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Fo: / THE
JOURN. IE
OF THE
BoMBAY NATURAL HIstoRY SOCIETY.
EDITED BY
HE. NM. PHIPSON, C.M.Z.S.,.
—— =—
72 \30ila 1 ins
R
Honorary Secretary.
VOL. X.
Consisting of Five Parts and containing
Thirty-five Plates and One Woodcut.
Dates of Publication,
Part I (Pages 10160) ... eee aus cee coo LOth Nov., 1895.
» II (Pages 161 to 338) «. ase ere eee o.. 24th March, 1896.
») LET (Pages 339 to 588) xn wun wee, nae wea SUCK Sept, . 1896.
» LV (Pages 539 to 702)... coo coo coe eee 12th Jan. 1897.
» VoCindew, 5c.) 0 eve. oe tte owe wee LIK June, 1897,
Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE “ TIMES OF INDIA’ STEAM PRESS.
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Hombay Matuyal History Sovicty.
OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,
HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS
ON 6th APRIL, 1897.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Wrestdent.
H, E. the Right Honourble Lorp Sanpuurst.
Wice=Presidents,
Dr. D. MacDonald, M.D., B.sc., o.M.
Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.
Won. Secretary,
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s.
Won. Treasurer.
The Hon’ble Mr. A. Abercrombie.
Lditor.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.
{Managing Committee.
Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham, F.z.s. Mr. L, de Nicéville, F.E.S., O.M.Z.S.
Mr, E. C. Stuart Baker, ¥F.z.s. Lieut. A. J. Peile, ra.
Dr. D. MacDonald. Mr. E. L. Barton.
The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.0.5. | Mr. Reginald Gilbert,
Rev. I’. Dreckmann, s.J. Mr. R. M. Branson.
Surg.-Lt.-Col. T. 8. Weir. Mr. E, Combe
Surg.-Major K. R. Kirtiker, r.s.m. | Mr. R. C. Wroughton.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. | Mr. T. R. D. Bell.
Mr. W.S. Millard. Capt. A. Newnham, r.z.s.
Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N.
The Hon’ble Mr. A. Abercrombie, ex-officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s., ex-officio.
Ist Section —(Mammals and Birds.)
President—Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B.
Secretary—Mr. E. Comber.
2nd Section.—( Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.c.s.
Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.
3rd Section.—(Insects.)
President—Mr, L. de Nicéville, r.n.s., ¢.M.z.s.
Secretary—Mr. E. H. Aitken.
4th Section.—(Other Invertebrates.)
President—({ Vacant.)
Secretary—Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N.
dth Section —( Botany.)
President—( Vacant.)
Secretary—Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, v.s.m. (France), m.B.cs.
Bombay Slatural
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Aga Khan, H. H. the
Austria, H. I. H. the’ Archduke aha anz F erdinand
Baroda, The Curator, Baroda State Museum
Barton, E. L. .
Bates, 8, B. (e208)
Beale, H. F.
Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosingji ‘of
Lire MEmBeERs.
Bikaneer, H. H. the ee of ..
Caccia, A. M..
Cama, Dr. Maneckj De.
Cama, K. R
Coode, J. M.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor C. M.
Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of
Dawson, W. H.G.o:8:) .
Dwarkadas, Naranji
Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji
Habibuddin, 8. (H.c.s.) ..
Hyam, Judah ..
Inverarity, J. D.
Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja of...
Lamb, R. A. (1.0.s.)
Long, G. R
MacDovald, Dr. D. Ae
Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald ae
Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Saheb of ...
Olivier, ale -Col, H. D. ree,
Partridge, Henry
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw...
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji...
Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.)
Poneins, Baron Kdmond de
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja
Sinclair, W. F. (2.c.8.)
Spooner, T. J. (C.E.)
Tata, Dorabji J..
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas ...
Tilly,
Unwalla, J. N.
Viccaji, EFramji R.
Watson, Capt. H. Y....
Whitworth, ie COR (GOH eH)
Yerbury, Col. J. W.
tial
ihe H. H. the Maharaj Bar Jey Singh of
Histo
2e0
Socisty,
--- Bombay.
... Lurope.
... Baroda.
,.. Bombay.
...Mingin, Burma,
...Poona.
... Bhownagar.
... Bikaneer.
...Mundla, C. P.
... Bombay.
.-. Bombay.
... Madras.
... Ratnagiri.
se Wuteh
... Rangoon.
... Bombay.
.-.- Bombay.
..- Khamamet.
.». Poona.
... Bombay.
... Kolhapur.
-»-Loona.
... Moulmein.
.»» Bombay.
... Bombay.
...Rajkote.
..- Bombay.
...Pyinmana,
Burma.
... Bombay.
.-» Bombay.
»-. bombay.
...Hurope.
.- Gwalior.
... Hurope.
.-.Dhola,
Kathiawar.
...Dombay.
... Bombay.
eee-Mingin, Burma
.-. Ulwar.
... Bhownagar,
... Bombay.
... Madras.
.»- Karachi,
.» Hurope.
LIST OF MEMBERS. ili
Honorary CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Forel, Professeur Auguste... a ... Hurope.
Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ... cee » JaVd.
Kerkhoven, H. J. ... Sep eae ».dava.
Maries, Chas. co 500 eae ... Gwalior.
Nairno, Rev. A. K. as 500 »-- Jurope.
Nicéville, L. de (F.E.8., C.M.Z.S. ) tee) es Calewttas
Oates, E. W. ee ars aes oe Hurope.
MEMBERS.
Abercrombie, Hon’ble Mr, A. ae .-. Bombay.
Acworth, H. A. (ic. & eee 6500 --- Murope.
Adam, James (cm): con oie ..- Bombay.
Adams, Jee By De 7)).és .-» Dharwar.
Aga Khan, His Highness (Life Member) e+e Bombay.
Aga Shaha Rookh Shaha, H. H. ee ..-Poona,
Aga Sheikh Mahomed S00 ii .-. Mahboobnagar.
Ainslie, Lieut. H. P. Be: Bes ..» Kalewa, Burma.
Aitken, E. H. sco att S06 ... Ratnagiri.
Aleock, J. B. uc. s) Si eee «Nasik.
Allen, P, R. we see ae ..» Madras.
Allum, E. F. Gon wes fae .-. Bombay.
Almon, W, “ibe Ac ..- Bombay.
Ameerudin Tyabjee... oc .-- Bombay.
Anderson, Surg.- “Major Ave. ave .-. Nasik.
Anderson, Capt. 15 lat Rael ae ae Hoo ... Bombay.
Anderson, J.C... 696 tes ... Muro pe.
Andersonn, M. AG .».Oalcutta.
Andrade, Lancastro "Pereira @ aes ...Marmagoa.,
Ansell, E. T. bess te see .-- Bombay.
Anthony, FL Be? toes 50 oe .-- Moulmein.
Appleton, A. F. (A.v.p.) 500 oe .». Murope.
Armstrong, Surg.-Major J. ... .--Cawnpore.
Ashburner, Khan Bahadur Rustomjee ce ».- Bombay.
Atterbury, Japa alee -». Bombay,
Austria, H. I. A. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(Life Member) 504 56 .. Lurope.
Babajee Gopal Ss Sob oe .-s bombay.
Baddeley, Col. P. F. M. 608 bee ... Cawnpore,
Bagley, F. (c. £.) . see ... Mandalay.
Bailward, Major A. C. (R. Royer ..- Ahmedabad.
Bainbridge, Brig.-Surg.-Lieut.-Col. Ge --- Karachi,
Bajana, H. H. Prince J oravarkhanji ee ».. Bajana.
Baker, E, C. Stuart... ...Haflong.
Baker, R. T. .. Europe,
Balfe, Lt.-Col. E,
.--hawal Pindi, .
1v LIST OF MEMBERS,
Bamford, ©. F -
Banks, peer Sijent! Col. S
Bapty, James R. :
Barclay, Major fae
Barker, Surg.-Lieut.-Col. F. C.
Barnes, Surg.-Major Hy. J. .
a6 Ka am Hie,
.-- Bombay.
.-. Hurope.
... Bombay.
. Aden,
Baroda, The | Curator, ee ‘State Museum (Life
Member)
Baroda, H. H. the Gaekwar of
Barrow, Surg.-Lieut.-Col. H. J. W.
iSaane H. W. :
Barton, 1. L. (Life Member) me
Bassett-Smith, Dr. P. W. (R.n.)
Batchelor, 8. L. (1.c.8.)
Bates, 8. B. (.2.8.) ee Heme)
Battie, J. 8.
Baumbach, R.
Bayley, Hon’ble Mr. Justice ..
Bayley, V. B. F. ane
Beadon, Lieut. W. . ae:
Beale, H. F. =
Beardmore, E. B.
Beaufort, A. F.
Beaumont, Tk,
Becher , Major B. FE.
Bell, lene R. C.
Bell, T. R. D.
Bell, W. M.
Benjamin, Isaac
Bennett, Douglas
Benson, Miss A. M. (a.p.)
Benson, J. J. B. (c.E.)
3enwell, G. L.
Betham, G, K.
Betham, J. A. be
Betham, Capt. R. M.
Betham, W.G. ...
Bevan, J. BLE
Bhaiavadceae Dr. Bhalohandes Reena
. Baroda.
...Baroda,
wo. Murope.
.-- Bombay.
»»- Bombay.
.»» Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
...Mingin, Burma
... Mangalore.
.-- Bombay.
.- Murope.
.-. Bombay.
... Hurope.
... hoona.
... Lurope.
... urope.
... Karachi,
... Hurope.
se ASAT.
...Canara.:
.-. Bombay.
--- Bombay.
.- Bombay.
...Bombay.
.--Porebunder,
... Hyderabad, Sind.
..- Hyderabad, Sind.
... Dinapur.
»-- Baroda.
»-- Bombay.
.-- Lurope.
.»- Bombay.
Bhownagar, H. H. the eee Bhaosing}i_ of
(Life Member) Bs
Bicknell, H. He
Biddle, James B. W.
Biggs, Capt. H. V. (8.E.)
Bignell, R.
Bikaneer, He. the Maharaja of (Life Member
Bingham, SoC.
Binsteed, Cc. H. EF.
Birdwood, Hon’ble Mr. H. M.
... Dhownagar.
.-. urope.
... Hyderabad.
... Murree.
SUL.
... Bikaneer,
... Rangoon.
.-. Bellary.
eo. Hurope.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Birkenshaw, A. I. (0.,) 200 S00 ...Gaya
Biscoe, Capt. ses oe ees ... Hurope.
Biseoe, W. Fraser ... S06 Bee -» Secunderabad.
Bisset, Lieut.-Col. W. S. (8.E., C.LE.) «.. ... Calcutta.
Blackwell, G. F.... ss ade ... Lurope.
Blackwell, H.F. ... bse 560 »-. Bombay.
Blanford, W. T. (.R.8.) a sas » LGuropes
Blathwayt, Mrs. G. 506 cect (ates eucnones
Boileau, Lieut. C. C. ae ape ..-Cachar.
Bomanji, B. RB... aoe a ... Saharanpur,
Bomanji, K. R. (1.0. 8.) .-Dhulia.
Bombay Government, The Chief Socreta ae Sopa
rate Department .. .- Bombay.
Booth, R. B. (c.£.) .. aoe Set .. Rajkote.
Bourchier, Capt. A. tee ee ...Ellichpur.
Bourdillon, T. F. (¥.1.s.) aS. an ...Quilon.
Bowen, Rev. E. J. ... oa eve ... Belgaum.
Bowen, J.C.G.... Sa4 eee ... Bombay.
Bower, Geo. (1,C.8.)... wae ees ... Bahraich.
Bowles, Capt. L. T. me one soar
Brand, J. bc ae Bs ...dalyan.
Brandenburg, John... Bee eo .»- Murope.
Branson, R. M. i... 600 oe ».. Bombay.
Bremner, Lt. H. ... Be. msle ... Mhow.
Brendon, B. A. (1.¢.s.) aes avs ... Hyderabad.
Brendon, ©. R. a .-. Castle Rock.
Brockman, Surg-Cupt H. E, Drake ... ... Mussooree.
Brodie, N. 8. ams .-- Madras,
Bromley, H. ant as ae ...Bombay.
Brooke, Miss Ada ... oe cb ... Hurope.
Brown, A. J. see aoe --- Assam.
Brown, Surg. -Capt. E. B. pe de ... Durbhunga.
Brown, J. W. Hf A .-. bombay,
Browne, Capt. C. A. ® (n.E.) bot .-- Calcutta,
Browne, Rev. E. des ase .-. Ahmednagar.
Bruce, Chas. W. AL ae 660 ... Burma.
Bruce, Lieut. George Bayes Sop ..-Allahabad.
iBrumtons ve) ) ess p00 we --s Bombay.
Buchanan, J.G.... ae aes .--Calcutta.
Buchanan, Lieut. B, (R.A.) ... bee .. Lurope.
Bulkley, d. — acé “0 ... Kharaghora.
Burder, H. C. S aes eae ..- Bombay.
Burton, Richard W. ‘es eae .-. Raichur,
Burne, ‘Mrs. 506 ae 506 »-. Murope.
Burrard, C. : ae Ste ...sholapur.
Butcher, ls isle (c.2.) S00 366 .». Khandwa.
Burton, Lieut, A. L. eee Mie ...Bolarum.
Butler, A. L. ae s46 Bee ,..Ceylon.
Byrne, C. H. he Lae oe .». Bombay.
Vi LIST OF MEMBERS.
Bythell, Capt. W. J. (R.E.) ... 400
Caccia, A. M. (Life Member) ..
Cadell, P. R. (1.c.s.)
Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens
Caleb, De CoCo
Cama, K. R. (life Member) .
Cama, Dr. Maneckjoe D. (hit Member). 2
Cameron, W. L. (¢.E.)
Campbell, EH. W. ...
Campbell, Capt. F. J. B.
Campbell, John (c.£.)
Camphell, JM. (ie8.) * ... ee
Campbell, Capt. Malcolm (x. -
Candy, R. E. (1.c.8.)
Cane, Rev. A. G. ...
Cappel, E. L. (1.c.s.)
Capper, Lieut, A. 8.
Cardew, A. G. (1.C.8.)
Carew, Capt. G. :
Carrington, Col. E..
Carroll, E. B. (¢.£.) se
Cates, Surg.-Col. W. E, aes
Chalmers, Allen McF.
Chalmers, H. ie
Chambers, Chas. ...
Channer, Surg. -Major O. H.
Chapman, EK. 3. Bs
Chappel, H. E. ie : a
Charles, F. L. (1.¢.8.)
Chichgar, Hormusjee M.
Chico, J. R. (c.E.) .
Chinoy, Fazulbhai M.
Chitty, C. W.
Chicas one c O.8. )- ib
Clabby, J. H.
Clark, Capt. A. C.
cae J. (1. C.S.) ove
Clarke, Robt. L. U. (L0s.) .
Clarkson, Surg.-Lt.-Col. J. W.
Clements, E. (0. 8.) ak
Cleveland, CUR (ie: we a
Cleveland, Surg.-Capt. H. F....
Clifton, CO. N. (c a oe
Close, B. P. a
Clowes, Capt. H.
Clutterbuck, P. H. iG TAS at,
Cobbold, Capt. R. P. (F.a.s.) ...
vee EF oona,
.-eMundla, C. P.
...Shikarpur.
... Calcutta,
.-. Lahore.
.-- Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
.». Dharwar.
.» Bombay.
... Allahabad.
--- Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
..-Rawal Pindi.
--» Broach.
oo Lurope.
»-» Dharwar.
.-. Goona.
.--Qotacamund,
... Natal.
.-. Poona.
... Lurope.
... Lurope.
->sCachar.
.-- Bombay.
...Delagoa Bay.
... Belgaum.
... Lurope.
...Calcutta.
.-. Ahmednagar.
»»- Bombay.
... Baroda,
.-. Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
...Bombay.
.Barewani, OC. I.
.. Bombay.
..Lurope.
.-«. Bulandshahr,
... Poona.
... watara.
.-. Nagpur.
... Deesa.
.. Shikarpur.
... Lurope.
... Bombay.
.. Gorakhpur.
es Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS. vii
Coggan, R. T. Ss ...Cachar.
Collie, Surg. -Major M. A. T. Mee .. Ratnagiri.
Collins, Major Gua seu ae: ...sirdarpur, C. I,
Collister, J. G. £1. .. Jabalpur.
Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum .-Colombo,
Comber, ‘Edward... ne ee ... Bombay.
Conder, H. S60 606 | aes ..- Bombay,
Conley, Andrew... 50C 00 ,.-l'richinopoly.
Coode, J. M. (Life Member) ... nos LL lieale:
Cook, Surg.-Major-Genl. H.... ~~... ... Bombay.
Cooke, Lieut. A. St. John... Ba ...Jalna.
Cooke, Dr. E. H. #. Bee .-- Bhosawal.
Cooke, Dr. Theodore ae ae ...Hurope.
Cooper, ©. i 500 000 0 ..-Murope.
Corbett, P. J. 660 ass aes ...Indapur, Poona.
Cory, Rev. C.P. ... ee ae ... Phayetmyo, Burma,
Cotton, Geo. wa Bee ey .-- Bombay.
Coverton, J.G. —.... Bh es ..- Bombay.
Counsel, J. G. is op pe ... Bombay.
Cox, Capt. P. Z. ... oe es --- Baroda.
Coxe S72. be si er ... Vizianagram,
Crawford, Leslie... a6 aisle .-- Bombay,
Crofts, Surg. Soe Jal IR Sa ss ...twalior,
Crump, H. oN ane ee ... Hoshungabad.
Cram L. C. (ie. s.) eae ee .-. Dharwar.
Cuffe, T. W. Gia 500 ee .-- Bombay,
Curjel, H. “at Blas -», Hurope.
Curreembhoy Ebrahim ae cee .-- Bombay.
Currey, E. 8. oe isis eee .Lurope.
Currie, R. G. _.. Europe.
Cursetii, Khan Bahadur ©. M. ‘(Life Member) ...Ratnagiri,
Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of (Life Member) ...Bhuj, Cutch.
Dadarkar, Dr. Bhawanishankar B, _... .-- Dadar.
Dadina, Dr. Rustomji R. —... Sp ... Kalyan,
Daintry, W.M.... ies ses ...New York.
Dalal, D. M. sa ee es ...Bombay.
Dalby, C. J. me a Soe SUNN
Dalgado, Dr. D. Che ss eae ... Sawantwady.
Dallaporta, J. N. ... ses ae .-. Bombay.
Daly, W. Mahon ... ihe --- Kummergode, Kadur.
Damania, Surg.-Major P. Ta aA ... Bombay.
Davidson, J. (1.c.s.) is ee ... Hurope.
Davidson, Richard .. ie oat . Jalpaiguri,
Davies, H. 8. G ae ».Ghadechi.
Dawson, W. H. (1.¢. 2 (Life Member) ,.. Rangoon.
Deane, Dr. A. H ae --- Bombay.
Deane, H. H. ose eS boc ...Bardoli.
vill
DeCourcy, W. B
Delme- Radcliffe, Capt H.
Dempster, F. EK. .. eee
Denso, Max Bea He
Dhakmarwala, Nowroji D.... ut
Dharampur, HL. H. Prince Baldeoji of
Dhargalkar, Dr. Luxumon iN
Dimmock, Surg. ae Jal e.
Dixon, R. M. a ae
Dobbs, Lt.-Col. G.
Dodgson, C. G. (1.¢. is
Dodgson, James
Doig, S. B. (c..&:)
Don: vald, F. J.
Donovan, Surg. -Capt. Gn) vi on
Dormer, Lord sit a
Douglas, Mrs. Chas. cee
Doveion, Col. J. C.
Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s..) —«.
Drury, Surg.-Major M. O’C. ...
Du Boulay, a. (1.C.8. y) :
Dudgeon, G. C
Duizan, Sak.
Dumayne, EN Gren tite
Dunlop, HaiG....
Dunn, Ge Ose:
Dunsterville, es K.8
Duthie, J. F
Duxbury, G. R.
Dwane, E. H.
Dyson, Surg.-Capt. ?, BE.
ode
oee
Sk)
Wardley- Wilmot, 8... wea
Harle, A. Aan
Ebden, Ki, J. (uc. s)
Ede, F. (c.£.) :
Edgelow, F.
Edie, ALSG: ie
Edmiston, W. L. ...
Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr.
Hidwards, Capt. R. M.
Hdwards, 8S. M, (1. c. 8.)
Egerton, C. I’. oat
Ehlers, B.
Elliot, Sande W. H.W. -(tbs.) «
Elliott, A.
Elliott, C. F.
Elsworthy, | Dail oT Sea
Elwes, Major Ei, V. (2.a.)
LIST OF MEMBERS,
.--Chalsa.
...Aden.
.-. Calcutta.
.-- Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
.-- Dharampur.
... Bombay.
--- Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
.. Naini Tal.
.- Hyderabad.
»»- Thana.
.-- Karachi,
». Jdalpaigurl.
... Mangalore.
... Murope.
.-- Bombay.
... Lurope.
.-- Murope.
.-- Bombay.
.-. Bombay.
-»» Punkabari.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
.-- Hubli.
.-- Bombay.
.-- Allahabad,
.. Saharanpur.
».- Poona,
..secunderabad,
.enurat.
.--Naini Tal.
... Karachi,
... Ahmednagar.
.--Juars.
... Bombay.
.. Bandra,
»-- Kotagiri,
...Bomb: ay.
... Fort William.
... Belgaum.
...dellasore.
--. [urope.
».. Dharamsala.
...Amraoti, Berars.
.-- Lahore.
... Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
EIST OF MEMBERS,
Enthoven, R. E. (.c.s.)
Kunson, H. J. (¢.z.) ous eee
Evans, Vet.-Capt. G. H. aa eee
Evatt, C. B. ae oes
Fairbank, Rev. 8. B.
I; airclough, J.
Farquharson, Lieut. 1, @ (vat.
Farran, Sir Charles...
Fawcett, C. H. (1.¢. s.)
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. oa cies
Ferguson, H. S. (#.2.8., F.LS.) sve
Fernandez, C.K... ae
Fernandez, T. R. ...
Ferrand, Surg.- Lt.-Col. E.
Finlay, William eo
Finny, Capt. T. G. KR.
Fleming, W.N. _... a
Fletcher, Wie Me :
Flower, F. M.
Flower, Lieut. 8. oa
Foote, R. Bruce
Forbes, A. W. a a
Forbes, C. H. B. ... oe
Forbes, J. D.
Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’ble R. A.
°
é
--. Ahmednagar.
->» Vizianagram,
.-. Rangoon.
.-- Delhi.
eo Madura.
.». Bombay.
.--Akola.
... Bombay.
..- Bombay.
».. rajkote.
..- rivandrum,
..-Hurope.
ossourat.
.-- Berhampur.
-- Jalpaiguri.
. Karachi,
.. luticorin.
... Murope.
.-- Bombay.
-.. Bangkok.
...Mysore.
... Secunderabad,
»- Lurope.
... Jabalpur.
... dangoon,
Forel, Professeur Auguste (Hon. Correspe. Member). Hurone,
Forrest, L. R. W.
Foster, Capt. L. M.
Foulkes, George F. F.
Fowler, F. D. (¢.z.)
coo
Fox, C, E. Soc
Fox, CEPR ICE il...
Fox, F. G. Breck © =)
Francke, A.
Fraser, Major A. ...
Fraser, Lieut. H. A. D. (8.5.
Fraser, S. M. (1.cs.)
Freeman, Col, T.
French, Surg. -Capi. GB...
K renchman, Surg ee 1B, 1
inva lbs re
Fuller, J. B. (1.0.s., “OLE.) i
Fulton, Hon’ble Mr, Justice E. M. (Le. 8)
Fulton, Lt.-Col. R. .
Furdoonji J amsetji .. a
Gabbett, E. (c.n.)
Gaddum, hy
2
.. Bombay.
Pinon
.-. Madanapally.
UM r
... Murope.
... Bellary.
...Ljurope.
... Bombay.
». wecunderabad.
... Multan,
... Mysore.
.-. Bombay.
.-. Naini Tal.
...Dassein; Burma.
.-- Poona.
cooNEverowae, (OLE
.Bombay.
.»- Dharamsala.
»-e Bombay.
... Rangoon,
»Lurope.
= LIST OF MEMBERS,
Gahagan, BE. G. (¢.5.)
Gama, Dr. J. A. Da
Gamble, J. 8. (E.L.8.)
Gaye, W. C. aes
Gell, H. G. Ses
George, Car} ee
Gerhardt, Paul see
Gibbs, H. M.
Gibbs, R. T.
Gilbert, C. F. Qa. o)
Gilbert, Reg,
Giles, B.
Giles, R. ...
Gillespie, Lieut. B. 8 |. (BaB.)
Gimlette, Surg Major G. H. 8.
Giro, C. G.
Girvin, Surg.-Capt. a es oe
Glazebrooke, NSS 5. es ies
Gleadow, F.
Godwin-Austin, H ee Mes
Goldsmid, F. et ie
Goldthorpe, Lieut. F. H.
Gompertz, Rev. F. W. oe a
Gompertz, R.
Gonsalves, Dr. J. Ft sive a
Gostling, David
Greene, “Col. B. C.
Graham, W. D. _ ...
Grant, Surg.-Capt. D. St. J.
Gray, Chas.
Gray, Brig.-Surg. Lt.-Col. Wellington.
Greany, Sure. -Major H. ae
Greany, Surg.- Lieut.-Col. J. P.
Greatheed, C.
Greaves, John :
Green, EB. Ernest (F.E.S.)
Green, Surg.-Capt. J. 8. ee ade
Greig, Joseph
Griffiths, John é
Guinness, Capt. E. (n.a.)
Gunn, Vet.-Capt. W. D.
Gwyn, Capt. A
Habibuddin, 8. (c.s.)
Haig, Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. P. ab H.
Haines, H. H. 4
Hamilton, Capt. A. R. Cole
Ti: amilton, R, HE. A.
... Nasik,
... Bombay.
.. Lurope,
.. secunderabad.
--- Bombay.
.-secunderabad.
...Bombay.
4 UN asil.
... Hurope.
...Bhamo, Burma.
.-. Bombay.
of 0ona.
o--Wcarachi,
-» Bombay.
-..Sutna,
.-.bombay.
...Lurope.
-»-Bombay.
.-- Dehra Dun.
eo Chikalda.
---Poona.
.-- Mohat,
»o-l' yzabad.
oo LUrOpe.
-«- Dandora.
»-. Bombay.
»- HMurope.
..-Llongkong.
.-. Lahore,
oo. JOON00T.
»o AUTO pe.
»»- Raichur.
---loona.
oo Lurope.
... Bombay.
wee Ceylon,
» LUrope.
»»-oylhet.
.. LMurope.
.. Lurope.
.--Dum Dum.
oo Lurope.
.-- Mhamamett,
.-. Hdwardesabad, Pun-
jab.
.. Jalpaiguri.
.. Lurope.
...Bakloh, Punjab.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Yiampson, Sir Bate F, Ban); F.L.S., F.E.S.
Hankin, BE. H. “
Hanson, €: 0: wee
Hare, A. J. B. ae
Hargrave, H. J.B. (c.u.)
Harington, Surg.-Major V.
Harold, EC
Hart, Gln R: co
Harvey, Wee Go's.)
Haslope, Rev. L. M.
Hatch, Capt. A. E.
Hatch, 4. RF.
Hatch, Surg.-Major Ww. K.
Hatherell, Capt. W.G.
Haughton, Samuel (1.0.8
Hauxwell, T. A.
Heath, R. BH.
x
.. Murope.
... Bombay.
».. Nagpur.
-- J alpalgurl.
.-. bombay.
... Ul war.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
...Calcutia. :
... Lahore.
>» Poona.
--Chuman, Belughis-
tan.
.--Rajkote.
-»» Bombay.
»o LVUTODE.
...Ceylon.
... Longhoo,
_..Beawar,
lceckorone?. LeBaron ol (Hon. Corrpe. Member).Java.
Henderson, Surg. -Capt. R.S. FE.
‘Henderson, Sure.-Major W. ce H
Herbert, Surg.-Capt. H. :
Hibbert, Capt. EH. ...
Hibbert, Col. J. — ...
Hickman, R.:St. J..
Hight, Mrs.
Hildebrand, TA. BR. (st)
Hill, F. -J. A. We
Hill, H. Charles... ace
als, Maung Po ae Bee
Hodges, Capt. H. ... Pee
Hodgson, C.M.... Bee
Hojel, Sure.-Capt. Ea sO wba ia
Hole, H. A. Sais oe oe
molend: W.d. aS ;
Hollis, T.
Hooton, Surg. Lt. A.
Hope, G. A. Gaye
Hore, Lt.-Col. W. S.
Hornidge, S. (0.E.) ..
Howes, Mowbray
Howlett, Col. A. (1.5.¢.)
Howse, G. E.
Hudson, CO. W. M. (1.c.s.)
Hudson, iy tSe eee
unter: ber C aise sa.
Hunter, Lt.-Col. J. M.
Hunter, Capt. W. H.
Eig conaas Nurrotamdas ... PP
..Deesa,
Hyderabad, wind,
..- Bombay.
.. Lurope.
o- Lurope.
.».Oachar.
.-. Nasik,
-»» bombay.
--- Bombay.
oo. Murope.
.-. Mingin, Burma.
...Kendat, Burma.
-- Belgaum,
... Bombay.
.. silchar,
... Bijapur.
... Bombay.
.-. Poona.
.--lllichpur,
... Hurope.
-»- Ahmednagar,
...Selangore,
-- Mand: alay,
...Bombay.
--. Bandra,
... Bombay,
-- Lurope.
.-- Rajkote.
... Nagpur. |
..-Bombay.
xu LIST OF MEMBERS,
Hussey, Col. C. HB. eee
Hutchinson, Lieut. G. R. M.. ae
Hutchinson, Been. cen
Hyam, Judah (Life Member) «
Imray, Robt. 8.
Indore, H. H. the Maharaja Holkar of ..
Inglis, Chas. M.... 5
Inverarity, J. D. (Life Member)
Israel, Shalom Bapujee
Jackson, Col. F. H. oes
Jacob, G. (4.0.8.) sa.
Jacob, Hs. 463 Bee
James, H. E. M.(. 0.8. 5.) 53 eee
Jameson, Surg. event J. B. .. wee
Jamrach, W. eae es
Jamsetji, M. Doctor 5 ses
Jardine, A.J. A. ous
J ardine, B. RB,
Jardine, James
Jardine, Mrs. John.. sae soe
Jardine, Wok. see
Jayakar, Surg.- Lt. -Col. A. 8. G. se
Jejeebhoy, Sir deensete ea) oe
Jafferv, J. A wise
Jennings, Capt. Aas
John, H. E.
Johnson, J. R. Kirby aes ove
Johnson, S. M. _... ee ae
Jones, Surg.-Capt. F. W. C.... oe
Jones, Lieut. M. D. Goring ... aes
Jugmohundas V. Bhaisett ... tes
KKaliandas Keshavdas
Kay, Dr. W.
Kazi Sahabudin, Khan Bahadur fe LE. )
Kearns, A. S. :
Keatinge, G. (1.0.8, i wee nes
Keary, Lt.-Col. H. D. a Bee
Kemball, H. V. (c.z.) eee 4
Kennedy, Major W. P.
Kennedy, H. E. Rear-Admiral W. R
Kennedy, R. oe
Kenyon, James
Ker, L. B.
Kerkhoven, Ki. J. (Hon. Corresp Member
Keys, H. W. os
ooo LiUPODE.
»»»Dakloh.
»-- Bombay.
ee oona.
...Peermaad, Travan=
core.
.-. Indore,
.-- Darbhanga.
.-. Bombay.
.-Murud, Janjira.
.--Palanpur.
--- Sholapur.
... Munmar.
.-- Karachi.
.-. Poona.
--. Lurope,
oe Bombay.
--. burma.
»- Lurope.
.- Hurope.
... urope.
~eUiram.
»-- Muscat.
--- Bombay.
-.- Bombay.
... urope.
.« Bombay.
... Hurope.
... Cawnpore.
...Mhow, C. E.
--urope.
-»» Bombay.
..- Bombay.
ooo LUrope.
ee. Poona.
.-- Masulipatam,
..- Dharwar.
... Burma.
»»d acobabad,
... Navanagar.
...Lurope.
... Bombay.
... LHurope.
oo Lurope.
.. Java,
> Dhulia.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Khan, Muncherji Framji
Khareghat, M. P. (1.c.s.)
King, “Alfred 0
Kinloch, A. M.
Kinsman, FB.
Kirtikar, Surg. -Major KeRe
Knight, D.
Kolhapur, H. i. the Maharaja of ee Mom)
Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja ...
Kunwar Kushal Pal Sinh
Lamb, R. A. (1.¢.8.) (Life Member)
Lambert, R. M.
Land Records and Agriculture, The Director of
Landon, H. J. (1c. ») 500 dc
Wang, E. ...
Lang, Walter 400 ose
Langley, Brig.-Surg. E. H. ...
Lathi, H. H. the Thakore Sahib of
La Touche, Major-General ...
La Touche, C. B. ... 508
Lawder, Dr. E. J.
Leask, J.
Lee, Lieut. A. W. ae So 500
Lee, P. Henry K. ... 55 Ob
Lees, John “ 36
Teer R. C,
Lee-Warner, W. (1. C 1S, oREAIE
Leggett, S. P. a s oss
Lely, iP Sabs (Ge: s) sen eee
Leslie, A. K. 56 30
Lester, Li. C. D.
Leville, Rey. H. ... ee
Light, Major R. H.... 58
Light, Lieut. W. A...
Lindesay, Major E. ...
Lingard, Dr, Alfred... eee
Linnell, Fred. Se
Little, B, A. wis
Little, Hon’ble Mr. T. D. (c. E) owe
Littledale, Professor H. ss
Loam, Mathew ere eos
Loch, Col. W. W. ...
Logan, R. (1.c.s.)
Long, A. M. 335
Long, G. R. (Life Member)
Lord, J. P. sek ois ae
Lovell, H. C.E. . ... ee 50
xn
.«. Bombay.
... Ratnagiri.
... Hurope.
--. Kotagiri.
.--Calcutta,
..- Lhana,
... Cawnpore.
.-. Kolhapur.
... Kotah,
.». Narki.
.--Poona.
.-. Hyderabad.
.--Poona.
-»- Poona.
... Hurope.
...Bombay.
... HMurope.
.»- uathi.
...urope.
.-. Delhi.
... Hyderabad.
..- Bombay.
..-angoon.
.-- Mysore.
-Cachar.
.-- Bombay.
.. Hurope.
»--Marachi.
.-- Ahmedabad.
--. Hurope.
.--Outch.
.-. Lurope.
..-Bhuj, Cutch.
...Poona.
spasenapetorey Ob lee
oo. urope.
.-.Seoni.
--- Hurope.
.-. Hurope.
.-. Baroda.
...- Coimbatore, Madras.
-e» Bhurtpur.
.. Europe.
.eelura, Assam.
..- Moulmein.
».sourat,
.»Colombo.
X1V LIST OF MEMBERS,
Lowdell, Surg.-Major C. G. W. oes ...Nasik,
Lowndes, G. R.... Ue one .-. Bombay.
Lowrie, A. E. ce a ae ..-Chanda, C, P.
Luard, TS ae ... Bombay.
Telnaes The Cur: moe & Sec., Serovar fl Museum. -Lucknow.
Lye, Rev. 8. L. one .-- Bombay.
Lynch, C. B. ‘ $0 ...LMurope.
Lynn, G. R. (GE. Noe ... Baroda.
Macaulay, Capt. K. ... Bombay.
Macaulay, R. H. ... Bombay.
Macaulay, W. M. .-- Bombay.’
MacCartie, Surg.-Major F.... .-- Bumbay.
MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member) .-- Bombay.
MacDonald, J. bs ee ts ..-Bombay,.
Mackenzie, J. Muir oe an AY .--Poona.
Mackenzie, Col. K.. a as ... jurope.
Mackenzie, M. D. .-- Karachi,
Mackenzie, Hon'ble Mr. T. D. (© C.8. ee ...Lurope.
Mackinnon, PocWis(P.E.8.) 2. a6 .-. Mussooree.
Maclean, Jas. ee .--China.
Macleod, N. G. ..-Bombay.
Maconachie, Brig. Sure. STieGal Gas .-- Murope,
Macpherson, John ... oe He .-- Bombay.
Macpherson, Col. T. R. M. ... .» Murope.
Mactaggart, H. B, ... : ... Negapatam.
Madden, Lieut, T. E. .--Silchar.
Madras, The Supt., Govt. Central Museum ...Madras.
Mahaluxmiwalla, K. D. 55H .--Bombay.
Mainwaring, H. ... Lurope.
Matias 5. _-»e-Bombay.
Mallins, Surg ~Major C. --. Madras.
Maneckshaw D. Doctor --- Bombay.
Manson, I. B. A .--Darjiling.
Mant, Rh. N. te mee .-- Bombay.
Maries, Chas. (Hon. Correspg, Member). .--CGrwalior.
Marston, G. D. (c.£.) HF .. Sholapur.
Marten, James oh seeaipur,.@., Ps
Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald Cite Member). -»- Bombay.
Mason, Geo. E. aa .-. urope.
Masson, D. P. .-- Lahore.
Mathew, Surg.-Lt. O. M. ...(Juilon,
Maynard, J.C. P.(c.z.) ...Bandora.
McArthur, Vet.-Surgeon G. W. ... Rangoon.
McCabe, R. B. (1.c.8.)
McClell: and, W.S. (M,1.C.E. We
McIntosh, i. J; (1.0.8.)
McKay, Sure, Lt.-Col. H. IK
.-..J<amrup, Assam.
.../Gurope.
_Bhagalpur.
Jabalpur, C. 2.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
McKee, J. A.
McKenzie, Alex. ..,
McMullen, Dr. G. C.
McNeil, J. (Lc.s.
Mead, Capt. H. R. ...
Mead, P. J. (1.0.8.) ss
Meade, Major M. J.
Mercer, Frank a
Meredith, Richard ...
Messent, 12, Ch Ae
Meyer, Surg, -Capt. Coren
Meyer, O. ae 505
Middleton, T. H.
Millard, W.S.
Miiler, E.
Millett, G. P. FE
Mulls, Vet. -Major Jas.
Minniken, G. G.
Modi, Boman}i Edulji
Moir, E. McArthur
Monk, Capt. P. R.
Monks, Surg. oe C.
Monro, A. V.
Monté, Dr. A. de ...
Monté, Rey. Dr. B. de .-
Moon, A. J.
Morgan, A.
Morres, J. L.
Morris, D.
Morris, Lieut. D. On
Motion, Surg.-Lieut. J. P.
Moscardi, BH. (1.¢.8.)
Moultrie, J.B. uw
Moulvi Syed Ali Belgram
Moylan, W. 50
Muir, Frank
Muir, Surg.-Col. ral Se
Muller, Professor O. V.
Mure, ale S. se ose die
Murray, W. a ate ade
Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum..
Nairne, Rev. A. K. (Hon. Correspg. Member}
Nangle, Lieut. K. E.
Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member)
Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass ue Member)
Nayanagar, H, H. Maharaja Jam Saheb of
... Nagpur, C, P.
... Bombay.
... Kotri.
.-- Bombay.
---Deolali.
.-. Ahmedabad.
... Bushire
... Bareilly.
... Lahore.
.-- Bombay.
..-Lurope.
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
.-.Hurope.
.-- urope.
.. Thana.
»-» Bombay.
--- Kilba, vd Simla.
-. Kaira.
...Chakrata.
... Hurope.
... Mahableshwar.
>». Lahore.
...Dandora.
«.-Mahim. ©
...Kunkumbi, Bel-
gaum Dist.
... Kotagiri.
.»- Poona.
...Bombay.
... Khamgaon.
... Madras.
»». Murope.
... Pannyde,
Lower
Burma.
.-- Hyderabad,
...Haflong, Cachar.
...J hans,
.-. Luropes
.-. bombay.
... Lahore.
.-- Bombay.
-.. Nagpur.
...Murope.
.--Hllichpur.
»-- Bombay.
..-Dombay.
»s.Rajkote,
XVi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Nawab Mahomed Salamullakhan, Khan Bahadur..
Newman, Surg.-Col. J.
Newnham, Capt. A. (F.Z.8 ) ie
Nicéville, L. de (Hon. Correspg. Member)
Nicholls, Cia asper (I.C.8.)
Nicholson, HE. F....
Nicholson, Capt. J. 8.
Nicholson, Surg.-Major R. iB
Nisbett, Lieut. W. G.
Nurse, ‘Lieut. H. H.
Oakes, George
Oates, E. W. (Hon. Correspa. Member)
0’ paren Hon’ble W. T
O’Callaghan, I. ;
O’Connell, J.
O’Conor, J.B. (c.1.E.)
Oldham, F. T,
Olivier, ‘Tt-Cok HD. ( RE.) (ity Member)
Ollivant, The Hon’ble Sir E. C. I
Ommanney, D2 G:
Ommanney, H. T. (1. C:s:)
Opiumwalla, Dorab E.
Ormiston, Geo. E. (c.n.)
Orr, J. P. aa
Orr, Col. W.J. ase
Osman, C. W. a
Osmaston, B. B,
Osmaston, L. 8.
Owen, R. R.
Owen, W.S.
Ozanne, E. C. (1.c.s
Palliser, H. G. (c.n.)
Pandurang Gopal, Dr.
Parker, Surg. -Major J.
Parmenides, John ...
Parsons, Hon. Mr. Justice
Partridge, Henry (Life Member)
Pawalla, Jamsetji C.
Pearse, Surg. ~Capt. A.
Pearson, E. H. M.
Pearson, Mrs. H. Gu
Pease, Vet.-Capt. H. T.
Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. a D)
Peddie, M. G.
Peet, A. W.
Peile, Lieut. A. J. (R.A.)
Pemberton, E, 8S. ...
.Buldana, Berars,
...Nagpur, C. P.
... Hurope.
---Caleutta.
.-- Moradabad.
... Bombay.
... Natal.
... Nowgong.
... fort Stedman.
.--Bombay.
...Ootacamund.
.-. Murope.
.-. Karachi.
.-- Bombay.
oo Lurope.
--. Calcutta,
...Kamptee, C. P.
»»e Bombay.
.«. Bombay.
... Lhana,
.-- Hurope.
..- Bombay.
o-- urope.
.-. Poona.
eee Karachi.
... Hurope.
-»-Dehra Dun.
--. Poona.
... Lurope.
.. LHurope.
oo Ur pe.
.--Delgaum.
..- Bombay.
---Dombay.
-- Europe.
»-» bombay.
...Pyinmana, Burma.
.-- Bombay.
.--Darjiling.
.-. Hurope.
...Bhaynder.
...oinla,
.-.Hurope.
--- Nowgong.
... Vizagapatam.
..- Bombay.
oo LTUPO pe.
ZLiST OF MEMBERS,
Pennington, R. W. R.
Pentland Major R. C.
Penton, John &, ;
Pestonji Jivanji ..: oe ae
Peters, Surg. Lt,- Coeur a=
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) ..
Petit, Jehangit Been Wig Eee
Phillips, Mrs. of 90
Philpott, C. C. se
Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) (Lie Monier
Pilcher, Capt. A. J. (RB) ove
Pilcher, Surg.-Col. J. G.
Pinhey, Capt. A. F.
Place, G. ... =
Plinston, G. C, See
Pollen, Dr. John 0.8.) see
Poneins, Baron Edmond de Ge Monier)
Poore, Capt. R.
Pope, P. J. Ane ae os
Porter, W. M —
Prain, 'Surg.-Capt, D.
Prall, Surg.-Capt. S. BE. obs eee
Pratt, KE. M. (1.¢. we ave ere
Preston, BF. J. vee ove
Prior, Capt. H.M..
Prior, Capt. W.
Proctor, H. E.
Pyrtke, Capt. R. D... i a
Quicke, Surg.-Major W. H. abe be
Rahimtoola Khairaz te
Raikes, EK. B.
Rajpipla State, The “Administrator of the
Rambant, B. R. R. (8.4.) vi
Rand, W. C. (2.0.8)
Raitry, Lieut. H. B.
Rattray, Major R. H. aba
Rayment, Vet=Major G. J...
Readymoney, N. J. ore
Reddie, F, A. ooe ade
Rees, J. C. (c.5.)
Reeve, R.
Reid, G. B. (1c. gh.
Renton, Lieut. C. C.
Reynolds, P. (C.B:) ..
Rhodes, T. M.
Richardson, Cecil... bor
Richardson, Major W. St. J ohn oe
3
&vli
-- Bombay.
~.. Natal,
-»- Ratnagiri.
.». Hyderabad.
.» Belgaum.
«»- Bombay.
+» Bombay.
»» Assam,
... urope.
... Bombay.
«Bangalore. _
... Dilkusha, Oudk.
.. Sutna.
.»Akyab, Burma.
Spee
oe duro pe.
ere:
... Natal,
Mangalore,
ots ween, Burma.
»» Calcutta.
.. Bandra,
i Sholapar
»». Hurda, C. P,
»»-Calcutta.
* a8 yzabad.
».. Bombay.
v0 Europe 5
oo Litr'0 Pes
... Bombay.
»». Bombay.
.»»- Nandod.
»-. arachi.
av ourat. .
»»Malakand, Punjab.
o>. heluna.
52 Rawal Pindi,
»». Bombay.
... Bombay:
.».Pegu, Burina,
... Bombay.
oa. Hurope.
..J nina,
LiBember:
..Haflong, Cachai,
»..Bomibay.
heal Pindi,
para LIST OF MEWBERS.
Ritchie, A. M. see ae vee
Rivett-Carnac, J. cs. oes vee
Rivett-Carnac. L. ... oe
Robb, Serg.-M: en John (.p. -) bee
Roberts, R. a
Roberts, ibs, see ies oe
Robertson, B. ee 60 see
Robertson, Col. D. . a ax
Robinson, Mrs. eee cee
Robinson, Lieut. G. T, eee ais
Roffey, S.-H. ob ee bon
Rodon, Major G.S sce oon
Rodonachie, ‘Amabrase ae ae
Rogers, C. G. a sot
Rogers, Henry (1.B.0.V.8.) oe.
Rogers, Thos. a soe Abe
Rome, Ed:
Roorkee, The Principal, Thomason College
Roosmale Coeg, Chas. H. — ...
Rundle, Surg.-Major C. 8... a
Russell, L. P. eee at sie
Rustomjee, EL ele eee oe Bs
Rutherford, D. ee acs ae
Ryder, Capt. W. d. 2
Ryland, E. C. ee aes
Ryves, A. HE. ate eee
Sada, Monsieur A. ... ee aoe
Sandhurst, H. KE. Lord
Sanjeli, Prince Kumar Shri Ranjit Singh
Saone, G. Prier De.. “Pe ms
Sargent, H, ee h rae niee ee ame
Scena, Mrs. 8S. D.... eee BAe
Saunders, Li. F, W. (R.E.)
Savile, P. B.
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja (hie Mombe)
Scott, pene E. W. W. fe
Scott, M. H. (1.¢.8.) oe bee
Seal, ‘Dye Cal: nee aoe is
Selby, Col. H. O. (2...)
Sellick, Surg.-Capt. J. H.
Seervai, Rustom F,... Bes a
Sewell, Major J. H. a aes
pewell, RAD. ... see Ba
Sharp, Professor W. H. ae ve
Sharpe, Gen]. C. F.... wee woe
Shaw, EF. W. oe.
Shelley, Lt. Bertram A. G. (R.E. )
Sheppard, W. D. (1.68.)
woe Waite.
-» Ouchar.
... Hurope.
».. urope.
.. Secunderabad.
.-. Fombay-
...seoni, Chapara.
.-- Mysore.
... Lurope.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Mysore.
>. Dharwar.
.. Lyurope.
.-. Hurope.
Jombay.
.. Bombay.
. e-Dombay.
oo varie
,..patara,
...Lhayetmyo, Burma.
sane
.. Warachi.
- Larkhana.
i haracasalas
.- Calcutta.
.--Allahabad.
... Hurope.
a. Loona,
... Poona.
... Bombay.
...Deesa.
.-. Bombay.
.. secunderabac.
-.. Bombay.
»» ¢walior.
. Kigypt.
we Burope. .
... Darjiling.
»-- Bombay.
... Myingyan, Burma.
eee
.-Allahabad.
. Hurope.
Pe _..Bombay.
.. Saharanpur.
.-- Bombay.
.. Madras,
... Bijapur.
EIST OF MEMBERS. xix
Shipp, W. a He) Pave 350 ee .. Jabalpur,
Shipp, W. E 66 es .» Ajmir.
Shopland,. Capt i. R, Bic eee .. Hurope.
Shoubridge, H. O. B. sat a ...Jacobabad,
Shuttleworth, ALE. 650 ae ... Mckockehund.
Silcock, H. F, (GEG! y) es she soo Nasil:
Simkins, A. R. M..... ae reo Ppesslnuone.
Simpson, A. EF. so oes test yee toce ODA.
Simpson, J. Hope (1.0.8.) . ... Sr .-- Jhansi.
Sims, E. Proctor... see ass -. Jamnagar,
Sims, iceignoctormis.. as ... Bhaynagar.
Sinclair, W. FE. ee C8.) a Member) 520 vos Lurope.
Skey, Capt. PF. E.G. ee Aes we ... Rurki,
Slade, H. vel ci ...Bangkok, Siam.
Sladen, J. (I.c:8:) ... wa 500 .. Shewan, Karachi,
Slater, D. McLauchlan on es ... Bombay.
Slater, E. M. ees oo Hon ... Bombay.
Slater, J. Sanders ... Le 50 ..- Bombay
Sliver Ga(.Cis.)s “ss bod a ...Calcutta,
Smales, Chas. B.... te = »..Magwe, Burma.
Smetham, H.R... aes oe -»- Bombay.
Smith, Capt. S.C. .... ae ee .-.Lurope.
Smith, Major Stanley is sis es
Smith, Mrs. Yorke ... fee 506 .. Murope.
Smyth, It. Bateman... ae 5e .. Hurope.
Smythies, Arthur... abc Sos ... Mandalay.
Snuggs, J. FE. Ges Bod ane 2 landaa'O; Es
Spalding, Ob IS) sot; 300 aes _..Bhaynagar.
Span, i Bie sai eee ... Trimulgherry.
Spence, L. H. cs Bee ee .. Shikarpur.
Spencer, E'. A. Ae sea ses .-- Bombay..
Spooner, T. J. (¢.z.) Se ee ...Dhola, Kathiawar.
Spurrell, Major R. J. as see .-.Muttra.
Spragee, Miss EH. H. i fn ...Poona.
Spracue, Surg.-Capt. W. C. wae -. ACarwar.
Squire, W. W. (CE) Sse Se oe. Bombay.
Squires, Mrs. R. A. se oe » -Lurope.
Stanton, W. ©. se sae See
Starling, The Hon’ble NET M. 1 as .. Bombay.
Stobbing, He ee ae eae .-- Kalimpong, Bengal.
Steele, F. J. a ee Bs .. Rema.
Sterndale, He Ce os, sie be Jalpaiguri,
Stewart, RB: d.c. *) ae nb ... Nasik.
Stiven, Tne 5 50 bcd »-- bombay.
Storey, Thos. Ee ste Ae. wes ... Oodeypur,
Sturrock, G. C. (R.s.) ian Pe ... Hurope.
Sulivan, ar G. D. F. ay. She .». Rawal Pindi,
Summers, Thos. (c.x.) am sae ... Hyderabad, Sind.
Sutherland, J. (c.n.) ES aa ... Maymyo, Burma,
BE LIST OF MEMBERS,
Sutherland, W.
Satton, F. H.
Swan, i. H. 43 on one
Swinhoe, ‘Cole Coe ee fee
Syers, Capt. HE. ©. : oh
Sykes, C. M. Ae ee
Symington, J. H. ... ers
Symonds, W. P. (1.0.s;)
Symons, H. S.. ae ae
Symons, J. lobe abe. cen
Lalyarkhan, ee J.
Tarleton, W. H
‘Tata, Dorabji, J. (Life Mem Der),
Tata, Jamsetji, N. (3.2); Gee
Faylor, James. H. ... eee
Taylor, M. D.
Taylor, R. H. Bentley.
‘Taylor, W. C..
Tejpal, Goxerdhundus Groculdas. (Life Member)
‘Femulji B.. Nariman, Dr.
Secretary of the. ...
Terry, G.. W. be
Thacker, BE. B. ay
Thacker, W.
Thatcher,, Capt. J. F. C:
Thomas, R. H, 8S. ...
Thomason, R. Mi.
Thompson, H. M. ...
Thompson, H. N, (£.z.8.)
Thompson, P.
Thompson, R. H. EB,
Thomson, Mrs. H. I. P..
Thomson, Capt. D. B,.
Thornhill, Capt. J.
Tighe, Cap t. M. J.
Tilly, AR IL. (Life Member)
Tod, Alex. M.
Tooth, K,
Topham, F. By
Tottenhan, W. F. see
Townsend, Capt. E, C. a 0)
Townsend, G.. Hi...
Traill, John ay ie i
Traill, W. H. er are
Trapmann, A. G. (08,) ee
Travers, ©. H.
Trevithick, R, L, (A, M. I.0,E. Vee
oo. RAR OOR..
.». Bombay.
--» Bombay.
ooo Urepe.
oo Liurope.
Jamnagar.
--. bombay.
.-.oona,
.-. Hurope.
oo. BoMBbAy.
ee» bombay.
---e bassein, Burma.
-»- Bombay.
-.. bombay.
.-. Khorda, Orissa.
--. Kumargram.
.-- Mangalore.
..- Khorda, Orissa.
oo» bombay.
.-- Bombay.
Tenasserim, Agri Horticultural | Sosiaty The Honx.
-». Moulmein..
oo. urope.
o+- bombay.
-«.bombay..
e+e Bombay.
--.Hurope.
.-» Rutlam,
ooo OOND..
--- Monywa, Burma.
ooo LUUPOpes.
.- Jubbulpur.
-.- bombay.
..- Poona.
... Berhampore.
.-- Hyderabad, Sind.
...Mingin, Burma,
-«- Bombay.
ee» Bombay.
o» Bijapure
...Pegu.
...Pokoko, Burma.
... Bombay.
oo. Lurope..
ooo LIUPOpes
... Murope.
oe HUropes,
-»- Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS, xxi
Trevor, Hon’ble Mr, A.C. ... See .. Simla.
Trewby, Miss Lilian (w.p.)... ool UTR
Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government Museum and
Public Gardens ce was ioe --lrivandrum,
Trotter, F. W. D see a sic
eRroups Nis Heglicet (sas wee 00 ... Kumaon,
Truninger. L. see ccd - aeeHawal Pindi,
Tudball, W. (1.c.s. ‘ee ae ie wer ereed eriilaiiitns
Tufnell, Capt. H. R. aes bd oo Lurope.
Tamer, Mrs. A. F. ... ae ea -«« Bombay.
Turner, A. W. ee nee sae .. Europe.
Turner, M. C. as 6b 500 ...Caleutta,
Twopenny, ©. D. ... S60 ane «+» Hurope.
Uloth, H. W. « Hurope.
Ulwar, H. H. Maharaja Jey Singh of ( Life Member) Ulwar,
Uniacke, Lt. N. F. ee .-Secunderabad,
Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... BH _«Bhaynagar,
Vaidya, Dr. Poput Prabhuram ee a«sBombay.
Vanderzee, J. H. ... was ate -.-Sadon, Burma,
Varley, F. J. (4.¢.8.) oa .-Dhulia,
Vaughan, Surg.-Capt. J. C. S. ae Burdwan.
Vidal, Hon’ les Mr, G. W. (1.0.s,) Are ae Lurope.
Viceaji, Framji R. (Life Member) ace «ee Bombay.
Vincent, Lieut. F. L. Aas S00 .. fort Sandeman,
Vincent, W. H. A. G. C,S.) ooo 20g ea Khulna,
Wadia, Hon’ble Mr, ee N. Bites I. a -«- Bombay.
Waddington, C. W. = 2 Rajkote,
Walker, A. C. A085 AGO ees aeoLurope.
Wall, Surg.-Lt. Lae ane cas -.-l richinopoly,
Wallace, John (c. B) oer a, .ee Bombay.
Wallace, Jive 1b 6c see es .-» Bombay.
Wallace, L, A. aa “oC nee .«» Hurope.
Wallinger, Wig Ac ce. mas ane .-.Godhra.
Wapshare, H. oc eee 500 ee» Hope, Guynd.
Ward, Lieut. C. He ane ba --- Dinapur.
Ward, T. J. “ om 08 .«- Bombay.
Warneford, Lt. G.. one a ... Manipur.
Wasey, G. is a 50d sis vo Europe,
Waterfield, Lieut. B. (Esc) .. a «-Mianwali, Punjab,
Watson, Capt. E. Y. (Life Haber) see -e- Madras.
Watson, Capt. John C. Aa ae »-. Lurope.
Webb, Wm. A ««e Bombay,
Weir, Surg.-Lieut.- Col. T. 8... nc -«- Bombay.
Wells-Cole, Capt. H. aa ae .. Nusseerabad.
Welsh, F. T. ae sss oes ...Bombay,
Welter, F a ae Son a... Hurope.
X11
Wienden, El. (C:E.) 1.
Westall, J. oe
Westmacott, Genl. R.
Whateley, Richard .
Whiffin, I’. D.
Whitcomhe, Surg.-Capt. E. G.R.
White, W. iL. (0.E.) ait
Whitehead, Lt. J. H. ee
Whiting, J. E. (c.£.) ae
Whitly, HeWe one
Whittle, A. T.
W hitworth, G. C. (1. 0.8. ) (Life Member). :
Whyte, Capt. C. W. I.
W ickiram Wie eos. Boe Pie
W ilkieson, ti=-Col. Ce Bs
Wilkins, ike V. al ae
Wilkinson, Surg.- capt. a
Williams, Sure. -Capt. C. EH
Williams, Capt. 1S aie
Willis, he A. te He
Wilson, A. R. :
Wilson, iene (Raw.) ..
Wilson, V.S. Fellowes
Wilson, W. G.
Wimbridge, E
Wise, H. ist
W odehouse, Lt. F. W. a
Wolff, W. H. (c.£.)... Gee
W olf- Murray, ©; ce ©.8. »
Wolseley-Smith, F.. ves
Wood, H. F. ae Sec
Woodburn, A. F. (.c.s.)
Woodhouse, Lt. C,
Woodrow, W. R.
Wright, Fred. ie i ae
Wright, F. A. (on)
Wright, HOG: van
Wroughton, lite (Ole
Wylie, Col, H. (ost)
Wylie, R. a ee
Yeld, Surg.-Major H.
Yeo, ‘TDR Wesia = see
Yerbury, Col. J. W. (Life Monten)
Young, A. P. “A
Young, John i
Young, W. i.
Younghusband, A. D, (108) w
Yule, "Gol, Jaki.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
... Europe.
... Lurope.
.-. Kampti.
... Broach.
.. Singbhoon.
»- Jacobabad.
.. Morvi, Kathiawar..
... Mandalay.
..- Poona.
.. urope.
... Wadhwan.
... Marachi.
.. Bhuj.
..- Burma.
... Bangalore.
... Kumargram,
... Perozepore.
...Akyab, Burma.
... Madras.
.-. Bombay,
.». Denares.
«Bombay.
...Oalicut.
..- Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Liurope.
ooo LUPOpe.
...Bombay.
... Madras.
... Bangalore.
...Cuddapah, Madras.
»» Ahmednagar,
.»- Loralai.
..- Dharwar.
... Hllichpur,
... Burdwan.
.--Dombay..
.-» Bombay..
... Nepal.
oo. Lurope.
o Murope.
..» Bombay.
.«. Hurope.
ee
.-Dassein, Burma.
+ Dombay.
sa FVBIDUT. Ole ere
oo. Peshawar,
XXII
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“ALHIOOS AYWOLSIH IVANLVN AVANCE
Be awe
CONTENTS OF VOLUME xX.
PAGH
List oF OFFIck-BEARERS eee oes seeraay stains oat se eeranel
List OF MEMBERS on0 vee see ose 600 060 aaron |
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1896 aoe see oes XXII
Tue Brrps or Norra Cacwar, Part IV. (With Plate D.) By E. C.
Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. aco see aes on sion aL
On New AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE INDO-
Maayan Recion. (With Plates R, S, and T. a By Lionel de
Nicéville, F.E,.S., C.M.Z8,, &¢, oe 56 ; - (13
Tue Inpran Wind Burrato. (With Plates A, B, and C.) By Jc:
Inverarity ... ee eee vee eee eae ss cea 2h)
Shooting Ovis POL? ON THE Pamirs. (With a Plate.) By Baron
Edmond de Porcins S00 oe oon 500 eae wee OD
Fiend Nores wird THE CHITRAL RELIEF Force. By Major W. St. J.
Richardson, F.Z.S. ... 566 Be ate oes dee cco BE}
List OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE FROM 1888 To 1895, By
H,. 8. Ferguson, F.z.8, ee eal 508 aa cot -» 68
Norrs on THE Tsarnc or Bantinc, Bos sonwpaicus. (With a
Plate.) By Veterinary-Captain G, H. Evans See ee coe 78
FurtHer Nores on Man-rgatina Ticers. By Reginald Gilbert ... 83
THe Porsonous Puants or Bompay. Part XIII. {With Plate 0.)
By Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, 1.0.8., F..8., Civil Surgeon,
Thana eoo see seo eee eo0o eee eee eoco 88
Notres ON soME Brrps From THE Rusy Mines District, Burma.
By Eugene W, Oates eo $0 600 vee 560 oe 108
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE AGAINST THE VENOM OF THE
COBRA AND OTHER SERPENTS, AND ON THE ANTIDOTAL PROPEE-
TIES OF THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE IMMUNISED ANIMALS. By
Thomas R. Fraser, M.D., LL.D, F.B.S., Professor of Materia
Medica and Clinical Medicine in the University of Edinburgh ... 113
Driep Locusts AS Foop FoR Cac AND GAME Birps, Notes by Dr.
A. Gunther and Mr. E. C. Cotes... fo 3 ous wos L2H
A227
XXVI CONTENTS.
Witp Does. By “ Robin Hood ” an see eee 500 oe
HLEPHANT-CAPTURING OPERATIONS ON THE ANAIMALAI Hinis. By
H. B. Bryant see vee oe cee ase 50 coe 138
THE Fruit CULTURE ON THE HIMALAYA 500 eae ee vee 136
CONCERNING FLEAS 566 Jes act ave S00 dee oe 141
MisceLLaNEous NoTes.—
1.—Crocodiles in Artificial Reservoirs ... 238 vee 144
2.—Description of the Transformations of Arrhopala Per de
Nicéville, a lyceenid butterfly ... ae ace oo. 144
3.—Description of the Transformations of Badamia exclamationis,
Fabricius, a hesperid butterfly. (With a Woodcut) soe 144
4,—Notes on some Nilgiri Birds ... pis oes 146
5.—The Nesting of the Long-eared Owl (Asio otis) in India 149
6.—Measurement of Tigers’ Skulls ans she wo See AQ
7.—The Identification of Birds ... vee sae aes coe 150
8.—The Food of the Bull-frog ... we ba a wae loO,
9.—The Identification of Birds. ... ae wee isi peas bss |
10.—An Ant-lion up a Tree ae aes 500 os weoudio
11,—A Turtle killing a Crocodile ... ese as vee socials
12,—Laopard versus Porcupine... ae “6 hae vee 154
PROCEEDINGS aoe AGA bc ee wos eee Bee oo 155
Tue Brrps or NortH Cacuar. Part V. (With Plate £.) By
E. ©, Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U...- nee eae ade seemlolk
On New anp Lirrue-Known LEPIDOPTERA FROM the Innpo-
Maayan Reacion. (With Plates R, S,and T.) By Lionel de
Nicéville, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. ies ace at aK ss« 169
NEW AND Deenon Sounie or Inpo-Matayan HYMENOPTERA,
WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA OF INDIAN POMPILIDA,
AND A Nots oN SPHEX FLAVA OF FABRICIUS, AND ALLIED
Species. (With Plates [and I). By Colonel C. T. Bingham,
F.Z8., Forest Department, Burma... ane ee vee se. 195
List oF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN IN 1892-95, CLASSIFIED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE ParTeL CatTaLoguE. By Commander
E, R. Shopland, R.1.M. use se ae coe vee 217
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EARTH-SNAKE FROM fbi CORE i RHINO-
PHIS rrrGUSONIANUs). (With a Plate.) By G. A.
Boulenger, F.R.S. «ss oe vee eee Soc 563 a. 236
CONTENTS. XXVil
PAGE
THE BUTTERFLIES oF THE Norta Canara District or THE BomBAY
PRESIDENCY. Part J. (With Plates I, II, and III.) By J.
Davidson, T. R, Bell, and E. H. Aitken ove 600 eee vee 230
Tne Porsonous Puants or Bompay, Part XIV. (With Plate P.)
By Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.s,, F.1.S., Civil Surgeon,.
Thana See 500 goo aes nee 500 500 soe 260
Some FurtHErR Nores oN THE Genus Verras- By Captain EB, Y.
Watson, Indian Staff Corps... S60 ase cee es soe 280
ORNITHOLOGICAL NorEs FROM THE CocoAWATTE EstaTE, LUNUGALA, IN
THE PRovINcE oF Uva, Cryton. By A. L, Butler ane vee 204
Review. THE Fauna oF British Inpra, INCLUDING CEYLON AND
Burma. Birps, Vou. III, By W. T. BLaNrorD, F.R.8. Part I. ... 316
MISCELLANEOUS NotES—
1.—The Giant Orchis S34 ses sine ae see soo 328
2.—A leporine monstrosity ... oe eee eee os ec O20
3.—Bison in the Kamptee Cantonment Limits... Nes vee O29
4.—Red Ants as Smelling Salts... 206 50 oc wo. 330
5.—The Food of the Musk-rat _—.... doe eee one veo 330
6.—Field Notes from Cutch aoe 500 ose coe BOL
7,—Note on Virachola perse, Hewitson, a lyceenid butterfly coe 309
2,.—Note on Lehera eryz, Linneeus, a lyczenid butterfly ... vee 330
PROCEEDINGS ose coe ame ee 5K one ose . 336
Tue Bmops or Norru Cacuar. Part VI. (With Plate F.) By
E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.S., M.B.0.U.ee. aes ee Wee coe 339
Tar BUTTERFLIES OF THE NortH Canara DISTRICT OF THE BOMBAY
Presipency. Part II. (With Plates IV and 4 le J. David-
gon, T. R. Bell, and E. H. Aitken ... cee se oF secoue
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR,
By H. M. Birdwood... see see ee bon vee 394
SuPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON THE FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLE-
sHwar. By Theodore Cooke, LL.D., F.G.5., C.ILE. .+. ane woe 440
Toe Inprian Witp Doe (Cyon DUKHUNENSIs.) (With a Plate.)
By J. D. Inverarity ... eee oe eee 650 see) eee 449
List or Bmps Co.Liectep puriInG Five Years’ RESIDENCE IN THE
Hynakanby Disrricr, Cacnar, Part I. By C. M. Inglis ose 403
XXVill CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREMIERE CoNTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE DES CHRYSIDIDES DE
L’InpE. (With Plates I, II, II, /V,and V.) By Robert du Buysson.
Tur Porsonous Prants oF Bompay. Part XV. (With Plate Q.) By
Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.S., F.L.8., Civil Surgeon,
Thana eee os 30 ses ses 500 506 eee
SOME FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN
IN 1892-95, CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PAETAL CaTaA-
LOGUE. By Commander E. R. Shopland, R.1.M. ese ace
Review. THE Fauna or Brivisn INDIA, INCLUDING CEYLON AND BuRMA.
Birps, Vou. III, By W. T. BuanrorD, F.R.8. Part I
ADDENDUM.—ANTIQUITY OF FALCONRY...
MiscenLANEous Norres—
1.—Strange Behaviour of Crows... Bee As ee Be
2.—The Poisonous Plant Sheula. annie cummutatus,
Engler). A Corrected Description ... pas 85 ose
Reply to the Foregoing Note ... ne te eee eee
3.—Wounded Animals carrying their broken limbs i in their JAWS ce.
4,—On the occurrence of Halcyon pileata (the Black-eapped King-
fisher) near Bombay... Bee oes vee ose
5,.—Abnormal Sambar Horns (With a Plate. ase eee ave
6.—Curious Accident to a Leopard Cat
7.—Sambur shedding its Horns accidentally ee :
8,—Liquid Discharge from Cicada Insects 2 bc slee
e
°
©
e
9,.—Notes from Deesa ane tee ee ee ae a
PROCEEDINGS a Pee wes SOD aes ae eee as
Tne Brrps or North Cacnar. Part VII. (With Plate G.) By BE. €.
Stuart Baker, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U. os wee ars 800
Tur BuTTERFLIES oF THE NortH Canara District or THE BoMBAY
PRESIDENCY, Part ITT. (With Plate VI. a By J. Davidson,
T. R. Bell, and E. H. Aitken ee aa wae ce
A Rouen Key To THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDIAN OpHipiaA. By A. G.
Cardew, I.C.S.
Notes oN THE FisH COLLECTION IN THE MuseuM OF THE BOMBAY
Narurav Hisrory Socrery, wittt A Systematic CaTaLo@ur. By
P, W. Bassett-Smith, Staff Surgeon, R.N., F.Z.8, aes
462
482
5038
- 568
- 585
CONTENTS. KXIX
PAGE
List or Brrps CoLLEctep puRING Five YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE
Hynakanpy District, Cacuar. Part II. By C. M. Inelis ae
Tue Porsonous Puants oF BomBay. Part XVI. (With Plate R.) By
Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, 1us., F.1.8., Civil Surgeon,
Thana wee ee ase 000 coe eee
Nores on NESTS TAKEN FROM Marco TO JUNE aT Kowat anp Mvs-
SOOREE, NortH-WESTERN Provinces. By Captain R. H, Rattray...
Note oN VPERICROCOTUS SPECIOsUS VEL PaTERCULUS* By
EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.z,8. ... a Bes see
Descriptions OF Two New Species oF BUTTERFLIES FROM UPPER
Burma. By Lionel de Nicéville, F.u.S., 0.0.2.8., &C. —«. G08
Nores oN A COLLECTION oF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE Norra Cun
Hints AnD Upper Cainpwin District, Burma. (With @ Plate.)
By Capt. E. Y. Watson, Indian Staff Corps, F.z.S., F.E.S, bo
MISCELLANEOUS NoTES—
1.—Notes on the Indian Bear (AZelursus ursinus.) (With a Plate.)
2.—The Re-discovery of Strychnos rheedi (Clarke) ose ase
3.—Notes on Shooting in the Central Provinces ... aes aes
4,—A Curious malformed Tiger’s Skull ... oan 500 bo
5.—Note on the same (With a Plate.) ... oes coe
6.—On the occurrence of Marshall’s Lora ( #githina ape hieay: in
Catch... 500 ee
7.—A Plucky Instance of rathes ‘killing by Kathiawar Tilgen.
8,—Note on the duration of the pupa stage in Papilio hector
9.—Food of the Bull-frog and Muskerat oo. cae wee Nee
PROCEEDINGS eas Wee ae aos eae Ses a ae
* Thisis a misprint for FRATERCULUS.
609
. 618
628
» 631
633
634
688
690
691
693
694
- 695
696
. 697
697
699
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Na ’ Sa) ) ‘Ne ‘ i Y } R
‘ a ‘ { A } : x boas Ty thee \ , i
f i La, 1 os uA stan ‘ ‘
r etry 5 j i Dene ji aE y
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
VOLUME =X.
PAGE
AITKEN, E.H. ; DAVIDSON, J. ; and
Beu,T. R.; The Butterflies of
the North Canara District of the
Bombay Presidency. Parts I, II,
and III. (With Plates I, II, 11,
_IV, V, and VI)
ANnonyMoUS ; The Fruit Culture on
the Himalaya
———
; Concerning Fleas ...
—E—
—--——— ; (*MOIDART.”) ;
Turtle killing a Crocodile
A
;(“ RoBBIN HooD”) ;
Wild Dogs ...
BAKER, E. C. Stuart, F.ZS.,
M.B.O.U.; Zhe Birds of North
Cachar. Parts IV, V, Vi, and
VII. (With Plates D, E, F and
G) a
Lie
Identification of Birds e009 ood
; Note
on Pericrocotus speciosus vel pater-
culus * ese eee ese
BANKS, BRIGADE-SURGN.-LIEUT.-
Cou. ; Bison inthe Kamptee Can-
tonment Limits o..-
ooo coe
Barrow, H. W.; Crocodiles
Artificial Reservoirs ove
BASSETT-SMITH, P. W., STAFF
SuRGEON, R. N., F.Z.8. ; Notes
on the Fish Collection wn the
Museum of the Bombay Natural
History Society, with a systematic
catalogue
an
; Note
on a@ Curious malformed Tiger's
Skull. (With a Plate)
LORE RIOD
568
coo 136
141
—; Antiquity of Falconry 525
coo LD3
eve 127
.. 1, 161, 339, 589
151
631
329
» 144
597
694
PAGS
BELL, T. R:; DAvipsoN, J.; AND
AITKEN, EH. H. ; The Butterflies
of the North Canara District of
the Bombay Presidency. Parts I,
II, and If, (With Plates I, II,
IIL, 1V, V, and VI)... 287, 372,
BetHaM, J.A.; Food of the Bull-
frog and Musk-rat ...
BinegHaM, CoLonEL C. T., F.Z.8.,
Forest DEPARTMENT, BURMA ;
New and Little-known Species of
Indo-Malayan Hymenoptera, with
akey to the genera of Indian Pom-
pilide, and a note on Sphex flava
of Fabricius, and allied species.
(With Plates I and IT)
Birpwoop, H. M.; A Catalogue of
the Hlora of Matheran and Maha-
bleshiwar ee eae se i
Biscon, W. F.; Liquid Discharg
from Cicada Insects aoe BBG
BOULENGER, G. A., F.R.S. ; Descrip-
tion of a new Earth-snake from
Travancore (Rhinophis fergusoni-
anus.) (With a Plate) ... tes
BourDILLon, T. F., F.L.S.; The
Re-discovery of Strychnos rheedii
(Clarke) «se 200 Con
BRYANT, H. B. ; Elephant-capturing
on the Anaimalai Hills
ButweEr, A. L. ; Ornithological Notes
fromthe Cocvawatte Estate, Lunu-
gala, in the Province of Uva,
Ceylon ooo coe ove
—_——_—— ; A Leporine Monstro-
SITY see
—_———-— ; Red Ants as Smell-
ing Salts .». sve soe 500
* This is a misprint for Fraterculus.
568
69
195
.. 394
535
236
690
. 133
284
328
330
\
XXXi1
PAGE
Buysson, ROBERT DU; Premiére
contribution ala connaissance des
Chrysidides de Inde. (With
Plates I, H, II], 1V,and VV.) ... 462
CARDEW, AU. G., 1.C.8.; Motes on
some Nilgirt Birds ode coe 146
; A rough key to
the Identification « - Indian Oe
dia... eee eee eco 585
COMBER, E.; On the oceurrence of
Haleyon pileata ‘(The Black-
cupped Kingfisher) near Bombay... 533
CooKE, THEODORE, LL.D., F.GS.,
C.LE.; Supplementary Note on
the Flora of Matheran and Maha-
bleshwar ose coe Gon coe 440
Corss, E.C., AND Dr. A. GUNTHER ;
Dried Locusts as Food hae Cats
and Game Birds ... - 124
Cox, CAPTAIN P. Z,; A pany In-
stance of Panther-hilling by Ka-
thiawar Villagers ... acid coe 696
DAVIDSON, J.; BELL, T. R.; AND
AITKEN, E. H.; The Butterflies
of the North Canara District of
the Bombay Presidency. Parts I,
II and Ill, (With Plates If, II,
III, 1V, V and VI.) .. 237, 372, 568
Dixon, R. M.,.B.A.; The Giant
Orchis 406 poe 00 eee 328
Dupcron, G. C., F.E.S.; De-
scription of the transformations of
Arrhopala paramuta, de Nicéville,
a lycenid butterfly... eee eee 144
— -——- —; De-
scription of the transformations of
Badamia exclamationis, Fabricius,
@ hesperid butterfly. (With a
Wood-cut) ... aoe oa ee L44
we a ; Note
on .Virachola perse, Hewitson, a
lycanid butterfly ... 0c oe BOD
——— ; Note
on Lehera eryx, Linneus, a lyce-
nid butierfly box ss see B35
EVANS, V ETERINARY-CAPTAIN G.H.;
Notes onthe Tsaing or Banting,
Bos sondaicus. (With a Plate)... 78
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
FERGUson, H. 8S. F.LS.; List
of Snakes taken in Travancore
JSrom 1888 to 1895 ... Ge sae 08
FRASER, THOMAS R., M. D., LL.D.,
F. B.S., PROFESSOR OF MATERIA
MEDICA AND CLINICAL MEDI-
CINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
EDINBURGH; Zhe Rendering of
Animals Immune against the
Venom of the Cobra and other
Serpents, and on the Antidotal
Properties of the Blood Serum of
the Immunised Animals ... coolio
GILBERT, REGINALD; Further
Notes on Man-eating Tigers o. 83
; Notes on
the Indian Bear (Melursus ursi-
nus). (Witha Plate) ... coe 688
GosTLING, D., F.S.A.; Zhe Food
of the Bullfrog... aAG ost!)
GUNTHER,DR.A., AND MR.E.C.Cotes;
Dried Locusts as Food for Cage
and Game Birds ... age ope diet
HEATH, R. H.; Wounded Animals
carrying their Broken Limbs in
their Jaws ae coc woe coo DOL
HI, F. A. ; Measurement of Tigers’
Skulls do ace one eo 149
Houe, H. A.; The Identification
of Birds wee uae 606 coe 150
HUNTER, CAPTAIN W. H.; Notes
on Shooting in the Central Pro-
vinces coe coe ee O91
INGLIS, C. M.; List of Birds collect-
ed during Five Years’ Residence
in the Hylakandy District,
Cachar. PartsTand II... 453, 609
InvERARITY, J. D.; Zhe Indian
Wild Buffalo. (With Plates A, B,
and C.) Sac S00 eee soot
—_— —— ——__ — —_; Zhe Indian
Wild Dog (Cyon dukhunensis).
(Witha Plate) .... eee coe 449
JACKSON, COLONEL F. H.; Wounded
Animals carrying their Broken
Limbs in their Jaws tee eee O33
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
KIRTIKER, SURGEON-Masorn K. R.,
I.M.S., F.L.S., Cryin SURGEON,
THana ; The Poisonous Plants of
Bomboy. Parts XIII, XIV, XV,
and XVI. (With Plates 0, P, Q,
and R.) .. 88, 260, 482, 618
; Rpts to Dr. J.C.
Lisboa’s Note on the Potsonous
Plant Sheula.—(Amorphovhallus
———
commutatus, Hngles) eg aoe Bbi0)
LESTER, LIEUT. C. D., 17th Bo.
Ivey. ; Field Notes ane Cutch ... 3380
—_———-; Onthe Occurrence
of Heer natls Tora (Aigithina
nigrilutea) in Cutch 606 weee0OD
Lieut, W. A. ; Votes from Decsa ve. 536
LiInDESAY, Mayor E., THE ROYAL
Irish ReEGT.; Sambar Shedding
its Horns Accidentally... cue ties
Lispos, Dr. J.C.; Lhe Poisonous
Plant Sheula.—(CAmorpcophallus
commutatus, Engler). A corrected
description +. toe sos woe 527
NICEVILLE, LIONEL DE, F. E.S.,
C.M.Z. S, &e.; On New and Little-
Rnown Tesidontcns from the Indo-
Malayan Region. (With Plates R,
§,and T.) ... op ove 13, 169
; Description of
Two New Succes of Butter flies
From Upper Burma Ses eee 633
OATES, HUGENE W.; Notes on
some Birds from the Ruby Mines
District, Burma pele «o> 108
Osmaston, L. &., INDIAN FOREST
SERVICE ; Wien Sambar
Horns. ( With a Plate) ... -- 534
Poncins, BARON EDMOND DE ;
Shooting Ovis polii on the Pa-
mors. (Witha Plate) ... ... 538
PRALL, SURGEON-CAPTAIN S. E,,
LMS§.; Note on the Duration of the
Pupa Stage in Papilio hector
PROCEEDINGS ane
<5 697
155, 336, 537, 699
XXX
PAGE
RATTRAY, Captain R.H. , Notes
on Nests taken from March to
June at Kohat and Mussooree,
North-Western Provinces -. .-. 628
Review; Zhe Fauna of British
India,including Ceylon and Burma.
Birds, Vol. lil; by W. 7. Blanford,
F.R.S,, PartsIland IL «. 316,505
RICHARDSON, Magor W. St. J.,
F.Z.S. ; Field Notes with the Chit-
ral Relief Force ... ond aoa, 3}
Ropon, Magor G.S.; Leopard versus
POTCUPING —=— ses a0 ee B50. ales
Ryves, A. E,; An Ant- linn Up
Tr€@ one 206 aoe dey
SHELLEY, LIEUT. BERTRAM A.G.,
R.E.; Zhe Nesting of the Long-
eared Owl (Asio otus) in India... 149
SHOPLAND, COMMANDER E, R.,
R.1.M.; List of Shells Collected
at Aden in 1892—95, classified in
accordance with the Paetal Cata-
LOGUE oo ove vos soe woe 217
; Some
Further Additions to the List of
Shells Collected at Aden in 13892—
95, classified in accordance with
the Paetal Catalogue... we 503
SUTHERLAND, W.; Strange Behaviour
of Crows noe “10 soe OBE
TRoupP, NorMAN F.T.; Curious Ac-
cident toa Leopard-cat .. 500 OBW)
WAPSHARE, CAPTAIN R., 3RD LAN-
cERS; A Curious Malformed
Tiger’ s Skull 30 +. 698
WaseY, G. K.; Zhe Food of the
Muskrat 600 S00 Ono eos B00
Watson, Capt. E.Y., INDIAN Starr
Corps, F.Z.8., F.E.S. ; Some Fur-
ther Notes on the Genus Terias 280
coo
-; Notes on a Col-
lection of Butterflies from ‘the
North Chin Hills and Upper
Chindwin District, Burma, (With
a Plate) x mae oes 500 (BBY
lk
Ce rats |
ise)
ie
i
Raat i
Sete Al Oe }
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Maas)
at
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Caos
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\
TTS EY OVE. 2, AM) Lins:
VOLUME =X.
To face
page
Arachnothera longirostris, The Little Spidershunter, Plate D os. ose bee 1
Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera, Plates R,S,and T 1. ave a eae so. 13
The Indian Wild Buffalo, Bos bubalus, Plates A, B, and C oes Sheil second
Ovis polit eee ove eve ove ove ose wie eve 506 eee §«=:58
Skulls and Horns of the Tsaing (Bos sondaicus) 0. jee cos eee ee «78
Anacardium occidentale, Nat. Ord. Anacardiacee, Plate O hie Pr ucerne ihe
Front-view of head of larva*; pupa in leaf, half the leaf removed ; and end view
of section of pupa in leaf, of Badamia exclamationis, Fabricius... ee 145
Dicewm chrysorrhaum, The Yellow-vented Flower-pecker, Plate E ... seem lOd
Indo-Malayan Hymenoptera, Plates I and II ene cos 800 ond ose 195
Rhinophis fergusonianus (A new Earth-snake from Travancore) wa eco $236
Larve and Pupe of Butterflies from the North Canara District of the Bombay
Presidency rlatesil,ttvandy MUL mises (ese lose) (i leas bere ove ese 237
Alangium lamarchii, Nat. Ord. Cornacea, Plate P... Nae “80 e eco 260
Mezobucco robustirostris, the Large-billed Barbett, Plate F eae sie ae 339
Larvae and Pupze of Butterflies from the North Canara District of the pe
Presidency, Plates IV and V oe0 ade eco eo doo 372
The Indian Wild Dog, Cyon dukhunensis os. a0 cee 6 ven coe 449
Indian Chrysidide, Plates 1,11, 11J,1V, and Vi .. ss. ase ots Swe £62
Corallocarpus epigeia, t Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacea, Plate Q O80 tee 482
Abnormal Sambur Horns (Cervus unicolor) cee ose eee ese oe = BA
Alcedo grandis, g, The Great Indian Kingfisher, Plate G 366 she evo 539
Larve and Pupz of Butterflies from the North Canara District of the Bombay
Presidency, Plate VI ;.. eo eee eee 500 eis a0 G56 «ee 568
Plumbago zeylanica, Nat, Ord. Plumtaginacea, Plate R ... eee oni ee 618
Burmese Butterflies 606 eee ove ote eee aele ooo ove 634
The Indian Sloth-bear, Melursus wrsinus ss. see ne wee tte wwe OSG
694
A Curious Malformed Tiger’s Skull ... Bs Coty.) COO RE
* This figure has been printed upside down,
+ epigaa in text.
By ie
aia Rah
(3 ahs) i ¢ SAT
Bah
a7
5
aay
Pate
THE
JOURNAL ex
Bowpay NATURAL History Society.
EDITED BY
EE. MM. PHIPSON, C.M.2.S.,
Honorary Secretary:
oA <cQNIA N
a
oe c.. NOVA 1942 _)
VOL. Xx, No.1.
PEE ADR ALAA AOA
Date of publication, 10th November, 18958.
Price to Non-Members... ase see see esi 0-0
eee
PRINTED AT THE “TIMES OF INDIA” STEAM PRESS,
BOMBAY. °
CONTENTS OF” TAS NUE Be
<>
PAGE.
Tue Brrps or NortH CacHar. By E. C, Stuart Baker, Part IV.
(With Plate D)......00+... qsie\tintinlx stasis ne clo'Sesie -lolssivisiacisenaiiicaescceosueccae
On New anp [LITTLE-KNOWN Ten neon By Lionel de Nicéville,
F.ES., C.MZ.8., &0.. (Wath Plates Re, Ss and T)......0s4-0siaanee waaay
Tue Inpran Wid Burrato. By J. D. Inverarity. (With Plates
A, B, and C)....+4+ Keatcinovacaeeseuciene cet smi uteessiesacerescace weoife'\sinelses
SHoorme Ovis poli ON THE Pamirs. By Baron Edmond de Poncins.
(With G Plate) we kbsdeesciteseoaNscoscsassisesessdceonie ccc teomess tenes
Frenp Nores witm THe Currran Renirr Force. By Major W. St.
J. Richardson, F.Z.S. .....06 ub Sponsor oueposce ds dheadde adessagedce eee eects
Tuist or SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE FROM 1888 To 1895. By
BU S3 Hereusom)) FsUiSi elec. cscsenc oes eses. GS So Np andtaadneses ondane
NOTES ON THE T'saAING oR Bantine, Bos. nas “By Veoen
Captain G. H. Evans. (With @ Plate) ...c.c0e2- vee suetdoe ous ouemee
FurrHer Nores on Man-natine Tigers. By Reginald Gilbert ......
THE Porsonous Puants or Bompay. By Surgeon-Major K. R.
Kirtikar, 1.M.8., F.L.8. Part XIII. (With Plate O).........er--000
Nores on some Brrps From THE Rusy Mines District, BuRMA,
By Eugene W. Oates ...........e00-.. abecesaveccac ee. Hacc seeinae pesenes
Tur RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE AGAINST THE VENOM OF THE
CoBRA AND OTHER SERPENTS. By Thomas R. Fraser, M.D.,
DLW HB Sevedesececescct Stee edwesaceiesceeireeteieesispiisaeaecsswetteentterte
Drrep Locusts as Foop For CaGE AND GAME Birps. By Dr, A.
Gunther ands BH: ©2. Cotes cc: fica scisecsciccesceeseesessnncen adumein cues
Warp Doce, “By ss Mobi, Hood .c.s.s-cconscstsacastsseeleug verter bss
ELEPHANT-CAPTURING OPERATIONS ON THE ANAIMALAIT Hints. By
H. B, Bryant. ...eccsesoeees Seiko onsacieesecseesieetieedacheuniecesecacrs ate
THE FRUIT CULTURE ON THE HIMALAYA cso-esscccessoccceccccccccoscecce
CONCERNING F'LHAS... ...ccscseceesescoesecccsses nosccconseescssosccevcesossvanes
MisceLLaNrous NoTEs—
1. Crocodiles in artificial reservoirs. By H. W. Barrow cccccccorccererecerecces
2. Description of the transformations of Arrhopala Paramuta, de Nicéville,
a Lycenid Butterfly. By G.C. Dudgeon, F.E.S. .. Sensecacccstscse’s
3. Description of the transformations of Badamia Holemaene Pabrigien,
a Hesperid Butterfly. By G. C. Dudgeon, F.BLS. .ccscccoeseccsccseoee
Notes on some Nilgiri Birds. By A. G. Cardew ...sssccccscresscscssocsecocens
The nesting of the Long-eared Owl oe otus) in idan. By Lieut.
Bertram A, G. Shelley, R.H. ceccccssccscocovceccecscvscccceccoessaces vooeecsee
6. Measurement of Tigers’ Skulls. By F. A. Hill ...ccccccscccee pen eces Secccees
7. The identification of Birds. By H. A. Hole ccccoccecsccccccescccese os ccocseses
3
3)
oT
° °
The food of the Bull-frog. By D. Gostling, F.S.A. ...scccccroaceccoesceres nee
9. The identification of Birds. By BH. C. Stuart-Baker, F.Z.S. ccscoesssseceecees
10. An Ant-lion up a tree. By A. BE. Ry yes ..cccocressoscescereccsscone eesvcveecneees
11.; A Turtle killing a'Crocodile., By “* Moidart ” 0.0... .cc0.ccccecccuseseoces ceesens
12. Leopard versus Porcupine. By Major G. 8. Rodon .........6 icepcoaccnvccens .
PROCEEDINGS CCCCHHCEH HEH HGOTEHH OTE OE FOE OOF HVOTFOTDGGTOLOOE HObECA2D GCE Pee oeereases 10e@
vO
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5 EK)
peau
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Baker del
Nat
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ARACHNOTHERA
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LONG
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I
JOURNAL
OF THE
By COMIN ES A Se
Aatural History Society,
[WWo. 1.
Vol. X.] BOMBAY.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.
PART IV.
By E, C. Stuart Bakr, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
(With Plate D.)
(Continued from Vol. IX, page 146).
Family Motacillide.
(337) Moractnna ALBA.—The White Wagtail.
Flume, No. 591 Ter.; Oates No. 826.
Fairly common throughout the winter.
(338) Moracinia Leucorsis.—The White-faced Wagtail.
Hume, No. 590; Oates, No. 827.
An even more common winter visitant.
(339) MoraciLLa ocuLaRIs.—The Streak-eyed Wagtail.
Hume, No. 591 Quat.; Oates, No. 828.
Not as common as the last, but a certain number are to be seen
every year.
i
2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(340) Moracttta Hopasont.—Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail.
Hume, No. 589 Bis. ; Oates, No. 820.
Very common ; one of the first Wagtails to appear and nearly the
last to leave. Possibly a resident on some of the higher ranges.
(341) MoractLLa MELANOPE.—The Grey Wagtail.
Hume, No. 592; Oates, No. 882.
This bird and the next are probably the earliest of our autumn
arrivals amongst this genus, and are certainly the last to leave. Both
are very common and may be met with from October until quite late
in April, a few birds remaining to the end of that month and even
into May.
(842) Moracttia FLAVA.— The Blue-headed Wagtail.
Hume, No, 593 Ter. (part): Oates, No. 834.
(343) MoracitLa CETREOLA.—The Yellow-headed Wavtail.
Flume, No. 594 Bis, ; Oates, No. 837.
(344) MoraciLa cETREOLOIDES.— Hodgson’ s Yellow-headed Wagtail.
Hume, No, 594 ; Oates, No. 838.
A rather rare visitor ; not nearly so frequently met with as the last.
(345) Limonrpromus inpicus.—The Forest Wagetail.
fume, No. 595 ; Oates, No» 839.
This Wagtail is not rare on the higher ranges throughout the cold
weather, but below 3,500 ft. is less often met with. On the 7th May,
1891, I obtained a nest and three eggs, together with one of the parent
birds. It was taken in a tiny sheltered valley at an elevation of nearly
6,000 feet. The Nagas informed me that they had not before known
of the bird breeding anywhere in their hills ; so it is probable that it
seldom remains throughout the year, even in the highest parts.
(346) AnTHUS macuLATUS.—The Indian Tree- Pipit.
Hume, No. 590 ; Oates, No. 341.
Almost, if not quite, the most common bird in the North Cachar
Hills throughout the cold weather, and it has been seen by me so late
that I think it must stay to breed on some of the higher ranges, It
is quite common everywhere up to the end of April and even during
the early part of May.
(847) AnrHus RICHARDI.— Richard's Pipit.
Hume, No. 599 ; Oates, No. 848.
Very common throughout the cold weather.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 3
(348) AntHus strIoLATuS.—Blyth’s Pipit.
Hume, No. 601 ; Oates, No. 846.
Frequently met with during the cold weather, yet not so common
as the last. I saw a pair of these birds at Guilang in June, 1893, and
shot the female. On dissection she proved to contain an egg almost
ready for laying, and I have no doubt her nest was somewhere near
where I shot her, although I could not find it.
(349) AnrHus RuFULUS.—The Indian Pipit.
Hume, No. 600 ; Oates, No. 847.
Common and resident everywhere.
(350) ANTHUS ROSACEUS.—Hodgson’s Pipit.
Hume, No. 605; Oates, No. 850.
Fairly common, but more so in the plains than in the hills, where
it does not seem to delay for any time when passing through on its
way to the Himalayas.
Family Alaudide.
(351) Ataupa GuLeuLA.—The Indian Skylark.
Hume, No. 767 ; Oates, No. 861.
By no means common in the plains, and I have seen hardly any in
the hills, meeting with one or two only on the grass-covered hills
towards the north-west of the district.
(352) CALENDRELLA DUKHUNENSIS.—The Rufous Short-toed Lark.
Hume, No. 761); Oates, No. 868.
I met with two or three birds of this species some three years ago
when staying in the plains. I have never noticed it in the hills
portion of the district.
(353) Mrrarra AssaAmica.—The Bengal Bush-Lark,
Hume, No. 754; Oates, No. 870.
Very common, more especially in the plains, but not ascending the
hills to any height ; it seems to breed very freely in Cachar. Hume
(“ Stray Feathers,” XI, page 237,) notices their flight being something
like that of a quail, and I have often observed this myself ; moreover,
it may also be noticed how these little larks, in settling again in the
4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
grass, do not alight on the higher pieces, but squat in amongst the
roots very much in the manner of the quail, though, of course, they
soon give themselves away by at once mounting up higher in the grass
and so showing themselves, as well as by uttering their note.
Family Nectarinide.
(354) AlrHOPYGA SCHERIZ.—The Himalayan Yellow-backed
Sun-bird.
Hume, No. 226 ; Oates, No. 882.
The common form of Sun-bird in Cachar,both in the hills and plains, .
nough it is, of course, only found during the cold weather in the latter,
and it breeds only on the highest peaks in the hill portion.
The nests I have taken have been composed chiefly of cotton down,
and, compared with those of other birds of the genus, are somewhat
bulky. My eggs vary in length between °54" and °64" and in breadth
between °42" and °48".
(355) AlrHopyGA iGNIcAUDA.—The Fire-tailed Sun-bird.
Hume, No. 228; Oates, No. 887.
This is a very rare bird, the most rare of all the Sun-birds in this
district with the exception, perhaps, of <Avrachnecthera hasseltz.
During the cold months of the year a few birds may be met with
scattered here and there about the district, anda few, very few, remain
and breed about Hungrum.
I have seen but two nests, both of which were taken near this place,
and were found in evergreen forest, attached to tall fern fronds grow-
ing in a thick undergrowth of ferns and small bushes. They were in
shape somewhat between a pear-end and egg, perhaps more like an egg,
with the small end drawn out, than anything else. The only article
used was the very finest seed down, held together by cobwebs, and half
_a dozen fine, but very long, shreds of grass, all joined together at the
extremity where the nests were fastened to the supporting fronds. In
size they were about 4°5" in length by some 2°5" broad, the cavity
being about 2°5" x 1:0"
The two nests contained two and three eggs respectively, which were
all five exactly alike, though I regret to say that I have lost the
notes | made on one pair and the eggs themselves have been given
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 5
away. The remaining three are in shape broad, blunt ovals, measuring
55" & °42"; -55" X 42! and °54" x 41". They are white, speckled
and blotched with light brown, which has a somewhat violet tinge.
The markings are mostly longitudinal in character, some few being
mere blurry blotches, and they are more numerous towards the larger
end, where there is a faintly indicated ring, especially in one egg, in
which also the specks are darker than they are in the others.
(356) AirHoryea aouLpia.—Mrs. Gould’s Sun-bird.
Hume, No, 227 ; Oates, No. 988.
The colour of the metallic parts on the head of this bird varies greatly
in different specimens and in different lights. In some birds the whole
ot these portions are of an intense copper-hue, and they vary from this
through purple and violet-copper to a deep purple-blue, the prevailing
tint being a purple or violet-copper. On the tail, however, and upper
tail coverts blue always predominates in the gloss. Again, the amount
of scarlet on the breast varies considerably, in some birds this being
almost absent, at other times the breast being freely splashed with it.
In some few, very old, birds the second and third pair of rectrices
have a certain amount of blue gloss on them and, more often, this
metallic colour is present to the very tip of the central ones. It may be
noted also that the centre rectrices are partially metallic-blue on the
under surface.
The bill appears to be lighter coloured in the young than in the
adult bird, and I have noticed this also in other species of this genus.
I believe that the easiest key to the discrimination of the females
of this genus will be found to consist in the shape and size of the bill
combined with the presence, or otherwise, of the rump band.
Thus 4, gouldie can be discriminated from the others of the first sec-
tion by its smaller and less curved bill; and, in the second, 4, zgnicauda,
by the straightness of its bill as well as by its heaviness at the base.
A description of two nests will suffice for the some half-dozen which
I have seen. In shape they are the same as that of 4, ignicauda
already described, but are somewhat more loosely put together. The
larger nest of the two mentioned is over 7” in length, including the
supporting grasses, etc., by about 2°65" in breadth. The entrance,
which is about an inch from the top of the chamber, is just 1°1" in
6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
diameter. Internally the hollow descends 1:4" below the opening, or,
altogether measures 2°6" deep by 1°5" in diameter. The material used
is nearly all of the finest and softest vegetable down, kept together
with very fine shreds of sun-grass, cobwebs, and a few delicate
tendrils ; round the entrance and joining the nest to the fern where
the constant strain is greatest, the grasses and cobwebs are most
numerous; and the top of the narrow portion, which encloses the
stem of the frond, is all of these materials. .
The second nest is far smaller and neater ; the major part of the stuff
used is the same as in the nest already described, 2.¢., vegetable down,
but it is fastened together very compactly with the most minute scraps
of green moss and innumerable cobwebs, such being used as are so fine
that singly they are practically mvisible and can only be seen clearly
where several cross one another or come together. This nest measures
only 4:6" x 2:2" and the inside 2:8" x 1:4!"
All the nests I have seen were, with one exception, fastened to
fronds of the common bracken, about six to eight inches from their
~ summits; the one exception was attached to the pendant twig of a
small bush growing in amongst a quantity of bracken, All my nests
were taken at or near Hungrum, and all of them at an altitude of some
5.000 feet and over. They were placed in fairly close-growing
evergreen forest with a mixed undergrowth of ferns, bracken and
small bushes. The nests were all beautifully concealed, and it was
only by watching the birds that they were discovered ; indeed, on some
oceasions, although I was engaged in watching a pair of birds which,
I feel sure, had their nest close by, I yet failed to find it. Once
I watched a pair for some time, and at last saw the male bird disappear
into a dense tangle of fern and bracken, carrying in his mouth a
small insect which I could plainly see with the help of my glasses.
Waiting until the bird was out of sight, | at once hurried to the spot
and searched every twig and fern, but without avail, At last, giving
it up as a bad job, I abandoned my search and passed on through the
piece of jungle and when on the other side, and nearly two yards
away, very nearly trod on the nest, the bird flying from it almost at
my feet. It was placed, hanging to a frond, about two feet from the
ground, and it was so completely hidden by the dead and dried bracken
which covered and surrounded it that, had not the bird left it as he
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 7
did, I do not think I should ever have found it. This nest contained
three callow young of a day or two old, so was left as little disturbed
as possible.
The eggs, as far as I know, are never pure-white as Murray states
(“‘ Avifauna of British India,” Vol. II, p. 222), but have a white ground,
and are freckled with specks, straggly and irregular bloches (always
very small) and short lines of pale greyish-pink or pale brown, some so
light as to be scarcely visible, whilst none are of a very dark colour.
In one clutch and one egg of another clutch these markings are fairly
numerous and rather dark, but in the rest they are very scanty and
feebly defined ; in one pair almost obsolete. In shape they are broad,
obtuse ovals, very little compressed towards the smaller end. The
texture is fine, close and smooth, but has no gloss, and the shell, as
with all the eggs of this genus, is extremely thin and fragile. Those
eggs which I have measured were as follows :—
First clutch taken 5th May, °51" x -39" and °52" x °39",
Second ,, IT | ny SN Se OMI CME So call mag | Oa oer
iWavigely » l8th ;, 06! x :43%. 254 x Aaland 54! e490!
A nest with an addled egg and two young was brought to me on
May 11th, another containing three young on May 12th, and on this
date I found the nest containing the three young ones. On the 7th
I found a nest containing three eggs on the point of hatching. This
bird is by no means common ; still a few are seen every year,
and, about Hungrum, it is fairly numerous during the breeding
season.
(357) AlTHOPYGA DABRYI.—Dabry’s Sun-bird.
Hume, No, 227 Bis. ; Oates, No. 889.
Hume was probably quite correct in his identification of this bird
in Manipur, for | have found it not very rare on the higher ranges to
the east bordering on that state.
The females are very difficult to identify, but I think I identified
a nest rightly as belonging to this species, a female of which was
caught on the nest. It was taken on the 7th May, 1891, and, as seems
usually to be the case with nests of this genus, was attached to a fern
frond growing in evergreen forest. The eggs, three in number and
fairly fresh, were like those of thopyga gouldie, but the markings
~
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
are more grey and the rings about the larger end are very distinctly
defined, and in one egg the markings are almost absent except about
this ring and énside it.
The nest is a tiny structure of cotton down, held together by
fine shreds of tan-coloured grass, and it only differed from those of
thopyga gouldie in having the supporting stem of the fern incor-
porated with the upper part of the nest, so .that, instead of being
pear-shaped, it is a very fairly regular oval.
(358) AirHopyea saTuRATA.—The Black-breasted Sun-bird.
Hume, No. 231; Oates, No. 890.
I have only seen this handsome little Sun-bird during the cold
weather, during which season it quite deserts all hills over 2,000 feet
and seems to keep to the foot of the hills and the lower valleys.
I have seen very few birds myself, but two of my taxidermists—one of
them an European—told me that they had seen a good many of them
in the Jetinga Valley, where, however, they both failed to get me more
than one skin each, and I do not think it was as common as they
wished me to believe.
(359) AlTHOPYGA NEPALENSIS.—The Nepal Yellow-backed Sun-bird,
Hume, No. 229 ; Oates, No. 892.
About seven years ago, when I first came to North Cachar, I found
a good many of these birds, and in 1890 took a nest, but I can find no
notes on the subject. The two eggs which are now in my collection
measure ‘57! x °42” and °50"” x °40"; the ground-colour is white, or
very nearly so, and the markings are the same in character as those
of the rest of the genus, but they are darker and richer, more of a
reddish-brown than a reddish-grey, the subordinate markings alone
being of this colour. They are also somewhat more numerous—in one
ege@ over the whole surface, in the other principally over the larger
end, where they form a broad well-defined ring, the blotches here
coalescing and running into one another.
As far as I remember the nest was made principally of cotton seed
down, bound by grass, and I have no impression that moss was used in
its construction, at all events to the extent mentioned by Hodgson
(“ Nest and Eggs,” vol. II, p. 251).
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 9
(360) ARACHNECTHRA HASSEBTI.— Van Hassebt’s Sun-bird.
Hume, No, 233 Bis. ; Oates, No. 896.
This is an extremely rare bird, and I have only seen two in a state
of nature, both of which were in the Jetinga valley close to the plains.
One bird, shot at Roopacherra Hailakandi, is now in the collection of
Mr. Hole, and Mr. Inglis, Larsingha (close to Silchar), has another
in his possession, which was, I believe, shot somewhere near the
estate.
Sub-Family Avachnotherine.
(361) ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA.—The Larger Streaked Spider-hunter,
Hume, No. 223 ; Oates, No. 906.
Very common in North Cachar from the level of the plains to the
top of the highest peaks, breeding principally above 2,000 feet.
Gammie’s description (“‘ Nests and Eggs,” Vol. II, p. 288) is very good
as far as it goes, but the nests vary so much, as do the eggs, that Tadd
the following notes which I have collected on the subject. ‘The
majority, I think, of the nests I have found have been oval in shape
and not the neat cups mentioned by Gammie ; moreover, they have
generally been a good deal larger, though equally neat and well built.
The following measurements of nests have been taken either i stu or
so soon after removal that the nests have not had time to get out of
shape :—
1, Ovyal-shaped nest attached to: plantain leaf, some 12 feet
from the ground, Larger diameter of oval 9"; horter
5-5"; walls about 1°5" thick ; entrance nearly 2” in
diameter.
2. Nest of same shape as No. 1 attached to the under surface of
a ground plant about 33 feet from the ground. Larger
diameter 10°5”; shorter 7°2" ; breadth of walls about 2";
entrance over 2" in diameter.
3. Same shaped nest attached to ground plant about 2 feet
from the ground, Greater diameter 5'6"; shorter 4:8";
walls 1" thick ; entrance about 1°5".
Other nests I have taken have generally measured somewhere be-
tween Nos. 2and 3. No. 1 being exceptionally large, and No. 3 rather
2
10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
unusually small. The hemispherical, or deep, cup-shaped nests are —
almost invariably smaller than the oval-shaped ones. In all, the mate-
rials used are much the same, the staple article being skeleton
leaves more or less mixed with shreds of grass, the inner bark of some
tree, resembling tow in texture, and a few bamboo leaves. The nest
is always very neat and very compactly made, and is fastened by in-
numerable threads of bark and cobwebs to the leaf, these threads being
so fastened as to bring the nest itself into actual contact with the leaf
except at the entrance. The lining is generally of skeleton leaves,
rarely of soft grass,
The number of eggs laid is either two or three, far more often the
former than the latter.
The colour is wonderfully variable, but a brief description of all the
clutches in my collection will show nearly all the types I have met
with :
1, A pale greenish-grey, faintly and very indistinctly stippled
with slate or purplish-grey, these marks being confined
to a ring round the larger end, but in another clutch, of
the same ground-colour, these stipplings are quite absent.
I have only seen two clutches of this colour.
2. Dull purple-brown or purple-grey, stippled with darker-
coloured specks of the same colour, all ill-defined and
blurred, sometimes in a ring, sometimes over the whole
larger end, more rarely still over the whole surface.
3. A rather rich olive-brown, quite unmarked.
4. Ground a yellow-brown or yellow-grey stone-colour densely
covered with inky-grey marks, quite indefinable, but
apparently made up of freckles and small blotches. These
generally form a ring about the larger end.
Every intermediate colour may be met with, and hardly any two
clutches are alike. The shape seems to be very constant ; all my eggs
are rather regular ovals, very little compressed towards the smaller
end and all blunt; some eggs show very little difference indeed
between the two ends. I have only got the measurements of fifteen
eges, though I must have taken close on 80; these fifteen average
‘83" x °63". The length varies between ‘79 and 1:07", and the
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 11
breadth between ‘58" and °72". Oates (“ Nest and Eggs” loc. cit.)
gives the greatest breadth as °75".
(362) ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS.—The Little Spider-hunter.
Hume, No, 224; Oates, No. 909.
The little spider-hunter is not nearly as common as its larger
relative, nor is it as universally distributed, alike over the plains
and the highest hills. It keeps much to the lower valleys and to
the foot of the mountains, and is more numerously met with in the
broken land lying along the borders of Cachar and Sylhet. It breeds
wherever found, and I have had several nests and eggs sent me from
Jellalpore, a Tea Hstate just on the borders of North Cachar.
Once I shot a pair of these birds evidently breeding at an altitude of
some 4,000 feet, and, on two other occasions, 1 have shot them at
places over 2,000 feet. In the Darjeeling ranges they would appear
to ascend far higher than they do here, and I have been told that
they are not uncommon in the warmer valleys about Darjeeling
itself,
The nest is very similiar to that made by A, magna, averaging a
little smaller and more often being cup-shaped than oblong. From
Mr. Davidson’s interesting notes in a previous number of this journal
(No. 3 of 1891, Vol. VI, p. 337), it would seem that the western birds
breed far earlier than they do here; most of my nests and eggs
were taken in July, August and September. None of my nests have
had two entrances, nor have they been anything like as big as
those found by Mr. Davidson. The ground-colour of the eggs isa
creamy-white, and they are marked with freckles and blotches (small)
of rather brownish-pink with others of pale lavender underlying
them. In nine eggs out of ten, the markings form a dense ring |
about the larger end and are sparse everywhere else, but in one or
two eggs they are fairly numerous everywhere 7n addition to the ring.
One egg in my series has the markings very much more grey in
hue, and this one, except as regards its size, is very like many eggs
of the genus thopyga. In shape they are generally broad, obtuse
ovals ; but they vary a good deal. The texture is fairly close and
smooth but glossless, and the shell is very fragile.
The average of the twelve egos I have measured is ‘72"<°54".
12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(363) CHALCOPARIA PHa@NICOTIS.—The Ruby Cheek.
Hume, No. 233 Sea.; Oates, No. 911.
Common in North Cachar and in the plains during the cold
weather. This bird is undoubtedly not a Sun-bird, but one of Oates’
reasons for dividing it from that group cannot be sustained.
A miscroscope strong enough to show that the margins of the
bill are not serrated will also show that the tongue has a distinct
bush at the end, the top being divided into several points.
In habits it is true that the bird 7s wonderfully like Zosterops, but
in nidification, on the other hand, it is wonderfully like the Sun-birds,
only that seed-down is not much used in the construction of its
nest. There was, or may be still, a nest in the Society’s posses-
sion, which I sent to it some time in 1887 or 1888, a beautiful little
brown pear-shaped affair made of fine fibres and other materials,
and looking, as Hume says, as if made of hair: only in this case
of brown hair instead of black.
The only two eggs which I have might easily be mistaken for eggs
of Arachnecthra asiatica, but when closely looked into the markings
are seen to be of a very pure inky-grey, having none of the brown or
purple tint so common in the eggs of that bird ; the ground is either
white or very pale grey, but there is so little visible that it is hard to
say which it is.
The two eggs measure *72" x 48" and ‘71" x °47",
1
(ICEVILLE. Journ. Bomb.Nat. Hist Soc Vol.X.
Jos del Calcutta, West, Newman chromo
INDO-MALAYAN J.HPIDOPTERA.
1
NICEVILLE Journ Bomb Nat Fist SocVaLX.
ORION
oe
s. del. Calcutta West, Newman chromo.
INDO-MALAYAN LEPIDOPTHRA,
48
5s.del. Calcutta. West,Newman chromo.
INDO-MALAYAN LEPIDOPTERA.
13
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA
FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION.
By Lionen pr NrcEvitie, F.E.S., C.M.Z.8., &C.
(With Plates R, S, and T.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural Mistory Society on 19th Sept., 1895.)
Suborder RHOPALOCHRA.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily Danana.
1, DANAIS (Bahora) KHETLI, Staudinger, Pl. R, Figs. 1, $;2,9.
D. kheili, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 48 (1885).
Hasirat: Nias Island.
HEXPANSE: @, 2°8; 9, 2°9 and 3°0 inches.
Description: Mae and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings fuscous,
with all the hyaline markings gamboge-yellow, the marginal series of
dots paler. Forewing with the two discal streaks divided by the upper
discoidal nervule long and narrow, the lower one-third longer than
the upper. UNpERSIDE, doth wings a little paler than above, the outer
discal spots outwardly becoming whitish, the submarginal and mar-
ginal series of spots pure white.
Differs from both sexes of D. aspasia, Fabricius (=D. crocea,
Butler), and D. philomela, Zinken-Sommer (which, in the female, are
absolutely indistinguishable except that the two streaks divided by
the upper discoidal nervule are shorter and broader, and the mar-
ginal dots do not reach the apex of the wing in the latter, though the
males are easily separable owing to the greater extent of the yellow
coloration on the upperside in the latter, which invades the discoidal cell
and inner discal spots), in having all the markings of the upperside yel-
low, in those species in the female all the hyaline markings of the
forewing are bluish-white except the basal portion of the submedian
streak, and the hindwing in those species has the markings on the
basal half of the wing alone yellow, those on the outer half being
bluish-white.
I cannot admit that D. aspasza, Fabricius, and D. crocea, Butler, are
distinct, though Mr. Moore in his monograph of the subfamily in the
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1883, p. 245,
keeps them so, placing the really distinct D. philomela, Zinken-
Sommer, between them to emphasise the fact. In “ Lepidoptera
Indica,” vol. i, p. 58, Mr. Moore says that D. aspasia is smaller in
both sexes than D. crocea, and has all the transparent markings smaller.
I have a very extensive series of these two supposed distinct species—
D. aspasia from Borneo and Banka (Dr. O. Staudinger records it from
Palawan in the Philippine Isles, and Heer P. C. T. Snellen from
Billiton), and D. crocea from Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and
Sumatra—and I am sure no one could sort them into two species from
their respective supposed typical localities were their locality labels
removed. Mr. Moore gives D. aspasia from Borneo only, and
D. crocea from Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Nias.
The specimens from the latter island are probably the present species,
which has probably also been recorded from thence as D. philomela
by Herr Napoleon M. Kheil [ Rhop. Nais, p.15, n. 3 (1884)]. Herr
Gustav Weymer in Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlvi, p. 257 (1885), records
D. erocea also from Nias.
Described from one male example received from Herr H. Fruhs-
torfer, and two female specimens, all in my collection, Dr. Staud-
inger described the male only.
Subfamily SATYRINA.
9, LETHE (Debis) SAMIO, Doubleday and Hewitson, Pl. R,
Figs. 8, 6; 4, 9.
Debis samio, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 360, n. 8, pl, Lxi, fig. 3,
male (1851) ; id., Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 242, pl. Ixxvili, figs, 2, male; 2a, female (1892) ;
Lethe samio, Butler, Cat. Diurn. ep. B.M., Satyride, p. 118, n. 27 (1868); id., Marshall and
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. i, p. 145, n. 127 (1883) ; Debis purana, Felder, Wien. Ent.
Monatsch., vol. iii, p. 401, n. 43 (1859) ; Lethe purana, Butler, le, n. 28 (1868); id., Marshall
and de Niceville, lc., p. 146, n. 128 (1888).
Haprrat : Bast India (Doubleday and Hewitson) ; Java.
Expanse: ¢, 27839, 2°9 9 inches.
Mr. Moore has described hoth sexes of this species very fully, so
I need notdo so again. A remarkable feature in this butterfly is the
third ocellus from the apex of the hindwing on the underside bemg
placed greatly out of line, nearly touching the marginal line ; this
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 15
character is found also in ZL. senoraz, Hewitson, but not to so great
an extent.
I am indebted to Herr H. Fruhstorfer for the gift of two pairs of
this interesting species from Java, but without precise locality. Its
habitat was previously only vaguely known as from Hast India. Heer
P. ©. T. Snellen in Tijd. voor Hnt., vol. xxxv, p. 4, n. 4 (1892),
suggests that Delis manthara, Felder, described’ from both sexes from
Java, and said by Felder to be allied to D. mekara, Moore, is the
same species as J). samio. An examination of the type specimens is
desirable before this statement is finally accepted.
38. LASIOMMATA LAURION, n. sp., PI. R, Figs. 5, g; 6, 9.
Lasiommata merula, Moore (nec Felder), Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 8, pl. xevi, figs. 2, 2a, male;
26, female (1893).
Hasirar: Kunawur, Pangi, N.-W. Himalayas (Moore) ; Pangi and
Gonas Pass, Western Himalayas,
HxpansE: @, 2:1 to 2°4; 9, 2°3 to 2-4 inches.
Description : Mate, UPpErsibE, both wings ochreous-brown with
a slight gloss; celia cinereous. Morewing with the usual large
subapical white-pupilled black ocellus set in a ferruginous ring which
is outwardly twice indented by the discoidal nervules ; an elongated
ferruginous patch posterior to the ocellus in the second, and a smaller
oval one in the first median interspace, sometimes with a very small
spot in the submedian interspace. Hindwzng with two, three, or four
ocelli similar to the one on the forewing, the one in the second median
interspace always the largest. UNDERSIDE, both wings pale stone-colour.
Forewing with a large discal ferruginous patch, extending into the
posterior outer half of the discoidal cell, not reaching the outer and
inner margins ; two dark transverse bars across the middle of the cell ;
the disco-cellular nervules defined by a dark line; the subapical
ocellus as above, with an outer ochreous ring, which is itself out-
wardly defined by a narrow dark line, the ocellus placed in a large
quadrate ochreous patch ; a submarginal broad fustous line outwardly
defining the ferruginous discal area ; two marginal fuscous threads,
Hindwing with the usual three narrow fuscous lines crossing
the discal half of the wing, all very irregular, especially the
exteriormost one ; the disco-cellular nervules defined by a fuscous line ;
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
the usual six outer-discal ocelli, and three fine marginal lines. No
discal oblique ‘ male-mark” of modified black scales across the fore-
wing on the upperside asin LZ. schakra, Kollar, DL. menava, Moore,
L, nasshreddint, Staudinger, L. meroides, Felder,* and L. majuscula,
Leech, FEMALE, UPPErsipE, both wings somewhat paler than in the
male. oreweng with the ferruginous markings of the male somewhat
more extensive and paler ; always with a considerable sized rounded spot
in the submedian interspace. Otherwise as in the male.
In coloration and markings this species is hardly distinguishable
from JL. schakra, Kollar, but the absence of the “male-mark” will
differentiate it as regards that sex. The females of the two species
are almost precisely alike, unless the greater irregularity of the outer-
discal fuscous line on the underside of the hindwing in LZ. laurton be
sufficient to distinguish between them; but this feature in ZL. schakra
appears to be very inconstant. It is abundantly distinct from ZL, menava,
Moore, and L. meerordes, Felder, in the male, those species have a very
broad and prominent “ male-mark ” which L. laurton lacks altogether ;
and on the underside of the hindwing of the former (the latter I
have not seen) the above-mentioned line is nearly even, not highly
zigzagged.
This species is tha one referred to under “ Amecera”’ meeroides,
Felder, in Butt. India, p. 181, from Pangi. I subsequently examined the
type of the latter in Dr, Felder’s collection in Vienna, and as it has a
broad sex-mark, the present species is evidently distinct, L. lawrzon
entirely lacking it. Mr. P. W. Mackinnon has obtained numerous
specimens in August from the Gonas Pass to the north of Mussoorie
towards the Thibetian frontier. In Pangi, to the north of Dalhousie, it
occurs in July and August. It is a butterfly of high elevations only,
and appears to be confined to the outer borders of the Central Asian
tableland at the western end of the Himalayas. ;
Since the above was in type, Mr. G. F. Hampson of the British
Museum (Natural History), after examining the types of Z. merula
and LL. meroides in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, has
sent me the following interesting notes with sketches :—“ L. merula
is a female, the forelegs undoubtedly feminine ; consequently there is
* The Russian writers give L. meroides and L, nasshreddini as synonyms of L. menavas,
to which I would add L. merula.
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 17
no ‘male-mark’ on the upperside of the forewing, but it has the
abdomen of a male stuck on with the claspers exposed. The forewing
on the upperside has the yellow patch very broad, narrowing slightly
to the first median nervule, with a quadrate yellow patch below that~
vein [ze exactly as in Moore’s figure of LZ. merotdes in Lep. Ind.,
pl. xevi, fig. 8, female]. Underside, hindwing has the outer-discal line
sinuous below the costa and zigzag towards the abdominal margin
[z.e.. asin L, menava|. 1. meeroides is a male, the forewing on the
upperside with a broad ‘male-mark’; the yellow patch small and
obsolescent ; the subapical small ocellus beyond the usual large ocellus
very minute. Underside, hindwing exactly as in Z. merula.” From
this note it is evident that Felder described L. merula from
a female, not a male as stated by him. The species should, I think,
be sunk asa synonym of L. menava ; both species were described in the
the same year (1865), but Mr. Moore figured his type male, which
Felder did not do. ZL. merordes should, I think, also be sunk as a
synonym of L. menava; the male is evidently the same as that species
according to Mr. Hampson’s and my examination of the type ; and
the female, which Felder figured, appears to be its true opposite sex.
There only remains Mr. Moore’s figure in Lep. Ind. of what he calls
L. meroides, female, to deal with, It is obvious, I think, that it is only
LL. menava. No good character is given by which to separate it ;
the discal patch on the upperside of the forewing is larger than in his
figure of L. menava, female, and it has two instead of four ocelli on
the hindwing, but these features are obviously inconstant in this group
of the genus. All this confusion would haye been avoided if
Mr. Moore had only examined the types of Felder’s two species before
he sat down to write about them.
An interesting little monograph might be written on the genus
Lasiommata if all the species in it from the various localities where
the genus is found were got together and critically compared, As far
as Iam able to gather from books and the scanty material available,
‘“‘male-mark.’? Two species
all the species except Z. lawrion have a
of the present group occurin Hurope, L. mera, Linneus, and L, Mera,
Fabricius, both of which have male secondary sexual characters.*
* Tnadvertently in Butt. India, vol. i, p. 180, footnote, in describing “ Amecera” mera
if is stated that that species “ lacks the usual sexual streak,’’ which is incorrect.
3
18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
The type of the genus is L. megera, Linneeus, which belongs to a
different group to L. mera and its allies. Mr. Moore in Lep. Ind,
vol. ii, p. 5, in describing the genus Lastommata, notes that it has a
“€ olandular fascia” in the male, but in describing L. merula, Felder,
he says the “forewing does not possess a glandular fascia.” Asa
rule, Mr. Moore gives the presence or absence of secondary sexual
characters generic rank ; but in this instance he has, I think, done well
in not doing so, as the species with and without this character are
obviously generically very closely allied.
The type specimens figured are from the Gonas Pass.
4. YPTHIMA IARBA, n. sp., Pl. R, Figs. 7, 6 ; 8, 9.
Hasitat: Manipur ; N.-E. Sumatra.
ExpansE: ¢, 1:6; 9, 1°8 inches.
Description : Mate. Upprrsips, both wings hair-brown, the basal
half darker; a darker marginal band about 2 mm. wide ; cilia
cinereous. orewing with the usual oval black subapical ocellus out-
wardly defined by an orange ring, and bipupilled with silver. Hind-
wing with five ocelli, the anterior one in the upper subcostal interspace
and the two geminated posterior ones in the submedian interspace
minute, the pair in the median interspaces large, oval, black, with a
well-defined narrow outer orange ring anda single silvery pupil ; an
anteciliary pale thread, UNDERSIDE, both wings whitish, fairly evenly
throughout covered with rather coarse ochreous-brown striole. Fore-
wing with two rather obscure straight discal dark brown fasciz, neither
reaching the costa nor the inner margin, the inner one half as wide as
the outer ; the ocellus as on the upperside, but the orange iris wider and
better defined. Aindwing with the outer of the two discal bands of
the forewing present but very faint: five ocelli as above, but the
anterior and two posterior ones much larger, the ones in the median
interspaces the same size as above; all the ocelli have an outer narrow
dark brown ring. FrMALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings differ from the
male in being paler. Forewing with the discal area from the outer
discal band of the underside to the marginal band paler than the rest
of the wing and striated faintly with dark brown. Hindwing also has
a broad discal similar area. Otherwise as in the male,
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 19
This species would appear to come into Mr. H. J. Elwes’ Group V*
of “ A revision of the genus Ypthima,” though it is smaller than any
of the species included in it, the female measuring 45 mms. only
instead of 50. It appears to be nearest to the wet-season form of
Y. methora, Hewitson, but is considerably smaller, and has only one
apical ocellus to the hindwing instead of two. It agrees with it in hay-
ing no “ male-mark,” though I am not quite sure about this character,
androconia may be present, but if they are, they are but few in number.
It may be near Y. persimilis, Elwes (1. c., p. 89), from Mao, Manipur,
7,000 feet, but though that species appears to have five ocelli also, they
are differently arranged ; there are two apical ones instead of one, and
one anal one instead of two. The expanse of this species is not given, .
Y, carba reminds one of Y. newboldi, Distant, with which it agrees in
size and in having five ocelli to the hindwing ; but that species has the
anterior ocellus in the lower instead of the npper subcostal interspace.
Messrs. Elwes and Moore both agree in sinking Y. newboldi as a
synonym of Y. baldus, Fabricius. The specimen described is probably
“ sport.”
an aberration or
Described from a single male taken between Manipur and Tammu
kindly given to me by Captain H, Y. Watson, who has suppressed his
own description of the species in favour of mine, and several examples
from N.-E. Sumatra in Hofrath Dr. L. Martin’s collection and
my own. The types are from Sumatra.
Subfamily ELyMninz.
5, ELYMNIAS (Melynias) ERINYES, n. sp., Pl. R, Figs. 9, 2;
1) ie
Hapitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
ExpPanse: @, 3'2; Q, 3°4 inches.
Description : Mate. UPppsrsiDE, both wings fuscous, with a slight
purple gloss in some lights. Forewing immaculate. Hindwing with
a series of broad greenish-whitish-mottled-with-black streaks between
the veins ; these streaks do not reach the outer margin ; they are
anteriorly short, but increase in length posteriorly, UNDERSIDE, /ore-
* Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 36.
20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
wing with the ground-colour purplish, covered with coarse black
mottlings ; the costa bears some whitish mottling, as also does the inner
margin as far as the first median nervule. Hindwing has the basal-third
purplish coarsely mottled with black as in the forewing, crossed by
a broad ferruginous band parallel with the costa, extending from the
base of the wing to about the second-third of the costa from the base ;
the outer two-thirds of the wing white, also coarsely mottled with
black. FEMALE. UPpeErsiDE, both wings much paler than in the male,
the ground-colour being reddish-brown instead of black, the markings
similar, UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the male, but the ground-
colour and mottlings much paler.
This species certainly belongs to the casiphone group, E. castphone,
Hiibner, having been recorded from Singapore by Butler (this habitat
requires confirmation I think), Java by Wallace, and E. and 8.-E.
Mindanao in the Philippine Isles by Semper (the latter, however, has
been subsequently named L. castphonides, Semper, in Schmett. Philipp.,
p. 350, n. 73 (1892). The male of L. erinyes differs from specimens
of the same sex of . casiphone from Java in my collection in the
forewing being longer and immaculate, 1. cas¢phone having numerous
large bluish-white spots on the disc. On the hindwing FE. erinyes
is prominently striped with greenish-whitish, which is not the case
with E. castphone. Itisstillnearerto EH. kamara, Moore, from Java,
of which I possess both sexes from thence, the male of L. erinyes differ-
ing on the upperside of the hindwing in the streaks between the veins
being continuous and much longer, reaching almost to the median
nervure and extending into the discoidal cell; in EH. kamara the
streaks are very much shorter, and are strongly divided into two
portions. The female of L. kamara bears numerous spots and streaks
in the forewing on the upperside, while that sex of HH. erinyes is
unmarked.
Described from a male in my collection taken in the Battak
mountains in September, 1894, and a female in the collection
of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin. I have seen another male in Dr.
Martin’s collection. I have figured the male of EF. kamara on
Pl. R, Fig. 11, from a specimen in Dr. Martin’s collection
from Java.
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA 21
6. HELYMNIAS (Melynias) DOARNIL, n. sp., Pl. S, Fig. 12; 3.
Hasirat: Bohorok, East Sumatra.
HXPANSE: 6, 8°7 inches.
Duscriprion : Mane. Uppxrrsipx, forew?ng black, strongly glossed
with purple in some lights; a very irregalar discal series of seven spots,
the anteriormost in the subcostal interspace is rich powdery purple and
forms a streak reaching the outer margin, the second in the upper
discoidal interspace is also purple, but is much shorter than the streak
above it and does not reach the outer margin, the third in the lower
discoidal interspace is purple and is shorter again than the spot above
it, the fourth is a short white streak placed in the middle of the second
median interspace, the fifth is a small round white spot in the middle
of the first median interspace, the sixth and seventh spots are placed
outwardly obliquely one above the other in the submedian interspace
towards the outer margin, and are out of line with the rest, being closer
to the outer margin than they. Hindwing with an outer-discal series of
seven nearly equal-sized small round pure white spots, one in each inter-
space except the submedian, which has two ; the outer margin mottled
with white, with two small quadrangular white spots on the margin in
each interspace. UNDERSIDE, both wings piceous. Forewing with the
basal half of the costa barred with white; the margin at the apex of the
wing also slightly sprinkled with white ; the five posterior spots of the
discal series of the upperside present and pure white ; the inner
margin towards the base broadly pale and highly polished. Aindwing
with a few scattered white dots at the base and along the abdominal
margin ; otherwise as on the upperside.
Allied to &. patna, Westwood, from Kumaon, Sikkim, Assam, and
the Karen Hills of Burma, from which it differs in the forewing being
longer and narrower, the outer margin more entire, the purple
streaks on the upperside smaller and fewer in number, being reduced
posteriorly to small white spots; the hindwing is much smaller, the
outer margin almost entire instead of being strongly indented, and
the outer margin on the upperside being sprinkled with whitish, On
the underside of the forewing the disposition of the white spots is
quite different, in D. patna the spots are parallelto the outer margin
throughout, in £. dohrnii the uppermost spot of the first three is
22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
nearest the margin, the two following being at increasing distances
from it, while the two lowermost spots are quite out of line with
the rest, being nearest of all to the margin. “ Elymnias”’ kocht,
Semper, and “ Melanitis”’ beza, Hewitson, both from the Philippine
Isles, are also more distantly allied species.
Described from a single example obtained in September, 1894, by
Herr M. Ude, the collector of Dr. H. Dohrn of Stettin, after whom
I have much pleasure in naming the specimen. The type is in
Dr. Martin’s collection.
7 HLYMNIAS (Melynias) CERYXOIDES, n. sp., Pl. 8, Fig.
IB ire A
Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: @, 3°4 to 3:5; Q, 3°8 inches.
Duscription: Maus. Upprrsinr, forewing pale bluish-white,
greenish-white, or purplish-white ; all the veins broadly defined with
black ; the costa and anterior half of the discoidal cell black ; the
basal half of the costa dotted with white strigule ; the outer half of
the wing more or less black, bearing a recurved series of seven
increasing rounded spots of the ground-colour. Hindwing with the
ground-colour pale yellowish-white ; the veins on the anterior half
of the wing broadly defined with black, on the posterior half ferru-
ginous ; the apex broadly and outer margin decreasingly black ; the
anal region more or less broadly ferruginous. C7léa of the wings black,
bearing two white dots on each interspace. UNDERSIDE, both wings
with the ground-colour whitish, but heavily striolated almost through-
out with ferruginous, this striolation or cross-hatching showing
through on the upperside, giving the pale portions of the wings a
mottled appearance. orewing with the black areas of the upperside
replaced by ferruginous below ; the costa dotted throughout its length
with white strigul ; the outer-discal series of spots present as above,
but not at all prominent. Aindweng has the costa and outer margin
broadly ferruginous, the ground more or less striolated, and the
veins broadly defined, with the same colour ; an outer-discal series of
small white spots, the anterior ones rounded, the four posterior ones very
small and linear. Zhoraa bluish-white streaked with black ; abdomen
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 23
above and at the sides ochreous, beneath black. Frmatz has the
wings a little broader than in the male, but is similar in markings.
Near to “ Melanitis’”’ ceryx, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., pl. ix, fig. 8,
jemale (1836), from Java, differing therefrom on both sides of both
wings in the dise being heavily irrorated on the upperside with
blackish, on the underside with ferruginous, striole ; the anal area
of the hindwing is more broadly ferruginous on the upperside ; on the
underside of the forewing in LE. cerya the outer-discal series of spots
are much more prominent, beyond which are a few white striol
only ; on the hindwing there is also an outer-discal series of seven large
round white spots which are very small and sometimes almost cbsolete
in E. ceryxoides ; in E. ceryx the striolation is confined to the outer
and abdominal margins. 1. ceryxordes appears to be a mimic of
Danais (Caduga) tyttoides, de Nicéville, which occurs with it in the
mountains, while /. cerye appears to mimic Danais (Mangalisa)
albata, Zinken-Sommer. Mr. Henley Grose Smith and Dr. B. Hagen
have both recorded FE. ceryx from Sumatra, the species described above
being the one probably meant.
Hofrath Dr. L. Martin and I possess numerous examples, some of
which were taken in June and July.
Subfamily Nywenanin”.
8. EURYTELA FRUHSTORFERII, de Nicéville, Pl. S, Fig.
14, @.
E. fruhstorferii, de Nicéville, Proc, A. 8. B., 1895, p, 109, n. 2.
Haspitat : Central Java.
EXPANSE: @, 2°2 inches.
Description: Matz. Upprrsipr, both wings shining cobalt-blue
with a distinctly green shade in some lights. Morewing with the
costa narrowly blackish owing to the blue scales which overlie the
black ones being less numerous ; the truncated apical portion of the
outer margin rather broadly black, posterior to which the outer margin
bears an anteciliary black thread only ; a submarginal narrow waved
black line, which exactly follows the outline of the wing. Hindwing
with the costa somewhat broadly black, bounded posteriorly by the
subcostal nervure and the first subcostal nervule; the abdominal
24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
margin broadly fuscous ; a submarginal somewhat broad and nearly
straight black band. UNpERsIDE, both wings fuscous, more or less
profusely mottled throughout with grey scales, crossed by three parallel
equi-distant discal black lines, with a fourth submarginal highly
lunulated narrower black line. C2lia of both wings white, marked
with black at the terminations of the veins. Thorax and abdomen blue
above, fuscous beneath.
Very close to HL. caséelnauz, Felder, recorded from the Malay Penin-
sula (Felder); Singapore and Borneo (Wallace); Perak (Distant); Nias
Island (Khel); Palawan (Staudinger) ; Sumatra (Snellen, Grose Smith,
Hagen); differing, however, on the upperside of both wings in the blue
coloration being of a different shade, distinctly lighter, with a strong
gloss, which in some lights causes the surface to present a decidedly
green appearance. In figuring LE. castelnaui, Felder quite correctly
portrays the upperside ‘‘ without gloss,” and Dr. A. R. Wallace notes the
same thing. The only difference in the markings noticeable is on the
upperside of the hindwing, /. castelnaui having the submarginal black
line very narrow and clearly defined, /. fruhstorferti having it many
times broader, and the edges somewhat diffused.
Described from a single example kindly given to me by Mr. H.
Fruhstorfer and captured by him in Central Java at 1,500 feet eleva-
tion in 1891.
w
9, NEPTIS (Rahinda) AURELIA, Staudinger, PI1.8, Fig. 15, ¢.
N, aurelia, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 145 (1886).
Hasitat: Malacca (Staudinger) ; Daunat Range, Middle Tenas-
serim ; Karen Hills, 500 to 1,500 feet—Burma.
EXPANSE: @, 9, 1°6 to 1°7 inches.
Description : Frmane. Uprersipe, both wings black with deep
tawny markings. Forewing with the discoidal band broad, extending
well below the median nervure, the end of the discoidal cell anteriorly
indicated by a prominent short black bar ; the discal band broad, in
two portions, the anterior portion has its outer edge even and regularly
curved, its inner edge is very irregular, the veins entering the edge
from that side being defined with black and almost dividing the band
into three portions ; the posterior portion of the band consists of twa
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 25
parts, the anterior portion is rounded with a short narrow anterior
projection, the posterior portion is elongated and reaches the inner
margin inwardly obliquely ; a broad nearly even submarginal line
slightly disconnected where it is crossed by the third median nervule ;
a greatly disconnected series of indistinct marginal spots, Hindwing
with a recurved discal band from the costa to the abdominal margin ;
the submarginal band very broad, broader than the discal band,
interiorly attenuated and not quite reaching the costa, posteriorly
ending on the abdominal margin; a narrow rather indistinct marginal
line. UNDERSIDE, forewing with the ground-colour and markings
much paler than on the upperside, some of the latter almost white in
the middle ; a narrow subcostal yellow streak ; the discoidal band as
above ; the discal band everywhere entirely crossed by the black veins ;
between this and the submarginal band there is a narrow yellow line
which becomes obsolete at about the middle of the wing ; the marginal
lines as above. Hindwing with the ground-colour even paler than in
the forewing, glossed throughout with pale shining violet ; the bands
as above but very pale, almost whitish, with an additional macular
pale band in the middle of the wing between the discal and submar-
ginal bands ; in the discoidal cell towards its base are two prominent
round dark dots, the inner one almost touching the subcostal nervure,
the outer one quite touching the second subcostal nervule ; anterior to
the last-named dot is an irregular dark bar which commences on the
second subcostal nervule and ends on the costal nervure.
Very near to N. (Rahinda) paraka, Butler, described from Malacca,
in my collection from Jorehat in Assam, Bassein in Arracan,
Bhamo in Upper Burma, Kwala Lumpur (Selangore) and Perak in
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo ; recorded also from
Sylhet, the Dafla Hills, Chittagong, Mergui, Nias Island, and Palawan
in the Philippine Isles, from which it may instantly be distin-
guished on the upperside of the forewing in the two (in WN. paraka
there are often three) marginal lines being parallel to the outer
margin instead of being “ deeply bisinuate so as to form two wide
arches ;”
all the markings are also of a deeper tawny hue on both
surfaces ; the hindwing on the underside is prominently glossed with
pale violet instead of being dull “ ochre-yellow,’ and the basal
markings or liturse differ in shape and position. Dr. O. Staudinger, in
4
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Hx. Schmett., p. 145 (1886), states that NV. dahana, Kheil, Rhop. Nias,
p. 24, n. 57, pl. v, fig. 27 (1884), equals NW. paraka, It is also
allied to Neptis biett, Oberthiir,* from Ta-Tsien-Lot, Western China,
(sex not stated, now whether it is a true Neptis or a, Rahinda), from
which NV. aurelia may be at once distinguished by the tawny markings
of the upperside being nearly twice as extensive ; on the underside
of the hindwing the disposition of the bands seems to be quite differ-
ent. The drawing here reproduced has been submitted to Dr. O.
Staudinger, who states that it certainly represents his species.
Described from three female examples in my collection from
Tenasserim, and one male in Captain H. Y. Watson’s, the latter captured
in the Karen hills, 500 to 1,500 feet elevation, on 13th December,
1890. It does not differ from the female specimens described above,
except in having the wings somewhat narrower, and the apex of ‘the
forewing less rounded.
Family LYCAUNIDAN.
10. GERYDUS GASA, n. sp., Pl. S, Fig. 16, g.
Hasrrat: Battak Mountains, N.-H. Sumatra,
Hxpanse: @, 1:2 to 14; 9, 1°38 inches.
Description : Matz. UpprErsipe, both wings shining fuliginous-
brown, the outer portions—especially the apical third of the forewing —
darker than the rest of the wings. Cilia cinereous. Forewing with
the usual three minute ochreous streaks on the costa towards the apex
of the wing. Aindwing unmarked. UNDERSIDE, both wings pale
ochreous-brown, all the markings of a slightly darker shade of brown
than the ground, outwardly defined with whitish. Morewing with
three increasing spots in the discoidal cell ; three costal spots ; an outer
discal series of four spots from the costa to the second median nervule,
followed by a suffused whitish spot, and then a very dark oblique spot
near the outer angle ; a submarginal series of small but distinct black
dots ; the inner margin broadly whitish. Hindwing with the basal
half bearing numerous spots arranged nearly regularly over the sur-
face ; a prominent discal series of large spots, the anteriormost of
* Etudes d’ Ent., vol, xix, p. 16, pl. viii, fig. 69 (1894),
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 27
which is detached from the rest, placed nearer the base of the wing ;
a submarginal series of dots as in the forewing. FEMALE, coloured and
marked exactly as in the male, but differs in shape, the apex of the
forewing not being produced, and the hindwing is angled at the termi-
nation of the third median nervule.
Very near to G. gopara, de Nicéville, which is probably a synomym
of G. biggsiz, Distant, from which it may instantly be known by the
absence of the oblique discal white fascia on the upperside of the
forewing in both sexes of that species. The immaculate character of
the forewing above distinguishes this from all the species of the genus
known to me. On the underside the markings are precisely as in
G. gopara, except that the white band of the forewing is wanting.
Described from numerous examples in the collection of Hofrath
Dr. L. Martin and my own, some of which were taken in January
and March.
i ALLOTINGS APUS; n./sp., Pl. 8, Big. 17, 9.
Hasirat : N.-E. Sumatra.
ExpansE: 9, 1°4 inches.
Description : Fematx. Uprersipe, both wings dull plumbeous-
black, the forewing darker than the hindwing. orewing with a large
oval discal pure white patch, anteriorly extending slightly into the
discoidal cell and lower discoidal interspace, posteriorly ending on the
inner margin, but that portion of the patch posterior to the submedian
nervure as well as the portion reaching to the base of the wing is not
pure white, being sullied with plumbeous scales. Hindwing immacu-
late. UNDERSIDE, both wings creamy-white mottled with numerous
small and large pale brown dots and spots. Forewing with three
increasing spots in the cell larger than the others, and an outer-discal
series of six larger spots, the series broken at the third median nervule,
the three posterior spots shifted inwardly towards the base of the wing ;
a marginal series of five larger spots. Hindwing with seven larger
basal spots arranged in two series, four and three, the outer series
the larger; an elongated spot at the end of the cell; an irregular discal
series; and a marginal series as in the forewing. Cilia throughout
whitish,
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Near to Allot¢nus major, Felder,* from Celebes, from the same sex
of which it appears to differ in its smaller size, highly scalloped
instead of even hindwing, and creamy-white instead of glaucous-
white underside. Also near to A. fallax, Felder,{ from the Philippines,
differing from Felder’s figure of the same sex in its more scalloped
hindwing, and in the absence of the black white-encircled disco- —
cellular spot on the upperside of the same wing. The second subcostal
nervule of the forewing arises well before the apex of the discoidal cell,
exactly as it does in the same sex of A. fallax,
Described from two examples obtained in the Battak Mountains
in February and August, one each in Dr. Martin’s and my collection.
12. SIMISKINA PAVONICA, n. sp., Pl. 8, Fig. 18, @.
Hasitat : Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: ¢, 1°53 to 1:4 inches.
Description: Mate. Upprrsipe, both wings deep. black, with
markings of a rich blue in some lights, turning slightly to emerald-
green in other lights. Forewing with a streak posterior to the discoidal
cell, commencing from the base of the wing, divided by the black
first and second median nervules ; three increasing subapical spots,
the uppermost minute, the other two with their inner ends pointed,
their outer ends broad, excavated ; a large round spot in the middle
of the submedian interspace, touching the submedian nervure, beneath
which is a lengthened streak reaching the inner margin ; an increasing
submarginal series of six round spots, the uppermost minute, the
posteriormost the largest. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale
ochreous ; a short streak at the extreme base of the wing ; three large
discal quadrate patches divided by the first and second median
nervules ; posterior to which are three large marginal lunules ; the
extreme margin narrowly black. UNDERSIDE, both wings rich casta-
neous; the discoidal cells closed by a narrow deeper red line; a discal
somewhat irregular deep red line, outwardly defined by a pale violet
line, the red line nearly straight in the forewing, commencing on the
costa, ending just posterior to the first median nervule, in the hind-
wing commencing on the costa, curved round to the middle of the
* Reise Novara, Lep., p. 286, n. 367, pl. xxxv, figs. 29, male ; 30, 31, female (1865).
+ Reise Novara, Lep., p. 285, n. 366, pl. xxxvy figs. 24, male ; 25, 26, female (1865).
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 29
abdominal margin, its middle portion lunular; a submarginal deeper
red line, inwardly defined by a pale violet line, the line straight
in the forewing, lunular in the hindwing, where ifs four posterior
lunular portions are outwardly defined by a narrow black line.
Forewing with the inner margin broadly pale fuscous, highly polished.
" Hindwing with a very fine pure white marginal line from the third
median nervule to the anal angle, outwardly defined by an equally fine
deep black line ; the extreme margin castaneous. Culia very narrow,
fuscous throughout. Body above black, beneath ochreous.
Very near to Stmiskina pediada, Hewitson, from Singapore
(Hewitson), and Mergui, Lower Burma (Doherty),* from which it
appears to differ on the upperside of the forewing in not having the
spot on the inner margin continued to the base of the wing, and in the
hindwing in having a small basal spot only in the submedian inter-
space, in S. pediada this spot is developed into a long streak, which is
joined to the discal spot in the same interspace. On the underside the
ground-colour is of a much brighter shade of red and is concolorous
throughout both wings, in S. pediada the outer two-thirds of the
hindwing is much paler than the rest, being “‘irrorated with whitish
scales.” I possess no specimen of S. pediada. It is quite distinct
from S. pharyge, Hewitson, described from Borneo, and captured at
Renong, Western Siam, by Mr. W. Doherty, and of which I possess
specimens from Penang, Perak, and N.-E, Sumatra, that species
being dull hair-brown on the underside in both sexes, instead of
rufous or castaneous, and has a marginal narrow blue line on the
underside of the hindwing which is wholly wanting in the présent
species. The hindwing of the two species differs entirely in shape also.
Described from several examples in the collections of Hofrath
Dr. L. Martin and in my own, taken in July and August, 1894.
13. SIMISKINA PROXIMA, n. sp., Pl. 8, Figs. 19, 6; 20, 9.
Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra.
Bxpanse: @, 1:45; Q, 1°50 inches.
Descrietion: Matz. Uprrrsipu, both wings deep black, with
rich dark iridescent emerald-green markings, which are lighter in
* Massaga pediada, Doherty, Journ,, A,S.B., vol. Ivili, pt, 2, p. 430, n. 62, pl. xxiii,
fig, 15, male (1889), from Mergui.
30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
shade in some lights than in others. Morewing with a dot towards
the outer end of the discoidal cell touching the subcostal nervure ;
a lengthened streak from the base of the wing posterior to the cell
placed against the median nervure, anteriorly narrow, poste-
riorly broad, crossed by the black first and second median nervules ; a
large triangular-shaped spot in the middle of the submedian inter-
space, posterior to which is an inwardly oblique streak ending on the
inner margin, but not extending as far as the base of the wing; three
increasing subapical streaks ; six submarginal spots, the three anterior
ones lengthened, the two following circular, the posteriormost round
and the largest. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale ochreous ; a
lengthened basal streak in the submedian interspace, Joimed outwardly
to the innermost of three large triangular discal spots ; these latter have
their apices directed towards the outer margin of the wing; beyond
these on the outer margin are three lunular spots, the anal one the
largest and enclosing a spot of the black ground-colour, UNpERsIDg,
both wings dull reddish-brown, strongly glossed throughout with dull
violaceous. Forewing with a narrow dark line closing the cell; an
irregular narrow discal dark line from the costa to the submedian
nervure, beyond which the ground-colour is paler; a broad dark
outer-discal fascia, its inner edge blurred, its outer edge more distinct ;
beyond which again the ground-colour is paler. Hindwing crossed by
an irregular broad discal paler area, which bears a prominent narrow
dark line across the disco-cellular nervules, and a deuble series of dark
spots, of which the two in the median interspaces of the outer series
are the largest; the outer margin also paler, bearing two narrow
lunulated dark lines, prominent at the anal angle, becoming obsolete
anterior to the third median nervule ; an anteciliary dark ferruginous
line, inwardly defined by a very fine black line. Femate, Upper-
SIDE, both wings shining smoky-brown. Hindwing with a very narrow
anteciliary blue line, becoming obsolete towards the apex of the wing.
Unpersib2, both wings pale brown, with markings of a darker brown
tinged with castaneous ; the basal area of the wings dark brown, the
outer edge of this area sharply defined. Forewing with a broad
wedge-shaped discal area, broad on the costa, narrow on the inner
margin, closely followed by a narrow irregular line ; the outer margin
broadly dark brown. Aindwing with an inner discal broken narrow
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 31
band ; followed by a discal series of spots placed between the veins,
the anteriormost the smallest, rapidly increasing in size to the fourth
spot in the second median interspace, which is the largest, the spots
again decreasing in size to the abdominal margin; an outer discal
series of irregular spots extending across the wing, followed imme-
diately by a narrow whitish and then a narrow black line ; three
diffused black spots on the margin in the submedian and median inter-
spaces ; very narrow white, black, and ferruginous anteciliary lines.
Male nearest to the same sex of Simiskina potina, Hewitson,* from
Singapore (Aewitson), Penang, Malacca (Distant as Simiskina
fulgens), Myitta, Tavoy District, Burma (Doherty), Hilis north of
Papun, December; Thaungyin Valley, February ; Daunat Range,
January, all in Tenasserim, captured by Colonel ©. T. Bingham ;
and Perak (coll. de Nicéville), from which it differs on the upperside
of both wings in having all the markings rich emerald-green, instead
of “rich blue varying according to the light;” in having an
extra dot in the cell of the forewing; and the underside of both
wings having the ground-colour reddish-brown glossed with viola-
ceous, instead of “ rufous-brown ” with no violet gloss. The female
is nearest to Simiskina pharyge, Hewitsonf (see ante, page 29),
from the same sex of which it differs in the forewing being
narrower, the hindwing more deeply scalloped, the tooth-like pro-
jection at the end of the third median nervule much longer, in
possessing a blue anteciliary line to that wing on the upperside,
but entirely lacking it on the underside ; the markings on the
underside differing greatly in detail. It is also near to the female of
Stmiskina phalena, Hewitson { from Singapore (Wallace), and Upper
Burma (cell. de Nicéville), from which it differs on the upperside
of the forewing in the absence ofthe discal white spot. The markings
of the underside of the two species are very similar, only that in
S. phalena there isa discal pure white band, which in S. proxima is of
the pale colour of the ground. It should be noted that whereas S. potina
has a female which is orange-coloured on the upperside marked with
* Massaga potina, Doherty, Journ., A.S.B., vol. lvili, pt. 2, p. 431, n. 63, pl. xxiii, fig, 3,
male (1889), from Tavoy, Burma. ; :
t_Simiskina pharyge, de Nicéville, Journ., Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 861, n, 12,
pl. F, fig. 11, female (1891), from Perak. ;
ft Simiskina phalena, de Nicéville, Journ., Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 270, n, 8, pl. O,
fig, 13, female (1895), from Upper Burma.
32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
black, the female of S. provima is totally different, bemg smoky-
black above; but the females of both S. pharyge and S. proxima are
alike in the colour of the upperside. |
Described from a single male obtained at Bohorok in September by
Dr. H. Dohrn’s collector, Herr M. Ude, and froma female without
precise locality, both specimens in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L.
Martin.
14. SIMISKINA PROCOTES, n. sp., Pl 8, Fig. 21, 9.
Hapitat: N.-E. Sumatra.
EXPANSE: Q, 1‘4 inches.
Description : Femate. Uppersipn, both wings fulvous, the base
dusted with black scales; a broad black marginal band, its inner
edge scalloped. Horewing has the black border broader at the apex
of the wing than elsewhere; the disco-cellular nervules defined by a
narrow fuscous line. Hindwing with a narrow marginal deep ochreous
line. UNpERSIDE, both wings pale ochreous, with darker ochreous
markings ; the discoidal cells defined by a narrow line ; a somewhat
broken inner-discal line, slightly outwardly curved in the forewing,
commencing near the costa, ending at the submedian nervure, in the
hindwing greatly curved, commencing on the costa, ending on the
abdominal margin ; a broader and paler outer-discal. band, its inner
edge somewhat diffused, its outer edge sharply defined; closely
followed by a very narrow line, straight in the forewing, lunulated in
the hindwing. Hindwing has a marginal very narrow whitish line»
outwardly defined by an equaliy fine black line from the tooth-like
projection of the wing-membrane at the termination of the third
median nervule to the anal angle; the outer margin finely dark
ochreous.
Nearest to the same sex of Simiskina potina, Hewitson, described
from Singapore (Hewitson), Penang and Malacca (Distant),* Tavoy
and Thaiping, 1,000 feet, Perak (Doherty), and in my own collection
from Perak, from which it differs in the apex of the forewing
not being produced as it is in that species, the black border to the
* Simiskina fulgens, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 450, n. 1, pl, xlii, fig. 3, Female (1886).
ON NEW AND LCITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 33
forewing being much narrower at the apex and not continued broadly
along the inner margin, the hindwing having a well-defined outer
black margin, the underside having the ground-colour much paler, pale
ochreous instead of “‘ rufous,’’ and the inner and outer discal lines
being very much closer together.
Described from a single example taken, at Bekantschan, N.-H.
Sumatra, on 9th July, 1894, in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin.
15. AZANUS ASIALIS, n. sp., Pl. S, Fig. 22, 3.
Hapirat: Battak mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
EXPaNsE: @, 1:0 inch.
DzscRIPTION : Mate. Uppersipg, both wings dark shining purple
of the same shade as in typical species of the genera Nacaduba and
Lycenesthes. Forewing with a narrow outer black margin. Hindwing
with a marginal series of rounded black spots placed against an
anteciliary black thread. Cilia of both wings black obscurely tipped
with white. UNDERSIDE, both wings pale brown, with darker brown
(almost fuscous) markings outwardly defined with white. orewing,
the discoidal cell with a short basal streak lying against the subcostal
nervure ; a very large spot or fascia crossing the middle of the cell
obliquely inwardly and ending close to the submedian nervure ; a large
spot closing the cell ; a catenulated discal band of six spots, of which
the penultimate spot in the first median interspace is widely separated
from the fourth spot, being shifted inwardly towards the base of the
wing; a submarginal wavy white line; a marginal lunular white
line, each lunule enclosing a spot of the ground-colour, Hindwing
with three prominent large deep black spots, two placed in the costal
interspace, and one in the first subcostal interspace ; three spots across
the base of the wing; a round spot in the middle of the cell, joined
to a similar one in the submedian interspace ; a large spot at the end
of the cell ; an irregular discal series of spots ; a submarginal wavy
white line; a marginal series of seven round spots each encircled by
a white line, the first and fifth the largest and deep black, the sixth
and seventh the smallest and geminated. C7lza of both wings whitish
with an anteciliary fine black thread.
This is a very distinct species, and to be identified from all the
known species in the genus ata glance, It is nearest to <A. jesous,
5
34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Guérin,* but the coloration of the upperside is quite different, being
‘pale purple-blue.” The
dark shining purple, while <A. jesous is ‘
details of the markings on the underside are also very different,
especially the small round spot in the middle of the cell of the
forewing in A. jesous is developed into a large oblique band extending
far below the cell in A. aséalzs ; the discal band is also different, in the
latter it is formed of conjoined rounded spots, in A. jesous there are
no spots at all, the band being formed of two parallel whitish lines.
In the hindwing there are three prominent costal spots in A, asialis,
in A. jesous there are only two, the one in the first subcostal inter-
space being small and inconspicuous in the latter species. I might
here note that A. jesous has recently been procured in Upper Burma
at Myingyan and in the Lower Chindwin Valley, which is a new
locality for it. It appears to occur over a greater portion of Africa.
Described from a single example in the collection of Hofrath
Dr. L. Martin, taken in July, 1894.
16. NACADUBA NANDA, n. sp., PI. 8, Fig. 23, 2.
Haprrat: N.-E. Sumatra.
EXxpanse: @, 1:0 to 1°1 inches.
Descriprion: Mate. UppErsipe, both wings pale lavender-blue,
of the same shade as in the common J. atrata, Horsfield ; with a very
narrow outer black border as in that species. Forewing with the
costa very narrowly black, the black outer border slightly widened out
at the apex. Hindwing, the three anal interspaces bear a prominent
anteciliary white thread as in N. calestis, de Nicéville ; tail black,
tipped with white. UNDERSIDE, both wings greyish-brown, the markings
thin, very prominent, and pure white. orewing with a pair of lines
crossing the discoidal cell about its middle and reaching the submedian
nervure ; a pair of lines at the end of the cell ; two or three costal white
dots anterior to the latter ; a discal pair of lines from near the costa
to the submedian nervure, strongly fractured and shifted inwardly
towards the base of the wing at the second median nervule ; the
* The following species appear to be synonyms of A. jesous, Guérin :—Lycena gamra,
Lederer ; Azanus crameri, Moore ; and Lampides agave, Walker. Captain E. Y, Watson
informs me that Lampides sigillata, Butler, placed by me as a synonym of A. jesous, is quite
distinct from that species.
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 35
margin bears three white lines, the two outer ones are straight, the
inner one is lunulated, the two spaces of the ground enclosed by these
three lines are darker than the rest, thus giving the impression of a
double series of dark spots divided by the veins and defined on both
sides by a white line, the outer series of spots elongated, the imner
series lunulated. Hindwing with the usual basal and discal markings ;
the marginal markings as in the forewing, except that the first median
interspace bears a large oval deep black spot surrounded on all sides
except the one touching the outer margin by a ferruginous line, the
black spot outwardly bears a crescent of metallic green scales ; a few
similar scales touching the submedian nervure in the submedian
interspace. C2léa throughout brown, unspotted.
Certainly nearest to WV. atrata, Horsfield, from which it differs in
its average smaller size, inthe presence of the anteciliary white line
on the hindwing on the upperside towards the anal angle, and markedly
on the underside by the white markings being narrower and more
prominent owing to their pure, instead of sullied, white colour. In
Iris, vol. i, 1888, Herr J. Rober has described “ Plebecus” illuensis
(p. 64, pl. iv, fig. 380, male; 31, female), from Ceram and Aru, and
P. dobbensis (p. 65, pl. v, fig. 19, male ; pl. iv, fig. 84, female) from
Aru, but though they appear to be closely allied to WV. nanda, they both
seem to lack the white anteciliary anal thread to the hindwing above
in the male, and to have the white markings of the underside broad
and sullied as in NV. atrata.
Described from several examples in the collection of Hofrath
Dr. L, Martin and my own.
N.-E. Sumatra appears to be very rich in species of the genus
Nacaduba, Of species with the basal area of the forewing on the
underside unmarked it possesses JV. pavana, Horsfield ; NV. macroph-
thalma, Felder ; N. kerriana, Distant ; and a fourth species of
which I possess a single female only and consequently abstain
from naming it till I can obtain the opposite sex. Of species
with the basal area of the forewing on the underside marked
with a pair of white strigz in addition to those on the disc it
possesses (tailed species) LV. atrata, Horsfield = promznens, Moore ;
NV. hermus, Felder = viola, Moore = unicolor, Rober; N. ancyra, Felder
36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
= aberrans, Elwes = subfesttvus, Rober; N. nanda, de Nicéville ;
N. nelides, de Nicéville; N. ardates, Moore = ? nora, Felder =kupu,
Kheil; (tailless species) VV. noreta, Felder ; and WV. dana, de Nicéville.
Of all these, the only one that presents any difficulty in iden-
tification is NV. noreia. That species has no tail, and I have
always considered it to be a dimorphic form in both sexes of WV. ardates,
Moore. I have both sexes of the latter from Sumatra, but of
NV. noreia only males, unless, as I believe, its female is to be found in a
very curiously marked little butterfly which I possess in considerable
numbers, all the specimens being obviously females, and there being
no males except NV. noreta to put with them, On the upperside they
are of the usual leaden colour, with, in some specimens, a few metallic
blue scales on the dise of the forewing. The underside is ochre-yellow
or luteous, with, in both wings, a very prominent marginal series of
black spots ; these in the forewing are of equal size throughout, but
in the hindwing the second spot counting from anteriorly backwards
and the sixth are larger than the rest ; within this series of spots is
another submarginal obscure fuscous series. Dr. Martin holds that
these specimens represent a distinct and unnamed species, and proposes
to call it VV. lutea, but Lam of opinion that they are females only of
the tailless WN. noreca, with which they agree in also lacking a tail.
I have figured (Pl. 8, Fig. 24,) one of the specimens described above.
The female of the true IN. ardates is so extremely variable in the
coloration and markings of the uuderside that I see no improbability
in its tailless form (true WV. noreta) being equally variable, an extreme
form of this variation described above being peculiar perhaps to North-
eastern Sumatra, though it is closely approached by some specimens
from Burma in my collection.
i7. LAMPIDES LACTEATA, a. sp., Pl.S, Figs. 25, 3; 26, 9.
L. pseudelpis, Moore (nec Butler), Lep, Ceylon, vol, i, p. 95 (1881); id., de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, vol. iii, p. 165, n. 736 (1890).
Haprrat : Ceylon.
Expanse: @, 1:5; 9, 1°4 to L'5 inches.
Descriprion : Matz, Uprzrsipe, both wings pale shining azure-
blue of rather lighter shade than in L, elpes, Godart ; no outer black
Se wininceinmammnasaaaa
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 37
border, but with an anteciliary black thread only. Aindwing with a fine
marginal white thread anterior to the black marginal thread, the latter
outwardly bounded by a still finer white thread ; on the abdominal
margin anterior to the anal angle is a short black line defined on both
sides with white. UNDERSIDE, doth wings pale brownish-grey ; with
three prominent marginal white lines enclosing a series of lunular spots
somewhat darker than the ground, the innermost is the broadest, is
nearly straight in the forewing, highly lunulated in the hindwing, the
middle line is highly lunulated on both wings, the outer line is the
narrowest and quite straight; an anteciliary black thread. Forewing
with the usual four discal white strigee, the innermost arises from the
subcostal nervure, crosses the discoidal cell, and ends on the submedian
nervure; the second arises from the upper discoidal nervule, is some-
what broken in its course, and ends on the submedian nervure ; there
are two white dots on the costa in continuation of these two lines ;
the third arises on the costa, and runs into the second at the third
median nervule, forming with it a Y-shaped figure ; the fourth arises
on the costa, and ends on the second median nervule. Hindwing
with the usual basa] and discal white strigee; an oval deep black spot
on the margin in the first median interspace, surrounded on three
sides by a narrow ferruginous line, bearing at its inner and outer sides
some metallic pale green scales; a black spot at the anal angle
crowned with metallic pale green scales. Fumate. Upprrsip3, both
wings pale bluish-white without any metallic lustre. Forewing with
the apex very broadly black, the outer margin also broadly black,
though less so than the apex. Hindwing with the costa as far as the
second subcostal nervule black ; the outer margin broadly black,
bearing a series of oval white spots with black centres between the
veins, the one in the first median interspace the largest, the one in
the submedian interspace linear instead of circular; a fine ante-
ciliary black thread outwardly defined by a still finer white thread.
UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the male, except that the two spaces of
the ground-colour enclosed by the three marginal white lines are
much darker than in the male, and present the appearance of two
series of fuscous spots.
Captain E. Y. Watson has examined thetype of L. pseudelpis, Butler, *
from Malacca, in the British Museum, and informs me that it is
* Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p, 547.n. 9, pl. Ixviii, figs, 9,
male; 8, female (1877)
38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
indistinguishable from JL. elpis, Godart (except that it is entirely
without submarginal markings on the upperside of the hindwing, these
being always present in £. elpis),* in which opinion Mr, W. L.
Distant concurs, as in Rhop. Malay., p. 227, he treats the species as
a “ variety ” only of L. elps. The Ceylon species therefore which
Mr. Moore identified and described, but failed to figure, in Lep.
Ceylon, as L. pseudelpis, being undoubtedly distinct, requires a name.
It is nearest to L. cleodus, Felder (= L. pura, Moore), from Assam,
Burma, Sumatra, Nias, and the Philippine Isles (coll. de Nicéville),
differing in the male on the upperside in the azure-blue colour
being slightly darker, and in both sexes on the underside of
the forewing in the arrangement of the discal white strige, in
L. lacteata numbers two and three together form a Y, in L, cleodus
all four are parallel, the first from the base is long, the second
is very short, the third is again long, and the fourth is short,
though twice as long as the second. The inner and middle of the
three marginal lines differ also, in L. lacteata they are highly
lunulated, in LZ. cleodus they are straight. L. malaccanus, Rober,t
from Perak (Malacca) and the Philippines, appears to be an allied
species, though more probably it is a synonym of L. celeno, Uramer =
L, clianus, Fabricius, auctorum, but is apparently distinct from
L. lacteata in having the subanal black spot on the underside of the
hindwing very broadly (instead of narrowly) circled with ferruginous,
and the marginal lines on the underside of both wings are straighter.
L. osias, Roéber,{ from the Philippe Islands, is also another
apparently closely allied species, but it has the inner of the three
marginal lines on the underside of the hindwing much further removed
from the margin, and all the discal strigze of both wings much more
attenuated.
L. lacteata appears to be a rare species. I possess two pairs only
from Ceylon.
Pee A MS et 20 SES
* Perhaps L. pseudelpis, Butler, equals L. kondulana, Felder, that species certainly
oceurring in the Malay Peninsula.
+ Iris, vol. i, p. 57, pl. iv, fig. 3, male (1888). ;
+ Iris, vol. i, p. 56, pl. v, fig. 17, male (1888), = Lycena amphyssina, Staudinger, I,c.,
vol. ii, pp. 100 and 164, pl. i, fig. 4, female (1889).
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 3g
18. LAMPIDES TALINGA, Kheil, Pl. 8, Figs. 27, ¢; 28, ¢.
Plebeius talinga, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, n. 86, pl. v, figs. 82, male ; 33, female (1884).
Hasirat : Nias (Ahedl) ; N.-E. Sumatra.
EixpANSE:: @, 1-O/to 1:2); 9. 1-1 to 1-2 inches.
Description: Matz. Uppsrrsips, both wings light metallic azure-
blue of the same shade as L. elpis, Godart ; the white markings of the
underside showing through by transparency, Forewing with the costa
towards the base of the wing very narrowly black ; the apex widely
black ; the outer margin also widely but decreasingly black. Hind-
wing with a marginal series of increasing black spots; an anteciliary
black thread divided from the marginal spots by a white thread ; from
the first median nervule to the abdominal margin anterior to the
marginal spois is first a fine black, then a fine white, line. Unper-
SIDE, both wings pale dull plumbeous; three continuous marginal
nearly straight white limes. Forewing with four discal parallel white
lines arranged at equal distances apart as in Z. elpis, the two internal
ones spring from near the subcostal nervure and reach the submedian
nervure, with two white dots anteriorly on the costa; the third line
commences on the costa and ends on the second median nervule ; the
fourth line commences on the costa and ends on the -third median
nervule. Hindwing with the usual basal and discal lines ; a large
rounded black spot in the first median interspace surrounded on three
sides by ferruginous, bearing at its posterior inner corner a few
metallic green scales ; there is also a small clump of similar scales on
the margin in the submedian interspace placed on a black spot, which
latter is crowned with ferruginous. FEmaue, Upprrsinr, both wings
of a paler shade of blue than in the male with no metallic lustre.
Forewing with the whole of the costa narrowly black ; the apex and
outer margin with the black border twice as wide as in the male.
Hindwing with an inner rather broad marginal lunulated black line,
then a prominent more or less rounded series of black spots defined on
both sides by a white line, then an anteciliary black thread. Unpsr-
SIDE, both wings as in the male.
Although this species bears a strong superficial resemblance to the
widely-distributed L. elpis, I believe it to be quite distinct. It is
much smaller ; the black border of the male on the upperside of the
forewing is actually wider than in any specimen of ZL, elpis in my
40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X. |
collection, though Z. talinga is so very much smaller an insect, while
this border is proportionally also wider in the female; and on the
underside of the forewing in both sexes there are two costal white dots
anterior to the two internal white strigee, which are never found in
L. elpis. N.-E, Sumatra is very rich in species of this genus,
the following being represented :—
Both sexes, underside, forewing with two costal white dots.
L. celeno, Cramer (elianus, Fabricius, awctorwm).
2. L. cleodus, Felder = L. pura, Moore.
3. L. saturata, Snellen.
4, £, talinga, Kheil.
Both sexes, underside, forewing with no costal white dots.
5. DL. elpis, Godart.
6. L. konduiana, Felder = L. cwerulea, Druce = pseudelpis, Butler.
7. L, swhdita, Moore.
8. LZ. margarita, Martin.
9. L. bochides, de Niceville.
10. ZL. abdul (abdula in Index of plates to Rhop, Malay.) Distant = marahata
Doherty.
11. L. lucide, de Nicéville.
Of these, the two latter are excessively rare. The discovery of the
fact that D. abdul (which was described from a female specimen
which I have examined at Dresden in Dr, O. Standinger’s magnifi-
cent collection, and has a broader black margin on the upperside to
both wings than any other species known to me), should have a male
with an equally broad black margin but with the base of the wings of
a metallic green of a peculiar shade—a feature unique in the genus—
is most interesting.
L. talinga is quite common in Sumatra where it occurs. I possess
seven males and nine females, while Hofrath Dr. L. Martin has also
numerous examples.
(To be continued.)
Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc. Piewe C.
noe a Photograph by M™ J.D.Inverarity Mintern Bros. lith.London.
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO
Bos bubalus
eaties
Bey hv;
Uist
ye
Journ. Bombay Nat .Hist.Soc. Plate B.
ae
From. a Photograph by M™ J D Inverarity Mintern Bros. hth. London.
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO
Bos bubalus.
don,
Mintern Bros.Photo imp. Lor
by M" J.D. Inverarity
ograph
7
1
Pho
Troma
INDIAN WILD BUFFALO.
THE
dt
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO.
By J. D. INVERarity.
(With Plates A, B, and C.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Sept., 1895.)
There are said to be two varieties of Indian wild buffalo—the one
with straight horns turned up at the end (macrocerus of Hodgson) and
the other with horns which curve round and approach a circle in shape
(spirocerus of Hodgson), and Forsyth says that those found in the
Central Provinces belong to the latter variety. My experience is
entirely confined to the buffalo that inhabit the sal forests in the Cen-
tral Provinces. I can see no difference between some of the heads
procured from that part of India and heads which come from Bengal
and Assam. There is a great variety in the form that the horns of
the Central Provinces’ buffalo assume, as will be seen by reference to
the plates that accompany this paper.
Before referring further to them, it will be convenient to give the
measurements of the horns there depicted. Plate B is drawn on a
smaller scale than Plate C.
Length Distance
round curve. between tips.
Plate A ooo ooo eee 3! gl eee oo8 4! j!
39 B No. 1 ooo e020 a2 3! 10! aoe peo 4! gi
39 B No. 2 eer ooo oe90 4! gil oo aoo OH ge
PORNoweD ah a Fecal ayer Atti! Bray cen let A
99 C No. Dex: oee ece 3 5 eoo ase 4! og!
39 C No. one eco 2e0 3! gi! oe g! gl!
A scale of a foot is shown on plates B and C, which will enable any
one to check these measurements. No. 1 on plate C is 8 inches longer
than No. 2, though No. 2 to my mind is the finer head. There is
no scale to plate A, but the distance between the tips, 4’ 1', will
serve asa scale, Plate A represents a typical specimen of a solitary
bull—the points of the horns being more perfect than usual.
No. 1 in plate B is the head of a solitary bull. I have several others
of similar shape which appear to me tv resembie exactly heads I have
seen from Bengal and Assam.
No. 2 in plate B adorned a very large bull in a herd ; they are
unusually long horns for a Central Provinces’ buttalo and are compara-
6
42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
tively smooth. They are rather thicker in reality than they are
drawn on the plate.
No. 1 in plate C was a herd bull, and the only old bull I ever shot
with horns so nearly approaching a circle.
No. 2 in plate C is a very common type of a solitary bull’s head.
This one when first seen by me was with a herd. When disturbed,
but not fired at, he left the herd and went off by himself.
No. 3 in plate C is a common shape for a young bull’s head. This .
one was an old bull and the horns are very thick ones—the width of
the horn at the base is 8 inches and 28 inches in circumference. The
horns grow very close to each other at the base, the distance between
the horns at the top of the skull being only 4 inches, the normal dis-
tance at that spot being 7 to 8 inches. He was in a herd.
The plates B and C do not sufficiently bring out the deep and rug-
ged indentations on the horns which are characteristic of an old head.
They are well shown on plate A.
The horns of the cow-buffalo do not vary so much in shape as those
of bulls. The majority even of old cows resemble in shape No. 1 on
plate C, though they are very much thinner. Occasionally one sees a
cow with a fine length of horn when the shape is not unlike that of
No. 2 on plate B, the horns however curving in more. I never fired at
cows when | could help it after I had got two good cows’ heads, but I
am certain that, as a rule, in the Central Provinces the cow’s horns are
not so long as the bull’s. The longest cow’s horns I have measure in
length 4 feet 2 inches. The longest cow’s horns I ever saw are a pair
in the museum at Marseilles, which measure 5 feet 3 inches. I think
(if there are two varieties of wild buffalo) that the opinion of Forsyth
that only the spiral variety is found in the Central Provinces is erro-
neous. The horns there vary much in shape ; the animals bearing them
are found in the same herds ; and beyond the shape of the horns there
is no difference observable I am inclined to think that there are not
two varieties of wild buffalo if such variation is based, as appears to be
the case, on difference in shape of horn. Jerdon says that the horns
of the spiral variety are rarely much more than three feet in length.
In the Central Provinces horns of four feet, or an inch or two over,
are quite common. | have shot several just under or just over four feet.
Old rugged heads, like that of No. 2 on plate O, are about 3% feot.
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO, 43
In the Natural History Museum at South Kensington there is
a head, of which the horns are 5 feet 74 inches in length, and a
single horn measuring 6 feet 6 inches. Such giants are not found
now-a-days.
In Baldwin’s “ Game of Bengal,” p. 139, there is figured the head
of a cow-buffalo which is quite unlike the shape of the cow’s horns in
the Central Provinces. The buffalo, though by no means so. blood-
thirsty and dangerous an animal as he is generally described to be,
charges sufficiently often to render his pursuit on foot pleasureably
exciting. In fact, I think, he is more likely to charge when un-
wounded than any animal I know. When wounded, individuals vary
much in character. Some very old solitary bulls I shot never made
any show of fight, though in very favourable ground for them ; others
charged at once with great determination. If an unwounded bull
means business, he will come towards you as soon as he sees you,
perhaps, from two hundred yards off ; he comes slowly walking or trot-
ting, stopping occasionally to make threatening demonstrations with his
horns. You stand your ground, getting behind a tree if one is handy.
Sometimes‘on getting within fifty or sixty yards of you, he will suddenly
turn and bolt, but if he does not, he comes on at a good pace with
his nose in the air and his horns lying back till he makes his final
rush when he lowers his head. Every one must please himself
when to fire. I prefer to wait till he is close to, as a shot in the brain
is the surest. It is difficult to hit the brain while his head is up.
Another thing is that the buffalo dreads the report and smoke of a
gun at close quarters, and is very likely turned even if the bullet does
not hit the proper place. If a charge is delivered in long grass
or dense jungle, you have no time to think of anything, as
the bull will not move till you are within a few yards. You hear
a crash, see a ovuffalo all horns almost on you, and have to
bang into him without time to put in practice any theories you may
have formed to meet such contingencies. A cow with a newly-
born calf isa dangerous animal if you happen to pass near where
she is, but she is not actuated by any malicious motives, I was
sorry once to have to shoot one in self-defence. On another occasion,
I was glad to be able to avoid this, As I was walking through the
jungle I heard a buffalo bellowing loudly about half a mile off. 1 had
44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
never heard a buffalo bellow before nor have I since; and on making
for the spot whence the noise proceeded, I came to an open glade of
short grass, and saw in the jungle on the opposite side, a hundred
and twenty yards away, what I first thought wasa solitary bull, but
soon saw wasacow. As I stood looking at her, she saw me and at
once came straight for me full speed. I waited till she was thirty
yards off and was just about to fire, when she suddenly pulled
up on the brink of a small rift in the ground, out of which a newly-
born calf, that I had not seen before, came. It looked quite yellow,
being covered with light hair. I think it could only just
have been born as it walked in a tottering fashion. The calf
went to its mother, who then turned round and walked slowly. away
across the glade, stopping every few yards, uttering low grunts of
encouragement to its young one which with difficulty followed it.
They disappeared into the jungle, and I then departed in the opposite
direction. A herd of buffalo never charge, sometimes they bolt in
the direction you are if they don’t know where the shot comes from,
and there is a slight chance of being run over. If they see you, they
turn off. A solitary bull I followed for three days, and that I put up
several times in long grass close to me, and fired at half a dozen times,
wounding him on the first and second day, did not charge me, I
did not know better then, and so fired at his stern, all I could see when-
ever he got up inthe grass. On the third day I lost his tracks after
going for several hours without coming up to him, and on this day four
villagers happened to pass the clump of bushes he was in. He
charged them and drove one horn into a man’s ribs and the other through
the palm of his hand splitting the hand up. I did not hear of this for
four days as my camp was a long way off. I went to the place, and
heard that the bull had been seen that day near the river by an old
woman going to get water. My advent was hailed with joy as the
villagers about were naturally afraid to go out of the villages. Next
morning I soon found the tracks of the bull, ‘Two village dogs aceom-
panied me and I found the bull was evidently in a bad temper, as here
and there we came on bushes and ant-hills levelled to the ground by
his horns, After tracking some miles the dogs went into a thick clump
and began barking, and I then heard the buffalo chasing them about,
It was too thick to see anything. 1 was standing about ten yards out-
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO. 45
side waiting to see something when the bull poked his head out and
looked at me, I was afraid to fire, as his head was in a very awkward
position for the brain shot. While I was wishing myself well out of it,
he drew back his head and I then heard him galloping clean away. I
felt rather a fool. I tracked for five hours more before I came up to him
in open tree jungle. WhenI fired he charged at an ant-hill and
began knocking it about with his horns, which enabled me to run up
close and kill him. The ant-hills made by the white ants stand several
feet high, and I suppose he thought it was his enemy. My old shots,
about half a dozen in number, were in his stern, This was a lesson to
me, which I afterwards profited by—not to fire unless you can hit a
vital spot. A wounded buffalo aftera time gets very mad and goes for
any one as his wounds make him feverish and cross. The horns of this
one had long thin points as sharp as needles. ‘The wounded man even-
tually recovered, but he could not open his hand, as the fingers were all
contracted. Another bull that some one else had previously wounded
gave me some trouble. The wound was close to the tail and was full
of maggots, Any buffalo with an old wound unhealed in him is pretty
sure to charge. Mr. G.S. Chatterton, who was Superintendent of Police
in Chanda in 1886, was killed by a buffalo in that year. He had been
shooting with me in 1884, and was then using a Winchester repeating
rifle. JI advised him to get a more powerful weapon, and when he
met his death he had a 10-bore. The story of his fate was told me by
Chief Constable Bajeerao who was with him at the time. He wound-
ed the buffalo one day and went out the next day after it. Several bad
omens (according to Bajeerao) occurred as they went along. First, a
snake crossed their path, then Chatterton’s pony stumbled and fell as
they crossed a nullah, and one or two other events of evil import, which
I now forget, also happened. Bajeerao told me that at these different
warnings (as he considered them) he entreated Chatterten to go back.
However, they went on and came on the buffalo lying under a tree, and
they at first thought it was dead, but seeing it was alive, Chatterton
fired his 10-bore; the buffalo charged and drove a horn right through
his chest. Death must have been immediate and painless, Throwing
him off his horn the buffalo rushed at him again and ripped the arm.
Bajeerao fired and the buffalo at once charged him and was killed with
a shot through the head at the last moment. Poor Bajeerao himself
46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
met afterwards with a sad fate. He accompanied me tiger shooting for
several years, and was the pluckiest and staunchest native I ever met.
When with me in the hot weather of 1892, he was seized with cholera,
and in spite of all I could do died in my presence, forty-four hours
after being first attacked. I hope to meet him again in the next world.
Colonel Gerald Martin many years ago was mauled by a buffalo in
Assam. He was not shooting, but was out surveying, and I believe
was squinting through a theodolite when a bull charged him. He was
severely pounded by the animal’s head and feet, but escaped being
prodded with the horns as he held on to them. He informed me that
as the animal butted him against the ground, the points of the horns
striking the ground prevented him being squeezed quite flat. Many
other similar instances have occurred which show that a buffalo is a
queer customer. I remember an instance of a herd of wild buffalo
attacking and goring to death a young tame buffalo that was tied out
for tiger. They happened to pass the place where it was and killed it.
Tracking and shooting buffalo is very similar to the same mode
_ of shooting bison. I used to go out soon after dawn and stop out all
day riding through the jungle until tracks were found. When you
come on fresh tracks you dismount and track until you come up to the
animal. I have never seen them in water. A wounded buil once took
a bath in a water hole while I was following him, and when I came
up to him he was covered with wet mud. I have often seen
them caked with mud and their horns covered with mud too.
The sal forest jungle along the Jonk river is quite dry hard ground,
not marshy ground, such as one reads of in Bengal. It is well broken
up with nullahs, and there are in most places plenty of sal trees and
the ground is fairly open. The buffalo drink either at the pools in
the river, or at the village tanks. They go miles from any water, and
I do not think they drink every day. One I have already mentioned
as having followed for three days, drank at night at the village tank
within thirty yards of my tent. I took his tracks from there, and during
the three days I followed him he never went to water, though no doubt
on the third day he drank as, though I never reached the spot, he got
to the river that day. T lost his tracks early in the afternoon, The
ground is much easier walking than bison ground, and the shooting is
altogether easier, as buffalo when disturbed do not go nearly so far as
ee
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO. AT
bison do. As you go along on the tracks, it is necessary to keep wide
awake in any long grass or thick patch of jungle the tracks lead
through, as if a solitary bull is sitting down, you may almost walk on
to him. I can remember one occasion when the bull got up so close
I could nearly have touched his tail ; he stood stern on looking round
at me. I fired for behind the ear, but the cartridge missed fire. Stete-
runt gue come, et vox fancibus heesit, which the undergraduate trans-
lated, “‘ My hair stuck in my throat and my jaws stood up on the top of
my head.’ The bull, however, ran away and I followed and killed
him. He is the one depicted in plate A.
I generally found that 1 came up again to a solitary bull, which
had bolted, in an hour or two, and I have frequently followed
a bull and started him half a dozen times before I could get a
satisfactory shot when he kept to thick jungle or long grass. In
vpen jungle you can usually get your shot the first time. Buffalo
are easily killed with one shot if you hit them in the right place,
which is low down behind the shoulder or through the brain. I soon
found the folly of firmg into the middle of their carcases and of taking
long shots. Buffalo are very easily stalked and you can always, if a
good stalker, get to within fifty yards and often to within twenty or
ten yards of them. You should go alone, leaving your men behind; a
second gun is no use, as you have no time to use it if he charges, and
if he does not charge you have no need of it. The first thing to learn
is that a well-directed shot at the root of the tai) will not blow his brains
out, whereas a shot through the lungs will kill him before he has run
a hundred and fifty yards. If you see the points of a buftalo’s horns
showing above the grass he is lying in, the safest way of shooting him,
whether he is wounded or not, is to judge trom the position of the horns
which way he is lying and then make for his head. He will let you get
within a few yards ; when he rises, his head is facing you and gives you
an easy shot to the brain ; a 500 express rifle, in my opinion, is the best
for this particular stalk and shot. If you walk up towards his tail when
he rises, he either goes off, showing no vulnerable spot, or he swings
round so as to look at you, and I find myself that this sudden swing
round is trying to the nerves and makes one unsteady. In following a
wounded bull into long grass or thick jungle, when you do not know
exactly where he is, a 500 express is rather small; an 8-bore gun is
48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
better, both because it gives a much more knock-down blow and be-
cause the roar of the report is louder, which I believe the buffalo does
not like, I latterly always used a 500 express by Henry, lead bullet
with steel plug and 4% drams of powder, when I was going to fire at a
buffalo at my ease, at close quarters, and if I hit the right place be-
hind the shoulder, the animal never wanted another shot ; the express
even with an ordinary bullet with a copper tube in it is quite fatal for
the head shot, On the other hand, it must be admitted that a 12 or
8-bore is better for a charging shot in thick jungle, where you cannot
take any particular aim. The bullet should be spherical ; one part of
tin and twelve parts of lead. Such a bullet, whether propelled by 9
drams from an 8-bore or 44 drams from a 12-bore, will go through the
body of a buffalo and lodge under the skin on the opposite side, where
it will be found hardly altered in shape. I only remember once a
bullet going through the skin on the opposite side.
I have with the express dropped a charging bull with a shot through
the head that did not touch the brain. It was too low, and passed
beneath it hitting the vertebree of the neck. No doubt, if you fire
anyhow ata buffalo, he will take a lot of shots, but if you get quite
_ close and hit him properly, he succumbs just as easily as any animal,
The latter method is the safest ; though at first one rather funks going
close up, you soon lose that feeling as you get confidence in yourself.
Some places, where the trees have been cut down for cultivation
and abandoned, are extremely thick with the shoots that spring from
the roots of the trees. It is no exaggeration to say you cannot see
a yard. These are nasty spots to follow a buffalo into. Occasionally
I have heard the buffalo I could not see striking the ground with his
fore feet in anger in one of these places. The sound has a sonorous
metallic ring about it. On pushing into a butfalo that was doing this,
he bolted and I never got him, as it happened that heavy rains had
swollen the Jonk river to a raging torrent, two hundred yards wide,
running like a mill race. The buffalo swam across and I could not follow
him. I did not see himswim, as he had got over before I got there.
But the tracks led down the river bank straight into the water which
was several feet deep where the buffalo had plunged in, He had
previously swum a nullah full of water.
Numbers of buffalo are killed by cattle disease. I was told
at a village that a solitary bull drank at the village tank every
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO, 49
night. Next morning there were no fresh tracks at the tank though the
old tracks were plentiful. I went off to look for him, and having found
his fresh tracks, came up to him, in the course of time, lying on his
side with a crow on the top of him—he was quite dead. There was
no wound on him and he was quite fresh, having died only a few
hours before. He was a small bull and had apparently been afflicted
with diarrhoea. There are two kinds of solitary bulls. One, an old one,
with a rugged head ; the other, a young one with small horns, not
worth shooting. You cannot always tell from the tracks whether the
bull has a good head or not, and it is rather dispiriting after a long
track to come up toa bull not worth shooting. The same thing
oceurs in tracking a herd. There is often no bull worth shooting in it.
At first, of course, all heads look enormous, but when you know what a
good head is, there is no satisfaction whatever in killing an inferior
head, I once tracked a bull from 6 a.m. to 5-80 p.in. before I saw
him and then let him go as not good enough. Strange to say, I
picked up this one’s tracks a mile to the west of my tent. He made a
long round, and when I saw and left him he was to the east of my
tent, and my tent was in sight. I had no idea where I was and
fancied I was miles away. The length of this track was, I fancy,
occasioned by my haying commenced on a track of the previous
evening.
That tigers occasionally attack buffalo is certain. An old solitary bull
I shot was deeply scored on the rump by the claws and teeth of a tiger
that had fastened on him behind. The wounds were not healed.
Another time when tracking a herd I came on the freshly-killed and
partly-eaten carcase of a calf about eighteen months old that had been
killed by a tiger. The tiger probably had seized it as it lagged behind,
as there were no signsof the herd being alarmed, the tracks proceeding
leisurely onwards. 1 returned to sit over this carcase in the evening,
but in the mean while the vultures had eaten it. I moved the remains
_ a few yards into an open spot and placed alongside them the fresh
head of a solitary bull [ had shot that day ; but the stupid tiger when
it came just after dark walked to the place where he had left the kill,
gave two or three sniffs and grunts and walked away. I
do not think tigers have much sense of smell. If you move
a kill a few yards, the tiger when he returns and does not
>
‘
50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
find it at the exact place he left it walks away and hardly ever
seems to be able to find the kill if it has been moved out of sight.
Two bulls are often found together ; they are almost always small
heads not worth shooting. Large herds of twenty or more have gene-
rally one very good bull with them. The old solitary bulls too seem
sometimes to have a herd they jom. I have, when tracking a solitary
has left it bull, found that he has joined a herd, and when again dis-
turbed, he and gone off by himself. I have also found: an old bull
with a herd which he left when he saw me and ran away in a
different direction to the ong the herd took. I shot a solitary bull not
far from the Udanti river that inhabited a rocky stony country,
where no other buffalo were, and the people there told me he had been
there for four years alone.
Buffalo, though not partial to hills, will cross low ranges, and I saw
one once that had taken up its quarters for the day on a hill side.
It is true the hills in which he was were quite low ones. As his head
was a poor one [| left him. I have never tried shooting them from
horseback. Once I rode a large herd that were out on a plain, with-
out any offensive weapon in my hand, and quickly overtook them.
When I got about eighty yards from them, they suddenly stopped and
wheeled round and stood. I sheered off without stopping to ask any
questions, and they after standing some minutes resumed their flight.
The bulls appear to fight a good deal. I shot an old one that was
covered with wounds. One of his horns was broken off, so that some
inches of the bony core on which the horn grows was exposed to view.
He was in a dreadful state ; large holes in his quarter where he had
been prodded from behind were full of maggots. There were other
wounds in front and a long wound across the face. One of his hind
legs was ripped to the bone from the fetlock to the hock, and the horn
of one of his heels was knocked off. He was very emaciated and
would probably have died soon.
Colonel Ward shot an old bull with horns very like those of No. 2
on plate C; one of the horns, bony core and all, was broken short off
within a foot of the head. The enormous force required to effect this
ean be imagined. I also saw a cow half of whose horn and bony core
had been snapped off. Pieces are chipped off the horns too in fights.
The right horn of No. 1 on plate B has a large flake knocked off.
The left horn of No, 2 on plate C has a large piece knocked out at the
Or
k=
THE INDIAN WILD BUFFALO,
back of the horn, but you cannot see this in the front view. Of
abnormal heads I have only seen two—one a bull whose head is figured
at p. 125 of vol. I of this journal. The distance between the tips of
the horns of this head is 5 ft. 1 inch. It looked when alive like a
huge lop-eared rabbit. I had a very long tramp after it seeing it
several times, and eventually shot it through the eyeball. He was a
solitary bull, and when I first saw him he ran towards me, mdde
threatening gestures with his horns, and just as I thought he would
charge, turned and bolted unfired at. The other was acow. One horn
grew straight down the cheek and was a short stump with a blunt end.
Another solitary bull I killed was covered with white spots all over
the size of half a crown—some sort of skin disease I presume.
Buffaloes frequently rest lying flat on their side with their legs stretched
straight out. The first one I saw in this posture I thought was dead
and was surprised when he jumped up. If you shoot a buffalo ina
herd and he runs a short distance before dropping, or if he sits down
wounded, the rest of the herd always pull up and stand looking at him.
They pay no attention to you, and you can easily get close up to them
again, but as there is seldom more than one bull worth shooting in a
herd, this is of no practical importance. If buffalo see you and you
remain standing perfectly still with your legs close together and arms
close to your side, they will stand staring at you forever. Bull No. 2 on
plate B and the herd with him saw me when I was two hundred yards
off. I remained quite still, and after a very long time they began to sit
down ; the bull sat down last of all, and just as I began to move, up he
got and took another long look. He then sat down again, and when
he sat down he was hidden by a fringe of long grass, close behind
which the herd had Jain down. This enabled me to creep to about ten
yards of him when his fate was sealed. Wild buffaioes are much larger
than the tame buffalo and have more hair; their legs are a dirty
white, beginning from just above the hock and knee, in this respect
being similar to bison. A large bull stands 5 ft. 6 inches or a little more
at the shoulder. I measured one to be 5 ft, 84 inches. Baldwin says that
they are occasionally a few inches over 6 feet!! Jerdon says their
height is up to 64 feet. I do not think so. I should say that they weigh
considerably more than a bison does. I have heard members of a
herd gently grunting to each other as they moved along, but only once,
52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
as | have remarked before, heard one bellowing. When a bull starts
to charge he generally gives a loud snort, and this is rather useful as
it attracts your attention to the spot he is coming from, When tracking
a wounded bull it is necessary to remember that he may take a turn and
lie in wait for you on one side of what appears to be his route. Once
a bull I had wounded let me pass him and charged me from behind.
Buffalo have no fear of approaching the villages. They come to
the village tanks to drink. In the hot weather one sleeps in the open,
and twice when I woke in the morning I found thata solitary bull had,
during the night when I was fast asleep, passed close to my bed, to drink
at the tank on the banks of which my tent was pitched. Another morn-
ing at dawn as I opened my eyes they fell on a large herd of upwards
of twenty buffalo crossing the village fields, three hundred yards off.
I went atter them at once just as I was, but they fled before I could get
near the bull. When Ll resumed operations, after returning to my
tent, to get clothed and have the morning meal, the herd
split into two portions and after a time the bull left the herd. He went
a very long way and I did not see him till the afternoon when he got up
close to and ran away, and I did not come up to him again, so I never
fired a shot at him. What looked like a certainty in the morning
resulted in complete failure. During the rains, when the crops are
growing, the buffalo sally forth into them and do a lot of damage and
are with difficulty driven away. I am told they charge sometimes on
these occasions, and | saw a native who had had a horn driven through
his jaw and cheek by a bull he was trying to frighten away from the
crops. Nielghai are often seen feeding along with a herd of buffalo. On
one occasion I was in some long grass in the middle of a herd trying
to find the bull, when a fine stag swamp deer jumped up at my feet
and made off. I missed him, and was nearly run over by the herd
bolting. Buffalo produce their calves in March, April, and May, and
I believe at other times of the year also.
One of the charms of buffalo tracking is that you get shots at other
animals as well. ‘Tiger, bear, bison, samber, swamp deer, cheetul,
nielghai, four-horned antelope have all been shot by me when so
engaged. I have also seen panther, but missed them. There are
few places where bison and buffalo can be shot on the same
ground. I have been lucky enough to kill them on the same day.
-_— w
HE Gt Lay 07 AY Wal SUG Mf} PUNOY Ly yluery a
LLYOE S21)
SUMO Y/ 2UCI
ee ee ee ee
MEQWER SUI TO F top y
etna
Seis ee
mee ae Seer ener eee
NTQL OOS PSIET TD MUG MOY JUL
SHOOTING OVIS POLIT ON THE PAMIRS.
By Baron Hpmonp pr Poncins.
(With a Plate.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th July, 1895.)
The first time I saw that gigantic sheep the Ovis poli? was just after
entering the Pamirs on the northern side. We had crossed the Kizil
Hart Pass early in the morning, and leaving my caravan with orders to
remain near the [Sizil Kul frozen lake, 1 went with a guide to look
for Ovzs pole. The man was not at all a shikari, but like all these
nomads, was more or less acquainted with the “arkar’s” habits (the
native name of the Ovzs polit) and he could take me to the ground
and back to camp, which was all | wanted. After crossing the Kizil
Hart we turned to the west and began to follow the ridge of the
mountain. It was grand scenery and made one feel lonely. The
mean height over the sea was about 15,000 feet, and as far as the eye
could reach it was always and only white snows, and white mountains
outlined against the sky. The valleys were flat deserts of pebbles,
without any sign of life, not even any grass. In some places were
dark rocks protruding from the long rolling plateau. Hverything
was silent desert, a dead country and a country of death; that is the
common aspect of the north of the Pamirs and the true Ovis polit
ground,
After a long time we came to a broad nullah running all along the
foot of snow fields and glaciers. There we stopped, the ponies were
left behind, and slowly we climbed the ridge commanding the nullah.
Right in front was a white mountain, one of the largest in the Trans-
alai chain and, if not the Kaufman peak itself, one of the neighbouring
peaks. There about half a mile off, on a rounded spur, between the
snow fields, on a little patch of grass the game was in sight. Six
arkars were quietly feeding and moving about. Hoping that they
would soon lie down for the day-time, as mountain game nearly
always does, I waited and watched them. TI had lost my glasses in the
Kohistan mountains—a most terrible loss—and I had to depend upon
my eyes only. I could see them from time to time, now lying down
and now getting up again. In some places they were scratching the
ground and raising clouds of dust, and at twelve in the day they showed
54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
no signs of resting, so it was useless to wait any longer, and although
the wind was in the wrong direction, I tried a long turn up the valley
to stalk them. When after about two hours’ hard work on the stones
and ice I came to the proper place, the arkars had got scent of me and
were not to be seen anywhere. Shortly after, however, I saw them, in
single file, going up the mountain along a snow ridge, the big ones first
and two young ones behind. They were going at a long canter, stop-
ping from time to time as if to regain breath, and I lost them, always
going up as if to climb the Kaufman peak itself. They were certainly
~ over 18,000 feet. I could plainly see from the ground that they often
came to this spot ; in many places were big forms where they had laid
down, after scratching the ground, and some big heads lying about
attested that for years certainly this place had been a favourite one.
On the morrow I went to look for arkars in the next nullah. My
camp was to be pitched on the Kara djilga river, which flows into the
great Kara Kul, and I went between this river and the Transalai chain.
I saw many this day. ‘The first was a young one which went off at once
as soon as he saw our ponies and crossed a high ridge at about 15,500
feet. Following him we could see from the top about six arkars in a
flat valley very far off, and soon after, and nearer to us, a good herd
of about thirty. They were in avery bad place to stalk, but seeing they
were going up slowly, feeding along a little rivulet where there was
some grass, I decided to wait for them to come nearer, or to see where
they would go for the middle of the day. I could not see if there
were any good heads amongst them, but I wanted food for my camp,
so I thought it was not a day to be very particular about good or bad
heads, so I made up my mind to shoot what I could. After a very
long wait I got above them and could see some young ones standing
and walking about in the middle of the herd, while all the big ones
were lying down. It was impossible to get nearer, so, although it
was about 400 yards off, I decided to shoot. One big one was lying
on the ground like a dead beast with its four legs stretched out,
I shot at him but missed, and off they all went at a terrific pace down-
hill. They had hardly disappeared when two of them came back to
the top of a little hill, as if they wanted to have a good look all round.
but they went down again and followed the herd. Soon after I saw
the herd in the middle of the plain below, all in single file. From
SHOOTING OVIS POLII ON THE PAMIRS. 5
oO
time to time they stopped and crowded together. One would canter
in front of the herd, another one would follow, and then the whole
herd went off—again in single file. As they were heading to the
snows it was useless to follow them, so I tried another place. Passing
near two small lakes, in the middle of rather broken nullahs, I came
to a small river and higher up found a good patch of grass. Here
were tracks of the game, some quite fresh, and we began to look sharp
all round. Soon after a herd of about ten was seen at full gallop on a
ridge, and after they had disappeared I went to try and see where they
were going. Shortly after I saw them, twenty-five altogether. They
had stopped ina rather steep place and were just beginning to lie down.
I took the ponies down a nullah out of sight, and leaving them to feed
came back to my game. At once it was easy to see that it was
impossible to stalk them, but as there was no grass to be seen any-
where except where I was, I thought the best plan was to wait for them
to come and feed. As long as the arkars did not move, they were
out of reach, but at the first move they were bound either to go to
a place where they could be easily stalked, or to come towards me.
I crouched down and waited, watching the game until they should
move for their evening feed. It was then about half-past two. The
height was some 15,500 feet and the wind rather cold. All in front
of me and going right down the slope where the game was, was a
granite plateau, nearly level, with here and there small boulders,
about one or two feet high. I could plainly see the Ovis about 500
yards off. They were not sleeping, but kept their heads erect and from
time to time got up to stretch their legs, and then lay down again.
At about half-past three, very far off, in the west, I saw
seven arkars on the snow. An inspection of the ground made me
think I had a better chance to get a shot at the first herd than at these
seven new comers, so I decided to leave them alone and came back
to my first place. There was something going on in the herd. One
female got up and stood motionless, then another, then a third, and in
about two minutes all were standing. They had a quiet look for about
three minutes and then began to come down-hill, right on my side.
As there was a narrow little nullah right under the arkars, and.as
they had to cross it to come nearer, I began to rise on my knees and
creep towards them, keeping always the last of the herd in sight so
56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
as not to be seen. Soon after I was on the level plateau going on all
fours, from boulder to boulder, thinking that the nearer I could get
to the edge of the nullah the better. Just as I came to a stone
about one foot and-a-half above ground, i saw the white front of a
female arkar coming out of the nullah; then one atter the other they
all emerged into the plateau. The slighest movement and everything
would be lost. I kept motionless, and as my grey coat was exactly the
colour of the surrounding stones, I hoped I should not be seen provided
I kept perfectly still, The arkars were now about 250 yards off, and
beginning to feed on some little white flowers scattered amongst the
stones. or some minutes four or five of them kept looking steadily
towards me, but I kept as motionless as the granite itself and they
went on feeding again. The two big males were a little out of the
herd, but one female was going in front as if leading the lot. The
young ones were playing together, running round and round after
each other, jumping sideways like lambs, standing on the top of stones
and turning round on their hind feet, butting at each other. After
looking at my game for about half an hour, I saw it was time to shoot.
