetranthera robusta, 181.

Tetranthera Roxburghii, 132, 177.

Tetranthera rubra, 180.

Tetranthera tomentosa, 132.

Tetranthera vestita, 133.

Thottea, 24, 26.

Thottea dependens, 27, 28.

Thottea grandiflora, 27.

Thottea tricornis, 29.

Thymelzacez, 205, 256.

Tiliacez, 205.

Tomen sebifera, 132.

Trigonopleure, 474, 478, 480.

Trigonostemon, 474, 478.

Viscum, 350, 385.

Viscum aphyllum, 389.

Viscum-opuntia, 384, 385, 389, 388.

Viscum Opuntioides, 388.

Viscum articulatum, 384, 385, 388,

389.

Viscum articulatum, var. dichoto-

num, 388.

Viscum cengalense, 386.

Viscum confertum, 386.

Viscum compressum, 389.

Viscum dichotonum, 385, 388.

Viscum elongatum, 388.

Viscum falcatum, 386.

Viscum flexuosum, 386, 389.

Viscum japoncum, 384.

Viscum moniliforme, 385.

Viscum monoicum, 385, 386.

Viscum obtusatum, 387.

Viscum orientale, 385, 386.

Viscum orientale, var. ovalifoliwm,

387.

Viscum subaureum, 391.

Viscum verticillatum, 387.

Viscum Waghtianum, 385.

Viscum Wrayi, 385, 387.

Wikstreemia, 257, 258.

Winkstroemia, Candolleana, 259.

Wikstremia indica, 259.

Wikstremia indica, var. viridiflora,

259.

Wikstroemia Ridleyi, 250, 260.

Wikstroemia viridiflora, 259.

Zippelia begonizfolia, 339.

Zippelia lappacea, 339.

CONTENTS

Page

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 26.

By A. T. Gacz .. ie ae -- 469 —

Index to Volume LXXV Ae ie -. §29

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