They were quite near enough, and resting my rifle on my felt hat on
the top of the stones | took a careful aim at the ram on my side and
fired, As soon as the smoke cleared off I saw the legs of the brute in
the air. The others went off like lightning to a distance of about
fifty yards, then all crowding altogether turned to look towards me, I
raised myself on my knees, but was dizzy for a minute, having kept
so long in a cramped position and so could not get a shot at the second
ram. Otf they went in single file, a female leading ; 200 yards further
on they stopped again to look at me and then disappeared over the
verge of the plateau.
I counted 120 paces from where I stood to the ram—a close shot
indeed. My bullet had gone through the base of the left horn and
broken the skull just at the nape of the neck. As the arkar was
feeding when I fired his head was low and I aimed too low, but there
it was, my first Ovzs polii—a grand brute, twelve hands at the shoulder,
with moderate horns. The skin at this time of the year (26th June)
is in bad condition, patches of wool being mixed with the rough
and shorter hair of the summer coat. It was a finely-shaped_ brute,
with the face, legs, and under parts nearly white and all the back and
SHOOTING OVIS POLI ON THE PAMIRS, 57
middle of the body grey, darker on the back and getting lighter down
the ribs. Hach hair is marked with white and black rings like a
porcupine’s quills. We cut off the head and hind legs for food and
returned to the camp.
Another day, not far from this same nullah, I spent a very long
time in search of Ovs, hoping to shoot a good ram, as the day before
I had killed a female, and we consequently had plenty of meat in camp.
After many hours we saw a herd of eleven rams going through a
broad valley to a narrow nullah in the middle of snowy peaks.
As it appeared to me that it was impossible for them to get out of
this nullah except by a very high pass, over newly-fallen snow, I
thought it probable they would stop there, so 1 went after them. We
b)
passed by the foot of a big and very broken “ glacier” coming from
the Kaufman peak, and shortly after began to ascend the said nullah.
Just when we were engaged ina difficult place we saw the arkars
again. They were not so far as we expected, but hearing the stones
rolling they saw us and went on up-hill at a good canter. We were
at about 16,000 feet; the ponies were done for, and one of my
guides was disabled by mountain sickness ; so I left him with the
ponies and went about 500 feet higher to have a good look at the
whole nullah. Right below wasa tiny little lake with a patch of
grass close by. All round were stony slopes, very steep indeed, under
awfully high peaks, There was practically no exit from such a place
even for an Ovis polvz. We had a long inspection of the ground and
finally discovered one QOves coming slowly down near the lake,
Shortly after there were three in sight. It was impossible to see if
they had good horns, but I thought arkars which lived in such a
secluded place must be wary old males, so I decided to go after them.
The descent by some long sheets of ice and over rocks was not at
all easy, but we got to the bottom of the nullah at last, Soon after
we discovered an Ovis, about 700 yards off, looking at us from a spur,
He went off at once and there were the eleven rams running down-
hill. It was evidently the same herd we had been after all the morn-
ing. ‘This time they galloped at full speed, crossed the valley, went
up the left side of it and disappeared over a high rocky spur.
Evidently they were going back to the next big nullah, where we had
seen them first, ‘The only plan was to try and follow the river, and as
8 ee " ;
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58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
a reward I soon afterwards sighted the eleven rams feeding quietly
about 500 yards’ distance. The ground was a long undulating slope
broken up by little ravines, and after creeping along on all fours for
some time I saw the game 200 yards distant. At the first shot they
made a move and stopped, intently looking all around as if they did
not know where the danger was. My shot had been tou high; the
second shot too high again, and at once, all the herd made straight
forme. Unhappily they were following a little ravine, and as they
passed about 100 yards under where I stood, I could see only the tops
of their backs. ‘Two more shots missed. I saw that if I were on a
ridge about 180 or 200 feet higher, I should possibly see them ina
nullah they were just entering, so I ran my best and reached the top
to see all the brutes in single file going up, under my feet, about
eighty yards off. But I was breathless ; running up-hill at 15,000 feet
isnot easy for a man, hardly for an Ovis poli. My heart was beating
frantically and my hand was anything but steady. I tried to rest my
hand on the ground and fired. The first shot missed, but the second
rolled over an Ovis ; the third missed, but the fourth killed one more.
I tried two more shots, about 150 or 180 yards distant, but only
wounded another, and there 1 was half fainting without any more
cartridges. For about half-an-hour I was unable to move, so ex-
hausted was I after such exertion. Eventually I got back to camp
with two good heads thinking I had done very badly.
It is by no means an uncommon occurrence for game when misled
by an echo, or by the bullet striking against stones near them, to make
straight: for the spot whence the shot is fired ; especially is this the
case with mountain game.
On one occasion I was shooting at twe young males and fired four
times at the bigger of the two. Ateach shot I] saw that the bullet
struck the ground just behind the brute, but he kept on running a
few steps up and then down-hill, looking in every direction, evidently
not knowing what to do or where to go.
I need not narrate all my adventures with Ovis pol, but it may
interest sportsmen to know which places I found the best.
On the west of the Kara Kul lake and south of Kaufman there are Ovis
and sometimes in greatherds. Over the great Kara Kul, at the Akdjilga
sources, f saw one herd of females and young ones numbering about 120.
SHOOTING OVIS POLIT ON THE PAMIRS. 59
The valley s of the Gouroumdi and Sassik rivers, west of the Akbaital
river, hold some Ovs. They are not common in summer al] along
the Aksu, but the neighbouring hills on the northern, eastern, and
southern sides of the great Victoria lake, are full of Ovis.
When I got there from the west after along and useless search
near the Yashil Kul I had a spell of bad weather. A snow storm
obliged me to stop and wait for several days on the Karasu river, But
as it was bitterly cold and snowing hard, I thought the game would
come down into the valleys, and so they did. One day from my tent
I could see a herd of about 120 on the hill close by. Hverything
was covered with snow and they were moving slowly down. I went
to watch them, but could not find anything worth shooting amongst
the whole lot, so [ left them alone. Another day on the south side of
the great Pamir lake, I left my camp in very bad weather, the wind was
blowing hard and the snow falling. It was bitterly cold, and it was
almost impossible to see as the clouds were low everywhere, except
from time to time for afew minutes. But it was a grand day as the
game was swarming. Lf saw certainly 600 Ovts that day and came
back with five heads tied to our saddles—the grandest day of sport I had
in my life. We went all day without eating, as we had nothing. The
weather was so bad we had not been able to light a fire for four days ;
but the arkars were lower down and it was an opportunity not to be lost,
IT saw one herd of twenty-three big rams together, ‘but they saw us
when the clouds opened all at once and went away a a rattling pace
over the plain. I visited several nullahs and had to cross a ridge
about 17,800 feet—the most trying thing I have ever done—although
I went higher sometimes, but the wind was on this occasion blowing
straight in our faces. The clouds were so dense that it was impossible
to see more thana few feet in front, and the cold was terrible. I
thought we should have had to give up and die on the pass, but as
soon as we had crossed it, we felt warmer as the wind was neither so
strong nor so cold a little iower down. After crossing this pass I
made a right and left at two big rams, so we were fully rewarded.
Near the Benderski pass there are some QOvs and all along the
Tagdumbash on the north side, but the Hindukoush is too difficult
for them and there is not a single one south of this chain of mountains,
As a rule, Ovis polti are not at all fond of difficult and rocky
mountains. Their true ground is the leng rolling plateau or the
60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
rounded hills of the Pamirs. I never saw one in a really bad place.
They are not very wary, but often difficult to stalk on account of the
eround. A close shot isa rare occurrence, and 200, 250, or 800 yards
is the usual common range.
They are commonly found at a height from 18,000 up to the
snow, the little patches of grass along the snow lines over broad
stony nullahs being their favourite resorts. They feec in the early
morning and keep moving about until 10 or 11 in the day ; then they
lie down, sometimes on the same spot, or oftener they go up some
bare hill where they scratch the ground and make a sort of big form.
I did not notice that they are at all fond of lying on the snow.
I nearly always found them in very dry places or on the stony slopes.
It is not easy to see them when they are not moving about, and when
standing they look very light coloured except on the back.
When lying down arkars nearly always keep the head erect as if on
the look-out, and when sleeping they lie with the neck outstretched,
I saw big males with heavy horns resting their horns on the ground.
In this case the under parts of the neck and jaw do not touch the earth
by some inches. The animal cannot touch the ground except with its
mouth on account of the shape of the horns.
They seem to be affected by height. I more than once saw Ovis
when going at full speed up-hill, open their mouths as if in want of
breath. When going up-hill they never go very fast and stop from
time to time. When going leisurely they do not mind heights over
17,000 feet. Isaw some coming down for food on the sky line at
certainly more than 18,000 feet. When disturbed they go up
slowly but steadily to great elevations. As a rule, they dislike snow
and are very cautious when in deep new snow. I once saw four Ovis
repeatedly try a glacier covered with new snow, not more than 400
yards from me. It was wonderful the way they avoided the bad
places. The one in front went very slowly trying the ground, and
every now and then went shoulder deep into the snow. He then
drew back and tried other places without success and then saw me,
I was going up hoping to cut off their line of retreat, seeing which
they appeared to be puzzled for several minutes, and finally, instead
of crossing the plain, came straight towards me at full gallop and
passed eighty yards off, I got one and the others disappeared,
SHOOTING OVIS POLIi ON THE PAMIRS. 61
After keeping very quiot all day, about three or four o’clock they
go again to feed. Once I saw three males fighting on the way to the
grazing ground, They were butting each other exactly as sheep do,
and sometimes ran alongside each other striking sideways against the
ribs and flanks. The points of the horns being at right angles with
the line of the neck, they must hurt each other in this way much more
than when knocking their heads together. When engaged in such a
fight they utter a kind of low grunt, and the noise of the horns against
each other can be heard along way off. They do not move about at
night except when disturbed.
One has to be very cautious when watching Ovis poli as they
have excellent sight and are wonderfully keen scented. If they see
anything they all stand looking at it, crowding against each other and
striking the ground with their fore feet, often coming some paces
nearer. All at once one bounds away, all the herd follows, and before
long all stop again and turn to look at what has disturbed them.
Then they start again and stop again, sometimes every two or three
hundred yards. Hven after you have shot at them they behave in
this way, but if once they get scent of you they are. off directly
without stopping until they are a great distance.
I saw once a herd going at full speed, and when I fired at them
from aridge about 400 yards off they stopped at once. When the
bullet struck the ground on the further side of the herd, they all
started and went to look at the place where the bullet had struck,
Soon after they went off again, but they had not seen me.
They nearly always resort to the same places and the same nullahs.
Big herds always consist of females and young males. When about five
years old the males herd together in small numbers of two or three,
sometimes more, but hardly ever exceeding eight or ten. Once only
I saw twenty-three. These herds of males spend the summer in_ the
highest and most remote nullahs, but in winter they come lower
down and many die of starvation in the spring, when, after a bad
winter the food runs short. One can see on the ground many heads
of old Ovis which died in the spring. In some places they are to be
seen by dozens, and by the more or less decayed condition of the horns
and skulls, one can guess how long they have been lying on the
ground. During the summer there is not a single big male to he
62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Val. X.
seen near these places where the horns are found, and it is evident
that they only come in winter.
I think the weight of a good big ram’s head is nearly forty
pounds. I got one which is 71 incheslong and 151 round the base.
The sinew which runs downthe nape of the neck is quite as big asa
man’s wrist. Such a sinew is necessitated by the weight of the head.
When galloping they have a peculiar way of keeping the head quite
erect ; this is certainly due to the great weight of the horns which
would be felt much more if the head were kept straight out. All the
same, they go very fast indeed down-hill, and their gallop is a long
stride even when going up-hill ; but I noticed more than once what
a peculiar stiff action they have in the shoulder which is due to the
way they carry their heads.
It is very difficult to make out which is the best amongst several
rams, the shape of the horns being such that in profile it is impossible
to see them well, and when seen from the front one can only make out
how broad they are from tip to tip, and that very roughly.
When stalking these animals the golden rule of never approaching
from below but always from above is of great importance. They do
not mind going up or down-hill* and will cross a valley of more than
a mile in breadth when disturbed. When shot at much they go of
great distances and leave the country. I do not consider that they are
hard to kill considering their size. A 500 express is quite enough for
them. Mine was a double barrel 500 magnum, shooting five drams of
powder and a hollow bullet about one inch long. 1 found it was a
capital weapon for Ovis polit and other game.
Some sportsmen and naturalists have tried to make out that there
are numerous species of these giant sheep, but I am strongly of
opinion that in Central Asia there are only two species, wz., the
Ovis polit and the Ovis ammon, The shape of the horns of the former
species does vary slightly, and it is interesting to compare the two
heads shown in the accompanying plate. It will be seen that in one
case the horns touch each other at the base, while in the other they
are a considerable distance apart, but both these heads came from the
same district (south-east of the Victoria lake) and there is no doubt
that they are of the same species.
* Some mountain game when disturbed go up-hill, but the Ovis does not.
is to get out of the way by the easiest road,
What they do
63
FIELD NOTES WITH THE CHITRAL RELINF FORCE,
By Masor W. Sr. J. RicHarpson, F. z. 8.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th July, 1895, ;
Though most of the country passed through by this expedition is
somewhat barren and singularly devoid of life, [ have here jotted down
a few of the most common birds or animals that came under my notice
whenever there was time enough to make notes,
From Nowshera to Murdan is, I suppose, too well known to require
description. The road crosses the Kabul River on a bridge of boats,
and passing through some lew bare hills, proceeds in almost a direct
line to Hoti Murdan. As the station is approached, the cultivation
increases, watered by a canal that comes down from the Swat River.
Tn the barley fields about the end of April, 1 believe there is some of
the best quail-shooting in India, The commonest birds are the English
starling, common mynah, the golden oriole, the raven, and the ubiqui-
tous crow. The next stage from Hoti Murdan to Jalala is uninterest-
ing in the extreme, over bare open plain; a little barley cultivation
round Jalala village ; birds very few. Small fish are to be caught in
the stream here, but I did not see any. I am told that they are a
sort of mahseer, and they run readily at a very small fly-spoon. The
road next passes towards the hills through barley cultivation, and about
fourteen miles the village of Durgai is reached. I noticed the imperial
eagle and one of the common harriers on this march.
Durgai is situated at the foot of one of the spurs that run
down from the Malakhand Pass. Here the road became extremely
difficult. Going towards the foot of the pass I saw some chikor.
The hills here are sparsely covered with korindah and other bushes,
and probably hold a few hares and black partridge, but I saw neither.
At the top of the pass, height 3,540 feet, there are groves of wild
olives, the commonest bird being the oriole. There are also chikor on
the rocky hills round. We now get down into the Swat Valley ;
cultivation, still keseel (or bearded wheat) very plentiful, trees in
topes and very uncommon on the hills, which appear almost bare.
A few quails in the wheat, and I observed snipe, gadwall and teal on
the river near Aladand. I also saw among the groves of trees a
64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
small pigeon of a greenish-bronze colour, but I did not shoot one ; so
am unable to identify it. In the river there is very good mahseer
fishing, the best runs being towards Aladand and almost opposite
Chakdara. Many fish were killed, the biggest 23 Ibs., all with a spoon.
When I was in the Swat Vulley about the 7th April, the river was
fairly clear, though the water rose every afternoon owing to the melting
snow ; but I should say that little fishing could be done there after
the third week in April. I am told that chikor, seesee, and black
partridge are to be found on the lower slopes of the hills enclosing
the Swat Valley. After crossing the Swat the road lay up the valley
to Uch and then through the Katgola Pass. The hills over which we
passed were covered with wild mint ; a few pine trees were to be seen
for the first time, walnuts and chinass being abundant. On some of
the hills there was considerable cover of wild roses and korindah
bushes, but I was told that beyond a few black partridge and chikor
there was nothing on the hills. At Serai (first called Gunbat) there
were a good number of black partridge and hares about. Here the
road lay downwards through the Shamshi Khan Pass on to the Panjkora
Kiiver. Jew birds were to be seen but the common stone-chat and the
king-crow. In the Shamshi Khan Pass we first came upon a species
of holly which covers the sides of the hills in the Barant, Dir,
and Kunar Valleys. At Sado on the Panjkora River there were a few
quails in the cultivation and I put up one jack snipe. The Panjkora
is a very rapid stream, and as it comes straight from the snows, it is at
this time of year (15th April) very dirty. A few trout were taken
with atta and a worm, but they were mostly under half a pound.
No doubt in the season there would be very good mahseer fishing.
There is cultivation along the banks of the Ushiri River, the whole
way to Mundia Khan (now ealled Mundah), the Fort of Umra Khan in
the Jandoul Valley, and which is situated on the Jandoul River, a tribu-
tary of the Ushiri. Here we managed to get some very good fishing,
mahseer being killed up to 22 lbs. while I was there, and since I hear
of one weighing 40 lbs. There are some splendid runs, and no doubt
many fish come up the Ushiri when the Panjkora is so thick. Most of
the successful fishermen used a silver spoon about 2” to 24” long, but I
got five fish weighing 43 Ibs., biggest 18 Ibs., on a 14" gilt fly-spoon.
The oriole, king-crow and common mynah with the wire-tailed swallow
FIELD NOTES WITH THE CHITRAL RELIEF FORCE, 65
were the commonest birds to be seen, though, of course, those camp-
followers, the Egyptian vulture and the common kite, were fairly
numerous. I found a nest of the wire-tailed swallow in the fort at
Mundia containing four eggs hard set.
The road from Mundah to Kanbat at the foot of the hills is more or less
uninteresting. Passing through open country and crossing the Jandoul
River several times, I noticed here the imperial eagle. On the top of
the Janbatai Pass, 7,400 feet, we first came across the lammergeyer,
which was to be seen sailing over the tops of the hills covered here and
there with snow. The north side of this pass is covered with pines, deo-
dars, walnuts, horse-chestnuts and the holly before mentioned. There
were a couple of peregrine falcons hunting the side of the hill as we
descended. There is good water about 100 yards below the summit and
a camping ground on the very top, though of limited dimensions. The
common red-start was to be seen here, as well as a bunting of some
sort which I could not identify. The Baraul Valley from Janbatai
down to Chutiatan is covered with walnuts, mulberry, pear and peach
trees, and with wild raspberries and currants growing here and there.
Wild violets and strawberries were common, while in some parts the
ground was covered with a pink and white crocus. Pink and white
mar was also to be seen. To the south of Baraul Bandai is the
Kargossa Pass, about 8,450 feet, and I was informed by the natives that
on the hills surrounding the pass there were to be found bear (black
probably), thar, apparently, (they described it as a large deer with
horns), and the musk-deer. When the stream clears, there is probably
fair fishing in the Baraul River, though I doubt whether you would
ever get a fish over, say, 10 lbs. Asit isnot a big stream, the snow
trout is caught in large numbers running from 3 lbs, to a few ounces,
mostly about $ 1b. In the higher part of the Baraul nullah there is
wheat cultivation, but as we approach the Panjkora River the hills
come straight down to the water, and the river becomes faster and
more rocky. At this point the road turns north up the Dir Valley,
and at six miles from Chutiatan the Fort of Dir is reached. Here we
were encamped some time, and the only amusement was catching
trout in the Dir stream, which is very rapid and comes down from the
Lowarai Pass. These fish seem to be the ordinary Himalayan or
snow-trout, and, as before said, run up to about 3 |bs., though such a fish
9
66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
is very rare. On the hills around there is thick cover, mostly hilly,
but the natives say that beyond a few chikor there is nothing but a few
barking deer on them. The Dir Valley continues upwards for about
thirteen miles till Goojar is reached at the foot of the pass. Our
camp there is in a bleak rocky spot amongst the snow drifts from the
summit, and when, as is generally the case, a cold wind blows off the
pass, the cold is something intense. The top of the pass is reached in
about 32 miles and is about 10,450 feet high. The birds noticed were
the mynah fairly common, the chough, hoopoe, yeliow wagtail, snow
bunting (?), spotted dove, nuthratch, swift, the English swallow, crow,
woodpeckers, especially the golden-backed woodpecker, kestrel, lam-~
mergeyer, crested tit, and great tit, English cuckoo, very common,
minivets, and a bird rather larger than a greenfinch—the name of which
I do not know—tne head and breast were claret-red, back, wings and
tail olive-brown. I thought at first it was a cross-bill, but as it was per-
petually on the move, it was impossible to see its beak clearly. There
was also another bird found first below the snows; it had a harsh scream
like a jay, the head was black, the rest of the body dark brown, bowed
with white ; it had a longish tail and was somewhat larger than a
bulbul. On these hills are to be found bear, probably red and black (a
small black bear was shot, above Goojar), musk-deer in considerable
numbers, markhor, thar and goorah—so they say ; but I was over the
hills for two days, and all that I saw was one goorah and some female
thar. This is, I fancy, a bad time of year, asthe grass is springing up
on the melting of the snow, and the Goojars come with their cattle and
yoats and swarm everywhere. They say there are koklass at Goojar,
but I did not see any; a bird, I think, identical with the English
black-bird, is found along the torrents that run down from the hills,
as well as the pied wagtail, water-ouzel or dipper and the red-start.
The road from the top of the pass to Ziarat at about 33 miles is
mostly cut out of the side of the hill, but after passing Ziarat it
descends into the river-bed and continues crossing and recrossing the
stream till Ashreth is reached about six miles further on. There is
little to be said of this camp; it is at an elevation of about
6,000 feet, but is sunk in between high hills in a narrow valley ;
there are a good many walnut trees, but it is very hot and the
flies are something fearful. Three miles beyond Ashreth, Mirkandi
FIELD NOTES WITH THE CHITRAL RELIEF FORCE. 67
is reached on the Kunar or Chitral River, The road here turns
north-east and keeps along the cliffs high above the Chitral River
until we come to Killa Darosh about fourteen miles from Ashreth, The
Kunar is a very rapid and deep river ; there were two bridges over it
but they were both destroyed by Umra Khan. There seemed to be
some grand runs in it, but it is probably clear for only a short time in
the year. When we saw it about the middle of May, it was a dark slate
colour, The birds noticed on this march were the kestrel, cuckoo,
chikor, rock pipit, large verditer fly-catcher, pied and grey wagtail,
blue rock-pigeon, red-backed shrikes, crow, raven, and golden oriole;
the last very common. In one tree I saw no less than five birds.
On this march I saw an albino blue rock ; it was almost white with the
blue bars on its wings clearly marked ; it passed close below me and I
could see it very clearly. Killa Darosh is a rather pretty little village
almost hidden in walnut and mulberry trees, the latter, two sorts—the
white and red—being ripe, abundant; beautiful water coming from
streams in the hills. Beyond Killa Darosh, which is twenty-six miles
from Chitral, I did not go; but lam told that about Chitral there
are oorial and on the hills markhor. I forgot to mention that on a
tomb at Ziarat there were several markhors’ heads; they are of the
Kashmir variety ; the biggest was, I believe, 50”, but I did not measure
it ; there was also a pair of horns at Ashreth, probably about 40".
68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
LIST OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE
FROM 1888 TO 1895.
By H. 8. Ferreuson, F.LS.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th July, 1895.)
Seven years ago I began collecting snakes systematically for the
Trevandrum Museum, and, by the aid of friends in the hills, and my
own and a native collector’s exertions in the plains, have got together so
far some sixty species. Of these, three are new to science and have
been described by Mr. Boulenger in the pages of this journal, and have
been, or will be, figured there also. They are Rhinophis travancoricus,
Lhinophis fergusonianus and Dipsas dightond, the latter named after
Mr, Dighton of Pirmerd, to whose exertions and to those of Messrs.
Richardson, Turner and Marshall I have been mostly indebted for
specimens from Pirmerd, the High Range, and Ponmudi respectively.
It is difficult to say much about the habits of the various species, for
nearly all are nocturnal, and, when one does come across one in the day
time, all one can do, as a rule, is to capture it without delay, so that it
is not often one has the chance of watching snakes in their own haunts
under natural conditions. The first snake I saw in this country was a
few days after I landed. I was sitting in the verandah of a house in
Madras when my attention was drawn to a frog, which had just hopped
on to the road close by ; in a second it was followed by a snake that
seized it and at once commenced to swallow it. The friend, with whom
I was staying, and I ran out and intently watched the performance,
which proceeding appeared to cause the snake no anxiety, when sud-
denly there was a sound of wings, and snake and frog soared
away in the grasp of a Pariah kite. Imbued as I was at
that time with the common but erroneous notion that ‘cobras are
found every day in your slippers,” and other snakes to be met with at
every turn, I was not at all surprised at the occurrence, but I have
since learned to modify this opinion and have never again been present
at such a veritable ‘chain of destruction.” The fact is that unless
you search for snakes, and that with diligence, you hardly come across
a single stray one from year’s end to year’s end. ‘To return to Travan-
core. There are eight species of Stlybura recorded by Colonel Bed-
dome (who, when at the head of the Forest Department in Madras,
LIST OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE. 69
did so much to extend the knowledge of these and other earth snakes)
which should be found in Travancore. Of these we have secured six,
and it is possible we may yet come across the other two, for these
snakes are very local and are not easy to find at any time though,
when one has been met with, others of the same species may generally
be found near the same locality.
Family TYPHLOPID A.
These are small worm-like snakes, which are entirely subterranean
in habit and can only be obtained by digging. In excavating a tank
in the public gardens I got a number, but with a single exception all
of one kind.
Typhlops braminus. Fairly common in Trevandrum,
( This has only been recorded from North
| India hitherto ; but a single specimen was
* brought to me and is now in the British
( Museum.
Family BOIDZ.
Python molurus.--This is a fairly common snake about the foot of
the hills. Specimens are often brought in alive for the zoological
collection in the public gardens (at present we have three, but none
over ten feet), Tho largest I have heard of was one of eighteen feet
killed on a coffee estate in the Ashambu hills. |
On one occasion I was considerably startled by one. | was walking
from one coffee estate to another, when I took a wrong road and
coming to a stream I sat down and took my breakfast. Before retrac-
ing my steps I took a nap and suddenly woke to find a python
gliding along within a yard of me. Needless to say I hurriedly
departed in the opposite direction. One was killed not long ago near
the regimental butts at Quilon, which are close to the sea; it was
about eight feet long and had killed a kid.
In captivity, as a rule, they feed well, but one we had fasted abso-
lutely for a year and ten days, Contrary to what I have always
believed, I find that they will eat a dead rat, or rabbit, just as readily
asa live one. They make no attempt at constricting it but proceed
to swallow it at once. At one time all the pythons that were kept in
a particular cage died, anda post mortem examination showed that they
Typhlops porrectus.
70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
were infested with internal parasites in the form of round worms,
which in most instances had perforated the intestines and the coating
of the stomach.
Family UROPELTID A.
These are burrowing snakes which feed upon worms. When cut-
ting new roads on coffee, or tea estates, they are often met with. They
may also be seen above ground after rain, when they follow the worms
to the surface. Mr. Marshall told me that he found one one day
struggling with a worm almost as large as itself. They are called
by the natives ‘ double-headed snakes.”
Rhinophis sanguineus.—I have only taken one specimen at Ponmudi
at about 2,000 feet elevation.
Lhino phis travancoricus.—Also a single specimen taken about six
miles from Trevandrum. It was described by Mr. Boulenger in Vol.
VII of this journal.
Rhino phis fergusonianus.—A single specimen taken by Mr. Sealy
in the High Range ; also described by Mr, Boulenger.
Silybura maculata.—Five specimens have been sent to me from
time to time from the High Range, and from that locality only.
Stlybura ocellata——As I have said above, all the Srlybura are very
local, and I received no specimens of this snake for some time till seven
were sent to me in one consignment by Mr. Richardson from
Pirmerd.
Silybura rubrolineata.—I have received this from localities from the
foot of the hills to the High Range.
Selybura myhendre.—Five specimens of this snake have been taken,
two of which were from the very foot of the hills, the other three.
from the hills of South Travancore. It has not been recorded
from the High Range.
Silybura madurensis.—Five specimens, all from the hills of North
Travancore at considerable elevations.
Silybura brevis.—This is by far the commonest of the earth snakes.
I have taken it in the Pettah in Trevandrum, and it is found commonly
in the hills at all elevations, both in North and South Travancore.
Melanophidium punctatum.—I have only received two specimens of
this snake, both from Pirmerd. It is a most beantitul snake being
highly iridescent.
LIST OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE. 71
Platyplecturus sanguineus.—This is only found at high elevations.
I have it recorded from the High Range and Pirmerd.
Family COLUBRID,
SERIES A,—AGLYPHA.
Xylophis perroteti.—One specimen from the’ High Range.
Xylophis stenorhyncus.—One specimen taken at Nedumangad, ten
miles from Trevandrum, at the foot of the hills. Thirty years ago
this place was well in the forest, but is now more or less open country.
Lycodon travancoricus.x—This is a very common snake both in the
low country and in the hills and is often found in bungalows. It is
mistaken for Bungarus ceruleus sometimes, but may be readily dis-
tinguished from it by the absence of the hexagonal scales running
along the centre of the back. It does not appear to live in captivity.
Lycodon aulicus—Common in the low country, but | have not
recorded a single specimen from the hills; like the above our captive
specimens have only lived a short time.
Dryocalamus nympha.—Two specimens only received.
Polyodontophis subpunctatus.—A single specimen was brought to
me alive taken in Trevandrum.
Simotes arnensis.—Two specimens taken in Trevandrum: One was
brought alive, but did not survive long.
Oligodon travancoricus.—Several specimens of this snake have been
sent to me from the High Range. .
Oligodon brevicaudata.—A single specimen taken at Pirmerd.
Oligodon subgriseus.——-This is a fairly common snake in the hills of
both North and South Travancore, less so in the plains, but I have
taken it in Trevandrum, and also have it recorded from Cottayam.
I have kept it in captivity, but it does not thrive.
Oligodon affins.—Two specimens, one from the High Range and
the other from the foot of the hills.
Zamenis mucosus.—The rat-snake is one of the commonest snakes
both in the hills and plains. Mr. Ingleby, the Superintendent of the
Public Gardens, writes: ‘‘ It is about the most active in confinement
and next to the python thrives the best; its favourite food is a
medium-sized frog, of which a fair-sized snake will eat about twenty-
twoatameal, Confinement seems to retard their growth, They
72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
also appear to prefer frogs to rats, possibly because the former are
easier to catch, On seizing its prey it immediately begins to swallow
it alive, and in a very short time a large number of frogs are disposed
of. They are fed once a week. The oldest rat-snake in the Gardens
has been in captivity for six years and was taken when quite young.”
Coluber helena.—This is a common snake in the hills above a
thousand feet elevation.
Dendrophis grandoculis,— A single snake of this species was sent to 3
me from Pirmerd.
Dendrophis pictus.—A fairly common snake both in the hills and
plains. Mr. Ingleby writes about those we have had in captivity :
‘It is a very lively and plucky snake, also a very pretty one when
excited. It is very keen after frogs, particularly tree frogs.”
Dendrophis bifrenalis—Myr. Boulenger only records this from
Ceylon ; itis, however, not uncommon in Trevandrum.
Dendrophis caudolineolatus.—Like the last has been hitherto looked
on as peculiar to Ceylon, but a single specimen was sent to me from
Pirmerd.
Tropidonotus beddomii.—A fairly common snake throughout the
hills above fifteen hundred feet elevation.
Tropidonotus stolatus.—Common both on the hills and in the plains.
In captivity it is fond of lying in water.
Tropidonotus piscator.—This is essentially a water snake. It is
common in the plains. On Pirmerd there isa peculiar variety having
the markings quite different from those of the low country form. In
the Public Gardens these snakes used to make a habit of coming into
the cages of the water-fowl on the edge of the lake to purloin the fish
and often were killed by the herons, but especially suffered at the
beak of the hair-crested stork, which tooka delight in watching for
them.
Tropidonotus plumbicoior.—Fairly common both on the hills and in
the plains.
Helicops schistosus.—Two specimens were taken in, or near, Trevan-
drum. One was brought alive and lived for some months in captivity ;
though its habits are said to be aquatic, I never saw it go into the
chatty of water provided for it, nor did I ever see it “ flattening and
laterally expanding the skin of the anterior part of the body.”
LIST OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE, 13
Mr. Ingleby writes : “ This is a very fierce snake and does not appear
to move about much in the day time. It invariably buried itself in
the sand at the bottom of the cage with nothing but the extremity of
its head and eyes sticking out. When provoked, it would turn to
attack with great fierceness, though the specimen alluded to was not
more than a foot long. Unfortunately when the cage was removed
to another house it was attacked by ants (Solenopsis geminata) the first
night and literally skeletonised. It appeared to be in a thriving con-
dition, and might have lived for a considerable time if the ants had
not got in. It was fed on small frogs, but was never actually seen in
the act of eating though the frogs disappeared.”
SERIES B,—OPpmIsTHOGLYPHA.
Dipsas trigonata.—I have taken a few specimens in Trevandrum.
lt may be sometimes found at night among the branches of rose bushes.
I have had it in captivity, but it does not thrive. Ithas a peculiar way
of curling itself up in a ball round a thin branch.
Dipsas ceylonensis.—Several specimens of this snake have been sent
to m2 from the hills both in North and South Travancore.
Dipsas forstennit—A single specimen taken by Mr, Marshall
near Ponmudi.
Dipsas dightoni.—This snake was described and named by Mr.
Boulenger in a recent number of this Society’s Journal. Three
specimens have been taken on Pirmerd. The type is in the British
Museum.
Dryophis dispar.—Three specimens have been sent to me from
the High Range.
Dryophis mycterizans.—A very common snake and the only one that
the ordinary native is not afraid to handle. Boys often bring them
in, having first taken the precaution to tie up the head in a bundle of
rags. It does not thrive in captivity though it feeds well. One
female brought to the Public Gardens on July 30th, 1891, gave birth
to twelve young ones on September 27th. The young were about
seventeen inches long; she did not live for any time. They were
produced ovoviviparously.
Much interest has been excited lately over the fate of the pythen
at the Zoological Gardens, London, that was swallowed by its
companion,
10
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Ido not think that this is so uncommon an event as people imagine
among snakes kept together in captivity. Two snakes will often seize
the same frog, and when neither gives way one is pretty sure to be
swallowed. We have had several instances among the snakes in the
Public Gardens and have lad to extricate them from their perilous
position, On one occasion more than half the length of one of these
snakes had disappeared down the throat of one of his companions,
but it was pulled back by the head keeper none the worse for its
engulfment.
Chrysopelea ornata.—aA. few specimens of this snake have been sent
to me from the hills, and I have taken it about Trevandrum.
Cerberus rhyncops.—A single specimen was brought in by a fisher-
man, It was peculiar in having the scales in 27 rows, two more than
usual,
Serius C—PRoreROGLYPHA,
Callophis negreseens.—-This is not a common snake and is only found
at considerable elevations. I have received it only from the hills of
North Travancore. All the specimens are under two feet long and
are constant in coloration, namely, pale reddish-brown with five black
longitudinal bands, I have never heard of any one being bittten by
this snake.
Bungarus cwrulens.—I have taken several specimens in Trevandrum
and have had several sent from the hills. The natives dread this snake
very much, It will feed on other snakes readily, and on one occasion
before I knew of this propensity, I put one in with it and in the
morning it had disappeared. One was killed in the Public Gardens
with the tail of a rat-snake, of almost its own size, hanging out of
its mouth.
Naia tripudians.—Common in the hills and plains. Mr. Ingleby
writes : “ The cobra may be kept with fair success when once it adapts
itself to feeding. ‘he longest period which a cobra has been kept
here is ten months, and the snake is still alive, and eats large bull frogs
with avidity. They are naturally very fierce, and when put together
often strike each other but without showing the slightest effect. Cobras,
as also rat-snakes, commence to swallow their prey as soon as seized.”
On one oceasion two snake-charmers created a good deal of excite-
mont in Treyandrum by producing cobras out of the mud walls of
LIST OF SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE. 75
every compound they went to. At last they went to the Police Office,
where they soon captured a couple which were promptly impounded
by the inspector, much against the wishes of the charmers, and were
at once sent to me. I examined them and found that the fangs had
been removed, thus showing that the charmers had by sleight of hand
introduced the snakes, which they pretended were wild. Needless
to say the men disappeared, in order probably to renew their stock-
in-trade. One of the cobras I kept alive, the other I kilied and
displayed in the Museum with its mouth open, and a legend detailing
how it came into my possession, as a warning to the credulous.
These snakes appear to prefer the larger kinds of frogs, especially
large specimens of Rana tigrina. In captivity they take these with
avidity, but are not attracted by the smaller kinds. They are capable
of swallowing very large creatures proportionately to their own size.
One was brought in that was about four feet long. At one part of its
body it measured eight inches in circumference, the skin was much
stretched and the scales widely separated. On cutting it open a water
lizard ( Varanus bengalensis), two feet long, was taken out whole.
Noia bungarus.—This is not » common snake, but may be met with
at various elevations in the forest. I have it recorded from Ponmnudi,
Pirmerd, and from the foot of the hills, The largest specimen we
have is eleven and a half feet long. The young ones are conspicuously
banded. I have never heard of any one being attacked by this
snake. On one occasion I rode over one which came suddenly out of
the jungle and passed between my pony’s legs.
Enhydris curtus—Of the sea snakes little can be said; they are
brought in from time to time by the fishermen. Of this particular
species we have three specimens.
Hydrus platurus.—Three specimens.
Hydrophis torquatus.—A single specimen.
Enhydrina valakadien.—Three specimens.
Distira ornata.—Two specimens.
Distirva, stokesi—One specimen.
Family VIPERIDA.
Vipera russelliz.—This is a common snake in the low country and
very dangerous on account of its sluggish habits. It is fairly common
76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
on the hillsalso. In confinement it does not appear to thrive. If
disturbed, it swells its body and emits a very loud hissing. I have
known several cases of dogs attracted by the sound attacking the
snake and falling victims to their temerity.
Ancistrodon hypnale.—Not common and only found on the hills.
Mr, A. F. Sanderson, who was bitten by one of these snakes in 1876,
has given me the following account of the circumstance :—
“‘T had just gone to bed and was half asleep when, in turning over,
I put my foot down on the blanket, which was folded up at the foot
of the bed, and felt a prick on my little toe. I thought it might
have been a pin, or thorn, and did not rise at once, but as it began to
pain I got a light and found a small snake coiled upon the floor just
below where the blanket had been; so I got a stick and ‘jobbed ’ him.
Then I tied a handkerchief tight round my leg above the knee and
drank as much strong brandy and water as I could. The pain con-
tinued all night so that I got no sleep, and the leg up to the knee was
very much swollen and continued so for two or three days, during
which time I could not put my foot to the ground. I forgot to say
that, as soon as I knew it was a snake-bite, I'made two cuts, crossing
each other, on the wound and dropped a little carbolic acid into it, I
sent the snake to Frank Bourdillon who sent it home and afterwards
told me its name.”
Mr. Bourdillon when he left Travancore gave me his copy of
‘¢Theobald’s Reptiles of India,” in which he has noted marginally that
it was this snake that bit Mr. Sanderson in September, 1876.
Trimeresurus anamallensis—A common snake on the hills, variable
in colour changing with the seasons, being quite light in the dry season
and with faint markings, while in the wet it is dark and the markings
are clearly defined.
Baron J. Von Rosenberg was once bitten by one of these snakes on
the High Range. He has given me the following account :—
“YT did not notice that I had been bitten. The men walking -
behind me said, ‘ Hulloa! that snake nearly bit you.’ I had shoes on
at the time. I walked onien miles and then sat out for an hour looking
out for bison. I had felt no pain so far. On getting up I found
I could not stand, and my foot swelled up so rapidly that I had to
slice off the shoe. It was half as big as my head when I got back to
LIST Ol’ SNAKES TAKEN IN TRAVANCORE. 17
the bungalow by the help of three coolies. The marks of the fangs
were distinct. I was in pain and feverish all night, and next morning
a large cupfull of blood and matter came away. After two days I
could put my foot to the ground, but it was several days before I could
wear anything but aslipper. About a year after, the same place
swelled up and there was pain and discharge for a few days. I saw
the snake as it went away, a small greensone. The marks of the
fangs became very distinct as the swelling stretched the skin.”
I met a hill man myself on one occasion, having the lower part of
the right arm withered and useless, and he told me it was the result
of a bite from this snake. As a rule this snake is only found at
considerable elevations. But one was taken alive at the foot of
the hills and lived in Trevandrum for some time.
Trimeresurus macrolepis.—Not uncommon on the hills from about
two thousand feet elevation.
Since this paper was read before the Society, I have had another
instance of one snake swallowing another brought to my notice but the
affair ended unusually.
Mr, Ingleby writes: “Some frogs had been put in the glass case
containing two rat-snakes, and while I was selecting from the rest, one
of the snakes seized a fair-sized frog and apparently the other one
must have got hold about the same time. A visitor shouted to me that
one snake was swallowing the other, and just as I got to the cage the
head of the one was just disappearing down the throat of the other. In
about ten minutes’ time, and with some difficulty, about one-third had
disappeared, and then the snake rested, after a while he commenced
again, and more than half had gone when a tremendous struggle took
place ; the snake inside appeared to twist himself round inside the
other one ; any way after a time the swallowing snake began to dis-
gorge, first one or two inches, then he would stop and take it all in
again, but finally the other got his tail around the water pot in the
_ case and got somebeverage, and before long out he came, frog and all,
both alive.”
78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
NOTES ON THE TSAING OR BANTING, BOS SONDAICUS,
By VererinaRy-Caprain G. H. Evans.
( With a Plate. )
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Sept. 1895.)
These creatures may be found in most parts of this province (Burma)
where suitable cover and grazing exist. They collect in small herds of
from eight to a dozen individuals, occasionally, however, as many as
twenty may be seen together, and I have no doubt that under certain
circumstances this number may be exceeded. Hach herd is governed
by a bull, but itis by no means rare to find two or three in a herd ;
these are, however, younger animals. As bulls advance in years they
are frequently turned out by younger and stronger rivals, and are
thus forced to lead solitary lives. In their habits tsaing are
very shy and retiring, and bound off immediately on the approach of
man. Asarule they avoid the vicinity of villages, and, as far as I
am aware, do not enter open cultivation, but I have several times
found fresh tracks near jungle hamlets, and have known them to do
considerable damage in the Toungyas (clearings in the forest for
cultivation). Their food consists principally of grass, bamboo leaves
and shoots ; the latter are much relished by them, as also is a largish
fruit*® about the size of an apple which, when ripe, drops from the trees
in quantities. They feed from early morning till nine or ten o’clock,
but sometimes in cloudy weather and in the rains to a much
later hour, after which they retire to lie up in the shade. These
creatures wander about a great deal visiting different grounds at
certain seasons of the year, their migrations being greatly influenced
by the pasturage. During the early rains they are attracted to the
bamboo jungle by the young shoots. At this time also they are fre-
quently driven into the open by the flies which are then intolerable,
whilst during the hot weather the shade of the heavy jungle and
cane brakes is sought. Generally speaking, tsaing prefer the lighter
kinds of forest, such as Eng tree forest, where the principal species
s
is the Dipterocarpus tuberculatis and the cover is light. I have not
* The fruit or rather fruits referred to are the ban-bwe-thi, fruit of the Careya
arborea, and the zyn or zym-byun-thi, fruit of the Dillenia pentagyna.
Journ Bombay: Nat: Hest: Soe Vols.
A.’ Corie & C’Lithos: Bombay.
From. Fhoiographs.
Skulls and Horns of the Tsaing (Bos sondatcns)
NOTES ON THE TSAING OR BANTING, BOS SONDAICUS. 719
seen them at great elevations, though they appear to like the lower
slopes of the hills.
Other game may be met with when stalking tsaing; these are
sambar, bear, &c., and at certain times elephants and gaur. I think
the only time for good stalking is from the end of May till the end of
November. During this period the ground is very soft, the leaves do
not crackle, and the twigs when trodden on do not, in their soddened
state, snap with the usual pistol-like report. After the first few
showers is a very good time, as it is not then difficult to stalk in cotton
or rubber-soled boots. Most of the animals at this season keep out a
good deal in thei glades, for the heat in the muggy and overpoweringly
still atmosphere of the jungle, the smell of decomposing leaves,
combined with the horse and elephant flies, mosquitoes, and other
insect abominations, are too dreadful. The months of June and July
are excellent for stalking ; the undergrowth is not very high, the
ground is better for tracking, sky cloudy, and atmosphere cooler ;
the only discomfort is the incessant rain; provided however, one
has a watertight T'é (little shed), a good dinner and a sandfly-mosquito-
proof net in readiness on return to camp, the discomfort is soon
forgotten. October and November are also good months. The cover
is of course thick, but the ground is still in fair condition, and there is
then no rain, Though fever is always more or less prevalent, it is
especially so at this time.
A start should be made at daybreak and all likely pluces inspected.
Fresh tracks should be sought for in places, such as banks of streams,
sali-licks, favourite glades, &c.; and, if the tracks of a solitary bull
be found, it is as well to follow them up quickly, though quietly, as
these animals frequently graze in circles; moreover, the chances are
in favour of catching up such a bull before he settles down for the day.
Signs will not, as a rule, be wanting to let you know when he is
near at hand. If a shot be obtained, the bullet should be placed
well forward and moderately low. If, as constantly does happen, the
animal dashes off wounded, and the ground be fairly open, by running
up, another shot may be gained. Should he take to heavy cover, sit
down and smoke a pipe ; this will give him time to bleed and die, or
at least to cool down. ‘Trackers in this part of the world are prone
to be very rash, either from confidence in their escape by their
80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
monkey-like activity, or from ignorance (this remark applies only
to tsaing and elephants, it is quite the other way on with bison
and rhino, of which creatures, even when unwounded, Burmans have
a holy dread). Following up tracks immediately after wounding an
animal is a proceeding calculated to provoke a charge. ‘The safest
plan is to take your heaviest weapon im hand, post a man on a tree
commanding a good view of the cover, while you and the tracker
eircle round the patch and see if the animal has passed through ; if
this is not the case, and the man up the tree can afford no information
work quietly. through, taking advantage of trees, telling the look-out
to keep onthe gue vive. The Karens say that, if charged, the best
thing is to lie down ; these people I know put this plan into practice.
Stalking herds is generally very disappointing as the ever-watchful
cows are always on the alert, added to which, if lucky enough to get
into a herd, it is very long odds against getting a shot at the bull, as
nine times out of ten fortune favours him. When startied, herds
dash off, but, unless they have been much disturbed, soon settle down.
I do not think that tsaing are more inclined to charge than bison, or
that solitary beasts are worse in this respect than herd bulls. Occa-
sionally, as is the case with most heavy game, a tough individual may
be met with who is prepared to see the fight out to the bitter end.
I have heard of only a few cases in which a bull has charged unpro-
voked, and then he appears always to have been taken by surprise. I
have known wounded animals to give much trouble. The tsaing is then
a nasty beast, being more active and persevering than a bison, return-
ing again and again to the attack, The weapons I have found most
effective are a smooth double eight-bore, charge eight to ten drams,
weighing twelve pounds, built for me by Adams and Co., and a
deuble B 577 express by the same maker ; however, I should always
prefer the former weapon if it came to a scrimmage.
Voice.—I have only heard these animals utter two cries—one a loud
bellow, probably a call, and the other the familiar snort made by bison
and these creatures when frightened and ahout to make off. The
flesh, when kept for a short time, is not at all bad eating, the tongue,
tail, and marrow bones are especially good. Sometimes the flesh is
strongly flavoured. The Burmese are very partial to it.
‘The tracks of tsaing are very similar to those made by the gaur.
Tsaing are not domesticated in Burma. A few instances in
- NOTES ON THE TSAING OR BANTING, BOS SONDAICUS, 81
which calves have been captured and brought up are well known.
A man named Moung Bya Gale of Paya-Thonzu in the Pegu district
has owned three tsaing at different times ; they were all quiet animals,
and I am informed that two years ago he drove a pair to Pegu when
attending the pagoda festival. Very many of the domestic cattle of
the country resemble tsaing in several points, »z., in colour, white
patches on the buttocks, and in the possession of the white stockings,
I am of opinion that the infusion of some tsaing blood into the cattle
of the country would do much good.
DEscRIPTION,
Tsaing are massive animals with good girth, The dorsal ridge is
well developed, extending to about the centre of the back where it
ends somewhat abruptly ; from this point a darkish line runs to the
tail most noticeable in cows and calves. Dewlap decided and moder-
ate in size. Legs are fairly long, hoofs small, neatly shaped, and
black in colour. In general appearance they resemble the gaur, but
are longer-legged and altogether less bulky.
Colour.—That of old bulls is dark chestnut, which in certain lights
makes them appear darker than they really are. I, however, have
never seen any bull as dark as a solitary bull bison. Under the abdo-
men and in the region of the axil and groin the colour fades off to
brown. ‘The forearms are darkish grey, and the legs from a little above
the knees and hocks down to the feet are of a dirty white or yellow
colour. ‘This is the case with both sexes, as also is a roundish or oval
white patch on the buttocks which extends upwards as far as, but does
not surround, the root of the tail, and then tends downwards to the
inside of the limbs. The tail extends to just below the hocks; the
extremity is provided with a good tuft of hair. Face dirty grey ;
edges of lips, also inside of ears, whitish. Hars are of moderate size.
The eyes are full and bright, the pupils being blue in colour. Muzzle
is black.
Young bulls are brighter in colour, and the various markings are
less prominent than in aged animals.
Cows are a bright chestnut or reddish-brown colour which is _per-
manent ; calves are the same. ‘The faces are a trifle paler, especially
ra
82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
noticeable round the eyes, forehead, and about the muzzle where it is
dirty white. Under the abdomen and down the inside of the legs the
colour is also dirty white.
Heads.-Compared with those of the gaur, they are compara-
tively longer and decidedly narrower and are altogether lighter,
and the ridge between the horn cores is but slightly developed, as
also is the convexity at the vertex. The concavity of the forehead,
which is such a prominent feature in the skull of the gaur, is almost
wanting in these animals, As in the case of gaur the solitary
bulls appear to carry the best heads. The horns are flattened at the
base, the anterior faces being often very rugged. The direction
usually taken is outwards; and upwards towards the tips they take an
inward or backward curve. In young bulls and cows the horns are
cylindrical ; in the latter they are generally directed upwards, inwards
and backwards, and are often lyrate.
Solitary Solitary Herd Herd
Bull, Bull, Bull, Bull, Cow. Cow,
Length of right horn ... 23 233 223 21 123 124 inches
Girth ‘ 5 1 122 11 102 8 Siam
Length of left horn ... 153 283 223 22 123 12 33
Girth eaehgelD 123 ati 103 7 Sass
Widest span we 34 344 303 29 11 125 ess
Breadth between horns 9 il 9% 93 9 53 yy
an spy EYES use nils 93 84 8 7 8 fs
Length of face Ao pieAll 22 223 21 19 203) tis
Measurements of a bull and cow.
Bull, Cow,
Length of face ... ove coe a8 eee ook on 21 203 inches
Between horn cores... eee act abe So 506 nt Oy 3p
Girth base of neck eee ane aes see 56d ses 46 44 i
Length poll to dock-over curves 500 ane aa wee 85 76 ”
Length of tail... ces Q aes A a ass 86 34 33
Girth of chest behind Geel ee ae ap ah 83 74. 5
Girtb of abdomen ae baa os eas ceo 38 853
Girth of forearm ene ee AG aac Bes een 2) 1844
Girth under knee coe ase ss bpd oe Se 73 a %
Height ... ob ose act a. 643 61 a)
These measurements were eaten lh the utmost care, a tape mea-
sure being employed. Owing, however, to the positions in which these
animals often fall when shot, they may be fractions of an inch out.
The accompanying sketches are from photographs supplied to me
by Mr. J, D. Rees and Mr, A, G. Trapmann,
83
FURTHER NOTES ON MAN-HATING TIGERS.
By RaGInatp GILBERT.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Sept., 1895.)
On the 4th September, 1889, I last addressed the Society on the
above subject. This paper is printed at page 195 of Volume IV of the
Society’s Journal, and I attempted to show that the general impression
prevailing about man-eaters as to their being old, mangy, lame, &c.,
and unable to kill game was a myth, and I advanced a theory that man-
eaters inherit this vice from their parents or are taught it by their
parents or companions, so that the practice never dies out amongst the
tigers of the particular district inhabited by man-eaters. Since 1889,
with the exception of the case I am now about to describe, I have neo
further reliable information to give about man-eaters. At the end of last
year I was informed by my friend Mr. C. W. Hudson, C.s., Assistant
Collector of Thana, that a man-eating tiger had appeared in the Thana
District, and that some of the contractors, who had taken contracts
to cut down Government jungles, were unable to get their men to work
in the jungles owing to the fear inspired by this tiger, who was alleged
to have killed many victims. However the number of its victims was,
as usual in these cases, greatly exaggerated, as subsequent careful in-
quiries in the district showed that only five victims were killed by
this man-eater during its short career. Mr. Hudson promised to invite
me to join him in beating for this tiger, or rather tigress, as soon as he
could spare the time and get reliable kubber. In January, 1895, 1
received an invitation from Mr. Hudson to join him fora few days’
shikar after this beast, in the Thana jungles, towards the Western
Ghats. I was told that her line of country was not an extensive one
and that, with a large number of beaters, we should probably be able
to get her. I regret to say that 1 was unable to join Mr. Hudson, but
he, in company with Mr. Hodgson of the Forest service and Mr. Cle-
ments, I.C.8., was successful in bagging her on the 23rd January, 1895,
together with her three cubs. She was not a full-grown tigress and only
measured 7 ft, 11 in, However, before I proceed to this part of the
story, I had better give a history of the animal, her victims, the locality,
&c. The information I have gained about her has been very care-
fully collected from patels and village and police officials of the Dis-
84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
tricts obtained through the District officers and may, I think, be looked
upon as fairly accurate. ?
The Thana District and even the Island of Salsette, some 15 or 30
years ago, were constantly over-run with man-eating tigers. My friend,
Mr. W. B. Mulock of the Bombay Civil Service, now known as
Mr. Homan Mulock, in his native Emerald Island, has killed several
man-eaters in the Thana Districts, and even in Salsette not far from
the Marole Caves. The last man-eater, previous to the one Mr. Hudson
killed, was killed by Mr. Mulock in Thana not very far from the
place where Mr. Hudson killed his. Speaking from memory, I believe
it was killed about the year 1880, probably many of our members
will recollect it, because Mr. Mulock wrote an account of it in the
local papers, describing how a tigress went into a village near his camp,
dragged out a man and carried him off to the jungle. Mr, Mulock
was sent for and followed up with the villagers, until he found the
victim with one leg eaten off. Mr. Mulock remained over the corpse
alone, and sent the men to collect beaters. Whilst they were gone the
tigress came back, and Mr. Mulock shot her and took the man’s leg
out of her, I was shooting in these districts last May, and had with me
a patel who was with Mr. Mulock at the time, and who graphically
described to me the whole adventure. I mention this for the purpose
of further proving my theory that man-eaters are found in particular
districts only. In support of this theory, a man-eater has never been
heard of in the extensive jungles of North Kanara in the past twenty-five
years, and here L might state that 1am informed by a gentleman, who
is well acquainted with Kanara, that in the extensive jungles of North
Kanara, where tigers are plentiful, 2 man-eater has never been heard of
in the last twenty-five years. Since this man-eater was killed by Mr.
Mulock, until the one killed by Mr. Hudson, I have been unable to hear
of a single man-eater in the Thana Collectorate. As the tigress killed by
Mr. Hudson was not full-grown, it follows that her immediate parents
were noi man-eaters either, unless they had given up the vice for
15 years, which is unlikely, and it also follows that this tigress was not
taught her vice by any companion either. However she may have
inherited the vice from a grandparent, and this evil character may
have remained dormant in her parents, and broken out again in her
during her short career, |
FURTHER NOTES ON MAN-EATING TIGERS. 85
Now then for particulars. First victim, Kania Mahadeo, killed
o0th July, 1894. The Patel of his village states this victim was
returning from his fields alone and was killed by a tiger on the road.
No one saw him killed but a search was made next morning and the
corpse was found with tiger pugs all around it. There were four large
teeth-marks on the left side of the corpse. The chest was clawed and the
nape of the neck scratched. The body was not eaten. The pugs were
supposed to be (or judged to be) those of asmall tiger,—“ patais bibla,”
Second victim, Rama Balu, killed on 24th August, 1894, five miles
from where the ist victim was killed. The patel of his village states
that Rama went into the forest to graze cattle. When evening came he
did not return and next day a search was made. His corpse was found
with tiger’s pugs all around it. The right ear was torn and claw-mark
in the region of this ear and also below the left ear ; the neck badly bitten
and the left upper-arm clawed. The pugs were judged to be those of a small
tiger,—“ patait bibla.” It will be observed that neither the Ist nor the
second victim was eaten—not so the third victim, Kanni, widow of Nathu
Bendia, killed on 21st September, 1894, ata place 17 miles from where
the second victim was killed. This victim went into the forest for some
roots, &c., accompanied by a companion. She saw the tiger and fled but
the tiger ran after her and caught her. My informant says it was a large
tiger,—“ motha patait asava.’ The legs of the victim were eaten up to
the waist and the right arm and the fingers of the left hand were also
eaten. The neck was twisted, throat torn open and claw-marks on back.
Fourth victim, Ambi, wife of Dhau, killed 24th November, 1894,
eight miles from the place where the second victim was killed. The patel
of the village states that this victim went to the forest to cut grass, and
that whilst cutting grass, a tiger came out of the forest, caught her by
the neck, the tiger’s teeth meeting in front, and took her into the forest
and ate her two legs below the knee. Her husband, who was also
cutting grass with others somewhere near, came up and saw the tiger on
the victim. They all shouted and the tiger bolted, leaving the corpse.
These people say they saw the tiger eating the victim, and it was a
striped tiger,—“ patait vag.”
Fifth victim, Changu Jagu, killed 26th November, 1894, near the place
where the second victim was killed. The patel of the village says that
Changu went into the jungle for grass at midday and did not return by
86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
evening. The brother came and told the patel in the evening. Next
morning a search was made and the corpse found partly eaten, with the
pugs ofa tiger all round it. A portion below the waist was eaten, claw-
marks on left shoulder ; neck bitten and throat torn open. The tiger
was said to be probably a striped tiger,-—“ Patait vag.” It was on a hill
near this that the tigress herself was eventually slain. Mr. Hudson tells
me that the jungle inhabited by the tigress was a large mixed jungle,
evergreen in places and in some parts open with teak trees and long
grass and “ karvi”’—an ideal tiger country—with immense blocks of
’ exploited ten years ago and strictly conserved since and con-
“coupes ”
taining long ranges of rocky hills, rising in places to the height of 1,800
feet, with steep sides of sheer rock and water everywhere. The popula-
tion is sparse. On the 23rd January, 1895, Mr. Hudson, together with
Mr. Hodgson and Mr. Clements, organised a very extensive beat
with 3800 beaters. They had a fourth gun in Mr. Illava, Abkari
Inspector.
The tigress had killed a cow at midday and the beat took ina large
hill. Mr, Hudson was posted just below the ridge of the hill and Mr,
Hodgson and Mr. Clements were posted a mile from Mr, Hudson down
below him, whilst the fourth gun commanded the top of the ridge and
the other side of it. Shortly after the beat began the tigress gave three
or four low deep short grunts in the long distance, probably calling to her
cubs, and again an hour afterwards when she was much nearer the guns.
She followed the ridge till she came to within 60 yards of the fourth
gun, when she turned down to avoid an open space, grunting to her cubs
as she did so. She was preceded by two cubs but the third was behind
and made her anxious. She was now almost broadside on to Mr. Hud-
son, crossing in front and a little above him. As she turned her head to
encourage the lagging cub, Mr. Hudson fired and dropped her with
2 bullet at the point of the shoulder, but as she still dragged herself on
Mr. Hudson fired again. She recovered herself and dragged herself
away and it took a few more bullets to settle her completely. The cubs
gave no trouble; the shouts of the beaters behind them soon drove them
out. Efforts were made to catch one of them alive but it was a little
too big for that. The tigress measured 7 ft. 11 in. and was not full-
grown. Two of the cubs measured 3 ft. 9in, and one 3 ft. 10 in. Two
were females and one a male.
FURTHER NOTES ON MAN-EATING TIGERS. 87
I think there can be no question that this tigress was the man-eater.
She was killed in the immediate neighbourhood of the place where she
had slain her human victims and she was admitted by the inhabitants to
be the culprit, The weight of this evidence tends to show that the
pugs around the corpses of her victims were those of a small tiger.
Since this, there have been no further human beings killed by tigers
in the Thana District. It is true, three other tigers have been killed
in the Thana District since, one by a native near Bhiwandi in April, and
two others in May by Mr. G. P. Millett and myself, but I think there
can be no question that none of these were the culprits. As I fear there
is scarcely a tiger left now in the Thana Districts, I shall not be able to
investigate further in this particular district, my theory as to man-eaters
inheriting the vice, and never entirely disappearing from a particular
district. Perhaps, therefore, the last man-eater has disappeared from
Thana for ever. I should add I have seen the skin, which is not
mangy. |
The question remains why should this youthful tigress have taken to
man-killing, As her first victim was killed in July, 1894, and her
cubs were 3 ft. 9 ins. in January, 1895, I take it that she commenced
killing about the time her cubs were born or soon after or perhaps even
soon before. Iam not able to say for certain, but I believe there
were probably cattle grazing about in these jungles and lots of
wild pig, so that hunger cannot have been the cause. She was not
lame nor unable from any bodily defect to kill cattle and game. Her
first two victims were not even eaten, although she appears to have had a
full opportunity to eat without disturbance, as the corpses were not
sought for or found till the next day. Query.—Could she have killed
these out of anger at being disturbed with her cubs? Her third, fourth
and last victims were all partially eaten, and in two cases it may be
noted that the legs of the victims were eaten. Her parents or com-
panions could not have taught her this vice, because, as [ have before
stated, no man-eaters have been heard of in these districts since 1880.
She must then have inherited this vice from some distant ancestor.
I have nothing further to add which may throw light on the subject.
Se ;
88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
By Surceon-Masor K. R. KirtiKar, 1.M.s., F.LS..
Civit SurcEon, THANA.
PART XT:
(With plate O.'
(Continued from Vol. IX, page 365.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Sept., 1895.)
ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE—(Linz,),
Natural Order—ANACARDIACE®.
MARATHI—ata (Kaju).
This is the Cashew-nut tree of English writers. It is quite an
ornamental tree when in full blossom and fruit, displaying the most
gorgeous colours in various shades. Ié is an evergreen, throwing
out fresh foliage every year. From all the evidence I can gather,
it is a tropical American and West-Indian plant naturalized in the
Hastern tropical regions. In India, and especially in Western India,
it is largely met with along the sea-coast and its adjacent sandy tracts,
and in the rich moorum soil inland. It thrives very well in the Thana
district.
It varies in height from ten to twenty feet. The tree blossoms once
a year regularly, in the cold weather, even as early as November.
The flowering often lasts till April and even later. The seed is ripe
in May and June; not unfrequently as early as February.
Generally speaking, it is something short of a tree, and something
more than a mere shrub.
TRUNK.—Short, thick, and regular up to three or four feet above the
eround. Beyond that, it is crooked, and very irregular in branching.
The branches, however, taken altogether, make it a very graceful plant,
quite fit to be introduced into any garden in India which would like to
display splendid colours in foliage, flower, and fruit. The crooked
branching is no bar to its garden-beauty.
BARK.—Considerably rough. In old trees, says Sir William
O’Shaughnessy, “it is deeply cracked,” The juice from the stem is
Plate O.
Journ. Bombay Nat Hist Soc.
. Mintern Bros. Chromo Ith. London.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
Anacarodium occidentale. Nat. Ord. Anacardiacez.
(A petra Gipy)
1 Flower nat. size. 2. Section of Fruit, nat.size. 3. Fruit. Anat. svze.
Isaac Benj aman del.
pe
ts)
alias We
ea Ua
Toe
1
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 89
not milky, but thickish and resinous, of a slightly brownish tinge,
blackening on exposure. “‘ From the bark,’’ says Baillon,* “ oozes a
yellowish hard resin, having almost the appearance of yellow amber,
the Cashew-gum (Fr. Gomme d’ Anacarde) soluble, and used for nearly
the same purposes as gum-arabic.” ‘This shows that the resinous
exudation from the bark does not possess any irritant properties. |
may observe, however, that in the plants I have examined in the Thana
district, I have not been able to notice any such yellow amber-coloured
resinous exudations on the bark, There isa gummy exudation from
the bark, but it is not resinous. Of this more hereafter. The bark
contains much tannin. Itis used to curry leather, and to prepare
astringent lotions and gargles.
WOOD.—Dark brown; inferior in quality, as it is not generally
deemed of any value in carpentry ; + but Major Beddome says it is
used for packing-cases ; and Captain Dance says, it is, in Tavoy, a
large tree used in boat-building, and it forms a charcoal which the
iron-smiths there consider the best for their trade.
LEAVES.—Simple, smooth, alternate, exstipulate, petioled, quite
entire, ovate or obovate ; witha slightly rounded emarginate apex ;
smooth on both sides and of a hard texture; “ Narrower but obtuse
at the base.” (Wight and Arnott.) § The length of the leaves is
from four to eight inches; the breadth from three to five inches.
The Venation of the leaves is generally well-marked, whitish and
prominent on the under-surface. The nerves generally in ten pairs,
often less ; nearly horizontal: sometimes bifurcating faintly. The leaves,
like the bark, contain much tannin.
PETIOLE,—Varying in length from a quarter to half an inch;
slightly grooved on its ventral aspect ; at times almost cylindrical.
INFLORESCENCEH.—In panicles which are bracteate, copious
and situated at the apex of old branches bearing both male (2e., barren)
and hermaphrodite flowers scattered without any special order on the
pedicels. Note that the hermaphrodite flowers appear and develop
into fruit, long before the new foliage of the year is thrown out. Sir
William O’Shaughnessy observes that “There may be trees which
* Natural History of Plants, vol. v, page 303,
+ Balfour’s Timber Trees of India, page 16; 1870.
§ Prodromus Flor. Ind., vol. i., page 168,
12
90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
produce barren flowers only.” Iam not quite sure of this, so far as
my observation goes with regard to plants growing in the Thana dis-
trict. I am quite aware cf the fact, however, that some of the branches
of the panicles may have both barren and hermaphrodite flowers, and
yet bear no fruit, although their richest blossom may apparently hold
forth the hope of a mature fruit and seed.
Panictes.—‘ Corymbose, branched and spreading * (Wight and
Arnott)* ; six to ten inches long ; pubescent. The branches of the
panicles are long and naked to the tips when the flowers are collected
(Hooker).
Bractrs.—Leafy, numerous, lanceolate, hoary. Hookery says that
they are “ gibbous.’ This does not appear to be the case on this side
of India, (K.R.K.)
BRACTEOLES.—Present at the base of pedicels ; “ broadly ovate,”’ say
Wight and Arnott fop. cct.), generally lanceolate ; acuminate.
FLOWERS.—Small ; pentamerous ; polygamous, z.e., a flower-stalk
may bear both male or barren, and hermaphrodite flowers. The
diameter of the flowers is generally about 4 inch. Their colour is
pale yellow withrpink longitudinal stripes, often of a deep crimson
colour on this side of India.
The odour of the flowers is strikingly penetrating even from a dis-
tance, and partakes of the characteristic mixed odour of cloves and
cinnamon. There is no tree or shrub on this side of India which is so
easily recognizable from its mere odour as this plant. Given this odour,
there is sure to be a Cashew-nut plant in flower close by. Such has
been my experience each time I have been in the close vicinity of a
Cashew-nut plant in flower. The odour is quite unmistakable. Some
say the odour is disagreeable, but opinions differ,
JKstivation.— Of Calyx and Corolla, imbricate.
CALYX.—Inferior, cleft nearly to the base.
Sepals—Erect ; deciduous; “ Oblong, conic, acute and_ pretty
smooth” (Sir William O*Shaughnessy). § The base of sepals aceres-
cent, forming an erect disk.
* Prodromus Flor. Ind., voli., page 168,
+ Flora of British India, vol. ii, page 8.
§ Bengal Dispensatory, page 280, edition 1841,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 91
COROLLA.—Alternate with the sepals, free, entire, acutely re-
curved,
Petals.—Acuminated, linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the sepals ;
often longer.
Note that the sepals avd petals remain unchanged after flowering
(Kurz). * .
STAMENS.— Usually nine ; all fertile. One of these is nearly
twice as long as the rest ; the length of the remaining stamens, how-
ever, is by no means uniform ; some are smaller than others, often
alternately so. Baillon notes (op. ct.) that “‘ They are all verticillate,
2-seriate.”
HiLAMENTS.—Connate at the base, free upwards ; adnate to the
disk, ‘‘ Which is prolonged upwards,” says Baillon, “in the shape of a
glandular ring.” It is on this disk that the petals are situated, fT
AnTHERS.—2-celled ; introrse ; longitudinally 2-rimose ;_ basifixed.
The anther of the longest filament is twice as large as that of the minor
ones. It is of a bright crimson colour. The anthers of the minor
filaments vary in colour from orange-yellow to crimson on this side
of India.
PISTIL.—In the male flowers minute, with a very short style.
In the hermaphrodite flowers distinct and well-developed.
Ovary.—In the hermaphrodite flower free ; campylotropous ;
superior ; § one-celled ; obovoid or obcordate. Baillon describes it as
‘‘ compresso-obovate, or obcordate,” hence gibbous, This is a more
accurate description I think.
StYLE.—Simple or solitary, corresponding to the one-celled nature
of the ovary ; filiform ; excentric ; becoming convolute, as if to bring
the simple stigma in contact with the large anther of the long filament
(Roxburgh).
Stiama.—Minute ; often tinged crimson.
OVULE.—NSolitary, long, conical ; inserted at the summit of a suberect
ascending funicle. The funicle is thus lateral. The ovule, says
Baillon (op. cit.), is the same as that of its congener Mango, at
* Forest Flora of British Burma, vol, i, page 302.
+ Wight and Arnott’s Prodromus Flore Indice, vol. i, page 168.
§ Ho: ker puts a query against this, it is not known why. (Vide Flora British India,
vol, 11, page 8)—K. R. K.
a
92. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
the base, though finally the funicle supporting it is inserted a little
higher.
CHALAZA.—Superior.
Micropyie.—lIntrorse, inferior near funicle.
FRUIT.—An ash-coloured nut, and as such dry and indehiscent ;
kidney-shaped ; usually about an inch long, sometimes a little bit
longer ; a quarter of an inch broad at the hilum when fully developed ;
somewhat compressed ; marked at the hilum with umbilicus, and the
cicatrix of the style. Mesocarp soft, corky, lacunose and oleo-resinous.
The epicarp, or pericarp, as Sir William O’Shaughnessy describes it, is
“‘ coriaceous,” and smooth (K. R. K.) ; and not “ woody” as Baillon
Says.
|The fruit is termed “ Nucumentaceous ” by Baillon. It is seated on
a succulent obovoid accrescent receptacle formed from the enlarged disk
and top of the peduncle of the fecundated hermaphrodite flower. It is
wrongly called pyriform. Itis anything but pyriform, in my humble
opinion. So far as I know, itis more obovoid than pyriform. This
obovoid receptacle develops to the length of from 2 to 4 inches, being
sometimes two inches at its broadest part. The peduncle is narrow,
cylindrical, and rather hard before the fecundation of the flower; after
fecundation it thickens, becomes succulent, and assumes an obovoid
form. This thickened fleshy peduncle is ordinarily known as the ©
Kaju fruit, though the real fruit, botanically speaking, is the kidney-
shaped body of the termination of the fleshy peduncle. This fleshy
peduncle is not unoften of an irregularly oval form. O’Shaughnessy
in his Bengal Dispensatory says it is “ oval.”
SEED.—Kidney-shaped, ascending, corresponding to the shape of
the pericarp.
Tresta.—Membranous but crisp, and easily removable ; of mottled
reddish-brown colour outside, and deep crimson inside. It is of an
astringent aromatic taste. Observe that Hooker says that the “testa
is adherent,” but it is not so in reality. It is separable by a “ resi-
nous fracture ’’ with the merest touch or crush between the fingers,
exposing to view the cream-white or milk-white cotyledons. The
testa under such circumstances cannot be in any way said to be
Ce a9
adherent,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 93
CotyLEDONS.—Glossy white ; sometimes cream-coloured ;_ thick,
softly fleshy, with a plano-convex exterior, and a deeply grooved
interior ; distinctly kidney-shaped, answering the shape of the pericarp
generally.
RapicLe.—Short ; exserted ; hooked, or “ incurved and inferior,” as
Baillon describes it. I think Wight and Arnott describe it more
accurately when they say it is curved upwards from the base of the
cotyledons.
ALBUMEN.—None.
Empryo.—Having the form of the seed ; erect, milky-white ; Plumule
minute, milky-white.
REMARKS,
The following are the synonyms of the plant :—
1. Acajuba occidentalis (Gaertner De Fructibus, vol. i, pp. 192-
198). |
2. Cassuvium pomiferum Lam (Rheede Mal. iii, t. 54.) (Rumphius
Amb. i, p, 177 ; t. 69). |
3. Acajou—South America.
The species known as Anacardium indicum and referred to in Johnson’s
Gardener’s Dictionary recently edited by Wight and Dewar (1894),
evidently from DeCandolle’s ‘‘ Prodromus” * is not different from the
Anacardium occidentale in any way. Paxtonf also mentions a separate
Indian species under the same name, viz, Anacardium Indicum. From
the description given by the elder DeCandolle, there does not seem
to be much difterence between the true original American species
described as Anacardium occidentale, and the naturalized oriental plant
separately described as Anacardium Indicum. This will be fully
explained in detail later on. That the two species separately described
by the elder DeCandolle are one and the same has been amply proved
by the younger DeCandolle, as will be seen from the latest work of
the latter, issued in connection with the “ International Scientific
Series” under the auspices of Messrs. Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co.,
entitled “ Origin of Cultivated Plants’ (1884). In this rich mine of
botanic lore, the following are his mature and deliberate opinions
* Prodromus Syst. Nat. Regni Vegetabili, Pt. II, p. 62.
T Botanical Dictionary, p, 31, 1868, p. 31. New Edition by Samuel Hereman,
94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
regarding the identity of Anacardium occidentale, var. Americanum, of
the Western tropics with Anacardium occidentale, var. Indicum, of the
Eastern tropics. “The most erroneous assertions,” says Alphonse
DeCandolle, “ about the origin of this species were formerly made, and
in spite of what I said on the subject in 1855, * find them occasion-
ally reproduced.” In proof of this he mentions Tussac, who says {
that Anacardium occidentale “ is an Kast Indian species,” thus aggra-
vating Linneeus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and American.
Divorced, as I am in India, from the full literature on this subject,
especially continental, including the Journal referred to by A.
DeCandolle, in the foot-note quoted below, and marked 1 at page 199
of his “‘ Origin of Cultivated Plants,” I am unable to examine the
arguments he has used to show that there is no such thing as two
distinct varieties, vzz., an American and an Indian, of the species
)
Anacardium occidentale, as described by his illustrious father Pyrame
DeCandolle in his voluminous ‘“ Prodromus.’’ I am in a position,
however, to unhesitatingly accept the conclusions of Alphonse DeCan-
dolle, the son, in preference to those of Pyrame DeCandolle, the father,
as the former are the result of a wider acquaintance with geographical
distribution of the Cashew-nut plant.
But before I proceed to quote here fully the grounds on which
I accept Alphonse DeCandolle’s conclusions, | may note one point
with reference to his remark (wade p. 199 op. cit.) which runs thus :—
“The French name Pommier d’acajon (Mahogany apple tree) is as
absurd as itis possible to be. Itisa tree belonging to the order
Terebintacece or Anacardiacee, very different from the Rosacew and
Meliacee to which the apple and the mahogany belong ; the edible
part is more like a pear than an apple, and, botanically speaking,
is not a fruit but a receptacle or support of the fruit which
resembles a large bean.” ‘The italics are mine. The true fruit neither
resembles a “ bean,’ nor can it be called a “large bean.” From my
foregoing remarks, it will have been apparent that 1 am not disposed
to term the fleshy development of the peduncle, called in popular
parlance the Kaji frwt, ‘‘a fruit like an apple.” Nor would I, with
* Geog. Bot. Rais, p, 873 from the foot-note of A. DeCandolle in his Origin ot
Cultivated Plants,—K, R, K.
+ Flor, des Antiiles, ITI, p, 55,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 95
equal reason, be disposed to agree with A, DeCandolle in calling it a
‘fruit like a pear.” In shape and botanical structure it is neither like
an apple, nor like a pear. But if I were one of those who in former
years were disposed to call it an apple, I would with equal vigour and
no less reason retort in the very words of Alphonse DeCandolle, that to
say that the succulent development of the peduncle “ resembles a large
> is “fas absurd as it is possible to be.” No tree of the order
bean’
Anacardiaceee has any pretensions to be called “ bean-léke”’ any more
than “ apple-léke”’ or “ pear-like.”
But to proceed to the grounds on which A. DeCandolle considers
that the Anacardium occidentale is an introduced plant in the Eastern
tropics, I may at starting say that his statement on this subject is con-
elusive, and may well be quoted zm extenso. I shall, however, add my
own observations wherever necessary.
“The species Anacardium occidentale,” says he, “is certainly wild in
the forests of tropical America, and indeed occupies a wide area in that
region ; it is found, for example, in Brazil, Guiana, the Isthmus of
Panama, and the West Indies. Dr. Ernest believes it is only indige-
nous in the basin of the Amazon River, although he had also seen it in
Cuba, Panama, Hucador, and New Granada. His opinion is founded
upon the absence of all mention of the plant in Spanish authors of the
time of the Conquest—a negative proof which establishes a mere
probability.”
Whatever the question may be as regards the geographical distri-
bution of the Cashew-nut plant in the Western world, there is no
question as to its prevalence in the Hastern tropics, as a mere natura-
lized exotic. It is certainly not wild in the Konkan, although
A. DeCandolle says that both Rheede and Rumphius “ indicate” this
plant in the south of Asia. According to Rheede (Malabar, iii, pl. 54)
the plant is common enough on the Malabar Coast. Rumphius has
“ different historical and philological proofs,”* ‘ which,” says Alphonse
DeCandolle, “ have convinced me that its origin is not Asiatic,” I
think I can safely vouch for this statement, for so far as Iam able to
ascertain, I find no Sanskrit writer of ancient date referring to this
plant. Let me add to this the testimony of Rumphius who, as
A. DeCandolle says, is always accurate. Rumphius spoke of an
* Rumphius “ Herb Amboin,” I, pp. 177,178,
96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
ancient introduction by the Portuguese into the Malay Archipelago
from America. The Malay name he gives, Cadju, is American ; that
used at Amboyna means “ Portugal fruit ;”’ that of Macassar was taken
from the resemblance of the fruit to that of the Jambosa. Rumphius
zays that the species “was not widely diffused in the islands,” im his
days. ‘ Garcia ab Orto did not find it in Goa in 1550, but Acosta
afterwards saw it in Cochin, and the Portuguese propagated it in
India and the Malay Archipelago.’’*
I have already observed that in describing the species Anacardium
occidentale, the elder DeCandolle mentions two varieties, namely, (1)
Americanun ; (2) Indicum. With reference to this the young
DeCandolle observes that ‘the existence of the same arborescent
species in Asia and America was so little probable that it was at first
suspected that there was a difference of species or at least of variety,
but this was not confirmed.” This will be made clearer by giving
below a translation of the description, t originally given in Latin, of
the two varieties. It is as follows :—
(a) The American variety has a thickened peduncle, about ten
times larger than the nut, the longer filament having an abortive
anther (antherd orbato), and being slightly dilated at the apex.
(b.) The Indian variety has a thickened peduncle scarcely three
times longer than the nut, the longer filament being endowed with a
thick anther (antherd crassdé donato), other anthers being slightly
dwarfed (or ill-developed) (caeter’s subejetis).
It would appear from the above details that the differences are
chiefly in the development of the fleshy peduncle in relation to the
nut, and in the abortive or thickened condition of the anther-lobe.
Judging from the various developmental peculiarities of the anthers in
the Indian flowers of this plant, one could hardly consider any chance-
arrest of development, or chance-increase in the size of the anther-
lobes 2 sufficient justification for the creation of a new species or even a
permanent variety.
Apropos of Alphonse DeCandole’s remarks on the historical aspect
of this question, let me here briefly refer to the latest utterances of
an erudite Botanist, Dr. Henry Trimen, rF.2.8., Director of the
* A. DeCandolle’s Origin of Cultivated Plants, pp. 199-200,
+ Pyrame DeCandolle, Prodromus Syst. Nat, Regni Veget., Pt. IT, p. 62.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, a7
Royal Botanic Gardens of Peradynia, in his Hand Book to the Ceylon
Flora,* issued four years short of a century and a half after Carolus
Linneeus—the immortal Father of Universal Botany—gave to the
world his Systema Florcee Zeylanice from Upsala. Linnzeus in 1749
spoke of the Cashew-nut plant as “ arbor hodie botanicis notissima.” If
the plant was so in the days of Linnzeus, it is no less so in our own day,
It has no parallel in the vegetable kingdom. Dr. Trimen observes,
with reference to the prevalence of this plant in Ceylon, “that the
Cashew-nut is so completely established in the low country, especially
in the sandy ground near the sea, as to have all the look of a native
tree, s . e * The Sinhalese call it Caju, an adop-
tion of the name used by the Portuguese, who no doubt introduced it.
The Tamil name for the edible part is ‘Montirikay.’ { It is figured in
Beddome’s Flora Sylvatica, t. 168. Its native country is Tropical Ame-
rica, and ‘ Acaju’ is the Brazilian name.”
“ According to Blume and Miquel,’ says A. DeCandolle, “the species
is only cultivated in Java.’ It is known there under the name of
Jamboc monjet. It is frequently found in the gardens of Java, where,
however, it is smaller than in Surinam, as its height in Java does not
exceed that of an apple tree in Kurope.t
The Cashew-nut is not unknown in Singapore. Its Malayan name
there is Jambo zrong. Its fruit is said to be coarse, and not eaten there,
Its nut is said to be astringent.§ As regards the occurrence of this
plant in Burma, from the fact that it is found only “in the beach
forests and along sandy sea-shores and dunes of Chittagong and Tenas-
serim,’|| and also from the fact that it is only a cultivated plant in
villages, it would appear that it is an introduced plant.
But to return to Alphonse DeCandolle’s “Origin of Cultivated Plants”’
once more. He observes that although Rheede truly says that the
Cashew-nut is abundant on the Malabar Coast, Rheede only quotes one
name which seems to be Indian—kapa mava ; all others are derived
from the American name.
* Part I, pp. 73-74, 18938,
+ In India it is pronounced as Mundirikai (vide p, 72, ‘Five Hundred Indian Plants,” by
C. Stolz, 1891, Managalore Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository). It is known as
Gerumavu in Dharwar, says Talbot (vide his Systematic List, 1894, p, 61),
{ Flore et Pomone de Java, par Madame Berthe Hoola van Nooten, Brussels, 1866,
§ Our Tropical possesions in Malayan India, John Cameron, Esq., F.8.¢.8,, Appendix I,
p.-399, 1865,
|| Kurz, Forest Flora British Burma, vol, I, p. 311,
13
98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
I have, I think, sufficiently indicated in the foregoing remarks that
the Cashew-nut plant is an exotic naturalized in the entire Hastern
tropics. As already observed, the ancient Sanskrit writers make no
mention of it. In the Sanskrit-French Dictionary of Burnouf and
Leupol (Paris, 1856), and in the still more recent Sanskrit Wérter-
buch of Otto Bothlingk (Petersburg, 1879), no Sanskrit equivalent of
Anacardium occidentale is to be found. Both these dictionaries are
replete with names of Indian plants with their botanical equivalents.
The plant is not mentioned in Raj-Nighant, nor is it to be found in
Madan Pal-Nighant. There is no reference to it in Dhanvantari-
Naghanta either. The only reference to it in Sanskrit that I find is
a solitary shloka quoted by three different compilers. The works of
these compilers are of very recent dates, namely :—(1) Nyhant
Ratnakar, published in 1867 (Bombay) ; (2) Gunadosha Prakash,
published in 1892 (Poona); (8) Nighanta Sangrah, published in 1898
at Junagadh, by Raghunath Indraji alzas Kata Bhat. This learned
writer, in citing a passage mentioning some of the qualities of the
plant, refers the passage to Bhav Prakash ; but I am at the present
moment unable to verify this quotation. Even supposing the passage
is to be found in Bhav Prakash, it being a recent work, it would
in no way militate against the fact that the Cashew-nut plant is in
India an introduced plant.
Both Mr. T. N. Mukarji and the Rev. Mr. A. K. Nairne make the
mistake of saying that the fleshy peduncle when fully developed is of
only one colour, “ It is of a bright scarlet colour,” says the former ;*
“the fruit is red,” says the latter.t As a matter of fact it is not only
scarlet and red, but orange and lemon-coloured, with all the shades
between. The tint ranges from light canary to the brightest scarlet
one can imagine under the dazzling sun of the Indian sky. Baillon has
said that “ the colour is white, yellow, or red,” according to variety.
I have not seen a white kaju in this district ; 1 may observe, however,
that the colour, whatever it may be, is not determined accordzng to variety,
as Baillon supposes, for, on one and the same plant one may find the
fully-developed. fleshy peduncle in all shades of colour ; often so, onone
and the same branch. The colour is a mere matter of accident,
pe | ll ——- re
* Handbook of Indian Products, p, 74, 1883,
+ The Flowering Plante of Western India, p, 68, 1894,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 99
undetermined by variety. Balfour says that the fleshy peduncle is
pea-shaped ; he evidently means pear-shaped. The juice is described by
him as very acrid, and highly recommended in dropsical habits, As
observed before, ideas differ with regard to the acrid nature or other-
wise of the juice of the fully-developed fleshy peduncle. Some use
the so-called fruit without much suffering ; others find it irritating and
will not use it. Nairne observes that “ though tempting to the eye, it is
excruciating to the palate, though Oliver calls it edible.” “The flavour,”
says Baillon, ‘is sourish or more or less acrid and astringent. Conserves
are made from it, and particularly that famous Fools’ Confection of
Hoffmann the use of which, it was said, gave intelligence and memory
to those most destitute of them.” J am not aware of any such benign
and beneficent property in the so-called fruit of kaju, else our village
boys, who, notwithstanding its acridity, so largely and with such avidity
use it throughout the period when the fruit is in season,—our village
boys, I say, would be giants of intellect, proportionate with the quantity
of fruit they consume! With regard to its use in Java, Madame
Nooten says that “the fruit has a very tempting colour, but this fruit,
so attractive to the eye, is not eatable.” “ It is true,” she adds, “ that
the edible part is sometimes eaten by the Javanese, but they find few
imitators on account of the sharp astringency of the juice which
possesses a virulent principle.’ What that virulent principle is
nobody has found owt, so far as the acrid taste of the so-called fruit is
concerned. I remember to have eaten the fruit myself as a boy with
relish, though not without suffering from irritation of the throat lasting
for some time after eating it. And I have not failed to appreciate it
since. Though acrid, it is slightly sour, generally sweet, often
very sweet, and having an aromatic odour which some may not like.
A pinchful of common salt added to the sliced fruit, when eating,
reduces the acridity. Baillon says that fermented drinks—wine, alco-
hol, and vinegar—may be extracted fromit. ‘In Brazil,” says he, “ it
is called the Sarsaparilla of the poor, and used as sudorific, diuretic and
antisyphilitic.”” Through the good offices of Mr. M. C. Pereira of
Bandra, I have been able to obtain for purely medicinal purposes a small
quantity of a clear spirit (alcohol) obtained from the so-called kaju
fruit, It was manufactured at Goa whence Mr, Pereira obtained a
100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
small quantity of it for medical purposes. It is seldom if ever used
internally. It has a sweetish aromatic taste, partaking of the flavour
of the mature fruit; and it goes under the name of ° Kajuchi-Daru.”
With regard to the nuts of the Cashew, I have come across. some
very strange passages in a work on the Folklore of Plants by Richard
Folkard. He says* that the nuts are supposed by the West Indians to
excite the passions. The later Hindu writers I have mentioned above
recognize some such property in general terms. ‘ The Negroes of the
West Indies say,” observes Folkard, “that a branch of the Cashew-
nut tree supplied the crown of thorns used at our Saviour’s
crucifixion, and that, in conséquence, one of the bright golden petals
of the flower became black and bloodstained.” The spirit of profanity
“could no further go!” Well may IJ exclaim so. Judging from
the circumstance that the crucifixion of Christ occurred several
centuries before the plant was introduced into the Eastern tropics
from the Western World, and noting the stern botanical fact that
the flower of the Cashew-nut plant has neither “a bright golden
petal”’ nora black stain thereon, albeit the fact that its petals have
crimson streaks, call them “ blood-stained ” if you will, Folkard’s refer-
ence must be taken to be an utter myth, the product of a fertile
but vitiated brain on the wrong side of the border-land of insanity.
The plant has luckily no thorns to have any such unhallowed claim
to have formed a part of the cruel and cursed ‘crown of thorns” that
touched the brow of a saintly being and superbly sacred person in
the last agonies of his earthly career.
Madame Nooten mistakingly supposes that a resin is obtained from
the kernel. She is not a botanist, and is only writing from second-
hand information. But she evidently refers to the resin from the
pericarp. She is, however, right in saying that the resin “ furnishes
amore efficacious vesicatory than the Spanish fly or cantharides.”’
But of this more later on. “‘ The bark,” says she, “ contains a gum sold
in Europe under the name of ‘ Cashew,’ which,” she adds, “ is said
to bea preservative against white ants.” I think Madame Nooten
is rather “mixed up” here. For,as Kanny Lal Dey, of Calcutta,
says, it is the oleo-resin from the mesocarp that is applied to floors
and rafters of houses to prevent the attacks of white ants and other
Plant Lore, Legends and Lyrics, p. 271, London, 1892.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 101
insects. The gum from the bark which Madame refers to is quite
different in kind. It possesses no insecticide properties. It is free
from the acridity which strongly characterizes the oleo-resinous product
from the mesocarp of the nut. The gum from the bark consisis
chiefly of bassorine, common gum and gallic acid. It swells to a
considerable size, but does not dissolve in water.* Balfour says
“it forms a good substitute for gum arabic. In South America,
bookbinders wash books with a solution of the gum in order to
keep away the moths and ants.” If it be a substitute for eum
arabic, which has no insecticide properties, I cannot understand how it
can keep off moths and ants. On the contrary ordinary gum arabic
invites some kinds of ants. ‘The gum,” says Balfour, “should be
collected when the sap is rising ; 5-12 lbs. can be collected annually.”
Observe that Balfour further notes that the seeds are used to flavour
Madeira wine.
There is a very strange series of remarks in Mr, T. N. Mukarji’s
“Hand Book of Indian Products” (vide p. 74), which must not be
allowed to pass unnoticed here. They are all the more strange
because he is supposed to know what he is writing about. “ The
kernel,” says he, “when raw is exceedingly acrid” (the italics are
mine—K.R.K.); “but when boiled it forms a delicious article of
food.” Nothing of the kind. There is not the slightest acridity about
the unboiled “kernel.” Boiled or unboiled, it is equally delicious.
True, some would consider the boiled or roasted kernel more delicious.
Further, Mr. Mukarji says that “ the oil of the nut is used as an
anesthetic in leprosy with advantage.” Note that Mr. Mukarji is not
a medical man of any pretensions. He is a layman. Let him
understand that it is not the od of the nut, but the oleo-resinous product
from the mesocarp of the nut, or the true botanical fruit that is used
in leprosy ; and that too, not as an anzesthetic, but as an acknowledged
remedy against the anesthetic form of leprosy—ergo, as a cure for
anesthesia, It is strange that an oriental writer, knowing the plant
well, should fall into such errors. He is merely a compiler.
As Rai Bahadur Kanny Lal Dey truly observes in his “ Indigenous
_ Drugs of India,” the oil extracted from the kernel “ by expression is
# O’Shaughnessy’s Bengal Dispensatory, p, 281,
{ Timber Trees of India, p. 19.
102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
exactly similar to olive oil, sweet and agreeable.” I may add that it
is free from any of the slightest acridity whatsoever. It is nutrient and
emollient. Its specific gravity is said to be 0°9160. It is soluble in
ether, and partially in alcohol. The seed gets rancid when left over
arainy season, It loses its bland taste. To obtain good oil, the
seed must be taken fresh. The black oleo-resin from the meso-
carp is alone acrid. It is quite different from the oil of the kernel.
Balfour goes to the extent of even saying that oil from the kernel is
superior to olive oil or almond oil. Iam prepared to endorse this
view to the fullest extent. The sugared kernel known in the Bombay
native sweetmeat-sellers’ shops and to our children as kajw gold
is a familiar article in our local “ fairs.” Children visiting such
“ fairs,” which are not uncommon in Bombay throughout the year on
’ or “no moon ” nights,* are only too glad to invest their
“full moon *
pice in purchasing sugared kaju gola as their desired bon bouche,
among other things, on such festive visits. They would not eat the
sugared kernels of kaju, if they possessed the slightest trace of
acridity, no matter how much sugar might be used to cover it. The
tender and highly sensitive throats of children would at once rebel
against the use of an acrid sweetmeat under the disguise of sugar.
But to pass on from the kernel to the plumule. It is not very easy
for me to understand how it is that Gaertner says that the plumule is
absent from the seed of the cashew-nut.t He describes the plumule
as the first bud or “gemma” of the new plant. Further, under the
head of Simple buds, which he describes as having sessile leaflets, he
says that “ they are opposite and ovate-acuminate in the Anacardium,
Sttodium, Corylium.” It is difficult to reconcile these two statements.
Besides, from a personal examination of the seed, I find that there és a
plumule, and a well-marked one too, answering the description Gaertner
has given in his General Introduction, namely, “ having sessile
leaflets ;” although in the body of his work (vol. I, p. 193), in describing
the fruit of Anacardium occidentale, he asserts that there is no plumule.
If the plumule is said to exist in the genus, it must be taken to be
existent in all the species thereof, unless specially excepted. No such
* The full moon night in Indian lunar months falls at the end of the first balf of the lunar
month; the no moon night falls at the end of the second half of the same month.—K.R.Kk,
+ Vide p. CLXVIIT, General Introduction, De Fruct et Sem., Vol. [.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 108
exception seems to be made by Gaertner in either his General Intro-
duction or his particular description of the Kaju plant. As a matter
of fact the plumule does exist, although I quite admit it is likely to
be absent from ill-developed seeds. Such a contingency is very likely
to occur where exotic plants are considered and examined in all stages
of development, possibly non-development of special organs, under
skies where they do not grow, and where the examiner has to trust to
dried specimens, in all stages of decay, and ravages of insects.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES.
The poisonous properties of the plant exist in the acrid oleo-resin
found in the mesocarp of the nut. Its composition is said to be the
same as that of the oleo-resin found in a mesocarp of its congener—
Semecarpus anacardium described in a former contribution to this
Journal.* It contains cardol and a fatty acid called anacardic acid.
Dr. Dragendorff, Professor of Pharmacy in the University of Dorpat,
Russia, distinctly observes that cardol possesses powerful vesicant
propertics which are not shared by anacardic acid. “Cardol is a
colourless oil, accompanying anacardic acid,” says Dr, Dragendorff.+
* Tt is soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. It can be removed
from suspension in water by agitation with chloroform. Contact with
dilute potash for a short time does not result in the loss of the vesicant
property of cardol, as is the case, when the alkali is concentrated, and
the action prolonged. The observation of the Rev. Mr, Nairne that
the shell of the nut contains a very acrid oil, from which anacardic acid
is made, is not sufficiently accurate. In the article communicated by
Mrs. Ida R. Brigham to the “ London Pharmaceutical Journal and
Transactions,’{ I find that, according to Professor Staedler, in addition
to cardol and anacardic acid, the oleo-resin of the Cashew-nut contains
** a little of an ammonium compound.” What this compound is, is not
mentioned. Staedler, however, assures us that it is not irritant ; nor is
anacardic acid irritant according to him, Cardol has a “ faint pleasant
odour when warmed.” It is, in my opinion, anything but pleasant.
It is positively irritating—a fact which will be easily remembered by
* Vide Vol. IX, pp. 285-258,
+ Plant Analysis—Qualitative and Quantitative. 'lranslated; from the German by H. G.
Greenish, F.1.c., London, p. 146, 1884,
~ P. 708, vol, XII, 1881-82, 5rd Series.
104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
those who have ever found themselves in the close vicinity of a place
where the nut is being roasted. Dr. Dymock and his colleagues quote*
the observation of Buchheim who says that the oleo-resin has a very faint
and hardly acrid taste, and that three or four drops of it can be swallow-
ed without marked effect. They also refer to Dr. Brassac’s opinion
regarding the quality of the oleo-resin in the following terms :—‘“ Dr.
Brassac considers it to be a good, rapid and safe vesicant, producing a
copious flow of serum, and notable reduction of hypertrophy in tuber-
cular leprosy.’ The cases which I quote below will show that it is
not always a safe vesicant in some healthy men, as it produces much
constitutional disturbance and affects healthy parts of the human body
far removed from the places which originally came in contact with
the oleo-resin, This proves the volatile nature of cardol. There is no
doubt that it irritates the healthy skin often to a dangerous degree,
producing not only vesication but regular eczematous inflammation of
the skin. The anesthetic skin of the leper is unable to appreciate the
irritant property. “ Cardol,” says Dr. Dymock, “ seems to be excreted
with the urine, but partially also with feeces.” This shows that cardol
is a stable compound. The oleo-resin leaves a stain on linen, but it
does not appear that the stain has the permanency so characteristic of
the marking-nut. The oleo-resinous liquid, which is of a dark brown
colour, contains 90 per cent. of anacardic acid and 10 per cent. of cardol.
Dr. Lyon says that “ the Cashew-nut juice,” meaning, I presume, the
oleo-resin, “appears to be seldom, if ever, used criminally in India.”
Dr. Newton, however, in the ‘‘ Pharmacopeeia of India” t says that native
women use the juice to produce abortion, applying it to the os utert.”
Recorded evidence, however, is sufficiently strong to prove the vesi-
eating properties of the oleo-resin. The Rey. Mr. Nairne seems to
doubt this. Observe what he says{ in quoting Kingsley’s remark to
the effect that the fumes of the acrid oil “ will blister the face if the
cook bends over the fire.” Mr, Nairne emphatically says, “I never
heard of this difficulty in India.” Mr. Nairne may not have heard of it
but the belief is common on this side of India, and not unfounded on
actual experience, that the process of roasting the cashew-nuts is
* Pharmacographia Indica, vol. I, p. 387.
+ Medical Jurisprudence for India, p, 192, 1889.
t{ The Flowering Plants of India, p, 68,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 105
not always free from danger. Where the nut is being roasted, its
acrid, irritating fumes are unmistakably noticeable. Popular belief
goes still further. Some think that the penetrating odour has the
power to kill even horses. This, however, must be considered an
exaggerated idea of the acridity of the vapour emanating from nuts
undergoing the process of roasting. The oleo-resin has the reputation
of being a vermicide, as well as an insecticide, which latter property
has already been referred to.
Dr. W. Hamilton* says that the oleo-resin is of such a causticity
as to blister the lips of those who incautiously suffer it to approach
them ; on this account these nuts are never eaten till after they have
been well-roasted to dissipate the oil from the pericarp. After this,
they may be used with impunity.
To test the action of the oleo-resin, Mrs. Brigham says, Professor
Staedler “spread it over about one square inch of the surface of the
breast, and covered it with a piece of blotting paper, also moistened
with it. In the course of fifteen minutes a slight burning was
perceptible, which rapidly increased, and attained its greatest energy
in half an hour. The skin beneath the paper had become whitish
surrounded by a red circle. The paper was allowed to remain in
contact with the skin for three hours, which was then covered with
thin vesicles that increased in size during the night, without, however,
attaining the size of those usually produced by cantharides”; and yet
we have the testimony of Madame Nooten, as already noted, that the
oleo-resin (which she wrongly says is obtained from the kernel)
furnishes “a more efficacious vesicatory than the Spanish fly or
cantharides.” The affected part in Professor Staedler’s experiment
was not only very slow in healing, but the after-effects continued for a
long time. ‘A second experiment made with the liquid, which had
been treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, afforded the same result.”’
Mrs, Brigham adds that ‘Henry W. Worthington states that he
could fully corroborate the statement of writers concerning the
irritant properties of the oleo-resin of the Cashew-nut, having himself
seriously suffered from its effects while extracting it from bruised
nuts by ether and subsequent evaporation, The United States
* Pharm. Journal, vol. V, p. 269, 1845-46. x
14
106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
fumes of the nut while roasting. Her face was so swollen that not
a feature was discernible for several days. A similar case occurred
in a boy, who cut open one of the nuts, eating a small portion raw,
and by handling it, spread the juice over the different parts of the
body. “The tongue, face, neck, hands, forearms, &c., were enormously
swollen, red and very painful.” In this very able thesis which
Mrs. Brigham presented to the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy in
1878, she further states how she and her husband, both ignorant of the
poisonous quality of the nut-shell, suffered very seriously from skin
eruption while incautiously attempting to break the shell with their
teeth. While attempting to extract the vesicating principles, Mrs.
Brigham, in spite of the elaborate precautions of encasing her hands
with rubber and of using instruments, suffered from vesication of her
right cheek, whereon a small particle of the juice found its way. The
result was that instantly a slight burning was felt. “ As quickly as
possible,” she says, “ the poison was washed away with water, and to
prevent.any minute particle from adhering, again washed with ether.”
But the mischief was done, and she suffered. Itis hardly necessary
for me to enter here fully into the details of what the fair experimentor
had to pass through for the next eleven days and more. Suffice it te
say that vesication was the result. The face was so disfigured “as
to be unrecognizable to the most intimate friends.” Hands, fingers
included, suffered from a vesicular eruption attended with oedema ;
other parts of the body suffered in their wake, Mrs. Brigham closes
her very interesting thesis with the warning words of science. These
words will not suffer, 1 am sure, in being reproduced here as the
guiding voice of bitter and painful personal experience. “Several
authors,” says she, “speak of its use (meaning the use of the oleo-
resin—K.R.K.) for the removal of warts, corns and callosities, and some
as a vesicant instead of cantharides. Considering the almost enjini-
testmal quantity of the poison which could have been absorbed in my
personal attack and the gravity of the results, it would seem, in my |
judgment, to be unwarranted to apply a remedy so uncontrollable in
cases where many other standard remedies might be used, which are
not open to such objection.” I am not disposed to underrate the value
of this painful personal narrative, but it appears that these graphically
described sufferings of both the husband and wife are singular in the
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 107
extreme. They are by no means, however, what may be considered
“unexpected.” Some may escape the virulent action of a violent
poison. It is best, however, from a scientific point of view, to recognize
the possibility of serious suffering from the incautious use or handling,
even if it were for experimental purposes, of the Cashew-nut oleo-resin.
Let me now proceed to the consideration of a case of poisoning by
the Cashew-nut, reported in an American Journal * edited by Horatio
C. Wood and Robert Meade Smith. It is stated in this journal that “ In
1881 a gentleman connected with the United States National Museum
while organizing the Materia Medica collection, came across some
nuts unlabelled. He sawed one of them through to make a specimen,
and got some of the tar-like substance between the shell and ker-
nel on his hands.” What I would say is :—Would-be-arrangers of
Materia Medica Museums beware! for see what happened thereafter.
“A few days after, { the face and hands became violently inflamed, a
vesicular eruption accompanying the inflammation and intense itching,
The face was of deep orange colour, eyes closed by swelling. The
inflammation extended to the edge of, but not to, the scalp.” Fearful
ordeal this! The poor sufferer went through his agonies “ confined to
the house for a week”? (it might have been longer) suffering from
intolerable itching, In ten days he recovered, the skin desquamating
from the affected parts. The nuts were afterwards identified as
Cashew-nut. “The affection corresponded exactly with the Rhus
poisoning” says Dr. Prentiss, u.D., Washington, who records the case
together with two other cases of poisioning from the congenor of the
Cashew-nut, FR. vernicifera and R, toxcodendron. Be it noted to the
discredit of Homceopathy that one of the cases of poisoning from
R. vernicifera occurred as the result of an administration of a
Homeopathic pellet labelled ‘‘ Rhus.” The other occurred from the
Japanese lacquer, the sap of R. towicodendron. Vesicular eruption
accompanied with swelling is the prevailing characteristic of such
irritation, The learned Professor wrongly says in this paper that there
are two species of the Cashew-nut-—Anacardium occidentale and
A. orientale. My readers are already aware that A. orientale is not
a species of the Cashew-nut plant, but a distinct genus described by
me as Semecarpus anacardium in a former volume of this Journal.
free oar aed
* The Therapeutic Gazette, p, 448, vol. v, 3rd Series, Whole Series, volume xiii, 1889,
+ There is seldom such delay in the development of the consequences, for, though the
vesicating element is evanescent, the effect is quick generally speaking. There may be skins,
however, which are slow in being acted upon, as there are brains slow in “ taking in an idea,”
108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE RUBY MINES
DISTRICT, BURMA.
By HEucene W. Oates.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Soctety on 19th Sept., 1895.)
During a tour of inspection of the buildings and roads in the Ruby
Mines District last April, I made a note of all the birds I was able to
procure or observe; and a list of them will, no doubt, be of interest.
No one has yet collected in this particular locality which, by reason of
its elevation, is likely to yield good results. The birds I now record
are very few in number, but many of them are of great rarity, and the
range of others has been very considerably extended to the east.
The Ruby Mines District lies to the east of the Irrawaddy river
and between the Mandalay and Bhamo Districts. A road leads from
the left bank of the Irrawaddy to Mogoke, the head-quarters of the
district, a distance of sixty miles. At the fortieth mile a branch road
leads to Bernardmyo, a small cantonment garrisoned by British troops.
This branch road is twenty miles in length. Bernardmyo and Mogoke
are connected by a mule track ten miles long.
The birds I am about to record were obtained or noticed in the
triangle, of which the corners are represented by Kabein at the fortieth
mile, Bernardmyo and Mogoke. This triangle is very mountainous and
varies from about 4,000 to 7,500 feet in elevation. Toung-may or the
Black Mountain is the highest point, and lies between Bernardmyo and
Mogoke. I passed over the spurs of this mountain, but I had no time
to collect birds. It appeared to me to be one of the best collecting
grounds I have ever seen, being densely wooded with abundance of
water.
Mogoke is a large and prosperous town, lying in a valley and entirely
given up to ruby mining. All other industries appear to be neglected
and the necessaries of life command very high prices. Any three men
combining together can get a small grant of land for sixty rupees a
month to dig for rubies. The whole operation consists in sinking a well
till the ruby-bearing stratum of earth (of a peculiar yellowish colour)
is reached and in washing the earth. Three men are necessary for well
sinking, and a license is not-issued to a smaller party. Well-sinking
is the usual method adopted by the natives in their search for rubies ;
NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE RUBY MINES, BURMA, 109
but the Ruby Mines Company works on a much larger scale by opening
out a hill-side or excavating a huge hole or tank, which is kept free
from water by steam pumping machinery. The ruby-bearing earth is
carried away by tramway and washed in elaborate machines. The final
result is a collection of rubies, pebbles and gems of various kinds, which
are carefully sorted by a trusted agent of the Company.
Bernardmyo is a small cantonment with accommodation for two
companies of British Infantry. Its elevation is 5,500 feet. The cold
is considerable in the winter and the rains are very heavy, but it has
proved a healthy place. There are very few native inhabitants at
Bernardmyo now, butat one time it must have been well populated,
for the forest for miles round has been cleared away and the soil
cultivated, The hills are now covered with a thick growth of grass
and bracken, and the former inhabitants have migrated elsewhere.
My list of birds is very small, but it would have been much smaller
had it not been for the kind assistance of Captain HE. W. Mills,
Commanding the troops at Bernardmyo, Mr. F. Atlay, the Manager
of the Ruby Mines Company, and Mr. C. H. Wollaston, Executive
Engineer, These gentlemen did their best to help me,-and each of
them procured some birds which I failed to observe myself.
The following list comprises forty-six species only :—
1. Corvus macrorhynchus, Wagl., the jungle-crow, was universally
distributed.
2. Corvus insolens, Hume, the Burmese house-crow, was not very
abundant at Mogoke, and Iam not sure that I saw it at Bernardmyo
at all.
3. Pica rustica, Scop., the magpie, was frequently seen. It also
occurs much farther south at Toungyi in the Southern Shan States.
4, Urocissa ocerpitalis, Blyth, the red-billed blue magpie, was
common in the well-wooded parts of the country.
5. Parusimimor, Temm, and Schleg., the Japanese grey tit, was
common,
6. Paradoxornis guttaticollis, A. David, Austen’s crow-tit, has
already been recorded from Western China. Its occurrence therefore
at the Ruby Mines was not unexpected. I found a pair at Bernardmyo
in thick bracken on a hill-side. It has a pleasant call of four notes ; and
secretes itself so well that it is most difficult to shoot.
110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
7. Dryonastes sannio, Swinhoe, the white-browed laughing-
thrush, was everywhere abundant. It is less shy than other birds of this
family, and is frequently seen alone or in pairs.
8. Pomatorhinus tmberbis, Salvad., the Hastern rusty-cheeked
scimitar babbler, was common, but very difficult to secure.
9. Chloropsis hardwickiit, Jard. and Selby, the orange-bellied
chloropsis, was the only one of the genus procured.
10. Molpastes burmannicus, Sharpe, the Burmese red-vented
bulbul, was everywhere common.
11. Xanthivus flavescens, Blyth.—I procured one specimen of
Blyth’s bulbul between Kabein and Bernardmyo.
12. Otocompsa emeria, Linn., the Bengal red-whiskered bulbul,
was common.
13. Pycnonotus canthorrhous,J. Anderson,Anderson’s yellow-vent-
ed bulbul, was not uncommon. It also occurs in Karennee and at Kalaw
in the Southern Shan States. A description of this bird will be found ina
footnote at page 286 of the first volume of the Birds, “ Fauna of India.”
14. Sitta nagaensis, Godwin-Austen, Austen’s nuthatch, was
discovered on the Naga hills by Colonel Godwin-Austen. Its occur-
rence therefore in the Ruby Mines extends its range very considerably.
Mr. Wollaston procured a single specimen at Bernardmyo.
15. Dicrurus cineraceus, Uorsf., the grey drongo, occurred
sparingly.
16. Chibia hottentotta, Linn., the hair-crested drongo, was very
common.
7. Orthotomus sutorius, Forst., the Indian tailor-bird, was met
with on one occasion only.
18. Megalurus palustris, Horsf., the striated marsh-warbler, was
common in all the wet cultivated valleys, occurring in pairs and no
doubt breeding in April.
19. Phylloscopus indicus, Jerd.,—Captain Mills secured one
specimen of the olivaceous willow-warbler at Bernardmyo. It has not
yet been recorded further east than Assam.
20. Lanius nigriceps, Frankl., the black-headed shrike, was
extremely common.
21. Artamus jfuscus Vieill.—Captain Mills assured me that the
ashy swallow-shrike occurs in large flocks at Bernardmyo.
NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE RUBY MINES, BURMA, 111
22. Graculipica nigricollis, Payk., the black-necked myna, was
frequently seen.
23. Aeridotheres tristis, Linn., the common myna, was seen
throughout the tract.
24. Hthiopsar grandis, Moore., the Siamese myna, was obtained
on one occasion near Mogoke. :
20. Pratincola caprata, Linn., the common pied bush-chat, was
everywhere common.
26. Orercola ferrea, Hodgs., the dark-grey bushchat, was very
common at the bungalow situated between Bernardmyo and Kabein.
27. Copsychus sauéaris, Linn., the magpie-robin, was universally
distributed,
28. Uroloncha acuticauda, Hodgs,, Hodgson’s munia, was com-
mon. in flocks on the roadsides.
29. Passer montanus, Linn., the tree-sparrow, was the only
sparrow seen in the Ruby Mines.
30. Lmberiza pusilla, Pall., the dwarf bunting, was very com-
mon in all the open country.
31, Melophus melanicterus, Gmel., the crested bunting, was
abundant on the roads and open places.
32. Hzrundo smithu, Leach., the wire-tailed swallow, was the
common swallow of the Ruby Mines in April.
33. Motacilla melanope, Pall., the grey wagtail, was found in
swampy places.
34, Anthus maculatus, Hodgs., the Indian tree-pipit, was very
common.
35. Diceum ignipectus, Hodgs., the fire-breasted flower-pecker,
was abundant in some trees near the bungalow between Bernardmyo
and Kabein.
36. Upupa indica, Reich., the Indian hoopoe, was occasionally
observed,
37. Cuculus canorus, Linn., the cuckoo, was very abundant, and
its call was heard on all sides at all times of the day and frequently at
night.
38. Centropus sinensis, Steph., the common coucal or crow-
pheasant, was common. This is the form named C. intermedius by
Hume. Blanford, however, informs me that he cannot separate the
112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
larger Indian and Burmese crow-pheasants into two or more species,
and he has included them all under the term C. sinensis in his forth-
coming third volume of the Birds in the “ Fauna of India.”
39, Spizactus linnaétus, Horsfi—A skin of the changeable
hawk-eagle, procured in the neighbourhood, was shown me at Mogoke.
40. Cireuss pilonotus, Kaup.—A pair of the Chinese pied harriers
were seen at Bernardmyo. The entire lower surface of the male,
except the chin, was pure white.
41, Francolinus chinensis, Osbeck., the Chinese francolin, was
everywhere common.
42. Arboricola brunneipectus Tick., Mr. Atlay shewed mo a
freshly killed specimen of the brown-breasted hill partridge, which he
had shot near Katpyin.
43. Genneus andersoni, Elliott.—Anderson’s silver pheasant
was common throughout our area.
44, Phastanus humice, Hume.—Mrs. Hume’s pheasant is no
doubt fairly common about the Ruby Mines, but apparently very shy
and difficult to get. Mr, Atlay very generously gave mea pair of
skins of this very lovely species. The birds had been snared by a
native. Mr, Hume discovered this bird in Manipur, and it is note-
worthy as being the only species of true pheasant (Phastanus) which has
hitherto been found within the strict limits of British India and Burma.
I have deposited the skins given me by Mr. Atlay in the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington.
45. Gallus gallus, Linn., the common jungle fowl, was abund-
ant in the district. :
46. Scolopaa rusticola, Linn.—Captain Mills assured me that
woodcocks were frequently shot near Bernardmyo.
113
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE AGAINST THE VENOM
OF THE COBRA AND OTHER SERPENTS,
AND ON
THE ANTIDOTAL PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE
IMMUNISED ANIMALS.
Communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, June 3rd, 1895,
By Tuomas R, FRASER, M.D., LL.D., F.B.S.,
Professor of Materia Medica and Clinical Medicine in the University of Edinburgh.
( Abstract.)
TRADITIONS AS TO LMMUNITY,
One of the most striking and interesting of the many traditions and current
beliefs regarding venomous serpents is that a power may be acquired of
freely handling them without injury, and even of successfully resisting the
poisonous effect of their bites. The Psylli of Africa, the Marsi of Italy, the
Gouni of India, and other ancient tribes and sects were stated to have been
immune against serpents’ bites, and to have been able to exercise a remark-
able influence over even the most venomous of these animals; and those
attributes have been explained on the supposition that serpents’ blood was
present in the veins of the members of these tribes and sects, In more
modern times, and, indeed, at the present day, the same belief is stated in
the writings of travellers; and it has been expressed by poets and novelists,
and, among the latter, with a half-admitted conviction of its reality, by
Wendell Holmes in his Romance of Destiny.
Tt may be instructive to associate with this belief in the possession, under
certain conditions, by human beings of a power successfully to resist the
poisonous effects of serpents’ venom, and with the evidences in its support, the
further belief that venomous serpents are themselves protected against the
effects of bites inflicted upon them by individuals both of their own and of
other species, On mere anatomical grounds it is difficult to understand how
serpents could escape the absorption of their own venom through mucous
surfaces, even admitting that absorption of venom does not occur in normai
conditions of these surfaces, Venom must, however, be so frequently intro-
duced into their bodies, in situations where absorption could not fail to occur,
by the bites inflicted upon them by other serpents, that the conclusion seems
inevitable that they possess some protective quality, without which, probably,
no venomous serpents would now be in existence, Not only have many
general observations been made in support of this belief, but it has been
proved to be correct by direct experiments, such as those made by Fontana
of Tuscany more than a century ago, by Guyon, Lacerda, Waddell, Kaufmann
and Sir Joseph Fayrer,
15
114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
Sources or SUPPLY.
India. received my first supply of cobra venom in 1889 from Surgeon-Colonel Moir,
lately of Meerut, and soon afterwards—also in small quantities—from the late Dr, Shortt,
and from Sir Joseph Fayrer, the Thakore of Gondal, and Dr, Phillips. larger quantities
were subsequently obtained from Surgeon-Captain French, and through the kind efforts of Sir
William Mackinnon, Director-General of the Army Medical Department, from each of the
presidencies of India ; and they had so far increased my stock as to enable me to begin
experimental work towards the end of last year, Early in this year a large additional supply
was received from Surgeon-Colonel Cunningham, of Calcutta, and this gentleman has quite
recently sent a further large quantity of several grammes of dry venom.
America.— Besides these specimens of the venom of the cobra of India, I have also been
fortunate in obtaining specimens of venoms from other parts of the world. From America,
Dr. Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia—whose work on the chemistry and physiology of serpents’
venom constitutes the great advance of the century on the venom of viperine serpents—has
supplied me with the venom of three species of rattlesnakes ; namely, Crotalus horridus,
C. adamanteus and C. durissus, and also with a specimen of the venom of the copper head
( Trigonocephalus contortriz).
Australia,—Dr. Thomas Brancroft, of Brisbane, has at various times sent specimens of the
venoms of the black snake (J’seudechis prophyriacus), the brown snake (Diemenia superciliosa),
and of a large unidentified snake of the Diamantina district of South Australia (probably a
new species of Diamenia).
Africa,—The kindness of Mr. William Smith, a distinguished naturalist of Cape Town, of
Dr. Brook, of the Orange Free States, and of Dr. John Murray and Mr, Van Putten, of Cape
Solony, has placed at my disposal small quantities of the venom of the puff adder (Vipena
arietans), the night adder (Aspidelaps lubricus), the yellow cobra (Naja haie), and. the
“ Ring Hals Slang” or “ Rinkas ” (Sepedon hemachates) ; and Dr. John Anderson, formerly
Professor of Natural History at Calcutta, has only last week forwarded to me living speci-
mens of the Vipera cerastes,to be followed by living specimens of the cobra, which
his present connection with the zoology of Egypt has given him peculiar facilities to obtain.
In the meantime, however, further evidence has been obtained in support
i{the reality of the probabilities to which I have referred, Sewall using
che venom of the rattlesnake, Kanthack that of the cobra, and Kaufmann,
Phisalix and Bertrand that of the viper, obtained experimental evidence —
of the possibility of producing by “inoculation” a certain slight degree of
resistance against the toxic effects of these venoms, The relationship of such
observations to the recent discoveries in connection with the toxins of tetanus,
diphtheria, and other diseases could not long remain unrecognised, Dr, Ban-
croft and others have recently suggested “ that the blood of animals rendered
immune to snake venom might be found of service as a remedy in snakebite,”
Within the last few months Phisalix and Bertrand have obtained experi-
mental indications of the antidotal power of the blood serum of animals immu-
nised, but only to a low degree, against the venom of vipers ; while Calmette,
working in the Pasteur Institute of Paris, after several unsuccessful endea-
yours had led him to express the opinion that immunity against snake venom
could not be produced, afterwards succeeded in obtaining evidence of its pro-
duction, and of the power of the blood serum to counteract the effects of
venom,
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE, 115
VARIETIES OF VENOM USED,
In this the first portion of the investigation the venoms that have been
used are only four in number—those, namely, of the cobra of India (Naia
tripudians), of the Crotalus horridus of America, of a large colubrine snake,
probably a species of Diemenia, from South Australia, and of the Spedon
heemachates of Africa, The venoms are therefore those of the most deadly
of the poisonous serpents of Asia, America, Australia, and Africa respectively;
and further, they are representative of the chief differences that occur in the
composition and action of venoms, for they are derived from members of the
two great groups of the colubrine and viperine serpents!
An essential preliminary to exact investigations with active substances must
always be the determination of the activity of the substances, The only
convenient method for doing this is to define the smallest dose capable of
_ producing death for any given weight of animal—that is, the minimum lethal
dose. The venoms in their natural state are imconstant in activity, mainly
because of variations in the quantity of the water which they contain, The
cobra venom has, however, nearly always been received in the form of a dry
solid, but when this was not so it has been dried iz vacuo over sulphuric acid,
Outside of India there are few persons skilled in the hazardous task of
taking venom directly from living serpents, Accordingly, with few exceptions,
the other venoms were not received ina pure form, but in the form of the
dried venom glands, From these glands, however, the poisonous constituents
may easily be extracted with water, and on evaporating the solution over
sulphuric acid an active dry venom was obtained, containing however other
substances besides those which are active, Iam not ina position, therefore,
to make any statement in regard to the relative activity of the different
venoms, For the objects in view what only is necessary is that the exact
minimum lethal dose of each venom used should be known, whether it be
pure or diluted with a certain small amount of inert matter, Each of the
four venoms was, however, found to be very active, but the cobra venom
especially so.
LetHat Doses,
Experiments were made with it on several animals—as the guinea-pig,
rabbit, white rat, cat, and the innocuous grass snake of Italy (Tropidonotus
natriz), Very considerable differences were found to occur in the minimum
lethal dose for each of these animals, For the guinea-pig the minimum lethal
dose per kilogramme was 0°00018 g.; for the rabbit, 0°000245 g.; for the white
rat, 0°00025 g.; for the cat somewhat less than 0°005 g.; for the kitten (6 weeks
old), 0°002 g.; and for the grass snake the relatively larger dose of 0°03 g.
i My supply of cobra venom being much larger than that of any of the others, this venom
was chiefly used in the experiments ; and in all of thoseto be referred to the administration
Was effected by subcutaneous injection.
116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Cobra venom thus takes a position among the most active of known sub-
stances, rivalling in its lethal power the most potent of the vegetable active
principles, such as aconitine, strophanthin, or acokantherin,
These facts having been ascertained, attempts were next made to render
animals proof against lethal doses by administering to them a succession of
gradually increasing non-lethal doses, These were, for the first few doses, in
some of the experiments, one-tenth of the minimum lethal; in others one-
fifth ; in others one-half of the minimum lethal ; and in others almost as great
as the minimum lethal, At varying intervals the doses were repeated and
by-and-by gradually increased, until the actual minimum lethal dose had been
attained, The subsequent doses, by gradual increments, exceeded the mini-
mum lethal, and after five or six times the minimum lethal had been reached,
it was found that the increments could be increased, so that each became
twice, four times, and latterly even five times the minimum lethal, and still
the animal suffered little and, in many cases, no appreciable injury.
Many failures occurred before experience indicated the precautions and
conditions that are necessary for success, Serpents’ venom exerts what may
broadly be described as a duplex action, It produces unseen functional
disturbances, and it also produces visible changes. The latter are of a highly
irritative character, causing intense congestion in the lungs, kidneys, and other
organs, and, when given by subcutaneous injection, on all the structures of
the skin and subjacent parts, There are apparently also some definite changes
produced in the blood, with regard to which several important facts have been
discovered by Dr. Martin, of the University of Sydney. Ivritative effects are
obviously produced by cobra venom, even in non-lethal doses and with greatly
increased virulence by doses that exceed the minimum lethal ; but, in respect
to this action, the other three venoms used are greatly more active than the
venom of the cobra, Evidence was obtained to indicate that in the process
of immunisation a diminution occurs in the intensity of these local actions ;
but this diminution does not proceed so rapidly as that in the unseen functional
or other changes which are the more direct causes of death ; and, further,
the local irritative changes, after having been produced, are slower to disap-
pear than the unseen functional disturbances, Until these facts had been
appreciated, and, indeed, even with the adoption of the precautions suggested
by them, frequent failures occurred, The apparently contradictory results
accordingly were obtained of the production, by gradually increasing doses,
on the one hand, of a protection against quantities much above the minimum
lethal, so perfect that no apparent injury was caused ; and, on the other hand,
of an intolerance so decided that death was produced by the last of a succes-
sion of gradually increasing doses, no one of which was so great as the mini-
mum lethal, The latter unfortunate event was frequently displayed in
guinea-pigs, and attempts to carry immunisation in them to a high point were
found to be extremely difficult.
es
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE. 117
ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY,
Notwithstanding these diffieulties however, such gratifying resulis have
been obtained as that rabbits could at last receive by subcutaneous injection
so much as ten, twenty, thirty, and even the remarkable quantity of fifty
times the minimum lethal dose without manifesting any obvious symptoms of
poisoning,
Almost the only observable phenomena were arise in the body tempera-
ture, which continued for a few hours after the injection, and which contrasts
with the fall that occurs after the administration of even non-lethal doses in
non-protected animals, and a loss of appetite which usually, though not inva-
riably, occurred, and was probably the cause of a temporary fall in weight
during the day or two days succeeding each injection. On the other hand
during the process of successful immunisation the animals increased in weight,
they fed well, and appeared to acquire increased vigour and liveliness, This
has been frequently exemplified in the smaller animals, such as rabbits ; and
also, very conspicuously, in an aged and previously sedate horse, which in the
process of immunisation has now received ten times the estimated minimum
iethal dose.
It is marvellous to observe these evidences of the absence of injurious
effects and even of the production of benefit in an animal which, for instance,
has received in one single dose a quantity of venom sufficient to kill, in less
than two hours, fifty animals of the same weight, and in the course of five or
six months a total quantity of venom sufficient to destroy the lives of 370
animals of the same species and weight,
With the cobra venom I have also immunised cats; both by subcutaneous
and by stomach administration ; but the significance of the latter method of
administration must be reserved for a future communication. As I have
stated, a horse is also being immunised ; and i have to express my obligations
to Principal Williams for granting me the accommodation of his establishment,
and to Professor Davis, also of the New Veterinary College, for much valu-
able assistance.
Following the same plan of research with the three other venoms, it: was
found that the minimum lethal dose per kilogramme for rabbits of the dia-
mantina venom is 0°0015 g.; of the venom of Sepedon heemachates 0'0025 g, ; and
of the venom of Crotalus 0°004 g.° The Crotalus venom is, in its purity, alto-
gether comparable with the cobra venom ; and the determinations, therefore,
show that cobra venom is sixteen: times more powerful than crotalus on
rattlesnake venom, ‘This venom, as well as the two others, however, much
exceed cobra venom in the intensity of their local action, When death is
produced by crotalus venom, the subcutaneous tissues became extensively
infiltrated with a large quantity of blood and of blood-stained serum, the
PRAMAS aah an eo ono te eee
* Diamantina venom, 14 mg, ; Sepedon hemachates, 24 mg.; Crotalus horridus, 4 me
f Z S v M94 oe
118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
underlying muscles are reduced to an almost pulpy blood-stained substance
and post-mortem decomposition occurs very soog~ after death, Similar changes
in the subcutaneous tissues, but to a rather less degree, are caused by the
diamantina venom, and in addition hematuria, or more probably hemoglobi-
nuria, was invariably produced by lethal and even by large non-lethal doses.
I mention these circumstances to indicate the perfection of the protection
which is produced by the administration of successive gardually-increasing
doses ; for they can be so adjusted that a dose of each venom, even three
times larger than the minimum lethal, may be administered without produc-
ing more than an inconsiderable and even scarcely observable degree of local
destructive effect.
In the meantime, the process of protection with these latter venoms has
not advanced further than three times the minimum lethal dose, This, how-
ever, has been suificient to allow experiments to be made by which it has been
demonstrated that when an animal has acquired a resistant power over the
minimum lethal dose of one venom, that animal is also able successfully to
resist the lethal action of a dose above the minimum lethal of other venoms,
To a rabbit immunised by cobra venom, a dose above the minimum lethal
of sepedon venom has been administered ; to rabbits immunised with ‘crotalus
venom, doses above the minimum lethal of diamantina and of cobra venoms
have been given ; to animals immunised above the minimum lethal with the
diamantina venom, doses above the minimum lethal of crotalus and sepedon
venom have been given ; and in each case the animal has recovered, and but
few symptoms of injury were produced, At the same time, in other experi-
ments, indications were obtained that animals immunised with a given venom
are capable of resisting the toxic effect of that venom more effectually than
the toxic effects of other venoms,
DURATION OF IMMUNITY,
My experiments have not yet proceeded sufficiently far to show for
what length of time the protection conferred by any final lethal dose may
last. I propose to make some experiments which will give definite: informa-
tion in regard to this point, which may possibly lead to practical applica-
tions, It has incidentally been discovered, however, that protection lasts
for at least a considerable period of time, even when the last protective
dose has not been a large one, For example, to a rabbit which had last
received twice the minimun lethal dose of crotalus venom, the same dose
was administered twenty days subsequently, and it altogether failed to pro-
duce any toxic symptoms,
As yet no sufficient data have been obtained for affording an explanation of
these remarkable facts, It is obvious that the blood of protected animals
must contain some substance or substances which are not present in the non-
protected animals, by which the lethal and toxic effects of venoms are pre-
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE. ik)
vented, When the blood serum of protected animals is added to a solution of
venom a distinctly observable reaction occurs, and this reaction may be of
significance when considered along with circumstances which will be stated in
the remaining part of this communication, and especially with the circumstance
that the blood serum is itself almost destitute of physiological activity. This
protective substance may be produced in the body by the influence of the
venom, but it is also conceivable that the substance is actually a part of the
venom itself, which gradually accumulates under repeated administrations,
whereas the lethal and toxic constituents of the venom are more rapidly
destroyed or eliminated,
Tue BLoop SrruM oF IMMUNISED ANIMALS: ANTIVENENE,
Having thus succeeded in producing a high degree of protection in animals
against the toxic effects of serpents’ venom, the blood serum of these animals
was, in the next place, collected for the purpose of testing its antidotal pro-
perties. A few preliminary experiments were, however, early made with the
serum of animals in whom the protection had not been carried to a high
degree, and they were sufficient to show that antidotal properties are possessed
even by this serum, It soon became apparent that, in order to obtain some
reasonable approximation to constancy in the conditions of the experiments,
it was necessary that the serum should be in such a state that it would remain
unchanged during at least several weeks. It was found that this could be
ensured without any appreciable loss of antidotal power by drying the freshly-
separated serum in the receiver of an air pump over sulphuric acid, after it
had been passed through a Chamberland’s filter, A perfectly dry and easily
pulverisable solid was thus obtained, which could be kept unchanged for pro-
bably an indefinite time, and from which a normal serum could easily be
prepared as required by merely dissolving a definite quantity of the dry
serum in a definite quantity of water, To this serum, whether in the dry
form or in solution, it would be convenient to apply the name “ antivenene.”
The greater number of the experiments now to be described were made
with antivenene derived from the mixed serum of three rabbits, which had
last received a dose of cobra venom equivalent to thirty times the minimum
lethal, I avoid the expression “ immunised against” thirty times the
minimum lethal dose, for, as a matter of fact,an animal is always protected
or immunised against a dose considerably above the last which it had received.
The experiments were so planned as to obtain in three or four different
conditions as exact a definition as possible of the antidotal power of the
antivenene, Four series of experiments have been undertaken on rabbits ;
but all the experiments required to complete two of these series have not yet
been made, In one series the venom was mixed outside of the body with the
antivenene, and immediately thereafter the mixture was injected under the
skin of the animal ; in the second series the venom and antivenene were
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
almost simultaneously injected into opposite sides of the body ; in the third
series the antivenene was injected some considerable time before the venom ;
and in the fourth series the venom was first injected, and thirty minutes
afterwards the antivenene,
All, or nearly all, the experiments required to define the exact quantity of
antivenene that is sufficient to prevent death from different lethal doses of
venom have been as yet made only in the first and fourth of these series,
They are, however, in some respects the most important of the series, as the
conditions for exactitude in simultaneous administration are perfectly obtained
in the first series, and it therefore should constitute the basis for comparison
between antivenenes derived from different sources, and as upon the results
of the fourth series must depend the actual practical application of antivenene
in the treatment of poisoning by serpents’ bites.
In the experiments of the first series the doses of cobra venom administered
were the minimum lethal, twice the minimum lethal, and thrice the minimum
lethal, In the case of each dose experiments were made with different
quantities of antivenene so as to determine the quantity required to prevent
death. In order to render it certain that a lethal dose was always administered
in the experiments with the so-called minimum lethal, the minimum lethal
indicated by the previous experiments was not used, but instead a slightly
Jarger dose (6°00026 instead of 0'000245 g, per kilogramme),
When this certainly lethal dose, Be of causing death in five or six
hours, was mixed with antivenene and the mixture then injected under the
skin, it was found that so small quantities of antivenene were sufficient to
prevent death as 0°5 ¢, em.,, 0°25, 0°1, 0°05, 0°02, 0°01, 0°005, 0°004 ¢. cm. (, 4,
js, ass Hs) Taa) THO, sso, OF ac, cm.) for each kilogramme of the weight of the
animal, With 0°0025 c. cm. (735), however, the animal died, The antivenene
was therefore found to be so powerful as an antidote in the conditions of these
experiments that even the 35 part of a cubic centimetre, equivalent to about
1 part of a minim, acted as an efficient antidote. Even with the smaller of
these doses of antivenene there was almost no symptom of poisoning produced,
Tn the experiments of this series with twice the minimum lethal dose recovery
occurred when the doses of antivenene were 0°75 c, cm.,0°7 c. cm., and 0°6 ¢, cm,
per kilogramme, but 0°5 c, cm, per kilogramme failed to prevent death.
In the experiments with thrice the minimum lethal dose of venom (a dose
cabable of producing death in less than two hours) recovery occurred when
the doses of antivenene were 1°5 c.cm, and 1c.cm., but death occurred with
0° c,em.,and even the enormous dose of four times the minimum lethal
failed to produce death, or, indeed, any observable disturbance, when it had
previously been mixed with 2 c, cm, per kilogramme of antivenene,
In the second series experiments have been made only with twice the
minimum lethal dose of venom. When this dose was injected into the
subcutaneous tissue of one side of the body, and immediately thereafter a
ae er
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE. 121
dose of antivenene, it was found that doses of Ic. cm,, 2c, cm,, and 3 ¢, cm,
per kilogramme failed to prevent death, but that 2°5 c, cm, and 3c, cm, per
kilogramme were able to do so,
‘In the third series the experiments have as yet been made with only the
minimum lethal of cobra venom, and they show that 4.c,.cm. per kilogramme
of this antivenene is able to prevent death when given thirty minutes before
the venom,
In the fourth series, where the results are likely to give the clearest indica-
tions of the antidotal value of antivenene, it was found that recovery occurred
in the experiments in which 1°5c,cm,,1 c,cm,, and 0°8 ¢. cm, per kilogramme
of antivenene were injected thirty minutes after a certain minimum lethal dose
of venom ; but that the antivenene was insufficient in quantity to prevent
death when 0°75 c.cm. per kilogramme or less was administered, In this
series, further, it was found that 5 c, cm, per kilogramme of antivenene was a
sufficient dose to prevent death after twice the minimum lethal dose of venom,
but that 2 c. em., 2°5 c. cm., and 3c. cm, per kilogramme were insufficient,
The experiments of this series are especially interesting, as nearly all the
animals showed symptoms of poisoning before the antivenene had been
administered, In each of the fatal experiments the duration of life was
greatly prolonged by the administration of antivenene ; and it is probable
that in many instances a second injection of antivenene, made half an hour or
an hour after the first, would have prevented death,
Tt has thus been established, on the clearest evidence, that the blood serum
(antivenene) of animals protected against large lethal doses of venom is able,
in varying conditions of administration, perfectly to prevent: lethal doses of
the venom of the most poisonous of serpents from producing death in non-
protected animals, ©
In order to obtain some evidence bearing on the question as to whether
the more powerful antivenene is produced by the long-continued administra-
tion of small non-lethal doses of venom, or by the administration of doses
gradually increasing until a large lethal dose is reached, a few experiments
were made with the serum of a rabbit which had received one-tenth of the
minimum lethal dose nearly every two days during a period of three months
and one week, and also of one which had received the one-fourth part of the
minimum lethal dose nearly every four days during a period of three months
and three weeks, I did not find that the antidotal power of the antivenenes
obtained from these animals was great, or nearly so effective as the antivenenes
obtained from animals which had finally received a dose much in excess of
minimum lethal, When mixed with venom and then injected, 3 c, cm. per
kilogramme of these antivenenes was insufficient to prevent death from some-
what more than the minimum lethal dose of venom, but 5 c, cm, per kilo:
Gramme were sufficient to do so.
16
122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Ihave also administered 1°5c.cm, per kilogramme of cobra antivenene
thirty minutes after a dose one-twelfth larger than the minimum lethal dose
of the venoms, respectively, of the Sepedon hemachates, the Crotalus horridus,
and the Diementina serpent, and the rabbits experimented on have recovered,
This successful result is all the more remarkable when the intensely destruc-
tive local effects of each, but especially of two, of these venoms is recollected,
The experiments establishing,and to some extent defining, the antidotal
power of cobra venom, further, have been made on animals peculiarly
susceptible to the poisonous action of serpents’ venom, a circumstance of
importance in considering the probable value of the antivenene when used as
an antidote in the treatment of animals of less susceptibility, among whom
there appears to be sufficient evidence to place human beings, The minimum
lethal dose for man probably approximates that of the cat, rather than that
of vegetable feeders, such as the rabbit, guinea-pig, and white rat,
It is also to be remembered that so far the experiments have been restricted
to a definition of the antidotal power in certain conditions which were not
always the most favourable for the mere prevention of death, Indications
have indeed been obtained which render it highly probable that death may be
prevented from occurring more certainly by several administrations rather
than by one administration of antivenene, and also by the introduction of the
antivenene into the same parts as the venom rather than into distant parts.
It would be important also to increase the number of the experiments with
the larger of the lethal doses of venom as yet administered, and it may be to
employ still larger doses, although, for practical application, the larger of
the doses that have already been used, as they produce death in about an
hour, need not be increased, To these purposes I hope to apply the antivenene
soon to be prepared from the rabbits which have already received fifty times
the minimum lethal doses of venom,
ANTIVENENE IN THE TREATMENT oF SNAKE-BITE IN MAN,
For the actual application of the antivenene to the treatment of snake-
poisoning in man, an endeavour is being made to obtain the large quantity
that is requisite from a horse now receiving considerable lethal doses of cobra
venom. From this source, also, it is hoped that a sufficient quantity will be
obtained to allow of the examination of the chemical properties of the
antivenene to be continued, with the object of discovering the constituent or
constituents by which the antidotal effects are produced. If the. isolation
of the antidotal constituent or constituents can be effected, an antivenene of
greatly increased power will be obtained, and the range of efficient application
will be increased, For these objects, however,it will be necessary to ad-
minister to the horse much larger doses than it has yet received ; and the
chief difficulty in doing this is to obtain a sufficient supply of cobra venom,
By the great kindness of Surgeon-Colonel Cunningham 9g. of dry venom
THE RENDERING OF ANIMALS IMMUNE, 123
have already been obtained, but in order to carry the protection to fifty
times the minimum lethal dose, another 30g. would be required. I have
reason to hope that the India Office will succeed in making arrangements for
procuring even this large quantity.
The subject is one of practical importance to India, where the destruction
of human life by venomous serpents is represented by an annual mortality of
20,000, and where the failure of all methods of treatment? has led to the in-
troduction of a system of extermination of venomous serpents—apparently
futile in its results—in the carrying out of which large sums of money have
been expended.
In considering the probabilities of success by antivenene treatment, it is
also to be recollected that antivenene can be obtained even more powerful
than that which was used in the experiments which have been described, and
that, judging from the statistics of Fayrer and Wall, in 75 per cent, of fatal
cases in man death does not occur until from three to twenty-four hours
after the infliction of the bite, This latter fact appears to indicate that in
the great majority of the fatal cases the dose of venom does not much exceed
the actual minimum lethal, and, therefore, is not so large as the doses:.whose
letnal action has been prevented from occurring in the experiments that have
been described, in which, further, the conditions of success in preventing
death were not the most favourable that could have been adopted.
Tt appears to me, however, that an interest and importance as great as that
which can be derived from this practical application of the facts is to be
found in their relation to the cause and treatment of many of the most fatal
diseases—those, namely, which are produced by organisms that have found
their way into the body, The evidence in favour of the curative value of
the antitoxins derived from animals immunised against the toxins of these
diseases seems to receive an additional confirmation from these facts, They
also bring distinctly before us the circumstance that there are limits to this
curative power dependent on the dose of the toxin to be counteracted, on the
special antidotal activity of the antitoxin that is used, and on the duration
of the time during which the toxin has had an opportunity of exerting its
poisonous action before the antitoxin is administered, If these and other
conditions interfering with successful treatment are not determined and
recognised, unmerited discredit is likely to be attached to remedies which
alone of all remedies may be capable of preventing death in these diseases
by counteracting the effects of minimum lethal and larger doses of the toxin,
3 After long and repeated observation in India and subsequently in England, I am
forced to the conclusion that all the remedies hitherto regarded as antidotes are absolutely
without any specific effect on the condition produced by the poison.”—Sir Joseph Fayrer on
the Nature of Snake Poison,
124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
DRIED LOCUSTS AS FOOD FOR CAGE AND GAME BIRDS.
Notes by Dr, A. Giinther and Mr, E, C, Cotes,
In June, 1892, the Government of India received the following letter from
Dr, A. Giinther, of the British Museum, Natural History :—
“Some time ago it occurred to me that dried locusts might be utilised for
insectivorous cage-birds and game-birds which are now reared at great expense
on ant’s eggs,
“Tast year 1 obtained from Cyprus about 200 Ib, of oven and sun-dried
locusts, and, having ascertained with my own birds on a small scale that
the locusts are greedily eaten, 1 thought it best to offer the remainder to
Messrs, Spratt, who have all the appliances for chemical analysis and
experimental feeding and the requisite organisation abroad for collecting the
material, They have sent me a very favourable report as regards the utility
of the article as food,
“ Before proceeding further in the matter, Messrs, Spratt are anxious to
know in what quantities locusts could be supplied annually, what the cost of
collecting them would be, and from what parts of India they could be most
easily exported, Of course, all estimates can be merely approximate, and the
amount of material would also vary much in different years. Messrs, Spratt
say that they could easily dispose of several tons per annum,”
Dr, A, Ginther’s letter was submitted to Mr, H, C, Cotes, Indian Museum,
Calcutta, who communicated a note on the subject, from which the follow.
ing information is taken :—
“Tt is unfortunate that Dr, Giinther’s suggestions did not arrive three
years ago, for during the last three years India has been passing through
a period of invasion by the locust Acridium peregrinum, Oliv., which is
practically at an end, and large quantities of locusts, therefore, are no longer
available.
“Dr, Giinther’s inquiry as to the quantities in which dried locusts could
be supplied from India annually is a difficult question to answer, for in years
of locust invasion hundreds or even thousands of tons might easily be pro-
cured, while in other years great difficulty would probably be experienced in
collecting even a few maunds.* The fact that at the height of the past inva-
gion six hundred maunds of locusts were killed in one day in the Kohat
station alone, while in the early part of the year 1891 twenty thousand
maunds were reported as destroyed in the Jhang district, shows that the
quantity available was practically unlimited,
‘eIt is only occasionally that Acridium peregrinum is likely to be present
in such large numbers as to offer no difficulty in collecting a large supply,
* A maund = 82 lbs,
DRIED LOCUSTS AS FOOD FOR CAGE AND GAME BIRDS, 125
Besides this species, however, there area large number of other Acridide
in India, which occasionlly multiply to such an extent as to offer the quantity
required, Amongst these I might specially refer to the species Acridium
suecinctum, which invaded the Bombay Deccan in vast numbers in the year
1882-83, Forty-five tons were reported as destroyed in the Nasik Collector-
ate, and one hundred and eighty tons in the Satara Collectorate, As the
demand is for several tons per annum, I may pass over minor local inva-
sions, for probably it will be found best either to store the locusts, when
they are available in large quantities, for use in years when they are scarce,
or else to depend on other parts of the world for a supply in years when
large quantities are not forthcoming in India, Hither of these courses would
be likely to be cheaper than attempting to collect in India in years other than
those of general invasion, Locusts preserved in salt are said to be a favourite
food of the Arabs in Northern Africa for taking upon long journeys, and,
if salt is unsuitable for the birds which it is proposed to feed with the locusts,
there could be but little difficulty in tinning any quantity of dried
locusts in such a way as to ensure their keeping indefinitely without any
salt,
“Tn years of widespread invasion it has long been the custom for the peo-
ple themselves to collect the young locusts wholesale, to save their crops, and
as they do this for their own interest, while no subsequent use is made of
the locust—for I may pass over as insignificant what are preserved by
Mahomedans and others for food—the locusts should be available at
very little cost, In the case of the invasion of the Kohat station one rupee
per maund was paid for the locusts at the weighing stations that were insti-
tuted by the officials with a view of encouraging the people to rid themselves of
the pest. This rate would probably be a sufficient inducement to the culti-
vators to sell what they had collected in their fields, After they had been
collected, the locusts would require to be thoroughly desiccated, to prevent
putrefaction, which occurs very rapidly in India, From an experiment made
in weighing a freshly-killed specimen of the Calcutta species Tryzalis turrita,
Linn,, against a thoroughly-desiccated specimen of equal size of the same
species, I conclude that the weight of the insect when desiccated would be
about a quarter or a fifth of what it weighed when freshly killed, If this
proportion holds for Acridium seregrinum, some five maunds of freshly-
killed locusts would be required to produce one maund of the dried article.
Five rupees might be given as the probable expense of buying a maund of
the raw material from the cultivators. To this must be added—(1) com-
mission to the agents who are employed in buying the insects in the
districts ; (2) the cost of desiccation ; and (3) the cost of carriage to the port
and afterwards of shipment to England. With regard to item No, (1), it is
almost impossible to furnish an estimate, as the service would be required
126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
at such irregular intervals and the quantity of locusts to be purchased
so small, With regard to No, (2), the locusts would probably only require
to be spread in the first instance fora few days in the sun to dry, with
a few coolies in attendance to keep off ants and birds. More complete
desiccation could be arranged at the port of shipment, where ovens could
easily be erected or hired for the purpose. With regard to the cost of carriage,
from thirty to fifty shillings per ton would probably cover the freight to
England, while the carriage by rail would probably be an equally trifling
matter,
“The chief source of supply would undoubtedly be Acridium peregrinum.
This insect breeds permanently in the sand-hills of Western Rajputana, and the
area most subject to its invasion includes in India the whole of Sind, the
Punjab, and Rajputana. Karachi and Bombay would therefore probably be
the best ports from which to export the locusts, which could be brought down
by the Sind section of the North-Western Railway and the Bombay-Baroda
line, respectively.
“Tt may be worth while to add that, though the invasion of Acridium
peregrinum has ceased for the present in India, Northern Africa, which was
badly invaded last year by the same insect, is still said to be infested, so might
offer a favourable ground for experiment.”
(The above appeared in the Agricultural Ledger, 1893, No. 2.)
WILD DOGS.
As I was walking along a game-track in the Nullamallais, I came upon a dog
Yretched at length across the path, Instead of bolting away—as wild dogs
usually do at sight of man—the dog rose up reluctantly and slouched in a
semi-circle, eyeing me with a sinister look, I had sent my guns round by the
road to meet me at a point further on, and was therefore unarmed, The dog
at length disappeared behind a bush, and I walked on marvelling at its strange
behaviour. I had gone thus about a furlong when I happened to look
behind and I saw the dog rushing after me at full speed, with its nose to the
ground (this was strange, as it had already seen me), I immediately faced
round, with a large stone I hastily picked from the ground, The dog rushed
almost to my feet (still with its nose to the ground and not looking up!) and I
hit it a severe blow with the stone, at the same time rushing to meet it with a
loud shout, The shout appeared to alarm the dog more than the missile, It
started aside and again semi-circled, while I retreated backwards—keeping my
face to the dog—in the direction I had come, I did this, as I should have
got into thicker jungle had I gone on, I felt convinced that the dog would
again attack me there, and perhaps fetch other dogs to its assistance,
In this way I backed out of the jungle back to my tent. It was fortunate for
me that this dog was alone. Had others been with it, its aggressive
demeanour would probably have incited them to an attack, I was much
annoyed at having.been turned back by a cur of a dog, and sent post-haste
fora gun to revenge the indignity, As soon as this arrived, I stealthily
paraded the path agai, hoping to find the dog again, but it was nowhere to be
seen, I then remembered that I had observed it to be a slut, with dugs nearly
touching the ground, Recollecting this, 1 determined to search the forest,
and, after nearly two hours’ patient investigation, I came upon a cave
concealed in the undergrowth, A faint whine from its depths apprised
me that I had found the puppies, and I hastened back to my camp
for coolies to dig them out, I soon unearthed six lovely little russet-
red balls of fur (the mother was evidently out foraging as we did not see
any sign of her), Anything prettier than the puppies it would be difficult
to imagine ; but their beauty was marred by a pungent smell, such as is
found about the cagesof the fere nature ina zoo, This odour caused
prodigious excitement in my camp when I arrived there with my captives,
My dog rushed forward barking furiously, with all its hairs on end, and even
the goats made fierce demonstrations of hostility, Isent the puppies away
to my bungalow at once, During the night the mother evidently traced
them to my tent, for she came around the camp, and the servants were
throwing fire-sticks at her all night to keep her off, In the morning I still
128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
found her circling round and might easily have shot her ; but I sympathised
with the faithful brute in her bereavement, and would not harm her,
I struck camp and hastened to my bungalow in order to make due provision
for rearing the puppies. I made them over to a friend, who was living with
me, to rear, He gota pie from the village with a family of five puppies.
He mixed the jungle puppies with these ; but the old pie was so horrified at
their odour that she would have none of them, He was more successful
with a second pie who possessed three pups of her own. She also manifested
great repugnance at first ; but after a great deal of trouble this was overcome
and in time she became as attached to the jungle puppies as to her own, This
was no doubt due to the fact that, in the course of a week or so, her own
puppies had got to smell as badly as their jungle confréres, At a very early
age the jungle puppies evinced an incorrigibly pugnacious disposition, and
fought with appalling ferocity. It was incredible to see such small young
things fighting with so much resolution and tenacity, If the uppermost belli-
gerent were lifted by the tail to the height of one’s head, it would carry its
opponent up with it, and the latter likewise would decline to relinquish its
hold, They would fight in this way day after day, the sluts being quite as
pugnacious as the dog-puppies, The unfortunate pie-pups must have
wondered into what company they had fallen, They would yelp piteously
when their wild foster-brethren shook them up, and we were obliged to send
them away, when still quite small, to prevent them from being killed. Mean-
time the wild pups continued to fight with each other with unabated ferocity
until they were about seven or eight months old, when—most singular to relate
—they put a permanent period to their hostilities and lived in perfect
amity. Apparently they had by this time decided which was the strongest
amongst them, as they paid noticeable deference to one large dog —the largest
amongst them—who acted as their leader. They never fought with each
other after they became adults, The big dog above referred to had a white
spot on the near forepaw, and the extreme end of his tail was tipped with
white, This was only observable on.a close and critical scrutiny. Two
other dogs were similarly marked ; the remaining three were entirely russet-
ved, hey all had large prick ears (which they laid back flat, like a vicious
horse when angry or attacking) and long heavy bushy tails. They would
eat nothing but raw meat. We nearly starved them to death in the endeavour
_ to make them eat cooked food, but without avail. They would eat nothing
but flesh—and not that unless it was raw. A monkey they relished most,
When one would be thrown to them, they would eat the flesh out most artis-
tically, leaving the skin like a shell, They would not eat stale meat, and this
confirmed a fact I had previously noticed in the forests, that wild dogs never
return to a kill after having made one meal from it, I have frequently come
across the carcases of sambar in the forest, killed by wild dogs, with only a
small portion consumed and the rest rottmg to waste. The dogs were dan-
gerous to approach when feeding ; but could be handled at any other time.
&
WILD DOGS. 129
They would never molest men; but would “go” for any or every animal,
In consequence they had always to be kept on the chain, When they broke
loose—which not infrequently happened—they did not attempt to escape, but
always kept about the house, They all met with untimely deaths, One died
when still a pup, from confinement in a basket—they appear to require plenty
of fresh air—another while en route to a railway station, and the remaining
four from diarrhoea engendered by a cannibal propensity thay had of killing
and eating any stray dog they could get hold of,
My observation of these dogs has convinced me that for gameness, staunch-
ness, and invincible tenacity we have no breed of domestic dog to compare
with the wild one. Sportsmen scoff at the native belief that wild dogs drive
away and eyen kill tigers, I was a derisive sceptic in reference to this belief
myself once; but of late years events have come under my notice which
incline me to think that the natives may be right after all, Prima facie it
does appear preposterous to allege that a mighty muscular animal like a
tiger, the merest pat of whose paw is sufficient to crush the life out of the wild
dog, is liable to fall a victim to so comparatively puny an assailant even when
indefinitely multiplied ; but the secret of the success of the wild dogs may
lie in the lightning-like celerity with which they attack, combined with the
marvellous tenacity of their hold, and their invincible resolution never to be
shaken off once they seize, Reis kukul ! (wild dogs) said a Chenchu succinctly
to me one day, as we surveyed the carcase of a fine stag sambar in the depths
of a forest in the Nullamallais, These laconic words explained every-
thing—the torn ears and gorged eyes of the sambar ; the splashes of blood
we saw on the hill-sides for some miles; and the disturbed state of the
ground and undergrowth at intervals of every furlong or so, where the
stag had repeatedly fallen to the earth in his headlong flight, borne
down under the weight of his relentless enemies, clinging to his ears
and eyes with an invincible tenacity that no effort of the hunted beast
could overcome, It was difficult to realise that the great, powerful, fleet
beast lying dead before us, with his enormous and formidable antlers,
had been vanquished both in speed and strength by so small an anta-
gonist as a wild dog, Asif to show us how it was done, our meditations
were interrupted by piercing woman-like screams, and a splendid stag rushed
distractedly past us with a wild dog clinging to his back; the sambar
was screaming piteously, and vainly trying to dislodge the dog by backward
sweeps of his antlers, while in the rear laboured three other wild dogs,
This order they maintained until the descent of the hill, when the stag made
a false step, and rolled over and over witha force apparently sufficient to
smash the wild dog to a jelly, but which had not the slightest effect on the
beast inasmuch as it did not relinquish its hold! As the stag regained his
feet the foremost of the three pursuing wild dogs sprang for its head and
was swept aside by a vigorous stroke of the stag’s antlers; but at the same
moment, ere the stag could lower his head again, the other two dogs seized
17
130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
him, one by the left eye and the other by the right ear. It was all up with
the stag now, and he ran in circles, and from side to side, trying to shake
off the dogs, falling repeatedly, and screaming dolefully the whole time,
When we overtook the hunt, the stag was lying dead, and the wild dogs
slunk off at our approach, I found the left eye of the stag torn out, and
the right ear torn off. It is simply marvellous how the wild dog managed
to cling to the eye ; but the Chenchus affirm that wild dogs always seize their
game by the eyes, if possible. In this case, the wild dog we saw on the stag’s
back must have surprised the animal when it was lying down.
It is significant that all the jungle tribes of India—scattered all over the
Peninsula, who hold no communication with each other—positively affirm
that the wild dogs attack and overcome tigers, I have heard the tale from the
Kaders of the Annamallais, the Kurumbers of the Wynaad, the Khonds of the
Ganjam Maliahs, and the Chenchus of the Nullamallais, I treated it at first
with orthodox contempt. My scepticism, however, was shaken when I saw
a Chenchu woman, who had been out in the forest picking mowhra flowers,
rush into the Chenchu settlement, where I was encamped, and incoherently
relate to her tribes-people how she had just seen a tiger in full flight pursued
by a large pack of wild dogs, It was evident that the Chenchus fully believed
their country-woman’s story, for they immediately abandoned their avoca-
tions and set out to bring in the tiger’s body, in the confident assurance that
the dogs would overtake and kill it. They did not return until the night-
fall, when they informed me they had tracked the pugs of the fugitive tiger
and the pursuing dogs to a point where the thickness of the jungle had
enabled “ stripes” to give his enemies the slip: They demurred tothe suggestion
I made that the tiger may have beaten the dogs off, and pointed out that in
that case one or more dogs would have been killed, whose carcases they could
not fail to have found, No one who saw the woman when she rushed in
with her news could doubt the fact that she spoke the truth, and this
convinced me that tigers at least fly from wild dogs on occasion, Subsequent-
ly I was afforded, if not positive, at least pretty convincing proof that this
is not only the case, but that tigers are actually killed by wild dogs, I had
wounded a tiger, and a fortnight afterwards heard that a tiger had been found
dead in the forest at least fifteen miles from the spot where I had inflicted
the wound, I at once concluded that the tiger must be the one I had wound-
ed, and, repairing to the spot, took from the people who found the animal
the skin, skull and claws, and gave them a present for their discovery, They,
however, surrendered the tiger’s spoils very reluctantly, vehemently maintain-
ing that it had been killed by wild dogs, I rejoined that, if this was the case,
the dogs could only have killed the tiger in consequence of the wound I had
inflicted on the latter, which rendered it unequal to beating them off, The
very next week, however, another tiger was found dead,and some days
afterwards, a third one! Now, I am persuaded that these last two tigers—if
not the whole three—must have been killed by wild dogs, as the Chenchus
WILD DOGS, 131
who found them affirmed, as no one but myself was shooting in the forest
at the time, and I had drawn a bead only on one tiger. Unfortunately, the
last two tigers were in a state of utter decomposition when found, so it was
not possible to see if the carcases bore the marks of bullets, I did not see
the carcases myself, as I had shifted my camp, but the skulls and claws of
the tigers were brought to me.
The Chenchus possess the largest breed of puffalpes i in India, and probably
therefore in the world, These buffaloes are semi-wild and extremely fierce,
and graze out all night in the forest, There are certain forest fruits of
which they are inordinately fond, and when these are in season the buffaloes
will stand under the trees all night and eat the ripe fruit as it drops to the
ground, I may add parenthetically that there is a forest fruit of the
shape and size of a wood-apple, with a very powerful, pungent, aromatic
smell, which: tigers and wild dogs eat greedily; this is also the favour-
ite fruit of the Chenchu buffalo; but singularly enough the bear, which
devours every other kind of forest fruit, will not touch it, The favourite
fruit of bears and wild dogs alike is that of the female blackwood tree.
Tt is a great mistake, therefore, to assume that carnivorous animals, and
above allthe jfere nature, will not eat fruit. Tigers also eat salt-earth, and
on occasion they will even eat a piece of cowdung! The jackal is a promis-
cuous fruit-eater, and in particular affects the wild Brazil cherries which
abound on the Nilgiris, To return, however, to the Chenchu buffaloes, The
pugs of tigers on the forest paths in the morning showed that tigers passed
almost nightly through their very midst, not only without molesting the buffa-
loes, but without even frightening them home ; the buffaloes maintained their
ground notwithstanding the presence of the tigers of which they must -have
been aware, On the other hand, I have known the same buffaloes to be driven
in at night by a pack of wild dogs, Only on three occasions have I known
these buffaloes to be killed by tigers, On two occasions, the buffaloes were
surprised away from the herd and killed without difficulty, as far as I could
see (each time by a single tiger) ; on the third occasion, the tiger was assailed
by the whole herd of the buffaloes and killed,
The Bairnuti Forest Inspection Shed is situated in the midst of a vast
jungle. I was sitting in the verandah about five o’clock one beautiful evening,
reading the Pioneer, and ever and anon glacing at a herd of buffaloes which
were feeding on the fallen fruit'of a large fig tree which strewed the ground
on the skirt of the forest, about a stone’s throw from where I was seated,
The fig tree afforded an zsthetic sight, with great masses of ripe golden
and crimson-hued fruit gleaming through its emerald-green foliage; the
thud of the rapidly-falling fruit as they struck the ground was diversified by
the shrill screams of innumerable pea-fowl, and the belligerent crowing of
rival jungle cocks, It was a scene to delight the heart of a sportsman, and £
enjoyed it to the full. ‘“ Tonk,’ belled a sambar in startled alarm, apparently
132° JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
from the midst of the greedily-feeding buffaloes. ‘ Tonk,” reverberated
another, a little further in the forests ; and then a perfect chorus of ‘‘ Tonk ”
rang out from different parts, I sprang for my rifle, for I knew well what
this portended—either a tiger or wild dogs were afoot, most probably the
former, I had scarcely regained the verandah with my rifle when a most
awful combined roaring and bellowing issued from the forest, and I knew
at once that “ stripes” and the buffaloes were engaged. Not all the buffaloes
however, for with dismayed snorts a number rushed back to the shed, as
if ina headlong flight that nothing could stop, Suddenly, however, they
stopped as if by word of command and, as though ashamed of their momen-
tary panic, they circled round and returned to the scene of conflict, I never
saw anything more magnificent than their steady resolute advance, In
serried ranks, like a squadron of cavalry, with their great heads lowered to
the ground, and bellowing out encouragement to their fellows fighting in
the forest, they swept onwards te the rescue, while I nimbly ran along in
their rear with my rifle, In this order we crashed into the forest, A feeble
gurgling noise announced that the buffalo had been vanquished, and a
hoarse roar of rage proclaimed that “ stripes’ refused to quit his victim, despite
the formidable array of horned heads which now bore down upon him
or rather “her” as she proved to be a tigress, Then ensued a perfect pande-
monium of roaring, bellowing, stamping and crushing, in the midst of which
Iwas obliged to drop my rifle and shin up the nearest tree, owing to two
blundering buffaloes, who could not force their way through their strug-
gling companions in front, fixing their regards upon me and, in the insane
delusion that I was the cause of all the turmoil, charging me savagely.
Were it not for the fact that Iam long-limbed and as active as a Chenchu,
those buffaloes would have flattened out my carcase like a pancake, It
was very annoying to be treed and thus to lose sight of what was going
on; but, after what appeared an interminable time, a number of Chenchus
arrived on the scene, attracted by the row. Even they had the greatest
difficulty to appease the ferocious buffaloes and get them away. But at last
they succeeded in doing this, and with cocked rifle and finger on trigger, I
advanced to see how “stripes” had fared, The undergrowth was trampled down
all round, and I had no difficulty in finding the tiger trampled deep into
the mud and gored all over, Beside it lay the carcase of an immense
she-buffalo, and a yard or two further away the body of her calf,
This explained everything ; the tiger had crept up and seized the calf ; the
mother had immediately assailed “stripes” in defence of her offspring, but
had been overcome, and dramatic justice had been finally executed on the
marauder by the united members of the herd, notwithstanding that in the
momentary panic of the tiger’s onset they had, at first, run away.
ROBIN HOOD.
(The above appeared in the Pioneer.)
133
ELEPHANT-CAPTURING OPERATIONS ON THE
ANAIMALAT HILLS.
From the ‘‘ Forester,’ January: 1895.
Hlephant-capturing operations by the pit-fall system were set in working
order in the locality of the forest station ai Mountstuart on the Anaimalai
Hills by Mr. H. J. Porter, Deputy Conservator of Forests, in the season of 1890.
For the past five years, therefore, during each of the working seasons, which
commence in J une and end in December, elephant-captures have been attempted,
and it may interest some readers of the Indian Forester to know the results of
the operations and the experience gained. Places were selected in the known
runs of the elephants, and the pits were dug in groups of three,
<== (| ==
To commence with, about 21 pits were dug in different parts, all
however being within a two-mile radius of the Mountstuart Forest station.
Since 1890, some 20 pits more have been dug out, The dimensions of th
original pits were 12 ft, x 9 ft. with a depth of 10 ft. These are too large,
and a pit 10 ft. x 10 ft. x 10 ft. is amply. big enough. The sides of the
pits were made vertical and not sloping downwards as are the pits in Malabar
under Mr. Hadfield ; and some two or three feet of brushwood were placed in
the bottom of each to act as bedding to break the fall of the animal. The
pits were then covered by means of bamboos placed across them, and on these
were spread grass, leaves, etc. The pits are visited every moyning by a
Forest guard or watcher deputed for the purpose, and these report to their
superior officers whenever a fall takes place. The Range officer in charge or
the D.F.O, himself should, however, inspect the pits as often as possible, and
at least once in a week, to see that the guard and watcher are not humbug-
ging. During the first year, one animal, to which the name of Juno was
given, was captured. This subsequently died. In the second year—1891-~
four animals were captured, two of which subsequently died, and two of which
are now living. In the third year—1892—two extraordinary falls took place
by which seven animals were captured in jive pits. I reported this to the
Indian Forester at the time of capture, lst September, 1892. Out of these
seven animals, four are still living. During 1893 two animals were captured,
and during the present year—1894—four animals have been caught, all of
134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
which are living. I append the following statement giving the names, sex
and height of the animals captured and whether living or not :—
List of Elephants captured up to September 30th, 1894.
5
to]
4
5 | Name of | Date of |Male or} =
4 |Elephant. | Capture. |Female. | 2 Bee
eal o
fan]
oO
mM
1 Juno 1890-91 ‘Cow | «| Died (exact date of capture and death
; not known).
2 | Maude 23rd July] Cow | 4%'| Sold on 20th July, 1892, for Rs, 300.
1891.
3 | Ada ; 24th July| Cow 5'| Died on 14th February, 1892.
1891.
4| Abdul 4th Oct. | Tusker | 6%’| Still living.
1891.
5 | Hlsie 23rd Sept.| Cow | 53’| Died in June, 1893.
1892,
6 | Alice Do. Cow 42'| Transferred to 8. Malabar in Dec., 1893.
7 | Ranger Do. Male | 43’| Died in June, 1893.
8 | Cerise Do. Cow | 7#'| Died on Ist October, 1892, from an injury
sustained in the face.
9 | Phyllis II.| 25th Sept.) Cow 7’) Still living.| These two were captured
1892. * in the same pit at the
( same time as were Ran-
10 | Jumbo II.| Do. Tusker | 6! Do. -J ger and Cerise.
11 | Pragasam| Do. Cow | 43’| Transferred to 8. Malabar, Dec., 1893.
12 | Ranger 23rd July} Tusker | 73'| Still living.
1898.
18 | Cerise 20th Oct.| Cow 5! Do.
1893.
14 | Forester | 10th Aug.} Tusker | 72} Do.
1894.
15} Elsie 18th Aug.| Cow §' Do.
1894.
16 | Penelope | 18th Aug.) Cow 8 Do.
1894, |
17 | Ganesh 4th Sept.| Male | 4 Do.
3 1894.
It will be seen from the above statement that out of a total of 17 cap-
tures 12 are now living, It may be remarked, moreover, that the casualties
took place amongst the first three years’ captures when the attendants, who
are local hillmen, called Mulcers, were entirely inexperienced concerning ele-
phants. During the last two years, I have increased the bed of brushwood
considerably, and made ita rule to have the bed reach to within 4 feet of the
ELEPHANT-CAPTURING OPERATIONS. \ 185
top of the pit, The results speak for themselves ; not asingle animal has since
been injured in the face, although two of the latest captures are the largest
animals caught since operations were commenced.
The removal of a capture to the kraals, which are within two or three
miles from the pits, is a very simple matter, provided everything is in readiness
beforehand, The size of the animal’s neck is estimated and a peg is put in the
rope so as to prevent the noose going smaller than the neck-size as estimated,
This noose is then thrown over the elephant’s neck and pulled tight to the
peg, the end of the rope being bound round a neighbouring tree ; next, one of
the elephant’s hind legs is noosed, and the end of this rope, too, is for the time
being, bound round a neighbouring tree, The neck rope at the peg then has to
be tied with twine or fibre to prevent the noose being loosened by the
elephant, This operation is, taking it all round, the most risky one connected
with the capture, But if proper care is taken there is nothing to fear,
The pit is then filled up by means of billets of wood being thrown in, and
as the animal rises nearer the surface of the ground, the two ropes fastening
him are pulled tighter around the trees. Eventually he gets out of the pit
somewhat fatigued ; the ropes which secure him are then fastened to two tame
elephants and the animals are marched in single file (the captured one being,
of course, in the middle) to the kraal and all the ropes are removed. He is
watered three times a day and soon made tame by kindness, given sugarcane,
ete. Somewhat large animals are generally in the kraal 3 months before they
can be taken out; the little ones of 4 ft. or 53 feet high, however, I have
removed within 3 weeks of capture.
The work of capturing elephants is an exceedingly interesting one, and
only needs care and constant supervison to render it successful; and certainly
the more one has to do with these animals the more one is bound to recognise
what intelligent useful beasts they are. Having left the South Coimbatore
District, I regret much that, for some time at least, I] shall have no connec-
tion with this kind of work entrusted to forest officers.
H, B. BRYANT,
PALAMCOTTAH,
Tinnevelly Division,
136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
THE FRUIT CULTURE ON THE HIMALAYA,
The experience obtained in regard to fruit cultivation on the hills has
now reached a stage at which it deserves to be brought under attention for the
benefit of those who may be tempted to take up the pursuit as a means of live-
lihood. The industry is still in its infancy, but it undoubtedly possesses great
capabilities for future development, and if carried out under proper manage-
ment should prove to be a source of much profit. The demand for English
fruit in India is far in excess of what can now be supplied, and it would take
many years for fruit-growers in this country to experience the disadvantages
which growers in England have to contend with in the low prices offered dur-
ing seasons of plenty. The most important considerations in all attempts to
grow fruit successfully on the Himalaya are—firstly a suitable climate, and
secondly an accessible market, Unfortunately it is not easy to find localities
where both of these conditions are combined ; for asa rule the best fruit-grow-
ing districts are situated too far away from any market of sufficient importance,
and fruit-growers in these parts are at present much handicapped by the
difficulties and expense of transport. This obstacle may in time become
lessened as communications are improved, Jn order to expedite the despatch
of portable fruit, it might be possible in some cases to adopt wire carriage in
the same manner as railway sleepers are brought down from the leased forests
of Tehri-Garhwal, The principal markets for Himalayan fruit are, of course,
the various hill stations, which are situated for the most part on the outermost
ranges. At some of those hill stations there are Government fruit nurseries,
and a considerable quantity of fruit is raised by private enterprise, But the
climate of the outer ranges is too uncertain ; favourable seasons may occur
occasionally, but in the long run fruit-growing there is found to be too
precarious an occupation to be depended upon as a means of livelihood,
Thanks to Mr. Coldstream, lately Deputy Commissioner of Simla, we are now
in possession of some extremely valuable facts regarding fruit culture in Kulu
and in the neighbourhood of Simla. Mr, Coldstream has for several years
taken much practical interest in the subject, and:he has now put together in
printed form some very useful information, consisting of notes contributed by
a few of the most experienced growers in Kulu and elsewhere in the Punjab.
The results, as far as they go, are decidedly encouraging.
A great variety of fruit can be grown in Kulu owing to differences in
elevation. Apples, pears, plums and cherries succeed best at the higher
altitudes, i.c., at or above 6,500 ft. ; at about one thousand feet lower is the
proper elevation for apricots and peaches, whilst oranges, grapes and figs can
be grown to best advantage between 3,000 and 4,500 ft. above the sea. Apples
and pears are grown to great perfection in Kulu. Consignments of these
fruits are occasionally received in Simla during the autumn months, and many
THE FRUIT CULTURE ON THE HIMALAYA. 137
persons there can testify to their excellent quality. Captain Lee says that
most of the varieties of English and American apples that he has tried have
succeeded at Bundrole (5,000 ft.). Captain Banon, writing from Manauli, the
elevation of which is 6,400 ft. says :— ‘“‘ All the English varieties I have yet
experimented with have answered admirably. They seem to improve as regards
flavour, size, and colour, and usually ripen a month earlier than in England... .
Some English apples, as for instance Cox’s Orange Pippin, which is considered
the most delicious apple in England, the soil and climate of this place seem to
suit perfectly ; and if one grew apples simply for profit one should grow
nothing but this sort for the Simla market.’ Mr. Donald of Dobireports very
favourably of the apple trees in his garden, the elevation of which is about
4,000 ft. only above the sea. Buds from English varieties were put on to
indigenous trees, and the stocks being large, the trees fruited after four years,
and have ever since borne heavy crops every alternate year. Pears do well
to Manauli, but not as well as apples. Captain Banon says that the indigenous
medlar pear called shegal (Pyrus pashia), and which is abundant in Kulu,
“ answers admirably as stock for English pear, medlars, and quinces. If any-
thing, this place is a little too cold for pears in some years, Louise Bonne of
Jersey is the most profitable pear to grow here for market, though Marie
Louise and William’s Bon Chrétien also grow well and with a superior flavour
to the fruit grown in England.” Mr. Donald of Dobi says that.pears budded
on the quince stock are the most prolific and can stand more moisture.
That the apricot grows abundantly all over the hills everyone knows: it
- might, in fact, be called the potato of the Himalayas, but the ordinary kind
would not attract the palate of a gourmand. Mr. Carleton’s experiments
with Kashmir apricots at Ani,a village in Kulu at 3,500 ft., have proved a
remarkable success. He says—‘ The native apricot in this warm valley was
not prolific, and from analogy, we concluded that the place was too warm for
the Kashmir or English variety. We, however, introduced 10 trees from the
Government Garden at Lahore. They grew very vigorously and began to
bear fruit the fourth year, They are even more prolific than the native
variety in the Kulu valley. The fruit ripens about the 15th or 20th of June.
I should advise the extensive cultivation of the Kashmir and English apricot
in all the lower hills, The successful introduction of the famous Kashmir-
American fruit drying machines into Simla would enable enterprising persons
to establish a very profitable industry in preparing dried apricots for the
Indian markets.” Captain Banon notices this important difficulty in regard to
the cultivation of the apricot. “ For several years past,’ he writes, “I have
noticed that the first ripe apricot and the monsoon rains arrive together on the
same day. The effect of the rain is to wash all the flavour out of the apricot,
cause the fruit to split open, and prevent its ripening properly. Sometimes,
after the first burst of the monsoon, we get ten days ora fortnight’s fine
18
138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
weather, when the apricot ripens perfectly and is not wanting in flavour. I
agree with the Revd, Mr, Carleton in thinking that good varieties of the
Kashmir, and perkaps English, apricots might be introduced into the villages.”
Mr, Coldstream, in an editorial note of his report, says :—‘ Peaches of
excellent quality have been grown by Mr. Carleton at Ani in Kulu, from
peach stones imported from America without grafting, American peach
stones have been imported in considerable quantity and distributed in the
Simla District and elsewhere. Inquiry was made of Mr. Carleton in August,
1893, regarding some remarkably fine peaches sent by him to Simla,” Mr.
Carleton replied :—“ Nine years ago we received from Philadelphia some
peach stones taken from a variety of very choice peaches, We planted them
here and nearly all germinated ; with one exception, they were all transplanted
to a rocky and rather poor soil ; one was left in a rich soil where it germinat-
ed, and has never had any cultivation whatever and is now double the size of
the others that were transplanted to a poor soil, All these have been mulched
and highly cultivated, but still remain somewhat stunted ; all bear the finest
fruit, Some of the peaches have measured more than 10 inches in circum-
ference ; most of them are superior to the fruit of the grafted trees sent from
America, They began to fruit when four years old.’ The common plum of
the hills, usually known as “ Aru Bokhara,” is abundant in Kulu, and does
very well, Capt. Banon says, as stock for English plums, which thrive well
and bear early and heavy crops, He also states that cooking-plums improve so
much in flavour and sweetness that they become in reality dessert plums.
Captain Lee also reports favourably on plum cultivation at Bundrole, As to
cherries, Captain Banon says :—“ All kinds of English cherries, red, black,
and white hearts, ripen well here ; but, if anything, the climate is a little too
warm for them, They ripen, as a general rule, early in June, and are the first
fruit to come into the market, They would not be very profitable to grow as
they do not bear carriage well, If the Post Office were to halve their rates
for the parcel post, a good trade might be done with the more perishable fruit ;
but at present few people can afford to pay 8 annas a seer on consignments of
fruit, though they would be willing enough to pay 4 annas.” The wild cherry
is naturalised in Kulu, and can be used as stock for English kinds, Grapes,
especially the hardy American sorts, have been found to do well with some
time andtrouble, They would certainly be a remunerative crop, An import-
ant point with regard to vine-culture in this country is to secvre early vari-
eties which will come into bearing before the advent of the heavy monsoon
rain, or late-bearing varieties which will give fruit after the rains are over.
In connection with fruit-growing, we must not omit to take account of
the walnut, a tree the growing, of which ought to be encouraged by every
possible means, not only in Kulu, where it grows to perfection, but through-
out the Himalayan Districts. Mr, Carleton observes that in former times in
Kashmir, Chumba and Kulu, the only use of the fruit was the production of oil
we
THE FRUIT CULTURE ON THE HIMALAYA, 139
to adulterate ghee, But now the demand for walnuts in the plains is great for
those grown in Kulu. In Jaunsar, beyond Chakrata, they are also very fine,
especially the thin-shelled variety. Considering how easily the fruit can be
distributed to distant markets, walnut cultivation ought to prove a very pro-
fitable undertaking. The chesnut is another tree of which it is very desirable
to extend the cultivation in the Himalayas, but the diiiculty is to tind a soil
and climate where they do well, Sir Edward Buck has devoted much trouble
to encouraging the growth of this tree in the neighbourhood of ‘Simla.
Mr, Carleton’s experiments with oranges in Kulu have shown that the
Malta Orange can be grown successfully on the lower hills up to an elevation
of 4,500 ft, ‘in California,” he says, “ orange cultivation is extending up to
the rich valleys of the Pacitic slopes, and 1 see no reason why in these lower
hills, orange cultivation should not be a success. I learn that oranges sold
from the Government garden in Gujranwala, and other gardens, usually fetch
from 5 to 8 rupees per hundred, and it is quite certain that Maltese oranges
sent to the Simla market in April, when there is little fruit for sale, would
fetch Rs, 8 and perhaps Rs, 10 per hundred, An orange tree 8 years
old that gives an annual crop of over 200 oranges could give the owner a pro-
fit of 16 rupees, and that only on 10 feet square of ground,”
Many other kinds of fruit can be grown successtully in Kulu, such as
strawberries, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, figs, &c,, but they are all of
too perishable a nature for safe carriage to the nearest market, There is no
reason, however, why they should not be preserved either as jam or bottled
fruit, and the same suggestion would apply equally to peaches, apricots and
pears. The art of preserving fruit is one quite apart from that of its cultiva-
tion and requires a very different kind of experience, ‘These two industries
might, however, be undertaken by a company employing experts in each
department, and such a business, if properly managed, could not fail to be a
very profitable one. instead of importing year by year enormous quantities
of jams and bottled fruits, India ought in reality to become an exporter of
such things, Even now, some of the jams made by natives at Simla and other
hill stations are very far superior to much of what is imported from ingland,
Excellent liqueurs can be prepared also from peaches, apricots and cherries
grown on the Himalaya.
There are many other localities on the Himalaya besides Kulu where fruit
culture and fruit preserves might be undertaken with profit, The most im-
portant existing fruit orchards are those at Mahasu near Simla, which were
started about eleven years ago. To Mr, A, O. Hume and Sir Edward Buck
their existence and continuous development are due, and they are now ina
flourishing condition under the control of the Simla Municipality, These and
the Government Gardens at Mussoorie and a few nurseries under the charge
of the Forest Department are the only establishments where any results are
140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
periodically made known, and very few of these reports come under the eye
of the general public, Excellent fruit is grown in many private gardens in
British Garhwal and Kumaon, There are Government nurseries near Rani-
khet, and the fruit gardens at Julna near Almora, have long been famous for
the excellent quality of the fruit produced there by Messrs, Wheeler
Brothers, We have not mentioned Kashmir, which country alone might in
time be made capable of supplying the whole of India with fruit, But in
order to render fruit culture on the hills more attractive as an industry for
private enterprise, co-operation is required, and this would undoubtedly be
brought about by the existence of a journal which might be started so as to
include the whole subject of fruit culture and fruit preserving, in the plains
as well as on the hills, Such a periodical would serve as a continuous record
of results, as well as a medium for profitable discussion, By way of summary
it may be stated, firstly, that the present condition of fruit culture on the
Himalaya gives promise of great future development. Secondly, that persons,
either individually or as a company, desiring to take it up as an industry
would not fail te find it a profitable undertaking by combining with that
business the manufacture of jams and other preparations of preserved fruit.
Thirdly, that in order to excite interest in the subject, and to induce compe-
tent persons to take up the industry asa means of livelihood, the starting of
a periodical journal is a desideratum.—( Pioneer.)
141
CONCERNING FLEAS.
The flea shares with the cockroach the doubtful honour of being almost as
common as the dirt in which both live; but whereas the cockroach is useful as
a scavenger, the flea is harboured by the dirt at certain periods of its life-
history, which was carefully worked out, nearly two centuries ago, by an
Italian, D’Jacenti Centone, whose observations are contained in a letter to
Martin Lister, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1699, accompanied
by a plate of well-drawn figures of the flea, its eggs, the larva and cocoons,
No one requires to be told of the general external anatomy of the flea, We
all know its abominable bilateral flatness, which makes it impossible to kill it
by pressure between the fingers. Every one, too, is acquainted with its wonder-
ful agility and strength, as expressed in the great leaps it takes when chased,
The leap has been measured, and it is found to be some two hundred times the
length of the insect, which is equivalent to a man leaping three or four hun-
dred times his own height, Ere this fact was scientifically known, Aristophanes
had held Socrates up to ridicule in attributing to him the endeavour to measure
this leap of the flea,
The great sensitiveness to danger, the apprehension of being chased, is due
in great part to the sensory hairs which are set in rows across the flea’s back ;
some of these hairs are much stronger than others, and these rows of bristles,
having different positions in different species, are of considerable value for
identification.
If the head of a flea be examined from the side, the mouth organs depending
from its under-surface are seen to consist of two pairs of jointed sensory
appendages (the maxillary palps and the labial palps), by means of which the
animal can select dainty spots wherein to thrust its stylet-like mandibles.
These latter organs lie side by side in an incomplete tube formed by the
approximation of the two labial palps ; between the mandibles lies a median
piercer—the hypo-pharynx—which is traversed by the duct of the salivary
glands ; these probably discharged some irritant into the puncture,
The flea lays some eight or ten eggs at a time ; these, in the case of the dog
or cat, are deposited among the fur ; in man in the undergarments ; but in
most cases the eggs, sooner or later, fall to the ground, and here undergo
development. Hach egg is oval, and measures about 0°6 mm. in length. From
it there soon issues a white foctless grub or larva, which breaks through the
egg shell by means of a “shell piercer” on its head analogous to that on the
tip of the beak of a young chick, This worm-like larva consists of a yellow
head followed by twelve white segments, each provided with long sensory
hairs at the sides; the large terminal segment carries a couple of stiff spines
by means of which, no doubt, locomotion is in part effected. The head carries
a couple of strong mandibles, by means of which the larva, which wriggles
about actively, feeds on decaying vegetable and animal refuse. This stage
142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
lasts about twelve days in summer, rather longer in winter, and then the
grub spins round itself a silken cocoon, like that of the silkworm, and enters
upon a state of rest, Within this cocoon the larva changes into an inactive
pupa, Under the larval skin profound changes are taking place, and the
organs of the flea itself become developed, the legs, head appendages, and so
on make their appearance, but each is wrapped in a separate case of skin,
This inactive pupal stage lasts from ten to sixteen days, or may even, in cold
climates, continue through the winter ; then the flea immerges from the pupa,
bursting through the pupal skin and, issuing from the cocoon, commences its
predatory life on warm-blooded animals,
Thus the life-history occupies rather less than a month, more or less, accord-
ing to temperature and surroundings, If there isno dust about on which the
larva can feed, it dies. There is no need to insist here on the fact that
cleanliness is a powerful enemy to the flea.?
The number of species of flea occurring in Great Britain can be stated only
with some reserve, but at least fourteen have been accurately distinguished by
German authorities, though only two of these at the most are predatory on
man, The common flea, which occurs on man, is Pulex irritans ; this is almost
cosmopolitan, though it is doubtful if it occurs in Equatorial regions. Man
is, however, stated to be subject to occasional attacks from the flea, naturally
living on the blood of the dog and cat, and known as P. serraticeps, It
is uncertain whether this species actually bites man, Some authors, even at the
present day, refer to the dog’s flea, as P. canis, to the cat’s flea, as P. felis, &c.,
but Saschenberg (1880) has shown that the fleas infesting the dog, cat and
many wild carnivora in reality belong to one species. The two fleas, P. érritans
and P. serraticeps, are much of a size, measuring from 2 to 3 millimeters in
length ; the thorax of the human flea is, however, larger than that of the
carnivore’s flea, and the latter derives its name from the presence of two rows
of stiff hairs or bristles—one round the head and the other on the thorax,
Fowls, pigeons, ducks, and, with few exceptions (for the parrot and wood-
pecker have each their own particular flea), the parasite of all birds is a third
species, P. avium. It is slenderer and longer (3 to 3°5 mm.) than the two pre-
ceding species, It possesses the thoracic bristles of the carnivore’s flea, but it
is without the head spines ; and further, the antenne, which are inconspicuous
in the two preceding species, are here large and projecting.
A fourth species (P. goniocephalus), smaller than the dog’s flea, but rather
like it, is found on the rabbit and hare, The squirrel, badger, and hedgehog
each has its own species,
1 Hven as early as 1687 Leuwenhock, who made such excellent and surprising use of the
earliest mi¢roscopes, had published some facts of the flea’s history.
Kirby and Spence tell us that Hungarian shepherds were in the habit of greasing their
clothes and their person with hog’s lard, and thereby “ rendering themselves disgusting even
to fleas.”
CONCERNING FLEAS. 143
Three or four species of flea occur on bats, and belong to a different genus
(Typhlopsylia), in which the eyes are absent or quite small ; the body is
relatively longer, as the abdomen is not so deep from above downwards, Mice
rats and shrews are attacked by three other species of this same genus.
A third genus is found for the mole’s flea (Hystricopsylla obtusiceps) which is
the largest of our native fleas, measuring 3°5 mm, to 5°5 mm. The body is
particularly hairy, the head is short and rounded, and like the preceding genus
is without eyes, This flea is also found in the nests of bumble bees, where no
doubt it is a harmless visitor, having left the mole during the latter’s excursion
through the soil,”
It appears then that certain species of flea are associated, not with species of
mammals, but with larger groups.
Tt is a curious:and interesting fact, as far as we are aware, no flea has been
recorded as occurring in monkeys in a state of nature, J udging from their
actions in captivity, one would assume the presence of these parasites in con-
siderable numbers. A well-known naturalist informs us that he kept a monkey
for three years and never found a flea on it. Nevertheless, nothing seemed to
amuse the monkey better than for its owner to pretend to catch fleas on its coat
and to present them to it to be eaten, Man, therefore, does not seem to have
inherited fleas from his Simian ancestors; it appears probable that he had
“ caught” fleas from his associates, the cat and the dog, and that the present
human flea, P, érritans, is descended from the same ancestor as P, serraticeps.
The flea is really only an occasional parasite, merely visiting its host to obtain
food in the same kind of way that the leech merely sucks the blood of man and
then drops off, The flea and the leech belong to quite a different category of
parasites from the tape-worm or the tick, which take up their position once
and for all. In fact, the flea makes use of men and other animals merely as a
larder or provision store, and leaves its host readily. The character of the
blood and the thickness of the skin no doubt determines that one species of
flea attacks man, another the dog, and so on, On the death of its host the fleas
leave at once.
The flea is fairly long lived for an insect. We havea record of one which
lived for 23 months in captivity, when it died of old age.
(The above appeared in the British Medical Journal on 5th January, 1895,)
eee
2 No doubt the other species of fleas, such as those which have been recorded from the fox,
weasel, stoat, and other animals, as occurring in Germany, Holland, ‘may be added to our
list of British forms,
144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— CROCODILES IN ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIRS.
During April last, rewards were paid by the Bombay Municipality to the
three peons employed in guarding Vehar and Tulsi Lakes for the production
of ninety-one crocodiles’ eggs found on the borders of Tulsi and for the two
crocodiles which were shot at Vehar. One of these measured nine feet, and the
other one five feet. The reward for crocodiles’ eggs, found on the banks of
these reservoirs, is two annas each egg, and the reward for killing crocodiles is
one rupee per lineal foot of carcase on production of the saurian.
H, W. BARROW,
Monicipat OFFices, Bompay, 1st June, 1895.
No, I].—DESCRIPTION OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF
ARRHOPALA PARAMUTA, dE NICEVILLE, A
LYCANID BUTTERFLY.
Two lyceenid larve were found on the Fagoo Tea Estate in the Western
Duars at 2,500 feet elevation above the sea, Length about ¢ of an inch.
Onisciform, flattened, covered with downy bristles, semi-transparent, dull
whitish, becoming more opaque and white dorsally ; an olive-brown medial
dorsal line throughout ; two short white protrusible brush-like tentacles on tho
twelfth segment, a medial small orifice on the eleventh segment probably
exuding a fluid, as it is vigorously attended by a small black ant, the latter
apparently tickling the larva with its antenne to make it do so, The larva is
very similar to that of Arrhopala abseus, Hewitson, which I discovered on Sal
trees attended by a large red ant in 1890. Before pupating the larva becomes
pinkish with a tinge of purple, It feeds on the leaves of Castaneopsis sp.
Pupa. Pale brown, with a darker dorsal streak and irrorated slightly on the
back with dark brown. Abdomen rather flattened. Emerged on 19th May,
1895, both females,
G. C. DUDGEON, F.£3.
Fagoo Tra Estate,
Western Duars, May 25th, 1895.
No. III.—DESCRIPTION OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF
BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, FABRICIUS, A
HESPERID BUTTERFLY.
A hesperid larva was found on the Fagoo Tea Estate in the Western Duars
at 1,500 feet elevation above the sea, It had formed the usual case or shelter
by webbing the edges of a leaf together. Superficially it was somewhat
like the figure of the larva of Hasora bhadra, Moore, given in Horsfield and
“MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 145
Moore’s Cat, Lep. Mus. E. I, Co., but was without the long hairs. Length
rather more than an inch, Colour velvety-black with transverse patches
of yellow striations on the middle of each segment divided dorsally by a
black line. The segmental interspaces are yellowish, and the front of each
segment is black, with a lateral row of yellow spots, one on each segment,
those black portions are broadest on the second, third, fifth, seventh, ninth,
and eleventh segments, Head yellow-ochre with two transverse rows of
rectangular black spots, five in each row, those of the lower row being some-
what rounded and more separated ; the two first of the upper row being
conjoined, There is alsoa lower black spot out of line on each side. The
larva feeds on a species of Ficus, called by the Nipalese “ Barrha.”
Pupa formed in the same manner as that of Rhopalocampta benjaminiz,
Guérin, that is to say, within a rolled up leaf, across the inner portion of
which, some thick white webs or strands of silk are stretched ; round the
abdomen the web is fastened in a way I did not notice before, which can be
seen from the accompanying sketch.
‘ mars “
J ry yd
ee Wi ts A ea a
% i
Pf
x XK eh ,
LESTE ae
i—~ 7 \
FS > Ly Ch px
[Xx [= “Se
if fH aan
' 1 ee” TN
sat LS mr \A i
\ os \
SA “RG
As I was fortunate enough to observe the change, I saw that, although the
anal prolegs of the larva were attached toa tuft or pad of silk in the usual
way and remained so until nearly the whole skin had been shufiled off,
yet when the last segment had to be taken out the pupa drew it entirely away
from the skin and lifted it over the empty skin, and by a series of contor-
tions similar to those made by an insect in depositing an egg, tt soon reatiach-
ed its anal segment or tail to the web, throwing away the cast-off skin
by wriggling its body about, When it had first changed most of. the black
markings of the larva were still present although reduced to spots, the ground-
colour being dark yellowish. The head, as in Choaspes (Ismene and Rhopa-
locampta apud Watson) has a distinct knob. After a few hours, the pupa
having become hardened, it is covered with a chalky white substance, leaving
19
146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY({SOCIETY, Vol, X.
the first two abdominal segments only without the covering. In appearance
the pupa is similar to that of Choaspes (Ismene} gomata, Moore ; being longer
than, but of a similar type to, that of Rhopalocampta benjaninti, Guerin.
The imago emerged on 19th May, 1895.
'G. C. DUDGEON, F.z.s,
Facoo Tra EStTate,
Western Duars, May 25th, 1895,
No. IV.—NOTES ON SOME NILGIRI BIRDS,
The Nilgiri District, though possessing a considerable bird-fauna, has been
so thoroughly worked in the past that little remains to be recorded regarding
its ornithological features, Observers such as Dr, Jerdon, Miss Cockburn and
the late Mr. Davison do not leave much to be gleaned by those who come
after them, The last named writer published a fairly complete list of the birds
of the District in “Stray Feathers” (volume x, part 5) some twelve years
ago, and it is not likely that many important additions will be made to this list.
The following notes consequently mostly refer to details left doubtful or
unnoticed hitherto. They are the result of very scanty leisure and do not
pretend to be more than hasty jottings regarding desultory observations,
The first bird I propose to refer to is that exceedingly neat and dapper indi-
vidual, Larvivora brunnea (Hodgs.). Mr. Oates states that this bird is a
permanent resident on the Nilgiris, and this statement is supported by Davison,
who mentions that he twice found its nest. It is perhaps incautious to impugn
these statements on merely negative evidence, but it is remarkable that in a
ten-year acquaintance with the Nilgiri Sholas I have never seen this bird
except in the cold months, At that time of the year it is not uncommon on
the slopes of the Hills, and though very silent and unobtrusive, it is by no
means shy. Mr. Bourdillon in his “ First List of the Birds of the Travancore
Hills ” (Stray Feathers, iv. 401), expresses the belief that LZ. brunnea is only a
winter visitor to that part of the peninsula. I think the question of its
permanent residence on the Nilgiris should also be considered open, Is it
possible that the nests which Davison assigned to this bird belonged to
Brachypteryx vrufiventris (Blyth)? lt is certain that the description and
measurement of the eggs coincide, and that the egg ascribed to L. brunnea
would be very large for so small a bird.
There is another point on which I feel disposed to question Mr, Davison’s
authority, viz., with regard to the singing powers of Oreocincla nilgiriensis
(Blyth). Mr, Oates writes, ‘‘ Represented to be a very fine songster,” and
Mr, Davison states, “ It is a glorious songster and its rich and varied song
can be heard for nearly a mile.’ On the other hand, another authority,
Mr. Rhodes Morgan, tells us (Nests and Eggs, ii, 108), “ It utters now and then
a single clear warbling note, {but appears to have no song,” and my own
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 147
experience fully corroborates him. Not only have I lived in a house within
a hundred yards of Sholas in which OQ, nilgiriensis breeds every year and
have never heard its song, but Ihave now had a pair of this bird in my
possession for over twelve months and can vouch for the fact that this pair
at least never sing. They are almost entirely silent, their nearest approach
to song being a low twittering in the spring, They possess a curious power of
making a drumming, vibrating noise ;no outward movement is visible,
though if they are standing on paper or a leaf, it vibrates. I have
often observed O. nilgiriensis feeding in the Nilgiri Sholas, and it is always
the most silent, as well as the shyest of birds. It would be interest-
ing to know whether other members of the genus, such as O.dauna, for
example, sing.
Mr. Oates tells us in his ‘‘ Birds of India” (1, 294), that nothing whatever is
known regarding the nests and eggs of the Genus Micropus (Swainson), Since
then, Mr, Stuart Baker in Cachar has taken nests of M/. melanocephalus as well
as of M. cinereiventris (if the species are really distinct), and has published a
notice of the same in the Society’s Journal (vol. viii, No. 1). Iam not aware,
however, that any one has yet given any account of the nidification of the
southern member of the genus, Micropus phaeocephalus (Jerdon), This bird
though probably very local, is not rare on some of the slopes of the Nilgiris,
and I was fortunate enough to find several nests. The nest is. of the usual
Bulbul type, but exceedingly slight and flimsy in structure, so that it can
easily be seen through, and it is usually fastened by a few spiders’ threads to
the branch of a small shrub at about three feet from the ground, The nest
is very shallow, being less than an inch deep inside by over two inches and
a half broad. The birds breed in deep forest at an elevation of about 4,000
feet above the sea in the months of June and July and lay two eggs, which,
when new, are very handsome, The ground-colour is a faint pinky-white,
almost free from markings at the smaller end, while at the larger end it is
covered with deep red markings, forming a complete zone and spreading
in scattered blotches and spots over two-thirds of the egg, The colour is at
first particularly deep and rich, but within a week of the eggs being blown
it fades to such an extent that the eggs become duller in tone than those
of the common Bulbuls, Otocompsa and Molpastes, The eggs measure
9'’x 6" and are decidedly elongated ovals, compressed at the smaller end.
The birds are bold and noisy while their nest is being taken, and their
outcry at my approach first led me to search the locality. I have found not
less than a dozen nests of this bird within a small area, all exactly alike, but
only two contained eggs, while in another there were young birds,
In the same month I also found the nest of another bird, of whose nidifica-
tion I can find no record, namely, the somewhat scarce little Flycatcher, Cyornis
pallidipes (Jerdon). This bird seems to be extremely local in its distribution,
The female was first described by Mr, Davison in 1883, The nest was found at
148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
an elevation of 4,000 feet above the sea. It was placed in a hole in a bank,
under the protection of a large rock, and by the side of the old ghat-road or
riding-path to Coonoor, on which scores of persons pass up and down daily.
It was composed of roots on the outside, with a few dry leaves, and lined with
fine fibres, and contained three young birds a few days old. On another occa-
sion, in the last week in May, I came on a pair of this bird at about the same
elevation, with fully-fledged young, so that the breeding season must extend
from April to June, The female was very noisy and excited, spreading out
her tail like a Rhipidura, and uttering a harsh, grating cry. The young of
this Flycatcher, the sexes of which are so curiously unlike, are much marked
with orange, and resemble the young of Ochromela nigrorufa, but are, of course,
larger and are without the orange quills.
Hemipus picatus (Sykes) is, as stated by Mr, Davison, fairly common on
these Hills, but the record of its nidification seems to be confined to that of
the single nest taken by Davison, and mentioned in “ Nests and Kggs,’’ i, 328. I
have found three nests, but have only once succeeded in securing the eggs.
The nests, which answer closely to Mr. Davison’s description, are beautiful
structures, completely coated on the outside with pieces of greenish-white
lichen, and lined with the finest fibre. They are very minute, the egg-cavity
measuring 1°5” across and but little more than half an inch in depth inside,
which shows that Captain Terry’s nest, also mentioned in ‘‘ Stray Feathers,”
1. c., was that of some other bird. The nests I found were in each case placed
high up on the bare branch of a Blue-gum at Ootacamand, and were most
difficult to see. One nest taken on the 24th March contained three eggs, which
measured 0°6 by 0°45 inch each. Another nest which was found on the
21st May, 1895, also contained eggs, but it was full fifty feet from the ground,
at the far end of a branch, and the eggs were broken. In this case, after the
female was shot, the male took her place on the nest, and his tail could be seen
from below, though the nest itself was hardly visible.
During the last two years several nests have been taken in Ootacamand by
European boys, the eggs of which have entirely bafiled all my attempts at identi-
fication, They are remarkably round, turnip-shaped eggs slightly pointed at
the smaller end, and measuring about °75" x °65”, The shell is very glossy,
and the colour a very faint blue, in some cases without any markings, in other
cases with a few faint clouded brownish streaks most irregularly distributed,
The nest is said to be placed on the ground, and the bird to resemble
Pratincola atrata, Unfortunately, I have always been absent from Ootaca-
mand when the nests were found, é.,, in February and March. Pratincola
atrata is so numerous here that it is possible that these eggs are “ sports,”
as last year I obtained a nest of Merula simillima, shooting the female as she
left it, the eggs in which were absolutely free from all markings, and like
those of a Myna, On the other hand, the commonness of P. atrata may possibly
have led to some other bird’s presence being overlooked, Can futicilla
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 149
rufiventris ever remain to breed on these Hills? The bird has undoubtedly
been shot on the plains of India in the summer, as Mr, Oates’ note in ‘“ Nests
and Eggs,” i, 64, shows.
A. G. CARDEW,
OoTACAMAND, 20th June, 1895,
P. §.—Since the above was written I have also obtained two nests of Arach-
nothera longirostris, regarding the breeding habits of which in India no infor-
mation was available when Mr, Oates wrote. Mr. J. Davidson has meantime
taken the eggs in North Kanara. Of my nests one was on a Plantain leaf, the
other on the broad leaf of a jungle plant. The nest is large, built of fine fibres,
and ornamented on the outside with “ Skeleton ” leaves, The eggs were two
in number, white, with reddish-brown spots. ;
ASG. Cc.
18th September, 1895,
No. V.—THE NESTING OF THE LONG-EARED OWL (ASIO
OTUS) IN INDIA.
As there appears to be no record of the eggs of the long-eared owl (Asio
otus) having been taken in India, possibly the following might be of some
interest,
While after bear ( U. isabellinus) on the Hills above Gurais in Kashmir
on 4th June. 1895, I found a nest containing four eggs of this owl ina
sycamore:tree, at a height of about twelve feet from the ground, and I also
shot one of the parent birds for identification,
The nest which was a mere platform of sticks, with no pretence at a lining,
had doubtless, from its weather-beaten and delapidated appearance, been origi-
nally occupied by some other bird, probably a crow.
The eggs were much incubated and would, I think, have hatched in a few
days.
They are broad white ovals, slightly glossy and measure 1°62” x 1°35’.
On several occasions I heard owls hooting in the evening, which I believe
belonged to this species, so that it is probably not an uncommon bird in
Kashmir at suitable elevations.
The eggs I took were found, as far as I could judge, at an elevation of
about 9,000 feet, but I heard birds lower than this, In the neighbourhood of
the valley itself, say, from 5,500 to 6,500 feet the only owl I saw or heard
was Bubo bengalensis.
22nd July, 1895. BERTRAM A. G. SHELLEY, Lr., R.@.
No, VI.—MEASUREMENT OF TIGERS’ SKULLS.
With reference to Mr, W. S, Millard’s note on this subject, dated Decem-
ber, 1893, (vol, viii, page 447), and Surgeon-Captain H. F’. Cleveland’s communi-
150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
cation, dated March, 1894, (vol. viii, page 554) the following measurements
of a tiger’s skull are, I think, worth recording :—
Length, between uprights eee 15°10 inches.
Width do. coor ORS)
This skull is larger than the specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
which has been so often referred to.
The tiger was shot in Kanara, onthe 10th May last, by Mr. Phelips, Executive
Engineer, and the skull is now in his possession, The animal is described as
being a very large one, but it only measured 9’ 43’ on account of its excep-
tionally short tail. The measurements of the skull have been most carefully
taken.
F. A, HILL.
Karwar, N. Kanara, July, 1895.
No, VIL—THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIRDS.
I notice Mr, Oates’ remarks in the last numbet of this Journal (No. 4, vol, ix,
page 486,) on a young bird I described some months ago in the Asian as being
an immature Dicrurus ater, and which Mr. Oates identifies as being Surniculus
lugubris, I have to thank him for his correction ; quite possibly I was wrong,
but unfortunately the specimen is now at home, At the same time Mr, Oates’
extreme sensitiveness has caused him to read somewhat crookedly, and I think,
if he refers to my notes again, he will find that I referred to this specimen as
being rather an abnormal one, Several that I had procured before were, as a
rule, exceedingly black and freely splashed with white, so that the peculiar dis-
tribution of the markings in this specimen struck me as worthy of mention.
Had Mr, Oates’ 3rd volume then been available, I probably should not have
made this very easily made mistake, but the young of all birds are, as a rule, in
most works, very poorly described.
I think the only time I hinted at Mr, Oates’ description of a bird being
actually wrong was in his description cf Dicwum cruentatum, where he says the
young resemble the female, This, as far as my experience goes, is not correct,
No one values Mr. Oates’ work more than I do.
H, A, HOLE.
CacHAR, 6th August, 1895,
No, VIU.--~THE FOOD OF THE BULL-FROG.
While living near Government House, Parel, I had in my compound two
broods of guinea-fowl chicks of about a dozen each, the one brood being a
fortnight older than the other, When the younger brood were about a week
old, both they and the elder brood began mysteriously to disappear, at least one
and sometimes two per day becoming missing, Of course, I suspected the ser-
yants, as we always do in such cases, and my suspicions were specially directed
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 151
to the cook, as the two broods used to go about in a patch of long grass between
the croquet-ground and the cook-room, One morning my suspicions had become
insupportable, I got up early, watched the cook go off to market, and carefully
counted the chicks; an hour after I counted them again, and found one miss-
ing. On this day at least he was not to blame, so, after some consideration, I
organized a beat of all the servants and ghorawallas in the patch of long grass.
I found the culprit in a bull-frog, which, like Mark Twain’s immortal specimen,
tried to jump, but was so heavily weighted as to fall on his back. Having
speedily despatched him and cut him open, I found inside him no less than
three guinea chicks, two of which, his previous day’s. feeding, were much
decomposed, the third being quite fresh and undigested, having only just
been swallowed.
After that summary execution the remainder of my two guinea broods throve
in peace.
D. GOSTLING, F5.a,
Bomsay, 12th July, 1895.
No. IX.—THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIRDS.
Mr. E. W. Oates, in volume ix, No, iv, of this Journal, draws attention to the
fact that I cannot, with the help even of his book, find any permanent or inva-
riable difference between the two species of minivets, fraterculus and speciosus,
{am very sorry that this should pain him, but in spite of my sorrow I cannot
change my opinion, Mr. Oates says that I have given a hasty opinion without
consulting his key. Now must state that I have gone very thoroughly
through this key and I have found it most misleading, For instance,
P. breviostris is fairly common here and I have got a good many specimens, but
when I got my first one I at once jumped to the conclusion that I had a new
species, for my bird had the inner secondaries—tertiaries as they are called by
Mr, Oates—most distinctly spotted. Unfortunately, a comparison with the birds
of this species in other collections, amongst them those in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, I find that it seems to be the rule for Eastern specimens to be thus
marked. Yet Mr. Oates makes the unspotted inner secondaries the main
distinctive feature in his key.
I regret that more than half the minivets in my possession have been packed
to go home, but taking the twenty specimens of speczosus vel fraterculus I now
have I find that the length of the tails are as follows :—
Males ae ae WA-05 1 13:96 3:90!) 3:9! 3:93:83 (8 iG
Hemales—4°2", 4°12", 4:1", 4:08”, 3:92", 3°84!" 3°82", 3:8", 3°75", 3-7",
Does Mr. Oates’ key help me here, his distinctive feature being “ tail exceeding
4” sneciosus ; “ tail not exceeding 3'5” fraterculus?
Mr. Oates says that Tam expressing a “ hasty opinion.” I would rather
Suggest that his assertion itself might be thus designated, I have worked at
152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
these birds for years, and the opinion expressed is the result of a mass of
measurements and other notes taken during a period extending over about
eight years. Again, he says that I have “laboured hard to make them ”—my
specimens— into two species.” Quite the contrary. The fact is that I have
certain birds which are fraterculus and certain which are speciosus, as defined
by Mr, Oates, but on the other hand I have many more which can be placed
definitely under neither of these names, but appear to me to form the
connecting link between the two; and so far from trying to split my specimens
into two lots, I am anxious to prove that they all belong to one and the same
species.
Mr. Oates seems to think that I wish to personally hurt his feelings, and
that I differ from him solely for this purpose. I again express my regret that
he should be hurt at my—or any one else’s—opinion being different to his own,
I may add that much of what I know of ornithology has been learnt from his
works, and that he can have no greater ornithological admirer than myself,
As regards Mr, Hole’s criticism, surely an ornithologist of Mr. Oates’ standing
can afford to utterly ignore such and to treat the matter as a ludicrous one, as
does every one else.
Finally, I may mention that I am sending home a series of minivets to the
Hon’ble W. Rothschild, and I hope that either he or Mr, E. Hartert will
look still further into the question,
K. C, STUART BAKER, F.z,s.
No. X.—AN ANT-LION UP A TREE,
i saw something in a spider’s web inamango tree, Thinking it was the
owner of the premises, I bottled it straight away, without preliminary inquiry.
Youcannot be too inquisitive about a spider beforehand if you think of catch-
ing him afterwards. Like the opossum he does not wait for you to shoot : he
comes down, Imagine my surprise on discovering that I had caught a dead
ant-lion, Now what was he doing in that web six feet from the ground, and —
how did he get there? Isay an “ ant-lion,” because I believe that is the
popular nick-name, Will you kindly supply its proper christian name and sur-
name,* titles and dignities? Professionally, as faras I have seen, he is
a garotter with a taste for grave digging; for “when the cut-throat
ig not occupied with crime,” he buries himself, and does it as if he liked it.
It is a little creature about as big asan undersized shirt-button, but more
oval than round and humped, To put it vulgarly, very like a wood-louse,
only hairy on the top. So much for the body. From one end of it projects
a neck like a turtle’s. At the end of the neck is a small flat wicked-looking
* The ant-lions are the larve of those beautiful Neuropierous insects, popularly known
as lace-wings.” They belong to the family of Myrmeleonide and are closely allied to the
termites.—Hadtior,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. _ .- 153
head, and then come two enormous scythes quite out of proportion to the
size of the creature, but rather small than otherwise compared to its villainy,
These scythes under a lens are toothed. Why is it called an “ant-lion?” It
is quite as like a rabbit as a lion and is not much more like an ant than you or
I. Imagine one of these creatures the size of a horse! How we should run !
Though common enough, they are by no means easy to get, because even when
you get them out of the sand they live in, they look exactly like a pellet of
sand as they curl themselves up and the sand sticks in the bristles. When
you press a pellet of sand with the forefinger, it disintegrates: when you
press an ant-lion “ made up” to represent a pellet of sand, it does not. I know
of no other rough and ready test. Put an“ ant-lion ” on the table and it
looks and behaves like a fool, put it on sand, and you will have to be quick
if you want to say “ good-bye.” A wriggle or two, and it’s gone—backwards
down into the sand,
In ordinary life he makes a funne! in the sand, by gathering the sand on his
head and scythes, and jerking it over his left shoulder,—in much the same
way as superstitious people do when they spill the salt—and it is surprising
how far he can throw and what a neat funnel he makes. Having made it he
sits below with “ gently smiling jaws ” waiting for weary ants to “ drop in,”
When an ant rolls down it’s soon all over, The ant-lion catches it at once and
buries itself, and when the ant is quite done with, reappears, The desiccated
ant is ejected and the funnel set in order for the second course.
A. E, RYVES,
ALLAHABAD, September, 1895,
No, XI1—A TURTLE KILLING A CROCODILE.
A few days ago when out in camp I rested for a time on the bank of a
small river, There was a pool of very clear water about 50 yards long and
some four or five feet deep, and I could see the fish swimming about in it
plainly.
Immediately in front of me was a submerged rock with a sloping surface,
the top being some six or more inches under water, I happened to be
watching a big fish moving near this rock, when suddenly a small fish-eating
crocodile came and sat on the rock, He sat up with his eyes level with the
water and began to watch me, I sat quite still and watched him, Suddenly I
saw a Swirl in the water, and something seized the crocodile from behind and
passed over the rock into deep water. I saw that it was a turtle about two feet
six inches long, Then began a fight which lasted perhaps three-quarters of
an hour,’ The pair splashed about all over the place. The crocodile was at
times lifted half out of the water, and I could see him twisting round to try
and catch hold of hisenemy, After a time the crocodile became exhausted,
20
154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
and the turtle dropped him, and he rose to the surface and rolled over and
over, Then the turtle caught him again, and began taking a series of
dives from one end of the pool to the other, The pace was astonishing,
Backwards and forwards they went, and at each turn, when they came to the
surface, the crocodile’s head came out of the water and he gasped for breath.
The turtle was apparently drowning him, Eventually he no doubt consider-
ed he was harmless and swam with him to the tank and tried to get out of
the water, The steepness of the tank, however, defied him, and he gradually
worked his way round to a place where cattle had made a path down, Here
he pushed the crocodile out of the water where I, who had crawled to the
spot, gave him a rap on the nose with a cane. In his astonishment he dropped
the crocodile, which I appropriated. He probably thought it hard luck, but I
wanted the skin. :
This, however, was of little value, as I found that at the point of first
seizure, namely, at the junction of the hind legs with the back bone, the animal
was virtually cut in half,
It wasa most interesting sight, and as it caused me some considerable
excitement to view, it occurred to me you might care to hear of it.
“MOIDART,”
Unwar, Rasputana, 15th September, 1895.
No, XII.--LEOPARD versus PORCUPINE,
I dare say some members ‘of the Society have heard, and may possibly have
seen, an example of a tiger which has met its death from eating a porcupine
in a hurry and the quills sticking in the gullet ; but it may not also be known
that leopards occasionally die from the same cause, The other day, when out
shooting in a Mysore forest, I came across the dead body of a small, but fully
grown, leopard which had apparently been dead for some hours, On examin-
ing the body I found a number of porcupine quills sticking in various parts,
One paw was in its mouth, and on removing it and looking down the throat
T noticed quite a number of quills sticking up, which apparently were the cause
of the animal’s death, I was unable to find any part of the porcupine’s body,
but at a short distance behind the leopard I found a number of large quills and
a good deal of blood. It appears to me strange that, if tigers and leopards
habitually eat porcupines, natural instinct has not taught them to avoid
bolting the quills.
G, 5. RODON, MaJor,
Mysore, 19th September, 1895,
155
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18rH JULY, 1895.
A meeting of the members took place on Thursday, the 18th J uly, 1895,
Dr. D. MacDonald presiding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members was announced :—
MemBerRS—Mr. G. Keatinge, I.C.S. (Dharwar); Mr. D. G. Ommaney
(Ahmednagar) ; Mr, A. M. Long (Assam); Dr. Virji Jhina Ravul (Bombay) ;
Mr, J. N. Unwalla (Bhownugger) ; Mr. ©. G, Giro (Bombay); Mr, 0, F,
Bamford (Cachar); Mr. E, R. Smetham (Bombay) ; Mr, M, Anderson (Cal-
cutta) ; Major H.D, Keary (Burma); Mr, E. H. Dwane (Secunderabad) ;
Mr, W. B.de Courcy (Jalpaiguri) ; Lieutenant A. 8, Capper (Goona); Mr.
Vishwanath P, Vaidya (Bombay) ; Lieutenant A. St. John Cooke (Jalna) ;
Mr, John Greaves (Bombay) ; Mr, Kunwar K, Pal Singh (Agra); Mr, James
Marten (Raipur); Surgeon-Major M. O’C. Drury (Kampti) ; Mr. N.F, §S.
Troup (Kasanni); Surgeon-Captain H, Herbert (Bombay) ; Mr, G. C, Dud-
geon (Jalpaiguri) ; Doctor A. H. Deane (Bombay); Mr, H. I. B, Chapman
(Orissa) ; and Mr, M. G, Peddie (Assam).
CONTRIBUTIONS,
Mr. H. M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged the following
contributions received since the last meeting :—
a
Contribution. Description. | Contributor.
Ie Sartus) CLANCsccsbecteccesescee|GLUS AMLISOME seeccerns os ooo--.| My, John Griffiths.
1 Daboia .ce....+06 Sadgepodeoc00d Vipera ruselli ...... soscoorseeee|Mr. Bazonji Ardeshir
Kandawalla.
Land Shellsfrom Landour...) $= =» eeeace Mr, Jas. Betham.
ie Elephantis!-Ruslcscerccwesess|0) | mii) teeceos Mr. F. D, Whiffen.
1 Hume's Pheasant .......0000+ Phasianus Humiz......00.-0. 0 Major H. D. Keary.
1 Speckled Wood Pigeon .... mea hodgsonii ......006 Do.
COON aAWlICUS! Veecesceec-e- cen 5
DM OMAKES tte desesicdcseses cecilsse i Tropidenotus alarabicolon } Mr, W. W. Coen.
A UnZANCMeececssceeeess pq00e800000 Humeces punctatus .......0...- Do.
A number of Birds, mounted. acaned Mr. Chas. Maries.
1 Chameleon (alive) ......... Chameleon vulgaris............ Mr. J. Duce.
1 Hamadryad (alive) .........! Nacabunearusitcscccodsssecsees Mr. Hugh Murray.
1 Wood Shrike with Nest.....|Tephrodornis pondiceriana. |Mrs, H. C. Pearson.
1 Crocodile, mounted ......... Crocodilus palustris......... 00. Mr. J. F. Snuggs.
1 Hamadryad Reeseecvaveces| NACA DUN CAL Siedacesstaessseores Mr. T. R, D. Bell.
1 Snake (live) .........0.0 .....|Lropidonotus stolatus ......... My. HE, H. Elsworthy.
1 Minivet’s Nest ..... p000000000 Pericrocotus perigrinus ...... Mr, C. H. Crawley.
Monkeys Skin) .0....+s0-+cese| MIACACUS THESUB s.c0-seceresee ane Mr, B. A. Gupte.
1 Screech Owl (alive)......... StViX JAVANICA ...ccccccoecereees Mr. W. George.
Zamenis fasciolatus........... i A Vet cle. 5
3 Snakes (alive) ........0+06 Tecpitonews stolatus ......++. Mea ecole Andeshix
{ |Dryophis mycterizans.........
1 Hamadryad (alive) ......... Naga bungarus........ecese0--.| Veposited by Major Rodon.
NG WIZard) Wes cccesccsss soersesss ove LUVZOSOMA PUNCtALUS ....0.... Mr. J. Stiven.
1 Pied Crested Cuckoo(alive)|Coccystes jacobinuse........+.- Capt. W. G. Hatherell.
1 Screech Owl (Glive) .sero.| Stix jaVANICA ....cecescssereee- Mr. Douglas Bennett.
Eggs of Myna
sc odesevoeeseseos,|ACridotheres tristis ..oc00¢002.JMrs. H. C. Pearson.
156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Contribution. Description. Contributor.
Hges of Magpie Robin....4....|Copsychus Saularis ....ccces (Mrs, H.C. Pearson.
1 Flying Lizard (alive) ....0e|Draco AUSSUMIECYi.........eeee0e Mr, T. D. R. Bell.
2 Monitors (Alive) .cecoc.c- | VALANUS STISCUS..csccescevee e(Mr. W. A. Light.
UMGAULISHELCA Cie censeeeresstccee LBXO}S) (EENBDEIBIS| Gongaocacoacaoo0nGod Deposited by Major Rodon.
l Nilgirt (Wild Goat.:....5..0 -|Hemitragus hylocrius ......... Do.
1 Hlephant’s Foot.......0....+eeHlephas indicus ....... acecees Do.
A pair of Hlephant’s Tusks ... Do. covers Do.
TPB lyin oS qulinvelsess cc. laces IRLCLOMLYSinOl all aenesceseetseeceee Do.
1 Malabar Squirrel ......-..... Sciurus malabaricus........-... Do.
2 Langurs ........... ...+ssesee/Semnopithecus entellus .....- Do.
ie Dhamanteercccses Sp eadodonds00c ZaMenis MUCOSUS ........+2--06 Do.
ZeBeats ue SKUs Mercere nees Melursus ursinus .....-...-2+66- Mr. 8. Rebsch.
ieligers Skull seereoese nbd OFC Helis tlovisnessscsent: Bacher Sc000 Do.
iy Panther/s Skully. .ecccerse-<l Helis pardus..: ..voserses sdodae Do.
AUMLUIMDET/OLICLADS| cecsscnececs|( Mie ae ome Mr. H. H. Aitken.
AV collection of Shelllghicee .cc(ilmenny Wace Do.
daWater Cock s.steenesctsee Galliorex Cinereus ......eceeee Mr. A. Francke.
Bones of a Panther ...ccccoocee Melis pardus:s..tsrecceves Seasecs Surg-Lt-Col Barker.
UEWioodeDuck ier eneckess see Anus leucoptera ...... nates Mr. C. A. W. Bruce.
+ Young Crocodiles (alive )\Crocodilus palustris .........:../Surg-Capt Whitcomb.
A Panther’s Skull with ab-
normal dentition ..... ecoscoelHCLIS PATAUS secceccccevernccesces Lieut. D, O. Morris.
A number of Rock Scorpions
(alive Die iii ccessscesecewars Scorpio swammerdami ....../Mr. Bazonji A. Kandawala,
1 Black Panther’s Skull ......|Felis pardus ......ccecseeee Figo Mr. H. G. Battan.
A collection,of Chryside ...) = 9) | ....0, Le Vicomte du Buysson.
i RedidunclesCock taserecacese. | eum neers My. H. H. Swan.
1 Snake (alive ) ...s00-.-0e--.{Lvopidonotus plumbicolor |Mr. F. Otto.
A collection of Birds’ Skins
from Oacharescsscsssc:etesccs eset My, H. C. 8. Baker.
1 Brown-headed Gull .........{Larus brunneicephalus ......(Surg-Col T. 8, Weir.
UsSnakei(aliven))-scosscscccsese HinyxajOWnticssrtesess ssevereveee[ Mr, B. A. Gupte.
1 Florican (alive ) ........... Sypheotides acrita | .........|Mrs. H. C, Pearson.
1 Black-headed Bunting
( AliVE)...00...scocceeeereeeseeee(Huspiza melanocephala ...... Do.
2 Red-whiskere Bulbuls
Calive ) sssccsrce.e. coseeesooeveel(Otocompsa Luscicaudata...... Do.
1 Large Crab ( alive ) .........!Cancer integrifortes.........0. Mr. N. 8. Symons.
Skin of Wild Dog’ s..sc..ce:. Cyon dukhunensis ....00...... Mr. N. C. Macleod.
2 Laughing Jackasses (alive)|Cacelo gigantea ...cccccseoes ..|Mr. M. T. Carroll.
1 Duck-billed Platypus ...... Ornithorynchus anatinus ... Do.
6 Eges of White-eyed
Pochard. ...c...0-eeecceeee.--[SUligula NYYOCA ..a00 madcHnAadt Mr. B, A. Shelly, R. EH.
7 Eggs of Moor Hen ......... Gallinula chloropus.....-c0se0 Do.
7 Eggs of Whiskered Tern...|Hydrocheledon hybrida...... Do.
A large Hornet's Nest.......0. Vespa cincta...... sevcccecrere.on Mrs. Watson.
MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.
¥rom Mrs, Murray Annesley, Mr, Chandrika Prasada, Mr. R. D. Lindsay,
and Mr, A. Herbert.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Seventeen Trips through Somali-land (Captain H. G. Swayne)—from the
Author ; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part IV, for 1894,
from Mr, W. F. Sinclair ; Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
PROCEEDINGS. 157
for 1894—in exchange. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Part IT,
Vol, XX VIII—in exchange.
THE LATE LIEUT. H. E. BARNES.
The Honorary Secretary stated that the Society has suffered a serious loss
in the death of Lieutenant H, E. Barnes, F.Z.S,, who had been a most valuable
contributor to the Journal for the last eight years. All ornithologists were
well acquainted with the excellent work done by this gentleman, and as the
author of that most useful handbook entitled the ‘‘ Birds of Bombay,”
Lieutenant Barnes had earned an extensive reputation as an enthusiastic natu-
ralist and a careful observer. The important series of papers on “ Nesting in
Western India,’ which were written for the Society’s Journal by Lieutenant
Barnes, commenced in No, 4, vol, iii, and were concluded in No. 3, vol, vi.
The beautiful illustrations of nests and eggs which accompanied these papers
were all from drawings made by the author, It was resolved that the sympa-
thies of the meeting should be conveyed to Mrs. Barnes in a letter of
condolence.
THE JOURNAL,
The Honorary Secretary stated that No. 4 of vol. ix of the Society's Jour-
nal was now being distributed to the members, and that No, 5, containing the
Index and four additional coloured plates, would shortly be published, The
volume would then be completed and would consist of 510 pages with 25 full-
size ilustrations, The cost of producing the Journal had been considerably
increased of late, owing to the import duty charged on the plates which were
printed in England. The accounts showed that the Society had spent
Rs, 8,663 on the Journal during 1894, compared with Rs. 5,793 in 1893, but
the large increase in up-country members proved that the money had been well
spent and that the results were appreciated, As the revenue of the Society
increased, the scope of the Journal would be still further enlarged, and mem-
bers who were not in a position to assist in other ways might draw the atten-
tion of their friends to the Journal with a view of inducing them to become
members of the Society. Considering that the subscription was only Rs. 15
per annum and that there were very few “nglishmen in this country who did
not take an interest in some branch of Natural History, there appeared to be
no reason why the growth and usefulness of the Society should not be very
greatly extended,
PAPERS READ,
The following papers were then read and discussed :—(1) Shooting Ovis polii
on the Pamirs, by Baron Edmond de Poncins; (2) Birds of the Nilgiri Districts,
by A. G. Cardew, LC.S. ; (8) Field Notes with the Chitral Relief Force, by
Major W. St. John Richardson ; (4) Snakes found in Travancore, by H. 8.
Ferguson, F.Z.8.; (5) Do Ants produce Audible Sounds? by Robert. C,
Wroughton ; (6) Seeds germinating in a Hen’s Egg, by Mrs. Pechey-Phipson,
M. D.
158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
PROOEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 197TH SEPTEMBER, 1895.
A meeting of the members and their friends took place on Thursday, the
19th September, Mr, J, D, Inverarity presiding,
ELECTION OF MEMBERS,
The election of the following new members was duly announced :—Colonel
A. Howlett, 1.S.C, Mandalay), Mr, A. G. Trapman, C.E, (Rangoon), Mr, F, L.
Wallace (Bombay), Mr. G, W. Gayer (Sambalpur), Mr. P. J. Mead ({Ahmeda-
bad), Mr. James P, Orr (Poona), Surgeon-Major H, Greany (Raichore),
Surgeon-Captain David Prain (Calcutta), Rev. E. J. Bowen (Belgaum), Mr, J.
Brand (Callian), Lieutenant E, H. Lewis (Trimulgherry), Mr. Frank Muir
(Jhansi), Mr, H. V. Kemball, C. BE, (Sukkur), Mr. J. H. Clabby (Barwani),
Mr, A. R. Wilson (Benares), Mr. Hurkisondass Nurrotumdass (Bombay), Mr.
Walter C. Stanton (Rangoon), Lieutenant A, N. Fagan (Raichore), Mr. J. P.
Lord (Surat), Mr, John Lees (Cachar), Lieutenant W. Beadon (Kchat), Miss
Lilian Trewby, M. D, (Amraoti), Mr. E, Tooth (Bombay), Lieutenant H. A.
D. Fraser, R.E. (Masuri), and Mr, R. G. Currie (Bombay).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,
Mr. H. M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged having received
the following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last
meeting :—
Contribution. Description. Contributor.
ITigerShatlesecsccscecessseceres Stegostemee tigriNUM........ Capt. Thorburn.
DKW OL Brow Beatyces sees | /MUISUS ATCLUS Inssecstescecerctecs Lieut. B. A. Shelly, R. E.
PMOTAKESaycoseresiuissasnsseescsis Simotes arnensis & Oligodon
COTSAISiisesecessancetesteses Mr, P. H. Clutterbuck.
A number of Photographs of
Animals «e+. PoaoHecocoarondh: le AS Seaasoqsae Capt. F, Williams.
The Skeleton of a Grampus..| Orca gladiator .....csesecsees Mr. W. G. Betham.
AG TLUMUDCIVORES CANS Mell Sto osee| linn ence cceatls Lieut. A. J. Peile, R. A.
1 Snake oie... Stop sebacanonatises SiMOtES AYMENSIS caccoosceeee Mr. R. Hayter.
‘A number of Land Shells ---| 4 9 secescees Mr. W. Mahon Daly.
1 Snake ....... ceececsccececarseces Tropidonotus stolatus ...... Mr. F, A. Little.
TSNAKE eccccencss .eseee| Tvopidonotus plumbicolor...| Mr. P. H. Clutterbuck.
1 Four-legged Chicken es Mees M Abie) t cgunyeveste pdicsoc Mr. C, Olcese.
3 Hggs of the Black-capped
Blackbirds scecesnceeectses Merula nigropilea .....cscece Vet.-Maj. J. Mills.
2 young Crocodiles (alive) Crocodilus palustris .......+. Mr. R. P. Lambert.
I Snakei(alive) icccccssescces ooo, Dipsas trigonata ......s.cscccee Mr. HE. H. Elsworthy.
1 Skeleten of a Goonch ...... ANSITIS SOMA Seseieesestieseesseset Lieut. A. Fagon.
1 Palm Civet (alive) .....206 Paradoxurus Niger — sesccceee Myr. C. McCarty.
1 Chameleon (alive) .....000. Chameleon calearatus ...... Surg.-Capt. R. Henderson,
2 Lizards: (alive). c..s.isescess Uromastrix hardwickii ...} Lieut. W. A. Light.
2 Lizards (Alive) 50... seer|Acanthodactylus micropholis Do.
PROCEEDINGS. 159
Contribution, Description, Contributor.
A number of ae of
ENTIUIN ANS peeccesesetsteasreccerl| it bid) \secosceese Mr. H. A. Heath.
Eees and Nest of ‘Black-
breasted Weaver cae -| Ploceus bengalensis .........| Mr. J. Reahling.
WP SMakeicescccccceeesscesvesseos| DiDsas) LUCOMAtasscsccccccseses Mr. H. O. Campbell.
i TREN cake adeddacnoacpecuosedueccce Nicticejus kuhli......... we... Mr. J. Brand.
1 Snake . WEN aceosadsececsasesstsed. Zamenis fasciolatus ....... Do.
A number of land Shells from
AWD OWUH OEE soccoogcoococcnd| © === eandoad08 Mrs. Watson.
Scorpions and Lizards from
JNOKeta Sopcqasoosdecococconoded | A) 1) "aeadeaods Capt. Shopland.
1 Snake (Glive)............cc0-- Dipsas trigonata......s.sssceee Mr. J. Furdonjee.
1 Black Buck head (deform-
Cd) s..s0ee moetececceccdoaceace Antilope cervicapra ......... Mr. H. F, Cotgrave,
A pair of Florican ............ Sypheotides aurita.ee.....00- Major A. Collins.
4 Hges of Florican ......... 7 Do: Do.
A Hees of Sarts ....ccccoceseee GLUS ANLIGONE.....0.ccseceeeree Do.
A VALUABLE COLECTION FOR SALE,
The Honorary Secretary drew the attention of the members to the valuable
collection of Indian Birds’ Eggs made by the late Lieut. H. E, Barnes, author
of “ The Birds of Bombay,” &c., which was now for sale. It consisted of
several thousand eggs of 767 species, mostly in clutches, collected by Lieute-
nant Barnes during the last twenty years ; together with a complete catalogue
and carefully prepared notes as to when and where the eggs were taken.
There were also 382 skins of Indian birds in excellent preservation,
‘PAPERS READ.
The following interesting papers were then read and discussed :—(1) The
Indian Wild Buffalo, by J. D. Inverarity; (2) Notes on the Tsaing, or
Banting (Bos sondaicus), by Vet.-Capt. G. H, Evans ; (3) The Birds of the
Ruby Mine District, by E. W. Oates ; (4) Further Notes on Man-eating Tigers,
by Reginald Gilbert ; (5) The Cashew-nut, by Surg.-Major K, R. Kirtikar,
The Honorary Secretary stated that the papers which had just been read
would appear in the Society’s Journal No. I of Vol. X, which would be pub-
lished in about a fortnight, together with No. 5 of Vol. IX.
The meeting then ended with a vote of thanks to the authors of the papers,
SerLCe
ih
reed
Sabeaeses= tye}
Pombav Aatuyal History Soviety,
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
resident.
H. E. the Right Honorable Lorp SanpHurstT.
Vice- Fresidents.
The Hon’ble Mr. H. M. Birdwood, m.a., 1L.m. (Cantab.).
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachie, M.v., C.M.
Dr. D. MacDonald, m.p., B.sc., c.M.
How. Secretary.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.
Hon. Crevsurer.
Mr. A. Abercrombie.
Gnitor.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c..z.s.
atlanaging Committee.
The Hon. Mr. H. M. Birdwood. , Col. W.S.S. Bisset, R.E.
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maco-'| Mr. L. de Nicéville, ¥.2.8., C.M.Z.S.
4 ea eid Lieut. A. J. Peile, R.A.
r. D. MacDonald.
The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, nos. e a Le ee
Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.s. Nirecarnia Mania
Surg.-Lt.-Ool. T. S. Weir. Mr, R. M. sae
Surg.-Major K. R. Kirtikar, r.s.m. Mr. N. 8. Symons.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity. Dr. J. C. Lisboa.
Mr. W.S8, Millard. My. R. C. Wroughton.
| Mr. A. Abercrombie, ex-officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, 0.M.z.s., ex-officio.
Ist Section.—( Mammals and Birds.)
Presidenti—Mr. J. D. Inverarity.
Secretary—...
Ind Section. ay Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.c.s.
Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.M.z.s.
3rd Section.—(Insects.)
President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.E.8., C.M.Z.S.
Secretary—Mr. E. H. Aitken.
4th Section.—( Other fnvertebrates.)
President—Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachie, ™.D., c.m.
Secretary—lMr. J. CG. Anderson.
5th Section —(Botany.)
President—The Hon. Mr. H. M. Birdwood, m.a., Lu.M. (Cantab.).
Secretary—Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, F.s.m. (France), M.B.¢.s.
Bee a
ia ee rs
Aitiphtts
JOURNAL &
OF THE
EDITED BY
EE. M. PHIPSON, G.vE Ls ZinSe5 ee eae
.
Wel onorary Secretary.
WAN INS} 7
ae ly;
ZN
Date of publication, 24th March, 1896
os to Non-Members... Poa cen ‘ oo» Ls. 5-0 |
| PRINTED AT THE “TIMES OF INDIA” STEAM PRESS, hey Mec arcana
ue DBRS
CONTENTS OF, TAIS NUM BE Re
SS
THE Brrps oF. Norra CACITAR. By E. C. uty Baker. Part V.-
(With Plate E)..cccsescsrsocncsesoccacverssoncr+sessececasenccsccanmsesevesess
On NEW AND Poviedacronn Lerner FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN
Reeion, By Lionel de Nicéville, PE.S., C.M.Z.S., &6, ....-ssccsceene
New anp Litrrne-known Sprcirs oF Inpo-Matayan HYMENOPTERA
with A Key to THEGENERA oF InpIan Pomprnipz anp A Nore on
Spuex Fuava, oF Fapricrus, anp Attinp Spxcres. By Colonel
Cc. T. Bingham, F.z.s., Forest Department, Burma. (With two
Plates). cccceoreccorrscvenees Rae cdaaen ae eouncUpeccescsaves conceW ie: Ge akta eee
List OF sot COLLECTED aT ADEN IN 1892—95, Glues IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE ParTeL Catranocusr. . By Conimander
Ei. Re Shopland, R.I.M. OOKCHSHOSOCRLEOCUS2EGNS B0900%990 FOR Peeoes CORSET BSEEHO
Description oF A New EaRTH-SNAKE FROM TRAVANCORE (RHINOPHIS
PAGE
161
169
195
217
Fercusonranus). By G. A. Boulenger, rr. (With a Plate)... 236
THe BUTTERFLIES OF THE Norta Canara Disrrict oF THE BOMBAY
Presipency. By J. Davidson, T. R. Bell, and HE. H. Aitken.
Part fo. (Wath Plates E17, ond) LID) ces cvontecnset:osntnsseaneanee tee
Tue Porsonous Puants or Bompay. By Surgeon-Major K. R.
Kirtikar, LM.LS.,, F.L.8.. Pari XIV. (With Plate P)......-0csovssceee
23%.
260
Some Furtaer Nores oN THE Gunus Trrias, By Captain EH. Y.
WatsOD....-scorcceveorascencebssecovsovsrecesanetcoecscecceeronscscessas cesses
OrniTHoLogicaL Nores From CocoawattTe Esrare, LUNUGALA, IN
tHe Province oF Uva, Cayton. By A. L. Butler .........ssc00
IREVIEWE. ccesccesccteccs ric eves accaetcdcecadacress vesceactsaacecchedesausnercamere
MISCELLANEOUS Nate
1. The Giant Orchis. By R.M. Dison, B.As eneccecoecesesecececesecrsesceeeeroecee
2. A Leporine Monstrosity. By A. Li. Butler ..c.c.....csccccccesccscrseses eacretecs
3. Bison in the Kamptee Cantonment limits. By Brig.-Surg.-Lieut.-Col.
Ss BANKS). ccccctccacecvectechssseence coecedscusserocceccetcoecctiecsersstececdaseesesers :
4, Red Antsas Smelling Salts, By A. Li. Butler... scoissceec-ccsesceeccerer. Reddo
5. The Food of the Musk-Rat. By G. K. Wasey... evccce HANSEN VEN DES eee
6. Field Notes from Cutch. By Lieut. C. D. Lester .....cs-.0000. CERO ROSUBCCEO 5
7. Note on Virachola Perse, Hewitson, a Lycenid Butterfly. By Gc.
» Dudgeon, F.E.S.c+.ccc-esseoces ahScoee opauscous Mcgatadesaeaon chacchssvedascueeusanen: eve
8. Note on Lehera Zrye, E Linneus, a ee Butterfly. By G..C.
Dudgeon, F.E,S.ccccess oteoaccsceebeoevcesvessuieedeocess eeccenvorencecces ecoles
PROCEEDINGS SOCHOSIVOSSHSHGDHGEHOOST HO FHS OCSCHOHSHOCHAHTHHOLALAE®F5E Per eSHOSHHPORe Te LOL
280
284
316
328
328
329
300
331
331
333
335 -
336
Jour. Somlbax Nat: Hist-Sec. Plate Ey
uti
{
E.C.S Baker del WMimntern Bros. Chromo hth. London
By UNE CHRYSORRHGEUM.
wo-vented Flower-pe cker
is all
JOURNAL
OF THE
= © Dies Fe “yz
datural History Soviet,
Vol. X.] BOMBAY. [WWo. 2.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.
Part V,
By E. ©. Sruarr Bakes, F.2.s., M.B.0.U-
(With Plate E.)
(Continued from page 12.)
Family Dicacidae.
(864) Dicmum crurNtuM.—The Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker,
Hume, No. 236 ; Oates, No. 912.
Rather common throughout Cachar. I have not personally noticed
it very high up, but one of my collectors obtained it at Guilang, about
4,000 feet elevation. I have taken some half-dozen nests, and found
them to be like the one taken by Oates (“ Nests and Eggs,” Vol. II,
page 270).
I have seen none like that described by Mr. Cripps, and my nests
have also averaged somewhat larger, probably about 3:25" x 2°75" or
a little less.
My eggs average only °52" x 37",
(865) Diczum cHrysorrHnUM.—The Orange-bellied Elower-
pecker. |
Hume, No. 237 ; Oates, No. 914.
Perhaps more common than D. cruentatum, and certainly ascends
higher, for I have myself seen it at Guilang, Chota Ninglo, and other
places, over 4,000 fect.
The lower mandible in the live bird is yellowish at the base, not
grey, asis shewn in the ‘plate. The irides are orange, orange-red,
162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
orange-b 4, or dull crimson, and I cannot make out that Mae colour
refers in any way to sex or age.
The nest of this bird is quite typical of the family, that is to say, it
is a small purse made of seed-down, cotton, and other similar soft
materials—feathers I have never known the bird make use of—fastened
together with fine grasses, fibres, and generally a good many cobwebs. '
The lining is made of the very softest of st¢mul down, and is very
neatly matted down into the interior of the nest.
Asarule it is not fastened to anything far from the ground, a
slender hanging twig, falling within some four to eight feet, being the
height which seems to be preferred.
My eggs average about °€3" x °45", and are of the soft chalky texture
common to all the family. They are, of course, pure white.
(366) Dicmum 1enrpectum.—The Fire-breasted Flower-pecker.
Hume, No. 241 ; Oates, No. 915.
I have only seen one pair of these birds. These were shot ae of
a small flock which were searching for insects in low bushes by a
roadway close to Diyungmukh at the extreme north of the district.
It must bea very rare bird, as I have not heard of any one else meet-
ing with it, and some Cacharies and Mikirs.to whom I shewed the
birds had no name for them and did not seem to recognize them at all.*
(367) Dicmum ottvaceum.—The Plain-coloured Flower-pecker.
Hume, No. 237 Ter.; Oates, No. 917.
Extremely common everywhere above 1,000 feet up to the very
highest peaks ; breeding principally at about 4,000 feet. It is some-
times seen in the plains, but seldom wanders out of the hills,
The nidification differs in no way from that of DD. concolor ;
the nest is a tiny purse of soft down, well matted together and bound
with a few fibres and many very fine shreds of grasses.
It is not, however, built in such lofty situations as is that of
D. concolor, and is, more often than not, placed on twigs not more than
six feet from the ground. My eggs average about 57” x °40", which
appears to be a good deal smaller than are the eggs of D. concolor.
* Since writing the above, [have seen a good many more of these birds, and [ find they are not
uncommon at Hungrum and on the surrounding high peaks, but, when feeding on high trees, as
they seem generally to do,itis nob easy to tell them from others of the same family, I find them
breeding at Hungrum.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 163
(368) Dicmum ERYTHRORHYNCHUS.—Tickell’s Flower-p. ‘or.
Hume, No. 238 ; Oates, No. 919.
A very rare bird in Cachar, butis sparsely scattered throughout the
whole of it. I have seen a specimen from near the extreme north, and
another from Hailakandi in the south, |
(369) Pirrisoma sguatipumM.—The Thick-billed Flower-pecker.
Hume, No. 240 ; Oates, No. 921.
This 7s the common form in Cachar after all, and not the next bird
P. modestum, as Oates suggests. I fancy I see ten at least of this bird
to every one of P. modestum.
(870) Piprisoma MopESTUM.—Hume’s Flower-pecker.
Hume, No. 240 Sex ; Oates, No. 922.
The nest of this bird differs in no way from that of P. squalzdum.
The description given by Captain Beavan (“Nests and Eggs,” Vol. II,
page 278) of the nest of that bird would have stood perfectly well for
the two | have seen of this.
One of my eggs, however, is rather peculiar; the ground-colour is of ©
the usual creamy-pink, but the markings are very bold and are almost
confined to a broad irregular ring at the larger end. They consist of
large blotches of brownish-red, running into and over-laying one
another, the colour being, so to speak, doubled in depth where they
coalesce, and there are also secondary smaller blotches of lavender and
pinky-grey. Outszde the ring there are only a few small blotches and
freckles of both kinds; znséde they are fairly numerous. The egg isa
broad oval, rather inclined to the peg-top shape, but is not very
pointed.
Tt measures °64" x °50" fully.
Family Pittide.
(871) Pitta NEPALENSIS.—The Blue-naped Pitta.
Hume, No. 344; Cates, No. 927.
In a freshly prepared skin the male bird will be seen to have a far
brighter pmk hue on the lower plumage than is ever shown on that
of the female. Moreover, the extent of blue on the nape is far greater
in extent in the male than it is in the opposite sex, and it is also much
brighter. The general difference is altogether a great deal more dis-
tinct than one would imagine from reading Oates’s remarks in “ The
Fauna of British India.” I have noted the colour of the soft parts as
164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
follows :- Sui, horny ; gape, dull purple ; mouth, dark flesh colour ;
edges of eye-lids, dull flesh colour; irides, vandyke-brown (Jerdon
says lightish brown); legs varying from pink flesh-colour to dullreddish-
slate colour ; soles, paler fleshy- pink ; claws, almost white.
The female has the edge of the maxilla and nearly the whole of the
mandible flesh-colour or horny flesh-coleur, the tip being less pink than
the rest. |
Hume’s:“ Nests and Eggs” gives such an incomplete description of
the eggs of this very common species that I add afew notes about
those taken by myself.
The ground-colour of the eggs is, as described, white, sometimes
faintly tinged with pink ; and the markings range from a pale rufous
or reddish to a deep purple or blackish-brown.
In the majority of eggs these markings consist of spots and small
irregular blotches, whilst in others the blotches are larger and are
more or less intermingled with short broad streaks and straggling lines,
and other kinds of marks,
In those eggs in which the markings are of the darker tints there
are generally some of dark brown as well, and also a few of very faint
grey. In some of my eggs the spots, blotches, etc., are almost entirely
absent, and in others they are very numerous over the whole surface.
Typically, the markings are rather numerous towards the bigger end,
and somewhat scanty elsewhere.
One clutch.is minutely speckled all over with pale rufous. Another
has only a few spots of pale lavender; a third is densely covered with
short seriggly lines of very dark purple-brown mixed with spots and
specks of the same colour ‘as well as subordinate ones of grey.
Yet a fourth type is thickly fr reckled with darker colours, and this type
is not at all uncommon.
One hundred eggs average 1°14” x :90", and they vary in length
between °89” and 1:28" and in breadth between ‘79" and 1°10".
J have taken three eggs, hard set, from a nest, and have also seen
seven in a nest more than once.
(372) Prrra cyanra.—The Blue Pitta.
Hume, No. 344, Ter.; Oates, No. 980,
Not a common bird, and seems to be migratory. The young bird
has the whole upper plumage with the feathers tipped black, and the
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 165
lower plumage the same, though not so distinct. Thesa biack tips are
not discarded until the second year.
The nest is far more compact than is that of P. nepalensis., Hume
_ says the eggs “are broad ovals, not nearly so spherical as those of
P. brachyura, with a fair amount of gloss, but again by no means so
glossy as those of the species just referred to.’? Now I have taken
intensely glossy ones and very spherical ones; in fact, with the exception
of one pair of eggs of P. cucullata, a clutch of eggs of P. cyanea now —
in my collection are the most glossy ones I have, as also the most
spherical.
The eggs vary nearly as much as those of P. nepalensis ; but, taking
them all round, they are decidedly more richly marked, and the
markings are certainly both darker and more numerous.
(373) Pirra cucuLLata.—The Green-breasted Pitta,
Flume, No. 346 ; Oates, No. 935.
Not 2 common bird anywhere, and very irregularly distributed.
Thus there is one little tiny stream in the north where I can always
find a few, but there are none in the Diyung into which the Kuta,
the smal] stream in question, runs ; nor are there any on several of the
other small streams in the immediate vicinity. Their loud musical
whistle always denotes their whereabouts, but they are such shy birds
and keep so much to fairly thick undergrowth that.they are not often
seen though often heard. }
The spherical pair of eggs above alluded to measure °95" x -99!
and -92" x -91"; so it will be seen that it would not be easy to get any
much more spherical than these.
The eggs average in richness of colouring, etc., much the same as
those of P. cyanea ; indeed all the smaller Pittas seem to lay eggs more’
handsomely and more profusely marked than does P. nepalensis.
OrpER—EURYL=MI.
Family Hurylemide.
(374) P. sartsomus-DaLHousia.—The Long-tailed Broad-bill,
Hume, No, 188.
This beautiful Broad-bill is by no means uncommon above 2,000 feet,
and from that height up to about 4,000 feet; above the latter and
below the former it isnot common, though I have met with it in the
166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
plains on <ivre than one occasion. I do not think, however, that it
often breeds much below 2,U00 feet.
The nest is like that described in “ Nests and Hggs,” Vol. II, page
289, and it is not necessary to add anything about it; but in North §
Cachar I have found this bird to lay three very distinct types of egg.
The first type is pure white, with numerous, rather large, boldly -
defined blotches of reddish-brown, with here and there a se
secondary marks of pale purple.
The second type has the ground varying from pale to rather dark
full cream with large and rather light reddish blotches, the secondary :
markings being the same as in the first type. In both types the
blotches are generally fairly numerous everywhere, but more so
towards the larger end, in a few eggs being almost confined to this.
The third type is pure unmarked white, and differs also from the
others in being decidedly mors glossy.
In shape the egg is normally rather a pointed oval, decidedly
smaller at one than at the other end. I think also that the pure white
eggs are more pointed than the others, and that the second type is less
so than the first.
Twenty-four egos of the first type average 1:15" X -73" fall.
Thirty-two eggs of the second type average 11” x °72", and the
only nine I have measured of the white ones average 1°12” X *73",
Besides these nine, I have a clutch of five eggs, evidently the first
clutch laid by the hen, for the smallest egg measures ony) "80" x 62",
and they gradually increase to 1:20" to *80”.
I have found in the stomachs of these birds cockroaches, small
beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, and many other kinds of insects, some
amongst them being grubs and larve, evidently taken from the
rough bark of trees, and this would infer that the birds sometimes feed
clinging to the trunks and larger branches. I haye seen them
capture insects on the wing, and whilst thus engaged their actions
reminded me of Drongo-shrikes, but they are heavier and slower.
It thas a peculiar habit of settling on the end of some thin pendant
bough and thence climbing slowly up, with head and tail close to the
branch; and under these circumstances and at a little distance it has a
very parrot-like aspect, heightened by the long tail and brilliant
colouring.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH. CACHAR, 167
ScRILOPHUS LUNATUS.—Gould’s Broad-bill.»
Hume, No. 139 Bis.
Iam very doubtful about this bird, never having had a typical Bur-
mese S, lunatus to compare with my skins. At present all I can say zs that
L have come across some half-dozen birds in-these hills which differ from
the normal plumage of &. rubropygius in that they have the forehead a
pale grey, not contrasting with, but shading into, the dark grey of the
occiput, and also have the hue of the nape decidedly brownish.
This, of course, agrees exactly with Sclater’s diagnosis of S. lunatus
as given in the British Museum Catalogue, Vol. XLV, page 460 ; but
the colouring ts so much a matter of degree that, without having a typical
skin for purposes of comparison, Ido not number this as being, without
doubt, a Cachar bird.
Nearly all the birds I have seen with this plumage have been birds
caught on the nest.
Both this and the eggs are ne like that of the normal
8. rubropygius.
(875) ScrinopHts RUBROPYGIUS—Hodgson’s Broad-bill.
Alume, No. 189.
This is a very common bird in North Cachar,
The nest of this bird is built on the same plan as that of Psarisomus
dalhousic, but is far neater, smaller, and more compact. It is built of
much the same kind of materials, but fewer twigs, sticks, and tendrils
are used, and a good deal more grass and similar substances ; moreover,
in the inside as lining there are always placed a certain number of
fresh leaves gathered from some evergreen plant, a lining which
P, dalhousice more seldom goes in for ; but, on the other hand, he in-
variably masses on the outside of his nest a comparatively vast tangle
of small twigs, silk cocoons, excretz of insects and other useless
ornaments which S, rubropygtus finds he can do without.
The positions chosen as sites for the nests are much the same, and
on one occasion I found a nest of each species on the same tree ; but
IT have never taken two nests of the red-backed bird from one tree.
It breeds from the level of the plains up to about 5,000 feet,
perhaps even higher, but the majority below 3,000 feet.
The eggs, in number four to six or even seven, are white with a few
black or black-and-purple spots scattered about all over the surface
\
168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
of the ece but more numerous towards the larger end. In some —
ot,
eggs the spots are rather paler, a brownish-purple ; and one or two
clutches I have seen have the ground-colour a pale delicate pink,
with spots of purple-brown and secondary ones of lavender and grey,
these latter often surrounding the darker ones as with a nimbus, but —
not making them look as if they had run.
The few specimens of this type in my collection all have the markings |
almost confined to the larger end, and even there not very numerous.
Taking the whole series [ have seen—probably over a hundred—I
should say that an equal number of eggs of very few other birds would —
show as little variation either in size, shape or coloration. Forty eggs
average ‘96"°72", but I have kept no record of the largest and
smallest eggs taken.
The shape is a broad oval, rather pointed. The texture is close ond
fine, shewing a slight gloss.
Far from being the bold bird as it is stated to be by Dr. Helter
(Jerdon), I have found it to be rather wild and shy, and that when
frightened it often takes flight to some distance. When, however, it is
in one of the deep shady nullahs to which it is so fond of resorting,
it is often loathe to leave, and a flock, if followed up in such a place,
may be almost exterminated before it will do so.
I have sometimes heard this bird uttermg a low warbling note,
rather a musical sound, and very different tothe harsh “ tin-kettly”’
cry which seems to be that most indulged in by this family.
_ The Cacharis assert that there is a third species of Broad-bill
inhabiting these hills, and they describe a bird which would seem to be
Cymborhnchus macrochnehus, though that bird is most unlikely to be -
found here. The Cacharis are, however, such close observers, some
of them also such keen naturalists, that I think their report may haye —
some foundation. They brought me a nest and eggs once belonging
to this unknown bird, which corresponded in every detail, except as
regards size, with the nests and eggs of Psarisomus, but they were
much smaller.
a
Pi
; %
169
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA
FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION,
By Lionzn pe NicBviuLe, F.z.S., 0.M.z.8., &c.
(With Plates R, 8, and T.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Sept., 1895.)
(Continued from page 40.)
Suborder RHOPALOCERA.
Hamily LYCAZNIDA,
19, ARRHOPALA AUZHA, n. sp., Pl. S, Figs. 29, @; 30, 9.
Hasrtat: Preanger, S.-W. Java,
EXPANSE: 6, 9, 2°4 inches.
-Duscrrption: Matz. UPpErsive, both wings shining pale silvery-.
blue. Forewing with tHe costa as far as the subcostal nervure, the
apex widely and the outer margin less widely, of a darker and more
purple tint than the rest of the wing ; the costa and outer margin very
4
narrowly black. ndwing with the costa somewhat widely fuscous ;
the abdominal margin, as far as the submedian nervure, whitish ; the
- outer margin broadly but decreasingly to the anal angle of the same
purple tint as the costa and outer margin of the forewing ; the outer
margin with a narrow anteciliary black line as in the forewing, within
which, at the anal angle, are two narrow black spots divided by the
submedian nervure ; tail at the end of the first median nervule long,
black, tipped with white ; a short tooth-like projection at the termina-
tion of the submedian nervure. UNDERSIDE, both wings dull hair-
brown ; all the spots of a much darker shade of brown, outwardly
prominently defined by a white line. orewing, with all the
veins more or less defined with white ; the inner margin broadly
whitish ; a large round spot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a
still larger one in the middle, a still larger again quadrate one at the
end of the cell, its outer edge trifestooned ; a large spot posterior to
the costal nervure anterior to the middle spot in the cell ; two spots
beyond this, one above the other, anterior to the spot at the end of the
cell and divided by the first subcostal nervule ; a large spot at the base
of the submedian interspace extending into the sutural area, joined
toanother large transverse spot placed at the base of the first median
2 ,
170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xx, é
nervule, also extending into the sutural area, a large spot filling t
base of the first and a small spot filling the base of the second median
interspace; a discal series of eight spots placed four and four, the
anterior quartette placed strongly outwardly obliquely, increas-
ing in size to the fourth spot which is the largest, the posterior —
quartette well removed inwardly from the lowest spot of the anterior a
quartette, arranged at right angles to the inner margin, the two ~
lowest spots divided by the submedian nervure much smaller %
than the two spots anterior to them, the lowest spot of all the ~
smallest of all; marginal and submarginal series of obscure oblong, —
fuscous spots, the submarginal series the more prominent. Lindwing
with a broad subcostal white fascia, outwardly extending a little on a
both sides of the two subcostal nervules ; a large spot at the extreme x
base of the wing anterior to the cosial nervure ; four spots extending 3
across the base of the wing, the anterior on® posterior to the costal
nervure very large ; beyond and touching the last-named spot in the
same interspace is a stili larger spot ; an oval spot in the middle of
the cell, with a very large triangular one posterior to it m the —
submedian interspace ; a very large triangular spot at the end of the
cell, posterior to which is a spot at the base of the first median
interspace ; the discal series consists of six spots arranged in pairs, and
a large hook-shaped marking which reaches from the first median —
nervule to the internal nervure ; a submarginal and marginal series of
markings as in the forewing ; an oblong black spot on the margin in~
the fiyst median interspace crowned with pale metallic blue scales ; a
larger marginal black spot in the submedian interspace sprinkled all —
over with blue scales ; the anal lobe small, black, crowned with blue
scales; a black anteciliary thread, defined on both sides with an equally
fine white thread, anteriorly obsolete, FrmaLe. UPprersipe, both
wings differ from the male in having the black borders very broad,
forewing has, the costal border reaching to the subcostal nervure, 4
and giving off a black bar at the end of the cell, the area around
which is whitish. Otherwise as in the male. 4 |
This species belongs to the group of A. camdeo, Moore, a North-Hast ' :
Indian species, from which the male is distinguished by the different
shade of blue of the upperside without the whitish irroration inthe
middle of the forewing. The markings of the underside are very
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, ala
different. Itis also allied to <A. anarie, Hewitson, from Nemotha
(Cachar), Myitta (Burma), the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and
Makassar (Celebes), but that species lacks the broad subcostal white
fascia on the underside of the hindwing present in A. auzea. It is
perhaps nearest to “ Amblypodia” aucesia, Hewitson,* but the male
differs from that sex in having narrow instead of broad black margins
to both wings on the upperside, and has no irrorated white patch
in the middle of the forewing ; the female differs in being of a much
paler shade, more blue, less purple, with that colour far more extensive
on the hindwing; on the underside the markings are smaller and
well separated instead of being run together ; A. auwesza is also a
smaller insect. ‘* Amblypodia” anthore, Hewitson,t is somewhat
similar on the upperside, but the underside is quite different, hav-
ing no costal white fascia to the hindwing. This feature is absent
also in “ Amblypodia” acetes, Hewitson,t and differs also in the
hindwing on the upperside having the blue area even smaller than
in A. auwesia. As far as I am aware, the white costal fascia on the
underside of the hindwing is only found in A. subfasczata, Moore, from
Burma, A. auwesia, Hewitson, from Sumatra, A. auzea, de Nicéville,
from Java, and A. tephlis, Hewitson, from Gilolo.
Described from a single pair kindly sent to me by Herr G. Hoppen-
stedt.
29. ARRHOPALA AZINIS, n. sp., Pl. T, Fig. 31, 3.
Hasirat: N.-E, Sumatra.
Expanse: @, 1:55 inches.
Duscrrption: Mate. Uprersipe, both wings deep shining purple.
Forewing with the costa narrowly black ; outer margin rather broadly
black (rather Jess than 2 mms.). Hindwing with the costa, outer
and abdominal margins still more broadly. black than in the forewing
(about 3 mms.); anal lobe very small, black, tipped with white ; tail
rather short, black, tipped with white. UNDERSIDE, both wings dull
hair-brown, almost plumbeous, all the markings very slightly darker
than the ground-colour, with very narrow outer whitish margins ;
* TIL Diurn..Lep., gpa! p. 5, n. 10, pli, figs. 2, 3, male; 1,.. female (1863),
from Sumatra,
+ Cat. Lycenide B. M., p. 6, n. 25, pl. iii, figs. 21, 22, made (1862)\ from Batchian,
{Cat, Lycenide B, M., p. 5,0. 19, pl, iii, figs, 14,15, female (1862), from Makassar,
Celebes,
172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
the usual submarginal fascia straight and rather prominent. Forewing
with a small round spot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a
larger transverse one across its middle, and a still larger one at
its end; a small round spot above the latter on the costa; two indis-
tinct. ones below the cell divided by the first median nervule; a rather
broad even slightly outwardly curved discal band, the uppermost spot of }
which is the smallest, the two lowermost spots in the submedian inter-
space darker than the rest, conjoined, forming a figure of 8; the inner
margin broadly paler than the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the
usual four round spots across the base, followed by three others, the
middle one in the cell; a large spot closing the cell; an irregular
discal band, its two uppermost portions in one straight line, the
four following portions also in one straight line, but shifted outwardly
towards the margin of the wing, the two posteriormost portions
recurved to the abdominal margin; the small anal lobe deep black ;
a small oval spot on the margin in the first median interspace crowned
with metallic green scales; the space between this latter spot and
the anal lobe sprinkled with metallic green scales, anterior to which
is a sprinkling of black and white scales ; a white anteciliary thread
vrominent at the anal angle, obsolete about the middle of the margin.
This appears to be a very distinct species. On the upperside it is
somewhat similar to the common A. adorea, mzhi,* which occurs in
Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and N.-E. Sumatra, from which
it differs in its somewhat smaller size, darker purple coloration, and
.
broader black borders. On the underside it is very near to A. ace,
mihi,t from the Malay Peninsula, and N.-E. Sumatra, but the
ground-colour is not quite so dark, and all the spots are smaller.
Described from a unique example in the collection of Hofrath Dr,
L, Martin taken at Bekantschan in March, 1894,
91, ARRHOPALA AZATA, n.-sp., Pl. T, Figs. 32, 6; 38, 9.
Hapitat: Perak, Malay Peninsula; Battak Mountains, N.-H..
Sumatra.
Expanse: @, 19; 2, 1°8 inches.
Description: Matz, Uprrnrsipn, both wings pale violet-blue, very
similar in shade to that of A. anarte and A. camdeo as figured by
* Butt. of India, vol, iii, p. 238, n. 789, pl. Frontispiece, fig, 139, male (1890).
+ Journ, Bomb. Nat, Hist. Soc, vol. vii, p. 329, n. 6, pl. , fig, 18, male (1892).
=m -
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 173
Hewitson in Cat. Lycenide B. M., pl. iii, though somewhat darker.
Forewing has the costa and outer margin most narrowly black.
Hindwing has the apex as far as the first subcostal nervule fuscous,
the outer margin most narrowly black, the abdominal margin broadly
whitish ; the anal lobe small, bearing a deep black spot almost hidden
beneath turquoise-blue scales; outer tail from termination of first median
nervule rather long, black, tipped with white ; inner tail from termi-
nation of submedian nervure very short, tooth-like, black. UNDERSIDE,
both wings pale shining hair-brown, all the markings of a deeper shade
of brown than the ground, outwardly defined with whitish. Forewing
with a circular spot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a reniform
one across its middle, a quadrate one outwardly indented closing the
cell, two large spots posterior to the cell divided by the first median
nervule ; a discal band of six (seven in Sumatran specimens) well
rounded spots, the two (or three) lowermost ones shifted inwardly
towards the base of the wing posterior to the third median nervule; a
broad, rather prominent submarginal fascia. Hindwing with five
round basal spots; an oval one in the middle of the cell, with one
anterior and one posterior to it ; a large spot at the end of the cell, with
a small one posterior to it at the base of the first median interspace ; a
diseal series of spots, the six anterior ones well rounded, placed in pairs,
the two posterior ones elongated and recurved to the abdominal margin ;
a double series of marginal lunules ; the anal lobe and oval spot on the
margin in the first median interspace prominent, deep black, crowned
with metallic turquoise-blue scales, the interspace between them also
thickly sprinkled with similarly-coloured scales ; an anteciliary black
thread defined on both sides with white, Frmate. Uvpprrsipz, both
wings pale violet-blue. forewing with the costa and outer margin
rather broadly (between 2 and 3 mms.) black, the spot closing the
discoidal cell on the underside shewing through on the upperside, and
defined on both sides with whitish, Hindwing with the costa and
outer margin broadly black, but this black border is reduced to two
narrow black spots towards the anal angle. UNDERSIDE, doth wings
as in the male. |
Ido not know any near ally to this species. It may be close to
A, wihara, Felder, described from Malacca interior and recorded from
Tenasserim and Nias, but that species appears to have in the male a
174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
black border of uncertain width on the upperside, while A. azata 4
cannot be said to have any black border at all. On the underside of
the forewing as figured, A. véhara has only five spots in the discal band,
and the inner margin is almost white, in A. azata there are six or
seven discal spots, and the inner margin is but slightly paler than the
rest of the wing; moreover, this band is even in A. whara, broken in —
A. azata, The paie blue coloration of this species on the auesucle in
both sexes makes it a very easily recognised one,
Described from a male from Perak and one from Sumatra taken in
July in my own collection, and a pair from the latter island taken in
March and November in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin.
22, ARRHOPALA ANILA, n. sp.
Amblypodia agesias, variety a, Hewitson, Cat, Lycenide, B, M., p, 11, n. 49 (1862); id.,
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol, iii, p. 273 (1890).
Haprrat: Perak ; Rawan, Selangor (December)—both in the Malay
Peninsula; N.-H. Sumatra ; Borneo.
-Expanse: @, 1°2 to 1°6 inches.
I have ventured to give this forma name. Hewitson described it —
from a female as a variety of A. agesias, Hewitson. I think it highly
improbable that it is a variety. I now possess nine specimens of it,
and have seen many more, and they are all alike, and agree in having
no discal band on the forewing on the underside, while typical
A, agesias, Hewitson, from Borneo, has the usual band consisting of
five round spots as figured, though Hewitson only mentions four,
Hewitson describes A. agescas and its variety from femaie specimens,
All my specimens look like females, but Iam doubtful as to their sex— _
they may be males. Ido not describe the species here, as I have
already done so at sufficient length on page 273 of vol. iii of “ The
Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon.”
93, ARRHOPALA AVATHA, n. sp., Pl. T, Fig. 34, @.
Hasirat: N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: ¢, 15 to 14 inches,
Description: Maur. Upprrsipn, both wings dark shining purple,
with a broad (a little more than 2 mms.) outer black border, Forewing
with the costa very narrowly black, the outer margin rather more
broad ily black at the apex. Hindwing with the costa and abdominal
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. elie
margin broadly black. UNDERSIDE, both wings dull hair-brown
with a slight gloss in some lights ; all the markings very indistinct,
of the colour of the ground, outwardly defined by a pale line. Fore-
wing with a round spot towards the middle of the discoidal cell ;
an oblong spot closing the cell ; a discal almost straight band of
five or six rounded spots ; a very obscure Submarginal fascia; the
inner margin broadly paler than the rest of the wing. Hindwing
with the usual four small round basal spots ; 2 round spot in the middle
of the cell, witha spot anterior to it on the costa; an oblong
spot closing the cell; a large spot posterior to the cell in the
submedian interspace ; a somewhat regular discal band, of which
the posterior of the two anterior spots is placed midway between
the third spot of the discal series and the spot at the end of the
cell ; two indistinct marginal fascize ; no anal lobe or tail, but at
the anal angle there is on the outer margin an elongated narrow
black spot anteriorly crowned with metallic turquoise-blue scales.
This species appears to be nearest to A. davisonit, mihz,* from
Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, from which it
may instantly be known by the black border on the upperside of the
- male being quite twice as broad. The markings of the underside are
practically the same in both.
Described from five specimens in my collection, which do not
differ at all, I would not have ventured to name it had I not
found from the examination of perhaps a hundred specimens that
A. davisonit is constant in the width of the black border on the upper=
side in the male. It is probably the present species that Mr. H. J.
Elwes refers to when he wrotet:—‘ There seems to be considerable
variation in the breadth of the border ’’ of A. davisonz2.
24, CAMENA CRETHEUS, de Nicéville, Pl. T, Fig. 35, @.
C. cretheus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p, 294, n. 24, pl. P,
fig. 85, male (1895).
Hasirat : Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: 9, 1°4 inches.
Description: Fematz. Upprrsipr, both wings dull pale blue
without any gloss. forewing with the base of the costa whitish ; the
* Butt of India, vol, iii, p. 280, n. 845, pl, Frontispiece, fig. 135, male (1890), from Singapores
t Proc, Zool, Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 633.
176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
apex broadly black, this colour extending decreasingly along the
costa till it meets the white area, also decreasingly along the outer
margin, ending almost in a point at the anal angle. Hindwing with
the basal half of the costa broadly white, the apex equally broadly
black, the outer margin bearing a fine black anteciliary thread,
defined inwardly by an equally fine white thread ; an indistinct — 4
marginal round diffused black spot in the first median interspace ;
the anal lobe black, bearing anteriorly a small orange spot ; abdominal
margin broadly white. UNDERSIDE, doth wings as in the male, except
that the orange spot at the base of the costa of the forewing is
less prominent than in the male, and the orange subanal area on the
hindwing is more extensive, extending uninterruptedly to the abdomi-
na] margin, and reaching the discal line. |
Described from a single example in my collection captured in
March. 3
Genus CRHUSA, nov.
Mate, Forewine, triangular 3 costa regularly but slightly
arched ; apex acute; outer margin nearly straight ;znmner angle —
rounded ; inmer margin nearly straight, slightly emarginate in the
middle ; costal nervure ending opposite to the apex of the discoidal
cell ; first subcostal nervule arising a little nearer to the apex of the
cell than to the base of the wing, close to its base anteriorly bowed
forwards, and almost touching the costal nervure for some little
distance ; second subcostal arising about as far from the first subcostal —
as from the origin of the upper disco-cellular nervule ; third
subcostal short, arising much nearer to the apex of the wing than to
the apex of the cell ; subcostal nervwre ending at the apex of the
wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule (this is actually the base of the
upper discoidal nervule) stout, rather long, strongly outwardly
oblique; middle disco-cellular straight, upright ; lower disco-cellular |
also straight and upright, slightly longer than the middle disco-
cellular ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the
cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than to the
base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as the
second does from the third ; submedian nervure slightly sinuous ;
secondary sexual character consists of a large patch of modified deep
black scales occupying nearly the outer half of the cell, and extending —
a ee ere eS
il ;
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 177
slightly beyond it into the discoidal interspaces. HiInpDWINe, costa
greatly arched at base, thence straight to apex ; apex well rounded ; _
outer margin very nearly straight to the anal lobe ; tazls two, short, the
anterior one from the termination of the first median nervule rather
longer than the posterior one from the termination of the submedian
nervure ; anal lode small ; abdominal margin sinuous, excavated,
anterior to the anal lobe ; costal nervure greatly arched at the base,
thence straight to the apex of the wing ; first subcostal nervule arched
throughout its length, arising well before the apex of the cell ; disco-
cellular nervules of equal length, nearly straight, strongly outwardly
oblique ; second median nervule arising just before the lower end of
the cell ; jirst median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than
the base of the wing ; submedian nervure straight ; internal nervure
highly sinuous. Antenne about half the length of the costa of the
forewing, with a lengthened rather slender club. Kyes naked. Palpi
naked, porrected forwards, the third joint not rising above the level of
the top of the head. Thorax small. Abdomen not nearly reaching to
the-anal angle of the hindwing. Frematz. Wines somewhat broader
than in the male. Formwinc, with no patch of androconia on the
upperside. Hinpwine, has the outer margin more rounded than in
the male. Type, C. culta, de Nicéville.
Nearest to the genus Ops, de Nicéville,* with which it agrees very
closely in outline and neuration, but differs from the three species
included therein by its smaller size, and the character of the “ male-
mark,” which in bleached specimens remains unaffected by the
bleaching fluid, while in O. ogyges, de Nicéville, the type of the genus
Ops, it entirely disappears when bleached ; it also occupi¢s a different
position, as it does not extend anteriorly or posteriorly beyond the
cell, being strictly bounded in those directions by the subcostal and
median nervures,
25. OREUSA CULTA, n. sp., PI. T, Figs. 36, $3; 37, 9.
Hasirat : Khasi Hills.
Expanse: ¢, 1:2 to 1-4 ; 9, 1:3 inches.
Description : Mate. UPrersipe, both wings rich shining deep
blue as in Tajuria longinus, Fabricius ; cilia fuscous. Forewing with
‘* Journ, Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 296 (1895).
178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
the costa as far as the subcostal nervure, the apex widely, the outer —
margin decreasingly black ; a large oval plush-like jet-black patch a
of androconia at the end of the discoidal cell, outwardly extending just —
beyond it. Hindwing with the costa and apex broadly fuscous, the
abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous, the outer margin with an
anteciliary black thread; the anal lobe fuscous, with faint traces —
of a few ochreous and blue scales at the middle ; tails fuscous, tipped
with white. UNpERSIDE, both wings drab or pale slate colour, the
disc crossed by a deeper drab narrow line outwardly faintly defined
with whitish. Forewing, the inner margin broadly paler than the rest
of the wing ; the discal line is nearly straight, commences close to
the costa and ends on the submedian nervure ; there is a faint trace of —
a submarginal dark fascia, Hindwing, the discal line somewhat
irregular, posteriorly zigzag and recurved to the abdominal margin ;
a rather small ochreous spot close to the margin in the first median ~
interspace, and a similar one on the anal lobe, the latter bears out-
wardly a small patch of black and metallic turquoise-blue scales ;
the space between the two ochreous spots is faintly irrorated with
black and white scales. Thorax above blue. Abdomen above
fuscous, beneath drab. Antenne black, very slightly annulated
with white, the club beneath ferruginous, at the tip wholly ferru- —
ginous. Frmatz. Uppersipn, both wings much paler blue with less
gloss than in the male. Forewing with the base of the costa whitish,
no androconal black patch, the apex less broadly black than in the
male. Otherwise asin the male.
On the upperside the male at once reminds one of Hewiteon? s
figure of the male of ‘ Tolaus” tseeus, Hewitson,* which I identify
with Britomartis cleoboides, Elwes,} but the blue coloration in that
species is of a far paler and duller shade, and the apex of the hind-
wing is not broadly black. Mr. Hampson, however, informs me that
the blue colour shewn in Hewitson’s figure is incorrect, it should be
darker, as in Tajuria longinus, Fabricius. It cannot, however, repre-
sent C. culéa, as that species has three subcostal nervules to the fore-
wing, while “ f,” zsceus has only two. On the upperside the female
1869).
; Journ, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 306, n, 1 (1895).
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 179
at once reminds one of Hewitson’s figure of “ Jolaus” isceus, Hewit-
son,* which name stands for the species, but the underside differs
considerably, as it has a very large ochreous area at the anal angle of
the hindwing, which area in C. culta is reduced to two small spots.
I am indebted to the Rev. Walter A. Hamilton for the gift of five
males and one female of this interesting little species,
Genus CREON, nov.
MALE, Forewiné, triangular, broad ; costa arched at base, straight
in the middle, deflected posteriorly at the apex ; apex acute; outer
margin strongly convex ; inner angle rather acute; inner margin
much bowed posteriorly in the middle, to the edge of this bowed
portion are attached two pencils of hairs, the interior one is narrow,
long, deep black, directed obliquely outwardly, under and forwards, and
extends a little beyond the submedian fold ; the exterior one is broad,
short, and pale ochreous ; costal nervure ending opposite to the apex
of the discoidal cell ; jirst subcostal nervule arising nearer to the apex
of the cell than to the base of the wing, well separated from the costal
nervure ; second subcostal arising twice as far from the upper disco-
cellular as from the first subcostal nervule ; third subcostal short,
arising much nearer to the apex of the wing than to the apex of the
eell; subcostal nervure ending at the apex of the wing ; upper disco-
cellular nervule (this is actually the base of the upper discoidal nervule)
stout, rather long, strongly outwardly oblique ; middle disco-cellular
very slightly concave, upright ; lower disco-cellular straight, in the
same straight line with and rather longer than the middle disco-
eellular ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of
_the cell ; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than to
the base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as the
second does from the third; submedian mnervure slightly sinuous,
HINDWING, costa greatly arched at base, thence to apex forming a very
obtuse angle, the two sides forming this angle of nearly equal length,
each side almost straight; apew well rounded ; outer margin at first
slightly concave, produced from the apex of the second median nervule
to the anal lobe ; tails two, short, the anterior one from the termina-
tion of the first median nervule rather longer than the posterior one
* Til. Diurn, Lep., Lycenide, p. 44, n, 15, pl, xix, figs. 13, 14, male (1865),
180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
from the termination of the submedian nervure; anal lobe rather small; _
abdominal margin excavated anterior to the anal lobe, then greatly —
convex to the base of the wing ; costal nervure short, much arched —
at base, arched again in the middle; a small round deep black patch of
androconia on the upperside in the middle of the subcostal interspace,
well separated from the veins on either side of it, placed in a line with —
the base of the upper disco-cellular nervule; first subcostal nervule
arched throughout its length, ending at the apex of the wing, arising
well-before the apex of the cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule nearly
straight, strongly outwardly oblique ; lower disco-cellular also straight,
not so strongly outwardly oblique asthe upper disco-cellular, of the
same length; third median nervule much arched througheut its
length ; second median arising immediately before the lower end of
the cell ; jirst median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than
the base of the wing, arising about twice as far from the second as_ the
second does from the third; submedian nervure straight; internal
nervure short, bowed outwardly close to its base. Antenne about half
=e Li! ae ee eee
we SE eed gti a a
the length of the costa of the forewing, witha lengthened rather
slender club. Hyesnaked. Palp naked, porrected forwards, the third
joint not rising above the level of the top of the head. Thorax small.
Abdomen not nearly reaching to the anal angle of the hindwing.
Femate. Wines, broader than in the male. ForREwING, inner
margin instead of being bowed out as in the male is emarginate in the
middle, and has no tufts of hair attached to its edge and turned
under and forwards as in the male. Hinpwine, costa regularly and
evenly arched throughout its length ; costal nervure long, ending at
the apex of the wing, in the male it is short, and the first subcostal
nervule ends at. the apex; no androconal patch of modified scales in
the subcostal interspace. Otherwise as in the male. Type, C. cleobis,
Godart.
This genus is allied to Camena, Hewitson, but differs in its male
secondary sexual characters. In the forewing it has two ( instead’ of
one) tufts of hair attached to the inner margin, which is a unique feature
in the Lycenide as far as I am aware ; and the androconal patch on
the hindwing is very much smaller, being confined to the middle of one
interspace, instead of extending into several interspaces as in C. ctesia,
Hewitson (the type of Camena), and €. deva, Moore (the type of |
oo ayn
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ff
mae. |:
mt
a
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 181
Pratapa, Moore). The hindwing is also more bowed forwards in the
middle, forming there an obtuse angle, and is more produced in the
anal region from the lobe to the second median nervule than in those
species. .
(1) CREON CLEOBIS, Godart.
Polyommatus cleobis, G@odart, Enc. Méth., vol, ix, p. 634, n. 61 (1823); Tolaus cleobis,
Hewitson, Dll, Diurn. Lep., p. 43, n, 12, pl. xviii, figs. 8,9, male ; 10, female (1865) ;
_ Pratapa cleobis,de Nicéville, Journ, A,S, B., vol. liv, pt. 2, p. 49, n, 91 (1885); id.,
Hampson, Journ. A.S.B., vol, lvii, pt. 2, p. 360, un, 145 (1888); Camena cleobis, de
Nicéville, Butt..of India, vol. iii, p. 343, n. 899 (1890); Amdlypodia hypatada, Moore,
Horsfield and Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 45, n. 72 (1857) ; Dipsas biocellatus,
Grose, MS., Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C., vol. i, pl. xii, fig. 2, larva; 2a, pupa (1857).
Hasirat : Masuri in the Western Himalayas, Bholahat in the Malda
district, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Western Duars, Calcutta, Sibsagar in
Upper Assam, Chin Lushai Hills, Ruby Mines in pee Burma,
Nilgiri Hills.
26. TAJURIA THRIA, n. sp., Pl. T, Figs. 38, 3; 39, 2.
Hasirat: Daunat Range, Middle Tenasserim, Burma ; Battak
~ Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: ¢@, 1°25 to 1°35 ; 2, 1:20 inches.
Description: Maur. Upprrsipg, forewing black, with a slight
gloss in some lights, Hindwing with the costa as far as the costal ner-
vure whitish ; the apex and outer margin narrowly and decreasingly
black, towards the anal angle this black margin is reduced to an ante-
ciliary thread, posteriorly inwardly defined by an equally fine white
thread; the abdominal margin as far as the submedian nervure
‘broadly whitish, outwardly becoming blackish ; the rest of the wing
glittering azure ; anal lobe black, bearing anteriorly a few blue scales;
tails black with white tips, the outer one from the termination of the
first median nervule the longer, the inner one from the termination
of the submedian nervure inwardly ciliated with white. Unpersrpz,
both wings dull chrome-yellow ; with a discal narrow darker line
outwardly defined with whitish. Zorewing has the discoical cell closed
by a pair of darker lines ; the discal line is outwardly bowed, it com-
mences at the costa and ends on the submedian nervure ; there is a very
obscure submarginal fascia ; the inner margin broadly pale. Avnd-
wing has the discal band from the costa to the second median nervule
straight, then zigzagged to the abdominal margin; the outer margin
SS
182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
_ far as the discal line and from the anal angle to the third median .
nervule, anterior to which but not quite reaching the apex of the wing
it is continued in a narrow submarginal fascia, white sprinkled with
black scales, inwardly bearing a narrow lunular black line ; the anal
lobe bears a large round deep black spot anteriorly with a few metallic ;
pale green scales ; ‘a large oval deep black spot in the first median in- —
terspace near the margin ; a fine black anteciliary thread, defined on
both sides with an equally fine white thread. Ciléa cinereous throughout,
Frmate. Uppersipe, forewing black ; with a broad pale blue area
from the inner margin to the median nervure, extending slightly into
the first median interspace, but not nearly reaching the outer margin,
Hindwing with the costa and apex broadly black, the outer margin
rapidly decreasingly black; the rest of the wing pale blue. Otherwise
as in the male.
This interesting little butterfly belongs to a small but distinct group
which hitherto has comprised three Northern Indian species, its ;
geographical range extending from Masuri in the Western Himalayas —
to Assam, viz.:—T. megistia, Hewitson, T. yajna, Doherty, and
T. istroidea, de Nicéville. From all of these T. thria may be known
in the male in the hindwing being almost entirely cerulean blue, the
others having this colour confined to a more or less wide anterior
patch. In the same way the female may be known by the blue area
in the hindwing on the upperside being of much greater extent, and
almost reaching the outer margin, which is not the case in the three
above-named species. The coloration of the underside of T. thria
agrees with that of 7. megistia, being orange or dull chrome-yellow.
Described from several males in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L,
Martin and my own, taken in March and May, and.a solitary female in
Dr. Martin’s collection, taken in July, 1894, all from the Battak Moun-
tains, and from five males from the Daunat Range, Middle Tenasserim,
Burma, in my own collection. The type specimens are from Sumatra,
27. RAPALA RHCCUS, de Nicéville, Pl. T, Fig. 40, @.—
R. rhecus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist, Soc., vol. ix, p. 319, n, 35, pl. P, fig. 47,
male (1895).
HapitaT : N.-H. Sumatra.
EXPANSE: 9, 1°5 to 1°6 inches.
Dzscription : Femate. Uppersipn, both wings fuscous, with a
distinctly reddish-coppery gloss in some lights which is particularly
=
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 183
prominent on the veins. Cilia reddish-coppery. oreweng with the
basal half iridescent dark ultramarine-blue visible in all lights, but
much brighter in some lights than in others, anteriorly bounded by the
subcostal nervure, posteriorly by the inner margin, outwardly reach-
ing beyond the discoidal cell, and approaching the outer margin at the
anal angle. Hindwing with the discal two-thirds blue as in the fore-
wing, leaving the costa, outer and abdominal margins about equally
broadly fuscous ; anal lobe black, anteriorly bearing a few turquoise-
blue scales, inwardly with asmall reddish patch. UNDERSIDE, both
wings as in the male, except that the discal fuscous band is outwardly
defined by a whitish thread.
T possess examples of this sex taken in the Battak Mountains in
March and July, and at Bekantschan in March.
28. RAPALA RHODOPIS, nu. sp., Pl. T, Figs. 41,-¢ ; 42, 9.
Hasirar : Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Hxpanse:: ¢, 1°3 to 1°45; 9, 1'3 inches.
Dzsorierion: Mate. UpprrsipE, both wings shining fuscous,
Forewing with the posterior outer end of the discoidal cell, the base of
the second and first median, and all except a small portion exteriorly
of the submedian and internal interspaces shining deep brownish-
ferruginous of a very unusual shade; the bases of the three median
nervules and that portion of the median nervure between the origins
of the first and third median nervules defined with black, that is to
say, the wing-membrane at these points is free from brownish-ferru-
ginous scales. Hindwing with the costa widely as far as the discoidal
nervule, and the outer margin somewhat narrowly of the black
ground-colour, the abdominal margin pale fuscous, all the rest of the
wing shining deep brownish-ferruginous ; tail black, tipped with white ;
anal lobe black, anteriorly ochreous, with a narrow outer white line.
Unpersipz, both wings pale brown distinctly glossed with dull yellow ;
the disco-cellular nervules defined by a narrow whitish and dark brown
double line ; a discal narrow dark brown line outwardly defined with
whitish. Forewing has the discal line very straight and even, being
only very slightly outwardly bowed, commencing ai the subcostal
nervure and ending on the submedian nervure ; the tuft of hairs attached
tothe inner margin towards the base of the wing and turned under
and forwards large and deep black. Héndwing has the discal line nearly
184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
straight from the costa to the first median nervule, thence zigzagged |
to the abdominal margin, this latter portion is ochreous, and bears on
each side a very fine black and an outer white line; the usual round
black spot in the first median interspace faintly crowned with
orange ; the submedian interspace between the discal line and the
margin irrorated with turquoise-blue scales; the anal lobe deep
black crowned by a silvery-blue spot ; anterior to the lobe is a short
silvery-blue fascia. Cilia black, with an anteciliary white line on
the anal half of the wing. Fumann, UpperstpE, both wings shining \
dark hair-brown somewhat tinted with ochreous. Jorewiny with :
the costa widely extending well into the discoidal cell and the outer 4
margin less widely fuscous. Hindwing has the anal lobe deep black i
inwardly bearing a small ochreous spot, outwardly defined by a 5
narrow white line, which line is continued along the outer margin as
far as the discoidal nervule, and is inwardly defined by a very thin black _
and then a white line ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of the i
hindwing anally black, anteriorly and in the forewing dull ochreous. 4
Unpersipg, both wings as in the male, except that the ground-colour
is paler, being of a distinctly greenish-ochreous shade.
I do not know any species, except R. rhoda, de Niceville, next de-
scribed, to which the present species isallied, the coloration of the
upperside of the male being quite unique. On the underside of both
sexes the coloration and markings are very similar to those of
R. xenophon, Fabricius, which is also found in N.-E. Sumatra,
Described from several males in Hofrath Dr. L. Martin’s collection
and my own taken in the Battak Mountains in March, May, July,
August, September, and December, and a single female in Dr.
Martin’s collection, without date ; also one male from Selesseh.
29; RAPALA RHODA, n. sp., Pl. T, Figs. 48, ¢ 3 44, 9.
Hasitat : Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
EXxpanse: @, 9, 1°4 inches.
Description: Matz, Upprrrsipg, both wings shining fuscous.
Forewing with two longitudinal shining deep brownish-ferruginous
streaks of a slightly darker shade than in R. rhodopis, de Nicéville,
described above, commencing at the base of the wing, not quite reach-
ing the outer margin; the anterior one posterior to but lying
against the median neryure, occupying the whole basal portion of the
a
an
a
‘ z
am
i}
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 185
first median interspace, and extending slightly into the interspaces
exterior and postorior to it ; the posterior one lying along both sides
of the submedian nervure. Hindwing with the costa, outer and ab-
dominal margins alone fuscous, the rest of the wing shining deep
brownish-ferruginous ; the anal lobe ferruginous ; the tail black,
tipped with white. UNDERSIDE, both wings dull fuscous ; two rather
widely separated narrow whitish lines at the end of the discoidal cells ;
a somewhat broad catenulated discal band of a slightly darker
shade than the ground, outwardly defined on both sides by a very fine
white line. Morewing has the discal band straight, commencing
close to the costa, ending on the submedian nervure ; the tuft of
hairs attached to the inner margin towards the base of the wing and
turned under and forwards small and pale fuscous. ndwing has
the discal band very irregular, posteriorly recurved to the abdominal
margin ; the usual reund deep black spot slightly crowned with
ferruginous in the first median interspace; the submedian interspace
between the discal band and the outer margin slightly irrorated with
black and white scales; the anal lobe deep black crowned with fer-
ruginous and white; anterior to the lobe is a short outwardly
ferruginous, then black, and then white fascia ; the usual fine black
anteciliary line inwardly defined by a fine white line from the anal
angle to about the middle of the wing. FrmaLr. Upprrsips, both
wings shining fuliginous. indwing with the anal lobe as in the
male. Unpersipg, both wings whitey-brown, the disco-cellular
markings and discal band as in the male but more prominent ; an
indistinct submarginal lunulated fascia.
Nearest to R. rhodopis, de Nicéville, described above, but differing
greatly in details, though superficially very similar.
Described froma single pair in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L.
Martin taken in the Battak Mountains in February, 1894.
30. RITRA AURBA, Druce, Pl. T, Fig. 45, 9.
Sithon aurea, Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond,, 1873, p, 352, n. 12, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1, male.
Ritra aurea, de Nicéville, Butt, of India, vol. iii, p. 411 (1890),
Hapitat: Borneo (Druce); Perak (de Nicéville) ; N.-K. Sumatra,
WxpanseE: 9, 17 inches.
DescrieTion : Femsate. UPppersine, forewing dull dark ferruginous;
the base dusted with fuscous ; the apex widely and the outer margin
decreasingly fuscous. Hindwing fuscous, the middle of the wing
; |
186. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
obscurely ferruginous, of a duller shade than in the forewing; three outer
discal pure white spots, the one in the submedian interspace square, the
one in the first median interspace lunular, the one in the second median
interspace elongated and the smallest of all; these three spots have
beyond them close to the margin three other elongated white spots, with
a fourth anteriorly on the excavation above the anal angle; the anal —
lobe black, bearing a few turquoise-blue metallic scales ; the tails black
broadly ciliated with white. Cla of the forewing cinereous, of the
hindwing broad and pure white. UNDERSIDE, both wings asin the ~
male, except that the ground-colour is somewhat paler.
The coloration of the specimen above described reminds one of the
female of “ Myrina” orpheus, Felder, the male of which is figured by
Hewitson as “ Myrina”’ massiva,* a species from the Philippines, but
the female of R. awrea differs from the same sex of that species on the
' upperside of the hindwing in having seven white spots in all instead
of four only.
I possess two males of this interesting species from Sumatra, one
taken at Selesseh on 14th April, 1894. The female here described
from Sumatra is unique in the collection of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin.
Family PAPILIONIDZ.
Subfamily Papriioxinaz,
81. PAPILIO (Dalchina) SARPEDON, Linneus, Pl. T, Fig.
AGS:
P. sarpedon, Linnaus, Syst. Nat. Ins., ed, x, p. 461,n,14 (1758) ; P, sarpedon, var.,
Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p, 115, n. 69, pl. vii, fig. 2, male ; P, (Dalchina)
sarpedon, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p.54, n.14, pl. L, fig. 11, male
-(1893) ; P. sarpedon, var, semifasciatus, Honrath, Ent. Nach., vol. xiv, p. 161 (1888).
I have already (1. ¢.) figured and described a very remarkable aber-
ration or “ sport” of P. sarpedon from the Battak mountains of N.-H.
Sumatra, in which the normal discal blue-green band of both wings
has entirely disappeared, except the anterior spot of the forewing which
alone remains, and two of the normal number of six submarginal blue-
green Iunules (one from either end of the series) of the hindwing are
also wanting. Mr, J. H. Leech (1. ¢.) has figured and described another
remarkable form, which he says is the common one there, from
Kiukiang in Central China, in which the normal discal blue-green band
is wanting in the hindwing (the whitish spot in continuation thereof
* Tl. Diurn. Lep., p. 30, n-8, pl. xvi, fig. 45, female; pl. xii, figs. 10, 11, male (1863).
a
ON NEW AND LITTLEXNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 187
anterior to the subcostal nervure is, however, present), and the poste-
riormost of the submarginal blue-green lunules of the hindwing is also
absent. Herr H. G. Honrath (1. c.) has described this form from
Kiukiang in Central China as P. semifasciatus. Lastly, to complete
the series, I have here figured a male example from Sikkim in my
collection, in which the blue-green band of the forewing on the upperside
is reduced to the anteriormost and posteriormost spots, the latter, instead
of being large, quadrate, and filling the interspace from the submedian
nervure to the inner margin, is represented by an irregular small irrorated
patch of blue scales heavily oversprinkled with black scales. On the
underside of the forewing the discal band is faintly indicated by an
indistinct bluish-white fascia° in the normal position, which shows
through on the upperside faintly by transparency, the anteriormost and
posteriormost spots being present as on the upperside; on the hindwing
this fascia is much paler than usual, and ends anteriorly on the
subcostal nervure instead of extending broadly up to the costa. In
other respects this specimen is normal.
Family HESPERIID A.
32. TAGIADES TOBA nespretel. hy, Mica u.
Hasirat : Selesseh and the Battak Mountains, N.-H. Sumatra.
Expanse: @, 1°35 to 1:40 inches.
Description: Matz. Uppmrsipde, both wings deep black. Fore-
wing with the following transparent white dots:—Two placed out-
wardly obliquely towards the outer end of the discoidal cell, the lower
one sometimes missing; a costal one placed between the costal neryure
and first subcostal nervule in a straight line with the dots in the
cell; one in the second median interspace; and five subapical
forming a perfect S-shaped figure. Czlia fuscous. Hindwing with the
anal angle broadly, as far as the second median nervule, pure white,
bearing a large round black spot on the margin in the submedian
interspace, and a small one in the first median interspace ; a fine
black anteciliary line in the white area. Cilia anteriorly fuscous,
posteriorly and along the abdominal margin pure white ; very long
at the anal angle. UNpeErsIDE, both wings dull black. Porewing
with the dots as on the upperside ; a pale suffused indistinct twinned
spot towards the outer angle in the submedian interspace. Aindwing
almost entirely white, the costa and apex. broadly and a narrow
188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
anteciliary line alone being of the dull black ground-colour ; the ey |
posterior edge of the blackish area bearing four rounded deep black
spots ; the two black spots on the outer margin as on the upperside, |
Paipi above, thorax and abdomen above black, but the latter tipped with
white. Palpi beneath, thorax, legs, and abdomen beneath pure white.
Near to 7. lavata, Butler, from Malacca (Butler), and Perak (Dis- a
tant), known to me by figures and descriptions only, from which 7. toba
differs in having two or three discal as well as the subapical dots
in the forewing ; the hindwing differs in the white area on both upper-
and undersides being spotted with black, in 7. /avata it is immaculate;
the hindwing also appears to be conspicuously narrower and produced
anally. It is also near to 7. gracilentus, Weymer,* from New Britain
(Weymer), but that species has the white area on the upperside of the
hindwing at least twice as large as in 7. toba, and the anteciliary line
is developed into a broad band which includes the two black marginal
spots of 7. toba. The shape of the wings will also distinguish 7. toba
from the common and widely-distributed 7. att2cus, Fabricius, the
hindwing in especial being much longer and narrower.
Described from several examples in the collection of Hofrath
Dr. L, Martin and my own taken in March, April, and October.
33. KORUTHATIALOS KERALA, n. sp., Pl. T, Fig. 48, ¢.
Hasitat: Perak, Malay Peninsula; Battak Mountains, N.-H.
Samatra,
Expanse: @, 175 to 1°90; 9, 1°75 to 2°15 inches.
Description: Mate. Upprrsipg, both wings shining fuscous.
Forewing with a broad oblique discal orange fascia exactly as in Kerana
armatus, Druce, that is to say, the band is about twice as long as it is
broad, and it does not quite reach the costa, the outer margin at the
anal angle, er the inner margin; but it differs slightly in form from the
band in that species as its inner edge anteriorly is obliquely cut off
instead of being continued straight to the costa. Hindwing unmarked.
Unprrsibg, both wings paler than on the upperside, of a more sooty
brown. oreiwing has the discal band rather broader than on the up-
perside, reaching the inner margin ; it is paler moreover throughout,
especially so posteriorly. Aindwing immaculate. Cilia fuscous
throughout. Antenne black, the apex of the club paler beneath.
_—
* Stet. Ent, Zeit., vol, xlviii, p, 14, n. 12, pl, ii, fig, 7, male (1887).
'
eee se,
ON NEW AND LCITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 189
Palpi fuscous, blunt, the third joint hidden beneath the second.
Body and legs entirely fuscous. Fuma.g, exactly like the male.
On the upperside this species has a strong superficial resemblance to
Celeenorrhinus ladana, Butler, from Borneo (Butler), and Perak (Elwes),
but on the underside that species has the hindwing spotted instead of
immaculate. It is also very similar to Kerana armatus, Druce, from
Borneo (Druce), Malacca and Singapore (Distant), Perak and Sumatra
(coll. de Nicéville), but that species has the hindwing much broader
(nearly circular), being as broad as it is long, while in K. kerala
it is longer than broad ; besides which K. armatus has in the male
on the upperside of the hindwing “a patch of appressed scales occupy-
ing the entire discoidal cell, and giving it a velvety appearance,” and
on the underside of the forewing (Capt. Watson in Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1893, p. 115, inadvertently says on the hindwing) “a similar
ill-defined patch towards the base,” these male secondary sexual char-
acters being absent in K. kerala, that species possessing instead a
pencil of stiff hairs on the base of the costa of the hindwing, corre-
lated with a hairy groove at the base of the discoidal cell of the fore-
wing on the underside within which the pencil of hairs appears to lie.
lt is probably nearest of all to “ Astectopterus” xanites, Butler, describ-
ed from Borneo, but that species is smaller (Watson says it expands
41 mms. = 1:6 inches), nor are the publisked figures of it by Butler
and Distant at all like the present species, but it is almost certain
that these figures were not taken from or are conspecific with the type.
Described from a female from Perak, and four males and two
females from Sumatra, one taken in May, in my collection. Hofrath
Dr. L. Martin possesses other specimens from Sumatra in his collec-
tion. The specimen figured is from Sumatra.
34. KORUTHAIALOS KOPHENKH, n. sp., Pl. T, Figs. 49, 3 ;
00, 9. |
Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra ; Central and Western Java.
Expansze: ¢,1°6 ; 9, 1°8 and 2°1 inches.
Duscrietion : FumMaue. Uppersipe, both wings sooty-brown. Fore-
wing with a broad oblique discal orange fascia (not as broad as in
Celaenorrhinus ladana, Butler, Kerana armatus, Druce, and Koruthat-
alos kerala, de Nicéville) commencing near the costa, ending near the
submedian nervure, its edges irregular, crossed by the dark brown
190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
veins, bearing a dark brown line which defines the disco-cellular
nervules. Hindwing unmarked. UNDERSIDE, both wings rather paler
than above. Forewing with the discal band broader and paler, especially 4
posteriorly, than on the upperside, the disco-cellular dark line narrower
and more prominent ; the inner margin as far as the submedian
nervure pale ochreous. Hindwing unmarked. Antenne black, the
apex of the club beneath paler. Palpz blunt, the third joint hidden }
beneath the second. Body and legs sooty-brown. Max. Similar to
the female but smaller, the orange fascia on both sides of the fore- 5
wing rather more obscure and narrower. It has the same secondary
sexual characters as in K. kerala, de Nicéville, described above.
‘4
4
t
Unfortunately I possess only four examples of this species, The
type female is from Central Java, 1,500 feet, taken in 1891 by Herr
H. Frushtorfer, and I have another female from Sukabumi, 2,000 feet,
Western Java, captured by the same gentleman in 1893. They are f
larger than my other female specimen from N.-H. Sumatra, and have 4
the discal band somewhat broader and less interrupted by the veins,
but are obviously the same species. ‘There are other specimens from
Sumatra in Hofrath Dr. L. Martin’s collection and the type male in
my own. collection. At first I believed this species to be the female of
K. kerala, but subsequently I received both sexes of both species, which
enables me to describe it. The female specimen figured is from
Central Java, the male from Sumatra.
35. AMPITTIA MAROIDES, n. sp., Pl. T, Fig. 51, 3.
Hasitat: Daunat Range, Tenasserim.
EXPANsE: ¢@, 1:0 inch.
Description : Mate. Uppmrsipe, both winys glossy fuscous, with
rich chrome-yellow markings. Horew?ng with a broad basal fascia
occupying the whole of the discoidal cell and divided from the costa —
only by a fine thread of the ground-colour ; two well separated discal
quadrate patches, the anterior one crossed by the terminal portion of
the subcostal nervure (the fifth subcostal nervule of some writers), and
the fourth subcostal nervule, the posterior one crossed by the second
median nervule, with a minute dot placed posteriorly against the middle
of the lower of these two last-named spots in the submedian interspace ;
a streak of large highly deciduous chrome-yellow scales from the —
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 191
base to about the middle of the submedian interspace, anda slightly
longer similar one inthe sutural area. indwing with a large chrome-
yellow patch in the middle of the disc ; the base with long chrome-
yellow setw. Cil’a of the hindwing almost entirely chrome-yellow, of
the forewing chrome-yellow of a duller shade mixed with black.
UNDERSIDE, forewing black ; a costal chrome-yellow streak, which is
joined to a wide similar streak occupying the outer two-thirds of the
cell, both joined to the anterior discal patch of the upperside ; the
lower discal patch as on the upperside, but composed of two portions
only, with no third minute portion in the submedian interspace ; the
apex of the wing more or less chrome-yellow ; a fine anteciliary
chrome-yellow line. Hindwing chrome-yellow, with numerous small
black spots scattered evenly over the surface ; a fine black anteciliary
thread. Antenne above black, beneath chrome-yellow. Thoraz and
abdomen above black, beneath and legs chrome-yellow.
Very near to Ampitita maro, Fabricius = Cyclopides camertes,
Hewitson = Thymelicus palemoncdes, Snellen,* from Indian and Cey-
lonese specimens of which of the same sex it differs on both sides of the
forewing in lacking the chrome-yellow spot in the mzddle of the sub-
median interspace, and on the underside in the ground-colour of the
forewing being much deeper black, and all the spots of the hindwing
being deep black, and consequently much more prominent. The cilia
of the hindwing is also almost entirely chrome-yellow, instead of pro-
minently spotted with fuscous at the termination of all the veins. Itis
but distantly allied to Taractrocera atropunctata, Watson, MS. from
Upper Burma, the type specimens of which are before me as I write,
and which has in the male all the chrome-yellow markings of the
_ upperside very greatly reduced in size, In this species the knob to the
antenné is large and spatulate with no terminal crook, in A. maro —
the knob is smaller and elongated with a very small crook, in
A, maroides the crook is distinctly longer.
Described from three examples in my collection.
Suborder HETEROCERA.,
Family PYRALIDZE.
Subfamily CHrysauGinz.
Genus TERATOMORPHA, nov.
* Reise en Midden-Sumatva, vol. iv, pt. 4, p. 28, n. 1 (1884).
192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Papi upturned, the second joint reaching vertex of bead and mode-
rately scaled in front, the third short and naked. MaxinbaRy PALpr
absent. Frons rounded. ANnTENN@Z almost simple. Lxas, tibize with the
outer spurs about two-thirds the length of inner. Formwina, with the
costa arched at base and excised beyond middle ; the apew bent upwards, —
arched and falcate ; the outer margin excised below apex, produced and
hooked at middle, then excised to outer angle ; the inner margin
lobed. Mate with large costal glandular swelling clothed with long
hair at base on underside. Vein 3 from hefore angle of cell ; 4 and
5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked and curved ; 10,
ll free. HrnpwinG, with the outer margin somewhat excised below
apex and angled at vein 2 ; vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 from
angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing slightly with 8.
This very distinct genus is the fourth belonging to the Chrysaugine
known from the Oriental region (Banepa, Moore, Omphalolomia,
Swinhoe, and Maena, Walker= Goossensia, Rogonot). The true habitat
of Hypocosmia definitalzs, Rogonot, described from Ceylon, being Vene-
zuela, Of the other genera of the subfamily, one is Australian, whilst
the numerous remaining genera are all from the Neotropical and the
warmer parts of the Nearctic regions.
36. TERATOMORPHA HAMPSONIL n. sp., Pl. T, Figs. 52, 3;
52a, neuration ; 526, head, showing palpi and antenne 2.
Hasitat: Daunat Range, Tenasserim.
EXpanse : 32 mms. Type in B.M.
Description: Mane. Head dark: vinous-red ; thorax and
abdomen fuscous. Jorewing dark sap-green ; the base.and costal area
dark vinous-red ; a large vinous-red disco-cellular reniform spot
conjoined to the red costal area, extending below vein 2 and enclosing
a green spot at its upper exterior edge ; the outer area suffused
with vinous-red-brown scales, Hindwing fuscous-brown ; the inner
area smoky-black ; the cilia reddish. UNDERSIDE, both wings fuscous-
brown. Forewing with the outer area vinous-red. Hindwing with
indistinct pale sinuous submarginal line.
It gives me great pleasure to name this interesting moth after my
friond Mr. G. F. Hampson of the British Museum, whose important
work on “The Moths of India” in the Fauna of British India series
should be in the hands of every one interested in the Heterocera.
ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA,
co 00 I Ot mo bo
eto pe
po
Go po bp & & bt © wW bo bo DO HB eR eB eS ee
Oe eae ek aren NO ak CO) SS ie Oa ato
calls
32,
33.
BAP LANATION OF THE PLATHS.
Poare R,
Danais (Bahora) kheili, Staudinger..
33 94 29 a 299). i UO GOO
Lethe (Vebis) samio, Doubleday and Hewitson.
3? 39 39 99 3?
Lasiommata laurion, vn. sp. -
39 9?
37 "
Ypthima iarba, n. sp. sed
39 99 99 eee see
Elymnias (Melynias) erinyes, n. sp.
3? 39 33 3?
. 5 kamara, Moore
PuaTE S.
Hlymnias (Melynias) dohrnit, un. sp.
oa ceryaoides, N. Sp.
eile fruhstorferii, n. sp. oe
Neptis (Rahinda) aurelia, Staudinger
Gerydus gest, 1. Sp.
Allotinus apus, n. sp.
Simiskina pavonica, n. sp.
De) COON. te SD.
33 99 ia
3 procotes, N. sp.
Azanus asialis, n. sp.
Nacaduba nanda, n. sp.
+ noreia, Melder
Lampides lucieata, n. sp.
47 29 39
talinga, Kheil
29 Eh) oy)
Arrhopala auzea, 0. sp.
>) 23
39 ese
Prats T.
Arrhopala azinis, n. sp.
a Asata, 4,
ry) 9) ”
+O O3 40 Oy 40 Oy 10 OB 10 OF
~)
ws
~y
Ny
v
iN)
)
v
ies
we
e
=
2 oS eS
SUPE PP PPP PP PPP Pe
193
194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol
Fig, 34.
39.
36.
of.
38.
39.
40.
41,
42.
43.
Arrhopala avatha, n. sp. ave
Camena 'cretheus, de Nicéville
Creusa culta, n. sp. + Sob
” 9.89
Tajuria thri@, N. sp.
oy) 1 TEM Yee 39 tai
Rapala rhecus, de Nicéville...
on TLOdOTS. Me Sia ae
2 9 ” ODO
odd. .es ps
29 99 CEE a
Ritra aurea, Druce ...
Papilio (Dalchina) sevanaslera, ia
Tagiades toba, 0. Sp...
Koruthaialos kerala, 0. sp. os
is kophene, n. sp.
29 29 2
Ampittia maroides, . SP. es
Teratomorpha hampsonti, n. sp.
195
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF INDO-MALAYAN
HYMENOPTERA, WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA
OF INDIAN POMPILID, AND A NOTE
ON SPHEX FLAVA OF FABRICIUS,
AND ALLIED SPECIES.
By Coronet C. T. BincHam, F¥.z.s., Forest DEPARTMENT, Burma,
(With Plates I and II.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, on 2nd April, 1895.)
After most careful comparison I have been unable to identify with
any known species any of the eleven hymenopterous insects below
described and contained in my collection, and I believe them to be
hitherto undescribed.
Family A4PLD, Leach.
1—ANTHOPHORA VEGETA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. I, 2.
Hasrrat: Deli, Suniatra.
FremaLe: Length 12 m.m., expanse 22 m.m.
Mate: Unknown.
Descrirtion.— 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black with fulvous
pubescence, dark on the thorax, paler on the outside cf the tibia and
tarsi of the legs and on the abdomen. Mandibles yellow, castaneous-
brown at the tips ; clypeus yellow with two large square black macul
at the base ; antennee piceous, a short yellow streak on the scape in
front ; the front of the face, the vertex and the cheeks behind the eyes
black with fulvous pubescence, that on the cheeks inclining to hoary ;
ocelli black placed in a triangle on the vertex, between the eyes and
the lateral ocelli on each side the top of the head is sunk and furrowed.
Thorax black and finely punctured, covered with a dark fulvous
pubescence, tufted and long on the metathorax; wings yellowish
hyaline, the tegule and nervures testaceous ; legs black, with pale
fulvous pubescence on the outside of the tibie and tarsi, the tibial
cealcaria and claws black. Abdomen black, densely and finely punc-
tured, the posterior margins of the segments with broad bands of
golden fulvous pubescence ; below the abdomen is black, the margin
of the segments narrowly testaceous.
196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
2,ANTHOPHORA AMYMONE, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 2,9.
Hasitat : Deli, Sumatra.
FremaLe : Length 17 m.m., expanse 30 m.m.
Mate: Unknown.
DescripTion.— . Head, thorax, and cee black with fuscous
black pubescence, behind the eyes and on the sides of the clypeus it
is hoary, on the outside of the tibie and tarsi of the legs, and on the
two last segments of the abdomen bright ferruginous. The mandibles
testaceous, darker at the tips, the clypeus is higher than broad, punc-
tured with a pale testaceous mark down the centre ; the pubescence on ©
it black and thinly scattered, on the sides of the face and below it is
dense and hoary-gray, and on the front between the antenne fuscous-
black ; the antenne are piceous, the scape in front black and shining ;
the vertex is bare, finely punctared and marked with three short longi-
tudinally impressed lines leading from the ocelli forward to as far as
the base of the antenne ; the ocelli are of a deep ruby-red placed in a
curve on the vertex. Thorax black with fuscous-black pubescence ; the
centre of the metathorax above and the scutellum bare and finely
punctured ; wings brownish-hyaline, the tegule testaceous, the ner-
vures dark brown ; legs testaceous-brown, the tibie and tarsi with
bright ferruginous pubescence on the outside ; claws dark castaneous-
brown. Abdomen black, finely and closely punctured ; the posterior
margins of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments thickly fringed with
fuscous-black pubescence, that on the terminal segments bright ferru-
ginous ; below the abdomen is sae caine with the margins of the
segments testaceous. |
The akove two species were collected at Deli in Sumatra by
Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, by whom they were kindly sent to me.
3.—BOMBUS RUFO-FASCIATUS, Smith, Pl. I, Pig. 3,9.
BomBUS RUFO-FASCIATUS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond. New Ser.,
Ii, (1852-53), p. 48, 2.
Hasrrat : Sikkim Himalayas, above 12,000 ft.
Fremate: Length 25 m.m., expanse 46 m.m.
Deuscription.— ¢. Black with long black and hoary-gray, pubeseene
the 2nd segment of the abdomen with a bright vermillion-red band
‘above. Head black, narrow and long ; the mandibles, clypeus, face
a
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 197
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA.
and cheeks behind the eyes:shining jet-black, the clypeus finely pitted,
the antennz black, the front of the face and the vertex with black
pubescence, the ocelli in a straight line sunk in shallow depressions ;
thorax black with black pubescence, a hoary-gray band on the protho-
rax anteriorly not reaching the pectus, which latter is finely pitted
and clothed with only scattered black hairs ; the dorsal surface of the
mesothorax bare and finely pitted ; the metathorax with a fringe of
fuscous hairs turning to hoary-gray ; wings hyaline with a light brown
tint, the tegule and nervures dark brown ; legs black with stiff black
pubescence turning to dark reddish-brown on the tibiz and yellowish-
brown on the tarsi; claws black. Abdomen black, the base of the 1st
segment and posterior margins of the 8rd, 4th, and 5th segments with
hoary-gray pubescence, the 2nd segment with a band of brilliant
vermillion-red pubescence above, the anal segment testaceous, below
the abdomen is piceous-black, thinly pubescent and finely pitted.
This beautiful species was nof uncommon in May around and above
Gnatong, the military post on the Sikkim-Thibetan frontier. I found it
frequenting the wild Auriculas which were flowering in great abund-
ance on the bare slopes of the moraine of the ancient glacier on which
the military post has been erected. When disturbed, this Bombus,
unlike any other species known to me, has a habit of suddenly rising
perpendicularly till it disappears from sight. It does not seem, at
any rate in summer, to descend below 12,000 ft. I did not meet with
it on the road from Sedonchen until I got to the side slopes of Lintu,
the high peak behind Gnatong.
4.—BOMBUS MOLLERIL, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 4,2.
Hasgirat : Kumaon, Sikkim, over 8,000 ft.
Femace : Length 28 m.m., expanse 58 m.m.
Desortption.—@. Black with brownish-black pubescence ; the
mesothorax above, the’scutellum and postscutellum and the penulti-
mate segment of the abdomen clothed with dense silvery-gray pubes-
cence. Head long and somewhat narrow, the mandibles, elypeus, sides
of the face and the cheeks shining black, the antenne piceous, the
front of the face, vertex and back of the head with dense dark brown
pubescence. Thorax broad, the pro- and metathorax, the sides of the
body under the wings and the pectus with black pubescence ; the
198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
mesothorax scutellum and postscutellum above silvery-gray ; the wings
smoky-hyaline, the tegule and nervures testaceous-brown; the legs black,
the anterior and intermediate legs and the coxee and trochanters of the
posterior pair with reddish-brown pubescence getting paler on the tarsi,
the outside of the femora and tibize of the posterior legs black and shining,
the inside clothed with a dense short ferruginous-brown pile. The abdo-
men black with long black pubescence, the penultimate segment with a
silvery-gray band above, the apical segment ferruginous-brown ; below
the abdomen is destitute of pubescence, piceous-black and finely pitted.
This species was first sent to me from Kumaon. Subsequently I
found it sparingly distributed above 8,000 ft. in Sikkim on Senchal
and Tiger Hill near Darjeeling, and at Guntok and Sedonchen in Native
Sikkim, Named after my friend Mr. F. Moller, who has done sO
much for the entomology of Sikkim.
5.—-MEGACHILE STELOIDES, n. sp., Pl. I, Hie. D5. He
HasiraT: Sikkim. |
Fremate: Length 13 m.m., expanse 28 m.m,
Mate : Unknown.
Description: @. Black, the two apical segments of the abdomen
and the tibize and tarsi of the legs testaceous-yellow ; the scutellum
projecting backwards and completely overhanging the metathorax as
in Stel7s. Head as broad as the thorax, shining, very finely pitted ;
mandibles black quadridented, very broad at the tips; clypeus large,
oval, slightly convex, its anterior margin bisinuate; antenne piceous;
the back of the head flat, the ocelli placed in a broad triangle on the
vertex. Thorax very densely and coarsely pitted, the mesanotum
bearing three short longitudinally impressed lines not reaching to
its posterior margin, the scutellum in shape like that of the species
of Stelis projecting backwards and overhanging the metathorax, its
posterior margin rounded and notched in the middle; wings hyaline,
the apical margins broadly but lightly infuscated, tegulee and nervures .
dark brown; legs black, the outer margins of the femora, the tibia and
tarsi rich ferruginous-brown. Abdomen black and shining, finely
pitted, the two apical segments and the pollen-brush bright ferruginous.
This remarkable bee, which probably deserves generic separation,
1 found frequenting flowers and the wet sand along the banks of the
Runjit river in Sikkim in May, In habits it is a true leaf-cutter bee.
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF Bh)
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA,
6.—MEGACHILE MINIATA, n. sp., Pi. I, Fig. 6,9.
Hasirat: Deti, North-East Sumatra.
Femate : Length 23 m.m., expanse 38 m.m.
Mate : Unknown.
Description.— 2. Black with sordid white pubescence on the
metanotum posteriorly and on the two apical segments of the
abdomen above, the pollen-brush rich cinnabar-red. Mandibles broad,
longitudinally striated, clypeus abruptly truncated in front, the
anterior margin waved and narrowly smooth and shining, the rest of
the head densely and finely pitted, the antennz opaque. Thorax
broad, densely and finely pitted, the scutellum prominent, the meta-
notum fringed posteriorly above and below with sordid white tufted
hairs, mixed with fuscous-black ; wings clear hyaline-yellow, slightly
iridescent, the apex somewhat broadly but lightly infuscated ; legs
black, the posterior tarsi with cinnabar-red pubescence on the inside.
Abdomen black, the margins of the segments sparsely pitted and
fringed with black pubescence, the two apical segments above clothed
with a dense fine sordid white pile, the pollen-brush and a spot on
either side of the 2nd segment a rich cinnabar-red.
Described from eight specimens collected in the North-East of
Sumatra and kindly sent to me by Hofrath Dr. L. Martin. This species
is closely allied to Megachile luctuosa, Smith, from Singapore, but it is
considerably larger, differs in the colour of the pollen-brush, and has no
white pubescence on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments of the abdomen.
It still more closely resembles Megachile terminalis, Smith, from the
Celebes, from which it differs in the colour of the wings and pollen-
brush,
Family POMPILIDZE, Weach.
Priocnemis Group.
7.—SALIUS NICEVILLE, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 7, 9.
Hasirat: Sikkim, Tenasserim.
. Femane: Length 24-30 m.m., expanse 46-52 m.m.
Mate: Length 23-25 m.m., expanse 40-43 m.m.
Dzscription.—@. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish-red,
the two former clothed with a short dense pile, which in certain lights
200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
has a golden lustre ; the posterior margins of the segments of the
latter broadly black. Head as broad as the thorax, eyes distinctly
converging above, below reaching up to the base of the mandibles,
ocelli in an equilateral triangle on the vertex; forehead slightly —
concave, bearing a short vertically impressed line above the base of
the antennze, these latter rather slender, convolute, destitute of
pubescence and of a somewhat lighter colour than the rest of the head,
with the tips from the apex of the penultimate joint darkening into
dusky black; clypeus broadly oval, twice as broad as high, convex ;
mandibles castaneous, their tips black. Thorax, the pronotum
anteriorly almost transverse, its posterior margin obtusely angled,
mesonotum slightly convex, scutellum and postscutellum raised and
prominent, metanotum gently rounded, posteriorly declivous, trans-
versely striated, on either side it bears a broad shallow sulcation
which, however, does not reach to. its apex, the side tubercles and
stigmata well marked and prominent; wings hyaline, of a light
ferruginous-yellow, the lower portion of the hind-and the apical
margin of the forewing infuscated, the tegule and nervares ferruginous-
yellow ; in the forewing the transverse cubital nervure rises well
before the apex of the submedial cell, and the Ist recurrent nervure
is received in the apical 8rd of the 2nd cubital cell, im the hindwing
the cubital nervure rises immediately after (almost-at) the apex of the
anal cell ; legs long, of a light ferruginous-red, the tibize of the inter-
mediate and posterior legs grooved, serrated and spined, the claws
castaneous-brown, one-toothed at their base below. Abdomen sub-
petiolate, ferruginous-red, the posterior margins of the first four
segments broadly black, of the two apical segments only slightly
blackish at the sides; on the ventral side the ist segment is wholly
black, the 2nd to the 5th red at base with broad black margins, the
apical segment ferruginous, studded with a few stiff hairs of the same
colour. The 2nd segment (9) bears a well-marked furrow at its base
below.
a. Closely resembles the 9, but is of a lighter and more testaceous-
red, and the wings are darker and more dusky than yellow. It is,
of course, considerably smaller in size.
The nearest ally of this insect is Si audaz, Smith, which
however is structurally different, belonging to the Hemipepsis group
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF | 201
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA.
of the genus Saléus. In colour S. audax is a much deeper richer red than
S. nicevillei, and this difference holds good through a series of six
specimens of S. audaa and eight of S. niceville’. Sikkim specimens of
this latter insect vary very much, being considerably smaller with
conspicuously more dusky wings.
8.—SALIUS ZELOTYPUS, n.sp., Pl. J, Fig. 8, @.
Hasrrat : Tenasserim.
Matz: Length 20-24 m.m., expanse 48-51 m.m.
FemaLe: Unknown.
DescripTion.— g. Head, thorax and abdomen black with ferrugi-
nous-brown markings. Mandibles ferruginous, darkening to brownish-
black at the tips, clypeus lighter brown, oval, boldly convex and
covered with a fine thin ferruginous pile, the face below the antenne
on the inside of the eyes yellow, scape of antenne ferruginous,
flagellum black, forehead, vertex, and cheeks black and shining, sparse-
ly studded with black hairs, ocelli placed in a broad triangle on the
vertex. Thorax, the prothorax light ferruginous-brown darkening to
fuscous-black below, anteriorly it is rounded, its posterior margin
arched or widely angled; rest of the thorax, pectus and pleure dark
fuscous-black, the scutellum and postscutellum marked with light
ferruginous-red ; the metanotum long, gently rounded, posteriorly
declivous with transverse striations and rather long thinly scattered
black pubescence, a ferruginous stain on either side on the posterior
‘angles; wings dark fuscous-brown with a purple effulgence, the tegule
and nervures dark brown ; an irregular hyaline yellow stain occupies
_partof the Ist and 2nd discoidal, the Ist cubital and the 2nd submedial
cells inthe forewing. ‘This hyaline patch varies in different specimens,
- in some extending more or less into the radial and 2nd cubital cells
in the forewing and even into the radial and medial cells of the
hindwing. In the forewing the transverse-medial nervure rises well
_ before the apex of the Ist submedial cell, and the Ist recurrent nervure
is received in the apical third of the 2nd cubital cell; in the hindwing
the cubital nervure is interstitial, rising at the apex of the anal cell ;
leos ferruginous-brown, the cox and trochanters and the apical
_ joints of the intermediate and posterior tarsi and the claws black, the
tibiee and tarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs thickly spined
- 6
and slightly grooved, the tibial calcaria half the length of the meta:
tarsus. Abdomen subpetiolate, dark ferruginous-brown, thinly covere
ior margins of the 1st and 2nd segments black, of the 3rd, 4th, and
5th dusky brownish, the apical segment ferruginous-red; the abdomen
below has the ist segment black, the base of the 2nd light ferruginous-
brown marked with a conspicuous transverse impressed line, beyond —
which the rest of the ventral segments are dusky brownish, the apical
seement studded with a few still black hairs. ie
This species is not uncommon along the foot of the Daunat range
in Tenasserim at about 500 ft. elevation. It frequents low herbage -
and bushes, and I have taken one occasionally sucking up the moisture
from the wet sand by the side of hill streams in the Daunat. The ~
female has not yet been procured. | ”
9.—SALIUS EXILIPHSS, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 9, 9.
Haprrat: Sikkim.
Femate : Length 19 m.m., expanse 86 m.m.
Mate: Unknown. F
DescripTion.—@. Head, thorax, and abdomen light yellowish-— :
brown with golden pubescence. Mandibles dark brown, almost black
at the tips ; clypeus convex, broader than high, covered with thick 4
golden pile ; its anterior margin bare, shining and recurved ; antennz aq
dark brown, the scape and the base of the Ist jomt of the flagellum —
with golden pile, the face, forehead, vertex, back of the head and q
cheeks covered with golden pubescence ; eyes parallel reaching up 4
to the base of the mandibles, ocelli small, placed in an equilateral
triangle on the vertex. Thorax brown, covered with golden pubes-
cence, the metathorax with a longitudinally impressed line or furrow
down the centre not reaching its apex ; posteriorly the metanotum is b |
abruptly declivous, its apex funnel-shaped and truncated, with the mar-_ 4 |
gin recurved ; wings light brown, hyaline, somewhat iridescent, tegules a
and nervures testaceous, the former covered with golden pile, a
hyaline spot in the internal angie of the 1st discoidal cell of the fore-
wing, the transverse medial nervure rises well before the apex of the
1st submedial cell, the 1st recurrent nervure is received about the /f
middle of the 2nd cubital cell ; in the hindwing the cubital nervure 4
is interstitial, rising at the apex of the anal cell ; legs very long, light
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 203
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA.
_ yellowish-brown, the cox and trochanters covered with golden pile
and some long golden hairs, the intermediate and posterior tibiz
serrated, grooved and thickly spined; the claws long and slender,
bearing one conspicuous tooth on their inferior edges, the tibial
ealcaria short, stout, reaching only to about “one-third the length
of the metatarsus. Abdomen subpetiolate, of a light yellow-brown,
covered with golden pile, the 1st segment dusky at base, the abdomen
below dark brown, the posterior margins of the segments testaceous,
the 2nd ventral segment with an impressed line or furrow at its base.
The type specimen of this was procured at Darjeeling by Mr. T. A.
Hauxwell, Deputy Conservator of Forests, who kindly gave it to me.
The insect belongs to the Priocnemis section of the Salcus group, dis-
_ tinguished by the remarkable length of their legs. It resembles Salius
(Priocnemis) crinitus, mihi, from Ceylon..
10.—SALIUS MOMUS, n. sp.
HasitTat : Tenasserim.
FemMALz : Length 138 m.m., expanse 20 m.m.
Matz: Unknown.
Descriprion.— 9. Black, the abdominal segments with gray pile on
heh: posterior margins. Mandibles black, clypeus very low and broad,
anteriorly emarginate, covered with a fine silvery pile which extends
on to the front and face and cox, antenne black convolute, head
broad, posteriorly concave. Thorax short and broad, the pronotum
gibbous laterally, its posterior margin widely angled, the metanotum
convex above, posteriorly declivous and marked with transverse strie ;
wings hyaline, the apex of the forewing and an obsolete cloud
-oecupying the 2nd cubital and the upper portion of the 2nd discoidal
cells fuscous, the tegule and nervures black ; in the front wing the
_transyerse-medial nervure rises before the apex of the Ist submedial
cell, and in the hindwing the cubital nervure after he apex of the onal
cell ; legs black, the intermediate and posterior tibize very strongly
_ spined, grooved and serrated, claws with one tooth on their inferior
edges. Abdomen black, the bases of the segments above broadly
plumbeous-gray, the apical segment with a thick tuft of reddish-brown
hairs, and the 2nd segment below with an impressed line or furrow at
its base,
204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
This species closely resembles some of the black and gray species of
Pompilus and Pseudagenia. Itis, however, a true Salcus in structure,
having the intermediate and posterior tibiz strongly serrated and spined.
It is not uncommon in bamboo jungle in August and September, and
I once watched a female fighting with a large hairy spider which she —
finally paralyzed and carried off, but she flew so swiftly that I lost —
sight of her in the thick undergrowth and so failed to find URE nest,
Hemipepsis Group. 4
11.—SALIUS MARTINITI, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 10, 9; 11, 3.
Hasirat : Deli, North-Hast Sumatra.
Fremare: Length 30 m.m., expanse 58 m.m.
Mazz: Length 21 m.m., expanse 44 m.m. a
DESCRIPTION.— @. ne thorax and abdomen jet-black, anaes cg :
shining, a fine silky silvery-white pile on the posterior portion of the a |
thorax above ; wing fusco-hyaline, legs reddish-yellow. Head broad, a
eyes distinctly converging above, below reaching well up to the base a
of the mandibles ; mandibles narrow, shining black with a reddish testa- a
ceous tinge at the tips, clypeus broad, convex, slightly porrect, finely
pitted and clothed with stiff decumbent hairs ; its anterior margin
arched upwards and stained with testaceous-red ; a streak on the inside
of the eyes and another short streak behind starting from near the 7
vertex reddish-yellow, front of the face, vertex, and back of the head ‘a
black with scattered black hairs ; antennee dusky yellow-fuscous at apex ;
the scape and flagellum below brighter yellow, the ocelli small,inan
equilateral triangle on the vertex, a shallow furrow from the anterior }
ocellus down the forehead to between the base of the antenne, Thorax
black, very closely and finely pitted ; the pronotum short, widely arched
posteriorly, the mesonotum convex, scutellum and postscutellum
prominent, the metanotum sharply declivous posteriorly, its apex
funnel-shaped with recurved edges, the mesothorax, scutellum, post-
scutellum and metathorax above clothed with a beautiful fine |
silvery pile, which in the type specimen is much abraded,
but from the traces left evidently covered the whole of the
after part of the thorax; the metathorax transversely striate above,
the side tubercles and stigmata well marked; wings dark fuscous with
a purplish effulgence, tegulz and nervures dark brown, a large promi-
nent wing spot in the 1st discoidal cell, opaque anteriorly, clear hyaline
7
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 205
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA,
towards the inner angle, with a central small round opaque spot ;
in the forewing the tranverse medial nervure rises well before the apex
of the Ist submedial cell, and the 1st recurrent nervure is interstitial
with the 2nd transverse cubital nervure, which latter is curved outwards:
in the hindwing the cubital nervure rises with an abrupt curve
inwards well before the apex of the anal cell ; legs reddish-yellow, the
coxz, trochanters, and basal half of the femora black and shining, the
intermediate and posterior tibize thickly spined, serrated and grooved,
the tibial calcaria short and stout, the claws dusky black with two teeth
on their inferior edges. Abdomen black and shining, subpetiolate, the
apical segment thickly pubescent above, and studded with stiff black
hairs, the 2nd segment with a well marked transverse furrow at its
base below.
&. Differs from the @ in the clypeus and the face in front, a
band on the posterior margin of the prothorax and the top of the
mesothorax and scutellum, with the coxe, trochanters, and femora of
the legs being yellow instead of black, and in the specimen under
observation, the complete absence of any silvery pile on the thorax
above.
Two specimens of this well marked and distinct species I owe to the
kindness of Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, who procured them in the North-
East of Sumatra, I may note that I had some hesitation in assigning
the ¢ specimen figured and described to this species ; but after a very
eareiul comparison with the known males of other allied species, I
have come to the conclusion, with some doubt still, that the two
specimens described above are the ¢ and @ of one species.
12.—PSHUDAGENIA DANAE, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 12, 9.
Hasirat : Sikkim, Assam, Tenasserim. —
FemaLe : Length 21—25 m.m., expanse 36-—40 m.m.
Mae: Length 13 m.m., expanse 32 m.m.
Derscription.— ?, Head, thorax and abdomen black, with golden
pubescence on the head and thorax, antenne and legs pale reddish ; the
entire head, the front and sides of the pro- and mesothoras, the sides
and dorsal surface of the metathorax, and the outside of the coxe and
trochanters of the legs clothed with fine short glistening golden pile.
The mandibles pale reddish, their tips black, the clypeus convex,
206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X. - p
transverse, twice as broad as high, the antennze inserted low down just | ¢
above the clypeus, the scape and the first three joints of the flagellum _
pale reddish, the apical joints dusky black ; the eyes distinctly con- ”
verging above, the ocelli placed in an equilateral triangle on the
vertex, a shallow short impressed line runs vertically down from the
anterior ocellus to between the antenne. Thorax, the prothorax —
very short, its anterior margin convex, the mesothorax broad, slightly
convex and rounded above, indications of golden pile on the sides of
the scutellum and postscutellum, the metathorax long, gibbous,
posteriorly rounded, with a broad shallow central longitudinal
sulcation and well marked transverse striz ; wings hyaline yellow, the
front wing from beyond the middle of the Ist discvidal cell, and the
hindwing at the apex dusky purplish, slightly iridescent ; the trans-
verse medial nervure of the forewing rises before the apex of the
1st submedial cell and the cubital nervure of the hindwing after
the apex of the anal cell, the tegula and nervures dusky red; legs
with the base of the cox black, the apex and outer side, and the
trochanter with golden pile, the femora, tibice and tarsi pale dusky
red, the last joint of the tarsi and the claws black, the latter with one
tooth on their inferior edges, the tibize and tarsi of the intermediate
and posterior legs studded with minute spines, the inner tibial spur of
the posterior legs not more than half the length of the metatarsus,
Abdomen black-pruinose distinctly petiolated, the ape studded we
ferruginous hairs,
&. Differs from the 9 in the pubescence, being silvery instead of
golden, the antenne fuscous, the forewings darker throughout, and
the first three segments of the abdomen reddish.
This very handsome pompilid I procured first on some sandy banks
on the Ataran in Tenasserim. Subsequently I met with it in the
Runjit valley near Darjeeling, and there is a specimen in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, collected by Mr. Doherty at Margherita in Assam.
It is with much diffidence I submit the following tentative key
to the genera of Indian Pompilide ; for though I have spent much
time and thought oyer its construction, and have carefully examined
a
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF e O07,
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA.
hundreds of specimens, and in most cases series of many species of
each genus, still I have had only the materials afforded by my own
collection to judge from. My collection is fairly extensive, but the
data drawn from it alone may hereafter, with more material at com-
mand, prove to be faulty. This, however, is certain that, though I have
been collecting steadily for ten years in Burma and Tenasserim, and
have had, moreover, large collections sent to me from various parts
of India, Ceylon, the Straits Settlements and Sumatra, following the
keys given below, I have had no difficulty in assigning every
pompilid insect I have so far come across to what I consider its
proper genus. ;
‘The classification followed is that of Kohl. in “ Die Gattungen der
Pompiliden,” Verh. der K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1884.
Key to the Indian Genera of Pompilide.
A, Forewing with three complete cubital cells.
a. Femora not serrated below. Intermediate and posterior
tibiee furnished with spines.
ai, Posterior tibiee cylindrical ; spines minute.
a2. In the forewing the cubital nervure stopping short of,
and the discoidal nervure reaching up to, the mar-
gin of the wing.
I. Pseudagenia, Kohl.
b°, Inthe forewing both cubital and discoidal nervures
reaching up to the margin of the wing.
IT, Ceropales, Latreille.
c?, In the forewing both cubital and discoidal nervures
stopping short of the margin of the wing.
III, Pompilus, Fabricius.
(Group Ferreola, Latreille.)
6'. Posterior tibize cylindrical; spines long, scattered, and
irregular.
III. Pompilus, Fabricius.
(Excluding Ferreola and Aporus.)
ce’, Posterior tibiz angular, grooved above and serrated with
spines, short, stout, in double row.
| pA
208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X_
a. The Ist recurrent nervure’ received at the extreme "
apex of the second cubital cell, the 2nd transverse-— r e 7
cubital nervure bent outwards.
IV. Salius, Fabricius. a
(Group Hemipepsis, Dalhlbom,)
ex, The Ist recurrent nervure received before the apex of 4
the second cubital cell, the 2nd transverse-cubital a
nervure oblique, not bent.
IV. Salius, Fabricius. a
(Group Preocnemis, Schioedte.) — 1
5, Femora serrated below. Intermediate and posterior tibize
entirely destitute of spines or hairs, 1
(V. Macromeris,* Lopelloiam E
B. Forewing with only two complete cubital cells. i
a. Head flattened above, {
VI. Planiceps, Latreille. j
b. Head rounded above. 1
VII. Pompilus, Fabricius. .
(Group Aporus, Spinola.) |
Nore on Sphez flava, FABRICIUS, AND ITS ALLIES. ’ .
Working out the fossorial wasps belonging to the family |
Pompilide in my collection, 1 have been greatly puzzled to make out
what the Sphex flava of Fabricius is. The insect I identify as such
is figured on pl. H, fig. 1: It has the head, the thorax above as far as
the postscutellum, the wings except at the apex, the legs in part, and
the three apical segments of the abdomen ferruginous, the pectus,
sides, metathorax, the coxee trochanters and base of the femora, and
the basal. segments of the abdomen jet-black ; the apex of the foieane
beyond the radical cell is fuscous-brown with a purple effulgence.
Fabricius in the *‘ Entomologia Systematica,” vol. ii, p. 217, thus —
describes Sphex flava :— |
“80, 5. Atra, dorso anoque ferrugineo, alis apice fuscis.
* Smith (Jour. Linn, Soc., vol. ii, p. 97) has described a species, Macromeris argentifrons,
fvom Borneo, Malacca, Simgapore and Java as having “ the tibie slightly spinose,” a
character not in accordance with Lepelletier St, Fargeau’s original diagnosis of the genus.
T think it probable Smith’s species, when the types are carefully ee will prove
to be not.a Macromeris at all.
tens RIL
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 09
INDO-MALAVAN HYMENOPTERA.
* Habitat in India Orientali.
“Statura S. cyaneee. Antenne convolute ferruginee. Caput et
thorax obscure ferrugineo, pectore atro. Abdomen atrum ano sive
ultimo segmento ferrugineo. Als flavee apice fusca.
“ Variat segmentis abdominis aliquot basi flavis.’’
In the “ Systema Piezatorum,” p. 197, Fabricius quotes the short
diagnosis given in the “ Hntomologia Systematica”’ and places the insect
under his genus Pompilus.
At page xviii of the introduction to his “ Hymenoptera Europea,”
vol. i, Dahlbom gives a catalogue by Professor Behn of the Fabrician
collection of Hymenoptera in the:Museum at Kiel, and at page xx
notes that Pompilus flavus, Fabricius=Priocnemis jlavus in his work.
At page 457 in the “Tabula Hxaminationis Synoptica Specierum
Pompilidarum,” Priocnemis flavus is described briefiy as follows :—
“ Divis. 1. Abdomen nigrum (ano rarissime fulvo).”
* ® * 8 x %
% * * * % *
“ Subdevis, 3. Alee lutee aut fulvee, apice fumate. Vena cubitalis a
margine alee antic apicali sat remota.
A. Ale luteo-hyaline. Ale postice cellula analis ante originem
ven cubitalis terminata. Caput, thorax antice, anus, pedes anten-
neque fulva, Clypeus margine apicali subtruncatus. Corpus
mediocre...6. Priocn. flavus, Fabr. 3, 2. |
India Oriental, Fabr. Egyptia, Hedentorg 2’
Lepelletier St. Fargeau in his great work on the Hymenoptera, vol.
iii, p. 430, describes Pompilus flavus, thus :—
“* Antenne caputque luteo-testacea ; thorace concolor, inferius
tamen fusciori. Abdomen fuscum, segmentorum primi secundique basi
plus minusve testaceo-ferrugine. Anus .uteo-testacous. Pedes fer-
_ Tugineo-testacel: coxis, trochanteribus e: femorum quatuor posticorum
ee x e e e °
basi interaa cum tarsorum apice fuscis. Alee ferrugineo-tastacez, apice
nigro-violacio marginato: heec ala um fascia a radealis apice ad ale
apicem extenditur, et eundo fit latior. Prothorax angustus, postice
subacute emarginatus, Metathorax mediocris, convexus, postice
7
210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X, 7
declivis. Cubitalis va ad radialem parum angustata, secunde fer e
zequalis. Femina.’
Note that Dahlbom says distinctly “thorax antice” and not the
whole of the thorax “ fulva.” The species. I take to be flava agrees
with the’ description in this and also with Fabricius’ and Lepelletier’s
descriptions, even to there being varieties which have the base of the
ist and 2nd segments of the abdomen stained with testaceous-yellow ; :
but then the whole of the series of over twenty specimens I have
; 4 ;
have the three apical segments and not the anus alone ferruginous. \
Dahlbom again—and here comes the confusion at page 123 of the
work quoted above—describes an insect under the name Hemipepsis
flava thus :—“ 26. Genus Hemipersis, Dibm. ‘(1) flava, &, 2; media
(subsemi-pollicaris et ultra) atra, oculis brunneis ; capite cum antennis-
pro- et mesonotis, genubus, tibiis, tarsis alesque subaureo-fulvis, his
apice nigro-violascenti-fumatis, ano nonnunquam brunescente ;” and
the gives as synonyms “Sphex flava, Fabr. B.S. 2, 217, 80; Pompilus —
flavus, Fabr. Piez. 197, 52 ; anne Pompilus lutetpennis, Fabr. Piez.
198, 54; and Pompilus fulvipennis, Fabr. Piez. 198, 57, huic
referendi.”
Now as Dahlbom instituted the genus Hemzpepsis and considered
it differed from Priocnemis, and as he specially notes ( introduction to
** Hymenoptera Europea,” vol. i, p. xx referred to above) that his
Prioenemis flavus = Pompilus flavus, Fabr., it seems to me clear that
there is some mistake in his putting the synonyme above- quoted under
Hemipepsis flava, which insect, in my opinion, is quite distinct from
Pompilus flavus of Fabricius. Iam the more inclined to think s0,
because further on até p. 462 in the “ Tabula Examinationis Synoptica
Specierum Pompilidarum,” Dahlbom allows luteipennis and
fulvipennis of Fabricius to stand as distinct, and gives Hemipepsis
jlava apparently as his own species. .I note later on what I take —
this insect, Hemipepsis flava, Dahlbom, to be. a
In the Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects in the British Museum,
Pt. iti, by Mr. F. Smith, at page 182, the following are ‘gnumertted —
“ 1. Myanimia SEVERA.
*¢ Sphex severus, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins, iii., t. 42, p. 4.
“ Hab: India. (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Bsq.)
“9, Myoenrmia FLava. B, M.
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 211
INDO-MALAVYAN HYMENOPTERA.
“Sphex flava, Fatr. Ent. Syst. ii, 217, 80; Pompilus flavus, Fabr.
Syst. Prez. p. 197, 52; St. Farg. Hym. iii, 430, 21; Hemipepsis
flava, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i, 123, 1.”
Here Smith identifies the Sphex flava of .Fabricius with the
Hemipepsis flava of Dahlbom, but keeps the Sphex severa of Drury
distinct, Later on in his Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and
Ichneumonidee of India and the Hastern Archipalego, published in
1867 in the Journal of the Linnean Sosiety, vol. xi, at page 357, he has
“ Gen. Myenimia, Schuck.
“1. Myenmira (SrHex) rLava, Drury, Ill, Exot. Ins. iii, tab, 42,
fig. 4, 2 ; Smith, Cat. Hym. Lns. iti, 182, 2 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. 11, 1.
Pompilus flavus, Habr. Syst. Piez., p. 197, 52; St. Farg. Hym., iii,
- 430, 21.
“* Hemipepsis flavus, Dahlb.
ym, Eur, i, 123.
_“ Hab: India, Borneo, Singapore, Gilolo, Sumatra.”
_ Here evidently two species, Sphex severa, Drury, and Sphex flava,
Fabricius, are confused together. The reference, fig. 4, pl. 42 of
Drury’s work, represents severa, a fairly common species in Burma, of
which I give a figure, Pl. II, fig. 1. This species isalso very constant
in form and colour. I The only one specimen, and that is from
Sumatra, which varies in being a dusky black all over and having the
basal half of both wings fuscous shot with purple.
Cameron (Mem. and Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 4th series, vol.
iy, Pt. iti., pp. 443-445) and I (Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p. 371), following Smith, have fallen into the same error in giving the
synonyme of the two species,
In the Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist, Series iv, vol. xii (1873), p. 257,
Smith describes a large Salius under the name Mygnimia intermedia
as follows :—
“Female. Length 16 lines. Black, the head, pro- and mesothorax,
_ and the legs, except the cox, trochanters, and base of the femora
_reddish-yellow. The antennz yellow ; tips of the mandibles black.
The anterior margin of the pro- and mesothorax blackish; the meta-
thorax black, truncate posteriorly and transversely striated ; the wings
ei aline. Abdomen smooth and shining.
“ Hab, : N. India, Ceylon.”
3
212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
A species answering exactly to this description is not uncommon 4
in Tenasserim, and comparing it with Dahlbom’s brief description of
his Hemipepsis flava (Hym. Bur., i, pp. 123 and 462), it seems to
me very close to, if not identical with, that insect, which, I may again —
note, is in my opinion not the Pompilus (Sphez) flavus of Fabricius.” { f
If my conjecture is right, and Hemipepsis flava, Dahlbon a : |
intermedia, Smith, then Smith’s name must stand for the insect, as =
under the classification of the Pompilide proposed by Kohl (Gattungen — a
der Pompiliden in Verh, der K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1884), :, 7
and accepted by our greatest living English Hymenopierist, Cameron, .f
the genera Hemipepsis, Dahlbom, and Priocnemis, Schioedte, are both
placed as groups only of the genus Salzws, Fabricius.
In the Annali del Mus, Civ. di Storia Naturale di Genoa, 2nd series, [
vol. i (1884), at page 349, Gribodo mentions having received from
Burma three specimens of a pompilid which he identifies as Przocnemis a |
flavus, Fabr. (apud Dahlbom), and describes another species which he
names Memipepsis sycophanta as new.
With reference to the former, I give a translation of his remarks — 4
as they bear on the es of identifying the Sphez flava of 4
Fabricius :-—
20. PRIOCNEMIS FLAVUS, Fabr.
“ Sphex flava, Pabr. Hint. Syst. ii, p. 217, n. 80.
“‘Pompilus flavus, Fabr. Syst. Piez., p. 197, n. 52. :
“Priocnemis flavus, DAlb. Hym. Bur. i, p. 457, n. 6.
“Thrée females sent by Signor Comoito correspond well with the de-
scription (of Priocnemis flavus) given by Dahlbom in his Hymenoptera :
Huropea.
“Tt is necessary to note, however, that in the same work he mentions —
a LHemipepsis flava which would appear to be referable to Pompilus
- flavus of Fabricius. These two species (2. ¢., Hemipepsis fava and
Priocnemis | Pompilus| flavus) would appear to differ not only in
generic characters, such as the number of teeth on the tarsal claws and
the neuration of the wing, but also in the colour of the extremity of the
abdomen. I know not how to explain this confusion by the learned
and accurate author. It may be that it arose from his having found
among Fabricius’ types allied but distinct species labelled under the
same name, a mistake often made by the earliex Entomologists whose —
sil
wont. | Ses aa ae aia ee
ae
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF | 213
INDO-MAYALAN HYMENOPTERA,
superficial observation and want of minute accuracy often led to the
confusion of species which were not unfrequently generically distinct.
I can, however, affirm that the specimens sent from Burma belong
without doubt tothe genus Priocnemis.”
Of Hemipepsis (?) sycophanta, he says:— =»
“This species was collected by Captain Comotto at Minhla.
The type is in my collection, and was sent to me from the
English possessions in India, having been probably collected in the
neighbourhood of Colombo in Ceylon. . It is difficult to classify this
insect. First, it is as well to note that it cannot be considered a true
Hemipepsis, because the posterior tibie are not serrated nor even
strongly spinose, the elevated longitudinal folding or grooving (repie-
gatura) of the tibie which in true Hemzpepsis has the edges deeply
indented in the manner of a saw is in this species, on the contrary,
hardly even lightly wavy, and almost continued in a perfectly straight
line. It cannot, however, be placed in the genus Pompilus (vera),
because it has not only the claws strongly bidentate, but bears a trans-
verse impressed line or furrow on the 2nd ventral segment.”
Three other allied species may be noted here. Priocnemis gigas,
Taschenberg, described in the Zeitschrifft fiir die Gesammten Natur-
wissenschaften, xxxiv, (1869), p. 40, 16, as follows :—
“16. Pr. gigas: Niger, alis, capite cum antennis, thorace pro
partibus ; pubescentia, pedibus anoque fulvis, Long. 42 Mill, 9 ...
Java,
“ Tt is unfortunate that the only specimen has the apex of the wing
much torn, and the pubescence on the body considerably abraded, for
which reason its real appearance cannot be ascertained. The head
and antennee are light reddish-yellow, the front of the face and the
forehead with thick decumbent orange-yellow pubescence. The
clypeus has its outer margin short, smoothly arched, inwardly
_ transverse, its anterior angle obtuse and well rounded, wide at its
arched base, which is at the same height as the base of the
antennze, which latter are placed in somewhat small depressions. The
posterior margin of the prothorax is very obtusely angled, emarginate,
also rather flatter than the rest, and where the pubescence has been
_ tubbed, red in colour, The meso- and metathorax are black » covered
214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
with a very fine light yellow pubescence ; the metathorax posteriorly
gently arched and declivous, transversely striate, with conspicuous
obliquely placed stigmata, The pubescence on the abdomen has a
greyish appearance, the apical segment on its dorsal and partly on ‘its
ventral side also clothed with decumbent bristly yellow hairs. The
legs by reason of the pubescence are of a reddish-yellow, the coxe
chiefly on account of the same appear of a like tint. The posterior
tibize are strongly spinous, and, having regard to their size, but feebly
serrated, while the pubescence is prolonged into a like-coloured silky
stripe. The claws have in their middle a short rather strong tooth.
The wings at the base through their pubesecnce are likewise of a
dusky yellow without a trace of a blackish tint, but towards the
posterior margin they become lighter, at least in the only example
obtained, the apex of the hindwing is whitish. The submedial cell
of the forewing has its outer margin oblique, and the 1st recurrent
nervure is received close to the outer angle of the 2nd cubital cell,
which, bounded outwardly by the 2nd transverse cubital nervure,
has this latter angled and imperfect. The anal cell of the hind-
wing extends beyond the origin of the cubital nervure.”
In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. viii,
p. 372, I described a large Saliws under the name elizabeth. At that
time I was certain, it was previously undescribed, as I had
compared it with the descriptions of all nearly allied species, including
Priocnemis gigas of Taschenberg. However, after further careful
comparison, Iam not happy about Salzus elizabeth, and I think it is
very probably identical with Salius (Priocnemis) gigas, Taschenberg.
Finally, there is my Salus (Hemipepsis) conveaus, described in
Journal Bombay Natural History Society, vol. v, p. 237, which in a
way resembles Salcus (Hemipepsis) intermedius, but is very consider-
ably smaller, and differs in the colouring of the wings and abdomen,
To sum up. Iebelieve the following closely allied species of the
genus Salius exist, all having the yellow and black type of colouring,
Priocnemis Group. !
1.—SALIUS FLAVUS, Fabricius, Pl. II, Fig. 1, @.
Sphex flava, Fabr. Ent. Syst. li, p. 217, 80.
Pompilus flavus, Fabr. Syst. Piez, p. 197,52; Lepel. Hym, iii, p.
430, 21.
Bomb Nat Hist.Soc.
es,
2h
0 ate ee STE 6
West, Newman chromo
yt poe Loy © pe a og bo eo
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF 215
INDO-MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA,
Priocnemis flavus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur.i, p. 457,63; Gribado, Ann.
d. Mus. Civ, di Genova, 2nd series, vol i (xxi), p. 349, 20.
Mygnimia flava, Smith, Cat. Hym, Ins. Brit. Mus. Pt, ii, p. 182, 2 ;
Jour. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 357, 1.
Salius flavus, Cam. Hym. Orient. Mem. 5 Proc. Manchester Lit.
and Phil. Soc., 4th series, vol.iv, Pt. iti, p.443, 11; Bingh. Jour.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 371, 9.
Habitat. India. Burma.
Hemipepsis Group.
2.—SALIUS SEVERUS, Drury, Pl. 11, Fig. 2, 9.
Sphex severa, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. 1, t. 42, fig. 4.
Mygnimia severa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 182, 1.
Salius severus, Cameron, Hym. Orient. Mem. and Proc. Manchester
Lit. and Phil, Soc., 4th series, vol. iv, Pt. iti, p. 445, 29; Bingh., Jour.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 371, 10. |
Habitat : India, Burma, Sumatra.
38.—SALIUS INTERMEDIUS, Smith, Pl. II, Fig. 3, 9.
Hemipepsis flava, Dhlim. (non Fabr.) Hym. Eur. i, p. 123, 1, and
p. 462, 3. )
Mygnimia intermedia, Smzth, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th series,
vol. xii, p. 207.
Salius intermedius, Cam., Hym. Orient. Mem. and Proc. Manchester
Li. and Phil. Soc., 4th series, vol. iv, Pt. iii, p. 444, 18 ; Bingh., Jour.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 872, 11.
Habitat : N. India, Ceylon, Burma,
4.—SALIUS CONVEXUS, Bingh., Pl. II, Fig. 4, @.
Priocnemis convexus, Bingh., Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v,
p- 237, 6.
Salius convexus, Cam., Hym. Orient. Mem. and Proe. Manchester
Itt. and Phil. Soc., 4th series., vol. iv, Pt. ili, p. 451, 33 ; Bingh.,
Jour. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 575, 18.
Habitat : Ceylon, Tenasserim.
5.—SALIUS GIGAS, Taschenberg.
Priocnemis gigas, Tusch., Zeits. f.d. Ges. Natur rwiss., Bd, xxxiy.
(1869), p. 40, 16.
216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. x. ae
Salius gigas, Cam., Hym. Orient. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Bit,
and Phil Soc., 4th series, vol, iv, Pt. iii, p. 451, 37.
? Salius elizabeth, Bingh. Jour. Bomb. Nat. Mist. Soc., vol, viii,
p. 372, 14.
Habitat : Java,:Tenasserim. a
Thave doubtfully jomed S. elezabethe with this species, but the “4
former differs from Taschenberg’s description of gzgas in:several points,
notably in the colour of the apical segment of the abdomen, which
in a long series of S. elizabethe is always black, never yellow. d
From Taschenberg’s description it is evident that S. gigas has the
typical Hemipepsis wing. I have therefore placed it under the Hemi. _
pepsis section of the genus Salwes. |
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES,
PuatTe I. “ie
Fig. 1. Anthophora vegeta, n. sp. «. Op. td
5, 2 Anthophora amymone, n. sp. Q, p, 1965
» 0 Bombus rufo-fasciatus, Smith OF Dea LIG
» 4 Bombus méllerii, n. sp. se OF; pa loa
» _d» Megachile steloides, n. sp. ... 9, p. 198
» §. Megachile miniata, n. sp... O pelad 4
» «. Salius nicevillez, n. sp. 2, p, 199 i
, & Salius zelotypus, nap... an wee Og pe 20
» 9» Salius ewilipes, n. sp. ave 2, p. 202 a
», 10. Salzus martini, n. sp. 2, p. 204 ;
pg de 3 oon Oy 68s eee 6, p. 204.
» 12. Pseudagenia danae, n. sp. ... 2, p- 205
Puate II,
Fig Salius flavus, Fabr. eee we ste » p. 214
Salius intermedius, Smith » p. 215
aL; a
2, Salius severus, Drury 5c fae vse Oe) Dawe
3 2
4, Salius conveaus, Bingh. OW Oy ANG)
217
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN IN 1892—95,
CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
PAETEL CATALOGUE.
By Commanver E. R. SHOPLAND,, RLM.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, 14th January, 1896.)
Habitat.
G. and §. Names. | Author. Remarks.
Drifted on shore off Sk.
Othman. Rare
Do. do. Plentiful
Plentiful at low water on
mud. flats.
Dredged in 5 fathoms in har-
bour. Adult large speci-
| mens rare.
Wn. Shore, Sk. Othman,
among coral brought for
lime. Very rare
Argonauta tuberculosa.|
Aden.
Tanthina fragilis
Murex anguliferus ...|
», carboneri
Bh Clays.
» eyclostomia
» tenestrata
Only 2 small specimens, Isth-
mus mud flats.
Dredged in 5 fathoms and on
sail flats.
On mud flats of Maala.
; » baustellum
» ramosus
Plentiful
Parola, Among coral, Sk. Othman.
Very rare
» secundum Only one dead specimen,
south coast.
» ternispina Common in all sandy bays.
varicosus Mud flats, Isthmus. © Rare
L. W.S.T. Plentiful in sandy
Pyrula HIGHS) ce
bays.
» ficoides eet up dead on 8. H. sands.
» Mmelongina-pa- Plentiful everywhere at low
radisiaca, water.
Pisania crosseanus Sk. Othman, coral blocks. R
Pe) LONE (ee ae Do. do. 1p
Pollia contracta \Dredged in harbour and on
| rocks, south coast. P
awe
218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
G. and 8. N pyialaa, | Author, | Habitat, Remarks.
Pollia tritonidea-mar-| Rve. | Aden.|Dredged .in harbour ‘and —
morata. among coral, Sk- Othman. 7
Mi
is » tubiginea. fe 5 Do. do. do, Mie
55 Undosa ... ee ls », |Plentifuleverywhere at} tide
Fusus forceps... pale skew », |Dredged off Tarshyne. Very
rare
Pleurotoma albifuni-| Reese. 57 Sifted from Sappers Bay sand
culata.
Baynhami| Smith. | ,,|Dredgad of Tarshyne aaias
eh catena ...| Rve. ‘ Dredged off Tarshyne. 5
Large specimens very rare — ;
i Cecchi ...| Jouss. », |Dredged off Tarshyne MP ~
ie cingulifera.| Lk. » |Dredged in harbour. Rare
5) jousseau-| Melvill. a Do. dosaae ‘Do. 3
) nut. :
o latissimata.| Smith. » |Only 1 dead specimen coil ay
Sk. Othman.
He makemonas| Jouss. | ,, Do. do. specimen. - :
pouloensis. 0 », |Dredged in harbour 5 to ie |
fathoms. ;
# tubérculata) Gray. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathom
Bunder Fookum Bay. Pp
A Wigan wes) peuils » |Bunder Fookum Bay, L.8.T.
Rare
s unifasciata.| Desh. Py Do. do. Do.
hoy fin) | AE Sebel ater OIE ees Do. do. good
specimens rare.
violacea ...) Hinds. », |Dredged in harbour 5 to 7
93
fathoms. P
Daphnella citharella ...J. Lk. » |lelegraph Bay, sifeed! drow
sand. Scarce
crebriplicata] Rve. ,», |Uredged 5 fathoms, one speci-
men.
Bs Cummingii.| Powis. » |Lelegraph Bay, sifted from
sand. Scarce
a cylindrica...| Rve. : Do. dou Dos
Triton cancellinus ... », |Rocks east shore of Isthmus
position. R
» Clandestinus ~...) Uk. »» |Rocks east shore of Isthmus
One dead specimen
clancellinus, var.| Rve. ,» |ocks east shore of Isthmus. R
decipiens.
9?
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN. © 219
G. and §. Names.
Author. ass | ; Remarks.
Triton epidronus anti-| Hinds, | Aden. {Dredged 5 fathoms in harbour
quatus. Very rare
» epidronus-bra ¢ - ie » |L.W.S.T. Bunder Fookum
teatus Sei ; Bay. P
s SE aaa Chem. », (Coral. Sk. Othman. Scarce
osus.
» equatilis »-.| Reve. » |Rocks between Steamer Point
and Maala, Searce
» labiosus --| Wood. | ~,, |Maala mud flats. Ve
» pilearis oatl 2 Dl es Do. do. and rocks. P
»» kvauzani ...| Biane, »> .|Nocotra.
» retusus Spall alls », (Coral for lime-burning, Sk.
Othman.
»» rubecula weekly tot, _» |Rocky places all round
; coast. MP
» tfilineatus ...| Rve. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms and
sea face, A.L.S.R.
Boy wespacels’ —)s..| | Lk, ; |Maala mud flats. Ne
Persona adicus »..| Jouss. | . , (Rocks by Isthmus position, L,
; WS
a Shoplandi, «..+| +: Do. :. Do. Os jin, COs
Ranella anceps bal, iLike », (Ln coral at Sk. Othman and
a eee Telegraph Bay. Ie
5» concinna . ...| Dunker. » |Rocks, Telegraph Bay, low
. water.
4 pur Stamiera %. | luk. », |flentiful everywhere.
: aa eelivida w».| Rve, ps Do. do.
; 3 » Spinosa ei ealule: » \|Sandy beach, sea face, Sk.
= Othman. MP
3 Bullia lineolatum _...|._ Wood. » |Lelegraph Bay. Large speci-
‘ mens rare
4 5 mauritiana ....|- Gray. » |Llelegraph and all bays. les
. >) lahitiensis ...., Ik. , |Dredged nearAnadyr wreck.R
Phos roseatus... ...| Hinds. » (ok. Othman, coral. Scarce
Cyllene Grayii see CIVICS ,, |Dredged in 5 to 7 fathoms off
Tarshyne. MR
Nassa Adamsoni _...}_ ‘Desh. », |Allsandy bays near rocks. R
» albescens, var.) Dkr. i Do. do. ie
fenestrata.
5, arcularia A Ng ce 5 Do. do. R
>» coronata a L. », |Allsandy bays near rocks and
mud flats.
220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
G. and S. Names. |
Nassa dermestina
» erythroea
',, festiva (?)
» fiscelabris
4) ~=gemmulata
» entiginosa
>> Marrati...
Author.
Gould. | Aden, |Telegraph Bay, sifted from
Po
Tssce.
Rye.
Ad.
Lk.
La
..|E, Smith,
» nodifera Powis
»» papilosa L.
bot DCrSica es Mart
5 OWNS: a4 Ib
» variegata Rve.
5, verrucosa Kien.
»5 Obockensis,Jouss.
= zailansis.| Sowb.
burna Borneoensis ...| Sowb.
arr valentiana Swain.
Purpura fasciata Dkr.
5, hippocastamum) Lk.
2 mancinella ... L.
BS sacellum Lk,
i persica wale ale
» . sondolphi ...| Chem.
Ricinula arachnoides, Ibi,
var. ricinus.
. chrysostoma.| Desh. |
5) elatum” st) blain |
3 fiscellum ...| Chem.
ve lobatus Blain.
- marginatum-| Jouss.
altigona,
5 tuberculata..| Blain. |
Rapana bulbosa Fall usvoll.
Coralliophila costularis. Lk.
i violacea...| Kein.
Leptoconchus serratus.| Rupell.
Habitat,
Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
P F
Remarks.
harbour.
Burdon Hoole Bay, L.S.T.
Dredged 5 fathoms young P 3
R
adult.
Beach east of Isthmus wash-
ed up. P
Rocks all round Pp
Do le
Do MP
Do. MP
Do. Pia
Do. Pa
Aden Rocks all round. eg
Do. in harbour, FP
Do. do. Scarce
Do. do.
+) Sand.
All sandy bays. Me
The rocks beyond Gold —
Mohur Bay. Scarce
All sandy bays. Do.
Do. Do. as
Mud flats at Maala. Pas
Do. do. IE
Do. do. Ligh
Do: ® da: Ne
Bo. and rocks every-
where. a
Do. do. do. Plas
Mud flats at Maala. Scarce
{Dredged dead and coral at
SK Othman. Rae
Rocks all round.
Do.
Maala mud flats, L.W.P.
Dredged 5 to 7 fms.
Sk. Othman, coral.
Sk, Othman. coral.
Scarce
Do.
is
R
has plicasts heats Re a a
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN.
221
SS Ee LT GS | | oS a
Latirus Forskalli Bs
ie eaulucie
» polygonus
>», turritus a
Turbinella cornifera *..
Mitra affinis ...
» armilata
», aureolata
Meet: | i) mete,
ae BOVEL wc
» cceligena
5) coniacea
3 episcopalis
ppierrucinesa se.
», fissurata
99 foviolata - eea
», tulvescens
eLMeSL se.
», interlirata
pee literatare..
7, Jlubeus ...
5) marginata
Py MODIAS tc
» Lharaonis ae Ad.
», pretiosa-antonie.| H. Ad.
»» rotundelirata ...| Rve.
>») rufescens ah JANG IR |
» Scabriuscula
eee
.| Canafri.
Gaal,
aie:
Eve.
circulata pee
Lk.
Wier!
Sowb.
Jouss.
Rve.
Lk.
Rye.
Sowb.
.».| Melvill.
Gray. |
99
G. and 8. Names. Author, Hatta] Remarks.
Magilus antiguus Mft, | Aden, |Buried in’ blocks of coral.
: Scarce
Oliva bulbosa... o-| Jouss, » |Berbera, L.W.S.T. Sandy
bays near rocks, P
Poe blata as. VS «esl dak, = Do. do. don 2 Vee
Ancillaria albisculata...| Sowhb. > |Maala mud flats, ME
. castanea ... bs », |Only one specimen, Maala
mud flats.
2p CXIQUS ae es 3, |Outer sea-shore all round. MP
‘ fulva ...| Swain. », |Maala mud flats. P
Fasciolaria trapezium... : » |Rocks on sea face. le
Rocks sea face everywhere. P
Sk. Othman, coral. Scarce
Rocks sea face everywhere, P
Sk. Othman, coral.
Rocks east of Isthmus, Pp
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Sifted from sand below
Marbat. 1B
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Do. do. R
Dot’ don jue R
Dredged 5 to 10 fathoms P
Rocks, L.W.S.T. MP
Do. do. MP
Dead specimens only.
Sk. Othman, coral. Scarce
Do. do. R
Do. do. R
Do. do. if}
Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms
Do. do. R
Rocks Little Aden, L.W.S.T. P
JP
Sk. Othman, coral
Do. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Dredged outside Tarshyne
to 10 fathoms.
Sk. Othman, coral.
Dredged outside Tarshyne
to 10 fathoms.
Foleg EO eo eg bo So Eo Ed
222
G. and 8S, Names. Author.
Mitra Shoplandi Melvill.
he turgida se Rve.
» variegata eee “i
>» vexillum Hs
» valpecula Lk,
» ustulata .| Rve,
» xXerampelina ...| Melvill.
Marguiella gibbosa ...| Jouss.
B obscura ...| Rve.
a obtusa Sowb.
“ scripta Hinds.
a terveriana .| Petit.
verdensis .| Smith.
Columbella albina’’ ...| Kein:
» albinodulosa.| Gask.
>. uaspersa |) <..| | powb:
jy vastricta Rve.
» alyeolata Kein.
», conspersa A. Ad.
» eribraria Lk,
», tabula Rive.
Ay be) Brug.
» Hanleyi Dsh.
ligula Dull.
7. Lyrata: Sowb.
| smendicaria |) Ju:
»> mercatoria.. L.
5, misera Sowb.
» propinqua...| Smith.
» zonata Rve.
Hlanpa! vembricosaly ieerlt | ea
Cassis fauroti :
MRA GTEN 5 | Rye
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X. —
Habitat, Remarks.
Aden. |Coral at Sk. Othman. VR
Do. do. R
a Do. do. le
55 Do. do, MP
y Do. do. R
» (Coral at Sk. Othman R
Do. do. R
|Bunder, Fookum Bae ms
8.7.
All outer bays.
Dredged 5 fathoms in harbour
and Berbera, L. WS. ae
Dredged 5 fathoms in har-
bour, only one specimen.
All outer bays.
Do.
BP
Sk. Ofimen, coral. Scarce. -
Rocks in all bays. Ie
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Do. do, R
Telegraph Bay sifted from
sand. R
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Rocks in all ‘bays. ds
Sappers Bay, one dead speci-
men.
Rocks LittleAden, L.W.S.T.P
Sappers Bay, one dead EL
men.
Sifted from sand, Steamer
Point to Maala near rocks. P
Do. do. Scarce
Rocks everywhere, L.W. P
Sk. Othman, coral, only one
dead specimen.
Rocks everywhere, L.W. P
Rocks LittléAden, L. W S22
Little Aden and most rocky
bays. P
Isthmus mud flats. R
Isthmus mud flats, one speci-
men. R
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN, 229
G. and 8. Names. | Author. Habitat Remarks.
Cassis rufa LL. -} Aden. rite Aden reefs. R
Pee VADOX, oo 5 + Do. R
Dolium quemanju SSIs Othman, coral, only one
dead specimen.
Natica cernica vos] J OUSS », |Rocks on islands in harbour,
L.W.S.T.
» chinensis Lk. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. R
5. Collier Recluz . Do. do. do. R
» didyma --| Bolt. =p Do. do. Adult spe-
cimens scarce.
» Lorskalli Chem » |Lvocks on island in harbour. RB
55 maculosa 1b » |Dredged 5 fathoms and
Maala mud flats. R
5, mamilla L. 5, |Mud dats steamer to Maala P
» marocana Chem. * Do. do. P
» Melanostoma ...| Sk. 59 \|sk. Othman, coral. R
» Plicatula ..| Nutt. | ,, {Rocks on islands inharbour.P
5) pulicaria Philipi. » |Dredged in 5 fathoms harbour
adult specimens scarce.
Fe siiniee sc Chem. | ,, |Little Aden. — R
» teeniata Nunke. | 5, |Telegraph and Gold Mohur
Bays. Scarce.
Natacina papilla Gmelin -,, Dede 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. R
Sigaretus planulatus ...) Recluz. ») |{sthmus sea face, Scarce.
Sealaria clathrus L. » |Rocks Gold Mohur Bay, one
| adult specimen.
5, decussata Lk, », [isthmus sea face, two dead
specimens.
Terebra albomarginata.| Desh. 3 |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. R
>. Dabyloniea 22 2 9 Do. do. do. and.
mud flats, L.W.S.T., Scarce
» coerulescens ...| Lk. », |Lelegraph Bay. P
» consobrina Desh. » |Maala mud flats, one dead
specimen.
» gotoensis Smith. » |Dredged 5 to 8 fathoms off
Tarshyne. R
3). uamarchi 3.3. Kien. » |All mud fats, L.W:S.0. “Pe
»» nassoides Hinds. ,», |Dredged off Tarshyne, Scarce
» NSouleyeti . ...) Desh. Do. R
294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
f
G. and 8. Names. | Author, | Habitat. Remarks.
Terebra straminea, var.|Ad.&Rve.| Aden. |Dredged off Tarshyne and in
serotina, | Berbera. Pp
» tessellata ...| Gray. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms har=
bour and Steamer Point
to Maala.
Pyramidella mitralis...) A. Ad. | ,, |Dredged off Tarshyne. ite
i Pratii ...| Born. 4) Do. Ree
variegata.| A, Ad. Be Do. R
Obeliscus dolabratus «| » L. . Do. Scarce
Eulima arenata we.| Sowb, ns Do. Do.
5) brevis ¥ Do. RR
Solarium cylindraceum Chem.’ | Aden. Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. R.
» dorsuorum...| Hinds, “ Do. do. Scarce
» (Philippia) his & Do. do. Do.
hybridum.
levigatum ...| Lk.
», |Dredged off Tarshyne. Large
specimens scarce
> perspectivum| I. » |Mud flats, Isthmus. P a
5) perspectivin-| Chem. » {Steamer Point to Maala, Po
cula. ; a
5 Yregium ...| Hanley.| ,, |Isthmus mud flats. R
» variegatum...| Gmel. », |Steamer Point to Isthmus,
L.W.S.T. Scarce _
Conus acuminatus...| Hwass. » |Maala mud flats. PS “ay
5» adenensis »--| Smith, », {isthmus sea face, 4 dead 7 |
specimens only. 1
» adansoni S| fa id Bike. », |Rocks outer sea face. MP :
») arenatus ...| Hwass.| 4, |Steamer Point to Maala. P :
» betulinus , » |Lelegraph Bay and Little
Aden. L.W.S.T. PB ;
», bullatus a St iaueten Weerberae R. |
5 —catus ...| Hwass.| ,, . [Rock on islands in harbour.P
», cepitaneus | 5, |Dead specimens only, Isthmus
sea face.
5) cuvieri .».| Crosse. 3, [Islands in harbour, Same ss
Point. oe
», erythreeensis w..| Beck. ») |Steamer Point to Maala, L.
Wis ie P
», |SteamerPoint to Maala.Scarce
3, |Holkart’s Bay. ite |
» |Uredged in harbour. Good
Specimens scarce
» var. adustus ...| Sowb.
» flavidus pest altikee
» fumigatus. ...| Hwass. |
x
LIST OF SHELLS
G. and S. Names.
Conus generalis
”
7?
Strombus cylindricus ..
geographus
gemmulatus ...
inscriptus oes
lividus
lineatus ony
luctificus
miles
minimus
nussatella an
nemocamus
pusillus
quercinus
quadratomacula-
tus.
_ splendidulus
striatus
Sumatrensis
teeniatus
tesselatus
textile
Thomasi
traversianus
dentalus
floridus
fusiformis ...
gibberulus ...
lineatus
Mauritiana oe.
plicatus
Roupelli
aos
Author.
(by,
99
Sowb.
Chem.
like:
.| Hwass.
Born.
L.
.-| Smith.
Swain.
L.
Lk.
Sowb.
Habitat.
Aden.
COLLECTED AT ADEN. : 225
Remarks.
Dredged off Tarshyne. R
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Bulhar, only one specimen.
Maala mud flats and var. Gold
i Mohur Bay, L.W.8.T.. ~
Holkart’s Bay, i Wiebe oP
Off M.M. coal depot. Scarce
Bunder Fookum Bay reets
L.W.S.T. Scarce
Dead specimens, Isthmus sea-
face. R
Rocks everywhere. Mag
Maala mud flats, Scarce
Do.
Rocks outer sea face, L.W.V.P
Steamer Point to Maala, L.
W.S.T. P
Bulhar dredged 10 fathoms R
Bunder Fookum reefs, R
Little Aden. R
Rocks outer sea face all parts,
Dp
° J&
Do. do. oe tlw
Off Tawai, L.W.S.T. Scarce
Rocks outer sea face. P
Do. do. 1g
Dredged off Tarshyne, good
specimen. VR
Steamer Point to Maala,
L.W. 12
Do. do. it
Do do. Ir
Steamer Point to Maala,
L.W.S.T. Scarce
Steamer Point to Maala,
L.W iP
Perim, 2 specimens only
dredged in harbour.
Gold Mohur Bay, young spe-
cimen only. R
Steamer Point to Maala.
“Do, do.
iy
F
226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
G. and $8, Names.
Strombus tricornis
i variabilis ...
55 urceus we
Rostellaria curta
‘5 curvirostris,
Cypreea annulus
5, Arabica
5, cameoleopardalis
~melanostoma.
sy) caurica
» carneola
clandestina
» crucuta
5, var. coloba
9» erosa bat
», erythreensis ...
5 Pexcuste, Se
, telina Gray-
fabula. .
5 fmbriata
5) var. macula
5 gangrenosa
» helvola
» histrio
», Isabella
», Jlentiginosa ...
> Listeri
ay) dhyaebe
», Lienardi
» mauritiana
5 Moneta see
», nucleus
» ocellata
55 pantherina
>). pulchra
s) punctata bes
Author.
Lk,
Swain.
by
Sowb.
Lk.
L.
99
1b%
Mart.
1b,
Gmel,
.| Melvill.
ili
Beck.
Sowb.
Kein.
Gmel.
...| Adams.
Sol.
by
Gmel.
L.
Gray.
Gray.
iby
Jouss.
Ibe
Haat]
Aden.
9)
39
Remarks.
Mud flats at Maala, L.W.S.T.
1m
Mud flats at Maala and
Isthmus, L.W.S.T. iE
Do. do. R
Maala mud flats. Rt
Do. den
Rocks outer sea face, L.W. P
Do. everywhere, L.W. VP
Isthmus, dead specimen.
Rocks round islands, L.W. Pa
Do. everywhere, L.W. .
Sk. Othman, coral. iz
Islands in ‘ho bour, L.W.S.T.
jee
Do. e dot > oem
Rocks everywhere, L.W. VP
Sk. Othman, coral. Scarce
Do. Reg
Rocks all round, L,.W.8.T. P
Do. do. VE
Do, do. uP
Do. do Scarce
Do. do. R
Do. do. fe
Do. do. R
Dredged 5 fathoms, 2 spe-
cimens harbour.
{sland in harbour, 2 speci-
mens only.
Island in harbour and Maala,
L.W.S.T.
Sk. Othman, coral. FB
Perim Rocks and outer sea-
face MP
MP
nee
Do. do.
Sk. Othman, coral.
Berbra/One specimen only, L.W.S
Aden ue isherman’s Bay,L.W.S.T. S
do
Do. penn):
Sk, Othman, coral. R
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN,
Habitat
G. and S. Names. | Author. | ; ris,
Cypreea staphylea L
» talpa 9
sy) alerts 5
Pecans Lk.
5 Lurneri Jouss
5, undata Lk.
» Vitellus L.
Bs BER: ri
Ovulum lacteum Lk.
» (birostia) spelta 10
Cancellaria elegans Sowhb.
ny Strix Pookie:
>» melanostoma..| Sowb.
») scalarina Lk.
Cerethium asper Ih.
» bifasciatum ...| Sowb.
» ¢lypemorus ...| Jouss.
» ceruleum Sowb.
5, columna un
» contractum ... 33
» echinatum Lk.
» fasciatum Mart.
» iuviatilis ...|Pd. Mich
». kochii Phil.
lacteum Kien.
5 ”” vertagus-fasciatus Brug.
she ” obeliscus .. 5
aya. cedo-nulli... Sowb.
5 pingue Jae, /a\0l,
Aden.
927
Remarks
Sk, Othman, coral. R
Do. do. x
‘\Fisherman’s Bay, L. W.
De
-
Kiverywhere at L. W.S. T.
VP
Sk. Othman, coral. MP
Dow do, R
Do. do, R
Steamer Point to Maala under
Rocks, L.W.S.T. R
Sk. Othman coral. R
Do. ltt
Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms har-
bour. R
Do. do. MP
‘under Fookum Bay. R
Dredgedin harbour 5 to 7
fathoms. es
Sk, Othman.
Bunder Fookum Bay, L. a
8.7,
Steamer Point, harbour ee
All sandy beaches near rocks,.
L.W.S.T
All sandy beaches near ae
EW.
oe Fookum Bay, L, W.
T
Do. do R
Sappers’ Bay and dredged in
5 fathoms harbour, Fe
Mud flats, Little Aden. Ie
Dredged in 5 to 7 fathoms
in harbour. P
Do. do. lz
Little Aden, L.W.S.T. R
All parts, L. W. VP
Do. do. Wee
Bunder Fookum Bay, L.W.
Silly R
928 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
G. and 8. Names.
Author,
Habitat.
Remarks.
Cerethium recurvum.
Roupelli....
32
» tuberculatum. ih.
> yerburyi Smith.
Littorina ahenea _—...|_- “Reve.
» granocostata. . n
» natalensis ...| Kraus.
Modulus candidus Petit.
5) textum Gmel.
Planaxis breviculus ...| Desh.
Oi) SANISTL ee. 7 93
Rissoina clathrata ...| A. Ad.
A cocinna ad-| Recluz,
- emporides.
a sidmondiana.| Issol.
“ spirata Sowb.
,, tridentata=curta :
Turritella columnaris .| Kien.
. maculata Rve.
Phorus ‘ :
Calyptreea sequestris ...). LL.
a cicatrosa ...{| Rve.
Narica cancellata Chem
Nerita chrysostoma ...| Richy
5» uplexa.<.. Chem.
sy mo litayeee ‘ Th,
», Rumphii var ...| Recluz.
Phasianella lineolatus ..) Wood
+5 nivosa Rye
Turbo coronatum, var.
granulatum ...) Gmel.
a elegans Phil.
Sowb. | Aden. |Sandy bays all round L.W. P
Do, do. LW
All sandy beaches L.W.S.T.
Ve
Do. do. do. VP
Berbera.
Bunder Fookum Bay, L.W.
VP
aba: db, VP
Dredged in harbour 5 to 7
fathoms, only 2 dead
specimens.
Dredged in harbour 5 to 7
fathoms, only 2 dead
specimens. R
‘jal rocks on sea face. WP
Do. ido. VP
‘sifted from sand, Sappers’
Bay.
Do. do. Scarce
Do... do. Do.
Do. do. BP
Do. do. R
6
Dredged off Tarshyne,
fathoms. NV
Dredged off from Tarshyne to
Maala, L.W.8,T. Er
Maala and Isthmus Rocks,
L.W, Searce
Do. do. Do.
Isthmus Rocks, both sides. R
Little Aden, L.W.S.T. P
Do. do. Scarce
Rocks everywhere, L.W. VP
Do. do. VP
Bunder Fookum Bay, L. He
Say
Do. do. -
Rocks everywhere, L.W. VP
Do. do. P
4
LIST GF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN, 229
G. and S. Names. Author. | Habitat. Remarks.
Tarbo pethiolatus ...) L. Aden |Rocks Isthmus sea face. R
»» pustulata .-| Broedil. Ms Do. do. Scarce,
» radiata =--/ Gmel. 3 De. everywhere. Ee
Leptothyra leeta ---| Montr. is
Trochus cardinalis vir-
; gata} Gmel. » |S. Othman, coral, R
»» infundibulum,
var. erythreus ...| Brochi. » |Rocks everywhere, L.W. P
Clanculus Pharaonis ...) L. i Do. do. PF
Monodonta dama ..| Phil. » ee Bay Rocks, L.W.S8.
a? P
» obscurus ...| Wood. ,, |sappers’ Bay sand. le
Hucellus bicinctus ...| Phil. », |sitted Sappers’ Bay sand,
LAWesu Ie
» delpretei ...) Caram. 5 Do. do. iE
Pe proximusiy .2.|) Ay At. ,, |Rocks Steamer Point to
Maala, L.W. P
Zizhyphinus scobinatus| A, Ad. », |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. P
Gibbula dorize ---| Caram. »» |Sifted from sand, Sappers’
Bay.
Minolia caifassei ..-| Caram. ‘ Do. do. iP
~ Margarita variabilis ...| A. Ad. “ Do. do. R
Haliotis Se Beale tes » Rocks Isthmus sea face. R
Fissurella kuppelli ...|| Sowb. » |Rocks everywhere, L.W. P
Parmophorus unguis...) L. », |Gold Mobur Bay BR
Dentalium Shoplandi...| Jouss. », |Dredged 670 fathoms by Tel.
Str. Amber 50 miles EH.
Aden.
Patella plumbea sof) De. >» |ttocks outer sea face Ip
5) . radians ..| Gmel. 5 Do. do. iE
Somatella solidula ..., IL. » |Berbera and Perim dredged
5 to 7 fathoms Mie
Bulla ampulla Bes| vee Lis » (Steamer Point to Maala,
Le WESare i
5 physis Beaten, Lil; 55 |Lsthmus mud flats. P
5 vexillum : vee Do. R
Atys cylindracea ...|_ Helb. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. fe
39 naucum mele es 95 Do. do. P
Umbrella Indica ...| Lik. » (Near M.M. Coal Depot RB
230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL, HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
G. and 8. Names. Author. | Habitat. Remarks.
BIVALVES. +,
Martesia striata cedltean Lis Aden. |Mud. flats at Maala in soft
. rock, fei
Solen corneus esl wet likes », [Isthmus sea face, L.W. P
d en nee
» Gouldii el aConrads EB Do. wae Pa
5 truncatus -s.| Wood. “1 Do. do. P
Machzera polita, W ood,
var, japonica eer ete) kere MS Do. do.) Vila
Tugonia nobilis ...| A, Ad. iS Do. do. alive.
3 R
Corbula Leahitriensis...J Lk. », |Rocks near Isthmus, Pa
Anatina hispidula ...| Val. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms In
| harbour. . Searce am
Thracia Australica ...| Rive. » |Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms, only
one specimen. a.
Pandora ee oni (| Rte hac Ae Ole urete sie ae os
Mactra achatina ...| Chem. » |Dredged Bunder Fookum }
| Bay VE @
Wiig ae nistal ...| Jouss. “4 Irethiias sea face, L.W.S.T. Ro @
»» decora ---| Desh. soa Do. do. Scarce
»» fauroti, var. alba| Jouss. ioe Do. do.
>> 4amoh ees a Bett Do. do.
Lutraria cultellus ...}| IL. », \Lsthmus sea face, dead speci-
| men
intermedia ...| Desh. | i, Do. do.
Standella Hegyptica Chem. » |Maala mud flats dey,
: solandri Gray. | 3 Do. R
Reeta abercrombiei | Melvill. | ,, (Isthmus sea face, odd valves”
only, P
Czecilla zebuensis ...|_ Desh. », |All sandy. bays, L.W le
Asaphis deflorata ...| L. | ,, jSappers’ Bay L.W P
Psamobia elegans ...| Desh. »» |Little Aden R
ey marmorea ... ve Re Do. R
3 occidens ...| Chem. 5 Do. Ris
a pallida. *.:.\) Desh. 6 Do. R
3 Weinkaufii...| Crosse, », (Gold Mohur Bay cast up
| ‘ dead. R
Soletellina adamsi_ ...) Desh. » |Maala mud flats, L. We 2B
Tellina Adenensis ...| Smith. ,». |Lsthmus sea face. MP
»» concentrica ...) Gould. >») |Steamer Point, harbour shore
TNE Sel Scarce.
LIST OF SHELLS
COLLECTED AT ADEN,
G. and S. Names. | Author. | Habitat. Remarks.
Tellina coxa ... ...| Jouss. | Aden, |Steamer Point, harbour shore
L.W.S.T. Searce,
ee dubia) wos .-| Desh. ; Do. do. R
» edentula ...| Spengl. », |Lsthmus sea face. L.W.S.T.
», foliacea aie edlug ,, _|Lsthmus sea face.
», Jacumniosa Chem. »» .\Steamer Point to Maala,
L.W.S.T., dead only. P
5 ostracea esate oe duike », |Lsthmus sea face R
5, Pharaonis .| Hanley = Do. do. R
» Tubella Desh. », |Dredged 5 fathoms inner har-
| bour. IP
5» rugosa Bom. », |Maala mud flats, L.W.S.T.R
5, scobinata Gay . Do. Scarce.
» staurella =| ik? >», |Lsthmus sea face. R
», Ssubpallida ...; Smith. * Do. Scarce.
» sulcata Wood. »» steamer Point to Maala
L.W.S.T. MP
» perplexa .| Hanley. a Sk, Othman, coral. R
Donax erythrea ... Bertram.) ,, Sands Bunder Fookum Bay
L.W.8.T. iP
», scalpellum ...| Gray. » ands Littl Aden, L.W.
eeu: Scarce.
clathrata Reese. ,, |Lsthmus sea face, L.W.S8.T. P
Serobieularia vaillanti.| Jouss. e Do. kos “We lat
Semele chinensis A. Ad. » |Rocks Isthmus, i W.S2k 3P
»» cruenta .|Ad&Ang.| ,, |Dredged 5 fms. harbour R
5 lamellosa Sowb. " Do. do. R
Paphia glabrata --.| Desh. ,, |{sthmns sea face. Rh
Tivela ponderosa Koch.) =. 0. R
- Meretrix lusoria Chem. is Do. R
Callista costata a5 Sar ol Nis Nem IM cee
». enycina L. ,, |Berbera Isthmus: mud flats,
: Wiel:
5 Horida Lk. Pe lids Tel ecawoaeee
» umbonella mA » |Maala and Isthmus mud flatr.
L.W.S.T, IE,
>» lilacina Salam cil - Do. do, Ie
Caryatis varians ..| Hanley. | 5
Lioconcha hebreea ...) Lk. » |Dredged off “‘Tarshyno, 5 to
7 fathoms R
os tigrina z | Do. do. do. R
Circe Arabica. Chem. ee Seopabare
3 callypiga Bom. | (All mudflats, GW.SiE. 7 -P
232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
l ci
G.and S, Names, | Author. | Habitat. Remarks.
Circe corrugata ...| Chem. | Aden.|Dredged in harbour, 5 to 7
fathoms Scarce. —
» imtermedia ...| Reve. ,, |steamer Point to Isthmus
mud flats, L.W.S. T. MP
» leutiginosa ...| Chem. | Aden |Maala mud flats, L, W.S. T.
iyi
» pectinata sna L. a Do. do. ¥F
»» seripta * », |Dredged off Tarshyne 5 to
10 fathoms. PF
» do. var. fulgurata| Rve. Do. do. R
Sunetta contempta ...) Smith. » jGold Mohur Bay. R
5, intermedia * 2.) ---.-- hs Do. R
Tapes deshayesi ...| Hanley.| ,, |Bunder Fookum Bay, drede-
ed 6 fathoms. VR
sy) florida yar. 72.3) 7) uk. » |Dredged off Flint Island. P
», litterata ae T:
» malabaricus ...| Chem. 5, |Steamer Point to Isthmus —
mud flats, L.W. P
5, obseurata -»-| Desh ,», |Dredged 5 fathoms harbour. R
» pinguis Jc| 2 Chem, 3). (All mud flats, 1. WS agi es
5 radiata . | Gmel. aA Do. do. FE
5, sulcosa sil oe Luke: » » yk. Othman. R
., textrix ..-| Chem. ,, |Dredged in harbour 5 to c
fathoms. Ee
Anaitis foliacea ...|Philippi. . Do. do. EB
Chione crispata ...| Desh. NM Do. do. R
»» Wamarckii ...| Gray. i Do. do. R
». Jamellosa .2.| Chem. |) ,. Do. do. R
Dosinia alta soo Dik », Isthmus sea face, L.W.S.T. P
ai? shepaticuss ee:| sells Wieder Do. COs. jp tude
55. histrio .--| Gmel. r Do. do.) ints
5 pubescens ...| Phil. ss Do. Cosel
Venerupis macrophylla.) Desh. » |Lsthmus mud flats, L.W.S.T.,
near rocks. P
», ¢Claudiconitra; Jouss. “ Do. do. PP
madreporica.
Cypricardia corallio-| Lk. © » |sk. Othman, coral. Eas
haga.
Gresitophaee corallio-| Jouss. Ms Do. do. B
4 phagus. |
Petricola hemprichi...| Issol. a Do. do. Ie
Choristodon lapicidi- Chem.
um.
», |Sk. Othman, coral. Scarce
z Hale les AEE aie {
|
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN. - 233
ae T | “Ste a
G. and S. Names. Author,
Cardium assimile Rve.
») 2ustrali Sowb.— »
pulchrum.
» latum=cetosum.| Redfield.
») pseudolima ...| Lk.
» Tugosum oes -;
» Tubicundum var.
Chama fragum
» gryphoides ... 1p
Tridacna crocea var. Lk.
Lucina dentifera Jouss
» e&xasperata Rye.
»» Semiporiana ...| Issol.
Diplodonta rotundata. | Turton
Scintilla obockensis ...| Jouss
pepe aA oss Desh.
Crassatella radiata Sowb.
Cardita antiquata ...| Poli.
»9 Ssemi-orbiculata.| L
» sulcata peel luke
» variegata ...| Brug
Mytilicardia guberna- Rve
culum.
_ Mytellus pictus -.| Bom
Crenella cummingii ...) Drk
Modiola auriculata Kraus
3 Sirheensis Jouss
Lithodomus erythrx-| _,,
ensis.
» lithophagus. Lk.
3, cinnamonea- 3
nus var.
10
Habitat.} ~
Remarks.
Steamer Point harbour shore,
L.W.S8. T. Scarce
Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. P
Steamer Point to Maala.
Searce
Dredged 5 fathoms harbour.
VR
Off Post Office, L.W.S8.T. P
Do. do. R
Dredged oft Tarshyne 6
fathoms. 12
Do. do. PB
Sk, Othman coral. R
Maala mud flats. Scarce
Do. Do.
Sappers’ Bay Sand. ee
Isthmus seaface, L.W.8.T. P
Do. do. R
Do. ‘dogs tee
Dredged off Tarshyne, 5 to 7
tathoms. |e
Steamer Point to Maala.
Good specimens scarce
Isthmus sea face, L.W.S.T.
1
Steamer Point to Maala mud
flats. le
Do. do. do. iE
Rocks at Isthmus sea face,
_|Off buoys and vessels in
harbour. lz
Isthmus sea face. R
Do. R
Do. R
Sk. Othman, coral. ie
Do. do. le
Do. do. Ee
234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
G. and 8. Names.
Septifer excisus ...| Weigh-
: man.
Avicula marmorata ...| Rve.
Maleagrina margarita-| LL.
fera.
Maleus albieus Jouss.
Crenatula picta Soc) (enone):
Pinna altor Sowb
,, bicolor Chem
ALT ALS. a
Area clathrata Rve.
»» domingensis Lk.
>, imbricata _ Brug
5, natalensis Kraus
5» navicularis Brug
», obliquata W ood
5) tortuosa by,
scapha te
Cuculea concamerata...| Martini.
Pectunculus pecteni-| Lk.
formis.
Pectunculina muli-| Sowb.
stricta.
Pecten flabeloides ...|. Reve.
4. Jayardi,ivar. ccc\, wlve
» luculentus, var.. ui
3) pica L,
-, sanguinolentus | Gmel,
Author,
Habitat.
Remarks.
Rocks all round, L.W.S.T. P
Off vessels and buoys.
Flint Island, L.W.S.T.
Large specimens scarce
Dredged in 5 to 7 fathoms off
Tarshyne.
Isthmus , sea face,
one specimen
only
Good |
specimen S rare. —
= iit gd Fee F
Islands in L.W.8.T. Scearce ~
Do. do. MP
Military Pier to Tava
only. MP
All mud flats. P
Rocks everywhere, L.W.S.T.
FE
Do. do. B
Do. do. te)
R
Sk. Othman, coral.
Rocks, Maala and Sari
L.W.S.T..
Dredged 5 to 7 fathoms in
harbour. Ne
Pints
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Maala mud flats near rocks,
Scarce
Dredged off ‘Tarshyne and
at Bulhar, 7 to 12 fathoms
Isthmus mud flats, L.W.S.T.
VR
Marbat to P.O. Pier. L.W.S.
a R
Do. do.
Isthmus mud flats, L.W.8.T.
R
Sk. Othman coral, only two
specimens.
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ADEN. 235
G. and S, Names.
Anthor.
Habitat. | é Remarks,
Pecten senatorius
»» Squamosus, var.
lividus.
»» Lownsendi ...
» Lranquebaricus..
Lima paucicostata
»5 scabra
Plicatula imbricata
Pedum spondyloidum...
Anomia achzeus
Placuna placentis
Vulsella linguafelis ..
Ostrea crista galli _ ...
4 Lyotis
a Suelil
Lingula anatina
Gmel.
Lk.
Sowb.
Gmel.
Sowb
Born.
Menke
Lk.
Gray.
L.
Roe.
39
33
Steamer Point to Maala,
attached to rocks and piers,
LW,
Steamer Point to Maala
| attached to rocks and piers,
| LW. .
Bunder Fookum Bay and
African Coast, L.W.S.T. R
Rocks and islands in har-
bour, LL. W.S.T. R
Sk. Othman, coral. R
Do: do. R
Rocks on islands in harbour.
Rocks on mud flats, © R
Attached to other shells, P
Maala and Isthmus mud
flats, L.W.S.T. R
Steamer Point to Maala in
sponge. ~ fe
In Cave in Islands Bunder
Fookum Bay. M.P
Reef, Bunder Fookum Bay,
L.W.S.T. P
Do. do. ie
Dug out of sand, L.W-S.T.,
Isthmus. iP
236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EARTH-SNAKE FROM TRAVAN-
CORE (RHINOPHIS. FERGUSONIANUS).
By G. A. Bou.rncer, F.R.S.
(With a Plate.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, 14th January, 1896.)
The genus Rhino phis, of which five Ceylonese species are known, was
for many years believed to be represented in Southern India by two
species, viz., R. melanogaster, Gray, and &. sanguineus, Beddome.
In 1886 Colonel Beddome pointed out that the former had no right to
remain in that genus and correctly transferred it to the genus Silybura,
‘to which the bulk of Indian Uropelts belong. | Therefore, when in
1890 I revised the list of Indian Snakes, the genus Rhinophis was
reduced to one continental species, R. sanguineus. But shortly after
I had the pleasure of adding a second, described in this Journal in
1893, R. travancoricus,* of which a specimen from Trivandrum had been
sent to me by Mr. H. 8. Ferguson. Thanks to the same gentle-
man, I am now able to describe a third species, nearest allied to the
Ceylonese R. érevelianus, with which I am happy to connect the
name of Mr. Ferguson, to whose exertions we owe several interesting
additions to the herpetological fauna of Travancore.
Rhinophis fergusonianus, n. sp.
Snout acutely pointed ; rostral very obtusely keeled above, two-
fifths the length of the shielded part of the head; frontal a
little longer than broad, shorter than the paritals; eye very small,
not half as long as the ocular shield, in contact with the third labial.
Diameter of body, 40 times in the total length ; 17 scales round the
middle of the body, 19 behind the head; ventrals only a little larger
than the adjacent scales, 184; subcaudals 4, caudal disk a little
longer than the shielded part of the head, scarcely visible from
below ; longitudinally striated, blackish above ; sides white, dotted
and spotted with black ; belly white, with black dots and two series
of large black spots partially confluent into a zigzag band ; caudal
disk black, edged all round with yellow.
Total length, 320 millim.
A single specimen from the Cardamom hills, collected by Mr. J. 8.
Sealy.
Differs from R. trevelianus in the more slender body, and the
longer caudal disk, which does not extend on the lower surface of
the tail, and is striated instead of granulate.
* See Vol VII, page 318.
ae |
oo
oer:
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist .Soc.
Mintern Bros. del et lith. London.
REN © Hl SER Gu S ONAN
(A new Earth- Snake from Travancore.)
237
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By J. Davipsoy, T. R. Bent, ann E, H. ArrKEN,
Parr I,
(With Plates I, I, ITI.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
14th January, 1896.)
In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. V
(1890), pp. 260, 349, two of us published a paper on some of the larve
and pupz of the butterflies of the Bombay Presidency, in which we
described 94 species which we had ourselves reared. In the next two
years, Mr, Bell having in the meantime joined us in our investigations,
we had added so largely to this number that we began to meditate
a supplementary paper. For various reasons, however, this did not
get itself done, as Carlyle would have said, and now the number of
butterflies, of which the transformations remain to be discovered, has
become so small that it seems invidious to leave them out, and we have
decided that our paper should take the form of a list of the butterflies
which we have met with in the district, with such information as we
can give regarding their habits and transformations. We will not
repeat descriptions published ia our former paper, but we will sup-
plement or correct these where it appears to be necessary, and in some
instances give figures of larvae which were only described before.
_As regards the time of the year at which each species is on the wing,
our notes are not so satisfactory as we could have wished, One reason,
for this is that we are all district officers, spending the monsoon at
Karwar and the dry-season on tour through the district, many parts
of which are quite different from Karwar in the character of their
vegetation and other conditions which influence the butterfly popula-
tion. So it happens that our observations of particular species are
interrupted for months ata time, Collectors in other parts of India
often write of the number of broods in the year in terms which imply
more regularity than we have observed in this moist and equable
climate. Weare not inclined to think that the majority of species here
haye any fixed number of broods in the year. One generation succeeds
238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
another as fast as conditions permit. It would be difficult to name any
month in the year when many common species, such as EHupleea core,
Cramer, may not be seen laying their eggs. They are undoubtedly
much more plentiful in some months than others, but this is because the
largest number of larvee come to maturity at those times when succulent
young leaves are most plentifal and enemies least active. Many species,
however, pass through a certain portion of the year, which is unfavour-
able to them, in a state analogous to hibernation. For example, the
smaller Lycenide, such as Zizera, are not to be seen from June to
August, when the heavy rain would beat down such feeble butterfliés
aud drown their Jarve. They appear in September and swarm ‘for
some months after. Thesame is true of Hypolimnas misippus, Lin-
neeus, perhaps because it feeds on ground weed, and the larva is liable
to be drowned by heavy rain. On the other hand, . bolina, Linneus,
and the majority of the Nymphaline and also the Papilionine are
much more abundant during the monsoon than at any other season.
By the end of the year some of them have become very scarce, if they
have not disappeared altogether, and it is evident that those which
feed on deciduous plants cannot be in the larva state from December
to March or later. The Péertnew, excepting Nepheronia, are less
abundant durirg the rains than in the cold season, and Atella phalantha,
Drury, may be called a dry-season butterfly. ts period of inactivity is
the monsoon. How each species tides over the particular time which
is unfavourable to it is an interesting question on which our knowledge —
is very limited. We have proved that Papzlzo nomius, Esper, regularly
remains in the pupa state from August till the following March or —
May ; but this is a peculiar case. In P. clytza, Linneus = dissimilis,
Linneeus, the pupa state is often prolonged for weeks or months without
regard to season. But in the vast majority of species the pups in our
cages hatch on the due date as regularly as hens’ eggs. Yet there
are good reasons for thinking that it is in the pupa state that
most butterflies pass through the time when nature is against them,
It is also not improbable that eggs laid at an unfavourable time remain
unhatched till next season. Lastly, some Hesperiide hibernate in the
larva state. ‘The larva when full grown stops eating and shuts itself
up ina cell as if it were about to become a pupa, but it does not actually
undergo that change for some weeks or even months. We ace not
4
a
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 239
disposed to believe that in this climate the imago hibernates as it
commonly does in Hurope.
Apart from hibernation, the length of a larva’s life varies a good
deal according to the supply of food. When tender leaves are plen-
tiful they grow fast. Butterflies of strong build and powerful flight,
such as Charazes and the larger Hesperiide, live much longer in the
larva state than others. The duration of the pupa state, on the other
hand, seems to depend on little else than size. Small Lycende
emerge in a week, the majority of medium-sized butterflies in ten days,
and the Papilios ina fortnight. Trozdes (Ornithoptera) takes three
weeks, : at
We wish we could have made these papers more readable so that
others might-more fully participate in the enjoyment which we have
derived from watching and catching the beautiful creatures represented
by the hard names which are to follow ; but the number of species to be
described is so large that if we had allowed ourselves to be tempted to
digress, the paper would have become too long for publication in any
journal. : |
In conclusion, we must express our grateful acknowledgments to
Mr, W. A. Talbot for his valuable help in finding the names of the
plants on which our larve fed, and to Mr. Lionel de Nicéville for
much assistance in the identification of butterflies,
- Our illustrations were painted by Mr. Krishnarao Raghunathrao
Rane, student at the Bombay School of Art, a young man who took
-much interest in the creatures themselves.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily Danatnz.
1. Hestia lynceus, Drury.
From. the foot of the ghauts to the crest, and even some distance
inland, wherever streams of water flow among high trees, the “ wood
nymph” may be found, sailing or floating with leisurely elegance,
oftenest beyond the reach of the longest butterfly net. When it does
come low, nothing is easier to catch. It is rarely, if ever, met with
‘on the coast. It appears from October to June and probably from
June to October, but we spend the rains at Karwar, where it does not
occur. The larva feeds on Aganosma cymosa (order Apocynacee),
240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
and has been described in this journal by Captain T. Macpherson, Bo.
S. C., vol. ii, p. 164 (1887), with a plate showing the egg, larva and.
pupa under the name of Hestia malabarica, Moore. See also a far-
ther note on the subject by Mr. de Nicéville on page 242,
2. Danais aglea, Cramer (D. grammica in Marshall
and de Nicéville).
Found throughout the district at all seasons, and very common in
some places. We have reared larve in every month of the monsoon,
and indeed throughout the year. The larva and pupa were described
in our former paper, p. 262, n. 2.
3. D. limniace, Cramer.
We have put our species under this name, but monsoon specimens
which we sent to Mr. de Nicéville were pronounced by him to be nearer
to D. septentrionis, Butler, though much smaller than specimens of
that species from the other side of India, and not quite so dark. On
the other hand, some of our specimens are larger and paler than
others, and those caught in the dry-season, especially above the ghauts,
are typical D.limniace. The butterfly is fairly common throughout
the district, very abundant in some places. The larva and pupa are
described by Marshall and de Nicéville. See also our former paper,
p- 266, n. 3.
4, D. chrysippus, Linneus.
This ubiquitous butterfly is less common in Canara (at least on the
coast) than in most parts of India. There is little left to be said about
it, except that we have discovered that it does feed on something
else than Callotropis, to wit, on Asclepias curassavica, a foreign plant
of the same order which is now quite naturalised in the district. See
our former paper, p. 266, n. i.
Among the larve of this butterfly reared by us last season, two, —
which were brought to us together and evidently belonged to the same
brood, produced fine specimens of the variety, D. klugiz, Butler,
which we have never seen in Canara before or since. We also reared
a specimen which distinctly tended towards D. alcippordes, Moore.
5. D. genutia, Cramer.
Somewhat local on the coast, but common above the ghauts, where
it is found at certain spots in swarms that literally block the road.
We do not know what draws them together, but this species, as also
7" |
ee,
THE BUTTERFLIES OF FHE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 241
D. limniace, Cramer, and E. core, Cramer, is much attracted by
certain plants when withering, notably by a certain species of Crota-
laria. The larva and pupa have been described Py Marshall and de
- Nicéville.
6. Euplea core, Cramer.
There is no need to waste space on thisyspecies either. It is
common everywhere and at all seasons. For one or two days every
year, about the beginning of June, hundreds may be seen migrating
northwards, together with a few of D. limniace, Cramer, and D. aglea,
Cramer. The natives say that the rains always begin three days after
this happens, and we have known one occasion when it was so, which
is sufficient for faith. The larva and pupa-of this species have been
described by Marshall and de Nicéville. They may be found on almost
any kind of Ficus and on many common apocynaceous plants. The
common garden Oleander is often festooned with their silver chrysa-
lids. See our former paper, p. 266, n. 4.
7. E. coreta, Godart (E. coreoides in Marshall and de
Nicéville). Plate I, Figs. 1, la.
It is Peatescielo to say how common this species may be, as if cannot
be distinguished from LZ. core, Cramer, on the wing. We have taken a
- good many at Karwar during the monsoon, and last season we were
fortunate enough to secure a larva. It was brought by a native boy
upon a leaf which appeared to belong to the order Apocynacee. It
was more elongated than the larva of &. core, and had only three
pairs of filaments, of which the first was very long and turned outwards
at the points, the next was nearly as long and almost straight, while the
third was short and very thick at the bases. The head was bluish-white,
‘with two darker triangular marks, the body uniform pale bluish-
green, the corrugated skin giving the appearance of transverse bands
a broad white line separated the darker colour of the underparts. The
filaments were pale whitish-blue, edged with darker blue at the
points and tinged with orange at the swollen bases, The pupa was like
that of E. core, the colour being bright silver with the wing-cases and
other parts defined in a pale green tint.
8. E. kollari, Felder. (E. sinhala in Marshall and de Niceville.)
We have taken this both above and below the ghauts, and consider it
commoner than FZ. coreta, Godart, but is almost as difficult to tell on the
14
242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
| wing from E, core, Cramer. The caterpillars of these two are almost as : 4
like as the butterflies, the only difference being that the tentacles of
E. kollari are.pink and curled at the top, whereasin E. core the front pair
are never curled. The marginal band is also much whiter in this species.
It feeds on several species of Ficus. The chrysallis is similarly shaped —
to that of E. core, but of course larger and ofa brilliant golden colour,
except on the wing-cases, which are silvery-green, if that is an —
admissible combination. The colour is probably variable, but it is
distinguished by three pairs of small dorsal black spots, which are
likely to be constant.
: Subfamily SatyRinz.
9. Mycalesis mandata, Moore.
We have described and figured the larva and pupa of this in our.
former paper, p. 267, n. 5. It feeds on rice and various grasses. -The
butterfly may be found in damp situations at all seasons. It is most
abundant near rice lands at the end of the rains,
10. M. mineus, Linnzus.
The only form of this group that we have bred in Canara appears —
to be that called WW. mineus by Moore in his great work on the
Lepidoptera Indica’ now being published, so we give it that name.
It isa very common butterfly atall seasons. The transformations
have been described in our former paper on p. 267, n. 6.
The form, or species M. visala, Moore, we found common during the
dry-season above the ghauts ; we have not bred it. With it, in the same
locality, we found the form M. perseus, Fabricius, which is smaller, |
and has the rounded apex to the wing in the male, whereas MM. visala,
Moore, has the apex acute.
11. JM. junonia, Butler. Plate I, Figs, 2, 2a.
More local than the last two and restricted more or less to forest, —
but common enough both above and below the ghauts. The larva,
which feeds on grass, is exceedingly like that of J/, mineus, Linneus,
and so is the pupa. They are distinguishable to one who knows them,
' but a description would not enable anybody to tell the one from the
other. The pupa is stouter and more compact, and the cremaster (stalk)
is more bent and never coloured red.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 248
12. Lethe europa, Fabricius. -
° Not often found at Karwar itself, but commoner in places at
the foot of the ghauts. Itis a forest butterfly. A single larva,
reared on bamboo, was described in our former paper, p. 300,
np. 41, but the butterfly that came from it never expanded its
wings properly, and we think now that there is reason to doubt tho
correctness of our identification. It may have been the next species.
After writing the above, we discovered a larva feeding on bamboo
which differed in no wise from that of L. todara, Moore, but in the
head point being a little shorter and quite separate ; this larva, which
unfortunately was -ichneumoned, died ; but we are convinced it was
that of L. europa.
13. LZ. todara, Moore.
‘This is fairly common wherever there are bamboos, and may
be met with at allseasons, It is abundant above the ghauts in the
hot weather. The larva, which feeds on bamboo, is somewhat
fusiform or spindle-shaped, the surface rough owing to minute and
close-set tubercles; head produced occipitally into a long horn
composed of two united processes ; the anal segment bearing a similar
composite process ; colour green, with a dorsal and subdorsal white
line, and a lateral one also which is marked with crimson atthe seventh
and eighth segments.; head green, with a yellow lateral line ; horn
pointed red. Pupa stout, slightly constricted between the thorax and
the abdomen very like that of Melanitis, but rather more angular ;
green, with wing-cases marked in yellow or gold ; suspended rigidly
i _atanangle of 45°. It should be noted that both larva and pupa may
a Bal =
be light rosy-brown instead of green, perhaps to match dry grass,
for the larva affects concealment, lying close on the underside of a
blade, like most of the subfamily.
14. LD. neelgherriensis, Guérin.
This species, so abundant at Mahableshwar, scarcely comes so far
south as Canara. A few have been seen in the north end of the district
above the ghauts,
15. Ypthima philomela, Johansson. Plate I, Figs. 3, 3a.
Moore separates this as Y. baldus, Fabricius, It is very plentiful
: everywhere, especially from August or September. Few are seen in the
early part of the rains, It flies low and alights on the ground. The larva
‘244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. x
feeds on grass and is of the usual satyrine cast, fusiform, with trans-
versely rugose surface and two pointed processes on the last segment, bu
the usual horns on the head are represented in this species by two sm
tubercles, each surmounted by a single bristle. The colour is pale pinkish
with darker longitudinal strie, forming to the naked eye a dorsal band
or stripe, and a broader darker lateral one with a pale line under it ; or
but the colour is probably variable. The pupa is more slender than : 4
that of Mycalesis or Melanitis, and is distinguished from them also |
by two prominent dorsal ridges. The colour is mottled brown or
greenish, K: 4
16. Y. huebnert, Kirby. :
As common as the last and at the same season, but its first appearance
after the monsoon is 2 little later. It seems absurd in nature to keep
up two butterflies so like each other in. every way. One would do..
The larva of this also feeds on grass and is very like that of Y. philomela,
dohanssen. The pupa is also very like, but wants the pronounced
dorsal ridges.
17. Lipatis satis, Howie. Plate I, Fes. 4, 4a.
We have met with this only at three places on the ascent of the a
ghauts. It appears late in the evening. We were fortunate enough
last September to get the larva on aspecies of bamboo with large leaves.
Ii is very like that of J. mzneus, Linnzeus, but the head is not so
distinctly marked off from the neck, the horns point forward, and the
caudal processes are longer. When young, the larvee were green with
brown heads, but after the last moult the colour became brown, light on
the back and darker on the sides, with an ill-defined dusty dividing —
line, and a dorsal row of dark spots with diverging dusky lines. The
pupa is more like that of the genus Junonia than the Satyrine gene-
rally, having three or four pairs of small.tubercles on the abdominal —
- segments, a slight lateral expansion of the wing-cases, and a hump on
the thorax; colour vitreous or whitey-brown. |
18. Melanitis ismene, Cramer.
As common in this district as elsewhere. The monsoon form begins
to appear about the end of May and lasts till the end of September.
In October we have got both forms (the dry- and the wet-season)
promiscuously from what seemed to be one brood of larvee. Larve
are plentiful throughout the year, or nearly so, feeding chiefly on rice,
SoA Aira san al acl ae S ie eae g
=e
M., leda, Linneus.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 245
but also on long grasses. The transformations are described in
Murshall and de Nicéville. See also our former paper, p. 267, n. 7,
19. MM. varaha, Moore.
The discovery by de Nicéville that many of the described species of
Satyrine are merely summer and winter forms of the same has upset
the nomenclature so completely that Marshall and de Nicéville’s
book is now of little use for the naming of that subfamily, and we have
followed Mr. Moore’s new work in naming our form of this genus
M. varaha. We see no reason to believe that we have more than
one distinct species of this genus, but it is infinitely variable, some
winter specimens being scarcely distinguishable from MM. ismene,
Cramer. The larva and pupa too are so like those of MM. zsmene that
we have reared the one for the other. The larva of this (J varaha)
is, however, smaller and hairless. The butterfly, moreover, is different
in its haunts, frequenting jungles rather than rice-fields or gardens.
It is pretty common everywhere.
: 20, M. gokala, Moore.
_ In naming this also we have followed Mr. Moore’s guidance. It is
not common, being found chiefly in heavy forest. ‘Some dry-season
specimens are enormous. We have got the larva on bamboo. It is
gregarious throughout its life as a larva, but does not differ much from
that of M. ismene, Cramer, except in being longitudinally striped with
very dark green. Nordoes the pupa.
Subfamily ELymnina,
21, HElymnias caudata, Butler.
This isnot very common anywhere, but occurs throughout the district
in palm gardens and shady places resting on the underside of leaves.
It is quite diurnal in its habits, but likes shade. The larva feeds
on palms, and has been described and figured in our former paper,
p. 268, n. 8,
Subfamily AMATHUSIINZE.
22. Discophora lepida, Moore.
‘This fine butterfly is probably not nearly so scarce as it is supposed
to be, but as it frequents dense tiger-haunted bamboo-jungle, and does
not fly till after sunset, few specimens are caught. We have got it both
_ above and below the ghauts, It isa butterfly of swift and strong flight,
246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
and nae on leaves or bushes, not on the ground like the Sabre
The male has a powerful odour which can be detected as it flies past.
The larva feeds on bamboo, like that of D, tullia, Cramer. is
From two broods reared and a few specimens of this species that we
have caught, we find that the colour is much darker in the monsoon _
than in the dry-season.
The larva is much more like that of a moth than a butterfly,
and would have been passed over but for one feature. which betrayed
it, namely, the last pair of prolegs. They aré erect, and not extended
beyond the body as they almost always are in the larvee of moths.
Fortunately this little feature excited suspicion, and the larva was —
taken home and reared, It was cylindrical or slightly fusiform,
head large, anal segment furnished with two stout conical processes,
widely separated, but scarcely divergent; colour of head greenish~ —
yellow, eyes black, body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band
flanked with conspicuous black marks, anda yellow lateral mark on
segménts six to eleven ; head and body clothed with long reddish or
brown hair.
The pupa is shaped not unlike that of Un yealesis ne Moore,
the head-case being produced into two long-conical adjoined processes,
the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the wing-cases
evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ; surface finely
rugose ; colour semi-transparent yellowish like a clean white bone,
with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings marked in faint
flesh colour, loosely attached by the tail.
The larva lives at first on the underside of a leaf, but afterwards it
often makes a seat for itself, like the larvee of Charazes, by joining
a couple of leaves together with silk. The larve are gregarious in
their young days. The eggs are laid in parallel! rows along the
midrib on the underside of the leaf in very shady places in numbers
from three to ten, probably more, |
Subfamily Acraina,
23. Telchinia viole, Fabricius.
Common everywhere, but most abundant on grassy hills from
November to March, The larva and pupa were described in our
former paper, p. 268,n.9. We have only reared it on the wild
passion-flower (Modecca palmata), but it must feed on something else
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 247
during the dry-season. This butterfly is certainly “protected,” like
the Danaine, by an offensive smell and taste.
Subfamily NyypHaLinz.
24, Hrgolis tabrobana, Westwood.
This is one of the commonest butterflies in the district, frequenting
forest rather than cultivated places or open plains. In our former
paper, p. 269, nn. 10, 11, we described the larva as undistinguishable
from that of £. arzadne, Linneus. They both feed on Tragia involu-
crata, a creeper with stinging leaves, and both butterflies have
emerged from one lot of larve in our cages which might easily have
been taken to belong to a single brood. In form there was no
difference, and the colour we thought was too variable to have any
significance, ranging from pale green, with or without brown lines, to
black, with a broad dorsal stripe of pure white. This year, however,
we bred a larger number, and carefully separated the black larvee
from those in which the ground-colour was green, and found that the
former produced E. ariadne, Linnzeus, and the latter E. taprobana.
25. i. arzadne, Linnseus.
This is not nearly so common in Canara as the last. See remarks
above.
26. Bypblia ilithyia, Drury.
Mr. Blathwayt, the late Collector of Canara, had one specimen of
this which was said to have been caught near to Karwar, but we have
never met with it in the district. See our former paper, p. 269, n. 12.
27. Huripus consimilis, Westwood.
Decidedly a scarce butterfly. All our males have been caught on the
tops of high hills, where they come to bask in the sun, from
September to October and onwards. The few females we have secured
have been met with in low ground at the foot of the hills. We
have got them in September, December, and February. In all our
specimens of both sexes the ground-colour is pure white.
28. Cupha placida, Moore. Plate III, Figs. 3, 3a.
‘Very common wherever the country is fairly well wooded, and
more abundant in the dry-season than during the rains. In habits this
butterfly is very like Atella phalantha, Drury, flitting restlessly from
bush to bush, and keeping its wings in motion even when it alights,
The larva, which feeds on the same plant as that species (Flacourtia),
248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xe
is only distinguishable by the colour’ of the head and by the spines,
which are inclined to be semi-transparent in C. placida and are
black in A. phalantha, The pupa can be recognised at once by — 2
a double row of slender filaments. springing from the principal — 3 |
tubercles, but this is not a point of any structural paige See
“our formér paper, p. 270, n. 14. 1
29. Atella phalantha, Drury.
This species is scarcely to be met with during the ‘monsoon, but is. eS
common everywhere in the cold season, preferring open country. We
have described the larva and pupa im our former paper, p. 269, n.alsoe
It is difficult to account for the descriptions of the larva by Horsfieldand
Moore which are quoted in de Nicéville’s book. They differ: frome ol
each other and from all the larvee that we have reared, me
30. A, alcippe, Cramer. a
This is a very local species. We have met with it only at three places” a |
on the ascent of the ghauts, from January to April. In April last year
we found the larva on a tree, which we believe to be a very local species
of Hydnocar pus, but this requires verification. It is like that of Cirrho=
chroa, cylindrical, with six rows of fine branched spines, head unarmed,
colour green, with longitudinal interrupted lines of brown or.claret
colour on the back only : head pale yellowish with two black bars, In
habits it also resembles the restless and active larva of Cérrhochroa,
The pupa is almost a smaller copy of that of A. phalantha, Drury. © ;
The larvee and pups of this and the last two species, as well asthe
aspect and habits of the butterflies, argue a much closer affinity with
the genus Cirrhochroa than the arrangement adopted by. de Nico
would suggest. ;
31. Cethosca mahratta, Moore.
This is fairly common everywhere in wooded country, especially
during the latter half of the rains. The larva, which is gregarious, a
feeds on Modecca palmata, or any passion-flower. We have described | a |
and figured it and the pupa in our former paper, p. 270, n. 15. :
32. Cynthia saloma, Swinhoe. ;
Pretty common everywhere in forest from August or September ;
onwards. Males congregate on the peaks of hills to bask in the sun..
Monsoon specimens are conspicuously darker than those found in ~ ol
the dry-season, The larva and pupa have been deseribed a figured _ a
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 249
in our former paper, p. 270, n.16, The female of this butterfly is
often difficult to tell from Parthenos virens, Moore, on the wing, its
flight being similar, though less powerful.
33. Apatura camiba, Moore.
Judging by the number of larve that we get from September to
the end of the year, this butterfly must be much commoner than it
seems. The males bask-on the tops of high trees, and the females
escape observation by their resemblance to Ergolis. In connection
with this similarity it is curious, if nothing more, to note that the
larva has the head armed, like that of Hrgolzs, with two long, spiny
horns, and that they both have the peculiar habit of waving their
heads from side to side incessantly as they walk. We have described the
larva and pupa in our former paper, p. 271, n. 17. This is one of the
few Nymphalinee of which the larve rest always on the underside of a
leaf.
34, Precis iphita, Cramer.
This is disgustingly common and constantly gets itself mistaken for
more valuable species, The larva feeds on “karvi” (Strobilanthes
callosus), and is like that of any species of the next genus. It is
generally of a uniform dusky blackish colour. See our former paper,
Os ATA rigs ors
Genus JUNONIA.
To save time we may say here that we have reared all our Junonzas,
and cannot ordinarily tell the larva or pupa of one from another.
They differ a little in colour, but that is variable in each species.
They all feed on acanthads. The larva of J. lemonias, Linnzus, has
two minute spines on the head, which are wanting or less developed in
the others.
35. J. asterte, Linneeus, or almana, Linneus.
Common everywhere, frequenting damp grounds and ditches. The
almana form appears in October and gives place to the asterie form
in June. See our former paper, p. 272, nn. 19, 20.
36. J. lemonias, Linneus.
- Equally common, but frequenting drier country than the last, and
also found in thick forest, where the larva feeds on Strobilanthes. See
our former paper, p 272, n. 2.
12
250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
37. J. hierta, Fabricius.
Pretty common in open country, but absent during the monsoon.
See our former paper, p. 272, n. 22.
38. J. ortthyia, Linneeus.
This species likes stony plains and bare hills, and is consequently
comparatively rare in Canara, and altogether wanting during the
monsoon. It rests always on the ground. See our former paper,
ps 272, n. 23. |
39. J. atlites, Linneeus.
This is not so widely distributed as the last four species, but is
fairly common on the Canara coast about rice-fields, chiefly at the
end of the rains. It occurs also above the ghauts. The larva is coloured
more distinctively than the others, being dull smoky black, with a
well-defined orange-brown stripe above the legs. The pupa is of a
uniform slatey colour.
40. Neptis hordonia, Stoll. Plate II, Figs. 1, la and 10.
This is very common in all the more open wooded or scrubby
parts of the district during the latter half of the rainy season and
throughout the dry months. During June and July it is rarely seen.
The larva may be found on several species of Acacza and Albizzia,
and has the curious habit of feeding by preference, not on green leaves,
but on those which it has caused to wither. The trees on which it feeds
have all bi-pinnate leaves with minute leaflets. It bites through one
or two pinne, which immediately droop and dry up, but are kept from
falling by a few threads of silk with which the larva has taken the
precaution to attach them to the central leaf-stalk. Thenceforth it
lives among them and feeds entirely on them. The larva has two forms,
In the first (fig. 1b) the head is large and roughly triangular. Tho seg-
ments of the body increase to the fourth and then diminish gradually,
and. the third, fourth, sixth and twelfth have each two obtuse dorsal
points. The forepart, from the fourth segment, is generally inclined
downwards at an angle with the rest of the body, and is, with the
underparts, of adark greenish-brown colour. The rest is just that
shade of greenish-grey which the leaves assume when withered, and is
crossed by diagonal dark bands exactly representing the spaces between
the leaflets as a painter would paint them—a most perfect disguise.
Lhe second form (fig. 1a) of the larva differs in having the head fureate,
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 251
while the dorsal points are replaced by long spine-like processes,
The figure will give a better idea of the difference than any description.
After writing the above, we have discovered that the two forms of
larvee produce imagines differing in the colour of the “‘ male-mark” ;
the butterfly resulting from the larvee with spines and the bi-pointed
head has a light male-mark; that resulting from the other a
dark male-mark. Another fact which points to the two larve pro-
ducing different species is that the two forms of larva are never found
together, for the smooth type of caterpillar is often found in quan-
tities on one bush; the larve also very slightly in their habits ; and,
whereas the smooth caterpillar feeds on Albzzzza and Acacia, the
spined one has never been found on any plant but Acacia. The butter-
fly with the light male-mark is typical V. hordonia, we are informed
by Captain E. Y. Watson. See our former paper, p. 272, n. 24.
41. WN. viraja, Moore. Plate II, Figs. 2, 2a.
This is not nearly so common as the last, but appears to be
generally distributed. The larva feeds on the blackwood tree
(Dalbergia latifolia), and also on Dalbergra racemosa, and has similar
habits to those of NV. hordonza, Stoll, which it resembles in form, but the
head is bifid at the top, and the dorsal points are wanting, while the last
segment is produced into a single blunt point. The colour is dark
greenish-brown, the forepart, as in VV. hordonia, being much darker than
the rest, but bordered with pale grey. The pupa is like that of
N. hordonia, but rather broader, and the wings more evenly expanded.
See our former paper, p. 351, n. 43.
42. N. leucothoé, Cramer (NV. varmona in de Nicéville).
This is by far the commonest and most widely spread of the genus,
, It may be found in any month of the year and anywhere, frequenting
gardens and cultivated land more than the others. The larva, which
feeds on various peas, is very like that of N. jumbah, Moore, but is
more rugose, It has not the curious habits of the last two, The pupa
also resembles that of WV. jumbah.
43, NN. ophiana, Moore.
This is the rarest of our Meptes. We once found eggs, which
produced laryee very like those of NV. jumbah, Moore, but they died.
252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(A4, NN. kallaura, Moore.
We found a pupa once of this species hanging to a leaf of
Dalbergia confertifolia ; the larva had been feeding on the creeper.
We did not recognise the species, mistaking it for the preced-
ing, until some months after it was bred. This bred specimen
is almost the only one we have: it was obtained in February in the
Supa taluka. Pupa exactly like that of NV. jumbah, Moore.
45, NN. jumbah, Moore.
Common enough everywhere. The larva is almost omnivorous.
It has been described by de Nicéville and in our former paper,
p. 273, n. 25.
46. Cirrhochroa thars, Fabricius.
We believe in only one species of Cirrhochroa in this district, an
infinitely variable butterfly as to size, colour and markings. It is
very common in forest everywhere and at all seasons, restlessly flitting
about from tree to tree, like species of Cupha and Atella, and alighting
frequently with wings half open or in motion. In our former paper
(p. 273, n. 26) we described the larva, which is as restless as its
parent, but perhaps with more reason, for hundreds are destroyed by
small ichneumons, and also by a large brown fly which comes to
maturity within the pupa.
AQ, Hypolimnas bolina, Linnzeus.
This is a common enough butterfly in all the moister regions of
this presidency, but nowhere have we found it in such abundance as
in Canara. It also appears to vary more here than elsewhere, and the
varieties do not depend much upon season, It is true that at the
beginning of the monsoon all the males are very small, not larger
than H. misippus, Linnzeus, with the spots on the upperside more
white than blue, and with a distinct broad white fascia on the
underside; but. two months later these may be found side by side
with the most splendid specimens of the form described as H. avia by
Fabricius, and every grade between. During the dry-season this
butterfly is not often met with. We have described the larva and pupa
in our former paper, p. 273, n. 27. The favourite food-plant appears
to be a nettle-like weed which we identify as Pleurya interrupta.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 253
48. HZ. misippus, Linneeus.
This species affects more open country than the last, and is, perhaps
for that reason, not nearly so common in Canara. During the rainy
season we have never seen it, but it begins to appear in September or
October, and continues till about the end of the year. We have twice
met with the form of female which wants the black on the apex of the
forewing bearing an oblique white band, and has been supposed to
mimic Danais klugii, Butler. The larva differs little from the last.
We have never reared it in Canara. In other districts we have found
it on Portulacca oleracea, See our former paper, p. 274, n. 28.
49, Parthenos virens, Moore.
This is not by any means a rare butterfly in forest country, especially
towards the end of the rainy season. Its grand spread of wing and
bold flight always arrest attention. The manner of its flight is the
same as that of Zzmenit/s, Athyma, and some other genera, a jerky
stroke at short intervals between which the wings are held stiffly
outstretched and pointing a little downwards, but those genera lack
the power of Parthenos. Sometimes a solitary one is. met with
travelling across open plains, but we do not know that it migrates.
We described and figured the larva and pupa in our former paper
(p. 274, n. 29), It feeds on a creeper belonging, we believe, to the
Cucurbitacee.
50. Limenitis procris, Cramer. Plate II, Figs. 3, 3a.
This beautiful species is pretty common during the rains and even
in the dry-season in open forest. It flies like the last, and rests, like
it, with wings open on the upperside of a leaf. We do not mean that
it sleeps in this position: probably it does not. We described the
larva in our last paper (p. 274, n. 30) as feeding on Mussoenda
frondosa. We have since found it oftener on Wendlandia exserta,
another plant of the same order.
51. Athyma perius, Linneus,
This species, which is plentiful further north, is the least common
of the genus on the Canara coast. It appears, like them all, during
the latter part of the rainy season and probably for some time after, if
it does not last till May. It is more like a Nepéis in its ways than
the three which follow. It feeds commonly on Glochidion lanceolatum
254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
and G. velutinum. We have described the transformations in our
former paper (p. 275, n. 31).
52. A. mahesa, Moore. Plate II, Figs. 4, 4a.
This is perhaps the commonest of the genus with us. We described
the larva and pupa in our former paper (p. 850, n. 42) and figure
them now. lLarve are found from August, feeding on Olea dioica
and Linociera malabarica, and the butterfly becomes common in
September and continues through the dry-season.
53. A. inara, Doubleday and Hewitson (A. énarina of de Nicéville.)
Males are common on the hill tops from August onwards. We get
few females. The larva, which feeds on Glochidion velutinum and
G. zeylanicum, is very like that of A. mahesa, Moore, cylindrical,
with six rows of fine branched spines, the dorsal being longer than
the lateral, and those on the third and fourth segments longer than
the rest, the second segment unarmed, the bases of the legs set with
short simple spines ; colour pure green, with a large brown patch
on the ninth segment, spines brown, and head dark brown; head
covered with short simple brown spines and white tubercles, The
pupa is also like that of A. mahesa, but of the curious processes on
the back the posterior one is much longer and more inclined forwards.
54, <A. selenophora, Kollar.
This appears at the same season as the last, but is comparatively
scarce, and the female must be considered a valuable butterfly. Males
bask on the tops of the hills and put themselves in the way of being
caught, but the females haunt the forest-clad sides and are seldom
seen. This is true of all the Athymas, except A. perius, Linnzeus, and
of many other butterflies. The larva is very like that of A. znara,
Doubleday and Hewitson, but the dorsal patch is much smaller, and
there are some white spots on the sides. The pupa is distinguished
from that of A. znara by slight differences in the shape of the
grotesque processes on the head and thorax. The common food-
plant is Adina cordifolia (Rubiacea).
55. Symphedra nats, Forster.
This is almost unknown on the coast, but common enough above
the ghauts. The larva, which feeds on Diospyros melanozylon (the
“ Ebony tree,” Ebenacew), has been fully described by de Nicéville.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 255
56. Euthalia laudabilis, Swinhoe.
This is, generally speaking, the least common species of the genus
with us, but some years it has been in great force at Karwar during
the rains, and the number of larve brought in by native boys is
surprising. The larvee and pupze of our Huthalzas are almost alike in
form, and the transformations of 1. garuda, Moore, have so often been
described and figured that it is unnecessary to waste space on the
subject here. The collector may distinguish the different species ata
glance by the colour, and they feed on different plants. The larva of
E, laudabilis feeds on Diospyros candolleana (Ebenacec), and is green,
with a vinaceous dorsal patch on each segment, enclosing a whitish
dark-centred ocellus. These patches vary in size, those on the fourth,
seventh and tenth segments being usually the largest, and those on the
fifth and sixth small or obsolete. The pupa is green, with silver spots
and a bright line of the same colour along the sides of the dorsal
triangle. . laudabilis isa forest butterfly. Specimens caught or
bred in the monsoon are conspicuously smaller and richer in colour
than those found in the dry-season. (See our former paper, p. 277,
n. 35, under FH. evelina, Stoll, that name being restricted to the
Ceylonese form.)
o7. . lepidea, Butler.
This species is very common throughout the district, frequenting the
undergrowth of shady forests and seldom coming into the sunlight.
Its flight is not strong, and it rests much on leaves with wings open.
The larva, which feeds on Melastoma malabathricum and Careya
arborea, may be distingushed from the last by the dorsal ocelli, which
are red with blue centres. The pupa has all the prominent points
golden-yellow tipped with black. See our former paper, p. 276, n. 34.
58. £. garuda, Moore.
This is as common here as in other parts of the presidency, frequent-
ing gardens and basking on walls. It is a thirsty insect, easily
attracted by fermented toddy. The larva has a bright yellow dorsal
line edged with blue in place of the ocelli which distinguish the
last two species. It feeds on the mango, cashewnut, mulberry, and
other things. The pupa has the points and ridges edged with yellow.
‘See our former paper, p. 275, n. 32.
256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
59. LH. lubentina, Cramer.
This exquisitely beautifal butterfly is also very common, but different
in its habits from the other two and therefore not so often noticed. The
males are fond of basking in the sun on high trees or hill tops along
with Charazes, Athyma and Cynthia. With the exception of FE. garuda,
Moore, oceasionally, the other Huthalzas never do this. The females
frequent the forests at the foot or on the slopes of the hills and do not
show themselves much. The larva of this species, which feeds on Loran-
thus, commonly called “ mistletoe,” has the dorsal area of most of the
segments brown or claret-coloured, with or without a pure white
diamond in the middle. The pupa is distinguished by a small brown
patch on each side. See our former paper, p. 276, n. 33.
60. Pyrameis carduz, Linneus.
The “Painted Lady” is found sparingly throughout the district.
At times it appears in great numbers, continues for a week or two and
disappears again. As is well known, it is a migratory butterfly, and is
known in almost every part of the world. It has a rapid, irregular
flight, and is fond of settling on the ground and on rocks. The curious
habits. of the larva are described at length by de Nicéville. We
have found lary in Canara in November, feeding on Zornia diphylla,
and ona thistle-like plant of the genus Glumea, which is its common
food in other parts of the presidency also. See oar former paper,
D: 205 0.36.
61. Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisduval. Plate III, Figs. 1, 1a.
The * Map Butterfly ” is pretty common throughout the district in
suitable situations. A suitable situation is a clear stream of running
water, among rocks, with trees growing over it, on which the butterfly
may rest, pressed flat against the underside ofa leaf. Curiously enough
it lays its eggs on the banian (/%cus indica), which is not a tree at all
peculiar to such situations. We described the larva and pupa in our
former paper, p. 851, n. 44, They are quite unlike those of any other
butterfly we know, so we give a figure of them beth.
62. Kallima horsfieldii, Kollar. Plate Il, Figs. 5, 5a.
We have only one species of Kallima, which may be called
kK. wardi, Moore, by those who believe in the distinctness of that
form. It is a very variable butterfly and the wet- and dry-season
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 257
forms are as different as Junonia asterie, Linneeus, and J. almana,
Linnzeus. The former is small, dark, green-tinted above and faintly
ocellated on the underside, with the apex of the forewing scarcely
produced at all. The latter is large, pale on the upperside, very vari-
able on the underside, but without atrace of ocellation, and has the
apex produced into a point which is sometimes quite a quarter of an
inch in length, Hyaline marks may be present in either form, The
butterfly is very common, especially during July and August, among
“ karvi” CStrobilanthes), on which its larva feeds, but is more difficult
to catch than most owing to the swiftness of its flight and its habits of
always resting on the trunk of a tree (head downwards) in situations
in which a net is not easily manceuyred. No butterfly, however, is
more easily seduced with liquor. It flies in the day, but keeps out
of the sun, We described the larva and pupa in our former paper,
p. 277, n. 37, and figure them now.
638. Doleschallia polibete, Cramer. Plate III, Figs, 2, 2a.
From August onwards the males of this species may be found
basking on the hill tops, but we very rarely see a female, and all our
specimens of that sex were bred. We have found eggs and larva
in September and October on a species of Hranthemum, which
belongs to the same natural order, be it noticed, as the food-plants of
all the Junonzas and Kallima. The eggs are laid in batches, and the
larvee are gregarious. Both larva and pupa are described by de Nicé-
ville. We figure them however.
64, Charases schreibert, Godart.
This splendid species is certainly one of our rarest and most beautiful
butterflies. The males have the habit, common to all the genus, of
basking during the hottest hours of the day on chosen trees about
certain rocky peaks, and as one of these basking points lies within a
few miles of Karwar, we have secured a certain number of speci-
mens, mostly much broken. But females cannot be got in this way.
The larva feeds on “ wagati ” (Wagatea spicata), but this plant is —
much commoner than C. schreiber?, and is, moreover, so villainously
thorny that the chance of finding larve is not proportionate to
the travail of looking for them. What might we not have achieved if
the hours spent in perusing the leaves of wagati had been devoted to
some useful work! As if this were not enough, the creature has an
13
2)
258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
alternative food, Rourea santaloides, also too common by half.
Up to this date we have only reared two specimens, which were for-
tunately both females. The larva is very like that of C. ana, Butler,
but the white semicircle on the back of the latter is replaced by a
yellowish crescent. The pupa is just like that of C. ema.
The flight of this butterfly is very powerful, as might be inferred
from the robustness of the thorax. We have observed before that —
robust butterflies grow slowly, and this is borne out by the present
species. A larva, which emerged from the egg on October 25th, did
not become a pupa till January 26th, and no part of this time was
passed in hibernation.
65. C. athamas, Drury.
This is found everywhere and at all seasons. We have described the
transformations in our former paper, p. 227, n. 38. The food-plants
are many, Poinciana, Cesalpinia, Grewia, &c.
66. C. fabius, Fabricius.
Though more generally distributed, this is not nearly so common as
the last. The larva, which feeds on the tamarind tree, was deseribed
and figured with the pupa in our former paper, p. 278, n. 39.
67. C. tmna, Butler.
From the number of males that collect on popular basking places
this cannot be uncommon, but females are rarely seen, The larva
and pupa were described and figured in our former paper, p. 278, n. 40.
We have reared them from June to November on “ Wom” (Sacco-
petalum tomentosum) and on Aglaia roxburghiana,
Family LEMONIIDA.
Subfamily LisyrH21na.
68. Libythea myrrha, Godart, or rama, Moore.
This is perhaps the rarest of all our butterflies. In six years we
have got two specimens, both on the top of a high hill near Karwar,
Subfamily NEMEOBIINA,
69. Abisara fraterna, Moore.
This is very common at ali seasons, perching on leaves with its wings
partly open, and facing about every now and then ina way peculiar
to itself. They fly much at dusk, very swiftly, chasing each other
in the air. The larva and pupa were described. in our former paper,
p. 802, n. 40,
‘
4
«
Pilate 1,
His
nr Nat
som
ourn B
di
Mintern Bros. Chromo bLth.Londo
Journ. Bombe
N
m
vA
ws
lelketore ul.
SSIS
1St
mbayv Nat.Hi
Bo
OuUrT.
DD
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 259
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prate I,
Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Huplea coreta, Godart, p. 241.
Paps OA RAS hy se » Mycalesrs yunonza, Butler, p. 242.
BE Ou ORR ee Cisse a » Vpthima philomela,Johanssen,p. 243,
Be cse Nok iS » Zipetis sates, Hewitson, p. 244,
Prats II.
_ ‘Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Neptis hordonia, Stoll, p. 250.
9 1b... Larva of ditto, second form, p. 250.
yy 2, 2a... Larva and pupa of Neptis viraja, Moore, p. 251.
SAS ROBT ees yy ia ,», Limenitis procris, Cramer, p. 253.
Reign dy atdiees 1:55 5 5, Athyma mahesa, Moore, p. 254.
GaOy iene a5 D0 tgs », Kallima horsfieldi, Kollar, p. 256.
Prate III.
Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Cyrestzs thyodamas, Boisduval,p. 256.
9) 2) 2Aene 5p ~—-99:~Ssgy:~S Dodleschallia polibete, Cramer, p. 257.
npoaiees el » 9 Cupha placida, Moore, p. 247.
(To be continued.)
260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
By Surcrox-Masor K. R. Kirtikar, 1M.8., F.LS8.,
Civit SuRGEON, THANA.
BART EUV:
(With plate P.)
(Continued from Vol. X, page 107.)
ALANGIUM LAMARCKIJ—( Thwaites).
Natural Order—CornacEs.
MARATHI—ajaije (Ankol).
This is a very handsome tree, and grows very well in the Konkan.
Whether in foliage, flower, or fruit,—in whatever condition or season it
is seen,—it is a striking plant. It is beautifully green-leaved through-
out the year, except when about to blossom. Hvery branch of it, from
the largest to the smallest, is covered from head to foot with clusters of
cream-white, sweet-scented flowers. The entire plant thus in full bloom
is very attractive to the eye. Later on, when in the height of summer
the branches are loaded with clusters of fruit of the size of an ordinary
marble, their rich bright crimson is particularly charming to the eye.
TRUNK.—The trunk of the tree is short, erect, generally
from 2 to 3 feet in girth. Rheede gives its girth as 6 feet (Hort.
Mal., vol. iv, p. 55). Sometimes the trunk is irregular. There is a
large tree in the compound of the Military Hospital, Thana, the girth
of which is fully nine feet. The main trunk sends out underground
stems or “ suckers.” The tree in the Military Hospital compound
referred to has nearly half a dozen distinct trees developed from such
suckers within an area of twenty feet around. In a Mahomedan
grave-yard not far from the Civil Hospital, Thana, there are several
large trees from which several smaller trees have developed through
suckers. Writing about Central India plants, Brandis observes that
the trunk “ coppices well” (Forest Flora, p. 250). So it does in
the Konkan.
The height of the tree varies from 30 to 40 feet ; under favourable
circumstances it is sometimes-as much as 90 feet.
Journ Bombay Nat Hist Soc. Plate -e
Mintern Bros. Chromo lith .Lomndor.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
Alangium Lamarcku Nat. Ord. Comaceee.
A. The plant in frat énew foliage. B. The plant in flower without foliage. C. Transverse section of frut.
Isaac Benj amin del
ae
iar 8 on
i ape
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 261
BRANCHES.—The branches and branchlets are said to be often
‘spinescent. The Thana plants appear to be singularly free from (atten
of any sort. The branches are very irregular.
BARK.—The thickness of the bark as given by Brandis is only
half an inch. I think I can safely say that the bark is not unfre-
quently about an inch in thickness. In young branches it is less than
a quarter of an inch, When Brandis says that the bark is “ grey with
some white specks,”’ it is to be understood that he refers to the bark of
young and tender branchlets. The bark of the new off-shoots is light
green. Whether in the young or old branches and branchlets, the
bark is marked with irregular undulations. It is also deeply marked
with the scars of the fallen leaves and pedicels of the former season.
WOOD.—The wood is described by Brandis as “light brown
or yellowish-brown.” “It is tough and strong, weighing 49 lbs. per
cubic foot.” Brandis very happily describes it further as “ fine, even,
close, and smooth grained.” Kurz says that the wood is “ dark-
brown.”* This answers the description of the wood examined in the
Thana plants. “The wood is beautiful” says Roxburgh—(Flora
Indica, p. 404—Calcutta, 187+).
LEAVES.—Exstipulate, petiolate, alternate ; membranous, says
Brandis ; 3-6 inches long, 1-2 inches broad ; entire. Both Hooker and
Brandis say they are persistent, but of this more hereafter under the
head of “‘ Remarks.” The shape of the leaves is very variable even on
one and the same branch—from linear oblong to elliptic, obtuse,
acute, or long-acuminate ; pubescent or tomentose when young ;
glabrous or pubescent below when full grown; the base unequal,
often somewhat equal. The chief character of most leaves is that they
are three-nerved at the base. The nerves are pubescent and distinctly
white and prominent on the under surface. The main lateral nerves
vary from five to eight on either side of the midrib, joined by promi-
nent transverse and intra-marginal veins. Brandis observes that in
- the axils of primary nerves there are often “ tufts of hairs or hollow
glands.” This is a fit subject for microscopical workers who may be
interested in the study of the morphology of the leaf of this plant. It
may be observed here that in the axils of the leaves of one season
* Kurz—Forest Flora of British Burma, Vol. I, p. 543, 1877, Calcutta,
262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
there are buds of the blossom and foliage of the next season. These
buds are also well worthy of a more extended microscopical study.
PETIOLE.—Brandis very accurately describes it as. “+ inch,
hairy, often villous or woolly; not unoften it is slightly twisted on
its axis.
FLOWERS.—White; fragrant; hermaphrodite ; silky white.
jointed on the pedicel ; in axillary, close small fascicles or condensed
cymes. The flowers are seldom, hardly ever, more than three ata
time in each axil. PEpDIcELS pointed, very short ; 4 inch.
Bracts.—Clarke says (in Hooker’s Flora of British India, vol. ii,
pp. 741,742) that the bracts are entirely absent. Brandis, on the
other hand, says that “the pedicels are bracteate”’ (op. cit.). Brandis
further remarks that the peduncles and pedicels are usually woolly.
AESTIVATION.—* Twisted ” say Wight and Arnott (Prodromus,
p. 825) ; valvate says Clarke. This is notably so in the corolla.
CALYX.—Tubular ; calyx tube woolly ; minutely 5—10 toothed ;
“turbinate”’ says Brandis. Adnate to ovary; green ; accrescent.
The green colour of the calyx remains to the last, even in mature
fruit.
COROLLA.—Very showy; greenish when unexpanded on the
dorsal surface. Varying in colour when fully expanded from _pale-
white to eream-white, with an occasional dash of light crimson or pink.
PeEtTALs.—Strap-shaped or linear oblong ; reflexed; deciduous ;
varying'in number from 5 or 6 to 10; this has given rise to the
species described as A. hewapetalum and A. decapetalum. Wight and
Arnott observe that the number of petals corresponds to the number
of the segments of the calyx. “ Blunt, tawny-velvetty,” says Kurz.
ANDR@CIUM :—
Sramens.—Deciduous; exserted ; varying in length from 3 to
14 inch, woolly without (Brandis), Twice as many as the
petals ; thrice says Hooker, and four times as much say
Wight and Arnott, as also Kurz (op. cit.).
FILAMENTS.— Distinct but short ; “ with long stiff hairs at base”
(Brandis); “densely hirsute’’ says Kurz.
ANTHERS.—Very long ; basifixed (Brandis) ; Wight and Arnott
say “they are introrse, 2-celled, often sterile” (Prodromus,
p. 329),
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 263
GYNGCIUM :—
Ovary.—lInferior, globose, 1-celled, adherent to the calyx-tube
firmly, surmounted by a disk. Wight and Arnott say that
“the ovary is 1—2 celled.” But this is not accurate, For,
observe tho following remark, quoted from Lindley, in Wight’s
Dlustrations of Indian Botany (vol. i, p. 211, Madras, 1840),
with reference to the “ Affinities ” of the Natural Order Com-
bretacece :—“ The solitary carpel of which the fruit consists is
peculiar to these ”’—meaning the Combretacee (K.R.K.)—
“and to the Alangiew, and neatly distinguishes these two
“orders from all others of the myrtal alliance.”
OvuLE.—Solitary, pendulous (Wight and Arnott).
Sryite.—One ; very long or “elongate” as Brandis terms it,
Glabrous; uniformly cylindric; subulate,—that is to say, ex-
panded at the base into a thick coloured disk which is fleshy
and covers the top of the ovary.
Sticma.—Large, capitate or subglobose. Wight and Arnott
simply say it is “ délated,” but this does not convey an accurate
idea. I think the stigma may be termed “ many-headed,” as
will be amply seen from the flowering branch in my illustration.
FRUIT.—Some call it a berry ; others call it a drupe, varying
from $ to 1 inch in vertical diameter; ellipsoid ; tomentose says
Brandis ; crowned by the somewhat enlarged calyx-limb ; quite smooth,
with slight vertical ribs when dry (Thwaites). Clarke says it is closely
pubescent or finally glabrous. The colour of the fruit is black says
Clarke ; but, as willbe observed from my illustration, it is rich
crimson in its entire “epicarp.” The “epicarp” is tough. The
“mesocarp” or “sarcocarp’’ is pulpy and mucilaginous. The
“endocarp ” is bony, and separated from the sarcocarp like a putamen
(Wight and Arnott).
SEED.—Oblong, solitary, pendulous.
ALBUMEN.—Ruminated ; “ fleshy” say Wight and Arnott.
Emeryo.—Straight, inverse (Roxburgh).
RapicLe.—Superior, elongated.
CoryLEpons.—Leafy ; crumpled ; note that Wight and Arnott say
that they are ‘flat,’ and not crumpled. Note also that it is the
264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
crumpled nature of the cotyledons of Alang¢wm which distinguishes it
from its congener, Marlea, which latter has a flat cotyledon.
REMARKS.
The following are the synonyms given in the Index Kewensis*:—
1, Alangium acuminatum, Wight = Lamarck. —
. Alangium decapetalum, Lam. Encye. I, 174 = Lamarckit.
RS
. Alangium glandulosum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 1838 = La-
marckit.
4, Alangium hexapetalum, Lam. Encye. I, 174 = Lamarekiz.
5. Alangium latifolium, Mig. ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Flora
Br. Ind. II, 741 = Lamarckit.
6. Alangium octopetalum, Blancho, Fl. Filip. Ed. I, 310 =
Lamarckit.
7, Alangium sundanum, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bot. I, 1, 774—= Lamarckiv.
8. Alangium tomentosum, Lam. Encye. I, 174 = Lamarckitz.
©3
This will be considered a formidable array of synonyms. But such
of my readers as have hitherto followed my previous description and
will note carefully the observations embodied hereafter under this
head will be able to understand that, barring all seasonal and climatic
changes, which are liable to vary at all times, from year to year, the
principal characters of the species above depicted under their respective
synonyms have been more or less alluded to in the foregoing descrip-
tion of the plant under notice. The terms hexapetalum, octopetalum,
decapetalum are indicative of the number of petals. The term acumi-
natum refers to the apex of the leaf. The term tomentosum refers to
the existence of a more or less villous condition of the leaf and flower.
The term latzfol¢wm refers to the breadth of the leaf. The term glan-
dulosum refers to the existence of glandular bodies, developing under
special circumstances in particular localities under the influence of
climate. The term sundanum refers to the special peculiarities of the
plant as it is seen growing in the Straits of Sunda.
In describing the bark of the trees as examined by Brandis in North
and Central India, he says it is “ grey with some white specks.” It
must be understood that this description is of the bark of young
Sir Joseph D, Hooker, as the noble gift of anoble man—Oharles Robert Darwin—to the
earnest student of Universal Botany (K.R.K.)
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 265
branches ; for, as the bark gets old, it assumes a brownish tinge. The
oldest bark is distinctly brown-black. Some Botanists describe the
bark as smooth. Brandis describes it more accurately when he says
it has irregular undulations. Brandis says that the wood of Alangium
Lamarckit is well suited for ornamental work. It is easily worked,
and when properly polished, it displays “a beautiful glossy surface.”
It may be noted here that the petals and stamens are distinctly
deciduous. This fact is not specially mentioned by previous observers,
except by Wight in the letter-press accompanying his plate No. ;124.*
This deciduous nature of the petals and stamens is well illustrated in
Wight’s fig. 2 in the plate just referred to. It is also shown in my
illustration (plate P) accompanying this description, where, on the
part of an old flowering sprig marked B, there are two unopened buds,
and below them are the persistent green accrescent calyx and the
white style capped with a multilobate stigma of the third flower, from
which the petals and stamens have fallen in due course. Apropos of
this compare the following description of Baillon :—‘‘ Style girt at
“base with epigynous cupular or pulvinate disk, at stigmatose apex
“clavate or capitate, oftener minutely 4—co —lobate”’ (The Natural
History of Plants, vol. VI, p. 286). Observe, as against this de-
scription of the stigma, the remark of Dr. Trimen that the stigma
is large and only 4-lobed. (Hand Book of the Flora of Ceylon:
Part II, 1894, pp. 285-286.)
The remarks which Wight and Arnott make at the conclusion of
the description of the Natural Order, which they term Alangice, are
specially worthy of the consideration of those who would engage
themselves in the minute study of the very interesting flower of the
plant Iam describing. “The portion of the torus,’ say Wight and
Arnott, ‘between the calyx and ovary, to which the stamens and
petals are attached, is of a different colour and texture from the above-
mentioned epigynous disk which induces us to refer the latter to the
style, not to the torus.” f
I may add one word more with regard to the entire blossom-process
in Alangium Lamarckiz. The following is the order every year. The
entire foliage of the previous year falls in the hot weather. Then
—
* Tcones Plantarum Indie Orientalis, vol. I, 1840, Madras,
+ Wight and Arnott’s Predromus, p. 820:
14
266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
comes the beautiful sweet smelling blossom covering the tree, denuded
of its leaves, from head to foot. As the fruit next forms, first green,
then gradually turning beautiful crimson, capped with the uppermost
portions of the toothed calyx, new foliage appears of bright light
green colour before the monsoon sets in. The plant is at this time very
charming to the eye. When the fruit matures, the village-boys
gather round the tree in search of the sweet pulp covering the seed.
It is to them—poor half-starved creatures—an out-of-door repast of
much relish judging from the avidity with which they gather the fruit
as fallen under the tree, or picked by an insidious ascent on the
snarled branches of the coveted plant. Note that Baillon observes that
‘the branches of inflorescence are elongate or sometimes more or less
contracted ; pedicels generally contracted.”*
With regard to the observations of Loudon, who describes the plant
as Alangium decapetalum, I have this to say: Loudon saysf that the
plant has ten petals ; the branches are spiny. His figure, however,
is only a solitary flower. This is as incomplete as it is misleading.
Baillon distinctly says that Alangcum of Lamarck is unarmed,
sometimes spinescent. ‘The former, but not the latter, is my experience
in the Thana plants. Loudon observes that the plant grows in light
sandy soil. Be it so. I can add that in the moorum soil of Thana
the plant grows very well indeed. Perhaps it may be said that
in moorum soil, or any similar soil, the plant thrives superbly.
“ Cuttings,” says Loudon, “root im sand under a hand glass in
moist heat.’ This is quoted from Loudon for the information of
those who would grow the plant in a soil which has no particle of
moorum in it. Loudon describes it as an “ Hvergreen.” It may be
so in the country from which he writes the description. On this
side of India it distinctly sheds its leaves entirely about the time of
blossoming. Loudon classes the plant under Myrtacee. This was
right enough according to his lights. To-day we classify the plant
under the natural order Cornacee. There is a sufficient justification
for this change according to our lights. Loudon describes the colour
of the flowers of A. decapetalum, as “ pale-pu,”’ which I presume
means “pale purple.’ If he had said it was “ pale-rw”’ instead of
* Natural History of Plants, vol. vi, page 286.
+ Encyclopedia, p. 468, article 1068
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 267
“‘pale-pu,” I should have supposed that the “ pale-ru ” was an abbre-
viated form of the term ‘ pale-rufous,” which would have been nearer
the truth ; for I have often observed a reddish or pinkish tinge on the
dorsal surface of some of the petals of the flowers just before expand-
ing.- This pink tinge is most marked in the petals facing the early
morning sun. According to Loudon the plant appears to have been
introduced into England so far back as 1779. In concluding my
observations on Loudon’s description of the plant described by him as
A. decapetalum, I may add that he considers this plant to be capable
of “ propagation by cuttings.” On this side of India we have no such.
contingency. The prevailing characteristic of the plant in Thana is
that it throws out “suckers.” In the vicinity of the plant that is
now superbly growing in the compound of the Military Hospital in
Thana, there are this day more than half a dozen plants—I should call
them trees—which are distinctly the product of the main plant
generated by means of ‘‘ suckers.”
It may be observed that the plant described by the elder DeCan-
dolle* as A. tomentosum (Lamarck) is more like the Thana plant than
any other I have yet seen described, especially as regards the charac=
teristics of the fruit. Witness DeCandolle’s own words :
“ Floribus * * * 5 ramis inermibus (2.¢., having branches with-
out spines), junzorzbus petiolis nervibusque velutinis foltis oblongis, obtuse
acuminatis, subtus vernulis reticulatis. Bacca vel drupa pubescens,
cortice pubescens” (true—K.R.K.) “divide purpureo” (true—K.R.K.)
In describing Alangium decapetalum (Lam.}, Sprengel says it is
spinescent. | Alangium herapetalum (am.), says he, is spineless ; and
Alangium tomentosum (Lam.) is “subinerme” (slightly spineless’),
whatever that may mean. All these, says Sprengel, are found in the
Vast Indies. Trimen says that A. Lamarckit is occasionally armed
with sharp short spinous branchlets.
As observed by Baillon, with regard to the ruminate nature of the
albumen, I may add that Dr. Trimen of Ceylon also observes, in de-
scribing the seed, that the embryo is “straight in the axis of slightly
rumenate albumen,” and that the cotyledons are foliaceous.} It may
* Prodromus: DeCandolle: Vol. III, p. 203.
} Systema Vegetabilinm, vol. I, Gottingen, 1825 (classified rightly under “ Polyan-
dria—monogynia)” —K.R.K.
tT Trimen’ s Hand-book of the Flora of Ceylon, Part II, 1894, pp. 285-86. N,O. Cornacee,
268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
be observed that Dr. Trimen gives June and July as the flowering
time of Alangium Lamarckiz in Ceylon; that its bark is bitter; its
heartwood hard and close grained and dark yellow. I have found
that in Baillon’s illustration, figs. Nos. 247-248 of A. decapetalum (at
page 272 of vol. VI of his Natural History of Plants) the fruit is -
marked ribbed. Dr. Trimen distinctly notes that the fruit is not
ribbed. This will be amply apparent from my figures of the fruit as
copied fresh in the natural condition. Dr. Trimen describes the fruit |
as “ purplish-red.” It is a rich “lake” colour as will be seen from the
copy of the Thana fruit.
The description of the fruit and seed as given by Baillon (op. c7t.)
is worthy of reproduction here, and may be usefully read in
connection with my remarks embodied in the main description of the
plant I have already given. It is as follows :—
‘“ Fruit, drupaceous, crowned with calyx or its scar; exocarp thin
or thick fleshy ; putamen, more or less hard, sometimes crustaceous,
1—2 spermous. Seed oblong ; integument thin ; albumen fleshy, ex-
iernally smooth or sometimes sinuate or ruminate ; cotyledons of axile
embryo foliaceous, digitinerved at base, or flat, or slightly corrugate,
or sometimes contortuplicate ; radicle terte superior.” IT.et it be
noted further that Baillon observes that in the Alangium series,
though in some flowers the introrse anther dehisces by two longi-
tudinal clefts, these clefts may be looked for right at its margin, z.e.,
externally instead of in the median line of the anther-cells.* The
following observation of Baillon as regards the Ovary may be also
usefully quoted here for the help of those who would engage them-
selves in the work of extended microscopical research :—“‘ The Ovary
set in the cavity of the receptacle, and consequently inferior, is uni~
locular in the true Alangiums, and encloses, inserted a little below the
summit, a descending anatropous ovule with micropyle primarily
superior and exterior, later lateral, afterwards slightly contorted.”
To this Baillon adds a very important footnote indicating that the
ovule has a double envelope. The lucidity and accuracy of this de-
scription are my sole apology for such an extended quotation from
Baillon. I leave it to the microscopic wor rker to judge of its utility.
* Baillon’ s Natural History of ape: Sigh 272, vol, VI,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 269
I may observe, in concluding this notice of Alangium Lamarekiz, that
Baillon classes the Alangium series under the natural order “ Combre-
tacee.’ The reader is referred to Baillon’s Natural History of Plants
itself for his reasons for setting forth such an arrangement, I prefer
to accept the classification of the plant under the “ Cornacee.”
The plant described as Pseudalangzum by the venerable Baron Sir
Ferdinand Von Mueller under what he terms N. O. Alangiacew,”
appears to be quite a different plant from the one I am describing
here.. It needs but a passing notice to show that our Alangeum
Lamarckii is not to be found in Australia—not certainly in the colony
of Victoria, of which the venerable Baron has been the sole botanical
guide for nearly half a century.
The plant prevails on the Coromandel Coast ¢ as will be seen from
the description given of it by Roxburgh.
Turning now to th® consideration of the remarks of LeMaout and
DeCaisne,t I may observe that their observation to the following
effect is literally correct, namely, that the woody stem is sometimes
subterranean, emitting herbaceous branches. My foregone remarks
regarding the main tree now standing in the Military Hospital Com-
pound in Thana and many others undescribed by me but existing in
the close vicinity of my Military Hospital amply bear me out in my
own description of the “suckers,” as also in the quotation I now cite
from LeMaout and DeCaisne. These joint authors rightly remark
that “the leaves of the Cornew are caducous or persistent.” They
are caducous in the sense that they fall when it is time for the flowers
and new foliage to appear. The branches at this time are bare ; the
leaves fall just before the blossom appears. When the blossom appears
there is not a single old leaf on the tree. This is what I have already
stated, and I may repeat here to emphasize the chief characteristic of
the plant at the time of its renewed foliage. This renewed foliage is
the striking characteristic of the plant as the fruit is maturing.
In a small brochure published at Mangalore in 1891, by the Basel
Mission Book and Tract Depository, entitled “ Five Hundred Indian
Plants ; their use in Medicine and Arts,” at page 68, Alangium
* Baron Sir Ferdinand Von Mueller’s Fragmenta Phytographiz Australia, vol, IL,
Melbourne, 1860-1861.
t Pl. Coromand,, vol. III, p. 79, plate 283,
t P. 475 of Mrs, Hooker’s Translation.
270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
heaapetalum (Lam.), has for its synonym Alangzum karangolam (Adans.)
classed under family Alangiacee. At page 71 of the same brochure
there is the following remark, which is worth reproducing :—‘“ The sage-
leaved Alangium described by Linneeus is also considered the Alangium
decapetalum of Lamarck and the Alangzum acumimatum:ot Wight.”
In a small book, which now seems to be almost forgotten, but never-
theless valuable, published in Bombay so far back as 1840 (2nd
Edition), by James Chesson in his “ Times Press,”’ under the title of
“Manual of Gardening in Western India,’ and written by Mr. R.
Riddell, there is a very important note (at page 71), which I may well
reproduce here, fully believing that Mr. Riddell was then noting his
personal experience. ‘“ Alangium decapitelum* (sic), native ankool,”
says he, “is a small tree with whitish flowers ; the petals vary on the
same tree from six, ecght to ten. The fruit is astringent, but eaten by
natives.” I quote these remarks with a view to group the Alangium
species, or call them mere varieties, if you like, under one head, wiz.,
Alangium Lamarcki?, no matter what the floral envelopes be, as re-
gards the number of their respective parts, on the nature of their
development. Dr. Balfour notes, what I have not seen noted else-
where, that the wood of A. decapetalum is said to be peculiarly sonorous.
“In Ganjam,” says he, “ the leading bullock has a bell of it termed
lodoke round its neck, the sound being heard to a great distance in
the jungle.”
POISONOUS PROPERTIES.
Baillon remarks, on the authority of Lamarck and DeCandolle, that
“Alangium decapetalum and Alangium heaapetalum are said to be
purgative and diuretic.”t Brandis says that the root is aromatic. As
will be seen from my remarks later on, I have sufficient reason to
believe that the bark of the root is poisonous. Only remember, pray,
that I use the word ‘ poisonous” in its widest sense. It has distinetly
dangerous emetic properties, followed by a weakened action of the
heart. "Here may be noted what I gather from the celebrated Rheede
of sacred Botanic memory. Rheede says,{ in sufliciently distinct
terms, that “the root is acrid and bitter.’ The words used as regards
odour in Rheede’s work, written in hatin, are ‘ Odor gravis.’ I
* The proper word is decapetalum—K.RB.K,
+ Baillon’s Natural History of Plants, vol. vi, page 279.
{ Hortus Malabaricus, vol. iv, pp. 55 56, tab. 20.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 271
have found that some English writers say, in translating these words,
that the odour is “ heavy.” I do not know whether to an Hnglishman
or to a Briton, I should say, the word “ heavy” is capable of conveying
the exact sense of the Latin term “ gravis” when it is made to mean
“heavy.” Here for 2 moment I may crave the indulgence of my
strictly Botanical reader if I venture to try and determine the mean-
ing of the Latin word “ gravis ” as used by Rheede with reference to
the odour of the root bark, or, for the matter of that, the odour of
anything whatsoever. I may here state, for the information of such of
my readers as do not know Latin, that the Latin adjective “ gravis,” as
applied to smell or flavour, means “ strong,” “ unpleasant,” or “ offen-
sive.’ The English rendering of it, as used by some in the word
“heavy,” conveys no meaning. According to the Latin Lexicogra-
pher Andrews, to whom, since 1866, I am much under obligation for
my limited knowledge of Latin, the term “ gravis” also means Litter.
This meaning is implied in the works of M. Terentius Varro, a Roman
writer on Husbandry, who flourished in the last century before the
Christian era. According to Rheede, the taste of the leaves is acrid,
but they have no odour, It may be noted in passing that the des-
cription of both Lindley and Brandis, to the effect that the root of
Alangium Lamarckw (be it known under any of the synonyms I have
detailed above) is aromatic, appears to conflict with the description of it
given by Rheede. No Latin lexicographer has, so far as I know, given
to the Latin word “gravis” the English equivalent of aromatic.” Here
I crave the assistance of better Latin scholars, indifferent and poor as I
am in my knowledge of the Latin tongue, which I studied thirty years
ago,and of which I am no better master now than I was then. In
describing the root Brandis is, in my opinion, more accurate (as he
always is in all his Botanical utterances) when he says that the root is
aromatic—for I do not think that the odour of the root is in any way
“strong” or * unpleasant’—I can positively say it is not “ offensive,”
With regard to the action of the root on the alimentary canal,
Rheede distinctly says it is cathartic. It produces, says he, serous
and cathartic discharges from the intestinal canal.* If such is the
* Tn the original Latin text of Rheede the term “ alvus” is used, which I think means
not only “‘the belly” or ‘‘ abdomen,” but also the “ stomach and entrails.” “ Astringere
alvum” (Celsus 1, 3) means to“ make costive,”’ z.¢., to bind the entrails — produce consti-
pation.—K.R.K.
272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
experience of Rheede, and of those indigenous learned writers who
gathered for him their ancient knowledge as found prevalent on the
Malabar Coast, from whence he wrote in days gone-by, I may say that
I cannot but congratulate myself, at the present day, in my own ex~
perience as regards the poisonous nature of the root-bark, nay even the
entire root, on this side of Western India. Rheede wrote in his day,
strengthened by the researches of his native co-workers. I am writ-
ing in my day with the help of past experience, but without the
special help of any co-worker. I wish I had the help to-day that
Rheede commanded when he worked on the Malabar Coast. All the
more do I express this wish, for I feel that there will be some who will
question my taste in including this plant under the ‘
But I fear no contradiction, as I crave for more co-operation in deter-
mining the poisonous nature of the root-bark of Alangium Lamarekit ;
and I wish to specially point out a dangerous property in the root-bark
which has not been yet experienced or specifically recognized by the
recognized writers on Indian Toxicology who have preceded me.
Rheede notes that the fruits are seldom eaten. ‘ For,” says he, ‘‘ they
heat the blood exceedingly.” ‘* Heating the blood” is a popular
expression in India, and as I fear Rheede was only copying an expres-
sion of those natives of Malabar who helped him in his botanical
‘ poisonous head,”
researches, he has fallen into a popular error which is easily pardonable.
Nevertheless such an error is misleading to a student of Pharmaco-
logy and Physiology trained in an English or Huropean school in the
nineteenth century. Iam not yet able to understand what the term
“heating the blood ” means. Perhaps it is my ignorance, and Rheede
in his day knew better. All I can say is that, without the slightest fear
of heating their blood, the Thana boys devour the fruit greedily. It is
a distinct seasonal treat to them, judging from the avidity with which
they devour the ripe fruit. Rheede’s native reporters might have
represented to him, according to their lights, possibly dim, that their
native brethren “seldom ate” the fruit in Malabar. Possibly the
tastes of their brethren in Malabar differed from those of my co-
‘nhabitants of Thana. But that does not go to prove that the frait of
Alangium Lamarcki should be declared absolutely inedible. In support
of my view regarding the edible nature of the fruit, [ may quote
De(andolle. He says pointedly that the fruits of the entire WV. O.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 273
Alangiacee are edible. Such is my experience ; or rather my recent
experience supports DeCandolle’s earlier observation. Lindley* observes
that the Malays attribute purgative and hydrogogue properties to
Alangium decapetalum and Alangium hexapetalum.
One word more with regard to the edible and non-poisonous
nature of the fruit. I can cite two very eminent Botanists who
hold the view that the fruit is absolutely free from any poisonous or
“‘blood-heating” properties so-called. Royle repeats the opinion of
Lindley that the fruit is edible. Dr. Wight also says that the
fruit of the Alangiums “is eatable, but not palatable, bemg muci-
laginous and insipid.” I may add that Brandis and others state that the
fruit has a somewhat sweet and astringent taste. Such is my own
experience. ‘The nucleus,’ says Rheede, “is bctter-sweet ;” I can
say that it is so.
It is well worth noticing here that instances of fruits of plants being
edible, and on the other hand their roots being emetic, are not un-
known, I have distinctly referred to one marked instance given by
Mr. W. Bartlett} in one of my former papers in connection with this
series (ude my paper on Moringa pterygosperma, in Vol. ix, p. 168,
of this Journal). Mr. Bartlett refers therein to the dangerous sickness
caused by eating the root of the French Bean plant.
In detailing the properties of Alangium decapetalum (Lam.), classed
under WV. O, Alangiaceee, Colonel H. Drury observest that “ the juice of
the root is reckoned anthelmintic and purgative. It is also employed in
dropsical cases, and, pulverized, is a reputed antidote in snake-bites.”’
This is a quotation from Roxburgh ; but neither Roxburgh nor Drury
mentions specifically whether the root is an antidote to the poison of
the “ colubrine ” or of the “ viperine” snakes. Symptoms of poison-
ing vary in each case, as is well known to those who have devoted
special attention to this subject. For years past the term “ snake-bite ”
has been very vaguely used, and passes muster in the eyes of those
who would pose as discoverers of a cure for the deadly cobra-bite,
i.c., the bite of the genuine Naya trepudians.
* Treasury of Botany, vol. i, p. 720.
} Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. ti, p. 721, Ist Series.
{ The Useful Plants of India : London, 1873, 2nd Ed., p. 24. [Observe that in this work
A. tomentosum (DeC.). and A. hewapetalum (Roxb.) are cited as synonyms. ]—K.R.K.
16
274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Surgeon-General HK. Balfour of Madras also states* that the aromatic
roots of A. decapetalum. [synonyms A. hexapetalum (Roxb.), and -
A, tomentosum (Lam., D.C.)]| are used by natives in snake-bites. This
observation has the same vagueness to which I have just referred above.
Surgeon Lee of Mangalore + distinctly says, however, that powder of
the bark (40 grains made into a bolus) is given in cases of cobra-
poisoning. He isnot decided, however, in saying that it isa cure.
He remarks that the root is well worth trying in cases of cobra-bite.
The following observations from the writings of Hindu writers may
be usefully read in connection with the properties of the plant under
notice. According to the quotation from Shiva Datta given by Kata
Bhat of Junagadh (wide his compilation entitled “ Nighant Sangraha,”
p. 123), the spine-bearing, white-flowered, red-fruited species, or call
it varvety, if you will, has a thick root, which is distinctly cathartic and
emetic. In Narhar Pandit’s Raj-Nighanta, it is mentioned that the
oil expressed from the seed also is cathartic (wde p. 84, Benares
Edition, 1883). In Madan Pal’s “ Nighanta” (Calcutta Hdition of Shri
Bhuvan Chandra Basu, 1886, p. 13), the plant is supposed to possess
hypercathartic properties. In the yet more recent work known to
Marathi readers as “Nighanta Ratnakar,”} it is stated in five Sanskrit
shlokas (stanzas) that the juice of the entire plant is emetic and highly
purgative, 2. ¢., productive of watery, alvine discharges. The author-
ship of the shlokas is not declared, but I think we may safely believe
that they convey the experience of the ancients. In passing, I may
observe that in this work the juice of the plant is credited with the
property of curing the poisonous bites of bad snakes, and also those
of “dogs, mice, and cats!” Rather a large order this, and of doubiful
curative powers. The writer goes further, and credits the juice of the
plant with the still more doubtful property of driving the devil (Sans-
krit—Pshdch-pidd) out of human kind! I know no individual of the
vegetable kingdom yet that can be said to possess such a quality. The
“ devil” may be safely said to have it all his own way, in spite of the
eurative resources of the vegetable kingdom. The “ devil’s kingdom ”
is unassailable by the members of the vegetable world.
‘The “ Encyclopedia” of India, vol. i, p. 635 8rd Hd., London.
+ See Watt’s Dictionary of the Beonomic Products of India, p. 154, vol. i, 1889, Calcutta.
{ Published in Bombay in three volumes in 1867 by Vishnu Vasudev Godbole. (See pp.
20, 21, voli.)
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 278
_ The cathartic properties of this plant are also referred to in “ Dhan-
vantari Nighanta ” (vide p. 60, shloka 250, advanced proofs, Hdition
Anandashram Series of Mr. M. C. Apte). So far as I know,
Bhav-Misra does not allude to this plant in his celebrated work entitled
Bhay-Prakash.”
Coming to the later indigenons writers of our own generation we
have the following information, Jaikisson Indraji maintains distinctly
that in large doses the root-bark is emetic, but ke adds that it is safe.
In this I fear he follows Mooideen Sheriff, and has no special clinical
experience of his own to guide him. Dr. Sakharam Arjun does not refer
to any of the cathartic or emetic properties of the plant. When he
dismisses his note on this plant in his Catalogue of the Bombay Drugs
in the brief manner he does, one can gather he had no personal know-
ledge of the use of the plant. It certainly does not grow in Bombay ;
and when, in 1882, he saw it with me in the Thana Military Hospital,
some years after he had published his Catalogue, he admired the tree
immensely—the true lover of beautiful plants he ever was. A younger
indigenous writer of the present day is Dr, Virji Zina Raval, Lu. mM. and s.,
of the Bombay University. He notes in his Gujerati work named
“Arya Aushadha”’:(p. 169, 1889, Ahmedabad) that the root is
diaphoretic and emetic ; for the former purpose smaller doses suffice
(1 to 2, wails) ; for the latter 4 tola is required.* “As a purgative,
says he, “the dose is up to one wal.”
To Honorary Surgeon Mooideen Sheriff of Madras is due the
eredit of having brought to the notice of the profession of our day the
emetic properties of the root-bark of Alangzwm Lamarckii. The first
reference to this experience of Mooideen Sheriff appears to have been
made by Dymock so far back as 1879+ in the Pharmaceutical Journal
of London. Watt has subsequently referred to the same in his “ Dic-
tionary of the Economic Products of India.” { The emetic properties
referred to are mentioned by Mooideen Sheriff in his supplement to the
“* Pharmacopeeia of India.” He says that “ the root-bark has proved itsel/
an efficient and safe emetic in doses of fifty grains; in small doses tt is
* A tolais 48 wals; a wal is about 44 or 5 grains,
} Vol. ix, 3rd Series, 1878-79, p. 1017. (The same reference is repeated by Dymock in the
“ Pharmacographia Indica,” vide vol, ii, pp. 165-66.—K.R.K.)
t Vide vol. i, pp. 154-155,
276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
nauseant and febrifuge ” (the italics are mine.—K. R. K.). The follow-
ing quotations, marked (a) (0) and (c) from Watt’s “ Heonomic Diec-
tionary ” (pages quoted), may be usefully read in connection with
Mooideen Sheriff’s remark just quoted by me in italics :—
(a) “ In an official correspondence forwarded by Mooideen Sheriti
to the supreme Government regarding the Pharmacopeia of India,
Dr. Mooideen Sheriff says further of this drug: ‘It possesses the
emetic and nauseant properties of ipecacuanha.’” (6) “It is a good
substitute for ipecacuanha, and proves useful in all the diseases * in
which the latter is indicated except dysentery.” (c) “ Doses as an
emetic from 45 to 50 grains; as a nauseant, diaphoretic and febri-
fuge from 6 to 10 grains; and as an alterative tonic from 2 to 5
grains.’ These points will be referred to later on. There is one
observation in Watt’s citations in his Dictionary from writers who
have helped him in the compilation of his cyclopzdiac work, which I
cannot pass unnoticed: ‘Surgeon Joseph Parker, m, p., Poona,” as
he then was, is a well known brother-officer of the Indian Medical
Service, now a Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel, and the Medical Store-
keeper of Bombay. On the testimony of this officer, not sanctioned by
personal experience, as the officer himself candidly says, Watt enters
in his dictionary a remark which I think is of doubtful accuracy. It
is to the following effect :—“ The oil of the root-bark is said to be a
useful external application in rheumatism.” Should this happen to
meet the eye of Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Parker, I should like to
know if he is still of the same opinion ; and I should be thankful to
know if I am wrong in maintaining the view that, botanically speaking,
there is no source for any oil in the structure of either the root or the
root-bark. So far as I can ascertain at present, I might say that one
might as well “ by repeated efforts extract oil from the sea sand” (as
the Marathi proverb goes) as expect to get any oil from either the
root or root-bark of Alangzum.
With reference to the quotations (a), (>) and (c) cited above from
Mooideen Sheriff, I may dispose of his remarks under (5) and (c) by
saying that they refer to points which I cannot very well discuss in
this journal by unnecessarily occupying its pages on purely medical
=
* The italics are mine,—K.R.K.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 277
4
and clinical questions. Other journals of a less popular character are
open to me for a discussion, which could hardly be expected to be of
any importance or use to the readers of this journal. I wish to direct
my remarks in the following pages to what I consider the kernel of
my observations under the head of pozsonous properties in the descrip-
tion of this plant. :
The chief point, then, that I wish to impress upon the readers of
this journal is that, recognizing, as I do fully, the emetic properties
of the root-bark, I have sufficient reasons, from personal experience, to
be able to say that, although the root-bark may, and does in my
experience, prove an efficient substitute for ipecacuanha as an emetic,
I cannot endorse the opinion of Mooideen Sheritf *‘ that 7t is safe in
doses of even fifty grains. I would rather use ipecacuanha as an eme-
tic—certainly not Alangium roct instead. The officinal dose of ipeca-
cuanha powder as an emetic is 15 to 30 grains. Dr. A. B. Garrod*
distinetly says that “in large doses it has considerable power in lower-
ing the circulation.” This veteran therapeutist includes the drug
amongst those that act as sedatives on the vessels and capillary system.
Dr, Lauder Brunton saysf that ‘“ ipecacuanha is one of the drugs
which, while it increases the secretion of the lungs and bronchi
generally, tends to lessen the blood-pressure.’ In the earlier portion of
his work (p. 219) he says, with regard to E’metin, which is the uncrys-
tallized active principle obtained from ipecacuanha, that, “ when
injected either subcutaneously or into the veins, it produces death by
cardiac paralysis, It paralyses the vessels first and then the heart, so
that the blood-pressure sinks to zero, while each cardiac pulsation is still
powerful.” Dr, Ringer { says “that in large doses it produces both
nausea and vomiting, and, like other emetics, some general weakness
with sweating.” On the authority of M. Chouppe and Dyce-Duckworth,
Dr. Ringer further says that “‘ emetin acts through the terminations of
the pneumogastric nerve,’ and that it “without doubt enters the
blood.” According to Dr. Ringer, ipecacuanha is a distinct depressant.
Sir Robert Christison, writing so far back as 1845, considers that
emeta (which is the term he uses for emetn of the present day) “is a
Materia Medica, p. 396, 3rd Ed., 1868.
t+ Pharmacology, 1885, p. 867.
t Therapeutics, 1880, 8th Hd., pp. 406 to 419.
278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
6
powerful poison. Two grains of the pure alkaloid will kill a dog; and
the symptoms are frequent vomiting, followed by sopor and coma, ‘and
death in fifteen or twenty-four hours. In the dead body the lungs and
stomach are found inflamed. The same effects result from injecting it
into a vein, or applying it to a small wound (Magendic). It appears
then to be a narcotico-acrid. Bué its irritant properties are so promi-
nent that it might be properly arranged with the vegetable acrids.”*
Dr. Alfred 8. Taylor, in his work on Poisons,f makes the following
remarks regarding emetin: —“Pelletier and Magendie found that
from 6 to 10 grains of the impure alkaloid given to animals caused
violent vomiting, followed by stupor and death in about fifteen
minutes. On inspection the alimentary canal was observed to be
inflamed.”
I should not have deemed it fair to occupy the attention of my
readers with such elaborate quotations on the poisonous properties of
emetin did 1 not think that the active principle of Alangium Lamarckze,
from my experience of fifteen years, possesses in a pre-eminent degree
the properties of emelzn, whether as a vascular sedative or as a
“ narcotico-acrid ” as very appropriately termed by Christison. In my
experience the root-bark powder of Alangium Lamarekii, besides being
a sure emetic, has a decidedly more powerfully sedative effect on
the human heart and blood vessels. It is besides productive of violent
irritation of the mucous coat of the stomach, followed by gastric
eatarrh lasting many days.
The recent researches of the writers of the ‘“‘ Pharmacographia
Indica” (Dymock, Wardell and Hooper) have, happily for me, isolated
a very bitter non-crystallizable alkaloid, which they have provisionally
called alangine, It is to be hoped that, now that Dr. Dymock is gone,
Dr. Wardell and Mr. Hooper may be able to establish the identity of
Alangine with Emetin. I leave it to other future investigators also of
the pharmacological properties of Indian plants to decide this point.
“The bark of Dogwood,’ a congener of Alangiwm, especially of
Cornus florida, say Le Maout and DeCaisne,§ “is bitter and astrin-
* A Treatise on Poisons, p. 892, 4th Ed., Edinburgh,
+ Ed. of 1848, p. 759.
t Vide p. 166, vol, ii.
§ Mrs, Hooker’s Translation of their General System of Botany, 1873, page 477.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 219
gent, and yields a principle (Cornitne), which is administered in North
America instead of quinine.’ Note that the recent researches of
Sohn term this active principle Cornin.* It is neutral and bitter,
and consists of crystalline silky needles, soluble in water, alcohol, or
ether. (Ann. Chem., Ph. 14, 206, &e,) It does not appear to possess
any poisonous properties.
The next question I would suggest to future workers in pharmaco-
logy is as to whether alangine can be classed under the group of
Sapontns,t which in small doses cause symptoms in man “ closely
resembling the nauseant stage of emesis, that is, a raw feeling in the
throat, tendency to cough, and increased secretion of mucus.”
To sum up, the result of my experience is that, even although the
root-bark of Alangzwm is a safe substitute for ipecacuanha as a mere
emetic, as stated by Mooideen Sheriff, it is a more powerful eardiac
sedative than ipecacuanha is reputed to be. As compared with ipeca-
cuanha, I think Alangium is a tardy and nota prompt emetic. From
the very fact that ipecacuanha is a prompt emetic, one may consider
it safe, as it does not remain in the stomach, but is discharged from it
before a large quantity of it has time to be absorbed by the blood.
Emesis being slow in Alangéwm, the root-bark of it has more time to
be absorbed by the blood. Hence, probably, its pronounced action on
the cardiac inhibitory nerves.
ee = —e =
ee —
* Dictionary of the Active Principles of Plants : London, 1894, page 45, § 79.
} Schmiedeberg’s Pharmacology (translated by Dixon, 1887), page 68.
SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE GENUS TERIAS.
By Capr. EH. Y. Watson, Indian Staff Corps.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 14th Jan., 1896.)
In a paper entitled ‘ Notes on the Synonymy of some Species of
Indian Prerine,” published in the Society’s Journal, vol. viii, page 489,
(1894), I stated on page 517 that I was unable to suggest to what species
certain forms of TZerzas described under the names TZ”. sodalis,
T. contubernalis and T. andersoniz, all of Moore, should be assigned,
as the forms were not represented in the British Museum, on which
collection the paper was based. The above-named forms, together
with some others, were described by Mr. Moore in a paper on Butter-
fies from the Mergui Archipelago, published in the Journal of the
Linnzan Society, Zoology, vol. xxi, page 29, (1886), and through
the instrumentality of Mr. de Nicéville I have been enabled to examine
the actual specimens which were described, which are in the collection
of the Indian Museum at Calcutta, in addition to which Mr. de Nicéville
has sent me over 500 specimens of Zerzas from his own collection
to assist me in working out the affinities of the different forms.
In the present paper I therefore propose to discuss the distinctness
of each species mentioned by Mr. Moore, and to try to point out
what corrections should be made in their synonymy owing to our
recently-acquired knowledge of the seasonal variation which occurs in
the genus.
The following are the species mentioned by Mr. Moore :—
“TERIAS FORMOSA, Hubner.” This, as I have already pointed
out, is a synonym of T. karina, Horsfield.
“TERIAS SODALIS, n. sp.” In describing this species, Mr. Moore
says it differs from typical Javan and Sumatran T. sari, Hoyrsfield,
in being smaller, and in some slight differences in the markings.
Howevery none of the points of distinction given holds good.
Mr. Moore gives the expanse of his 7. sodalis as from 14 to 15
inches. I find from actual* measurement of the specimens described
* It is probable my method of measurement is not the same as Mr. Moore's, which would
account for the discrepancy between the measurements given by him and by me of the same
specimens.
SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE GENUS TERIAS, 281:
that they Vary from 1:4 to 1-7 inches, the female “type” expanding
1-6 inches, while of some twenty Javan and Sumatran specimens of
T. sare available to me, one expands only 1:1 inches and the
remainder vary from 1°5 to 1:9 inches. The only other character of
any importance given by Mr. Moore is the relative breadth of the
black margins on the upperside, and though, as far as the material
goes, Javan and Sumatran specimens are slightly more heavily marked
than specimens from Mergui and other parts of Burma, yet this
character is so well known to be eminently variable in other species
ef the genus that it cannot be accepted as specific without the very
greatest hesitation. 7. sard is a very constant and easily recognisable
species : it has on the underside only a single wavy line in the discoidal
cell of the forewing, in addition to the usual disco-cellular markings,
and the whole of the apex widely and evenly chocolate-brown, and also
has a more or less diffused dark spot towards the outer angle.
“TERIAS SILHETANA, Wallace.” The Mergui specimens are
quite typical ZT. silhetana, which can be readily recognised by having
three markings in the discoidal cell on the underside, in addition to the
marking on the disco-cellular nervules, this being a character found
in no other described species of the genus.- I may add that, since the
publication of my previous paper, Messrs. Davidson and Bell have bred
T. silhetana at. Karwar in the Bombay Presidency, and have obtained
all its seasonal forms. They inform me that the caterpillar differs from
that of T. hecabe in having a black head instead of -being uniformly
green, and further that it is gregarious in its habits, whereas the cater-
pillar of 7. hecabe is solitary.
“T, HECABEOIDES, Ménétriés.” The Mergui specimens are
typical 7. hecabeoides, which grades into and is inseparable from
T. hecabe. |
“T, CONTUBERNALIS, n. sp.” The Mergui specimens belong
to the ordinary dry-season form of T. hecabe, which has also been
described by Mr. Moore under the names 7. eacavata and 7’, simulata.
“T. PATRUELIS, n. sp.” This is also the ordinary dry-season
‘form of T. hecabe ; it has the dark marginal border on the upperside of
the hindwing rather narrower than in J. contubernales, but all the
specimens vary ¢nter se.
16
282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
«TT, FRATERNA, n. sp.” Of the four specimens labelled T. fra-
terna in Mr. Moore’s handwriting, one is quite typical 7. hecabeoides,
and the other three are again the ordinary dry-season form of
T. hecabe and might be equally well arranged under either 7. contuberna-
lis or T. patruelis, Neither T. fraterna nor T. patruelis has been
correctly identified in the British Museum collection, where rather
different dry-season forms of 7. hecabe from North-West India have
been identified under these names, as will be seen by a reference to the
key to the genus given in my previous paper. This misidentification
is, however, of very small importance, as the forms described by Moore
and those identified in the British Museum are all nothing more than
slight variations in the dry-season form of 7. hecabe.
“T, MERGUIANA, n. sp.” This has also been wrongly identified
in the British Museum, where the ordinary rainy-season form
of T. silhetana is arranged under this name. True T. merguitina is a
form of T. hecabe, with the typical form of which the male type
agrees in the markings of the underside, but on the upperside of
the forewing the dilatation of the black margin at the outer
margin, instead of being squared, has its inner edge inclined obliquely
outwards. This is a character also found in 7, silhetana, as well as
in many forms of 7. hecabe, e.g., T. swinhoei. It is curious to note
that of the six specimens labelled YT. merguiana by Mr. Moore,
three are without apical markings on the underside of the forewing,
while the other three (one of which is the female “ type ”) have these
markings more or less developed. 7. merguzana is the commonest
form of 7. hecabe found in Sumatra, and grades imperceptibly into
the typical form.
“T, ANDERSONIL, n. sp.” This appears to be a quite distinct
species; it is the 7. kana of the British Museum, but not of Moore; it
is also therefore the species previously referred to by me as TJ. kana,
and is also the species recorded under that name from Sikhim by
Mr. de Nicéville, on my identification, in the “ Gazetteer of Sikhim, ”
1894, p. 167, n, 424. I find, on enquiry, that I was mistaken in sup-
posing that the single specimen of this species in the British Museum
was labelled “ 7. kana type ;” thetrue typeof T. kana is now before
me, and is referred to below. In 7. andersoniz, as in T. merguzana,
Mr. Moore allows considerable variation, and if he had treated the
SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE GENUS TERIAS, 283
species as he has treated 7. hecabe, he might easily have made two if
not more “species ” out of the six specimens of 7. andersoniz in the
Indian Museum.
“T. KANA, n. sp.” This is another form of 7. hecabe, differing
from those described above in having a broader black margin on the
upperside of the hindwing.
I would therefore make the following additions and corrections to
my previous paper :—
T. sodalis, Moore, is a synonym of 7. sari, Horsfield.
T. contubernalis, Moore, is a synonym of 7. hecabe, Linnzeus.
T. merguiana, Moore, is also a synonym of T. hecabe, and is not
the rainy-season form of T, silhetana, Wallace, as identi-
fied in the British Museum.
T. kana, Moore, is also a synonym of 1’. hecabe, and is wrongly
identified in the British Museum, where 7. andersoniz
stands as 7’. kana.
T. andersoniz, Moore, is a distinct species, and is the 7. kana of
the British Museum and of my previous paper.
984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE COCOAWATTE
ESTATE, LUNUGALA, IN THE PROVINCE OF
UVA, CEYLON
By A, L. Butter.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 14th Jan., 1896.)
I venture to hope that the following paper, embodying my observa-
tious on ornithology durmg a year ina district of the province of
Uva, Ceylon, may not be altogether without interest to Naturalists.
I have given rather lengthy notes on the breeding of species whose
nidification is not described in the second edition of “ Nests and Hges
of Indian Birds,” such as the Ceylonese hornbill and Layard’s wood-
pecker, and on other such interesting birds as the crested tree swift,
the Malabar trogon, the frog-mouth, etc ; but I hope my observations
will possess sufficient interest to atone to some extent for their length.
If one does not depart occasionally from the “ very common, breeds,
eggs white” style of note, it is almost impossible to make a
paper readable. Subsequent workers in Ceylon are immensely
indebted to Colonel Legge for his charming book on the birds of the
island, which makes the study of its avifauna very easy for them ;
and the completeness of Colonel Legge’s work is such that in the
fifteen years since his book was published, only three species have been
added to his list—Aséo accipitrinus, Pallas, a hen-bird from Jaffna,
Nov. 1891 ; Coturnitz coromandelica, Gmelin, obtained at Colombo in
1883; and Alcedo beavant, Wald., procured by Mr. A. P. Green near ~
Dambool in 1892, and subsequently obtained by him in other localities
and by myself in this district as noticed in these notes,
The centre from which I write is the Cocoawatte Estate, four miles
from Lunugala, in the Uva Province. Ihave confined my notes to
the birds observed and positively identified within a radius of ten miles
from the estate, excluding the species I have met with a little further
off, and even as it is the total number noticed, 161 species, is a large
one, and shows the locality to be very rich in bird-life. The piece of
country dealt with slopes down from the district of Madulsima (4,500 ft.)
to Lunugala (about 2,500 ft.), and then over two low ranges of hills to
the village of Madigama (1,000 ft.), the lowest point alluded to in this
paper.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 285
Very briefly speaking, this tract of land consists in the higher parts
of jungle and tea estates; then of undulating patna-land and rocky
hills covered with Maana-grass, and intersected with jungle dells
wherever there is a stream ; and lower down of blocks of forest
dotted with numerous Kurrakan clearings, large sheets of “ lantana ”
scrub, extensive paddy-fields, and native gardens.
One thing I must remark on is the extraordinary destruction
of small birds’ eggs which goes on in the jungles. In two cases
out of three, a nest left with eggs is empty when revisited next day,
and many a good egg IT have lost by waiting to secure a complete
clutch. The chief offenders appear to me to be squirrels and lizards,
and probably jungle-cats, the black kite-eagle, the rat-snake, and
the little nocturnal loris do their share of nest-rifling as well.
Nor do the birds fare much better on the open patnas, as the natives
always burn these off in the dry weather (just the breeding season) to
produce a supply of young grass for their cattle, and among the nest
and young of such species as Francolinus pictus, Perdicula asiatica,
Turniz taigoor, Drymeca insularis, D, valida, etc., these extensive
fires must work inestimable havoc.
I will now proceed with my: notes on the different species of birds
observed; it must be remembered that I have only been a year in the
district, and my list must of necessity be far from complete.
1. Circus eruginosus, Linn., the Marsh Harrier.—Common about
the paddy land at Madigama (1,000 feet.) in N.-E. monsoon.
2, Circus macrurus, Gmel., the Pale Harrier.—Common all over
the district in N.-EH. monsoon. Young birds far outnumber adults.
3. <Astur trivirgatus, Temm., the Crested Goshawk,—Nct very
common as far as I know. I have only killed a few specimens,
4. Astur badius, Gmel., the Indian Goshawk.—I found four nes's
this season ; from one I secured a clutch of three fresh eggs on April
30th; another nest found in May contained three eggs on the point of
hatching and useless ; the third contained three youngsters in down;
the fourth nest was inaccessible.
5. Neopus malayensis, Temm., the Black Kite-Hagle—There are
generally one or two of these fine birds sailing about the hills here, but
I do not know where they breed. One I killed contained the remains
of a bat.
286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
6. Spezetus ceylonensis, Gmel., the Ceylon Hawk Hagle.—Have
seen it here occasionally, but have not killed one.
7. Spilornis spilogaster, Blyth, the Ceylonese Serpent Hagle.—
Plentiful ; the commonest eagle in the Ceylon hills, where its squealing
ery is one of the most familiar of bird notes. I knew of two nests this
year—one was on a single tall tree standing ina sheet of Jantana
scrub at Madigama (1,000 feet.) This nest was found on May
11th, 1895; it was loosely constructed of sticks, with a handful
of green leaves under the egg. ‘This was considerably in-
cubated, but made a good specimen. Size 24” x 112”, ground-colour
dirty white with a group of rusty-red stains and blotches forming a
sort of cap at the small end. The second nest noticed was on one of a
scattered group of trees ona steep patna hillside at about 2,500 ft.
elevation. A cooly sent to visit it reported two young eaglets ; he said
they were quite small, but the nest was empty when revisited a few
days later. This nest was also found in May.
8. Hlanus ceruleus, Desf., the Black-winged Kite.—Resident
but not nearly so numerous as on the Uda-Pusselawa side of the
province, Never found a nest. :
9. LPernis ptilonorhyncus, Temm., the Indian Honey Buzzard.—
Have seen it here once or twice. Have shot it as high as 5,000 feet in
Uda-Pusselawa.
10. Cerchneis tinnunculus, Linn., the Common Kestrel.—Common
in the N.-H, monsoon.
11. Ketupa ceylonensis, Gmel., the Brown Fish Owl.—Fairly
common up to 2,500 feet. I was told of a nest about five miles from
here this May, but the man I sent to inspect it reported that the young
had flown. I have a fine pair of these owls inan aviary, and they
are most interesting birds to watch. They bathe every morning
regularly, and, as Colonel Legge remarks of Syrniwm indranz, “ put
their feathers into trim afterwards by leading them out from base to tip
and working them with a quick movement of the under mandible.”
When angry they spread their wings and ruffle up all their feathers
until they look a tremendous size, inflating their white throats until
there seems as much of the bird’s face below the bill as above it,
antl all the time growling savagely exactly like a dog, and snapping
their bills. This demonstration, however, they are not nearly so much
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 287
given to as my live Glaucediwm castanonotum. Pieces of food too
Jarge to bolt they hold up in one foot exactly like a parrot. As
Colonel Legge says that, as a rule, owls do not utter their natural calls
while in confinement, it may be worth mentioning that this species
does so. My pair keep up the “hoom-oh-hoom!” all night, and a
wild outsider frequently visits the trees near their cage and joins in!
12. Scops bakkamuna, Forster, Forster’s Scops Owl.—Fairly com-
mon. I hear its “ wok-wok ” every night, but do not see much of the
bird, which seems strictly nocturnal. On May 25th I found a nestling
unable to fly in the tea quite close to my bungalow. ‘Where he was
hatched I could not make out, as I could find no likely hole in any
of the neighbouring trees. I keptthe chick for about three weeks,
and he seemed to be doing well, but one morning I found him dead.
Its call note was different from that of the old birds—a low
“ ook-ook.”
13. Ninow scutulata, Raffles, the Brown Hawk Ow].—Common at
2,000 feet; much more so down at Madigama. My collecting coolie
shot a male in April, and at the shot a second bird flew out from a
hole in the same tree. The hole was empty, but as the testes of the
male bird were much enlarged, I suppose they would have laid in it
shortly. I have always found this bird very shy. After quitting its
place of concealment during the day, it strikes off on a foraging expe-
dition, taking exactly the same line night after night, and stopping
to utter its *‘ coo~whoop”’ on the same trees.
14. Glaucidium castanonotum, Blyth, the Chestnut-backed Owl.—
Common. Extremely diurnal in its habits, uttering its queer little hoot
of “kraw ” all through the day. I believe it feeds during the day too,
as I once shot one at 11 A.m., which had, I am almost certain, a mouse
in its claws, However, it dropped the object in fluttering down through
the jungle, and I could not find it to make sure. Previously I thought
it lived entirely on insects. But one which I have alive eats birds in
such a business-like way (carefully plucking out the wing and tail
feathers and then beginning with the brain) that I fancy they must
form a regular part of its food. My bird was first pinioned by a shot,
and the plucky little fellow was eating meat from my fingers three
hours afterwards, and shutting his eyes and bending his head down
with apparent pleasure when I scratched it. When alarmed it throws
288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
itself on its back and snaps its bill rapidly. ‘This species is not a shy
bird, and walking quietly one can generally get close up to it with-
out difficulty.
15. Syrnium indrani, Blyth, the Brown Wood Owl.—Fairly com-
mon. Its hoot heard close is ‘‘ oot-oot-to-whoo,” but the two first
notes are jerked out in a very low tone and ata very short distance only
the “to-whoo” is audible. This species is generally credited with
being the “ Devil Bird,” but I do not think so myself. Whatever the
‘* Devil Bird ”’ is, it is resident in this valley, and, though I hear it
nearly every night in the year, all my attempts to shoot or even see
it have been in vain, as it always slips quietly off when stalked. The
note I have heard is not particularly uncanny, and -is evidently what
Mr, Mitford described (Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 248) asa
“magnificent clear shout.” Ishould say “ wailing shout” myself.
My collecting coolie, who has spent whole nights after it, got close up
to it once, but the cartridge missed fire, “ proof,” as the man said shew-
ing the deeply dented cap, “ that it was a devil!” He said it was
“bigger than my fish-owls;” this, and the fact that the mysterious
cry is so loud and powerful, makes me believe that Bubo nipalensis
is most probably the bird. It can hardly be even a breeding seasonal
ery of such a common bird as Syrnium indrani, or every one in
the island would have heard it again and again. In other districts
where S. zndrant is common I:have never heard it, and as I hear the
cry here at all times of the year, I take it to be the regular call of some
other species, more especially as I seldom hear the ordinary note of the
Wood Owl in the particular jungle from which the extraordinary ery
usually comes. I hope to shoot the bird some day and settle the ques-
tion. In my opinion it will turn out to be Bubo nipalensis, or, failing
that, Phodilus assemilis.
16. Palwornis eupatrius, Linn., the Alexandrine Parrakeet.—Com-
mon at 1,000 feet, above which I have not seen it.
17. Paleornis cyanocephalus, Linn., the Blossom-headed Par-
rakeet.—Very common and ranges up to 5,000 feet. [ound a nest
with one egg in May, but something destroyed it.
18. Paleornis calthropee, Layard, Layard’s Parrakeet.—Very com-
. ° 9
mon ; took a clutch of four eggs in May (averaging 13” x 5,"), and
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 289
found nest with three young on April 23rd. I have heard of five eggs in
a clutch,
19. Loriculus indicus, Gmel., the Ceylon Lorikeet.— Very common ;
breeds here from March to June, during which months I took a few
clutches of eggs this year. The bird generally makes use of some
small natural cavity in a tree, inside which, if the wood is soft,
it usually excavates a downward passage from 2 to 4 feet.in depth. In
all the nests I examined the eggs were laid on a pad about an inch
thick, composed of fresh green leaves and halves of leaves torn off length-
‘wise along the midrib. The eggs are two to three in number, broad dull
white ovals, but they soon become marked with faint greenish stains
from the juices of the leaves on which they are deposited. Two eggs
measure 31” x 3" and }" x 3". I was struck with the rapidity with
which the Love-birds passed up and out of their nest passages when
alarmed on their eggs. In one case the bird always darted out
simultaneously with my tapping the tree with a stick, exactly as if it
had been sitting just inside the entrance when disturbed ; and yet her
egos were four feet below it down a tunnel about 3 inches in diameter,
up which she had to pass to effect her escape. In all cases the trees
chosen were rather small ones standing in the open. The nest-holes
were 5 to 15 feet from the ground.
20. Picus mahrattens?s, Lath., the Yellow-fronted Woodpecker.—
Not uncommon at 1,000 feet.
21. Yungipicus gymnophthalmus, Blyth, the Pigmy Wood-
pecker.—Fairly common up to 3,500 feet.. Always works the branches
of trees instead of the trunks like its larger allies.
22. Chrysocolapies strickland?, Layard, Layard’s Woodpecker.—
Fairly common from 2,000 feet upwards. I have the following note on its
nidification :—Found a nest on January 12th, 1895. Bird flew out
as I passed the hole, so close that I could see the whitish bill which
distinguishes it from the commoner B. ceylonus. The hole was about
3 inches in diameter and 25 feet from the ground, drilled through the
hard outer shell of the tree into the softer core, when it descended for
about a foot to the egg chamber, which contained one single partially
incubated egg lying on the rotten wood. Mr. C. B. Murdoch, who was
with me, did the climbing, and did it right well, having to hang on
for a long time while he cut out the hole with a pocket knife. The
tree would have been beyond me.
17
2990 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
There is no record of this egg being taken in ‘‘ Nests and Hggs,” but
I eonclude from the notes on the nidification of allied species that the
bird only lays one egg.
I have since received another single egg of this species taken at
Balangoda. Both measured 13" x 18".
23. Chrysophlegma chlorigaster, Jerd., the Southern Yellow-
naped Woodpecker.—Fairly common up to 5,000 feet. Found nest in
dead stump with two young on May 2nd.
24. Brachypternus ceylonus, Forster, the Red Woodpecker.—
Common up to 2,500 feet. Nest with two large young found,
October Ist.
25. Megalema zeylanica, Gmel., the Brown-headed Barbet.—
Very common, but have failed to get eggs.
26. Megalema flavifrons, Cad., the Yellow-fronted Barbet.—Very
common. Have taken its eggs in May and June.
97. Xantholema rubricapilla, Gmel., the Little «Ceylon Barbet.—
Very common. Procured one egg on the 6th of May, and found
several nests with young in same month.
98. Xantholema hemacephala, Méll., the Crimson-breasted
Barbet.—Much scarcer than the other three Barbets, and I have ‘not
noticed it above 2,500 feet.
29, Cuculus sonnerati, Lath., Sonnerat’s Cuckoo.—Rather scarce.
A male obtained on November 22nd this year had the testes much
enlarged.
30. Surniculus lugabris, Horsf., the Drongo Cuckoo.— Was exceed-
ingly plentiful here this year im July and August, after which it
almost entirely disappeared.
31. Coccystes jacobinus, Bodd., the Pied-crested Cuckoo.-—Rather
scarce.
32. Eudynamys honorata, Linn., the Indian Koel.—Common at
1,000 feet.
33. Pheenicophaés pyrrhocephalus, Forster, the Red-faced Mal-
koha.—Not uncommon up to 2,000 feet. Keeps in small parties and
frequents heavy jungle, espevially along streams. My five specimens
all bore out the sexual difference which Colonel Legge notes, 2. ¢.,
males had brown and females white eyes. In May my bird-nest-
ing coolie reported that he had found a nest of this bird just
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 291
commenced, As it was five miles off in jungle, I sent him again ten
days later to report progress before going to examine it myself, and to
my disappointment he said it was deserted. He said the nest was only
just commenced when he found it—only a dozen or more thin sticks
put together in a thorny bush about 10 feet high. He saw one of
the birds carry a stick to it, and he knows the species well, so the
little information given is probably correct.. Colonel Legge does not
describe the immature bird of this species, so the following rough
description of a young male killed on August 6th may be of interest:—
Tris, brown ; bill, greyish-green ; legs and feet, pale bluish-grey.
Instead of the handsome scarlet face of the adult bird the young
has only a small bare patch of brick-red skin round the eye,
without any of the peculiar papillose growth. The feathers of the
crown are edged with dull-grey instead of white as in the old bird,
and the markings do not extend down the back of the neck. Tail
about 2 inches shorter than in the adult, and with the white tips to
central feathers only half an inch deep and tinged with fulvous ; while
the breadth of the central pair of feathers (across the web placed
flat on the rule) is 1,%; inches against 14 inches in the old bird. Chin,
and sides of neck and chest, greyish with black centres to the feathers.
The black feathers on the throat and chest are more striated with
white than in the mature specimen, and the narrow stiff feathers are
confined more to the centre of the throat. Abdomen, thighs, and
under-tail coverts strongly tinged with fulvous. ;
34, Zanclostomus viridirostris, Jerd., the Green-billed Malkoha.—
Not uncommon, but by no means abundant.
35. Centropus rufipennis, Ill, the common Coucal.— Very common.
36. Taccocua leschenault?, Less., the Dark-backed Sirkeer.— Fairly
common up to 3,000 feet. Have seen as many as five here in a
day. Always single or in pairs.
37. Harpactes fasciatus, Forster, the Malabar Trogon.—Sannassy,
my bird-nesting coolie, who has been carefully trained and is pretty
reliable, brought me three eggs on May 7th, which he said belonged
to this species. He said that, noticing a likely lcoking hole in a stump
in jungle, he threw astone up against it, when out flew a trogon hen.
The stump was quite rotten ; hole about 12 feet up ; the entrance was
not quite large enough to admit the man’s hand, and in enlarging it
292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
he caused the stump to break off with a crash just above the eggs
which were left exposed. These were frightfully hardset, live and
struggling chicks in all three. The shell, however, of this egg is
very thick and strong, so that by making a huge hole in each I got.
the chicks out, and by patching up the eggs with paper made fair
specimens of them.. The embryo chicks confirmed the coolie’s identi-.
fication, the trogon feet and broad bills being unmistakable. The
eggs are perfect spheres of a very pale buff colour (exactly the tint of
a bronze-wing’s egg) and very glossy. They were resting on the bare
wood. Dimensions = x ail
On the 9th I found another nest. Riding round the work I saw a-
HT. fasciatus hen fly out of a dead stump standing in the cocoa, about 20
yards from the jungle boundary. The hole was about 18 feet up ; the
stump was in a state of crumbling rottenness, and would have come
down with the weight of a baby. However, a strong young jak-tree
sapling grew within 3 feet of the stump, and by climbing up this my
horse-keeper was able to put his hand into the nest-hole. To my
disappointment it contained two young ones, lying on the bare wood
only an inch or two below the entrance, which was about 4 inches in
diameter, round and even. On the 10th, I concealed myself in a clump
of cardamoms and watched the nest with binoculars for an hour,
during which time only once did a bird, the male, visit the nest with
food.. While feeding the young he clung to the lower edge of the hole
with his tail pressed against the tree as a support ; he then flew toa
tree about 50 yards off, where he sat perfectly motionless with his head
drawn in between his shoulders all the remaining time I watched.
The hen never put in an appearance at all. The young trogons seem
easily satisfied in the way of food! However, there were only two of
them, and the insect brought while I watched was a rather. large
one—a moth I think.
I heard of another nest of this species in May only about 5 feet
from the ground, but as the native who told me of it had caught the
female in the hole and curried her and her two eggs, the cause of
science was not much advanced in this case.
38. Anthracoceros coronatus, Bodd., the Crowned Hornbill.—Not
uncommon at 1,000 feet elevation ; in the N.-E. monsoon I have seen
it up as high as 2,500 feet. It is extremely wary and hard to shoot.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 293
39. Tockus cingalensis, Shaw, the Ceylonese Hornbill.—Very
common and occurs up to 4,000 feet. I found a nest on August 25th,
1894, It was ina hole in a small tree (about a foot in diameter) ona
patna hillside at edge of jungle. The hole was about 15 feet from the
ground; the original diameter of the entrance had been about 6 inches,
butit had been reduced by plastering with cement to about 25 inches.
The hole was about 18 inches deep, and contained one large young one
which I took. There was no lining of any sort to the cavity; only
a few small dried up fruits and berries under the nestling. The
old bird betrayed its secret by flying into the tree with a fruit in its
bill, but glided of again on finding itself observed, and did not
reappear while 1 was at the nest. The young bird only lived for a
week, though it fed greedily on plantains and seemed to be doing well.
A description of the nestling may be of interest :— Bull with no trace
of serrations; upper mandible greenish-grey at basal half, yellow
along culmen and at tip. Feet dusky greenish; eyelid dirty
yellow ; bare skin round orbit dark flesh-colour. Ivis dark bluish=
grey with an inner circle of brown. Secondaries.and a few feathers
on the back edged with fulvous. Plumage otherwise of same colour
as in adult. The material employed in plastering up the entrance is a
hard and light cement of a dark brown colour, apparently the dried
ordure of the bird, as it seems to be composed of disjected seeds and
pulp of fruit, with a few minute fragments of green beetle’s wings in it.
As far as I could see in this case the hole must have been enlarged
to release the sitting hen and narrowed again to confine the nestling.
Of another nest I have the following note :—April 30th, 1895. This
evening saw a hornbill fly into a tall tree in jungle with something in
its bill. Sannassy climbed the tree, and then saw the nest hole in the
one next to it, about 50 feet from the ground. He climbed across. to
?
it by a “ jungle rope ” which grew between the trees, rather a dan-
gerous performance, and after peering into the hole announced one
white egg and a hornbill inside. Had to leave the nest till next
morning for want ofa chisel. The hole was a mere slit so that the
man could not get his hand in beyond the fingers, nor was it narrowed
by cement. How on earth the hen bird got in I cannot make out.
As the tree was hollow for a long way down there must have been
another entrance concealed by the creepers which grew thickly all up
the trunk. I revisited the nest next day, and sent Sannassy up with «
294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
light one-hand axe and hammer and chisel. The cutting into the
nest took a long time, as he was unable to use the hammer and chisel
having to hang on with one hand while he worked with the axe-
head. At last he got his hand in and reported three eggs. The hen
moved further down the cavity and disappeared. The eges were
Jong ovals of a dull white, much discoloured with brown and green-
ish stains. They were very hard set. Both birds were absolutely
mute during the robbing of their nest. I since obtained two fresh eggs
on May 22nd, and a single one on June 6th, this last an extra-
ordinarily lop-sided egg, nowhere near round. It was also unusually
small, measuring only 1f5"14". Isent the others home without
noting the dimensions, but they were all much larger.*
40. Ceryle rudis, Linn., the Pied Kingfisher.—A female was shot
and skinned for me by a Cingalese schoolmaster at Bibile, about ten
miles from here, in October this year. I should think its occurrence
so near the hills is very uncommon.
41. Aleedo bengalensis, Gmel., the Little Indian King fishere—Com-
mon. Found a nest in May, but unfortunately cut into it too soon.
42. Alcedo beavani, Wald., Beavan’s Kingfisher.—Not very
uncommon, although it has been overlooked in Ceylon until quite
recently. I procured two fine specimens here, both males, on a jungle
stream at an elevation of 1,800 feet. They were killed on November
Qnd, 1894, and April 12th, 1895 ; I have since seen one or two others.
The birds were kindly identified for me by Mr. J. H. Gurney
of Norwich, and were exhibited by him at a meeting of the
Zoological Society as the first specimens of this species obtained
in Ceylon. This, however, was not the case, as I subsequently
learned that it was first procured in Ceylon in 1892 in the neighbour-
hood of Dambool by Mr. A. P. Green of Colombo, to whom the
credit of adding it to the Ceylon list is due. He informs me that
he has since obtained several specimens of both sexes from various
parts of the island, but all at an elevation of less than 2,000 feet.
In Ceylon Beavan’s kingfisher frequents lonely forest streams
and tanks, and seems shy of. the vicinity of paddy-fields with their
noisy cultivators and lumbering buffaloes. It is most extraordinary
that this bird has been overlooked entirely in Ceylon by previous
*T have since received the measurements of three of these eggs—1g” x 13”,
12” x ee 13" x 13",
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 295
collectors. It can only have escaped notice by its resemblance to
Alcedo bengalensis, causing it to be mistaken for the commoner
species. }
43. Pelargopsis gurial, Pearson, the Indian Stork-billed King-
fisher.—Common ; have seen it as high as 3,500 feet.
44. Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn., the White-breasted Kingfisher.—
Very common. Took numerous nests in May and June. Five was the
largest clutch I obtained ; in several cases four and three eggs were
partially incubated, while one nest contained only one young one.
45. Ceya tridactyla, Pall., the Indian three-toed Kingfisher, —
Occurs sparingly on lonely streams and water courses here up to
2,000 feet. During the last year I have obtained three beautiful
specimens, a male and two females, and seen half a dozen others. A
female killed on March 8rd, 1895, would probably have bred in May.
To my mind this is the most lovely bird in Ceylon ; flitting down stream
in the sunlight it is a very gem of colour. After heavy rain, when
the streams it frequents are in “spate,” Ceyx tridactylu may be
occasionally met with in jungle at some distance from water.
46. Merops philippinus, Linn., the Blue-tailed Bee-eater.— Very
common during the N.-E. monsoon, but almost entirely disappears
before the hot months of June to August.
47. Merops viridis, Linn., the Green Bee-eater—Common at
1,000 feet all the year round; never seen it higher.
48, Merops swinhoeit, Hume, the Chesnut-headed Bee-eater.—
Fairly common all the year. On April 19th I noticed a single bird
sitting ona tree, and guessing it to bea cock with a hen sitting
somewhere near, instituted a search and found a nest hole ina red
sandy bank in the tea. This I dug out with my shikar knife, and 4 feet
in came upon a female J. swinhoe?, and five beautiful fresh eggs.
49. Chetura gigantea, Temm., the Brown-necked Spine-tail.—I
occasionally see a few in this valley after rain, but they always fly high,
and I have not procured specimens.
50. Cypselus melba, Linn., the Alpine Swift—Same remarks
apply.
D1. Cypselus affinis, Gray, the Indian Swift—Always some
about after rain, but it does not breed here.
52. Cypselus batassiensis, Gray, the Palm Swift.—Very common.
I noticed a colony of four or five pairs evidently breeding in the large
296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY; Vol. X,
fan-shaped leaves of a single tall Palmyra palm at Madigama in
April, but I had no opportunity to examine their nests.
53. Collocalia francica, Gmel., the Indian Swiftlet.—Very com-
mon. A small cclony breed annually in a fissure of a precipice near
here ; I procured some eggs from this spot on April 22nd. All the
nests of this species I have seen have been at least half composed of
moss, lichen, etc. Does the bird ever make anest of saliva only ? All
the nests contained two egzgs or two young.
54. Dendrochelidon coronatus, Tickell, the Indian Crested Swift.—
Common. I have the following notes on nests found :—May Ist, 1895.
Riding up the steep zig-zag road to Lunugala this morning, I noticed a
Tree-swift sitting across a thin dead bough of a tree below me on the
hillside. When I returned in the evening it was in exactly the same
position. Going closer I saw it was ahen bird. I commenced to climb
the tree, and after raising itself very upright and staring at me with its
crest straight on end, it flew off and commenced circling round, I
climbed to a higher branch, and looking down saw the tiny nest on the
side of the bough, quite filled by one long whitish egg. This was a
very difficult nest to reach, the branch it was on being very thin and
perfectly rotten. I sent up my horse-keeper, who isa light weight, and
by holding with one hand tothe bough from which I had looked into
the nest and resting his feet on a mere twig, he could just touch the
edge of the nest with the very tips of his fingers. I told him to come
down and get a spoon from the bungalow, but the beggar said, “ No,
Ican get it,’ and in trying to get hold of the egg between the tips
of his fingers he managed to push it over the edge of the tiny nest,
and of course it went into fragments on the ground below, to my
intense disgust. The remains showed that the egg had been beautifully
fresh ; the fragments were pale grey rather than white.
The nest is a tiny shallow semi-circular bracket fixed on one side of
the upper surface of the branch, and is composed of small flakes of
bark and a few of the bird’s own feathers, the whole glued firmly
together with saliva. A rupee placed over the nest almost entirely
hides it.
Having found one nest of this species I kept a keen look-out for
others, and the next day spotted another; but this was quite inaccessible.
Three days later I found a third nest. The bird was sitting on it,
apparently secreting saliva, and kept bending its head down to apply
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 297
it to the sides of thenest. I revisited the spot on May 11th, taking a coil
of rope, saw, etc. Sannassy did his duty nobly, and after quite an hour
of unsuccessful attempts managed to get hold of the egg by hanging
almost head downwards by a rope tied to abough above. The egg is a
long oval, of a pale stone-grey colour. The birds kept flying round the
whole time I was at the nest and seemed much excited. On the 24th
I found a fourth nest, and with some difficulty secured the egg.
_ The males in this species take a share in incubation, as I several times
saw them on the nests. Frequently both birds would settle close
together at the side of their nest and caress each other with their bills,
uttering a low chattering note. The bird always sits in the same
position, z.e., with its head and breast on the same side of the bough
as the nest; I mean to say, with its feet. on the bough where it
forms the inner side of the nest, and its breast bent forward on the
ege. The eggs I obtained were pale stone-grey and not “ white” as
described in ‘‘ Nests and Eges of Indian Birds,” but they probably
fade to almost white in time.
5). Batrachostomus moniliger, Layard, the Ceylonese Frog-
mouth,—Common. During the year I have been here I have almost
every night heard a peculiar nocturnal bird-note, which I. always sus-
pected must be that ofthe frog-mouth, but as the sound always came
from heavy jungle, I could never obtain the author of it. However, at
last, after many moonlight stalks, Sannassy. killed me a_ beautiful
female specimen of this bird in the act of uttering the curious call,
and, the identity of the bird with its note once established, though
its strictly nocturnal habits and partiality for dense jungle cause it to be
very seldom obtained, I have no hesitation in describing it as -
common—so common that rarely a night passes without my hearing
four or five different birds calling in the jungles bordering the
estate. Its note is very hard to describe, but somewhat resembles
the words “ QGoorroo! coorroo! coorroo !” uttered very rapidly
in a sort of chuckle. The bird pauses for some time between each
call, and does not utter its note nearly so frequently as the night-
jars. Iam sure this bird.is not nearly so common at a high elevation
as it is below; 2,000 feet. I have only once heard it up-country
at an elevation of 5,500 feet, and, curiously enough, in the jungle
above Ragalla estate in Uda Pusselawa, the exact locality where
18
298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X.
Mr. Edwin Watson came across one twenty years ago, as recorded by
Colonel Legge.
Colouring of soft parts of my specimen (9) :—~Iris, dull yellow, a
very narrow circle as the black pupil is very large ; bill, greenish-
brown ; lower mandible, paler ; feet, yellow (Legge notes “ fleshy
grey ”’ ?); claws, dusky brown : inside of mouth, pale yellowish-green.
Measurements :—Length, 837"; wing, 4" ; tail (from vent), 41" ;
bill to gape, 1%"; bill across gape, 14". The bird was killed on hae te
26th. The prevailing colour of this bird was a rich rufous-brown.
Since writing the above, I was lucky enough to obtain on October
14th a second specimen of this curious bird. Walking round the
estate after a heavy night’s rain, I noticed a draggled dead frog-mouth
lying inadrain. It looked a hopeless rag, but fortunately i¢ was still
fresh, and, after washing it bodily under water for some time and
then cleaning it with plaster of Paris, I was able to make a beautiful
specimen of it, It was in good condition, and the stomach was
full of remains of beetles. I fancy it had been killed by the deluge
of rain during the night, and I was fortunate in finding it before
the ants and the tropical sun had destroyed it. It was a male, a
larger bird than the female mentioned above, and plumaged very
differently, the general colouring reminding one something of that of
the wryneck.
Length, 9” ; wing, 4:6"; tail, 4:25"; bill to gape, 1:25"; across
gape, 1:3".
Iris, straw-yellow ; pupil, extremely small ; bill, greenish-brown ;
lower mandible, paler ; legs and feet, brownish flesh-colour.
It is curious that in the hen-bird, shot dead in bright moonlight, the
pupil was greatly dilated, while inthe male, picked up dead after a
pitch-dark night, it was narrowed to a mere dot.
56. Caprimulgus kelaarti, Blyth, Kelaart’s Nightjar—Common.
Becomes quite silent in the rains. Its note is “ chooker ! chooker !”
and I once heard it calling in a jungle at 10 a.m. Never found a nest
here, though in Uda Passelawa I once found two pairs of eggs under
tea bushes within 20 yards of each other—handsome salmon-pink eggs
with purplish-grey marks.
57. Caprimulgus atripennts, Jerd., the Jungle Nightjar—Com-
mon. Breeds from May to August, laying its two eggs on the bare
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 299
ground near a bush, or under thin lantana scrub. I think there
must have been a mistake made in the identification of the eggs
sent to Mr. Hume from the Nilghiris and described (“ Nests and Eggs,”
2nd Hd., Vol. III, p. 47) as having a“ pale creamy-pink ground
faintly streaked and mottled over almost their entire surface with the
palest possible reddish-brown and purple.” I have taken many eggs,
and they all agree exactly with Colonel Legge’s description :—“ Buft
ground-colour very sparsely spotted with very dark sepia-brown,
rather roundish blots.” Six eggs average 144" x 7". Sannassy
declares that he has seen three eggs laid by this bird occasionally:
I went with him once to visit a nest which he had found with three
small chicks the day before, but though the Nightjar rose from the
spot when we approached, something or other had apparently taken
the young as there were no signs of them.
58. Corone macrorhynca, Wagler, the Black Crow.—Very common.
59. Cissa ornata, Wagler, the Ceylonese Jay.—Fairly common ;
most so in the N.-E. monsoon. Keeps in small parties and sticks to
heavy jungle. Feeds a good deal on tree-frogs, and is also very partial
to the large Sphinx moth caterpillar which infests cinchona trees, to
obtain which it ventures out on to estates to some distance from the
jungle. A friend told me he had seen its nest in the top of a cinchona
tree on Lover’s Leap Estate, Newara Eliya, some years ago.
60. Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn., the Black-headed Oriole.—
Common. Took a clutch of three fresh egos on May 20th.
61. Graucalus macz, Less., the Large Indian Cuckoo-shrike.—
Shot a male on September 25th this year.
62. Pericrocotus flammeus, Gray, the Orange Minivet.—Common,
I found one nest in December, but if was inaccessible. Called ‘‘ Flame-
bird ” in Ceylon.
63. Pericrocotus peregrinus, Linn., the Little Minivet.—Common.
Its beautiful little nest has been often described before, so I only give
the dates on which I procured eges this year—April 4th, and May
12th, two eggs in each nest.
64. Lalage sykest, Strickl., the Black-headed Cuckoo Shrike.—
Fairly common. Took a clutch of two eggs on May 5th, and a single
egg on May 26th, and found one or two nests with two young about
same date.
300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
65. Tephrodornis pondicerianus, Gmel,,- the Common Wood-
shrikee—Hairly common. Took a pair of fresh egos on May 10th,
and found a few nests with young later.
66. Hemipus picatus, Blyth, the Little Pied Shrike-—Common ;
but, though I tried hard, I failed to get egos. On May 12th, after
watching one for some time, I found its nest, a tiny shallow cup covered
exteriorly with cobweb, placed on a small dead lichen-covered bough
20 feet from the ground. It contained to my disappointment three
very small young, though the bird, on going to the nest, sat on it for
some time before I went up, leading me to expect eggs. A very
difficult nest to “ spot.”
67. Lanius cristatus, Linn., the Brown Shrike.-—Common in N.-E.
monsoon.
68. Buchanga leucopygialis, Blyth, the Ceylonese White-bellied
Drongo.—Very common ; took a fewnests in March, April and May.
The eggs—it lays two or three—vary greatly. Some are flesh-coloured
with marks of pale grey and pale reddish-brown ; others white with a
few large blotches of a deep rusty-red. The nest is placed in a hori-
zontal fork of a bough. The nest described by Colonel Legge as
24” in diameter must have been an unusually small one, or else the
figure has been misprinted.
69. Dissemurus paradiseus, Linn., the Racket-tailed Drongo.—
Fairly common about 2,000 feet and downwards.
I have the following notes of nests :—
April 11th.—Started at six this morning to visit the racket-tailed
drongo’s nest which Sannassy found yesterday. Passed through the
village to get a boy to do the climbing ; selected a little fellow who
could not have weighed more than 30 lbs. * * * Proceeded up
stream for about 1} miles, wading ; bed of river was about 1d yards
broad, a mass of large boulders of rocks, between which the water ran
fast and strong. On each side was tall forest, from which came the
scale-like call of the spur-fowl and. the metallic crow of the jungle-
cock ; it was beautifully cool at that hour, and, had it not been for the
myriads of leeches which infested the river banks, the morning would
have been most enjoyable. As it was, I was soon bleeding from head to
foot from scores of irritating punctures. Presently we arrived at the
nest. A single sapling grew from a Shall island of rocks at the
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE. 301
water’s edge ; it was about 30 feet high and 6 or 4 inches in diameter
at base; where the nest was, about 20 feet up, it was barely an inch
' thick. The nest was built ina horizontal fork about 2 feet to the side
of the main stem. I sat downon a rock and sent up the boy. At this
stage of the proceedings the drongo put in an appearance, scolding
angrily. I could easily have shot her, but it was not necessary. The
boy got within 4 feet of the nest, and then got frightened at the bend-
-ing of the tree. However, after a little persuasion and exhibition of
some small change, he went on again, and reaching the nest announced
“ gittera’’? (eggs). He then brought down in his hand a beauty and
went up again, but this time the sapling bent like a fishing rod, and
his awkward position caused him to crack one of the two remaining
eggs. However, it made a pretty fair specimen. The ground-colour
of the eggs was pink, and the markings were lilac-grey and reddish.
The nest, which I have before me, is a broad shallow saucer ; founda-
tion of small twigs and roots ; lining of finer roots and vegetable fibre
of sorts. There are a few pieces of moss, lichen, and cobweb on the out-
side. External diameter about 6 inches. The nest was suspended in a
fork, and had a long stay of roots and fibres running up the bough for
about 10 inches from the inner angle of the fork.
Another nest found on April 20th contained three young.
On the 5th of May the bird whose nest I took as described above had
built again in the same tree, and the nest contained one fresh egg. I
left it, and revisiting the spot two days later to my disgust found the
nest empty. Usual luck. I would have thought the drongo could
have kept off lizards and squirrels, the principal egg destroyers, and
I do not see what else could have taken the egg, etd as the nest was.
70. Terpsiphone paradist, Linn., the Paradise Flycatcher.—Fairly
common at 1,000 feet, immature birds far outnumbering the white
males, which I have only noticed mm the N.-H. monsoon. This species
ranges far higher into the hills than 2,000 feet, above which Colonel
Legge did not notice it. I haveseen young red birds frequently in the
N.-H. monsoon as high as 5,500 feet in Uda Pusselawa and Dimbulla,
and Mr. KE. V. Carey once told me he had seen a long-tailed white
bird at 6,000 feet.
71. Hypothymis ceylonensis, Sharpe, the Azure Wlycatcher.—
Common up to 2,500 feet. Builds a lovely little nest in a fork of a
302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
bush or hanging rope-like creeper, composed of green moss, fibres,
tendrils, etc., and decorated with cobweb, small white cocoons and such
like. Eggs ine to three, fleshy-white with small reddish spots at large
end. Seen in the shade in jungle this bird appears a dull greyish-blue
and does not look nearly so pretty as it really is, till in a sally on
a passing insect it flutters out into a ray of sunshine, when it becomes
the “ Azure’? Flycatcher all over.
72. Culicrcapa ceylonensis, Sharpe, the Gresneeie Flycatcher.—
Common at 4,000 feet, but gets scarce lowerdown. The nests are litile
moss watch-pockets, built against a tree or face of a rock. I took one
on May 6th with two fresh eggs ; though the nest had only been looked
at twice and not touched, it was apparently forsaken. I have only known
a few nests, but the fa seems to me a shy breeder, deserting readily,
although it is otherwise the very tamest of birds. I once watched a
pair frequenting a nest quite 50 feet from the ground on the trunk of a
huge tree ; all the other nests I have seen have been from 10 to 20 feet
high.
78. Rhipidura albifrontata, Frankl., the White-fronted Fantail.—
Common. Breeds from March to May. Nearly always builds a second
nest quite close if the first is taken. I watched one pair this year
build their pretty little nest, and then, as Mrs. Fantail’s expectations
were not fulfilled quite as soon as she had anticipated, they occupied the
interval in building a second nest on the next tree, which was ready
just in time for the event ; the first nest was left unused.
I have always found two or three eggs. The nest is a beautiful
little cup placed on a single thin branch, made of fine grass and wound
round and round outside with cobwebs until it appears quite greyish-
white. The birds relieve each other on the nest, as a fantail cannot
keep still for long under any circumstances. It is a plucky little bird,
and fearlessly attacks any larger species passing too close to its nest.
I have seen it go for that black marauder, the Malay eagle, in the
most determined way.
There can hardly be a prettier sight than to see this bird fearlessly
settling on the head of an old bull buffalo—now balancing itself on the
big hairy ear and flirting its tail, till a sudden flap of the ear sends it
fluttering up into the air to resettle on one of the horns ; now hovering
round the great grim face, snapping up an insect here and there, and
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 303
occasionally capturing a tiny eye-fly with such a vigorous peck in the
great brute’s eye as to cause it to shake its head disapprovingly, and
send the fantail off in a hurry to the nearest tree ; whence, however,
after fidgeting about for a few seconds, it generally drops down again
to resume its search for parasites on the buffalo’s back and head.
74. Alseonaw latirostris, Raff., the Brown Flycatcher.—Occurs spar-
ingly in N.-E. monsoon. Habits very like those of the English spotted
flycatcher. Ihave generally found it solitary, but have once or twice
noticed it among the gathering of birds that takes place when a flight
of winged termites are issuing from their nest hole. Luckless termites !
What with crows, swifts, drongos, brown shrikes, common and green
bulbuls, sun-birds, and munias all on the look out, their first flight into
open air is generally short! Lantus cristatus, not being a sportsman,
stands at the mouth of the hole and nails them as they walk out ; but —
all the others take them flying, even the little munias (punctulata).
75, Alseonax mattuc, Sharpe, the Rusty Flycatcher.—I obtained a
male on November 7th this year. I think I have once or twice seen it
before, but am doubtful about it; the birds might have been only
A, latirostris.
76. Stoparola sordida, Wald., the Ceylonese Blue Flycatcher.—
Common, most so at about 4,000 feet. Nests in banks, crevices in
trees, etc., from March to May. The nest and eggs are very like an
English robin’s. I have never found more than two eggs. This
flycatcher is very partial to mulberries.
77. Siphia tickellt, Sharpe, the Blue Redbreast.—Common.
Breeds from April to June. Builds a nest like a robin’s in banks or
trees at a height of from 2 to 15 feet. Lays generally three, but some-
times only two eggs, of an olive colour, very faintly and finely mottled
with rufous, I killed the hen-bird of the first nest I found for identi-
fication ; the cock at once found another mate, and a second nest was
built in the same bank within eight yards of the first one, but the
taking of this seemed to shake the birds’ faith in the locality and they
went elsewhere.
78. Muscicapa hyperythra, Cabinis, Nietner’s Robin Flycatcher.—
Fairly common in N.-E. monsoon, but keeps toa high elevation.
73. Copsychus saularis, Linn., the Magpie Robin.—Very common.
Breeds from April to July.
304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
80. Cirttocincla macrura, Gmel., the Long-tailed Robin.—-The
shama is fairly common here, inhabiting the jungles and wooded dells
on the patnas to 8,000 ft. or more. It is a shy bird, and not very easy
to shoot if you walk after it, but if you stand still and imitate (how-
ever feebly) a few of its trilling notes, a cock-bird will come fluttering
through the cover and settle quite close to you. Tomy mind this is
an unrivalled songster. I found a pair building a nest in a hole ina
tree in jungle this July, but just as it was ready for eggs a deluge of
rain flooded the hole ; and with me shama’s eggs are still deszderata.
Nest was about 40 feet from the ground and similar to magpie robin’s.
81. Thamnobia fulicata, Linn., the Black Robin.—Common.
Breeds from April to September.
82. Larvivora brunnea, Hodgson, the Indian Woodchat.—Killed a
male here on November Lith. It is certainly scarce in this part of the
Province ; as Colonel Legge says, “ In the eastern parts of Uva it is
not common, the great’ expanse of patnas below the plateau and the
deep valley of Badulla probably proving a barrier to its progress.”
83. Turdus spiloptera, Blyth, the Spotted Thrush.— Fairly common,
but is a shy bird and sticks to jungle. I have taken nests in April, Octo-
ber, and November, so it breeds twice a year, just before and just after
the hot season. A shy bird when breeding, and slips off the nest before
you are near it. Lays three eggs.
84. Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes, the Black Bulbul—Very common.
At some times of the year the jungles simply ring with its noisy notes.
It lays two eggs only, pinkish-white with claret-coloured and grey
spots. May was the only month I found nests. They were from
15 to 25 feet from the ground and pretty well concealed.
85. Criniger ictericus, Strickl., the Forest Bulbul.—Fairly common.
Breeds in April and May. I found a few nests, but was unfortunate
in their containing either young or very hardset eggs. It lays two.
I procured three specimens only.
86. aos luteolus, Less., the White-eyebrowed Bulbul.—Very
common. Breeds in May in the lantana bushes and lays two eges, I
have examined a lot of nests, and never saw more than two eggs or
young. The majority of eggs are exactly like common bulbul’s eggs,
only more stumpy. I italicize the are, as Mr. Hume in “Nests and
Hggs,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p. 190, says they are excessively wnléke. It
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 305
lays two types of eggs, and the scarcer one here is what Mr. Hume
describes as being “marked with the colour one would get by mixing
brown with vermilion.” Only one pair out of several answered this
description, and there was no doubt as to the identification of all my
specimens. ButI see Mr. Hume had only twe eggs before him
when he wrote.
87. Rubigula melanictera, Gmel., the Black-headed Bulbul.—Com-
mon, but I have failed to find a nest. I shot a hen with a largely
developed egg in her in Augusi.
88. Kelaartia penicillata, Blyth, the Yellow-eared Bulbul.—I can
find no note on this bird’s breeding in Legge or “ Nests and Egos.”
I have found its nest in Dimbulla in April—a large cup of moss and
elephant-grass leaves. It contained one fresh egg when I found it,
but when I visited it again next day it did not ! And I was unlucky
in clumsily breaking an egg sent me from Balangoda this year. The
egg isa broad oval, and (I write from memory) of a pinkish ground-
colour, marked with rather blurred blotches and streaks of pinky
browa. I do not see the bird much below 4,000 feet.
89. Pycnonotus heemorrhous, Gmel., the Madras Balbul.—Ex-
tremely common. |
90. Phillornis jerdoni, Blyth, the Green Bulbul.—Very common,
but never found nest.
91. Phillornis malabaricus, Blyth, the Malabar Green Bulbul.—
Same applies.
92. Lora téphia, Linn., the Common Bush Bulbul.—Fairly common.
Had a pair of eggs sent me this year from Balangoda, but I have
never seen a nest myself.
93. Malacocercus striatus, Swains.—Fairly numerous; but I have
never seen its nest,
94, Pomatorhinus melanurus, Blyth, the Ceylonese Scimitar
Babbler.—Common, Makes a domed nest of grass im a bank, some-
thing like a large willow-wren’s. I took a clutch of three fresh
eggs on January Ist, and another of three eggs too hard set to blow in
March. Another clutch of three was sent me from Balangoda in May.
The eggs are pure white and very glossy.
$5. Dumetia albogularis, Biyth, the White-throated Wren War-
bler.—Common, Haye found a few nests between May and September,
19
306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
All had three eggs. J was deprived of one clutch in a rather peculiar
way. I found a nest building, almost on the ground, in long grass. I
visited it eight days later and found it replaced by a fresh white ant hill.
Kicking it open, I found the ants had used the globular mass of grass
as a foundation and imbedded the ill-fated nest in a cone of earth
2 feet high.
96. Akcippe nigrifrons, Blyth, the Ceylon Wren Babbler.—Breeds
in the rainy season and up to May. It makes three or four nests
before it lays in one, so that they are very common in jungle, though
almost always empty. Lays two eges.
97, Pellorneum fuscicapillum, Blyth, the Whistling Quaker
Thrush.— Very common, but a fearful little skulk and not easy to
shoot, as it flutters off through the dense jungle underwood directly it
is approached. Colonel Legge recognized it as a common bird by the
frequency with which he heard its whistle, which he describes exactly
py the words “to meet you,” and I believe it is even more numerous
than an acquaintance with its whistle would lead one to believe, as,
though sometimes it whistles incessantly, I have several times seen three
or four pairs in a day without hearing its note once. A male shot on
April 4th was in a state of breeding. This bird when shot was cling-
ing to a perpendicular rock like a Pomatorhinus. —
98. Pyctorhis nasalis, Legge, the Black-billed Babbler.—Common.
Breeds in May. Builds a cup-shaped nest between stems of maana
grass. Lays three eggs, short and broad in shape, white with large
blotches of sienna-brown.
99. Orthotomus sutorius, Forster, the Indian Tailor-bird.—Com-
mon. I have seen its nest in a single leaf of a kind of vegetable-
marrow, between two leaves of a large-leaved jat of tea plant, between
two coffee leaves, and between quite a dozen leaves of cinchona—the
broad-leaved succ¢rubra variety, in which case the leaves were about
four-deep all round the nest. This was at 5,500 feet in the wet
weather, so I suppose the object was shelter against rain and wind.
100. Prinia socealis, Legge, the Ashy Wren Warbler.—Very
common. Breeds here from January to June. Although Colonel
Legge says that “nothing can be more un-tailur-bird-like than the
nest which it builds in Ceylon,” and proceeds to describe the nest as
a shapeless ball of guinea-grass roots thrown as it were between the
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 307
upright stalks of the plant,” I think the type he describes is. quite the
exception and not the rule. I have seen dozens of nests of this bird,
and one only answered exactly to Colonel Legge’s description, while all
the others were of the tailor-bird style. It lays almost always
three eggs; I have found two hard set ; have never seen four in a nest.
101. Prinea hodgsont, Blyth, Hodgson’s Wren Warbler.—Fairly
common. Have not procured eggs. Breeds about May, as I have
seen broods of young in July and August.
102. Drymeeca valida, Blyth, the Robust Wren Warbler.—Fairly
common. found four nests building in May, but they were all
destroyed by patna fires before the birds laid. It builds a domed nest
in maana grass near the roots.
103. Drymeca insularis, Legge, the White-browed Wren
Warbler.—Very common. Have found numbers of nests, mostly in
May, but I have seen odd nests all through the year.
104, Cisteicola cursitans, Blyth, the Common Grass Warbler.—
Common in short grass or paddy fields, but seems to leave the tall rank-
smelling maana grass to Prinias and Drymeecas. Have found one nest.
105. Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, the Green Tree Warbler.—
Common in N.-E. monsoon.
106. Parus atriceps, Horsf., the Grey-backed Titmouse.—Common,
but much more so above 2,000 feet than below it. Have found nests
with young in April and May, but have not got its eggs,
107. Dendrophila frontalis, Horst., the Blue Nuthatch.—_-Common
In May J saw a pair carrying feathers into a small round hole (pro-
bably a little barbet’s) in a tall dead stump which was too rotten to
climb. The hole was about a foot below the top of the stump, and
the Nuthatches always settled on the top and crept downwards into the
nest exactly as described by Miss Cockburn in “ Nests and Eggs.”
108. Cinnyris lotenzus, Linn., Loten’s Sun-bird.—Common, Breeds
from April to June. Ii is extremely fond of building its nest into the
deserted web of a species of caterpillar which is common here, and
these nests are very hard to detect. Italso builds a hanging nest of
the usual sun-bird type. One had a train of flakes of bark, some 2
inches long, attached to each other by spider’s web, hanging for 14
inches below it. It lays two eggs very little larger than those of
C. zeylonicus ; perhaps, as a rule, of a longer shape and a grayer tint.
308 JGURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X,
109. Cinnyris zeylonicus, Linn., the Ceylonese Sun-bird.—Com-
mon. Have taken plenty of nests in earlier part of year. I have
never seen one built in a caterpillar’s web, as C. lotenius is so fond
of doing.
110. Diceum minimum, Tick., Tickell’s Flower-pecker.—Common.
Have taken a few of its lovely little pendant pear-shaped nests in April
and May. They contained two white eggs, large for the size of the
bird, being as large as small eggs of Munia striata.
111. Piéprisoma agile, Blyth, the Thick-billed Flower-pecker.—
Not uncommon I think, but as it frequents tall trees in jungle, it is
hard to distinguish it for certain from immature sun-birds. I have
killed five specimens here.
112. Zosterops palpebrosa, Blyth, the Common White-eye.—Very
common. Breeds in early part of the year.
113. Zosterops ceylonensis, Holdsw., the Ceylonese White-eye.—
Common at 4,000 feet and over. Nest and eggs very similar to the
common white-eye’s. It is fond of building in the grevillea trees which
are so extensively planted on Ceylon tea estates as belts to break the
force of the wind. Coffee trees, too, are often chosen. ‘This species is
easily distinguished at a distance from the previous one, as the latter
has a yellowish tint in its plumage, which our “‘ peculiar” bird quite
lacks. Itis also much tamer then Z. palpebrosa. I have twice caught
it in a butterfly net.
114. Hirundo rustica, Linn., the Common Swallow.—Common in
N.-E. monsoon.
115. Hirundo hyperythra, Layard, the Ceylon Swallow.—Very
common, but I have not procured eggs. It builds a good deal under
culverts on the roads, and also, I believe, in rocky caves in the hills.
A pair built under my bungalow this July. The nest was only two feet
from the ground, and was a large martin-like structure which they
took a month putting together. My cat, however, took such an ab-
sorbing interest in them that they eventually forsook it.
116. Hirundo javanica, Sparm., the Bungalow Swallow.—Common.
Keeps more to the neighbourhood of houses and factories than the last
species, and is very tame, building fearlessly in rooms in daily use.
117. Passer domesticus, Linn., the House Sparrow.—Very com-
mon of course and just the same cheeky bird in the native bazaars of
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE. 309
Ceylon as in the streets of London. Curiously enough some bungalows
never have a sparrow near them—why, I cannot say.
118. Motacilla melanope, Pall., the Grey Wagtail.—Common in
the N.- HE. monsoon.
119. Budytes viridis, Blyth, the Grey-headed Wagtail.-Have
occasionally seen flocks in the paddy fields at 1,000 feet.
120. Corydalla rufula, Kelaart, the Common Pipit.—Common.
Breeds from May till September.
121. Mirafra affinis, Jerdon, the Madras Bush-lark.—Fairly
common at 1,000 feet.
122. Ploceus philippinus, Linn., the-Common Weaver-bird.—-
Not uncommon at 1,000 feet and under. Twelve miles further down
the Batticaloa cart-road it is common.
123. Munia kelaarti, Blyth, the Hill Munia.—Common over 4,000
feet. Bregds in trees at a good height.
124, Munia punctulata, Hume, the Spotted Munia.—Common.
Breeds in trees all round the bungalow.
125. Munia striata, Blyth, the White-backed Munia.—Common.
Breeds in the cocoa trees and in long grass. One has got a nest at
the present moment in the hole inastump in which I founda
trogon’s nest with young, previously alluded to. Is not this a most
unusual site for it to select ?
126. Artamus fuscus, Vieill., the Ashy Wood Swallow.—Com-
mon at 1,000 feet, becoming less so up to 3,000 feet, above which I
have not noticed it.
127. Acridotheres melanosternus, Legge, the Ceylonese Myna.—
Very common. Breeds of course in holes of trees ; they make capital
pets.
128. Hulabes religiosa, Jerdon, the Southern Myna.—Very com-
mon. Have not obtained eggs. I have not seen LE. pézlogenys in this
district, though I have procured it elsewhere in similar localities.
129. Pitta coronata, Hume, the Indian Pittaa—Common at all
elevations in N.-E. monsoen. It is curious that it is much more noisy
in the low country than in the hills, In Uda Pusselawa I have
flushed several in a day, but seldom heard its call. Here at 2,000 feet
the peculiar double whistle sounds on all sides at sundown. The
Pitta frequents the same spot week after week, and is easily caught
310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
under a sieve-trap set near a manure heap to which it resorts ; a fat
white coffee-grub proves an irresistable bait. I once kept three in an
aviary for some time, but they all died when the time for migration
arrived. They got very tame, hopping up to me and taking worms
and coffee grubs from my fingers without fear. They seemed rather
quarrelsome birds, frequently ruffling up to each other like game-
cocks with half-spread wings, thus showing off the brilliant blue
shoulder patches.
130. Palumbus torringtonie, Kel., Lady Torrington’s Pigeon.—
Not uncommon at any time, but only at all numerous about September
and October. Its note is far more like the hoot of an owl than the
“ ooo” of a wood pigeon—a deep guttural “ hoom ” repeated at inter-
vals. I have one egg, taken by my brother, Mr. C. E. Butler, in Uda |
Pusselawa on November 1ith, 1894. He described the nest as placed
in a small tree in jungle about 25 feet from the ground. The egg is:
similar to, but smaller than, an Hnglish wood pigeon’s, 13" x 14".
At the present minute I know of a nest being built near here (Sep-
tember 24th). I believe it only lays one egg, as the one my brother
took was hard set, and Mr. Bligh mentions frightening a single young
one from a nest ; but natives tell me it lays two eggs.
131. Turtur suratensis, Blyth, the Spotted Dove.—The common
dove here ; very numerous ; breeds in early part of the year.
182. Chalcophaps indica, Linn., the Bronze-winged Dove.—Com-
mon. I have found its nests in April, July, August, September and
October. I think it breeds all the year round. The nests are from
4 to 10 feet from the ground ; the two eggs are pale buff colour, and
vary greatly in size. This lovely dove seems to take a pleasure in
dashing with lightning speed through the open windows of bungalows
and through verandahs. I have more than once known one to fly
through my tea-factory when work was going on, entering the door
and escaping at the windows on the other side in an instant. What
on earth could be the reason of its flying straight at a large building
standing right in the open and echoing with the rattle and clank of
machinery I do not know. Ido not think it cam be attracted by the
reflection of trees in the windows, as I have never seen it strike a pane.
133. Carpophaga cenea, Gray, the Imperial Green Pigeon —
Fairly common occasionally at 1,000 feet.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE. 311
134. Osmotreron bicincta, Jerdon, the Orange-breasted Green
Pigeon.—Resident at 1,000 feet. A male killed from a flock on March
drd was in a state of breeding. In September and October the birds
ascend to 2,000 feet or so when certain jungle-trees are fruiting, but I
do not think they range higher.
135, Osmotreron pompadoura, Gmel., the Pompadour Green
Pigeon.—Resident all the year round ; most common in the N.-EH.
monsoon. Ranges up to 3,000 feet at that season. I found a nest
building in June, but the bird never laid.
136. Gallus lafayettz, Less., the Ceylon Jungle Fowl.—Com-
mon. Breeds chiefly in May and June; at any rate the crow of
the old cock is most frequently heard then. The clutches I have
taken have always been three to four eggs. The average of eleven
now before me is 137” % 12”; the largest measures 2” x 123,”; the
smallest 1,5" x 155". The eggs are generally covered all over
with small brown specks, but I have one without any of these, looking
exactly like a village hen’s egg.
I may mention that on April 21st I found a nest of this bird con-
taining three extremely small abortive eggs without any yo They
were devoid of spots and had a very rough surface.
Of the stupefying effect which the “‘ nilho ”’ seed is supposed to have
on these birds I have had no experience ; but I have twice seen appa-
rently healthy old cocks skulk under a bush and allow themselves to
be caught by hand. Whether this was due to intoxication caused by
eating “ nilho” seeds I cannot say. I should think that Mr. Holds-
worth’s suggestion that the bird occasionally eats some noxious fungus
growing in the same jungles as the “ nilho ” is probably right.
If the “nilho” seed has any narcotic qualities, it seems strange
that it should not affect the bronze-winged doves, which also feed on
it greedily, crowding up-country in years when the plant is seeding
until the jungles resound with their lowing note.
Colonel Legge says the adult male has the “legs and feet wax
yellow ;” I have occasionally shot an old cock with the legs of a dark
reddish flesh-colour.
137. Galloperdix bicalcarata, Forster, the Ceylon Spur-fowl.—
Common, but very shy and almost impossible to shoot without a dog.
I find from my notes that I have taken eggs in every month from
312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
March to September. Seven eggs measured average 135” X 11”,
and vary considerably from 12" to 127” in length, by 1)" to
11" in breadth. Most eggs are covered with a profusion of small
chalky white specks, but in some these are almost entirely absent.
Personally I have not found more than two eggs in a nest, though
I have once seen three chicks witha hen. The nests are mere
scratchings in the ground in jungle, with only a leaf or two for
Jining.
138. Francolinus pictus, Blyth, the Painted Partridge.—Scarce,
and is, in this neighbourhood, unfortunately getting scarcer. The
reason is probably partly due to the damage done to its nests and young
by the periodical patna fires which I have mentioned, and partly
owing to the cock-bird’s fatal habit of crowing from the top of
a rock or ant-hill. Unfortunately powder and shot are now
so cheap that the native no longer restricts himself to deer and
pig as formerly, and when once the francolin has given himself
away by crowing, the stealthy-footed native gunner finds it easy to
stalk him. However, in another part of the province I knew of 44
brace being bagged by two guns last season in a morning’s shooting
over dogs.
139. Perdicula astatica, Gould, the Jungle Bush-quail—Com-
mon up to 3,000 feet. A bevy when flushed scatter in all directions,
but if you remain quiet after a minute you hear their peculiar ventrilo-
quistic “ tirri-tirri-tirri ” sounding from all sides ; presently it ceases,
and if you beat about, up get the whole bevy again as if they had
never been dispersed. I have failed to get a nest, but I have seen a
hen with a large brood of tiny cheeping chicks in June.
140. Coturniz chinensis, Blyth, the Blue-breasted Quail—Com-
mon in suitable, 2. ¢., damp, localities. Not at all a bird of the dry
patnas like 7. tazgoor and P. asiatica, It breeds in the rank grass
growing at the edges of paddy fields, and on the bunds which separate
the terraces. I have taken nests in March, April, and May. The
largest clutch was nine, taken on March 13th ; but as two eggs seem
rather larger and less speckled than the others, the nest was
probably a joint stock concern. The next largest clutch of eggs
taken numbered seven. The eggs are olive-brown, finely speckled
all over with reddish-brown spots.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE. 313
141. Turnix taigoor, Sykes, the Black-breasted Bustard-quail.—
Very common. Have taken nests all the year round ; males take
part in incubation. Four eggs is the most I have come across in
one nest.
142. Porzana fusca, Linn., Blyth, the Ruddy Rail.—Have seen
it here in the N.-H. monsoon. Could the unidentified rail’s eggs
noted in the remarks on H. striata belong to this bird? The measure-
ments agree well with those Mr. Hume gives for the eggs of this
species, and are small for those of HZ. striata.
143. Hypotenidia striata, Linn., the Blue-breasted Rail.—Common
in suitable spots, but a terrible skulk, Though it has been previously
recorded as only a migrant to Ceylon, if is my firm belief that num-
bers remain and breed in the island, and that three eggs in my pos-
session are those of this bird- They were brought to me at Fort
Macdonald in May, 1893, by a native who declared them to belong to
this species. The eggs are exact miniatures of those of FE. pheenicura.
This year, on July Ist, two more similar eggs were brought me taken
here. They were too cracked to preserve, and contained large rail chicks,
covered with black down. What else could they be but ZW. striata?
On August 20th this year I watched a pair of these rails feeding
in a ditch for some’ time, and in addition to this, intelligent natives
have told me that they often come across its eggs when reaping the
paddy. It might very easily escape notice in the breeding season
when the paddy is high, especially as sportsmen hardly ever go near
the paddy fields after the departure of the snipe. Two of the eggs
13y
I refer to measure 14” X $" and 13” x =".
144, Erythra pheenicura, Penn., the White-breasted Water Hen.—
Common ; but have only obtained two eggs.
145. Gallicrex cinerea, Gmel., the Water Cock.—-Rather scarce.
I have met with it a few times at 1,000 feet in N.-E. monsoon, but it
is most likely resident all the year.
146. Rhyncheea capensis, Linn., the Painted Snipe.—Rather scarce
in this part of the province. I have never found a nest, though a pair
killed on January 5th this year were obviously breeding,
147. Gallinago stenura, Blyth, the Pin-tailed Snipe.—Very
common in N.-E. monsoon, The first shot in Ceylon this year was
killed on August 31st.
20
314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
148. Totanus glareola, Temm., the Wood Sand-piper.—Very
common in N.-H. monsoon.
149. Totanus ochropus, Temm., the Green Sand-piper.—Fairly
common in N.-H. monsoon.
150. Zringoides hypoleucus, Linn., the Common Sand-piper.—
Occurs sparingly in N.-E. monsoon. Sticks te streams and rivers in
preference to paddy-fields.
151. Tringa subminuta, Midd., the Long-toed Stint.—-At 1,000 feet
afew may generally be seen among the large flocks of Wood sand-
pipers which frequent the newly-ploughed paddy fields. I have
shot this Stint at Fort Macdonald at an elevation of 3,500 feet.
152. Charadrius falvus, Gmel., the Asiatic Golden Plover.—Small
parties about the lower-lying paddy fields this December and January,
though I did not observe any last year.
153. Lobivanellus indicus, Bodd., the Red-wattled Lapwing.—
Always a few in the paddy fields at 1,000 feet in N.-E. monsoon.
154. Sterna anglica, Montagu, the Guil-billed Tern.—Occasionally
ascends to 1,000 feet in large numbers in very wet monsoon weather,
feeding on crabs, etc., in the newly ploughed paddy fields.
155. Dendrocygna javanica, Holdsw., the Indian Whistling Teal.—
Saw a single bird flying round and round a large inundated paddy-
field at Madigama this January, the first I have seen here.
156. Dissura episcopa, Bodd., Holdsw., the White-necked Stork.—
Occurs occasionally in N.-E. monsoon in paddy fields up to
1,000 feet.
157. Bubuleus coromandus, Hume, the Cattle Egret.—Very
common at 1,000 feet to 2,500 feet. I do not think it breeds near
here.
158. Ardeola grayi, Holdsw., the Pond Heron,—Same applies.
159. <Ardeiralla cinnamomea, Gmel., the Chestnut Bittern.—Com-
mon; breeds in May, as a female shot then was evidently laying.
160. Gorsachius melanolophus, Raffl., the Malay Bittern.—Since
these few notes had the honour of being read before the Society, I
have procured a beautiful specimen of this scarce Bittern, a male, killed
near Bibile some ten miles from here this January. Colonel Legge
enumerates nine instances of its occurrence in Ceylon between 1852
and 1877.
ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM COCOAWATTE ESTATE, 315
This concludes the list of species I have been able to identify during
the year. I have also met with a small brownish warbler once or twice
in short grass at 2,000 feet or so, which is new tome. It rises at your
boots, flutters jerkily for fifteen yards, and then drops like a stone into
the grass, and nothing on earth will induce it to show again. It has a
broadish tail, and is, I think, brown below as well as above. There is
no bird on the Ceylon list which this could be, except Locustella
erthiola or Schenicola platyura; but S. platyura was added to the
Ceylon list on the strength of a single skin, history unknown, in
the British Museum, labeled “ Ceylon: ex Cuming,” and no ornith-
ologist in the island has met with it since. I must endeavour to
procure a specimen of my bird. The only information I can find
on the habits of S. platywra applies well to it, though the chances
are against its being such a rarity. Whatever it may be, it is from
its extraordinarily skulking habits just the bird to be overlooked.
IT have also a note of a shrike seen at 1,000 feet in October, but not
procured:—“ Bedy greyish, head quite grey with conspicuous black
eye stripe: certainly not Z. cristatus, but about the same size. A pukka
Lanius of sorts.” Would this be L. ductonensis, with which I am not
familiar ?
I have once or twice seen a fine eagle on the wing which 1 take
to be Spizetus kelaarte.
Hydrophasianus chirurgus, 1 am told, straggles up to 1,000 feet here
occasionally, but I have not seen anything of it myself.
316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
REVIEW.
The book before us is a penultimate instalment of the Secretary of
State’s “ Fauna” of India (Birds).*
The first order and family noticed are the broad-bills, which do not
occur in the Bombay Province. Then come the woodpeckers, of
which we have several, here duly described. One Maratha name for
them here given is “ Lohar” (smith), which is not as common as the
more appropriate “ Tokera ” (hammerer or pounder), and ‘‘ Sutar”
(carpenter). The latter is given (p. 160) as a name of the Hoopoes.
Their commoner and better name is “ Sonar” (goldsmith), It distin-
guishes their light and silent picking action as resembling that of the
irade, with its toy-tools falling on precious metals ; commonly almost
backed by silent compost.
If the “roll”? were not almost unknown to Indian drummers, the
woodpeckers would probably have a name from that trade too, as it is
one of their favourite bits of music, and not used by any other winged
carpenter.
Their relations, the wrynecks, are not found in Bombay, nor is the
Indian honey-guide (éndicator), which has not yet shown anybody
any honey.
After these come the barbets. Mr. Blanford restricts the generic
name Megalema to species outside our bounds, but allows us two
species of Thereiceryx, apparently a new name of his own.
Thereiceryx zeylonicus is now the full style and title of the common
Indian green barbet, and we are well rid of cnornata, unnecessarily
distinguished as a species of “ the Bombay coast.”
The coppersmiths remain Xantholema, but X. indica becomes
Hematocephala, an older name and more descriptive. Nothing is
added to our knowledge of it.
At this point we come to the order Anisodactyli, about whom there
has been much difference and discussion, such as would be out of
place here. The first of them are the rollers (Coracias), commonly
ealled jays from their blue colouring and noisy bustling habits ; but if
any one will look at a European jay’s wing, the different arrange-
* The “Fauna ” of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, published under the
authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council, edited by W.'T. Blanford. Birds,
vol, III, by W. T. Blanford, FR.S, London : Taylor and Francis. Bombay : Thacker & Co.,
&e,, &c,
REVIEW. 317
ment of its blue surface is easy enough to note. We have the
common Indian roller or Tas, and occasionally in the cold weather
the European roller visits our northern districts, especially Sind.
Mr. Blanford only admits lizards to the Indian roller’s dinner-table with
a “perhaps,” but we have seen it eat both lizards and small snakes.
The bee-eaters come next, with no noticeable remark and no serious
alteration of nomenclature. ‘
Different is the case of the kingfishers. The pied kingfisher is
now finally separated from Ceryle rudis as C. varia, and contrarywise
the little blue kingfisher is united to the Huropean species Alcedo
zspida for good. The name bengalensis is well out of the way and
sindiana can scarcely be said to have ever been in it. Mr, Blanford
gives Khandu, Khandya, as Maratha names ; but in the Konkan the
true name is Des, Our great kingfisher, Pelargopsis gurial, keeps
its place ; so does our middle-sized blue kingfisher, Halcyon smyr-
nensis, with the just remark that it is not much of a fisher, living
“chiefly on insects and small lizards, and sometimes on mice and land
crabs ;” the last three pretty strong diet for so small a bird. The
next set of birds are the hornbills,
“Fleas are not lobsters,’ said Sir Joseph Banks (as reported,
we think, by Peter Pindar) ; and “hornbills are not toucans,”* says
Mr. Blanford, very truly and very necessarily. It is a reasonable func-
tion of this Society to enforce that doctrine, as also that “ crocodiles
are not alligators,” and one or two other dogmas of the sort. The
toucan and the alligator are not in India. The hornbills, however,
we have, and three in our province, including what is, perhaps,
the finest of the lot, Duchoceros bicornis, the “garuda” of the
Konkans. This living caricature of the Prussian eagle is fairly
abundant as far north as the hills under Mahableshvar, and may
probably exist north of Bombay in Tungar and such places. Once
seen and heard, it is never forgotten. Mr. Blanford quotes a
*“ Toucan,’ Jerdon, 242, says that ‘‘ this appears to be their name ” (ie., the horn
bills,) “in some of the Malayan isles, the word signifying a worker from the noise they make,”
Now “Tukang” certainly does mean a workman or “ artisan” in Malay (vide Marsden’s and
Elout’s dictionaries sub voce, but neither gives it as meaning a hornbill, though * Tugdne”
means a pheasant; what pheasant is not stated. We cannot find “ Toucan” in either of two
Dutch dictionaries, but the French, Spanish,and Portuguese all give it for the American
birds, of whom one conspicuous species is said to have a call like “Tiicano” !
318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
valuable suggestion of Mr. Ogilvie Grant, that the ‘‘ extraordinary
noise made * ic - * while flying ‘ may be’ produced
by the air rushing between the quills’? which are not covered at
the base by other feathers, leaving a translucent spot that reminds
one of the bull’s-eye windows in some moth’s wings. Here and
on other (white) parts of the plumage one is apt to find a yellow
stain, not part of the true coloration, but apparently laid on by the
bird itself in the operation of “preening.” “ The food consists
mainly of fruit, but insects and lizards are also eaten” to which
we may add snakes. Indeed, any bird or beast that will eat lizards
will also eat snakes if small enough, which is fair, because both
lizards and snakes will commonly eat birds and their eggs on the
same condition. The great hornbill, however, is on the whole much
less carnivorous and insectivorous than the great Indian bustard
(Eupedotis), and is as good for the table, that is, very second-rate
game, but quite good enough to be very welcome as a change from
tough fowl and goat. He is very much better than the “ beefsteak-
bird” (white-necked stork), but this delicacy of the past genera-
tion is not often found ata modern camp-table. Certain African
hornbills are said to eat habitually not only snakes but
carrion—low-lived fowls, which condescend to go on the ground;
our hornbills will not, under less persuasion than that of an arrow.
Their great size and frequent stupidity lay them open to the shafts
of the Katkaris of Kolaba, and certainly, with the choice before us,
we should choose a rook-rifle for their slaughter rather than a shot-
gun, A wounded hornbill will often disappear into the forest in
a way extraordinary for so great a bird, moving through the thick
tree-tops without noise, and hanging on with a dying clutch, as green
pigeons often do.
The extraordinary nidification of these birds is well described and
illustrated by a “heading,” to which the artist’s name might as
well have been put. Borrowed plates are fairly acknowledged
throughout these volumes. Of our other Bombay hornbills, Jerdon’s
Hydrocissa coronata becomes Anthracoceros, and Meniceros dicornis
(the common grey hornbill) Lophoceros birostr’s. It occurs as far south
with us as the neighbourhood of Mahad in sight of Mahabaleshvar,
but is not a bird of deep forest. Anthracoceros coronatus may be found
REVIEW. 319
in the forests of the same neighbourhood. Something very like it has
been seen there, but not brought to bag. It has been reliably reported
from the next district-—Ratnagiri, Mr. Blanford has well sealed the
rejection of the specific name malabaricus for another Anthracoceros, the
Bengal pied hornbill, which is not found in Western India, but seems
to represent ours in the North-Hast and Burma, ~
Next come the hoopoes, a small sub-order closely allied to the
hornbills, having only two families—one confined to Africa and one
spread over the warmer parts of the Old World, though it has only one
genus, Upupa. We have two species—the Indian hoopoe in all our
districts out of Sind, and the European bird, a cold weather visitor to
all but (perhaps) Kanara, The latter has white marks on its crest ; the
former none, <A good many at least of our native members must be
well acquainted with the amusing Semitic legends which connect this
northern hoopoe with King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Queen
Balkis), whose name Mr. Browning makes to rhyme with “ just one
small kiss ”’—a false quantity bad enough to make her turn in her
grave,
Leaving these pretty and attractive birds, we follow our author to
his next order: VI, Macrochires, swifts and “ goat-suckers” (who do
not suck goats). Of the former, our commonest is perhaps the Alpine
Cypselus melba, “ probably, with the exception of the larger species
of Cheetura, the swiftest and most powerful flyer amongst birds.”’
But near Bombay the little palmswifts (Tachorn?s) are more common,
and although Mr. Blanford does not report any of the genus Chétura
(spine-tailed swifts), from our province, we shall probably hear of
them in it sooner or later. These wonderful birds are not very easy
to observe when in a hurry, nor to catch and identify. Our most
talked-of bird in this order is the Edible-nest Swift (Collocalia
fuciphaga). It is a pity that the chance of getting rid of the specific
name has not been taken. It implies that the bird eats sea-weed—
which it does not—and so misleading a term was entitled to no more
mercy than the specific names embodying errorsas to distribution,
from several of which Mr, Blanford has delivered us. The nests of
this species, by the way, are recorded as inferior to those of C.
mnominata, “second sort nests” in short, Amongst the goat-suckers
or uight-jars we have several species of Caprimulgus ; none, as yet
320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
recorded, of Lyncornis, nor of Batrachostomus. They are not familiar
birds to the eye, being night-flyers ; but the note of two species (both
of Bombay) is often heard at night and has given them the name of
“‘ice-birds,” resembling the sound of “ ducks and drakes”’ made upon
the ice by little boys with “ chuckie stanes.”
The next order is that of the Trogones with only one family, and in
India only one genus, of which we have only one species, Harpactes
fasciatus, the “ugly duckling” ofa group containing several very
highly-coloured birds. The eighth order are the Coccyges ; with
two families of which we have only one—the Cuculide. The true
cuckoos, who head the list, are well known as perhaps the worst con-
ducted of all birds; their matrimonial alliances are, at the best,
ephemeral, the maternal affections are unknown, and all that a young
cuckoo gets from either parent is the inheritance of a hideously
unscrupulous talent for throwing his poor little foster-brethren out of
their own nest. The fact that such a race of birds exists, and seems
likely long to exist, isa distressing proof of the distance by which
even the parental instinct of the highest birds is separated from reason.
That most birds will try to mob cuckoos is true, but this seems to
be due only to their finding the latter skulking about nests, and in
some cases to their mistaking the cuckoos for hawks. None of
the victims seems to be capable of telling a cuckoo’s egg or
young from their own, or of resenting the changelings’ murderous
evictions. Mr. Blanford furnishes one crumb of comfort in the assur-
ance that sometimes two hen-cuckoos lay eges in one nest of other
birds, in which case (the right heirs being first got rid of) the bigger
young cuckoo pitches the lesser after them ; so he, at any rate,
gets his deserts, He tells us further that one cuckoo did once hatch
her own egg and fed her own baby (referring to ‘ [bis,’ 1889, p. 219).
As there is little prospect of her finding imitators, it is recommended to
all good men to shoot cuckoos at sight. The eggs, he says, are laid on
the ground ; and then conveyed by the mother “ in her mouth to the
nest (of another bird) selected.”
We are cursed with several cuckoos, and firstly with the typical
Huropean bird, Cuculus canorus. This vermin, indeed, is not commonly
found in our province in the breeding season—May and June, but
Mr. Blanford shows its occurrence in latitudes as low at that season,
REVIEW.
os
i
pa
and the present writer has observed and heard it in the late hot
weather in the Khandesh Satpuras, where the Bhils knew it familiarly
enough to say that its peculiar call was a sign of rain.
As this is a breeding call uttered by the males only, these at least
must be supposed to be in season then and there. But local proof of
their finding what one can hardly call mates is apparently wanting as yet.
The Indian cuckoo, C. mécropterus, is also'found in our province,
but “scarsely anything seems known about the migration and breed~
ing.” “Tts call isa fine melodious whistle.” We have also two
“* hawk-cuckoos,” whose plumage and flight imitate those of hawks.
But they are not known to presume, upon this, to put their eggs into
hawks’ nests. Probably, as their beak and claws are not raptorial, the
tables would be turned on the young cuckoo who tried to evict a con-
temporary ‘‘ eyas,” whose beak is nearly as sharp as the mother-
hawk’s.
But another cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris, imitates the common
“ King-of-the-Crows ” (Dicrurus), and does seem to profit by this dis-
guise to put off its own eggs upon the latter bird. It is not yet
recorded from our province, but will be—probably.
_ We have two crested cuckoos (Coccystes), one of which, C. jaco-
binus, extends into Africa. The other, C. coromandus, with chestnut
wings, has been once recorded in our province—by Mr. Vidal.
After these come the Phenicophaine, the most of whom are
ground or bush cuckoos of irreproachable domestic manners. But
at the head of them—apparently for want of a better place—we find
the genus Hudynamis (spelt by Jerdon with two “ ys” ), of which we
have one species, the well-known Koil (E. honorata).
This horrid bird appears to be created just to show that something
can be wickeder and slyer than a crow. ‘“ Honoured”? it is, indeed,
Sriche
by the natives of India, with the support of our author, for its
melodious call-notes.” Most Anglo-Indians are rather of the mind
of that Griffin who answered to the thousandth shrill question
“Who are you?” “I'll jolly soon let you know who I am, with an
ounce of snipe-shot, you brute!” This, however, is commonly a vain
threat. The koil, indeed, is bold enough in approaching and annoy-
ing houses and tents, And this is part of his wickedness ; because
he knows well that at short ranges his impertinent questions are more
piercing and exasperating. But he can, hide his black plumage in
21
322- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
the thick and lofty tree-tops that he loves, as well as any of the green
birds. And, like most fowl of monotonous notes, he seems, to a man’s
ear, a bit of a ventriloquist. This is probably an effect of echo, or
other deception, as a call-note which led the female bird astray would
be of little use. Or, perhaps, the frequent appearance of koils, copper-
smiths, and corn-crakes in the place where you did not hear them is
due simply to a rapid and silent change of place. Mr. Blanford gives
the ordinary note as “kee-il,” and another, uttered by the male
alone, as “‘ ho-y-o.” It is the latter, of course, that gives the bird
our Bombay name “ Who are you?” There is, however, a third
call or noise-——an outburst of screaming clatter—which generally
accompanies the koil’s hurried flight across an open place in frantic
flight from a pursuing crow who has forced him out of his tree.
Jerdon mentions this, and a fourth ‘‘ somewhat melodious and rich
liquid call and thoroughly cuculine.’ He observes that the female
“in general lays one egg only in each crow’s nest, and mostly, but not
always, destroys the eggs of the crow at the time of depositing her
own ’”’—a wise precaution, as the ejection of a young crow older than
himself might be no easy job for the changeling, Further he quotes
the native belief that ‘‘ the crow discovers the imposture when
the young koil is nearly full-grown and ejects it from the nest,
but with dissent for reason given. Mr. Blanford’s greater command of
evidence helps us here. He does not mention the mother-koil’s break-
ing the crow’s eggs, but does say that “ not unfrequently two or
more koil’s eggs may be found in the same nest.’” When this happens,
we can hardly doubt that the strongest changeling evicts his weaker
brethren—one of the few cases in which we can have no sympathy
with the victim. The natives would give the credit to the old crows.
They are slow to admit that a crow can be altogether made a fool of by
any bird. But European observation is all to the effect that the crows
are just as completely deceived as any other victim of any other
cuckoo. And although they may often be seen hunting the male-
koil, the female, quieter in colours and notes, seems usually to escape
their notice, though she is their real enemy. It may well be that
their pursuit of the male furnishes her opportunity for invading their
nests. The koil does not seem to victimise any birds but crows. He
is one of the ‘ brain-fever birds,” perhaps the chief; but the term is
vague, and belongs rather to the “ Bengal side of the Punkah.”
REVIEW, 323
And he is like the true cuckoos, and unlike the true Phenicophaine,
an arboreal bird, using low cover little and the ground less.
From the company of crows and cuckoos we emerge into a
clearer ornithomoral atmosphere ; and it is only for convenience’ sake
that we take the next genus (Centropus) a little out of its order. It has
four species in India, of which we have one in Bombay, C. sinensis.
Mr, Blanford has rid us of some unnecessary species, but observes that
“those who require a distinct term for the Indian Peninsular bird
should call it C. castanopterus (Stephens, 1826), and not, as hitherto,
C. rufipennis.” This is the “‘ crow-pheasant”’ of most writers—a bad
name, as itis neither a crow nor a pheasant. The commonest old
English name in Bombay, “ Malabar Pheasant,” is not quite so bad,
implying, with a gentle irony, that it was as like a pheasant as any-
thing else in Malabar. Perhaps the best name would be the “ Griffin’s
pheasant.” For few of us have put one out of a roadside ditch for
the first time without taking it for something “ good to Kill.” Beaters
and shikaris, mostly thinking it good to eat, are apt to encourage the
idea with “ulterior motives.” The best native name is the Maratha
one, “ Kumbhar-kukada’’ (Potter-cuckoo), which puts it in the right
family and notices its queer mixture of black and red colours like
those of an overburnt clay-pot.
Next the “ Griffin’s pheasant” (before and after him in our book)
comes a lot of other Phaenicophaine, for whom we may borrow half a
name from the Telugu and call them ‘ parrot-cuckoos.’’ Most of
them have the frame and plumage of a short-winged cuckoo, but an
arched beak, more or less brightly coloured. They are birds of low
cover and of the ground, and of academical interest chiefly.
The parrots constitute Mr, Blanford’s ninth order, of which we have
only one family and two genera. The second, Loriculus, is rather
Malayan than Indian, and we have but one species, L. vernalis, the
loriquet, or dwarf paroquet of the ghats—a bird not common and apt
to escape notice, asit is small, shy, and protectively coloured ; but
it has been recorded up “ to the latitude of Bombay.”
We have taken it first to clear the ground, as the other Indian paro-
quets need some remarks, “ Paroquet,” it may be observed, is the
best English name to use for them, leaving “ parrot” to the short-
tailed birds. The first to notice are the Alexandrine paroquets, of
which Mr. Blanford enumerates four, careful to observe that they “are
324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
merely races or sub-species of one well-marked form.” Oddly enough,
he will not allow any of them to be “the true Palwornis alexandri,”
which, he says, is a Javanese species. As the paroquets were intro-
duced into Europe by Alexander the Great’s expedition from India, it
is a pity that this name should go to where he did not go, only |
because of a mistake made in the seventeenth century. The con-
queror’s birds were probably the classifier’s P. nepalensis and
P. torquatus, both of which occur on his route. Paleornis torquatus is
the common rose-ringed paroquet of all the Indian plains, and the
Greeks could not have helped seeing it in the Punjab and Sind.
P. nepalensis is a forest bird, and therefore they may not have seen it
wild ; but it was probably a common cage-bird then as now. It and
its three races are all characterized by a deep red wing spot, not
found on P. torquatus. Alexander’s men were the first Huropeans
who saw any parrot. Oddly enough, the Egyptians, who imported a
good many birds and beasts from interior Africa, do not seem to have
got parrots among them. At least these appear to be unknown on their
older monuments, Herodotus is silent as to their occurrence, and
Solomon, though he got “ apes and peacocks,’ had no parrots on his
bills of lading. Perhaps the parrots had not yet learnt to talk,* or
surely sailors would have brought them home, as almost every sailor
will now whenever he gets the chance. We have in Bombay both
the birds above mentioned, but P. nepalensis does not seem to cross
the Tapti to the south’ard. It may be represented in North Kanara
by P. eupatria, a Ceylonese form. There is a third race in the
Andamans and a fourth in Burma.
We have also a “ blossom-headed paroquet,” whose head is coloured
like a ripe red plum, with the “bloom” on it. It hasa red or orange
wing-spot ; but the thing to note is the conspicuous white tip of the
chief tail feathers, which distinguishes it, on the wing, from our com-
mon paroquet, P. torquata. It isalso more “jungly ” and shyer,
-especially when breeding. The blue-winged paroquet occurs on the
ghat forests up to the Malsej Ghat at least. One must stretch a point
‘compliment any of the tribe upon their talking, which is very poor
compared to that of some African birds ; and their natural screeching is
merely a nuisance.
* The Hast African negroes are said, at this day, to have little taste or talent for taming
and teaching animals,
REVIEW. 325
The tenth order, the owls (Striges), “ form almost as natural an
order as the parrots, and occupy, both in external characters and in
their anatomy, a position between ” them and the true Accipitres. So
far our author, Jerdon, though he did not give them an order to
themselves, points out that they approach, “on the one side, the
harriers, which have large ears, a ruff, and noiseless flight, and, on
the other side, have some affinity with the parrots,” one genus of which,
the Australasian Sérigops, is very owlish in appearance and ways.
At least one parrot has, within modern times, become carnivorous ; but
its full style and title are not here “ convenient.” Itis a New
Zealand bird, and manages to kill sheep by the hideous process of
biting a hole through their backs. It may be added, although the
authority is not very scientific, that the Katkaris of Kolaba count the
“ harrier-eagle” (Spilornis) to be a sort of owl, Many of the owls are
very widely distributed, and the long lists of synonyms attached to
their titles show that we have now been rid of a lot of unnecessary
species. The first on the list, Strax flammea, is a case in point, the
Indian “ barn-owl” or “ screech-owl” being now identified with the
Kuropean bird. Further thanks are due from it and us to our
author for that he has found “ a sufficient excuse ’ for not disguising
it as Aluco. He points out that several of its Indian names mean
“bad bird,” or ‘“ death-bird,’ indicating an old and wide-spread
superstition. Mr. Swettenham, in a recent book, records a Malay
belief respecting another owl (probably Huhua orientalis) that its
appearance and cry arnounce the death of a raja; and probably
some idea of the kind is current wherever owls are prevalent. The
Maratha name only indicates the bird’s cry. It is Ghubad, the second
syllable short, Wehave only one other Indian Strix (S. candida),
the grass-owl, often put up by quail-shooters. Mr. Blanford
denies it to ‘‘ the Bombay Deccan” and, by exclusion, to our area
generally, leaving us another “ grass-owl”’ (Asvo accipitrinus), which
we share with most countries outside the Polar circles, It is worth
while here to remark that this is the horned grass-owl; so, if any
Bombay sportsman shoots a grass-owl without horns, he is requested to
attend to it and inform the editor of this journal. Aszo otus, the long-
eared owl, is found in Sind at times and is even recorded from Cutch.
But it is a forest bird properly. We have two “ wood-owls ” (Syrnium)
and one fish-owl ( Ketwpa) commonest upon forest rivers.
326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
The great horned owl (Bubo ignavus), occurs in Quetta, and may
very likely visit Western Sind and Baluchistan as a straggler. Its
specific name (sluggard) is ludicrously inappropriate to a bird which
can kill hares, crows, and even, it is said, fawns. The rock horned
owl (B. bengalensis) is common with us, and may often be seen many
miles from any rock where river banks are steep enough to serve
its turn, The darker Bubo coromandus is only allowed to us in
Khandesh and “ the better-watered parts of Rajputana.” But, as the
“comes cranking in” between these localities,
province of Gujarat
the bird may be looked for in any of its north-eastern jungles, in the
Panch Mahals, the Mahi and Rewa Kantas, Prantej, Morata, or the
Gaekwad’s inner dominions.
These are all fine birds, as big and strong as small eagles, and often
called “ eagle-owls.” But perhaps that name would be better kept
for the genus Huhua, in which the young has “a perfectly distinet
plumage, an exceptional case amongst owls,” but normal with eagles.
Huhua bengalensis is found on the Nilgiris and in Malabar, and may
very likely extend to our Ghat forests. It “is somewhat diurnal in
its habits,’ but a regular owl in horn and hoot. The great snowy
owl is a bird of similar size and anatomy to the last three or four
owls, and is necessarily, in its own Arctic regions, a hunter by day-
light all summer, when the darkness is short or none. It has once
been procured in India at “ Mardin” (? Hot-i-Mardan), but can
hardly be expected to range into our province.
The next genus is Scops, composed of small owls with long horns,
quite nocturnal, and chiefly insectivorous. The first has been eased
of 15 unnecessary names and united with a Huropean bird, Scops gin.
The second is a Central Asian bird, Scops brucez, and oddly enough is
reported in India chiefly from our province, vz., from Ahmednagar and
Khed in Ratnagiri, ‘‘ probably in Western Khandesh,” and naturally
from Sind and Chaman where it breeds. A matter of some interest is
that our own members are the chief witnesses to its Indian appearances,
though it has been seen in Oudh and at Gilgit. “ Kutruz” is givenas
a Maratha name. It is odd that so rare a bird should have a Maratha
name at all, and probably this is a local name for more owls than one.
We have one other of the genus, Scops bakkamena, found all over
“the oriental region.’’ The specific name is given as a Singalese one
for the brown fish-ow]l, and probably includes many owls.
REVIEW, 327
“ owlets.” The latter word
properly means the young of the larger owls (in dialect, sometimes, the
adult birds), and had better be kept for them. ‘The first genus can now
well afford to give up a mere conversational name, as Mr. Blanford
After these come the dwarf owls or
has restored to them ‘‘Boie’s peculiarly appropriate generic name
Athene,” of which they had been stripped in favour of certain butter-
flies. The butterflies’ claim was based on ‘competent false witness.”’
in the shape of a date “1816” on the title-page of a book “not
really published until 1823 or 1824.”
The alternative generic name for the owls was Carine—a pretty word
enough, but liable to mispronunciation and having a rather remote
meaning, °
a lady who sings dirges.” In our province these owls
do not sing dirges, but chatter prophecies of good luck as well as bad,
as shown in a pretty story in “ Old Deccan Days.” They are called
Pingale. Oddly enough, so is the pied king-fisher, Ceryle varia, by
the Kolaba Kolis. Athene brama is the common species ; A. blewitti,
a rare forest species ; least rare, apparently, “ at the foot of the
Satpuras in North-Western Khandesh, where three specimens out of
five recorded were obtained by Mr. Davidson. A third, Athene bac-
irvana, is a Central Asian form, “a local race of A. glaw#, which
again is merely the eastern desert form of the South European
A, noctua.”* It is found in our limits in Baluchistan. Another dwarf
genus is Glancidium, of which we have one species, G. radiatum, a
forest bird. The dwarf owls have no horns, very little “facial disk ”
and ruff. They are, if not fond of broad daylight, at least quite ready
to come out well before sunset, but do most of their hunting after it,
The last of the Order are the hawk-owls (Minox). We have one,
NN. scutellata, a forest bird. The ruff and “ facial disk” are “ quite
obsolete ” (z.e., it has none), whence, in part, its hawk-like appearance
and name. ~ But it is still “chiefly nocturnal.” It is rather smaller
than (to name a well-known bird) the Zurumti (salon chicquera),
and accordingly lives much on insects, which it hawks on the wing,
but also on mice and lizards. Here ends the order of owls.
(To be continued.)
* A. noctua is supposed to have been the owl of Pallas Athene and therefore, like our
Pingale, a bird of counsel rather than.of ill-omen, The Egyptians paid no respect to
it, though the “ white and horned owl ” appear on the monuments, and one of them is an
hieroglyphic bird, standing for M,
328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,
No, I.—THE GIANT ORCHIS.
The Giant Orchis, Habenaria Susanne, Brown,—FPlatanthera Susannce
Lindley,—Natural Order, Orchidew, according to Dalzell and Gibson, the
authors of the “ Bombay Flora,’ occurs in the “ Concans and Ghauts in
several places, but nowhere abundant.’ The Honourable Mr. Birdwood, in
his “ Catalogue of the Flora of Matheran and Mahableshwar,”’ says that
“ only one plant of this splendid orchis has been found by Dr. Cooke at Maha-
bleshwar, and only one at Matheran.” From my own experience of the Bor
Ghaut range, I find that, though the Giant Orchis is commonly reported to bse
rare and nowhere abundant, it is certainly plentiful on the Bhoma Hill at
Khandala, from which place the plant does not seem to have been recorded
before,
On the Bor Ghaut the plant appears to grow towards the end of June or the
beginning of July, and begins to flower about the middle of September.
After the flowering is over and the fruiting is finished, the plant with the
parent root-tuber gradually shrivels up and is ultimately withered in Decem-
ber or January, leaving in the ground a healthy young root-tuber crowned by
a well-developed bud, from which the flowering-stem shoots up afresh the
following season. In the axil of the lowest leaf of this bud there is always
‘a minute bud in a rudimentary state. While the older parent root-tuber is
withering away, the rudimentary bud continues to grow and finally swells out
in the next season into a young bud-tuber, which, in its turn, becomes the
parent of a new flowering-stem.
Sir Joseph Hooker gives the height of the stem from two to four feet, At
Khandala, however, the plant attains a height of a little less than two to
almost five feet.
The Marathi name of the plant is Wagh-chaord, meaning the metacarpus of
the tiger’s foct. Among the Kathkaris, Thakurs, and other Marathi-speaking
people living on the Bor Ghaut, the root-tuber of the Giant Orchis is believed
to be a sovereign remedy for the cure of blebs or bullx, especially those
occurring on the metacarpus or the palm of the hand. These blebs or bulle,
on account of their supposed resemblance to the raised metacarpus of the
tiger’s foot, are known as Wagh-chaord in the Deccan. Hence the vernacular
name of the plant. There are some persons who believe that the plant is
called Wagh-chaord because the flower looks like the claws or jaws of a tiger.
R. M, DIXON, Ba.
Bompay, January, 1896.
No. I—A LEPORINE MONSTROSITY.
One morning about three years ago some coolies told me that the day before
on their way to work, they had come suddenly round a corner upon a hawk on
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 32
ie)
a stump, and that the bird, on taking wing, had dropped from its claws a
leveret with eight legs, At my order they went and fetched it to me, but it
was so decomposed—hair all slipping off—that I did not preserve it.
The leveret was a Lepus nigricollis about three or four days old, and a
curious monstrosity. The head and fore legs were as usual, but at the shoul-
ders the leveret divided in a V into two bodies, each with a pair of hind legs
and tail, while between the shoulders, at the junction of the two bodies, an
extra pair of fore legs stuck up straight into the air, making eight legs in all,
1 believe such monstrosities are much more uncommon among wild creatures
than domesticated animals, so perhaps this instance may be worth recording.
The hawk was most probably Spilornis spilogaster.
A, L. BUTLER.
COCOAWATTE, CEYLON, November, 1895.
No, IiI.—BISON IN THE KAMPTEE CANTONMENT LIMITS.
Considerable excitement was caused on the 18th October, 1895, owing to the
appearance of a fine pair of Bull Bisons on the Rifle Range here, well within
the Cantonment limits, and at a time when a party of the 12th Bombay
Infantry, under a European officer, were at musketry practice. I may add
that there are those who say there were three seen and others four. However
it is certain there were two,
They came within 200 yards of the party and about half a mile from the
Railway station,
The following items of information regarding this hitherto unknown event
were supplied to me by a native gentleman who, at my instigation, gleaned all
the information available regarding them, I give it in his own words, which
are not entirely destitute of unintentional humour: “ When they were
observed by the musketry party, a havildar asked permission to fire at them
but was not allowed to do so, They then appearto have been observed by
the Railway officials, who were joined by a crowd, and then appear to have
gone towards them ; but no one then appears to have fired at them. The
musketry now being over, the havildar who first noticed them appeared on the
scene, and in the meanwhile one of the beasts made off towards a village called
Anjini, whilst its fellow came towards the crowd, causing a great confusion,
The Havildar being a little in advance of the rest, the Bhaisa (Bison) chased
him, but he succeeded in avoiding its attack by returning to the assembled
throng of people. The brute then went and sat down near the Railway
fencing. The havildar then climbed up the nearest tree, together with another
naik of the same regiment and one Mr. Brown, and fired at the beast with
a gun lent to him by the Station Master, wounding it in the right shoulder,
Mr. Brown also fired, but missed and retired. The Bison therefore grew
furious and crossed both Railway fencings and proceeded towards the Bazaar
shortly pursued by the havildar, who again fired at him a second time,
9
22
330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
wounding it on the same shoulder. It then fell, and as it was rising up, it was
again fired upon and this time the animal was struck upon the forehead and
settled. Subsequently a regular volley was discharged at the disabled animal
by the Railway staff, so that it is not possible to say who dealt the fatal
blow.”
The head isin my possession, and the measurements are 30” from base to
tip outside the curve, 16’’ round the base of the horn,
8. BANKS, Brigade-Surgn.-Lieut.-Gol.
KAMPTEE, C.P., November, 1895.
No. IV—RED ANTS AS SMELLING SALTS,
Looking through a back number of the journal, I see HE. H. A. records the
jungle people in the Canara District eating red ants! (Vol. IV, p. 153).
The Tamil coolies here use them as Smelling Salts! I don’t know whether
the practice is common in India; anyhow it may be worth noting, The
modus operandi is to go up toa nest ina bush, seize it with both hands, rub
ants and nest together violently between the palms and then take a few good
long sniffs of the strong ammonia-like fumes which rise from the mass of
crushed and bruised insects.
Lam told this instantly relieves a severe cold inthe head if the sufferer has
no objection to a few dozen of the more active ants burying their mandibles
in various parts of his person while he is sniffing at the remains of their
community !
T should object to this myself, so I cannot speak with authority as to the
efficacy of the remedy.
A, L, BUTLER.
CocoAWATTI£, CeyLon, December, 1895.
No. V.—THE FOOD OF THE MUSK-RAT.
Three or four times lately I have been disturbed at night by the cries of a
bull-frog, I concluded that a snake was making a late supper, and, as I do_
not care about such company so close to the bungalow, 1 got up and, armed
with a stick and a lantern, proceeded to hunt for it. On each occasion, how-
ever, it turned out to be a musk-rat, and not a snake, that had caught the frog,
and I was much surprised to see the determined and savage way in which the
attack was made. In one case I separated the frog and its assailant with a
stick, but the moment the stick was withdrawn the latter actually ran over
my feet in its eagerness to catch the frog again and, having caught it, proceed-
ed to punish it frightfully, biting it about the head and back, I again sepa-
rated them, and this time the frog managed to hide itself ; and, when I returned
to bedsome minutes later, I left the rat still quartering the ground in the hopes
of finding the frog again. On the other occasion, when they were not sepa-
rated, the musk-rat, after some time, apparently succeeded in killing its victim
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 3d
and dragged it ignominiously away, with the hind legs trailing limply behind,
to a hole in-the wall or fernery, where, I’ presume, the musk-rat ate the frog,
I send this in case it may be of interest, and may elicit some further informa-
tion regarding the food of the musk-rat and its methods of obtaining it.
G. K. WASEY.
MarMAGAO, 15th January, 1896.
No, VI,—-FIELD NOTES FROM CUTCH.
On the 26th December last, while out on ten days’ leave in the northern
part of Cutch, along the south shore of the great Rann, I was all day after
Chinkara, and succeeded in bagging a good head of.exactly 12 inches. On
returning to camp at the village of D., and just as the sun was going down,
my shikari spied a wolf trotting through some reeds ina half-dried salt marsh,
evidently on its way to get a drink, and about 100 yards ahead of our cart,
Tgot out quickly and loaded my rifle, Suddenly the wolf wheeled right
round and went off at a tremendous pace, At first I thought she (it turned out
to be a gaunt female) was bolting at sight of us, but my shikari said, “ No
Sahib, she is after a hare.” I stopped the cart and stood upon it, thus getting
a good view of as fine a chase as I have ever seen, <A grey-hound, a good dog
to boot, would have been. utterly out of it both with regard to speed and
turning powers. The wolf headed the hare almost immediately and kept on
heading and turning it until it must have got quite sick from giddiness, Then
they disappeared behind a jhas bush at the edge of a field on the left side of
the cart track about 200 yards ahead of us. I waited a minute or two, ex-
pecting to see them re-appear the other side of the hedge, but, as they did not
come into view, I proceeded quietly to the place where Thad seen them disap-
pear. On arriving within a few yards, the shikari said, “There it is, eating the
hare ; come this way, Sahib.” I went round to the field side of the bush and
then caught a glimpse of the beast feeding ravenously, On seeing me, it ran
through the bush and came out again on the cart-track, I was round in the
twinkling of an eye and on my knee when out came the wolf, trotting majesti-
cally and showing its teeth, about 30 paces off. Taking a fine sight below the
shoulder, I fired, and hit her through the lower portion of the ear, the
bullet traversing the skull and coming out of the right eye. The skull was
smashed to pieces,and aftera few kicks she lay still, We went to the place
where she had caught the hare and found not a morsel left. When she was
eut open and skinned next day, the mangled remains of the hare, which had
evidently only been chawed up a bit and then bolted, were found. The whole
chase only lasted three or four minutes, and the brute was swallowing its well-
earned meat within fifty yards of a Kunbi working in his field, who, with the
usual apathy of his race, took no interest whatever in the proceedings, Wolves
are very plentiful and destructive this year in Cutch, and it is difficult to mark
332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
them down, the country which they infest being for the most part a barren
rocky desert. On the 27th we shot the big nala, well known to everybody
who has shot there as a first-rate ground for duck and snipe. While
waiting behind a large screen of reeds for the duck to be driven overhead, 1
saw a flight of a dozen common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) pass over my head,
The nala contained a good many gadwall, wigeon, and teal, also a few mallard
and spotbill, but the birds were so wild that we did not bring many to
bag, and snipe-shooting was very trying owing to the immense number of
swallows and martins flying about, which quite put one off. The nala is
a veritable Irish bog, and woe betide the man who failed to put his foot
(contrary to what we would do in Ireland though) on the greenest of grass
tussocks. This makes the snipe-shooting still more difficult, as the wily bird
always manages to get up when you have to leap from one tussock to another
and have lowered your hammers to half-cock, or put your safety bolt at “safe.”
Grey lag geese, though never plentifully scattered in Cutch, were found in
places where I have never seen them before. The avocet (Avocetta recurv-
rostra) is very plentiful this year, I have never seen it before, nor is it record-
ed in the “Birds of Cutch.” Spotted sand grouse (P. senigallus) are very
plentiful, It is extraordinary how some men—keen shikaris—will persist in
calling this bird the “ Pintailed grouse,” to which it bears no resemblance what-
ever ; simply because it has a pinnated tail I suppose. The true painted grouse
(P. alcheta) does not occur at all here. P. arenarius (the “Imperial” as we
call it) is not numerous this year owing to the poor rains and lack of food in
the fallow fields,
The shooting here is, however, not equal to that cf Kathiawar, but it is
strictly preserved and no one may shoot without His Highness’ permission,
A strict close season is observed for all game except florican, rain-quail and
sand grouse (P. ewustus) from the 15th March. to the 15th September, I have
also to record the occurrence of Falco babylonicus (the Red-cap falcon),
which has hitherto only been recorded from Sind, Two were shot by His
Highness, whose shikaris said they were “shahin ” (Falco peregrinator), but I
identified them from Hume’s description of a female shot by him, which he
recorded in ‘‘ Rough Notes,” an extract from which appears in Barnes’ “ Birds
of Bombay.” The birds sent me tallied exactly with that description of
EF’, babylonicus, but differed somewhat from Jerdon’s.
His Highness the Rao tried to introduce the Somali guinea-fowl (common
blue-headed sort) into his oreserves at Godsar, some four miles from Bhuj,and
turned several couple loose, Eggs were found (broken), but none of the birds
have been seen for some time, and I fear they must have been destroyed, as wild
cats of three species—jackals, mungooses, and foxes—are very abundant, and
the birds must have become particularly tame after some wecks in confinement,
Grain used to be thrown out for them ata certain spot, but after a time they
gave up coming. The Somali spur-fowl (a Francolin of sorts) was also tried,
_MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 333
but the birds died before they could be let loose, Cutch is very suitable for
several species of N, African Antelopes—G. sommeringic, Oryx beisa and
G, walleri, and Tam sure His Highness would be very pleased to receive any of
the above and have them turned loose in some of his preserves. The two
oryx—male and female—which I gave him in 1891 unfortunately died through
over-feeding on the part of their keeper, who gave them oil-cake and goor of
all things, and allowed them little or no exercise. They were eight months
old when I brought them from Aden, and I had brought them up from calves
of one month and two days respectively. They were very tame, but the bull
was beginning to have the use of his horns,
Any that might be sent here for acclimatisation trial would be let loose at
ence in the preserves after the former experience.
C. D. LESTER, Lizur., 17th Bo. Infy.
Buus, January, 1896,
No, VIL—NOTE ON VIRACHOLA PERSE, HEWITSON,
A LYCANID BUTTERFLY.
Having lately reared several larvee of Virachola perse, Hewitson, for the
purpose of investigating the action of the ants attendant upon them, I now
give an account of my observations, which, although very incomplete, may
serve as a stepping-stone to further researches, if not as an explanation of
the several rather conflicting accounts upon the subject.” In the first batch
of larve I obtained on the Fagoo Tea Estate, British Bhutan, at 2,500 feet
elevation, in June, 1895, the larvae were about half-grown, and feeding on the
interior of the fruit of wild pomegranates, In every case one larva occupied
a fruit to itself, with one exception only, in which the fruit was inhabited by
a half-grown larva, and was bored near the apex by a very small larva, The
small larva, however, soon left the larger in full possession, and sought a fruit
for itself. Some of these half-grown larve were attended by a black ant of
slow movements with extremely flattened head and abdomen, As the hole
made by the larva in the fruit was the same size as its anal scutate segment
and that segment only was exposed, only two ants at most were found attend-
ant upon the larva, The excrement of the larva, which would otherwise
have filled up the hole, was presumably removed by the ants in order to allow
themselves entrance, Altaough I never happened to observe this operation,
still it is probable that it was so, as I occasionally found the hole filled with
excrement, the attendant ants being on the outside of the fruit, and soon after
found the passage cleared and the ants busied on the exposed segment of the
larva, Of course, it is quite possible that the larva itself removed the stoppage
by backing, as it must have done where no attendant ants were found. In the
earlier stages the larve seem ina particularly unsettled state, residing in the
interior of one fruit for a few days only, and then beginning on another,
“Vide de Nicéville’s and Aitken’s notes in “The Butterflies of India, Burmah and
Ceylon,” vol. iii, pp. 481, 482 (1890).
334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, X.
They are occasionally found on the outside of the fruit for a few hours,
but Lam of opinion that they do not remain outside for any great length
of time, except in the case of injury, when they prefer to come outside
to die, After this first batch of larve had been in captivity for two or
three days, the black ants disappeared, and their places were taken by
a far greater number of a smaller species of red ant, found commonly
about every building and living in the crevices of window and door
frames, I now removed a larva from its habitation in order to watch
the operations of the ants more closely, On the example taken there were
five ants, three of which seemed to wander about the anterior segments,
and two paid close attention to the scutate anal segment, I noticed that
those on the anterior segments did not seem to be doing anything in parti-
cular, only occasionally touching the back of the larva with their antenne,
and sometimes combing the same through their mandibles, These may have
been taking up some of the fermented juice of the fruit from the larva’s
back and eating it, but there could be no certainty on the point, and the
antennse of those observed were only cleaned in this way at long intervals.
The other two ants seemed ina far more excited state, and often ran to the
upper part of the scutate segment, and continued for some time to keep up a
sharp vibration of their antenne, the tip of each of which alternately struck
the larva. I noticed at that time that there was a depression in the segment
between the points where the antennx of the ant struck the skin, but I did
not observe any moisture exuding from it, or did the ant, on any occasion of
my observation, place its mouth in contact with the depression, These two
ants seemed to be constantly attracted to the same place, and went through
the same performance many times, I also noticed that on each side of the
scutate segment there was an obliquely placed oval orifice which seemed to be
of the same formation as the breathing apertures on the other segments, but
that, instead of being dark coloured with a shiny dark margin,it was pale
buff with a margin of the same colour, I am nearly certain that these are
merely breathing apertures or spiracles and have no relation to these tentacle-
bearing apertures which are foucd on the penultimate segments of other
Lycceenide, My chief reason for holding this view is because, when the larva
has buried itself wholly in the fruit, its breathing powers by the lateral
spiracles would be extremely hampered if not altogether stopped, but the
presence of these two spiracles on the scutate exposed segment enable it to
breath with facility, There are no other similar apertures in the segment,
It is possible that these may be the apertures mistaxen by Mr. F, E, Pargiter
in the case of the very closely allied Virachola isocrates, Fabricius (vide Butt,
of India, vol, iii, p. 481) for tentacle-bearing ones, This larva was then
allowed access to the broken fruit from which it had been taken, but it
preferred to begin on a fresh fruit,
G. C. DUDGEON, F.z.s.
Fagoo, British Buuran, September, 1895.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 335
No, VII—NOTE ON LEHERA ERYX, LINNAEUS,
A LYCANID BUTTERFLY,
The larva of Lehera erywz, Linneus, is curiously similar to that of Virachola
perse, Hewitson, with which I found it ; its habits are also identical. The
only differences noted were as follows :—
Whereas in V, verse the medial segments were a deep red-brown, and the
three anterior and three posterior segments ochreous, the medial ones in
LL, erye were more purplish in tint (inclining to indigo when undergoing the
pupal change), and the anterior segments more orange than ochreous, The
last pair of breathing apertures in V. perse were pale buff (the others being
black), but those of L, eryx were the same colour as the other lateral ones, viz.,
black with shiny black rims, Both larve hada quadrate buff patch occupying
the central dorsal portion of the two medial segments, but in L, eryx the patch
was rather smaller and paler than that of V. perse.
On 20th June, 1895, at Fagoo, 2,500 feet, British Bhutan, I found eleven
pup of Lehera eryx, Linnzus, in the interior of the fruit of the wild pome-
granate, They were enclosed in precisely the same manner as those of Vira-
chola perse, Hewitson, which feeds on the fruit of the same plant, Out of
these pups only one had the opening in the side of the fruit closed with
a web, the rest being quite open, and, as the fruit was in all cases in a rotten
condition, it was also occupied by small dipterous (fly) larve,and Coleoptera
(beetles), in two or three cases with a very small ant which did not atiack
the pupx, but I cannot see what use they could be to this insect as they are
to other lycenids, The pupa is robust, reddish-brown mottled with fuscous,
especially on the back and sides, In some specimens the first two abdominal
segments were dorsally yellowish, The butterflies commenced to emerge
within a week after I found the pupe,
G. C. DUDGEON, F.n,s,
FaGoo, BRITISH Buuran, September, 1835.
336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 14to JANUARY, 1896,
A meeting of the members of the Society took place on Tuesday, the 14th
January, 1896, the Hon. Mr, H. M, Birdwood presiding.
ELECTION OF MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members was announced :—Lieutenant
A. RB. Burton (Bolarum), Mr. A. Ryves (Allahabad), Mr. A, L. Butler (Ceylon),
Mr, A. Earle (Bombay), Mr, Joseph Greig (Bigura), Surgeon-Captain W. H.
W, Elliott (Dehra Ismail Khan), Mr. H. M. Thompson (Bombay), Mr, F. H.
Sutton (Bombay), Mr. H, Slade (Burma), Mr, A.J, B. Hare (Jalpaiguri), Mr,
S. P. Leggett (Kurachi), Lieutenant R. 8. Gillespie, R.E. (Bombay), H. H.
the Maharajah of Kotah (Kotah), Dr, Bassett Smith (Bombay), Colonel T.
Freeman (Bombay), Lieutenant W. G. Nisbett (Burma), Mr, R. H. B, Taylor
(Mangalore), Mr. Lionel Truninger (Malakhand), Surgeon-Captain F. K,
Swinton (Poona), Mr. F, J. Rome (Bombay), Mr. A. H. Birkenshaw, C.E.
(Gaya), Mr. E. P, Stebbing (Teesta), Lieutenant K. L, W, Mackenzie (Poona),
Captain R. H, Rattray (Dera Ismail Khan), Mr. W. Jamrach (London), Mr. H.
©. Sterndale (Jalpaiguri), Surgeon-Captain J. H, Sellick (Burma), Captain
E, GC. Townsend, LS.C. (Burma), Mr, J. C. Rees, C.H, (Pegu), Mr. J. C. P.
Maynard, C.E, (Bombay), Mr. 8, B, Bates (Burma), Mr, T, H. Tilly (Burma),
Surgeon-Captain A, G, Hojel (Bombay), Mr, E, McArthur Moir (Chakrata),
Mr, J, A. McKee (Nagpore), Mr, James Dodgson (Bandra), Mr, A. G, Hdie
(Poona), Mr, E, R, Jardine (Bombay), Mr, W, H. Tarleton (Burma),
Mr, H. FitzGerald Beale (Poona), Mr, Charles Chambers (Delagoa Bay),
Mr, H. O, B. Showbridge (Bombay), Mr, G, L, Benwell (Hyderabad), Mr,
H, A, Crump (Hoshangabad), Mr, W. T. Jardine (Oorun), Mr, J. A. Jeffrey
(Bombay), Mr, T. Hollis Bombay), Mr, James Adam, C.E, (Bombay), Mr. F.
Linnell (Seoni), Mr, V. 8. Fellowes Wilson (Calicut), Mr, R, Lambert (Sind),
Captain M, Tighe (Sind), Mr. B, T. Coggan (Cachar), Mr, F. W. D. Trotter
(Silchar), Mr, George Oakes (Ootacamund), Mr, Nowrojee Dorabjee Dhakmar-
vala (Bombay), Mr, Ambrose Rodocanachi (Bombay), Mr, F, Bagley, C.E.
(Mandalay), Mr. J, W. Fellowes (Thana), Lieutenant H. B, Span (Trimul-
gherry), Surgeon-Captain J, B, Jamesoni, Captain E, Guinness, R.A,
(Bangalore), Mr, J. Sutherland, C.E, (Burma), Captain A. Bourchier
(Ellichpur), and Captain John Thornhill (Berhampore),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr, H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting :—
Contribution. | Description. | Contributor.
Photographs of Horns......... Major R. Pentland.
Sea Shells and Pearls .........) ses eneeee |Lieut. F. W. Wodehouse.
JAPANESE CLADS..cccecscrereeeeee Dorippe callida.. seco (Capt, John Campbell.
|
PROCEEDINGS.
Contribution, Description. Contributor,
IB iSoMisrElCad eeeersscesiec desc IBos) SaurUstecssesceset as: astessessl ML. Nin Devlin.
Ie Dhamanyee.. secs. Feet entiatiee ZaMeDiS MUCOSUS....ece00.+ee0., 5Urg.-Col. T. Weir.
A number of Beetles ......... seaaees Mr. E. Ansell.
1 Cobra (@live)...........0+s00 Naga tripudians .........0.0....,surg.-Capt. B. Lenmann.
1 Indian Ratel......c..-+..0- e>»|Mellivora indica ....0.......0«6-|Mr. J. W. Fellowes.
Aynumiber/ot Insects s......c||) 1) 8) se eeee toe Mr. W. Mahon Dalv.
2 Lesser Floricans ...........- Sypheotides aurita ............|Mx. C. H. Kirkpatrick.
2 Panther Cubs (alive). ...... Felis pardus ......°0+....0000-., Mr. G. Keatinge.
A Collection of Butterflies & Snowden Mr. A. St. J. Cooke.
Moths,
1 Albino Snake....... Bence alse Tropidonotus stolatus.........;surg.-Lt.-Col, Mapleton,
1 Snake ...... senaucese a's Dipsas trigonata .........sse00. Mr. HE. H. Elsworthy.
2 Snakes (alive) . .-0e(Silybura Macrolepis...ccos-.--. Surg.-Col. T. Weir.
Il IDEN SIGS Soosnosboanbooccaq0000d Viper russellii .....ccecsse.-es ..{Col. Rowe.
1 Foetus ........ eos sceccccnnacseres Sus domesticus...............00. Dr. deMonte.
1 Skull of a Malay Tapir .../Tapirus imdicus...ccc...-.....00 Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans.
1 Cobra (alive) ......c0c..e00- .-.|Naga tripudians ............-..,surg.-Col, T, Weir.
A collection of Sea Shells ..
3 Water Tortoises Ce)
1.Snake .... a00n06
Eggs of Ceylon Spur Fowl...
Eggs of Ceylon Hornbill
Specimens.
1 Sparrow Hawk ..1.......0.
Fossil bones of Crocodile,
Mastodon, and, Rhinoceros.|
...|Kachuga smithii ......
..|Lophoceros singalensis
evcce eose
Tropidonotus stolatus os.
Galloperdix singalensis
ecores
ececeee
eceeee
|
Accipter nisus ..... pavenGaanieue
From Gulf of Cambay
My. L. Penny.
.o.| Mr. C, Maries,
D
0,
Mr. A. L. Butler.
Do.
jMr. G. M. Woodrow.
Mr. Alfred Walker.
pe J. N. Unwalla.
NE SMAKG eeaercecssces Zamenis gracilis ...........04 cae Baugh,
1 Peregrine Falcon (alive). .|Falco peregrinus ....... panda009 Mr. A. J. Jardine.
1 Snake (alive)......... Gocbo0e0d Dipsas trigonata .........c0.08- Mrs. Sanders-Slater.
1 Crow Pheasant (alive)...... Centrococcyx rufipennis......|Mr. R. N. Branson.
AU SNAKE eevesessec-cessescseess-ren| AOL VIOD IS CONICUS =a.c..-es- Mr, W. Thacker.
1 Bittern ....00.-.000---eoeeeeeee| DOtAUTUS BINENSIS ...... coqeoanne Myr, N. 8. Symons.
ISSnakeyarenscssee: Reciasivenien nines Zamenis faciolatus ............ Mr, J. Brand.
1 Daboia (alive) ......0-+.++ Wiperammusselliimicescssnsecscctess Mr. A. Corrodi.
1 Snake (alive) ..........s..0e00- Lycodon aulicus ....... nocscgda| Do.
AuniumbenomShelils|veccssccsccslitmel pau ly seecaerer Lieut. A. J. Peile, R.A.
IV EornetiswNiest.<csceessn-<-ce Vespa cincta ...... paiecreeeeceee: | VUDNPebhomass
i Black-necked Stork (alive)|Myctevria australis ............ ‘Mr, H. Boardman.
1 White-breasted King-fisher leon smyrnensis.. Mr. J. Brand.
(alive).
1 Black-capped King-fisher Haleyon PUleata) | cc .ccescccccese Do.
(alive).
1 Crocodile’s skull ............ Crocodilus palustris.........00+ (My, Repl. ee:
eB oasis kllGeesenaesnecesseecce SUSHNGICUSiMecsoncscecssesesceses Do.
Z Panther’s skull ..........-..+ IMGLISiPAaLdUShecccsemcsusececcee: ob Do.
DUSTAK ES saverecascensssccccssnseee Tropidonotus plumbicolor .. Do.
il) SPOONER, ccobeonasoncocascacndae [Spatula clypeata ..cececcerreere ‘|bMr. N. 8. Sy mong,
1 Gadwall ..... poocoodgabo0ce0n .-e(Chaulelasmus streperus ...... Do.
A CrestedsGrebewy cmeeceocs.e--0 Podiceps Cristatus .......0000 Do.
1 Black-tailed Godwit ...... Limosa Aigocephala ....... 00 Do.
1 Black-throated WeaverjPloceus bengalensis............ Do.
Bird. |
AuPaintediBatleccudeccesuce poood Rare ONY TONKS), Goosonscaoocooa Seret.-Maj. Griffiths, R.A.
DISlenderMoniss.c.c..-s.ts.-+- BIMOLISIO LACTIS revessecscticesetens Mrs. A. Breul.
FASNUMIbEITORMSCetLES! lescescecel) 9) eeeces Mr. H. 8. Ferguson.
1 Snake (live)................../Dryophis mycterizans ...... Mr. H, Otto.
DelveeyMilcepees sce caters Vandeluria oliveacea .....-|Mr, Babajee Gopal.
23 Snakes from Coonoor vere.
23
®9 00
|Mr, Charles Gray.
338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Contribution. | Description. Contributor,
TPHamMINGOW .sescccoccecscsese Alphason eras antiquorum.|Mr. Douglas Bennett.
1 Wood Snipe ......0« eeeeseess-(Gallinago nemoricola ..,...... Mr. Thomas H. Moore.
UISTUAIKC Mec seeesesdastacser Goodoaace Zamenis Ciadema......ceceeee. Sur.-Capt. W. Ricketts.
TW SuUCGkKexPHishyeccoesserecossacs Echeneis albescens ............ Mr, A. Corrodi.
1 Black-necked Stork .........;Mycteria australis ............ Mr. N.S. Symons.
1 Snake Bird.........ss008. .. e+-|Plotus melanogaster............ Do.
2 Leaf Insects from tke|Phyllium scythe ............... Capt. Whitehead.
Seychelles (alive).
1 Sparrow Hawk (alive)....«. Accipiter nisus.............0...0. Mr. J. Brand.
1 Pale Harrier ............:0-00. Cincushma CLUDUSiEscecessieecesels Do.
1 Black-throated Woo djArboricola atrogularis ......... Lt. H. A. D. Fraser, R.E.
Partridge. | |
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Description of Indian Squillidee (Wood-Mason), from Indian Museum ; the
Spiders of Burmah (Thorell), from Mr, ¥, W, Oates; the Movements of the
Kosi River, from Mr, F, A, Shillingford, Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, Parts I, TI, and III, from Mr, W. F, Sinclair; the Flora
of Ceylon, Vol. VIII, from Dr, Trimen; the Birds of India, Vol. II, from
Mr, W. T. Blanford; Back Numbers of our journal, from Mr, L, Penny ; the
Flowering Plants and Ferns of N.S, Wales, from Mr. J. H, Maiden; and
Report on the Experimental Farm at Poona, from Government,
PAPERS READ,
The following papers, which were then read and discussed, will appear in
the next number of the Society’s Journal :—1, The Flora of Matheran and
Mahableshwar, by the Hon, Mr, Birdwood, 2. Ornithological Notes from
Cocoawatte, Ceylon, by A. L. Butler, 3, Sea Shells collected at Aden, by
Captain E, R, Shopland, RIM. 4, The Butterflies of the North Canara
District, by J. Davidson, .CS., T, R. Bell, and E, H. Aitken, 5, Description
of a New Indian Snake, by G, A. Boulenger, 6, Indian Chrysidide by
Vicomte Robert du Buysson, 7, Miscellaneous Notes, (a) Bison in Kamptee,
by Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel 8, Banks. (0) The Giant Orchis, by
R. M. Dixon, (¢) A Leporine, Monstrosity, by A, L, Butler, (d) Red Ants
used as Smelling Salts, by A, L. Butler,
A vote of thanks was passed to Mr, Birdwood for his valuable paper and
interesting remarks,
Hombay Matuyal Histoyy Sovigty
LIST OF OFFICE-~BEARERS.
ai resident.
H. H. the Right Honorable Lorp Sanpuursr.
Vice- Presidents.
The Hon'ble Mr. H. M. Birdwood, m.a., uu.M. (Cantab.),
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconurice: M.D., C.Ms
Dr. D. MacDonald, m.p., B.sc., c.M.
Bon, Secretary.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.
Hou. Creasurer.
Mr. A. Abercrombie.
Gritor.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s,
Managing Committee.
The Hon. Mr. H. M. Birdwood. Col. W.S. 8. Bisset, R.E.
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maco- | Mr. L. de Nicéville, ¥.n,8., ¢.11.z.8.
nachie. Lieut. A. J. Peile, R.A.
Dr. D. MacDonald. Mr. B.-L. Barton:
The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.c.s. Mc Reowalt Cilbock
Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.s. Mr R M Pp
Surg.-Lt.-Col. T. 8. Weir. Ga al as ak
Surg.-Major K. R. Kirtikar, F.s.m, Mr. E. Comber.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity. Dr. J. C. Lisboa.
Mr, W.S. Millard. Mr, R. C. Wroughton.
Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith. Mr. John Parmenides.
Mr. A. Abercrombie, ex-officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, 0.M.z.8., ex-offieio,
Ist Section—(Mammals and Birds.)
Presideni—Mr. J. D. Inverarity.
Secretary—Mr. E. Comber.
2nd Section.—( Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.c.s.
Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, o.m.z.s,
ord Section.—( Insects, )
President—Mr. L, de Nicéville, F.5.8., C.M.Z.S.
Secretary—Mr, EH, H. Aitken.
Ath Section.—( Other {nvertebrates.)
President—Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachie, u.p., o.M,
Secretary—Dr. “P. W. Bassett-Smith.
Sth Section —( Botany. )
President—The Hon. Mr. H. M. Birdwood, m.a., LL.M. (Cantab, Ds
Secretary—Sur geon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, FS. M. (France), M.2.¢.8.
OO Gare
Leet
Bh
(SBE
2,
on cnorary Secretar
Date of publication, ts Satomi, 1 7 89 6. _ | = :
BR os to ow Meira. owe FES :
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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
—————
: PAGE
Tur Birps or Norta CacHar. By E, C. Stuart Baker, Ee
MB.0.U. Part VI, (With Plate BF) cossecccorsceserenssseseccrssttenses OOD
Tue BurrerrLuies OF THE NortH Canara District OF THE BOMBAY
Presipency. By J. Davidson, T.R. Bell, and E. H. Aitken.
Part IT. (With Plates IV and WEN Joudeucaa ac ceecnaus vcawsegeeeeen nen emiem
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF Giaan AND ‘Manaptasmwan. aoa
By EH. M. Birdwood...ceecsesssectsccecenscrseceesenees ioe ccGmpeeebees ss Oe
SUPPLEMENTARY Nore oN THE FLORA OF MATHERAN AND “Mana =
BLESHWAR, By Theodore Cooke, L-D., F.G.S., C.LE, «.scoecere-. 440
THe Inpran WILD Dog (Cyon dukhunensis). (With a Plate.) By Je :
D, Inverarity .......... svady'is sedeatiadfunce ceobenewasess duoc eco: eeRReeD
List or BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN>
moe Hynakanpy Disrrictr, Cacnar. By ©. M. Inglis.
Partscl eens doe cence nosmeeews secs ue sasiosgsndeselssesssidaccce eacsmecseesmmarnes =iaa
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE DES CHRYSIDIDES
DE L’InpE. Par Robert du Buysson. (With Plates Nos. I, LJ, ee
TIE: TV and V) ie Five ee ieiees 460
Tue Poisonous Piants or Bompay. By Surgeon-Major K. R.
Kirtikar, LMLS., F.L.8., Civil Surgeon, Thana, Part XV. (With
Plate) sé ccs oacvs. coum ebapanios tise concedes eta see ree Le
SomE FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE [LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT
ADEN IN 1892-95, CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PAETEL
Catanoguz. By Commander H, R. Shopland, R.I.M..........s000. 503
VTE. oe coos Sas hk ao ap be waco os CU PONG TEED Alba's WacoSup dee ener OE OU
ADDENDUM— ANTIQUITY OF FALCONRY ..ccccsecrccrsssccteercessesereseces S25
MiscELLANEOUS NoTES—~=
1. Strange behaviour of Crows. By W. Sutherland......... cle See sents cuweeeieneenicece 527
2. The Poisonous plant Sheula (Amorphophallus commutatus, Engler).
A corrected description... By Dr, J. Co ishoa > ci.cecssernesasennceseaeuneome 527
Reply to the forezoing Note. By Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, F.LS..-. 530
3. Wounded animals carrying their broken limbs in their jaws. By R. H.
Heath, and Colonel Miikk, Jaclksonmy ~cossrcc,ccsscsersschecusscceu, oeoscessieres 532
4, Onthe occurrence of Halryon pileata (The Black-capped Kingfisher) -
méar Bom bayn. DY ebintCOMUDER: sscvecccseccssaceeecssecr sence cosse pene sscecmeeetne 533
5, Abnormal Sambar horns. By L.§. Osmaston, Indian Forest Service.
Wai GN LUSTER ACTON: @ ccaceusssvoneectocrsecvacuisaseosicaricas-stcnses scores oheewess 534
6. Curious accident toa Leopard Cat. By Norman F. T. Troup ...... .....0. 535
7. Sambar shedding its HORS accidentally. By Major H. Lindesay, the Royal
pigh WEip oh idee hersceeaacsacane ceimenic tam wenstecneanatensccucects deaeeceecarecen peeisirainets 535
8. Liquid discharge from Cicada Insects. By W. EF. Bisc0e .....ccsccossreseorrs 535
9. > Notestrom sD eesa ca Dy AWieA, MUlGib = sseieneiecenstedectecosiocevacidemesscnsney Acs » 536
PROCEEDINGS CCOROSILTORHSSHSHDSH CHEEK EHHF EF SCOBEOHHETHSTGHOTHHHEGHess ose HHHOsOSsagses Ooo 537
Plate F.
-C.5 Baker del.
MEZOBUCCO ROBUSTIROSTRIS
The Large -billed Barbet
Mintern Bros.Chromo lith London.
.(Sp nov.)
EI EGNIDAN SEAT,
Vol. X.—Page 331, line 21, for “ jhdés ” read jhao.
Page 331, line 38, for “ meat” read meal.
Page 382, line 11, for “we” read one.
Page 332, line 21, for “ painted’’ read pintail.
Page 382, line 22, for “ alcheta’”’ read alchata.
Page 332, line 37, for “ oreserves”” read preserves.
Page 332, line 40, after “ species” dele — and sub-
stitute a comma, Also in the same line after
‘foxes ”’ dele —
S..
CR ROBUSTIROBSTRI
here,
4
~
at
3
i}
Big,
Naar Mee
”
iar:
JOURNAL
3 CO Ee AN EMG
datural History Soviety,
[NWo. 3.
Vol. X.] BOMBAY.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.
PARTNER
By HE. C. Stuart BAKER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. -
(With Plate F.)
(Continued from page 168.)
ORDER—SCANSORES.
Family Prcide.
Sub-Family Pzcne.
(376) GxcrInus stRIoLATUs.—The Lesser Indian Green Woodpecker,
Hume, No. 171; Blanford, No. 948.*
There isa specimen from Cachar in the Hume Collection in the
British Museum, so it must undoubtedly be accepted as a Cachar bird.
I have never met with it myself, nor have any of my collectors, so that,
at all events, it must be a very rare bird, as it is not one to be over-
looked, being quite as noisy as most of the other species of the same
genus.
‘** Shortly after the manuscript of this article was completed, I received the 3rd Vol. of the
Birds in the Fauna of B. I. series, and I now give Blanford’s serial numbers. ‘These numbers
are not in sequence owing to the fact that the 3rd Vol. of the Birds does not agree entirely
in classification with Oates’ edition of Hume’s ‘‘ Nests and Eggs” which classification
{ adopted as being a continuation of that contained in the first two volumes of Birds,
1
340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(377) GecINUS occrPITALIs.—The Black-naped Green Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 172; Blanford, No. 950.
An exceedingly common bird at all elevations. It seems to breed
here earlier than in most other places. April is almost late for it,
many lay in March, and not a few are already sitting by that month.
I think five is the largest number of eggs ever laid, generally but
four, at other times only three.
It is very noisy, but its cries are not so loud as those of Chryso-
colaptes, though quite as continuously uttered. It is not at all a shy bird.
(878) GxcINuS cHLoRoLoPHUS.—The Lesser Yellow-naped
Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 174; Blanford, No, 951.
This handsome little Woodpecker is very nearly as common as the
last, but does not ascend nearly as high; I have not found it at any
place over 4,000 feet, and it is most common from the plains up to
about 2,000 feet. This species may be found in almost any sort of
country, but it particularly affects thin evergreen forest, and I think
it usually breeds in such places. I have known it make its nest-hole
some two feet from the ground, and at other times between forty and
sixty feet up in a branch of some large tree, perhaps quite inaccessible.
It lays from three to five eggs, for, though I have never taken five
eggs from anest, I have taken five young. ‘The eggs are similar to
those of G. occ¢pitalis, but average far smaller, and are also, taking
a large series into consideration, less pointed. Twenty-four eggs
average only ‘94" x °78", and the longest and broadest are 1:07" and
'86" respectively, and the least both ways *88" and ‘68", They breed
principally in early April.
Both this species and the next, when under the influence of “ love’s
young dream,” give vent to a low chucking sound utterly unlike most
woodpeckers’ noises. It can easily be imitated by rapidly uttering the
“chuck” which one makes to urge on a horse. I have never heard
the sound except late in the evening, when quite dusk, and it was some
time before I found out what bird it was which made it, indeed until I
actually followed up a pair of birds and shot them, whilst in the act of
chasing one another and continuously uttering these sounds, I was
under the impression that I was listening to some kind of bird quite
unknown lo me.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, . 841
lt is a bold bird at all times, easy to shoot and still easier to watch,
but in the breeding season, in the dusk of the evenings, it is simply
foolhardy in the way it will approach within a few feet of any fairly
quiet watcher. 3
(379) CHRYSOPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA.—The Greater Yellow-naped
Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 175; Blanford, No. 955.
It is strange that Hume, neither in Cachar nor in any of the adjoining
States, should have met with this Woodpecker, which is not by any
means rare from the level of the plains up to some 2,000 feet, above
which it seldom ascends.
I have taken a good number of nests, and these have generally been
found in forest, that which is fairly thin but with a fair amount of
undergrowth being preferred.
Unlike the last bird, it seldom makes its nest-hole above some twenty
feet from the ground, but, on the other hand, I have found none under
six or seven feet from it. It also seems to prefer the trunks themselves
to branches or large limbs, and the burrow is not often very deep.
The normal number of eggs is three, but I have a clutch of four
eggs in my collection which were taken on the 23rd of May, 1890.
The eggs are quite undistinguishable from those of Gecinus occi-
' pttalis, and do not average any larger, indeed, that which is most
striking about them is their small size when epaipeneel with the bird
which lays them.
They vary between 1:09" and 1°40" in length, and in breadth between
"80" > 1:02". [think they are not proportionately quite such long
or such pointed ovals as are the eggs of G. occipitalis.
The colours of the soft parts are as follows :—Irides red, red-brown
or crimson-brown ; bill very pale bluish-lead colour, the top almost
white and rather transparent, the base much darker, almost black
about the nostrils. Legs greenish-brown or lead-brown of. a dull
tinge.
I have never seen this Woodpecker in parties, but, on the other hand,
very seldom singly ; where one bird is the pair to it, it is sure to be
close at hand. It is not a very noisy bird,—for a woodpecker,—
_ but the two birds constantly call to one another in a subdued cry that
is not heard very far off.
342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
(380) GucINULUS GRANTIA—The Pale-headed Woodpecker.
Flume, No. 177; Blanford, No. 958.
This is now here very common, but is scattered thinly all over these
hills as well as the plains, It is a shy bird, more so than most wood-
peckers, and shuns observation. I have seen it in bamboo jungle,
thin forest with heavy undergrowth, thick forest with none, and even
in scrub jungle. Its note is not aloud one, more musical, or perhaps, I.
should say, less unmusical, than that of most birds of this family, and it
has a decidedly plaintive, querulous tone about it. 1 have never seen
it at any height up in trees, and it seems to prefer to keep below some
twenty to twenty-five feet. It goes about either in pairs or small
parties, generally the former. '
I have notes on only one nest of this bird. The nest-hole was
made in a dead stump standing in dense bamboo jungle, and was some
twelve feet from the ground. The entrance was very large and looked
\ike a natural one, the edges of which had been rounded and smoothed
off by the birds ; it led to a large hollow about a foot in diameter and
less than that in depth. The contents consisted of three eggs, in shape
broad ovals, a little compressed towards the smaller end but not much
pointed. They measure 1:04! °@7!, 1:05" 74! and 1:02">:76", the
texture being the same as that of the eggs of G. occipitalis. The. nest
was taken at Gunjong about halfa mile from my bungalow, on the
20th May, 1892.
T have taken other clutches of eggs and, though I have kept no
notes or measurements of them, | do not think they differed in any
great respect from those I have here described, unless in being rather
smaller.
The colours of the soft parts are not given in the British Museum
catalogue and, as those I have noted differ from those given by Jerdon,
I add them here.
The male has the billa pale horny-blue, the maxilla wholly of this
colour, though tipped paler, the mandible darker at the base for nearly
half the length of the bill. Irides reddish-brown, legs dull green.
The female has the bill the same colour, but both mandibles darker
at the base and round the nostrils. Irides brown or reddish-brown.
Legs, dirty-greenish. The maxilla of the male is lighter throughout
than that of the female.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 343
The young male has the whole upper part of the head and nape the
colour of the female’s, but paler and lighter, and each feather tipped
red; those I have shot, however, do not show a paler chin and throat
and have no purple tinge on the upper plumage, which is merely
duller and browner than that of the adult bird.
(381) DenpRocopus DARJILENSIS.—The Darjeeling Black
Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 155; Blanford, No. 964.
A very rare bird indeed in North Cachar and confined entirely to
the higher parts of the country in the North-West. I have not seen
half a dozen birds in as many years.
Three eggs, which were taken froma hoie high up in an old oak
tree, in one of the larger branches, measure 1°16"%°90", 1°16" °86"
and 1°16”x°86". These are broad ovals, two rather pointed, the third
less so. They are not as glossy as are the eggs of most of this family.
They were taken on the 16th of April, 1888.
This is the only Woodpecker I have met with here, which I did not
expect or, at all events, consider possible I should meet with. From
the little I have seen of it, it appears to be chiefly a forest bird,
(882) Denprocorus macu.—The Indian Spotted Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 157; Llanford, No. 967.
To be met with all over the district, but nowhere in very large
numbers.
(883) Iynerpicus pyemmus.—The Himalayan Pigmy Woodpecker.
flume, No. 163; Blanford, No. 974.
e at present only two birds in my collection, which can,
without doubt, be placed amongst those of this species. In these binds
the central rectrices are wholly black, and the next pair practically
so, having merely a tiny speck of white on the outer webs,
about half-way down the feather. The upper tail-coverts are quite
unspotted black. JI have seen other birds in Cachar quite as typical
specimens of J. pygmeus as these are, and I have seen many with the
four central tail-feathers either black or almost so, but very few with
the upper tail-coverts not barred with white, though a few have the
central and longest ones all black. 1 once came across a pair of birds,
one of which was a typical J. pygmceus, whereas the other was almost
as typical a I, cuntcapillus,
I have
344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
(884) Iynerpicus caNicaPiLLus.—The Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker,
Hume, No, 163 bis; Blanford, No. 965.
Hixtremely common all over the district.
(885) PyRRHOPICUS PYRRHOTIS.—The Red-eared Bay Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 176; Blanford, No. 978.
This Woodpecker is not at all uncommon in suitable localities, but
it seems to never wander farfrom streams of some size, and all my
specimens have been taken from the low valleys through which such
run. Along both the Jetinga and Diyung rivers it is very common
indeed, on the Mahar less so, and on the higher valleys absent. It is
such a very noisy bird that, shy as itis, one cannot help knowing when
they are about, even cura it may take a little trouble to get within
sight of them. Their most ordinary cry is very much the same as
that of the common little brown squirrel. More than once have! .
gene some way into the jungle under the impression that I was pur-
suing one of these birds, eventually coming across a squirrel, hang-
ing on toa bamboo, jerking his tail and quivering his small carcass
as he gives vent to an anger that in'a large animal would be terrific,
but with him probably only means that he has just recollected an
insult he received some two years before.
The Bay Woodpecker keeps very close to the ground in feeding,
though I have not actually seen it on it, as Hume seems to have done
in Manipur. At the same time it is very partial-to any fallen logs,
but then, so are most woodpeckers ; for such being naturally very
rotten contain a large number of insects, They also feed much
amongst the roots of and low down in the larger clumps of bamboos,
occasionally mounting some few feet up them.
Hume notices their very swift flight ; this I have not done, but at
the same time should call them very gueck in all their movements, both
when on the wing or when clambering about trees, etc.; when flying
for any distance their flight has seemed to me but little quicker than
that of other birds of the family, though, I think, it is less laboured and
dipping. |
I have twice found their nest-holes, both of them in the Jetinga
Valley, and both, I think, below 500 feet altitude. The first hole
contained only a single egg, measuring 1:17” :80", A long, narrow,
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 345
pointed egg, intensely glossy, and with a very fine close grain. This
was taken on the 12th June, 1893, the male bird being shot as he
flew away.
The same month, on the 23rd, I was lucky enough to come across
another nest, and this time it contained four eggs. These, though not
so long, area good deal broader, and measure 1°13’ °88", 1:12" ¢°87",
1-11" 90" and 1:10”°82". They are quite as pointed as the single
egg and, though a trifle less glossy, equally hard and close in texture.
(386) Microrrernus PHmocEPs.—The Bengal Rufous Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 178; Blanford, No. 983.
Common everywhere, up to five thousand feet, but more so below
two thousand than it is above that height. It keeps a good deal to
jungle that is partly composed of bamboos, and not being a noisy bird,
comparatively speaking, is not so often noticed as it would otherwise
be. This is the species which often makes its nest-hole in the black,
papier-maché-looking nests of one of the tree ants. I have personally
only once taken eggs from such a position, but I am sure that I have
_ seen over twenty such. |
Tt does not invariably lay its eggs, however, in ants’ nests, for I have
myself taken them from a hole in a tree.
Mention has been made of the Woodpeckers and ants living in amity
in the same nest, but all those which I have seen occupied by
Woodpeckers, were so by them alone, unless the ants were inside
the birds, which I consider a highly probable solution of the matter.
They do eat these ants, for I have taken thei from their stomachs
though I had examined a goud many birds before I ascertained that
such was the case.
(887) BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS.—The Golden-backed Wood-
pecker.
Hume, No. 180 ; Blanford, No. 986.
This is a rare bird in the hills, but less so in the plains of Cachar,
though nowhere at all common.
Hume does not mention this bird in Vol. XI. of “ Stray Feathers ”
(Birds of Manipur, Assam, etc.), but there isa skin in the Museum
amongst those of his collection with a label shewing it as having been -
obtained in Cachar, and I may mention here that I noticed it several
times in the district of Kamrup in Assam.
346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X. -
&
(388) Tica sHort.—The Large Three-toed Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 183 ; Blanford, No. 989.
I have seen but one bird of this species, and that was caught on its
nest on the 17th of April, 1889. The eggs, of which there were three,
measure 1:26” x °80", 1:23" x °86" and 1°23" x °80".- They are the
longest, proportionately, woodpeckers’ eggs in my collection, and,
with the exception of the first mentioned egg of P. pyrrhotis, the
most hard, close-grained and glossy.
I know nothing about the bird or its habits.
(389) CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTA-cRISTATUS.—The Bronze-backed
Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 166 ; Blanford, No. 992.
Next to G. occtpitalis the most common species of Woodpecker in
North Cachar.
I have taken any number of nests of this bird, and cannot at all
understand how it was that Messrs. Darling and Davison never found
more than one egg in a nest.
Four are very often laid, and sometimes as many as five, whilst less —
than four are seldom met with. This Woodpecker, like many others,
often lays its eggs at long, very long, intervals ; as a rule, two are laid
atan interval of a day or so, and then a week or more may elapse
before the others are laid. Thus I have found in the same nest-hole,
a nearly fully-fledged bird, two half-fledged and two just hatched ;
another time I found three young birds, one a good deal more advanc-
ed than the other two, and two eggs. Two young and two eggs
I have seen more than once. Addled eggs are extremely common,
and I should say that one nest in three contains one or more addled
eg OB.
I do not think the eggs ‘could be discriminated from those of
G. occipitalis, and though I think they average somewhat larger, I can-
not say for certain, as I regret that I have kept no notes on measure-
ments, a fact due principally tomy getting so many eggs of this
species that I have never troubled to measure them. The only four
eggs which I have retained for my own collection measure
1:23" 9¢ *91", 1:30" x¢ +94", 1:24" x °85" and 1:25" x -86". They are
rather pointed, two decidedly more so than the others, and are not very
glossy. They were taken froma hole ina tree, at about five feet
*
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 347
from the ground, on the 7th of June, 1888. They were, three of them,
very hard set, the fourth being addled.
They breed principally in early April, a few in May, but very few
as late as June.
Their nest-holes are nearly always placed very low down in the
trunks of large trees ; they are close sitters, and may sometimes be
caught on the nest.
(390) Hemicercus cannntTs.—The Heart-spotted Woodpecker.
Hume, No. 165 bis; Blanford, No: 995.
This is a rare bird in the hill portion of the country, but Mr: Inglis
informs me that it is far more common below.
(391) HeEMILOPHUS PULVERULENTULUS.—The Great Slaty Wood-
pecker.
Hume, No. 168; Blanford, No. 996.
Hume did not meet with this bird either in Sylhet or Cachar, and
there are no specimens in the British Museum frem these localities,
still it is not a rare bird up to about 3,000 feet, and it is so noisy and
utters its cries so continuously that cne is forced to notice it if it is
anywhere within half a mile.
_ I have only taken, myself, one nest of this bird which contained
eggs, and this was placed in a large cotton-tree at an immense height
from the ground. It was a matter of two days’ labour before the nest
was reached, the native having to make a ladder by driving bamboo
pegs into the trunk to a height of some 40 or 50 feet, after which he
got amongst the branches. The nest contained three eggs, and there
can be no mistake as to their identity, for the whole time the birds
kept visiting the tree, though not coming within sixty or eighty
yards of it, screeching at the tops of their voices and palpably in a
tremendous state of excitement. Had I not personally superintended
the taking of the eggs I should have thought they belonged to some
other bird, though to what IL could not say.
In shape they are very broad ovals, very little compressed towards
the smaller end, which is slightly pointed only, the shell is fine and close-
grained, but not so glossy as are most eggs of this family, and somehow
do not bear the stamp of woodpecker on them at all plainly ; they seem,
however, to be the normal type of egg, for one I took from the oviduct
of afemale was very similar, though slightly longer, and others hrought
5)
A]
348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
g
to me since could not be distinguished fromthem. Moreover, those
found by Bingham (Hume’s “ Nestsand Eggs,” vol. II, p. 315) seem to
have been much the same, though slightly narrower than mine, which
measure 1°45" x 1:16" 1:44" 5¢ 1:16", and 1°34" x 1:13".
Different individuals of this species seem to vary very much in tem-
perament ;.I have seen birds so wild that I could not get anywhere
within shot of them, yet on another occasion I hada shot at one of a
pair of birds, missed, went on after them, had another shot and got the.
male, and then shot the female, who had flown to another tree not fifty
yards beyond that on which I shot her mate.
Should one of a pair be shot, the remaining one will stay for days
near the place, calling loudly all day, except during the very hottest
hours, from 12 to 2 or 3 in the afternoon.
Ti does not always make its nest very high up, for there is one, now
just completed (9th April, 1895) and not far from this place, Gunjong,
which is in a big dead trunk of a tree some thirty feet high, aoe
half-way up which the hole has been excavated.
The noise made by this woodpecker in tapping on trees is different
to that made by any other woodpecker which I know, though some
of the big birds of the genus Thriponax may make the same. It isa
very deep noise, and seems, after the first tap or two, to go off into a
series of reverberations.
It goes about in parties from four to six in number as a rule, though
IT once counted ten together, and this party did not, as I expected, split
up into two when frightened away by a gunshot.
They are extremely pertinacious in the way they refuse to leave any
spot where food is plentiful. During April, 1895, I was camping in
the Mahar Valley, and near my camp were some four or five huge
trees, their trunks, which were much scarred, split and broken up,
doubtless harbouring vast numbers of larvee and other insects. These
trees were regularly haunted by two pairs of slaty woodpeckers, and
from the way they refused to leave the vicinity I thought they must be
breeding. A careful search brought no nest-hole to light, so even-
tually I fired two long shots at one pair, but missed both ; nothing
daunted, both pairs were back again in the evening, and I got snapshots.
at two, getting both. Even then the remaining pair kept returning to -
the place, and at last, after many noisses, one of my collectors succeeded
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 349
in getting one of them also, after which the fourth bird flew away and _
did not return again whilst I was camping there.
J think the red throat of the male of this species is seasonal ; I have
never seen any trace of it in males shot before March, whilst all those
shot in April have it very strongly developed.
(392) PicumNUs mnnominatTus.—The Speckled Piculet.
Hume, No. 186; Blanford, No. 1001.
This is a rare little bird in Cachar, strange to say more rare in the
hills than in the plains, and I do not think I have seen half-a-dozen
specimens since I have been in the district. A pair, together with a
dead bamboo in which they had made their nest and laid three eggs,
were brought to me in the Laisung Valley on the 26th of April. The
three eggs averaged 57" x 46". |
They were very hard set and quite unblowable. In shape, texture,
etc., they are not to be distinguished from those of Sasta ochracea. In
the plains this and the next species seem to be met with in about equal
numbers, and both seem to keep much to ekra jungle. Here the
Speckled Piculet is found chiefly in jungle consisting either of the
small clump bamboo or the still smaller single bamboo, but where the
elephant grasses grow very high it may also be found creeping about
their stems. |
It is an early breeder. I have taken no eggs later in the year than
those mentioned above, and have seen others, hard set, in March. ~~
I know nothing hardly of its habits, and such little as I do know calls
for no remark, being the same as I have observed in Sasza ochracea.
(893) Sasa ocHRACEA—The Rufous Piculet.
flume, No. 187 ; Blanford, No. 1002.
Very common all over North Cachar.
I note the soft parts as follows :—
Upper mandible blackish, grading into pale plumbeous at the tip;
lower mandible lead-colour, fading almost to white close up to the tip,
which is dusky. Hyelids and opthalmic skin crimson in the male and
reddish in the female, fading, in both sexes, to a dull red very soon
after death. Irides crimson or crimson-brown. Legs vary greatly ;
red, yellowish-red, dull orange or greenish-red. The bill, in old birds,
is covered with minute corrugations on the whole of the upper and on
the base of the lower mandible.
350 JO URNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
This bird generally selects a dry bamboo in which to make its
nesting arrangements ; the hole, as a rule, is made only a few inches
above one of the nodes, but sometimes it is placed just below the one
above and next to that on which the eggs rest. The nest itself is
formed of a mass of tiny chips and shreds from the inside of the
bamboo, and, even when it uses a branch of a tree to bore its hole in,
there is always a foundation of soft scraps for the eggs to lieon. I
ence found a nest of this bird in a small bamboo which had been cut
away at the base by some passer-by, but had caught above on the other
bamboos and was hanging there, swaying about in the wind. I should
have missed the nest myself, for, though I almost touched the bamboo
in passing, the bird did not fly away until I had passed, and a was
then noticed by a friend who was out shooting with me.
Tt is a most rare thing for the nest to be made in a tree, and 1 have
only come across two or three such ;and these were all in small
branches, not in big ones or in main boughs. |
The full complement of eggs is four, though they sometimes lay
but three. They are extremely stout little eggs, of hard texture and
very glossy, shaped very regular ovals as a rule, sometimes slightly
compressed towards the smaller end, but always very blunt. They
vary in size between °65"%°52" and °54"x-45", the average of
eighteen eggs being °60"%°50" or a fraction less in breadth. They
breed all through April, May, and June ; but.though I took an egg
from the oviduct of a female as late as the 25th August, I think
most birds breed in April.
This tiny woodpecker is a queer little miniature in many of its
ways of Chrysocolaptes sultaneus, its piping little cry being a perfect
caricature of that of the bigger bird.
It keeps principally to bamboo and reed jungle, but is sometimes
found very high up on lofty trees ; and I shot a pair once at Diyung-
mukh, which used to haunt alternately the extreme top of a very lofty
cotton tree and the reed jungle in which it grew.
It is a bold little bird, and does not shun observation ; I have sat
beside a road and watched it hammering at a small bamboo, not twenty
yards from me, for some minutes. I have often noticed this bird ham-
mering away at perfectly sound, green bamboos, and have wondered
what they were working at, for though I have examined the places,
en ee ee
\
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 551
where I have watched them tapping, I have totally failed to find any
insects. Its flight is quite a typical woodpecker’s flight, faster than
most, proportionately, and also less dipping. It does not appear to
be common either in the plains or at the foot of the hills, Both
Mr. Hole and Mr. Inglis, who have favoured me with a list of the
Picide they have met with, report this bird as being rare.
(394) Iyux torquitta.—The Wryneck.
Hume, No. 188; Blanford, No. 1003.
A rare bird. Ihave seen perhaps a dozen in the eight years I have
been in Cachar, and have only seen one skin from the plains.
Family Capztonide.
(895) MucaL“Zua MARsHALLORUM.~—The Great Indian Barbet.
Hume, No. 191; Blanford, No. 1006.
This is not a common bird here, far less sothan itis in Manipur,
where Hume says he went after it at least fifty times, I do not
suppose I have‘ heard fifty since I came here, and that is now over
eight yearsago. Its note cannet be better syllablized than it is by
Hume, who makes it “‘pee-yu, pee-yu.” The tirst note is long drawn
out, but the second only slightly so.
T have been lucky in finding its nest-hole, but unlucky in finding
egos ; three times only have I taken such, and these always hard set,
though I have found, or been shown, at least a dozen holes with
young in them. |
I have only notes regarding the measurements of three eggs which
were taken on the 25th of May, 1888, at Gunjong. These measure
1°46” x -96", 1°45" 1°00" and 1°42" 90".
The nest was in a tree on the summit of a hill quite near my
bungalow, but, though I knew the birds were breeding somewhere
near and I hunted hard for the nest, I for a long time failed to find it ;
twice I thought | had watched one of the old bird’s home, and twice
the bird flew from the opposite side of the tree, about ten feet up
it, as I approached, still I could not make out any nest-hole. The
third time, however, I came up with the greatest care, and when
within a dozen feet of it, the bird flew off, not from above, as it had
always done before, but from about two feet from the roots ; and
looking here I found the hole just under a bough, which bent over and
concealed it.
352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
T have found fully-fledged young in May, so presumably itis an earlier
breeder here than in most places, and I think the majority of the
Cachar birds breed in April, a few only as late as May.
Its flight appears to me to be like that of most barbets, but
stronger and mote direct, the dips being both longer and more
shallow than they are in the flight of most of the other species.
For many years I had experienced considerable difficulty in obtain-
ing good specimens of this barbet. Those caught on the nest were
invariably in bad condition, whilst those I shot seemed equally invari-
ably to get badly knocked about, At last, however, on the promise of a
reward of a rupee for each good specimen brought to me, an 1 old Naga
volunteered to obtain me some. The following morning he returned
with no less than aine, and the next day with yet seven more. Upon
this the reward was lowered and the supply ceased, but the old man
informed me that at the same price he could daily supply me with
numbers. He refused to disclose the manner in which he had caught
them, but | was told that it was by means cf innumerable small fern-
root nooses which he placed amongst the berries which grew on a
small kind of Ficus, very common in the higher ranges.
(396) CyaNors astatica.—The Blue-faced Barbet.
Hume, No. 195; Blanford, No. 1012.
This and C. lineata are extremely common everywhere, but especially
so in all the lower valleys which are fairly well wooded.
Certain birds in these hills are very remarkably coloured, but as
gradations of colouring between this and the normal plumage are to be
found here, it may be. that the coloration is not even of sub-specific
value. I give, however, a description of a richly plumaged male,
which will show the differences between that and the ordinary bird.
Forehead, metallic crimson ; then a narrow line of glossy yellow
green, behind which a broad line of black ; whole hind crown and nape
brilliant crimson-scarlet ; lores and supercilium, ear-coverts, chin,
cheeks, throat and a part of the upper breast bright pale blue ; a black
supercilium above the blue one, widening towards the nape ; a small,
but distinct, spot of crimson-red at the base of the lower mandible, and
a patch of the same on each side of the base of the blue throat ; between
ihese two patches the breast is green, much mixed with orange ; remainder
of lower plumage pale greenish, more or less suffused with. orange, and
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 253
the under tail-coverts splashed with vermilion ; upper back and scapulars —
dull green, all the feathers suffused with and tipped maroon-red ; lower
back and rump green ; upper tail-coverts the same, but broadly edged
maroon-red. Tail green, with black shafts to the feathers, and the .
under-aspect blue ; wing-coverts green, some of the lesser inner ones
splashed with maroon ; tertiaries green, strongly suffused with the same;
quills black, the primaries all but the first two, narrowly, and the
secondaries broadly, edged with green. During 1895 I paid great
attention to this species, and have obtained further information which
leads me to believe that this will prove to be a new species which I
would, provisionally, name C. rubescens, The birds which have the
maroon backs, etc., are confined to certain lofty peaks, and the grada-
tions of colour mentioned above are indications of age only, I consider,
the young birds being practically identical with-those of C. asiatica.
Adult females will probably be found to resemble the males, but I have
not hitherto been able to obtain any.
The common form of C€. aszatica is to be found all over North
Cachar, but is rare on the lofty peaks, where it appears to be replaced
by the red species.
Thave not found this bird to be the forest-loving species it is
generally represented to be: during the breeding season it certainly
keeps more exclusively to deep forests than the other barbets do, but —
at other times [ have often seen it quite in the open on single trees
or small clumps, and I have also taken its eggs from holes in trees,
standing quite by themselves in open grass-covered hills.
I have taken young birds as early as April the 4th, and I have
taken eggs as late as June the 24th.
(897) CYANOPS FRANKLINI—The Golden-throated Barbet.
Hume, No. 196 ; Blanford, No. 1017.
By no means rare in these hills, but very capricious in the localities
it affects, and it is hard to say what kind of country it is most partial .
to. It is very common all over the open oak forest to the north and
north-east, but is quite absent over the same forest in the north-west,
only to appear again on the heights, everywhere, nearly, covered with
dense forest of some kind, on the east. In all the lower valleys it is
‘not to be found with the one exception of the Mahar, where it is not
rare on the upper purts.
354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Its cries are the same as those of the genus MegaZema, and bear no
resemblance to the notes uttered by Cyanops asiatica, Cyanops lineata,
etc., and I fully believe that it should not be placed in this genus.
It is a very plaintive cry and can be heard at long distances, sounding’
something like “* wai-yu,” the accent and dwelling being on the second
syllable. I have never heard it utter any sound like “kok” (Hume,
S. F., Vol. XI., p. 68), which conveys a metallic, resonant impression
to the ear, quite unlike the mournful wails which this bird utters,
It does not seem to mind much in what sort of situation it breeds as
long as the forest is dense ; but, again like Megalema, its burrows are
nearly always short ones, sometimes only entrances made into natural
hollows. The nest-hole is made at some height between six and twelve
feet from the ground.
They lay three eggs as a rule, sometimes only two and, very rarely,
four, and I once took five. .
The eges in my collection measure 1°32" %-82!, 1:32" x *78" and
1°26" x °85" ; another pair 1°14" +82” and? 1:15" 9¢ 315 "aude
third pair 1:17" x °82" and 1:16" > °81". These are all I have
measured, the others I have taken having been given away without
my retaining any notes on them.
Jt is a very shy bird and a very cute one, so that, though so common
in some places, if is very hard to get within shot of ; and I have but
few specimens in my collection, and of these, all but one were trapped
on their eggs.*
Of course, the structure of this bird is not that of the genus
Megalema, and if retuoved from Cyanops, a new genus would have to
be created for it,
(398) Cyanops CANICEPS.—Franklin’s Green Barbet.
Hume, No. 193; Blanford, No. 1008.
A very rare bird indeed, as far as I know, both in Cachar and
Sylhet. Hume does not appear to have met with it anywhere up
here, but there is a specimen from Manipur in the British Museum.
I have had one or two birds sent me.up from the plains, and I have
seen one in the hills, and thznk T have heard it on one or two other
occasions.
* Since writing the above, I have had numerous specimens brought to me, trapped in the
manner already described as that in which M. marshallorum is snared, p, 352, ante.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 355
(399) Cyanors Linzata.—The Lineated Barbet.
Hume, No, 192; Blanford, No. 1009.
Hven more common than C. asiatica.
I have taken a large number of eggs of this barbet, probably more
of this one species than all the others put together.
Highty eggs average 1:20" x -92". The longest is 1:36" and the
shortest 1:10" , the broadest and narrowest are, respectively, 1°03" and
°86". Typically, I think, the shape is a broad oval, decidedly com=
pressed towards the small end which is rather pointed. All varieties,
though, occur, some long regular ovals, others long, but pointed and,
more rarely, broad regular ovals.
I have heard this bird libelled as being a bird of one note; now
any one who has listened to it carefully must admit that it has
many. Whilst feeding, it has a large variety of sounds at its
disposal. When pleased, it utters a sort of hoarse “chortle”; but
to make this sound, it seems to be necessary to be on the move, for
it always utters it when hopping from one branch to another, or else
it gives a little jerk into the air at the same time that it opens its
mouth to give vent to its feelings. Displeasure, which seems to be
caused chiefly by seeing other birds feeding with it, is expressed by a
ridiculously feeble little sound like “pénch, pénch,” the feebleness
being made up for, to some extent, by the bird’s ferocious attitude
as he advances, with drooping wings and mouth wide open, towards
the object of his displeasure. The most unusual note is one it makes
use of only in the cold weather, at which time these birds sometimes
collect in small flocks, and only in the mornings and evenings,
seemingly for the purpose of collecting any scattered individuals. It
consists of aloud ciear whistle, 2 most wild and penetrating sound,
but at the same time rather musical than otherwise. It is an abnor-
mal sort of sound for a barbet to give utterance to, and had I not
followed up and shot some of these birds whilst actually whistling
thus, 1 should never have imagined what had made the sound.
(400) Gyanops cyanotis.~The Blue-eared Barbet.
Hume, No. 198 Ter.; Blanford, No. 1016.
Nearly as common all over the district as are Cyanops asiatica and
C. lineata, but it isa smarter little bird, and the nest-hole is not so easy
to find.
3
356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
I have taken the young of this species and brought them up from
the time when their eyes were shut to the time when they were fully
fledged. I may mention that their eyes do not open for some days.
As a rule, this little barbet lays three eggs, and sometimes only two ;
but, on the other hand, it does sometimes lay as many as four, as I have
taken this number of young. Sometimes when there are four eggs
they seem to be laid in pairs, as I once took two hard-set eggs and
two young, and, another time, four young birds of two distinct ages.
Twenty-four eggs average °96" x °70". The greatest length and
breadth is 1:07" and °83" and the least, either way 85" and ‘65". Most
eggs are rather long ovals, but others are very broad. :
(401) Cyanoprs nosustTrrostris.—The Thick-billed Barbet.
(Spec. nov.)
Whole plumage green, brightest and tinged with yellow on the
forehead ; visible portions of the wing rather dull grass-green; the
coverts tinged with yellow on the outer webs ; quills dark brown on
the inner webs and next the shaft on the outer webs ; the secondaries
edged pale yellow-cream on the inner webs; tail below dull blue-
green. Whole lower plumage rather bright but pale grass-green, the
lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, throat and upper breast strongly suffused
with blue ; the remainder of the lower parts rather less so, the under
iail-coverts being quite free from this colour.
Trides orange-brown ; orhital skin dull blue ; bill horny-black tinged.
with yellowish-horny at the base; legs pale slate, claws almost black.
Length 5:4"; wing 3:25" ; tail 1°70" ; tarsus °75" ; bill at front 65",
and from gape ‘98", h~eadth at forehead °36”.
For along time I considered this bird to be merely a young
C. cyanotis to which it bears a very strong resemblance, but on getting
some nestlings of C. cyanotis I was surprised tosee the dark forehead
very distinctly developed, and these same nestlings, when full grown,
had the forehead almost as dark as in the adult bird, although none
of the bright colours had begun to show. In these birds the bill and
feet were still unmistakably those of very young birds. Comparing
my bird with these young ones, I then found other differences were
as follows :—
To the first place, my bird, which showed by its feet and bill that it
was at least fully adult, had no trace of any dark forehcad but, on the
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 357
contrary, had this part distinctly brighter than elsewhere. The blue
colour is defined nowhere, but descends well down the breast.
The rictal bristles are longer and thicker. The bill is shorter than
in the adult bird of C. cyanotzs, but is wider at the base.
The bird is shorter and smaller than an adult Cyanops cyanotis, but
has a proportionately longer wing and tail.
The most noticeable thing about the bird is the breadth and stoutness
of the bill, and from this I have named it.
I have compared it with the birds of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
and here, where there are many skins of both C. duvaceld: and C. cyanotis
there is nothing with which it agrees. The late Mr. Oscar Fraser (ot
the Indian Museum), thinking the bird was a young C. duvaceliz, tried
to prove that such was the case, but admitted that it could not be done.
The bird was one of a large number which were feeding on a Ficus,
but, unfortunately, as I have already said, was cast on one side as a
young C. cyanotis, and no trouble was taken to obtain any others.
(402) XANTHOLAMA HAMATOCEPHALA.—The Crimson-breasted
Barbet.
Hume, No. 197; Blanford, No. 1019.
Very common in the plains, but not ascending the hills beyond
two or three hundred feet. I have often observed this small barbet,
as wellas C. cyanotzs, clambering about a tree like a woodpecker and
tap-tapping in the same manner, but it does not do this for the purpose
of hunting for insects, but to find a proper place in which to commence
its nest-hole, judging, I suppose, from the sound of the taps as to
whether the wood is sufficiently soft and rotven for the purpose
required.
OrpDEg—UPvUP&.
Family Upupide.
(403) Upupa zrops.—The European Hoopoe.
Hume, No. 254; Blanford, No, 1066,
A fairly frequent winter visitant ; one or two birds remaining to breed.
(404) Upura mnpica.—The Indian Hoopoe.
Hume, Nos. 254 bis and 255; Blanford, No. 1067.
The most common form of Hoopoe in Cachar is, undoubtedly, Oates’
U. longirostris ; next to this come birds which can be placed neither with
U. ceylonensis or U, longirostris and, finally,there are plenty of birds which
358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
are typical U. ceylonensis. The very fact of the two varieties being found
_in the same small area with many intermediate forms is alone almost
- sufficient to show that they belong to but one species. This bird is a
very early breeder, laying in February and early March, sometimes
earlier, for I have found half-fledged young on the 3rd of March. I
have, however, taken fresh eggs as late as 24th April. —
I have several times watched the cock-bird feeding the female
when she is engaged in incubation, still I donot think that, “like
the hornbill, she always remains on her nest until the young are
hatched.” .
In fact, I know she does not, for I have watched her of the nest and
taken the eggs by following her up on her return to it. When begin-
ning to be hard set, however, she does sit very closely on her eggs, and
but seldom leaves them. |
ORDER—TROGONES,
Family Trogonde. |
(405) Harpacres pRYTHROCEPHALUS.—The Red-headed Trogan.
Hume, No. 116; Blanford, No. 1101.
This is a common bird in suitable localities throughout Cachar up to
some 4,000 feet, being most often met with at about 2,000 feet. I
have taken a number of nests of this bird, or rather, I should say, a
number of eggs, for nests there are none, the bird laying its eggs in
some natural hollow of a tree, either on the chips and scraps which
‘have collected in it, or else placing there some half-dozen or so dead
leaves. Neither could I be certain that these leaves have been
so placed by the birds themselves, for in all the cases where I have
seen leaves, the hollows were large and exposed, so that they might
easily have been blown into them. The eggs are either three or
four in number, most often the former. They range in colour from a
very pale buff or caf? au lait toa somewhat warm, rich shade of the
same colours. I have seen no eges wholly white; the very palest in -
my collection contrast strongly with pigeons’ and other really white
eggs when they are placed alongside one another.
In shape they are often very spherical, but vary a good deal, some
being rather long ovals, though both ends are nearly always much
the same. The texture is beautifully close and fine, but seldom show-
ing any gloss, and the shell is stout and strong.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 359
They vary in length between -99" and 1:29", and in breadth between
*9" and 1:00," the average of 39 eggs being 1°15" "96".
I have one egg 99" "92", the most spherical I have seen, and another
1:24" °92" a remarkably different shape.
I have heard it utter two notes—onea sharp quavering cry not unlike
that of a peafowl, though naturally of far less. volume ; and the other a
soft ‘‘ chuck,” which it repeats at long intervals when seated or on
the wing in the evenings. Itis, however,.an extremely silent bird, and
one may be years in a place frequented by it without ever hearing its
note. .
It is very crepuscular in its habits, and avoids sunshine entirely. I
have often seen it about up to 10 a.m., but always in very shady places,
generally thick bamboo jungle or a shady nullah in deep forest.
It sometimes feeds on the wing very much, in the same manner
as do the night-jars, and their flight is like that of those birds,
swift. and perfectly noiseless; it is never sustained for any time,
the bird perching after every swoop for an insect. I have seen
them capturing termites and, whilst so engaged, could with diffi-
culty tell them from the night-jars which were also hawking about
in. some numbers.
ORDER—CoLUMBaz.
Family Columb:de,
Sub-Family Palumbine.
(406) Atsocomus puNiceus.—The Purple Wood-pigeon.
Hume, No. 782.
I may here mention that were I not following Oates’ classification
for the purpose of this Catalogue, I should most certainly have adopted
that of Count Salvadori as given in Vol. XXI of the British Museum
Catalogue ; and this genus Alsocomus and also Palumbus would have
been absorbed in that of Columba.
I do not think that A. puniceus is a rare bird in certain parts of Cachar,
but I have never yet seen it in North Cachar, nor have I seen it more
than twice in the plains, Two men, however, who collect for me in
the plains have brought me several specimens, and on one occasion
brought me the remains of two skins, together with two eggs. They
were received by me on the 12th of June, 1889, but had been taken
some days before, Not being well blown, they are rather discoloured,
360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
but they do not appear tome ever to have been very glossy. They
measure 1°63" 1°25" and 1°65’ 1:28" and seem to be very large
compared with the size of the bird. The two nests were said to be
rough structures of sticks, which could be seen through, placed in
small saplings about a man’s height from the ground. .
(407) PaLumBus PULCHRICOLLIS.—The Darjeeling Weod-pigeon.
Hume, No. 785.
T have seen but three specimens of this species, all taken on their
pests at Hungrum. The only two eggs I have measured are
1:55" 9¢ 1°15" and 1:50" x 1:17",
The nests were of the common pigeon type, but were lined with a
considerable number of feathers. They were placed on small trees in
thick forest, one about ten feet from the ground, the other fully twice
as high up.
Sub-Family Turturine.
(408) Turtur merna.—Syke’s Turtle Dove.
Hume, No. 793. (Turtur orientalis, B. M. Cat., Vol. XXI, p. 408.)
This bird is not common anywhere, and even less so above about
2,000 feet, though it is found as a straggler up to 3,000 or a little over.
The small size of its eggs has already been commented on as com~
pared with those of its very near ally T. pulchata, and I have found
that this is the case with the eggs of the birds of this district, though I
have some which run larger than any mentioned in Hume’s “ Nests
and Eggs;” the largest of mine is 1°37" x -97".
(409) TurtTUR suRATENSIS.—The Spotted Dove.
Hume, No. 195.
Extremely common everywhere.
(410) Turrur risorrus.—The Indian Ring Dove.
Hume, No. 796. (Turiur dourica, B. M. Cat., Vol. XXI, p. 480.)
Very rare indeed. I have seen three or four specimens only in a
state of nature, and two or three sking from the plains.
(411) TurTUR TRANQUEBARICUS.—The Ruddy Dove. (Turtur hume
lis, B. M. Cat., Vol. XXI, p. 485.)
Hume, No. 797.
Extremely common below 2,000 feet, but does not ascend very much
higher. I have taken hundreds of eggs which cannot be distinguished
from those of Turtur meena, though averaging somewhat larger.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, — 361
Sub-family Macropygiine.
(412) Macropyeia TusatiA.—The Bar-tailed Tree Dove.
Hume, No. 791.
This bird is very common in North Cachar, but not so much so in the
plains at any distance from the hills, though during the cold weather
it is plentiful all along the foot of the hills, frequenting the mustard
fields and other crops. It seems to be a silent bird except during the
breeding season, when it is just as noisy as itis quiet at other times.
Its call consists of a loud, very deep coo, more like the note of an im-
perial pigeon than that of a dove.
Tt breeds in great numbers at and about Hungram, making a rather
stoutly built nest of twigs, sometimes. with a rough lining of grass, but
most often with none at all, It may be placed on a small sapling only a
_ few feet: from the ground or else in a good sized tree as much as thirty
feet from it. The males appear to carry on the business of incubation
far more than the females, most of the birds I have caught on the nest
being of the former sex.
They lay either a single egg or else two, generally the latter. They
are of two very distinct types, though intermediate forms may be met
with. ,
The first isa long oval decidedly pointed at one end, though not
much compressed, and the second is the normal dove shape, only being
of a rather longer oval than usual. The colour ranges from a buff, so
pale as to appear white unless contrasted with real white, to a rather
warm tint of café au lait. Strange to say, the fist type of egg men-
tioned is almost invariably darker than the second.
My eggs are from 1:27" to 1°49" in length and from *90" to 1:05"
in breadth.
They lay in May, June and July, sometimes as early as April.
Sub-family Phapedine.
(413) CuancopHars InDIcA.—The Emerald Dove.
Flume, No. 798.
A fairly common bird in suitable localities up to about 2,500 feet,
more rare above that height, though I have seen it at Guilang, nearly
4,000 feet up.
362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Sub-family Carphopagine.
(414) CaRPoPHAGA NEA.—The green Imperial Pigeon.
Hume, No. 780.
This bird may be frequently met with nearly all over North Cachar,
but nowhere have I met with it in such large flocks as those in which
the next bird often collects. Itis of course equally plentiful in the
plains, where it breeds, as it is higher in the hills, and I have seen it on
the very highest of these, though it is most numerous in well wooded ©
valleys at about 2,000 feet elevation.
The size of the plums and berries which these birds swallow is most
astonishing. I have taken jamans from their crops, some of which I
am sure were almost as big as their own heads.
My eggs average 1°90" x 1°40", but they vary considerably in size,
the smallest being only 1°69" x 1:29" and the biggest 2°03" x 1:48",
nearly all are over 1°85" % 1°35",
The eggs mentioned in Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs’ (vol. II, p. 367)
seem to run much smaller, some being stated to be only 1°6" & 1:25".
(415) CarPpopHAGA INSIGNIS.—The Ruddy-backed Imperial Pigeon.
Hume, No, 781,
Extremely common in certain localities, but at the same time is not
so widely spread as C. wnea.
I have taken its nest on several occasions, and do not find that there
is any visible difference between that of this bird and that of the species
just mentioned. It normally lays but one egg, but I have taken two
from the same nest. The average of the eight eggs I have seen of
this bird is only 1:82" X 1°32", decidedly smaller than those of C. enea,
although the bird itself is rather the larger of the two.
(416) CaRPOPHAGA GRISEICAPILLA.—The Grey-headed Imperial
Pigeon.
Hume, No, 738i Ter.
Hume did not find this bird rare in parts of Manipur, but here, in
the country adjoining Manipur, I have seen but one typical bird, and
this one was a male caught by a Naga on its nest which contained the
usual single egg. It measures 1:93" 1°44".
The ruddy-backed bird of these hills approaches C. griseicapilla
in that it has the ear-coverts, cheeks, forehead and anterior crown
quite as grey as they are in that bird, but the posterior crown and
a a re
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 363
?
upper nape are always vinous, and the breast is never tinged with
lilac as it is in that bird. In fact it was this lilac tinge being so
strongly developed which first drew my attention to the bird above
mentioned, as on first getting it I thought it was only C. insignis.
Sub-family Treronine.
(417) TRERON NEPALENSIS.—The Thick-billed Green Pigeon.
Hume, No. 771.
The commonest green pigeon in these hills, and almost equally
plentiful in the plains,
Breeds everywhere in suitable places, generally placing its nest in
a bamboo clump situated in mixed bamboo and tree forest.
Fifty eggs average 1°10" *82", but they grade from 1°02” in length
to 1°38" and from *78" in breadth to 1:00’. The majority, however,
lie between 1°07" and 1°15" in length, -80” and 84" in breadth. They
breed principally in April, very few in March, and equally few as late
as June. ‘
(418) Crocopus PH@NICOPTERUS.—The Bengal Green Pigeon.
Hume, No. 772.
I have not met with this species, but there is a specimen in the
British Museum from Cachar.
(419) Crocorus viripirrons.—The Yellow-fronted Green Pigeon.
Hume, No. 773 bis.
This is the rarest of the North Cachar green pigeons, and is only,
as far as I know, to be found in one or two localities, of which the
Mahar valley is the one in which it is most often to be met with, and
where a few pairs of birds breed every season.
(420) OsmorrERow pisincra.—The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon.
Flume, No. 774.
Spread all over North Cachar and extending well into the plains,
it is not, however, anywhere very numerous.
‘he young male has the orange of the breast well developed by the
_ end of the first year, but the other colours of the breast are not, judging
from those young I have seen, shewn until the bird is well advanced
inte the second year. The nest of this species seems to be about the
most primitive of all pigeons’ nests. 1 have seen some which it
4
364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
would appear ridiculous to suppose capable of supporting a young f
brood and how they do succeed in so doing I cannot understand. I took
one nest in 1893 in which I do not think there were more than about
a score of twigs used and gaps shewed through the nest fully half an
inch in diameter, only just small enough not to allow of the eggs
falling through.
Although the bird is one of the largest of this genus, its eggs are
very little, if any, larger on an average than those of O. phayriz, etc.,
measuring about 1:1" by °89", They are broad, very regular ovals
and intensely glossy, almost like a kingfisher’s eggs in this respect.
(421) OsMOTRERON paayrit.—Phayre’s Green Pigeon.
Hume, No, (76.
Not as common as Teron nepalensis ; still to be met with in consi-
derable numbers everywhere below 3,000 feet.
The eggs and nests do not differ at all from those of Treron ; and
like those of that bird the latter are placed either in bamboo chimps,
high bushes or low saplings.
(422) SPHENOCERCUS SPHENURUS.—The Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon.
Hume, No. 778.
This bird is present in considerable numbers throughout North
Cachar at all levels and, during the breeding season, from 2,000 feet
upwards. It certainly does not perform here> either immigrations or
emigrations beyond the very partial one of working’ higher up as the
breeding season approaches. Nor do | think it is more numerous during
the cold weather than it is during the hot weather and rains, so that it
would appear that if, as Hutton thinks must be the case, the Western
birds migrate East, then they must go elsewhere than to Cachar, where
the number remains stationary. My eggs average 1:24" 90".
(423) SPHENOCERCUS APICAUDUS.—The Pin-tailed Green Pigeon,
Hume, No, 479.
More common a good deal than S. sphenurus, and inhabiting much
the same range, though it is found lower during. the breeding season.
Its nest is the usual one made by pigeons, and there is nothing to
remark about it.
The eggs average 1:30" :94" and vary in length between 1:09" and
1:37", and in breadth between °87" and 1:02".
Ca a
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAAR. 365
Their nests are generally built in rather heavy forest, never in
bamboo clumps, seldom on bushes, generally on young saplings at a
height of about 15 or 20 feet from the ground. |
It is extremely common at Guilang, about 3,500 feet elevation,
during the breeding season. Males do more of the incubation than
do the females.
. OrpDER—CucuvLI.
Family Cuculide,
-Sub-family Cuculine.
(424) Cucunus canorus.—The European Cuckoo.
flume, No. 199; Blanford, No. 1104.
Fairly common.
T have a very poor collection of skins of the Cuculide and have
been very unfortunate concerning these birds in every way, princi-
pally in taking a great number of eggs, cuckoos undoubtedly and
probably belonging to certain species, but the greater number of
which cannot be assigned to any one particular species with absolute
certainty. ; .
(425) CucuLus INTERMEDIUS.—The Asiatic Cuckoo.
Hume, No. 200 ; Blanford, No. 1105.
Ihave an egg taken from a nest of Suya crinigera, which also
contained three Suya’s eggs, which I believe to belong to this bird,
the proof being that a female of C. intermedius was shot that day
near the nest, and though I was at Haflang for some days prior to
taking the nest I saw no other Cuculus, nor did I see any after shoot-
ing the one in question.
The egg is a queer pale purplish stone-colour as far as the ground-
colour goes, the secondary markings consisting of darker and bluer
smears and blotches of the same colour, and the primary specks and
blotches being of various shades of brown. The ege can be
matched with many of C.canorus. This is not a very common bird
here, and I have shot more European than Asiatic cuckoos in Cachar.
(426) CucuLus MICROPTIRUS.—Gould’s Cuckoo.
Hume, No. 203; Blanford, No, 1107.
I have two specimens of this, both males in perfect plumage. One
was shot in the plains, the other at an elevation of about 3,500 feet.
366 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(427) Hizrococeyx varius.—The Common Hawk-Cuckoo.
Fume, No. 205 ; Blanford, No. 1109.
I have but one specimen of this bird, a very young male, with
heavy, broad, rufous striations to the whole of the lower plumage.
Besides this I have seen four or five others only, and, of these,
one was shot, so the collector informed me, as it flew off a nest.
This nest is, I think, that of a fiy-catcher of sorts, but there were
no eggs in it other than the one which was said to be the egg of
’ the cuckoo.
In colour it is a clear, bright, but not very pale blue, and isin shape
a broad almost perfect oval. It measures 1:07" %°82".
(422) Hrmrococcyx nistcotor.—Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo.
Hume, No. 206. (H. fugax, B. M. Cat., vol. xix, p. 236).
Blanjord, No. 1110. .
T have seen several specimens of this hawk-cuckoo, and in 1891
obtained an egg which really would seem to belong to it although so ©
utterly different from what would be expected.
I was hunting for the nest of a pair of Orthotomus coronatus at the
time, when a cuckoo flew from out of a tuft of grass about twenty
feet from me. I, of course, shot her, and before even picking her up
went to the tuft whence she flew and there found a nest of Stachyri-
dopsis containing two of its proper eggs and a third, much larger
than the two others put together. I then went for the cuckoo, which
I found to be A. niszcolor.
The egg is a pale bright olive-brown,. with the olive tinge very
strong, and in shape is a very perfect long oval. There is the faintest
possible sign of a cap of a darker hue at the extremity of the larger
end. This egg is °96"3<°63". A second egg was got by a Huropean
taxidermist of mine who took it from the nest of a small Niltava.
He informed me that he had distinctly seen the bird get off the nest,
and that he then shot it.
The egg is very like the one just described, but is a darker brown,
less olive, and measures only *87"x°64",
T must add, however, that this same taxidermist was quite the most
fluent liar I have ever met, and that though his story is probable, and
it is true that he did bring home this ege and a bird of this species on
THE BIRDS OF NORTIT CACHAR. 367
the same day, I place very little reliance on his assertion that he saw
the bird leave the nest.
These eggs seem to be exactly like the one taken by Mandelli from,
the oviduct of a female, yet I feel dissatisned with them and am sure
they ought to be blue. The notes collected by Hume on the nidifica~
tion of these hawk-cuckoos is fearfully conflictin
my notes will only add to the confusion.
It seems utterly improbable that £7. spaverozdes,' H. pisialon, and
HZ, varius should lay different coloured eggs, yet, so far the evidence is,
Major Bingham took a blue egg from the oviduct of H. varius, Mandelli
took one coloured olive-brown from the oviduct of an HZ. niszcolor, and -
Mr. Davison saw H. sparveroides build a nest and lay a white egg,
whilst Miss Cockburn is equally positive that she took two nesis, but
the eggs were white marked with brown. .
(429) Hrmrococcyx sPARVEROIDES.—The Large Hawk-Cuckoo,
Hume, No. 207 ; Blanford, No. 1109.
Here again my evidence as to eggs is most meagre. I have one egg
taken from the nest of a Pellorneum which is supposed to belong to
this bird, because a female was shot near the nest. This is of the
same type as the last two, but a good deal darker than they and also
a more pointed oval, It measures 1:02" °72"
g, and I am afraid
(430) CAcoMANTIS MERULINUS.—The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.
Jerdon, No. 209; Blanford, No, 1113.
Hume says that he found the bird very common in Cachar, I have
not found it so in North Cachar, but have recéived a large number
from the plains.
(431) SuryicuLus LuguBRIs.—The Drongo Cuckoo,
Hume, No. 210; Blanford, No. 1117. |
I have seen but three specimens of this handsome little cuckoo, all
three shot by Mr. Inglis in 1894 near Silchar itself.
(432) CHatcococcyx macuLATus.—The Emerald Cuckoo,
flume, No. 211; Blanford, No. 1116.
Here at last my evidence on the oology of a cuckoo is fairly complete.
I had received other eggs before and on very fair evidence, but at
last I was to haye some of a sort not very likely to be beaten. A Naga
368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
found a nest of Stackyris migriceps, and in accordance with his usual
custom set a hair noose at the entrance of the nest and went away.
Returning an hour or so afterwards he found a female Emerald —
Cuckoo still alive in the noose, which was one made with an extra
long mithna hair, On examining the nest I was delighted to find that
in addition to the two white eggs it originally contained there was a
third of a very different character.
This is an egg with a very pale pinkish-cream ground, and is
blotched rather profusely with pale neutral tint and greyish-pink and,
less freely, with spots and short lines of rather dark reddish-brown.
There is no definite cap or zone, but the markings are more numerous
and more confluent at the larger end. The shape is a blunt oval,
somewhat compressed towards the smaller end. The shell is very
fine, rather fragile, and has a slight gloss. It measures °78"x "62",
Another egg very similar, but less marked, sent me by Mr. Hole from
Jeliaipur, was found ina nest of Turdinus abbott? which also contained
two eggs of the rightful owner. This egg is ‘82! x60".
A third egg I took myself from the nest of a common tailor-bird —
at Gunjong.” When first found it had two tailor-bird’s eggs in it as
well as the cuckoo’s, but I waited a day and the owner of the nest
laid another egg. Ishot an emerald cuckoo, in. the same piece of
jangie, but nowhere near the nest, the following day to that on which
it was found. Iam satisfied as to the ownership of the cuckoo’s egg,
as there is no other small cuckoo here which could have laid it, the
eggs of the genus Cacomantis being so totally different. This third
egg is more minutely speckled than either of the others, but is of the
same colour and shape. It is °78"'63". Ihave had other eggs sent
me from Cachar as being the eggs either of this or the next species,
and these agree well with those already described.
The bird is very rare in North Cachar, but is almost common in the
plains at certain seasons. Mr. Hole had a lovely series, of both this
and the following species, collected at Jellalpur.
(433) CHALcococoyx XANTHORHYNcHUS.—The Amethyst Cuckoo.
Hume, No, 211 bis; Blanford, No. 1115.
I have not a single specimen of this bird in my collection, and it
is very rare in the Hills, although quite the contrary in certain
portions of the plains.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 369
(434) Coccysrus sacopinus.—The Pied-crested Cuckoo.
Hume, No. 212; Blanford, No. 1118.
A rare bird everywhere, but I have been rather lucky in taking
two. eggs of this bird, both of which I believe to be authentic.
In both cases the egg was ina nest of Aleippe nepalensis, and in
both cases I disturbed the bird, in one case shooting it.
The two eggs measure 1:00" X 90" and):99" x °79", both being
rather larger than most eggs of this species, and had I not got one
of the birds and that one the layer of the larger ege of these two, I
should have been rather doubtful about them.
(435) CoccysTes coramanpus.—The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.
Hume, No. 218 ; Blanford, Noy Wa Oe
This form is somewhat more common than the last in the hill
portion of the district, less so in the plains portion.
I have been most lucky in obtaining eggs of this species, and have |
now six authentic eggs in my own collection besides others which I
have given away.
_ My eggs are as follows :—
Ist. An egg taken froma nest of Garrulax moniliger which con-
tained three Garrulax eggs, one of which was broken by the cuckoo
in its struggles to escape.
The cuckoo’s egg is of a most beautiful soft blue-green colour, not
unlike that of the Laughing-thrush’s eggs themselves, but the texture
is utterly different, being extremely fine, close, and of a satiny texture
like that of the eggs of the Capitonide. There is a very faint gloss,
The shape of the egg is very spherical, aud it measures 1°13" 1-00".
2nd. The second, which was found in an empty nest of G. pec-
toralis, only differs in being smaller, 1:05" °81".
3rd. This was ina nest of G. montliger and measures 1°12" x -90". .
4th and 5th. Again ina nest of G. moniliger with three eggs of
that bird and two of the cuckoo’s, which bird was shot as it got off the
nest. Of these two egos one was congealed and bad, impossible even
to blow, and the other was quite fresh, They measure 1:09" x -92"
and 1:04" 5°87",
6th. This, the only egg not taken froin the nest of a Garvrulaz, was
found in that of Copsychus saularis ; the female was shot by a Cachari
with slugs, and smashed all te pieces, and an egg just ready to be Inid
370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
was also smashed, so I cannot say whether the other was laid by her or
not. It measures 1:05" x:90".
All these eggs are identical in shape, colour and texture, differing
only in size.
They were taken on the dates given below :-—
31st May, 1890, 17th May, 1892, 17th June, 1692, 80th May, 1892,
and 1st June, 1892, in the order in which they are described.
In May and June, 1892, T must have seen fully four times as many
birds as I have seen in the other seven years that I have lived in
Cachar. ,
(436) Eupynamis HonoratTa.—The Indian Coél.
Hume; No. 214; Blanford, No. 1120.
The common form here is the Malayan type. It is, of course, very
numerous in the plains, but does not ascend the hills to any height.
Sub-Family Phenicophene.
(437) Reopopytes tTristis.—The Large Green-billed Malkoha.
Hume, No, 215 ; Blanford, No. 11238.
Very common up to about 3,000 feet:
This isa very familiar bird in these hills, and I have even seen it
enter my compound. I never saw it feed on the wing until a few
days ago, when, as I was walking along a forest path, one of these
birds flew out of the bushes by the side and chased a large grass-
hopper, which passed by it, eventually catching it when within a yard
or two of my feet.
The eggs vary enormously in size, viz., from 1°24” to 1°68" in length
and from °86" to 1:17" in breadth.
The average of forty is 1°46" x 1:08".
They generally lay three eggs, sometimes only two.
Sub-Family Centronodine.
(438) CENTROCOCCYX INTERMEDIUS.—Lhe Burmese Coucal.
lume, No. 217 quai; Blanford, No. 1130.
The birds obtained in Cachar are nearer this form than any other,
but it is quite impossible to discriminate between them properly, even
Hume, the great splitter-up of the coucals, calls the Manipur form
(che same as this) neither true C. intermedius or true C. rujipennis, and
so throughout, the different forms all blend one into another, and the
variations at their highest value can he but subspecific.
=e. 22
THE BIRDS OF NORTH Cl CHAR. 371
It is fairly common, but not exceedingly so, in the plains of Cachar,
and almost rare in the hills, where, instead of being the “ every day
familiar ” bird it is in Bengal, it is as shy and wild as possible.*
(439) CenTROcoccyxX BENGALENSIS.—The Lesser Coucal.
Hume, No. 218; Blanford, No. 1135.
There are two distinct sizes of this bird in Cachar, both inhabiting
exactly the same places.
One of these is of the largest size, the total length averaging 16
inches, and the wing a little over seven.
The #naller form averages not more than 12 inches, and has the
wing only 55". I have seen no intermediate forms, but as yet have
too small a series to make any assertions about them.
(440) Taccocua tuscHENAULTI.—The Bengal Sirkeer.
Hume, No. 220; Blanford, No. 1129.
This was a bird I was much surprised to see up here, but in the hills
it seems as common as, or not more rare than, the last bird. I have
not received any notice of it from the plains, and it does not seem to
occur there.
ar
* Since writing the above, I see that Blanford has joined rufipennis, maximus, inter--
medius and sinensis under the one name of sinensis, a conclusion in which Lmost. heartily.
concur, 80: that this bird will now stand as Centropuys sinensis.
372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By J. Davinson, T, R. Bett, anp BH. H. Arrkey,
Part Il.
(With Plates IV and V.)
(Continued from page 259, Vol. X.)
Family LYCENIDAd.
This large family of butterflies is very numerous in Canara, and we
have succeeded in obtaining the following :—
10. Neopithecops zalmora, Butler. (No. 641 of de Nicéville.)
This is common everywhere, both above and kelow the ghats, in and
near evergreen forests and wherever its food-plant occurs. We have
found it at all seasons.
Its larva is of the usual woodlouse form common among the “ blues.”
[i is of a rough texture, with the segments well defined, pubose
under the lens; the head concealed and the sides flattened ; colour
a bright apple-green, with a faint darker Jine along the middle
of the back.
It feeds on Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa, and the pupa is
attached to the leaf, parallel to it ; the thoracic part is narrow and
contracted, and the abdominal rounded, and considerably higher
than the thorax.
It is of a bright green, with a darker dorsal line, and a similar
line forming the boundary of the abdominal segments. It has a row
of minute dark spots along these lines. We have taken the larvee in
Karwar throughout the rains, and no doubt this species breeds
throughout the year.
71. Spalgis epius, Westwood. (No, 642 of de Nicéville.)
This is a distinctly local butterfly, but fairly common where it
occurs. We have taken it often at Karwar, and abundantly north
of Karwar along the Goa frontier. Elsewhere where we have been it
cannot be common.
Its early stages and carnivorous habits were fully described at
page 485 of Vol. VIII of the Journal.
TH& BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 373
72. Megisba malaya, Horsfield. (No. 645 of de Nicéville.)
This insect we consider rare, and have only taken avery few
specimens, almost all on the line of the ghats in the south of the
District or at Karwar. We have never reared the larva.
73. Chilades trochilus, Preyer. (No. 673 of de Nicéville.)
This, the smallest butterfly we know, is common along the coast,
in open grass country. We have only takemit in the cold weather,
and it does not seem to appear till the very end of the rains.
74. Cyaniris puspa, Horsfield. (No. 681 of de Nicéville.)
This butterfly is common at the beginning of the rains and again
towards its closé, and throughout the cold weather. The rains form
differs much from that of the cold weather, the markings on the
underside being very much more pronounced,
The larva is of the woodlouse form, but not flattened, the ridge
being well defined. It looks smooth, but under a microscope is seen
to be covered with short white hair. Its colour is green, with a pink
longitudinal band along the centre of the back which gradually becomes
narrower and disappears as it reaches the tail, The sides are also
strongly suffused with pink, the colour of the young leaves of the
Jamba (Xylia dolabriformis, Benth.), on which it generally feeds.
It may be noted that it also feeds on Cylista scariosa.
The pupa is short and stout, the thoracic and abdominal portions:
being about the same height. Its colour varies with its situation, but
is generally a brownish-white, much mottled with darker brown, and
with a darker band along the thorax, extending along the centre of
the abdomen. It is smooth and not covered witl hair.
75. Cyaniris limbatus, Moore. (No. 693.)
This is a very common species in the cold weather in the south of
the District. We have, however, only found it in the neighbourhood
of the ghats there, and have not noticed it elsewhere.
76. Zizera lysimon, Hiibner. (No. 699.)
Common from September onwards along the coast.among short grass.
The larva, which feeds on a small vetch (Zornia diphylla), is of the
usual form, but narrow, and is not attended by ants; it is covered
with minute light coloured hairs, Colour grass-green, with a lighter
marginal line,
374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
The pupa is of the usual form, narrow, green, with a slightly darker
line dorsally, and with brown edges to the wing-covers,
77. Zizera gaika, Trimen. (No. 702.)
This isa common species in long grass and in scrubby jungle, all
along the coast during the cold weather. It is also found commonly
above the ghdts in similar places. We have bred the larva commonly
above the ghats on the flowers of Nelsonia. It was of the usual wood-
louse form, but narrower than Z. lysimon, Hiibner ; segments well
marked and covered with dense black bristles ; colour transparent green
with a subdorsal white stripe, and a red dorsal blotch on each segment.
Pupa green, very slender, thickest in the centre, anal end very narrow,
rounded ; thorax only slightly humped, covered with thin, longish,
white hairs.
78. Zizera otis, Fabricius. (No, 703.)
This is another species found in the cold weather in great numbers in
similar places to Z. lysmon, Hiibner. We have never found the larva.
79. Lyccenesthes emolus, Godart. (No. 711.)
This butterfly is fairly generally distributed above and below the
chats, but, as far as we have been able to judge, is only found near water,
and is very local. We have taken it commonly in one locality near
Karwar in the early rains, also in the Kumta taluka, and in the Supa
petta. We reared considerable numbers of the larvae. They are very
similar in shape and marking to Arhopala described hereafter, but
with a small shiny green head. The colour is dark rose, or grass-
green, the margins of the second and anal segments being slightly
hairy, segments corre gated on the sides.
The pupa is of the ordinary lyceenid shape, largest and thickest at
the thorax, anal segment hoof-shaped. The colour varies from dusky
pink to grass-green ; on the back of the thorax there is a light diamond-
shaped mark. The larva feeds on Saraca indica and on Combretum
eatensum, and is looked after by red ants. Both larvee and pupee
are gregarious.
80. Lyccenesthes lyceenina, Felder. (No. 712.)
This species is less common than the last, and we have only found
it in the Siddapur taluka, along the 18 miles of road from the river at
old Gairsoppa to the famous falls of the same name, and at Ulyi in
the Supa petta.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANALA DISTRICT. 375
81. Talicada nyseus, Guérin. (No. 715.)
This species is very common among gardens, both above the ghats
and on the coast, and seems never to make any lengthy flights from
the neighbourhood of its food-plant, Bryophyllum calycinum. It is
found at all seasons, but is specially abundant in the hot weather. The
larva is onisciform, but much rounded, and with the segments at the
divisions very clearly defined, head small, almost concealed ; last seg-
ment flattened. It is in colour fleshy-white, with a row of nine small
black dots along the back on each side, and a ring of four similar dots
on the segment nearest the head ; it is profusely covered with small
white hairs. It feeds in the interior of the fleshy leaves of Bryophyl-
lum calycinum, only emerging in order to turn into a pupa. This
latter much resembles the larva, being short and blunt, and covered
with short white hair. It is of the same fleshy colour as the larva,
and has two lines of small black dots along the surface of the abdomen
continued along the thorax. It also has a third row of four similar
dots on the middle of the abdomen between them ; the two dots on the
thorax nearest the head are also connected by two other dots, The
iarva and pupa are figured on Plate IV, figures 1 and la.
82. Hveres argiades, Pallas. (No. 716).
We have obtained one specimen of this in the Supa petta. It was
bred among some larvae of Catochrysops, and was not discriminated
at the time.
83. Nacaduba macrophthalma, Felder. (No. 719.)
The Nacadubas are difficult to discriminate, and are no doubt often
mistaken for one another, and as they are very cémmon it is impossible
to slaughter every one seen in the hope of its turning out one of the
rarer species.
This species we have only taken near the Falls at Gairsoppa, and in
the neighbourhood of Siddapur, twelve miles off. All were taken in
December and January.
84. Nacaduba hermus, Felder=viola, Moore. (No, 722.)
This butterfly, the male of which can easily be known by its sharply
pointed forewing, we have only taken near Karwar. All the males
were obtained during the rains, while basking on “ karwi” on the tops of
the hills. We also procured two females near the coast at Karwar,
Qn the underside the ground-colour is a yery rich chestnut.
376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
85. Nacaduba noreca, Felder—ardates, Moore. (Nos. 724 & 730.)
This butterfly, here always tailed, is very common near Karwar.
The underside of the male is grey, while that of the female is rich
fawn. We have reared many larvee on the flowers of Acacia cesia.
They resemble those of NV. atrata, Horsfield (described below), the
segments being very distinctly marked, but differ-in being much
smaller, and having the hinder margin of each segment dorsally
bordered broadly by bright yellow. The pupa is indistinguishable except
by size from that of WV. atrata.
86. Nacaduba plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason & de Nicéville.
(No. 727.)
This butterfly, which resembles a small washed-out NV. atrata,
Horsfield, is fairly common in Karwar.
We have bred it on Wagatea spicata only. The larva is also similarly
shaped to that of NV. atrata, but the segments are not so clearly
defined. It is pale green with a dark or reddish line on the
back, and a faint yellowish line on each side. The pupa differs
from NV. atrata by being narrower, and the markings not so well
defined.
87. Nacaduba atrata, Horsfield. (No. 725.)
This is the commonest of the small blues in the district, and is
found at all seasons and everywhere. Its larva, which feeds on
Embelia robusta, is of the usual woodlouse form; the back is elevated,
and the segments most distinctly defined; the anal segment is
flattened ; the back forms a distinct ridge ; the colour is green, but
there is a purple line along the ridge of the back ; the other segments
are also edged with the same colour. The head is small, amber-
coloured, with a darker border.
The pupa is short and stout, constricted slightly between the thorax
and abdomen, and has slight traces of a ridge along the back, In
colour it is a dingy greenish-brown, powdered with black. There
is an interrupted dark band along the middle of the back, and also
spots of blackish on the abdominal segments and just beyond the wing
covers and on the sides of the thorax. It is smooth and only fastened
at the tail, parallel with the leaf to which it is attached. The larva
and pupa appear on Plate IV, figures 2 and 2a.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NOKTH CANARA DISTRICT, 377
88. Nacaduba dana, de Nicéville. (No. 731.)
We have only taken a few of this butterfly, and all, the localities
of which we have recorded, were from the Siddapur taluka, in the
south of the district above the ghats, or from the Supa petta.
89. Jaumides bochus, Cramer. (No. 783.)
This is one of the most local Lycenzde in the district, but we have
occasionally taken it both above and below the ghats.
The larva, which we have taken at Karwarin June, is hardly
distinguishable from that of Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield ; it is, how-
ever, covered with minute hairs, and is generally of an olive-green
colour and without the reddish suffusion so generally noticed in
C. pandava. The pupa is indistinguishabie from that of C. pandava.
The larva feeds on Xylia dolabriformis, and also onthe flowers of
- Butea frondosa.
90. Lampides elpis, Godart. (No. 734.)
Fairly common both above and below the ghats, wherever there
are evergreen jungles or gardens planted with cardamoms
The larva feeds on the flowers and seeds of the cultivated cardamom,
and also on those of Kempferia pandurata. It is very similar to that
of L. celeno, Cramer, but is, of a pink hue, with well-defined stripes
of red dorsally and laterally.
The pupa, which is formed inside the fruit, or in the cluster of dead
flowers above the fruit, is smooth and of a duil yellowish-brown,
marked with interrupted dorsal bands of a darker brown. In shape
it is similar to L. celeno.
91, Lampides celeno, Cramer =elianus, Fabricius. (No. 738.)
A very common butterfly everywhere in Canara. The larva,
which generally feeds on the Kurunj (Pongamia glabra), but which
we have also found feeding on the flowers and in the pods of Abrus
precatorius, bas been fully described in Mr. de Nicéville’s “ Butterflies
of India,” vol. iii, at page 161. The pupa is of the ordinary
shape of the small blues, and is quite smooth.
92. Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius. (No. 743.)
A common butterfly in the cold weather above the ghats, and
locally along the coast. We have net obtained it at Karwar in the
rains.
- We have reared the larva on the flowers of Ougeinia dalbergioides,
and on Schleichera trijuga. They are of the usual shape, head light
378 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
yellow, margined with brown ; body light rose, covered with tiny star-
topped stems, so arranged as to make diagonal whitish lines to each
segment ; a subdorsal line on the back ; anal segment nearly square ;
the margin of the body clothed with light-coloured and longish hair.
Pupa of the usual form, covered with stiff erect hair; colour light rose,
with a black patch on the second segment and centre of thorax ; it has
also a dark dorsal line, and the lower segments are smudged with black.
93. Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius. (No. 745.)
This butterfly we have found in similar places and times to Cato-
chrysops strabo, Fabricius, but it is hardly as common.
The larve: and pupe we have found indistinguishable from the
last, and on the same plants.
94, Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield. (No. 750.)
One of the commonest butterflies in Karwar during the rains, and.
noticed at other seasons. Its larve may be found any month from
May to November, and probably at all other seasons when its food
plants have young shoots. Its commonest food is the yamba (Xylia.
dolabriformis), but we have occasionally taken it on Wagatea spicata.
The larva is of the usual woodlouse form, smooth, and much flattened
underneath ; it is usually of a darkish green, with a broad dorsal
band, narrowing towards the head ; the sides have a number of faint
oblique pinkish lines; the head is small and dark green. It is.
attended by ants.
The pupa much resembles that of L. celeno, Cramer, but is smaller,
much narrower, and Jess flattened ; it is of a darkish green as a rule,
with a darker dorsal kand.
95. Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. (No. 752.)
Isa rare butterfly in Canara, a few only being seen in the cold weather
in the east of the district and along the opener portions of the coast.
The form we get here is the very small one which has been
separated as 7. nara, Kollar.
We have reared this in Bombay on Zizyphus jujuba, as mentioned
in our former paper.
96. Tarucus plinius, Fabricius. (No. 758).
Also an uncommon butterfly in Canara. We took two or three
specimens in June on the top of a hill near Karwar. These are the
only specimens of which we haye records. oe
LHE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 279
97. Castalius rosimon, Fabricius. (No. 759.)
This is fairly common throughout the year, but much more go in
the cold weather. Its larva, which feeds on Ziziphus jujuba, is of a
rough texture, as if shagreened all over. It is of the usual woodlouse
form, much fiattened towards the anal segment, which is very broad ;
head concealed ; colour bright green, with a double, dorsal, yellow line,
and the sides powdered with small yellow spots.
The pupa is fastened by the tail along a leaf horizontally (the band
across the thorax being very lax). It is much contracted at the thorax,
while the abdominal portion is large and rounded, and much higher
than the thorax. It is of a bright green, with faint yellow bands on
the abdemen and two or three black spots there. It also shows traces
of a darker band in the centre of the abdomen.
98. Castalius ananda, de Nicéville. (No. 760.)
A. very local butterfly, but common where it occurs. We have
taken it abundantly on the coast North of Karwar near the Goa
frontier, in various other places in the opener jungles below the ghéts,
and also along the ridge of the ghats,
The larva, which like that of C. rosimon, Fabricius, feeds only on the
parenchyma of the leaf, is of the usual woodlouse form, slightly flattened ;
head concealed in the second segment ; surface more or less rough ;
a fringe of long white bristles all round, with an erected ridge of
similar bristles along the back from the 2nd segment; those on the
3rd to 7th segments, and the last two much longer than the others ;
those on the 2nd segment very few, short and black. It has a con-
spicuous gland on the 12th segment, and is attended by a small species
of ant of the genus Cremastogaster. Its colour is pale green, the dorsal
portion of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and last two segments being park
brown, while the centre segments are almost yellow with a darker
dorsal line. We found it feeding on Zizyphus xylepyrus, and also cn
Loranthus, where it was also attended by Cremastogaster ants.
The pupa is of the usual Castalius form, but narrow and slightly
flattened. It is intensely glossy, as if covered with gum. It varies
in colour, being sometimes black, at others green with ineconstant
black markings. The larva and pupa are figured on Plate :1V,
“foures 3 and 3a,
6
380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
99. Castalius ethton, Doubleday and Hewitson. (No. 761.)
This is a local little butterfly, found in particular limited localities
all over the district, and noticed at all seasons.
The caterpillar, which feeds on young shoots of Zizyphus jwjuba,
is of the woodlouse form, but flattened. Its texture, though appa-
rently smooth, is, if looked at with a lens, found to be thickly covered
with white hairs; its colour is greenish-white with a faint, green,
dorsal band.
The pupa is similar in shape to that of C. rostmon, Fabricius, but
smaller and narrower. It is of a bright apple green, with a darkish
green line down the centre. There are some small red dots on the
edges of the wing-cases. The larva and pupa are figured on Plate IV,
figures 4 and 4a.
100. Castalius decidia, Hewitson. (No. 766.)
This is the commonest species of the genus, and its larva and pupa
were described in our former paper. It feeds on Zzzyphus rugosa, and
may be known from that of C. e¢hion, Doubleday and Hewitson, by
having two green bands on the back instead of one. The butterfly
is common everywhere at all seasons.
101. Potyommatus beticus, Linneeus. (No. 767.)
Fairly common avove the ghats in the cold and hot weather, and
possibly so in the rains. Below, in the cold weather, sparingly found
in places on the immediate coast, We have not noticed it during the
rains. The larva feeds on the buds of Tvor (Cajanus indicus), and
fields of that grain swarm with the butterfly in February. We also
got great numbers ¢f larvae on Butea frondosa. They were of the
usual form, bat much corrugated : head yellow with a black cheek
spot, margin fringed with short hairs, anal portion rounded ; colour
obscure yellow.
Pupa almost similar to that of Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield,
but more rounded ; it is formed loosely on the ground, or in some
cases under a clod, the larva falling with the withering flower.
102. Amblypodia anita, Hewitson. (No. 771.)
A common butterfly in the hot weather and in the earlier half of the
rains wherever there is evergreen jungle. Also occasionally noticed
during the cold weather. The caterpillar is a very striking object.
It is of the woodlouse form and large for the size of the butterfly
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 381
the segments are poll defined, giving the back and sides a serrated
outline ; the colour is an oily yellow with a broad, dorsal, electric
blue line (a colour it is impossible to paint), not extending to the last
segment, a subdorsal line on each side of a similar colour, but narrow-
er, and not extending to the last two segments, and a similar lateral
narrower line : head small and of a clear transparent brown devoid of
markings. The second segment projects and is cloven in the middle,
acting as a shield to the head; the legs, feet, and lower parts are
yellowish-green. It feeds on young shoots of Olax scandens, Rox.
The pupa is thick, broad, and ofa rough texture ; it has no protuber-
ances, and is fixed by the tail (which is short and broad) along a leaf,
the thoracic band being very five ; in colour it is of a whitish-brown,
slightly tinged with purple. It has two faint, interrupted bands
extending from the tail obliquely to the thorax ; it is also mottled with
brown round the thorax. The larva and pupa appear on Plate IV,
figures 5 and 5a.
103, Iraota timoleon, Stoll. (No. 775.)
A common butterfly at Karwar, and along the coast as far south as
Kumta, Elsewhere we have no record of having observed it. We
have taken it at all seasons, it being most decidedly one of the
“basking” blues, The larva, which feeds on young shoots of the
various fig-trees, has been described, with the pupa, in our former
paper. We figure them now on Plate IV, figures 6 and 6a.
104, Surendra quercetorum, Moore. (No, 778.)
This is a rare butterfly everywhere. We have taken it in Karwar
during the rains, and at Gairsoppa and Kutgul, both jungly places
below the ghats. Above the ghats in the Supa petta i is also sparsely
distributed,
Larva onisciform, anal segments flattened ; slightly ridged along the
back ; head concealed by a plate, which is distinctly separated from the
next segment, colour light green, with a broad pink band in the
middle of the back, centered by a dark green line, a pink lateral band
above the legs on each side, the sides banded obliquely with alternate
bands of very light and dark green. It feeds on the young thorny
shoots of Acacia pennata, Willd.
Pupa fastened only by the tail, shortand stout, with the head slightly
“pointed and the thorax higher than the abdomen ; it is of an almost
382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
uniform dark browa. The larva and pupa are figured on Plate IV,
figures 7 and 7a,
105. Thaduka multicaudata, Moore. (No. 785.)
This butterfly we have found in December and January, and also iw
April, at one place only, along the road from the village of Nagar-
bustikeri to Malemane. This is the road travellersto the Falls on
the Gairsoppa river have to traverse. We have only taken seven
specimens in all, though a good deal of time has been expended on
searching for them.
106. Arhopala centaurus, Fabricius. (No. 786.)
A very common butterfly all over Canara during the end of the
hot weather and the early portion of the rains, and occasionally at all
other seasons.
The larva was fully described in our former paper (page 354 of
Vol. V). We have found it on Flopea, Terminalia paniculata, Xylia
dolabriformis, and Lagerstremia microcarpa, Wet. The larva and
pupa are figured on Plate IV, figures 8 and 8a.
107. Arhopala amantes, Hewitson. (No. 791.)
Equally or more common than A. centaurus, Fabricius, and found
at the same seasons. The larva, which feeds on the same plants, is
very similar, but differs in the hairs being longer. It is a much paler
eaterpillar, the 4th and 5th segments and the 10th having the back
a clear chrome-yellow instead of brown. It is usually attended by
masses of red ants. It is figured at No. 9 on Plate [V. The pupa is so
similar to that of A. centawrus that differences can only be discovered!
by microscopic examination.
108. Arhopala abseus, Hewitson. (No. 794.)
A single specimen of this butterfly, hitherto, we believe, only
obtained in Eastern India, was caught by us at Siddapur (above the
ghits, in the south of the district), in the month of January. We
saw another at Karwar in June.
109. Arkopala eanaratca, Moore. (No. 799.)
This butterfly is fairly common in the southern portion of the
district, as far north as Kumta. It is also found sparsely in the
valleys of Supa in the north, We have never noticed it in the
neighbourhood of Karwar. _
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANAGA DISTRICT, 383
The larva is of the usual Arhopala type, but more flattened, and is
of a pale, washed-out yellow, with a pink suffusion at the sides, and
two pale yellow lines down the back; head small, with a brown crooked
mark upon it; sides covered with numerous small hairs. It generally
feeds on Hopea, but no doubt occasionally resorts to kendal—
(Terminalia paniculata). |
The pupa, which is formed in a cluster of leaves spun together, is of
the usual Arhopala type, and is of a uniform dark brown.
110. Arhopala bazalus, Hewitson. (No. 804.)
This butterfly is found very much in the same localities as A. cana-
vaica, Moore, but is rather more common though rare there. We have
taken several in Karwar itself.
The Jarva is shaped similar to that of A. canaraica, but even more
flattened. It is of a very transparent greenish-yellow, with a darker
green dorsal band. The pupa is shaped like A. canarazca, and is un-
marked, the abdominal portion being white, and the thoracic a
transparent green. It feeds on Hopea, and rarely on kindal.
111. Curetds thetis, Drury. (No. 850.)
This is a common butterfly, especially on the coast throughout the
rains. The beautiful green and white caterpillar has been so fully
described in Mr. de Nicéville’s book (vol. iii, page 287) that it is un-
necessary to take up space in redescribing them. We have found them
feeding upon the “ karanj,” (Pongamia glabra, Vert.), on Wagatea
Spicata, and also on the flowers of Abrus precatorius.
112, Curetis bulis, Doubleday and Hewitson. (No. 858.)
A form which we identify as this is much varer than C. thetis,
Drury, and the only dated specimen we have was taken at Gairsoppa
in October. We also reared Curetis of this type above the ghats on
the flowers of Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth. The larvee were of a
pinkish colour, but otherwise like C. thetis.
118. Zesius chrysomallus, Hiibner. (No. 890.)
This is another very common coast butterfly in Canara. The larvee
feed on numerous plants (among them the guava, Psdia guava), but
it is most commonly found on Xylia dolabriformis and Terminalia
tomentosa and T. panicuiata. It was described in our former paper.
Tt is about the most carnivorous caterpillar we know, and woe to any
“Ssetrhopala, or to one of its own kind, which attempts to change its skin
884 JOURNAL, BQUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
or turn into a pupa, if there is a nearly full grown Zestus about.
He will be devoured in preference to any amount of tender leaves,
Like the Arhepalas, Zesius is attended by red ants, and possibly one
of their uses may be to restrain his cannibal habits. The larva and
pupa are figured on Plate IV, figures 10 and 10a.
114. Camena cippus, Fabricius. (No. 893.)
We have only taken this butterfly in the neighbourhood of Karwar,
where the males are common on sunny days on the tops of the hills.
All the males of the genus Camena have the habit of basking on trees
on the very highest peaks, and on a fine day specimens of the three
kinds we find in Canara will almost certainly be taken. The first to
appear is C. deva, Moore, which is generally basking by 10 o’clock ; in
another hour-and-a-half its place will be taken by this species, and late
in the afternoon, about two o’clock, C. cleobis, Godart, appears. Of these
C. cippus is the commonest, and C. cleobis the most scarce. Females
of C. céppus are however rare, and we have only caught two specimens,
They do not seem to have been described. They are larger than the
males, and want the bright silver underside, being of a light copper
colour ; all the lines of the male are however accurately reproduced ;
on the hindwing on the underside the space between the linear
band and the margin of the wing is a good deal suffused with white.
Above, the female is similar to the male, but the brilliant dark
metallic blue is replaced by a pale, but still slightly metallic, blue.
We have failed as yet to discover the caterpillar.
115. Camena deva, Moore. (No. 895.)
We have found tltis butterfly fairly abundant in Karwar during
the rains, and also noticed it occasionally at other places and times
throughout the district, These have, however, always been males,
and all the females we have obtained have been by breeding. Out
of some fifty reared, the majority have fortunately been females.
The larva, which feeds on the small velvety Loranthus (L. tomentosus),
resembles in an extraordinary way the leaf of the food-plant, so much
so that we have had to examine the plant again and ayain before the
caterpillars had all been found when changing their food. It is of a
woodlouse form, but with a distinct sharp ridge on the back, making
a section almost triangular. When it is extended or bent, the segments
are widely divided from one another, The texture is velvety, kiw
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANAKA DISTRICT. 385
the leaf on which it is found; in cclour it is dull greenish, with a
pinkish yellow tinge on the sides and the ridge of the back.
The pupa, which is fastened by the tail only along a leaf or stalk,
is smooth, blunt at the head, with a hoof-shaped anal segment ; the
thorax is humped and convex ; the abdomen is broad and high at seg-
ment 7, the fifth segment being suddenly higher than the fourth, mak-
ing the dorsal constriction behind the thorax very pronounced ; after
segment 9 the abdomen becomes quickly narrower. The colour is white
with a broad lateral abdominal band meeting across segment 5 dorsally;
wings white with green-brown longitudinal streak ; belly white ;
whole surface of pupa oily looking. The larva and pupa are figured
in Plate V, figures 2 and 2a.
116. Creon cleobis, Godart. (No. 899.)
This is the rarest of our Camenas, but we have found it not
uncommon at Karwar, and have a specimen from Siddapur taken in
December.
The larva feeds on Loranthus elasticus, Desr., apparently only on the
flowers. It is very similar in shape to Tajuria longinus, Fabricius : only
it is more swollen on the 11th and 12th segments, producing constriction
in the middle of the abdomen ; it is semi-circular in front, humped at
segment 4, and slightly thickened laterally, being broadest at the 6th
segment ; segments 7 to 10 are toothed dorsally ; the anal end is
nearly square ; the surface is rough and shiny, the head well concealed
and glossy. In colour the larva is greenish-yellow with a dorsal
brownish band, segments 8 and 9 being, however, deep red-brown
with a white dorsal patch, and segment 10 jdark green with a
subdorsal whitish line.
The pupa is like that of C.deva, Moore, but has a small conical point
in front of each eye ; the anal column is long and consists of segments
10 to 14: the colour is green, suffused with white on the thorax, the
abdomen being yellow-green with a pinkish dorsal band.
The larva and pupa are figured on Plate V, figures 1 and la,
117. Aphneeus vulcanus, Fabricius, (No. 903.)
A common butterfly along the coast and in the thinner jungles
above the ghats, Its larva, which feeds on Zizyphus jujuba, is. fully
described in Mr. de Nic¢ville’s book, and the specimens obtained by
“Sssontirely agree with his description.
386 JOURNAL, BQUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
118. Aphnceus lohita, Horsfield. (No. 910.)
This species is also abundant, especially in the early rains, in the
neighbourhood of Karwar. Its caterpillar, which feeds on Déioscorea
and Xyléa, and also on “kindal” and on the guava, is shaped like that
of Arhopala, but more rounded, very soft and velvety, and with longish
hairs on the sides ; the head is large and square, and the anal segment
protected by a hard, flat, glossy plate, and there are two short processes
on the 12th segment as in A. vulcanus, Fabricius. In colour the head
and anal cover are glossy brown, the rest of the body being dark green
with a broken white band upon each side, or dark brown mottled with
lighter shades,
The pupa is of the Arhopala type, but much narrowed: the back
is ridged, but not sharply so, and the head blunt. In colour it is
dark glossy brown. It is fastened by the extremity only, along a leaf.
The larva and pupa are figured on Plate V, figures 3 and 3a.
119. Aphneeus concanus, Moore. (No. 911.)
We have specimens of this butterfly, named by Mr, de Nicéville,
all taken towards the end of the rains or during the cold weather.
We consider it is probably the cold weather form of A. lohita, Horsfield,
though it looks very different.
120. Tajuria indra, Moore. (No. 926.)
A distinctly scarce species, though noticed at Karwar occasionally
throughout the rains and at various places above and along the ridge
of the gh&ts in the hot and cold weather.
The larva, which feeds on Loranthus elasticus, preterring the flowers,
is in form like that ot 7. longinus, Fabricius, but all the segments are
well defined and slightly elevated in the middle. The third and fourth
segments are slightly larger than the others, but not nearly to the
same extent as in 7. longinus. Colour a uniform dark brown, often
suffused with grey, with the exception of the third and fourth
seoments, which are sometimes light brown on the back.
The pupa, which is fastened by the anal extremity along a leaf, is like
that of T, long?nus, but smooth on the thorax, with four abdominal ridges;
head square; colour chiefly brown, but the wing-covers are greenish, and
the abdomen has a greenish ground marked with pinkish-brown, while
the thorax has some white markings. When looked at from above, it 4
has the appearance of a human head, like the pupz of the genus Spalg—
The larva and pupa are figured in Plate V, figures 4 and 4a.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 387
121. Tajuria longinus, Wabricius. (No. 331.)
Common along the coast, and, like 7. indra, Moore, the females are
almost as often seen as the males, while in the nearly allied genus
Camena, although breeding has shown certainly that as many females
are produced as males, a female is hardly ever obtained by the net.
The larva, which feeds on both the common species of Loranthus
(Z, elasticus and L. wallichianus), has the head flattened, and the next
segments enlarged : the segments then decrease in size to the anal
seoment which is broad and rectangular at its extremity. Looked at
from above, the caterpillar is broad at the anal segment, narrow
at the next four segments, and very broad at the thoracic segments.
In colour it is green, but has triangular marks of mottled white on
each side, and a rounded similar mark above on each segment,
The pupa resembles that of 7. indra, but the abdominal segments
are much more angular than in that species. |
122. Ops melastegma, de Nicéville. (No. 935.)
This species we have never seen at large ; but in September, on the
Godhalli Hill close to Karwar, we obtained five small larvae feeding
on the velvety Loranthus (L. tomentosus), which we hoped would turn
out to be Camena cippus, Fabricius, as they closély resembled the larvae
of C. deva, Moore. Three of these died, but the others, to our
surprise, turned into this species. They were very similar to those
of C. deva, but the end of the anal segment was prolonged into two
short points. The colour also was redder, and they had two lateral
red lines. Just before they became pupz, the central. segments
contracted, and a triangular green mark, meeting on the back,
appeared on each side.
The pupa was suspended along a leaf or stem, and was very similar in
shape to that of Camena cleobis, Godart ; it had, however, two extra
points on the second segment, a tubercle on the shoulder, and a conical
lateral tubercle on segments 6, 7, and 8, as also a roughened dorsal
rising on the same segments. In colour it was a dark apple-green,
whitened on the wing-cases; the last five segments yellow-brown
marked dorsally with black and white; head points pure white ; a
white mark along the sides of the thorax suffused with brown.
We haye, since writing the above, taken upwards of twenty larvz,
Brehave never seen the butterfly at large,
7
388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
123. Chliaria othona, Hewitson. (No. 947.)
A butterfly we originally considered very rare, as for several years
the only specimens we possessed were one male caught in Karwar in
the rains, and two caught in one sweep of the net at Siddapur in
December. Now, when we know its habits, we find it is not un-
common in many places above and below the ghats. It is often
difficult to distinguish from Lampides, or Nacaduba, while resting, as
it will not allow a close examination ; and to obtain specimens one must
catch all suspicious blues. Its larvae may be got, however, with little
difficulty by carefully examining all clusters of orchid flowers in May
and June ; the empty eggs will generally be discovered in the first
piace on the outside of the flowers, and then the larvae must be hunted
for inside the flowers. They are of the usual onisciform shape, but
with all the segments well defined, and with the anal segment
extended into two distinct short protuberances ; head concealed, whole
surface clothed’ with minute bristles ; colour green, with a rosy-red
dorsal band and three wavy lines of the same colour on each side ;
the anal protuberances are also of the same colour.
The pupa, which is fastened along the stem of the orchid, is smooth,
of the common lyczenid type, greenish-grey, slightly marked with
white, and with generally a distinct wavy mark on the wing-covers.
They are figured in Plate V, figures 5 and 5a.
124. Zeltus adie, Fabricius. (No. 951.)
A by-no-means common and very local butterfly. We have taken
it about Karwar in the rains, in particular places, and in one or two
small pieces of jungte both above and below the ghats; but fifty yards
on each side of its haunts not a specimen will be found.
125. Cheritra jafira, Butler. (No. 958.)
A very abundant species both above and below the ghats, and very
easily noticed owing to its long white tails.
The larve feed on “‘ Jamba” (Xylia lava onni and are of
the woodlouse form with a raised ridge along the back, furnished
with six sharp, oblique, pointed protuberances ; the anal segment is
flattened, and the sides slope down to it, formmg nearly rectangular
corners ; colour either green or pink, the protuberances being
generally tipped with brown, which occasionally extends and forms a
saddle, as shown in the illustration. <
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARY DISTRICT. 389
Pupa fastened along the stalk by the tail only, smooth, except in tho
centre of the abdomen above, where there are rough, sharpish protu-
berances ; its colour is green, becoming browner as it nears the imago
state, marked en the wing-covers and on the back of the abdomen
with pink,
They are figured in Plate V, figures 6 and 6a.
126. Rathinda amor, Fabricius. (No. 959.)
A very common butterfly everywhere.
The larva, which feeds generally on the flowers, or young shoots, of
“ Pithuli” (Eugenia zeylanica), but also on Hopea and other things
{we reared one on a common garden croton), is of a pale green, with a
line of long, pink protuberances along the back, the last curved out-
wards and upwards, two protuberances curved outward en the sides of
the last segment, and on the fourth segment a straight, sharp-pointed
one low down laterally ; the line of dorsal protuberances branches
near the head into two.
Pupa similar, but much smaller than that of Cheriira jajfra, Butler,
and perfectly smooth ; it is also fastened along a stalk, but generally
at a greater angle from the stalk than in that species.
The larva and pupa are figured on Plate V, figures 7 and 7a. ‘The
pupa should not hang down as figured.
127. Horaga onyx, Moore. (No. 960.)
A local, but not excessively rare, species. We have once taken it
in Karwar, and it is fairly common among the evergreen jungles in
the south of the district. i
128. Catapacilma elegans, Druce. (No. 967.)
A fairly common species in Canara, noticed throughout the district
and at ali times.
The larva, which feeds on “ kindal” (Terminalia paniculata), is
onisciform, flattened, head and tail segments looking very similar ;
head completely concealed ; it is roughish in texture, but not pubose ;
colour dirty green, with a patch of dark green in the centre of the
back ; it is also a good deal mottled everywhere. Pupa fastened by
the tail along a leaf, narrow, without projections of any kind; of a
greenish-brown, minutely dotted with darker brown.
SS—Lhoey are figured on Plate V, figures 8 and 8a.
390 JOURNAL, BGMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
129. Loxrura atymnus, Cramer (No. 977)=Lovura surya,
Moore. (No. 978.)
We consider these species to be the same. The rains form exactly
agrees with the description of L. surya, Moore, the type specimen of
which came from this district ; while in the hot weather, the form found
is typical LZ. atymnus, or, as far as we can make out, does not differ
from specimens of such sent us from other parts of India. It is
common in Karwar, and in all the jungles along the coast, throughout
the early part and middle of the rains, Above the ghats, where we
have generally been during the greater part of the cold and hot seasons,
the butterfly is rare.
The larva, which feeds on young shoots of Dvoscorea, is of the wood-
louse shape, the back being raised and rounded ; the head is concealed,
and there is a small flat plate over the segment next the head, and
another on the anal segment. The colour is dull green, suffused with
pink (the colour of the young leaves on which it feeds) on both sides.
The pupa, which is fastened along a leaf by tail and band, is blunt,
lengthened, and devoid of excrescences; it is of a pale green colour, with
the edge of the wing-cases clearly marked with pinkish-purple.
130. Deudorix epijarbas, Moore. (No. 986.)
This butterfly, which is in habits, both imago and in the earlier
stages, very closely allied to Virachola, and whose underside is almost
similar, is rather rare throughout the district. We have, however,
taken it in the neighbourhood of Karwar, and in a good many places
below the ghdts. It lays its eggs on the outside of the pods of
Cinnarus ritchie, and the larva, on coming out of the egg, enters the
pod at the edge of the stalk, thereby leaving no trace. It feeds on the
soft inside, only coming out when that is finished to enter another pod.
It is of the usual lycsenid shape, but from above looks more like a large
maggot: the head is very small, the segments well defined, gradually
increasing in width to the fourth, and with the sides edged with
mirute hairs. It has a large plate covering the anal segment and that
adjoining it. Is colour is a dull green, marked with indistinct brown,
with the exception of the second and third segments, which are yellow,
the second segment having two small black spots on the back.
The pupa, which is formed inside the fruit, is rather narrow, and
without any protuberances ; it is of a rough texture and of a reddish-
brown colour, mottled with darker brown.
The larva and pupa are figured on Plate V, figures 9 and 9a, a
ear
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANAISA DISTRICT, 391
131. Zinaspa todara, Moore. (No. 988.)
This ig a rare insect in Canara. We have found it occasionally in
the south of the district, above the ghats, in the hot and cold weather,
and also in the Supa Petta in the north, where its larve were found
in some abundance, They clearly show, what was surmised by Mr.
de Nicéville, that this genus is hardly separable from Surendra. The
larva, which feeds on Acacia cesta, a very nearly allied food to
that of S. gquercetorum, Moore, is almost similar, differing only in the
third segment overhanging the second; the colour is exactly the
same, and the pupa is indistinguishable.
132. Rapala schistacea, Moore. (No. 995.)
This species is very common in the south of the district, and fairly so
near the close of the rains at Karwar, and also generally everywhere in
Canara. It is the only really common species of the genus here.
We have reared the larva on the flowers of the common garden
creeper Quisqualzs, and also on those of Acacia cwsia.
It is shaped like the larva of Zinaspa, but has a subdorsal fleshy
tooth on each side of segments 3 to 10, as also a marginal tooth to
each of these segments; on the second segment there are two protu-
berances pointing forward; the 11th and 12th segments have each a
lateral broad tooth, and the last is produced into a double tooth ; the
colour is of an almost uniform dark rose.
The pupa is of the usual form, stout, and pink in colour, with
black blotchings.
133, Rapala lankana, Moore. (No. 996.)
This is a very local species. We have taken ddd specimens in the
south of the district, and seen others elsewhere, during the travelling
season, and we have taken many specimens at Karwar in the first
three months of the rains. There it is so local that nearly all our
specimens have been taken in a group of half a dozen bushes, not
occupying ten square yards, on the side ofa road, and most were
sitting on the flowers of a single bush of Leea sambucina. Now this
plant is one of the commonest in the neighbourhood, and there were
hundreds within the nearest quarter of a mile; and yet, though on one
morning we found and captured three perfect specimens sitting together
. on one flower of this bush in one sweep of the net, and two more on
Ta. adjoining flower with the next sweep, a couple of hours’ careful
dy
y
fi
392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
search did not disclose another specimen anywhere. When we wanted
any of this species, the only way was to go to the one bush, catch any
on it, and come home, for all that were on the wing would be there.
134. Rapala varuna, Horsfield = orsets, Hewitson. (No. 998.)
This butterfly, which much resembles &. schistacea, Moore, is easily
mistaken for it, It may be discriminated in either sex by the much °
broader markings on the underside. We have found it both at
Karwar and above the ghdts, but not so plentifully anywhere, .
The larva in shape and protuberances is exactly similar to that of
R. schistacea, but the colour is green with a curved diagonal line, almost
pure white, to each segment ; the fifth segment is very dark green,
in some cases almost black, forming a band. ‘The larva feeds on the
flowers of Zizyphus xylopyrus. The pupa is identical with that of
A. schastacea.
135. Rapala melampus, Cramer. (No. 1006.)
This butterfly is rare in the heavy rainfall tracts which form the
greater part of Canara. It is found, however, on the Dharwar border
in the east of the district 1m moderate numbers,
The larva feeds there on the flowers of Ougeinea dalbergeotdes and
Zizyphus rugosus. It is exactly similar to that of R. schistacea, Moore,
but the colour is pure white, changing to rose before turning into a pupa.
The pupa is similar to that of FR, schistacea.
136. Bindahara sugriva, Horsfield. (No. 1011.)
This butterfly we have taken occasionally at Karwar and in most of
the talukas along the edge of the ghdts ; the only place, however, where
it, used to be commons as far as we have observed, was over a bridge on
the road to the Mysore side of the Gairsoppa waterfall. The jungle
there was thick, and formed a bank, and about Christmas one could
catch 8 or 10 in a morning on the flowers of Leea, which it much
frequents. Unfortunately, tha Mysore Government in building a
bungalow have completely cleared the jungle in this place, and the last
time we were there we did not see a single specimen. We have
reared the larva of this at Karwar feeding in the inside of the fruit of
a, creeper.
The larva much resembles that of Vérachola zsocrates, Fabricius, but
may be distinguished by the whole of segments 7 and 8 being creamy~
white, with a small dorsal and lateral patch of dark purplish-broweese@e™
nclom.
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THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANAL DISTRICT, 393
whereas V. zsocrates has only the dorsa! part of these segments marked
with white patches. The pupa is indistinguishable.
137. Vrachola tsocrates, Fabricius. (No. 1012.)
A rare butterfly at Karwar, and generally blow tho chats, but
fairly abundant in the eastern portion of the district above them.
The larvee and their habits have been repeatedly described. We have
in this district discovered them in tamarind pods and also on the fruit
of Leandea ulzgenosa.
138. Virachola perse, Hewitson. (No. 10138.)
This species is very common everywhere in Canara, and the larvee
and pups may be found from July to April in the fruit of
the Ghela (Randia dumetorum). They have been described by
de Nicéville.
HXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate IV,
Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Talicada nyscus, Guérin, p. 375.
SOP aC tyanea's. 5 », Nacaduba atrata, Horsfield, p. 376.
BUT OCT. iy ahhh », Castalius ananda,de Nicéville,p. 379,
7 Cin ee ae BS Castalius ethion, Doubleday and
Hewitson, p. 380.
Rae OU ea ule'ss » 9 Amblypodia anita, Hewitson, p. 380.
oes Ona OG hoe" 19, A », Lraota timoleon, Stoll, p. 381.
per Cc) vas ee i » Surendraquercetorum, Moore,p. 381.
Rn On (OG Shek. 1155 a » Arhopala centaurus, Fabricius,p. 382.
Rice. 9; .-- Larva of Arhopala amantes, Hewitson, p. 882.
Wigs. 10, 10a... Larva and pupa of Zestus chrysomallus, Hiibner, p. 383.
Puate V.
Figs. 1, Ja... Larva and pupa of Creon cleobis, Godart, p. 385.
PM aie ca ns cs 3 » Camena deva, Moore, p. 384.
Hit Orme a5 »5 Aphneeus lohita, Horsfield, p. 386.
Pes AO stat) es i » Lauria dra, Moore, p. 386.
OSS OG, * » Chliarra othona, Hewitson, p. 388.
sp Wy lianas es 5 » Cheritra jajra, Butler, p. 388.
oy lg Une | Ss “i »5 Lathinda amor,-Fabricius, p. 389.
SOLO ssn) 55 a » Catapecilma elegans, Druce, p. 389.
Ns
Y
cS
~
io)
g
s
°
°
as » 9 Leudorix epijarbas, Moore, p. 390.
Ty =~ (To be continued.)
,
/.
394 JOURNAL, VOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF MATHERAN AND
MAHABLESHW AR.
, By H. M. Brrpwoop.
Senhere i a pleasure in the pathless woods.”
“‘ Flowers of all heavens, and lovelier than their names,
5 q
Grew side by side.’
in now offering to the Society a third edition of the Catalogue of
the Flora of Matheran, published in Vol. I of our Journal, and a
second edition of the combined Matheran and Mahableshwar Catalogues
which appeared in Vol. II, I ought perhaps to explain that I do so,
not because those catalogues, as separately published by the Society in
pamphlet form, are out of print,—for, so far as I know, there has been
no great demand for them,—but because their publication has proved
of use in one of the ways I particularly desired, and various members
of the Society have been induced to make a special study of our Hill
Flora and have made many additions to my lists ; and it seems desira-
ble that the result of their researches during the last nine years should
now be recorded inthe Journal. The Catalogue is indeed still far
from complete, for the obvious reason that, during the four rainy
months of the year, when most of the herbaceous plants are at their
best, the hills are practically inaccessible to most of us, and even in the
dry months our visits to Matheran and Mahableshwar are far too short
and too much preoccupied with other business to be turned to much
scientific account. Yet, with the aid of such competent botanists as the
Revd. Dr. Fairbank, the late Mr. Gustav Carstensen, the Revd. A. K.
Naime, Dr. Theodore Cooke, Surgeon-Major Kirtikar, Mr. Marshall
Woodrow, Dr. Lisboa, the late Mr.Chester Macnaghten, Dr.MacDonald,
Mr. James MacDonald and Mr. Dhargalker, I have now been able
to add 183 names to the list published in 1887, which included 493
plants,whereas the present list contains 676 names. And a great pleasure
it has been to identify the new plants as they were collected from time to
time. Only a few months ago, I had several new discoveries communi-
cated to me by Mr. John Macpherson, and among them the beautiful
Larkspur, Delphinium dasycaulon, a plant between two and three feet
high,with flowers of bright, metallic blue,which I have seen in abundant
bloom at Purandhar but had searched for in vain at Matheran, where
it has now at last been found near Panorama Point ; and even while __-
or <
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR, 395
these pages have been passing through the press, I have been indebted to
Mr. W. P. Symonds for some important additions to the Catalogue. Nor
can I forget the day when my faithful friend Vittu led me, with
much solemnity, toa tree in the jungle below Uhowk plateau, not
many hundred yards from my own house,—a tree well known to
him and others, afflicted like him, in the monsoon months, with
dire, internal pains, which could only be cured by decoctions of
its bark. This was the Mahdruk or “the great tree,” the wild
Cinnamon (Cinnamonum Tamala), It is striking and handsome, though
of no great size, with tufts, when first bursting into leaf, of small,
pale, pink, transparent leaves, which afterwards lengthen and become
pointed at both ends and have marked ribs or nerves, and are dark and
shining above, and when dried turn to a rich brown, and yield a sweet
spicy scent when crushed. I had never noticed it before, though 1
must have passed near it a hundred times. Nor had Dr. Wellington
Gray ever noticed it, though he was a most enthusiastic searcher after
plants, to whom we in Bombay are indebted for some of the loveliest
of our garden plants, introduced by him during a long series of years,
I have found only four specimens of the cinnamon tree at Matheran
and none at Mahableshwar. It seeds freely, however, and can be
readily grown from seed ; and I hope it will some day be as familiar in
the public and private gardens of Bombay as many other trees of the
Konkan and the Dekhan and other parts of India have lately become.
Another notable tree (not before included in my lists), of which as yot
I have seen only one specimen at Matheran, is the Canarium strictum,
which yields a balsam which is burnt as incense? by some of the hill
people at their religious services and is in much request for this pur-
pose, and is allied to other balsamiferous trees which grow in profusion
on the Ghats traversed on the several routes to Mahableshwar. I have
often wondered how it came to plant itself in the thick wood near the
chowki, far from its congeners and hemmed in by countless aliens. Its
position there is almost as remarkable as the isolated imprint of
Friday’s foot on the sea shore, which so disconcerted that Prince of
Naturalists, Robinson Crusoe.
It may be as well if I repeat here the reasons I gave in Vol. II for
making a combined catalogue of the flora of Matheran and Mahablesh-
a
~“sxe2- The vevetation of the two hills is not indeed identical. Dr. Cooke
8
396 JOURNAL, BI UBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
estimated that, excluding grasses, about 140 flowering plants are found
at Matheran which have not been seen at Mahableshwar, and 130 at
Mahableshwar which have not been seen at Matheran. There are, no
doubt, certain causes regulating the distribution of plants whieh are not
equally operative at both places. Mahableshwar is about 70 miles
nearer the Equator than Matheran. The latter rises from the
plain of the Konkan, midway between the Western Ghats and
the sea; whereas Mahableshwar is further from the sea, and is,
to all intents, a part of the range of Ghats, The highest point of
Matheran is about 2,500 feet above the sea-level ; whereas the Maha-
bleshwar plateau is at a general elevation of 4,500 feet above the sea,
and at Sindola rises to 4,700 feet. These differing conditions are not
without their effect. Some plants are found at Mahableshwar which
will not thrive on the lower mountain-top. Some Matheran plants,
on the other hand, find the higher levels of Mahableshwar beyond
their range. I will give here only a few instances. The most casual
observer is struck by the wonderful undergrowth of brake-fern at
Mahableshwar, and of the arrowroot plant,—which in the months of
October and November blooms on almost every square yard of the
jungle,—and_ by the beautiful profusion of the Osmunda fern, mixed
with brambles, clustering roses and willows, along the upper stream of
the Yenna River. At Matheran, the brake-fern is scarcely known.
In afew years it will be extinct, if it is not already so; for it cannot
defy the onslaughts of thoughtless fern-hunters. It would be impossible
for any number of fern-hunters to destroy it at Mahableshwar. Even
if unmolested at Mstheran, it drags on at best but a feeble existence.
The site is too low for it, the lowest limit of its range in our latitude
being probably at a line at least 2,000 feet above the sea level. ‘The
Osmunda again is not known at Matheran ; nor is the willow (Salix
tetrasperma); nor the arrowroot (Hitchenia caulina) ; though other
allied plants of the order Scitaminew are plentiful enough. On
the other hand, there are some well-known Matheran trees, such
as the Kumbha (Careya arborea), the Malia or Indian Ebony
(Diospyros assimilis), and the Chandara (Macaranga Roxburghi?),
which do not grow on the Mahableshwar plateau at all. Dr, T.
Cooke made the flora of Mahableshwar and Matheran a_ special
study for many years, and prepared a “ Note ” on the more. prominent
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. — 397
plants on either hill which are not found on the other, which
was published with the last edition of this Catalogue, and is so
full of interest that I have asked Mr. Phipsyn to re-publish it
as a supplement to this edition, and I have added to ita few notes
based on the observations of the late Mr. Chester Macnaghten. But
after full account is taken of all divergences, it will still be found
that very many of the plants included in the Catalogue are common
to the two hills. Such a coincidence is favoured by the practical
identity of their geological formation, and by the circumstance that
there is ne great difference in the range of their mean temperature at
different seasons and in their rainfall. Both Mahableshwar and
Matheran are, roughly speaking, huge masses of trap, capped by a
thin layer of laterite. Both are within sight of the sea. Both are
swept by the same dry winds in the cold weather and by the same
monsoon storms, and both enjoy the full benefit of the monsoon rains.
Mr. N. A. Moos, Director of the Government Observatory at Colaba,
has favoured me with information as to the temperature and rainfall
on both hills deduced from the figures recorded at the Observatory
during a period of ten years; and it appears that the average mean
temperature ranges at Mahableshwar from 63°3° F. to 71°70°; and
from 67°8° to 78°5° at Matheran. The average rainfall at Maha-
bleshwar amounts to 281°4 inches; and at Matheran to 224°7 inches.
Under such concordant influences, it is not surprising that a marked
similarity should be noticeable in the general outward forms of
vegetation on the two hills, due to the frequent presence of the
same characteristic plants on both. Everywhere at Mahableshwar,
as at Matheran, we find the Myrtle tribe represented by endless woods
of the beautiful Jambul tree (Hugenia jambolana), the Melastomas
by the Anjan (MJemecylon edule), the Laurels by the Pisa (Actinoda-
phne Hookeri), and the Madder tribe by the thorny Gela (Randia
dumetorum). ‘There is the same undergrowth of shrubs and herbaceous
plants, the natural orders of “ Leguminose,” ‘* Acanthaceze”’ and
“‘ Composite” being specially and numerously represented. There
are many showy climbers and trailers and creepers common to both
hills ; as there are Orchids and Dendrobiums and other parasitic plants ;
while everywhere the little silver-fern covers with equal impartiality
comshaltered bank and rock. ‘The flora of both Mahableshwar and
398 JOURNAL, FOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Matheran can, therefore, be conveniently included ina single Cata-
logue; and I have also included in my list a few plants which are not
actually found on efther hill, but which are conspicuous enough to catch
the eye of even. the:most rapid traveller on the higher levels of the
well-worn roads from Poona and Wathar to Panchgani and Mahablesh-
war, and also some plants noticedon the FitzGerald Ghat between
Mahableshwar and Pertabgarh.
Ié only remains for me to add that this Catalogue is framed with
the same object and on the same general plan as the former one.
It is meant, with the aid of the appended index of vernacular names,
to furnish a ready method of learning the scientific names of plants.
Many visitors to the hills take an interest in learning those names even
if they have no intention of undertaking the serious study of Botany in
any of its various branches. With some, however, the interest thus
acquired leads to further study, which becomes all the pleasanter
for the knowledge which has been gained, without too much trouble,
of the names by which the plants in which they are interested are
known to the scientific world ;—just as itis pleasanter and more
profitable to study the grammar of a new language after the student
has acquired some portion of its vocabulary, and learnt to speak it a
little, than before.
In the first two columns of the Catalogue, the nomenclature adopted
is that of Hooker’s ‘‘ Flora of British India,’ Vols. 1to VI. The
words “¢ Herb. Co,,” after the name of a plant in the second column,
indicate that the Mahableshwar herbarium, presented to the Society by
Dr. Theodore Cooke, contains a specimen of the plant. In the third
column, the vernacular names are spelt according to the Hunterian
system. The word ‘ vel’ or ‘yel,’ which recurs frequently as a com-
ponent part of a name, means a ‘creeper’ or ‘climber.’ The words
‘Jahan’ and ‘dhakta’ (fem. ‘ dhakti”) mean ‘ small,’ ‘motha’ (fem,
©mothi’) means ‘big,’ ‘pandhra’ means ‘white, ‘kala’ ‘black,’
‘tambda’ ‘ red,’ ‘ pivla’ ‘ yellow,’ and ‘ kadu’ ‘bitter.’ The prefix ‘ran’
indicates a ‘jungle’ plant, or, as we should say, a ‘wild’ plant ;
though nearly all the plants in the list may be regarded as wild or
indigenous on Mahableshwar or Matheran, the more notable exceptions
being the hedgerow Rose, the Oak, the Casuarina, the Lantana, the
Strawberry, the Eucalyptus, the Spanish “ Lady of the Night
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLYSH WAR. 399
(Brugmansia candida), the Mulberry, the Peach, the Coffee, the Cin-
chona, the Jack-tree (Artocarpus integrifolia’, and sthe large yellow
flowered flax (Retnwardtia trigyna), which, he is said by
Major H. H. Lee, R. H., to be “found truly wild ¢ Varandha Ghat”
in the Satara District.—(“ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency,” Vol.
XIX, App. A). The home of the species of mulberry commonly
grown in the Mahableshwar gardens “is probably China.”—(Brandis. )
According to Wight and Beddome, the Jack-tree is “wild in the
mountain forests of the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 feet.”
But Dr. Brandis remarks that “regarding its native home there
is yet some uncertainty.” The others have evidently been introduced
within the last 50 years, but some of these have already established
themselves more or less firmly,
In conelusion, I would desire to express my sincerest acknowledg-
ments to the friends who have kindly helped me, either by communi-
cating the names of new plants or in preparing this revised edition of
the Catalogue for the press. My thanks and, I think I may add, the
thanks of the Society are especially due to the Revd. Mr. Nairne, who
has contributed many new names ; to the Revd. Dr. Fairbank, who
sent me the names of many ferns which were quite unknown to me ;
to Dr. Lisboa, for a complete list of the grasses found by him on both
hills; to Surgeon-Major Kirtikar for a list of fungi and mosses, which
he has prepared with much labour and with rare knowledge of this
branch of the vegetable kingdom ; and to Mr. James MacDonald, for
revising the whole Catalogue with the utmost care and correcting the
earlier proofs for the press. )
As on former occasions, I trust that the Secretary will be able to
issue separate interleaved copies of the Catalogue, with Dr. Cooke’s
note, for the use of those members of the Society who may desire to
become better acquainted with the hill flora of this Presidency and be
disposed to make any necessary corrections in the present list of
names or to add new names.
-monopetalous corolla,
400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
A CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF MATHERAN AND
MAHABLESHWAR.
Division, A—PHANEROGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS,
ass I.—DICOTYLEDONES or EXoGENs.*
Section (1)~Angiospermee.
Sup-Ciass 1—THALAMIFLORA,f
eee Vernacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species name, use, habitat, &c,
1. Ranunculacew (The| Clematis triloba, Heyne...
Buttercup a
or] Ccoce
Mahableshwar (Symonds),
: Gouriana, Roxb,| Mor-yel, Rinjai, Travel-
ler’s joy.
ib,Mahableshwar, Flowers
yellow.
92 Baeecece
» Wigktiana, Wall.
* ..--| Delphinium dasycaulon,) Near Panorama Point,
Fresen.| Matheran (Macpherson).
2. Dilleniacez............ Dillenia pentagyna, Zoxb.| Karambel,Dhakta Karmal,
3. Anonacev (The Cus-| Uvaria Narum, Wail...... Naram-panal,
tard-apple Order),
9) ee ea DN cm ele'eieie.e, eo
ae Walridas wel aie conte
Bocagea Dalzellii, EL Fe s Rahat-kinjal.
” wecreosee
4. Menispermacee......| Cocculus macrocarpus, v. Vatoli, Vat-yel, Watan-yel,
& A. Herb, Co,
Ms villosus, DC.
cT) 2eovee
Tan, Vdsan-yel. Sans, Va-
sadani,
Cyclea peltata, H. f. & T.,) Par-yel,
Herb, Co,
9 eaorce
* In the seeds of Dicotyledones there are always two cotyledons at least, and if there
are two only, they are always opposite.
In the section “ Angiosporme” the ovules are
enclosed in an ovary.
+ The differences of the four sub-classes into which De Candolle divides the class of
Exogens or Dicotyledoner “ might be, in most cases, expressed thus :—
“4 Polypetalous—
Stamens hyPpOSynous...ccccccccecceceveee—= 1 halamifiore,
Stamens PerigyNnous eves: cesscccesceeees = Calyciflore.
re PMONOPCLal OUSscescrsseesecatoaores ssecaccecere: =Corolliflore.
“3, Apetalous ...... Menrecseens veeeeseteccer: vesseee=Monochlamyder.
“It is, however, to be observed that some of the Calycifloree and Thalamiflore have a
In this classification, the student proceeds from what are considered
the most perfectly organized Exogens to those which are least so, Thus, all the parts
are present and distinct from each other in Thalamiflorze ; other things remaining the same,
the stamens adhere to the calyx in Calycifloree; the stamens join the petals and the petals
each other in Corollifloree ; and in Monochlamydew, first the corolla disappears, and then,
among the most incomplete orders, the calyx also ceases to be developed.” (Lindley’s
“ School Botany.) Orders 42, 47, 48 in this Catalogue are placed under “ Calycifloree,” in
accordance with De Candolle’s arrangement. According to the plan adopted by Lindley,
who regards the essential mark of Corrolifloree to reside in the monopetalous corolla,
these orders would come under “ Corollifloree.” a
orollifloree. a
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
401
Natural Order, Genus and Species, Vernacular or English
nam», use, habitat, &c,
5, Papaveracew (The) Argemone
Poppy Order.)
6. Cruciferze (The
Cabbage Order.)
29 Q@arcecosre0
7. Capparidee (The
Caper Order.)
ecazaaseccce
eearscavaccce
+b) Becoeesoe2ce
8. Bixinee (The Ar-
_notto Order.)
9 @e2ece0ce
9. Pittosporez
secon gores
10. Polygale(The Milk
Wort Order.)
11. Caryophyllee (The
Clovewort Order.)
12. Portulacesz
13. Tamariscinese.......2-
14, Guttiferse(The Gam-
boge Order.)
” Pooseecooeo. S200
By) ssereescesneorce!)
Linn, Herb. Co.
mexicana ,*| Piv!: Dhotra, Mexican
Poppy.
Nasturtium officinale, Br,,) Water-cress.
Herb, Co,
Cardamine subumbellata,|.
Hook, Herb. Co,
Capparis spinosa, Linn.,
Herb, Co,
var, vul-
garis,
9? 97
» pedunculosa, Wall.
3)| longispina, Ae. fF.
& T., Herb. Co,
horrida, Linn, f....
Flacourtia Ramontchi, +
L’ Herit, Herb, Co,
S montana, Grah,
Pittosporum floribundum,
Wc. Her bCo:
Polygala persicarifolia,
DC.
Polycarpon Loeeflingiz,
Benth. & Hoois, f.
Portulaca oleracea, Linn.,
Herb. Co
Tamarix ericoides, fottl...
Garcinia indica, DC,
» ovalifotius, Hook,
Ochrocarpus longifolius,
Benth,
Indian Caper, “ The
young flower buds are
the capers of com-
merce” (Lee),
Bed of nulla, near Ceme- ~
tery, Mahableshwar
(Fairbank),
Kolisna, Kolisra,
ab.
Near Alexandra Point,
Matheran,
Tdmbat. Sans. Svadu
Kantak.
Atak. Near the Chauki,
Matheran,
Yekadi. .
Mahableshwar Milk-wort.
Mahableshwar, Common
in potato gardens above
the lake, Flowers in
April (Cooke).
Ghol-baji.
Jao, Sarub, Sardta, Tama-
risk. In the river bed
near Neral station.
Smoked for asthma.
Kokam, Ratambé. Wild
Mangosteen. At Mathe-
ran the fruit is seldom
bigger than a walnut;
though elsewhere it has
been found “ as large as
an orange” (Hooker,
vol, I, p. 261),
Jangli Ramphal. Mathe-
ran Gamboje tree,
Harkia, Surangi, Satwin.
* The Argemone is a small American genus, of which this species is “ naturalized
throughout India” (Hooker).
+ The wood of Flacourtia Ramontchi “ does not warp, is durable, and not attacked by
insects, Combs are made of it ; it is employed in turnery and for agricultural implements,
ancthonch not large, it is occasionally used for building ” (Brandis),
402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Vernacular or English
Natural Ore Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &e,
15, Dipterocarpez ......| Ancistrocladus Heynea-| Kardor, Kardori, Karn-
nus, Wall. dori, A handsome
climbing shrub, with
large, smooth, elliptic
leaves and hooked
branches, Not uncom-
mon at Matheran,
16. Malvacee. ( The| Sidacarpimifolia, Lina) Chikni, Chikan kada,
Mallow Order.) flerb, Co, It “is used to make
besoms, the twigs be-
ing at once supple and
tough” (Lee),
Pe beeecibocketioce Abutilon polyandrum,| Bhendi, Rambig, Mathe-
p Sehlecht,| van, A tall, handsome
‘annual, Flowers pale
yellow ; nearly 2 inches
in diameter,
}) ss teeeeereeeeeeee| Urena sinuata, Linn,, DC..| Matheran, common. “ It
' is like a pink geranium
with gashed leaves”
(Cooke), ;
A soesecseeeeeeee| Hibiscus hirtus, Linn.......|0n the Ghat, Matheran. -
SEP iN aioe secceeee| Thespesia Lampas, Dalz, Ran-bhendr, Lahan Bhen-
& Gibs.| di, Wild Bhendy, A
handsome plant, Flow-
ers large, yellow, with
crimson centre.
APU lewarcads Mesias Kydia calycima, Roxb, ...| Wa4rung, Near drink-
ing well on Ma-
theran Ghat. “Flowers
in. November.
5) codadantacooaee Bombax malabaricum, DC] SAvar,Tambdi Savar. Silk-
cotton tree, Sans, Rak-
ta-silmali, The wood is
“used for planking,
packing cases, toys,
seabbards, fishing-floats
and for the lining of
wells, * * The calyx
of the flower-bud is
eaten as a vegetable.
The fruit is collected
before it opens, and the
cotton with which it is.
filled is used. to stuff
quilts and pillows”
( Brandis).
17. Sterculiaces ........| Sterculia urens,* Rowb...| Kuéari,
—
* The Sterculia wrens, though not common, is conspicuous on the Matheran Ghat by its
cream-coloured, pink and white, shining bark, the thin, transparent coating of which peels
off “like that of the birch.” Sitars (native guitars) are made of the wood. It yields a
gum which is sold under the name of katila, katira.” The seeds are “eaten by Gonds
and Kurkus in the Central Provinces.” (Brandis). OP
*
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
Natural Order, Genus and Species.
403
Vernacular or. English
nar >, use, habitat, &c,
17, Sterculiacex—Conid.| Sterculia guttata, Roxb...
» Colorata, Roxb...
33 eesccor
a -se1eeee| Helicteres Isora, Linn, ...
| Briolena Stocksii, Hf, &
ae.
18, Tiliacez (TheLinden!
ore)
|
Grewia tiliefolia, Vahl...
pilosa, Lam.
* eaereeres 5 L
Microcos, Zinn...
TC OOOOOOL ”
...| Erinocarpus Nimmoanus,
~ Grah,
” wenrce
.....; Triumfetta pilosa, Roth..
|
rhomboidea,|
Jacq., Herb||
Co.
7) ence eeee ds
oblongus, |
Herb. Co.|
EKleocarpus
Gerin.,
19. Linee (The Flax| Linum mysorense, Heyne.
Order.)
Reinwardtia trigyna,.
Fook. |
' Kaushi,
Go dar. Fruit ripens in
November-Dece m ber,
Fruit large, peach-
shaped and covered
with scarlet down,
Coral tree. The
bark is “ made into
. rope” (Brandis).
Keyvyani, Maradsing. Ma-
theran, Has leaves like
a hazelnut bush, The
ripe carpels form a
brown, spirally-twisted,
beaked cylinder, On
FitzGerald Ghat, Ma-
hableshwar,
Beautiful yellow flow-
ers. Below Chowk
Point, Matheran,
Dhiman, “ Made into
shafts, shoulder poles
for loads, pellet-bows,
handles, ‘masts, oars,
employed in carriage
building. From the
inner bark cordage is
made in Bombay.
Twigs and_ leaves lop-
ped for fodder. Fruit
eaten, of an agreeable
acid flavour” (Brandis).
Tiral, Khiral, Shiral, On
the FitzGerald Ghat.
Cher, Matheran Ghat,
just above the second
mile-stone from Neral,
Fruits in October,
Kutre-vandre, 7.c., “ Dogs
and Monkeys, i
Necharda,
Kasu, Kas. At Taueeatee
at entrance to “Pros.
pect Cottage” and on
Panchgani Koad, Maha-
bleshwar,
Bamburti,
low Flax.
Abai., Large-flowered, yel-
low flax, In gardens at
Mahableshwar and Ma-
theran, .
Wiandri. Yel-
SS re
a)
404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
rn nn ee EEEnnnnnnnE Een ereenmnen
Vernacular or English
T. j i Rae
Natural Order. | Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &c.
1
20, Malpighiacez ..... -.| HiptageMadablota,Gerin.| Panchgani,
21, Geraniacee (The| Oxalis corniculata, Linn,| Nalkarda, Yellow sorrel.
Cranesbil] Order.) el.
mn ves.-cve-| Impatiens acaulis, Hook.| Lahén .Terda, Berki.
Stemless Balsam. Rare
at Matheran, Not so
rare at Mahableshwar,
where it grows on wet
rocks near streams,
Plentiful on FitzGerald
Ghat. It is a small and
very handsome plant,
with large, pale mauve
flowers. “ Well worthy
of a place in the conser-
vatory” (Lee).
inconsp ic ua,
Wall
B sygenanee 5 oppositifol ia | Sanmukh patri, Terda.
inn,
i eeecesee a Dalzellii, 1. f.) Yellow Balsam.
& T.
a saseen ose 7 Balsa mina, Terda. Wild Balsam.
Linn.
22, Rutacee (The Rue] Evodia Roxburghiana,! Tikatna, 7z¢., “Thrice
and Orange Order.) Benth| cleft.” Near the Ter-
races on FitzGeraldGhat.
OV ee ..| Toddalia aculeata, Pers| Near Dhobi’s waterfall,
Mahableshwar, Rare.
See TL Vactieeg ste Glycosmis pentaphylla,| Kirmira.
Correa,
Pi ga eens cated Murraya exotica, JZinn,| Pindri, Kunti. Below
var, paniculata, Jack,| Chowk and Hart Points,
Matheran, Rare, Also
below Dhobi’s waterfall,
Mahableshwar, A beau-
tiful shrub, with white,
fragrant flowers, like
orange blossom,
saraie Mle uginase et » Keenigii, Spreng.| Kadhi-pak, Kadhi-nimb.
Curry plant.
ART irae’? RECeOrGaE Atalantia | monophylla,| Makad limbu, 7.e., “ Mon-
Correa,| key Lime.”
23, Burseracee (T he} Boswellia serrata, Rob,
Sdlphali, Sdlera, Halera.
Myrrh Order.)
Frankincense tree, On
the Kartraj and Khan-
dala GhAts, on the road
to Mahableshwar.
Mongheri, Kadak, “ Bark
employed for tanning ;
a gum exudes from it,
The fruit is eaten, raw
and pickled’ (Brandis).
On Matkeren ona,
ys seoreeves| Garuga pinnata, Roxb. ...
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR, 405
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, ' Genus and Species. tiathe, use, habitat, &e,
23. Burseracee (Th al Canarium strictum, Ree. Uc A balsamiferous tree,
Myrrh Order)—Contd. yielding 2 gum (dhiip),
burnt as incense by
the hill people at
their religious’ services.
1 have only seen one
tree at Matheran, near
the Chauki,
24, Meliacex(The Nimb-| Cipadessa fr u ticosa, Naorungi. A shrub with
tree Order.) Biume. pinnate leaves and
clusters of small,
round, red berries, On
the old road to Maha-
; bleshwar.
Soymida febrifuga, Adr.| Polara, Rohan. Bastard
Juss,| Cedar, Indian Rede
wood, ‘“ The bark is
bitter, and has ~been
used as a substitute for
cinchona bark” (Bran-
7) os) eoptee
dis).
RE UY LE EN mechs « Chickrassia tab ularis,| Kunuk, Edge of Chowk
Adr, Juss,| Plateau at Matheran.
SaMiaal, «04. rebates wees Cedrela Toona, Rovwb...... Polara. Rambag and Un-
derwood, Matheran,
Pets yy seers cons, Chloroxylon Swietenia,| Billu, Halda. Indian sa-
DC} _ tin wood,
25. Olacineze sessaeoee| Mappia feetida, Miers ...] Gdnera, Mahableshwar,
Well known by the
offensive smell of its
flowers.
Sup-Ciass 2.—CaLycirLore&,
26. Celastrinee (The: Celastrus paniculata, Wélld.; Kangoni, Matheran.
Spindletree Order );
| Gymnosporia Rothiana,| Ankli,
W. & A,
», emarginata, oth, | Between the road and the
Cemetery, Mahablesh-
war (Nairne),
Yenkh, Ankli, The eap-
sules are described by
Hooker(vol. I, p. 621) as
‘numerous, ‘with the
size and look of a pep-
percorn,’ but in un-
dried specimens the
capsules are a good deal
larger,
Hippocratea Grahami, Yeoti. A climbing shrub,
Wight. with winged brown
seeds, Common at Ma-
STAT, theran,
—_————— eee,
montana, Roxb.
39 HOBO ECG ”
406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Natural Order, |
27, Rhamnez(The Buc +
thorn Order.)
99 oonecaves
” oeernegeo
28, .Ampelide('The Vine
Order.)
99 eoorscees
Sree i) sn ae eielejeleieia
Sp ety it fae ae lee ee cais ele
9 i ete OO
% — %88teeece
29. Eapindacee (The
Soapwort Order.)
” aonvcasee
30. Anacardiacez (The
Cashewnut Order.)
31 Connaraceze
Genus and Species.
Ventilago madraspatana,
Gertn.
4 bombaiensis,
Dalz.
Zizyphus glabrata, Heyne
» xylopyrus, Welld,
yw» rugosa, Lamk ...
Scutia indica, Brongn.ee.-.«6
Viti discolor, Dalz. ......
», tomentosa, Heyne .--
,, latifolia, Roxb.
, auriculata, Roxb. ...
, Jlanceolaria, Roxb. ...
Leea sambucina, Walld...
Hemigyrosa
Thwaites.
-| Allophylus Cobbe, Blume.
Schleichera trijuga,* Willd
Sapindus trifchatus, Linn.
NepheliumLongana,Camb,
Turpinia pomifera, DC...
Mangifera indica, Linn...
Connarus
canescens,
i)
monocarpus,
Linn.
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &.
Kan-yel, Lokhandi, Com-
mon at Matheran,
Kan-yeil,
Harkia.
Guti, Ghuti, Goti Tore
Hart Point, Matheran,
and on the road to Gar-
bet Point.
Toran, A prickly, climb-
ing shrub, Fruit small,
fleshy and sweet.
Chimat. ‘¢ Wait-a-bit ”’
thorn, Not found at
Matheran,
Telicha-yel,
Shend-yel,
oee---| Nadena.
Jangli Kajorni,
Kazorlicha-yel.
Dinda. Common at Ma-
theran. Used as wattle
for huts and fences.
The young pinnate
leaves are of a beauti-
ful, transparent claret-
colour.
Lokhandi.,
Tipan. Not found at
Maitheran, Plentiful at
Mahableshwar,
Kosamb, Matheran Ghat.
Rhita, Soapnut, Rambag,
Matheran,
Wumb. Lungani, “ Bruit
the size of a cherry,
reddish or purple. Aril
wholesome.” (Lee)
Koyna Valley.
Bhorambi.Chowk Plateau
and Caryota- grove.
(Carstensen.) Drupe
three-celled,pear-shaped,
velvety and pinkish-grey.
Amb, Mango tree,
Sundar,
a UO Se eee ES
* In many parts of India, ac is produced on the young branches of the Schleichera.
“ In Oudh, this tree-is lopped, and the twigs and leaves are used as cattle-fodder during the
dry seasons. Oil is extracted from the seeds in
South India and Ceylon” (Breede Sone
Sang
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR
407
Natural Order, Genus and Species.
Vernacular or English
nan e, use, habitat, &c,
32. Leguminose
Pea, Cassia and Acacia
Order.)
* Sailers
a Coe fs
9? evesegroen B})
triquetra, Dalz.
nana, Burms....s
retusa, L277, ..0»
Leschenhaultii,
D
7 Y cecwoeeas >
5 fa eeasoeeee| Lndigofera pulchella,Roxd.
Geissapsis cristata, W.& 4,
. eanadraa " tenella, Benth...
a . eeseeeee-| AZOLNIa diphylla, Pers. ...
ve seoseeeee| 20., var. zeylonensis, Pers.
Nee Smithia purpurea, Hook
setulosa, Dalz......
s Seats ate » blanda, Wall ......
.| Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC.,,
var, nummu-
larifolius.
ae W.
& A
9) coe seegoe 2?
99 |S tewavicesic ° »”
Desmodium lephalotes,
Wall,
+h} “seacsacece
» e220 00fe0e yy
“i seocsevee| Hythrina indica, Lam....
MN ee es RU ee stricta, Rob. ...
, soo--.»--| Butea frondosa,* Rob. ...
‘Phaseolus trinervius, +
Heyne.
» peorsceeo
Bites Ns RE ed | 5 rostrata, Baker...
.e-| Cylista scariosa, Ait,
Flemingia strobilifera, R
~~
~~
e
°
3 nopesoace ‘5
mo,
- pacobcsos » volubilis,
” eecseere0 9
29 900b20000 ”
(The; Crotalaria vestita, Hever
Vigna vexillata, Benth ...
Atylosia lineata, W. & A,
| Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb
sympathetica,Nim-
Roxb...
paniculata, Roxb....
monosperma, Dalz,
Ghati,
Ghaeri,
Dingala,
Nerda, Wild Indigo,Near
Yenna Falls,
Barki,
Lahan Barki.
NAl-Barga, Berki,
Barga, Berki.
Hambor.
Mothi Berki,
Dhakté Dhampta.
Dhampta.
Lapoti, Matheran Ghat,
Pangara, Paranga,
Matheran,
Palas, Khakra, Sans, Pal-
asa, The “ Flame of
the Forest.”’
Mungi,
Birambol, Halua, Halun-
da, Indian Sweet Pea.
Ran Tur,
Ran Ghevda,
Kanphuti,
Sisu, Siswa, Sisam, Tali,
Blackwood tree.
Pendguli-yel, Yek-yel.,
Ekyel.
Alei, Petungli.
Phinsi. Matheran Ghat.
Garud-yel. Flowers in
October and November,
Chowk Plateau,
* The leaves of the Palas tree are given as fodder to buffaloes,
The flowers are made
with alum into the yellow dye used at the Holi festival (Brandis), This tree gives its
name to the memorable plain of Palast, vulgarly called “ Plassey.”
(Graham’s Catalogue
and Birdwood’s ** Vegetable Products of the Bombay Presidency.”’)
+} This plant i is common throughout India.
“ The seeds, said to be rich in nitrogenous
princlpies, Weie iargely used by the famine-stricken people” (Dr. Lishoa’s Useful Plants).
408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
d | F Vernacular or English
Natural Order, | Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &c.
32. Leguminose (T. e\Pongamia glabra, Vent......| Karanj. At the Terraces,
Pea, Cassia and Acacia Mahableshwar, (Sy-
Order)—Contd. monds).
seeceeeee| Dorris oblonga, Benth......, Karkhanditse-yel.
brevipes, Baker ...
is Aaneicas Mezoneurum cucullatum,| Vagdti, Wakeri.
: W.g A.
r cacestee Wagatea spicata, Dalz ...| Vagati.
sooreseee| Cassia fistula, DC...........] Béhawa, Garmala, Indian
Laburnum,
Bauhinia racemosa, Lamk.| Apta, Wanraj.
aE ee: _ malabarica,Roxb.| Kanchan, Panchawa.
veoiseeen i Vahlii, W. & A.) Chambuli, Chdm-yel.
# seeroeees| Acacia Suma, Kurz ......| Khair, Catechu is manu-
factured from the wood.
pe cas » concinna, DC, .......! Chikakai,Shikakai,Shemli,
ee wool 5, ~~ Lntsia, Willd. ......) FitzGerald Ghat.
Albizzia stipulata, Boiv....) Lullei, Laeli, Adal.
amara, Boiv.......-.) Siras, Sans, Sarshapa.
Near Alexandra Point,
Matheran,
33. Rosacee (The Rose| Prunus persica, Benth & The Peach. Cultivated at
Hook.f.) Panchgani.
coerced 20 7
Order,
) Tact Pygeum Gardneri, Hook,f.| Kaula, Gogal, Dakha.
ea nccenese ..| Rubus moluccanus, Linn.) Indian Blackberry,
CN etesn seat , lasiocarpus, Smith.) Mahableshwar Raspberry.
Pence st Fragaria vesea, Linn, ...| Strawberry.
Mee i esse see ..| Rosa multiflora, 7hunb. | Clustering Rose. In
hedgerows, Panchgani
and Mahableshwar.
pipet? Bakatnas Cotoneaster frigida, Wal/,, Above Rambag,Matheran, |
Found by J. C, Ander-
son. Identified by J. M.
Woodrow.
34. Grassulaceee (The| Bryophyllum calycinum, Panphue, Pdnjdd, Gae-
Stonecrop Order.) ‘Salisb,| phul, Loti, Chowk
Plateau, Matheran; com-
mon at Mahableshwar,
Sev eawaue Kalanchoe brasiliensis} Panchgani,
| Camb, oA Nana
35. Rhizophoree (The] Carallia integerrima, DC.) Phansi, Wild Jack-tree,
Mangrove Order.) rae t
36. Combretace (The| Terminalia belerica, Roxb.) Beheda, Vehela.
Myrobolan Order.)
pu dies IGOOG eooe 5]
Chebula,* Retz. ...| Hirda, Chebulic Myro-
bolan tree.
* « The Myrobolan tree is found thrbughout the Satara district, butin special abundance
in the Mahableshwar forests, the hili goil apparently being well suited to its growth. The
the Chebulic Myrobolan of commerce, is about the size of adamson, though more
pointed at one end, of a deep green colour and contains a hard seed, When dry, it becomes
blackish and very hardand shrivelled. It is not edible in its natural state ; but when
mixed with the Beheda and Avia, the powder is taken as a stomachic and mild aperient, The
fruit is much valued in tanning and dyeing. ** Jt is also used * *in making an ink”
(Dr. W. McConaghy, “ Gazetteer,” Vol, XIX, Appendix B, Note). <i Ne
fruity
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 409
Natural Order, Genus and Species, Vernacular or English
|
nal je, use, habitat, &c,
36. Combretacee {The| Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd,| Ar un.
Myrobolan Order)—
Conid. ;
MLN ic asjasees » tomentosa, Bedd,| Ain,
yo Nospedecss Calycopteris Honiuads, Bag-yel, Yakshi, Bagoli,
amk, !
7 oesesees.| ANOGEISSUS latifolia,) Matheran Ghat.
Wall.
SRE eteces ..| Combretum ovalifolium,) Mad-yel, Shendri,
Roxb,
37. Myrtacex (The} Eugenia caryophyllea,| Near Fountain Hotel and
Myrtle Order.) Wight| Carnac Point, Maha-
bleshwar.
3. de sais he wel», Heyneana, Wall. ...| Koyna Valley.
x ieee » vambolana, Lamk,...| Jambul. Sans, Jambu,
Jambul tree, Common
everywhere,
Bie Wing's decane Eucalyptus obliqua, L’He-| Stringy Bark. Introduced
rit, from Australia,
) seseeeeee| Careya arborea, Roxb, ...) Kumbha,
38. Melastomacez ......, Memecylon edule, ford,,) Anjan. Ironwood iree,
Herb, Co,, Common everywhere.
39. Lythracese (The| Ammania baccifera, Linn,| Mahableshwar heather,
Loose-strife Order.) At Dhobi’s Waterfall.
Woodfordia floribunda, Dhaura,
Salish,
Lagerstreemia parviflora) Nanah, Nanya, Lendia,
Roxb,| Benteak tree,
Peay. Seu » lanceolata, Wail. .,.| Bhondka Bhondga, Fruits
in the cold weather,
MMA, sceoeue es », Flos-Regine, etz,| Taman,
- Bee euee » floribunda,Jack, var.| Kachan, Redlands, Ma-
cuspidata, Wall.) theran,
40. Onagracee § (The! Ginothera rosea -e-|Mahableshwar, inside the
Evening Primrose well in Reay Garden ;
Order.) probably. not indigenous,
“Tt has run wild in the
North-West Himalaya
and in the Nuilghiris ”
(Hooker, vol. II, p. 582),
41. Samydacez ......... Casearia graveolens, Dalz,| Bokhad.
5) Scapa) op esculenta, Roab,| Mori.
42. Cucurbitacee (The| Trichosanthes palmata, Kaundal. A large climb-
Gourd Order.) Roxb er, Readily identified
—
by its clusters of spheri-
cal, scarlet, orange-
streaked fruit, nearly 2
inches in diameter, and
by its large, broadly
lobed leaves,
aeoesse--| Cucumis trigonus, Roxb,..| Kat-yel.
-eeres--| Mukia leiospertna, Thwai-| Khaskhas, Matheran Bry-
eet, 3 tS.1 ony.
410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Vernacular or English
Natural Order. — Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &c,
42. Cucurbitacee (T) ej Zehneria Baweriana Endl.) Wardli. Mahableshwar
Gourd Or —Conte., Bryony.
ms sesesee . umbellata, Thwaites| Gomati.
fk Ni Mea ae "| Melothria odorata, H, F,
& T,
43, Begoniacer ......... Begonia crenata, Dryand.| Berki.
eg malabarica, Lamh.
44, Ficoidere (The Fig- Mollugo hirta, Thunb. ae °
Marigold Order.)
45. Umbelliferze (The} Hydrocotyle rotundifolia,
Parsley and Hemlock Roxb.
Order,)
MU ities se ocas asiatica,* Linn...| Kdrivana, Khopri. Sans.
Bhrabmi.
) seo s-eee| Pimpinella monoica, Dalz,| Bhalga,
. Boeeats Peucedanum grande} Baphh,
C. B. Clarke,
ame SUN eats ..| Heracleum concanense,| Pandi, Pinda. Near El-
Dalz} phinstone Point.
46, Rubiacez (The} Anthocephalus Cadamba, Niv. Mahableshwa r
Madder Order.) Mig. (Symonds),
PE. Peer eer tes: Adina cordifolia, Hook, 7.| Hed.
Bi) MR lia Stephegyne _— parvifolia,| Kalam, Niy. Under Per-
Korth,
Tree Hill and on the
Ghat, Matheran. A fine
tree, something like an
Alder.
Hymenodictyon excel-| Porcupine Point. =
sum, Wail.
: sooeesee-| Cinchona succirubra,
Pavon,
“ veesese--| Wendlandia Notoniana,
Wall.
Py eae cateneL Oldenlandia corymbosa,
Linn,
Planted in the woods at
Lingmala.
Frequent below Forest
Bungalow, Yenna Falls.
A small, much-branched
herb, with slender pubes-
cent stem and branches,
linear, sessile leaves and
small, white flowers.
Very common at Maha-
bleshwaz, on the side of
the paths, in October
(Cooke).
Anotis carnosa, Dalz,......J A small plant with pink
smell like carrion, when
crushed.
FA Ritchiei, Hook, fj Tilia. Flowers in Octo-
ber, Small, pale, puna
flowers.
oy OO
* An infusion of the leaves of this plant was used by the late Dr, Bhau Daji in his
treatment of leprosy. The juice of the leaves is sometimes prescribed in natixe.medicine
for epilepsy ; and is also popularly believed to bea cure for stammering, and to stimulate
the intellectual faculties, if taken daily.
tabgarh and near One -
flowers. The leaves:
eo =
pet eagecs a: ie
re
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
411
Natural Order, Genus and Species.
46, Rubiacee (The Mad-| Musszenda
der Order)—Conid..- Linn.
Randia
ecovecece
dumetorum ,t
» -rugulosa, Thw, ...
Canthium didymum, Roxb
umbellatum,
Wight.
angustifolium,
' Roxb.
Vangueria spinosa, Aoxb.
Ixora nigricans, Br. ......
Pavetta indica, Linn, ......
ek
33
seorvecese
, hispidula, W.GA,
Coffea arabica, Linn. ......
Psychoitria truncata, Waid.
Hamiltonia suaveolens,
Roxb.
Rubia cordifolia, Lenn. ...
47, Composite. (The} Centratherum phyllole-
Thistle & Dande-
lion Order.)
ccoseesce
Lamprachenium micro-
Adenoon indicum, Dalz...
Vernonia cinerea, Less...
wescecrce
Elephantopus scaber,Linn.
.oveeeee, Adenostemma viscosum,
Forst.
.+--ee--./ Ageratum conyzoides, Linn
Dee ..--| Dichrocephala latifolia,
DC.
--...«| Cyathocline lyrata, Cass.
Conyza stricta, Willd......
Blumea glomerata, DC. ...
weovcesee
seneetwoe
% fe eeeeree | 33
frondosa,*} Bh? ckes,
Lamk.\
num, Benth.
* tenue, Clarke,
cephalum, Benth,
e divergens, Benth,
Malcomii, Hook f.
Ver acular or English
nam >, use, habitat, &ce,
Sarwad. Near
Simpson’s Lake, Mathe-
ran,
Gela. The pounded bark
is used for poisoning fish,
Suran, Chowk Plateau.
Sajeri,
Tupa, Flowers in Novem-
ber, Fruits in January.
Chap-yel.
Alu, Indian Medlar.
Raekura,
Phaphti, Papti. Matheran
Coffee,
Coffee. Cultivated
Panchgani.
Rare. Near Carnac Point,
Girsao, Warra Ghat Road
and Falkland Point,
liari. Indian Madder,
The roots furnish the
dye called “ manjit”
(Balfour's Botany).
at
Kusamb, Mothi
Kardai,
Mothi Sadori, Sahadevi.
Sonki,
Bondar, At Yenna Falls
and Garbat Point,
Charlotte Lake, Matheran.
Jirao, Jangli jirao, Lapcti.
Ganera,
Gangotri,
Gondali,
Bhimburda. The leaves
have a strong aromatic
smell,
——————_—————————— : (a[. 000 meee
* This showy shrub is not very common at Matheran, It can be readily identified by
its conspicuous, white, calycine leaves, and its small, golden-yellow flowers.
+ The Gela is very common on the hills. It is variable in
size, sometimes a small tree,
generally _a shrub, with numerous stiff branches, armed with spines, and large, fragrant
white Towers, 2, ltly tinged with greenish-yellow, which turn yellow before they fade.
10 t
412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
' | &
. Vernacul English
Natural Order| | Genus and Species. : a nae vee # a a
47. Compositze—Conti. | Anaphalis oblonga, DC...
arKcc oon Gnaphaliom luteo- album,
Linn.
scosscee-| Vicoa cemnua, 9al2,........-
cocveenee| Pulicaria Wightiana,Clarke
Everywhere at Matheran
(Macpherson).
Fe weoveeee-| Wedelia urticefolia, DC.) Sonki,
i weencecers Spilanthes Acmella, Linn.
ay poesdodbo Bidens pilosa, Linn.........
3 ..-eeee-| Tridax procumbens, Linn.
Sotectpet Artemisia parviflora,Rozb| Dauni, Bhangi.
Ye aie ctasetse Gynura nitida, DC.......... Dahn.: Sow-thistle,
Flowers in October. -
Cabbage tree. Khandala.
Notonia grandiflora, DC..
Ghat, near Wai.
9 werocsrces
Bye. Amepoascis Senecio Lawii, Clarke...... Not common at Matheran,
but very common on
a hill above Khandala
(Cooke).
. Sees » Grahami, Hook, f.) Sonki,
Very like S. Grahami, but
has no pappus (Cooke).
Makmal. Marigold.
Kartraj and Wai Ghats,
Motha Bar, Bur.
Wild Lettuce,
,, belgaumensis, Clarke
Calendula officinalis, Zinn.
.| Tricholepis glaberrima, DC
.| Lactuca Heyneana, DC...
48. Cam " anulace «| Lobelia trigona, Roxb...
(The Hare-bell Order.)
Pia ah SON cclouc esas 3 nicotianzfolia,| Dhawal, Devnal, A tall,
Heyne.| erect plant, with hollow
stems, and large, light-
green, lanceolate leaves,
and a dense terminal
raceme of white flowers.
The leaves are smoked
instead of tobacco by the
hill people on the Nil-
giris,
see ae naa ..-.| Cephalostigma flexuosum
daly pos Ih
teh 1, Hasan oss Wahlenbergia gracilis,DC.
Sup-CLass 3,—COROLLIFLOR& or GAMOPETALZ,
49, Plumbagines ......... Plumbago zeylanica, Linn Common at Mahableshwar
50. Primulaceze (The Lysimacbia obovata,! Found by Dr. Lisboa in
Primrose Order), Ham,| the Chinaman’s Garden
at Mahableshwar and
described in a paper on
the climate of Maha-
bleshwar read before
the Grant College Me-
dical Society in 1886,
| Anagallis arvensis, Linn...| Pimpernel, near Panch-
| . ganl, fdicassemon),
t
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESH WAR. 413
Natural Order, ' Genus and Species, we Coa atarts
51, Myrsines oases. Meesa indica, Wall ......--. Atk’, Atak,
Ahh Re aoe ..-.| Hmbelia ribes, Burm, ...| Wa warang.
43 Sasa in » vobusta, Roxbd., var.) Ambuti, Wawri.
=) Chea SIRE , ferruginea, Wail...
52. Sapotaceze (The| Sideroxylon tomentosum,|Kénta-Kumbal. Commonat
Sapodilla Order.) Rowb,| Matheran. A hard-wood-
ed tree. Leaves woolly.
” ..| Bassia latifolia, Rowbd......! Mavra, Mohova, Mowrah
Tree. Matheran Ghat.
Rr uiiyts snes ..| Mimusops Elengi, Zinn..., Bokul, Bakuli, Below
Simpson Lake, Mathe-
ran,
53, Ebenaceze (The| Diospyros montana, Roxb. Goinda.,
Ebony Order.) |
Paige) lcccsscre. 5 assimilis, Bedd,| Malia, Indian Ebony.
pf Styracess . .......-. -Symplocos Beddomei,| Kaola, Mahableshwar,
Clarke,| common.
55. Oleacee (The Olive} Jasminum arborescens,| Kusar, Wild Jasmine.
Order.) Roxb., var, latifolia,
Pan arial! fcavecrss Olea dioica, Roxb............ Par Jamb, Wild Olive.
“fy Ra ee Ligustrum neilgherrense,; Lokhandi, Mersinga. Ma-
Wight., hableshwar Privet, Not
found at Matheran.
56. Apocynacez os Carissa Oarandas, Linn.| Karvand, Corinda. The
Dogbane Order well-known Corinda
Bush,
Pei y | “scaneaee -| Rauwolfia densiflora,! Rare. At Lingmala.
Benth., Herb, Co,; (Cooke).
3) 2) wepBe0ro Holarrhena antidysen-|Kuda. Pandhra_ Kuda.
terica, Wall.| Sans, Kutaja, The seed
is called Indrajava
(Sans, Indrayava), and
is used as a vermifuge
and febrifuge.
Tabernemontana dichoto-| Taital.
ma, Roxb.
crispa, Roxb,| Taital. Fruit well form-
“Aue a Ree 5
ed in November,
33 Bpeoscaon Wrightia tinctoria, Br. ...| Kala Kuda,
” Sqousocad Anodendron paniculatum,| Lamtani, Dr, MacDon-
A. DC ald’s “Seed Travel-
ler.” See the Society's
Journal, vol. I, p. 237.
Calotropis gigantea, Br...| Rui.
57, Asclepiadese (The
Milkweed Order.)
ssesee-s.| Gymnema silvestre,* Br...| Kaoli, Pitini, Dodi, Dudh-
roli, Sirdoli.
wee) Dregea volubilis, Benth.| Kaolli,
Herb, Co,
* The leaves of this climber have the property, when chewed, of neutralizing for a time
the taste of saccharine substances, It may be identified by its slender green branches and
numerous dense umbels of yellowish-green flowers rather than by its most common verna-
cular pena e0li. which is applied to many of the twining asclepiads. (Cooke),
a”
Ope 8 Wl eaesie
4
414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
|
|
|
Watural Orde1 Genus and Species.
57,
Milkweed
—Conid.
Orde ry)
Dischidia benghalensis,
Coleb.
x weeveseee| Hoya retusa, Dalz ........| Dhakti
Wightii, Hook f. ...
Eh a) eCUCOOOLO.) )
reticulata,
Wight & Arn.
Ceropegia Lawii, Hook f..
Leptadenia
Loganiacex (The| Buddleia asiatica,
Strychnia Order.) Herb, Co,
58.
93
J. Gentianaceer (The) Exacum bicolor, Rozd. ...
Gentian Order.)
3 eosacacres ry)
Lawii, Clarke
935 Sela tefarenio in 35
Canscora diffusa, Br......
Swertia decussata, Wimmo
60. Boraginess (Th e| Cordia myxa, Linn
eeyeee ae!
Lour.,| Very rare.
potatorum, Linn. f.| Niwali,
.».| Jatdli,
petiolare, Sager
Borage Order.)
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &e,
Asclepiadeze ((‘he| 2b. var. angustifolia ... 4 Dudhi, Near the top of
the Rotunda Ghatand at
Babington Point, Maha-
bleshwar, The root is
given uncooked as medi-
cine for guinea-worm,
Ambri. Golden
Fringe,
Ambri, Dudh-yel. Wax
plant,
Khar-Khodi,
Near the Bund, Maha-
bleshwar. Flowers m
July (Nairne).
Lingmala and
FitzGerald Ghat (Cooke).
er, . Near Simpson
Lake, Matheran. Plen-
tiful below cliffs to the
south of Chowk Plateau,
Nirmali, Near
Hart Point, Matheran,
Gaulan, Maha-
bleshwar Gentian, Very
common amongst grass in
October ; dies very soon
after the end of the
rains (Cooke), The whole
plant turns red when
dried.
Matheran,
Galphugi, Shinta, Mahtara
cha gavat. Common
along shady roadsides,
both at Matheran and
Mahableshwar (Cooke).
Grows to 3 or 4 ft, high
in the Rambag, and
when dry, after seeding,
the whole plant is of a
reddish colour,
Kauri,
vember in grassy places,
Used as a _ febrifuge
(Cooke).
Yan.
Strychnos colubrina, Linn.| Tarali, Strychnine Creep- —
Flowers in No-
| Bhokar, Rambag, Mathe-
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESH WAR,
Natural Order,
Genus and Species,
415
Ve macular or English
ne me, use, habitat, &,
60. Boraginex (The Bor-
age Order)—Conid.
Ehretia levis, Roxb. ......
Trichodesma zeylanicum,
Br,
Paracaryum
Benth.
malabaricum,
Clarke.
”?
Lambertianum,
‘ Clarke.
61, Convolvulaces (The| Argyreia speciosa, Sweet.
Convolvulus Order.)
62. Solanacez
Potato Order.)
P, sericea, Dalz, ...
.,, malabarica,Chois.
.| Lettsomia elliptica, Wight
setosa, Roub .
| Ipomea dissecta, Willd...
Porana malabarica, Clarke
(The| Solanum nigrum, Linz, ...
denticu latum,
ep ]
Blume.
iy ~oappconid és giganteum, Jacq.
+ ene - indicum, Linn,
mae oouncenes ’| Nicandra physaloides,
Geerin,
- coe-oa-e.| Datura fastuosa, Linn. var,
alba,
celestinum,
Bliokar. Foot of Mathe-
van Ghat.
Matheran,
Nechurdi, Mahableshwar
“ Forget-me-not,’ Com-
mon everywhere,
On the Bund, Mahablesh-
war. Distinguished by
its large, dark, metallic-
blue flowers,
FitzGerald Ghat. Dis-
tinguished by its smooth
nutlets, which are not
reflexed or barbed as in
P. coelestinum,
Gavel,
FitzGerald Ghat,
.| Galdar, Sambhar-yel,
Bhauri, Flowers in Octo-
ber and November in
many parts of Maha-
bleshwar, and along the
Garbet Road, Mathe-
ran, Flowers small,
funnel-shaped, pure
white, “The dry scariose
calyx is often seen on
the withered plants in
the hot season (Cooke).
Kamani, Common in
gardens below the ha-
zaar, and below the
lake, Mahableshwar
(Cooke).
Karad Kangoni,
Kuitri,
Chiturti, Bhui-vangi,
Kartraj Ghat, Mr. Mac-
pherson has found it also
in the Koyna Valley, be-
tween Sidney and
Elphinstone Points.
Dhotra.
416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XxX,
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, \ Genus and Species, “name, use, habitat, &,
62. Solanaceze (The E>- Brugmansia candida ...... Motha ODhotra, The
tato Oxder,.) — Cont. Spanish “ Dama _ de
Noche,’ Not described
in Hooker’s “ Flora of
British India’; nor pro-
bably indigenous. It
FitzGerald Ghat and
other roads and grows
freely. Readily identi-
fied by its long drooping,
tubular, white flowers,
which smell sweetly at
nightfall; hence the
Spanish name “ Lady
of the Night.”
On the Wai Ghat (Mac-
pherson).
Mahaka.
63, Scrophularinez(The| Celsia coromandeliana,
Figwort Order.) Vahl
Limnophila racemosa,
Benth.
gratioloides,
Br,
Herpestis Monniera, H,
B, & K.
I
ett a lin Mee sos oe Fi Turti.
Flowers in April and May.
s peo1G00ee
33
Ph a inscasesoe Bonnaya veronicefolia,.ShewAl.
Spreng.
ae) SAN eapeone Striga orobanchioides,*| Tdmbdi Karicha gavat.
Benth.
: soseeree-| Ramphicarpa longiflora,) Matheran.
Benth.
.| Centranthera hispida, Br.| Matheran,
.| Sopubia delphinifolia, G.) Louisa Point. Flowers in
Don,| October.
Pedicularis zeylanica,
Benth,
64. Lentibulariacee(The| Utricularia albo-cerulea, Kajutcha-ghas, Not very
Bladderwort Order.) Dalz) common, Grows in
patches in the wet grass
near the Dhobi’s Water-
fall, Mahableshwar.
Pens clese oars ‘ cerulea, Linn. ..| Bladder-wort.
65. Gesneraceer (The} Aschynanthus Perrotte-/ Found on the bank of
Gesnera Order.) tii, A. DC.| the Koyna, but not at
Mahableshwar _ itself.
Flowers in October
(Cooke).
eecoreecce
66, Bignoniacee (The Heterophragma Roxbur-| Waras, There are some |
- ghii, DC, fine trees of this species
on the western path to
Chowk plateau,Matberan.
Trumpet Flower
Order.)
(eRe ass a
* This strange-looking little plant may be readily identified by its dark, reddish-purple
stem and branches, its scale-like leaves, and its terminal spikes of pink flowers, which have
a white spot at the base of each division of the corolla, It grows on rocks, and is sometimes
parasitical on the roots of other plants, It flowers in October and Noyem here
oo eAST TO
has been planted on the-
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR, “ANT
Ve nacular or English
naine, use, habitat, &c,
Pddel. Near the chauki,
phyllum, Seem.) Matheran,
Natural Order. | Genus and Species.
Trumpet Flower
Order,)— Contd. re
67. Acanthacese (The| Thunbergia fragrans,| Eri-yél.
Acanthus Order.) Roxb.
es seeeessee] Hygrophila Serpyllum) Rdn-tewan.
T. Anders:
=petoonae Strobilanthes asperrimus, Karvi. Meni Karvo,
a Nees.| Indian Waitle.
CSM.) Siccansas if Hey neanus | Ankra, Tiari,
Nees.
POEM fiiiccsccceee ixiocephalus,| Kdrva, Darmori, Said to
4 Benth.| flower only once in 7
years, The same is
said of 8, asperrimus,
which also is said to
flower the year after 8.
ixiocephalus,
% aoeheeiees Pe serobiculatus,| ‘Corolla symmetric .....
Dalz.| pale below, a beautiful
‘blue upwards............
Appears to be the most
beautiful species of the
genus” (Hooker, vol.
IV, p. 445.)
¥ sdaseacsel oe y callosus,WVees.| Below Chowk Point,
+ peceapeee Pe asper, Wight.) Meni Karvo, Chit Karo,
Matheran, near Little
Chowk Point. Flowers
in Oct, Bracts shining
white ; sometimes rosy
at tips,
RAMP ty, aNrlaceaties's “ perfoliatus, Waiti. Very common at
T. Anders, Matheran, It flowers
triennially; flowers pale
blue. The spikes when
| dry are highly aromatic,
a .seseeeee| Calacanthus Dalzelliana,| Pandhra Karva, Flowers
: TI. Anders large, purple. Under wet
rocks below the chauki,
Matheran (Cooke),
AN ge Meer ee Deedalacanthus purpura-| Matheran,
scens, 7, Anders,
‘ “oaeochoad Hlemigraphis latebrosa,| Koyna Valley, (Macpher-
Nees, son).
SO Laila Caceres Phaylopsis parviflora, Will
Mth, fy Gaeetanses Blepharis asperrima, Nees,| Dikna.
A yereece .| Haplanthus verticillaris,| Kala Kirat, Kéla Ankra,
Nees.
3 Weee scree Barleria Prionftis, Zinn...| Pivla Itari. Common at
Matheran, Flowers
yellow.
P Bae cn Le a Gibsoni, Dalz. |Gura. Matheran Ghat,
Tubes of flowers white;
ee -
pies limb pale lilac,
418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Vernacular or English -
name, use, habitat, &c,
a a nh ann hn niin ihe OT an ns)
67, Acanthacee (Th> Barleria grandiflora, Dalz. Safed Itari, Matheran.
Natural Order, \ Genus and Species.
Acanthus ©’ Order.)— Flowers large, white,
Conid. bane
¥ | eabenHndasc i courtallica, Nees.| Ttari,
ear Mhabacrehene » strigosa, Wéld.,) Koranti, Kali Itari.
var. terminalis; Flowers blue, the tube
of the corolla much
paler than the limb.
Stigma purple. <A
handsome, showy plant,
Plentiful on FitzGerald
Ghat; and near Hart
a Point, Matheran,
Sener Asystasia violacea, Dalz...| Akra. Very common at
e Mahableshwar in Octo-
ber.
BON Yecrncts? Lepidagathis cuspidata,
; Nees.
Ean en eeetacsie Rungia parviflora, Nees,
Se Wietcitelsci le Dicliptera zeylanica, Nees.
SL hatte eseees Justicia Betonica, Linn ...j Matheran (Carstensen),
SUN alli a? cats os » trinervia, Vahi....| Sita, Pandhra Suta,
a a cleweiers A procumbens, Linn. Tharambal,
joo lal ade sdased Adhatoda vasica, Nees ...| Adulsa, A very common
shrub, Used for hedges
in the Ghat districts
(Nairne).
eena Sten Ecbolium Linneanum, Dhakta-adulsa, Kala Suta,
Kurz Walio, Godra.
68. Verbenacee The} Lantana Camara, Linn ...| In hedges, Panchgani,
Vervain Order.) The plant “has a strong
smell of black currants”
; (Nairne).
seo---| Priva leptostachya, Juss.) Below Kate’s Point (Mac-
pherson.) I have found
it with blue flowers on
Louisa . Point. The
flowers are ordinarily
white.
Bae LAONOD Callicarpa lanata, Linn ...| Yesur, ,
Sosa Tectona grandis, Linn, ...] Sdg,Sagwan, Teak tree,
Ue ones Premna coriacea, Clarke
purpurascens , Chambar-yel.
Thwaites,
sooEouade Gmelina arborea, Linn. ...| Shewan, The pale yellow,
close-grained wood of
this tree is highly esteem-
ed for planking, furni-
ture, the panels of doors,
93) eee ere.e secs ”
ae Pi SS ERS ee Xt <o Wiee 1s).
+ ae :
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 419
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species, naine, use, habitat, &c,
68. Verbenacee (Th al Vitex Negundo, Lin,| Ketri, Nigud, Nigadi,
~ Vervain Order)—Conid, Herb Co ‘ans, Nirgundi, In
native medicine, the
bruised leaves-are appli-
Sad Rae islsseenss.s 2b. var, incisa, Lamk ......, ed to the temples, as a
cure for headache,
(Cooke,) In var, incisa,
the leaflets are crenate
and"serrate, and are not
nearly so white under-—
neath as in the more
common plant,
Beth lnceeueceue a Vitex leucoxylon, Linn... ) Koyna Valley (Cooke),
Bi Phd meetennees Clerodendron serratum,| Borungi, Borsangi, Bha-
Spreng., Herb, Co rang. Nearthe dharm-
sala, between Mahablesh-
war and Panchgani.
69. Labiate.(TheLabiate| Plectranthus § Wighiii,
Lingmala and elsewhere,
or Dead-Nettle Order.) Benth.
3 weceee-| Coleus parviflorus, Benth,| Khapri, Near Elphinstone
Point, Mahableshwar,
> eoee --| Lavandula Gibsoni, Grah.| Indian Lavender, On the
Wai Ghat.
i‘ seese »--| Pogostemon paniculatus,
Benth,
Pangli, The stem and
leaves of this plant are
used in the Ratnagiri
District as a cure for
snake-bite.
As BeCSECKCO », parviflorus, Benth,
PED ge Ne --| Dysophylla myosuroides,| Shewal.
Benth,
Tet) es Wiecce esate - salicifolia, Dalz,
tite) Meee wercaeet » Stellata, Benth.) Marvd.
nirint RRN C RCE RB », _ gracilis,“ Daiz.
oh seeeesee-| Colebrookia oppositifolia,| Bhiman,
Smith.
sehen iperaaecesrees Micromeria capitellata,) Karwat, ‘* Very aroma-
Benth, _ tic” (Hooker),
PMs Milrses sc ces Salvia plebeia, Br. ......... Birambola,
Seay ae genera pee Scutellaria discolor, Coleb,
A OD ns eee Anisomeles Heyniana,| Chaudhara. Common
Benth,| everywhere.
SU lay ae eee jn) VOWEL SY Bisco se
—__&
* Dysophylla gracilis is probably only a tall form of D. stellata. (Hooker, vol, IV,
p- 641.) The latter plant can be readily known, when in flower in October, by its narrow,
linear, whorled leaves, and its slender spikes of minute, closely-packed, dark purple flowers.
t grows inepotehes on the roadside near Sydney Point, Mahableshwar,
il OS re
-
—
;
420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi..X,
Ci
“Natural Order, | Genus and Species,
—
69, Labiate (The Ua)i-
ate or Dead-Netie |
Order,)—Contd.
{
Anisomeles malabarica, Br.
i
i
i
i
}
|
Leucas stelligera, Wall...
ciliata, Benth.......
2?
|
;
|
|
tomentosum,|
Fleyne,,
Teucrium
aoeecooee
:
- Guma, Borambi,
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &e,
——s
On the Katraj Ghat,
Flowers in November,
This beautiful plant
can be readily identified
by the snow-white, ap-
pressed wool which
clothes its stem and
branches, by its large
thick leaves, and its
dense whorls of pale
purple flowers,
Matasil,
Borambi. Mahableshwar
Dead Nettle. Flowers in
the cold season, Not so
commonas I, stelligera.
May be identified by the
short, dense, yellowish
brown hairs on the hel-
met-shaped upper lip of
the corolla (Cooke),
Sus-Ciass 4—MONOCHLAMYDE® or Sita or [INCOMPLETA,
70, Plantaginese (The| Planiago major, Linn...
Rib-grass. Order.) ;
71, Amarantaceze (The| Celosia argentea, Linn......
Amaranth Order.)
oeGecceee
3 Rae Snue Aliernanthera sessilis, Br,
72. Chenopodiaceze (The/Chenopodium ambrosoides,
Goose-foot Order.) Linn.
73. Polygonacese (The} Polygonum plebejum, Br.,
Buck-wheat Order.) var, elegans,
Bs sconecace . glabrum, Willd.
54 qoutes a barbatum, Linn,
NS secdeace " alatam, Ham. ..
Ph 9 CORRES re chinense, Linz...
74, Piperacesze (The Pep-| Piper Hookeri, Miq. ...
per Order.)
oP)
”
75. Myristicese
Nutmeg Order.) _
5, sylvestre, Lamk, ..
Pepsromia portulacoides,
A, Dietr,
(The| Myristica attenuata, Wall! Rakhi Rura,
wee} English plantain,
Kiurdu, Quail grass.
Achyranthes aspera, Linn, Sarata, Burr plant.
Sherni,
Sheral. Near the lake,
Mahableshwar, with the
next species,
Dhakta Sherai,
Paral,
Buck-wheat,
Narali, Indian
...| Ran Mirwal, Hill Pepper.
Rambag,
| Matheran Nutmeg,
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
Natural Order, Genus and Species.
421
Verricular or English
name, use, habitat, &c.
76, Laurinez
Laurel Order.) Thwaites.
Ce Cryptocarya Wightiana,
Panchawa, Bobarsa,
Je aay Serpe .| Beilschmiedia fagifdlia, Matheran (Cooke).
Nees.|.
eae Ace atecs Dehaasia cuneata, Blume..| Sirsa, Matheran,
a vos vee} Cinnamonum Tamala,|Maharuk. Below cliffs on
Nees.
Machilus villosa, Hook, /.
on) eeareaccea
macrantha, Nees' G
” eccceesce 29
south of Chowk Pla-
teau. Only four trees
have been seen, Fruit
ripens in May,
Gulumb,. The petiole is
generally twisted
through an angle of 90°.
4s ewan -| Alseodaphne semicarpifo-| Bobarsa. In the Ceme-
lia, Nees,| tery, Matheran.
PSM jet seen ....| Actinodaphne Hookeri, Pisa,Common everywhere.
Meison. Syn, A. lanceo-
lata, Herb. Co.
7 peers. at bseeay COOK s-eecene seee...| Near Carriage Stand,
Arthur’s Seat.
x Mecsesces ,, tomentosa, Heyne.) Rotanda Ghat.
polyantha, Juss... Kala Pisa. | Arthur’s
Wightiana, Wall.
fuscata, Thwaites,
zeylanica, C.& Fr.
Nees.
77. Thymeleacez (The! Lasiosiphon eriocephalus,
Spurge Laurel Order.) Dene.
Re vseases Sohn Ae
78, Hlwagnacee: (The;
' Oleaster Order.) |
Stocksii, Hook. f.
Seat and near Govern-
ment House, Mahablesh-
war, The leaves smell
of cinnamon, when
crushed.
Below Bombay Point,Ma-
hebleshwar, (Symonds.)
Rameta. Plentiful on both
hills, The bark, which
has a strong fibre, is
used by the hill coolies
for tying bundles of
grass and wood, Used
also for poisoning fish,
Eleagnus latifolia,* Linn.) Ambulgi,
* This beautiful species is very variable in habit, taking the form of either a bush, a
small tree, or a climber (Hooker),
At Matheran and Mahableshwar it is generally found
as a large ieee and is readily identified by its oblong, elliptic leaves, which are silvery-
422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
igs ae Vernacular or English
\
Natural Order, _ Genus and Species, name, use, habitat, &c.
79, Loranthacee (The| Loranthus Wallichianus, The name Banda or Van-
Mistletoe Order.) \ Schultz.| da is commonly given
bythe Hill people toall
these parasitic plants,
, obtusatus, Wall,... Se
» scurrula, Linn ......
», pulverulentus, Wall.
cuneatus, Heyne....
elasticus, Desrouse.
» involucratus, Roxb.| Bandguli,
ed, lurid purple, long
tubular corolla, of light
‘colour, anthers exserted,
,, loniceroides, Linn,
Viscum angulatum, Heyne| Jalindar, Indian Mistletoe,
” eoeccoese
80. Santalaceze (The
Sandalwood Order.)
81, Balanophorez ......
Osyris arborea, Wail ......| Lotal,
Balanophora indica, Wall.| For a description of this
| strange plant, see Mrs.
Hart’s “Note on a
supposed Root-Parasite
in October, 1885.”
(Journal, vol. I, p. 75.*)
The plant is Sand in the
wood above the Dhobi’s
Waterfall in November.
82. Euphorbiaceze (The| Euphorbia pycnostegia,
Spurgewort Onder) Boiss.
; coeseees , elegans, Spreng, The bracts are about half
an inch long.
5 hypericifolia, Linn| Dudh mogra.
i Necteee 5, neriifolia, Linn ...| Thor, The Candelabrum
tree.
Pinan cate eaters » fusiformis, Zam...| Kirkind. Roots large, ten
inches long. Leaves
fleshy, radiant, reddish.
The flowers appear in
delicate pink cymes
before the leaves.
Common on the Golf
Ground, Mahableshwar,
and on the Ghat
Plateau, Matheran.
* The late Mr, W. E. Hart gave the following description, from memory, of the speci-
mens collected by him, ‘My specimens approach the description of B. indica nearer thar,
any of the others,” (See Hooker, vol. V," pp. 237, 238.) “The root-stock was tuberous or
warty. The peduncle-scales yellowish, * * * They lay close on the peduncle, and * * were
imbricate, but separated at the upper extremities. The heads were certainly globular and
uni-sexual ; reddish-brown in colour. The flowers were dicecious, white in colour, The
stamens of the male flower united into a central column of conical shape. The peduncles
were of all lengths, from 1 to § inches high, and eee thick for eh length, The
heads were of all sizes from marbles +0 bagatelle balls,” ---
» lageniferus, Wi ght.| Bandguli, Involucre 5-lob-
found at Mahableshwar .
oR ge
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 423
j
Veynacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species, name, use, habitat, &.
82, Euphorbiacez (The! Euphorbia Rothiana, Dudhi,
Spurgewort Order.)— Spreng.) |
Contd, | us
3 veeseeee| Bridelia retusa, Spreng ...| Hasina, Asdna, Fruits in
_| the cold weather,
BOR. ah schtets cso Phyllanthus Emblica,£Linn| Awal. Gooseberry tree,
3 sesbacle== . maderaspa-| Kanocha.
tensis, Linn,
a, eeeerevee] Glochidion lanceolarium,| Bhoma,
Dalz.
apeat Meoesec --| Fliiggea Leucopyrus, !Villd,|. Pandharphali,
” scoreeeee| Dreynia patens, Benth......
an Nageieecerce ...| Sauropus quadrangularis,| Chickli.
Mueil.
5 Beencaves Croton reticulatus, Heyne,| Pandurai,
Fe Web) oeeec teas » Lawianus, Nimmo,| Borambi, Bhorambi.
RE Our eceroore: ramifloras, Grah...| Kavala, Parai,
i So eeeaaea Blachia denudata, Benth,| Shindola.
% se ceoeeee Mallotus philippinensis, Rohen, Asli. Capsules co-
uell, vered with a red, mealy
; powder, used as a red
dye(Dalzell and Gibson),
At Mount Abu, in Oc-
tober, this tree can be
at once identified by
this red powder, which
colours the whole tree,
I have never noticed it
in the few specimens
seen at Matheran or
Mahableshwar.
Macaranga Roxburghii,) Chandara. A very com-
Wight, mon tree at Matheran.
Readily identified by its
large ovate peltate
leaves, Grows well in
Bombay.
- .esseoeee) Homonoia riparia, Lour...| In the bed of the ravine
below the Dhobis
Waterfall eek).
Ga Ne. Sie seen . Tragia involucrata, Linn...! Kulti.Sting-NettleCreeper
83, Urticacese (The Trema orientalis, Blume.... Gol, Ghol.
Nettle Order.)
Jaceceet Morusalba, Linn, .......... Situt, Shah-tut, z.e., “ The
King’s Mulberry.”
Sen 1 estes esse Ficus bengalensis, Linn... Wad. Banyan tree. Below
Chowk Point,
Sania ferences yy tomentosa, Roxb, ...| Karwat,
yO mpebattoc ley see RebUSa eri, neon. ..| Nandruk, Ranekuit,
se RRO” » BRumphii, Blume....| Pahir,
religiosa, Linn. Var.| Ashta,* Ashit,
* The Ashta is distinguished by the hill people from the Pipal of the plains, of which it
is perhaps a Mei The name “ Ashta ” has no connection, apparently, with the Sanskrit
name of the Bizgiaif-Ashratth?
424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
t
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &c,
83. Uriicaceze (The Ficus infectoria, Roxb. ...| Kel.
Netile Order.)—Conid,),
Seance ces .--| 5, heterophylla, Zinn.) Karoti, The leaves ate
very rough and can be
used as sand-paper.
by My Gceaeans » easperrima, Roxb.
; eBosacoon » hispida, Linn.
ei Ly Rigctesesets » palmata, Fors... ...| This is the most common
fig at Mahableshwar
(Cooke).
i sescceeee| ,, glomerata, Roxb. ...| Umbar, Sans, Udumbar.
The Sycamore tree of
the- Bible.
PGs) ea sicak « Artocarpus integrifolia,| Phanas. Sans. Panasa,
‘ Linn, Jack-tree,
SeRoT (el arccltee seca Fleurya interrupta, Gawd.) Khajoti.
Tasos acses Girardinia heterophylla,) Mothi Khdjoti, Agia,
Dene Agarra, Giant Sting-
nettle,
BE Gn tty aor Lecanthus Wightii, Wedd.| -
6 ceechonr Boehmeria _ platiyphylla,
Don, var, scabrella,
Wedd.
RMS ccs soe Debregeasia velutina,
Gaud,
83a, Casuarinez ......... Casuarina equisetifolia,) Cassowary tree, Beefwood,
Forst, Uxtensively planted at
Panchgani, where it
grows well,
835, Cupulifere (The| Quercus Robur, Linn. ...| The Oak. There are some
Hazel and Oak well-grown trees, (rais-
Order.) ed from acorns brought
by the late Dr. John
Wilson,fromScotland,)at
Sindola, Mahableshwar.
84, Salicinese (The Salix tetrasperma, Row...) Walunj. Willow. Not at
Willow Order.) i Matheran.
Section (2)—Gymnospermee® -
Sus-CLass 5.—GYMNOSPERMA,
85. Gnetacesze (The| Gnetum scandens, Roxd...| Wumbli.
Jointed-Fir Order.) |
Crass Il.—MoNOcOTYLEDONES 07” ENDOGENS, TF
86. Hydrocharidez (The) Vallisneria spiralis, Zinn...
Frog-bit Order),
* In the section “ Gymnosperme ” the ovules are naked, #.e. not enclosed in an ovary.
+ In the seeds of Monocotyledones there is mene" Cury one cotyledon. If there are
“Seo. they alternate with ort, ane Monocotyledones are also angiosperms.
4
7
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAK,
Natural Order, | Genus and Species,
87, Burmanniacez ......| Burmannia ccelestis, Don.
88, Orchidee (The Or-| Oberonia recurva, Lindl...
chis Order.} \
/
425
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &c,
On the road to the Gov-
srnor’s Bund, Matheran,
Sy ia eee Microstylis Rheedii, Wight| Very like a plantago.
eeenes-ss| Dendrobium Macrei,Lindl| Koyna. Valley.
Bue ike! (Peston une . microbulbon,
A, Rich,
Sure ria hsctes sbes | . chlorops,
Lindl.
~ Sevcece a barbatulum,!
| Lindl,
- eee weneete 5; ramosissi-;
mum, Wig hit,
3; euscneake . Bierard | Mahableshwar (Cooke).
Roxb,
\ sesactoe oe Lawanum,| Bechu, Nangli.
; Lindl,
a eeoreeese| Cirrhopetalum fimbria-| The “ Umbrella orchis ;”
tum, Lindl.) so named by Mrs, Jer-
don,
Sy ~Sacoceo j Eria braccata, Lindl, .
a _caeecee| Phajus albus, Léndl........
. «es Hulophia pratensis, Lindl, Ambarkhand. ..
BONE, it Gas cvecsbec| _Airides maculosum, Lindl,| Rukhsing, Pansing. This
tim). (gees ae » crispum, Lindl, is the handsome, sweet-
scented orchid which
flowers so abundantly
in May.
fe ey Bierce | Habenaria _— grandiflora, Mahableshwar. Common
sh
9
Lindl.
Susanne, Br..
after the first fall of
rain, Flowers with white
pectinate petals, The
root is the
“Salep Misri ”
bazaars,
.| Wag-chaora, 2.€,
claws.” ‘The’
Indian
of the
, “ Tiger’s
Giant
orchis, Only one plant
of this. magnificent
orchis has been found
(by Dr. Cooke’ )
at Maha-
bleshwar. It is “ plenti-
ful on the Bhoma Hill”’*
(Rk. M,
at Khandala.
Dixon.)
* An interesting account of this orchis is given in Mr. Dixon’s Note at page 328 of
Vol, X of the Society’s Journal,
426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, _ Genus and Species, name, use, habitat, &c,
88. Orehidex (The Orchis| Habenaria _ plantaginea,| Matheran.
Order,)—Cte, Lindl,
3 Eeosesnes 5 subpubens, A,| Kalabi,
’ Rich. i
PUT, Ait iekaseee etn : crassifolia, A.| A.Mahableshwar.Common
Rich,| in September,
Pak ahaa corneas » stenostachya, | Maitheran,
Benih,
Hap Bul ee oer 5 Wightii, Trimen| Matheran,
89. Scitamineee (Th e| Curcuma Zedoaria, Hosc.| Kachora, Kachola,
Ginger Ordere)
Pegi Me iiesness wea os montana, Rosc.| Rén-haldi, White turme-
ric,
oy Gobeogdad Hitchenia caulina, Baker. Chavar, Arrowroot,
re ali Aondingatss Hedychium coronarium,| Near Yenna stream,above.
Kenig.| Lingmala,
ee ener a tee Ib. var. flayum, Roxb. ...| Sontuka, Dulab Champa.
The fragrant, yellow
flowers appear soon
after the first fall of
rain at Mahableshwar
(Lisboa),
oye ee BeabocRed Zinziber macrostachyum,
Dalz,
Musa rosacea, Jacq, .-..-«
Sheri, Nisam, Wild gin-
ger,
Ran-kel, Chawankel, Ka-
wadar, Wild plantain,
90. Amaryllidee (The| Curculigo orchioides,| Kajuri.
Amaryllis Order.) Gerin,
» malabarica, Wight
Crinum asiaticum, Linn.
ne). | thOoonanda » brachynema, Herb,
53 Dpeceseaes -| Pancratium parvum, Dalz,
91, Dioscoreacezee (The| Dioscorea pentaphylla,
Yam Order.) Linn,
3 sere ccme » Sativa, Linn, ...|Godri, Komphal, Yam,
Commonly cultivated.
Kadu-karanda, With
brown bulbs in the axils
of the leaves,which,with
the roots, are eaten as @
vegetable, boiled or
fried (Lisboa),
92. Liliacee (The Lily| Smilax macrophylla, Roxb) Got-vel,
Mahableshwar Lily.
Khandalu, Dhapa.
Shend-vel, Shendon-vel.
Se) ea ee ecccats » bulbifera, Linn...
Asparagus racemosus,| Ashwal, Asparagus creep-
Willd.| er.
.| Chlorophytum brevisca-| Kula, Kulachi baji,
pum, Dalz,
», orchidastrum, Lindl,
* The Hitchenia caulina, from which arrowroot has been obtained, grows abundantly
everywhere at Mahableshwar. It flowers from June to October, and seeds freely in November.
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 427
eee
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &c.
Natural Order. Genus and Species,
92, Liliacece (The Lily] Scilla indica, Baker ......
Order.j—Contd.
Asmalllily readily known
Ly its racemes of green-
ish-purple flowers,
which appear every-
where at Mahableshwar
on the first fall of rain,
at the end of May and
early in June.
Rene etiy tn castes’ Iphigenia indica, Kunth.
93, Commelinaceze (The; Commelina nudiflora,
Spider-wort Order.) Lunn,
: Aneilema Loureiril,Hance.
Cyanotis axillaris, Moem.
& Sch.
Gandolzi,
Kdju. Spider-wort.
Dhdkti Kaju.
9 _ wee eeecee
99. eo ceescon
Bherli-mad, Fish-tail Palm,
The long, trailing, fruit
racemes of this palm
are likened by the Hill
people to the flowing
locks of the long-haired
Bheravs, attendants of
Shiv. Hence the name
94. Palmee (Palms.)...| Caryota urens, Linn. ......
“ Bherli mad.”
95. Aroides (The Arum Cryptocoryne Roxbur-
Order.) ghii, Schoté,
PU ycleee an ats | Arisoema Murrayi, Hook,|Simpacha khdnda, ze.
“ Snakeroot.” Cobra
Lily. At Mahablesh-
war, where this beauti-
ful arum appears every-
waere on the first ap-
proach of the monsoon,
it has a creamy white
spathe, tinged with deep
purple or pale green.
Plants taken to Poona
increase in size and show
only a green spathe.
Suran, Common at Ma-
theran, The stock is
eaten as a vegetanle,
boiled, 2nd mixed with
the fruit of Garruga
_pinnata and Tamarinds
(Lisboa),
Amorphophallus campa-
nulatus, Loxd,
sc each deen .».., Synantherias sylvatica,
s Sc hott
nici ima
428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Natural Order,
Genus and Species,
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &c.
95, Aroides (The Arum| Thomsonia
Order).—Contd.
96. Lemnacee
Duck-weed Order.)
97, Eriocaulez
Pipewort Order.)
Cyperaceze (The
Sedge Order.)
Gu a, a0Cnoode
98,
oeccacsoe
99.
seovoee eo
weoeeor0e
29 oaeanseae
93 egeresovo
eeeeea toe
( The
(The
nepalensis,
Wall,'
Pythonium Walli-
chianum, Schott,
syn.
Shevali. The
known as “Shevali” is
considered by Dr-Lisboa
to be identical with
Amorphophallus com-
mutatus, Engler, Dr.
Kirtikar, however,
agrees with the late Dr.
Dymock in identifying
it with Pythonium
Wallichianum, See the
notes at pages 524—528
of this Volume.
Remusatia vivipara,Schott,) Rokh-alu, Wild Caladium,
Lemna trisulca, Linn...
Wolffia arrhiza Wimm, ..
Eriocaulon setaceum Linn
Fimbristylis cestivalis,
Vahl.
Carex indica, Linn .cocsesce.
Cyperus umbellatus, Burm.
Paspalum scrobiculatum,
Linn.
Ai - costatum,
Hockst.
Isachne elegans, Dalz. &
Gibs,
» Lisbox, Hook, f.
Panicum prostratum,
Lamb.
x eruceforme,
Swbth,
- colonum, Linn...
Tricholoena Wightii, Nees.
Setaria glauca, Beau eo...
» italica, R. Br. *...
Pennisetum typhoideum,
Rich,
Coix Lachryma, Linn......
| Polytoca Cookii, Stapf.
ones| LEA MAyS, LIN ssovecrecaee
.| Oryza sativa, Linn ..,.0000
Arundinella stricta, Nees.
% tenella__Meous,
Duck-weed.
Gondali,
Indian Rush, Lavicha
gavat,
Kodra. Cultivated.
Dunda.
Sarpar.
Shimpi, Wag-hakt ; ze.
“ Tiger’s claws.”
Rovar, Sarvank, Hurund.
Rard, Gurl.
Berdi, Bandra. The small
variety with yellow
awn-like hairs is called
Kolara, (Lisboa).
Kangoni, Kora-kangoni.
Badjri. Cultivated.
Kasai, Ran-maka,. Job’s
tears.
On the FitzGerald Ghat
(Lisboa,)
Buta, Maka, Cultivated,
“Indian corn,”
Chiwal, Tandul. Rice,
Cultivated,
Kotir,
plant —
: ee
ha ec
Natural Order,
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
Genus and Species.
429
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &c.
99. Graminez (Grasses.)| Arundinella spicata, Dalz.|Barel,
—Conid.
>
i woorscres
peepewere a3 avenacea,
Munro.
«ereoveee| Dimeria ornithopoda, var.|’
tenera,
seovee| Saccharum: officinarum,| Serdi, Uss, Sugarcane,
Linn, The cut-up pieces are
called Ganderi.
.»»-.-; Arthraxon lanceolatus,
Hochst,
sees a echina tus ,| Faradiache-gds,
Hochst,
- molle, Nees.
esecoeeee| Ophiurus corymbosus,| Karod, Karvel,
Gaert. f.
eso.e00e.| Rottbceliadivergens,Hack,
Mouduaeed Manisuris eranularis, Kangoni.
Linn. f.
Sonoda .|_Ischemum conjugatum,| Bher;
Roxb,
Beereose> ss pilosum, Wight.) Kunda, Pharan.
ees e laxum, R, Br....| Sukal,
penne ..--| Heteropogon contortus| Kusal, Pandhri-Sukal,
Roem and Schutt; Bal. Spear grass,
soone «.-.| Andropogon polystachius,
i Loxk:
Saiereess “ muricatus,Roth. Valerum, Valla, The
root is the well
known sweet-scented
“ Khaskhas” grass,
“oaccnedo s Schcenanthus, | Rusha, Rosha. Lemon
Linn.| Grass, Ginger Grass,
Common at Mahablesh-
war and Lanowli. A
large grass with scented
roots from which an oil
(Rosha) is extracted for
export to the Medi-
terranean ports. It is
used for adulterating
Otto of Roses in Turkey
(Lisboa),
eters Anthistiriacimbaria,Rowb.
ssoncosce » Ciliata, Linn. f.| Batdni.
eoseee->s| Apluda aristata, Linn, ...| Tulsi, Bungrat.
RO Sacion Avena sativa, Linn. ...| Jao. Oat. Cultivated.
.| Cynodon dactylon, Pers...
Chloris barbata, Severt. ...
as i
Harala, Hariyali, Durb,
Dutrba.
Goshya.
430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xx.
Vernacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species, name, use, habitat, &c,
99. Graminez (Grasse | Tripogon capillatus, Jawb.| At Matheran on trees.
—Contd, and Spach, “Inter muscos, supra
arbores et saxa,” (Jac-
quemont),
o ccoreseee| Lripogon Lisbov, Stapf...
5 seeveeree| Hleusine corocana, Gaert.| Nachni, Nagli, Rdgi, Ex-
tensively cultivated,
i ccoseeee-| Hragrostis ciliaris, Link...| Undir-puncho, ¢.e. * Rat’s
foot.”
ut paeteeree » unioloydes, Nees..| Poi, Poki.
a seceeeeee| Lriticum vulgare, Linn....| Gehun, Wheat. The
wheat cultivated on the
high table-land of the
Deccan and in Maha
bleshwar is saiG to have,
ina given bulk, about
more weight than that
raised in the plains, Be-
low the ghats, the
climate does not suit it
(Lisboa).
5 sesreeeee| Batabusa arundinacea, Vans.
Roxb.
ps ete scoad ae vulgaris, Wendl,.) Kulok, Bambu,
mee Begdineoss » » arundo, Nees ...| Chivari.
He eeseeeee-| OXynanthera Stocksi,
Munro,
ay -eeeeess.| Dendrocalamus _ strictus,
Nees,
Division B,—CRYPTOGAMIA or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
Ouiass I—VascuLaR CryproGams.”
100. Lycopodiacez (Club
THOSSCS5) emily s esac Lycopodium imbricatum,) Kala tura, In damp shady
places.
a seveeeree] © 39 ODtusatum, F'air-| Mahableshwar.
bank.
* The Cryptogamia differ from the Phanerogamia in having no flowers containing
anthers and ovules. The vascular Cryptogams “ possess true vessels, and are also charac-
terized by ihe development from the spore of a leafless prothallium of small size, bearing
the oospheres from which, after fertilisation, the spore-bearing plant is produced,” Thomé
and Bennett “ Text Book of Structuval and Physiological Botany,” p. 240,
-
\
‘
a
4
a
.
4
¢
‘
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESH WAR. 431
—
‘ 3 A gas Vernacular or English
Natural Order, Genus and Species. | name, use, habitat, &c.,
101. Filices (Ferns).*
Sub-order—
Polypodiacove ..s..-
ip soeess-e| Leucostegiaimmersa, Wal]| On trees and banks at
Bombay Point (Fair-
bank),
_ Secawapan in pulchra, Don,| On trees.
r sesoeoese| OCHIZOloMAa ensifolia,
Swartz,
seores-o.| Adiantum lunulatum,| Hansraj, Rajhans, 2, ¢.,
Burm.| “Goose-foot” fern,
Maidenhair fern.
*y Scesnszss » capillus veneris,| On wet rocks, near Panch-
Hook,| gani (Cooke).
t soeeeevee| Cheilanthes farinosa,| Patkuri, Silver fern, Com-
Kaulf.| mon everywhere on the
two Hills, The “Coppers
fern’ variety is found
at Pertabgarh (Fair- .
bank),
“1 wseess--e| Pteris longifolia, Linn....| In the Konkan, below
Mahableshwar (Fair-
bank).
yy saniceses » ‘pellucida, Presl. .-.
wp ssasse-s| 5, QUadtiaurita, Lez2...
. secoseeee] 55 aqQuilina, Linn, ...| Netsa, Brake fern,
‘ s+seeeee.| Campteria biaurita, Lenn,
Atty a SR na Reon Blechnum orientale, Zinn.) At Kas (Fairbank),
my Beeb Asplenium lunulatum,var,
trapeziforme, Roxb.
at Me Ao ee » ‘falcatum, Lam,
‘3 Seathsese| 9, laciniatum), Wall <.:
Baar kunt! .| Athyrium filix-foemina,| Lady fern,
var, flabellulata, Clarke,
” ssesesree| 5, yMNogrammoides,
: Kl,
5 oss-oreeo| ADISOGONIUM esculen-| Common on the Yenna,
tum, Presi.) Mahableshwar,
_ *Ferns have usually a simple or branched crééping rhizome; less often an erect
simple, woody stem, as in the tree-ferns. The rhizome or stem dies off slowly at its lower
end or becomes ligiucu, (22-07-74 Bennett, p 308.) ~
The ferns in this list are arranged in the crus. 27-7 im_Col, Beddome’s Hand-book
of the Ferns of British India, — :
432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Vernacular or English.
Natural Order. Genus and Species, name, use, habitat, &c.
101. Filices (Ferns). Actiniopteris dichotoma,| Palm fern, Khandala
Sub-order — Forsk,| Ghat on Mahableshwar
Polypodiacer — Contd, road, and on the Kartraj
Ghat near Poona,
In a thicket on the south
side of the stream, half-
way between the lake
and lLingmala, Maha-
bleshwar (Fairbank).
=, ee) Aspidium polymorphum,
Wall,
% Gl tseecneen » cicutarium, Sw......| Kajaryache Bashing. In-
dian Beech-fern.
Lastrea Filix-mas, var) Male-fern.
elongata, Hook, & Grev,
tds ti) Ponwecoena ib, var.cochleata, Don
Pepin Hie sec eeece ,, odontoloma, Moore,| At Kate’s Point, and along
the crest of the hill on
the way to Panchgani,
where it grows on walls.
(Fairbank),
i deers conel) yy eS DALCA a LOM ves sc sem On the Yenna, near the
falls (Fairbank),
PN ROARS Nephrodium molle, Desv,
He aera cratre: Nephrolepis cordifolia) On trees.
Linn,
i seosseee-| Drynaria quercifolia,Zinn,| Kadik-pan. Indian Oak-
fern,
Pleopeltis linearis, Thunb,
esi une eee se + membranacea, Don,
Ti Peseta t's Polybotrya appendiculata,! Only one specimen of this
Willd,| fern is known to have
been found at Mathe-
ran, It was for many
years in my garden at
“ Underwood.” I have
seen it covering quite
an acre of ground on
the Ghat at Ghotne,
East of Ratnagiri.
Gymnopteris variabilis,
var, lanceolata, Hook,
Herb Co,
ZS FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 433
Natural Order, Genus and Species. Bae eae cee
101. Filices (Ferns). Gymnopteris subcrenata,) Rooting fern, Once plen-
Sub-order— Hook & Gres,| jiful on favourite sites
Polypodiacez ..Conid. at Matheran, Now
almost exterminated by
fern-hunters,
Sub-order—
3 Osmundacez.
3 -eseeeee| OSmunda regalis, Linn... Nadicha Mturtd, The
; Royal Fern. Below the
lake, Mahableshwar, and
at Lingmala and else-
where, Still fairly
| plentiful.
Sub-order—
Schizceacee. ee ;
RM Rabin esis 3i¢ Lygodium flexuosum, Sw, Hansraj-yel,Creeping fern.
Crass IT,—CrELLULAR CRYPTOGAMS,
Sup-cnass 1.—Muscine”,* (Mosses and Liverworts.)
102, Musci (Mosses), ...| Octoblepharum albidum,
“Hedw,
4 Scengecod Tortula Bombayensis,
Mitten,
_ pccbecces F cylindrotheca,
Mitten,
Mf veeveree-| Macromatrium sulcutum,
Brid,
i seorsesee] Meteorium — scrabiuscu-
lum, Mitten,
MRE Nepets ....| Stereodon angustus, Mitten,
e 600253000 Hypnum squarrosum, F,
E. Tripp.
os anoobaodk 3 bryoides .....s00.
as seinen as reflexum, /’, £,
Tripp.
a SS
* In the mosses and the higher liverworts “ we have, for the first time, a
tion of the vegetative structure into distinct stem and leaves,”
p. 240), The Mosses are generally of a higher type than the Hepat:
longer possessing any of the characteristic features of Thallogens
stem covered withisssess-Ch—n. 301).
; % differentia-
(Thomé and Bennett,
lee or liverworts, ‘no
» but haying a cylindrical
434. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Natural Order. | Genus and Species.
Vernacular or English
name, use, habitat, &c.
Sup-Cxass 2,...THALLOPHYT#,* (Leafless cellular cryptogams.)
103, Fungi, .
Sub-order—
Carpomycetes
(Mushrooms).
”
a9
9
* Thallophytes are plants which have no leaves avd no vascular tissue, but are con-
(Thomé and -Bennett, p. 239.) The Zygomycetes are “ common
mould-fungi, growing on living plants, decaying vegetable substances, or the fine surface
of organic solutions,” (Ib.. p. 271.) The Myxomycetes or Slime Fungi “ are distinguished
from all other plants by the fact of their cells being without a cell-wall during the whole
of their vegetative period. It is only when their protoplasm comes to rest, or their growth
has ceased on the formation of the fructification, that the protoplasm breaks up into small
cells provided with a cell-wall, but not forming a. true issue.
structed of cells only.
eecceevce
"
Erypoxylon atropurpu-
33
reum, Fr,
serpens, £’r...
Xylaria polymorpha, F’r..
Hirneola auricula-Jude
Fy,
Tremella mesentrica, Retz,
Calocera viscosa, Fr, ....-.
Corticium leve, Britz. ...
oy
violaceum, Kir-
tikar,
Clavaria inequalis, Berk..
39
fusiformis, Sow,
cinerea, Bull. ...
alba, Aértikar ...
Thelephora palmata, F’r..
”
terrestris,
Berk,
Hydnum aureum, fr, ...
Boletus luridus, Schaeffer.
Polyporus spongia, Britz.
o
hirsutus, Britz.
annuosus, Dritz
perennis, fr...
crassipes, Cur-
rey.
cinnabarin us,
Fr.
Deedalia gibbosa, Fng....
bP)
ferruginea,
Schum.
Trametes umbrinus, Cur-
rey.
Hexagonia Kurzi, Currey.
putrefying vegetable substances,’ (Ib., p, 269.)
They live on decaying and.
ees ee ee
— ae
a
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR., 435
. Vernacular or English
Natural Order. | Genus and Species. name, use, habitat, &e.
103, Fungi—Contd ...... Lepiota procerus, Scop...)
* eeacauees » cristata, A.&S..
“9 Sccecobod | Armillaria ramentacea,
| Bull,
fe seoreeee| Plourotus ostreatus, Jacq,
33 eats .-| Cortinarius genitilis, Fr, |
i «»......| Galera tenera, Schaef ...
7 seccoesee| DOlbitius apicaulis, W. G,
| Smith,
BALA Veesose oes Agaricus campestris,Linn,
35 eeo.-e.e.| Psilocybe udus, Pers + Alamben, Mushroom.
Repel Me alitecc ns sas. Paneolus retirugis,Baisch
Fe sooveeee| PSathyrella arata, Berk... |
5 see-eeres| COprinus comatus, L7,...
us sesscseoe| ,, atramentarius, Fy, ...
aa ECOAAE HED .,, platypus, Berk 5o0 |
Fc Mi ites toes » congregatus, Berk ...
40 cseveceee| SCHIzOphyllum commune, |
Fr,
p “CUCEEEE Lentinus tigrinus, Fr, ...
mY Screee » cxspitosus, Currey.| J
Ms con eeree Lycoperdon saccatum,) Bhuiphod, Puff Bali,
Vahl,
. veesesves| Cyathus striatus, Berk...
Sub-order—
Zygomycetes
(Mould-Fungi),| Mucor mucedo, Zinn ...
Sub-order—_
Myxomycetes
(Slime-Fungi),| Tubulina cylindrica, Rost,
seevcaeee| OLEMONItis fusca, fost ...
sesoseve,| Arcyria ferruginea, Host...
3?
9?
12a
436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS.
The references are to the Numbers of the Natural orders in the first column of
WA Trae aL See aii eae we
UNIS igeer pe ancy enna Acnie
PA Dies toecoesee eevee
Banda ieee eee cee
the Catalogue.
IBerki\seeeecute Pally BPA. | BY
Bhsloatee, niccsceresne 45
BhAmanwee eee eee 69
Bhamburda <ios..2. 47
ISHaNOU Meccepeccsts 22. 47
Ipharang eer escss 68
Bhar a ae 61
Bhendieeaecee ae 16
IBS reas oN, 99
Bherlimadiscse ee 94
Bhokar yw eees 100
Bona ees 82
Bhondga ...,.....-+.
Phocdes ee 88
Bhorambi......... 29, 82
Bhuiphod ~.:. 02... 103
BWULVANOD) .escser asset On
Bhutkes Mesceeesees. 46
BE Rees seman 25
IBirambol@usseessessss 32
IBirambolasseseceess 69
TBO ORNEE) Gadneseocaccioor 76
Bojevar iver cerscese (2
Bokladiea runny: coca raed
Bokule eee: 52
Bondar eee 47
Bonelli veces cena OO
Borambi.-o.ccres..- 69, 82
Borsanpics.scsccccce } 68
IBorungivvedeses2- se
DUNOTAiscessassasece 99
Buri secccscee dad
Butan scecnetecceueeres 99
C,
Chahine eu’ eee 95
Chambar yel........ 68
Chambuli ......... 39
Cham-yel ... .. A 5
Chandéra .........06 5)
Chap-yel.....,..c.0«: we 40
Chaudhara ............ 69
Chayanne oes 89
@hawal cee eee 99
Chawankel............ 89
Chere eee als
@hickligeeeeeeeceee 82
Chikakai........ Rae 32
Chikankada ...... 16
@hilkentresseetecy 2c
@Ghimatyerscese seuss 27
Chit Karo ,..,ccccc>. 67
Dulab Champa
Dah eeae hueceentieeas
Faradiache gas ......
GANOND | | cvasceosesee 25; AT Jangli jirao ......... AT NAT WAT nesacnes acai 67
SEAT TOLD W260 dee aceance 47 By AORN sate ASUil War wWat)) occcseacsses 69, 83
Grammalars cece leunesc es 32 5. ramphal ..:... WAN Rast aene enero 18
Garud-yel .7.....--.+. Donel BONE eves ovkeezecevesy H3/G9) | [email protected] a sdecascraas
Gra aM yc cncen cies ices HO aval, ch cessctessesaes DO) based) wcvasieneetsagneoes $9
SAGE GLH PSILAO! casteocse rte. seth All?) IMATE ION ye cecceesrsaee cs 68
Gehun.............. wee 99 Fiat-yol .....0:0....... 42
BREN et cceetecdscaceb~ 46 atlaicesscceeusste sso 33
RAI cS nen co cace 32 K, Randal eres -cescae 42
Sey U Use aces ciecscatce 32 Iannone sceeee snag ete 59
BliQlet sn ceeke sess ses <ice's 83 Hanshi aecs.aaneeee 17
Ghol-baji_ ........00 Spell achat... csce.esecser OOM availa eeceecr eeseects 82
SEeEI Cine aes os caccan eens QUelisachola.-cccscsees 33 Kawadantiise.eeseee 88
BETA eene cee ncsatinley ese = Dal each Onar...cresce Kazorlicha-yel...... 28
BEATSAO | occrspssues sce AO a Kadako Dt recscesssaes orp GOL Meee croroteuectence Bs)
COMIC AN csa5 Geipaceeeds ss 67 | Kadhi-nimb ...... 99 | Kerambi ............ 103
BROOM ahoecec sack asescese 91 Dakiescencse { pa QING aNO beeen ens 17
OSB cs less s----ascce 33 Kadik-pan Me sateen: TOO; gihatry secs seen 32
GOING A oo... ecocceee 53 | Kadu karanda ...... SNS RG ay Ot hee eye nee etree 83
\ Ey oy 83 | Kajaryache Bashing 100 | Khalcracsset sca ares 32
GOL ga ae i ISay User ocean .cresncae OS) hand aliens scneens 90
Brordutitnimecoetessecce 42, | Maqurdc lc: 226. oes si GOs hari seen, seeee eee 69
MONA sys ses poennssce 95 | Kajutcha-ghas ...... 64 | Kh4priyel ............ 51
SOLE ET Tea ee 47, 97 | Kala ankra..........0 67 |. Khar-khodi ......... 57
GECOLA) cececivascosnesas~s 25 ny ESUBRD Coote AOC IInd nhs! “Senecio 42, 99
ROSIG A nay 44: sn assee 99 iid eq 5 CG WIM HO | hia eke eesescce 18
Goti toran ............ 27 PUMDISAU sawcnersese es 16) | RShOpra eres serene 45
GOt-Vell .<jeseeecesctes 92 TW SLILA! lyscevcesctes Gal Karlen echt cpisce 82
(Git th 07) Oa eae ner 76 TUTD ves sse Adeiciss OM aera evens ces. 22
AGING ie cktessccntene ne GOWN AAIA IAs meee ves dae OHM MOOT ra cieacises wsiohae 99
SL Se SA GU Gala MI scics'.. see sence aes AGN MiKo lean Wile zs. waucees 14
SRINGeaet ens cgclssciceces, Aja | solitary ee ceecda ce nO Ge | RO lata tee cnc tee 99
Kamack?. sc. “conbacc 24 Kolisna) .Y...2c..0-- 7
H, KEAMaM TY ecseeseass see G2el WWolisrary.s-c-cseeee
Kanchanee ot 2252.0 .¢ San womphalectcente lens 91
REGAN cee ceneccoase Ret AA RAM ONT scee cares 26, 99 | Kora kangoni ...... 99
EPG Aecess stuswatscse= Don eCanOChaescebeee sce 82 | Koranti ...... peneeedae 67
alia... .5.0245.000 39 Kanphutt ieeccesss: 525 S27 ICORAMD)...cccegsccescs 29
Halunda............ i Kdnta-kumbal ...... ipa [pao ihe Seas 99
ELATADOL \.2,-2.060-+-o5 32 | Kam-yel .......-...... Zi ovalal | c-weuscessenns 32
GMSTANy, \oses--c0see 100 Kitolarencscccecstaececas Hao KBIATI oc cccesencesoesee i
Hansraj-yel ..... . } Kigol fipsccsecst scones Dt Men aa ee eeceenese ee ; 92
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—R.
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 439
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13
440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON THE FLORA OF
MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR.
By THEODORE COOKE, LL.D., F.G.S., CLE.
Aw observant visitor to Matheran cannot fail to be struck with
the way in which certain plants disappear as he ascends the hill
from Narel. The Teak tree (Tectona grandis), the skeleton of whose
dried leaves is so like lace-work, disappears before half the ascent
is accomplished. The Sterculia wrens, which looks as if its bark
had been stripped off, and which is a very conspicuous tree along
the ascent, also disappears, as well as the Phyllanthus Emblica,
whose gooseberry-like fruit is used by the natives for pickling.
On Matheran hill itself, many plants are met with which are not
found on the plains below; and as we ascend to a still higher
elevation and reach the table-land of Mahableshwar, 2,000 feet
above that of Matheran, we find the effect of increased elevation in
the gradual thinning out of certain plants, and the appearance of
new ones. This is particularly noticeable on the ascent from the
Koyna Valley,—which is about 1,500 feet below the table-land of
Mahableshwar,—as the paths, by several of which the -ascent may be
accomplished, pass along well-wooded slopes.
Ascending from the Koyna, the valuable Ain tree ( Terminalia
tomentosa) is very soon lost to view, and the only representative of
the family (ComBrETAcEa) on the hill summit is the Terminalia
Chebula, which supplies the Myrabolans so largely ee for
the tannin they contain.
In the same way the Grewia Microcos and the Wrightia tinctoria
disappear, the former very soon, while the latter is carried up very
near to the plateau on the Ghat Road, near the small village of
Mettala. The Casearia graveolens may be found still higher up, but
does not reach the summit, though it grows luxuriantly along the
Ghat Road, not very far below Bombay Point, while the Albizzia
siipulata, which is such a conspicuous tree at Matheran, with its
dark, reddish-brown, papery pods, and its large, pinkish, brush-like
flowers, ceases abruptly on the FitzGerald Ghat Road, about 4 miles
from Mahableshwat.
es, RY
a.
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR., 441
Looking through the list, so carefully and laboriously prepared by -
_ Mr. Justice Birdwood, I would make the following remarks :—
The Reinwardtia trigyna, which, in the introductory note to the
Catalogue, is said to have been found truly wild on Varandha Ghat,
I have found wild in the Koyna Valley ;. at least I have found it
growing luxuriantly in a dense jungle near the, Koyna, in a locality
far removed from any human habitations, The Brugmansia can-
dide is not indigenous. It is, I believe, a native of Peru, but it has
found the climate and soil of Mahableshwar well suited to its
development, as it grows most luxuriantly over the hill, and has been
planted along the FitzGerald Ghat Road. Its large, white, funnel-
like flowers render it a very conspicuous object.
The Clematis Wightiana is not, as far as I know, found at Matheran,
nor does it extend much below the summit of Mahableshwar.
Its flowers are large and yellow, but as it flowers in January and
February, when the hill is not much frequented, its blossoms are rarely
seen. The plants in Orders 2 and 3 do not occur at Mahableshwar.
The Cocculus macrocarpus does not quite reach the hill summit,
though it may be found just below the Dhobi’s Fall. Polygala
persicaricefolia does not, I think, occur at Matheran, and, indeed, is
rare at Mahableshwar. It may be met with on the path leading
from Lingmala Ravine towards the Waterfall. Ancistrocladus Hey-
neanus, though tolerably common at Matheran, does not reach Maha-
bleshwar ; nor do the plants of the Order GurrireRa, immediately
preceding. Of the Matvacem, neither Hibiscus hirtus, Thespesia
Lampas, nor the Bombax, and of the STERcULIACE, none of the plants
catalogued are to be found at Mahableshwar. The Triumfetta
rhomboidea is tolerably common, the Eleocarpus oblongus rare.*
There is a good tree of the latter in Lingmala garden, and a couple
on the bank of the stream below the house. There is also a solitary
tree in the compound of Prospect Cottage, at the corner of the
Cross Road, just opposite the entrance gate of Temple Hall. Many
of the leaves of this tree turn red, which render it a conspicuous
* “ Blwocarpus oblongus grows in luxuriant abundance all along the stream above Ling-
mala Falls, It isin full flower at the end of May” (C. Macnaghten). It is also fairly
abundant in the woods at Lingmala, I have noticed it also on the Panchgani road, about
two miles from Mahableshwar.—H. B.
cme era
ai
A «i
442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
object among the foliage of the woods, and the fringed petals of its
flowers are very beautiful, the brownish-red calyx appearing through
the interspaces between the petals. All the plants catalogued under
the genus Jmpatzens are to be found at Mahableshwar, among them a
very remarkable oe, a yellow balsam (Jf. Dalzellct). Hvodia* Roz-
burghiana does not occur at Matheran, and is somewhat rare at—
Mahableshwar. One tree (a male) may be found on the Panchgani
Road, a few yards beyond the turn to Kate’s Point. There is another
tree at the fourth culvert on the VitzGerald Ghat Road, and a little
farther down the road, close to a culvert, are two trees, a male and
female. A knowledge of some localities where a tolerably rare plant
may be found will be useful to collectors, Neither of the Orders
Burserace& and MELiace# are represented on Mahableshwar.
The Mappia foctida is a very remarkable as well as common tree
at Mahableshwar. Ido not think it occurs at Matheran. The odour —
of its yellowish flowers, which appear in October, is most offensive,
savouring of carrion. Visitors to the hill are often puzzled by the
strange odour, and unable to account for it. There is a tree in
the Superintendent’s compound, at the side nearest the Club, and
several trees may be found close to the road, just below the Bund.
Zizyphus rugosa is common both at Matheran and Mahableshwar, and
its white berries are edible, though not very palatable. Zizyphus
zylopyrus does not occur at Mahableshwar, while the Scutia indica
is only found on the higher Ghats and does not descend to the level
of Matheran. It is known at Mahableshwar as the “ Wait-a-bit
thorn,” as when its hooked-thorns catch the clothes of a rambler
through the woods, there is no going forward till the thorns are
unhooked,—often a difficult process. It may be easily identified by
its native name “ Chimat.” :
Hemigyrosa canescens does not ascend to Mahableshwar, nor does
Schleichera tryuga, but the Order (SAPINDACEZ) is abundantly repre-
sented by the shrub Allophylus Cobbe, which, with its soft, trifolate
leaves and long racemes of small, white flowers, is scattered every-
* « T have seen many trees of Lvodia Roxburghiana at Mahableshwar, some in flower, just
opposite Bella Vista, and a great many in the woods between the Dhobi’s Waterfall and
Glengarry” (C, Macnaghten), There area good many trees of Evodia on the FitzGerald
Ghit, near the Terraces. The Toddalia aculeata, which belongs to the same Order, is much
rarer.—H, B.
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. 443
where over the hill-top. The Lzcuminosm are largely represented
on both hills, but it is a remarkable fact that, while in Matheran —
there are several trees belonging to the Order, there is not a single
tree on Mahableshwar belonging to it.* The Crotolaria, Smithia,
Desmodium, Phaseolus, Vigna, Atylosia, Cylistc’ and Flemingia are
common to both hills ; but the only Acacza on the summit of Maha-
bleshwar is Acacia Intsia.
Of the Rosacem, the Rubus lastocarpus or Mahableshwar Raspberry
is very common and well-known. This plant is indigenous here
and on the highest Ghats to the Southward. Rubus moluccanus has
been found at Mahableshwar, but it is very rare. It may be found in
a ravine on the road to old Mahableshwar. I found it very abund-
antly on the highland (Newera Hlliya) in Ceylon.
Of the Rusracea, neither Adina nor Stephegyne occurs at Maha-
bleshwar, the Wendlandia Notoniana does not occur at Matheran ;
and I have only seen it in Mahableshwar near the banks of the
‘stream (Yenna) below Lingmala. Psychotria truncata is a rare
plant, occurring, as far as I know, at Mahableshwar, in a single
locality, which being far removed from habitations and in a dense
jungle, it is difficult to describe.f Musscenda frondosa does not ascend
to Mahableshwar, though common at Matheran and in the Koyna
Valley, where its velvety, orange flowers and curious, white, leaf-like
bracts may be seen throughout the woods. Most of the Composrra
are common to both hills, but Elephantopus scaber does not ascend
to Mahableshwar, though plentiful at Matheran and in the Koyna
Valley, and the same may be said of Cyathocline lyrata, while I do
not know that Adenostemma viscosum or Adenoon indicum have been
found at Matheran, though common at the higher elevation. The
commonest of the Composites at Mahableshwar, scattered all over the
hill with the brake-fern, is Conyza stricta.
* Hooker, in speaking of Pacheen (7,000 ft. high) near Darjeeling, says :—“ The absence of
Leguminose was most remarkable, and the most prominent botanical feature in the vegetation
_ of this region, Itis too high for the tropical tribes of the warmer elevations, too low for the
Alpines, and probably too moist for those of temperate regions ; cool, equable, humid climates
being generally unfavourable to that order.” (Himalayan Journals, Vol. I, p, 112.)
{ “ Found several plants of it (May, 1890) growing on either side of the path from
Falkland Point to the Chinaman’s Waterfall, not very far from the gorge of the waterfall ”
(C, Macnaghien),
ee
444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
»
Of the CampanuLacem, the little Wahlenbergia gracilis does tot
grow at a low elevation, It is not found at Matheran and is very rare ~
at Mahableshwar, the elevation Being apparently insufficient, for at
the high elevation of Newera Hlliya, Ceylon, it grows very abund-—
antly. :
The Sideroxylon tomentosum, which is very abundant at Matheran,
does not seem to thrive at Mahableshwar. It is nowhere found near -
the central portion of the hiil-top, and is confined to its edges. It is
to be met with on the path-way up to Lodwick Point, and also occurs
near Bombay Point. Neither Bassia latifolia nor Mimusops Elengi
occurs at Mahableshwar, while the Order EpzNacka does not possess
a single representative.
Symplocos Beddomei is not met with at Matheran, but is tolerably
plentiful at Mahableshwar. It flowers in the cold season ; its blossoms
have the odour of the hawthorn, and its berries, which ripen in May,
are blue. There are one or two trees just opposite the gate of the
Cemetery. The Jasminum arborescens is common to both hills, and
its fragrant white flowers are seen in great profusion in April, The
Olea dioica, which is very common at Matheran, is rarely met with
in the Mahableshwar woods, while the Ligustrum nedlgherrense is
very common on the latter hill, and does not occur at all on the former.
Its fragrant white flowers appear abundantly in October. Of the
ApocoyNacE there is but one representative on the Mahableshwar
hill, and that isa rare plant, the Rauwoljia densiflora. It may be.
found in the ravine below the Forest Officer’s bungalow at Lingmala.
lis white flowers appear in April. Of the Ascugpraps, the Calotropis
gigantea does not ascend to the elevation of Mahableshwar. The
most remarkable plant of the Order which occurs there is the
Gymnema_ sylvestre, which is an extensive climber, with small yellow
flowers, appearing in the hot weather. The leaves of this plant,
when chewed, possess the strange property of destroying for a time
the taste for sugar, while exercising no effect on the taste for
substances other than saccharine. If two or three leaves be chewed
and the tongue and palate moistened with the juice, the result of
taking a little sugar in the mouth is very curious, It appears just
like so much sand, while salt or anything not saccharine tastes just
as usual.
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR, 445
Of the Locaniacem, the Buddleia asiatica is the only plant of
the Order ait Mahableshwar. It is very rare. There is one plant at
Lingmala, near the out-houses of the bungalow, and I have seen a
plant on the FitzGerald Ghét. Of the Gznrians, the little purple
Exacum Law is all over the Mahableshwar hill, n October, amongst
the grass, but dies very soon after the rains cease. The Swertia
decussata is found at Mahableshwar occasionally, but is not common
there. It is very abundant on the hill-top above the Panchgani trayel-
lers’ bungalow. An infusion of this plant is used by the natives as a
febrifuge.
The Order Boracinna is “een on both hills by the genus
Paracaryum.
The Paracaryum celestinum is known as the Mahableshwar “ Forget-
me-not,” Itis very abundant both here and at Matheran. Two other
Paracaryums are tolerably common at Mahableshwar, but as far as I
know, do not occur at Matheran. The P. malabaricum is the more
common, and may be found in large quantities at the Bund.
P, Lambertianum* may be found on the cliff, opposite the Dhobi’s
Waiter-fall, below General Barr’s bungalow. Of the Sonanacrs, the
Solanum giganteum is very abundant at Mahableshwar, but does not,
as far as I recollect, occur at Matheran. It is to be found every-
where on the former hill, and its bunches of red berries are handsome.
The Heterophragma Roxburghit, which is very common at Matheran,
does not seem to thrive at Mahableshwar. I only know of two trees at
the latter place, and these are poor stunted specimens. One of them
is just over the Yenna Waterfall, and the othera few yards beyond
the thirtieth mile on the Satara Road.
Of the AcanTHaces, Thunbergia fragrans may be found all along
the Panchgani Ghat, and on the road from Panchgani to Mahablesh-
war, but, strange to say, it ceases at the sixty-eighth mile, half way
between these stations. Itis somewhat remarkable that it does not
extend to Mahableshwar itself, as itis very abundant at the high
elevation of Newera Elliya, Ceylon. The term /ragrans is a mis-
nomer, as its flowers are destitute of fragrance. |
Of the BarteRias, B. Prionitis, with yellow flowers, is very common
on the road up to Matheran, but does not occur anywhere near
Mahableshwar. Barleria strigosa, with large blue flowers, is common
* I have also found it, with Dr. Cooke, on the-t**7Gerald Ghat.—H, B.
ete et
446 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY a Vol, X.
at Matheran, where it may be found in abundance below Ponsonby’ ee ;
4
Spring, but is only to be found on the slopes of Mahableshwar and not . |
on the hill-top. It may be seen in flower in the cold season, on the
slope some way down below the Dhobi’s Glen. Ecbodium Linneanum,
which is very commcn at Matheran, and has green flowers, is not found
at Mahableshwar ; nor is the magnificent Calacanthus Dalzelliana
which grows in profusion on the wet rocks on the road up to Matheran,
about a mile below the Chauki, Ofthe VERBENAcEm, the Callicarpa
lanata is common to both hills, the Teciona grandis does not reach
even half-way the ascent to Matheran, and the Premna coriacea
and Gimelina arborea do not grow at Mahableshwar. Vetex Negundo
will no doubt flourish on either hill ; it has been largely planted along
the FitzGerald Ghat, and Vite leucoxylon is to be found in the Koyna —
Valley. The Clerodendron serratum is not found on Matheran, nor on
the Mahableshwar hill-top, but it may be found about Lingmala Ravine
and on the Panchgani Road ; it also occurs on the slope below Bombay
Point on the road to the Koyna. The most common of the Lapiara,
both at Matheran and Mahableshwar, is Leucas séelligera. At Maha-
bleshwar, another member of the genus occurs, Leucas ciléaia, a larger
and much less common plant than L. stelligera. Dysophylla myosur-
oides is not found at Matheran, but is common in the Mahableshwar
water-courses. It is abundant in the nulla near the Sassoon Point
Tennis Court, just below where the road from the bazaar crosses the
stream. Micromeria capitellata (M. Maleolmit of Bentham) is a small
plant peculiar to Mahableshwar. It is found along the Yenna, below
the Bund, and has a:strong odour of peppermint.
The Plantago major is rare at Mahableshwar, and is not found at
Matheran. it may be found on the banks of the Yenna River.
The Lasiosiphon eriocephalus is common to both hills, and is
particularly abundant at Mahableshwar. The handsome climbing
shrub Hlewagnus latifolia, the undersides of whose leaves have a sheen
like silver, and whose pink-coloured fruit is edible, is also com-
mon to both hills, Of the Loranraus family, I have not found either
LL. involueratus nor DL. lageniferus at Mahableshwar. The Osyris
arborea is not found at Matheran, although growing at Khandalla,
which is close by. It can be readily identified by its native name,
“Total.” The Order EurHorBIAcEa is better represented at Matheran
oe OO) a
FLORA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. AAG
than at Mahableshwar. The Crotons are entirely absent from
Mahableshwar, Fliiggea Leucopyrus ascends about half-way up the
hill from the Koyna and then ceases; while of the three trees
Glochidion lanceolarium, Bridelia retusa and Macaranga Roxburghit,
the first only occurs in any quantity in Mahableshwar. Though the
Bridelia does occur in one place, the top of the old Rotunda Ghat
below Bombay Point, it does not, as far as 1 know, occur anywhere
else,* and should, therefore, be hardly considered 2 Mahableshwar
tree. The Macaranga does not grow at Mahableshwar at all, but
the Bhoma (Glochidion lanceolarium) is very abundant. Homonoia
riparia is to be found in beds of streams at Mahableshwar, not at
Matheran, and may be collected in the bed of the ravine below the
-Dhobi’s Waterfall. Of the Urticacum, Girardinia heterophylla, a for-
midable stinging nettle, is common to both hills, as are also the Boeh-
meria platyphylla, var. scabrella, andthe Trema Wightci (T. orrentalis,
Blume). Fleurya interrupta is not found at Mabableshwar, nor is ~
Debregeasia velutina, a native cf Matheran. cus glomerata (Umbar)
is common on both hills, but none other of the genus Ficus is to be
found on the hill-top of Mahableshwar, except Ficus palmata, although
JL. asperrima, F. Rumphii and F, infectoria may be met on the slopes.
The Artocarpus integrifolia does not reach Mahabieshwar ; it is culti-
vated near villages in the Koyna Valley, and there is one tree at the
village of Mettala on the plateau below Bombay Point.
The Salix tetrasperma or Indian Willow does not grow at Mathe-
ran ; it is abundant along the Yenna River, and may be seen in flower
in October.
With regard to the OncHIDACE, the handsomest one at Mahablesh=
war is the Aides crispum which does not occur at Matheran,}
and the most showy one at Matheran is rides maculosum, which is
not found at Mahableshwar, though it is seen on the Panchgani Road.
The Dendrobium barbatulum is common to both hills, and is in
flower in March and April. Dendrobium ramosissimum is not found
on the summit of either hill. It is very abundant in the Koyna Valley.
* « T saw a large tree on tlie right of the path leading td Lodwick Point in flower and fruit,
in April, 1890, and another tree tothe right of the path about 20 féet beyorid Lodwick
Monument” (C. Macnaghten).
+ I found a specimen of rides crispum in my own compound at Matberan many years
* ago; we specimens have heen brough# to me from the valleys below.—H, B.
eet
ee
—
\
448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Dendrobium Macrei, a curious looking orchid with many large
pseudo-bulbs, anda single leaf growing out of the terminal one, is ;
very rare at Mahableshwar, and is not to be found at Matheran. It
is very abundant in the Koyna Valley, some of the old trees along the
river being literally covered with this, Dendrobium ramosissimum, and
the bulbs of the Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum. A visit to the Koyna
Valley will amply repay a plant-hunter. The ferns and orchids in
some parts near the river are in the greatest profusion, and must be
seen to be appreciated.
Of the two hills, Matheran and Mahableshwar, the former has the
more varied flora, but several plants are found in Mahableshwar which
do not exist at the lower elevation of Matheran. I have made a rough
estimate, which is not correct to a dozen plants or so, that there-are
about 140 plants (excluding grasses) which occur at Matheran, and
which do not occur at Mahableshwar, and that there are about 130
plants which are found at Mahableshwar, and not on mee while 3
there are perhaps 140 common to both hills. : : : é
: : : : . T,. Cooks, LL.D, F.G.8.
In now reproducing the above Note, I have in some places altered
the scientific names used by Dr. Cooke, as I have thought it better to
follow the nomenclature of Hooker’s Flora of British India, as in
the Catalogue.
On the Flora of Partabgarh, ah is really a part of the Maha-
bleshwar system, the late Mr. Chester Macnaghien sent me some
years ago the following note :—
‘Qn Partabgarh I made a general note that its flora resembled
that of Matheran ; for we find on that historical hill, in addition to the
Mahableshwar trees, a great abundance of the others so characteristic
of Matheran—Grewia Microcos, Lagersteemia parviflora, Woodfordia
floribunda, Casearta graveolens, Albizzia stipulata, Leea staphylea,
(LZ. sambucina in the Catalogue), Cocculus macrocarpus, Careya arboree
and Heterophragma Rowburghi.’—H. B.
“sisusunyynp uwoks
“900 QIIM NVIGNI]
Sans
XO, 90G 3Sty
yey Aequiog UANop
Se,
449
THE INDIAN WILD DOG.
(Cyon dukhunensis.)
By J. D. INverariry.
(With a Plate.)
(Read before The Bombay Natural History Society, on 17th April, 1896.)
The wild dog is the type of a separate Bemus, and differs in some
remarkable respects from the Canidae.
In its dentation it differs, as it wants the second tubercular behind
the flesh tooth in the lower jaw.
The number of mamme are also in excess of those of the members of
the dog tribe.
The wild dog, though common enough, is not very often seen,
and any individual sportsman’s experience of the animal is limited.
Mr. Littledale has collected together from various sources information
about the wild dog in a paper published in this Society’s Journal,
Vol. VII, page 494, and there is also an interesting reprint of a paper
on the same subject in Vol. VII, page 127.
I will therefore not go over the same ground again, but confine this
paper to some personal experiences of my own. The photograph is
that of a female shot by Mr. N. C. Macleod on 3rd June, 1895. She
measured in length 4 feet 4 inches from nose to the tip of the tail, of
which the tail measured 17 inches, her height at the shoulder was
194 inches. She had 14 mamme, 8 on the left side and 6 on the right.
I first saw her early on the morning of 29th May, 1895, when I was
engaged investigating the bed ofa nullah for the tracks of any tiger
that might have passed that way. Something moving attracted my
eye, and I saw the dog walking along in the jungle close to the nullah
not more than 20 yards off. A few yards behind her was a half-grown
young one. They did not see me. I had left my rifle at a tree where
I had spent the night over a “ gara,” and on my trying to creep back to
the spot in order that I might be in a position to murder them, they
saw me and bolted away across the nullah, the young one in its haste
jumping into the water which the old one leapt over.
On the Ist June, 1895, Macleod and myself were walking up a nullah,
looking for tiger at 4 p.m., 6 miles distant from the spot where F first saw
them, when the old dog and her young one were seen by us drinking at
a pool. On seeing us they retreated into the jungle and afterwards crossed
the nullah at a slow pace, At dawn of June 3rd, Macleod who had been
es
450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
sitting in a tree all night over a hill, heard a splash in the water close
by, and there were the two dogs again sitting in the water. This place
was about half-way between the two places where they had been pre-
viously seen, for I have no doubt that they were the same dogs. He
then shot the old one, the young one kept moving through the jungle, a
short distance at a time calling for its mother, and though pursued for
some way eventually escaped, On opening the stomach of the dog it was
full of the flesh and skin of a four-horned antelope, quite fresh, in fact it
could only just have been eaten. This seems to prove that the wild
dog preys by night as well as by day. That we came across these
dogs on three occasions in five days is remarkable. Near my previous
camp, some 12 miles off, there were two or three lots of wild dogs. I
had shot a tigress in a nullah and had her tied up again in the same
place. The men who went to look at the gara on the morning of May
24th, reported that it had been killed by dogs, and that they had seen
five dogs on it. I sentsome men armed with a shot-gun to sit over
the carcass and try to shoot them. As they got near the place they saw
a dog and shot it. It was a male, not fully grown. He measured 3 feet
5 inches in length, of which the tail was 14 inches. In height 154
inches. The brush of the wild dog is usually black throughout, but
this specimen had a white tag to his tail. When the men returned they
related an extraordinary yarn to the effect that, while sitting near the
hill for the dogs to return to it, a herd of bison appeared. A police-
man fired his musket at one froma tree and wounded it. He had
only one bullet left and reloading he and his companions followed the
track and soon came on the wounded bull at which he fired again.
The bullet lodged in a tree ; they cut it out, loaded again, and proceed-
ed, when a bear popped up quite close. The policeman fired and they
all bolted without waiting to see the result, Having had enough
sport for the day they returned to camp. I was rather sceptical ; but
their story was a true one. Next morning Macleod and Turner of the
Hyderabad Cavalry, went to the spot and tracked up the bison, a
Small ball. They killed it. As his shoulder had been broken he had
not gone very far. On their way back they found the bear, an old
male, dead, the bullet having shattered the brain-pan.
The nest morning when the men went to look at a gara they saw 8
dogs attacking it by jumping up at its throat and they frightened them
THE INDIAN WILD DOG. 451
off. This was at the foot of some hills about a mile from the previous
place. The gara had some bites in the throat from the effect of which
it died, and on the same night another gara was also bitten by wild
dogs at a different place. Whether these dogs all formed part of one
pack and were separately hunting, or distinct paéks I do not know.
I only remember one other instance of a gara being attacked by wild
dogs. This was several years before. On going to the place I found
the tuft of hair at the end of the buffalo’s tail pulled out and lying
on the ground with some drops of blood, but no sign of the buffalo. 1
never found it or any trace of it. The tracks of the dogs and of the
buffalo were numerous at the spot, but could not be followed, as the
ground was too hard. I could never make out what became of the
animal,
On two occasions only have I seen wild dogs in pursuit of their
game. I mentioned the circumstances in a paper on samber, Vol. VIII,
page 394, as follows :—
“ The first time they pulled down a calf about 150 yards from where I was,
I heard a squealing and the loud barks of the mother, who stood close to the
scene of the tragedy, Thinking a tiger had killed, I stalked up to the noise,
and when close to, saw a yellow mass that I took to be a tiger, and was just
going to fire when to my astonishment it split up into a dozen pieces and
disappeared, I found the calf with its entrails torn out and eaten, part of
the ramp was eaten, and the eyes picked out—allina few seconds, I hid
myself behind a tree and in about 20 minutes the pack of dogs returned, they
passed me within 15 yards, in single file, a dozen in number, ten paces between
each dog, I, with difficulty, refrained from firing, I was between them and
the samber, and they made a circuit and came up to the carcass from the
opposite direction, As the iteading dog reached the body, I could not
wait any more, I fired and missed it, but luckily got one with the second
barrel as they bolted. lt was a female,and had the exact smell of a domestic
dog. ‘The second time I was sitting on the banks of the Taptee, having break-
fast, when a hind anda calf rush down the opposite bank into the stream,
which here was shallow and running pretty strong. On reaching the middle
she stood inthe water with her calf under her body,andI saw two wild
dogs, in pursuit, stop at the water’s edge. They uttered loud wailing howls,
but the old hind and the young one seemed quite comfortable, the little one
with its tail up frisking about under and around its mother, In a short time
the dogs went away,and in about ten minutes afterwards the hind and calf
went back to the same side they had come from and walked slowly off.
You would have thought they would not have gone back to the same side as
452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
the dogs were. On the same day a couple of hours afterwards, two dogs,
which I believe must have been the same ones, ran a bull nilghai into the river
opposite my tent, I did not see it myself, but my butler informed me that
they tore its stomach open just asit reached the river. The nilghai swam
across and sank when half way over, the dogs not following into the water.”
On both occasions the dogs ran mute, though on the latter they
gave tongue after the samber had taken to the water. In “ Game” by
‘“« Hawkeye ” there is a good paper on the wild dog, and I agree with
the opinion there expressed that the wild dog seizes its prey at the
flank, rending the skin and causing the entrails to protrude. This is
the most natural thing to do when seizing a large animal in full flight.
In the paper already mentioned at Vol. X, page 127, it is stated that
they seize their game by the eyes, if possible. The instance of the
samber calf that was killed close to me shows that the eyes are eaten
immediately, but I doubt whether they seize at that spot.
The following account of:the extreme voracity of the wild dog as
related by an Indian Munchausen I don’t remember having seen in
print. He said that 12 dogs pulled down a samber close to him
which was speedily devoured, eleven of the dogs then turned on the
twelfth and killed and ate him, ten then killed and ate the eleventh, and
so on until only one dog remained, who had thus succeeded in getting
into his inside his eleven companions and the samber. The sportsman
then thought it time to fire, but just as he was about to do so, the dog
burst and spoilt the shot.
453
LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’
RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR
NuMBERED ACCORDING TO Oatzs’ “ Birps (Fauna oF BRITISH
Inpia),” AND WITH REFERENCES TO Humr’s “ Nusrs AND Hoes oF
Iyptan Birps,” 2Np Eprrion, anp “Srray Fratuers.”
Part I.
By C. M. Inauis.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th April, 1896.)
Order Passeres.
Family Corvide.
Sub-Family Corvne.
Genus Corvus (Linn., 1766).
No. 4. Corvus MAcRorHYNcHUS.—The Jungle Crow (Wag.).
Hume, “N. and E.” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 4 ; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. V,
p. 461; 2d., Vol. IX, p. 256; id., Vol. XI, p. 256 ; Hume and Dav.,
Sais Vol ilewns a601 binge: o. E..9 Vol. LX p. 180.
This bird is a permanent resident, and is the commonest crow found Bena. Kala
here. It may be seen everywhere. The breeding season is in Janu- aii
ary, when it makes a nest composed of sticks roughly placed together,
and lays from four to five eggs.
No, 7, Corvus SPLENDENS.—The Indian House-Crow (Vicill.).
This species is not so common as C. macrorhynchus. It is only to be Kawa.
found in the vicinity of villages. Near Hylakandy station great num-
bers are to be seen, but I have not observed many elsewhere. Unlike
C. macrorhynchus, it does not frequent the tea-estates. It breeds in May,
Genus Cissa (Boie, 1826), » -
No. 14. Cissa CHINENSIS.—Green Magpie (Bodd.).
Hume, “N. and H.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 17; Hume and Dav.,
“S.F.,” Vol. VI, p. 885 ; Bing., “8. F.,” Vol. IX, p. 191; Hume,
“8S. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 258. Cizssa speciosa, Hume, “8. F.,” Vol, III,
p. 145 ; cd, Vol. IV, p. 509 ; Bing., “S. F.,” Vol. V, p. 85.
This Magpie is a permanent resident and affects forest jungle. It
may be generally found in company with D. paradiseus, G. moniliger,
&c. It is very shy and wary, and on account of the colour of its plumage
which blends with the green of the jungle it is very difficult to observe.
In captivity it is very partial to raw eggs, I have been told by a friend
of mine, There has been a great deal written about the change of
454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
colour in the dried skins of this species. ‘Some specimens I procured,
but with which I have since parted ; retained, when dry, the greenish-
yellow colour on the back, but the feathers of the breast changed to
electric blue. However, in all my specimens the red of the wing-
coverts faded to a ru€dy-brown.
I have never found the nest of this bird, but the Kukis sometimes
bring down young birds in April.
Genus Dendrocitta (Gould, 1833).
No. 16. Denprocirra Rura.—The Indian Tree-Pie (Scop.).
Hume, ‘N.vand Hi, 2nd Hd.) Vol. 1p. 19 ; Hume ieisehes
Vol. XI, p. 259; cd, Vol. ILL) p. 146; Hume and Day, “Siena
Vol. VI, p. 386; Bing., “S. F.,7 Vol. 1X, p. 191.
Bena. Lall This is the common Tree-Pie found here, being seen in numbers in
Tussar Kata. +h dustees, where small patches of jungle are under cultivation. It
breeds here in April and May.
No. 18, DrenprRocirraA HIMALAYENSIS.—The Himalayan
Tree-Pie (Blyth).
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 28; Hume and Day.,
«5, E.”. Vol: VI, p. 386; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 259.
Benc. Kalee his Pie is rarer than D. rufa, and keeps more to wooded land and
Tussar Kata.
abandoned cultivation. It breeds in June.
Family Crateropodide.
Sub-Family Creteropodine.
Genus Dryonastes (Sharpe, 1883).
No, 62. Dryonastes RUuUFICOLLISW—The Rufus-necked
Laughing Thrush (J. and 8.).
Hume,‘ Ni and E.7) 2nd( Ed. Vol. 1, ps 45): nels) “sss
Vols V, p34; ume, oS) BV ol. (XT p. 158:
Bena. Hath ‘This bird is gregarious and is found in large numbers together.
eae They seem to prefer tbe undergrowth at the foot of the jungle to the
dense jungle itself. They are not shy and will allow close observa<
tion ; whilst hopping about, they keep up a continual chatter.
Genus Garrulax (Lesson, 1831).
No, 69. GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS.—The Himalayan White-crested
Laughing Thrush (Hardew),
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 47 ; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol.
Al, p. 253; Scully, “'S/HS” Vole VILE piso.
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 455
This species is very rare in this district. I have only procured one
specimen during five years’ collecting.
No. 72. GARRULAX PECTORALIS.—Black-gorgeted Laughing
Thrush (Gould).
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 40; Inglis, “S.F.,”
Wolk. 347; Hume, 5. B.,) Vol. Ti) p.122%; dy Vols Vill,
p. 169; id., Vol. XI, p. 159; Hume and Dav., “8S. F.,” Vol. V1,
peo Oates, 1S: F. Vol. X, p. 208; Bing CS: Ec Viol, UX,
p- 181.
This Laughing Thrush is one of the commonest birds found here. Be Bara
It seems to prefer the jungle bordering on the cultivation, but I have
also come across it in dense bamboo jungle accompanying C. chinensis,
G. rufulus, &c. It is gregarious, going about in large numbers, and
keeping up its loud chatter like the other Laughing Thrushes.
No. 73. GarruLax moniLicER.—The Necklaced Laughing
Thrush (Hodgs.).
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 50; Hume, “S. F.,” Vol.
III, p. 123; zd., Vol. XI, p. 160 ; Hume and Dav., “8. F.,” Vol. VI,
ppazul and old): Oates,“ S. f.,° Vol. Xp. 208); Bing, “8. 17;
Vol. IX, p. 181.
This bird is just as common as G. pectoralis, and its habits are very Bena. Chota
similar. Hoel
Genus Pomatorhinus (Horsf., 1821).
No. 116. FPomaroruinus scuisticers.—The Slaty-headed
Scimitar-Babbler (Hodgs.).
Hume, “Nand B.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p.8f; Hume, “S. F.,”
Vol Eni pl Zin sied. Vol. Wil p, 262 57d. Vols EX, p.)2510 5 Scully
Soon hae oN VOl AVE A pi 208 50) Inelisnyc Ss) Wie Volver palo
Pomatorhinus leucogaster: Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 180.
This is the commonest Scimitar-Babbler we have, being fairly
plentiful in the undergrowth at the foot of the Teelahs. They generally
go about in small parties, but are rather difficult to shoot both on
account of the sombre hue of their plumage and their quick move-
ments. I have seen them sometimes ascending trees but they prefer
the undergrowth. The only eggs I have seen of this species were in
the possession of Mr. H. A. Hole. They were of an oval shape, but
very pointed at one end, of a pure white colour and very glossy. The
average measurement was 14" x 3",
15
456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
No. 131. Pomatrorninus HypoLnucus.—The Arrakan
Scimitar- Babbler (Blyth). ;
Hume, “8S. F.,” Vol. Ill, p. 411 ; 2d., Vol. 1X; p. 253; 7d, Volsaae
p. 152; Inglis, ““S. F.,” Vol. V,-p. 31.
This Scimitar-Baller is comparatively rare, and is seldom seen
unless one is familiar with its call. It is found in dense undergrowth,
and seems especially partial to dé (cane) jungle. Only once I saw
a pair in the open ; they were crossing a clearance near the cultivation.
Like P. schésticeps they are very difficult to shoot, being always on the
move. I have watched these birds carefully several times in the
jungle, and have found that the note of the male is lower than that of
the female. The notes of this species are quite different from P. schis-
ticeps, so that, even if the birds are not visible, it is easily told which
species is calling. I have never found them in numbers like P. schis-
ieceps, generally going about in pairs. I had intended to make a
diligent search for the eges of this species, but was unfortunately
unable to do so having to leave the district before the breeding
season. The rufous on the sides of the neck varies greatly in
different specimens.
Sub-Family Timeline.
Genus Timelia (Horsf., 1821).
No, 134, Timetia piteata.—Red-capped Babbler (Horst.).
Hume, “N. ‘and B.,”)2nd }Ed:,\ Vol. 1s) p90); Hume nips cme:
Vol. IL, p.118; Hume and Dav., “8S. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 267 ; Oates,
“8. F..” Vol. V, p. 152. Timelia bengalensis: Hume, “S. F.,”
Vol. IX, p. 250; ad., Vol. XI, p. 143; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. VII,
pe fli; Cripps, (2SehH 7) VolaVille pe 2g,
This Babbler is fairly common here and seems to prefer reed and
jong grass jungle. They go about in small flocks and have a very
musical note, which they keep uttering the whole time they are on
the move.
Genus Gampsorhynchus (Blyth, 1844).
No, 187. GAmpsoRBYNCHUS RUFULUS.—The White-headed
Shrike-Babbler (Blyth).
Hume, 'S. B.- Viol. Xe pailiao:
In young birds the forehead, crown, nape, ear-coverts, and sides of
head and neck are light chestnut; the lores, a ring round the eye,
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 487%
chin, throat and abdomen white; breast slightly fulvous ; wing
feathers dark brown on inner web and of a golden-brown colour on
outer web ; tail feathers also golden-brown. The colour of the head
generally changes, first of all the tips of the feathers turning white,
and then by degrees the remainder turns whiter. , I have a very good
series of this bird demonstrating the gradual change.
These birds are gregarious, going about in large numbers, and
affect dense jungle. They may generally be found in company with
G. pictoralis, C. chinensis, the Picade, &c. Their note is slightly harsh,
and once heard cannot be mistaken. They are not shy, and nearly
the whole flock may be procured with a little trouble. They seldom
come near the cultivation, but I have seen them once or twice flitting
from bamboo to bamboo skirting the tea.
Genus Pellorneum (Swains, 1831).
No, 142. PrLLoRNEUM MANDELLU.—Mandelli’s Spotted
Babbler (Blanf.).
Himes wand Uc 2nd Hd.) Volo 1p. 99); Humes SiS. he
Vol. I, p. 298; id., XI, p. 144. Pellorneum pectoralis: Hume,
“S$. F,,” Vol. V, p. 340. Pellorneum nipalense : Hume, “8. F.,”
Vol. VIII, p. 188. Hemipteron nipalense: Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. I,
p. 493. ;
This Babbler is very common, and is generally found in the under-
growth, scraping, ameng the dead leaves that have fallen, for insects.
They make as much noise with their scratching as partridges. I have
often been thus misled, thinking they were A. torqueola.
Genus Alecppe (Blyth, 1844).
No. 163. ALcIpPE NEPALENSIS.—The Nepal Babbler (Hodgs.).
Hume, “ N. and B.,” 2nd Kd., Vol. I, p. 104; Hume and Dav.,
co See amVol. wile pe 260); seully.= SK) Vel Vile pazsia,
Hume, “S. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 138.
These birds are very common in the dense jungle and are not at
all shy ; they may easily be known by the very conspicuous white
orbital ring and black supercilium. They generally go about in
small flocks, and keep up a constant twittering sound. The eggs are
of a pinkish colour mottled with maroon,
458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, xX.
Genus Mixornis (Hodgs., 1842).
No. 176. Muixornis ruBRicaPiLLus.—The yellow-breasted
Babbler (Tick.).
Hume “N. and H.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 115; Hume, “S. F.,?
Vol. Til, p. 118; @.5 Vol. TX, (p. 250; "1d. Vol) XT paar
Hume and Dav., “S. F.,” Vol. VI, pp. 266 and 514; Bing., “8. F.,”
Volt TX; p. 180°; Oates, “OS. HaVol. X, ps207:
This little bird is exceedingly common, I have found it in sparse as
well as in dense jungle. It seems to have a preference for creepers ;
in one place where these were abundant, I could have counted these
birds by the score. They are insectivorous. I have often seen them
in company with B. remifer and T. affinis.
Sub-Family Brachy pterygine.
Genus Myiophoneus (Temm., 1828).
No. 187. MyioPHonnus tTemMincKk!.—The Himalayan
Whistling Thrush (Vigors.).
Hume, “N. and E.;” 2nd Ed., Vel. I, p. 120; Humewrasu ts
Vol? Ej<p. 475; 2d., Vol. IU, p. 106 3 2d. Vol. V, po 1ls.aeimers
S. F.77Vol. EX, p. 176 ; Hume and Dav., “S. F.,7 Vol. Vips2308
This is the only Whistling Thrush I have found here. They are fairly
common, and frequent small dried-up nullahs. They have a very strong
whistle, which can be heard from some distance. I have found them
rather shy and rather difficult of approach.
Genus Drymochares (Gould, 1868).
No. 198. DryMocHARES NEPALENSIS.—The Nepal Shortwing(Hodgs.).
Hume, “N. and &.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 180; Hume and Dav.,
oS. ha VolaVa, p. 23607; -lume, “Ss i. Volek. soma ie
I have only got two specimens of this bird, and have no notes to
give on them.
Genus Testa (Hodgs., 1837).
No. 201. Tasta CYANIVENTRIS.— The Slaty-bellied Short-wing (Hodgs.),
Hume, “N.and EB,’ 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 131; Hume, “S, EF.”
Vol. XI, p. 118'; Brooks, “SS. F.,, Vol) VILL, p: 470.
Ihave only procured a pair of these little birds, and they were
both got in the undergrowth. They are very rare, and I have seen no
more since procuring this pair.
Sub-Family Szbecne.
Genus Zosterops (V. and H., 1826).
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 459
No. 226. ZosTERoPs PALPEBROSA.—The Indian White Eye (Temm.).
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 140; Scully, “S. F.,”
Vol. VIII, p. 322 ; David, “S. ¥.,” Vol. X, p. 398 ; Hume, “8: F.,”
Vol. XI, p. 2538.
These pretty little birds are very common? in the tea gardens,
especially when the seed-bushes are in flower, They are generally
seen in parties and are insectivorous. I have kept them alive in a
cage for a considerable time by putting in an over-ripe plantain, which
they seemed to enjoy as well as the small insects which the fruit
attracted. Some of the specimens I have are very difficult to dis-
tinguish from 2. stmplea, but I think they are Z. palpebrosa.
Sub-Family Lotrichine.
Genus Mgithina (Vicill, 1816).
No. 243. AcITHINA TIPHIAA—Common [ora (Linn.).
fumes « Nevand) Brio 2ndekid. Vol. lip. dol; Hume, Soh.”
Vol Sepa ound Vol wil py 129); 2a.. Vol IV p: 428 5) 7d..
Wolexalenel25 7 Oates, sO. He Volo Vi, plod 3 Bing. 6S. Ba
Mol xer p83). Dav. Soe Vol. Xi p. 387.
This bird is exceedingly common, frequenting the open. I have
never shot one indense jungle. ‘They feed on the insects which they
find on small trees. I have never seen them at any great height.
In dried skins the golden-yellow fades to a green.
Genus Chloropsis (Jard. and Selby, 1826).
No. 247, Cutoropsis aurirrons.—The Gold-fronted Chloropsis
(Temm.)
Hume, “S. F.,” Vol. IL, p. 129 ; ¢d., Vol. XI, p. 184; Hume
anduWavev acs: Hae) Vole. Vile. 3261; Bing..S2 E.Vola lax
p. 183.
This is by far the commonest Chloropsis found here. It may be puxg fara
seen on every ripe-berried tree in company with the bulbuls, barbets, Bulbuli.
&c. In habits it is decidedly like a bulbul. They also have a liking
for the tea~seed gardens when in flower, on account of the numer-
ous insects found there. Sometimes one or two C. hardwicki? are also
in the party, but very seldom. This species can be easily kept alive
in an aviary along with bulbulg, &c.
Neela Pakee.
460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
No. 249. CHLoRopsis HARDWICKIL.—The Orange-bellied
Chloropsis (J. and 8.).
Phyllornis hardwicktt, Hume and Dav. “8. F.,’ Vol. VI, p. 327 ;
Scully, “iS. F..” Vol. VITL, p. 297 ; Hume, “*S. F.,77 Vol) Xie a aligas
This species is vewy rare. I only procured a pair during five years’
collecting, and I was always on the look-out for them.
No. 250, CHLOROPSIS CHLOROCEPHALA.—Burmese Chloropsis (Wald.).
Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. V;p. 30 ; Hume, “S. I.,” Vol. M1 p..1 evap
Vol. XI, p. 184 ; Hume and Dav., “S. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 323; Bing.,
Ws Wax Vola LXe pidl83 3) Oatess ccs. Mac iVoly ixegn 20K,
This Chloropsis is commoner thanC. hardwickz ; one or two generally
being found in company with C. aurifrons. Its habits are the same as
the other Chloropsis.
Genus Irena (Horsf., 1821).
No, 254, Irena purtia.—The Fairy Blue-Bird (Lath.)
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol.I, p.157; Hume, “S.F.,” Vol. IIT,
p- 180 ; ¢d., Vol. XI, p. 186; Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. V, p. 35; Hume
and Dav., ““S. E., Vol. Vi, p: 328 ;, Mur. SR. Vol. Viallins ae
Hume, iS. E:) Vol. VIL, p.156 ; Bing.) “8. E.y) Vol exe pea
Oates, S82) Fi Vol. Xo op. 201); Wayid) tS. 8.) Viole nao sie
Laylors1S:1E., Vol. 2X) p..460:
Inthe young bird the upper plumage has a greenish colour gradually
turning to ultramarine. I have noticed these birds in some seasons
quite plentifully, and in others I have had hard work to procure even
a pair. Their whistle is composed of a single note and is easily
remembered. It is‘very difficult to distinguish the sexes when on
high trees, as the ultramarine of the back and under tail-coverts is
hidden when the bird is facing you; the only way to be certain is
by the deep black of the breast feathers in the male which are much
darker than in the female.
Genus Melanochlora (Lesson, 1839).
No. 255. MrnaNocHLora suLTANEA.—The Sultan Bird (Hodgs.).
Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. ILI, p. 143; cd., XI, p. 256 ; Hume and Day.,
“S. F.7’ Vol. VI, p. 378; Scully, “8. F.,” Vol. VIII, p. 324; Bing.,
FS lt aiVOlWEXe sp h9 On Oates tics i i@aViOle EN Hsiao.
I have only procured a single bird of this species which is exceedingly
raro here.
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 461
Genus Mesia (Hodgs., 1838).
No, 257. Musta ARGENTAURIS.—The Silver-eared Mesia (Hodgs.).
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 166; Scully, “S. F.,”
Vol. VIII, p. 318; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 247.
I have only one specimen of this pretty bird. jfhey are very rare
here ; once only I saw a small flock of them.
Genus Psaroglossa (Hodgs., 1844).
No. 261. PsaroGhossa sPILOPrERA.—The Spotted Wing (Vigors).
Hume, “N. and £.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 161; Brooks, “S. F.,”
Vol. II, p. 254; Arms, “8. F.,” Vol. IV, p. 834; Hume and Dav.,
Ske Vol. VI, p. 394; Hume, “8S: F.% Vol. XI, p. 268.
This species is very common, numbers being seen on the Simul
trees (Bomba) when in flower. They go about in flocks and breed in
holes of trees. They are insectivorous, and feed on the insects to be
found in the flowers of the Simul tree. I have very seldom seen them
except when about trees which are in bloom.
Sub-Family Brachypodine.
Genus Criniger (Tenm., 1820).
No. 263. CRINIGER FLAVEOLUS.—The White-throated
Bulbul (Gould). i
ame, (ONG i and) He? 2nd) Kd.) Vol. 1.” p. 163 ;; Hume and
Wavayeooekyy 7 Wole Vip. 300); Scully, (oS. B5°-Vol, VIL, p..295);
Hume, ‘8S. F.,” Vol. AI, p. 178.
This Bulbul is very common frequenting more dense jungle than pene. Chool-
the open, though it is also to be found sometimes in the undergrowth Megoe ten
bordering on the cultivation. They are gregaridus, going about in
small flocks. In crossing a clearance one bird flies across first,
followed by the remainder in single file. This species may be
easily distinguished by the fine hairs which spring from the nape.
They are permanent residents, but I have not come across their nests.
Genus Hemixus (Hodgs., 1844).
No. 272. Hrmixus rLAvVALA.—The Brown-eared Bulbul (Hodgs.). >
Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. V, p. 3; 2d., Vol. XI, p. 176; Hume and
Days Sake? Vol, Vi, p. 299%; Scully, “S. F.,? Vol: VII, p. 295:
This bird is decidedly rare here. I have only come across one small
flock in a tea-seed garden, which was in flower. I managed to procure
about six specimens, but have not come across any more since then.
(To be continued.)
462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE L’INDE.
PAR
_ Rosert pu Boysson,
(Wak Plates Nos LTE NL, LV an vay
(Read before the Bombay Natural EMstory Society on 14th Jan., 1896.)
Ce premier mémoire est le résultat des récoltes faites par M.
R. C. Wroughton, Indian Forest Service, dans 1’ Hindoustan.
J’ai tenu compte également de la collection de la Société d’Histoire
Naturelle de Bombay, dont je dois la connaissance a l’amabilité
de M. H. M. Phipson. D’autres especes ont ¢té recueillies par
M. J. A. Betham, dans les Provinces Centrales. J’ai ajouté quelques
indications prises dans la collection de ’Indian Museum, de Calcutta,
que m’a communiquée d’une manicre trés obligeante par M. E. C. Cotes,
de Calcutta. Je veux iciexprimer publiquement a ces chers confréres
en Histoire Naturelle, ma plus vive gratitude pour le don généreux
qwils m’ont fait de ces splendides insectes, qui font Phonneur de mes
cartons. Hnfin j’ai cru bon de signaler les localités d’ow proviennent
des spécimens que je possede ou que j’ai eu le loisir d’examiner,
Quoiqu’il en soit le nombre des espéeces est des plus minimes, pour le
moment, puisqu’il ne dépasse pas 26. Aussi dans le but de faciliter
Pétude de la famille des Chrystdides, je donnerai en tableaux synop-
tiques les caractéres des principales divisions dont on connait des
représentants sur le continent Asiatique.
é
CARACTERES DE LA FAMILLE.
Les Chrysidide, tres voisins des Proctotrypide, se distinguent par
leur corps (a l'état normal) toujours recouvert de couleurs métalliques,
leurs antennes insérées par une articulation simple, jamais sur un toralus,
le clypeus toujours bien développé. Ls sont toujours munis d’ailes, le
scutum de leur métathorax (postécusson) n’est jamais nul, leur ab
domen a trois ou quatre ou cing segments dorsaux visibles au repos.
Les femelles ont les segments abdominaux protractiles, formant un
tuyau distinct, mais invisible au repos; elles n’ont pas de glandes a
venin ni accessoires chez le plus grand nombre (Chryszdidee), et rare-
ment elles en sont pourvues (Cleplide).
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 463
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE.
Les insectes composant cette famille déposent leurs wufs dans le nid
de certains Hyménopteres nidifiants, comme les Euménides, Sphégides,
Pompilides, Apides (Chrysidide), ou bien dans le corps méme de larves
de Tenthrédides (Cleptide). 9
SOUS--FAMILLES,
1, Abdomen convexe en dessous, ayant toujours quatre (2) ou cing
($) segments dorsaux visibles—? ayant des glandes a venin et
des glandes accessoires. iufs pondus directement dans des larves
de Tenthrédides, dans lesquelles chaque larve de Cleptide doit
vivre.— g ayant les crochets de Varmure génitale en forme de
lames trés courtes. ..........-.1 SoUs-FAMILLE.—CLHPTIDA.
2. Abdomen concaye en dessous, n’ayant que trois segments dorsaux
vistbles, (par exception quatre chez les g¢ des Parnopine).— Q
dépouryvue de glandes.a venin et de glandes accessoires. Ciufs
pondus dans les cellules de certains Hyménoptéres nidifiants, ott Tes
jeunes larves de Chrysidides mangent celles du nidifiant, 4 lex-
clusion des provisions.— ¢ ayant les crochets de l’armure génitale
en forme de lames toujours longues.....0.00...2 SOUS-FAMILLE.—
CHIYSIDID A.
1°¢ Sous-FaAMILLE : CLEPTIDAL,
La sous-famille des Cleptides ne renferme, pour la faune Asiatique
qu'un seul genre, celui des Cleptes, Latreille. (Pl. 1.) Ces insectes
au corps gréle, allongé, et déprimé, vivent sur les feuillages et les herbes
dans les endroits abrités et expos¢s au soleil ; ils butinent sur les fleurs
a corolles peu profondes, comme les Ombelliféres ; ils iéchent aussi les
exsudations sucrées que séerétent certains feuillages.
Plusieurs espéces ont été rapportées de |’Asie, tels que: Cleptes
Morawitzi Rad. du Turkestan, Cleptes semiaurata L. (Pl. 1, fig. 5),
du Turkestan et de Sibérie, Cleptes syriaca Buyss., de Syries, etc. II
est done permis de supposer que I’Inde doit en nourrir quelques unes.
Il° Sous-ramitte: CHRYSIDIDAL.
Cette sous-famille trés nombreuse, se divise naturellement en trois
tribus parfaitement distinctes, dont voici le tableau.
1. Ongles des tarses armés de plusieurs crochets ; stigmates méta-thora-
ciques situés en dessus des angles postico-latéraux, pres de Vinser-
tion des ailes inférieures .........4LLAMPIN Ai Mocs.—Buyss.
Oniclesideswiatsesisimp les sche sscevecessreceseghvsecvessetientonseeaseee
15
464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
2. Machoires et languette dela bouche courtes, retractées au repos ;
palpes labiaux de trois articles, palpes maxillaires de cing articles;
stigmates méta-thoraciques situés en dessous des angles postice-
Jatéraux:e. cactsescescssossescangesede-/ncces cocees (EL FUN LID INGA lorem
Machoires et Ignguette de la bouche trés allongées, linéaires, en
forme de trompe, repliées en dessous du thorax au repos ; palpes
labiaux et maxillaires composés de un ou deux articles seulement ;
stigmates méta-thoraciques situés en dessus des angles postico
AtOr aX senses concesecesseves ses seocestsecedoerssook ALN OLA NGAi pina ie
PREMIERE TRIBU: HLLAMPINA Mocs,—Buyss.
Les insectes compris dans cette tribu, sont de petite taille, plus ou
moins convexes, épais et larges. Ils se séparent en sept genres pour
la faune de |’ Asie.
1. Ongles des tarses armés de plus de deux crochets...... BAO tL Ode" douse 2!
Ongles des tarses armés de deux crochets seulement.............0++06
2. Premiére et troisitme cellules discoidales indistinctes ou incom-
PICEES) ce ceesneuiesesee sceiecs nescisledeccscaecactessiuc alee’ «blecet ead tent diceeeeeeene
Premitre et troisieme cellules discoidales figurées par une ligne
DTUNTC .ccccescccece. ccccrcaescssce deneenedecceinee ll OO ENaC e Nm alalias
3. Postécusson prolongé en lame horizontale.........NOTOZUS Forst.
Postécusson non prolongé en: lame... ..<......c0ee0s 1 -nesoslecsnecineceane
4. Cétés du pronotum étroitement appliqués chacun contre la tranche
antérieure des mésopleures, ces cdtes aussi longs que cette tranche;
pas d’angles postico-latéraux aux métapleures, extrémité apicale
du 3° segment abdominal trés entiére ...... HOLOPHRIS Mocs.
Cétés du pronotum non appliqués contre la tranche antérieure des
mésopleures e& beaucoup plus courts que cette tranche ; des angles
aigus assez forts aux métapleures ; extrémité apicale du 3° segment
abdominal incisée ou plus OU MOINS SINMEE ... 10. ...ceceescereescee eoed
5. Pronotum convexe; tibias postérieurs normaux ; 8° segment
abdominal incisé ou émarginé a l’apex .........LLAMPUS Spin.
Pronotum déclive en avant; tibias postérieurs dilatés, surtout
chez le & qui les a, en outre, subcreusts en dessous; 3° segment
abdominal trés legérement sinné & Vapex,........ PHILOCTETES
Ab. —Buyss.
6. Ongles des tarses termin¢s par un seul crochet, mais ayant en leur
milieu un autre petit crochet plus petit, placé en angle droit ;
3° segment abdominal sans angles sur les COtCS.....6.-.eesceeeee-
HEDYCHRIDIUM ‘Ab.
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 465
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE.
7, Ongles des tarses terminés par deux crochets joints 4 leur base ;
3e segment abdominal ayant de chaque cété un petit angle saillant
dirigé en arriére Bopccnbenecenennaconoes! all DN CCCHal SOE resin,
Genre Notozus Forst. (Pl. J)
I] est certain que l’Inde doit posséder des Notozus bien que je n’en
ai pas vus de cette provenance, Le Turkestan et Amur ont fourni le
NV. superbus Ab., la Mongelie le WV. Mocsaryi Rad., ?Asie-Mineure le
N. rufitarsis Toum. Ona rapporté aussi du Turkestan les V. Lvers~
mannt Mocs., et NV, violascens Mocs., de Merwle V. Komarovi Rad., etc.
Genre Extampus Spin. (PI. I.)
Aucune espéce 4 signaler de l’Inde, bien que I’on ait E. Wesmaelz
Chevr. de Sibérie, les L. Magrett#i Buyss, et E. Medanai Buyss. de
Syrie, HE. auratus L. (Pl. 1., fig. 11) du Turkestan et de Syrie, les
E. truncatus Dhlb, et E. eneus Panz. du Turkestan, La variété pygialis
Buyss. de cette derniére espéce habite la Chine, les EL. zmbecillus Mocs.
et E. pusillus F. la Perse et le Turkestan, les EL. turkestanicus Mocs. et
FE, ceruleus Dahlb. le Turkestan, I’. hypocrita Buyss. la Perse et la
Mongolie, ete.
Genre Puitoctetes Ab.—Buyss.
Quant aux Pheloctetes, il n’y a que le Ph. tiberiadis Ab.—Buyss., de
Syrie, que l’on puisse indiquer comme Asiatique, mais rien ne semble
s’opposer 4 une aire de dispersion plus grande.
Genre Hotopuris Mocs.
Le genre Holophris récemment créé par M. le Dr. A. Mocsary
(Addit. lum ad. Mon, Chrys. o. t. u. p. 51, 1890)? ne comprend qu’une
seule espéce, l’H. margnellus Moes. qui habite Sumatra.
Genre Hotopyea Dahlb. (PI. I.)
Nous avons une espéce appartenant 4 ce genre 4 enrégistrer pour
notre faune Indienne.
1. A. Indica Mocs.
(Mon. Chrys. orbis terr. univ. 1889, ». 118). (PI. I, fig. 12.)
Provinces Centrales (J. A. Betham); 4 Bangalore (ma
collection),
Genre Hepycuripium Ab. (PI. I.)
Une seule espéce dece genre, Elle a été découverte par M. R. C.
Wroughton, 4 qui je suis heureux de la dédier en reconuaisance de sa
générosité 4 mon 6gard.
466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
2. HH. Wroughtonin. sp. (Pl. I, fig. 6.)
Corps robuste, déprimé, enti¢rement vert-gai, avec des reflets bleuis-
sants sur Vabdomen et l’aire médiane du mesonotum, Pubescence
fine, brun-roussatre, legérement couchée, Antennes brunatres, les deux
premiers articles verte. Pronotum long, déprimé, 4 cdtés convergents
en avant, la ponctuation médiocre, serrée, irréguliére, profonde ; celle
du reste du thorax plus grosse et moins serrée, devenant grosse et réticu-
lée sur le postecusson et les mésopleures. Ailes enfumées ; pattes vertes
avec les articulations et les tarses brun-roussatres. Abdomen assez con-
vexe, 4 points fins, espacés, le 3° segment entier, la bordure extréme
trés caractéristique, amincie, canaliculée, puis legérement relevée.
Ventre vert, les segments largement marginés de noir. @ Long. 74
mill. Provinces Centrales (R. C. Wroughton).
Genre Hepycurum Latr. (PI. IL.)
Messieurs R, C. Wroughton et H. M. Phipson m’ont envoyé plus-
ieurs exemplaires d’un Hedychrum déji connu de Smith et que j’ai
signalé de Birmanie (Rev. d’Ent. T. X. No. 3, p. 30, 1891.)
3. H. flammulatum Sm.
(Journ, Proce, Linn, Soc. Zool. IIT, p. 26, 1859).
Le $ a la ponctuation thoracique plus forte que la 9, et réticulée ;
celle de Pabdomen est également plus grosse et plus espacée.
Le coloris, chez les deux sexes, varie du vert-gai au bleu-indigo ; la
taille également varie de 4 4 6 millimétres.
2 8 Provinces Centrales; Présidence de Bombay: Poona (R. C.
Wroughton).
Drvuxiewe Tru: CHRYSIDINZ Mocs.
Cette tribu est la plus nombreuse et c’est & elle qu’appartiennent les
espéces les plus communes, Les insectes quila composent vivent de
matiéres sucrées : nectar des fleurs, exsudations des feuilles, déjections
de pucerons, etc. Leur vivacité augmente en raison de la chaleur de
Yatmosphere. Ils prennent leurs bats partout ot le soleil chauffe, sur
les feuillages, les murs, les bois morts, les tertres des ohemins et des
fossés, les arbres secs, les carriéres, les tas de pierres, les galets anciens
les berges des riviéres, les cdtes arrides, etc. Dans les endroits les
plus fréquentés par les Hyménoptéres nidifiants, dans le nid des quels
ils déposent leur progéniture.
La tribu des Chrysidine se divise en cing genres.
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 467
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
1. Premiére cellule discoidale des ailes supérieures incomplete .........
CHRYSOGONA Forst.
Premicére cellule discoidale des ailes supérieures complete............2
2. Corps de grande taille ; yeux occupant plus gles deux fen de la
largeur de la face ; ee aaa en un long bec a cétés
Sinoparallelesi se. .ssiccsessecoccsrenisenvesicees .. SLILBUM Spin.
Corps de taille variable; yeux n eccract jamais iapins des deux tiers
de la largeur de la face ; épistome jamais prolongé en un long bec &
CONCSESUM ATAU CLES jc ven joseesiencsosucisoalnscisndeceisssnedcn lenses eles usxiavetaenend
3. Cellule radiale des ailes ae ie ihoomplete, ouverte au
moins d’un tiers de sa longueur présumée ; marge apicale du 3e
segment abdominal enti¢re ou bordée de fines aspérités saillantes.
SPINOLIA Dahlb.—Buyss.
Cellule radiale des ailes supérieures compléte ou n’étant jamais
ouverte de plus d’un quart de sa longueur ; marge apicale du 3e
segment abdominal jamais bordée de fines aspérités saillantes...... 4
4, Troisieme segment abdominal entier ou ondulé ou bien muni
dangles ou de dents, ces derniéres au nombre de un & SiX.....0.0
CHRYSIS Linné.
5. Troisiéme segment abdominal denticulé en scie ..... HUCHRM@US
Latreille
Genre Curysocona Forst. PI. IT.)
4. (C. assimilis Dahlb.
(Hym. Eur. ID, p. 201, 1854.) (Pl. II, fig. 10.)
@ Présidence de Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wrotghton).
Genre Spinotia Dahlb.—Buyss. (PI. II.)
On pourrait trouver dans )Inde les Spinolia Morawitzt Mocs. et
S. magnifica Dahlb, qui habitent I’ Asie occidentale.
Genre Eucnrevus Latr. (PI. IT.)
Il en est de méme des Euchreus limbatus Dahlb., LE. purpuratus F.
et EL. pelluctdus Rad.
Genre Curysis L, (PI. II et III.)
Pour pouvoir déterminer plus facilment les Chrysis on divise ce genre
en plusieurs phalanges suivant la forme du 3° segment abdominal et le
nombre de dents quile termine. De plus, dans chacune de ces phalanges
je distingue cinq sections suivant Ja couleur.
468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
TABLEAU des PHALANGES,
—Marge apicale du 3° segment abdominal entiére cu subtronquée,
pouvant étre parfois plus ou moins émarginée au milien, mais
nullement ondulée et sans angles sur les cOtés ni au commence-
ment de la séri¢ antéapicale ........ ..... PHAL. I. INTEGERRIMA.
—Marge apicale du 3° segment abdominal distinctement trisinué ou
ondulée et pouvant former un angle de chaque coté avant ou apres
le commencement de la série antéapicale...PHaL. II. inaiQuaLEs.
—Marge apicale du 8° segment abdominal plus ou moins nette-
ment acuminée a l’apex ..........e000¢e6e PHAL. IL]. UNIDENTATS.
—Troisiéme segment abdominal avec une dent ou un angle distinct
de chaque cdté, avant ou aprés la naissance de la marge api-
Gal Vii ees detessecsssaccsceschesetcsescosse sso HAUs TNs BEDE NACI
—Marge anicale du 8¢ segment abdominal avec trois dents dis-
tincles, dont une & lapex ............0e6- HAL, WV, TRIDENTATA,
—Troisiéme segment abdominal muni de quatre dents ou angles
GISEINGES -.-ccdeccss-cesssseenreesecisee-- HAL, Vl. QUADRIDENDAI A
—Troisitme segment abdominal avec cing dents ou angles,.........
sUnureesiigisssecesusscesssesececsoacero HAT, «VA, .OUINQUED RNIDAIIR
—Troisi¢me segment abdominal avec six dents ou angles.. .........
LL cosehesied saltadereccsteteel cessencenesC HAL. Vili) Si xaD Ne Ay ie
TABLEAU DES SECTIONS,
1. Corps en entier ou 4 moitié noir-bronzé, terne, plus ou moins
violacé-obscur, ou avec quelques reflets métalliques.........c00e26
c I. OBSCURATZ,
—Corps ni enti¢rement ni en notable partic NOIT.......00cesseeeereeed
2. Corps enti¢rement vert ou bleu, ou avec ces couleurs mélangées
OU VOLU- LAL sh Sevoesneressceslace te qeacacrmeness seccoseen eel eee ERIE
— Corps avec des parties Corces ....ssceseesseerserceeeececees cessor ceed
3. Abdomen ayant ou moins un segment enticrement vert ou bleu.
III.—zonata..
Abdomen plus ou moins enti¢rement doré, sans aucun segment en-
tidrementi vert Mi) bleu veces. scr -qrecwocsasaecicspsss/eococeeuciseeureeeces
4, Avant-corps sans partie feu ni doré ...,.......-1V.—BICOLORES.
—Avant-corps enticrement cu en partie feu ou doré-verdatre ou
COTe=CULYLE ‘seve scuvusinccinsrsssorecseoreneccrncase tN fears AUR AMLade
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE . 469
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE L’INDE,
Je ne me servirai pas des Sections ici, afin de pouvoir me conformer
an désir de M. R. C. Wroughton, qui m’a prié de mettre les espéces
en tableaux, ce que je ne pourrais pas faire autrement, vu leur petit
nombre,
Wg Mg Ope sonve 12 25155: aaticWAcwleva deena sstiswndssn Ueneds INTEGERRIME.
1, Corps brtcrement bleu et vert, sans partie feu; fouet des
autennes roux-testacé en dessous.......C. CAPITALS Dhib.
—Corps avec quelques parties feu ou dorés .........se0e08 00-0002
2. Corps entiérement bleu ou bleu-vert, sauf l’écusson et le posté-
cusson qui sont doré-feu............C. WROUGHTONI n. sp.
= WOrps; aulbrementa colores sm amanuecrecwetenl es sshchiessees nen
3. Pronotum et écusson feu-doré ; apex du 3° ae abdo-
minal legérement sinué..................0. BAYADERA n. sp.
—Pronotum et écusson verts ; apex du 3° segment abdominal
parfaitement arrondi, nullemené sinué...... dob bast oonodsCo Goo enooot
©. DISSIMILANDA n. sp.
5. C. capitalis Dahlb.
(Hym. Hur. IL, p. 100, 1854.)
& Aden (col. Yerbury).
6. C. Wroughtoni n. sp. (Pl. II], fig. 2).
Corps étroit, allongé, subparalléle, entitrement bleu ou bleu-vert,
avec des places plus bleues, l’écusson et le postécusson doré-feu ;
pubescence fine, gris-roussatre. Téte pas plus large que le pronotum,
épaisse, arrondie, 4 points médiocres, serrés, devenant réticulés sur le
front ; cavité faciale plus verte, large, plus finement pouctuée, terminée
en haut par une caréne transversale, arquée-arrondie pres des yeux ;
joues tres courtes ; antennes brun-noiratre, les trois premiers articles
bleus, le 3° deux fois long comme le 4°. Pronotum subcylindrique ;
ponctuation thoracique médiocre, serrée, ruguleuse, subréticulée ; celle
du métathorax grosse, réticulée ; angles postico-latéraux du méta-thorax
i pointe recourbée, aigue. IWeaillettes bleues, subscarieuses ; ailes
subhyalines, 4 nervures roux-subtestacés ; pattes vertes, tarses brunatres.
Abdomen allongé, subcylindriqne, legerement caréné, & ponctuation
médiocre, assez serrée, subréticulée; angles postico-latéraux du 2
segment arrondis ; 38° segment réguli¢rement convexe, a points plus
gros ; série antéapicale obsolétement creusée, 10 fovéoles médiocres,
470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
rondes, ouvertes, séparées; marge apicale longue, régulicrement
entiére, 4 bordure mince, subscarieuse, débordante sur les cdtes & sa
naissance, de maniére & former un sinus avec les cdtés du segment
qui sout convergents en arriére. Ventre bleu-vert, taché de noir.
2 Long. 6-7 mill. ¢.
Cette espéce peut-étre atteinte de rufinisme dans les antennes, la
nervulation des ailes et les pattes.
Présidence de Bombay: Poona (R. C. Wroughton).
7. C. bayadera n. sp. (Pl. III. fig. 1).
Corps Giroit, subparalléle, entiérement vert-gai ou vert-bleu, avec
le vertex, Vaire médiane du. mésonotum, la base du 2° segment
abdominal et tout le 3° segment, bleu-foncé, parfois méme noir-bleu ;
le pronotum, l’écusson et la moitié apicale du 2° segment abdominal
feu-doré, Pubescence fine, blanchatre. Téte épaisse, arrondie, cavité
faciale vert-doré, ¢troite, finement ponctuée, couverte de poils blancs,
terminée en haut par des traces de carene transversale ; joues
médiocres, convergentes en avant, antennes marron, les deux premiers
articles bronzé verdatre, le 3° un peu plus long que le 4°, Ponctuation
de avant-corps médiocre, serrée, subcoriacée, entremélée de points
fins ; pronotum subcylindrique : postécusson avec la suture antérieure
béante ; angles postico-latéraux du méta-thorax triangulaires, 4 pointe
obtuse, droite. caillettes marron, ailes un peu enfumées; pattes
vertes, tarses marron-roussatre. Abdomen large, legerement caréné,
un peu déprimé, & ponctuation médiocre, serrée, subcoriacée, irré-
guli¢re, entremelée de points fins ; les angles postico-latéraux du 2°
segment arrondis ; 3¢ segment réguli¢rement convexe, les cdtés droits
et continus avec ceux de la marge apicale ; série antéapicale trés peu
creusée, 12 fovéoles petites, subtransversaies, ouvertes, subconfluentes ;
marge apicale courte, legerement sinuée a apex. Ventre vert, taché
de noir. Long. 7-8 mill.
La © differe du g par les teintes plus vives, les joues longues, le
3° article antennaire plus long, coloré de bleu, le 3° segment. abdomi-
nal plus allongé, et le ventre bleu.
Provinces centrales ; Poona (It. C. Wroughton).
8. C. dissimilanda n. sp.
Semblable 4 la C. bayadera, dont elle différe par son coloris qui
ne montre pas de couleur feu-doré, une legére teinte dorée se distingue
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 471
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
seulement sur la bordure apicale du 2° segment abdominal et sur les
eotés du 1°. La ponctuation de Vavant-corps n’est point coriacée et
peu serrée ; la face large, non rétrécie a la base, les joues presque nulles,
pronotum plus court et plus convexe, les angles postico-latéraux du méta-
thorax tres petits, 4 pointe divariquée, obtuse ; les tarses subtestacés ; le
8° segment abdominal régulitrement arrondi, nullement sinué 4 V’apex.
Ventre vert-gai avec deux taches bleu-foncé sur le 2° segment. Long.
a+ mill.
Présidence de Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wroughton).
MIG census cecnes cre cecloascestecleasieaceusodeeese easel Lull) LIN) ACE,
1 Cotés du pronotum profondément sinués au milieu, puis distincte-
ment anguleux avant les angles antérieurs ; abdomen déprimé ;
edtés du 3° segment abdominal continus avec ceux de la marge
apicale et formant avec ceus-ci une ligne droite ... BECOALE
TRIACANTHA Mocs.
—Cédtés du pronotum leyérement sinués au milieu ; abdomen
convexe; cdtés du 3° segment abdominal séparés de ceux de la
marge apicale par un petit angle arrondi qui se trouve 4 sa
TESTISSENTN@S) cA CBO NOSEORC CHOSE BOB RCORED EERE SOD eCaE ABC EA EMEC BOLE obo
SCIOENSIS Grib.
9. C. triacantha Mocs.
(Mon. Chrys. orb, ter. univ. p. 325, 1889.)
2 Calcutta (ma collection), Je la posséde aussi d’Amboine.
10. C. Scioénsis Grib. :
(Ann. Mus, Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova. XIV, p. 344, 1879.)
I] faut ajouter a la description de male incomplet que j’ai décrit dans
le Species des Hym. T. VI, p. 434; “tarses blanchatres, brunis 4
Pextrémite.” g¢9 Aden (Col. Yerbury).
eae Vile ene clscdasdeutte scctvins sete enssneeiiec- corel) All) ul) EN eeAVZan
1 Abdomen entiérement feu-doré, avec la marge apicale du 3°
BEOMMeM ty WlSMOM sees \ser ssee-clossloss sealeesocesce'---2>4 0B EID AN Meispe
— Abdomen seiamont coloré))y%...-. peceeee Sdogapponeod boned daseshe
2 Aires latérales du mésonotum et deux taches apicales sur le
segment abdominal feu-doré ........+......-06++SPECULATA 0. Sp,
Corps entiérement bleu ou bleu-vert, sans taches feu ............ 3
17
472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
3 Téte tres petite, moins large que le pronotum, le 1° ocelle
enfermé dans une aire creusée ..........+.+++...FUSCIPENNIS Brullé
—Téte de la larguer du pronotum, le 1 ocelle jamais entermé
Gans WMe' aire CLeUSO 22.021 ..clesesecdocbses-cscensesaeee ces eeneees
4 Ailes assez fq-tement enfumées, bleuissantes ; corps cylindrique,
enti¢rement vert-gai, parfois plus bleu sur le 8¢ segment
abdominal, dents de ce dernier segment obtuses ......... 20.0006.
corres! Buyss.
—Ailes hyalines ou sub-hyalines ; toujours des parties du corps
plus bleues; dents du 3° segment abdominal longuement aigues. 5
5 Corps cylindrique, vert-gai, la base des segments abdominaux
2et 3 bleu-vif ; série antéapicale du 3° segment abdominal
presque nUlle — .......5....s0eesseeeeee+eeee20000e-OBLITERATA Mocs:
—Corps non cylindrique, bleu avec des espaces verts ou vert-bleu ;
série antéapicale du 3° segment abdominal creusée et bien
GISUIGLC, «+. 0000. ses -corenemsccssccseceeeece-saseevee SHRAMENS IS Mitads
11. C. fusctpennis Brulle.
(Hym. IV, p. 38, 1846.)
2 @ Provinces Centrales (J. A. Betham) ; Présidence de Bombay :
Poona (R. C. Wroughton); Bangalore (Hi, C. Cotes); Pondicherry
(Edm, André).
Var. mossullensis Ab.—Buyss.
(Rev. @ Ent. T. V1. p. 190, 1887.)
Poona (R. C. Wroughton) ; Mysore (P. H. K. Lee.)
Var. dorsata var. nov.
Différe du type par tout le dorsulum du thorax qui est noir-bronzé-
cuivré. Parfois méme cette teinte cuivrée s’étend sur les deux premiers
segments de Pabdomen et les pattes. Q Long. 9—114 mill.
Présidence de Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wroughton).
12. C. Cotest, Buyss.
(Rev. d Ent. T. XT, p, 2491893).
& 2 Varie du vert-gai un peu doré, principalement sur I’ écusson, au
bleu-vert.
Poona, Kanara, 8. Guzerat, Provinces Centrales (R.C. Wroughtoa) ;
Bangalore (I. C, Cotes) ; Mysore (P. H. KX. Lee).
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 473
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
13. C. obliterata, Mocs.
(Mon. Chrys. orb, terr. univ, p. 877, 1889.—C. orientalis Dahlb.
(nec Gaeen)
On doit completer la description de Dahlbom par ce qui suit. Corps
subcylindrique ; téte épaisse, arrondie ; cavité fac’ale terminée en haut
par une legére carcne transversale peu apparente ; joues médiocres,
convergentes en avant ; mandibules bidentées ; antennes brunes, avec
les trois premiers:articles bleu-vert ou bleus, le 8° un peu plus long que
le 4° ; pronotum subcylindrique, a cdtés convergents en avant ; ponctu-
ation de l’avant-corps médiocre, ruguleuse, irréguli¢re, médiocrement
serrée ; angles postico-latéraux du métathorax petits, triangulaires,
aigus ; tarses marron-roussatre; abdomen subcylindrique, 2 points
médiocres, espacés, entremélés de petits points ; angles postico-latéraux
du 2¢ segment arrondis. 9? Long. 6-63 mill.
Le 4, resté inédit, différe de la 9 par la cavité faciale plus courte,
les antennes marron-roussatre, le 3° article subégal au 4°; par la
ponctuation plus grosse, les tarses roussatres, le 8° segment abdominal
plus court. Parfois une teinte cuivrée recouvre |’écusson, le pronotum,
la poitrine, les pattes et le 1° segment abdominal,
Provinces Centrales (J. A. Betham) ; Présidence de Bombay : Poona
(R. C. Wroughton).
14, C. serawensis Rad.
(Rev. d Ent. T. X. p. 195, 1891.)
Varie comme taille de 43 4 6 millimétres. Les plus petits individus
ont ordinairement des reflets vert-doré un peu feu sur les cétés des
segments 1 et 2 de l’abdomen, et leurs tarses sout roussatres. Le g
seul a été décrit ; la 9 ale 3° segment abdominal plus long, et dés
lors les cdtés le sont aussi.
2 Provinces Centrales (J. A. Betham) : Poona (R. C. Wroughton),
Var. viredipes var. Nov.
Différe du type par sa taille un peu plus forte et les tarses brunatres,
le 1® article des postérieurs verts en dessus. Q Long, 74 mill.
Provinces Centrales (J. A. Betham).
15. C. speculata n. sp.
Corps de taille médiocre, robuste, un peu déprimé, rappelant la
orme de la C. Grohinanni Dahlb., vert-bleu avec les aires latérales du
474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
meésonotum, les cotés du 1° segment abdominal, deux grandes taches
latérales sur le 2° et deux autres plus petites sur le 3° feu-doré ; le
vertex, l’aire mediane du mésonotum et la base des segments abdomin-
aux 2 et 3 bleu-foncé ; pubescence longue, blanchatre. Cavité faciale
courte, large, recouverte d’épais poils blancs, le haut terminé par une
double caréne transvérsale ; joues tres courtes, fortement convergentes
en avant ; mandibules simples ; antennes noiratres, les deux premiers
articles et la base du 8° verts, le 3° presque aussi long que les deux
suivants réunis ; pronotum trés court, convexe, la partie antérieure
déclive ; ponctuation de l’avant-corps médiocre, irréguliére, un peu
ruguleuse, modérement serrée; postécusson convexe ; angles postico-laté-
raux du méta-thorax petits, a pointe obtuse ; écailles marron, scarieuses ;
ailes hyalines ; pattes vertes, un peu doré-feu sur les genoux, hérissées
de gros poils blancs, tarses bruns. Abdomen ovale, a points médiocres,
serrés, entremélés de plus fins ; angles postico-latéraux du 2° segment
arrondis ; 3° segment a gros points réticulés, espacés, peu convexe, les
cétés longs, droits ; série antéapicale peu creusée a l’apex, d’avantage
sur les cdtés, 10 fovéoles ouvertes, médiocres, irréguliéres, subconflu-
entes ; marge apicale quadri-dentée: dents subscarieuses, triangulaires
subaigues, disposées sur une ligue trés courbe, les internes plus
rapprochées entre elles, les externes plus courtes, s¢parées des internes,
et des cdtés de la marge de chaque cdté par un large sinus arrondi
l’émarginature médiane beaucoup plus petite et triangulaire, les cétés
de la marge débordants a la naissance de celle-ci et formant de chaque
coté un petit angle. Ventre vert-bleu, taché de noir. 9 Long. 6 mill.
Présidence de Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wroughton).
16. C. Zobeida n. sp.
Corps de taille médiocre, assez convexe, tout l’avant-corps vert-bleu,
Yabdomen feu-doré teinté de verdatre, avec la marge apicale du 3°
segment bleue ; pubescence blanchatre. Semblable a la C. Fertoni
Buyss. dont elle en différe cependant, en outre du coloris, par les
caractéres suivants. Antennes rousses; tarses roux-testacé, le 1°" article
presque blanchatre ; thorax beaucoup plus convexe, 4 ponctuation
moins profonde, irréguliére, entremélée de points fins, non réticulée
et espacée ; pronotum déclive antérieurement, a cdtés convergents en
avant, ailes parfaitement hyalines ; ponctuation abdominale plus
grosse et espacce. @ Long. 64 mill.
Aden (Col. Yerbury).
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 475
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
PICA welasesices)ac0,sotleclesevcecoaes coisas QUINQUEDENTATA,
1 Postécusson mucroné ; antennes avec les articles 6-8 applatis,
deux fois plus larges que longs ; bouche tres petite. ............ 2
—Postécusson conyexe ; antennes entiérement cylindriques, les
articles 6-8 & peine une fois et demie plud longs que _larges ;
bouche mormales. aon. cse---se00-+0 3
SCCUDOD noUEDS CoopDocbucoDAoBasonsbos 3
2 Taille grande ; angles postico-latéraux du 2° segment abdominal
droits, nullement spinoides ; mésopleures avec deux dents en
HEECOUS) en. - ose ceeices «eicee/ecsieee(-snoedac.jaceeeChACSISCUL Sa NIOES.
—Taille moyenne ; ae iether a 2° seoment abdo-
minal distinctement spinoides, bien que 4 pointe obtuse ; més-
opleures sans dents distinctes en dessous...... SHANGAIENSIS Sm,
3 Abdomen assez distinctement caréné dans sa longueur, 2°
segment avec une tiche feu-doré de chaque cdté ; série anté-
apicale du 3° segment large, prefondément creusée, les fovéoles
LALO EMeNIOUVELLESs Nac tee sessicosiescnedacdss--coses|---LUSCA Mabry
—,A}bdomen sans traces de caréne, 9° cPeont enti¢rement bleu
vert ; serie antéapicale du 3° segment indistinctment creusée
les fovéoles ponctiformes, tres petites. ............-.-LIBITA N. Sp.
17. C. crasstiscuta Mocs.
( Mon. Chrys. orb. terr. univ. p. 524, 1889.)
2 Calcutta (ma collection) ; Indes orientales (H. de Saussure).
18. C. shangaiensis Sn.
(Transact. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 460, 1874.)
Pour compléter la description de Smith, il faut ajouter ce qui suit.
Corps large et robuste ; ponctuation de l’avant-corps grosse et réticu-
lée ; téte transversale, plus épaisse que le pronotum ; cavité faciale
large, trés profonde, terminée en haut par une forte carene arquée ;
bouche tres petite, mandibules minuscules, bidenticulées ; clypeus tres
réduit, profondément émarginé, joues longues et fortement convergentes
en avant ; antennes élargies, fortement applaties en dessous, surtout
au milieu du fouet, les trois premiers articles verts, le 8° subégal aux
trois suivants réunis, pronotum tres court, fortement déclive en avant,
les angles antérieurs petits, aigus ; mésopleures profondément creusées-
sculptées en dessous, mais sans dents distinctes ; les angles postico-
476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Jatéraux du méta-thorax tres grands, 4 peine recourbés, subaigus ; abdo-
men 2 points gros, espacés ; angles postico-latéraux du 2° segment dis-
tinctement spinoides, 4 pointe obtuse ; 8° segment avec la partie apicale
infléchie, sans série antéapicale distincte, on voit seulement 4 ou 5 petites
fovéoles ponctiformes ; les cing dents sont triangulaires, finement aigues
4 pointe legérement’ relevée: tarses postérieurs vert-doré. Long,
10 mill.
I] me semble que cette espéce est parfaitement distincte de C. man-
darina Mocs et C. himalayensis Mocs.
Mergui (ma Collection).
OM Cenluscam lh.
(Syst. Piezat. p. 171, 1804.)
? Provinces Centrales: Raipur (J. A. Betham) ; Bengalore (EH.
©. Cotes); Rajabrampoor (EH. Abeille de Perrin) ; Pondichéry
(Edm. André) ; Mysore (P. H. K. Lee).
20. C. libita n. sp.
Corps de taille moyenne, robuste, large, enticrement vert-bleu,
avec locciput et laire médiane du mésonotum plus bleus ; ponctuation
assez grosse, assez serrée, subréticulée, entremélée de points fins ;
pubescence fine, brune, dressée. Téte épaisse, cavité faciale assez pro-
fonde, recouverte de poils blancs, le haut caréné; mandibules
bidentées ; antennes normales, brunes, les trois premiers articles verts,
le 3° un peu plus long que le 4°. Pronotum court, déclive antérieure-
ment, les cdtés brusquement convergents en avant dans le tiers
antérieur ; écusson et postécusson convexe, grossiérement réticulés, les
mésopleures profondément creusées-sculptées, sans dents distinctes ;
écailles bleues ; ailes un peu enfumées, hyalines 4 ’extrémité ; angles
postico-latéraux du méta-thorax grands, droits, subobtus ; pattes vertes,
tarses brun-roux. Abdomen large, convexe, les angles postico-latéraux
du 2¢ segment subspinoides, subobtus ; 8° segment convexe, les cétés
convergents en arriére, presque droits ; série antéapicale obsoléte, a
fovéoles petites, ponctiformes, espacées, peu nombreuses ; marge apicale
courte, cing fois dentée, les dents disposées sur une ligne courbe et large,
trés petites, triangulaires, subaigues, celle du milieu plus courte, les
deux émarginatures médianes égales, peu profondes, arrondies, les deux
antres plus larges, & fond subrectiligne, les cdtés de la marge arrondis,
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE AGT
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
peu distincts de ceu xdu segment. Ventre bleu-vert taché de noir.
$ Long. 9% mill.
Présidence de ce : Poona (R. C. Cee
Phal. VIII... shssieet lone sieleneesecces SHXDENTATA.
ik, Tiesto: feet antontaire au moins de moitié plus court que
le 4° .. sileiasisecls seloesieeeiescloeiiesisine suclaceaen seececciseenncrtiees/ eae
yeas barca ee Hibecal au 4° ou plus long que
GCOMMIECIN 2 cldestecaissccee ce caecusteccicesens eeenonteataters ace tee meer gEGS
2: Phe con avec un mucron creusé en aie mésopleures
avec deux dents en dessous. ¢ 9 enticrement vert-bleu ou
bleus ..... osieeolsicaonticceeetiosci sceesince see ORTEN TALIS rer:
Bee estécusort sunplement Abba caller) Serena
mésopleures avec une seule grande dent en dessous; 9 avec
deux taches feu-doré sur les cotés du 2° segment abdominal...
OCULATA F,
3. Deux taches feu-doré latérales sur le 2° segment abdominal ;
postécusson un peu ee subereusé au sommet par une
forte ponctuation ... .. ascessesenaseeces+ SCHIODTEI Dahlb,
—Corps entiérement iow et ou hae? ae convexe,
nullement creusé au sommet... o.....+..00+sseeeePRINCIPALIS Sm.
21. C. ie Gia
(Rev. Zoolog. p. 146, 1842.)
La @ restée inédite différe du ¢ par les joues un peu plus longues,
Ja ponctuation un peu moins ruguleuse, le 3° segment abdominal plus
long, plus distinctement renflé avant la série antéapicale, cette derniére
plus creusée, les dents disposées sur une ligne plus’arquée.
Cette espéce varie du vert-gai au vert-bleu et au bleu ; les joues sont
paralleles, les angles postico-latéraux du 2° segment abdominal sont
spinoides 4 pointe aigue, le premier article des tarses postérieurs et
intermédiaires sont verts en dessus, le 2° segment abdominal porte de
chaque cdté, 4 sa base, une petite tache bleu-fonceé,
Q & Provinces Centrales: Raipur (J. A. Betham) ; Présidence de
Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wroughton) ; Mysore (P. H. K. Lee).
22. C. oculata F.
(Syst. Ent. p. 857, 1775.)
Je wai jamais vu qu’un seul mile de cette espéce.Il se distingue de
la femelle par le 3° segment abdominal plus court, largement tronqué
478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Q
arrrondi, moins déprimé a sa base; le 2° segment ne porte pas de
taches feu, mais seulement un léger reflet vert un peu doré & la place
ou celles-ci devraient étre.
M. Wroughton l’aurait obtenu d’éclosion de nid d’Humenes conica ?
8 @ Calcutta (K. C. Cotes); Poona (R. C. Wroughton); Raipur
(J. A. Betham) ; Pondichéry (Edm. André) ; Mysore (P. H. K. Lee).
23. C. Schiédte: Dahlb.
(Hym, Eur. ID, p. 309, 1854.)
3 9 Margherita (EH. C. Cotes) ; Raipur (J. A. Betham), Poona
(R. C. Wroughton) ; Pondichéry (Hdm, André).
24. C. princtpalis Sm.
(Transact. Ent. Soc. Lond. p, 461, 1874.)
& Présidence de Bombay : Poona (R. C. Wroughton).
Genre Stitzum Spin. (Pl. II et LV.)
25, S. splendidum F.
(Syst. Ent. p. 857, 1775.) (Pl. TTL, fig. 12.)
292 Calcutta (E. C. Cotes); Surat, Poona, S. Guzerat
(R. C. Wroughton) ; Raipur (J. A. Betham) ; Pondichéry (Edm,
André) ; Mysore (P. H. K. Lee).
Var. amethystinum F.
(Syst. Ent. p. 359, 1775.)
3¢@ Calcutta (HE. C. Cotes) ; Surat, Poona (R. C. Wroughton) ;
Raipur (J. A. Betham) ; Pondichéry (Edm. André).
Var. Leveillet Buyss.
(Rew. @ Hint. T. X., p. 47, 1891.)
Q Provinces Centrales (R. C. Wroughton),
Troisiéme tribu, PARNOPIN AN, Aaron.
Cette tribu ne comprend qu'un seul genre. Les miachoires et la
languette de la bouche de ces insectes étant trés allongées forment une
sorte de trompe qui, au repos, reste appliquée contre la poitrine.
L’abdomen est composé de trois segments visibles chez la femelle et
de quatre chez le male.
Genre Parnoprs Latr (PJ. III et IV’.
26. P. viridis Brulle,
(Hym. IV, p. 13, 1846) ; (Pl. 117, jig. 18).
2 Caleutta (ma Collection).
So Or
cr He of bD Ft
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE 479-
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE I.
Ongles des tarses des Cleptes.
Thorax de Cleptes vu de profil :
a.—pronotum. d.—postécusson.
6.—mésopleures. e.— écusson.
c.—stigmate méta-thoracique.
Machoire de Clepies avec son palpe sous-maxillaire.
Languette de Cleptes avec ses palpes labiaux.
Clepies.
Métathorax de Notozus vu de profil :
c.—stigmate méta-thoracique.
d.—postécusson.
e.—€cusson.
Ongle des tarses d’Ellampus auratus L.
Languette d’ Holopyga avec ses palpes labiaux.
Machoire d’ Ellampus avec son palpe.
Méta-thorax d’ Ellampus :
c.—stigmate méta-thoracique.
d.—postécusgon.
e.—écusson,
Ellampus auratus L.
Holopyga indica Mocs.
Aile antérieure d’ Holopyga.
Aile postérieure d’ Holopyga.
Puate JI,
Ongle des tarses des Hedychridiwm.
i .: 5, LHedychrum.
Languette et palpes labiaux d’un Hedyehrum.
M&choire et son palpe d’un Hedychrum.
Troisieme segment abdominal vu de profil de I’ Hedychridium
Wroughton Buyss.
18
Ay,
“FY
192.
14,
15;
16,
Hed Vea Wr ie Buyss., Q. Nag Ne :
Aile antérieure de Spinolia,
Machoire et son palpe de Stz/bwm. ;
Troisitme segment abdominal, vu de ae de p Fed; yeh
flammulatun Sm,
Ongle des tarses du os eee assimilis Dablb,
Aile antérieure du méme, ,
Chr ysogona assimlis Dahlb.
magni ijica Dahib., 3.
Troisieme segment abdominal, vu de profil, de Euchr
purpuratus E., 8. a
Machoire et son palpe de la Chrysis ignita t,
Languette et palpes labiaux de la Ch 'ysts bayadera Bayss.
Ongle des tarses des Cher Sis.
PEE TT;
Chrysis bayadera Buyss.
Chrysis Wroughtont Buyss. |
Troisiéme segment abdommall, vu de face, deda Chrysis a yader
Buyss.
_ id id de la G speculata Buyss.
id. id | e C. obliterata Mocs. e
id idl 3: 4 O. libtta Buyss. :
Fouet d’une antenne dela C. shangaiensis Sm.
Base du fouet d’une antenne de la C. oculata 1 F,
Téte de Stilbuh, vue de face. —
Postécusson d’un Sitlbum, vu de profil.
Troisiéme segment abdominal, vu de profil, du Sal Liem lend
dum FB.’
Stilbum splendidum Lhe
Parnopes viridis Brullé.
ie
x
Phare LV
Aile inférieure de Stilbum.
Aile supérieure de Stelbum,
Languette et palpes labinux de Sézlbuit.
Co OND 1
nD
PREMIERE CONTRIBUTION A LA CONNAISSANCE
DES CHRYSIDIDES DE LINDE,
Aile supérieure de Parnopes.
Tarse antérieure de Parnopes.
Bouche de Parnopes vue de profil,
MAchoire et son palpe de Parnopes.
Palpe labial de deux articles. .
Palpe sous-maxillaire d’ un article.
Posiécusson vu de profil de la Parnopes viridis Brullé,
Puate V,
Clentes.
Lllampus auratus L,
Holopyga indica Mocs.
Hedychridium Wroughton: Buyss., Q.
Chrysogona assimilis Dahlb., 9.
Chrysis bayadera Buyss.
Chrysis Wroughtoni Buyss.
Stilbum splendidum Fab.
Parnopes viridis Brullé, —
481
Orvin Surczoy, Taka
Part XV,
(With Plate Q.)
( Continued a Vol. X, page a)
ae
a ee 4
ee Me cael
This is a small herbaceous annual climbing plant thapaaie
_ foliage in the early part of the rainy season, flowering between ‘
and September ; and maturing into seed in the cold weather. — ;
. ee large ; said to be Peay but oftoner it
ang ae at i ane or * flexuose” ag Wight a it ‘i |
Aerie Seale ; in the older branches very much branched
distinctly lateral. OR ee
LEAVES.—Rather small; 1-1} inches long; rotundate ; very:
| cordate, sometimes, at the base ; more or less 3-5 lobed. Lobes obtuse
is -or acute ; irregularly and slightly dentate. They are “ rounded,”
| says Wight; the lateral ones the broadest and es 2-lobe
roughly pubescent. Wight says the leaves are “sometimes aa ob:
insely el densely covered on oe sides with short bristly i hairs,
Trimen. Wight’s gana is more’ accurate as regards the ote 3
es fis
and “isniceaa oan 1h is soften so bent as to give the leaf a sd
appearance, | )
* Icones, Vol. Il,p.7. Pl. 5083/1079, 1843, if
‘
saac Benj anun del.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
Mintern Bros; Chromo lith.London.
& * y :
. Corallocarpus epigeia Nat.Ord. Cucurbitaceee.
:, | A The plant -B The female flower ten times enlarged. C. Transverse section of Frat (rut size).
eps, ESONOUS PL ANTS OF LOUBAY: 483
FLOW ERS.—U. eee: moncecious. Yellowish-green, appearing
between June and September. .
MALE FLOWERS.—Very small. Shortly racemose at the apex
of a long thickish peduncle, on short pedicels ; decidedly more yellow
_ than the female flowers. They are at times solitary.
IxFLORESCENCE.—A Raceme. “A small corymb at the apex ofa
long peduncle,’ says ©. B. Clarke.* This is a more accurate
description,
PEDUNCLE. —Roundish, smooth, straight, stiff; having the flowers
nearly all crowded at the apex ; length 14-24 inches. Clarke says it
is 14-2 inches. From the plants I have been able to examine, 1 may
say that the length is not more than an inch at the utmost.
Bracreoius.—Present at the insertion of the pedicels.
Pepiceis.—Short ; “‘ 4-3 inch or sometimes 1 inch” (Clarke).
PN 2 Carnpanulate (Wight) ; lobes, 5, short.
COROLLA.—5-partite. The calyx-lobes are “ andivided?? says
Arnott. But this would be considered due to Rec development.
STAMENS :—
Finaments 5 (arranged 2 -+ 2 + 1), i. ¢., two sets of stamens united
forming a bundle, each of two filaments ; and one solitary ; neo
sessile ; at the mouth of the Calyx-tube. | |
CoNNECTIVE.— Very small.
Anturrs.—Free; I-celled. Arnott sayst that the ation: cells
are ‘straight, oblong, lateral on their thin connective which is not
produced.” There is no rudimentary gynecium in the male flowery
_ (Baillon). This may be considered as a prevailing characteristic of
this genus.
FEMALE FLOWERS Aocieee ; solitary; in the same or
different axils from those of the male flower (Wight): or “ aceom-
panied with a male raceme” (Trimen). Larger than the male; more
greenish than yellow. Sometimes the female flower arises from the
Axil of the tendril.
PEDUNCLE mee
CALYX. He |
COROLLA. as in the male.
OVARY.—Inferior ; ovoid ; of three carpels united into one , coll.
eS See
% ‘Hooker’ 8 Flora of British India, Vol. ils p. 268.
+ Vide Hooker’s Journal of Botany, Vol. III, 1844.
t History of Plants, Vol, VIII, p. 402.
484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 1 0
Ovutes.—From 6 to 9 in ners ede
Disx.— Absent.
STIGMAS, —~3.
STYLES.—3, distinct but very short.
FRUIT.—# inch, often 4 to 32-inch ; roundish or akon : ‘conical,
says Trimen “5; with a Nee ed which is hardly perceptible i in most
female flowers. ‘The fruit is smooth. Its colour varies from orange |
_to brick-red, which is most marked between the two ends—7.e., in the i
mid-portion, bearing four or five vertical mottled-whitish streaks. ‘The
top of the fruit is greenish. Botanically, the Fruit is an ‘““Tnferior
Berry.” But of this more hereafter, under the head of Remarks.
SHEDS.—Elliptical or nearly globose ; little-margined, about 6in
number; much longer than broad (Clarke). Trimen says the seeds
are “ about 9, in an orange-coloured pulp,” very slightly compressed; ~
pale brown ; “ adpressed-pilose.”” Wight on the other hand says that a
the seeds are white. In the specimens 1 have examined, the pulpis — ’
distinctly whitish and gelatinous. .The colour of the seed varies from
white to brown. The older or maturer the seed the browneristhe
‘colour. Wight and Arnott in their Prodromus (Vol. I, p. 7 say
the seeds have slightly “ ‘compressed sides.”
ALBUMEN.—Absent. -
REMARKS,.
The following is a list of the various synonyms of the plant
suggested by authoritative Botanists from time to time.
1. Corallocarpus epigeus, Trimen’s Handbook of the Flora of
Ceylon, Vol. 11, p. 258, 1894.
2. Bryonia epigaa, Blume, Bijdr. 925-— Methria Rumphiana,
3, Bryonia epigea, Rottl. in ges. Naturf. Freunde, woe Schr. 1V
(1803) 228, :
4, Bryonia epigea, W. & A. Prodromus, Vol. J, p. 346.
5. Bryonia epigea, Willd., Sp. Pl. IV, 619.
6. Bryonia glabra, Roxb. Bat, Beng. 104, and Flora, Br. Ind. TL,
125.
7. Bryonia palmata, Wallich’s Cat., No. 671i (D).
8, Bryonia sinvata, Wall. Cat., No. 6711 (D), and Bentham ane
Hooker’ s Gen., Pl. I, $31.
ti Gai Ba OEE RELI Vol. IL, p. 258, 1894.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 485
9, Aldhmandra epigea, Arnott. (Vide Hooker’s Journal of
: Botany, Vol. ILI, pp. 271-274, 1841.) ee
10. Achmandra epigea, Wight’s Icones, ¢. 503,
11. “&ichmandra epigea, Dalzell and ee Bombay Flora,
; p. 100. ae
Such is the formidable array of the synonyms,
Following Hooker jil.,I have named the plant I am ‘describing .
Corallocarpus epigea instead of the more correct modern combination
Corallocarpus epigeus used in the “ Kew Index,” and by Trimen in
his recent Flora of Ceylon. Unfortunately our botanical nomenclature
has not as yet reached that state of grammatical purity which should
absolutely discard the combination of a generic name with a masculine
termmation and a specific name with a female termination, or vice versa.
In naming the plant lam describing, I have adopted the terminology as
given in our standard work on Indian Botany, namely, Hooker’s Flora
of British India, without attempting to question its grammatic pro-
priety ; and I did so long before Trimen’s Flora of Ceylon or the Kew
Index had made its appearance. Dr. Dymock in his “ Pharmaco-
graphia Indica ” adopts it, and I have adopted it accordingly.
Ae GMA, Walker-Arnott, in hig very valuable contribution to
Hooker’s Journal of Botany in 1841, cited’ above, was the first among
Indian Botanists to acknowledge Schrader’s attempt fo subdivide the
Cucurbitacee, in anything like a scientific way. Schrader’s arrange-
ment, then new, was published in the “ Linnea,” XII, p.401. The
‘stigma in Bryonia scabra (var. HE. M.) has the style trifid, and, says
Arnott, “the stigma precisely as in Bryonta dioica.” Ihave already
_ observed that “‘ the connective ts small.”” Arnott observes the connective
in the species belonging tothe genus Bryonia is “ sinuated and lobed,”
and that the anther-cells are placed on the back margin of the connee-
tive. Arnott, moreover, observes that the style in genus Bryonia is
“surrounded at the base with a thick, annular, fleshy, usually lobed,
disk.” Following Hooker (C. B. Clarke’s Article, cited above, in
“ Flor, Br. Ind.”), and, judging from my own experience, I have said
that the disk is absolutely absent.
Historically, the formation of the genus Aichmandra, of which the
plant I am describing formed » species under the name of A2chmandra
epiged, was the result of the classification originally suggested by
ae
Bas
~ rs y
ak
#i)
Zichmandra or to the genus Bryonia, one thing is certain, that Cora
locarpus epigea is of the same genus as the English Bryonia divica,
©. B. Clarke completely drops the genus Achmandra from his 5
classification of the Cucurbitacee in Hooker's Flora of British India.
The fruit of the plant I am describing is ordinarily termed a
“Berry,” but this term I have not adopted above in my des-
eription without modification. The term berry is a puzzling term .
in botany. It is easy enough to understand what a “berry,”
in popular parlance; but in botany the term berry is ual
several eminent Botanists with such varied significations that
would be better if the term were entirely obliterated from the
Scientific Botanical Vocabulary, for more than one reason. It conveys
no accurate idea as to whether the fruit is superior or inferior. It
gives no idea whether the fruit is pulpy inside or has a hard stony seed.
Jt gives no idea as to whether the fruit contains one seed or more than a:
one. To show to the general reader of botany how many descriptions a
can be given from various authoritative writers, of- one single term,
having a sort of mixed position in popular parlance and in botanic ;
nomenclature, I crave the indulgence of the editor of this journal to
embody in the following few pages, quotations from various Botanists -
of eminence, I crave the same indulgence of the reader of this journal, —
and trust that I may not be charged with a vain-glorious desire to parade
my reading in botany, but that I may be credited with a sincete desire |
to expose the erievance of the systematic student of scientific botany am
that our botanical technical terms are sometimes extremely puzzling.
Sir Joseph Hooker’s definition (p. wx. “Outlines of Botany,” 7
Vol. I, 175; “Flor. Br. Ind.”) of the term “Berry,” is as follows: “It a
is a succulent (indehiscent) fruit,” in which the whole substance of the |
pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with the exception of the outer skin or rind,
called the epicarp. The seeds themselves are usually immersed in the —
pulp ; but in some berries the seeds are separated from the pulp by the . :
walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which form, as it were, a thin a
inner skin or rind called Endocarp. It is not mentioned here whether a
the fruit is superior or enferion ee 4
In Lindley’s “ Glossary of Technical Terms” (see page iz), the §
following is the description of 2 Berry :—Berry or Bacca, “ that is to 4 }
.
BE Se ANA Raa RTA AN i NUR oN) cs aa ad Pat Vs cules Ea RRA
eS pray © a ? t ne mnet iS
1M Ps Ee : 7 3 y
vee) i
SCORPIONS.
Mr. Pocock, of the British Museum, having kindly undertaken to
identify (and, if necessary, name and describe) any scorpions sent to
him, I have undertaken, on behalf of the Bombay Natural History
Society, to “ engineer ” a scorpion survey of India. The great desi-
deratum, of course, is to obtain long series of specimens of each
species with accurate “ localities.” In the matter of “ wild”
scorpions, z.¢., those found under stones, &c., in forest and field, I
haye had no difficulty in making arrangements. They are easily
obtainable in large quantities, and numbers of members of the Society
and friends all over India have promised to make and send in collec-
tions, But there are a number of species (mostly small and slender
with long tails) which, though common enough, can never be found
more than one at a time, and then generally in houses, and i wish to
appeal, through the medium of the journal, for specimens of such.
They may be sent either alive or in spirits to the rooms of the Natural
_ History Society, 6, Apollo Street, Bombay. It may be useful to add
that the most vicious scorpion may be eaught without danger with a
noose in a piece of twine to be slipped over its tail and drawn fairly
tight, baat
R, C, WROUGHTON.
Bompay, July, 1896.
LAND. AND FRESHWATER SHELLS.
The collection of land and freshwater shells in the Society’s
_ Museum is very incomplete and badly requires working up. Members
are requested fo send in specimens, either alive in damp grass or
the shells. The animals can easily be withdrawn from the shells if
killed by dipping them in boiling water.. The opercula of the opercu-
lates should be preserved and placed in the aperture with a little
cotton wool, Localities and heights above the sea-level should also be
noted.
Lieutenant A. J. Peile, R.A., who has already given the Society
many specimens and much assistanee with the marine shells, has kindly
undertaken to help to name and classify the land and freshwater
shells,
Specimens should be addressed to
The Honorary Secretary, Bombay Natural History Society.
September, 1896.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 487
“say, a succulent seed-vessel, filled with pulp, in which the seeds nestle, as
in Solanum.” In a companion work of Lindley’s entitled “Elements
of Botany” (page 107, 1847), a Berry is “a succulent fruit, the seeds of
which lose their adhesion when ripe, and lie loose in pulp; ez., a goose-
berry.” There is the same omission here as in a as to whether
the fruit is superior or inferior,
_ Professor J. H. Balfour of Hdinburgh includes the Berry (bacca)
among the Indehiscent Syncarpous fruits, and describes it as follows :-—
“A Berry or Bacea is the name given to all indehiscent Synearpous —
fruits, the seeds of which are immersed in a pulpy or fleshy mass.
Such fruits are collectively called baccate or berried. In the true
berry, such as the Gooseberry or Currant, the calyx adheres to the
fruit, and the placentas are parietal, while in the Grape (Uva) the
ovary alone is present, and the placentas are central, Instances of
baccate fruits are seen in Solanaceous plants, such as the Potato,
Egeg-plant, Mandrake, Belladonna, and Winter-cherry, as well as the |
- Mistletoe.” (P. 287, Class Book of Botany, 3rd Edition, 1870,
=
Edinburgh.) Note that the superior or inferior nature of the ovary 1s
not alluded. to here.
In Henfrey’s “ Elementary Course ne Botany” (4th edition by
Maxwell T. Masters and A. W. Bennett, p. 147, 1884), the following
is the description of the “ Bacca or Berry”:—‘ The Bacca, or true
berry, is an inferior succulent fruit, ctowned by the withered teeth of
the calyx ; it is uniformly pulpy, with a thin skin, the numerous seeds
being imbedded in the pulp, as in the gooseberry and currant,
&c, The term Baccate is, however, now generally applied to all
succulent fruits, whether superior or inferior, which have not a distinct
stone-like drupe.’’ Here, there is greater accuracy.
In Professor Bentley’s “Manual of Botany” (4th edition, 1882,
pp. 311 and 312), the term is thus described :—“ The Bacca or Berry
is an inferior syncarpous fruit, with a fleshy indehiscent pericarp, one
or more-celled, many-seeded, pulpy. The pulp is produced from the
placentas, which are parietal and have the seeds at first attached ta
them ; but these become alternately separated and lie loose in the
gripe Examples may be found in the gooseberry and currant.’
_ * * «he name baceate or berried is applied’ by: many
Botanists to any fruit of a pulpy nature.”
19
~ 488 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol
Remember, as observed by Bentley, that the fruit styled by
Papo,” which is an “inferior, one-celled, many-seeded, fe
or pulpy fruit,” has seeds which are “attached to parietal piacentas
aud “imbedded in pulp, but they never become loose, as in ges case of
the berry.” ;
In the Manual of Botany, just published by Protest
Reynolds Green, F.RS., D.Sc. F.LS., of the Pharmacoutic
Society of Great Britain (Vol. Z, June, 1895), and based upon th
Manual of the late Professor Bentley, just referred to, Professo
Bentley’s classification seems to be considerably altered as regard:
terminology. The “berry” accordingly is described as one of the
“ true indehiscent, monocarpellary fruits.” Professor Reynolds Green, ©
in farther detailing the characteristics of the fruit termed “ Berry,”?
observes as follows *:—“ Though the berry is usually formed
from a syncarpous ovary, there is one form of it which may be
included here. Ii is a succulent fruit with a single cell in which is a
single seed. This is hard and stony, and, at first sight, may be taken a
to be the same thing as the stone of the plum. It is not so, however,
as the lather is hollow and encloses the seed. In the stone is the —
seed. This form of fruit is seen in the date and some other palms.” a
Thus, according to Professor Reynolds Green, no fruit of the Cucur- a
bitaceous order can be classed under the term “ Berry,’’ as it is not i
monocarpellary, but tricarpellary. Note that in Hooker’s “ Flora of 4
British India,’ Clarke, our Immediate Past President of the Linnean 7
Society, who writes the article on the V. O. Cucurbitacee, distinctly —
says that the fruit of Corallocarpus epigea is a “Berry.” Tho
difficulty to me is, as it doubtless would be to Mr. Clarke himself
when reading this new description of Professor Reynolds Green’s, that —
the Gerry is now classified by the latter as a monocarpellary fruit— i
meaning’ thabit is made of one carpel. I do not think the term
monocapellary can be made to indicate a fruit which consists of ome —
cavity formed by the union of two or more cells. In the NV. O. Cucur-
‘ bitacee, the fruit is distinctly formed by the union of three carpels, —
whereas snonocarpellary would mean formed of one carpel only. Owing
to this confusion of the connotation of the botanic term “ Berry,’ as
alre eady observed, I have refrained from distinetly classifying the fr wit
bch eg Manual of Botany,’ Vol, 1; Morphology and Anatomy, 1895.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 480
of Corallocarpus epigea as merely a Berry, and have used the distin-
guishing expression “Inferror Berry” to denote that the fruit is
formed from an inferior ovary. But I must distinctly discard the
term monocarpellary, as suggested by Professor Reynolds Green, in
applying it to the tricarpellary fruit of any member belonging to
Cucurbitaceous Family.
LeMaout and DeCaisne * say that the fruit of the NN. O. Cucurbitacee
isa “ fleshy berry (rarely dry).” According to these Botanists a berryt
is either “simple” or “compound.” ‘The “ simple” berry is found
in Berberis and Arum. It differs from the “compound” berry by
originating in a “solitary carpel.” “™ * * { Further LeMaout and
DeCaisne observe that the fruit termed “ Berry (bacca), whether
simple or compound, is succulent, indehiscent, and has no stone.’
(NV.5.—The italics are mine.—K. R. K.). “It differs from the
capsule only in its fleshy consistence (and not in being an inferior
fruit?—K. R. K.; for be it noted that the fruit of the Cucurbitacee is
distinctly inferior, whereas a capsule is superior.—K. R. K.). I
refrain from further quoting fully, as I should like to do, the observa-
tions of LeMaout and DeCaisne for fear it would involve the ordi-
nary reader of these pages into a fearful maze as regards the true
botanical significance of the term “ Berry,’ and would in no way help
in deciding whether the fruit of the plant LT am now describing is
or is nota berry pure and simple in the ordinary acceptation of the
term.
The best description of the fruit of the OT RTE is given by
Gaertner. I shall refer to him later on.»
According to Asa Gray the term “berry ” (bacca) “ comprises all
simple fruits in which the pericarp is fleshy throughout. The grape,
gooseberry, currant, cranberry, banana and tomato are familiar
examples.’’§
This is what Professor Otto W. Thomé says regarding the nature
of the berry: “In the berry all the layers of the pericarp are fleshy
and succulent, as in the grape, currant and gooseberry ; or the outer
* A General System of Botany, translated by Mrs. Hooker, 1873, p. 461.
t Op, cit., p. 99.
$ Op.cit., p. 103.
§ P, 299, Botanical Text Book, Vol. I ; Structural Botany, 6th Edition, 1879, New York,
called a ae tee
Professor Sydney H. Vines, of Oxford, ¢
tion of the berry (bacca)t:—“ The sulner aa is soft and j juicy, as 5 well a
the mesocarp, so that the seeds are imbedded in the pericarp : the
may be one seed only as inthe date, or many, as in the | gow
currant and grape: the frait may have one loculus, as in the grape
and the gourd, or several loculi, as in the orange : and further it. ma,
be superior, as in the grape, orange and lemon; or inferior, as 21
the currant, the gooseberry and the gourd.” (The italics are mine.—
K.R. K.). If this description is taken as our guide, as we should, con
sidering that it is the best and most aecurate description I have yet
seen in a student’s text-book, the fruit of the plant I am. no
describing may be safely termed an inferior berry. 2
Professor A. Kerner von Marilaun, of the University of Vienna, in
his excellent work entitled the “‘ Natural History of Plants,” translates
into English by Professor F. W. Oliver, of University College,
London (Vol, IT, p. 427, 1895, London), describes the berry as.
follows :—“ When the seed-case derived from the pistil hecomes alto-
gether ficshy and succulent, the fruit is termed berry. From
inferior pistils arise inferior berries. From superior pistils superior ¥
berries.” This description may be usefully read side by side with ©
that of Professor Vines. !
Gaertner in his deser ima of the nee { divides the fruit into oe i
classes :— |
(1) Solidi, i., solid; having asingle cavity. In this cee i
includes “ Bryonia,” which is one of the former generic names of —
the plant I am now describing as Corallocarpus epigeea ; Cucumis,
Cucurbita, and Trichosanthe sre some of the other genera included —
by Gaertner under this class.
(2) Cavi, te, hollow; under this head he freutles Momordica
charantia.
Having so far dwelt on the difficulties of the student of botany in
giving an exact name to the kind of fruit seen in the plant lam
* P 153, Text Book of Structural and Physiological Botany,” translated by Ay. |W.
Sennett, 1877, London.
nee "Student? s Text Book of Botany,” London, 1895, p. 532.
t P. XCVII, Vol, I, “ De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantraum” Linsie, 1801.
ha ithe a GA SG ae
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 492
describing, I now proceed to examine the indigenous literature on
the subject. I must premise, however, that my knowledge of Sanskrit
is very limited ; but what I shall hereafter say regarding uative
writers is all the result of my personal study of such writers.
Corallocarpus epigcea does not appear to have been described by many
of the older Sanskrit writers, as it is not found in “ Raj-Nighant”; —
_ Madan Pal Nighant’’; or “ Bhav-Prakash,”» It is not referred to in
the Ashtdng-rhidaya of Wagbhat, and it is doubtful if it ean be found
in Charak or in Sharangdhar. The only author who describes it is
Shodhal. He is referred to by Kata Bhat of Junagadh.* Kata
Bhat says that Shodhal flourished after Narhar Pandit of Kashmir,
the writer of the celebrated “ Raj-Nighant.” Shodhal’s work is based
on Dhanvantari-Nighant, although the year in which his work was
written is not stated. Shodhal calls the plant Lam describing dhe.
This word is not to be found in Béthlingk’s Wortbuch or in Burnouf’s
Sanskrit and French Dictionary. It is from the Sanskrit word Néhz
that the Marathi designation of Nde is derived ; the prefix Kadavi
(which means bitter), as given by me above, merely signifying the
bitter quality of the mucilaginous or gummy exudation obtained on
section of the root in itsfresh condition. Let me add here that Colonel
Drury says that the root has a “subacid” taste.t
I cannot refrain from observing here that Iam very much puzzled
how it is that Dr. Dymock and his colleaguest have fallen into the
error of making the following remark: “* This plant is calledin San-
skrit Chhilihinda, Patala-garnda, and Maha-mula or Great-root,”
I say that it is a mistake to say so; for I am positive that all these
- terms, embraced in my quotation from Dr. Dymock’s “ Pharmacogra-
- phia Indica,” are to be found in “ Bhav-Prakash” (p. 111, Jugadishwar
Press edition, Bombay, 1891). These Sanskrit terms refer to a plant
belonging not to the V. O. Cucurbitacece, to which belongs the plant I
am describing, but to the Natural Order Menispermacee. The name
of the plant implied by the Sanskrit terms of Dr, Dymock is Coccus
lus villosus—known in Marathi as Tanichd-Vel, i.¢., the creeper
ealled Tanz. In the Marathi work called “ Nighanes Faralanas
Lae aan ements
* P, 569, Section 479, Nighant Sangrah, 1893.
+ “ The Useful Plants of India,’ London, 1873, p. 88.
} “ Pharmacographia Indica,” Vol, II, p. 90, 1891,
§ P, 128, Vol. 1, Bombay Edition, 1867.
ne
492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vo
- Chhilihinta or Chhilihinté, or Chhilld is Taniché-Vel, At p. 2
the same volume Pétél-garudz is also called Ténichd-Vel ; similar
at p. 269 of the same volume, Mahdmuld isa synonym for Tani
Vel. No further ee support is needed to ee ele .
description of Nahi is to my ee so complete as to nee me py in
the belief that the plant he calls Nahi is what we call in. Bombay
Kadavi Néi = the Corallocarpus epigeea of Hooker fil (“ a B
Ind.,” Vol, IT, p..628).
I carnot venture to say how it is that Dr. Dymock ‘ene his”
colleagnes fell into this pardonable error, but I feel bound to point it out
as the result of my study regarding the plant Lam describmg. That
Dr. Dymock has himself identified T’dén-Wel (or as styled in Mara-
thi Zéniché-Vel, and briefly Tén-Vel), as a member of the N. O
Menispermacecee, and not Cucurbttacee, willbe amply borne out by
a reference to p-190, last line, Vol. LI, of this Society’s Journal,
1887, where, as synonyms for Cocculus villosus, DC., Brigade- i
Surgeon W. Dymock, in his valuable article headed Marathi Names of :
Planis (with a. glossary), gives the following Bombay names :—_
‘“Caaras, Vasanvél; yas, Parvels ar, Tan.” ( The Marathi
word phoned have been aa and not cm, on latter hae no meaning
in Marathi—K. R. K.) For remember that qrq is an abbreviation
of Tén-Vel or Ténichd-Vel = the creeper Tan. .
Refer also in this connection to the then Hon’ble Mr. Justice Bird-
wood’s “ Catalogue of Matheran and Mahableshwar Plants.”* Mr. —
Justice Birdwood’s remarkably accurate knowledge of the Bombay
Flora is my sole guarantee for quoting his unquestionably high authority
in solving this somewhat ungracious question as against Dr. Dymock, i
my former Teacher of Materia Medica in the Grant Medical College, in —
the early seventies, and my subsequent friend and brother-officer in the
Indian Medical Service. Mr. Justice Birdwood, under the JV. Os
Menispermaceee, gives Coceulus villosus as the Latin era of WT
(Tan), qaatze Vasan-vel (Sanskrit Vasadan?) sic. [Note that in San- ra
skrit if is not Vasadanz, but Vatsddant or Vasan’.t |
adsl ial LIA A nN IL 1887, Bo, N. H Sceibete Journal, ae
+ Vide Raj Nighant of Narbar Pandit ; Burnoul’s Sanskrit and French Dictionary be
and Bothlingk’s Wortbuoh, i
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. Vis, gg
I cannot refrain from quoting here the remarks | have come across
regarding the genus Bryonia, under which Loudon deseribes ihe species
I have called in this paper Corallocarpus epigea, as Bryonia. epigea."
Loudon derives the generic name Bryonia from the Greek Bruo'=
to push or grow rapidly, in allusion to the manner of its growth. * * *
«The root”’ (presumably of the whole genus) grows to a vast size,”
That it does grow to a large size, and in a very’ irregular manner too,
I can vouch for in the plant which I am now describing, and which was
in the days of Loudon known as Bryonta epigea. “ Gerarde says,”
observes Loudon, “thai the Queen’s Chiefe Chirurgeon, Master
William Goodorous, showed me a root hereof,” i.¢., either of
Bryonia alba or .B, dioteae—I am unable to ascertain which, “that
waied halfs an hundred waighte, and of the bignesse of a childe
of a yeere old.” Loudon observes further as follows :—“ To
this Linnzeus ascribes the quickness of its growth, though it springs
Jate. The roots have been formerly by imposters brought into
-an human shape, carried about the country and shown for
mandrakes to the common people. The method which these people
practised was to open a young thriving bryony plant, being careful
- not to disturb the lower fibres ; to fix a mould such as is used by those
who make plaster figures close to the root, fastening it with wire to
keep it in its proper situation, and then to fill in the earth about the
root, leaving it to grow to the shape of the mould, which is effected in
one summer.”
Young Indian collectors of the mandrake root so-called, beware !
The delusion and deception that Loudon has described is practised in
India also. Human nature is the same all the world over, whether it
is for cunning men to practise delusion on credulous men, or for credu-
lous collectors of curiosities botanical to be deluded into deception of
the most unsuspected yet atrocious kind. I know of one individual at
least among our young Indian Botanists who has fallen a0 unsuspect-
ing victim to this trick of field collectors of botanical specimens for
the mere purposes of trade.
The plant I am describing is by some native writers called . Shiva-
lingi to denote the peculiar appearance of the seed of the plant, ovoid,
and marked with a sharp convexity on one of the sides. But according
*« An Encyclopedia of Plants,’ London, 1829, pp. 810 and 811.
in the Konkan as ae aliché-dhole (Beyenia laciniosa* .
Let me observe here that Dr. Dymock and his ie
fallen into another slight, yet unhappy, errort regarding the ‘inter- *
pretation of the Marathi term Shivalingi or Lingini. Tt is as
follows :—They say that “The Marathi name signifies the Linga 0
Shiva, and is an allusion to the shape of the fruit.” Nothing of th
kind. As already observed, the fruit of Corallocarpus epigewa is ovoid
- roundish, or conical. It is the seed of Corallocarpus epigeea that has
the shape of the Linga of Shiva. : |
POISONOUS PROPERTIES,
The observations of Dr. Dymock and his colleagues, as embodied in
their “* Pharmacographia Indica,” are extremely useful in understand-
ing the active principles contained in the tuber of Corallocarpus epigaa. :
They have practically decided the question that the bitter principle |
contained in this plant is Bryonin, which Walz discovered in the Buro- — |
pean Bryony root. Dr. Dymock and his colleagues say that they have
beert “able to confirm this, by finding in the decomposition products
two resinoid bodies, differing in their solubility in ether. Bryonin is
a glucoside resolved by boiling with dilute sulphuric acid into
glucose and two amorphous bodies, Bryoreizn, soluble in ether, and
Hydrobryoretin, insoluble in ether but soluble in alcohol,” The —
formula they give are as follows :— .
C,,H;,02. — ©,,H3,0, + CU: H,,0, + Cou 0;
Bryonin Bryoretin Hydrobryoretin Glucose,
Tt would be useful here to show the various formulae given by other
writers for Bryonim
Dragendorfi’s Bz oe has this formula 0 Died a bh 0 ie
Sohn’s (Walz) ” HN. 2 CrpH 0045
eee
* See Kata Bhat’s “ Nighant Sanghrah,” Junagadh, 1893, pp. 122 and 123; and tar S
edition of “ Dhanvantari Nighant,” p. 330.
+ * Pharmacographia Indica,” Vol. Ti, p. 81; Bombay, 1891.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 495
Masson’s Bryonin (in Addenda to Sohn’s
“ Dictionary of Active Principles of
Plants, 1894”) has this formula ... vO SO,
Let it be further noted that Masson’s formula
- for Bryogenin is ... - a uae As Oyo OO
The foregoing formule show that the sgabh chante formation of
| Bryonin is not yet a matter of chemical certainty.
To proceed further, Dr. Dymock and his colleagues say that, in
addition to Bryonin, they have not been able “ to find a second bitter
principle,” in the tubers of ee epigea. I must here give
‘Dr. Dymock and his colleagues, Dr. Wardell of Calcutta and
Mr. David Hooper of Ootacamund, the falles eredit for their valuable
researches. They go far ahead of even a more recent collaborateur of
English repute, Mr. Charles E. Sohn, F.1.C., F.C.S.* Mr. Sohn
merely rests content with an observation under the head of Bryonzn,
that it is a glucoside; amorphous; very bitter; yields sugar and
& Bryonetin” (N.B—WNo formula is given for this.—K.R.K.) ; that
“ Bryonin is soluble in water, alcohol (2 to 3 parts) and insoluble
- in ether ;’ anc that its precipitants are Tannic acid and Plantinum
= Se esa
“Chloride.” In his Addenda Mr. Sohn notes that both Bryonin,
and Bryogenin, as formulated by Masson, are both destro-rotatory ;
that Bryogenin (which, be it noted, is a glucoside.—K. R. K.) dissolves
with red colour in concentrated Sulphuric acid, ‘the solution becom-
ing purple on heating, and giving, on subsequent addition of water,
a purple precipitate.””
That Bryonin is precipitated by Tannic acid was pointed out by
Professor Dragendorff of Dorpat (Russia){ on the authority of Conti-
nental and American investigators. His formula for Bryonin is
©,,H.,018 as noted above.
It. may be useful to quote here, en extenso, a brief note I have come
across in Vol. XXI of the ‘Pharmaceutical Journal,” London,
(1890-91, p. 496), headed “* Constituents of the Root of Bryonia dioica,”
and embodying, as | may venture to say, the most recent Continental
addition to the literature on the active principle of the entire genus
known as Bryonia, The note runs as follows :—“ A treatise on this
Subject has been published at Dorpat by A. Mankowsky. He states
® Vide Sohn’ s “ Dictionary of the Principles of Plants, etc.,” column t, p, 23,1394, London,
7 ‘Plant Analysis,” translated from the German by Gy . Greenish, F.1.0,, London ,
1884, p, 170.
20
‘sinscly more or ee en extracts of the root, and probably: 60)
both glucosides. The Bienen of See ce is a mixtur
is probably a mixture of this henna with a in
iqpanitticss taarea ee into the stomach, Aaa causes inf
only slight inflammation of the latter. The pancreatic juice a :
poses bryonidin, and renders it inoperative.” Bryonidin “has
effect on the peristaltic action of the intestines, nor on the activity
the heart, nor on the peripheral nerves; introduced into, living
organs, it causes an enlargement of the: vessels.” 3k) Aen
If any testimony were needed to establish the poisonous proper ti |
of the plant I am describing, the quotations I have cited above will b
ample. Brigade-Surgeon ces was quite justified in drawing attentio
to Corgllocarpus epigea in his standard work on Medical Jur
prudence (vide p. 201, Edition 1889) while dwelling on the poisonous
properties of some of the members of the Cucurbitaceous Family.
Dr. Lyon says that the root of Corallocarpus epige@a contains a
bitter yellow principle which Dr. Dymock suggests may possi
prove identical with bryonin. This Dr. Dymock and his colleagues
have established in their subsequent researches and these I have quoted
above. Sowerby ‘and the Johnsons, in the second edition of their —
British Poisonous Plants) (London, 1861, pp. 16-17), have very
largely dwelt on the poisonous properties of the “ Red-berrie
common or white-bryony,’”—-an English congener of the plant I am_
describing, and the only poisonous representative belonging to the —
Cucurbitacee found among the British wild plants. Sowerby
observes that ‘ the large fleshy pale-coloured root is often seen suspended
in herb-shops, occasionally trimmed into’a human form.” Remember
my warning words in a foregoing page to the inexperienced
Indian collectors of the mandrake root, The root, says Sowerby, —
is a powerful and highly irritant purgative, decoction of which is
sometimes recommended by self-constituted medical advisers (of
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. ., 497
which, in India, likewise there is an endless number.—K. R. A):
“ but dangerous to patients.” Sowerby further adds that “ the berries
have produced vomiting when eaten by children.’ Our Indian
children, half-starved though they are, and always in quest of field
and forest fruit, never touch the fruit of the Indian species of Bryony
_ Tam describing. The fruit literally rots and dehisces on the plant.
But there is one plant belonging to the WV. O. Menispermacee known
as Calumba, and used in this country very largely and usefully too
for medical purposes—the Jateorhiza calumba of Miers, formerly
known as Coceulus palmatus, the commercial parcels of which, said
O'Shaughnessy more than fifty years ago,” “are adulterated with
Bryony dyed with turmeric.” Tt is but natural that, when Calumba
is so adulterated and sold in Indian bazaars, guileless and needy
sufferers, having recourse to the adulterated root, under the guidance
of the self-constituted medical advisers spoken of by Sowerby, should
suffer from symptoms of violent vomiting and diarrhoea. No medical
man prescribing Calumba ever anticipates such results. I have
prescribed Calumba as a powerful tonic in dyspepsia, and as an
alterative, especially in skin atfections due to deficient action of the
skin, but I have hitherto not had the experience of seeing any of my
patients suffer from the effects of violent vomiting and diarrhea
when undergoing a course of Calumba treatment at my hands ; for,
knowing full well that the druggist and the herbalist often adulterate
the Caluméa root with turmeric-dyed roots of the Indian species of
Bryony, Ihave always taken the precaution of selecting the proper
root. The root, of Calumba is “perforated in’the centre,” says
O'Shaughnessy, and “is met in slices of one or two inches diameter
half-an-inch thick, much wrinkled, greyish externally, bright
yellow within.” Ii is not at all difficult for a careful observer. to
differentiate from the slices of the true (alumba root, slices of the
Bryony root, dyed with turmeric. Even although in size—z.e., in
diameter and thickness—the slices of the root of Bryony may exactly
correspond with those of the Calumba root, note that the Bryony root
has not the central perforations spoken of by O'Shaughnessy as existing
in the Calumba, root ; then again the external coat of the Bryony root
* Vide p. 196, Bengal Dispensatory, Calcutta, 1841.
is yellow, having been tinged with the edges of tamer, wh
greyish in ie val Calumba or
the ce ae of the Bryony root ; what have —
with the Calumba root?” My answer is ae :
But on referring to the article on the Calumba root in De pee <
i Pharmacographia Indica,’* I find very much to my astonishme :
that the experiments therein referred to as having been made
M. Houdé (Repértoire, March, 1886, p. 113) and as resulting in —
M. Houdé’s being able to separate a crystalline principle, energetically
productive of diarrhea and vomiting (N.B.—The italics are mine
K.R.K.), are’ puzzling unless it be supposed that the Calumba root.
was examined in an adulterated form. Because on the authority of
Charles B. Sohn, ,t Iam able tosay that the two active principle
hitherto found in the Calumba root—z.e., Calumbin and Calumbie acid—
are amorphous. Itis cae “from acetic ae ”’ says Sohn, that Calumb |
“crystallizes in prisms.” He attributes no poisonous properties to
it, such as noted by Houté. Houté’s 8 specimen, as analysed by him,
must therefore be considered to be an adulterated one. It certainly
could not have been adulterated with the root of any of the Bryonias,
as their active principles are glucosides, and none of them crystallized.
Tt is possible some other tuberous root yielding a poisonous crystalline
principle was adulterated with it, or sold in the market in the place
of the true root of Calumba. The “ tricks of trade” are unending,
The Calumba root is such an invaluable tonic that any adulteration
of its root, with roots of a poisonous kind, likely to destroy its high
medicinal value as a perfectly harmless tonic, and tending to credit it
with not only purgative but even emetic properties, either of which
properties as a matter of fact do not exist in it, should be jealously
guarded... This I have ventured to do as a side-issue of this paper ; for
I know, and O'Shaughnessy supports me in my PO that the
* Vol.T, p. 47, Bombay, 1890.
+ P. 24, Edition 1894, London. “ Dictionary of Active Principles of Plants,” &c. See
also page 116 where Calumnbin is said to be “ Amorphous” in cola
*
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. = —=—-499
Calumba root, unadulterated, seldom if ever occasions any unpleasant
sensation in the stomach or alimentary canal, but when adulterated with
the turmeric-dyed root of Bryony, it is, not unoften, administered,
though unknowingly, with fatal results. Such has been my painful
experience. ie
Remember here that Bryoidin referred to by Professor Dragendorft
under head “Fized oils, &c.” (Plant Analysis*English Translation by
_ Greenish, p. 109), has no connection whatsoever with the active
principle of the Bryony root. For according to the researches of
Professor Flickiger, Bryoidin constitutes one of the remarkable series
‘of the Elem? constituents. “It isa crystallizable substance, occurring
an that resin, only in small quantities.” Be it noted further that this
organic substance known as Elem is “‘a concrete resinous exudation,
the botanical source of which is still undetermined but sometimes
referred to Canarium commune (or to Icica alba), Manilla.” *
Jt may be useful at this stage to quote the other authoritative
English writers who have expressed themselves on the poisonous
nature of the Bryony root.
Loudon has observed that the root of the genus Bryonia “ is a famous
_ hydragogue, and highly purgative and acrid.”+
Beck has noted that the administration of Bryony root “ has caused
yomiting, purging, fainting, violent pain, and profuse alvine evacu-
ations.” ,
James Aphjon includes the English representatives of the gonus
Bryonia (alba and dioica) among plants “which yield the more im-
portant vegetable acrids.Ӥ The acrid virtues of Bryony, says he,
*‘ reside in a principle soluble in water which was discovered not long
since by Brandes and Firnhaber, and which they have named Bryo-
nine, here are upon record some cases in which decoctions of the
Bryony produced death with hypercatharsis.’ It may be stated here
that the root of the Indian congener I am describing is capable of
doing it.
—y
* Lauder Brunton’s Pharmacology, &c., Hdition 1885, London, p. 816,
+ Encyclopedia of Plants, 1829, p. 811.
+ Medical Jurisprudence, p, 829, 6th Hd., London, 1336.
. § Vide Article « Toxicology,” Voi. IV, p. 219, Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine by Drs,
’ Forbes, Tweedie and Conolly, Loudon, 1835,
500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, "
Dr. Alfred 8. Taylor, the biceieaohee of modern Forensic
says that the powdered root of Bryony, black or white (note that wil
the black-bryony we are not concerned at present—K. R. K.) when
swallowed produces severe pain, vomiting and purging, and after dea
the stomach and intestines are found highly inflamed.* a
It is somewhat disappointing to find that in his excellent Elemen
of Pharmacology,” Professor Oswald Schmiedeberg, of the University
of Strasburg, has made no allusion to the active principle of Bryony.
Baillon | makes the following remarks regarding Bryony — In our —
common Bryony (Bryonia dioica) the subterranean portion——white, ‘
poisonous, caustic—is extremely irritating to the skin and mucous
membrane. It is a powerful, dangerous purgative, prescribed chiefly
in dropsical and various nervous affections, Freed from its irritant
principles, this portion is rich in starch which has been turned to ac-
‘count, and from which alcohol is distilled.”
The testimony of Colonel Drury { with regard to the Indian repre-
sentative of the genus Bryony—namely, Corallocarpus epigea, or
Bryonia epigea as he describes it, is absolutely worthless, His remarks
show that his imformation is only second-hand and as such noi of
much value. |
The English Bryonta dioica, says Lauder Brunton,§ “is made into
a tincture (bitter principle bryonin) the chief use of which is that of
a hydragoque cathartic,” but he adds “it is now superseded by Jalap,”
which latter I may say is certainly safer and less irritating to the
PrUN Vie. |
Here is Sir Robért Christison’s testimony regarding ae poisonous
nature of the entire genus Bryony: || “‘ Before Bryony root was ex-
pelled from medical practice, it was often known to produce violent
vomiting, tormina, profuse watery evacuations and fainting. Pyl
mentions a fatal case of poisoning with it which happened at Cambray
in France. The subject was a man who took two glasses of an infu-
sion of the root to cure ague, and was soon seized with violent tormina
Gomer,
* Alfred 8, Taylor on Poisons, page 510, 1848.
+ History of Plants, p, 421, Vol. VITL, London, 1888.
{The Useful Plants of India, 2nd Edition, 1873, p, 88.
§ Pharmacology, &c,, Hd. 1885, London, p. 848.
|| P, 594, Edinburgh, 1845. A Treatise on Poisons.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 501
and purging, which nothing could arrest, and which terminated fatally
(Neues Magazin, I. 3, p. 557), Orfila quotes a similar case from
‘the Gazette de Santé which proved fatal within four hours in con-
sequence of a strong decoction of an ounce of the root having been
administered partly by the mouth and partly in a clyster to repel the
secretion of milk. (Tozicol Gén., 1, 680.)
_ Let this unquestionable testimony of Orfila, quoted as it is by such
an equally unquestionable authority as Sir Robert Christison, bea
warning to those who delight to call themselves the admirers and fol-
lowers of Homeopathy. Ihave recently come across a writer on the
“ Homeopathic use of Plants’’—Richard Hughes, L.R.C.P., Ed.—who,
in an elaborate volume entitled A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (5th
Hd., Lond., 1886, p. 384), makes the following remarks regarding the
action of Bryonia on the mammary glands :— Whenever from the
first coming in of the milk, from catching cold while nursing, or from
abrupt weaning, the breast becomes swollen, tender, knotty, and
painful, Gryonia will aimost certainly resolve the inflammation and
prevent the formation of abscess. Dr. Durham advises it in milk-
fever.” As against this homeopathic preaching, compare the testimony
of our leading Allopathic Physician, Sir Robert Christison’s reference
to Orfila’s experience, as cited above, that the administration of the
Bryony root, partly by mouth and partly by clyster, “to repel the
secretion of milk,’ has been followed by fatal results. So much for
the glory of homeopathy and its admirers !
Having so far dwelt on the Huropean writers describing the poison-
ous properties of the genus Bryony, I may ely state what Indian
_writers have said regarding them.
Dr. Edulji Cowasji Appu (Tukina), L, M. and &., of the Bombay
University, says emphatically,in describing the properties of the genus
“Bryony, that its root contains “ a peculiar bitter principle named
Bryonin, which in non-medicinal doses is highly poisonous, acting as’a
violent emetic and cathartic, giving rise to symptoms resembling those
of cholera,”’* I can safely vouch for this statement.
Shodhal, an old Sanskrit writer, has distinctly noted that plant is
hydrogogue and emetic.}
* Practitioner’s Vade Mecum, p. 120, 1891, Bombay.
+ Vide Kata Bhai’s Nighant-Sangrah, Junagadh, 1893, p, 569, ~
502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Jaikisan Indraji says that the odour of the root is acrid, but this is
a mistake. The root has no odour. It is the taste that is ie
end acrid; mucilaginous and slightly acid. |
Dr. Sakharam Arjun* and Dr. Virji Zina Ravalt dwell on its
medical properties only. They both make no Telerence to its poisonous -
properties. : a.
To sura up, whether the poisonous element is Bryonin as De Tukina
says, or whether it is Bryontdin which causes inflammation of the *
stomach and larger intestines as mentioned above in a quotation from
the Pharmaceutical Journal (1890-91, p. 496), there is scarcely any
doubt but that the root of the Bryony Genus may be safely 4
- looked upon as a powerful irritant of the entire elementary canal, caus-
ing dangerous vomiting, accompanied with fainting, and almost fatal
hypercatharsis,
O’Shaughnessy states that the powder of the root of the plant I am
describing, which he, according to the nomenclature of his day, calls
Bryonta epigea, is given by native practitioners as an aperient and
alterative in chronic dysentery and venereal complaints.—(Ainslie,
vol. IT, p. 158). I am afraid both Ainslie and O’Shaughnessy are trust-
ing to second hand information, else Ainslie at any rate would not have
committed himself to the somewhat dangerous statement that such a
dangerous irritant of the [email protected] could, by any possibility, bea
remedy in chronic dysentery. In venereal complaints it may bea
possible remedy, but on other phystological grounds, which I need not
discuss here, it is by no means a safe remedy. |
In concluding this notice, | may here note that the Sanskrit syn- 7
onym Kadamba given to Bryonia epigea in the Mangalore book, issued
under the title ‘* Five Hundred Indian Plants,” } is positively wrong. —
I can say with confidence that the Sanskrit plant known as Kadamba
does not belong to the N. O. Cucurbitacee, but to the N. O. Con-
voluulacee. Burnouf gives the botanical name of the Sanskrit
term Kadamba as Convolvulus repens. (Vide Sanskrit and French
Dictionary, page. 136). The Kadamba of the Dekkan and Konkan
belongs to WV. O. Rubiacie,
* Bombay Drugs (Catalogue),
+ P, 168, Ahmedabad Edition, 1889. Arya-Aushadh.
{ Five Hundred Indian Plants: Their Uses in Medicine and the Arts, in Kanarese ;
p. 11, 1891.
503
SOME FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF SHELLS
COLLECTED AT ADEN IN 1892—95, CLASSIFIED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE PAETEL CATALOGUE.
By Commanper E. R. SHopianp, R.LM.
(Continued from page 235.)
21
_ Gand §, Names. Author. | Habitat. Remarks,
Murex pinnatus ...| Wood. | Aden. |Sk. Othman, coral ; only one
specimen,
Pisania situla Rye. 5 Do. R
Pleurotama crenularis|) Lk. ny Do. R
ie stitoma,..| Jouss. i Do. R
~ Daphnella rissoides ...| Rve. » |sappers Bay, sand. R
_ Triton convolutus ... eae » | Sk. Othman, coral. i
Ranella tuberculata ... Ee ie Poesy Sea-face. P
_ Nassa ccelata A. Ad. pea. Do. do. R
Purpura echinata Ad. 4 Do. do. li
Ricinula undatum ...) Chem. i Do. do. P
Ancillaria striolata ...| Sowb. » |Maala, Mud flats. R
Mitra amabilis - Rve. » | Sk. Othman, coral.
» dermestina a Lk. aoe Do.
43 ericea Pease ss Do.
» makemonas J ouss is Do.
» Mmercatoria ...| Swain i Do.
5, militaris as a Do.
5, micronata Swain 53 Do..
obeliscus | ve i Do.
Columbella concinna it ,» |Harbour, Hast shore, L.W.R.
ies regulus...} Sowb. 5; Do. do. - BR
as 202, Melv. ,,. |Dredged, Harbour R
Harpa minor Rumph ». | Sk. Othman, coral. R
_ Cassis torquata ...| Rive. a Do. do. Mud flats. R
Terebra ligata Hinds ,, | lelegraph Bay, sand. S
» textilis oP 55 us 5 Do. do. Ss
Pyramidella propin-
qua. | A. Ad. Mk: Se coral R
Obeliscus sulcatus ... % ane Do, RK
Eulima martini a if | » Do, R
Ringiculs acuata Phil. ) Do.
Solarium infandibu- |
lum. Chom. Bi
Habitat, ‘Remarks,
Author.
G. ad S. Names.
Conus bevlonons : Hwass, | Aden. Telegeanh Bay,. ii W.
Pterocera bryonia ...| Gmel. , |Maala, Mud flats. —
. SCOLPION gs.) Laney “ Do. dome
Cerethium scabridum,| Petit. beat iy RED Ose OL aaa
» tuberosum.} Fabr. A Do. does ee
Triforis cingulatus....) A.Ad. | ,, |Sappers’ Bay, sand.
Littorina scabra as} wes Do. Coen
Rissoina Bertholetti...) Andom. i Dor «dos
5 sequenziana..| Issol, a at Do. do.
Neritina fewilleti ...| A. Ad. ae (Dow (: «dos
Minolia rotelliformis..| Phil. i Don aor
Atys ferruginea ...! Ad. ,, |Maala, Mud flats
BIVALVES.
Psamobia rubicunda...{| Desh. | Aden (Maal, Mud fats.
Tellina inflata ».| Chem. .» |[lsthmus, Sea-face 9
Mesodesma obtusa ...|Crosset His} — ,, Das vi dor
Circe linvenia ..., Romer. |__,, De. do. .
Chione djibontionsis...,) Jouss. | _,, Dos ides
3.) eHlammed 3.1 Ak: ie Dos) ido:
Dosinia radiata ...| Rve. i Doli) do:
Lucina concinna ...j Ad. -| ,, |Maala, Mud flats.”
Si gemmaye, worl aven | 1/0 Do. do.
Arca zebra eo} Swain. . Do.. do.
Lima tenera, var: ...1. Chem. , ‘Do. do.
Leda sculpta 4 cAssol an Wor) ido:
3, tenuis : H. Ad. Dos: dos
Ostrea cuculata Bom. -Do. ; only ot one specimen,
REVIEW * (Continued).
_ The eleventh order and the last in this book, is that of Accdpitres,
or diurnal birds of prey. The first family, Pandionide, has been the
subject of much discussion. It contains only one genus, and the
genus only one species,t the common osprey (Pandion halictus).
If there were more soris of ospreys, they would very likely get an
order to themselves. As things stand, it is quite as much custom as
conviction that classes them with the eagles instead of the owls.
The structure of the leg and foot, and of the plumage, which has no
aftershaft, are owlish, while the appearance, habits and eggs are those
of eagles or, rather, of falcons. These last, indeed, rarely catch fish,
and the osprey seldom anything else ; but their ways of finding prey
and stooping on it are much alike.
The osprey? is common throughout our province, wherever there
is water deep enough to hold fish of a pound or more in weight. It
can carry off much larger fish, probably up to its own weight or
near it, and will not despise one not bigger than a man’s middle finger.
Such prey are gripped by the. rough soles of the toes rather than with
the talons, as may be illustrated, in a freshly amputated foot, by
drawing tight the flexor teaden—an interesting study with any bird’s
foot. However, the ospreys are so great ornaments to our waters,
and so little wanted in museums, that we hope they may be spared
shot and steel. They are perfectly harmless to man, unless he keeps
fish-ponds, and their plumage is of poor effect in a lady’s hat.
The next family is that of the vultures. Although these are very
easily distinguished from the nobler birds of prey by appearance,
they are only separated, asa family, by the absence of true feathers
* The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma ; published under the authority
of the Secretary of State for India in Council, edited by W.T. Blanford.—Birds, Vol. Ill,
by W.T, Blanford, F.R.S., London,
+ Our Author, apparently, includes the American and Australian ospreys in the Old
-World species.
+ The English name “ osprey ” is probably derived indirectly from the Latin “ ossifraga’’
(bone-smasher), unhappily, as our bird does nct break bones. Our translators of the Bible,
indeed, make “ the ossifrage and the ospray” two different birds in Exodus, XI,13. But
their ‘* ossifrage”’ was probablya real “bone-smasher,” a Lammergeyer, in short. The
Hebrew word is. “ Peres,’ which is said to come froma root, meaning to break or crush.
The Hebrew for osprey, on the other hand, is “Azaniah,’ so fine a word that one regrets
its not having come into scientific use, The present specific name, indeed, has an unusually
good “ priority,’ being Pliny’s,
from the crown of the head ; a baldness which, as we all know, :
extends in some species to the whole neck. The family, as here
restricted, belongs to the Old World. The American forms are
now classed apart, and the vultures seem to be absent from the
Australasian region generally-——an odd thing in the case of such very
powerful flyers. Mr. Blantord noe that they “are confined to the
tropical and warm temperate regions” of the old Continents, which, —
again, is odd, for some species breed at great heights, and soar high ie
than balloons, so that mere cold must be matter of indifference to them. — |
Their powers of sight are telescopic, and most of us have noticed
how they gather, as if by magic, to carrion, aided, no doubt, by 4
observation of each other, and of crows and kites, moving at lower |
levels. The first bird at a “kill” in Western India is usually the — :
crow, the second the Pariah kite, and the third MNeophron ginginianus,
a small Peninsular race of the better-known Neophron perenopterus,
“ Pharaoh’s chicken.” This is itself found in our province, as far —
south as Kutch. It is to be known by its greater size and dusky. bill
and claws. These dirty white and black birds are sometimes (wrongly)
called “ Brahminy kites’—a name belonging to another bird al-
together. They were much favoured by the old Egyptians, though
not actually sacred, and were forbidden to the Hebrews as diet, under
the name of ‘ Reham,” which-our Version translates “ gier eagle.”
Before these birds have got far with their meal, thére comes from
the upper air perhaps a typical vulture (V. monachus), but more
commonly a griffon (Gyps fulvus), or his relative, the long-billed vul-
inre (G. indicus). © The first two are Paleearctic birds, and do not
breed with us. The last is a resident Peninsular species, and so is the
white-backed vulture (Pseudogyps bengalensis), which is apt to join
atthe meal. These four large vultures are pretty well matched, and —
can seldom drive one another away. But the Weophrons and kites
must stand off from them. Their revenge comes with the last vulture
(commonly) at dinner; a fine blackish bird with a red head and legs ;
Otogyps calvus. As he drives off all the other vultures, he is some-
times called their “ Kang.” But the use of this word is to be dis-
couraged, as leading to confusion with an American ‘ King-vulture”’
"i
(Sarcoramphus papa); who exercises similar authority, and is better
dressed to boot, with skin and feathers of many colours, Our bird’s |
- . a)
REVIEW, 2 Oem
‘royalty is not recognized by the Marathas, whose “ Raj-gidh ” is not
‘a vulture at all, but the great “adjutant ” stork. _This monster comes
last of all birds to the carcase, and even the black vulture must give
way to him. Further than that, he does not concern us at. present,
- and we are done with our vultures.*
In the present classification the Lammergeyer (Gypetus barbatus) is
removed from their ranks, and classed with eagles, upon the sufficient
ground of his having a fully feathered head. It is, indeed, “ some-
- what doubtful whether this great bird ever atiacks living prey, its food
consisting chiefly of bones and offal,” says our author, who adds that -
it “‘ rarely descends on a carcase” and quotes Hume for even worse
habits.
One comparatively respectable habit is that “ of carrying up large
bones and letting them fall from a height in order to break them and
it is said in the Levant to treat tortoises in the same manner.” As far
as the present writer has been able to observe, the carrying of anything
an their claws is very uncommon with the vultures proper, at least in
Western India. The young seem to be fed entirely from the crop,
as young pigeons are, but not quite in the same way. The young
pigeon spoons its food out of the parent’s beak with the mandible
delicately enough. Vultures are not so nice. - But, at any rate, they
do not go carrying bits of corpses about, and dropping them into
tea-cups and tumblers, as related to new-come visitors on Malabar Hill.
Mr. Blanford does not dilate upon this matter, and Jerdon (Vol. I,
p. 6) is very brief about it. But it has some interest in Bombay,
where the “ Yarn’ in question is as old as it is silly; and, to some of
our citizens, offensive. It is a very reasonable function of this Society
to put a good big stone over it. 5
To return to our lammergeyer and its diet. Like the true
vultures, it has only blunt claws, unsuited for the capture of living
prey of any size ; and Mr. Blanford more than doubt the stories of
its “ pushing goats and other animals over precipices,” so that it is a
good deal more stupid and sordid in life than in the good little books.
In our province it occurs in Baluchistan and the Kirthar Hills of Sind,
and outside it in the southern parts of the Palearctic Region, except
ree * . By 4 aah
* ‘The late Sir S. Baker has somewhere described a similar succession in Africa. His last
bird is the great “‘ Marabout” stork, first cousin to our “adjutant.”
come the von eagles, of shih she eS, eagle ae ri
within our limits, only in Baluchistan and Sind. As it is rare,
quote verbatim: “this eagle breeds in the higher Himalayas, and
Mr. Hume thought he recognized it in the Sind Hills and on the
Makran Coast.” The present writer saw an old anda foung bird
together in the Larkhana Division of Upper Sind; “about 15 miles
from the foot of the hills,” says the contemporary note, dated loth
March, 1882. They were on the ground near a village (where —
carrion used to be thrown out), and allowed of approach to about
40 yards distance, when they rose, and the light shot rattled vainly on
their quills. The broad white base and dark tip of the young bird’s
tail were then very distinct, and the mother’s great size noticeable.
These birds had been carefuily examined with a glass before going
near them, and the young one’s tail specially noted for observation on
ts rising. In sucha case this is needful, as the young of the next
species (Aguila heliaca, the Imperial eagle) have, in “the lineated
stage,” the “ tail broadly tipped with fulvous white, remainder of tail
ied t
uniform dull brown.” The Imperial eagle is to be seen, in the cold
weather, all over our province (though not anywhere a common
bird), and Dr. Jerdon found it breeding “in the Deccan,” probably
near Jalna, as he was stationed there. It is very commonly called,
and taken for, a golden eagle, and the mistake is an easy one to make
in old birds fying over head. If one can see the back, the white
markings of the Imperial eagle, though very variable, will often be
conspicuous enough to distinguish it by. Mx. Blanford has well rid us
in
%
"
is)
re
i
4
of the barbarous specific name “ Mogilnzk’’; and even “Jmperalis’ was
objectionable, as much too good for the bird. Itis, as he says, “a
sluggish heavy bird, often seen sitting on trees, sometimes on the
ground in open country. It feeds much on carrion, though it also
kills small mammals, birds, and lizards for food.” Jerdon, indeed, says:
é¢ When it does condescend to partake of carrion, it allowsino other birds
to approach till it has satisfied its hunger.” But the present writer
once saw brown vultures, around a dead horse, bring an Imperial eagle
to rathex less than equal terms ; within a few seconds after he joined —
them. The proceedings were watched through a glass, and the eagle
shot and identified without being lost sight of meanwhile. The |
ee
REVIEW. oie
_ vultures were not. But Otogyps calvus, the most pugnacious vulture, was
certainly not present. A tame specimen of Dr. Jerdon’s own was
slow to resent, having its meat stolen by a tawny eagle (A. vindhiana).
The golden eagle exceeds it in size, and several others equal it in that
point, and far exceed it in beauty of plumage and “ poetry of motion.”
Aguila bifasciata, tho steppe eagle, is a closely allied bird, long
- eonfounded with A. heliaca. It occurs in Khandesh as a cold
weather visitor. Our Author does not record it from‘any other of our
districts, but it may be looked for, in the winter, anywhere between
Khandesh and our Western borders, wherever those are.
The next bird is a “ British Indian subject,” not recorded outside
of Mr. Blanford’s (present) province. This is the Indian tawny
eagle, A. fulvescens of Jerdon, now vindhiana, found “ chiefly in the
drier districts, where this is by far the commonest eagle,’ and one
of the best known to sporismen, especially falconers, for this bold
and unscrupulous little eagle is a great robher of the lesser birds
of prey, sometimes with murder. ,
The specific term “ fulvescens” is now attached to ‘“‘ Brocks’s Hagle,”
the next on the list. This is a rare bird of Central and Western Asia
and Hastern Europe, but has been procured “in the North-West
Provinces, chiefly about Etawah,” from which it may be conjectured
__ that a few more winters will show it a visitor to the Punjab, porhaps
to Upper Sind. -
_ Two spotted eagles, A. maculata and A. hastata, close the genus.
The next is Hvercetus heading the hawk-eagles, birds of a
slender build, as compared with true Aguile, and” inferior in size, on
the average of species. This, however, is the only point of inferiority.
They are cleaner in diet, always or usually killing their own game,
and that in some cases with great skill and dash. Their plumage is
often superior in beauty to that of the typical eagles, and the head of
the family, Bonelli’s eagle, is justly called by Jerdon “magnificent,” —
and by our present author “ splendid.” Ii appears here as Mieretus
fasciatus, and in our forests as the true ‘“ Mhor-ghar,” the only bird
of prey that can habitually kill wild peacocks on their own ground,
according to native foresters. A smaller species, H. pennatus, is a
scourge of the dove-cot and poultry yard, whose owner, if no natura-
list, is apt to, lay the blame on pariah kites. There seems to be a
io JOURN. AL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol.
ne: in the Tren Ponte nts ‘of. this bird, given on page: |
“The male appears as “about 29” inches long, for Na ie P
read “20.” Jerdon gives “21 to 22.”
Lophotriorchis kieneri is a rare bird of the same size, an bl ok
head and crest (two and-a-half inches long), but. most remarkable f
the chestnut colour of the underparts sometimes extending to the
breast. Its occurrence in our province seems doubtful to our Author.
The black eagle, Zctémetus malayensis “is not met with in the
Malay Peninsula and Islands,” and would be better known by ied
son’s name, pernigra. We are it on the Ghats.
The next genus is Spizwtus, whereof “the oriental forms are ‘ae
tinguished by some writers as Iemneetus,” an unlucky name, as they —
are fowl of the,forest, and by no means of water, nor of bays. We
have one fine species, S. cirrhatus, Limnetus cristabellus of Jerdon
It is in all our forests ; most abundant, perhaps, in. those of - Southern ?
Kolaba ; a great region for birds of prey. It is a fine bold bird,
seldom seen to advantage on the wing, flying low through the forest,
but with great speed and power when after quarry. —
It is particularly noticeable for its fine crest, “4 to @ inches long,
black, and, except in very old birds, tipped white,” which gives it the ”
Maratha name of “Shenduri Ghar” (= the kite with a shendi, —
or “scalp-lock,”” mot “red-lead kite”). The crest feathers are but
slowly tapered and very flexible towards the tip, as “ hackles” are.
When the bird is in motion, they lie back close to the neck-plumage,
and are invisible from below. From above (e.g., from a cliff) they ;
show as a conspicuous black stripe on the nape, and then. only the
bird is easily known on the wing. When he alights, up go the black
plumes almost vertically. If in prey, they are drawn up by the ©
powerful scalp muscles, till they seem to bend forward, quivering |
with the excitement of the bird. The present writer has never seen
them in the horizontal position shown in our author’s figure (p. 349),
wherein they seem more like quill feathers stuck into the scalp.
They are very well worth getiing for a lady, and this fierce
wood-eagle is not a bird that much sentiment. need be spent upon. a
Moreover, his ‘arboreal habits prevent him from being any great
feature in landscape, unless on the rare occasions when he chooses —
a big dead tree for look-out post. The best way to get him is to send
aman round his perch to put him out to the gun, as with green —
pigeons. He is not quite confined to forest, coming out into the plains
where large trees are abundant, or to long, well planted avenues ;
even, at times, to well shaded villages, where the crows soon raise
the alarm, This bird sometimes hunts by twilight. A party returning
from field work in Gujarat saw what they took for a hare, sitting
up on open ground, with cocked ears and uansually bold. Upon
approach, the bare turned into an eagle, and few away. A random
shot in the dusk only made him drop what turned out to be an * Ice-
bird” (night-hawk); with its back broken and breast bared of
flesh. The nearest trees were some hundred feet away, further than
anight-hawk will commonly go before dusk; and the quarry was
still smoking warm, ‘This bird is chiefly Peninsular, but a sub-species
is found in Ceylon. We seem to have no other of the genus; and
the Hawk- eagles end with it. Their following neighbours are the —
Serpent-eagles, who are to be distinguished (briefly) from all previously
mentioned by their long bare shanks and diet’; chiefly of reptiles
and frogs. Of the first genus, Circetus, we have one species,
C. gallicus. hee ,
This, though a large bird, cuts no great figure, except when
soaring in circles, on the look-out for prey. Its action is rather
Tike that of the Kestrels, Harriers,and some owls, checking itself,
hovering, and dropping on the quarry, without the rushing stoop
'_ of the nobler species ; the round puffy head is rather owlish, and so,
——
' tive ery, which it frequently utters when on the wing
oddly enough, is the broad white egg. To do it justice, it does not
eat carrion, the hesetting meanness of the typical eagles.
Asa bird of open country, and waging great war on snakes, it is
well-known to the natives ; and they have plenty of stories about it,
But to Europeans the next bird is more interesting and attractive.
This is Spilornis cheela, the crested Serpent-eagle ; by some called
the Harrier Hagle, with much propriety. For no other eagle so
frequently and closely imitates the action of the Harrier Hawks ;
quartering ground at a little height often in pairs, with great pains
and method. ‘
Tt can ‘also be seen soaring, and may be at once recognized by the
strongly marked bars on its wings and tail, and by its loud plain-
” ; and also
22,
REVIEW, a BM
ry
512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
when sitting in a tree in the forest, if it wants. to make out the
position of its mate, or of fledged young. A party in such a place
two old birds and one (or rarely two) young, will answer ea
other from tree to tree for an hour together. They are not at all
exclusively Forest birds, but “usually found on trees near water
especially the fine trees along irrigation channels and canals in Upper
India ; and along stream-beds”’ elsewhere. The under-plumage of
good specimens is ocellated in a very beautiful fashion, black and white a
upon rich red-brown, so that a loose axillary feather, for instance, —
makes one think at first rather of some new pheasant—or other spotty a
game-bird—than of an eagle. These feathers are very effective ina
hat-—in small number. The crest is not. When erected under —
excitement it is like a short broad vertical fan, of equally short broad "
fan-shaped head-feathers, black above and white near the base. The |
white hardly shows in an angry old bird of full plumage. When in
flight, or sitting quiet, the crest is folded back, and hardly visible,
or not at all,in Western India. ‘The figure (p. 859) given in our book
represents 2 sort of intermediate semi-erected crest, which must be very
rare, if itis drawn from life at all. Tho contraction of the scalp ina —
museum specimen would produce it easily enough. The size and ~
plumage vary greatly ; wherefore we had a lot of generic names for F.
this bird ; now happily despatched to the Limbo of vanity. The
variations of plumage occur even within very limited areas, such as
the basin of the Savitri, where the bird is abundant. That in size —
. seems to be steadier ; it increases as you go north.. : }
This bird likes to sit on a big limb of a large tree well inside, and
pretty low down. In such a position it will often allow a close ~
approach ; and sometimes startles a man, who has not been looking —
for it, by flapping hurriedly off, as he passes a few feet below it,
The present writer once killed one with a pistol- -ball, walking coolly
up to it. Yet it is not unable to stand the sun; for a pair will circle —
round each other, late in a hot weather forenoon, for a long time, ~
apparently just for pleasure, squealing to each ather at intervais,
Perhaps it was this habit, chazacteristic of the Pariah kite (“chd”),
which led some native to give it that bird’s name in conversation with
its god-father, Latham, over 100 years ago. The vague generality ~
of most native names, except those got from the forest tribes by ~
)
RAVIEW. tas Bae
some one having both their tongue and their trust, utterly unfits them
for scientific use ; the more as it is given to very few Huropeans to
know both birds and “ vernaculars.”” We have no other bird of the
genus.
Haliastur indus, the Brahminy K Kite” has “been classed alter-
nately with the fishing eagles and with the kites, and is allied to
both.” Its bright chestnut back and small size easily distinguish it
from the former and its aquiline shape from the latter, at any distance.
Its habits differ according to position, as is the case indeed with many
birds of the group. In ports, where it is sometimes very abundant
(least in Bombay), its customs are as foul as those of the Pariah kite,
and it “has no manners at all.” But on waters remote from human
dwellings, it feeds much like the Rihg-tailed eagle, and has even been
seen to attack a hare. ‘The chief prey is of small fish, crustacea, and
frogs. The species is of the Oriental tropics generally, unless two
_ forms of the Archipelago and Australia are to be given specific rank,
which seems doubtful. It is not desirable to shoot this bird. The
plumage, so handsome at a distance, is coarse and poor in hand ; and
the bird often very dirty.
The true kites (Milvus) “are all birds of moderate size, with a
long forked tail”? which distinguishes them at once. MM. govinda, the
_ Pariah kite, is too well known to need remark, except that Mr. Blan-
ford, rejecting the separation of affinis, the small Australian form,
admits the specific rank of melanotts, the large Jungle kite (Hume’s
major) which has better looks; but not much better customs. The
genus is spread: over the whole Old World and Australia ; the Pariah
kite throughout the Oriental region between the tropics and some way
outside of them. JM. melanotis affects the Eastern Palearctic region
from the latitude of Bombay to the borders of Siberia. It does not
breed in India, except in the Himalayas. A smaller Western form,
M. migrans, breeds within our province in Baluchistan, and is the
scavenger kite of the Levant; as M. ictinus, the “carrion kite” of
our fathers, was in Northern Hurope.*
Elanus is a small genus of kites with long unforked tails. We have
one species, Li. ceruleus, not common ; but occurring throughout our
* Note,—M, ictinus is now hardly a carrion feeder at all, in Britain and Northern Franee.
This habit in many binds depends on man and his ways.
-*
comune to that of “ hemor” (ire hounds) ages for
Neither derivation nor eas deserves oe faith, as the
forked ; and they never touch carrion, Until lately ne were
often treated as allied to owls ; but are now superseded in that con- -
nection by the Ospreys, for anatomical reasons. The French are apt
to call them “ pygargues ;” but the classic “ pygargus” seems. to have)
been some other bird “ living in towns and fields, ae a white tail,”
says Pliny, who classes it second amongst eagles.* Modern tae!
‘may be said, im a way, to have white tails ; but they do not: now)
dwell in towns, eae to Jerdon, Linnaus, from whose “ Faleo —
pygargus”? the French name is taken, meant the female ** Hen Har-
rier,” C, cyancus. Mr. Blantord does net use the word at all, me
and expressly denies it to Montagu’s Harrier. ee
His first is C. macrurus, te Pale Harrier ;*° Blue Kite” of ihe
last generation.
It is a handsome bird and well known by its gull-like plumage +
pearl grey above and white below, in old cocks ; reddish below when
« Possibly this may have been an Harn. One of these és “ second among Hagles in the
Kiurope of to.day,” and another does still build in ‘towns and fields,” in India,
AP Cortez, Lith:
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ay Nat: Hist: Soc. Vol: X.
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REVIEW. 515
young. Montagu’s Harrier (C. céneraceus) is not walike, and only an
old hand couid pretend to distinguish these birds on the wing. The
latter is, on the whole, darker. The hens of both are brown-backed,
and there are very gradual and confusing changes of plumage accord-
ing to age. The Hen-Harrier and Pied Harrier are not Bombay
birds ; but we have the Marsh Harrier, C. wruginosus, a larger bird
than our two above noted, and of generally brown plumage ; a great
thief of wounded teal, and sometimes distinguishable in flight, by
rising higher from the ground than they do.
Circus spilonotus, a very similar bird, does not visit us, and no
Harrier breeds in our province.
The Buzzard-Eagles (Butastur) form a small genus of small birds
(for eagles) ; here well separated from Buzzards, to which they are not
really close akin. We have JZ. teesa, a bird of the open country, of
no great interest, unless as laying eggs white, or nearly so.
The next genus, Haliacétus, contains the “ Harns,’” a name not to be
willingly let die, because it is good old Hnglish and begs no question.
They are also called Sea Hagles and Fishing Eagles, but some do
not goto sea, and some do not fish much, and there are other eagles
who do.
There are three species in India, which all occur in one part of our
province ; the first of these is the type of the genus, the Earn himself,
a bird of the Palxarctic region, and even of Greenland ; but only,
with us, a rare winter visitor to Upper Sind. Though he does not
breed here, it is worth while to note that he is, at home, chiefly a
builder on cliffs,
He is by no means exclusively a fisher ; but, in some places and at
some times, an enemy to bird and beast ; with no objection to carrion.
He is the commonest eagle of the British Isles, especially in England,
and some years ago one perched several times on a tower of Windsor
Castle, and was reported to have actually been trapped there ; a great
pity—if true. Sir Edwin Landseer, long ago, got pretty well
“heckled” for a great picture of Harns attacking swans with beak
and claw. It was observed that the eagle’s beak is not his sword, but
chiefly his carving-knife ; and that tnis particular eagle, so far from
being in case to carve a swan, has frequently been defeated by the
domestic gander of the Shetland Isles, Our native Earns are both of
516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
them handsomer birds (though rather less in size) and of more
respectable habits in general; but differ widely between themselves
in ways and means. These are Pallas’s Eagle, H. leucoryphus, and
the white-bellied Sea-eagle, HH. leucogaster, Jerdon’s ‘ Ring-tailed ”
and ‘* Grey-backed” Sea-eagles. We shall use these names here,
because they indicate the marks by which the birds can be most readily
recognized on the wing. Both are, in our province, tree-nesters ;
and their Northern visitor might very easily find both at home, in an
hour’s flight over the Indus. But, in the rest of our province, the
Ring-tailed Hagle’s chief hunting grounds are by fresh water, shallow
for choice, and the Grey-backed sticks to salt water ; often of as much
as ten fathoms near Bombay, much more where the shore is “ steep-
to.” The Ring-tailed Eagle is partly a Paleearctic bird, ranging at
least to the Black Sea, and does not comeas far south as Bombay ;
though common in North Gujarat.
He lives chiefly by fishing; but often strikes birds for himself,
especially Bald Coots, and “goes about stealing ducks” from the
fowler and falconer. The late Amir Ali Murad Khan, a good natura-
list in his fashion, hated these birds for scaring and sometimes killing
his hawks, like the Tawny and Bonelli’s eagles. But they are not
accused of “striking fur” nor of foul-feeding ; nor of robbing the
Osprey. They are very bold, and in little fear of man, building near
towns, and even railway stations.
The grey-backed sea-eagle is a bird of the Hastern tropics on both
sides of the line ; probably not ranging west beyond Baluchistan, if so
far ; nor to any place north of the Himalaya. He seldom “ strikes
feather,” probably never “fur,” but is not above carrion, at least of fish;
and is reported to rob the Osprey. But this does not seem to be his
habit near Bombay, where they are both common, but apparently
good neighbours.
They are not afraid of the fishermen ; but dislike Kuropeans ; and
are apt to keep well out of range of small shot. The nest, though
often not far from villages, is not such a very public building as that
of the Ring-tailed Eagle; and the bird himself, though by no means
silent or solitary, is not as sociable and conversational as his larger
relation, A family of Ring-tailed Eagles, coming home in the
evening, will let every one within a mile of them know of it.
REVIEW. 517
There is one other Indian genus of fishing-eagles, Poliwtus, P. ich-
thycetus occurs in the Deccan and South Maratha Country, not com-
monly ; and may probably occur in Gujarat.
Its habits seem to be pretty much those of the Ring-tailed Eagle, but
it is more exclusively a fisher, The bird itself is smaller, and has a
white belly and tail, with a broad black tip. The other has a brown
belly, sometimes almost chestnut, and brown tail with a most con-
spicuous white band. The Grey-backed Eagle has almost the colouring
of sea-gulls generally, z.c., white, with a grey back, but the tail is
dark with a broad white tip. The Osprey, which is almost the only
other bird likely to be mistaken for a Sea-eagle, is white below, except
the breast, where there are brown markings, with a white head like
the last eagle, and the upper parts dark brown ; looking black at a
little distance. It has also a dark stripe from each eye down the
white neck, which gives a very peculiar expression to the face, and
is visible from some distance. Coupled with the very bright and
powerful eye, it makes one think of those “human subjects,”
(generally of some character, or at least of healthy constitution and
habits), whose clearness of eye remains undimmed, even after the
‘‘crow’s foot” has found each corner, It may be added that, of
these four ornaments of our waters, the Osprey alone plunges into
them. Ifa large bird of prey is seen to descend on the water “ slan-
tindicular,” and clutch up an object from the surface ; it is probably a
sea-eagle, They even prefer to get sticks for nest-building in this
way. If it plunges almost straight down (but never “plumb”’)
sending the spray flying ; and emerging, after a perceptible but
short period, with the fish clutched; it is an osprey. The
“‘ Brahminy kite” is to be distinguished by its conspicuous color-
ation, and the other kites by their forked tails, both by their
smaller size. The gannets, boobies, and terns plunge at a right
angle to the horizon, otherwise, like the osprey ; the gulls and
Procellaride (Albatrosses, Shearwaters, and Petrels) pick their prey
off the surface like eagles and kites. But, of all these, only the
eagles and osprey use the “clutches”? in its capture. The webbed
feet of the rest are paddles, and not weapons; and,as they rise with
prey, it is to be looked for in the bill, and not in the clutch. Its presence
is known to the old fisherman (to whom a knowledge of such “sign” —
518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
as it is technically called—is very important) by a sort of silver
sparkle about clutch or bill. It is seldom possible, accurately, to
distinguish the form of a wriggling fish in the grip of a flying bird.
The Phetonide, or ‘“ Boatswain birds,” prey like gulls with the bill.
The “ Frigate birds” (Attagen, Tachypetes, Fregata) have their feet
modified, sc as to be, to some extent, “ clutches,’ and seem to take
their prey in both ways. About all these, bowever, it is to be hoped
that our author will shortly have more to say. What is necessary
at present is to warn our readers that a great many of them are as
big as sea-eagles, and to furnish, as far as may be, the means of
distinguishing them on the wing. Without this, no museum classifica-
tion can teach us their habits, and without observation of habits
Natural History is lifeless. We cannot shoot and identify every bird
we see. It may be said, in closing accounts with the sea-eagles, that they
are not at all, asa group, to be put below those of the land, in size,
beauty or manners, Perhaps, the finest “ mount” of birds of prey
in the British Museum is one of a group of sea-eagles from the
North Pacific, worth going from Bombay to see.
After Harriers come Buzzards (Buteo), a common name in misuse.
Buzzards are by no means “blind,” and “Turkey Buzzards” are
neither Buzzards nor Turkeys, and do not live in Turkey, but in the
warm parts of America, They get their name from the general
resemblance to a Turkey of their dark plumage and bare red
face. For the same reasons, our “ Pondicherry Vulture” (Otogyps
caluus) is sometimes called a “Turkey Buzzard,’ which should be
discouraged. ‘
The true Buzzards are well described by our author as a sort of
weak, sluggish, and dwarfish eagles. His first bird, B. ferow, we have
only in Sind, though it ranges from the Levant to Sikhim. The next,
B. leucocephalus, we have not at all; and the last, the common
Buzzard, very rarely as a cold weather visitor. It may occur, however,
almost anywhere in the Old World.
The next genus, Archibuteo, is not represented in our province.
We are better acquainted with the Goshawks (Astur), the chief of
“the typical hawks.”
Astur palumbarius, the true Goshawk, 1s a Palearctic and Himalayan
bird, not visiting our province of its own free-will, but umported, ab
REVIEW. 519
least lately, by the Amirs of Sind and the family of H. H. Aga
Khan. It is “very big and bold and handsome,” the “Shah Baz ”
of native falconers, and well deserves the name. It isa fine hawk
for birds of short flight, hares, and (it is said) even gazelles. In the
last case it was used along with greyhounds. But probably this
sport, well described by the late Sir R, Burton, as seen in Sind, is
now extinct.
Astur badius, the Shikra of good native falconers, is a little goshawk,
found throughout our province, “‘ except in thick forest, or in desert,”
and our commonest trained hawk, but only “up to” game of short
flight and small size. Astur soloensis is a hawk of Further India and
the Malayan and Chinese region, never found with us.
The Crested Goshawk) Lophospizias trivirgatus) is a forest bird
that may occur in our Ghat region, Khandesh, or Mount Abu.
The genus Acezpiter is almost cosmopolitan, but we have only
two species, of which the first is a winter visitor, the English sparrow-
hawk, A. nisus. The other, A. virgatus, the “ Besra’’ of native
falconers, is a resident, a forest bird, slightly inferior in size, but con-
sidered a gamer bird. ‘Trained birds of both species can, sometimes,
kill partridges and pigeons, but that is “the length of their tether.”
After the hawks, which are essentially carnivorous birds, we have
the Honey-Buzzards, which are insectivorous mainly. They do eat
honey, but much more young bees, old bees when they get them, and
the like insects. They are said also to rob other birds’ nests of eggs
and young. We have one species (Pernis eristatws) in our Peninsu-
lar districts, where well wooded, not much in deep forest.
Passing over a few birds not found in our province, we come to the
true falcons, perhaps the finest birds of prey, though some sea-eagles
and hawk-eagles, with greater size, have almost equal beauty and
spirit. The falcons, as well as the typical hawks, may “ have from
time immemorial been trained”? by man. But the truth is that we
do not know much about the origin of falconry. The Bible is silent on
the subject, though the Arabs, who represent, on the same theatre, the
primitive pastoral Hebrews, are now great falconers. “ A falconer
bearing a hawk on his wrist appeared to be represented on a bas-relief ”
which Sir A. H. Layard saw at Khorsabad. But that is all that ha
(who understood falconry as now there practised) has to say about
23
520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X,
its having been known to the Assyrians.* Bonomi f mentions “a
bird of prey, which seems by the shortness of its beak to be a falcon,”
as perched on the head of a riderless horse in a hunting-scene from:
Khorsabad. The ancient Egyptians certainly worshipped a species of
hawk, and at least half tamed them { feeding eyesses and old birds,
respectively, on the brains and’ flesh of other birds, of which quails
are mentioned by name. But it does not appear that they trained them.
However, in the first century of our era, Pliny had heard of some sort
of faleonry in Thrace, “above Amphipolis’’§, though he did not under-
stand it himself. Martial|! understood it fairly well, having, perhaps,
seen it in his Native Spain. Had it been in Italy, Pliny would not
have failed to know the fact and understand the matter. The very
word “Falco” is not used by Pliny and Martial, who write
“ Accipiter.”” Probably the art, under the Cesars as under the
Kaisar-i-Hind, was less in fashion in the home counties than in out-
of-the-way provinces. One Julius Firmicus is said to have written
about it in the fourth century. But in few libraries can a quotation
from this gentleman’s works be verified. It is to be hoped that some
of our Sanskrit-reading members can tell us the age of falconry in
India. It is now most practised by Musalmans, and the technical
terms seem to be mostly of their importation. But the Bedars of
Shorapur, who are a pretty old Peninsular breed of quasi-Hindus,
practised it as a “home industry”? im Meadows Taylor’s day. It does
not appear to be found in our cave-temple paintings or sculptures.
The Badminton writer on the subject treats it as “ the most ancient
of sports ” (Coursing and Faleonry, pp. 217, 219), apparently on the
strength of Sir A. H. Layard’s note quoted above. But, even if the
Assyrians did practise it, they seem to have preferred almost every
other form of the chase that was known to their civilization, from
throwing the boomerang up to hunting lions in chariots.
WF aineveh and Babylon, 1853, p. 483, note. This note seems to be absent from the abridg-
ment of 1882. °
+ Nineveh and Palaces, 5rd edition, p. 202.
{ Alian, De Natura Animalium, LVII,c.9. He wrote in the Second Century, A.D.
§ Nat. Hist. Book X., Cap.8. The region indicated is that of Mount Rhodope or there-
abouts.
|| Epigrams, Book XIV, 216. Martial’s “Accipiter” was, he says expressly, one that
had been wild; what modern falconers rather loosely call a “ passage hawk” and not an
“ eyess”” or hand-reared nestling,
REVIEW. 521
Modern savages seem to acquire the use of projectiles, up to archery ;
of lines, nets, and snares; of metals, up to iron; and of tamed
mammalia, up to the horse; before they learn falconry ; and are
generally poor hands at poultry-farming of any sort,
The use of short-winged hawks for short-winged and ground-game
is possible to people even so little civilized as the Bedars of Shorapur ;
and Martial’s faleoner, who could, like them, use dogs to help, may
have been little above them in condition, and even lived by his trade.
But for any great development of it there can be little chance without
a class of sportsmen of wealth and leisure, such as the Arab and Tartar
chieftains, the Assyrian kings, the medizeval princes and barons, and
the feudatory Princes of India.
When these get civilized up to the use of good sporting firearms,
it is the beginning of the end of falconry ; which is not likely to see
A.D. 2000,—more’s the pity.
We have been rather prolix about falconry; because, to many of
us, it is the chief interest connected with falcons. And its history has
required criticism rather than its practice, because there are plenty of
good English books about the latter (one of which has been quoted),
and it is a frequent subject of periodical literature.
To some of us, however, the wild falcons, as noticed by our author,
are nearer and dearer. His genus Falco includes the large falcons and
the hobbies. We have two hobbies—the European Palco subbuteo, asa
cold weather visitor from the Palearctic region; and F. severus, a
resident of the whole Oriental tropic region; at least downto the
Line. Both are small graceful birds, chiefly’ insectivorous, and
chiefly interesting to such readers as need little further remark upon
them here,
ihe typical falcons require more notice. They are large birds from
18 to 23 inches long, and noticeable afar by their long pointed wings
and rather long rounded tail, but not so long in proportion to the wing
asa typical hawk’s. Their position in the air is lofty, and they have a
very powerful and graceful flight. Their characteristic stoop on prey
is somewhat jike that of the osprey, but more curved, as an Indian
“tulwar’ is more curved than an English sabre. But there need be no
confusion with the osprey, as it is much larger, and never stoops over
land. The falcons) never stoop into water, preferring the air, I
522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X.
either bird has to take prey out of its own element, it resorts more or
less to the accipitrine method of clutching. |
The wild falcon, however, seldom following prey much larger than
itself, generally “ cuts down” its quarry from the air; and if you see
the victim stricken dead to the earth by a blow from above, the slayer
following after a moment’s rise and hover, you may be pretty sure
that the latter is a falcon. This is very well illustrated in the
Badminton “Falconry.” The novice had better note that what look
like forked tails in its plates are the trained hawk’s “ jesses.”
In this operation, the only weapon used is usually the long hind
claw, which ploughs into the back or neck, or is even driven through the
skull. The neck is the right point of attack, and is sometimes severed
by the stroke. But in some cases, and especially in that of trained
hawks attacking quarry larger than they would face if wild, the
falcon “ binds” and descends to the ground with the still struggling
victim held by both * clutches.” Some hawk-eagles, at times, “ cut
down” prey like a falcon; the typical hawks very rarely.
It is a pity to shoot a falcon, but it must sometimes be done for
purposes of identification. The first thing noticed, if the bird is in
good case, will be the beautiful plumage, suggesting steel scale-armour,
Then the second feather in the wing is the longest. In Astur and
Accipiter it is usually the fourth. In Falco the irides are usually dark
brown, and in the shorit-winged hawks yellow or orange, whence the
native faleoners’ distinction of Kala-chashm” and “ Pila-chashm.”’
The whole bird has, alive or dead, an air of high-caste about him that
no other flying creafure can do more than approach. or further dis-
tinctions, and especially those between species, this.is hardly the place.
We are pretty well off for falcons. The typical Peregrine is a cold
weather visitor, haunting water and marsh. ‘The closely allied
Shdéhin (F. peregrinator) is a resident, but not common, and almost
confined to broken or wooded country.
The Barbary Falcon is a winter visitor to Sind and North Gujarat,
a frequenter of open plains. It may very likely breed about Quetta,
as its nest has been taken “ in the Gumal Pass, near Dera Ismail Khan,”
and north of that, in the hills,
Falco jugger should be now spelt “ Jaggar,” which is the native
name of the “ Tiercel’’ or male, as “ Laggar”’ of the female. But
REVIEW. 523
although Hindustani cacography is subject to correction, in scientific
Latin it is stereotyped by priority. You may make a new species,
or, more easily, a new genus, but must keep your hands off a
venerable missyllable.
This is by far our commonest falcon, a fine bird, little afraid of man,
even breeding close to his dwelling, anally in a tree, and hunting
over his fields and pastures.
Falco sacer, the “ Charag”’ or “‘ wheeling falcon,” is the largest of
ours, a cold weather visitor in Sind ; but often brought, by falconers,
much further south, It is the falcon with which the Amirs kill
pariah kites; but this is accomplished only after severe training and
(it is said) physicking. Mr. Blanford says that it is still trained to
strike gazelles. In Sind that feat is now traditional of the goshawk.
F. milvipes, an even larger Tibetan bird, has been obtained in
Baluchistan, but little is known of it.
The genus Hrythropus contains two small, but (as our author justly
says) “beautiful” faleons, of which one, HZ. amurensis, the Eastern
Red-legged Falcon, ranges from Manchuria to Somaliland, or there-
abouts, breeding, of course, near its northern limit.
It occurs, as a rare cold weather visitor, in our province. Indeed,
it may be more common at the seasons of migration. than we suppose,
having been much confused with kestrels, from which it is here well
separated,
The next of the minor falcons are the merlins, salon (not, as too
often, Gisalon), little birds, with grey backs and whitish underparts,
by which they may be distinguished from the miore rufous kestrels,
but not always with ease in the case of the English species. However,
it is only, with us, a winter visitor to Sind, and it seldom hovers in
one spot, like the kestrel, never for long.
The only other Indian species, the Turumti (2, chicquera), is, when
old, a most recognizable bird, from its clear gull-like body-plumage
and bright chestnut head. Young birds are of a mixed coloration,
rather confusing, which is probably the reason why Mr. Blanford
has to tell us that “there is no young skin in the British Museum,
though there must be more than 50 adults!” It is to be hoped that
our members wll not long allow this reproach to rest on the national
collection. Tho bird is common with us, and breeds in trees in open
524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
cultivated districts, such as the better parts of the Deccan, Gujarat and
Khandesh. Ifa nest were marked by the unmistakeable plumage
of the old birds, the young might be shot before the family broke up
at the conclusion of their education, which probably happens early in
the-rains (as they are bred in the late cold weather), perhaps, however,
as late as December. The bird is exclusively Indian, and lives chiefly
on small winged quarry. Its specific name, as our author remarks,
belongs of right to <Astur badius. The native and European god-
fathers must have been stupid and ignorant above even the average
of people who tack fragments of barbarous tongues on to the classic
languages. ‘That’s saying a good deal, for such specific names are
wrong all round, probably seven times in ten. No two small birds
of prey are more easily distinguishable by colour and habit and no
two better known to any decent native falconer or shékart than the
Shikra and the Turumti.
The Kestrels (Tinnunculus) are a small genus of small falcons, two
in number, both palzearctic birds. But the English kestrel, 7. alau-
darius, does breed with us on very high lands, such as the Ghats ; and
many specimens, from Central Asia and the Himalayas, visit our fields
and plains in winter. It is best recognized, at a distance, by its habit
of hovering over one spot, with quivering wings, and dropping verti-
eally on prey, like our Pied King-fisher. The prey is of small
reptiles and mammals and large insects; and, though its specific
name implies that it is “‘ up to larks,” any full-fledged lark is as safe
from it as from the nearest gander. TZ’. cenchris, the Lesser Kestrel,
though a more Hastern bird, probably does not breed south of the
Himalayas at all. It is a cold weather visitor to our opener country,
with habits “very similar to those of the common kestrel; but this
species is more gregarious and more insectivorous.” Both are known
to the Marathas as ‘‘ Bhairti Sassa.”
None of the falcons touch carrion, unless in dire extremity.
The genus Microhierax, “ the pigmy falcons, or falconets, as they
have been termed, are not closely allied to falcons, nor to any other
group,” and are not found in our province, being chiefly Malayan.
With them ends the volume under review. Itis to be hoped that,
before all this has got into type, the volume we want most— that on
the game, table, and water birds—will be in the market.
ADDENDUM.—ANTIQUITY OF FALCONRY.
The earliest classical notice of falconry is in “ Aristotle’s History of
Animals,” Book IX, Chapter 24, where he describes wild hawks as assist-
ing Thracian fowlers by waiting on them, when the birds fell to the
earth “through fear ” and the men killed them with sticks.
Pliny has adapted this story without special acknowledgment
beyond the words traditum est ; (he acknowledges his general
obligation to Aristotle elsewhere). But the quotation is marked by the
next sentence, which, in both writers, refers to blackmail levied by
wolves on the fishermen of the Palus Macotis.~ (“Natural History,”
Book X, Chapter VIII.)
He does not specify the means of actual capture used by the men.
Ailian, again, quotes the same story from either Pliny or Aristotle, still
without acknowledgment (except the word akono), and improves it by
giving the fowlers mets; into which the hawks drive the other birds,
(Not. Animal, II, p. 42.) All three put the scene in Thrace, and all
three describe the fowlers as giving the hawks some of the birds taken
on the ground, All three think of the hawks as wild. It is tolerably
clear that Aristotle knew and understood little of the matter, that Pliny
knew nothing but from Aristotle, and that /Zlian depended on them,
except for his nets, which he may have put in as an improvement on
the passage quoted. He has a bad repute for that sort of garbling.
Aristotle wrote in the fourth century B.C., Pliny in the first century
A.D., and A¢lian in the second.
But Martial, whose life overlapped both Pliny’s:and Allian’s, writes
expressly and clearly in the epigram “ Accipiter ” (Book XIV, 216):—
“ Praedo fuit volucrum, famulus nunc-aceupis, inde.
Decipit, et captas non sibt mocret aues ;”
which may be roughly translated —
“ Who want to take his prey of fowl, now, as the fowler’s drudge,
Still takes them, but not for himself ; and doth the same begrudge,”
This epigram was written, or at least published, from Bilbilis, is
what is now Aragon, in Spain, between 100 A.D., when Martial re-
turned home after 35 years in Italy, and his death, about 104.
He clearly speaks of a hawk caught wild, and used afterwards in
the chase. The fowler takes the quarry from the hawk, instead of
giving it part of what he has caught, as in the Thracian story.
596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
It is indeed just possible that the word deczpit in the second line
may refer to the use of a captive hawk as a decoy; and that the
Thracian proceedings may have been of the same nature. But this
involves a straining of the original in all the four writers quoted.
Martial cannot have learnt his falconry in Italy, or Pliny and Adlian,
both Italians and long resident there, would have known more about
it than he. His story is quite independent of Aristotle’s, and he does
not seem to have travelled in any countries but Italy and his native
Spain.
We have no reason to suppose that Aulian waseverin Spain. Pliny
was, as a busy public officer (Procurator) in A.D. 71, 72, thirty years
before the publication of Martial’s epigram.
This, then, is the first clear evidence of the use of captured hawks
by man, as known to a civilized gentleman; and it occurs in Spain,
where the two best naturalists in the Roman Empire had apparently no
knowledge of the subject beyond what Aristotle had heard over 400
years earlier.
It isnot easy to provea negative, but, if falconry had been well
known to the Assyrians or Egyptians, whose civilization was by no
means inconsistent with it, we should surely have had some notice of
it from some of the Greek or Roman writers beyond four authorities,
reducible to two, referring to Huropean countries only. The obser-
vant Herodotus, the sportsman Xenophon, Aristotle’s correspondents
with Alexander’s army, and the thousand educated Greeks and Romans
to whom Mesopotamia was for centuries as well known as India was to
us in the last century, would surely have formed and recorded some
impression of so fascinating a subject.
There is, of course, a Chinese claim, as there is to the first invention
of everything. Nobody but a Sinologist can judge of its value;
but, among them, there seems to be a tendency to treat Chinese au-
thority older than the Greek with diminishing reverence. No form of
early Japanese civilization is likely to have anticipated Chinese editions
of the same matter. From America, from Australasia, from the
negroes of Africa, we seem to haye no evidence of native falconry.
527
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No, I—STRANGE BEHAVIOUR OF CROWS.
Is it known that the common crow, amongst his other qualities, displays
intelligence to such an extent as to make himself your self-constituted and
rather successful shikaree ?
When out the other evening trying to pick up a partridge or two for
the pot, I got off the grassy plain on to a knoll covered, not thickly, with
bamboo clumps and a variety of trees, some in flower and some not, In the
very centre there were a couple of huts and a patch of cultivation, While
looking about, a green pigeon betrayed itself, and consequently a whole flock
by fluttering in a tree about 50 yards away. 1 got a couple and lost sight of
the rest as they flew round, but the shot also disturbed the never-to-be-got-
away-from crows round the huts, These saw me pick up the dead birds
and then flew away, but not to their old ground, They came back in a
minute or so and went away again, and repeated the operation so often
as to make me watch them and ultimately follow the line they took, On
reaching the tree which they invariably went to, away went the pigeons
out of the next one, and I got another, Away also went the crows, but
only to repeat their former performance with a similar result, In this way
they took me four times to the pigeons before the latter forsook the
knoll altogether.
Now, what I want to know is, is this a well-known and common occurrence,
or did the crows, by watching me pick up the dead birds, merely see a chance
of gratifying their thirst for mischief accidentally ?
W. SUTHERLAND.
SouTHERN SHAN StTaTEs, BurMA, January, 1896.
i)
No. II—THE POISONOUS PLANT SHEULA.—_(AVORPHOPHALLUS
COMMUTATUS, ENGLER), A CORRECTED DESCRIPTION,
By Dr. J. C, Lispoa.
My intention in writing this note is to recall attention to the plant Sheula
which has been the subject of a previous communication to the Society by
Dr, Kirtikar,
It is of special interest on account of the difficulties met with in its study
from the fact that the leaf and inflorescence appear at different seasons and
the general resemblance between this and some allied plants, The remarks
I have to offer are the result of unremitting attention to the subject during
the last two years, the observations of the past year having been carefully
checked during the current year,
24
528. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
The plant has been partially described as Conophallus commutatus by Schott.
In Engler’s work on Aracew no mention is made of the leaf of this plant,
In Hooker’s “ Flora of British india” it is stated that the leaf is unknown,
and in the Journal of this Society thereis a good picture, from an artist’s
point of view, representing the inflorescence of this plant, with the leaf of
another (a) and the name of a third (6). Such then being the present litera-
ture of this plant, I need no further excuse for once more inviting your
attention to the plant.
Sheula is abundant on the Western Ghats from Bombay to Kumpta, very
common at Matheran, and in Kanara it is called Sooringadel.
Like many Avroidee it contains an acrid principle, but its stalk after
maceration in water and due preparation is eaten by people, mixed with acid
fruits, such as koorak (Garruga pinnata), tamarind, &c,
Specimens of Aroidew are difficult to preserve in herbaria, and it is evident
that Schott had scanty materials for his description; and certainly his
materials could not compare with the abundance of specimens available to
any one who spends the month of May at Matheran and takes the tubers
with him to Bombay or Poona and cultivates them till the leaves have sprung
up later in the season. Therefore, I purpose to describe the plant fully from
recent specimens,
Amorphophallus commutatus, Eingler’s Arac, 319 ; Hook., Fl. Brit. Ind.,
vol, vi, 515 ; Conophallus commutatus, Schott, Prodr, 128, Sheula,
Annual tuberous plant.—Tuber oblato-spherical, about 4 by 2 in., depressed
on the upperside. Several thin rootlets and a few bulbils arise from the
main tuber, The bulbils send up leaves very rarely. Inflorescence appears
at the end of May or soon after the first rains, when the smell is very dis-
acreeable, Peduncle 1°3 ft, in length and about ? in, in diameter at the base
tapering upwards, and variously maculated (light purple and white), and
rough from minute spinules, Cataphyls 2 (sometimes 3), pale rose-coloured
sheathing the base ‘of the peduncle and ending in an acute point, the longest
about 4 in, Spathe leathery, brownish-purple on the outer surface and
pinkish-purple on the inner, 6-10 by 2-5 in., broadest at its middle, rough
inside at the base, ovate-lanceolate, acute or accuminate ; margins free,
overlapping each other, During the expansion of the inflorescence, the
margins are separated except at the base where they form a convolute tube
covering the female portion, (c) Spadiz sessile, columnar, Female flowers
closely packed, occupying 3-1} in, at the base, succeeded without appreciable
interval by male flowers about 4-2 in, in height, these being directly
a
(a) Sauramatum guttatum, Schott. Prodr. 71.
(b) Pythonium Wallichianum, Schott. Prody. 123, properly speaking Tomsonia Nepalensis, Wall. Phi.
As, Rar., vol. I, 83,t. 99. The description and drawing given by Dr. Kirtikar do not agree with the
plates and descri ytion of Wallich (see the volume of our Journal above mentioned),
(c) The specimen on the table is figured from a photograph and cut to show the inflorescences
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ae 529
surmounted by the cream-coloured, terete, slightly hollow and smooth
appendage as long or longer than the spate and about 4 in, diameter
at the thickest part, or slightly thicker than the male portion of the
inflorescence,
Female flower—The Ovaries numerous, unilocular, uniovulate (d), sessile,
green, almost round, generally turgid in the middle, and gradually enlarged
towards the top, Stigma.entire, capitate and somewhat bent, ofan orange-red
colour, The ovuleis suspended from an erect funiculus arising from the
inferior aspect of the cell, and inverting the ovule, so that the micropyle:
looks downwards,
Male flowers have each a single sessile anther, at first round, straw-coloured,
changing to brownish-purple, being marked by faint pink lines, and becoming
enlarged and irregularly quadrate in outline: havinz two ovate chambers
({thecz), each opening by a nearly circular pore, and traversed in a direction
parallel with the longer axis of the anther by a membrane which divides
incompletely the opening into two semi-circular halves, I say incompletely.
because it only extends for 4 or less than 3 the depth of the anther. The
pores are frequently obscured by the emitted pollen,
The leaf is solitary on a petiole about 2 ft, in length by ? in, diameter
tapering upwards, solid, rough and variously spotted, springing up from the
top of the tuber, about a month or two after the peduncle. The lamina
about 2 ft, in expansion, trisect ; each primary division bisect, the segments
rarely in well-developed specimens, repeated, The leaflets are, one terminal
about 43 by 2in.; two decurrent on each side, and two below the bifur-
cation, reducing in size downwards, The primary nerves run obliquely to a
prominent intramarginal vein about } in, from the entire edge.
The description of the inflorescence and leaf is here given in the order in
which they appear above ground, just in the same way as it is applied to some
Ayroidec by Sir Joseph Hooker and others “ Tuberous plants before leafing.”
Some botanists believe that Sheula is perennial, but this is not the case. On
close examination it will be found that the young leaf, its petiole and the
rudiment of the future tuber spring up atthe end of June or during the
month of July from the top of the tuber, and as they continue to grow(the
leafs dying after the end of the rains) in October or November, the oid tuber,
on which they are fed, shrivels up and ultimately disappears : you can see this
process in the plant before you which sprang in July last, Here the old
tuber is still attached to the new one, which has now reached to the size of
asmall betelnut, and continues to grow. At the end of eleven months,
é.e., in May or beginning of the rains, it sends up its inflorescence on
. a Stalk,
Dr, Kirtikar states that Amorphophallus campanulatus in its development
follows the same process ; in the description of Tompsonia Nipalensis, Engler
oo AE EE aol Fee ae ee
(d) Ina.great number of ovaries examined I have found 1 cell and 1 ovule only,
530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
says : “Tuber altero annofolium-solitarium, altero cataphylla atque pedun-
culum emittens.” Sawramatum guttatum and perhaps some other Aroidew have
the same life-history,
The present article is written to correct some of the errors which are
observed in the previous communication above alluded to, When a short
paper on Psilotus was read here by a member about two years ago, I gave
to Mr, Phipson a note, pointing outa mistake which had been made by the
author, This note was lost or forgotten, and the paper on Psilotus was
printed without any correction, This was left to be done by Dr. Prain
of Calcutta whose communication on the subject was printed in a subsequent
number of our Journal,
Regarding the habitat of Sawramatum above alluded to, it is stated in
Hooker’s Flora of British India, vol. vi, pages 508, 509, that “Sauramatum
guttatum is confined to North-West India, except Stocks’ specimens should
prove to be from the Concan, of which there is no evidence,” This is an error
from oversight or forgetfulness,
In the Botanical Magazine there is a drawing ( 4465 ) taken from the plant
growing in Thana; and in the letter-press we find the following notes :—
“A very remarkable plant, native of the Hast Indies, where it is probably
not uncommon, Dr, Wallich detected it in Nepal, and Blume in Java. Roots
of our plants were sent to us by our friend Mr, Law, Thana, Bombay, in 1848,
and they flowered in the stove in the spring of the following year.’ These
notes are signed W. 8, H. (probably the father of Sir Joseph Hooker), And
at the end of the letter-press there is an article on the cultivation of this
plant signed “J. 8,” which runs thus : “ A tuberous rooted herbaceous plant,
native of Bombay and other parts of India,”
REPLY TO THE FOREGOING NOTE.
To begin with, I me whose description is the above note intended to cor-
rect? My description of Pythonium wallichianum, Kunth, given in a former
number of this Journal, is materially correct. Additions will improve it, for
I admit there may be omissions, even in other parts than those marked by
me witha query. But additions are not corrections.
Dr. Lisboa says that my inflorescence is correct ; but that my leaf belongs
to Sauromatum guttatum, and that the name I have adopted—namely,
Pythonium wallichianum—belongs to a third plant, To this my reply is that
the inflorescence, leaf, and name belong to one and the same plant. The
inflorescence and leaf were painted at different times during the same year
by Mr, Isaac Benjamin, as seasonal changes in the growth of the bulb requir-
ed, so far back as 1886, under my eye. If Dr. Lisboa will favour my
Thana garden with even a hurried visit, before the end of this rainy season,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 531
I shall be able to show him P. wallichianum and S. gutiatum side by side.
Tt will there be found that the leaf of the latter is markedly bolder, thicker
and more prominently coarse-veined than that of the former, Note that,
the Shewla leaf varies according to the size of the bulb. When the bulb is
as small asa pea, the leaf is cordate or hastate; not unlike that of a small
Caladium, When the bulbis of the size of a cherry, the leaf is trilobate
like that of Arum trilobatum, When the bulb is of the size of a husked betel-
nut, the leaf is pedate; when a little larger, the leaf is pedati-partite, The
leaf in my plate is from a small-sized bulb ; it is of medium size, and resembles
roughly the full formed leaf of S. guttatum., Here lies the source of con-
fusion, As described by me, the full-sized leaf is tripartite-decompound, For
such a leaf to be thrown out the bulb has to be of the size of a large apple or
orange, if not larger. My leaf, therefore, should not be compared with that.
of Wallich’s, which latter is from a bulb four times as large as that shown in
my plate. The fact that figures given in Wallich’s plate and mine are com-
pared regardless of the size of our respective bulbs, sufficiently speaks for
itself. Wallich’s bulb is more fully developed than mine, hence his leaf is ful-
ly tripartite-decompound, whereas my leaf is of medium size. Note therefore
again, as observed already, that the leaf in this Aroid varies according to
the size of the bulb, Hn passant | may observe that in the foregoing note,
it is said that “‘ the inflorescence appears at the end of May or soon after
the rains, when the smell is disagreeable.” I beg leave to say thatit is not
when the inflorescence appears, but when the pollen is ready to discharge, or
actually discharges tiself, that the characteristic carrion-odour prevails.
There is an interval of four to six days between the appearance of the
inflorescence and the maturation and discharge of pollen, I may usefully
observe here that the Shewla plant is not mentioned in Dr, Lisboa’s “ Useful
- Plants of the Bombay Presidency,’ published in 1886. In addition to Dr.
Dymock, whom I have foilowed in naming the Shewla plant as Pythonium
wallichianum, Kunth, Iam aware that the lat» Drs. Narayan Daji,
Sakharam Arjun and Vinayak G. Gidh, who were earnest workers in Indian
Botany, had accepted the name I have adopted.
Having so far justified the scientific name I have adopted, I now turn to
the consideration of the propriety of suggesting the name of Amorphophallus
commutatus to the Shewla plant, To include this plant under the Genus.
Amorphophallus is nut sanctioned scientifically, judging from its structural
nature, Hooker’s recent researches are my authority (Flora Br, Ind,, vol, vi.,
p. 491, 1894), Hooker says that in the Genus Amorphophallus, there are no
* I am prepared to show that in the Shewla plant there are
“neuters,” Therefore the Shewla plant cannot be classified as a species of
the Genus Amorphophallus.*
“6 neuters.
K. R. KIRTIKAR, Fins,
* Hngler includes A. commutatws among the “ entirely dowbtful species.” (P. 318, Monogr.
Phan, Prod,, vol. ii, D0.)
532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
No, Ili.-WOUNDED ANIMALS CARRYING THEIR BROKEN
LIMBS IN THEIR JAWS.
One morning, in the cold weather of 1893,I was returning from an unsuc-
eesstul beat for bear in some low hills lying at the extreme northerly end of
the Abu Range, when, seeing some chinkara, one of whom carried a good
head, I stepped off the path and fired but without success, Having, however,
another cartridge in my rifle and as they made down a gap between two
small rocky hills, I followed, hoping to cut them off by going round the
nearest. This I succeeded in doing and was on the point ef firing again
when a panther jumped down off a boulder above me on the hill-side and
running forward for some thirty paces crouched down watching the
“ Jamjelle’ with twitching tail and ears, He, evidently, was not aware of my
presence, so stepping slightly to one side to obtain a more broad-side shot, I
fired and he rolled over.
Having no more cartridges, I bobbed behind a rock and watched the panther,
who presently picked himself up and limped off round some rocks
immediately in front, Following carefully, I again caught sight of him;
sitting up licking his evidently broken left forearm, At this moment, a native
called out to his goats which, in the meantime, had rounded the foot of the
furthest hill, upon which the panther looked up, listened for a moment, and
then picking up his broken leg by the paw in his mouth made across the open
to the foot of the hill from which he had first jumped ; and still holding the
smashed limb between his teeth, sprang up on to the slab of rock (which here
sloped down to the plain on the right of the boulder before mentioned) and
disappeared in the more broken formation higher up. Sending the goat-herd
after my men, we proceeded on their arrival to track the panther, and had
not gone very far along the hill-side when we came upon his cave into which
he had evidently retired, as the marks of blood about the narrow entrance
were quite fresh. Hen we also found the fresh skin of a goat, quantities of
bones and small heaps of dung deposited on the top and sides of the rock
forming the roof of the cave. We then tried hard to get him out, cutting up
cartridges to make squibs which we dropped down the cracks in the sides
of the cave, and firing off blank cartridges, but all to no purpose, as we could
not get him to show, and had at last to give it up leaving a man to watch the
entrance of the cave. Being obliged to catch a train at the way-side station
for my head-quarters, I left that day and was not able to return to this part
of the country for some two months, when I learned that the man told off
to watch the cave had left as no one came to relieve him, without having seen
anything; and on paying a visit myself to the cave I found it evidently
abandoned (no fresh dung or bones being visible), Although I have since
paid this same cave periodical visits,I have found no signs of its being
inhabited and so have with my shikari come to the conclusion that the
_ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 533
panther must have died inside the cave, and no other panther has cared to
take up quarters so uncanny, I may add that I have not since used a “450
hollow bullet for big game. Had the above been solid, it would have entered
the heart after breaking the leg at the elbow, The gazelles stood switching
their tails, gazing at the panther, and did not see me till I fired.
R, H. HEATH.
Beawar, April, 1896.
One day, while I was out with my rifle in Kathiawar, I came across some
wolves, and taking a shot at one of them, my bullet broke a hind leg high up,
This wolf remained in some long grass, while the others made off,
I approached the wounded animal to put it out of pain, when it got up and
tried to follow its retreating companions, The broken leg swinging by the
skin impeded its flight and made it very angry. Turning round and round
as if in search of the cause of its disability, the wolf at length seized the
injured leg with its teeth and giving a sharp wrench or two, tore it off, Ié
than ran away as fast as it could on three legs, holding the detached Jimb in
its mouth. I was so interested in this, that I did not fire again but remained
watching the retreating animal through my field glasses. As far as my sight
followed, the leg was retained in the mouth, I then followed in the direction
taken by the wolf, but never found it again.
This story has sometimes excited suspicion, but I think there was nothing
extraordinary in the biting off of the leg, I believe that foxes and rats will
bite through the leg in order to escape from a gin trap. The carrying of the
leg in the mouth was probably mere nervousness, I think that the wolf did
not so much remember to carry the leg as it forgot to drop it.
F. H. JACKSON, Cononen,
PALANPORE, 3rd May, 1896.
No. IV.-ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HALCYON PILEATA
(THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER) NEAR BOMBAY.
In case Mr. J. Brand’s contribution of a live specimen of Halcyon pileata,
the Black-capped Kingfisher, noted in the last number of the Journal,
vol, x, p. 337, may escape. notice, I think it is well to call attention to the
occurrence of this Malayan and Chinese species so near Bombay as Kalyan.
This is particularly interesting from the fact that. it has only once been
recorded from Western India before, viz., by Mr. Vidal, in his paper on the
“ Birds of the South Konkan,” published in the ninth volume of “ Stray
Feathers,’ p. 49, in which he notes having obtained two specimens at Malvan
in January, 1880,
The distribution of this handsome kingfisher extends throughout the
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Siam, North Borneo and China as far as
§34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Japan, and within the limits of British India is only found with any regularity
on the Burmese coast and the lower reaches of the Ganges and its branches.
In the recently-published third volume of the “ Birds of India,” Mr, Blan-
ford mentions that the species is seldom found far from the sea coast, which
mo doubt includes large rivers, as he records it as far up the Ganges as
Mongbhyr, and I believe it also frequents the Irrawaddy for a considerable
distance from its mouth, so that its presence so far from the sea as Kalyan is
also interesting.
Mr, Brand’s specimen was caught with bird-lime, but in the absence of any
possibility of keeping it alive in the Society’s Museum, it has been made into
an excellent skin.
EK. COMBER.
Bomsay, 16th April, 1896.
No. V.—ABNORMAL SAMBAR HORNS.
(With an illustration.)
The two photographs of abnormal sambar antlers figured in the accom-
panying illustration, were picked up quite close to my camp in the Sdsda
Satpuda forests, of Khandeish, on the 13th of last January, All that was
found of the stag was the skull, horns, and leg bones, but it had not been
long dead, as was evident from the unpleasant odour from the inside of his
cranium. Mr, F, Gleadow has kindly taken the photographs and measure-
ments as the horns are at present with him ; he sends me the following notes.
“ The stag’s horns were partly in velvet when it died : the fairly numerous but
inconspicuous remaining hairs of that velvet are white : many of these hairs are
still im situ im different places, the portions that remained in velvet can be
distinguished in the photograph, viz., the parts F,G,1, J, K, the top of A and
‘H, and just the tip of L, The photo, perhaps, does not show perfectly that
the little knot M, one inch high, is part of H, as is the case: that is because
the point N, behind it, is irregular and looks either imperfectly ossified or
diseased at the end. M is not merely a knot on H, although I have measured
it as such, but can be traced as a ridge along H right down to the fork, In
the same way D and E, which look in the print like a couple of 3-inch points
joined together, clearly had their origin separately at the burr, but were
crowded together and only recently became able to assert their individuality,
At the bottom of the depression behind these is the orifice of a large blood
vessel : near it is another in process of obliteration, At P and Q, two other
Jarge blood vessels emerge in the form of canals, as their course is nearly
parallel to the surface : the canals are a good quarter inch in diameter. The
point K I might call a stalactitic growth, rather than a point; it is very
common in such monstrosities ; the point is thick and rounded, the texture
soft, and the direction downwards, looking altogether more like an escape
from a sore than a point proper,”
Journ: Nat: Hist: Soc.
From Photographs. ;
ABNORMAL SAMBAR Horns.
Cervus unicolor.
A upper surtace of | at Rand Q but invisible trom the front, two large blood vessels energe.
skull. at the back behind 0, is a ridge 3inches long amd 2 inches high, making in a
EEE
. Pi Gortez, Litho;
@ Shows weanity behind H. extending towards the
LL 15 points.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 535
The head is doubtless a case of injury to one or both testes, in this case
perhaps the left being the chief sufferer, Such cases in the stag family
usually lead to the undue development of horns.
L, S. OSMASTON,
Indian Forest Service.
Camp, AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT,
26th April, 1896.
No, VI—CURIOUS ACCIDENT TO A LEOPARD CAT,
This morning, some of my Nepalese coolies, when going to work, found in a
tea-field a full-grown male Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) and a full-grown
jack Hare lying dead not far from each other, The Leopard Cat had evidently
surprised the Hare by springing on it, but in doing so had come in contact
with the sharp pruned tip of a tea bush branch, which entered under the
right armpit and penetrated at a slant into the left cavity of the chest,
causing its death. This must have occurred in the small hours of this
morning, as, when I saw the cat—about 8 a.m.—blood was still flowing from
the wound, Such an accident is new to me and I should think was very
unusual,
NORMAN F, T, TROUP.
KAUSANIE P, O,, ALMorA, N.-W. P.,
12th April, 1896,
No, VIL—SAMBAR SHEDDING ITS HORNS ACCIDENTALLY,
Last month, during a beat, I fired at a Sambar stag going across my front
at about 40 yards distance ; it at once rushed straight towards the bush behind
which I was sitting, fellina heap at my feet—within 3 yards—then jumped
up and bolted, leaving both its horns (about 34 inches) on the ground, it was
just as if it had said “I suppose you want my horns, take them and leave
mealone,’ The stag was only slightly wounded and got away all right, [am
gladtosay. The horns were quite ready for shedding,
E, LINDESAY, Major,
The Royal Irish Regi.
Saugor, ©, P., 16th Aprii, 1896,
No, VIII.—LIQUID DISCHARGE FROM CICADA INSECTS.
When walking recently in the forests, on the outskirts of a small village,
in the Pakhal Taluk of H. H, The Nizam’s Dominions, my attention was
attracted by what appeared to a shower of rain or drizzle amongst some
Ebony and Palmyra trees beyond me, On approaching the trees, the shower
increased quite sufficiently to wet my coat, and the well-known deafening
25
536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
noise of the ‘ knife-grinder’ insect (Cicada ducalis, I think) was heard on all
sides, The trees for a distance of some 260 yards were densely crowded and
covered with these insects, so much so that not a vestige of the bark of the
trees could be seen, On the trees being tapped with a stick they flew off in
thousands, settling again almost immediately not far off. The curious
appearance of rain was caused by some fluid emitted by the insects, one of
which I send you,* A little rain had fallen a day or two previously, and I
am told these insects appear generally after the first showers, remaining on the
trees for 2 or 3 weeks but apparently eating nothing, A humorous Gond
informed me that they then die “ because from making so much noise their
heads drop off,”’
W. F. BISCOE,
SECUNDERABAD, 5th June, 1896,
No. IX.—NOTES FROM DEESA,
It has always been a matter of surprise to me, why so many Geckos (the
small house lizards) lose their tails,and the following incident, which I
recently observed, may possibly account for it, Two Geckos were seen, for
some hours, cautiously climbing about and eyeing one another suspiciously,
uttering occasionally a low noise, After many manceuvres they approached
and a desperate conflict ensued, The one seized his antagonist by the tail,
whilst the other fixed on to the hind foot of his adversary, but after some
valiant struggles they parted and I observed in the jaws of one the tail
of his enemy, The tail was still wriggling but it was quickly swallowed in
spite of this,
I may add that the Geckos here are much larger than those in Poona
and Bombay, and mak} a much lower and deeper noise.
I have always heard that the Nilghai was a comparatively fast animal,
but am now inclined to doubt it. I put my greyhounds on to a fine bull
Nilghai on-one occasion, and we coursed it for some miles over a rough
country, The hounds caught it up in the first 100 yards, but were not
sufficiently powerful to pull it down, As soon as we got it out on to land
where one could ride, I had no difficulty in catching it up, and after the first
three miles the beast was so exhausted that I was able to trot alongside of
it and touch it up on the flanks with my hunting crop, It was repeatedly
brought to bay, and charged the hounds,
W. A. LIGHT,
DegsA, March, 1896.
* Identified as Pécilopsaltria subrufa, Dist. —EDe
PROCEEDINGS, 537
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 16Ta OF APRIL, 1896.
ELECTION OF MEMBERS,
The election of the following new members was announced :—Surgeon-
Colonel H, K. McKay (Jabalpur); Mr. Jehangier Bomanjee Dinshaw Petit
(Bombay); Mr. H. G. F., Sargent (Deesa) ; Captain H,. Clowes (Bombay) ;
Bombay Government, Director of Land Records and Agriculture (Poona) ;
Mr, Paul Gerhardt (Bombay) ; Veterinary-Surgeon G, W. McArthur(Rangoon);
Mr. E, H. M. Pearson (England) ; Mr. 8.M, Edwards, I.C.S, (Belgaum) ; Mr, H.
F, A. Wood (Cuddapah) ; Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel J, W, Clarkson (Nasik);
Mr, P. J. Pope, I.C.S. (Mangalore); Mr. F. A. Wright, C.K, (Burdwan) ; Bom-
bay Government, Secretary, Separate Department ; Surgeon-Captain E,
Wilkinson (Waziristan); Mr. Chas, H, Roosmale Cocq (Mhow); Mr. John
Macpherson (Bombay); Mr. Mowbray Howes (Selangor) ; Mr, Alex, J, Brown
(Assam); Mr, W,M. Dainiry (New York), : Mr. B, A, Brendon, 1.C.8.
(Hyderabad, Sind); Mr, A, W, Whitley (England); Surgeon-Lieutenant F,
Wall (Trichinopoly); Mr. Henry Bremner (Mbow); Sir Charles Farran
Bombay); Major J. H. Sewell (Allahabad); Mr, P. J. Corbett (Hyderabad,
Sind); Mr, F, W. Shaw (Bombay) ; Miss E, Catchpool (Bombay) ; Mr. P, F,
Wickham (Burma); Mr, J. Wolseley-Smith: (Bangalore); Surgeon-Colonel
H.8, Muir, F.LS, (Secunderabad) ; Mr, Fitz Schleicher (Bombay) ; Surgeon-
Lieutenant-Colonel E, Ferrand (Berhampore); and Lieutenant C. Wood-
house (Ahmednagar),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr, H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, then acknowledged receipt of
the following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last meeting :—
Contribution, | Description. Contributor,
1 Grey Flying Squirrel _ ...| Pteromys oral .-| Mr. F. D. Whiffin.
1 Whistling Teal... ee} Dendrocygna javanica ...| Mr. S. Habibuddin.
A number of Insects, &C. +e eoetoccee Major E.S. Masters.
1 Pintail Duck oes es Dafila acuta ..(°Major H. D. Olivier.
1 Gadwall ... ore --- Chaulelasmus streperus Do.
1 Spot-billed Duck ... __...| Anas pecilorhynchus Do.
1 Red-crested Pochard -e-| Fuligula rufina Do.
1 Tufted Pochard ... ...' Fuligula cristata ... Ao Do,
1 Grey Quail.. S00 eos. Coturnix communis Do.
Head of a Cape Buffalo ...| Bos caffer aoe ee.| Capt. R. W. Gimlett,
1 Flamingo ... 500 e+» Pboenicopter usantiquorum,.| Mr. W.C. Moriey.
1 Shoveller Duck... ...' Spatula clypeata ... oes Do.
: Gadwall ood --- Chaulelasmus streperts o.. Do.
1 Stilt... S00 Aas --e/ Himantopus candidus- . Do.
1 Snake coe -..| Zamenis gracilis ... --.| Capt. Baugh,
2 Hedgehogs (alive)... eoo| Hrinaceus collaris... --.| Mrs, Shepherd.
2 Screech Owls cee Strix flammea 500 «..| Mr. H.C. Crawford.
2 Black-throated. Wood-Part-
ridges Arbericola atrogularis
...| Lt. H. A. D. Fraser, R.E.
-..| Purchased.
Surg.-Capt. H. Herbert.
...| Mr, C.C. James.
- Mr, Oliver.
8 Short-eared Owls (alive) .. Asio accipitrinus
AC mumberioni Crustaceans cess) 1) | | ssiccesee
1 Bronze-winged Dove eee| Calcophaps indica
1 Skuil of Barking Deer ...! Cervulus muntjac
538. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vel. X.
Contribution. | Description. Contributors.
1 Jackal (alive) we ee.| Canis aureus cee eeo| Dr. A. de Monte.
Some Coralines and Corals ... Sboda0ds Mr, W. W. Squire.
A number of Scorpions... coseesess Mr. J. B. D. Adams.
i Cobra (alive) eee
.| Naja tripudians ... eee) Surg.-Maj. K. R. Kirtikar.
1 Oceanic Teal did
-| Querquedula gibberifrons...) Major F. Graham.
1 Four-legged Chicken ...) = == aenseee od Mr. H. Bulkley.
1 Daboia (alive) -| Vipera russelii oon «| Surg.-Maj. K, R, Kirtikar.
1 Snake ace eae -- Lycodon aulicus ... : Dr. T. Nariman,
2 Zebras’ skulls cod Equus zebra ase eo) Mr. A. Trevor,
A collection of Fossils from
Kurrachee ... 608 sed Aree tala Meets Mr. 8. P. Leggett,
1 Albino Snipe O66 ee-| Gallinago gallinaria ---| Surg.-Maj.H.V. Harington.
1 Red-crested Pochard ...| Fuligularufina ... eats
Maj. W. Richardson,
A number of gorpions from
Sind.. at0 eee sosve Mr. G. M. Ryan.
] Madras Tree-shrew.. ---| Tupia elli oti oes «-| Mr, Rob, Wroughton.
i Short-nosed Fruit Bat ...| Cynopterus marginatus ...| Mr. I. Gleadow.
1 Megapode es eo, Megapodius nicobaricus ...| Mr. Wood, R.I.M.
1 Snake 00 Lycodon aulicus ... oee| Mr. J. W. Hind.
A number of Scorpions from
K handesh on coghis PORE» éidoaecda Mr. R. H. Madan.
1 Rock Perch eo.| Serranus lanceolatus eeo| Mr, A. Corrodi,
A number of Land Shel! s from
the Satpuras eee an ceseveeee Mr. H. Godwin-Austen.
(
THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1895.
Mr. A. Abercrombie, the Honorary Treasurer, lJaid before the meeting the
accounts of the Society for the year ending 3ist December, 1895, showing
that while the receipis amounted to Rs, 16,125-8-6, the disbursements were
Rs. 14,433-5-11, leaving a balance in favour of tine Society of Rs. 1,690-2-7.
The Society Ake possessed a Reserve Fund of Rs, 4,000 invested in Government
Paper, and the value of the back numbers of the journal, estimated at the
reduced rate at which they were sold to members, was Rs, 7,270.
It was resolved that the accounts be passed, subject to the usual audit,
_ PAPERS READ.
The following pape’ were then read and discussed :—1. Notes on the
Indian Wild Dog, by J. D. Inverarity. 2. The Sheula Plant (Amorphophalus
commutatus) and its correct description, by Dr. J. C. Lisboa. 3, The Butter-
flies of Mussooree and neighbouring regions, by P. W,. Mackinnon and L,
de Nicéville. 4, Onsome Earth Worms from India, by Sophia M. Fedarb,
5. Birds collected during five years’ residence in the Hylakandy district,
Cachar, by C. M, Inglis, Miscellaneous Notes :—(a) Notes from Deesa, by W.
Light ; (6) Strange Behaviour of Crows, by W. Sutherland,
The Honorary Secretary drew attention to the giant clam shells presented
by Captain J. E, Williams of the §.8. Changsha, one of which weighed 180 Ibs.
Mr, W. Plunkett, Conservator of Forests, exhibited the skin of a black
panther killed in the neighbourhood of Nasik.
Mr, H, Littledale announced tbat he had recently killed a tigress in the
Baroda jungles and captured her four cubs alive. Two of the cubs were
males and two females,
Bombay atural History Sociel
“LIST OF OFFIGE-BEARERS.
resident,
H. E. the Right Honorable Lorp Sanpuurst.
Vice- residents,
The Hon’ble Mr. H. M. Birdwood, ¢.s,1., M.A., LL.D. Cea)
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachis, M.D. oa Me :
Dr. D. MacDonald, m.p., B.sc., cm.
Bon. Secretary.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.M.z.s,
Gon. Treasurer.
Mr. A, Abercrombie,
Editor.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.u.z.s.
Managing Committee.
- The Hon. Mr. H. M. Birdwood. Col. W. S. 8. Bisset, R.E.
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col, G. A. Maco- | Mr, L, de Nicéville, ¥.2.8,, ¢.M.z.8.
nachie, Lieut, A. J, Peile, R.A.
Dr. D. MacDonald. Mr Ei. Barton.
The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, I.c.s.
Rey. F. Dreckmann, 8.3.
Surg.-Lt.-Col. T. S. Weir.
Mr. Reginald Gilbert.
Mr, R. M. Branson,
Surg.-Major K. R. Kirtikar, r.s.u, | Mt. B. Comber.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity. Dr. J. C. Lisboa.
Mr. W.S. Millard. Mr. R. C. Wroughton.
Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, R.N. Mr. John Parmenides.
‘Mr. A. Abercrombie, ex-officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s., ey-ojficzo,
Ist Section (Mammals and Birds.)
_ Presideni—Mr. J. D. Inverarity.
-Secretary—Mr. E. Comber.
2nd Section.—(Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—The Hon. Mr. G. W.-Vidal, 1.c.s.
Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.8,
ard Section.—(/nsects.)
President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.E.8., 0.M.Z.8.
Secretary—Mr. H, H. Aitken.
~ Ath Section.—( Other Invertebrates.)
President—Brig. -Surg.- Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachie, M.D., O.M,
Secretary—Dr, “P. W. Bassott- Smith, R.N.
5th Section.—(Botany. )
President—The Hon, Mr. H. M. Birdwood, ¢.s.1. »M.A., LL.D. (Cantab,),
ee geon-Major K, R. Kirtikar, F.s, of. (France), M.R.C.8,
CONTENTS OF (THIS: NOMBER-
+
ae : : - PAGH
Tue Brrps of Norra Cacuar. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F284,
M.8.0.Uy (Part. Vids (Wath Plate: G7). coetces.cscsterecsetssuascses ices Gee
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE Norta Canara District OF THE ate:
Presipency. By J. Davidson, T. R. Bell, and EH. H. Aitken.
Parb lly (Wath Plate Va) a cscs vadavc sual onedsevaebevs<cesaetssesectseaee S06
A Rouen Key To THE IDENTIFICATION OF ts Deane By_A, G.
Cardews ECS, cessseyeclocesesetp tere esses aeteos sas lauseseverssqt aso
Norges oN THE FIse Connon IN THE Museum or THE Bompay
Naruran Hisrory Socrery, wir A Sysrematic CATALOGUE. By
P. W. Bassett-Smith, Staff Surgeon, R.N., F.Z.8, ccecsesscecevoncceres DOT
List oF BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN
tHE Hynaxanpy Duisrrict, Cacnar, By ©. M. Inglis,
Part Aves cease cdleusuoeeecesseds oes sue obdeonsu eb sblcmacotertec cn svauscenseces ae
Tue Potsonous Piants or Bompay. By Surgeon-Major K. R.
: Kirtikar, L.MLS., F.L.S8., Civil Surgeon, Thana. Parb XVI. (With
MPUALE TR) csencucessecssceestasenedsapee-svmacinvostataddeossenns svviscnerseusee (Ol
Norms on Nesrs TAKEN FROM Marcu to JUNE, aT Kouat,. and
Mussoortz, Norrs-Western Provincus. By Captain R. H.
Rattray ...-+.ecccceccasececosesconcceesccorcccsscscsccvcencesceascrescceseeses O28
Notes on Pervcrocotus Speco vel Posectie By x. O. -Stuaré
BaAKeL, FlZ.S;,.s0sc0.cs sosccsseusceseesecbcaterueceuNag ssehRtineeemeeeieec sce. (05.0
DESCRIPTIONS OF Two toe Seles: OF BUMNEEUnee FROM Urrm
Burma, By Lionel de Nicéville, F.2,3., O.M.ZS., EGrerserrevecrcssees 633
Norrs on A Connection or Burrerruies rrom THE N ORTH cae
Hints AnD Upper Carspwin Disrricr, Burma. By Captain
KE, Y. Watson, Indian Staff Corps, F.ZS., F.E.S. Wath a.Plate).. 634
MiscELLANEouS Notrs—
i. Notes on the Indian Bear (Molursus UTsinUs). By. Reginald Gilbert.
(WEG BUGEE) capac asso geeemeinanestoes ints. (nok ag oo acHCone.ancepcennocd aeoca : 688
2. The Re-discovery of Strychnos yheedit (Clark). By T. F. Poraiion,
EUSA Be Bosse cate eee ae aoe CaM ete oo aaiola Ws ee Od cuidoeien aa ga oeAGk Conese thueetedtorencrs 690.
3. Notes on Shooting in the Central Provinces. By Captain W. H. Hunter, 691
4. A Curious Malformed Tiger’s Skull. By Captain R. Wapshare, 8rd
Thancers ...... ATED CONS SOE ECHO SRE EEC BO REC BE OA CBCRn TALE Dente manrer acre mnecrinstocccs. 0 693°
5. Note on the Same. By-T. W. Bassett-Smith, R.N.. (With a Plate)..... 694
6. On the Occurrence of Marshall’s lora C2githing nigrilutea) in Cutch.
Bydientenant (C.D Mees Let viata secscceccsséaasvarassessroarassbsceseqedeeee 695
7. A Plucky Instance of Panther-killing by Kathiawar Villagers. By
Captains P.:Z. (Cox tsecc...s0 cde Berereciestsias GOUNGDINS T0dC Seas sieciescieccs deietemsee sen 696
8. Note on the Duration of the Pupa Stage 1 in ee hector. By Surgeon-
CaptansS. HicPrall, U.MiSie wero. tsecedsdena: aeestnce dtp teense cane Peis viens Senses 697
§. Food of the Bull- Heo and Musk-Rat. By J.i:A. Betham.... deesenens GOW
PROGEEDINGS SOTCHOTCHOHHPSHROSACSCHFEOHHCOHHEE SHOOHCOOHHTOGSHSGHCTSSHSoeece @eoeeeevsrogers eee 699
Ri UML ;
Journ.Bombay Nat. Hist.Soc. PlateG
E.C.S.Baker del .
Mintern Bros.Chromo lth. London.
ALCEDO GRAND!S.¢.
The Great Indian King fisher.
JOURNAL
OF THE
i @) Me Be AL eye
datural History Society,
Voll Xt BOMBAY. No. 4.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.
Part VII.
By Hi, C. Sruart Baker, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
(With Plate G.)
(Continued from page 371.)
Order—Ha.cyones.
Family Alcedinide.
Sub-Family Alcedine.
(441) Axcepo Ispripa.—The Little Indian Kingfisher.
Hume, No, 1384.
Very common everywhere.
(442) AtcEDO BEAVANI.—Beavan’s Kingfisher.
Flume, No. 184 Ter.
This beautiful little kingfisher is not-very rare, but is often over-
looked as it is not easy to discriminate between it and the last species
unless they are almost in one’s hands.
(443) AtceDo Granpis.—The Great Indian Kingfisher.
Hume, No. 135.
Practically all J know about this bird is recorded in Hume’s “ Nests
and Hges” (Vol. III, p. 4 e¢ seg.), and it is therefore necessary for me
to add but little here.
340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
The dimensions of the eggs in my collection are 1°10! x °88", 1:06"
87", and 1:02"x°'86". A single egg taken from another nest and not
mentioned in the above article is only ‘97" *°88".
I may state here that nearly all I know concerning the different
Kingfishers was written under the nom de plume of “Rekab” some
time ago in “ The Asian,” and all these notes have been introduced
into Hume’s “ Nests and Egos” under the names of the respective birds,
so that I have very little to add here about them.
(444) CuyryLe currata.—The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher.
Flume, No, 187.
Since writing the notes which appeared in “ The Asian” and after-
wards in Hume’s book, I have seen one or two more nests, and these, like
the one there described, were placed at the ends of very short burrows.
My eggs have unfortunately been destroyed during my absence on
leave in Eneland, aud I can nowhere find any notes on their size,
though I sent full notes to Mr. Bowdler Sharpe, which notes are,
I believe, being used for the monograph of the kingfishers for which
he is collecting materials.
(445) Ceryte rupis.—The Pied Kingfisher.
Hume, No. 136.
Common on the lower reaches of the Diyung, Jetinga, Jiri, and
Jenam rivers, but not ascending any of the smaller streams.
(446) PELARGoPsIs GuRIAL.—The Indian Stork-billed Kingfisher.
Flume, No. 127.
Personally I have only taken two of the nests of this fine kingfisher,
both of which were placed in a high sandy bank of the Diyung river.
Of the two holes, one was about 24 feet deep and sufficiently large
in diameter to allow me to put my arm into it, almost to the shoulder ;
the other was fully 4 feet deep and about 3% inches in diameter at the
mouth.
The chamber was not as large in either proportionately as the
entrance, being about 14 inches long by nearly the same broad, and
less considerably than 6 inches high. P
The first nest was found on the 8th of June, 1891, and contained
four young ones newly hatched ; the second was taken two days later
and contained a single egg only.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, f41
This egg is the only one I have which is really authentic, and
unfortunately it is an abnormally shaped one, being a broad oval
decidedly compressed towards one end.
In measurement it is 1°35" 1:11".
I have twice had eggs brought to me said to have been laid by
this bird, but in neither case was either of the parent-birds caught.
On both occasions four eggs were brought, showing slight signs of
incubation, one clutch being made over to me in the early part of May
and the other late in April.
The eggs, however, had been taken some days’ previously to being
brought to me, and were most likely laid some time during the first
fortnight in April.
The eight egesaveraged 1°38" & 1:26" and are not to be distinguished
from some large eges of Halcyon smyrnensis, It is not a common
bird here, and ag yet I have seldom seen it elsewhere than on two or
three of the principal streams in these hills, It never seems to haunt
the smaller streams and nullahs, but I have on several occasions
observed it seated on some high tree, well away from any water, and
whilst thus perched, it is rather fond of trying to emulate the white-
breasted kingfisher in the way it gives vent to its discordant cries.
Discordant, however, though they be, 1 do not think the latter bird
need fear competition, being facile princeps in making disagreeable
noises both as regards their quantity and quality.
Fish is probably the staple diet of this bird, but it by no means
confines itseif to such, varying it often with small lizards, crabs,
prawns and anything almost which is not too large for it to tackle in
comfort and safety. It is on record that this bird indulges a vicious
propensity for robbing the nests of other and smaller birds, the
contents of which it devours. To one of these burglarous and
cannibalistic raids I was a witness in 1885 when living in Rungpur.
In this place there are or were in the Collector's compound many
fine but aged trees full of holes and crevices affording a very
favourite nesting place for many birds. Amongst these a pair of mynas
(Acridotheres tristis) had selected a large hollow in a big limb of one
of the largest trees some forty feet from the ground. At the time of
which f am writing the young birds were a few days old, and I had
seen the old birds feeding them as I daily passed the tree on my way.
542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
to cutcherry. One day, however, my attention was arrested by the
shrieks of one of these kingfishers, accompanied by the cries of many
small birds, most excited amongst whom were the two mynas.
Looking up I discovered a Pelargopsis, perched on the tree close to
the entrance to the unfortunate myna’s nest, uttering every now and
then his unmusical notes, but taking no notice of the small birds
which every few moments swooped at him in a half-hearted way, even
the parents of the anticipated meal not seeming to dare to really attack
him.
Finally, in spite of the loud curses heaped on him by these two, he
disappeared into the hole, and when he came out a callow young
myna could be seen making ineffectual struggles to escape from the
hold of his powerful beak. This horrible sight seemed to gird up the
courage of the old mynas, for, as the young one disappeared down the
kingfisher’s throat, they attacked him in real earnest, whereupon he
quickly decamped, his flight still further hastened by a pair of king-
crows who, with all the will in the world, joined forces with the
mynas and, unlike these, did not desist from their assaults until the
murderer had taken refuge in a tree far from the scene of his crime.
It is said that, failing living young birds, he will content himself
with eggs, but I do not know of any authentic account of his eating
these, though it is most probable that he does.
It is not at all a shy bird and allows of an easy approach, even after
being fired at and missed, flying but a short distance, and when resting
is not quickly disturbed.
When employed in its legitimate occupation of fishing, its actions
are much the same as those of Halcyon smyrnensis, and its flight
also is much like that of that bird, though I think that the stork-
billed kingfisher may be rather the more rapid flyer of the two
under ordinary circumstances, the white-breasted kingfisher, on the
other hand, being more active in escaping danger.
Sub-Family Dacelinine.
(446) Cryx TripactyLaA.—The Three-toed Kingfisher.
Hume, No. 133.
This little bird is very largely an insect-eater. I met with two
birds once inside the forest in the Jetinga Valley, and, having nothing
else to do, I sat down quietly under the dark shade of a thick tree and
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 543
watched them for some minutes. I repeatedly saw them make a dash
into the foliage of the plants round about and then come out and
swallow something. I could not make out what they were at the
time, but afterwards, when the attention of many leeches made me
“move on,” I shot one bird and found its stomach full of spiders.
Since then I have seen them catch spiders, darting at them as they sat
in the centre of their webs, and speaking one day about this to Mr. H
A. Hole, he told me that he also had found puicer in their aioe
more than ence.
(447) Hancyon smyrnensis.—The White-breasted Kingfisher.
Hume, No. 129.
I must here modify certain of the statements which appeared under
my nom de plume of “ Rekab” in “ The Asian,” or rather not modify
but add to them.
At the time when I then wrote I had not visited any of the larger
streams during the breeding season of this bird.
I have now been down the Diyung several times during early April
and, as far as the big rivers are concerned, the eggs of this bird will
only be taken between the 25th March and the end of April.
After that date floods are always liable to come down and the bird
knows this of course, so that nearly all eggs are laid by the 10th of
April. Itis possible going down the river, the Diyung, to take as
many as forty nests in a day, and I have myself, without hunting for
them, taken over twenty.
¥rom this, ef course, it will be seen that normally this kingfisher,
like all others, makes its burrow ina bank and lays its eggs at the end
of it ina chamber, Away from the river, strange as it doubtless
seems, it often makes a large wren-like nest of moss, which I described
in detail in my old article.
(448) Hatcyon conaMAnpA.—The Ruddy Kingfisher.
Hume, No. 181.
A very rare bird in North Cachar.
Its eggs cannot be distinguished from those of H. smyrnensis nor
its burrow from the normal one of that bird, but it is generally placed
in far more secluded spots.
I have seen this bird on tiny streamlets in dark ravines, far from
any stream or river other than the trickling one at the bottom of the
544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
nullah. It lives largely, I think, on insects, and perhaps on any tiny
reptile which may cross its path. It ascends high up the mountains,
for, more than once, have I seen it flash across my path close to
Guilang, and though they were but flashes there is no other bird which
could possibly be mistaken for it.
I have been told of its having bred at over 4,000 feet, but cannot
personally vouch for the truth of this statement.
Order—Coracra.
Family Cypselide.
Sub-Family Cypseline.
There are so many gaps in this family as shown merely by their
nidification in Hume’s * Nests and Eggs” that I think it is better to
use the classification of these birds as given in Vol. XVI of the
Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum.
(449) Micropus pactricus.—The White-rumped Barred Swift.
Hume, No. 101 Bis; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 449.
I have seen on two or three occasions large flocks of this fine
Swift, but have not had them fly close enough to allow me to obtain
any specimens. Hume (“ Stray Feathers,’ Vol. XI, p. 31) records
having seen them in Manipur, though he also failed to shoot any, and
there is a specimen from Cachar in the Hume Collection in the British
Museum.
(450) Micropus aFrrinis.—The Common Swift.
Hume, No. 100 ; Cat., 8B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 452.
A bird I obtained in the oe eme north of the district may be
assigned to this species, but is very dark and has a rather longer tail
than usual.
(451) Micropus SUBFURCATUS. —The Eastern Switt.
Hume No. 100 Bis ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 456.
This is the common form of Swift everywhere in Cachar except
perhaps in the north, where the district meets the valley of the
Brahmaputra, Hartert (Novitates Zoologicw, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 674)
gives a description of a nest and eggs sent to him from Kuching,
Sarawak, This, like those which I have myself seen, resembled the
nest of Mf. affints too closely to require any further description from
me, though I may note that they were all attached to buildings
exactly in the same manner as are those of that bird. I haye not been
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, may:
COR
able to trace the movements of this bird with any accuracy. Here in
North Cachar, where it is confined almost exclusively to the lower
valleys, it appears in about March or April and disappears again in
August, During May, June and July they are often to be seen in
considerable numbers, yet very few breed anywhere in the hills, the
few nests which I have seen having been built in the houses of the
hill tribes.
In Hailakandy I am informed that the bird appears in April and
leaves in June, a few birds being still met with in July. During the
first three months it is always to be met with in very great numbers,
and they must breed somewhere near at hand ; but I can find out very
little about their nesting arrangements.
From a part of the district further north I have received nests and
eggs, although the bird is not nearly so common in that direction,
(452) TacHorNis InFuMATA.~-The Palm-roof Swift, or Eastern
Palm Swift.
Hume, No. 102 Bis ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 468.
Hixtremely common all over North Cachar and the adjoining dis-
tricts. I see Hartert gives the dimensions as being very much the
same as I did many years ago in the columns of “ The Asian,” when I
drew attention to the fact that Oates gives their length as being 5:2",
which exceeds greatly in size any bird which I have seen. The proba-
bility is, therefore, that his measurements were taken from an unusual-
ly large bird.
There are many statements extant about this bird which require
either contradiction or explanation, thovgh this is not perhaps the place
in which to enter into a discussion.
There is but little on record regarding the breeding habits of this
Palm-swift although it is so common, and the nests are so easily
obtainable. They are built of down, feathers, and inspissated saliva
in the roofs of the Naga huts, not, as Oates says, in those made of palm
leaves, but in the ordinary grass-thatched ones. They are fairly large
in comparison to the size of the bird, being from 2°5" to 1°5" across
the widest part and varying much in depth, according to the angle
at which the thatch lies in which they are built. The amount of
saliva used is sometimes only sufficient to mass the feathers, down,
ete., together, at other times more than half of the nest consists of if,
546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
' Hartert (Cat. loc: c2t.) mentions that this bird- sometimes lays three
eggs, ‘As he probably says this on the authority of some notes I
gave him about seven years ago, 1 may mention here that. three
eggs in a nest are quite abnormal though I obtained such two or three
times the year before I wrote the notes in question and have this month
taken one other.
The birds breed twice in the year, and I have taken nests as early as.
the. 27th January and as late as the 30th September. _ If the first nest
is destroyed, the second contains far less saliva, and being made of more
bulky materials, is generally also a: good deal larger. They are
extremely bold little birds and pass constantly within a few feet, even
inches, of the people inside the houses, and when they have fixed ona
situation for their nest it is almost impossible to induce them to leave.
If a nest and eggs are taken, the birds promptly build another, almost
exactly on the same spot from which the other was stolen, and I. have
heard of their building even a third.
Sub-Family Cheturine. -
(453) CHarurA NUDIPES.—The Short-spined Spine-tail.
Hume, No. 96 Bis; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 474.
A specimen of this bird was shot by me hawking for insects over
a hill close to my bungalow. I took home to England this and some
other Spine-tails in order that I might have my identification either
confirmed or corrected. On an examination of them by Mr. Hartert
and myself at Tring, all proved to be correctly identified, so we have
the remarkable fact that three sorts of Spine-tail were all shot in the
game place, and this too in a district whence two of the species had
not hitherto been recorded.
The wing of my bird (measured from the skin, not from life) is only
731". The light centre to the back contrasts very strongly with the
surrounding glossy dark hue.
The colour of the soft parts are as follows:—lIrides, dark brown ;
bill, black ; legs, dull dark purple or purplish-lead colour..
(454) CuaTura GIGANTEA.—The Giant Spine-tail.
Hume, No..96 Bis ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 478.
I have obtained but a single bird of this species, one of a large flock
which was hawking over the same bare hill on which I obtained
C. nudipes and also.a few C. indica, Probably. this bird is as common
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR., 547
in North Cachar as is the next, for the natives of one tribe (the Mikirs)
call the white-spotted birds the female and those with unicoloured lores
the male.
The wings are said by Hartert to average somewhat longer than
those of C. gigantea, but the single specimen I have measures only
786" as against 8°19", 8-19", 7:9", and 7-4", the measurements of four
birds which I possess of the next species.
The chin in my specimenis no paler than in many specimens of
C. indica, indeed not so pale as it is in a few; there are also faint
indications of a white spot in front of the eye, but the back is extremely
dark,
The difference in newly-feathered birds and those about to moult is
very striking, the former having rich brown plumage much glossed,
whilst the latter are almost glossless, and the brown colour becomes of
a very dull dead shade. In new feathers the white edging to the
terminal portions of the tertiaries is very distinct.
(455) CumTura 1npIcA.—The Indian Giant Spine-tail.
Hume, No. 96 ; Cat... B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 475.
I believe there is nothing on record about the nidification of this
bird except the few notes which I published some five years ago in
“The Asian.”
The place where I found that this bird is in the habit of breeding is
called ‘‘ The Hot Springs,” and is situated about a quarter of a mile
from the Kopili, which here forms the boundary between the North
Cachar Subdivision and the Khasia Hills,
All about this part of the country there are numerous very old
deserted lime quarries ; most of these lie in the pockets between the
hills and generally consist of small deep valleys, further split up into
narrow ravines, the work of nature and man combined. The sides of
these ravines are always very steep and often consist of sheer perpendi-
cular walls of limestone, over which the trees hang in dense masses, in
places shutting out the light and everywhere rendering them very
dark and gloomy. Here and there, however, the sides have fallen in,
forming passages by which the bears, who inhabié these places, easily
ascend or descend to their caves. In many places these ravines run
along parallel with one another for some distance, hardly 20 feet apart,
sometimes even less, and it is here that the work of man is most
2
548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
evident, for the quarrymen, whoever they may have been, have
bored numerous connecting tunnels through the dividing rock and
limestone. In shape these passages are nearly all semi-circular ares,
in heicht and breadth varying from less than five feet to more
than fifteen. Originally the walls and ground were most probably
quite smooth, but the bears have torn up the former and time has
roughened them both and added short stalagmites and stalactites in
patches everywhere. .
One year, on the 26th of April, I had been searching several of these
quarries for bear, and had succeeded in shooting one of a pair which
were seated ina little cave. The one I fired at never moved after
receiving the shot, but the other one scrambled off to a cave still lower
down, and either her movements or the report of the gun disturbed
a pair of birds which I at once recognized as Spine-tails of some kind,
but, having the bear still to look after, I could not then pay them any
attention. I finally killed the bear in a short, very high tunnel be-
tween two ravines which were about twenty feet deep by about half that
in width. In this place we again saw two or three of these birds as
they flashed past us whilst we were examining the bear, but not for a
moment did it enter my head that they were breeding anywhere near,
On the 28th, however, I revisited the spot, and failing to find any bears,
my Cachari attendant and I had ample opportunities to take a
good look round, In one corner was a large mass of moss.
laid out so as to form a couch, yet warm from where a bear had_ been,
lying on it, and behind this was a shallow cave where Mrs. B. had
most likely raised her last family ; signs everywhere showing that the
tunnel and caves in it were the country residences of a party of bears,
jn all probability the bears I had shot and their cubs, I was leaving
this place, when my notice was attracted to a patch of dull green which
contrasted with the dirty white colour of the wall, and which closer
examination proved to be a nest. Jt was not easy to get at, and the
Oachari not being strong enough to hold me on his shoulders, I had to
let him mount on mine and try to get down the nest. with a crooked
stick. We were, despite our best efforts, quite unable to succeed
in this, so we turned our attention elsewhere, and were fortunate
enough to fiud two more nests in the same cave and which, with a
little trouble, we were able to take.
PHE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 549
~ They were composed almost entirely of the moss of which the bears
had made their couch, much matted and pressed together with mud.
That the makers of the nests had taken the bear’s moss and had not
themselves collected fresh material we could easily tell by the presence
of the numerous long black bear’s hairs which had adhered to the
moss and had been taken up with it.
In shape the nests were large, shallew, oval cups of which the rock
formed the back wall. The other three sides were about an inch in
breadth at the top gradually increasing toward’ the base, where there
was a quantity of loosely matted moss, twisted and bound into the
- nest itself as well as wound all round and twisted into the rough
splinter of rock on which it rested. In one nest the bottom was about
an inch and a half in depth, in the other it was less than an inch deep.
The nests were ones from which the young had recently flown, but
there was no lining in them beyond a few loose pieces of moss.
The measurement of the two nests were taken on the spot and were
as follows :-—
Length cf exterior oval... af and 673".
Breadth of do. do. ... 3°5" and 3:7",
Length of interior de... “1 and 4:5",
Breadth of do. do. . 2°6" and 2°95",
Depth of exterior do. miSy and) gears
Do.) of mterior do. =. :9! and -8"
Besides these nests there had been others in the cave, their sites
still shown by the patches of mud and moss which adhered to the walls.
‘Chere were no signs either of eggs or young birds in this cave, nor
were there any old birds flying about it on the 28th: buta cave
visited after we left the first produced better results. In the first and
second nests we found nothing, but in the third we found three fully
fledged young ones almost ready to fly. These young were like the
adult birds, but the spines on the rectrices were very soft, the loreal
white spot was hardly defined, and the white band next the ap
almost imperceptible,
I searched all round about most carefully for fragments of egos
though with but little hope of finding any; for I expected that these
birds, like others of the family, would probably carry them to some
distance from the nest. I was quite unsuccessful myself, but the
550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X.
Cachari, luckier than I, in a crevice below one of the nests, found an
exceptionally large bit consisting of more than one-third of what had
been the large end of an egg. It was pure white, dull from the
effects of time and much discoloured and stained, but was easily cleaned,
It did not appear ever to have had the slightest gloss on it, nor was
the shell at all fine or close in grain. In texture it much reminded
me of the eggs of the smaller Barbets, especially X. hematacephala,
and like the eggs of that bird were rather soft and brittle.
Supposing it to have been of the usual, rather lengthened, shape of
the normal egg of the family, I should judge it to have been much
about the same size as the average egg of Pomaterhinus ferrugénosus,
that is to say, about °85" in length, whilst the breadth of the egg is
shown-to be just *61", the portion in my possession containing the
broadest part.
During the heat of the day this bird is not often visible, generally
retiring somewhere (? where) after 10 a.m. or so, not to re-appear
until the cool of the afternoon, unless it is cloudy and about to rain,
when they are almost’ sure to put in an appearance.
They are certainly not common in these hills, and there are but few
places where they may be met with any certainty ; but there are gener-
ally a few on the lower stretches of the Diyung and Kopili Rivers, and
there is a roosting place in some limestone caves near the quarries
already mentioned.
T once had an admirable demenstration of the speed of these birds.
I was watching a great number of Tuchornis infumata hawking over
one of the small feeder streams of the Diyung and two or three pairs
of Chetura were also rushing up and down with incredible swiftness,
Presently a small hawk, most probably Acctpeter virgatus, appeared on
the scene and perched on a lofty tree beside the stream, whence he
made several dashes at the smaller swifts, eventually catching one of
them. He then attempted higher game, darting out at the Spine-tails
as they approached his seat, but by the time he had risen to the height
at which the Spine-tails were flying, the latter had passed by and were
already nearly out of sight.
The sparrow-hawk only tried this game twice, and then realized the
utter fruitlessness of his efforts and returned to his original game.
The cry of this bird is very swift-like, but is loud and extremely shrill,
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 551
_ Its flight is almost as noticeable for its singular steadiness and little
wing movement as it is for its great swiftness.
(456) CHmruRA LEUCOPYGIALIS.—The Small Black Spine-tail,
Hume, No. 95, Bis; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 490. .
I have twice seen a small Spine-tail hawking about over the Mahor
River, but missed the only possible shot. I ever had. There was no
white visible as the birds flew overhead, so that it could not have been
C. sylvatica and not being that bird, it is practically certain it must
have been C, leucopygialis.
(457) CoLLocaLia FUCIPHAGA.—(Subspecies C. f. brevrostris ?).
The Northern Swiftlet.
_ Hume, No. 108, A ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, pp. 549-501, |
Many years ago a Collocalia, together with its nest and eggs, was
brought to me by some Nagas. This bird I then identified as
C. lincht ; then afterwards I found that this must be wrong and thought
that it was possible that they were Spodiopyga, but as I had no. skins
to compare them with and knew but little of the genus, I was wrong
again, and now I think I can say with fair certainty that the bird was
Hume’s Manipur bird. ;
It is undoubtedly very rare, but I may have mistaken it for
C. infumatus on some occasions.
(458) Macropreryx coronata.—The Crested Tree Swift.
Hume, No. 104; Cat. B. Museum, Vol. XVIE ps oles
My experience of the nidification of this bird has been rather re-
markable. It is well known that this genus builds a tiny. nest. of
inspissated saliva which is generally placed on the upper surface of a
stout. bough ; now, strange to say, the North Cachar bird not only
builds an unusually large nest, but more often than not places it
against the side of the bough.
The first nest I ever took was a most peculiar one, and, judging
from its construction, must have been the second built by the bird that
season. I found it on the 12th February, 1887, built against the
trunk of a large tree just above a large bulging knot, some forty to
fifty feet from the ground. It was made of seed down, a. few tiny
scraps of bark, and also three or four comparatively large bunches of
moss, These were massed together, with the exception of the bark
into a solid mass with saliva, forming a very substantial little nest, the
552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
walls only at the very edge alone being of the usual thin character. In
its greater external length the nest was so less than two inches, and it
stood out from the tree rather less than an inch and-a-half. Externally
it was neatly two inches in depth, the nest running down the tree in
a kind of irregular cone with the base reversed. Inside, it was less
than half an inch in depth.
They breed principally in December and January. It is a most
interesting sight to watch them retiring to roost. Just after sunset
one hears a harsh scream overhead, then another, and anether, as one
by ene the birds collect. On arriving at their proposed roosting place,
they fly round and round, gradually lowering their flight until one
bird suddenly makes a swoop and settles on some part of the tree
near the top. ‘This is the signa! for the rest to perch, and in a few
minutes they are all dotted about the higher branches. In a few
minutes they begin to close up with the bird which first alighted on
the tree, finally collecting in a feathery ball, one on the top of the other.
The first attempt is, however, very seldom satisfactory, and abruptly
scattering the whole performance is again gene through ; sometimes
this oceurs three or four times before they get settled, but at last the
twittering stops, and they are asleep for the night. It is wonderful
how compactly these birds close up ; a flock of eleven appeared not
to take up a space more than a foot long by about half as broad.
Any one who knows Artamus fuscus (er any other Swallow-shrike)
well, will notice at once that the above notes on the roosting of the
Swifts would equally apply to that bird ; there is, however, a very great
difference in the speed at which the two birds fly ; and again whereas
Artamus fuscus collects in flocks, sometimes numbering over a hundred,
those of M. coronata will seldom be over a dozen or so. I have spoken
above of a flock of eleven, and of these six were shot, five of the birds
proving to be males and one an immature female. As they were shot
in January, this would seem to prove that the female must have been
a bird of the season hatched elsewhere, and that this Swift has two
broods and visits two breeding places in the year. It would appear
that the adult breeding males collect together to roost, leaving their
better halves to perform the duties of incubation during the night.
Hume (“Stray Feathers,” Vol. XI, page 33), remarks that it is
strange that this bird should not be found in any of the hills round
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, BD:
WW
about Manipur, and doubtless it is to be met with, for in North Cachar,
though decidedly rare, I seldom pass a year without seeing it, though
during the last two years this has not been the case. It appears to be
partially migratory, if not wholly so in these hills, as from June to
November I have never seen it.
Family Podargide.
Sub-Family Podargine.
(459) BaTRACHASTOMUS HODGSONI.—Hodgson’s Frogmouth,
Hume, No. 100; Cat. B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 642.
Hume has given the colours of the soft parts of a female, so I give
here those of the male, noted down froma live bird. Ivides pale,
bright hazel yellow ; bill dirty horny yellow, lighter below, with the
tip and commissure dusky black ; legs pale pinkish, flesh colour ; claws
black. Some of the frontal plume shafts are 13" long. The bird from
which these details were taken was caught whilst incubating two eggs
on its nest.
An almost fully-fledged nestling, one well able to fly, differed
a good deal in plumage from the adult bird. The upper plumage
was like that of the adult but less bright, with finer and more numerous
vermiculations, and the whole tone more truly grey. Below, the beauti-
ful pink tinge is quite absent, the colour being a dead white with narrow
bars of brown, very numerous on the upper breast, less so consider-
ably on the lower breast, abdomen and flanks, though slightly broader
on all these parts.
The whole aspect of the bird gives a grey tone without any tinge
of rufous in it.
Irides brown; feet dark flesh-colour; soles slightly paler, and
the claws blackish-horny ; bill horny-grey tinged with pink above
and darkest at the base of the culmen; eyelids livid flesh-coiour
or livid pink.
The bill is covered with the same rough scaly substance as it is in
the adult bird, but the long frontal shafts are not developed, and there
are practically no signs of them.
Wing 3:4"; tail 2:2",
This young bird and the adult male were both knocked over witha
stone by a small Naga boy, unfortunately the former being too much
torn to allow of its being skinned.
554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
This is nota very rare species in North Cachar, but I have seen
more nests and eggs than I have obtained birds, as it is even more
nocturnal than crepuscular in its habits and, moreover, lives much in
the interior of evergreen forests. It is found from the plains up to
five or six thousand feet.
On the 24th of March, 1889, I took my first personally identified
nest of this bird, and since then I have secured nearly a dozen. All
nests are of the same type, viz., pads formed of down, taken apparently
from the bird itself, and then completed by having the outside covered
with bits of bark and lichen in such proportions as may be required
to make the nest resemble the branch on which it rests. As a rule,
rather a stout bough is selected, in which case the materials of the nest
only cover the upper portion ; but where a smaller branch is chosen,
the materials often entirely surround it. The size of the nests vary
considerably, and I have taken them as large as 3:2 inches in diameter
and as small as 2°1 inches, but the average-sized nest is rather under
3 inches. In the same way though the nest is always of extreme
toughness and clings to the bough with great tenacity, yet there is a —
wide difference in the substantiality of different specimens. Two nests
taken by me measured as follows :—
1. A very stout little nest built on a narrow branch of a wild carda-
mom. Diameters, externally 2°35" x 2°46"; internal diameter, 1°36" ;
depth of materials where they surround the branch, 1°65"; internal
depth of hollow, °5". The depth of the base where resting on the branch
is about °2”, but the materials are exceedingly compactly woven.
2. A thin, rather large, nest built on a biggish bough. External
diameter 3°2” x 3"; internal diameter 2:1" ; depth of materials, very
straggly, 1:41”; internal depth °4". Depth of base, well under °1",
and in many places it can be seen through. In spite of its flimsy
appearance, even this nest is very strong and would require no little
force to tear it from the bough to which it is fastened. In general
texture all nests are like soft, stout, and very flexible felt,
The nests are seldom built at any height from the ground,
generally between 6 and 12 feet, sometimes lower than the former
height ; never, I believe, above the latter. Most of the nests have
been found on stoutish branches of small trees and may be placed
either close to some upright branch or well away from all support but
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 555
the one branch on which it rests. On one occasion only. have I taken
the nest from a fork and then it was a stout, very wide-spreading one..
The earliest nest I have recorded is the 23rd March, 1889, and the
latest the 23rd August, 1891, both containing eggs, so that it would
appear that the breeding season is very extended, At the same time
I must record that of all my nests of this genus—13 all together—11
were taken either in late March or early April. In the latter month
of 1893 I took no less than five nests containing eggs.
These latter are usually two in number, rarely only one, and they
are all wonderfully alike in size and exactly alike in shape.
Iam sorry to say that several eggs which I have given away 1
omitted to measure, but the rest measure as follows :—
(1) 1:12" >¢ -71"
(Hap) LOT Se eh
(2b) 1:08! x *73"
(Ba) 10" x 697
(Sd) 2ti x 269"
(4) 1:09" x “68”
Ga) a ses 30"
(GD) I Se Se
(Gay 1.09/63"
(5b) 1:09" x °68"
That is to say, they vary in length between 1°07" and 1°12" and in
breadth between *68" and °73" ; besides these I have one abnormally
broad egg which measures *79" in breadth. The average of the ten eggs
is 1:10" x -70" about. In shape they are perfect ovals, one egg only,
amongst all that I have taken, being somewhat pointed at one end.
They are, of course, pure white like the eggs of all the genus, and in
texture they are much like the barbet’s eggs, ¢.¢., beautifully smooth
and with a satiny feel to the touch, but at the same time without gloss.
They are very fragile.
Family Caprimulgide.
Sub-Family Caprimulgine.
(460) CapRimuLGUs ALBoNoNoTUS.—Lhe large Jungle Night-jar.
Hume, No. 109 ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 540.
Hartert gives this form only a subspecific value, and he is undoubt-
edly right, although the two types are both met with in North Cachan
3
556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
This, the larger form, is exceedingly common all over these hills, but
more especially so in the immediate vicinity of my bungalow, so that
‘I have had exceptional advantages in watching their habits and
movements.
My house is built on a hill, the garden on the steepest side coming
up to the very brow of the steep, almost precipitous grass slope, leaving
room only for a narrow footpath for the servants and hill people just
outside the fence. This pathway is the favorite haunt after dusk of this
fine Night-jar, and I, seated motionless on the bank, often have had them
approach me within -a few feet, so near indeed that I have more than
once tried to catch them with a short butterfly net. I believe it is
not at all generally known how much these birds feed on the ground,
but I have constantly observed them so feeding, and butterflies or other
dead large insects which were placed near their favourite resting-places
were greedily eaten by them. Their movements on the ground are
stronger and quicker than might be expected judging from the
formation of their feet, and they ruz in exactly the same manner as do
martins and swallows when collecting mud for their nests.
A very remarkable trait in this bird is the fact that the female will
accept the advances of more than one male; but remarkable as it is
it is undoubtedly the fact, for on one occasion I was a. witness of it
nor could there be any mistake, for both males were present at the same
time and within three yards of me,
The actions of the young are very peculiar ; tiny mites, still blind~
their eyes do not seem to open until the seventh day— will, when first
discovered or when they hear a heavy tread near them, lie flat on the
ground, their colour closely assimilating with the dead bamboo leaves
or other material on which they lie; should, however, the danger of
discovery become very imminent, they will crawl under the leaves and
hide from sight altogether. |
(461) Caprimuneus MontTrcoLa.—Franklin’s Night-jar.
Hume, No. 114; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 549.
Rare everywhere and more so in the hills than in the plains.
(462) CaprimuLeus Joraka.—The Japanese Night-jar.
Hume, No. 107, Bis; Cat. B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 552.
I have only seen specimens of this form from the plains, never,
as far as I can remember, from any height over some 500 or 400 feet.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 557
Mr. H. A. Hole found it breeding at the foot of the North Cachar
Hills near Jellalpur.
(463) Caprimuncus MAcruRUS,—The Malay Night-jar.
Hume, No. 110; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 539.
I have seen two or three specimens of this Night-jar, butit is, I
fancy, a rare form.
(464) Caprimuncus asiaticus.—The Common Indian Night-jar.
Hume, No. 112; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI, p. 558.
I have but two birds of this species, both shot .whilst hawking over
the Diyung River at an altitude of some six hundred feet.
(465) Lyncoryis cervinicers.—The Burmese Hared Night-jar.
Flume, No. 114, Bis ; Cat., B. Museum, Vol. XVI., p. 604.
This lovely Night-jar does not appear very rare to the extreme
south of the district, but is extremely so in North Cachar, and
all but three of the specimens in my collection were obtained by
Mr. Charles Inglis, of Hailakandy. I have seen it a few times in
the Mahor Valley and once at Haflang, over 2,000 feet high. It
extends into Assam.
Family Coracide.
(466) Coractus arrints—The Burmese Roller.
Hume, No, 124.
Common everywhere. Its nidification is in every respect like that
of C. indica.
(467) Hurysromus ORIENTALIS.—The Broad-billed Roller.
Hume, No, 126.
Not a rare bird, still not a common one, and so exceedingly cute that
it is with the utmost difficulty that one ever gets a shot at it.
The bird seems to have one stereotyped position, for its nest as
regards North Cachar, nearly all those I have seen having been placed
in holes in Bombax trees at very great heights from the ground,
These holes, too, are nearly always in abnormally swollen pieces of
bough, which swellings are caused by some disease which also renders
them hollow. By selecting such places the bird obtains sites far
higher and safer than it could anyhow else,
Tt has been with the greatest difficulty that I have succeeded in
having three nests got at, and the eggs I possess measure 1°57" 1°15";
1-54" 1:18"; 1:53" 1:16"; and 1:32” 1:03".
“Ee
XK
558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Family Meropide.
(468) Nycortornis arHERTONI.—The Blue-bearded Bee-eater,
Fume, No. 122.
The burrows made by this bird may be met with in the cuttings of
nearly every road in North Cachar, no matter what the elevation may
be, and, as far as I can make out, all the year round newly-made ones
may be found with a little trouble, for, when not breeding, this species
appears to amuse itself in burrowing places merely to use as sleeping
accommodation, and for this purpose to require a new hole every few
weeks. ‘To find a nest-hole containing either eggs or young is a very
different matter, and this may cost the collector both time and trouble,
more especially as little reliance can be placed on their time of breeding.
Thus in March, 1890, early in the month, I observed one of these
birds about some holes in a roadside bank and, after investigating the
interior of several of these with a long twig, found the one in which
was the nest. arly as it was in the year the twig dragged from the
chamber at the end of the hole a mass of beetle wings, &c., showing
that it had been occupied some time, so that I expected to find the
eggs all laid, if not partially incubated. When the chamber, however,
was arrived at, after a long time occupied in digging, it was found to
be empty, the young being hatched, fledged and departed two or three
days previously. Another time, late in June I obtained a single egg
quite fresh, and two days after this opened another burrow in which
the eggs had not then been laid. Most birds will be found breeding
between early March and the beginning of May. A good way of
ascertairing whether there is any chance of getting eges out of the
burrow is to insert a very long elastic twig into it, first having tied the
end into a small loop. This should be pushed in with the tip pressing
against the roof, so that no egg, should there be any, may be injured
and, when the end of the burrow is reached, dropped and then slowly
and gently dragged out. If no bees’ wings, beetles’ legs or similar
remains are produced, it may be taken as very nearly certain that the
eggs are not yet laid, for the parent-birds seem to have a habit of
devouring their prey inside the burrow, and by the time the eggs are
all laid there is always a quantity of these remnants, increasing greatly,
of course, in amount as the young are hatched and also have to be fed.
As a rule, in old burrows, or by the time the young are fairly old, there
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 5a9
isa very fetid smell about the nests which will warn any one against
uselessly expending energy and time in such cases, The length of
- the burrows seems to vary from three feet to seven, or even more when
the ground is very soft and sandy.
I believe five is the full number of eggs laid, but have been so unfor-
tunate in obtaining eggs that I cannot be at all sure. I took five just
showing signs of incubation, though very slightly, in April, 1892, and
saw five very hard set.
In December, 1893, I found this bird haunting a dead tree beside a
road some five miles from Gunjong. The two birds were so constantly
about this tree and always in and out of a large hole in it that I am
sure they intended to lay their eggs in it, though I had unfortunately
to leave the district before I could ascertain the fact for certain. This
species has always been supposed to breed in trees, but I had hitherto
doubted their so doing. Major Bingham once saw a bird fly out of a
hole in a tree, but there were no eggs or young in it, and the chips
and feathers he did find might have belonged to some other bird, and
this I was the more inclined to believe was the case in that in
November, 1892, I shot a bird which flew out of a large hollow in a
cotton-tree whose stomach was full of lice and similar insects, such as
would have to be sought for in holes, crevices, etc.
The eggs, of which I have only seen eleven, are not to be distinguished,
when taken, in any way from those of Halcyon smyrnensis, unless
perhaps they are very slightly less glossy. After they have been kept
some time, they lose their polished appearance far more than the king-
fisher’s eggs do, and those taken by me in April, 1892, are much less
glossy than some of the latter bird’s eggs more than twice as old,
The texture is not quite so compact asin the eggs of H. smyrnensis,
and ink soon soaks into the shell if it is written on, They are in shape
just the same as are all the eggs of bee-eaters, and the average of seven
is 1:22" 1:07", the length varying between 1:08" and 1°32" and the
breadth between 1:02" and 1:12".
This bird is to be found in small numbers over nearly the whole of
Cachar, though it is rare in the plains, and nowhere is it as numerous
as the great number of burrows met with would seem to indicate. As
a rule it is either solitary or keeps in pairs, but now and then four or
five congregate together, though it is doubtful if these flocks keep in
560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, X.
company for any length of time. It feads far less on the wing than
most of the members of the Meropidw, frequenting high trees and
searching the leaves and flowers for insects. The cotton-tree, when in
bloom, is a very favourite resort of these hirds, and when on these they
devote their attentions entirely to the open flowers, not once in one hour
pursuing any insect on the wing. They are shy birds as a rule, and
are not easy to approach, though sometimes one, out of sheer stupidity,
will sit and croak whilst a looker-on is within a few yards of it.
Their note is a very harsh double croak ending ina chuckle, and_ is
one which once heard cannot afterwards be mistaken for any other bird’s
ery. When uttering this note, the bird stoops down until its head is
lower than its tail, puffs out its throat and gives vent to the first croak ;
then, rising gradually, it chuckles out the last notes with head high in
the air.
The whole of the movements of this bird on the wing are far less
light and rapid than those of the genus Merops ; still they are not un-
graceful. Scrambling about ona tree, however, all its actions are decid-
edly heavy and awkward, and the way it shifts itself sideways along a
branch, bobbing at every step, and appearing rather doubtful about its
balance, is very ludicrous.
(469) Merrops viripis.—The Green Bee-eater.
Hume, No. 117.
Not uncommon in the plains, but does not ascend the hills beyond
the foot.
(470) Mepors PHILLIPINUS.—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.
Fume, No. 118.
I have only met with this bird once in N. Cachar, but have seen skins
collected in Cachar.
(471) MutirropHaGcus QuINTICOLOR.—The Chestnut-headed Bee-eater.
Hume, No. 119.
Non-adult birds have the rufous and black band very indistinctly
defined, and have the head, from the forehead to the nape, of the same
colour as the wing-coverts ; the rufous of the back is also much mixed
with green. ‘The irides are the same as in the female.
Like all the bee-eaters, of which the nidification is well known, these
birds lay their eggs in a chamber placed at the extremity of a tunnel
ait
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 561
varying in length according to the soil in which it is dug. ‘Thus, in
sandy soil, the bird will burrow deeper than any of the kingfishers,
and I have seen tunnels over ten feet in length, though, as a rule, they
do not much exceed five or six. In earth or clay they seldom go to a
greater depth than two or three feet, and one I found, which had been
dug in stiff clay, was barely 10 inches deep,—that is to say the
tunnel itself was not more than a couple of inches, and then came
the ege-chamber. The tunnel varies in breadth (I have not measured
many) between 1:9" and 2°3", the greater number being just about half-
way between these two extremes. The place which is excavated for
the reception of the eggs is generally about 8” long by 6" broad and
rather less in height ; there is no lining of any sort placed in it, nor is
there the mass of beetles’ and flies’ wings, &c., which is so invariably
found in the nests of Wyctzornis athertont.
The majority of birds here breed in the banks of the Diyung River,
and during April and the first few days of May as many as twenty
nests may be taken in a day, although I have never found them
breeding in company as they do in many other localities. Once or
twice I have found two kirds breeding close together, but never, to
my recollection, have I seen three in the same place.
Queer places are sometimes selected by this bird in which to make
its burrow. I was once (in April, 1889) walking along a sandy chur,
which was almost a dead level over its greater extent, when the sand
gave way beneath my foot, and, on raising it, a bee-eater flew out of
the break I had made. Examining the ground, I found that the
birds had dug down into it for about a foot and had then made a long
tunnel just under the surface of the sand, and it was this which had
caused it to give way under my feet. The chamber contained six
fresh eggs which I left untouched, as I had already as many as I could
carry, and before leaving I had the pleasure of seeing both birds
return to the nest. The same day that this happened I found two
burrows made in a sloping shelf of sand, which both ran downwards
so directly that they almost reached the level of the water, anda rise
of a few inches in the river or a heavy shower would have drowned
out the owners. I believe the full complement of eggs is six, and
I have seldom taken smaller clutches of incubated egos and never
less than four. They are typical bee-eater’s eggs, almost spherical,
562 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
with very hard, close and glossy shells. Abnormally shaped egos are
rare, and amongst over 200 that I have taken Ido not think I have
seen a dozen such. Those I have seen were generally long,
regular ovals, and I have only come across one incomplete clutch of
three eggs which were of the pointed oval shape said by Theobald
to be their typical character (Oates’, Humes’ “ Nests and Eggs,”
dic.) The average of 200 eggs is °86" by *76", and they vary in
length between ‘81" and °93" and in breadth between 71" and °81”.
These details coincide wonderfully well with those given by Oates, and
show how closely, in a large series of eggs, the average sizes agree.
The birds who build in the banks of large rivers, streams, &c.,
generally commence excavating their burrows in the last few days of
March, and by the 10th of April most have laid theireggs. By large
streams and waters liable to be flooded I have never taken eggs except
between the Ist and 28th of April, and those taken on the latter date
were almost ready to hatch; in other situations I have taken their
eggs as late as the 28th of June, though this was an exceptionally late
clutch, and I expect belonged to birds which had come to grief over
their first attempt to bring up a brood.
I believe the eggs only take from seven to nine days to hatch, and
the young birds are able to leave their nest far more quickly than most.
This rapid incubation of the eggs and quick growth of the young bird’s
plumage is a very necessary gift of Providence, for, were it not so,
innumerable young ones would be drowned in the first few floods
which come down at the end of May. As it is, an unusually early
rainy season destroys countless eggs and young, and the whole labour
of excavating, incubating, and rearing of the young has to be once
more undertaken, so that in sucha season the eggs may be found
until a very late date. Thus in 1892 the heavy floods of March and
April destroyed all the river nests, and the birds were driven to breed
inland, and I found them so breeding in May and early June, taking
their eggs, as already remarked, as late as the 28th of the latter month.
On the 14th of this same month I shot some birds of the year which
were hawking for insects with many other adult birds.
These birds are very close sitters, and one or other of the pair is on
the nest nearly all day, and during the night both birds sleep in the
egg-chamber. They are very early risers, and even before the crow has
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR., 563
begun to clear his throat or the myna to sing his morning comic song
the bee-eater is up and uttering his shrill, musical trill as he sweeps
round in graceful circles after his game. They almost invariably
hunt in flocks, though these may be widely scattered, but I have once
or twice seen a pair of these birds with no others near them. They
always perch fairly high up, unless feeding over water, and they take
constant short flights, either sailing round in circles with wings out-
spread or hastily following some winged article of food. When they
are feeding over a stream or other piece of water, they frequently rest
at intervals on the ekra or long grasses which grow beside it, and
thence, sweeping low over the water, they capture the gnats and other
insects which hover about just over the surface. They drink whilst
on the wing by stooping down in the way swallows do, but they make
far more fuss over the operation than do the latter birds.
I once saw several of these birds constantly swooping down to a piece
of shallow, stagnant water left by the drying up of a stream. I could
find no fish fry or other objects zn the water, and I think they must
have been feeding on the larvee and eggs of mosquitoes, &c., which
floated about in small patches on the top. I had no gun with me at the
time, so I could not sheot any in order to examine the stomachs.
I have known this bird to capture and devour the large blue dragon-
fly—a feat which shows it to be capable of great speed and activity on
the wing.
It is by ne means a shy bird, and I have once shot four birds and
missed two others from the same flock before it finally went away.
It is found up to the highest altitudes, but is not common above
4,000 feet, and does not breed here above 2,500 feet, more on account
probably of a want of suitable places than for any other reason.
Order—BucEROTIDES.
Family Bucerotide.
(472) Discoceros Bicornis.—Ihe Great Pied Hornbill.
t Hume, No. 140 and 140 Bis.
Common in the hills and plains alike.
(473) ANTHROCOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.—The Small Pied Hornbill.
Hume, Cat., No, 142.
Very common. They go about in flocks sometimes numbering
over twenty.
4
064 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
(474) ANoRRHINUS AUSTENI.—Austen’s Hornbill.
Hume, Cat., No. 144 Ter.
There is but one place in these hills where this bird may be met
with almost to a certainty, and this is the lower half of the Jetinga
Valley, In this valley a European bird-skinner of mine shot a bird
of this species, but the careless fool placed the skin on a low machan
during the night and the rats got at it and ate off the feet and also
part of one of the shoulders of the wings. This bird was one of a flock
of five, and the collector informed me cheerfully “Oh ! I didn’t know
they were any good, or I should have shot all of them; they wouldn’t
go away.’ Most probably, however, he was lying, as all I have seen of
this bird leads me to believe that they are the wildest of all this shy
family. I have often seen flocks and even more frequently heard of
them, but never yet have I got within shot, and the only other bird I
have ever handled was a female caught on her nest. This nest was
taken within half a mile of Gunjong, and the birds must therefore have
constantly been within sound of my bungalow had they been as noisy
as usual, but I never heard their unmistakable trumpet-like call, so that
T presume when breeding they discard their usual noisy habits.
The nest was found quite by accident ; I was wandering up a small
nullah looking for a Forktail’s nest, but came to the end of it without
having found anything ; at the top of this nullah was a grass-covered
hill and, as I came through the last bushes in it, I saw through the
twigs and branches a bird, which looked like a hornbill of some kind,
fly from the dead stump of a tree out in the open. Going up to this,
I soon spotted the hole, one some twenty feet up, and presently I saw the
hen-bird put out her bill for an inch or two.
I could not however tell what kind of bird it was, or most assuredly
I would have waited long in the hopes of getting ashot at the male.
As it was, I sent the Nagar who was with me up the tree, and he,
breaking open the entrance, seized the bird and brought her down to
me, when, to my delight, I found that it was 4. austin’, not as
I had expected a Common Pied Hornbill. Giving the bird
to me to hold, he then returned for the egg, on getting which, he took
charge of the bird and I took the egg. Would that I had never
changed, for no sooner did I do so than “ Ghajaiba,” the Nagar, placed
his burden on the ground and went to fetch his dao, which weapon
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 505
he had left by the tree ; immediately, however, lis back was turned, the
bird, which looked too tattered and weak to walk, flew off. It settled
again about 100 yards off for a few seconds and then went right away,
and, though I haunted that nullah for days, I never saw either male
or female again.
The entrance to the hollow of this nest was only very partially blocked,
and the material seemed to be far less cement-like and hard than that
used by most hornbills, for the Naga chipped it off with his fingers.
The entrance was large enough for the bird’s whole head to come out.
The natural hollow inside wasa large, but rather shallow, one extend-
ing about a foot both above and below the entrance.
The egg is just like that of Anthrococeros, perhaps a trifle larger
than most. Although quite fresh when taken, it is a dull brown-fawn,
in colour not unlike a very dirty Brahmaputra fowl’s egy ; it is densely
covered with very minute pits, and the texture is much coarser than
any eggs which I have of Anthrococeros. Ut measures 1°87" by 1374",
and is in shape a very regular oval, very slightly pointed at the smaller
end. It was taken on 19th May, 1893. The ery of this bird is very
different to that of the other birds of the family, and I can think of
nothing which it resembles more than a subdued -trumpet of a peafowl,
with variations of the usual cacklings and shrieks of the family, all of
which, though loud and resonant, sound to me less harsh than usual.
Tn addition to the Jetinga Valley, where it may nearly always be
met with, and Gunjong, where I have seen it as noted, I have met with
it on the Barail range overlooking the Jetinga at a height of about
3,400 feet.
(475) AcHROS NEPALENSIS.—The Rufous-necked Hornbill.
fZume, No. 146.
The only egg I now have of this bird is 2°92" by 1°93", but I have
sent away a good many, none of which were anything like as small as
those mentioned in Hume’s ‘“‘ Nests and Eggs,’ which are, I should |
say, quite abnormal.
It breeds here only, as far as I know, at considerable elevations, all
my eggs having been taken from trees over 3,000 feet up. It is by no
means rare above this height, and may also be met with right down to
the plains. The noise made by this bird in flying is nearly, if not quite,
as loud as that made by Dischoceros bicornis.
566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
(476) BHYTIDOCEROS UNDULATUS.—The (Malayan) Wreathed Hornbill.
Hume, No. 145 Bis.
This bird extends from the plains to the summit of the highest hills,
but, unlike the other hornbills, the lower one gets the more often one
meets with it.
It is often captured by the natives of Cachar, and I have several
times seen it hawked round the station for sale, its meat being supposed
to have very good medicinal properties. I once bought a pair alive
in most perfect condition, the female witha wing broken, for two
rupees eight annas, but I was busy at the time with other work and
could not take the birds home, so the seller decamped with the birds
and their price as well.
My hornbill’s eggs have suffered rather badly during my absence in
England, and I have now only one perfect specimen left of this species ;
this measures 2°48" 1-75"; the pair to it, which is much smashed, is
approximately 2°43"x 1°70",
Other eggs measure 2°52"% 1:84" ; 2°36" 1:08" ; and 2°39" 1°69";
2°64!" ¢ 1:90" and 2°61" 1°88". Ihave taken their eggsin April, May
and June.
Order Psrrraci.
Family Psittacide.
(477) PaLMORNIS INDOBURMANICUS.—The Eastern Rose-band Paroquet.
Hume, No. 147 Quat.
Exceedingly common in Cachar, less so in North Cachar, where,
however, flocks are met with up to about 2,500 feet.
I have but three eggs of this species, and these measure 1°31" x 1:02";
1:30" 1:01" and 1:32" 1:04", They were taken on the 14th of March,
an unusually late date on which to find eggs, most being hatched and
the young birds well forward by this date. |
(475) Patzornis torquata.—The Rose-ringed Paroquet.
Hume, No. 148.
A rather common bird, but more so in the plains than up above.
(479) PALHORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS.—The Eastern Rose-headed Paroquet.
Hume, No. 149 Bis.
This parrot is now named P. rosa, and the Western form takes the
name of P. cyanocephalus—vide “ Salvadori,” Cat., British Museum,
Vol. XX, pp. 448-453.
THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 567
This is the most numerous of the Paroquets in Cachar.
(480) PaLmorNIs scHisticers.—The Slaty-headed Paroquet.
Hume, No. 150.
The least often met with of all, and keeping, generally speaking,
much to the higher parts.
The Laisung Valley, often mentioned Bis in these papers, is a
very favourite resort of these birds,
(481) Panmornis Fasciara.—The Red-breasted Paroquet.
Hume, No. 152.
Nearly as common as P. (cyanocephalus) rosa.
This bird is a very early breeder, often laying in the last few days
of January and sometimes even in the end of December.
On the 12th of March I had a shot at a flight of these birds as they
flew over my head across a road, and, of the five birds which dropped,
four proved to be birds of the season, still, of course, in their first
plumage and with their tails short, but birds strong on the wing and
which had left the nest for some days.
I know no other Indian Paroquet with such a deep, hoarse, trumpet-
like screech as this species has, and its call can be recognized from a
long way off.
(482) LoricuLUS VERNALIS.—The Indian Lory.
Hume, No, 153.
A very common bird at all heights up to 4,000 feet, but principally
below 3,000 feet.
They breed in February and March.
568
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By J. Davinson, T. R. Batt, anp BE, H. Arrken.
Part III.
(With Plate VI.)
(Continued from page 393.)
Family PAPILIONIDA®,
Sub-Family Pirrinz.
The ‘* Whites” are fond of open country, and the sub-family, as
might be anticipated, is not very well represented in our district.
Several species which are among the commonest butterflies in other
parts of the Presidency are wanting or rare here. On the other hand,
we have one or two peculiarly forest forms.
A word of explanation or apology is necessary about the specific
names which we have adopted. No group of butterflies has received
less mercy from the species-makers than this, and it would not be
difficult to double the length of our list out of the material in our
collections ; our aim has not been to publish a long drawn-out list, but
to give such real information as we can about those kinds of butter-
flies which, after six years of collecting and breeding, we believe to
inhabit the district. Now a difficulty arises. Given a very variable
butterfly, the seasonal and casual varieties of which appear to us to
have been described under a dozen different names, hew shall we
indicate it? One way would be to head the description with a list of
the names which have been given to it and let each reader take his
choice. Another way is to select the name that seems to have
priority. But we have neither the ability nor the inclination for the
kind of research that is necessary to carry out either of these methods,
and, besides this, we have not access to the necessary books and collec-
tions. To attempt it with the resources which are at our disposal
would only add to the existing confusion. We have decided, therefore,
to disclaim all pretence that our name in any case is the name under
which the species ought finally to stand, and to be satisfied if we can
indicate clearly in each case the butterfly that we mean. If anybody
believes that we are indicating not one but several totally distinct
species, no harm is done; he will find our account of the habits and
metamorphoses eaually applicable to them all !
Nat, Hist Soc. Plate Vl.
Mintern Bros. Chromo lith. London,
hk
oe
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 569
All the larvee of this sub-family lie, when full-grown, on the upper-
side of the leaf and, when solitary (some of them are gregarious)
along the mid-rib, coating the leaf where they lie with a bed of silk.
The eggs are generally laid singly on the upper surface of the leaf or
on young shoots ; exceptions to this are Teracolus amatus, Fabricius ;
Appias hippotdes, Moore ; and Delias eucharis, Drury (this last is
aberrant also in that the eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf
where the larva: herd together) ; Belenois mesentina, Cramer ; Tertas
silhetana, Wallace ; which lay their eggs in clusters ; the larvee of these,
when young, are gregarious, but generally, when full-grown, separate
where the food is plentiful. The egg of the sub-family is spindle-
shaped, standing on one end, and is always more or less strongly
ridged longitudinally and striated finely transversely ; in colour it is
generally pure white, turning to yellow or orange ; that of Nychitona
aiphia, Fabricius, is blue, and that of Huphina blotched with red.
With few exceptions, the Pierine are very much alike in the larva
state, more alike than the different species of one genus often are
among the Nymphalide. The head is large, the body long and some-
what depressed, without excrescences, but rough owing to the presence
of minute tubercles discernible generally only with the aid of a lens.
The colour is green, with usually a lateral stripe. The genera
Catopsilia and Terias feed on leguminous plants, and all the rest, but
two or three, on capers.
139. Nychitona xiphia, Fabricius.
This is met with in all parts of the district, flitting about among
underwood in shady places. Like many of the Prerine it is absent,
or almost so, from June to September. We have bred it on capers.
(C. heyneana, Watt, Cat. ; C. religiosa, Forst.) Both the larva and pupa
are very like those of Terzas hecabe, Linnzeus, but more delicately formed.
The larva is green, with a pale glaucous tinge about the bases of the
legs, and slightly hairy. The pupa is sometimes green, but oftener of
a delicate pink shade. Perhaps ina natural arrangement this species
ought to stand next to Terias, but the imago seems very different, and
the resemblance in the larva and pupa states may be superficial.
140. Deltas eucharis, Drury.
This is very common everywhere and at all seasons, except during
the two or three months when the rainfall is heaviest. The larva and
570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
pupa have been described in our former paper (Journal Bombay
Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 858, No, 56, 1890). This is one of
the exceptions mentioned above. ‘The larva is quite unlike those of
the sub-family generally, and does not feed on either a leguminous
plant or a caper, but on the “ mistletoe ” (Loranthus).
141. Prioneris sita, Felder.
This is certainly one of our most valuable butterflies. It cannot be
distinguished trom Delias eucharis, Drury, on the wing unless a very
close and clear view is obtained ; so doubtless we have seen more than
we know, but we have only caught seven specimens inall. Of
these, two were caught at the Gairsoppa Falls, or on the way to them,
but we know that it occurs as far north as Karwar.
142. Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzeus.
This is common everywhere and all the year round, Unlike the
next species, it varies little ; occasionally a specimen is obtained in which
the underside is more yellow than green, and the ferruginous markings
are unusually large and distinct. We have described the larva and
pupa in our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society,
Vol. V, p- 860, No. 61, 1895). The only food-plant, as far as our
present knowledge goes, is Cassia occidentalis.
143. C. crocale, Cramer.
If C. catilla, Cramer, is really a distinct species from this, we con-
fess that. we do not know the difference between them. All the Catop-
silias we have seen which are not C. pyranthe, Linneus, appear to us
to differ from each other and merge into each otherin a way which
makes it impossible to divide them into groups and say this is
distinct from that. They refuse Cassia occidentalis, the food of
C. pyranthe, but feed on almost any arboreal Cassia, Larve are most
plentiful in April, June, and September, but the butterfly may be seen
any month in the year. The transformations are described in our
former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V,
pp. 860-861, Nos. 62-63, 1890).
144, Tertas hecabe, Linnzus.
It is not necessary to waste space on this butterfly, which is as com-—
mon in Canara as elsewhere. The transformations are described in our
former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 359,
No. 60, 1890) and are figured here, Plate VI, figs. 5, larva; 5a, pupa.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 571
145. 7. silhetana, Wallace.
In describing the larva of T. hecabe, Linnzeus, in our former paper,
we said that we had once got fourteen black pupz all on one dry twig
and so close to each other that they almost touched. We did not dis-
tinguish the butterflies which emerged from, 7. hecabe ; indeed, until
the publication of Captain E. Y. Watson’s very valuable paper on the
synonymy of some species of Indian Pierine in Vol. VIII of this
Journal, p. 489 (1894), we made noattempt to sort our specimens
under the multitude of names with which Messrs. Butler, Moore, and
Swinhole have enriched the genus. We have since discovered, how-
ever, that these black pupz are not tobe found on the ordinary food-
plants of 7. hecabe, but on Wagatea spicata, and that they result from
a gregarious larva with a black head. ‘This leaves no doubt that they
belong to a distinct species, and, having compared the butterflies which
emerged from a large number of both kinds, we find that those pro-
duced from the black-headed larva and black pupa bear the three
dark streaks or spots in the cell in addition te the reniform spot on the
disco-cellular nervules on the underside of the forewing, by which
Captain Watson separates 7. silhetana from T. hecabe. We have
figured the larva and pupa on Plate VI, figs. 6, larva; 6a, pupa. The
two species appear to be almost equally common in the district. It is
perhaps worth mentioning that we have a specimen of 7. silhetana
caught in October, in which the ground-colour is pure white instead
of yellow. The markings are normal,
146, T. libythea, Fabricius.
In the name we have given to this we follow Captain Watson’s
paper above mentioned. ‘The butterfly is fairly common in many parts
of the district, but does not seem to appear till the monsoon is over,
The larva is not distinguishable to our eyes from that of ZT. hecabe,
Linnzus ; the pupa is shorter and has the snout slightly upturned. It
feeds ona leguminous plant. ‘The dry-season form is probably 7, senna,
Felder, into which it gradually grades.
147. T. leta, Boisduval.
This species is not nearly so commonin Canara as in other parts
of the Presidency, but occurs at the Northern end of the district. We
have not bred it.
~
a
572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
148. Leracolus amatus, Fabricius.
We have described the larva and pupa of this in our former paper
under the name of J. cyprea, Fabricius, which latter Captain Watson
has shown in his paper quoted above to be asynonym of T. amatus
(Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 359, n. 59,
1890). In all respects it seems to us to stand very near to Terias.
Tn its food it is eccentric, choosing a curious tree which we believe
almost forms a natural order of its own—Salvadora persica. The tree
is found in certain spots, often on the sea-shore, but sometimes far
inland where there chances to be salt in the soil. The butterfly is
found near the tree and nowhere else. We have found larve in May
and November, The females are sometimes white instead of the usual
salmon-colour.
149. T. etrida, Boisduval.
This can scarcely be called a Canara butterfly, though we have seen
one specimen in the district. We described its transformation in our
former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V.,
pe 359, n. 58, 1890). The larva and pupa of the nearly-allied
L. eucharis, Fabricius, are of the Nepheronia type.
150. Lxias pyrene, Linneeus.
We have met with this at a place half-way up the ghat on the road
to the Gairsoppa Falls, and doubtless it may be found on the skirts
of the district elsewhere, but one of the first things that strike a
collector in the Canara forests is the absence of this and its sister
I. marianne, Cramer, both so common in other parts of the Presidency.
All the specimens we have seen from this district belong to the form
I, singalensis, Moore.
We have bred J. marianne elsewhere, but not I. pyrene; the larva
and pupa of the former and therefore doubtless of this are of the
Nepheronia type.
151. Hebomoia glauctppe, Linnzeus.
This grand butterfly occurs in most parts of the district from
September or October till May. It is rare on the coast, but common
on rocky islands not far from the shore, in which a prominent feature
of the vegetation is a climbing caper (Capparis Moonii, Wight) with
large, showy flowers, on which it lays its eggs. It is also fond of a tree
belonging to the same order which grows in the beds of mountain
LHE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 573
streams (Crateva religiosa, Forst). Horsfield’s figure of the larva and
pupa have been copied into many books and are well known,
152. Nepheronia pingasa, Moore.
This is very common all through the monsoon, but disappears in
October, and its place is taken till the following May by the next
two species. We have almost come to the conclusion that they are
all one species. If this is the case, it is curious that the WV. pingasa
form is unknown further north. It must be a special monsoon form,
developed by the heavy rainfall, or the abundant vegetation, of this
district, Danais limniace, Cramer (on which see our remarks ante,
p- 240, n. 3), appears to furnish a similar example. We have described
the larva and pupa of this species in our former paper (Journal
Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 357, n. 55, 1890), but
figure them now (Plate VI, figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa).
The pupa of this together with those of Teracolus etrida, Fabricius,
and Jwas are exaggerated examples of the form found in Teracolus
amatus, Fabricius, and the preceding four genera, in which the thorax
is compressed and the wing-cases produced into a keel. Capparis
heyneana is the usual food-plant.
153. N. heppia, Fabricius ; NV. fraterna, Moore.
Both these are plentiful during the dry-season, the former being
commoner in the south. We are much inelined to believe they are
only varieties of one species. The spots in the dark border of the
forewing, by which the former is distinguished, vary so much in size
in different specimens that it is difficult to attach much importance
to their absence. We have found larvee of one or other on the same
plant as those of NV. pingasa, Moore, and have been able to distinguish
them ; the tail-poinis of the larva of this are much more widely and
squarely separated than in that of V. pingasa. Females are occasionally
caught with a dash of yellow on the inner margin of the hindwing.
154. <Appias libythea, Fabricius,
This is a very common butterfly in the forests on theslope and
crest of the ghats throughout the dry-season. Wherever a patch
of moist sand presents itself in the bed of a mountain stream, they form
a quivering white cloud,tinged with yellow by the next species and
speckled with green by Papilio sarpedon, Linnzeus. We have not seen
the butterfly much about Karwar and conclude that it is little on the
574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
wing during the rainy season. Tho larva and pupa were described im
our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V,
p. 358, n. 57, 1890). The larva is of the form which we have men-
tioned as characterising nearly the whole of the sub-family, but with
this species we enter on quite a new type of pupa. The band is short, so
that the ventral side is applied close to the surface to which the pupa is
attached ; the thorax is stout and not compressed or keeled ; segment
No. 7 bears on the back a sharp transverse ridge ending in pointed lateral
processes. Capparis horrida seemsto be the favorite food of this species;
also commonly found on Crateva religiosa, Forst. Hggs laid singly.
155, A. (Catophaga) hippoides, Moore.
Our yellow Appias, which we have put under this name with some
misgiving, is found in the same situations as the last, and is almost
as common, but seems to come out more during the rainy season. It
has in fact a distinct rainy-season form, which, we understand,
should be known as C. taprobana, Moore. We have bred it from
December to May on capers. The eggs are laid in clusters. The
larva and pupa are not very different from those of the last species ;
the pupa may be distinguished from the last by the second segment
being produced laterally into a tongue-like process which embraces
the shoulder.
156. A. (Catophaga) neombo, Boisduval.
This species is found in the forests on the siope of the ghats
during the dry season, but is not by any means so numerous as the
last two. The sexes vary surprisingly in size,so much so that we
were tempted to think there was more than one species, but we have
since ascertained that the small specimens are invariably females and
the large ones males. We have not bred this, but saw one laying
her eggs on a climbing caper.
157. A. (Catophaga) wardii, Moore.
We have caught a few specimens of this in the district chiefly in
the southern paris. We have not bred it.
158. Huphina phryne, Fabricius.
This is very common everywhere, but much less so in the monsoon
than in the dry-season. The larva and pupa are of the same type as
those of Appzas, but stouter. The larva is green, and the pupa green
with brown and white edgings. Food-plant, capers as usual,
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 575
159. HH. remba, Moore.
Captain E. ¥. Watson considers this to bea local race of H. nadina,
Lucas = H. nama, Moore ; but it is such a very well-marked form
that it deserves a distinct name. In its rainy-season dress it is a very
richly-coloured butterfly, the female being more black than white on the
upperside, and on the underside rich greenish-yellow mingled with
smoky-brown. Itisa forest butterfly and is found wherever there
is heavy forest at all seasons. The larva and pupa are scarcely
distinguishable from those of the last species and feed on the same
plants.
160. Belenots mesentina, Cramer.
With this species we have completed the circle and got near
to Delias eucharis, Drury, again. It feeds on capers, but in the
form of the larva and pupa shows a decided approximation to those of
D, eucharis. The larva is cylindrical and sparingly clothed with long
white hairs springing from smali tubercles, It is rather a handsome
creature, coloured yellow-ochre and purplish-brown. The pupa,
which is green and yellow, is more like that of D. eucharis than the
preceding species. The butterfly is not common in Canara generally,
but we have met with it atthe northern end of the coast, on the
borders of the Portuguese territory (in which it is plentiful), and also,
curiously enough, on one of those rocky islands which we have
mentioned as being much affected by H. glaucippe, Linneus, The
larvee are gregarious throughout their existence, the eggs being laid
in batches of from ten to forty.
Sub-family PAaprmLioninm,
Tn our former paper we arranged the butterflies of this sub-family
in four groups according to the form and food of the larva, and we will
adhere to the same plan here,
The eggs of this sub-family are spherical, smooth, red or green in
colour, often blotched with yellow or red respectively, this blotchiness
being due to a waxy accretion; the green eggs soon become yellow ;
the red eggs, which are orange when first laid, only occur in the
Ornithoptera group, and characterise it. The egg is generally laid on
the young shoots, which the larva, emerging, eats; in the case of
P. abrisa, Kirby, however, the egg is laid low down on the tree
576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X:
on the old leaves which the larva eats and prefers. Only in one case
are the eggs laid any way but singly, namely, in the case of
P. demolion, Cramer, mentioned in our former paper (Journal Bombay
Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 367, n. 75, 1890). The larva
when full-grown lies in the centre of the top of the leaf along the
mid-rib.
THE ORNITHOPTERA GROUP.
The larvee of the three species in this group are so much alike that
it requires some care to distinguish them from each other. We have
described them all in our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural
History Society, Vol. V, p. 361, 1890). They are soft, fat, blackish
caterpillars, with six longitudinal rows of fleshy processes more or less
tipped with red or pink. That of O. minos, Cramer, is of course much
larger than the others when full grown, but the only prominent distin-
guishing mark at an earlier stage is a diagonal band of pinkish-white on
each side, crossing the 7th and 8th segments. P. hector, Linnzeus, wants
this entirely (except that occasionally there are some pink spots), while
P. arvistolochie, Fabricius, has a belt of white encircling the body at the
7th segment, In Canara they all feed on Arvstolochia indica, a creeper
with bitter leaves, supposed to cure snake-bite. It generally withers up
entirely in the cold season, but the root remains, and the butterflies
seem to lay their eggs on the dry twigs to await the arrival of fresh
leaves in June. In the Deccan A. bracteata serves as a good substitute
for A, indica, and we have found larvee on an allied plant in a garden.
The pup of the three butterflies are alike in their general form,—stout,
somewhat flattened, and dilated in the middle, with the thorax and
head thrown back ; but P. hector and P. aristolochic are more angular
than O. minos, and have pairs of flattened tubercles, or follicles, on the
abdominal segments. The colour is usually light brown, but O. mznos
has always a conspicuous yellow saddle-mark on the back. These
three species are protected by an offensive smell, and doubtless taste
similarly also (we have not tasted them) both in the larval and perfect
states. Accordingly they seek no concealment. ‘The larve are
always conspicuous by their colour, resting on the stems and under the
leaves of the plant, and the butterflies rest with their wings expanded.
Hundreds are destroyed, however, by a small ichneumon, which
seems to have no objection to the taste.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 577
161. Ornithoptera minos, Cramer.
This butterfly is very common during the latter half of the monsoon.
By the end of the year it has become scarce (at least on the coast), and
many are not seen after that until the beginning of June, when the first
rain brings them out in some numbers. In its habits it is very like
the next two species, flying slowly, but often ata good height, and
hovering much over flowers, There is perhaps no other living crea-
ture in the district which so stirs the spirit of a naturalist when he
first sees it, and the effect takes long to wear off; common as the but-
terfly is. The transformations are described in our former paper
(Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p.361, n. 64, 1890).
162. Papilio hector, Linnzeus.
This richly beautiful, but vulgarly common, butterfly appears at the
same time as the last, as might be expected, since it feeds onthe same
plant, but it is of course more plentiful at all seasons. The transforma-
tions are described in our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural
History Society, Vol. V, p. 862, n. 65, 1890).
163. P. aristolochie, Fabricius.
This is even commoner than the last. As late as January we have
seen a mango tree in bloom literally alive with them at an early hour
in the morning. Both this and the last travel much, and in that
they differ from the butterflies of the next two groups which have
usually a limited beat. The transformations are described in our
former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V,
p. 862, n. 66, 1890).
Tue AGAMEMNON Grovp,
These feed exclusively, or almost exclusively, on the Anonaceee and
Lauracee, and there is a strong family likeness in the larvee and pupe.
They are not “ protected,” and accordingly are very different in their
habits from those of the last group. In the perfect state they are swift
and restless and, when they settle at all, close their wings behind their
backs. In the larva state they are wary, resting motionless on the
upperside of a leaf, from which they wander to feed at long intervals.
We have described the larvee and pupz of all the species in the group,
except one, in our former paper, and need not do it again here. Those
of P. agamemnon, Linnzeus, which may be found on the custard-apple
tree in any garden, are a type of them all.
578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
164. P. agamemnon, Linneus.
This is pretty common everywhere, frequenting gardens and forests.
In the former it feeds chiefly on the custard-apple, and in the latter
on several trees of the same order. Larvee appear in June, and again
more abundantly three months later, at which time the butterfly is
most common, but it may be met with every month in the year. The
transformations will be found described in Journal Bombay Natural
History Society, Vol. V, p. 863, n. 67, 1890.
165. P. teredon, Felder.
In the Canara District this species, which is a local race of P. sarpedon,
Linnzeus, is commoner than the last, and may be seen all through the
dry-season as well as in the rains, but rarely in gardens. Nothing,
suits it better than a clearing in heavy forest, with a stream of
water to keep the ground cool and moist, for it is a thirsty creature,
As an example of the capricious tastes of nearly allied butterflies,
we may mention that we have never found a single larva of this
species on “ Wom” (Saccopetalum tomentosum), which is the only
food, as far as we know, of P. noméus, Esper, and a favourite with
both P. agamemnon and P. doson, while we have reared many on
Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, which none of those three eat. The trans-
formations are described in our former paper under the name of
P. sarpedon, Linneeus (Journal Bombay Natural History Society;
Vol. V, p. 864, n. 68, 1890).
166. P. telephus, Felder.
This species, which is a local race of P. eurypylus, Linneeus, may be
found wherever the last is found in this district, though it does not
occur further north. It is quite as thirsty a creature, and usually
contributes to the crowd that collect about moist ground in open
places in the forest, but it is scarcely so numerous as the last. The
larva and pupa are described and figured in our former paper under
the name of P. doson, Felder (Journal Bombay Natural History
Society, Vol. V, p. 364, n. 69, 1890).
We have met with three specimens of this butterfly in which the
green of the upperside was replaced by a pale straw-yellow. They
were larger than average specimens. This may be an accidental
“ sport,” or a variety produced by difference of food. It is well
known that the colour of certain European butterflies and moths is
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 579
affected when they are reared ona different leaf from that which is
their ordinary food.
167. P. nomius, Esper.
This is plentiful enough where it occurs (much more so, however, in
some years fhan others), but is very local, and its appearance is limited
to the hot season and the first two months of the rains. More than half
the year, from the end of July till at least March, or oftener May, is
passed in the pupa state under stones and roots. We have given a full
description and figure of the transformations in our former paper (Jour-
nal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 364, n. 70, 1890).
168. P. antiphates, Cramer.
Our acquaintance with this species is limited. We first met with
it at Gairsoppa in the south of the district, but have since found it at
one or two places further north, It begins to appear in March, and
there can be little doubt that it is on the wing for a few 1aonths only,
like P. nomius, Esper, which it resembles in many respects. On the
26th of April, 1893, a female was kind enough to lay a single egg
in the presence of a member of our firm, and though the little cater-
pillar which emerged perished by starvation, the plant (Unona lawii)
not being obtainable at his next camp, we succeeded in getting a few
more next year and are able to present our readers with an amateur
figure, Plate VI, figs. 1, larva ; la, pupa. The most unusual feature of
the larva is that in its early stages it is pure white, marked only
with thin transverse lines of black or dark green. At the last moult
but one it becomes yellow, with thicker lines, and after the last moult
attains the colour shown in the figure, showing a distinct resemblance
to the larva of P. nomdus. The pupa is supported by an uncommonly
Jong band, and from its green colour would seem to be normally
formed on the plant and not under stones.
Tue Hrirnontus Group.
These are distinctly separable by the form ofthe larva and pupa
from the last group, though much nearer to it in these respects and also
in habits than to the *‘ protected” Ornithoptera group. They all feed
on plants of the orange order (formerly dAurantiuceee, now Rutacec,
including the Rue, which the butterflies included trom the beginning),
but each species affects certain plants and refuses others which are
eaten by other members of the same group. )
6
580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. xX.
169. P. erithonius, Cramer. |
The Hon. Walter Rothschild in ‘* Novitates Zoologica,” Vol. Il,
p. 279, n. 67 (1895), has recently shown that this species should be
known by the older name, P. demeleus, Linneeus ; but we have allowed
the better known name to stand here. The larva and pupa of this, which
may be found on almost any kind of Orange or Lime, or on the com-
mon, evil-smelling garden Rue, which no other member of the group
will eat, may serve asatype of the whole group. The butterfly is
very common, frequenting gardens more than forest, and appearing
from October till at least January, and in less numbers atter that till
June, The larvaand pupa are described in our former paper
(Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 366,
n. 71, 1890).
170. P. polytes, Linnezeus.
This also is very common and very destructive to orange and lime
trees in gardens. In the forest we have found it most commonly on
Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa, and Zanthorylum Rhetsa, D, C. Prod.
{tis on the wing at all seasons, but most numerous about September
and October. Females of the same colour as the male (the pammon
fourm) are scarce in this district, but we have one or two specimens.
The larva and pupa are very like those of the last species, indeed the
larva is sometimes difficult to distinguish. They are described in
our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society,
Vol. V, p. 866, n. 72, 1890).
171. P. polymnestor, Cramer.
Common wherever the country is sufficiently wooded, most so about
September and October. Its favourite food is a wild lime which
eccurs in all the forests. The larva and pupa are just like those of
the last on a larger and coarser scale. We described them in
our former paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society,
Vol. V, p. 506, n. 73, 1890).
172. P. daksha, Moore.
This may be met with in the same situations as the last and at any
time of the year, but is not nearly so numerous. We described the
larva and pupa in our former paper under the name of P. helenus,
Linneeus (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 867,
n. 74,1890), bat figure them now—(Plate VI, figs. 8, larva; 3 a;
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 581
pupa). They are not very easy to distinguish with certainty from those
of the-last. The usual food is Zanthozylum Rhetsa, D, C. Prod.
173, P. demolion, Cramer.
We may discard the alias, P. liomedon, Moore, under which we
described and figured the transformations of this species in our former
paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V,-p. 367, n. 79,
1890). It is not a rare butterfly in Canara, but more local than most,
owing perhaps to its feeding exclusively (so far as we |know) on
Acronychia laurifolia, Bl. Bijd., a tree which is almost confined to the
tops of wooded hills. We have met with the butterfly chiefly from
August to October.
174. P. tamilana, Moore.
This magnificent butterfly is one of the two species of Papilio
which have as yet successfully defied us to find their larvee, but we
have no hesitation in putting it into this group. It can scarcely
belong to any other. It is found in many parts of the district as far
north as Castle Rock during the rains and also in March and April,
but it is very local. Like most of the group it has a regular beat,
round and round which it goes during the hottest hours of the day,
with little change; so that, by taking your stand where one has passep,
you may make pretty sure of meeting it again every half hour or so,
that is, if you go on missing it. If you catch it that ends the fun. Of
course you get only males inthat way. We do not know how females
are to be got. ‘Two specimens have fallen inte our hands by accident.
175. P. buddha, Westwood.
This species, which is even more splendid than the last, appears to
be spread over the whole district, affecting cultivated tracts as well as
forest, and is by no means rare in some parts; but it is one of the most
difficult of all butterflies to come by. It usually flies very high and
ast, and seldom alights or hovers over flowers. When caught, if not
already broken, it often contrives to break off a goodly bit of one
wing in the net. We had long been sure that it laid its eggs on
Zanthorylum rhetsa, D.C. Prod., already mentioned as the favourite
food of P. daksha, Moore, and at last, on 24th September, 1892, we
got one larva. This died two days after of mere “ cussedness,” but we
had got on the scent now, and hunted every accessible leaf of every
known tree within some miles of Karwar. To realise the difficuliies
582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
of the search, it must be remembered that the “Tirphal” tree is
studded with thorns on every branch and twig aid all down the stem
to the roots, while the wood is so brittle that even the principal boughs
will scarcely bear the weight of a man. Add that the caterpillar
rests motionless on the upperside of a leaf, which is of exactly the
same shade of green as itself, and that it is slightly speckled with a
paler shade in imitation of the effect produced on the leaf by minute
insects eating away the soft tissue. However, with the aid of
laduers, we got four larve, of which we succeeded in rearing
three. Next year we did not find any, but in 1894 the butterfly was
unusually common, and we got several. The larva, though somewhat
aberrant, clearly locates the butterfly in this group. When young itis
spiny, as they all are, but when full-grown only two pairs of minute
sharp processes remain on the second and last segments. A thin, but
well-defined, yellow ridge, commencing at each side of the second seg-
ment, encircles the fifth segment, enclosing an oval space as seen from
above. The colour is green, faintly freckled as mentioned above.
When at rest the larva often holds the head and forepart raised after
the manner of a Sphynx moth. The pupa is in outline a little like the
others of the group, but it is straighter, less angular, and entirely wants
the dorsal process on the thorax. The head processes are long and up-
turned. The back is keeled, and the sides also in a less degree. The
colour is a wonderful example of “ protective resemblance.’ It con-
sists of two shades of green, sharply separated by the lateral keel. The
ventral half, which is of course uppermost, has the dark green tint of
the upperside of the leaf of Z%. rhetsa ; while the dorsal half, like the
underside of the same leaf, is of a pale and dull shade. We do not
understand the seasons of the butterfly’s appearance. It is not seen in
June or July, but begins to appear in August, iscommon by October,
and may be met with till the end of the year, Now the “ Tirphal ”
tree looses every leaf soon after the close of the monsoon, and remains
bare until the following April at least, more often till June. We are
almost forced tu coucluce that the butterflies which we see from October
onwards lay their eggs on the diy trees, and that these, hatching in the
following June, produce the first butterflies seen in August. There
may then be one or even two larger broods before the trees become
unfit for food, (Plate VI, figs. 2, larva ; 2 a, pupa).
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 583
176. P. abrisa, Kirby.
This butterfly easily passes for P. panope, Linnzeus, on a careless
view, and even for Huplea core, Cramer, so that it may well be less
rare than might be supposed from the number of specimens caught or
noticed. At Karwar, however, it is certainly not common. Most of
our specimens have been caught on the ascent of the ghats, or at the
top. A larva, found feeding on Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa, was
taken for a dull specimen of P. polytes, Linneeus, and only when it be-
came a chrysalis did we note that it was different. The chrysalis differs
from that of P. erithonius, Cramer, chiefly in that it is more bent
back in the thorax, and in that the apex of the thorax is produced
into a short, blunt, parallel apipedal process ; it is coloured like that
of P. polytes, Linnzeus.
THe Dissmmitis Group,
177. P. dissimilis, Linneeus, or P. panope, Linnseus.
The Hon. Walter Rothschild in “Novitates Zoologice,” Vol. II, p. 364,
n. 136 (1895), has recently shown that the dark form of this species
usually known as P,. panope should be knownas P, clytia, Linneus,
which name stands for the species ; and that P. diss¢milis is the form
with striate black and white wings. We have, however, allowed the
latter name to stand here, as it is better known in India than P, clytia.
This species constitutes our fourth group, for it cannot be classed
with any of the others. The larva, which is evidently “ protected,”’ is
handsomely and strikingly coloured. In form it most resembles the
Jarvee of the Ornithoptera group, but it feeds on Laurine, most
commonly on Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, Nees. The pupa resembles
nothing so much asa dry twig. This is protective “ mimicry,” show-
ing that the offensive qualities of the larva are cast off with its skin.
The butterfly carries on the same deception, passing itself off for
Danais bLmniace, Cramer, and Huplea core, Cramer.
The two forms are about equally common, and both may be reared
from any batch of larvee. There have been opposite statements about
the flight of this butterfly. The fact is that it can fly.exceedingly fast,
but usually imitates the lazy manner of the two butterflies which it
impersonates, The transformations have been described in our former
paper (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 868,
n. 76, 1890).
584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. xX.
178. P. pandiana, Moore.
This is the other of the two Papilios of which the larvee remain
undiscovered, and for the present it must stand outside our groups, for
we do not know where to place it. It closely resembles 7. aristolochic,
Fabricius, in colour and form, but according to the “ mimicry” theory
this is an argument against there being any affinity between them, for
if it also were inedible, there would be no purpose in the imitation.
It is a South India species, and perhaps little more than a straggler
with us, but there are one or two places on the ascent of the ghats
where it is not uncommon. ,
The larva probably feeds on Rutace, as we once saw a female flutter-
ing about in the underwood among plants of this order. It has the
flight of P. aristolochiw, Fabricius, and has the same habit of hover-
ing about flowers in the early mornings. The imago is never found
far from evergreen jungle.
EXpLaNaTion OF Pirate VI.
Figs. 1, 1a... Larva and pupa of Papilio antiphates, Cramer, p. 579.
buddha, Westwood, p. 581.
) 2, 20... 39 99 9 3?
Pa Urs Yee UN oan he Ms » daksha, Moore, p. 580.
Paar ib 2 7 Jae a », Nepheronia pingasa, Moore, p. 573,
NNO nO aa 11 PL » Lerias hecabe, Linneeus, p, 570.
ORPMO Gt eoantnay tess 5 » silhetana, Wallace, p. O71.
(To be continued.)
A ROUGH KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF
INDIAN OPHIDIA,
By A. G, CarDEvw, I. ¢. 8.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
September 22, 1896.)
A word of apology is necessary in laying before the readers of this
Journal the rough key to the identification of Indian snakes which is
printed below. It will be obvious to everyone that the key is purely
artificial, and brings into juxtaposition snakes~ belonging to widely
separate families, The key, it will be seen, does not pretend to be
scientific, but is merely an attempt at such an arrangement as may en-
able unskilled observers to identify specimens of Ophidia by evternal
characters. If reference is made to the_synopsis of families which is
given by Mr. Boulenger on page 234 of his work on “ Reptilia and
Batrachia”’ in the India Office series of manuals on the Fauna of
British India, it will be observed that-the families are there distinguished
by criteria drawn mainly from the bony structure of the head. In order
to apply this synopsis to the identification of snakes, it is necessary to
acquire a larger knowledge of the skeleton of a snake than is common,
and it therefore seems possible that an artificial key, based on characters
which any one can see and understand, may sometimes be useful.
The first principle of division which has been adopted in arranging ©
the snakes for the purposes of the key is the number of scales round
the body. On page 281 of Mr. Boulenger’s work will be found a dia-
gram showing the sealing on Dendrophis pictus, and from this will be
apparent the manner in which the scales should be counted. The first
step in applying the key to the identification of an unknown snake
would, therefore, be to count the number of scales round the body,
As soon as this has been ascertained, it will be found that, whereas
before there were some 260 species to anyone of which the snake
might belong, the range of search has now been narrowed to 30 or 40
species. The next step is to count the number of subcaudals and ventrals,
This is easily done, and with the aid of these two characters combined,
the area within which the snake must occur is usually made much smal-
Jer. Ifthe snake were Dendrophis pictus, for example, it would be at
once apparent that the snake must be looked for in one of the genera
Dryophis, Dendrophis or Zamenis. The third test to be applied is the
586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
shape of the pupil of the eye. This is of less service than the pre~
ceding criteria, but it at once excludes the genus Dryoplis from cone
sideration in the examination of the snake assumed. The fourth
character adopted is the number and arrangement of upper labial
shields, the positions of which are shown in the diagram on page 278
of Mr. Boulenger’s work, We have already arrived atthe conclusion
that the snake we are examining must either be Zamenis korros or a
Dendrophis. The number of upper labials in Z. korros being 8, and
that in Dendrophis pictus being 9, the area of search would now be
narrowed down to the genus Dendrophis, and as Mr. Boulenger gives.
easily applied keys based on external characters for the ascertainment
of all species within the genera, the specific identity of the snake can,
with the aid of his book, be now ascertained with certainty.
The rough key here printed:does not, therefore, pretend in many
cases to do more than direct the observer to the correct genus. Ié will
often indicate the species, but in large genera, such as Silydura,
Simotes, Tropidonotus, etc., it would have taken up too much space to
give criteria sufficient for the identification of each species, and it
would also have been waste of time to do so, as they are easily avail-
able in Mr. Boulenger’s book, which everyone attempting to use this
key should possess. The chief drawback which seems likely to attend
the use of the key is the variation which undoubtedly occurs in some
of the characters adopted as criteria. The number of upper labial
plates, of ventrals, and subcaudals is liable to vary from that adopted
in the key, and to this extent identification may be made more dificult.
But it is hoped that this source of error will not be sufficiently import=
ant to deprive the key of all utility.
It should be added that where the number of scales round the mid-
dle of the body varies from the number of scales round the neck, the
former has been adopted. The last two snakes in the key, the Cobra
and the Hamadryad, did not lend themselves to the arrangement adopt-
ed, and being well known, have been placed by themselves at the
end. Inthe Zyphlopide the scales can hardly be said to be in so
many “rows”; but the same phrase has been retained throughout for
convenience. In many of the marine snakes the number of ventrals
and subcaudals could not be given, but little difficulty is likely to arise
over the identification of this class of snake. In conclusion, it should
be once more stated that the imperfections of the key are fully recog-
nized and that it is only presented as a possible assistance to those
whose study of snakes is in an elementary stage.
-
587
A ROUGH KEY TO THE INDIAN OPHIDIA.
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688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
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590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY.NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
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597
NOTES ON THE FISH COLLECTION IN THE MUSEUM
OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,
WITH A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE.*
By P. W. Bassert-Smitu, Starr Surcron, R.N., F.ZS.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Sept. 22nd, 1896.)
On joining the Bombay Natural History Society in November, 1895,
I found a very fair collection of fish in the museum, which had been
carefully preserved. A large number of these specimens were obtained
by Mr. Phipson, C.M.Z.S., some years ago from the fish bunder at
Colaba. These have since been slowly added to by gifts from Aden:
and Colombo, and lately many have been obtained here.
It is however still very far from being anything like a local re-
presentative collection, though an excellent nucleus of one, and the
Society would only be too glad if members living near the coast and
up-country would send specimens with notes concerning them ; the
fresh-water fish being particularly pocrly represented. The fish had
not been named, or systematically arranged, and it has given me
great pleasure to do these during the last few months, following the
nomenclature of “ Day ” in his Fauna of British India (Fishes), 1889.
A large number of these fish haye been collected on the bunder and
in the market, and consequently the majority are used for food by
some of the teeming population of this city. A considerable number
however of the smaller and coarser kinds are eaten only by the:
lower castes,
The most important families supplying these food fishes being the
Pereide, Cyprinide, Clupeide, Mullide, Sparide, Polynemide, Sci=
enide, Carangide, Stromaterde, Mugilide and Pleuronectide, that
great genus of temperate climates. The Gadede (Cod family) is here
only represented by a single species, a small fish, Bregmaceros maccel-
landi.
Going down the classified list, the following are the most interesting
forms now in the museum, either from peculiarities of structure or
quaintness of shape.
* Since this paper was written the two specimens mentioned as doubtfully new hava
been sent to Mr, Boulenger, F.R.S., of the British Museum, who has kindly identified them as
Percis tertracanthus which had never been taken in this locality before, the other a specimen
of Discagnathus lamta with very small barbels.
598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, &,
Mustelus manazo, two young sharks, colourless, evidently taken
before birth from the dead mother ; for these fish are viviparous.
Great numbers of small sharks are taken to the market daily and
used for food by the poorer class of natives.
The species of Astrape represented is a small yellowish flat fish,
provided with an electric organ on its upper surface, which is not
strong enough to give anything more than a gentle shock, and is pro-
bably a ** protective organ.”
A specimen of Murcena undulata, one of the sea eels, is interesting,
showing the fish with a small octopus firmly held by its strong teeth
(originally the octopus was removed whole from the fish’s stomach).
There are two heads of Murenesox talabonoides ; they show the for-
midable teeth in the jaws, making the name of “ eel pike’ very suit-
able. They are used for food, but are coarse eating. The “ Siluroid ”
or scaleless fish, called commonly “Cat fish,” are provided with long
feelers round the mouth; almost all have strong bony barbed spines at the
eommencement of the dorsal and pectoral fins, which frequently inflict
a serious wound ; those from Platossus arab and Saccobranchus fossilis are
particularly dreaded, though both fish are considered very good eating ;
the spines are cut off immediately after the fish is caught; thus in
the market the specimens are always found mutilated. Many of the
“ Cat fish ” are exceedingly ugly to look at ; others which live on the
bottom in thick muddy water have the eyes skinned over or almost
atrophied, In these the barbels are most numerous, as in Chaca and
Exotoma, neither being represented in the collection.
Among the Carp family there is a species of Dzscognathus represent-
ed, which I have been unable to determine. These fish are peculiar in
having a semi-circular mouth placed beneath the head and a suctorial
disc on the chin. They are found in fresh water.
There is avery good series of Scaiophagus argus showing varia-
tions of marking from quite young to the adult forms, the spots being
most distinct in the young forms.
The species of Scorpena, Pterois and Apzstus are all peculiar in
their extraordinary spiny and box-like heads, and also their ragged
and elongated fins.
Polyeaulis uranoscopus is a small quaint-looking fish with minute
eyes looking directly upwards. Two species of that remarkable genus,
FISH COLLECTION IN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. 599
Echeneis, are present ; these attach themselves by a sucker-like disc
occupying the upper surface of their heads to their “ host,” generally
a shark, but are ‘‘ commensal parasites, using the larger fish only as a
quick means of transit to fresh feeding grounds, and are themselves
often taken free’? (Van Benedin). Icihyscopus inermis, another remark-
able fish, with a disproportionally large head, the eyes looking upwards
and the mouth opening vertically. It lives in the mud and is diffi-
eulé to catch. They are said to make a curious noise “ half-snapping,
half-croaking.” :
Platycephalus punctatus, one of the so-called “ crocodile fish,” very
common in Bombay ; it is peculiar in having eye-lids which it can
close. Boleophthalmus, two species, are represented. These fish live on
the surface of the mud and are apparently more often out of the water
than init. They will drown if not allowed to come to the surface.
Large numbers of these, with several other kinds of “ gobies,’
are sold in great numbers in the market, evidently much appreciated.
Mustacembelus and the allied genus, Rhynchobdella, or “spiny eels,” are
elongated fish, peculiar in having a long fleshy snout, living in brackish
water, and also said to breathe air direct. Among the most peculiar fish
in structure is Amphzsile scutator from Aden. It is about 4 inches long
with a very flattened body, depressed tail and a dorsal cuirass, having
its mouth at the end of along snout. It would appear to be a very
indigestible morsel for other predatory fish. There are present two
species of the genus Ophiocephalus, which are found in fresh-water
pools, tanks, wells, etc. This name is giventhem on account of the
snake-like head, covered with large scales. They have accessory gill
cavities, being able to exist long periods out of water, also can
travel some distance overland, chiefly moving by means of their
strong pectoral and candal fins. They are sometimes found alive buried
in mud and are popularily believed by the natives to fall with the rain.
Harpodon nehereus, another fish, very well known, and largely in
demand, both in the fresh and dried state, commonly called ‘‘ Bombay
duck.” It is very plentifully taken in the sea near Bombay. The
fish is semi-transparent and very flabby when first taken, quickly
decomposing. The eyes are yellow, the jaws wide and teeth large.
There is one specimen of the genus Percis, which I have been
unable to determine and is possibly new. The “ Pipe fish” and
600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
“Sea horses ” are fairly well represented and are familiar to every
one.
The curious “ Globe” fishes Diodon and Tetrodon are also well shown.
The majority of specimens are preserved in spirit, which has the
disadvantage of removing the natural colours and imparting a brownish
tinge. The last collected ones have been put up ina 5 per cent.
solution of Formol, which certainly gives the fish a much more real
appearance ; but even in this the specimens do not maintain the brilliant
ante-mortem colouring.
IT have to thank Mr. Mason for the care he has taken in mounting
and labelling the collection.
The total number of genera represented is 115, giving a sum total
of 212 species,
Class—PISCES.
Sub-class—CHONDROPTERYGIL.
Order I—~PLAGIOSTOMATA.
Sub-order— SELACHOIDEL.
Family— Carchariede.
Genus ... Mustelus manazo i TENG GT oe «-- Bombay.
Family—Scyllizde.
Genus _... Stegostoma tigrinum ... G mel (Monkey-
mouthed Shark). Bombay.
Sub-order—Barom»,
Family— Torpedinide.
Genus _... Astrape dipterygia .. Bl. Schn (Torpedo
TAY Wess ... Bombay.
Family—Myliobatide.
Genus... Myliobatis maculata ... Gray (Devil fish). Bombay.
Sub-class—TELEOSTEL,
Order—PHysosToM.
Family—Murenide.
Genus ... 1 Murenatesselata ... Richardson (Sea
eel)iy vase .-- Bombay.
M. undulata ... Lacép ... a 5
Genus ... 2 Murenesox _ talabonoi-
dos os Me a Bleeker (eel pike). Bombay.
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
(Ffenus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
FISH COLLECTION IN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. 601
Family —Selurcda—(Cat fish),
eo. L Plotosus arab
M.
M.
bleekeri
gulio
... 4 Rita buchanani
. 5 Arius sona
ris
neatum
. 2 Saccobranchus fossilis..
. 3 Macrones seenghala ...
. 6 Osteogeniosus milita-
isms 500 ee enn.
. 7 Glyptosternum _ trili-
. Forsk
Bilochin cece
Sykes
OGY Mawes
. Ham. Buch
. Bleeker ...
. Ham. Buch
BUgihy ss
Family—Cyprinide.
Sub-family— Cobitidinee (Loaches),
.-. Nemachilus evezardi
. Day
Sub-family— Cyprinine (Carps).
- 1 Homaloptera, sp.
Discognathus lamta ...
1D); Sp.
. Oo Barbus sarana
B. conch onius
B. carnaticus
Bs amphibius
B.
B.
tor
. 4 Cirrhina latia
Or
Danio chrysops
for)
Rasbora daniconius
R. buchanani
. 7 Aspidoparia morar
. 1 Clupea ilisha
C. lile
. 2 Chatoessus nassus
C. chacunda
Ham. Buch
.-- Llam. Buch
malabaricus ...
. Cuv& Val
.- Llam. Buch
.. Jerdon
. Cuv & Val
Jerdon
seer)
Ham. Buch
... Ham. Buch
... Bleeker ,..
. Ham. Buch
Family—Clupeide (Herrings).
Ham. Buch
Cuv §& Val
Bloch
..» Ham, Buch
eo
200
ooo
aoe
ooo
. Ham. Buch (Mah-
Bombay.
99
Bombay.
Belgaum.
Khandala.
‘B’bay dist.
Poona.
Vehar.
Poona.
. Vehar.
. B’bay dist.
Ph) 99
39 99
. Vehar.
Bombay.
.» Bombay,
602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
. 3 Engraulis commer-:
i.
sonianus eee LO CCD ieee .». Bombay.
purava «. Cuv & Val sel
.. 4 Coilia dussumieri ... Cuv & Val
--- © Dussumeiria hasseliii... Bleeker (Sardine).
iD:
acuta ... Cw, & Val aes
Family —Scopelide.
.» 1 Saurida tumbil PMS LOCH wae ».» Bombay,
.»- 2 Harpodon nehereus ... Ham. Buch (Bom-
bay duck) ... Bombay.
Family—Cyprinodontide.
««» Haplochilus lineatus ...Cuv & Val. -e» Bombay.
Family—Scombresocede.
--» 1 Belone strongylora ... Husselé (gar fish). Bombay.
... 2 Hxocetus mento ... Cuv & Val (flying
Dp
fish) ee ..- Persian
Gulf.
peecilopterus... Cuv & Val. ... tf
Order II—ACANTHOPTERYGIL.
Sub-order—PERCIFORMES,
Family—Pereide.
.. L Lates calcarifer ..» Bloch (cock-up
high ss see .-. Bombay.
-.. 2 Serranus sonnerati ... Lacép (rock cod). 2
s. diacanthus... Cuv & Val a ae
S. morrhua ... Cuv & Val ie me
Sh fuscoguttatus Morsk ... eee _
8. lanceolatus... Bloch ... Boe a5
8. salmoides ... Lacép ... es 4
S. maculatus ... Bl Aa ie 5
8. bonack: |... Bloch. ... a 5
. 5 Lutjanuskasmira ... Morsk ... ne “:
1 gibbus bog LORD oe eee 5
L. johnii bo) LENO pe nee “
Aly annularis ... Cuv & Val soe 9
L. lineolatus ... ftupp ... a "
L, rivulatus ... Cuv & Val See ¥
FISH COLLECTION IN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. 603
Genus ese Vala, argentimacul-
atus se ORS En ae -». Bombay,
L. roseus DOU Me was bee a
Genus . 4 Ambassis gyre ccopher
lus «. Lacep ... 360 +s
Genus . 9 Apogon piles Cuvgde Vall”... is
A, ellioti soon Way acc Sto 3
A. frenatus ee Val aus io “4
Genus ... 6 Therapon jarbua .... Forsk (bell fish)... 34
Ate quadrilinia-
tus aaa lOCls een ues 3
Tr theraps ... Cuv & Val he .
Genus ... @ Pristipoma guoraca ... Cuv & Val 3a 3
BE: haste yes l0C. 56s er FA
Genus ... 8 Diagramma griseum... Cuv & Val 406 43
Genus... 9 Scolopsis vosmeri ... Bloch ... oe :
S. ghanam ... Forsk ~~ ... 506 as
Genus _.,.10 Lobotessurinamensis . Bloch... are 35
Genus _...11 Gerres filamentosus .... Cuv Jes cay
G. lucidus «. Cuv & Val Se ue
G. oyena ... BO LORSIOUE Vee st
Family—Squamipinnes.
Genus ... 1 Cheetodom trifasciatus. Mugo Park
C. auriga ... Morsk
(Oh vagabundus Linn
C. collaris .:. Bloch
Genus ... 2 Heniochus macrolepi-
dotus ate so. Linn wan
Genus _... 3 Holacanthus diacanthus Bl. Schn..: ... Bombay &
Ceylon.
Hi. nicob a r i-
ensis ae ... Bl, Schn ... Ceylon.
Genus ... 4 Scatophagusargus ... Bloch... .». Bombay:
Genus ... 5 Drepane punctata ... Gime... ome fe
Family—Mullide.
Genus ... Upeneoides sulphureus... Cuv & Val —... Bombay:
(is Vittatus *..sslorsk? 12. s. Ceylon;
604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Family—S paride.
eee Chrysophrys datwia ... Ham Buch ... Bombay.
C. bifasciata... Hors 0s. ve i;
C. berda weve LOPSR ves aay 53
Family—Scorpentde.
. 1 Scorpoena armata ... Sauv ... eo Bombay.
. 2 Pterois russellii ... Bennett (cock
fish) ese: Pee A
Pp miles ... ... Bennett .. ee 3
P: volitans SSUES poe ... Aden.
... & Apistus carinatus ... Bl. Schr... yes ae
- 4 Minous monodactylus... Bl. Schn .-. Bombay:
. 5 Polycaulis uwranoscopus. Bl. Schn soe 53
Family— Teuthidide.
. Teuthis java |... Sa sen realise ... Bombay,
Ly stellata ... el Honsicniines ... Aden.
T. oramin ssa! Gintie, Wee: .-- Bombay.
Family—Berycide.
... Holocentrum diadema ... Lacép ... .». Bombay.
Family—Kurtide.
. Pempheris russellii IDLE Oe ... Ceylon.
Family— Polynemide.
. Polynemus sextarius ... Bloch (mango fish.) Bombay.
de heptadactylus
juv EA ROH ele vss 45
12 tetradactylus. Shaw ... 500 5)
P indicus USAGI NL eae wes a
Family —Scenide.
. 1 Scisena maculata ... Bl, Schn .»» Bombay.
S. OSSCA 2. ... Day A 500 .
8. glauca SAA OAT ilar ee a
S. aneus... eB lochin tec. Abe .
. 2 Scizenoides brunneus ... Day... an ss
Family— Trichiuride.
.«. richiurus savala... Cuv & Val (scabbard fish.) Bombay.
Family—Acanthuride.
.. Acanthurus xanthurus ,.. Blyth ... .«. Red Sea.
FISH COLLECTION IN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM,
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
. A, lineatus ... Gmelin ...
A. matoides ... Cuv. & Val
Family—Carangide.
~ 1 Caranx rottleri . Bloch
C, kurra... . Cur & Val
C. kalla ... . Cuv & Val
C. cjedaba ... Porsk
C. armatus .- Forsk
C. atropus Salk reid iiaece
C. malabaricus ... Bl. Schn...
C. gallus... eer ann
... 2 Chorinemus moadetta... Cuv & Val
C. lysan . Forsk
pou bylataxe beiray ss. --. Horsk
. 4 Psenes javanicus . Cuv & Val
de indicus 5 OU bee
. 5 Equula insidiatrix . Bloch
E. blochii . Cuv & Val
E. daura ... - Cuv
KE. edentula . Bloch
Family—Stromateide.
.-- Ntromatcus cinereus, Bloch
8. niger w- Bloch
. 3 Elacate nigra...
. 4 Hcheneis albescens
- Ichthyscopus inermis
. 1 Sillago sihama
. 2 Percis, sp.
. Batrachus grunniens
Family—Scombride.
. 1 Scomber microlepidotus Rupp
. 2 Cybium guttatum
. Bloch
K. naucrates .. Lann,
Family— Uranoscopide.
» Cuv & Val
Family— Trachinde.
Family—Batrachide.
. Bl. Schn(seer fish)
.-- Bombay.
19
.-. Bombay.
3?
PP)
9
99
.»» Bombay.
9
«+ Bombay.
39
ease 33
. Temm (sucker fish)
.-- Bombay,
wo. Forsk (Lady fish). Bombay.
22
.«. Bloch (Toad fish). Bombay.
605:
606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Family—Pedicutale.
Genus ... Antennarius hispidus ... Bl. Schn (Angler
fish) .-- Bombay,
Family— Cottide.
Genus... 1 Platycephalus puncta-
GDS bees ae ..- Cuv & Val -(Oro- .
codile fish) ... Bombay.
Gents ...7 2) Urigla, sp; -\\) ce. ... €gurnard) .. Ceylon.
Family— Cataphracti.
Genus _... Dactylopterus orientalis... Cuv & Val ... Aden,
Family— Gobiide.
Genus _... 1 Gobius macrostoma ... Steind ... ... Bombay.
G viridipuctatus.. Day uN vee a
G. ocellatus ... Day a wee *
G. masoni wee Dagy see oe Ks
G striatus eee CIC Mees Sas 53
G. ornatus Pe TO, ee oes a
G. giuris seldam. Buchs ee ¥
Genus. .. 2 Boleophthalmus bod-
Gaemtl wees alls eeee. ... Bombay.
B. dentatus... Cuv & Val. one He
Genus .. 3 Hleotris caperata ... Cantor ... galt 56
KR. fusca PML IOT Satie: te 3
Genus ... 4 Trypauchen vagina ... Bl. Schn... see 3
Family— Callionymidee.
Genus... Callionymus sagitta ... Pall, (Dragonet). Bombay,
Family—Blenniide. |
Genus _... L Salarias fuscus bay OTTO) Soo ... Bombay.
S. lineatus Cun es Viale ce st
Genus . 2 Petroscirtes puctatus... Cuv& Val. ... ss
Genus _... & Blennius steindachneri. Day ... eee Bs
Family—Rhynchobdellide.
Genus _... 1 Rhynchobdella aculeata. Bloch (Spmed eel.) Bombay.
Genus ..- 2 Mustacembellus guen-
there 07) ess ane a
M. pancalus... Ham. Buch . if
FISH COLLECTION IN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. 607
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
. Mugil waigiensis
. Amphisile scutata
. 1 Polyacanthus
.. Ktroplus suratensis
Family— Mugilide.
M. — dussumieri soot CU Carnal
Family— Centriscide,
Family—Ophiocephalide.
tus
. Ophiocephalus aie Bloch
O. gachua... Ham. Buch
Family—Labyrinthici.
(cupa-
nus) ce ... Cuv & Val,
. 2 Anabas scandens... Day ume
Family—Glyphidodontide.
. 1 Tetradrachmum arua-
num eh ... Linn,
. 2 Pomacentrus lividus... Forster ...
. 3 Glyphidodon
benga-
lensis. Cuv & Val.
G. cochin-
ensis bes wea Ao
Family—Labride (Wrasses).
. 1 Plalyglossusdussumieri. Cuv & Val.
- 2 Novacula punctulata... Cuv & Val.
. d Julis lunaris
roe luintes
. 4 Pseudoscarus erugino-
sus .. Cuv & Val.
Te erythro-
don... Cuv & Val.
Ie ghobbam. Forsk
Family— Chromides.
..- Bloch
Order III—ANACANTHINI.
Sub-order-—-ANACANTHINI GADOIDEI,
Family—Gadide.
. Bregmaceros macclel-
landi ae . Thomps ...
... Q.§ G.(grey mullet) Bombay.
99
. Aden,
°
e ——————
Bombay.
Secunder-
abad.
. Bombay.
. Bombay.
29
. Red Sea,
.. Bombay.
e+» Bombay.
608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Sub-order—ANACANTHINI PLEURONECTODIEI,
Family—Pleuronectide. .
Genus .». L Pseudorhombus arsius. Ham. Buch. ... Bombay.
Genus ... 2 Solea ovata ... ... Richards eae op
Genus ... 38 Synaptura zebra ... Bloch... bi
S. cornuta ?.. Kaup ... oe Py
S. orientalis.. Bl. Scn.... a n
Genus _.,. 4 Cynoglossus elongatus.. Giinth ... oes i
C. ibnvoleyaksiishyy JOM op ee A
Genus ,.. 5 Plagusia bilineata ... Bloch ... b00
Order [V—LopxHopraNcut.
Family—Syngnathide.
Genus _.,. 1 Syngnathus serratus ... Zemm (Pipe fish), Bombay.
8. Spicifer %.. fvdpp 22.
Genus _... 2 Gastrotoceus biaculea-
USI ees es .. Bloch (Pipe fish) ... Aden.
Hippocampus hystrix... Kaup ... as
H, guttulatus. Cur
Order V—-PLEcTOGNATHI.
Family—Sclerodermi.
Genus ... 1 Balises undulatus ... Mungo Park (File
fish) es. ..- Bombay.
B. maculatus’ ... Gmel .... Se s
Genus... 2 Monacanthus chceroce-
phalus che w.. Bleeker ... be A
Family—G ymnodontes.
Genus... 1 Diodon hystrix ... Linn, (Porcupine
fish)
Genus .. 2 Tetrodonlunaris ... Bl. Schn (Globe
dish) ites ... Bombay.
it oblongus ... Bloch ... aes “5
Ike patoce, oe Hanmi buch ss. :
le nigropuncta-
tus UO TEENS er ... Ceylon.
10s reticularis ... Bl. Schn... »». Bombay.
a fluviatilis ... Ham, Buch ... yy
609
LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’
RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.
Part II.
By C. M. Iveuis.
(Continued from page 461.)
Family Dicruride.
Genus Dicrurus (Vicill, 1896).
No. 327. Dicrtrus ater (Herm.)—The Black Drongo.
Hume, “N and £.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, p. 198; Buehanga atra.—Hume
and) Dave; “1S. Bi.?? Vol. Vip. 213°; Scully,“ S.F.° Vol. VII p:
270; Vidal, “S. F.,” Vol. IX, p. 59; Oates, “8. F.,” Vol. X, p. 201 ;
David, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 366 ; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 98.
The King Crow, as it is familiarly called, is the commonest Drongo
we have. It frequents the open, keeping to gardens and any cultivated
land.
They imitate the notes of other birds very well, sometimes uttering
the loud harsh note of C. chinensis and sometimes the lower one of
NV. athertoni. It breeds in May and June, laying from four to five
eggs which vary greatly in colour. Some eggs are pure white without
any markings, and others are again of a pale salmon-pink, blotched
with rufous and pale lilac.
Genus Chaptia (Hodgs., 1837).
No, 334. Cuaptia acnea (Vicill)—The Bronzed Drongo.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 210; Hume, “8. F.,”
Vol, II, p. 100; Arms., “S. F.,” Vol. IV, p. 320 ; Hume and Dav.,
“8. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 217; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. VIII, p. 166; Scully,
sabe Vol Wp 2202) binges seh a Viole IX pk (srsiOatess
“S. BF.” Vol. X, p. 202; Dav.. “8S. E.,” Vol. X, p. 367; Hume,
CoS te WIG 2xaly jos LOU:
This species is also very common, but it does not come into gardens
like D, ater. It frequents the jungle and may be seen on the edge of
the cultivation. I found a nest in June, in the fork of a sapling,
about 12 feet from the ground, quantity of moss and dried leaves. It
contained three eggs.
Genus Chibia (Hodgs., 1837).
No. 335. Curpia HoTTENTOTTA (Linn.)—The Hair-crested Drongo.
Hume, “N. and H.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p. 213; Hume, “S. F.,” Vol.
III, p. 101; Hume and Dav., “S. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 222; Oates, “S. F.,”
_ 36
BENG.
Debchoo,
3
BENG. .
Jungli
debchoo.
38
BENG.
Chool wallah
Bengraj.
39
BENG.
Chengraj.
40
BeEnG.
Bengraj.
610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Vol, VIII, p. 167, ;\Seully, oS. Vol. VILL, ps202 : Bingeseseie
Vol 1X, p74 5 Dav... 28. F.,° Vol..X, p.367; Hume; Soke aaviol.
Toe, 102: :
This is the rarest Drongo we have here. Its habits are similar to
D. paradiseus, Generally it is to be seen in pairs, and has a partiality
for Simul (Bombaw sp.) trees when in flower. This species may easily
be recognized from the rest of the Dicruride by the hairs that spring
from the back of the head, and by the tips of the tail feathers being
slightly curved upwards. It is a very shy bird, by far the shyest of
the Drongos.
Genus Bhringa (Hodgs., 1837).
No. 339, Burinca RemirER (Temm.)—The Lesser Racket=-tailed
Drongo.
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p. 216; Hume and Dayv.,
“S$. FE.” Vol. VI, p. 218; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 202; %Hume;
cS. He Vol Xl). 100)
This bird is not common here. It keeps to the dense jungle. It
generally goes about with a train of followers consisting of MZ. rubrica-
pillus, T. afinis, H. azwrea, &e. Vt differs from D. paradiseus in not
having the large crest of the latter, and in having the base of the lateral
tail feathers webbed on both sides and not only on the outer one as in
D. paradiseus.
Genus Dissemurus (Gloger, 1842).
No, 340. Dissemurus Parapispus (Linn.)—The Larger Racket-
tailed Drongo.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 217; Hume and Dav.,
sos, Hee Viole VoL, p20 ci@ates ia Silas oVOln NG gn sales
This species frequents wooded or bamboo jungle, but in the early
morning and in the evening it may be seen hawking insects in the
open at the edge of the jungle. When it catches a large insect, such
as a locust, it takes it in its claws and tears it to pieces. It has a lovely
song and great imitative powers, is easily tamed, and need not be kept
confined.
It breeds in April, building a nest of small twigs near the top of
any high tree. I have found nearly fully-fledged ones in the begin-
ning of May.
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 611
Wherever this bird is there is nearly sure to be a number of other
birds, comprising as a rule G. pectoralis, C. chinensis, G. rufulus, &c.
Family Sylviide.
Genus Orthotomus (Horsf., 1821).
No. 374, OrnrHotomus sutortus (Forst.) ~The Indian Tailor-bird.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p. 231; David and Wenden,
ea Viole Nesp. oa Scully ss. keae Vole VALI psa Oo:
Brooksuss 0k, Vol Vill wo: AvGic Dav. (1 Seke. aN Oloe sap:
Sg Ome, 9.8.02 Vols X45) 3 lumen (SS. cH72 iVoluexelap:
26.
This bird is very common everywhere, frequenting gardens, small oe
jungle, &c. Pat-teep-teep
No. 375. OrrHotomus ATRIGULARIS (Temm.)—The Black-necked ee
Tailor-bird.
Hume, * N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 235 ; Hume and Dav., “8.
ie Viole Vil, ip. 345)5) Oates,.« 5... Vol. Xp. 219; Hume, “Ss. 8.
Vol. XI, p. 206.
I have only once seen a specimen of this bird. I do not know whe- 42
ther it isa permanent resident or not. (It is. H.C. 8. B.)
Genus Graminicola (Jerd., 1863.)
No. 338, GRAMINICOLA BENGALENSIS (Jerd.)—The large Grass
Warbler.
PimenscsNjandl.7? 2nd Hid. Vole l.p2249); Hume,’ S. he.) Vol:
IX, p. 255.
This bird is mentioned by Mr. J. Inglis as common in North-Hast 43
Cachar, but I have never come across it here in the grass.
Genus Megalurus (Horsf., 1821).
No. 389. Mucaturis patustris (Horsf.)—The Striated Marsh
Warbler.
tN; and Hi.” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p:249);) Ball, “S.h.) Vol. IV. p.
230 3) ume and Day., S. H.,° Vol) Vi; py 295s Hume; "Si hes
VolSEX, p. 1253; 7d., Vol. X1,"p. 175 ; Oates, “Si F:,” Vol. X, p. 209:
This bird is very common, frequenting grass and reed jungle. It 44
has a habit of flying straight up in the air like a lark, uttering its loud
song, then alighting again a short distance off. Although very
common, I have never managed to find its nest,
10
45
46
47
48
BENG.
Kerketta or
Tayti Baga-
dhea.
612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. X.
Genus Phylloscopus (Boie, 1826).
No. 405. Puyxioscopus arrinis (Tickell.)—Tickell’s Willow
Warbler.
Brooks, “8. F.,” Vol. VIII, p. 480; Scully, “S. F.,” Vol. VIII,
p. 306; Day.,“'S. F.,” Vol. X, p.394; Hume, “Sirk,” Vole Xue
jo 741)
Far from common. I have only managed to get a few specimens.
No. 407. PuyLioscopus supERcILIOsuS (Gmel.)—The Crowned-
Willow Warbler.
Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 223.—Regulordes superciliosus.—Brooks,
“S.E.,” Vol. VIL, pp. 128, 236 and 475 ; id.,. Vol) VIL, p30.
Hume, “8. F.,” Vol. XI, p. 222.
Very common here, being seen in most trees hunting for insects.
Brooks has written very fully on this species.
Genus Prinia (Horsf., 1821),
No. 463. Prinia FLAVIVENTRIS (Deless.)—The Yellow-bellied
Wren- Warbler.
Hume; “N. ‘and W.,7 2nd Ed., Vol.J.,p..289; Oates, Sie
Vol. IIT, p. 840 ; id., Vol. V, p. 158 ; Humeand Dav., “8. F.,” Vol.
V1; p.340 5 Doig, “SSiF2 Voly, Villy. 378 3) Butler Sane
Vol. VIIL, p. 886 ; Oates, «S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 219 ; Hume, “8. F.,”
Vol. XI, p. 207.
This is a common bird here and frequents grass jungle. The inside
of the mouth turns black during the breeding season.
Family Lanide.
Sub-Family Zaniine.
Genus Lantus (Linn., 1766).
No, 475. Lanrus nicriceps (Frank.)—The Black-headed Shrike.
Hume, “N, and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. Lp. 315; Inglis, “Sob.”
Vol. V, p. 29 ; Hume and Day., “S. F.,” Vol. Vi, p. 202; Cripps,
So Ry Viol. VIE, p. 268 2 Scullys se Sarkcnm Vol. VIE pie 2odee
Hume; *S.5.,7 Vol. Xi) p.'89:
This is the commonest .Shrike we have got, It frequents the tea
gardens and scrub jungle. It has avery harsh note. The natives
catch numbers of them in springJes, baited with mole-crickets,
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 613
No. 477. Lantus TepHRonotus (Vigors,)—The Grey-backed Shrike.
Humes N. and) Hy? “2ndi lids Velv ih psa2o)inelisec sate.
Vol. V, p. 49 ; Hume and Day., “S. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 202 ; Cripps,
Sete Vol, Ville p, 267°; Humes S. 1. Vols Viki py aia ide
Wolke p. 8oi;iscullyS.k,” Vol. VIN py 264: Brooksac Sebi
Vol. VIII, p. 468.
This species is nearly as common as L. nigriceps and its habits are
just the same. '
No. 481. Lantus cristatus (Linn.)—The Brown Shrike.
ume; bo N sand Es 2nd Hd., Vol. lp. 3263: Inclis, “Si He?
WolnVip. 20s butler sos. he? Volt Mil p. 464 5; Days, Sahat
Wolh Xe p, 3605) Hume) “1S. i..’’ Vol. XI, p. 92.
This Shrike is comparatively rare here. I think it is a permanent
resident, but have never found its nest.
Genus Tephrodornis (Swains, 1831.)
No. 486. TePpHRODORNIS PELVIcUS (Hodgs).—The Nepal
Wood-Shrike.
Hume, “N. and H.,” 2nd Ed. Vol. I, p. 330; Hume, “8. F.,”
Wolbni ps 92 57d), Vole XT p93 ; fume, “SF 5" Vol. V1, p, 205.
This is not a common bird, but it is far from being rare. It
frequents thick jungle and goes about in small parties. I have never
seen them on the ground. They prefer high trees where they hunt for
insects. ‘They are not shy birds.
Genus Pericrocutus (Boie, 1826.)
No. 490. Prricrocurus sprctosus (Lath.)—The Indian Scarlet
Minivet.
Hume, “N, and H.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 335 ; Sharpe, “8. F.,”
WioleIN p.206); elumiey Sanh am volwvisp: LO 2e-i alle concen Ha
Vol. V, p. 414 ; zd., Vol. VII, p. 210 ; Scully, ““S. F..” Vol. VIII,
p. 268.—Pericrocutus Elegans.—Inglis, “8. F.,” Vol. V, p. 29;
Oates, “S. H:,?? Vol. X, p. 200.
These pretty birds are only found here during the cold weather.
In the early morning, when the mist is stili hanging, they may be
seen flitting over the tea, or else hovering over and settling on some
tree in the open ; seen through the mist, they have a beautiful appear-
ance, the mixture of scarlet, orange and yellow, making a lovely blend
of colour.
49
5
BENG.
Chota Ker-
ketta,
52
54
55
56
‘614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
IT have never seen any here during the hot weather, so I do not
think it probable that they breed here.
No, 495, Prricrocurus BREVIROSTRIS (Vigors.)—The short-billed
Minivet.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 387; Inglis, “8S. F.,” Vol.
V,p. 29°; Hume, “oS!” VioliV, py 187 5 2ds° Vol. ior:
Hume‘und Day.; °S..F.,? Vol. Vij. p. 211); Scully, “8. Bia viol
VII, p. 268.
This species is much smaller than P. speciosus. It is slightly
the commoner of the two, and it also is only found here during
the cold season, Its habits are the same as that species. In colour
the males differ from it in being more crimson than scarlet.
Genus Campophaga (Vicill, 1816),
No. 505, CAMPOPHAGA MELANOCHISTA (Hodgs.)—The Dark-grey
Cuckoo-Shrike.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 845.— Volvocivora melas-
chistus—lInglis, “S. F.,” Vol. V, p. 29; Hume, “S. F.,” Vol. V,
p. 205 5 Ball, *<S.°K.,7 Nol. Vil, 'p..210; Scully, oS: 2.575 Viola walle
p. 266.
This Cuckoo-Shrike is very rare here, and frequents the jungle.
They go about in small parties.
Genus Grauculus (Cuvier, 1817).
No. 510. Graucutus macit (Less).—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p.3848 ; Hume, “8. F.,” Vol.
1, 3.204; Ball,“ S. EY Vol. yp. 400 5 Inglis) S. Ba Wolke:
p. 295 Scully, 8. Hy Vols VILL ps 2675 Day.. > Sally av ioleene
p. 366.
This bird is very common here during the cold weather. They
generally go about in pairs, hunting insects on trees, both in the
open and in the jungle.
Sub-Family Artamene.
Genus Artamus (Vicill, 1816).
No. 512. Artamus Fuscus (Vicill)—The Ashy Swallow-Shrike.
Hume, “N. and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I, p. 350; Inglis, “8S. F.,”
Vol. V, 9.80.3) Davis) S. dW paiViolexG yp.) 3685) Hume) aoa
Vol. XT, p. 103.
This species is exceedingly common,
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 615
Family Oriolide.
Genus Oriolus (Linn. 1766).
No. 515, Oniorus Tenurrostrts (Blyth).—The Burmese Black-
naped Oriole.
Hume, “S. F.,” Vol. III, p. 182 ; id., Vol. VIL, p. 181; éd., Vol.
XI, p. 187; . Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. V, p35; Hume and Dav.,
co. Hae Volver py 329): Scully. 2 Osh VON Bes 238.-
Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 212.
This Oriole is very rare. I only once got a specimen here. 57
Its note is different from that of the other Orioles. Curious to say I
found this Oriole rather common at Larsingah in the Happy Valley,
Larsingah is about 45 miles from Roopacherra. I cannot account for its
being so rare in one place and comparatively so common in the other.
No. 521, OrtoLUs MELANOCEPHALUS (Linn.)—The Indian Black-
headed Oriole.
Elamess Novand ah 2nde HdemVol. tpy.a00);) butlers oS. Hae
Molva (4 lneliss cose VoleV pada 9 bume, oS) h..2
Mol siliip. 1335 Wavy. b.. Vol Xp. o80.> Oates, "5. Fo
Vol. X, p. 212.
This Oriole is very common, frequenting the busties or any Hee
thinly-wooded place. It may be easily kept in captivity. These Be ane
Orioles invariably go about in pairs.
No. 522. OrtoLus TRaILIZ (Vigors)—The Maroon Oriole.
umes. Nevand) be) 2nd) Bide Violate ps 362): jiscullye caren
Wolk) Vill tp.1299); Oatess 1S" Hoe Viol Xx, pa 2l2; Hume, oS.hs
Vol. XI, p. 189.
This species is very rare here, but not so rare as O. tenuirostris, Bh
I have obtained about a couple of pairs during the five years I have Lali Teeo.
been collecting. Jmmature birds are, if anything, commoner than
the adults. It is the shyest of all the Orioles keeping to the
dense jungle.
Family Hulabetide.
Genus Hulabes (Cuvier, 1817).
No. 525, Hunases JAvanensis (Osb.)—The Malay Grackle.
Inglis eS. He Vol. Vi) p. 88; Hume, “oS: By Voli ps a2)
ad., Vol. XI, p. 268,
60
BENG.
Tahara
Myna.
61
62
BEnG.
Poway.
63
BENG.
Huldi matha
Myna.
616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
This Grackle is fairly common, but it keeps more to the jungle
than near cultivation. It breeds, as a rule, ina hole very high up in
a tree, from April to June, laying two or three eggs. Their note is
very loud.
Genus Calornis (Gray, 1841).
No. 527. Catornis cHALypetus (Horsf.)—The Glossy Calornis,
Hume, “N, and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 367; Hume and Day.,
“S.F..” Vol. VI, p. 394.—Colornis afinis.—Inglis, “8. F.,” Vol. V,
p. 88.—Calornis tytleri—Hume, “8, F.,” Vol. I, p. 480 ; zd., Vol. I,
p- 253.
This bird is fairly common here. The young are streaked on the
lower plumage. The irides in the adults are of a pretty crimson. They
go about in small flocks and breed in holes of trees, laying three eggs.
Vamily Sturnide.
Genus Sturnia (Lesson, 1837),
No. 538. Srurnia MALABARICA (Gmel.)—The Grey-headed Myna.
Hume,“ N; and H.,? 2nd Ed.; Vol. 1, p: 372 ;)Hume, sake
Vol. XI, p. 265 ; Dav., “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 401.— Temenuchus mala-
baricus.—Inglis, “8S. F.,” Vol. V, p. 38.
This myna is exceedingly common, going about in large flocks.
These mynas vary greatly in colour, some being of a ruddy tinge on
the breast, others only having a fulvous appearance.
Genus Ampeliceps (Blyth, 1842).
No. 543. AMPELICEPS coronatus (Blyth)—The Gold-crest Myna.
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 874; Arms. and Hume,
oS. B47 Vol. LV; p.. 335; Hume and) Day.) oS: Hs aaVioleeayels
p: 598); Inglis, “OS. 1) Volo X. p. 256); nme, SO. ia Volexale
p. 269.
Only one year I saw this bird, when for some evenings large flocks
came into our coolie lines, where there are large clumps of bamboos.
I first noticed them from my bungalow, and not being able to recog-
nize them, I went down with my gun and shota few. They came
in flocks of from twenty to fifty, and I think there were six different
flocks. When at a distance they kept very high up, but as they came
nearer the bamboos they circled round closer and then with one sweep
vanished into the bamboos. I had to shoot them when they circled,
as after circling they were in the bamboos before one had time to
BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 617
fire. It was generally so dark when they got near, that I was unable
to get as many as I should have liked. I have never seen them
again. ‘The young have no yellow on the head ; it gradually appears
as they grow older. The two sexes are identical. I kept a fine adult
in a cage for some time, and it seemed to take to being confined very
easily, but unfortunately after its wing had healed up a servant
forgot to close the door of its cage and it got away.
Genus Acridotheres (Vicill, 1816).
No. 549. AcripoTHERES tristr1s (Linn.)—The Common Myna.
Hume, “ N. and E.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 377 ; Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol.
Wop 30); lumeand: Day cOS. W.o2 Vol. Wiliip. 398); Vidal, Sa By
Wollxeron (Ons Waves c sab caol. Xe. 4000.) Humes cho. geese
Vol. XI, p. 262.
This is the commonest myna we have. They breed everywhere
in bungalows, holes of trees, &c.
Genus dithiopsar (Sharpe, 1889).
No. 552, AirHiopsaR Fuscus (Wagl.)—The Jungle Myna.
Hume, “N. and H.,” 2nd Ed. Vol. I, p. 383.—Aerdotheres
fuscus.—Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. V, p. 88; Hume and Dav., “S. F.,”
Vol. VI, p. 388.
This myna is also very common, but frequents little patches of jungle
in the cultivation, though it does sometimes come near houses.
Genus Sturnopastor (Hodgs, 1844).
No. 555, SturnopasTor contra (Linn.)—The Pied Myna.
Hume, “N.and H.,” 2nd Ed., Vol. I, p. 386 ; Inglis, “S. F.,”
Wol Vip ooh; Humes cS: Vol exp. 201,
This species is also very common. It never builds in the holes of
trees like the other mynas.
( To be continued.)
64.
‘BENG.
Lall Myna,
Bonnie or
Harri harri.,
65
BENG.
Choondia
Myna.
66
BENG.
Gobara Myna
or Chirka
harri.
618
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
By Surceon-Masor K. R. KirriKar, LM.S., F.L.S.,
Civit Surcreon, THANA.
Part XVI.
(With Plate R.)
(Continued from Vol. X, page 502.)
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA—(Linzn.)
Natural Order— PLUMBAGINEA.
MARATHI—faaa (Chitrak).
An evergreen perennial herb or undershrub, growing in gardens,
but not wild, in Thana.
ROOT.—Long, succulent, often much contorted and substantial.
STEM.—2-5 feet, spreading, cylindrical, glabrous, striate, often much
branched.
BRANCHES.—Diffuse, striated longitudinally. Length of the
branches, often 4-5 feet. Procumbent branches, on reaching the soil,
often strike root,
LEAVES.—Alternate, exstipulate, entire, sessile ; 13-33 inches
long, 1 inch broad, oval or ovate-oval ; “much tapering towards the
base, but there dilated to form rounded, amplexicaul, stipule-like
auricles, acute at apex, undulate, glabrous, thin, somewhat glaucous,
and finely scurfy beneath”—(Trimen).* Clarke says the leaves are
puberulous} or glabrous, acute, 3 x 1} inch.
PrtioLe.—2 inch ; base dilated, amplexicaul (Clarke).
VERNATION.—Involute.
INFLORESCENCE.—Spikes 4-12 inches leng ; often branched.
FLOW ERS.—Scentless, white, regular, bisexual ; “on very short
peduncles, in erect spicate terminal racemes ; rachis and bracts glandu-
lar” (Trimen). Bracts and Bracteoles, persistent, leafy, shorter than
the calyx.
Bracts.—Though shorter than the calyx when the flowers mature
and expand, they usually sheath the flower-buds completely in the
* Trimen’s Hand-book of the Flora of Ceylon, Vol. ITT, p. 65, 1895,
t+ C.B Claxke’s urticle ia Hooker’s ‘* Flora of British India,’ Vol. ITI, p. 481.
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
eae as de] , = = More Bere Lith. London.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
Plumbege zeylanica Nat. Ord. Plumbaginaceze.
: Natural size.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 619
early stage of floral development. They are about 1 inch long, ovate
and acute. They are “studded with glands” as Trimen observes.
The nature of these glands will be dwelt on further.
BRACTEOLES.—Subulate; 1 or 2; smaller than the bracts and
distinctly glandular.
CALYX.—Inferior, free, 4-4 inch by +5 inch, persistent, narrowly
tubular, or spindle-shaped ; “5-10 ribbed, often hyaline between the
ribs ; mouth frequently funnel-shaped, scarious” (Clarke). Segments,
five, with membranous margins; “covered with large, stalked,
spreading, globose, crimson glands” (Trimen). ‘‘ Teeth very short ”
(Clarke).
COROLLA.—Inferior, persistent, tubular. Tube “fully 1 inch
long and slender,” says Trimen; “ ? inch,” says Clarke. I may add
that this is a matter of purely local development, and does not count
for much. Petal-lobes, 5, spreading, nearly } inch long, or more fre-
quently less, oval, ovate, or ovoid ; acute.
AHSTIVATION.— Twisted in the case of petals; plicate in the case of
the calyx.
It may be noted here that the corolla is less persistent than the calyx.
This is characteristic of the genus Plumbago.
STAMENS.—5, hypogynous, distinct, opposite the petals,
FILaAMENts.—F ree ; as long as the corolla-tube ; linear, dilated at
the base.
AntHERS.—Oblong ; exserted just beyond “ the throat.”
Hypoaynous Disc.—Absent (Clarke).
PISTIL.—
Ovary.—Superior, 1-ceiled, 5-angular, narrowed at the apex.
STYLE.—Slender, simple, filiform ; divided into five stigmatose bran-
ches nearly throughout the length. ‘“ Base of style, glabrous” (Clarke).
Sriemas.—5, capillary and quite distinct.
OvuLr.—Solitary ; pendulous from a basal ascending funicle.
FRUIT.—A membranous capsule; oblong, sharply-pointed,
“included ” in a persistent calyx and corolla. “ Pericarp, thin below,
thick and hard above” (Trimen).
DrEnIsceNcE.—Circumsciss near the base.
SHED.—Cylindrical or oblong-rotund, with undefined longitudinal
airiee ; green when immature ; brownish when mature,
ALBUMEN.—F arinaceous.
11
620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
Empryo,— In axis of the endosperm ” (Trimen).
RavIcLE.—Superior,
CoTYLEDONS.— Flat.
PLUMULE.—Slightly rough.
This description is mainly based on Trimen’s and Clarke’s in works
cited in the foregoing foot-notes, coupled with my own observations of
the plant as grown in my Thana garden from year to year for over
fifteen years.
REMARKS.
Much of what I should have liked to note under this head has
already appeared in the previous pages of this Journal (wide pp.
§49—357, Vol. IX, No. 4) in my description of Plumbago rosea—a
congener of the plant I am now describing. My work, therefore,
under this head is much curtailed.
The plant has the following synonyms :—
1. Plumbago auriculata—Blume, Bijd. 756.
2. Pl. jfiaccida—Moench, Meth. 429. (Kew Index—2nd column,
p- 569, Vol. IIT, 1894.)
3. Pl. viscosa—Blanco, Fl. Filip. Ed. I, p. 78. (Kew Index,—
Volume and page cited as above.)
4, Pl. sarmentosa—Lam. Mlustr. I, 470, Scandens. (Kew Index —
Volume and page cited as above.)
5. Thela alba, Lour. Fl. Cochinch 119.—Rheede Hort, Mal., X,
t. 8. (Hooker's “ Flora, Br. Ind.,” Vol. III, p. 480.)
As noted above, Lamarck gives the plant the name Plumbago
sarmentosa, which is a scandent variety of the plant. Under suitable
circumstances, such as a rich soil or proper manuring of leaf-mould,
IT have known the plant to deviate from its suffruticose habit, and
assume the scandent form.
The leaves, according to Roxburgh”, are ‘ ovate, suddenly narrowed
into the petiole ; rachis of the spike pubescent, or glandular.”
The bracis are “‘ threefold,” says Roxburgh, and “ one-flowered ;
the outer bract is ten times larger than the lateral one; they are
covered with the same gluten as the peduncle of the raceme ; some-
times there is » fourth linear bract pressing the calyx.”
With regard to the special characters of the glandular bodies found
on the various parts of the plant under description, I must refer the
* ¢ Wlora Indica,” Vol. I, p, 462.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 621
reader, as 1 did ina paper published in a former volume of this
Journal,* to the elaborate researches of Dr. John Wilson of the
University of St. Andrews, contributed to the pages of the ** Annals
of Botany,” {t in an able paper entitled “ The Mucilage—and other
glands of the Plumbaginee.” :
Dr. Wilson describes two sets of glands, wz.:—{1) The Mettenian
glands, which in certain species of the Plumbaginee, or under certain
conditions, secrete chalk-scales, (2) Mucilage-glands, which secrete a
viscid mucilage. These glands are of two kinds :— (a) Stalked exter-
nal glands ; (4) minute internal glands which are sessile. Those latter
are found on the calyx of Plumbago.
(1) With regard to the Mettenian glands, Dr. Wilson observes
thus :—“ In general, the glands occur in the longitudinal depressions
on the stems of plumbagos, giving rise toa striated appearance, where
calcium carbonate is secreted.” They are present ** on the leaves and
bracts of all, and on the sepals of many of the species” of Plumbago
and of other genera of the natural order Plumbaginee. They are
known to occur on the cotyledons of Plumbago, “even before the
light is reached by the germinating seedlings,” says Dr. Wilson. In
his observations on the seedlings of Plumbago zeylanica, this careful
observer notes thus :—“ Examples of different ages were closely exa-
mined, revealing the fact that no mucilage-glands exist at the base of the
cotyledons. Mettenian glands are as usual present on the cotyledons,
and they likewise occur sparingly on the hypocotyledonary axis. A
seedling which had the plumule destroyed at an early stage continued
to vegetate by its cotyledons alone, which persisted for many months,
They were ultimately 13 in. long and 2 in. broad, and presented the
very noteworthy phenomenon of bearing, like the leaves, chalk-scales
on their undersurface.”
In my remarks on Plumbago rosea in a former number of this
Journal (loc. c2zt.), 1 candidly confessed that for a long time I did not
know whence came the chalk-scales or the white crust on the leaves
of Plumbago rosea ; I now say that the same was my difficulty in the
ease of the white crust on the organs of Plumbago zeylanica. It would
be quite appropriate to observe here that even such a consummate
botanist as Professor Vines of Cambridge has fallen into error in tracing
* Vol. IX, pp. 845—865. Plumbago rosea, Linn.
t Vol, LV, pp. 231—255 ; 1889-1891.
622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
the source of this calcareous deposit on the leaves of the Plum-
bagos. He traces the origin of the white crust to the epidermal cells.
But Dr, Wilson points out the error of Professor Vines in words which
are well worth reproducing here. They are as follows :—“ It may be
remarked here that Vines * is misleading in the following statements :—
* Similar scales (calcium carbonate) occur also on the leaves and
herbaceous stems of various plumbaginaceous plants. 5 ony alia
these cases no glands like that described (water-gland) are present ;
it is, therefore, to be concluded that the epidermal cells themselves excrete
the calcium carbonate.’ ”
(2) With regard to the Mucilage-glands noticed by Dr. John
Wilson in the Plumbagos, I have this to observe :—Dr. Wilson says
that in P. zeylanica the mucilage-glands are of the same size as_ those
in P. rosea and P. capensis, the largest being 38 mm. in diameter. In
the specimens of P. zeylanica examined by Dr. Wilson, he says :—“ A
large number were seen clustered in the axil of a young leaf.”
Dr. Wilson gives a graphic figure in his paper, illustrating the relative
sizes of the basal and secretory cells of one of these glands, which he
modestly calls “a somewhat small example,” but which I think is
sufficient, for all practical purposes, in understanding the primitive
structure of the mucilage-glands of the entire order Plumbaginee
hitherto unknown in the literature of British Botany. To come to
the description of the first sub-division of the Muczlage-glands, viz. :—
(a) the stalked external glands ; they are seen outside the calyx and on
the rachis in Plumbago zeylanica. Dr. Wilson says that in P. zeylanica
the entire rachis is thickly studded with active glands, like the calycine
ones, but more minute. The second sub-division of the Mucilage-
glands includes (0) the internal sessile glands. They occur on the inner
face of the sepats and are to be seen in P. zeylanica. “ Their basal
cells are usually four in number,” says Dr. Wilson, “ but very often
two (P. rosea).” He adds that the basal cells “in all cases support
numerous very thin-walled secreting cells.” The sessile glands, be it
noted on the authority of Dr, Wilson, “do not offer any point of materia}
distinction from normal mucilage-glands of the leaves.” Such is a
brief résume of the observations of Dr. Wilson regarding tho glandular
appendages of the plant I am describing. Ihave tried to reproduce
here every observation of Dr. Wilson on this very interesting question
Lectures on the Physiology of P+ants, p. 246, Cambridge, 1886. [ J. W. |
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 628
of the glandular appendages of P. zeylanica for the benefit cf my
readers. Superficial readers will find it irksome, but to the practical
student of Botany, Dr, John Wilson’s researches are of rare value ;
this consideration is my only apology for thus occupying the pages of
this Journal.
With regard to the presence of pith in Plumbago zeylanica, I may
notice this fact that the new branches which shoot from the root direct,
as apart from the main-stem, on cross-section show a good deal of
pith in the central part. This morphological condition does not exist
in the regular branches of the main-stem. The longitudinal striation of
the green-glaucous bark is also well-marked in the branches shooting
forth from the base of the stem.
The flowering time given by Trimen in Ceylon is between December
and March. In September last the plant flowered in my garden in
Thana, and now in the middle of October there is no flower ; the fruit
is maturing. The last time I saw my garden plant flower was in
February of the current year. It may therefore be safely concluded
that the plant flowers twice a year on this side of India in gardens,
As a “ Stove-evergreen” in England, the plant flowers in June.
(Johnson)*; Paxton f says the same. He gives the height of the plant
as 13 ft.; but I have in my garden, under the Indian sky, branches
from the main-stem measuring quite a yard in length, and exhibiting
a scandent habit. The plant appears to have been introduced into
England so far back us 1731. This is a point of historical interest,
Kurz is brief in his description of the Plumbaginee in his Forest
Flora of Burma (1877, two volumes), regarding the plant I am de-
scribing. He disposes of the plant by simply saying it is a “ vesicatory”
(p. 96, vol. IT).
Dalzell and Gibson t observe that the divisions of the “limb” of
the corolla are “ cuneate and retuse.” They remark also that the
plant is “common on the rocky places in Concans.’”’ I do not
know if it is meant hereby that the plant grows wild in the
Concans. I should like to know whether this plant is wild on this
side of India, or whether it is an introduced plant, as the name indi-
cates, from Ceylon, subsequently cultivated in gardens and thus
EES
* Johnson’s Gardener’s Dictionary, Ed, 1894, p. 772.
+ Paxton’s Botanical Dictionary, Hd, 1868, p. 449.
t Bombay Flora, p, 220, Ed, 1861,
624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
almost naturalized. I say “almost naturalized,” as it appears to take
kindly to any garden-soil in and around Bombay. Dalzell and
Gibson conclude their notice of this plant with the somewhat puzzling
remark that the plant “ grows from Cabool to New Holland.” Is
it meant here to say that the plant grows wild from the capital of
Afghanistan right down to the Austral regions we now know as:
Australia? Or is it meant to say that the plant is cultivated in
gardens throughout the tract between Cabool and Australia? Would
some better-informed Oriental Botanist come forward to elucidate:
this point ? |
Although, as I have said above, Kurz disposes of the description
of P. zeylanica ina few words in his “ Forest Flora of Burma ” (1877),
it evidently not being a forest plant of any pretension whatso-
ever; in a communication to the “ Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal,” which he published the same year, either simultananeous
with, or subsequent to, the publication of his ** Forest Flora of Burma,”
he makes the following remark as regards the habitat of the plant :—
“Tn rubbishy places in and around villages, along river-banks and
toungyas,* not unfrequent all over Burma, but apparently nowhere
really wild.’t Such is my own experience on this side of India,
namely, that the plant is not wild here, but a cultivated one, which
has taken kindly to the garden areas of cur province.
Perhaps it would be useful to transcribe here the main features of
Plumbago zeylanica from the original Latin, expressed in his Hortus
Malabaricus (Vol. X, page 15, t. 8.) “‘ Height of the plant, 2-3 ft.,
growing in sandy soil; root, yellowish black, with hairy roots.”
This hairy condition of the root I have been able to recognize in
many garden specimens of fresh root; but I believe this is due mainly
to poor soil-nourishment, for, as observed before, in most of the
specimens I have examined from Thana and Bombay gardens,
Plumbago zeylanica (Linn.) furnishes a root which is distinctly “long,
succulent, often much contorted, and substantial” (K.R.K.). I
hold myself solely responsible for this statement, and I would request
every Bombay Botanist, who has specially studied the plant as I have
* Toungya = Toung-ya, which in Burmese means a form of hill-cultivation carried on by
burning the jungles (Balfour), See my note, p. 352, Vol. IX, Bombay Natural History
Journal, 1895,
+8. Kurz—Contributions towards the Knowledge of the Burmese Flora, page 217,
Part IL (Natural History, &c.), Vol XLVI, Calcutta, 1877 (Nos. J—VJ).
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 625
had to do, to be able to write this paper after close study, either to
contradict or verify my assertion. Jam quite prepared to accept any
view. Rheede says that the colour of the flowers is “ completely white ”
(Latiné—coloris in totum candid?). Rheede wrote his description over
two hundred years ago, under a different sky—more southerly in direc-
tion. I mention this particularly by way of an apology as my plate,
painted by the skilful hand of Mr. Isaac Benjamin from nature under my
direct supervision, has a faint dash of the azure tint, not far removed
from the light blue of Plumbago capensis. The natural size of the
illustration (Plate R. accompanying this letter-press) will be amply
sufficient to show that even if Plumbago zeylanica, at times under
climatic influences, assumes a slightly bluish tinge, it can never
approach the pretty bluish tinge—more strongly marked in Plumbago
capensis. The latter is altogether a larger-flowered plant, most easily
differentiated from Plumbago zeylanica.
The root of the plant requires some special remarks, as that is the
part which is mostly used for criminal purposes, A full description
of the dry and fresh roots is given in the “ Pharmacographia Indica,’*
which it would be quite appropriate to quote here. It runs as
follows: “ The roots of Plumbago zeylanica are from } to 2 or more
inches in diameter, seldom branched. When dry, the external sur-
face is of a dark reddish-brown colour, somewhat shrivelled, and
marked here and there by small warty projections; internally it is
rown and striated ; the fracture is short, the taste acrid and biting.”
Let me observe in passing that Rheede says (opus cit.) that it is less
acrid than the root of Plumbago rosea (Tambido-Citroko, 7.e., the red
Chitrak),—(K.R.K.). To continue the remarks of Dymock and his
collaborateurs (opus cit.) as regards Plumbago zeylanica, they observe
thus: ‘‘Wood hard, reddish, close-grained. A section of the fresh
bark, when magnified, shows numerous bundles of bright yellow stone-
cells forming an irregular zone towards the inner part of the middle
layer of the bark. The cells of the parenchyma are large and con-
tain much starch. In the dried root the yellow Flumbagin is seen
in the cell-walls of both the parenchyma and the woody tissue, but
not in a crystalline form (/liichiger and Gerock).”
*Vol. II, p. 331 (Dymock, Warden and Hooper). ‘“ Phamacographia Indica,” 1891. Bom-
bay Education Society’s Press,
626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES,
What I have said of the poisonous properties of Plumbago rosea,
applies equally to the plant I am describing. Dymock and his col-
leagues, however, say in their “ Pharmacographia Indica,”’* that “ Plum-
bago zeylanica is mentioned by several European writers upon Indian
drugs, but has not attracted the same amount of attention as Plumbago
rosea, which is said to be more active.” (The Italics are mine.—K.R.K.)
Dr. Dymock says that Plumbago root given internally in large doses -
acts as a marcotico-iritant poison.
O’Shaughnessy f attributes to the root vesicant properties, not unlike
cantharides when used eaternally, z.e., over the skin. To quote his
very words, the properties of Plumbago rosea, ‘Cand of the Plumbago
scandens and Plumbago zeylanica are nearly identical. It is applied
by the natives of India to buboes in the incipient stage. In fact, says
he, the prevailing characters of the entire Indian Plumbagineew are
“¢ astringency and acridity.”
Udoy Chand Dutt } says distinctly that the root of the Plumbago
rosea is a more powerful vesicant than that of Plumbago zeylanica. That
may be ; but I do not suppose there is any difference between the two
as regards their abortifacient property. They contain the same active
principle, Plumbagin, which I have already dwelt on in my paper on
Plumbago rosea. Dr. Dymock observes§ that “at present the physical
properties of the principle, the so-called plumbagzn, are not sufficiently
well-known to enable one to positively assert whether it is odourless
or not, while its chemical constitution has not been studied.” It is,
however, a matter of certainty that the active principle is detectable in
the contents of the stomach by the action of subacetate of lead. We
have the authority of O'Shaughnessy on this point. This is what he
says :— The root, in various forms, is much employed as a poison in
India ; and, as an irritant to occasion abortion, it is introduced into the
vagina and applied directly to the neck of the uterus. In a criminal
case of the former kind in 1837, the Editor {| succeeded in detecting the
poison by acting on the contents of the stomach with alcohol, concen-
* Vol, II, p. 330, (op. cit.) 1891, Bombay.
+ “Bengal Dispensatory,” pp. 508 and 509, Ed, 1841, Calcutta,
+ “The Materia Medica of the Hindoos,” Calcutta, 1877, p, 187.
§ “ Pharmacographia Indica,” p, 334, Vol. IT, 1891,
q ic,, Dr. O'Shaughnessy himeelf,—K.R.K,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 627
trating the tincture, redissolving in a small quantity of boiling water,
and adding the subacetate of lead, by which the very characteristic
red colour was immediately occasioned. By a modification of this
process two grains of the powdered bark may be detected in a pint of
a mixture of milk, blood and various articles.of food.’* Dr. Lyon
classes Plumbago zeylanica among irritants and observes that “ power-
ful irritants may like purgatives cause abortion, owing tothe uterus
participating in the irritant action set up ia the system.”} Mr.
Gribble, late of Madras, and now of Hyderabad, Dekkan, in describing
the poisons most generally used for criminal purposes in the Madras
Presidency, refers to Plumbago zeylanica thus :—‘‘ The use of this
poison is by no means uncommon; five cases occurred in 1882 and
three in 1883.”t Mr. Gribble classes the plant among zrritant vege-
table poisons which may be identified by chemical or by physiological
tests (p. 225, op. cit.). Dragendorff notes that Plumbagin is coloured
cherry-red by small quantities of alkalies. He includes it among the
bitter principles soluble in ether (“ Plant Analysis,” pp. 146—149, ed.
1884). “The table given in the “‘Pharmacographia Indica” (pp. 335-—
339, vol. I1.), showing the particulars of plumbago-poisoning in India,
is well worth the perusal of those wishing to have more information
on the subject. The following observation of Dr. Norman Chevers §
may be usefully quoted here : ‘ Dr. Shortt || remarks upon the use of
Plumbago zeylanica or Chittra moolum, that ‘it is a universal remedy
in dysmenorrhoea, and equally so. as a means of producing abortion ;
there is perhaps scarcely a village in India. where the use of this drug
as such is not known. Its action is that of a powerful irritant ; it 1s
not only had recourse to as an internal remedy, but is. more fre-
quently applied externally.
eae,
I gather from Dr. Norman Chevers’
quoted cases (pp. 739—741, op. cii.), that, though plumbago may
cause abortion, it does not necessarily cause the death of the mother;
“some women escape with life after having aborted.”
* “ Bengal Dispensatory,” p. 510. Calcutta edition, 1841,
+ Medical Jurisprudence for India, p. 379, Ist ed , 1889. (See also P. 106, Vol. VIIT,
of this Society’s Journal, fer Professor Schmidberg’s remarks in this connection, quoted
by me—K.R.K.)
{ Outlines of Medical Jurisprudence for Indian Criminal Courts, Madras, 1885, p. 201,
§ A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India, 1870, p. 739.
|| Feticide, (Madras Quart. Jour. of Medical Science, July 1861, p.g52), quoted from
N. Chevers.
12
628
NOTES ON NESTS TAKEN FROM MARCH TO JUNE
AT KOHAT AND MUSSOOREE, NORTH- ©
WESTERN PROVINCES.
By Captain R. H. Ratrray.
Konat.
THe Raven (Corvus corar).—I found a nest in a small tree over-
hanging a stream, about 20 feet up, ina large fork. It was built, as
usual, of sticks and twigs and lined with a large piece of goat’s skin,
with the hair attached. Hggs four, slightly incubated. This bird
breeds commonly here, but owing to the paucity of trees itis difficult
to find many of them.
Tun Buack-rumpep Magpie (Pica bottanensis).—This bird breeds
plentifully across the border. I sent men out, who brought me ina lot
of fully-fledged young ones in May. They found eggs, but not quite
understanding my meaning left them until hatched, and then came in
with the young birds.
THE Inpian Parapise Frycarcuer (Terpsiphone paradis’).—This
bird breeds here fairly plentifully, On my return from leave, a few
days ago, I saw them here, and on searching found some nests which
contained half-fledged young ones. I got one nest on the 28th of
June, with three addled eggs init. This nest was suspended from
three very fine twigs, about 15 feet from the ground, It was neatly
made of fine grasses and fibres, with a thick coating of spider’s
web. The cup was a very deep one, being almost two inches in depth.
BonetLys Eacin (Meraétus fasciatus),—This bird is common and
breeds here, but owing to the hills being across the frontier, it is
almost impossible to get at the nests. One nest I had a man let
down to as it was built on a ledge of a high cliff and almost inaccessible,
lt contained young ones about three weeks old on the 3rd April.
THE SHanin Fatcon (Falcon peregrinator).—tI failed to procure this
bird’s eggs, but it undoubtedly breeds in the hills near here. There
were two nests within reach of the station—one at Nin Gauli and the
second at Hangu, 29 miles off. On 10th April, the one at Hangu was
ready to lay in, but the birds deserted owing to my sending a man
down to inspect the nest. It was, as usual, built of sticks and twigs
on a ledge overhanging by a rock, the young were subsequently
NOTES ON NESTS, N.-W, PROVINCES. 629
brought in from another cliff near. The second nest was unapproach-
able. }
MUSSOOREE.
HrimatayaNn TREE-PIE (Dendrocitia himalayensis).—Very common
this year. I obtained five nests, containing fresh eggs, between 23rd
May and 10th June, 1896.
YELLOW-CHEEKED Tir (Machlolophus xanthogenys).—One nest
found on the 24th April, 1896, ina deep hole in an oak tree about
7,000 feet. The nest was composed of a thick pad of moss, with a lining
of thickly-felted pad of hair of various animals. Eggs five in number.
I also fousd another nest with young ones, which I left alone.
RuFous-CHINNED Laucuing Turusu (lanthocincla rufigularis)—L
found one nest on the 28th May, 1896, about 6,000 feet, in an oak
tree near the main trunk about eight feet from the ground. The nest
was composed of fine twigs lined with the fibrous bark of some tree.
One nest contained three eggs, pure white, with very fine fragile shell,
shaped very like eggs of Pomatorhinus erythrogenys. Size, 1:14
76 — 1:13 x °75 — 1:15 x “76.
ReED-HEADED Lavenine Turusu (Trochalorterum erythrocepha-
dum).—I obtained a nest of this bird on the 14th May, 1896. This
bird has not, I think, been previously noted as breeding so far west
as Mussooree. The nest was in a deep well-wooded nullah about
5,800 feet. I found the nest on the 12th May, and it contained 2
eggs. I left these and again visited the nest and found still only 2
eggs, sol took the eggs and the nest, and shot the parent-bird,
The nest was in a thick creeper overhanging a rock and about five
feet from the ground. It was composed of dried twigs and the roots
of some creeper and a good deal of moss on the outside. Next came
a layer of dead oak leaves, then a lining of fine grasses and stalks of
maiden-hair fern. The eggs were pale blue with a few spots and
streaks of reddish-chestnut at the large end. Size, 1:15 x ‘77 and
Lela >< 580:
Hopeson’s GREY-HEADED FiycatcHer WARBLER (Cryptolopha
xanthoschista..—Common. Six nests found from the 16th April to 31st
May. These contained three or four eggs in each nest. Two more
were found with young ones in them and two ready to lay in, but a
week later were found to haye been destroyed. Hees white.
630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
GREY-HEADED OuzEL (Merula castenea).—One nest found on tha
23rd May, 1896, on a bank at the foot of a high rock. It contained
two eggs, very hard set. Nest found 6% inches in diameter and 4
inches in hetght; composed of thin twigs and a good deal of
moss lined with fine grass stems. Hges like Merula boulboul, the
Grey-winged Onzel, but lighter coloured. Size, one egg 1:00 X ‘8;
the other egg got broken.
TrokeLy’s Ouzen (Merula unicolor).—One nest found contained four
eggs, on the 26th of May, at about 6,500 feet. The nest was placed
near the trunk of a tree, about 10 feet from the ground, and was
composed of roots and moss lined with fine roots and maiden-hair
fern. |
Sporrep Himatavan Scops Own (Scops spilocephalus).—One nest
found in a hole of a tree about 10 feet from the ground. No lining
to the nest. Eggs four, white and very round, and hard-set. Size,
1:23.x 1:03 — 1:21 % 1:04 — 1°29 & 1:04-— 1°20 1°02. Another
nest contained one fresh egg, four days later, near the same place.
Size, 1:24 x 1:05.
ContareD Premy Own (Glauctdium brodiec)—One nest found on
22nd April. It contained five almost fresh eggs, and was in a hole
in an oak tree about 20 feet from the ground. No lining to the nest.
The hole had apparently been enlarged by the bird. About 6,500
feet elevation. Size of eggs, 1:22 x ‘92—118 x ‘95—118 x
"94 — 1°21 & °88 — 119 x °90.
Large Barrep Owter (Glaucidiwm cuculoides).—One nest found
in a natural hole in an oak tree about 80 feet from ihe ground. It
contained three fresh eggs. The bird was caught on the nest. Size of
the eggs measured 1°43 x 116 —145 x» L17 — 144 X 115.
Wlevation, 6,500 feet.
631
NOTE ON PERICROCOTUS SPECIOSUS VEL PATER-
CULUS.
By E. C. Sruart Baker, F.Z.S.
On p. 151, Vol. X, No. 1 of this Journal, I wrote some remarks on
the above species of birds in reply to Mr. Oates, who had in the pre-
vious number disagreed with what I had written concerning them.
At the time I wrote I had but few specimens of the genus Pericrocotus
in my possession ; now, however, that I am at home, I have been able
to examine other birds obtained by me in North Cachar, and in order
to strengthen what I have already asserted, I give further notes
regarding dimensions, &c., which I have drawn up in tabularform, It
will be seen from this table that I have examined altogether 27 birds,
of which 19 are adult males, 1 a non-adult male, and 7 females, As re-
gards the tail, these 27 birds vary in length between 3°65” and 4:3",
both these extreme measurements being those of fully aduit males. The
wings of the males, with three exceptions—one of these being a young
bird—only vary from 3:3" to 4:1", the females running considerably
smaller. The coloration of the tails is not, as Oates remarks, of much
importance ; but it is interesting to note that, with the exception of the
amount of black at the base of the lateral rectrices, the coloration of
the tails of the females is extremely constant when compared with that
of the males,
These 27 birds are now in the collection of the Hon. W. Roths-
child at Tring.
Central Rectrices. Other Rectrices,
1g} 4:1” | 3:9” | Partly edged red, and with|All red except at extreme
red spot at tip. base.
An OF | Wiholly Molacksn Wen .../Bases diagonally black for
half their length
3A| 4:05" 3:91” Do. Do. on nearly half
44} 3°81") 3:9" | Edged narrowly with red. Do. do,
HAN Oey BPo AW hol ye blackaaiiee. Do. do.
6g} 4:3” | 3°92” Broadly edged with red .. Do. on a quarter only.
7o| 3°65" 3:92" Wholly black ase ces) Dos out ve even
ess,
8a] 4:05”) 3°92” With faint red tips only| Do. for # their
Jength and with
next pair also
broadly black,
632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
No.
98
103
11g
Tail.
3°9”
3:35,
3°95"
4°25"
3°87"
3°8/
4°12"
3°98"
4°05"
Aeyl
Ao!
8-98"
4:27"
4°25"
4°99"
4
3°80”
4ell
4:25"
Wing.
8:9!
Central Rectrices.
Wholly black
3°9” | With faint red tip
3°95!
3°91!
3°83”
3: Peal
3°98"
3°93"
387!
3°87"
8:90!
8:72!
3°75!
3°78"
3°68"
3°72"
3°75"
3°75"
Wholly black
Slightly edged red near ti tip,
Wholly black
Do,
Norrow red edge
Wholly black
Do.
the edge.
A speck or two of red ¢ on
Broadly edged red
All black
Other Rectrices.
-.|Bases diagonally black
Do.
for + their length.
. for 4 their length.
. for 4 their length,
do.
...| Tipped and edged yellow,
next pair black
for 2 their length.
dos with others
basally black.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
3°82” Front indications of yellow Broadly edged with yellow.
on edge.
633
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF BUTTER-
FLIES FROM UPPER BURMA.
By LioneL pe N ICEVILLE, F.E.S.) C.M.Z.8., &e.
1. CASTALIUS ROXANA, n. sp.
HasiratT: North Shan States ; North Chin Hills,
EixpansE: @, 1:0 inch.
Descrietion: Differs from C. roxus, Godart, in having the
white area on the upperside of the forewing somewhat larger ; in the
hindwing the white area is twice as extensive, permitting the appear-
ance of the three pairs of black spots near the margin which in
C. rovus are lost in the outer black area occupying nearly half the
surface; on the hindwing on the underside there are two black spots
a
only in the middle of the submarginal series, in C. rozus there are
three ; and the marginal series of white spots on both wings are
far more prominent in C. rovus than in C. roxana.
2. PAPILIO (Byasa) POLLA, n. sp.
Hasirat: North Shan States; North Chin Hills.
EXpanse: ¢, 5:0 inches.
Description : Differs from P. latredllez, Donovan, on the upper-
side of the hindwing in the discal white patch being larger (placed
further from the outer margin), extending into the discoidal cell
instead of ending (as a rule) considerably before the end, and oceupy-
ing anteriorly an additional interspace, in P. latreilled the patch is
bounded in front by the discoidal nervule, in P. polla it reaches the
second subcostal nervule; by the outer margin and the end of the tail
being broadly edged with carmine instead of having black cilia; on
the underside of the hindwing in PP. latreille? there is invariably a
small white marginal spot in the subcostal interspace which is wanting
in P. polla ; sometimes in /, latrezllec there are two small white spots,
sometimes one only, usually none, in the discoidal interspace in con-
tinuation of the discal white patch, these in P. polla being developed
into a very large quadrate white spot, which is, in fact, much the
largest spot of the four forming the patch ; the broad carmine margin
is also very distinctive of #. polla, being wholly absent in the allied
species.
N.B.—The two butterflies briefly diagnosed above will be more
fully described and figured hereafter.
®
Se
oa
oS
634
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES FROM
THE NORTH CHIN HILLS AND UPPER
CHINDWIN DISTRICT, BURMA.
By Capt. H. Y. Watson, Inpran Starr Corps, F.2.8., F.E.S:
(With a Plate.)
The butterflies recorded in the present list were, with the exceptions
noted below, taken by me in the North Chin Hills and Upper
Chindwin District between January and June, 1893, ¢.e., in the dry-
season. The bulk of the species were obtained within a few miles of
Kalewa on the Chindwin river, which locality is referred to below as
the “ Upper Chindwin,” as there is no doubt that the species. oc-
curring at Kalewa also occur throughout the greater part of the
Upper Chindwin District ; the remainder of the species were obtained
in the hills on the road from Kalemyo to Tiddim, posts situated about
50 miles apart, and on opposite sides of the most easterly range of the
Chin Hills.
At Kalewa, which is situated in the angle of the confluence of the
Myittha and Chindwin rivers, the forest is of that description called
> and consists of deciduous trees of rather small
in Burma “ Eng,’
size growing In quartzy soil with little or no undergrowth ; on the
banks of the rivers this is replaced by large trees in dense under-
growth. Kalemyo is situated close to the Myittha river, the country
immediately round which is either cultivated with rice or covered
with elephant-grass ; the road to Tiddim after crossing the paddy-land
leads through about seven miles of thin jungle, chiefly “ Eng,”
before reaching the foot of the hills; from here the jungle be-
comes denser and the road runs steeply up the eastern slopes of the
hills to Fort White at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, No, 3
stockade haying been passed through en route at some 3,500 feet.
Up to between 4,000 and 5,000 feet the jungle consists of large
forest trees with dense undergrowth ; above that height the prevailing
trees are rhododendrons and magnolias, to which at above 6,000 feet
are added various varieties of oaks; at the latter elevation also patches
of grass-lands begin to appear, the ridges and highest slopes of the
hills being almost entirely free from jungle, which is confined to
small oak and rhododendron copses.
a og
\ es
Beets Nat Hist Soc Vol.X. ateA
West, Newman chromo.
BURMESH BUTTERFLIES.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 635
Ajter reaching Fort White, the road ascends slightly to the top of
the ridge and then runs northward to the highest point of the range
named Kennedy Peak, somewhere about 8,500 feet in height, the
road passing chiefly over grassy downs and through two or three
copses ; from Kennedy Peak the road descends rapidly through dense
woods to the post of Dimlo ; here the forest is much thinner, the trees
being for the most part small and the undergrowth replaced by grass
which grows to a considerable height in the rains; this description
of forest continues until within a few miles of Tiddim, where it is
replaced by fir-woods by which that post is surrounded ; the road from
Dimlo to Tiddim is almost level, running along a ridge about 5,500 feet
in height. Immediately to the west of this ridge and between 3,000
and 4,000 feet below it lies the Manipur or Nankathé river, which,
after running some forty miles in a northerly direction, turns sharply
to the east and falls into the Myittha river about twenty miles above
Kalemyo.
The rainy-season lasts from about the beginning of June to the end
of November, but I have no information about the exact rainfall in
the hills : it however appears to be well over 100 inches; in the
Upper Chindwin District the average is about 80 inches.
At Kalewa the best month for butterflies is March, but on the ridge
there is not much to be done before May, the nights being extremely
cold, very commonly going below freezing point; while on one
occasion, in honour of the arrival of certain high military authorities
who were paying a visit to the hills on a tour of inspection, there was
a snow-storm on Kennedy Peak ; this, however, I believe, is very
exceptional and must be put down to the auspicious occasion.
The country explored comprises only a very small portion of the
North Chin Hills, and, owing to the hostility of the Chins, there were
no opportunities of collecting except on the line of march and in the
immediate neighbourhood of the posts, so there is no doubt that many
species remain to be discovered, especially in the valleys in the
interior.
Jn addition to the specimens obtained by myself, Lieutenant Firth, of
the 1st Burma Regiment, and Surgeon-Captain Graves, who were
stationed at No. 3 Stockade in the rains, made a collection of some 100
species, all of which were kindly handed over to me ; this collection
13
686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
contained twenty-seven species which I had not met with, two of which,
viz., Melanocyma faunuloides and Papilio polla, have recently been de-
scribed as new by Mr. de Nicéville ; the former of these is of special
interest, the only other described species of the genus being, as far as
known, confined to the Malay Peninsula; and a third species obtained,
Phengaris atroguttata, has hitherto only been recorded within Indian
limits from the Naga Hills. Of the others, Lethe latiaris, Tajuria
illurgis, and Armandia lidderdalit are rare and worthy of special note.
T also obtained from Captain Longe, R.E., specimens of Charaaes
arja, Charawes hipponae, Papilio rhetenor, and Papilio ganesa, none ot
which I had myself met with, and which were taken near the
Manipur river, a few miles from Tiddim at an elevation of about 2,000
feet. |
From this officer also I obtained some forty-seven species which were
taken by a collector of his in the Manipur State between Manipur and
Tammu; these species are included below under the heading
*¢ Manipur,” which locality must not be confused with the ‘* Mani-
pur River ” which at the point referred to above is some distance
south of the Manipur State. This collection is of special interest as
it was made in the southern and eastern portions of the State, while
the only other published list from the neighbourhood is one * by
Mr. Butler, entitled “On a Collection of Lepidoptera made at
Manipur and on the Borders of Assam by Dr. George Watt,” the
species recorded in which appear to have been taken chiefly or
entirely in the northern portion of the State bordering on Assam..
Of the species taken by Captain Longe’s collector, Ypthima iarba,
Lethe sidonis, and Colias edusina are specially noteworthy.
Of the 320 species here recorded, the following are new te
science :—Mycalesis adamsonii, Ypthima cerealis, YVpthima lycoides,
Lampides sp., Zephyrus letha, Caprona elwesiz, and Taractrocera
atropunctata ; the types of the above, except of the species of
Lampides, which has not yet been described, are in the collection of
Mr. de Nicévilie.
The following species have not been previously recorded from
within Burmese limits, or have only been so recorded with consider-
able doubt :—Mycalesis suaveolens, Ypthima methora, Ypthima asterope,
* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 298 (1885).
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 637
Zipetes scylase, Neptis cartica, Symbrenthia niphanda, Cyaniris dilectus,
Phengaris atroguttata, Orthomiella pontis, Nacaduba bhutea, Castalius
ananda, Arrhopala ganesa, Acesina paraganesa, Jlerda androcles,
Aphneeus schistacea, Deudorix epijarbas, Rapala buwaria, Armandta
Udderdali, Papilio paphus, Ismene ataphus, Celenorrhinus pero, Daimio
narada, Tagiades obscurus, Pamphila gemmata, Augiades brahma,
and Halpe cerata.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily Eurema.
1, Danats (Tirumala) tumiace, Cramer.
Common everywhere up to 3,500 feet ; also from Manipur.
2. Dawnais (Tirumala) sEPTENTRIoNIS, Butler.
Similarly distributed and almost equally common.
3. Danas (Limnas) cHRysippus, Linneus.
Not neticed above 3,500 feet ; also from Manipur.
4, Danas (Salatura) pLuxippus, Linnzeus.
Common everywhere up to 7,000 feet ; also from Manipur.
5, Danars (Parantica) MELANOIDES, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 8,500 feet in the Hills,
6. Danais (Caduga) mELANEUS, Cramer.
A single female from the Upper Chindwin in April, and a male at
3,000 feet in May.
7. Danats (Caduga) TyTIA4, Gray.
A single female at 5,000 feet in May.
8. Hurn@a (Crastia) coparti, Lucas.
Extremely common in the Upper Chindwin ; also from Manipur.
This must be almost the north-western limit to which this species
ranges, |
(Var.) LAYaRDI, Druce.
Two males from the Upper Chindwin in May and June. I have
absolutely no doubt that this so-called species is nothing more than a
casual variety of C. godartii, and that wherever that species occers com-
monly, specimens of the form layardi will occasionally be met with.
The latter is recorded in Moore’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera Indica” from Siam,
Upper Tenasserim and Arakan ; I have also taken it at Toungoo, Lower
Burma, and in the Yaw District, Upper Burma. Distant records it
under the name H. binghami from the Malay Peninsula, Java, and
638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Sumatra. Moore does not mention its occurrence in either of
the above-named islands, though he records an allied species,
C. inconspicua, Moore, from Sumatra. The violet-grey apical patch
of C. godartzz is excessively variable, and in some specimens is barely
traceable ; when it is altogether absent, the specimen becomes
C. layardi.
9, Eupi@a (Penoa) pzIonr, Westwood.
Excessively common in the Upper Chindwin in April and May, but
not noticed in the hills ; also from Manipur. This species has a sexual
patch of modified scales on the upperside of the hindwing in the male
precisely similar to, but less developed than, the corresponding patch
found in 7. linneet ; in P. limborgi?, the southern race of P. dezone, this
patch is more inconspicuous.
10. Hupnaa (Trepsichrois) Linwa1, Moore,
Common in the Upper Chindwin and throughout the hills ; also
from Manipur. This appears to be the only Huplwa that is found
above 5,000 feet.
11. Hupia@a (Danisepa) piocLeTIANus, Fabricius.
A single male from the Upper Chindwin in May. In his
“Lepidoptera Indica” Moore has sunk D. diocletianus as a synonym
of D. rhadamanthus, though the former name _ has priority, and
has given the name D. ramsayi to the race from the Hastern
Himalayas ; however, after examining the long series of this subgenus
in he British Museum, I do not think this name should stand even as
that of a local race, as though Eastern Himalayan specimens show, as a
rule, more white on both wings than those from further south, yet
some southern specimens exhibit quite as much white as other northern
ones, anda perfectly complete gradation can be traced from one
extreme to the other.
12, Eupt@a (Pademma) KuuGu, Moore.
Nineteen males and eleven females from the Upper Chindwin in
April and May. This species appeared in the utmost profusion at the
end of April: the specimens caught include typical klugiz, grantiz,
dharma, augusta and imperialis, among them being a male of impe-
rialis taken in coitd with a female of klugii, the latter agreeing
exactly with the figure (of female klugiz) in Moore’s “ Lepidoptera
Indica ” which, in wanling the marginal spots on the forewing,
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN GILLIS. 639
is rather a striking variety ; it is not, however, quite clear why
this particular form should be taken as the female of typical
klugii, as there is a common form of the female marked pre-
cisely as in typical male klugii, I further obtained two males
and two females which cannot be assigned to any of the above
forms :—one of the females is nearest to the form maclellandii, with
which it agrees in the obsolescence of the blue gloss and also in the
markings, except that the cell-spot is wanting (according to the
description this spot is present in both sexes, but according to the
figures is absent in the male and present in the female) ; the remaining
three specimens belong to forms which have not been named and are
all remarkable for the obsolescence of the spots on the upperside; the
female has five apical submarginal spots and three discal ones on the
forewing, and three apical submarginal spots on the hindwing, all the
marginal spots on both wings being wanting ; in both the males the
upperside of the hindwing is absolutely without markings, while on
the forewing in one specimen there are four very small subapical spots
and two discal ones, and in the other only the four subapical ones ;
these two males, from being almost without spots, have a very distinct
appearance. The forms regalis and illustris were not met with though
they occur a little further south. With reference to the former, it is
worth noting that Colonel Swinhoe in a recent paper on the Butterflies
of the Khasi Hills, while sinking regalés, Moore, as a synonym of klugi
redescribes it again as “Var, hamiltoni,’ and evidently considers the
latter as very nearly equal to a distinct species as he gives it a separate
number in his list. No form of the local race crassa was met with,
and only rare stragglers of this race would occur as far north as the
Upper Chindwin.
13. Eupi@a (Isamia) ROGENHOFERI, Felder.
A single male of the typical form with both rows of spots obsoles-
cent on the upperside of the hindwing was taken at the foot of the
hills in May.
14, Huri@a (Stictoplea) Harnisi, Felder.
A single very battered male of the form bznotata was taken at
Kalewa in May.
I wish here to call attention to some very misleading remarks
made by Colonel Swinhoe in his paper on the Khasi Hill
640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Butterflies above referred to, which was published in the Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of London for 1893. Under
the present species he makes the following remarks with refer-
ence to Mr. de Nicéville’s recent paper on the variation of
S. harristt :—“ I think if Mr. de Nicéville had written that out
of three hundred S. bénotata received by him from the Rev.
W. A. Hamilton he got the seven or eight specimens exhibited when
his paper was read at the Society’s meeting representing the various
extremely rare varietal forms described by Mr. Moore, it would have
been fairer.” Asa matter of fact, as can be readily verified by a
reference to the paper in question which was published in the Transac-
tions of the Entomological Society of London for 1892, page 247,
Mr. de Nicéville distinctly states that the “ forty-five specimens ”’ (not
“seven or eight”’) then exhibited were picked “ out of a collection of
upwards of two hundred caught in the Khasi Hills” and sent to him
by the Rey. W. A. Hamilton,
How in the face of this Colonel Swinhoe can have made the statement
above quoted it is difficult to understand, especially as he was
present at the time the specimens wero handed round and personally
made a few remarks about them. Of course the chief reason for
exhibiting such a large series was that not only were typical specimens
of all the seven named forms represented, but also every possible
intergrade.
Subfamily SaryRina.
15. Mycazzsts (Virapa) ADAMSONI, n. sp. (Plate A, Fig. 1, 9.)
Hasrrat: Upper Burma.
Expanse: @, 2°00, 9, 2°15 inches.
Description: Mate. Upprrsipr, both wings brown with a dark
anteciliary line. orewing crossed beyond the middle by an indistinct
pale band, obsolete below the first median nervule ; the outer portion
of the wing paler, with two very faint submarginal brown lines.
Hindwing, margin pale with a dark submarginal line. UNDERSIDE,
both wings dark brown from the base to beyond the middle, clothed as
far as the end of the discoidal cell with ochreous hair-like scales, with
a dark anteciliary line. Forewing crossed beyond the middle by a
broad lilac-white band, outwardly bordered by a sinuous brown line,
beyond which the margin is broadly ochreous, and bears a very faint
BUTTERFLIES FROM.THE CHIN AILLS, 641
submarginal fuscous line ; a black ocellus with white centre and
yellow outer ring in the lower median interspace, and four subapical
incomplete ocelli with white centres. Hindwing with a similar broad
lilac-white postmedial band bearing seven perfectly formed ocelli, of
which the fifth is large, the first, fourth and sixth subequal and much
smaller than the tifth, the second, third and seventh being also sub-
equal and the smallest of all ; a lilac-white submarginal line, beyond
which is an ochreous marginal line. Cilza fuscous throughout. The
FEMALE differs only in being paler above and below, the transverse
band on the UPPERSIDE of the forewing being more distinct and almost
white above the third median nervule.
Nearest to J. anaxias, Hewitson, from which it differs in the
entirely different shape and direction of the pale band on the upperside
of the forewing. The underside is also somewhat similar to that of
M. anazxias, but is much paler, and the fascia on the forewing is
entirely different.
Described from a male from Katha, Upper Burma, in the collection
of Mr. de Nicéville, and a female taken in April afew miles out of
Kalewa, in the Upper Chindwir District, Burma. I have much
pleasure in naming this species after Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. EH, Adam-
son, who has done so much work among the butterflies of Burma, and
in whose jurisdiction the Upper Chindwin District fy at the time of
the capture of the female described.
16. Mycatxsis (Gareris) SANATANA, Moore.
Two males of the rainy-season form at 3,500 feet in June, four
males of the dry-season form at from 3,500 to 5,500 feet in May, and
one female of the dry-season form from the Upper Chindwin in April,
These specimens are not quite typical, and appear to constitute an ill-
defined local race. |
17. Mycauusts (Sadarga) cHARAKA, Moore,
A single male of the dry-season form from Manipur.
18. Mycatssis (Orsotrizena) MEDUS, Fabricius.
The dry-season form was common in the Upper Chindwin from
December to March.
19. Mycatests (Calysisme) PERSEUs, Fabricius.
Probably common in the Upper Chindwin, but only a single male
was caught (in April) belonging to an intermediate seasonal form,
642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
20. Mycaresis (Calysisme) PERSEOIDES, Moore.
_ The commonest Calysesme in the Upper Chindwin, the dry-season
form during March and April, and the rainy-season form from April
to June.
21. Mycauesis (Calysisme) visanA, Moore.
Two males of the rainy-season form from the Upper Chindwin in
June.
22. Mycatests (Calysisme) IvtERMEDIA, Moore.
Two males of the rainy-season form from 3,500 feet in September.
This and the two preceding species have only recently been discri-
minated by Moore in “ Lepidoptera Indica.” They appear to be
quite distinct and are readily separable from the other species of the
subgenus. With reference to the other species of the subgenus
detailed by Moore, I have not geen €. rama or C. nicobarica, but
C. mineus, C. subdita, and C. andamana all appear quite distinet from
one another and from the four species recorded above, though I must
confess Iam unable to recognise any difference between C. mineus
and C. polydecta, the descriptions and figures of both of which as given
by Moore apply equally well to specimens from Southern India and
from Burma, and as the sexual glands in the maledo not differ either
in colour or size, I do not see how the two species can be dis-
criminated ; in his descriptions Moore does not compare the two in
any way.
23. Mycatxsis (Calysisme) mineus, Linnzus.
A single male was taken in the Upper Chindwin in February. This
subgenus does not appear to extend into the hills above 3,500 feet.
24, Mycauests (Pachama) SUAVEOLENS, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.
Two males and one female from 3,500 feet in May and June.
25. Mycatusis (Samanta) MALSARA, Moore.
Ten specimens of the rainy-season form at 3,500 feet from May to
September, and numerous ones of the dry-season form from the Upper
Chindwin in March, and from 1,500 to 5,500 feet in March to May :
also several from Manipur. I record these specimens as S. malsara,
though many of them are quite inseparable from S. lepeha. The dis-
tinguishing point between the two races is the greater breadth of the
discal band on the underside in S. malsara ; this character is, however
of no value in the Chin Hills, as in both seasonal forms some specimens
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 643
have the band as broad as in typical S. malsara from Lower Burma,
while others have it as narrow as, and are otherwise indistinguishable
from, typical S. lepcha from the North-West Himalayas. The North
Chin Hills may therefore be considered to be one of the meeting places
of the two local races, which in their extreme habitats are constant and
well defined.
26. Mycatesis (Samanta) nicorta, Hewitson.
A single much-battered male of the dry-season form from 3,500
feet in June, and a second male from Manipur ; alsoa female of the
rainy-season form from 8,590 feet in September.
27, Mycauzsis (Myrtilus) mysrms, de Nicéville.
Hight malesand three females of the dry-season form from the
Upper Chindwin in March and April. This species is very locally
distributed, and even where it occurs is only found within very limited
ATES. i
28. Lerae (Rangbia) LatraRts, Hewitson.
A single male from 3,500 feet in May. This specimen differs
slightly from others in my collection from the Khasi Hills in that the
white pupils of the ocellion the underside of the hindwing are dis-
integrated, that the subapical ocellus almost touches the discal red-
dish-brown line instead of being well separated from it, and that all four
ocelli on the underside of the forewing are white-pupilled.
29, Leriz (Nemetis) mmverva, Fabricius.
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin from Marehto May, but
difficult to obtain absolutely perfect.
30. Lutuz (Debis) MEKARA, Moore.
Occurs fairly commonly in company with the preceding species.
31. Leta (Debis) cHanpicA, Moore.
A single male at the foot of the hills in May, anda single female in
the Upper Chindwin in March.
32, Lutan (Debis) vinpuya, Felder.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in March.
33. Letae EuRopA, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin ; not seen in the hills.
34, LerHe pryTA, Felder.
A single male from the Upper Chindwin in May, and a second male,
from 5,500 feet in April.
14
644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
85. LETHE ROHRIA, Fabricius.
Fairly common in the Upper Chindwin, and a single specimen from
3,000 feet in June.
36. Leruz (Tansima) verma, Kollar,
Two specimens from 5,500 feet in May, and also from Manipur.
37, Lerae (Sinchula) stponts, Hewitson.
Two quite typical males from Manipur.
38. PaTALA YAMA, Moore.
A single pair from 5,000 feet in May. These specimens had evi-
dently just emerged, and the species probably occurred more commonly
Jater in the year. Presumably the form found in the Chin Hills
belongs to the local race named P. yamoides by Moore, but my speci-
mens agree in some points with P. yama, and in others with P. yamoides,
so that the local race does not seem of much value even as a local
race, and identification is rendered more difficult by the fact that the
figures given of the two races do not bear out the descriptions.
39, Parata BHIMA, Marshall.
Common in the Upper Chindwin in April, but only on the wing for
about three weeks in good condition.
40, YPTHIMA BALDUS, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 38,500 feet ; the dry-
season form in Marchand the rainy-season form from April to June.
Mr. Elwes, in his recent revision of Ypthima, tries to prove that the true
Y. daldus of Fabricius is the Y. tabella of Marshall and de Nicéville.
His chain of argument is however very weak, and he has quite over-
looked the fact that in the Banksian Collection in the British
Museum, which is said to contain many of Fabricius’ types, there
isan Ypthima which, if not Fabricius’ type of Y. baldus, was, at
any rate, almost certainly identified by Fabricius as Y. baldus, and is so
labelled. This is certainly stronger proof of the identity of the true
Y. baldus than the arguments brought forward by Elwes, which are
based first ona figure of Donovan (quite probably erroneous) of the
P. baldus of Fabricius, which figure is “a fair representation” of the
species hitherto known as Y, tadella, and secondly on a specimen of
Y. tabella in the Godman-Salvin collection which is labelled “ Lisander,
Cr.” “ona manuscript label evidently of the Fabrician period,’ the
P. lysandra of Cramer haying been placed by Westwood as a synonym
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 645
of P. baldus, Fabricius. If, therefore, Donovan was correct in his
figure, Westwood in his synonymy, and the writer of the manuscript
label correct in his identification of P. lysandra, Cramer, then Elwes’
conclusion is undoubtedly correct and Y. tabella should fall as a
synonym of Y. baldus ; we, however, cannot accept this as correct in
the face of the specimen in the Banksian collection referred to above,
which, we consider, is much more likely to be a specimen of the true
Y. baldus ; this specimen belongs to the common Indian species de-
scribed in the ‘‘ Butterdlies of India” as Y. philomela, Johannsen. With
regard to the latter species there are in the British Museum specimens
of an Ypthima from Java identified as Y. philomela, apparently quite
correctly as they agree very well with the original description, and
judging from Hlwes’ paper are Y, stellara, Eschscholtz, which would,
therefore, fall asa synonym of Y. philomela. Wethink then that the
common Indian species should stand as Y. ba/dus, Fabricius, and that
the smaller Javan species should stand as Y. philomela. Mr. de
Nicéville informs me that he considers the species described by
Marshall as Y. tabella is identical with the Javan species here identified
‘as Y. philomela.
41, YPTHIMA METHORA, Hewitson.
A single, rather worn, pair of the dry-season form of this species
from 5,000 feet in May.
42, YPTHIMA SAVARA, Grose Smith.
The dry-season form was exceedingly common during March and
April in the Upper Chindwin, and also in the hills up to 1,500 feet.
43, YPTHIMA SAKRA, Moore. (Plate A, Fig. 2, 3.)
Four males and one female taken in the North Chin Hills at an eleva-
tion of from 5,000 to 5,500 feet ; also two males from Manipur. Tho
Chin specimens differ from typical Y. sakra in the much greyer tone and
more even striation of the underside; in Y. sakra the ground-colour is
distinctly ochreous and the striation is irregular, being especially sparso
towards the margins ; in the Chin race also the two subanal ocelli
on the underside of the hindwing are nearer the margin than in
typical Y. sakra, and consequently are more in line with the anal
ocellus. These differences appeared to me at first to be sufficient to war-
rant the form being named as a local race, but a subsequent examina-
tion of the specimens from Manipur makes it clear that the Chin Hill
646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
race cannot be retained as distinct since the Manipur specimens are
in all points intermediate between Chin Hill and Khasi Hill specimens,
and it is impossible to say to which race they should be assigned.
44, YpruimA AVANTA, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin, the dry-season form from March
to May, and the rainy-season form in May, This species varies
greatly in the development of the ocellus on the upperside of the fore-
wing, which is found in all stages from entire absence to an almost
perfect ocellus. There seems to be some mystery about the allied
Y. singala. Both Moore and de Nicéville describe it ss without any
male-mark. Elwes says “neither sex is distinguishable on the upper-
side from Y. avanta,’ so he apparently recognises as Y. sengala some
species with a male-mark, since the male-mark is very strongly
developed in Y. avanta. Then again Moore confines Y. singala
to Ceylon, while de Nicéville and Elwes record it from Northern
India as well as from Ceylon ; I also have in my collection specimens
of an Jpthima of this group from the Himalayas, which are certainly
not Y. avanta, as the males have no male-mark.
I take this opportunity to describe a new species of Vpthima belong-
ing to this group recently taken by me in some numbers at Myingyan
in Upper Burma.
YPTHIMA CEREALIS, n.sp. (Plate A, Fig. 4 6, rainy-season form,
Fig. 3 @, dry-seagon form.)
Hasrrat: Myingyan, Upper Burma,
Expanse: ¢, 1:3; 9, 1:4 inches,
Rainy-season Form.
Description: Mare. Upprersipn, both wings uniform dark brown
irrorated with greyish at the anal angle of the hindwing. Forewing
with faint traces of a sexual brand, a rather large subapical ocellus
conspicuously bipupilled with silver. Hindwing with two subanal
ocelli between the median branches, and two minute anal ocelli, one or
both of the latter frequently wanting. UNprErstpE, both wings greyish~
white, striation dark brown, fine and regular. orewing with a very
prominent subapical ocellus, and faint traces of a discal fascia. Hind-
wing with six ocelli arranged in pairs, the anal two pairs in line, all with
silvery pupils; striation even, with no tendency to form fascie.
PemaLe, Uppursipn, both wings obscurely paler towards the margins,
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN ZILLS. 647
the sub-apical ocellus on the forewing more prominent. UNDERSIDE,
the discal fascia of the forewing more prominent than in the male, and
faint traces of a similar fascia on the hindwing, otherwise as in the
male,
Dry-season Form,
Description : Mane and Frmaue. Uppursipn, forewing, ocellus
Jess conspicuous than in the rainy-season form, but always present and
fairly prominent. Unpsrsipr, both wings, discal fascia rather promi-
nent and also faint traces of a marginal and submarginal fascia.
Findwing, ocelli minute, but with conspicuous silver pupils.
Described from five males and four females of the rainy-season form
taken at Myingyan at the end of November and beginning of Decem-
ber, and from very numerous specimens of both sexes of the dry-season
form taken from the end of December to March. The rainy-season
specimens do not represent the extreme of that form, and would not
have been taken so late in the year if it had not rained on the 28th
and 30th November, exceptionally late dates for Myingyan. The last
specimen of the rainy-season form was taken on the 10th December,
and the first of the dry-season form on the 28th of the same month.
This is a well-defined local race of Y. avanta, Moore, from a treeless
district, the typical race being confined, in Burma at all events, to
heavy jungle ; the present race differs in its smaller size, in the con-
stant presence of the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing, in the
white tone and Jess prominent fascia on the underside, and in the
almost entire absence of androconza on the forewing of the male.
In typical Y. avanta the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing is,
especially in the males, ill-defined or entirely absent; the fascia on
the underside are conspicuous, and the male-mark is almost more
prominent than in any other species of the genus. In some ways
Y. cerealis seems to bear the same relation to Y. avanta, that Y. philo-
mela ( = tabella) does to Y. baldus.
The distribution of the present species seems very restricted even in
the localities where it occurs, and it was only found within certain
limited areas. It occurred especially abundantly among low bushes on
the bunds of some paddy fields a few miles out of Myingyan.
The types of both seasonal forms are in the collection of Mr. de
Nicéville.
648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
45. YPTHIMA HUEBNERI, Kirby.
The dry-season form was common in the Upper Chindwin in March
and April, and the rainy-season form in June. I also obtained a
single specimen which appears to belong to the dry-season form of this
species at 5,500 feet in February.
46, YprHmma NEWARA, Moore.
Numerous specimens at from 3,500 to 5,500 feet in May and June,
and others from Manipur. These specimens differ slightly from
typical Y. newara in being practically without the submarginal fascia
on the underside; also the subapical ocellus on the underside of the
hindwing appears even larger than in typical Y. newara. The speci-
mens do not appear to vary inter se, except that the two anal ocelli on
the underside of the hindwing are either entirely separated or partly
geminated, and that the anal ocellus on the upperside of the hindwing
is either present or absent.
47. YPTHIMA LYCOIDES, n. sp.
Hasrrat: North Chin Hills, Burma.
Expanse: @,1°5, 2, 1°65 inches.
Descriprion: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings uniform dark brown }
cilia greyish-brown. Forewing with a small black bipupilled ocellus
with an indistinct pale ochreous outer ring, a broad dark patch of
differently-formed scales extending from the inner margin to the middle
of the disc, most clearly visible when the insect is held up to the light.
Hindwing with a small perfect ocellus in the lower median interspace.
Unperstpn, both wings greyish-white, finely and densely striated
throughout with brown. /orewing, ocellus as on the upperside but more
prominent. Htndwing with a fairly large subapical ocellus, a smailer
one in the lower median interspace, and a still smaller bipupilled one
at the anal angle; all the ocelli black with silvery pupil and prominent
yellow outer ring, outside of which isa pale brown ring varying in
breadth individually. FEmate. Uprrrsips, forewing differs from the
male in the ocellus being larger and better defined, and in being
obscurely irrorated with greyish-white towards the margins of both
WINGS.
Falls into the second group of Ypthima as revised by Elwes and
Edwards. The relative size of the ocelli on the underside of the
hindwing, and the presence of a male-mark on the upperside of the
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 649
forewing will distinguish the present species from all the others of the
croup except the first eight as enumerated by the above-named writers.
From Y. motschulskyi it may be distinguished by its smaller size and
by the absence of the dark submarginal lines on the upperside ; from
Y. imitans and Y. obscura by the regular striation of the underside ;
from Y. multzstriata by the presence of the ocellus on the upperside
of the forewing ; and from Y. prenubila and Y. perfecta by the
ocellar space on the underside of the forewing not being defined.
Nearest to Y. sordida and Y. lycus. From the former it differs on
the underside in the subapical ocellus on the hindwing being consider-
ably smaller than that on the forewing, and also in the fine even
striation ; from Y, lycus it differs in the entirely different tone of the
underside, which in that species is yellowish-brown, and in Y, lycotdes
greyish-white with occasionally the very faintest tinge of ochreous.
In Y. lycus also the discoidal cell and basal portions of the median
interspaces on the underside of the forewing are almost without
striations, while in J. lycoides the median interspaces are striated
throughout, and the cell almost to the base of the wing,
Described from nine males and one female taken in the North Chin
Hills during May at an elevation of from 8,500 to 5,500 feet.
Two males present slight variations. In one there is an additional
small ocellus on both sides of the forewing in the lower median
interspace, and in the other the ocellus on the upperside of the
forewing is without the usual two silvery pupils, and there is no ocellus
on the upperside of the hindwing.
48, YpTHIMA WATSONII, Moore.
‘Very numerous males and females of the rainy-season form in April
and May, and an intermediate seasonal form in April, all from Kalewa,
in the Upper Chindwin District ; also a single male of the dry-season
form from 1,500 feet in May.
I am inclined to think that there are two species combined under
this name. The species was named by Moore from some specimens of
the dry-season form obtained by me in the Karen Hills, near Toungoo,
and Hlwes, in his revision of Ypthima, gives a description of the dry-
season form from specimens collected by Doherty in the same locality.
Moore in “ Lepidoptera Indica,” part 16, which appeared almost
simultaneously with Elwes’ paper, describes both seasonal forms and
650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
records the species from Lower Burma, the Karen Hiils, Bhamo, the
Shan States and the Upper Chindwin ; his description of the dry-
season form does not agree very well with that of Elwes, nor does it
agree, as far as | remember, with my Karen Hill specimens which are
now in the British Museum, and as his descriptions of both forms
agree perfectly with my Upper Chindwin specimens, it seems probable
that they were taken from Chindwin specimens; and I am inclined
to believe that the Karen Hill specimens, and probably the Shan Hill
ones as well, will be found to belong to a species distinct from the
western one.
The present species was excessively local at Kalewa, and was only
on the wing in one spot from the middle of April to the middle of
May. ‘The dry-season form was probably on the wing in the same
locality earlier in the year, but previous to April I had no opportunity
of visiting the portion of jungle in which it occurred. The single
specimen of the dry-season form obtained at the foot of the hills was
caught while 1 was on the march, and the species probably oecurred
in some numbers in that locality.
49, YPTHIMA ASTEROPE, Klug.
Ten specimens of both sexes of the dry-season form taken at 5,500
to 7,000 feet from February to April, and a single male of the rainy-
season form at 5,000 feet in May. In some of the dry-season speci-
mens the ocelli are only traceable with a glass.
The specimens differ from typical Y. asterope (Y. mahratta) from
the Deccan and Mysore in the obsolescence, and in some cases entire
absence, of the brown fascize defining the ocellar space on the underside
of the forewing; this is a noteworthy difference, and I can find
no record of its occurrence in specimens from any other locality.
The form is, however, not deserving of a name, even as a local race, as
in some specimens the ocellar space is almost as clearly defined as in
typical Indian specimens, and there is no doubt that in this particular
locality the character is a variable one. This species has an immense
range, occurring from South Africa to China, but as far as the Indian
region is concerned, has not been previously recorded east of Orissa.
De Nicéville and Elwes consider Y. mahratta, Moore, to be synonymous
with Y. asterope, Klug, while Moore and Swinhoe are of the opposite
opinion ; but neither of the latter have ever pointed out how Y, mahratta
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN GILLS, 651
differs from Y. asterope, and when the former was originally described
it was compared with Y. ariaspa, Y. rara (ariaspa) and Y. norma,
but not with Y. asterope.
50. Ypruima rarpa, de Nicéville. (Plate A, Fig. 5, ¢.)
A single male of the species was obtained by Captain Longe, R.E.,
in Manipur. I described it as new and sent the type to Mr. de Nicéville
and found he had just described it from N.-E. Sumatra under the
above name. Its nearest ally is probably Ypthima baldus, Fabricius,
but the ocelli on the underside are arranged as in L’pthima huebnerit,
Kirby. There is no male-mark perceptible on the upperside.
51. CALLEREBIA ORIXA, Moore.
Not uncommon at from 3,500 to 5,500 feet in May and June.
52. ZIP@TES scyLAx, Hewitson.
Common, but very local, both at the foot of the hills and in the
Upper Chindwin during April. Only found near water.
53. HRITEs FALCIPENNIS, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.
A single damaged specimen taken in the Upper Chindwin in April.
54, MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer,
55. MrEnanrtis BELA, Moore.
56, Mr nanitis zrrenrus, Herbst.
The above-named three species of Melanztis occurred commonly in
the Upper Chindwin, but were not seen in the hills,
Subfamily HLyMNIINz.
57. ELymntas unpuxaris, Drury.
The form named FZ. tinctorza by Moore was common in the Upper
Chindwin.
58, Hiymytas (Melynias) patna, Westwood.
A single male from the Upper Chindwin in May. Though this
particular specimen belongs to the form WM. patnoides, Moore, yet I do
not think that name should be admitted, since a single male in my
collection from Assam also belongs to the form patnoides and not to
typical WM. patna as one would expect from the locality. In this
connection I may state that the male JM. vasudeva, recorded by me
from Upper Tenasserim and referred to by Mr. Moore in his deserip-
tion of M. burmensis in ‘* Lepidoptera Indica,” part 19, is a typical
male of MM. vasudeva, and agrees exactly with Moore’s figare of that
species on Plate 142, figure 1, and does not at all agzee witb the
15
652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
figures of tne form named by him M. burmensis. The specimen in
question is now in my collection and has never been examined by
Mir. Moore, who assigned it to the form W/. burmensis merely owing to
its locality.
Subfamily AMATHUSIINA.
59. DiIscOPHERA SPILOPTERA, Moller and de Nicéville.
Fairly common at Kalewa in March and April and at the foot of the
hills in April, Some of the specimens might, perhaps, be referred
more appropriately to D. zal ; there, however, appears to be little doubt
that both these names apply only to the dry-season form of D, tullia.
60. HNispE evTHymius, Doubleday.
A single specimen caught at 2,000 feet in May sitting on a tree-trunk.
61, THAUMANTIS DIORES, Doubleday.
A single male of the form 7’. ramdeo at 3,500 feet in June.
62. THAUMANTIS PSEUDALIRIS, Butler.
A single specimen taken at the foot of the hills in May.
63. Mutanocyma FAUNULOIDES, de Nicéville.
Three females at 3,500 feet in June.
Subfamily AckRzINz&.
64, PaREBA vEsTA, Fabricius.
Common at from 3,500 to 5,000 feet in the rains.
Subfamily NyMPHALINA.
65. ERGoLis MERIONE, Cramer.
66, ERGoLis ARIADNE, Linneus.
Both the above cecurred commonly in the Upper Chindwin, but
were not noticed in the hills.
67, Huripus HALITHERSES, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Two males and a female of the form cinnamomeus were taken at
3,900 feet in June.
68. ATELLA SINHA, Kollar.
Occurred rather rarely in the hills up to 3,500 feet.
69, ATELLA PHALANTHA, Drury,
Common in the Upper Chindwin and Manipur.
70. CETHOSIA BIBLIS, Drury.
A few specimens at 3,500 feet from May to August.
71, Curnosta cyANE, Drury.
Common at 3,500 feet during the rains.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 653
72, CYNTHIA EROTA, Fabricius.
A few males at the foot of the hills in the rains.
73. Diniea morciana, Westwood.
A single male of this rare species was caught at about 7,500 feet,
flying round the extreme peak of one of the hills near Fort White.
74. ApaTuRA AmBIcA, Kollar (NamouNA, Doubleday).
A single male at the foot of the hills in July, and two males at
8,500 feet in the rains. One of the latter is a curious melanistic
variety ; on the upperside the two spots just beyond the discoidal cell
on the forewing are almost entirely wanting, and the discal band on
the hindwing is also obsolescent ; on the underside the brown marginal
band on both wings is very broad and inwardly diffused instead of
sharply detined, the yellow patch towards the outer angle of the fore-
wing is much reduced in size, and the white medial band on the hind-
wing is entirely wanting. It is nearest to the variety named A. zanoa
by Hewitson,
75, Hustina Nama, Doubleday.
A few specimens at from 3,500 to 5,000 feet in May and June.
76. Pructs reHrra, Cramer.
77, JUNONIA ALMANA, Linnzeus.
78. JUNONIA atures, Linnzeus.
79, JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linneeus,
80. JuNonra HiERTA, Fabricius.
81. Junonta oriTHy1A, Linnzeus.
The last six species occurred commonly in the Upper Chindwin
end in Manipur; P. zphita, J. lemonias, and J. hierta also occurred in
the hills up to 3,500 feet, and J. orzthyia up to 6,000 feet.
82. Nepris HORDONTA, Stoll.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and Manipur.
83. NEpTIS PERAKA, Butler.
Three specimens in the Upper Chindwin in April and May,
84. Neptis Tica, Moore.
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin form March to May. ™. sat-
tanga, Moore, is identical with this species.
85. Neptis cartica, Moore,
A single specimen at the foot of the hills in March,
654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
86. NEPTIs LEUCOTHOR, Cramer.
Common in the Upper Chindwin, This is the name under which
NN. varmona, Moore, should stand,
87. Nepris astoia, Moore.
Common at from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. This appears to be a hill
race of LV, leucothoé, to which the specimens from lower elevations are
very close.
88. Nzpris NanpDINA, Moore (soma, Moore.)
Two specimens from the Upper Chindwin in May, and two from
8,500 feet in the rains.
89. Nepris KHAstANA, Moore.
A single specimen from the foot of the hillsin March. N. ecneracea,
Grose-Smith, appears to be identical with this species. |
90. NEPTIS MARTABANA, Moore.
Two specimens of the dry-season form from Kalewa in March.
This is the Burmese representative of NV. ophiana, Moore, from which it
appears to by distinct ; at least there certainly appear to be two species
confused under JV. ophiana, and, as JV. martabana was described from
Burma, it seems better to use that name for the present species than
one which probably does not apply. True NV. ophiana is very possibly
identical with NV. columella, Cramer.
91. CrrrHocHRoA miTHILA, Moore.
Fairly common in the hills up to 5,000 feet during May and
June, and very common later in the year ; also received from Manipur.
The medial transverse lines on the underside of both wings vary
greatly in intensity, being hardly traceable in some specimens, and a
deep purplish-black in others. This variation does not appear to be
seasonal, as I have both forms taken in June and throughout the rains.
The broad silvery transverse band is also very variable both in width
and in coloration, beg brilliant silvery in gome specimens and almost
concolorous with the ground-colour of the wing in others; the silvery
tint is more obsolescent in the rainy season specimens than in those
taken in May, so may possibly be seasonal, In only three specimens are
the bands and spots ochre-yellow, in all the others they are tawny; these
latter are therefore typical C. rotundata, Butler. I am, however, quite
certain that all the specimens belong to one species only, which should
stand as C. mithila,
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 655
92. PSEUDERGOLIS WEDAH, Kollar.
A single specimen at the foot of the hills in | HET This species
appears to be very rare in Burma.
93. Hypotmmnas sonina, Linneeus.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and at the foot of the hills ; also
from Manipur.
94. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linnzus.
Occurs rather rarely in May and June from 3,500 feet upwards,
but is probably commoner later in the year. It appears to be common
in Manipur.
95, PARTHENOS GAMBRISIUS, Fabricius.
A few specimens seen at the foot of the hills.
96. LEBADEA ATTENUATA, Moore,
‘Rare in the Upper Chindwin in May.
97, Limeniris paraxa, Doubleday and Hewitson.
A single male at 3,500 feet in the rains.
98. Livenrris DuDU, Westwood.
A single male taken at 5,000 feet in May.
99. Liveniris (Moduza) procris, Cramer,
Occurs rather rarely in the Upper Chindwin, and at the foot of the
hills from May to July.
100. AtHymMA pERIUS, Linneus.
Occurs commonly in the Upper Chindwin, anda single specimen was
taken at 5,500 feet in February.
101. ArHymA oPALINA, Kollar.
A single specimen taken at 5,000 feet in May, Markings as narrow
as in the Sikkim race orientalis, Elwes, but pure white.
102. ArHymA cama, Moore.
A single female at 7,000 feet in April.
103. AtHyma 1tNARA, Doubleday and Hewitson.
A single male of the typical form with broad yellow markings in
the Upper Chindwin in February.
104, ATHYMA SELENOPHORA, Kollar,
Fairly common in the Upper Chindwin and at the foot of the hills,
105. Huraarta (Lexias) pirtaa, Fabricius,
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin.
106. Eurnaria (Felderia) LeriDEa, Butler,
656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
107. Euraania GARuDA, Moore.
A few specimens only of each of the preceding seen in the Upper
Chindwin.
108. EuTHALIA LUBENTINA, Cramer.
A single female in the Upper Chindwin in June. This genus was
very poorly represented, and there are several other species which one
would expect to have occurred.
109. Pyramers carpDur, Linneus.
Common at high elevations ; also from Manipur.
110, Pyramets inpica, Herbst.
Occurred rather rarely in company with the preceding up to the
end of May. I have since been told that it was commoner later in
the year.
111. Vanzssa CANACE, Linnzeus.
Occurred rarely in the hills up to 3,500 feet.
112. SyMBRENTHIA HIPPOCLUS, Cramer.
A few specimens obtained in the Upper Chindwin in February and
March, and at 3,500 feet during June ; also from Manipur.
113, SyYMBRENTHIA NIPHANDA, Moore,
A single specimen in the Upper Chindwin in April.
114, Rawopatpa vasuKi, Doherty.
Occurred commonly in the Upper Chindwin in April, but almost
invariably in bad condition, and also very difficult to catch.
115. Cyrustis THYODAMAS, Boisduval.
A few specimens taken in the hills up to 3,500 feet from March
to June.
116. Cyrustis (Chersonesia) RAHRIA, Moore.
Occurred rarely in the Upper Chindwin.
117. Katia timporer, Moore.
A single male from 3,500 feet in the rains.
118. Cuaraxess (Hulepis) EuDAmippus, Doubleday.
A few specimens at the foot of the hills in April.
119. Cuaraxes (Eulepis) arnamas, Drury. (Horm bharata, Felder).
Occurred, but not commonly, both in the Upper Chindwin and at
the foot of the hills.
120. CHaraxus (Hulepis) arsa, Felder,
A single specimen from 2,000 feet in February.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS,: 657
121. CHaraxes Fabius, Fabricius.
A single specimen at the foot of the hills in April.
122, CHARAXES (Haridra) nipponax, Felder.
Captain Longe, R.H., obtained several males of this species on the
Manipur river at 2,000 feet, some of the specimens are of the form
identified as typical C. hipponac, Felder, in “ Lepidoptera Indica,”
and others belong to the forms identified as C. hindia, Butler, and
C. jalinder, Butler. I think there can be little doubt that all these
forms belong to one species, This species was also obtained from
Manipur.
Family LEMONIIDA,
Subfamily Linyraaina,
123. LispyrHea myrrua, Godart.
A single specimen of the typical form, taken at 3,500 feet in June,
and one of the form L. rama, Moore, at 5,000 feet in May.
124, LisytHEa Lepira, Moore.
A single quite typical specimen taken at 5,000 feet in May ; also
from Manipur.
Subfamily NemMEosrin a.
125. ZumMEROS FLEGYAS, Cramer,
Occurred commonly in the Upper Chindwin and up to 8,500 feet in
the hills ; also from Manipur.
126, Taxina FrascraTa, Moore,
A single much broken male taken in fie Upper Chindwin in April,
127, ABISARA NEOPHRON, Hewitson.
A single specimen in the Upper Chindwin in April.
128. ABISARA ECHERIUS, Stoll.
A single male taken at 7,000 feet in April, nearest to the form
A. suffusa, Moore ; also from Manipur. <A female taken at 3,500 feet
the rains has all the white markings on the forewing very prominent,
Family LYCAANID,
129. GeRypDus Biccsi, Distant,
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin ; only females ater weak
The specimens vary very considerably, one extreme has the whole
upperside brown, the outer margin of the forewing and costa of the
hindwing darker, with a well-defined white band across the forewing ;
this form is the one figured by Distant; in the other extreme the
658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
outer margin of the forewing and costa of the hindwing are similarly
dark brown, but the whole of the remainder of both wings is white
with the exception of a dark fascia on the forewing running along the
median vein and widening out into an ill-defined spot at the first
median branch. There seems no doubt that these two forms belong to
one species, as not only are the markings of the underside identical,
but other specimens are distinctly intermediate between the two
extremes. The white form I recorded as G. symethus in my paper on
Yaw Butterflies on the identification of Mr. de Nicéville, but having
since seen specimens of the true G. symethus I find the identification
was wrong.
130, GERYDUS BOISDUVALIT, Moore.
Occurs rather rarely in company with the preceding.
131. Porrria HEWITsoNII, Moore.
Two males in the Upper Chindwin in May and June.
132. Prrnecors HYLAX, Fabricius.
133. NEOPITHECOPS ZALMORA, Butler.
Both the above occurred fairly commonly in the Upper Chindwin
from March to May, the latter species the commoner,
134, Spauars nupitus, Moore.
Two specimens from the Upper Chindwin in May.
135, TARAKA HAMADA, Druce.,
A single specimen at Kalewa in May.
136, CHILADES TROCHILUS, Freyer.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May.
137. Cyaniris pusPa, Horsfield.
Common in the Upper Chindwin in April and May, and in the hills
up to 5,000 feet in May and June.
138. CYANIRIS CHENNELLII, de Nicéville.
A single female at 5,000 feet in March, in no way differing from
a Shillong female in my collection ; the rounded spots on the under-
side render this species easy to identify.
139. Cyantris pLactpa, de Nicéville.
Three males at the foot of the hills and a female at 5,000 feet during
May. The female appears to be undescribed ; it is entirely without
white markings on the upperside ; the costal and outer margins of the
forewing are broadly fuscous ; the whole of the disc and lower half of
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 659
the discoidal cell shining blue, the coloration starting from the extreme
base of the wing and extending along the inner margin as far as the
marginal band; the hindwing has the costa broadly fuscous, and the
outer margin more narrowly so, with an inner row of faint fuscous
lunules ; the remainder of the wing is of a similar tone of blue to that
on the forewing. The markings on the underside are identical with
those of the male.
140. CYAwniris JYNTEANA, de Nicéville.
Numerous specimens from the foot of the hillsup to 7,000 feet
from March to May ; alsoa single male from the Upper Chindwin in
February.
141. Cyaniris pinectus, Moore.
Numerous specimens from the foot of the Hills up to 7,000 feet
from March to May, and a single male from the Upper Chindwin in
March. In this species the males never seem to have more than four
discal spots on the underside of the forewing in addition to the costal
spot, and in one specimen there are only three. The females have
either four or five discal spots ; they can be readily distinguished from
the females of all other species of Cyaniris which occur in the Chin
Hills by the markings on the underside of the hindwing which do not
differ from those of tke male. The peculiar tone of blue on the upper-
side of the male renders this species very easy to recognise. In all
the species of the genus which occur in the hills, the males are
found for the most part at low levels usually along the streams in the
valleys, while the females prefer high elevations, and are found on the
loftiest ridges and grassy plateaus.
142. PHENGARIS ATROGUTTATA, Oberthiir,
Surgeon-Captain Graves obtained a single specimen at 3,500 feet
in the rains. The species was met with commonly by Mr. Doherty in
the Naga Hills, but there is no other record of its occurrence within
Indian limits. The specimen appears to be quite typical,
143. ZizurRa MAHA, Kollar.
Occurs rarely at high elevations.
144. Zizera Lysmmon, Hiibner,
Common in the Upper Chindwin.
145. ZizuRa GAIKA, Trimen,
Common in the Upper Chindwin,
16
660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
146. ORTHOMIELLA PONTIS, Elwes.
Two specimens at 7,000 feet in April. Rather small, but otherwise
quite typical. A common species on the Chinese Frontier east of
Bhamo.
147. LycmNusTHEs EMoLus, Godart.
148. Lyca/NESTHES LycmNINA, Felder.
Both the above were common in the Upper Chindwin and at the
foot of the hills.
149, EvEREs ARGIADES, Pallas.
The form parrhasius was common in the Upper Chindwin. On
the top of the hills, at an elevation of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, a
smaller form close to that named dzpora by Moore occurred in great
numbers; in this form the tails were frequently wanting as in the
specimens obtained by Doherty * in the Naga Hills.
150. NacaDUBA MACROPHTHALMA, Felder,
A single male at the foot of the hills in May.
151. NacapuBa ca@ustis, de Nicéville.
A single male at the foot of the hills in May.
152, NacapuBa BHUTEA, de Nicéville.
A single male from 3,500 feet in June.
153. Nacapupa norztA, Felder, (anpAtEs, Moore.)
The tailed form occurred commonly in the Upper Chindwin and
in the hills up to 3,500 feet from April to June, and I have a single
male from 7,000 feet which is larger than usual and also differs
slightly in the markings of the underside, and I think it very possible
that it belongs to a distinct species, but NV. noreia is either very
variable or more than one species is included under the name. The
tailless form appears to be much rarer in this district, and I only
obtained four males—three from the Upper Chindwin in February
and March and one from 3,500 feet in June.
154. Nacapusa DANA, de Nicéville.
Taken in the Upper Chindwin in March, and also at 3,000 feet in
the hills.
155. JAMIDEs BOCHUS, Cramer.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 3,500 feet in the hills.
* Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891, p. 251; id., 1892, p. 624.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 661
156. LamMPIpEs CELENO, Cramer (=i1anus, Fabricius).
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 3,500 feet in May and
June.
157. Lamprpzs cizopus, Felder (pura, Moore.)
A single male from the Upper Chindwin in April.
158. LamprpEs, n. sp. —
A single male from 7,000 feet in April. Mr. de Nicéville informs
me that this specimen is “nearest to L. kondulana, Felder, but
differs in having a broad black margin on the upperside ; in true
L, kondulana there is a black thread only. The ground-colour of
the underside is also redder, but the striation is identical.” I have
received a second male from Katha, Upper Burma, but do not consider
it advisable to name the species at present.
159, CATOCHRYSOPS sTRABO, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and in the hills up to 3,500 feet.
160. CatocHRysops ONEJUS, Fabricius,
Common in the Upper Chindwin, but not noticed in the hills,
161, CarocHrysops PANDAVA, Horsfield.
This species together with its dwarf form C. contracta was common
in the Upper Chindwin in April and May.
162, Tarucus piinius, Fabricius.
Common in the hills up to 7,000 feet.
163, Castaius Rosmmon, Fabricius,
Common in the Upper Chindwin.
164, Casranius pEcIDIA, Hewitson.
A few specimens at the foot of the hills in March.
165. Casrarius Roxana, de Nicéville.
A single specimen from the foot of the hills in March. Nearest to
C. roxus, Godart. On the upperside the white markings are more
extensive, aud on the underside of the hindwing the central one of
the three submarginal spots consists of two instead of three conjoined
spots, the anterior one being wanting. Colonel Adamson records a
species of Castalius allied to C. rovus from the Chindwin District, and
probably refers to the present species. I haye also received a speci-
men from the Chinese frontier eust of Bhamo. True C. rowus has
not been recorded from further north than the Karen Hills,
.
662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
166. CasTALius ANANDA, de Nicéville.
A single male at 3,500 feet in June. This species would appear
to be more suitably located in the genus Tarucus, Moore, as it agrees
much better in markings with species of that genus than with species
of Castaléus, and the marking is the only point on which Mr. de
Nicéville has been able to separate the two genera in “ The Butter-
flies of India, &c.” As however the differences in neuration and shape
of wing, on which Moore separated Yarucus from Castalius, are not
even specific, but rather individual, and since both genera are practi-
cally coincident in range and identical in habits, their separation is of
doubtful value.
167. Potvommatus Baticus, Linnzeus.
Common in the hills up to 7,000 feet.
168. SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Moore.
Common in the hills up to 8,500 feet.
169, ARRHOPALA CENTAURUS, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from April to June ; also from
Manipur.
170. ARRHOPALA AMATRIX, de Nicéville.
Three females in the Upper Chindwin during May and June,
171, ARRHOPALA ABSEUS, Hewitson.
Six specimens in the Upper Chindwin in May. These differ from
typical A. abseus in their smaller size, and in the purple colour on the
upperside of both wings being more restricted. The underside is
darker, especially the hindwing, and the markings are consequently
less prominent ; there is no costal white spot on the hindwing, but in
its place a square spot rather lighter than the rest of the ground-colour
of the hindwing but of about the same tone as the ground-colourmg
of the forewing. The above differences, though constant in the six
specimens obtained, do not appear sufficient to separate this form even
asa geographical race, especially as typical A. abseus occurs a little
further south.
172, ARRHOPALA ATRAX, Hewitson.
Two specimens from the Upper Chindwin in May.
173, ARRHOPALA, sp.
Two specimens—one from 5,000 feet in May and the other from
3,500 feet in June. Nearest to A. atraw and A. alemon, but not agree-
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 663
ing with either or with each other in the distribution or extent of the
blue on the upperside or in the tone of the underside, This is a very
confusing section of the genus and contains,in my opinion, several
distinct but unnamed species which are practically identical in the
markings of the underside, but differ considerably in the tone and ex-
tent of the blue on the upperside, and also in the brilliancy or entire
absence of gloss on the underside.
174, ARRHOPALA AGABA, Hewitson.
Four males from the Upper Chindwin in May.
175. ARRHOPALA TEESTA, de Nicéville.
Two females taken at 5,000 feet in May.
176. ARRHOPALA FULGIDA, Hewitson,
A single female from 3,500 feet in May in no way differing from a
Sikkim female in my collection.
177, ARRHOPALA HELLENORE, Doherty.
Both sexes common at from 2,000 to 4,000 feet from March to the
end of the rains. This appears to bea quite distinct species from
A. eumolphus, Cramer, the male differing on the upperside in the
greater extent of the green colour and narrower dark margins on both
wings, the underside also being conspicuously washed with white much
as in A. bazalus, Hewitson,:while all the spots are much larger than
in A. eumolphus ; the female agrees with the male on the underside
except that the white washing is less conspicuous, and both sexes
are entirely without the bronzy gloss found in A. ewmolphus ; on
the upperside the female is even more distinct, as the blue is not
only less purple than in A. eumolphus, but is very much more extensive,
occupying more than half of the forewing and a large portion of the
hindwing ; in A, eumolphus the blue on the hindwing is confined to
the discoidal cell.
178. ARRHOPALA GANESA, Moore. (Plate A, Fig. 6, ¢.)
Two specimens from 5,000 feet in May. The Chin Hill race, which
is almost deserving of a distinct name, differs from typical A. ganesa
from the Himalayas in being quite without the dull creamy tint on the
underside of the hindwing so characteristic of that species, and in
consequence all the markings are much more prominent.
179. AcHSINA PARAGANESA, de Nicéville.
A single male from 7,000 feet in April, quite typical. SSS
664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
180. Curertis BuLIs, Doubleday and Hewitson.
The form malayica, Moore, was common in the Upper Chindwin
from April to June, and also at the foot of the hills ; also from Manipur.
181, ZePHYRUS LETHA, n. sp. (Plate A, Fig. 7, @.)
Hasitat: North Chin Hills, Burma.
Expanse: @, 1°6 inches.
Description: Matz. Upprrsine, both wings rich metallie green,
with a marginal black border. Forewing has the black border narrow,
of even width throughout ; the apical half of the costal margin also very
narrowly black. Lendwing with the costal margin broadly black, the
black border to the outer margin of moderate width, twice as broad as
in the forewing. Cilia white. Tail black, tipped with white.
UNDERSIDE, both wings pale fawn-colour glossed with silvery.
Forewing with an outer discal slightly curved white band, attenuated
posteriorly, extending from the costa to the first median nervule,
inwardly bordered with fuscous; a broad submarginal fuscous band,
anteriorly faint, terminating atthe submedian nervure in two dark
spots, narrowly margined throughout its entire length with white ;
a marginal white line followed by a fine blackish anteciliary line ;
the disco-cellular nervules faintly marked with fuscous. indwing,
a broad white discal band from the costa to the first median nervule
passing beyond the discoidal eell, inwardly margined with fuscous and
continued to the abdominal margin in a broken V-shaped line ; a
double row of submarginal white spots, outwardly concave, the outer
row conspicuously, the inner row obsoletely ; followed by a black-
centred yellow spot in the first median interspace, beyond which is
a black spot at the extreme anal angle inwardly marked with yellow,
which is continued narrowly up the abdominal margin; a marginal
white line, followed by an anteciliary blackish line ; the disco-cellular
nervules faintly marked with fuscous. Abdomen dark, paler beneath ;
thorae densely clothed with greenish-white and pure white hair above
and below respectively.
Mr. de Nicéville has kindly compared the type with its nearest
allies and writes to me as follows :
** Appears tobe most closely allied to Z. syla, Kollar, and Z. birupa,
Moore, from both of which the outer black band to the forewing on the
upperside being half as wide will distinguish 7, letha ; the markings
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 665
of the underside also are entirely different to those of any other species
described from the Indian region except Z. ziha, Hewitson, with which
they agree somewhat closely, but the coloration of the upperside is
entirely different, being in both sexes of that species dull blue. It
is also closely allied to Z. scintillans, Leech, from Chang-yang in
Central China, and has the apex of the forewing similarly acute, but
differs in the less prominence of the orange markings on the underside
of the hindwing. Z. diamentina, Oberthiir, from Amurland and the
Island of Askold, is another very closely allied species, and principally
differs in the greater development of the orange coloration at the
anal angle of the hindwing on the underside ; that species is said by
Leech to equal Z. smaragdina, Bremer.”
Described from a single male taken near Tiddim in the North Chin
Hills, Burma, in May. Tiddim is situated on an off-shoot of the
Letha range at an elevation of about 5,000 feet. The type specimen
is in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection.
182, Iverpa EPICLES, Godart.
Very common in the Upper Chindwin and in the hills up to 5,500
feet from February to July ; also from Manipur. As true J, epicles
appears to be confined to Java, it is probable that its Indian repre-
sentative will have to be known as J. phenicoparyphus, Holland,
described from Hainan Island off the coast of China.
183. ILeRDA ANDROCLES, Doubleday and Hewitson,
Not uncommon from 3,500 to 6,500 feet during March, April and
May.
184, Pratapa pEvA, Moore.
A single female from the Upper Chindwin.
185, ApHNaus LouitTa, Horsfield.
Womens in the Upper Chindwin from March to May.
186, APHN@HUS SCHISTACEA, Moore.
Between November and February [ obtained at Myingyan, Upper
Burma, four males and two females of a species of Aphneus which
agrees perfectly with the description of A. schistacea as given in the
“ Butterflies of India,’’ The male has the lower discal area of the hind-
wing glossed with brilliant blue, and the inner margin of the forewing
below the first median nervule sprinkled with plumbeous-silvery scales;
in the female almost the whole of the hindwing, and the forewing
666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
rather more broadly than in the male are similarly plumbeous-silvery.
On the forewing the male has a small discal orange patch which is
very diffused in the female. The underside is very similar to that of
A, vulcanus to which the species is certainly allied, though it is, I should
say, quite distinct.
These Myingyan specimens therefore I consider to be typical
A, schistacea ; however, at Kalewa in the Upper Chindwin I obtained
three males of a species which differed from the specimens above
described in being without plumbeous scales on the forewing, the
inner margin being shot with blue instead, the orange patch of the
forewing being also better defined, and the markings of the underside
rather different. I hesitate, however, to describe the species as new.
No ally of A. vulcanus has previously been recorded from east of
Calcutta, as the A. vulcanus var, mavimus of Elwes from the Karen
Hills belongs to the ictis group of the genus, and is only remotely
allied to A. vulcanus, from which it differs in the important character
of having the subbasal band on the underside of the hindwing broken
up into well-separated ring-spots instead of being continuous.
187. Tasuria tLLuRrGIS, Hewitson.
A single female at 3,500 feet in June.
188, Tasurta JANGALA, Horsfield.
Common at the foot of the hills from May to July.
1835. HypoLyc&ZNA ERYLUS, Godart.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May.
190. Currarta orHonsa, Hewitson,
Many males and a single female from the Upper Chindwin and the
foot of the hills from April to June.
191, Cuuraria KINA, Hewitson.
A single male taken in company with Cyaniris on wet sand at the
foot of the hills in May, and a single female taken in March on the
top of the grassy ridge above Fort White at about 7,000 feet. Both
sexes agree exactly with Doherty’s detailed description quoted in “ The
Butterflies of India, &c.,” and in neither is the discal band on the
underside of the forewing continuous, so they cannot be considered to
be C. cachara.
192. Zuurus eroius, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin in May and June.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 667
193, Cumrirra FREJA, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May, aud in the
hills up to 8,500 feet.
194, HoraGa sikkimA, Moore.
A single female taken in the Upper Chindwin in May.
195, Carapactnma ELEGANS, Druce.
A single pair taken in the Upper Chindwin in March.
196. Loxtra arymnus, Cramer.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and at the foot of the hills;
also from Manipur.
197, Leyera ERYX, Linnzeus.
A single specimen from the Upper Chindwin in April.
198. Druporrx Ep1sarBAs, Moore.
A single male from 3,500 feet in the rains ; this species appears to
be rare in Burma.
199. ZINASPA TODARA, Moore.
One male and four females from 3,500 feet in May and June.
These specimens are inseparable from others from the Nilgiris, and
there is no doubt that Z. distorta, de Nicéville, should sink as a syno-
nym of Z. todara. The latter is supposed to differ in the male being
without purple on the hindwing, and by the dise of the forewing in
the female being blue instead of purple. I find, however, that in
Nilgiri males there is precisely the same amount of purple on the
hindwing as in Burmese ones, while the tone of the coloration of the
upperside in both sexes varies considerably as noted by Mr. de Nicé-
ville himself. The ground-colour of the underside varies from pale
fawn to dark red-brown very much in the same way as does Tajuria
jangala; in both species the tone of the colouring depending on the
season, those with paler undersides being found in the dry weather.
The present species does not appear to be very rare in Burma,
and I have taken it in the South Chin Hills, the Karen Hills, and
at Rangoon.
200. RapaLa BUXARIA, de Nicéville.
Three females taken at 5,500 feet in May. These specimens may
turn out to belong to /. néssa, Koilar, the females of which are almost,
identical with those of R. buxaria, while the males are abundantly
distinct. Both &. nissaand R, bucaria oceur in the Shan Hills,
17
668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
201. Rapata varuna, Horsfield, (onsets, Hewitson).
Common in the Upper Chindwin in May and June.
202. RAPALA PHTosSIRIS, Hewitson.
Common in the Upper Chindwin in April and May.
203. Rapata JARBAS, Fabricius.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in April.
204, RAPALA, sp.
Two males from the Upper Chindwin in March. This is the species
I recorded in my Yaw list as R. me’ampus, Cramer. I do not, however,
now consider it to be that species, and it appears to be intermediate
between 2. jarbas and FR. melampus ; on the upperside and in the
general tone of the underside it agrees best with R. jarbas, but
the anal lobe of the hindwing on the upperside is pale yellow as
in &. melampus, and on the underside the subanal black spot is
crowned with pale yellow and not with scarlet as in R. jarbas.
The female (which I have from the Yaw district) agrees with the
male on the underside, and on the upperside is precisely inter-
mediate between . melampus and FR. jarbas, having a distinct
reddish tinge, but not nearly to the same extent as in A. melampus.
I, however, hesitate to name a species of this difficult genus without
more material.
205. SINTHUSA, Sp.
A single female taken in the Upper Chindwin in May. It may
belong to either S. nasaka or S. amba ; it certainly is not S. chan-
drana ; it does not agree very well with a Himalayan female of
S. nasaka in my collection, so is most probably S. amba, Kirby.
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily Prerinz.
206. DettAs arerTE, Hiibner ; local race, 1npica, Wallace.
‘Common in the Upper Chindwin in May ; also obtained up to 6,500
feet in the hills.
207. Drtias agostina, Hewitson.
One male at 7,000 feet in May, anda female at the foot of the hills
in April.
208. Denias PyrAMUs, Wallace.
A single specimen from 3,500 feet in the rains.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 669
209. Drxtas aciarA, Linneeus.
Common in the Upper Chindwin in Apriland May ; also obtained
at 3,500 feet in the rains.
210. Detias rrHteLA, Butler. —
A single quite typical male from 3,500 feet in the rains. This is
probably the southernmost limit of the range of this species. Though
I treat D. ithiela as a distinct species, I think there is little doubt that
it is only one of the many forms of D. belladonna, Fabricius.
211. Prioneris THESTYLIS, Doubleday.
A single specimen of the dry-season from watsoni2, Hewitson, from
the foot of the hills in March.
212. Hepomora GLAUCIPPE, Linnzeus.
Common in the Upper Chindwin.
213. Ixtas PYRENE, Linneus.
A few specimens of the form moulmemensis, and a few of typical
pyrene. No Izias was noticed above 3,500 feet.
214, CoLias EpustNA, Felder.
Captain Longe, R.H., obtained a few specimens in Manipur of the
form of this genus which is identified in the British Museum as
C. edusina.
215. Tertas HARINA, Horsfield.
Fairly common in the Upper Chindwin during April and May.
216. TERIAS HECABE, Linnezeus.
The dry-season form eacavata occurred commonly in April, and the
rainy-season ferm in May and June. Only noticed up to 3,500 feet.
217, Turias Lata, Boisduval.
A single specimen at 5,000 feet.
218. Leprosta xipHia, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin.
219, PIERIS CANIDIA, Sparrman.
Common at from 5,000 to 7,009 feet in April. A few specimens
also obtained in the Upper Chindwin in April and May.
220. Preris MELETE, Ménétriés.
A single male at 5,000 feet in May.
221, Hupnina NERISSA, labricius (DAPHA, Moore).
Eixceedingly common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 2,000 feet
in the hills, the dry-season form (typical, H, dapha) occurring in March,
670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
and an intermediate seasonal form in April and May. Mr. de Nicéville
informs me that H. nerissa is the oldest name for this species.
222. HupHIna NADINA, Lucas.
Two males at 1,500 feet in March and April, both intermediate
between the extremes of the seasonal forms ; and one male of the
rainy-season form at 3,500 feet in September.
223. APPIAS ZELMIRA, Cramer.
Common in the Upper Chindwin; the dry-season form in March
and April and the rainy-season form and intermediate forms during
May.
* 224, Apptas HIPPO, Cramer.
Obtained in Manipur by Captain Longe. The A. hippoides of Moore
cannot be kept distinct from typical hzppo.
225. APPIAS PAULINA, Cramer.
A single specimen from the Upper Chindwin in May, and numerous
specimens from 3,500 feet in the rains ; these latter are nearest to the
form darada, Felder, but are quite inseparable from typical paulina.
It seems probable that the present species should stand as A. albina,
Boisduval, and that A. paulina should be confined to Ceylon, as
Cramer’s figure appears to represent the Ceylon <ppzas which has
been named galene by Felder and lankapura by Moore.
* 226. APPIAS LALAGE, Doubleday.
Two males from 3,500 feet in July, and a female of the seasonal
form which has been named argyridina by Butler from 5,000 feet in
October.
227, CATOPSILIA CATILLA, Cramer.
228, CaTOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.
Both occurred commonly up to 7,000 feet. Mr. de Nicéville con-
siders the above to be dimorphic forms of one species ; in this he is
probably correct, but I am not prepared to follow him at present
without further proof.
229, CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE, Linnzeus.
Common in the Upper Chindwin, not noticed above 2,000 feet in
the hills.
230. NEPHERONIA HIPPIA, Fabricius.
Common. in the Upper Chindwin and up to 3,500 feet in the hills.
* I do not see any good grounds for retaining the generic names Catophaga and Hip oes
critia ; the species assigned to them grade imperceptibly into typical Appias.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 671.
231. Drercas VERHUELLI, Van der Hoeven.
Two specimens from 3,500 feet in the rains.
+ Subfamily Papiioninz.
232. TEINOPALPUS IMPERIALIS, Hope.
Several seen one day in May, flying round the highest peak
(Kennedy Peak) in the Letha range, at an elevation of over 8,000 feet.
As I was on the march at the time, I could not wait more than half-an-
hour, during which time none came within reach, but there is no doubt
that the species is correctly identified.
233. TroipEs macus, Felder.
A single male at 3,500 feet in the rains.
234, Papriio (Menelaides) anistoLocuta, Fabricius.
Common in the Upper Chindwin, and in the hills up to 3,500 feet.
235. Papitio (Byasa) POLLA, de Nicéville.
A single female at 5,000 feet in the rains.
236. PapiLio (Byasa) PHILOXENUS, Gray.
Common at 5,000 feet from May throughout the rains ; a single
specimen of the form dasarada, Moore, was obtained at the same season
and elevation. ;
237. PapiLio MACHAON, Linneeus,
The geographical race s¢kkimens?s, Moore, occurs commonly at and
above 6,000 feet during March and April.
238. Papinto (Orpheides) DemoxEus, Linneeus.
Common, but not noticed above 3,000 feet.
239, Papitio (Charus) HELENUS, Linnzus.
Not uncommon in the hills up to 4,000 feet.
240. Papizio (Charus) cHaon, Westwood.
Occurred rarely in company with the preceding.
241, Papiiio (Iliades) memNon, Linneus.
The Indian race agenor, Linnzus, occurred fairly commonly at the
foot of the hills.
242, Papitio (Panosmiopsis) RHETENOR, Westwood.
Captain Longe, R.E., obtained a single male at 2,000 feet on the
Manipur river in February, and Surgeon-Captain Graves captured a
second male at 5,000 feet in the rains.
ho ni OME gn a ie ie EeE——————SEEEE
+ In this subfamily I have followed Mr. W. Rothschild’s recent revision of the genus
Papilio in “ Novitates Zoologice,” vol. ii, 1895,
672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
243, Papitio (Laertias) poLyrses, Linneus.
Common, but not noticed above 3,500 feet.
244, Paptrio (Tamera) castor, Westwood.
A single quite typical female from the Upper Chindwin in April.
245, Paprnio (Chilasa) ciyrra, Linnzeus.
Common in the hills and the Upper Chindwin from March to June,
but not found above 8,500 feet. All the specimens obtained belong
to the geographical race panope, Linneeus, and include both the typical
form of that race and also the corresponding dissimilis form. Also
obtained from Manipur.
246. Papiiio (Sarbaria) poiyctor, Boisduval.
Captain Longe obtained a rather small male of the race ganesa,
Doubleday, on the Manipur river at 2,000 feet in February.
247, Partito (Achillides) paris, Linnzeus.
Common at the foot of the hills in March and April and up to
3,500 feet in the rains,
248, Papitio (Pathysa) maNnpARtINuS, Oberthiir.
A single not quite typical male of the local race paphus, de Nicéville,
was obtained at 7,000 feet in April. Several other specimens were
noticed at the same time flying round the tops of trees in copses.
249, Papitio (Pathysa) ANTIPHATES, Cramer.
The Indian race alcibzades, Fabricius, was not uncommon at the foot
of the hills from March to May.
250. Papinio (Pathysa) Nomius, Esper.
The eastern race swinhoe?, Moore, was common in the Upper Chind-
win from March to May, and Captain Longe also obtained it commonly
at 2,000 feet on the Manipur river in February.
251. Paprrnio (Zetides) nurypyitus, Linneus.
The race awion, Felder, was not uncommon at the foot of the hills
in May.
252. Papitto (Zetides) BATHYCLES, Zinken-Sommer.
Three specimens of the race chiron, Wallace, were obtained at the
foot of the hills in May.
253. Papitio (Zetides) AGAMEMNON, Linneus.
A single specimen was obtained at 3,500 feet in the rains,
254, Papitio (Dalchinia) sarpEpon, Linneus.
Common at the foot of the hills from March to May.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 673
255, ARMANDIA LIDDERDALI, Atkinson.
Surgeon-Captain Graves obtained a single specimen at Fort White at
7,000 feet in September, and I have subsequently obtained it from
a similar elevation in the South Chin Hills taken in the same month.
This species is single-brooded.
Family HESPERIIDAL.
Subfamily HespErun a.
256, CELZNORRHINUS PERO, de Nicéville.
Two specimens from 8,500 feet in the rains. - Ze
257. CELA NORRHINUS LEUCOCERA, Kollar.
258. CELENORRHINUS AURIVITTATA, Moore.
Both the above were common in the Upper Chindwin from March
to May.
259. SARANGESA DASAHARA, Moore.
Common everywhere up to 3,500 feet from March to June.
260. CoLADENIA DAN, Fabricius.
Similarly distributed to the preceding.
261. Dario BHAGAVA, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and in the hills up to 1,500 feet in
February and March.
262. Datmio NARADA, Moore.
T wo specimens in the Upper Chindwin and one at 1,500 feet in March,
263, TacrapEs atricus, Fabricius.
A single pair from the Upper Chindwin in April and May. In
this species the male has a single transparent spot in the cell of the
forewing, and the female two spots. Z. menaka differs typically in
the markings on the upperside of the hindwing, but these are of a
very variable nature.
264. TaciapEs opscuRrvs, Mabille.
Three specimens in the Upper Chindwin in March and May. The
only Burmese specimens I have seen. They do not differ from South
Indian specimens in my collection.
265, Crenopritum vAsava, Moore.
Two males only taken at 1,500 feet in March.
266. Crenopritum muLtictTrata, de Nicéville.
Very common at from 1,500 to 2,000 feet in March. A very
distinct species. All specimens of this and the preceding were taken
674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
either when at rest on wet sand, on which they settle with their
wings wide outstretched, or else buzzing rapidly backwards and for-
wards near the hill-paths four or five feet above the ground and
looking more like an Aphneeus than a skipper.
267, ODONTOPTILUM ANGULATA, Felder.
Taken in company with the preceding and again in July.
268. CAPRONA ALIDA, de Nicéville.
Two males in the Upper Chindwin in March.
269. Caprona syRicHtTHus, Felder.
Two males at 1,500 feet in May. Females of this species are
extremely rare. There is a single specimen in the Phayre Museum,
Rangoon, and Mr. de Nicéville informs me he has one from Moul-
mein.
270. CAPRONA ELWESII, i. sp.
Three males at 1,500 fect and one in the Upper Chindwin, all taken
in May.
I propose this name for the insect figured by Mr. Elwes in the Proc.
Zool. Soc. Tond., 1392, Pl. xlin; fie: 2, as“ C. syrechthius yy yar
There seems to be no doubt that this is quite a distinct species,
the differences between it and C. syrichthus, though slight, are abso~
lutely constant, and the two species show no tendency to vary towards
one another. C. elwesit is much the smaller. On the upperside of the
forewing the basal spot in the submedian interspace is divided into
two; on the upperside of the hindwing the basal spot in the discoidal
cell is small and inconspicuous, while of the four discal spots which
are constantly present in true C. syrichthus only the one closing the
cell is present in C. elwesi? ; the underside of the forewing is also
much more strongly suffused with grey in the latter. Both species
agree inhabits with one another and with the species of Ctenoptium
referred to above. Mr. Hlwes records C. syrichthus from Bhamo,
the Shan Hills, and Java, and C. edwesiz, from Bhamo. I have obtained
males of C. elwesti in both the Nerth and South Chin Hills, in the
Upper Chindwin District, and at Thayetmyo, in Lower Burma ; of
C. syrichthus I have only met with the two males recorded above.
Mr. de Nicéville informs me that his series of C. syrichthus are
quite constant and average a third larger than C. elwest, and in the
separation of which he concurs.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 675
271. HESPERIA GALBA, Fabricius.
A single specimen at 5,500 feet. I quite erroneously recorded this
species from the South Chin Hills under the name H. zebra, Butler,
This latter species which, I have no doubt, is quite distinct, is
readily separable by the obsolete spotting of the upperside ; the
regular banding of the underside of the hindwing is not such a good
point of separation, since in true f.galba the bands, especially the
medial one, are fairly sharply defined. Mr. de Nicéville appears to
find some difficulty in separating HZ. evanidus from H. galba, but I have
not met with the same difficulty in examining ‘the long series of
both species in the British Museum; the former has the underside
chequered or spotted and not banded, and is to my mind quite
distinct. H. geron, mthi, has a very similar chequered underside to
HI, evanidus.
Subfamily PamMPHILinz.
272. PAampHILA GEMMATA, Leech,
A fairly common species on the high ridges near Fort White ; alto-
gether twelve specimens were obtained during March and April at
from 6,500 to 7,500 feet.
M. Oberthiie has recently (Btudes d’ Entomologie, oly xx, p. 40,
(1896), erected the genus Aubertia for this species and_ its allies on the
grounds that, like Hesperia, Noctua and Agrotis, the genus Pamphila
is a receptacle for all species the generic location of which is doubtful.
While, however, I fully agree with M. Oberthiir that Pamphila is
used as a waste-paper basket, yet in this instance I think the genus
has been rightly employed for gemmata, and I am unable to say how
Aubertia differs from Pamphila, nor has M. Oberthiir diagnosed the
genus, and till he does so the separation of the genus has little value.
M. Oberthiir also tries to make out that his name demea should have
priority over gemmata, Leech, on the grounds that the latter author did
not figure the species and slates that “ Itis quite impossible to
identify Lepidoptera with accucacy without a good figure,and de-
scriptions are quite useless unless amplified by a figure.” This argu-
ment, it is perhaps needless to say, is quite inadequate to upset undis-
puted priority of publication. M. Oberthiir also claims that Mr, Leech
took an unfair advantage of him in the manner in which he published
his descriptions of the present and some other species, but, this is a
18
676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vel, X.
question which only affects M. Oberthtir and Mr. Leech, and does not
in any way nullify the actual priority of the nomenclature.
273. Ocaus supvirratus, Moore.
Four specimens at 3,500 feet in June and July. Of these speci-
mens one has two subapical yellow spots, two have-a few subapical
yellow scales, which can hardly be termed spots, and the fourth is
immaculate.
274, AMPITTIA MARO, Fabricius.
A single female in the Upper Chindwin in March.
275, TARACTROCERA ATROPUNCTATA, n. sp. (Plate A, Fig. 9, ¢.)
Hapirat: Kalewa, Upper Chindwin District, Burma ; Hong-Kong.
EXpPANsE: @, @,1°1 inch.
Description: Mate. Upprrsips, both wings dark brown. Lore-
wing with the following yellow spots :—one in the discoidal cell, with a
short streak above it between the subcostal nervules ; three subapical,
conjoined, the upper one small, the lower two larger and elongated ;
two conjoined below and exterior to these, and two conjoined beyond
and below the discoidal cell. Hindwing with a yellow spot in the
discoidal cell, and a discal series of three or four rather indistinct
yellow spots—all these spots small. Unprrstnz, forewing dark brown,
the costa as far as the end of the discoidal cell broadly yellow,
the outer margin also broadly yellow from the apex to about
the first median branch, the yellow spots as on the upperside.
Hindwing yellow, mner margin broadly fuscous, a black spot
at the base of the discoidal cell, a similar one above the
cell; a large black spot at the end of the cell, extending
from the subcostal bifurcation to the fuscous inner margin, all the
veins crossing it yellow, thus dividing it into internervular spots ; and
a submarginal row of six black spots, of which the upper two and the
fourth and fifth are large and elongated; both wings with an ante-
ciliary narrow black line. Cilia above and below greyish-yellow.
Hindwing with a fringe of long black hairs attached to the basal half
of the costal margin. Frmatn differs only in having the markings of
the upperside slightly more prominent, and in wanting the fringe of
hair on the costa of the hindwing. Bors sexus, fore-tibie, epiphysis
minute, mid-tibie with a single pair of spurs, hind-tibie with two pairs
of spurs.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 677
Nearest to T. ceramas, Hewitson, with which the markings of the
upperside agree fairly well ; the black spotted underside to the hind-
wing is, however, very distinctive.
Flight weak, settling on grass-stems with the wings closed above the
back, and in no way differing in its habits from TJ. mevius or
LT. ceramas.
Described from four males and one female obtained at Kalewa
on the Chindwin river, Burma, in March, May and June. In
Mr, de Nicéville’s collection is a specimen from Hong-Kong, so it is
probably found across Southern China. ;
I take this opportunity to describe and figure a species of Taractro-
cera not previously recorded from within Indian limits,
TARACTROCERA ZICLEA, Plotz. {Plate A, Fig. 8, $.)
Hasirat : Philippines (Plétz : Semper) : Burma.
EXPanse: ¢, 2, °9to 1:0 inch.
Description: Matz, UPpprErsing, both wings black with golden-
yellow markings. Forewing with a broad yellow costal streak from the
base reaching to beyond half the length of the wing, filling the entire
discoidal cell with the exception of an indistinct dark streak from the
base of the cell which is overlaid and:almost concealed by the yellow
scaling ; the base of the wing posterior to the median nervure as far as
the first median nervule is similarly dark, overlaid with yellow scales ;
three conjoined subapical spots, the veins crossing them concolorous ;
two conjoined spots below and nearer the outer margin than the sub-
apical spots ; and three yellow spots, outwardly indented, reaching from
the third median nervule to the submedian nervure, the veins dividing
them dusted with black ; the inner margin dark, overlaid with yellow
scales as far as the submarginal yellow band. Cla fuscous, yellowish
at the outer angle. [Hindwing, with a subbasal yellow spot and a yellow
median band extending from the second subcostal nervule to the
submedian nervure, the latter yellow throughout its length. Cilia
golden-yellow. UNDzERSIDE, both wings with a conspicuous narrow
anteciliary black line. Forewing with the apical two-thirds of the
outer margin yellow, other markings as on the upperside, except that
the portions of the wing which are overlaid with yeiiow scales on the
upperside are black on the underside. LHindwing, as on the upperside,
except that the dark portions are oyeriaid with yellow scales, FEmaup,
678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
Upprrsipe similarly marked to the male except that on the forewing the
costa above the discoidal cell is dark and the overlying yellow scales
at the base and along the inner margin are obsolescent, so that the
dark markings show up more prominently. UNDERSIDE as in the
male, but the dark markings on the hindwing less concealed by yellow
scales. Abdomen dark above, yellow beneath. ANTENNA, shajt ringed
with black and yellow, club black above, yellow beneath, tp dark.
Lees, yellow, almost naked, hind-tibize with two pair of spurs, fore-
tibiae with the usual epiphysis. No secondary sexual characters on the
wings or legs. Both sexes have a tuft of black hairs at the extreme
base of the costa of the hindwing; this tuft is perhaps slightly more
developed in the male.
This species belongs to the group which contains T. papyria,
Boisduval ; 7. nigrolimbata, Snellen ; T. flavovittata, Latreille, and
T. flavoides, Leech, all of which much resemble species of Padarona in
markings. From 7. papyria the present species differs in wanting
the sexual brand on the upperside of the forewing, from JT. negrolzn-
bata in the much smaller extent of the yellow markings of the upper-
side, from 7’. flavovittatus in the entirely different markings of both
upper- and underside, lastly from 7. flavotdes which is known to me
only by the figure and which appears its nearest ally, the present
species differs in the much more pronounced banding of the underside
ot the hindwing.
Described from five males and one female taken at Thayetmyo in
September, and two females taken at Myingyan in November; I have
also previously taken the species in the Yaw District and recorded it as
Padraona nigrolimbatus, and have lately seen a specimen from Moul-
mein, which is ig Mr. de Nicéville’s collection. The species shows
little variation, except that the yellow band on the forewing is slightly
broader in some specimens than in others, and that the uppermost spot
in the discal band on the hindwing is occasionally minute or altogether
wanting,
I had described this species as new, but Mr. de Nicéville pointed
out to me that in his opinion my type specimens belonged to
“ Thymelicus” ziclea, Plétz, and sentme some Philippine specimens
to compare, and I have no doubt as to the identity of the Burma and
Philippine examples.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 679
276. ASTICTOPTERUS KADA, Swinhoe.
Ten specimens taken in the Upper Chindwin from March to May.
Of these specimens, eight have three largish transparent subapical
white spots on the forewing, one has the uppermost spot almost
invisible, and the tenth has only the two lower spots present, and these
very minute. I very much doubt if this is a distinct species from
A. olivascens, Moore.
277, Sanctus puLiico, Mabiile.
Very common in the Upper Chindwin from March to June.
278. SUASTUS GREMIUS, Fabricius,
Upper Chindwin, April ; not common.
279. Suastus apirus, Moore.
Fairly common in the Upper Chindwin during March and April,
280. [aAmBRIxX SALSALA, Moore.
Common everywhere up to 1,500 feet.
281. SEBASTONYMA DOLOPTA, Hewitson.
Two specimens in May, one at the foot of the hills and the other at
Kalewa in the Upper Chindwin. A rare species in Burma. .
232. ZoGRAPHETUS SATWA, de Nicéville,
Six specimens in the Upper Chindwin from March to May.
283. ZoGRAPHETUS oGyGIA, Hewitson. ;
Four specimens in the Upper Chindwin irom Marchito May. This
species varies considerably in the number of transparent spots on the
upperside of the forewing.
284, ZOGRAPHETUS CEPHALA, Hewitson.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May. Colonel
Swinhoe has recently described the male of 7%. cephala as a new
species under the name zsota. The two sexes, besides differing slightly
in the size of the transparent spots, differ considerably in the marking
of the underside of the hindwing, which in the male is of a clear
greenish-yellow without marking, but in the female is suffused with
rufous-brown between the transparent spots and the outer margin.
This reddish suffusion is very variable in extent, but in the numerous
specimens which I have seen is invariably more or Jess present in the
females, and is never traceable in the males. Hewitson’s type is a
female in which the suffusion is unusually large in extent. There can
680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
be absolutely no question that the variation is merely sexual, so ¢sota
should be sunk as a synonym.
285. Hyaroris aprastus, Cramer,
Upper Chindwin, May ; not common.
286. ARNETTA SUBTESTACEA, Moore.
A single specimen atthe foot of the hills and two in the Upper
Chindwin all in March. Iam unable to say how A. khasiana differs
from the present species, and think it is identical with it ; there is no
doubt that A. atkensonii is its rainy-season form.
287, Marapa arta, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May, not noticed
in the hills. |
288. Matapa pruna, Moore.
Similarly distributed, but not as common as the preceding.
289. GaNnGaRA THyRSIS, Fabricius.
A single specimen from the Upper Chindwin in May, and a second
from 3,500 feet in the rains.
290. Upaspss rotus, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin,
291. NorocrypTa REsTRIcTA, Moore.
A single specimen from 3,500 feet in the rains.
292, CUPITHA PURREEA, Moore.
Two males taken in the Upper Chindwin in March and May. One
typical tympanifera, the other transitional to purreea.
293, AUGIADES BRAHMA, Moore.
Eleven males at from 5,500 to 7,000 feet in March, April and May.
These specimens differ from typical ones from Mussooree in being
slightly smaller and darker. They are otherwise quite inseparable
from A. brahma, and the above slight differences are not sufficient to
warrant their being treated even as a local race. One would have
expected to find the Khasi Hill species, A. s?va, in the Chin Hills and
not the Himalayan A. brahma ; my specimens are, however, distinctly
nearer to brahma than to siva.
994, TeLtcota AuGiAs, Linneeus.
A single male from the Upper Chindwin in May.
295. TeLicora BAMBUSa, Moore.
A. single female from the Upper Chindwin in March,
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 681
296. PapRAona DARA, Kollar.
A single male at the foot of the hills in April.
297, PADRAONA M4ISOIDES, Butler.
Three males and one female in the Upper Chindwin between March
and May.
298. PADRAONA PSEUDOMSA, Moore.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in April. The above three
Padraonas may be wrongly identified, but I think without doubt
belong to three distinct species. I also obtained three males and one
female of a fourth species, which appears to be undescribed.
299, Papraona GoLa, Moore.
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin from March to May. This
species, as well as the South Indian P. goloides, is without the male
mark found in the other species of the genus, and also differs from
them slightly in neuration.
7 300. Harr moorer, Watson.
Common in the Upper Chindwin during March and April.
3801. Hatpr cerata, Hewitson.
A single specimen seen at 1,500 feet.
302. Harpe maAsonti, Moore.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in April.
303. Iton sEmMAMoRA, Moore.
Upper Chindwin, in April and May ; fairly common.
804, Baorts ocgra, Hewitson.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 1,500 feet from March
to May and, as usual, very variable. A form of this species has recent-
ly* been described by Colonel Swinhoe under the name B, sizkima,
The two sexes which are taken as representing B. sikkima do not how-
ever even belong to the same form, as the male has the full comple-
ment of eight spots, while the female wants the two spots in the
discoidal cell of the forewing; no reason is given for not taking
two sexes of the same form, though females with two spots in the cell
are as common in Sikkim as those without them. While describing
B. sikkima, Colonel Swinhoe tries to cast doubt en the authenticity of
the specimen in the Hewitson collection which stands as the type
of B. oceia, and in a subsequent paper on the Khasia Hill butterflies
* Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., May, 1890, p, 363,
682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
makes the following statement :—“ Hewitson described a Philippine
insect as oceza, and subsequently put every Indian Hesperid in his
collection with the long brush of hairs on the upperside of the
hindwing over his Philippine insect.”
This statement, as it stands, is absolutely correct, but is ae cal-
culated to increase Colonel Swinhoe’s reputation for accuracy, since by
an oversight he has overlooked the fact that in the whole Hewvtson col-
lection there is not a single Indian Hesperid with a brush on the upperside
of the hindwing, the only specimen being the one placed above the label
> and there is no shadow of
“ oceia,’ which is ticketed “ Philippines,’
doubt as to its being the actual specimen described by Hewitson. In
describing his 6. szkkima, Colonel Swinhoe makes no attempt to point
out how it differs from £. oceza, and I may add that I have compared
Burmese specimens with the Hewitson type in the presence of Colonel
Swinhoe and have asked him to point out any differences between
them, which he has confessed himself quite unable to do, but has main-
tained that, being a Philippine insect, B. oceca must be distinct from
anything found in India, the value of which argument is shown
by the fact that of 86 Mesperiide recorded from the Philippines by
Semper, no less than 37 have also been recorded from within Indian
limits.
305, Baoris (Parnara) AUSTENI, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin from March to May. This species
is very fairly constant, but the subapical spots are frequently reduced
from three to two, and the upper of the two spots in the discoidal cell
is frequently very minute ; but I have seen no specimen in which it has
been actually wanting. It is rather difficult to discriminate between
this species and females of B, oceia, but the tone of the underside of the
hindwing appears to be a safe guide, as B. austent always hasa reddish
tinge, while B. oceta is more slatey.
306. Baoris (Parnara) coNJUNCTA, Herrich-Schaffer (=NAROOA,
Moore.)
A few specimens from the Upper Chindwin in April.
307. Baoris (Parnara) toons, Moore.
Common in the Upper Chindwin and up to 1,500 feet irom March
to May.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 683
308. Baoris (Parnara) ELTOLA, Hewitson.
Two specimens—one from 5,000 feet in May and one from 1,500
feet in June.
309. Baoris (Parnara) BEVANI, Moore.
Common at Kalewa and in the hills up to 5,500 feet during March
and April. B. ecolaca was not obtained, but probably occurs.
310. Baorts (Parnara) BaDA, Moore.
A single specimen in the Upper Chindwin in March.
311. Baorts (Chapra) matHtas, Fabricius.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in April.
312. Ismunz aTAPHUs, Watson.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in March.
313. IsamNE HARISA, Moore.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in May.
314. Ismen= amarA, Moore.
A single male in the Upper Chindwin in May.
315. IsmeNE MAHINTHA, Moore.
Three males and one female in the Upper Chindwin in April and
May.
316. Hasora Bapra, Moore.
Not uncommon in the Upper Chindwin from April to June.
317. Hasora CHABRONA, Plotz.
Two males taken in the Upper Chindwin in May.
318. Hasora cHromus, Cramer.
A single female at 3,500 feet in May.
319. HAsora ALEXIS, Fabricius.
A single female at 3,500 feet in June. I am inclined to consider
this distinct from the preceding, as not only do they differ from one
another in the breadth of the transverse band on the underside of the
hindwing, but A. alexis is much more strongly glossed with purple on
the underside. I have lately met with AH. chromus in considerable
numbers at Bangalore, and have found it very constant in the
markings on the underside, though the transparent spots of the female
are very variable.
820. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius,
A single male at 1,500 feet in April, The male of this species has a
tuft consisting of a few long straggling hairs attached to the proximal
19
684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X,
end of the hind-tibie. This tuft is very lightly attached and easily
rubbed off, and I overlooked it when revising the genera of the family.
As the butterflies of North-Western Burma, of which little was
known a few years ago, have now been fairly well worked, a few
remarks on their distribution would not be out of place. Under the
head North-Western Burma we may include the administrative
districts of the Upper Chindwin and Yaw, the North and South Chin
Hills, and also the faunistically inseparable regions of the Lushai
Hills, the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Manipur ; strictly the Naga Hills
should also be included, but they have not been taken into consideration
in the following remarks pending their further exploration.
Our knowledge of the district under consideration is derived almost
entirely from the following five papers to which may be added a few
records from “‘ The Butterflies of India, Burma, and Ceylon,” and
other sources :— .
(1) <A Collection of Lepidoptera made at Manipur and on the
Borders of Assam by Dr. George Wait. Butler, Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Uist., filth series, vol. xvi, p. 298
(1885), in which 114 species are enumerated.
(2) List of Chin-Lushai Butterflies, de Nicéville, Journ.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.v, p. 295 (1890), in which 84
species are enumerated.
(8) A second list of Chin-Lushai Butterflies, de Nicéville,
id., td., p.» 383, in which 102 species are enumerated.
(4) Notes on a Collection of Butterflies made in the Chin-
Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, Watson, id., id.,
vol, vi, 1891, in which 276 species are enumerated.
(5) The present paper which enumerates 320 species,
Tt will be seen on reference to the above papers that the collections
recorded have been made almost entirely in the dry-season and along
beaten tracks, and there is no doubt that, when the country is more
opened up and accessible, many additional species will be added to the
number already recorded.
After excluding bad species and doubtful records, the total number
of species recorded from the district under consideration amounts to
447, which are distributed among 172 genera. ‘These latter are
mostly wide-spread throughout the Oriental region and do not call for
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS, 685
remark, with the exception of the following which here reach one
extreme of their range :—
Anadebis, Callerebia, Zipwtes, Dilipa, Orthomiella, Phengaris,
Zephyrus, Pieris, Colias, Armandia, Teinopalpus, Pamphila, Sebasto-
nyma, and Augiades do not oceur to the south of the district, though
nearly all of them have been or almost. certainly will be found
to occur at a similar latitude in the hills on the eastern frontier
of Burma.
On the other hand Melanocyma, Prothoé, Taxila, Paragerydus,
Drupadia, Eoéaylides, Drina and Onryza have here reached their
northern limit, and are for the most part typical of the Malayan
subregion.
The subgenus Myrtilus of Mycalesis is, as far as is known at
present, peculiar to the district.
The general nature of the region under consideration is mountainous,
with the exception of the Upper Chindwin and Yaw districts, and the
butterflies may be divided into three fairly well-marked groups :—
(1) Species peculiar to low elevations.
(2) Species peculiar to high elevations.
(3) Species common to both.
The first group, which consists of species which are only rarely found
above 2,000 feet, contains 288 species, of which six are peculiar to this
district and four occur also in Hastern Burma, but do noé occur to the
north or the south, of these ten, eight are distinctly Malayan in their
affinities, and the other two are Indian ; 116 species are wide-spread,
and are found from Tenasserim to the Western Himalayas, many rang-
ing also to peninsular India on the one hand and to the Malay Penin-
sula on the other. Of the remainder, 87 occur throughout the whole of
Burma and have been also recorded from Assam, and of these 68 also
range to the Hastern Himalayas ; 32 species do not occur to the south
of the present district though found at the same latitude in Eastern
Burma ; all these 32 species have also been recorded from Assam, and
most of them from the Eastern Himalayas, while seven range as far as
Southern India, The remaining 43 species of this group are peculiarly
Burmese and Malayan, and are found to the south as far as Tenasserim,
and in many cases as far as the Malay Peninsula ; none cf them, how-
ever, occur to the north of the present district.
686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X.
This group is, therefore, distinctly Burmese in its distribution, and if
we ignore the wide-spread species from which it is difficult to draw con-
clusions, we find that one-third of the remainder are typical Burmese
species and do not range to the north of that country, that about one-
sixth are typical North-Hast Indian species, which within Burmese
limits only occur in the extreme north ; while the remaining species
which amount to half the total number are typical equally of Burma
and of North-Hast India.
The second group, under which are included the species which affect
high elevations and which are only very rarely found below 4,000
feet, contains 92 species. These are for the most part Himalayan—at
least 74 species being found in the Hastern Himalayas, of which 28
extend to the Western Himalayas and a few to the hill ranges of
peninsular India ; in addition to the above four species—Arrhopala
dodonea, A. ganesa, Celenorrhinus pero, and Augiades brahma—are
common to North-West Burma and the Western Himalayas, but have
not been found in the intermediate hill-ranges. Six species are
peculiar to the district, and a seventh is only found elsewhere in
Northern Burma ; of these seven, four are Himalayan and three
Malayan in their affinities. Twenty-nine species extend as far south
as Lower Burma and Tenasserim, and 63 are not found to the south
of the present district, though most of these latter are found in the hill
ranges of Hastern and Northern Burma.
So it will be seen that the Malayan element is almost entirely
absent from this group ; in fact, of the whole 92 species only seven
have been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
The third group, which includes species which are found at all
elevations from the terai to the summit of the hills, contains 67 species.
These, as might be expected from adaptability of flight, have almost,
without exception, a very wide range; 64 are found throughout Burma
as far south as Tenasserim, and of these two only do not range further
to the north, while of the remainder 42 are of universal distribution
throughout the hills and plains of India ; 4 occur as far west as the
Western Himalayas, but are not found in peninsular India, while the
remaining 16 occur throughout Assam and Sikkim, but not further west.
The remaining three species of this group are peculiar to North-East
India and do not occur to the south of the present district,
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE CHIN HILLS. 687
Owing to the wide range of the species of this group, not much clue
to their affinities can be given.
To sum up, it may be concluded that the butterflies found at low
elevations are chiefly Burmese in their characteristics with a slight
North-East Indian strain, while those from high elevations are much
more Himalayan, and their Burmese affinities are very little marked.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.
Fig. 1. Mycalesis (Virapa) adamsonii, n. sp., 9, p. 640.
» 2 Ypthima sakra, Moore, g (local race), p. 645.
» 8 Ypthima cerealis, n. sp., 8 (dry-season form), p. 646.
» 4. LYpthimacerealis,n. sp., 6 (rainy-season form), p. 646,
» 5. Ypthima carla, de Nicéville, 3, p. 651.
» 6. Arrhopala ganesa, Moore, $ (local race), p. 663,
» (. ephyrus letha, n.sp., 6, p. 664.
» 8. TLaractrocera ziclea, Plotz, ¢, p. 677.
» 9. Laractrocera atropunctata, n. sp., 6, p. 676.
688
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I—NOTES ON THE INDIAN BEAR (MELURSUS URSINUS).
By REGINALD GILBERT,
(With a Plate.)
This bear which is still to be found all over the Indian Peninsula is, I fear,
gradually disappearing. Twenty years ago it was very common throughout
the Bombay Presidency, and I know mauy jungles and districts, in which I
have formally shot many, where they are now rarely or never to be found.
In wild and rocky districts, faraway from the line of rail, no doubt they
exist in numbers, and frequent the same jungles year after year, but still they
are gradually being reduced,
Tosee a bear lolluping along,when disturbed, is asight which always.
causes me amusement, but with all its apparent clumsiness and awkwardness,
it can get over rough ground as quick as most animals, and, when wounded,
will fight for its life often with great ferocity. Itis not an animal which
causes much injury to the natives or their cattle or crops, but occasionally
it takes to man-killing, or man-mauling, for no apparent reason, and then, of
course, it becomes the terror of its particular district, I have only known
of one man-killer, It wasa she-bear with three grown cubs in the Dha-
rampur State, and killed aman close to a camp occupied by Mr, BH, L. Barton
and myself when we were on a shooting trip in that State. She laid up ina
jungle close by, after committing this ill-deed, and we had no trouble in killing
her, I wrote an account to our Magazine about this bear,* so it is unnecessary
to say here any more about her. When wounded, however, there is no doubt
the bear is very ferocious, and inflicts the most fearful wounds with its claws.
on its victims.
My first introduction to the bear was on a shooting trip I took alone
when first I came to this country. I set out from Lanowlee and after
marching 25 miles south along the ghais, I got “khubber” of bear, and
immediately sent men out for the purpose of watching from the hill-tops in
the early morning, when the bears returned to lay up for the day in the
hills, The men marked down a bear in thick jungle on the side of the hill,
and they placed other men all round to watch the place till I arrived. When
I arrived, however, and before the beat was organised, they made so much
noise, talking and shouting to one another, that the bear woke up and made
off, He came, however, broadside to me, and presented a shot at about 60
yards, but much to my vexation, although I wounded him, he got clean away,.
and left me under the impression that he was the most cowardly of animals—
an impression which was rudely disturbed next day. The next night I sent
out men again to watch the hills, and, strange to say, they marked down
ees ye
* Vide No, 2, Vol. VI, page 276, of this Journal—Kd,
"STUUISIN sn SINT ) IN
‘UWwagd HLOIS NVIGNI 3HL
ANY
ae
PASCUA
Sit
MaKe
>i)
ite
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 689
another bear in exactly the same spot next morning, Again the beaters
talked too much before the beat commenced and disturbed the bear, This
time, however, he ran much nearer to me, and I lamed him badly. He went
off into thick under-growth jungle and, with a few plucky hill-men, I
tracked him into it easily by his blood, In my “ griffenish”’ innocence I
had no idea that he was likely to charge, and I tracked him into this thick
jungle without any sense of fear, I soon came.on to him, and he came
at me with a terrible rush. I fired right and left into him very quickly and |
bolted back. Luckily for me, my large pith hat was knocked off by a bush, in
running back, and the bear stopped at the hat which he clawed and bit into
pulp. This gave me time to load up and face the foe again, After this he
ran into still thicker jungle and I approached him with greater caution and
respect, but I had to do it without a hat in a hot sun. However, I tied
something round my head and went in at him again, I received another
charge, and gave the bear two barrels as before at close quarters, and rushed
back, but the bear did not follow far, I got the bear after a very long
fight, but I have had great respect for his bravery ever since,
The only successful way of getting bears is to go into the jungles they
frequent, and get natives to watch from the top of hills in the early
morning, Natives are very quick at marking them down, and an incentive in
the promise of a few rupees for each bear marked down, results often in
good sport, I remember once in the Nizam’s Dominions going after some tigers
which hail been killing cattle there, A reward of five rupees brought
us the news that a bear had been marked down not far from camp, and we
were able to go out after it before breakfast and were home in good time
to go after the tigers, We had no time to get beaters, and we simply walked
up to the bush in which it had been marked down. It had gone into heavy
sleep before we aroused it and when disturbed, it walked off quite leisurely and
appeared to be dazed. We were quite close and, I feel sure, we despatched
it without its ever having seenus, On other occasions, when on shooting
trips, | have myself gone out into the hills before daylight to watch for
returning bears. Ico not remember ever being successful myself on th2se
occasions, although frequently my companions have bagged their bears in this
way.
General P, Symons lately told me that he was out shooting many years
ago with some companionsin the Madras Presidency, At one of their camps
they were told there was a bear's stronghold in the neighbourhood to which
the bears returned every morning over some open country which was
ridable, Harly the next morning the whole party went outon their horses
with spears,and they met no less than eleven bears returning together, of
which nine were speared and killed by the party, This, I think, must be the
biggest bag on record, and I regretan accurate account of this day’s sport
has never been published,
690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
Colonel Kenneth Mackenzie also told me of an extraordinary scene hé
witnessed once in the Berars.. One night he sat up over a buffalo which -he
tied near some water for some tigers which drank there, A bear came down,
and seeing the buffalo went straight at it, The buffalo knocked him over
with its horns, and the bear charged with the same result no less than three
times. He then thought he had enough of it and went off, but he had
scarcely gone 100 yards when he met a tiger coming down to drink.
Colonel Mackenzie was unable to see what happened, but from the noise the
bear made and the rush down the hill, he felt sure the bear received a good
drubbing from the tiger. The tiger then came down to drink and was fired
at and wounded but was not killed.
I once sat up for a bear which had been tracked in some hollow hills in
the Panch Mahals. I was placed high up in a tree and the bear came out
when it was just getting dark. I fired at him about 100 yards off and missed
him, but the bear came straight at my tree and ran through some underwood
beneath me and got away, The whiz of the bullet, I think, annoyed him,
The Koina Valley, near Mahableshwar, is a great stronghold for bears, and
will, I think, always remain so, The hills are covered with very dense under-
growth, and it is almost impossible to see the bears in a beat. I have often
been after them there and killed but few, although over and over and again I
heard the bear pass quite close to, but was unable to see it. On one occasion
i got three bears in about five minutes, They came out of the beat all close
to one another, I knocked over the first and wounded the second which
turned and fought the third, I suppose under the belief that the third was
the author of the pain produced by my bullet, and while thus engaged
I killed them both, i have noticed that several sporting writers have
observed wounded bears turn on their companions in a similar way.
The excellent photograph, which accompanies these notes, was taken by
Captain F, T. Williams,
No, IY—_THE RE-DISCOVERY OF STRYCHNOS RHEEDII (Ciarxe).
In an extremely interesting article on the Serpent’s Wood of the Portuguese
which appeared at page 424 of Vol. VIII of your Journal, Dr, Dalgado
drew attention to the mystery attaching to the species of strychnine which
was figured by Rheede so long ago as 1688, and which had never been ob-
served since,
Tt may interest him and others of your botanicai readers to hear that this
plant was identified by its fruit by the late Mr. M. A. Lawson, Government
Botanist, when travelling with me in the Travancore forests at the end of
1893, and that I have lately obtained some fully-opened flowers.
Strychnos rheedii is an enormous climber, occurring in our evergreen forests
at all elevations from the sea-level to 3,000 feet and stretching over the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, o9L_
highest trees, It is by no means uncommon. The leaves fall at the end of
January, and the flowers appear in great quantities, together with the young
leaves, early in February. The fruit does not ripen till the following year,
and hangs on the branches for nearly twelve months,
The species of Strychnos are divided in the Flora Indica into groups accord-
ing to the proportionate length of the corolla to the calyx. Rheede’s figure
of this species, judging by Clarke’s description, shows a flower with a very
short corolla tube and subglobose buds, This, as Clarke surmises, is wrong,
unless indeed there is yet another species to be found in Malabar with large
woody fruit,
The flowers of S. rheedii are cream-coloured, and borne in lateral cymes,
terminating branchlets and many-flowered, the cymes being about one inch in
diameter. The calyx is very short, i:th inchlong and 5 cleft, The corolla
tube is from 4 to $ inch long, and the limb from 1} tojinch, The style is
slightly Jonger than the tube, and the stigma small and capitate. The fruit
has a very thick shell and is from 2s to5 inches in diameter, containing
many seeds, similar to, but slightly smaller than, those of S. nux vomica, The
fruit, when ripe, is apple-green.,
From this description it will be seen that S, rheedii (Clarke) is closely
allied to S, ceimamomifoiia (Thwaites), but it is specifically distinct, the
lateral cymes and large woody fruit of the former especially distinguishing it,
Tt may seem curious thata large plant which is by no means “uncommon
should have escaped observation for two centuries. The explanation pro-
bably lies in the fact that this climber stretches over the highest trees, and
that its flowers borne at a great height from the ground would easily escape
notice, Add to this that the season of flowering is very short and probably
does not last more than a fortnight, so that, unless any one happened to be
collecting in the locality at the very time of flowering, no specimens could be
obtained,
The lesson to be learned is that there is stilla very wide field for botanical
enquiry in the forests of the Western Coast.
T. F. BOURDILLON, F..3,
QuILoN, 9th May, 1896.
No, IIL—NOTES ON SHOOTING IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCES,
The following notes from my shooting diary taken this last winter, espe-
cially regarding weights and measurements of the tigers of the Central Pro-
vinces may interest some of the readers of the Journal. Our weighing
machinery consisted of a circular-faced Salter’s spring balance, indicating
from 100 to 500 lbs., but the expansion oftthe spring was not checked in its
case until it recorded 513 Jbs., beyond which it could not move ; besides this,
20
692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
we hada smaller fisherman’s spring balance weighing up to 50 Ibs. The
total weight which we could record was 563 lbs,
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS,
Length : ni Fore- | Upper ;
No, of body Tail. | Girth. eee arm, aap Weight. Sex,
Te Bae Ae Be Ole eeo Gate 181” 23" | Over 513 Ibs.) Male
ere Sie micuo tants Lae eae aan son 486 Ibs. fs
By) Oe HE BY Has ioe ns Hea 428 lbs.
Au GE aC GY Ta 56” 39” 205” Sa Over 563 Ibs. ws
Hale ous inoue Ose aoe Held a Uy 448 lbs. Ms
CTO AS Si ny nee fue sis 420 Ibs,
d9
All lengths were taken in a straight line from nose to end of tail,
No, 1 tiger was the first one we shot aday or two after getting on to our
ground, and unfortunately I did not know where I had packed the 50-lbs.
spring balance, so we did not get his true weight. The larger machine was
right down to 513 and I calculated I put a lifting pressure of from 15 to
20 lbs, before it moved back, I should say he weighed full 525 to 530 lbs,
No, 2 was 2 very stout tiger, only 8-7” long and 486 Ibs. weight.
No, 4 was the most enormous tiger Iever saw, not in length, but bulk ;
she first took the big machine down to. 513 Ibs, I then hitched the 50-lbs.
one into his mouth and took full 50 Ibs, weight into that, still the big machine
did not move, and we calculated he was 20 to 30 Ibs, over the combined
weights shown, which would make him fully 585 Ibs. The heaviest tigress
weighed 320 Ibs, (length 8’-5”), and the lightest 268 Ibs, (length 8’-03"). I may
add that I tested the weighing machines before starting, and on returning
from our shooting trip, they were both right to within a pound.
The following case of a tiger swimming with a kill across a river is rather
interesting :—
We had moved camp that morning, and in the evening I went out to look
up the pugs of a tiger and tie-up. for it, Passing a village about two miles
from camp, the Gontra came running out and told me that their cattle had just
been raided by a tiger who had killed two and mauled three more, They
were just driving in the three wounded ones ; these were clawed about the
withers and neck, and one died within an hour, I went to the place where
the two had been killed. They were lying about 200 yards apart just inside a
patch of jungle, in a bend of the river, All round the bend the river was from
25 to 40 yards broad and varied in depth, from 5 to 10 feet or more. The
patch of jungle in the bend was about 5 acres, Opposite one side of the bend
the jungle continued up the bank of the river ; on all other sides it was open
cultivation, It was too late to do snything that evening, so I gave orders to
report early if either kill was touched, Early next morning we were told
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 693
one of the kills had been moved, so we went to the place and followed up the
drag, The jungle in the bend was an impossible place to beat, and we wanted,
if the tiger was still there, to disturb him quietly and get him to cross into
the other jungle ; however, we found the kill had been taken down to the
river and dropped over an overhanging bank about 7 feet high into 6 feet of
water, and from where we stood we saw where it had been dragged out on
the opposite bank, I do not suppose the tiger took a header in after the
kill ; he must have gone round and slipped into the water somewhere, swam
up to the kill, taken hold and pulled it across, I did not look for his tracks
as, knowing the kill was across, all was plain sailing, It was a very simple
beat ; the tiger came along nicely to my companion, posted on the right, but
unfortunately, when he was about 100 yards away, he ran suddenly against
a bear which gave him sucha fright that he came galloping over to me, and
I bagged him,
On the 7th February a friend who was with me shot a great solitary snipe,
the first I had ever seen, and a few days afterwards I put up another. I
was after a buffalo at the time and had no shot-gun with me, but the snipe
passed within 6 feet of my head, and there was no mistaking it, It only
flew about 50 yards, when I again put it up.
W. H.. HUNTER, Caprarn.
NaGpur, June, 1896,
No, IV.—A CURIOUS MALFORMED TIGER’S SKULL.
Last hot weather I shot a medium-sized tiger, and on examining the head
I found that both canine teeth in the upper jaw were missing. The
right canine tooth had evidently become decayed, as there was a hole run-
ning right up into the root of the tooth. The place where the left canine
tooth should have been was perfectly smooth and covered over with the gum,
It looked as if the tiger had never grown this tooth atall. I thought no
more of the matter at the time,and the skull has been put away with others
ever since, Yesterday I took several tiger skulls out and~ put them to soak
in cold water previous to cleaning them, and my attention was drawn to this
skull, On examining it closely, I found a large canine tooth lying inside
the cavity of the nose, I could only takeit out with a great deal of difficulty,
as it was well covered with thin bone, The tooth is a large one, but is
deformed, and the point is worn rather fine, as if it had wasted away. The
tooth had evidently been forced back through the socket and must have
been in this state for some time, because the base of the tooth had kecome
deformed. It must have originally been in its normal position in the jaw as
it shows the enamel as in an ordinary tooth, and this also goes to prove that
the injury took place after the animal was full grown. I may mention that
in order to remove the tooth I had to extract it through the nose,
R. WAPSHARH, Capratn, 3rd Lancers,
AURUNGABAD, September, 1896, |
694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Volt. X.
No. V.i—NOTE ON THE SAME.
(With a Plate.)
This skull, which was presented to the Bombay Natural History Society’s
Museum by Captain R. Wapshare who shot the animal in the Edlabad
District, was handed over to me by Mr, Phipson to describe, it having been
sent up on account of the extraordinary condition of theteeth. After study-
ing it, one can only wonder at the animal having lived so long, for its life
cannot have been a happy one, suffering as it must have done from frightful
toothache, and the loss of part of its skull, besides being handicapped in its
early adult life by having only one upper canine,
The skull is that of a well-grown male tiger ; it has a peculiar lop-sided
appearance ; the usual convexity of the right maxilla over the root of the right
canine is wanting, making that side of the face almost flat ; the prominent
supra-orbital angle of the frontal bone of the right side is absent ; the sur-
face of bone between its normal position and the lacrymal tubercle is rough
and sclorosed, but part of the root is still present. The zygomatic process
is short and has a secondary exostosis, and there has been an injury at the
suture between the zygomatic and temporal bones.
Teeth—The lefi upper canine is broken down level with the jaw from
decay. The socket of the right is very small, and there is no appearance of
the tooth from the mouth. The right upper canine has never been erupted,
but is of normal size, being 11 ¢,m, long, and is contained in a groove in
the right nasal forza, almost completely filling it up behind, where the base
rests close to the ethmoid bone; the pointed extremity is abnormally
directed downwards and alittle backwards, being buried in the alveolus
under the first premolar ; the lower and inner surface is free from bony
support ; the anterior part of the upper curve is overlapped by the inferior
turbinated bone, the superior turbinated being pressed upwards. The tooth,
therefore, must have grown backwards and inwards, and by pressure caused
absorption of the inner walls of its cavity, being finally contained ina cyst
and capable of a certain amount of movement which had caused the erosion
and irregularities of the enamel near the point, immediately over which is the
rudimentary first premolar, not present on the other side,
I think the condition of the skull must have been caused by a severe injury
received some long time previously, probably a bullet which had struck the
frontal bone from above anda little behind, removing in its passage the
frontal angle and on its way outstriking the zygomatic process, The
encysted canine was due to the faulty position of the tooth during develop-
ment, and probably the extra strain on the left canine caused it to decay
prematurely,
P, W. BASSETT SMITH, RB.N,
\
| farrnal Bombay Nat. Hist -Soc. Vo a
bs Le S i)
f AG | N \
A. Tiger skull showing frontal deformity ete:-.
B. Right upper encysted canive.- Nat: size.
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FONE
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 695
No, VIL—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MARSHALL'S IORA
(4iGITHINA NIGRILUTEA) IN CUTCH.
This bird is very fairly plentiful all the year round, but is less conspicuous
during the months from September to May, owing to the fact that the male
bird does not don his courting dress till the latter month, Still he may be
heard calling occasionally during the hot weather, though it is not till June
that his pleasant loud note makes itself heard everywhere, His principal
calls sound something like : “ Chee-tchoo-tchoo-tchee,”’ sounding very loud and
almost metallic, and “ Chee-cho-chi-choo’—the former in:common time,
the latter in two-fourths, with the accent on the second syllable. Occasionally
he bursts into a short song, the principal notes being of the “ tchoo-tchoo”
order, but he generally winds up with “ Chee-tchoo-tchoo-tchee,’ When
making love to his mate or wrangling as to the site for their nest, he often
breaks into a chattering sort of note resembling so much that of the “ Blue
Titmouse” at home that I have often pulled up sharp and started, looking
for one of the ‘‘ Ampelide,” apparently in the tree overhead, The male bird
during the breeding season (June and July) is a resplendent creature, The
top of his head is shiny coal black; the sides of the head, throat and
upper breast of an intense gamboge colour, extending, though paler in colour,
so as to form a sort of collar round the neck ; this collar though, I believe,
is rarely perfect, The wings are coal-black, with two conspicuous broad
white bars. The upper hack is also black, but less intense than that of the
head, the feather showing yellowish just below the collar at the back of the
neck and greenish-yellow towards the rump ; there are two fluffy sets of
greenish-white feathers in the axillaries ; the lower parts, z.e., the abdomen
and vent, are of a paler yellow than the throat, cheeks, and breast, and some
silky whitish feathers show about the sides and vent ; the upper tail coverts
and tail are glossy black like the head, but the tail feathers are broadly
tipped and margined with pure white, The female is mealy-green above, with
brown-green wings, white-banded and pale yellowish-green below, In fact,
she much resembles the male “ Siskin” at home, The eggs average 0°68” by
0°54", and are white in colour, with long streaks of lavender-grey and brown,
forming a broad zone round many eggs. The nests are usually placed in a
Mimosa of sorts—that species which has a gnarled sort of bark and twisted
branches, with excrescences like oak-apples on them and short curved thorns
like those on a rose-bush, I believe the Mimosa is that known in Hindustani
as “ Kheir,” but not being a botanist I cannot say for certain. The nest is a
shallow cup, rather broad for its depth, very neatly made of fibre with a few
hairs inside and cobwebs outside, It somewhat resembles a minivet’s nest, but
is broader and less ornate, and equally hard to find. Occasionally, but rarely,
tke nest is built ina forked twig of the “ pipal” (Ficus religiosa). I have only
obtained one nest thus placed, and that, I feel sure, was that of a pair whose
nest I had previously taken in a Mimosa tree close by. The birds frequent
696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
low thorn jungle, rather open than otherwise, principally, but may be seen
about the Bhuj Cantonments, The late Lieut. Barnes identified this bird for
me in 1893 and asked me to send him some eggs, but I was at home in 1894,
and before I could get any for him last year, he had passed away, He had
always been most kind in identifying species and eggs for me and in giving
me every assistance towards the completion of, or rather additions to, the
“ Birds of Cutch,’ which I hope shortly to send to the press.
C,. D, LESTER, LIEUTENANT.
Buus, Curcu, August, 1896.
No, VIL—A PLUCKY INSTANCE OF PANTHER-KILLING BY.
KATHIAWAR VILLAGERS. f
My friend Mr, Harrison, of Dwarka, in Kathiawar, sends me the following
account of the doing to death of a panther recently in the Okhamandal
District :—
“ An exciting and very p ucky case of panther-killing occurred at the
village of Nilwasa,a few miles from Dwarka, on 12th March, During the
day the panther was seen to take shelter in a small stack of kirbi situated
in an open maidan,a few hundred yards to the north of the village. A
lot of Wagher tribesmen turned out armed with sticks and surrounded the
stack,and after a good deal of bother the beast broke cover, and rushing
round tothe north side of the stack, flew at a Wagher who happened to
be standing there, and seizing him by the throat brought him to the ground,
The panther was at once attacked by other Waghers with sticks, and was
made to release his hold before he had done any serious damage. He then
turned and went for another Wagher who pluckily stood his grourd and
closed with the panther by seizing it round the body. The two then fell
to the ground together, This kind of reception, combined with the shouting
and yelling that proceeded from the other Waghers, was too much for the
panther, and he released his hold and made tracks for the village, probably
with a view to securing fresh shelter, A running fight was kept up for about
100 yards, and the brute was unable to evade the blows which his pursuers
showered on him with their sticks, At this juncture one of the Waghers,
without any regard for his own safety, seized hold of the panther’s tail
and held on like grim death, thereby retarding his progress. Meanwhile a
comrade appeared on the scene, armed with a small axe, and rushing upon the
panther dealt him his death-blow by splitting open his skull with it, I
visited the scene of the shékar the following morning, and from the appearance
of the ground, the tracks, and the Waghers’ description of the fight I am.
convinced it is quite correct, The skin was brought to me and was that of a
full-grown panther, 7 feet long.”
These plucky villagers were rewarded by the Baroda Durbar, and no evil
consequences resulted from the wounds and scratches they had received.
Baropa, April, 1896. P, Z, COX, Caprar,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 697
No, VIII.—NOTE ON THE DURATION OF THE PUPA STAGE IN
PAPILIO HECTOR,
The following note may interest some readers of the Journal :—~
In August, 1895, I obtained on two or three consecutive days a large
number—80-60 caterpillars—of P. hector, Linnzeus, There was not any appre-
ciable difference in the duration of their lives as caterpillars, and they all
changed to pupe as soon as full grown. Though as larve they seemed exactly
similar in every respect, yet the duration of the pupal stage in each varied so
widely that of the original fifty pupee—four still remained on March 1, 1896.
Of these one came out damaged during the first week in March, two emerged
in April, and one in May, the last three being perfect insects,
It is by no means settled what becomes of the butterflies at certain times of
the year, or why some kinds appear in numbers one year and are rare the next.
For instance, Euplea kollari, Felder, abounded last year in Karwar—though by
no means a common insect—and this year, as faras I went,seemed to be a year
for Papilio nomius, Esper, At all events I saw many and caught a few,
whereas last year, though I was constantly in the jungle, I never saw the
insect, What can be the causes which, as in the instance of P, hector I have
described, shall delay or accelerate the metamorphoses of a certain number
of larve which as larve appear in every way similar? Mine were fed on the
same plant, were contemporaries in point of season, and lived in the same cage,
in fact all the visible conditions of their existence seemed identical, It is,
of course,a fact that the season of the year influences the metamorphoses of
butterflies, the result being that the majority of each kind appear when their
food is at its best ; but it seems to me that, even granting this, the question
is not disposed of, To illustrate :—Kuthalia laudabilis, Swinhoe, feeds on a
well-known evergreen which is apparently in the same condition as to edibility
and nutritive power all the year round, I bred many of these insects last
year, and observed that, while those bred in the early rains went through
their changes with rapidity, a second and later consignment remained as larve
nearly two months, and the pupal stage was nearly as prolonged, Iam told
by a learned friend that one was the quick and the other the slow brood, but
(with deference) is not this another way of saying the same thing ?
I have heard it said that some butterflies may remain dormant in the egg
stage, but I do not think this hypothesis tenable for the reason that if the
egg is fertilised before extrusion, then I cannot recall any other instance of
delay in the developmental changes that take place in a fertilised ovum,
8. E, PRALL, Surceon-Captain, 1.8,
Bomsay, September, 1896.
No, IX.—FOOD OF THE BULL-FROG AND MUSK-RAT,
If the subject has not become stale, I can add some items to the food of the
above-mentioned rapacious reptile and mammal.
698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X,
Many years ago my eldest brother, while out for a walk,saw a bloated-
looking bull-frog lying passive on the ground close to the path he was walking
along. Ashe passed it, the creature did not move ; so he struck at it and hit
it with his walking-stick. The result was an explosion, and thetgeason of the
frog’s distended condition was revealed. He had swallowed a scorpion,
The scorpion was evidently alive when swallowed, otherwise the frog
would not have died. We put down the cause of death as “ stings inflicted
on the internal economy of the defunct frog,” It is hardly necessary to add
that the scorpion was dead too.
On another occasion I was returning home from a walk, My way led me
past the back of the kitchen, on approaching which I became aware that some."
thing unusual was happening. An old hen who hada brood of very young |
chickens was cackling and fluttering about ina great state of excitement,
T surmised that a cat, a jackal, a snake or some such depredating creature was
the cause of her agitation, I approached with caution, so as not to scare away
the four-legged creature, whatever it might be, or to get close enough to de-
spatch the snake, if it turned out to be one, On getting up to the spot I saw
nothing but an apparently harmless bull-frog. I was not then enlightened as
to its proclivities. The frog was engaged in, what seemed to me, rather an
unusual operation, He was pawing (if I may so explain it) his face about,
This puzzled me until I got closer and then I saw what the wretch was doing,
The legs of a chicken were sticking out of his jaws on one side, and he was
trying to get them into his mouth. He departed this life suddenly, and the
chicken was extracted from his jaws, limp and lifeless,
Another time I came acrossa bull-frog engaged in going through the
same antics of pawing his face (Experentia docet), I went to the rescue of the
chicken which, I presumed, he was making a meal of, It was nota chicken
this time that I took from the jaws of that dead frog, but a young, though
fully-fledged, specimen of the yellow-breasted ground thrush (Pitta brachyura).
These three incidents occurred at Dapoliin the Southern Konkan,
With regard to the food of the smelly little beast called erroneously the
“ Musk-rat ” it being really a shrew), I'can vouch for the fact that it attacks
frogs, although I have never seen an instance of it attacking a bull-frog,
My attention has frequently been attracted by the piteous cries or screams
of a frog which has apparently been seized by a snake, On going to despatch
the snake I have rescued the frog from the clutches, or rather teeth, of one of
these shrews. Frogs emit similar melancholy screams when seized by snakes,
and therefore it is advisable to goto the spot suitably armed with a tough
bamboo, cane or stick in case the marauder turns out to be a snake, A lantern
is a necessary adjunct at night on such occasions,
J. A, BETHAM,
DINAPORE, 2814 May, 1896.
699
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 22np SEPTEMBER, 1896,
A meeting of the members of this Society was held on Tuesday, 22nd Sep-
tember, at the Museum, Dr, D, Macdonald presiding,
NEW MEMBERS,
The election of the following new members was announced :—
Surgeon-Captain EH, G. R, Whitcombe, I, M. S. (Jacobabad) ; Surgeon-
Captain T. E, Dyson, I. M, §. (Surat) ; Lieutenant W. A, Light (Deesa) ;
Mr, W. N. Porter (Pegu, Lower Burma); Mr. Jamsetjee, M. Doctor
{Bombay) ; Surgeon-Major R, H. Nicholson, A. M.S, (Allahabad) ; Lieutenant
C.F. Harold (Hyderabad, Sind) ; Surgeon-Major A. V. Anderson, I, M.S,
(Nasik) ; Mr. R. P, Lambert (Godhra); Mr. Robert 8, Imray (Peermaad,
Travancore); Colonel W. J. Orr (Kurrachee); Mr, E, B, Thacker
(Bombay) ; Mr, T. J. Spooner, C. H, (Dhola, Kathiawar)); Lieutenant R. C,
Bell (Agar, C.1I.); Mr, H. Hodges (Upper Chindwin, Burmah); Mr. F. G,
Steele (Sylhet) ; Surgeon-Lieutenant C. M, Mathew (Quilon); Lieutenant N,
F, J, Wilson, R, I. M. (Bombay); Mr, W. P. Symonds, I, C, S. (Bombay) ;
Surgeon-Colonel J.G, Pilcher (Darjeeling); Mr. 8. H, Roffey (Mysore) ;
Major E, V. Elwes, R. A. (Colaba); H. H. the Maharaja of Bhavnagar
(Life Member); Lieutenant H. P. Ainslie (Chin Hills, Upper Burma) ;
Lieutenant R, E, A, Hamilton (Bakloh); H. H, Aga Shah Rookh Shah
(Poona) ; Lieutenant N, F, Uniacke (Bangalore) ; Lieutenant F, W, Saunders,
R, E, (Secunderabad); Lieutenant C, Burrard (Bombay) ; Surgeon-Captain
W. Carr Sprague, I.M.S, (Karwar) ; and Mr, G, Place (Akyab, Burma),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY,
The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the receipt of the following contyri-
butions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—
Contributor,
.| Mr. H. Crawford.
...| Mr. F. D. Whiffin.
...| Capt. Whitehead.
.:.| Mr; H. MacNee.
...| Mr: 8. B. Bates,
Contribution. + Description.
1 Spotted Owlet (alive) .) Athene brama
1 Skin of Black crested Baza] Baza lophotes
i Leaf Insect (alive) .| Phyllium scythe
1 Mongoose (alive) ... .| Herpestes mungo ...
Some Fossil Shells ... | From Burma ees
A quantity of Marine speci-
mens. Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith,
R.N.
From the Persian Gulf ...
A number of ‘Butterflies and
Insects. 5 8
Skull of wild Dog..
.| From the Central Provinces.
sos, Mir, Tel, Godwin-Austin.
Surg.-Major C. O. Drury,
i! Cyon dukhunensis ...
2 Skins of Layard’ Fly- |
catcher ae ..., Alseonax muttui ...| Mr, A, L. Butler,
Koel (alive) .| Hudynamis honorata ...| My. J. Bapty.
Snake a ...| Lropidonotus beddomii ...| My. N, B. Vakil,
Madagascar Tree Snake .... Dryophis sp. .--| Mrs. G. Owen Dunn,
Lesser Grey Shrike (alive)| Lanius minor ...| Mz. W, D. Cumming,
Nubian or Pied Shrike ...) Lanius nubicus S08 Do.
Flying Squirrel (alive), ...| Pteromys oral boa ---| Mr. G. P. Millett.
Skin cf the golden cat ...| Felis temmincki ... ...| Mr. A. J, A. Jardine,
Wood Shrike and nest .| Tephrodornis pondicerianus| Lt. CO. D. Lester.
FS eS St et et pet
A Number of beetles
2)
...| From Ootacamund...
| Mr. A, G. Cardew, I.C.S.
700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X.
RES Ree oo ee ele pe
1
Contribution. Description.
Snake (juv.) oo ---| Tropidonotus plumbicolor.
Short-toed eagle ... ...| Circastus gallicus ... ond
Black eagle... doc ---| Ictineetus malayensis
Scops owl ... te Sod) SKB AN. Soe nae és
Snake 40 mele -..| Dipsas trigonata ... 506
Lemur (alive) Arctocebus calabarensis ...
Eggs of white-backed Vul-
ture.. a ---| Gyps bengalensis ... 23
Panther cub ‘(alive) e»-| Helis pardus... S08 Son
Phoorsa (alive) {... .-.| Hehis carinata s
Oceanie Teal ope ee (Querquedula cibberifrons.. ;
Snake ond 600 -..| Dipsas trigonata
Black cobra (alive) .-.| Naia tripudians woe ae
Phoorsa ... ode ---| Echis carinata ons aoe
Tree Viper .. Trimeresurus anamallensis.
Nest and Bggs. ‘of the tailor
1
bet fet EOD
Ht
Zee we
etn hen ricdig tron ee
Some leaf insects (alive)
1
9
1
3
est, eggs and skins of Mar-
bird... Orthotomus sutorius
Albino palm “squissel
(alive) bce -..| Sciurus palmarum ... AN
Chameleon (alive) --.| Chameeleon calcaratus ...
Francolins (alive)... ---| From the Somali Coast ...
Spotted Himalayan Scop
Owl. Scops spilocephalus. goc
Collared Pigmy Owl ---| Glaucidium brodiei :
Red-headed. Laughing} Trochalopterum erythroce-
Thrush oe mers at
Snake (alive) Hts wee
Skink (alive) ours
Skink (alive) ws ees
Dvgong’s skull
Cobra, juv. (alive)...
Phoorsa (alive)
shall’ s Iora..
White- winged Black Tit.
Snake as BY
Snake a ais er
Meat Insect cc.
Malabar Pied Hornbill
Sand Snake Golive)
Dhaman
Snake
Krait ane oes 84
Bats.. wale os
Cobra, ju. (alive)
Lizar d (alive)
Cobra, juv. (alive)
Python) 7)...
eco coe
Snake (alive) nee
Makseer ae
Bateleur Eagle (alive)
Indian scarlet Minivets ...
A number of insects and Fos-
1
1
sils.
Cobra, jy. (alive)...
Snake (alive)
Gee @e
.
Boa moneda coy lus migsopho-
«>| Phyllium “scythe
--.| Authracoceros coronatus ...
.| Eryx johnii ... 500 bad
-.| Zamenis diadema ...
| Bungarns ceeruleus...
.| From the Himalayas
.--| Naia tripudians
---| Hemidactylus triedrus
...| Naia tripudians ... aan
«| Python molurus ...
| From the Seychelles Islands
.| From: Kurrachee ...
phalas zs aa me
Eryx johnii ... Odo
lise ste
Ophiops micr olepis...
---| Halicore dugong ... oe
-.-| Naia tripudians
Eehis carinata
Agithina nigrilutca
Par us nuchalis
.| Zamenis ventr imaculatus « wale
Dipsas trigonata
Zamenis mucosus
Lycodon aulicus ... eee
Barbus tor
Helotarsus ecaudatus
Perecrocotus speciosus ...
Naia tripudians
Dryophis mycterizans
AV Ges
AN Nt Ww:
eee iM ins
| Mr.
Contributor.
A. M. Kinloch.
Do.
Do.
C. H. Ward.
W. Thacker.
F. L. Wallace.
Mr.
Mr.
My.
Mr.
Mr.
Lovejoy.
R. P. Lambert.
| Lieut. W. A. Light.
Major F. Graham.
...| Lieut. W. A, Light.
Do.
Surg.-Major G. H. 8. Gim-
lette. :
My. H. H. Brock.
...| Lieut, C. D. Lester.
Dr. J. Pollen, I.C.S.
Lieut. C. H. Roosmale
Coeq.
Col. W. J. Orr,
Capt. R. H. Rattray.
Do.
Do.
Mr. W. A. Light.
Do.
Do.
Lieut. A. J. Peile, R.A.
...| Mr. C. 8. Spalding.
.| Mr, T. J. Spooner, C.E:
...| Lieut. C. D. Lester.
Do.
Mr. BR. N. Coghlan.
Do.
. Mahon Daly.
Mr. W. F, Biscoe.
Lieut W. A. Light,
Do.
Do.
...| Mr, F. A, Little.
.| Mr. J. S. Gamble.
oiete ibs Ale
...| Mr. C. MeCarthy.
M. Tod.
Mr. J. Brown.
My. E. S. Luard.
Capt. Skinner (8.8. Sein.
dia).
Surg.-Capt. J. Girvin.
EK. L. Barton,
C. Chambers.
Lieut. H. Denholm Fra.
ser, R.E,
..| Capt. E. R.Shopland. -
...| Miss Benson, M.D.
.| Lieut. N, inh a re
R.1. Mi,
PROCEEDINGS. 701
Contribution. Description. | Contributor.
A quantity of beetles (alive) Buprestidas sp. ool ...| Mrs. G. 8. Thomson.
1 Black Cobra (alive) ....Naia tripudians: ... ...| Col. W. H. Lester.
1 Kvait @live) 280 ...Bungarus ceruleus... .-.| Surg.-Capt. G. S. Thom-
j son.
1 Krait (live) 203 e-./bungarus ceeruleus ... -..| Mr. W. A, Light.
Some shells ... 200 | Cypreea tigrisand C, ae
tiana eee) else ...| Capt, A. F. Finny, R.1.M.
1 Cobra ie pdt ...| Naia tripudians Re eels Diver:
MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS,
From Lieut, Cadell, Surgeon-Major Peacock, Mr, G, E. Howse, Captain
Gwyn, Mr, Shilstone, Mr, E, E, Waller, Mr, S, P, Leggett, Captain Thorburn,
Surgeon-Major R, H. Nicholson, Mr, J, P, Brand, Mrs, N. C. Pearson, Surgeon-
Captain L, F, Childe, Mr. B, H. de Souza, Mr. W. A, Jones, Mra, Thomson,
Mr, P. Flower, Mr, J. Phillips, Mrs. Godfrey, Mrs, Bowen, Mr, F, Otto,
Mrs, Rogers, Mr. Bapty, Miss B, Scott, Mr. J. Counsel, and Miss O, Lyons,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,
The Irish Naturalist, Vol. V, Nos, 2 to8, from Mr, W. F. Sinclair, The
Victorian Naturalist, Vol, XII, Nos, 9 to 12, Vol, XIII, Nos.1 to 4, Canadian
Entomologist, XXVIII, Nos.1 to 8. Agricultural Ledger, Nos, 1 to 22, Ento-
mological Society of Ontario, 1895, Indian Forester, Vol. XXII, Noy, 1 to 8,
Flora of British India, Part XXI. Records of the Geological Survey of India,
Vol, XXIX, Parts 1, 2 and 3, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London for 1895, Parts 1, 2 and 4, from Mr, W. F. Sinclair, The Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXV, Part 2, Nos,1 and2. The Jack
Rabbit of the United States. The North American Fauna, No, 11, Bulletin
du Museum D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1895, No. 7, and No.1 of 1896.
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. XXVIII.
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1895, Illustrations of
the Zoology of the R, I. M. surveying steamer “ Investigator,” Part IT, Plates
Aand 5, Part III, Plates 9 to 16. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales, Part 4, Vol. X, 1895 ; and Part 1 of Vol. XXI, 1896, The
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science, Vol.
VIII. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, Vol. V, Parts 1
and 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia,
Parts IT and III, 1895, Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Calcutta,
Vols, V, VI, and VII. Statistical Atlas of India, 1895. Memoirs of the
Geological Survey of India, Part 1, Vol. XXVIT,
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read :—(1} Notes on Bombay Fishes, by
P. W. Bassett-Smith, R.N. (2) A Rough Key to the Identification of Indian
Ophidia, by A. G. Cardew, ICS. Miscellaneous Notes :—(a) Note on the
duration of the pupa stage in Papilio hector, by Surgeon-Captain $, E, Prall,
LM.S. (0) Notes on shooting in the Centra] Provinces, by Captain W, H.
Hunter, (¢) A plucky instance of panther-killing by Kathiawar villagers, by
702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol.x.
Captain P, Z, Cox, (d) Wounded animals carrying their broken limbs in their
jaws, by R. H. Heath and Colonel F,H. Jackson, (¢) The re-discovery of _
Strychnos Rheedic (Clarke), by T. F. Bourdillon, F.L.S, All these papers
will appear in the Society’s Journal, and a vote of thanks was passed to the
Authors,
The Honorary Secretary drew the attention of members to an interesting
exhibit sent by Surgeon-Major G. H.%. Gimlette, I.M.S., consisting of the
left hind leg bones of a tiger, which had been smashed by a bullet some |
months before the animal was killed, and showing the natural process by
which such injuries become cured, The broken bones are joined by an ir-
regular mass of new bone, a great part of which would in time have become
absorbed, The tiger was going quite sound on the leg when he was killed, the
wound had long’ been healed, and beneath the skin was found a fragment of
the express bullet which had smashed the bones,
Surgeon-Captain §, H, Pral] made a few remarks on a tumour which he
had removed from the lower jaw of a live Daboia (Vipera russelli) in the
Society's Museum, and sections of the tumour were shown under a’
microscope,
Mr. B. C. Wroughton acknowledged with thanks having received collections
of Scorpions from many members in response to his appeal, Some 20,000
measurements of scorpions had been made by him, and a large number of
specimens forwarded for identification and classification to Mr, R, I, Pocock,
of the British Museum, South Kensington, who will write a paper on the
subject for the Society’s Journal, Mr, Wroughton also drew attention to the
sound-producing or stridulating organs in the Oriental Scorpions, and
remarked on the curious manner in which these organs differed from those in
African Scorpions,
Collections of scorpions had been received from Mr, R. H, Madon, Hast
Khandeish ; Mr, J. DuBoulay, I.0.8., from West Khandeish ; Mr, W, Drew,
1.0.8., from Ratnagiri; Mr.G. M. Ryan, from Sind; Mr, J. S. Battie, from
Mangalore; Mr. E, P, Popert, from Madras; Mr. J. B. D. Adams, from
Dharwar ; Pandit Lachman Das, from Marwar ; Mr. H. Bulkley, from Khara-
ghora; Surgeon-Major G, H. 8. Gimlette, from Rewah, C, I; Mr. James
Martin, from Raipur, C. P.; Miss Spragge, from Mahableshwar and Poona ;
Messrs. Gamble and Smythies,from the North-West Himalayas ; Mr, Tribhdas
Metharam, from Hyderabad, Sind ; Mr, A. M, Long, LF.S., from the Garo
Hills, Assam ; Mr, A, D. Wilkins, from Satara ; the Chief of Ichal, from
Karanji ; Mr, A. M, Caccia, from Mandla, C.P. ; Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel
A. Dane, from Bhopal, C.I. ; Mr. H. V. Kemball, C.E., from Upper Sind ; and
Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel R, Caldecott, from Indore, C.I.
The Honorary Secretary announced that the next number of the Journal
(No, 3, Vou. X) was now being printed off and would be issued to members in
a short time,
The meeting then terminated with a vote of thanks to the Chairman,
| Bombay Matnval istry Sosiely.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
B resident.
H. EH. the Right Honorable Lorp SANDHURST.
Mice- presidents,
The Hon’ble Mr. H. M. Birdwood, 0.8.1,, M.A. , LL.D. (Cantab,),
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. Gs A. Maconadte: M.D. ae Mea
Dr. D, MacDonald, M.D., B.SC., O.M.
Bore Secretary. .
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s.
ae How, Treasurer.
Lae Mr. A. Abercrombie,
Gditor.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c..z.s.
sees Managing Committee.
~The on. Mr. H. M. Birdwood. Col. W. S. S. Bisset, RE,
Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col, G. A. Maeo- | Mr. L, do Nicévillo, ¥.2.8., .11,2.8. »
nachie, Lieut. A. J, Peile, p.a.
Dr. D, MacDonald. - = . Mie be Bastion:
_ The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, tc.s. Me Rosinald Caace”
r. Reginald Gilbert.
Rey. F. Dreckmann, 8.3. Mr. B M a
Surg.-Lt.-Col. T. 8. Weir. oo ae aa
Surg.-Major K. R. Kirtikar, v.s.u. Mr. E Comber.
Me: “i D. Inyerarity. Dr. J. C, Lisboa.
Mr, W.S. Millard. My. RB. C. Wroughton.
Dr, P. W. Bassett-Smith, R.N. | Mr. John Parmenides,
Mr. A. Abercrombie, ex-officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.8., ex-officio,
1st Section. —(Mammals and Birds.)
_ President—Mr. J. D. Invezarity.
Secretary— Mr. Hi. Comber.
2nd Section.—(Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—The Hon. Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.c.s.
- Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, o.m.z.8.
~ — dard Section.—{ Insects.)
President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.2.8., 0.1.2.8.
Secretary—Mr, H. H. Aitken.
th Section.—( Other Inver: tebrates.)
_President—Brig.-Surg.- Lt.-Col. G. A. Maconachis, M.pD., c.M.
- Secretary—Dr. “P. W. Bassett-Smith, R.N, |
8th Section —( Botany. )
President—The Hon, Mr. H. M. Birdwood, ¢.s.1.,M.A., LL.D, (Cantab.),
Secretary ou geon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, F FS. M. (France), M.LR,G.S,
THE
[</2 © 83e \aay
. ree ee Pies | ad
e74 ae ze Jes)
fo MRO SO
OF THE sae:
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOcTRTY.
EDITED BY
EX. IM. FP EX IPS ON o C.N1.Z.Ses
Honorary Secretary:
| =( SVAN iN; Sy SSN
ge SON is i ~~
iS \F % Fe File. A
ty E al
STIONAL —
Containing Title Page. List of Members, Accounts for 71896,
Contents, List of Contributors, List of Plates,
Index to Vol. x, and Three Plates.
Date of publication, 12th Twne, 1897.
VOL. xX, No. 5
Price to Non-Members... Rae hee oe LeSene:
PRINTED AT THE “ TIMES OF INDIA” STEAM PRESS.
BOMBAY. —
2159°97
NOTICE TO BINDER. ~
The Contents of this Number should be arranged as follows when
Vol. X is being bound :—
Title Page a ass ... Lrontispiece.
List of Members ... =. .«» To follow Title Page.
Accounts for 1896... ee ... To follow List of Members, :
List of Contents ...
Do. Contributors cs --- PLO follow Accounts,
Do. “Plates ye | Se fee)
Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera, Plate Ri)
Do. do, do, § \ to face page 13.
Do. do. do, TJ”
index’ 5... me a Aten of Volume,
imnade=c to Wolume XX.
Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.
Specific Names are written with 2 small initial letter ;
Sub-family, Family, and Order Names are written with a capital
initial letter.
abbotti ... ae
abdul ... ee
abdula ... see
aberrans... aon
PAGE
0
|
|
Abisara... ody se odo 258, an
Ablates ... ove ove 587, 589, 591
abrisa ... 536 om eae) OTD OSS
Abrus ... A cee «= 77, 383
abseus ... fee 144, 382, 662
Acacia ... 250, 251, 376, 381, 391, 443
Acajuba eos tee ob0 coe 93
Acanthaces ... ee eo. 397, 445 |
Acanthopterygii ies =06 vee 602
Acanthuride ... oe ood --- 604
Acanthus seo oon coe eee 604
Accipeter is a6 see e150
Accipiter eve Coo 619, 520, 522
Accipitres oes eee ee 325, 505
accipitrinus ... eee ew 284, 325
ace ove oe 500 ee ees leaey
Aceros ... eee oo ooo) coo BD
Acesina ... 200 26 e- 637, 663
acetes ... ove eve 500 eee lira
Achillides 506 Co0 000 2» 672
@CNEA 0 50 eee : eee 609
Acreine 000 600 eee =. 246, 652
Acridium S00 124, 125, 126
Acridotheres ...
Acronychia ...
Actinodaphne ...
aculeata owe
acuminatum ...
acuta 4... oo
acuticauda ..
@CutUs oo. eve
6
welll, 309, 541, 617
os. Sil
wae 897
449, 606
264, 270
ne 1602
Bene Tl
595, 596
adamanteus ...
*adlamsonii ase
Adeniophis
Adeneon
Adenostemma. ...
Adina ...
aditus ... 059
adorea ... BBS
adrastus 600
BACUS 00 oe
Jchmaudra ae.
Aigithina eve
elianus... eels
NEA ove O00
ZNECUS ero ie
BTlUGINOSUS ove
Zksalon ... ae
Athiopsar ose
eve
evo
Generic,
PAGE
eve 114
636, 640, 687
ove
ere
ss BBT
wee 448
wee 443
254, 443
wes 679
Shee
oe. 686
we 671
485, 486
459, 695
38, 40, 877, 661
$10, 362
ws 465
285, 516, 607
veo
veo
ete
327, 523
111, 617
4,11
affinis,71, 295, 309, 458, 513, 544, 557, 610,
Athopyga
agaba ... S00
agamemnon ...
Aganosma a0
AQaVe 000
agenor ... 500
AGESIAS ..6
agiles 7c. 000
Aglaia ... ae
aglaia 2. eee
aglea se S00
Aglypha... O58
Aglyphous 600
AGOStINA..6 O00
Agyotis ... 000
eve
612, 616
. 663
577, 578, 672
o. 239
Pee |
yal
sen la
. 308
se OS
wee 669
240, 241
ese airi
vee 596
... 668
wee O75
XXXVI
Alangiaces os
Alangice doo
Alangium eco
Alauda ove cog
alaudarius ies
Alaudides Ant
alba ond ae
albata -...
albates soe F
albescens Bee
albifrontata ...
albina «sec
albirostris 00
Albizzia... 6
albocinctus .e.
albogularis ees
alboncnotus ...
Aleedinee a5
Alcedinidz — e.
Alcedo ox. a
alcheta ... one
aleibiades aan
Alcippe eee
alcippe ... ado
alcippoides — ose
alemon ... ou
alexandri eae
alexis ... Ad
alaclanwereee ene
Allophylus os»
Allotinus Bae
almana ... esis
Alseodaphne ...
Alseonax 500
Alsocomus eee
Aluco.. ..- sts
amantes.oe. od
amara. ... eae
Amathusiine os.
amatrix... eae
amatus ... onc
‘ambas! wee boc
Ambassis es
ambica ... ase
Amblycephalus
Aamblypodia ...
Amecera... see
americanum
amethystinum ...
ees
?
171, 174, 181, 380, 398
INDEX,
PAGE
269, 270, 278
268, 265
woe 260, 264
de,
ooo coe DLE
a00 5a 0)
493, 496, 499, 620
Si ong, 248}
900 .. 592
. 605
sale coe OZ
eee sep OUD
“0 eee DO3
.. 250, 251, 440, 448
ove Sod GBP
be coe OUD
exe coe ODS
eve ooo 589
ooo 539
284, 294, 317, 539
ae Se OBE
ee ete?
306, 869, 457
a eds
oe ees 240
ae F662,
eee peo
eae ae6S3
ye
wee pied,
Bee) PIRES
249, 257, 653
Py) ashy ace
Jeni ae S08
BA ease)
seater 305
sc0) 882, 398
Fag 685
we 245, 652
ictttn ec G62
569, 572, 578
. 668
wis | one 608
ee aera
Se iees 689
Be es ly
ie ye ey le
An ok
AMMON ee. eee
aMOL Wee oe
Amorphophaillas
Ampeliceps 4.
Ampelidz
amphibius ...
Amphisile eee
AmMphyssin® eee
Ampittia eee
amurensis ee
*amyimone eats
Anabas «oo owe
Anacanthini os.
Anacardiaces ...
Anacardium, oe.
| amacardium eo
Anadebis oo
anamallensis ...
ananda ... aes
anatte ... eae
ANAXIAS a c06
Ancistrocladus
Ancistrodon so.
ANCYTA ..- ne
andamana
andamanensis «oe
andersoni es
andersonii sre
androcles es
ANEUS): vee
angelica... Ade
angulata coe
*anila cee S08
Anisodactyli ...
Ehonhney | oc one
annulatus see
Anonaceze S00
Anorrhinus ..
Antennarius ...
Anthophora «se
anthore.e. auc
Anthracoceros...
Anthrococeros...
Anthus... ave
antiphates es.
Apatura aes
Aphnezus occ
apicaudus 200
Apidae ... 500
Apides o- toe
PAGH
sees) ote Oe
sce, | nes88 9393
Be 627, 531, 588
Me ic, GG
ear ion. GOH
Pee ss GOL
set. beer BOOMER
sia) eS
... 190, 191, 194, 676
MMe ee ss GOS)
Pree CIS), CAG
sec) ioc MOT
Pa CY, GUS
ers 2. Os
Pari ee IED
ae sd oree OSM
ramet gn 53. GE
ne 76, 590, 592
«.. 379, 893, 687, 662
Rrerree ili, 7
we uate ee
oss | eee
ee 76, 590, 598
PRES icc, OB
BR ooo: OO
Pee tess BO
ree ep As 10
w+ 280, 282, 288, 589
ste, tee RO BHALGEE
nr ss OG
Mere hess GS
Pees Gi
Meme as | ess) 4
ves) ask ae
ise . 380, 398
cies eeeRBO8
che i Re eae a
ee a) es BOR
Pomme ce, COG
sith) ees Ob MoG
ony 55 117)
we. 292, 818, S119
563, 565
ove si Aiase ome sla
By 579, 584, 672
eoe eee 249, 653
385, 393, 637, 665, 674
eee coo BO4
coe pee eee hoO
eee coe soo 463
PAGE
PpistUsiess). cc) cee 598, 604
Apotynaces ... 239, 241, 444
Apogon so 600 an coo 603
Aporus ... ose eee eee §=.2007, 208
Appias ... 000 eee 369, 573, 574, 670
FapUS eco oes ove soe 27, 193
Aquila ... Sen See se DUS MOS
arab... ese 600 coo ae, OL
Araces... ae 06 O06 ood Ss)
Arachnecthera oc es ono 45, 8)
Arachnecthra ... 900 00 coo | 12)
Arachnothera coe 9549
Arachnotherine ace 000 390) 11.19)
arborea O00 coe 18, 255, 396, 448
arborescens ... O00 ves oe 444
Arboricola 600 ad G06 eee AD
Archibuteo ... ode -. 518
ardates... 306 58 36, 376, 660
Ardeiraila 000 O00 50¢ coe O14
Ardeola... 000 06 900 eee O14
arenarius ees «. aod, 594, 595, 596
argentauris a O00 exe 46]
argentifrons ... ood sop. PALS)
argentimaculatus ... 000 505 (508)
argiades 000 ove eee 375, 660
ATQUS oe soe nop ese 598, 603
Argynnis dee oe els CeO DO
argyridina eee ace . see 610
Arhopala, 374, 882, 383, 384, 386, 393
aria S00 cos 200 000 --. 680
ariadne ... 000 006 we «224.7, 652
ariaspa ... 090 ve eas eee G51
arletans... ose 600 000 coo, bile!
Aristolochia ... 000 000 see ONG 7
aristolochiz ...
WARAUIS NS eee vais
arja
Armandia tee
armata wo. O60
armatus...
arnensis ace
Arnetta ooo
Aroidez...
Arrhopala, 144, 169, 193, 637,
arsius ...
Artamine
Artamus sae
Artocarpus ove
aruanum
Arum
ooo
coo
INDEX,
... 576, 577, 584, 671
eco
evo
oce
ee ghee
... 686, 656
636, 637, 673, 685
Lec unPe G04
188, 189, 605
sho, eee
... 680
528, 529, 530
662, 686, 687
. 608
.. 614
110, 309, 552, 614
ae pe SK)
Asclepiader ...
Asclepias 050
* asialis...
asiatica 12, 285,312, 352
asiaticus
Asio
ASPAS1A nee
Aspidelaps
Aspidoparia «se
Aspidura 6
assamica
assimilis...
asterie ...
asterope...
Astictopterus ...
astola_... 66c
Astrape ... O00
AStUT) = sec 3
atapbus ee. 606
Atella ~... 006
ater
athamas...
Athene’...
athertoni
Athyma...
atkinsonii 006
atlites
atra
atrata
ALTAX eee
atriceps .. goo
atrigularis eas
atripennis 500
atroguttata ...
* atropunctata...
atropurpureus ...
eco eco
ooo
AtTOPUS .- eve
Attagen... ee
attenuata 500
atticus .., oe
Atylosia eos
atymnus toe
Aubertia eee
BuUdaAK es.
Augiades 000
augias... O06
augusta ove
aulicus ... 000
Aurantiaceas s..
... 288, 396,
XXKLX
PAGE
O00 coe 444:
°
5 ED
.. 88, 198
, 353, 854, 355»
445
wee BST
149, 284, 325
ay oe
oe 14
o-. 601
.. 588, 599
Hes | iB
467, 480, 481
. 249, 257
238, 247, 248, 252, 652
28c
w. 636, 650
ss. 189, 679
nO lemon OOd
... 598, 600
285, 518, 519, 522, 524
ws. 687, 683
w-. 150, 609
wee, 258, 656
ois ST
558, 561, 609
258, 254, 256, 259, 655
SES
. 250, 653
fen aS OO
34, 85, 148, 376, 393
So ees 668
BOR
Beha, ale
we 298
636, 687, 659
.- 191, 636, 676, 687
Sieh, ses sis sah G0
fee cee" see O0S
Pe ee tails
Fy aera a teces: (ain
sh Ae ge eG NS
oy a see 448
w» 890, 667
ea ser ge EOD
ee 200, 201
... 637, 680, 685, 686
eM tons OX
wa) een
Be | itl, GW
eo OVD
al
aurantius
Aurate ooo
auratus »..
aurea” |.cs
aurelia .o.
aureus ...
Auricula.
auriculata
aurifrons
AUTIZA 206
aurivittata
AUSTEN ovo
austini oo.
AUXESIA coo
PAUZCA ooo
avanta cco
®avathacee
MVAA ees
AVIUM eve
Avoeetta
axion
AZANUS ove
*azata “x00
Azemiops
*AZINIS soo
AZLUPCA coo
babylonieus
baetriana
dada...
Badamia
badius ...
badra ...
beeticus ...
Bahora, eee
bakkamena
bakkamuna
baldus ...
Balises --.
bambusze
Banepa ceo
Baoris 0.
barbatus
Barbus ...
Barleria...
barnesii...
Bassia: ese
batassiensis
bathy cles
INDEX,
PAGE
oon soe BAB
eo woe 468
465, 479, 481
ay oe He
we —-24, 198
sein! UiseevB88
wet S620
we 459, 460
ofr Wien GOS
eee ORE OS
a. BGA, 682
ws) bees bE
soeeta Sel Vol
we 169, 193
a. 646, 647
we 274, 194
: se 252
seo! hea
cen) BBS
bee SOBENOTE
... 83, 84, 198
ws 272,193
secu Manse BOO
vee 71,193
ose oe 616
ove coe BOL
Bc +. 327
coo eo 683
wee 144, 683
285, 519, 524
soso) RAEHESS
so aay S8O
sco EB} 493
ie Vege 26
Beet MOR T
£9, 248, 644, 647, 651
eee coe 608
eee coo 680
eee eee 192
ove eoe 681
ooo coe 5OT
“og ewe 601
eve woe 445
vee soe B93
eee woe 444
eee woe 295
toe coo O72
Batoide...
PAGE
coo cee GOD
coe - 553
ove, OMROOS
wee 297, 320
ooo ove 605
coe 469, 470, 480, 48F
woe 383, 663
284, 294, 539
soe | ee
72, 591, 592
Ps SHU;
wis ODE
w. 569, 575
ooo. NCD:
Bie Ges
coo coo 602
75, 149, 294, 817, 325, 371,
456, 506, 535, 607, 611
Batrachastomus
Batrachidee ex.
Batrachostomus
Batraehus ban
*bayadera eere
bazalus oo eee
| beavani eee
beddomei doe
beddomii ace
beisa. ..- eee
bela eve sae
Belenois E50
belladonna
beliulus oe
Belone ... on
bengalensis
benjaminii ..
Berberis oD
berda. .s. eee
Berycide dec
bevani ... sod
beza — awe ons
bhadra ... a5
bhagava ne
bharata 286
bhima oe eee
Bhringa. mee
bhutea ... eee
Bhytidoeeros oe
biaculeatus -..
biblis ... ees
bibronii HO
bicalearata. aes
bieineta... Gad
bicolor eee 5
Bieolores bbe
bieornis oes
Bidentats ot
bieti oo
bifasciata on0
bifrenalis ano
bigesii ... See
bilineata 66
bilineatum ace
Bindahara og
binghami soe
binotata con
biocellatus ...
ere
w= (145, 146
woe 489
we OO
woe eee OE
oo ERIGSS
veg! ee
we 144
ves 7 e678
we AR 68G
wos ORE
i saci:
... 687, 660
we) | es BEB
we | 88608
wee bag BBE
wd) aOR
sai BD
Soo eT
se?) anes BON
we ee 468
317, 568, 565
son 1 EEES
oi eniG
wee 509, 604
eee 72, 589
sso 87, 657
Ree ev008
se ERD SS
be LL Og
Py
we 639, 640
ene)
birostris O06
birupa oo. see
bisincta...
bisoriusec. ose
bistrigatus oo.
blanfordii — 0.
bleekeri 000
Blenniidse See
Blennius G00
blewitti Od
blochii ... S00
Blumea..s O60
Blythia... ae
bochides COO
bochus ... 200
boddeerti
boenack oo. 008
boeticus ... 200
Boida ... aoe
boisduvalii
Boleophthalmus
bolina ee. a
Bombax... 605
Bombus ... a00
Boragineze cob
Bos O00 obo
bothriorhynchu
bottanensis
boulboul ano
Brachy podinee
Brachypternus...
Brachypteryginee
Brachypteryx ..
brachyura Bee
bracteata, coe
brahma ... SoC
brama ... eee
braminus eee
Bregmaceros
brevicauda — ex.
brevicaudata ...
breviotris 000
brevirostris ...
brevis ... ove
Britomartis ...
brodiei ... 506
broughami eos
brucei ... cos
Brugmansia ...
brunnea... eee
INDEX,
PAGE
col a B18
ae GL!
te oe e888
vse) vas BOO
woe een b90
we B87, 594
se!) ate 601
wo we 608
ws sss 606
wwe 827
i ae 605
wee aan 266
He Ueda BST
wee) one 0
soe 877, 660
cacti UROOG
a 602
ofs 403668
eooe eoo 658
wu. 599, 606
238, 252, 655
we 441, 461, 557, 610
196, 216
se ELS
ven | Yaen aS
diy | ay O4
Ses (-steBO8
ses cane (680
Hees ee AGL
289, 290, 345
vse 458
wieo! “soeend4’s
165, 593, 698
Heo eM OTG
637, 680, 686
Se ae
o. «69, 592
sso 5975607
wed) 1 64 BBB
ge ep TA
stl ODT
we 551, 614
sola sen G0
wee Tarn TS
we 630
a 591
Bee REDS
ww. 899, 441
we 146, 304
brunneipectus ...
brunneus eve
xii
PAGE
112
604
Bryonia 484, 485, 486, 490, 493, 494, 495,
bryoniee... ove
Bryophyllum ...
Bubo ase wee
Bubulcus OO
buccataeece eos
Bucerotidze ..»
Bucerotides ...~
buchanani ose
Buchanga aes
buddha, ... O56
Buddleia, ee
bulis ... ee
bungaroides. ...
bungarus 500
Bungarus coe
burmannicus ...
burmensis ene
Burseraceze eee
Butastur 00
Butea... an6
Buteo ... eee
buxaria ... o06
Byasa ee. 500
Byblia ... ove
Bydytes... eee
Cacomantis 2.
Caduga ... eee
Ceerulea...
cerulens 0
czxeruleus
Cesalpinia ...
CHSIA eve
Cajanus C0
Caladium ee
Calamaria eee
calamaria coe
Calcarifer oo
Calendrella ...
Callerebia co0
Callionymide ...
Callionymus ,,.,
Callocalia 900
Callophis
callosus... 000
Callotropis ...
°
71, 286
496, 498, 499, 500, 502
496
375
149, 288, 326
200
300,
581,
383,
75,
314
596
563
563
601
609
584
445
664
589
596
we 71, 74, 589
eco
877,
637,
633,
367,
23,
110
651
442
515
380
518
667
671
247
309
368
637
40
74
, 465, 513, 589
376,
651,
74,
258
391
380
531
587
589
602
3
685
606
606
296
587
249
240
xlii
Calornis eee
Calotropis o0C
calthrope 000
calumbareee ves
CalvUS ee6 000
cealycinum S00
Calysisme eee
CAMA ~ ose
CAMEO cei coe
eve
INDEX,
Camena 175, 180, 181, 194, 384, 385, 387,
camertes er
CAMIDA eve ar
Campanulaces
campanulatus ...
Campophaga eve
CANACE cee aa
canataica Gob
canaricus asc
Canarium
candida...
candolleana — oe.
canente... eee
canescens Apis
canicapillus ...
caniceps 220
Canidae... Se
canidia .. Ane
CANIS .ee AO
CATLOLUS coe eee
Cantoria
cantoris... aes
capensis ese
caperata ese
capitalis bak
Capitonida os.
Capparis eels
caprata .o.
Caprimulgidee
Caprimulgine
Caprimulgus ee
Caprona
Carangida ove
Caranx ... aoe
Carchariida ...
cardui ... con
Careya ... eee
carinata Ae
carinatus
Carine ee. eas
PAGE
bisiaude RONG
Bh ee CY
Pia eee 88
Ny ao ee AGT
506, 509, 518
tee 3 75
seep ern OAll
wee 655
see, LEO LTS
398
iy MaecaconvOl
sh een 49
See und es
Ae ai ee OO
esi ats OE
Ri cae Glas
we 3825 883
Me ens ais
we 898, 499
325, 399, 441
eC ea OE
sy eaS AT,
eee eae)
a. 848, 844
ae ae
Rene oR)
ea ae 669
EEA
111, 320, 365
. 592
we. 595, 596
ue eee
Pe . 606
ey ea a!
ws. 851, 869
572, 578, 574
ate seemed
eee ROOD
00 ae OOD
298, 819, 555
636, 674
we. 597, 605
Be AMO G05
Sei neesrG00
we 236, 655
78, 255, 396, 448
594, 595, 596
w.. 592, 604
AWE Rens Ce
carnaticus
Carphopagine...
Carpophaga ...
cartica ... 60
Casearia ace
casiphone 00c
casiphonides ...
Cassia,” se. ose
Cassuvium eee
Castalius 600
CastanenotuM vee
Castaneopsis ...
Ccastanopterus ee.
castelnaui ado
castenea eee
CaStOr “se. ons
Casuarina ace
Cataphracti ...
Catapeecilma ...
catenata nee
catilla ... see
Catochrysops ...
Catophaga ...
Catopsilia S00
caudata... este
caudolineatus os.
caudolineolatus
caulina... ee
ceimamormiiolia
Celznorrhinus...
Celeno ... an
cenchris ay
centaurus 656
Centriscidee ...
CentrococcyX ee.
Centropodine ...
Centropus toc
cephala... eee
ceramas... are
cerasogaster...
cerastes... ove
cerata ... ooo
Cerberus ers
Cerchneis ae
*cerealis eae
Ceropales
cerviniceps ...
Ceryle ... eee
CORY X jules: ohn
*cerySOldes, «sa
PAGE
Q00 evo 601
vee ee 362
ws 810, 362
we 687, 653
ooo 440, 448
600 Ha AD)
eve cos) AU)
co0 seen UO
B05 2 OR
379, 393, 638, 637, 661
oD So Ast
ase ooo 144
Ses ond a8)
Koo ston at
esis coe O30
eee S05 O04
awe FAG) Be)
Ao6 coe GOG
389, 393, 667
900 eee DOM
w-- | BTO GUO
375, 377, 380, 661
wees, DIAMOND
569, 570, 670
eve coe 245
o0¢ wee tO ONlh
eee seen
eee coe 396
eco soe Ool
eee 189, 637, 673, 686
28,
40, 377, 378, 661
wr gee oe
382, 393, 662
a06 eee 607
600 pon ae)
600 sO
1, 291, 323, 371
Sate see Onw,
ood eee Ok
ees Ao 4
SH cow 114
« 637, 681
74, 5698, 594
wee 286
636, 646, 687
oa0 eee 20E
606 A BYE
see 294, 317, 397, 540:
eee eee 23
ca DD MISS
INDEX,
PAGE
Cethosia 0 ace 248, 652
cetreola... 00 6 O06 G00 24
cetreoloides ... 000 aoe 60 2
ceylonensis ...73, 286, 301, 302, 308, 357,
358, 590, 592, 593
ceylonicus 600 500 O00 6 bret)
ceylonus ose e060 ee 289, 290
Ceyryle bo0 a6 eae eee 540
Ceyx a. eee eee evel 905) O42
chabrona f 000 gj - 683
Chaca... eos eae 000 5 ets)
chacunda sks. 800 600 ove GOL
Chetodom 0 n00 ose eee 603
Cheetura ose .- 295, 319, 546, 550
Cheeturinge odo oats . 546
Chalcococcyx ... oo» 967,368
Chalcoparia es. eels eee ev 12
Chalcophaps 310, 361
chalybeius eee O16
chandica odo dod 00d oo. 643
chandrana 506 G40 o .. 668
chaon ... don S00 oC seo ONL
Chapra .. - ve coe 683
Chaptia... ese eee woe eos 609
Charadrius . : oe B14
charaka... 600 . 641
charantia nee aa con - 490
Charaxes 239, 246, 256, 257, 636, 656
Charus ... eon coe 900 enGyial
Chatoessus : vas eee 00
chebula : : a00 woe 440
cheela ... S00 C mag Bull
chennellii ooo 00 coe 658
Cheritra sale 388, 389, 393, 667
Chersonesia ... on0 «- 656
Chersydrus see © owe o coe 596
Chibia ... eve seo LLON609
chicquera eee ee = 3.27, 528
Chilades ee 373, 658
Chilasa a ove do . 672
chinensis, 112, 312, 453, 455, 457, 609, 611
chiron. ... eon eae eos . 672
chirurgus 7 S15
Chliaria . ove 388, 893, 666
chlorigaster Coo 000 oe 290
chlorocephala ... 000 eee . 460
chlorolophus ... ses --. B40
Chloropsis ... soe seo) oh LO) 459
Choaspes ooo eee 145, 146
choerocephalus 06 . 608
xliij
PAGE
Chondropteryeii onc eee - 600
Chorinemus 00 eee 605
Chromides ... 6o0 coe 607
Chrysangine ... tee ee. LO
chrysargus, «se 600 soe DOZ
Chrysidide 26 eo. 462, 463
Chrysidides ... oes eee 462
Chrysidine ... 464, 466
chrysippus.. 240, 637
Chrysis... 5 “467, 480, 481
Cheorcinte > «. 289, 340, 346, 350
Chrysogona 467, 480, 481
chrysom eee §=—- 83, 893
Chrysopelea ... oe «=. 74, 59
Chrysopbrys ... 90 000 ese 604.
Chrysoplegma... ... 290, 341
chrysops oe GOL
chrysorrheum ... ond eo. 161
Cicada ... an - 535, 586
Cinchona ao0 odo eee 306
cineracea eee : eee 654
cineraceus 0 on0 110, 515
Cimlerea'ic.. 255 s+ i oss 313
cinereiventris .. , ose -- 147
cinereus - 605
cingalensis 2 eos 293
clnnamomea ... - 314
cinnamomeus ... eve eee 652
Cinnamonum ... dog ang BU)
Cinnarus eee eee se eee 390
Cinnyris doo «- 307, 308
cippus ... coe «384, 387
Circeetus ado bot cee Oil
Circus ... ove ° 285, 514, 515
Circuss... dap aK eco. 1110)
cirrhatus : OD , cont OI)
Cirrhina 0 o0 - 601
Cirrhochroa ... 000 eee GO4
Cirrhopetalum abe eee 448
Cissa 299, 453, 455
Cisticola cos oes OUT
Cittocincla coe 304
cjedaba... ove 6 - 605
Clematis oes 506 coo 441
cleobis 180, 181, 384, 385, 387, 393
cleaboides 456 ole
cleodus ...
Cleptes ...
Cleptides
Clupea ...
38, 40, 661
463, 479, 481
w. 462, 463
. GOL
xliv
Clupeidx ace
clytia oe. ees
ENEJUS s. eee
eobbe ... ove
Cobitidinz ee.
Cocculus eis
Coceyges eee
Coccystes
cochinensis ee
coelestinum 3 oe
coclestis... HBA
Coilia ee aos
Colabef occ Bee
Coladenia one
Coleoptera — eee
Colias « Bs
collaris oe eee
Colloealia one
; Coluber ©0e eco
Colubridee S00
colubrinus See
Columbee a
Columbidx eee
columella, wee
Combretace® ce
Combretum «ee
commersonianus
commune vee
commutatus eee
Composite
concanus AX
conchonius ee
CONCOlOP eee O00
Gondanarus eee
confertifolia 0.
CONICA «ee G00
CONICUS ce wee
conjuncta eee
Conophallus cee
consimilis eee
contortrix ass
CONTA ooo eee
contracta oor
contubernalis «.«
convexus one
Convolvulus ce
Conyza ... eee
Copsychus eee
Coracigeece
CoraciaSeee
INDEX,
PAGE
weet geal BOT, (601
1 «288, 583, 672
Sess) ase HBT BNEBL
Co ee ee
An . 601
441, 448, 491, 492, 497
Zi lacee temas en
we «290, 821, 369
ase lisse GON
soc ghana AAG
oe jador! 58d 660
gh ... 602
rc ge rauae ange
bce . 673
ie . 835
636, 669, 685
seo’, oes , 690, 608
CG Saag inet
we 72, 598, 594, 595
rs lait
ssi yas BQ asn94
wae yess Jk ines BOO
wee 859
Bian . 654
268, 269, 440
ecb ieaes alone
ny ens a
ene) Tanse499
527, 528, 581, 588
397, 443
death sseet NieseneSe
Be ee eeG OE
162
peters wen pl
. 252
478
596
682
geatat act O8
ee ee ees Og
Pan dae eager
arias . 617
sot ES SHB GL
..280, 281, 282, 288
see 34, 215, 216
ieceesnioten Ai
Serta at, eee
111, 303, 369
ay ye
.. 816
eco eco
coe eoe
Coraciide. 200
Coracius ae
Corallocarpus
coramanda ee.
COTAMANAUS — eve
COLaxX ures. ee
cordifolia 600
core eee 600
coreoides 606
coreta se. eos
Cornacese ee
Cornee ... :
cornuta ... ace
coromandelica ...
coromandus
coronata one
coronatus Go0
Corone .. eee
Coronella coc
Corvide... Bs
Corvine se
Corvus cee ace
Corydalla she
Corylium one
COtEST eee ane
Cottida... aoe
Coturnix eee
CTAMETI oo a
CYASSA cco coo
crassiscuta 6
Crastia ... 500
Crateeva ot
Crateropodide ...
Cremastogaster
*Creon ... aes
Creteropodine ...
cretheus... een
*CYCUSA coe ace
Criniger... ee
crinigera ae
crinitus ... ane
cristabeellus cee
cristatus one
crocale ... ose
crocea ...
Crocopus eee
Crotalus... abd
Crotolaria aan
cruentatum eee
eruentum
PAGE
eee, Shy:
se ERO BE
ve 482, 484
eee eo. 543
eee eve 369
eco 628
see ove LOE
- 288, 241, 242, 583
cod sve Oa
we 241, 259
.. 260, 266, 267, 269
292,
300,
vse save (DEO
ves G2aN608
sect eee
814, 326
309, 818, 551
296, 318, 366, 616
exe 299
coe tistse 59D
oa . 458
vee, aaa
109, 278, 458, 628
sss 4 SEBOS
woe ts cose
sie tla eoendiag
wes) nseese606
oo. . 284, B12
ons. uso
PR ee So
aot su) eee
eee 637
oo. 578,574
woe caheeetAGe
ooaie eeaTO
179, 385, 398
eco coo 454
wns 175, 194
ws 176,194
o- — 804, 461
ove eee BOD
eee coe 203
ese evo DLO
308, 315, 519, 613
570, 670
coe 13, 14
ove - 363
ae 115, 117, 122
ee 241, 443
eee e- 150
ove eo 161
Cryptolopha ...
Ctenoptilum ...
etesia oe. 500
Cuculi ... aoe
Cuculidx bot
Cuculinse A
cucullata vee
cuculoides “00
Cuculus oe
Cucumis ane
Cucurbita
ooo
INDEX.
PAGE!
: 1+ 629
wpe eeAOTD
Re rite 180
see B65
w. 320, 865
wes wee 865
<0, URAOS
cp te ORD
111, 290, 320, 321, 365
ey eee 00
eee s450
Cucurbitacex,253, 462, 485, 486, 488, 489,
Culicicapa....
* culta
cupanus 5b
Cupha, 600
Cupitha
curassavica =...
Curetis G00
cursitans 0
curtus eee
cyane eae
cyanea 000
cyaneus 000
Cyaniris on
cyaniventris
ceyanocephalus...
Cyanops eee
eyanotis ese
Cyathocline ...
Cybium 500
Cyclopides...
eyelurus os
Cylindrophis. ...
Cylista O00
Cymborhnchus
cymosa 600
Cynoglossus 3
Cynthia 00
Cyon eee
Cyornis 000
Cyphlops 6d
cyprea 00
Cyprinidee toe
Cyprinine ...
Cyprinodontidas
Cypselida
Cypselinz
Cypselus
7
491, 492, 496, 502
Bey ess 302
fo Ne
a uAeSIGOR
247, 252, 269
oe eee GSO
e240
383, 664
sal ee 307
See aileron
Ses 1052
164, 165, 209, 593
Bo eee
373, 637, 658, 666
Sea rneed5g
288, 566, 567
ee ee 5D
355, 856, 357
teal hate as
oie ree G05
Bayi pease Od
w- 591, 593
w+ 591, 593
we BIB, 448
Rie ea a
aan oso
vee Ne608
248, 256, 653
ee eer)
eebe prete dG
ee east
en ners GD
we 597, 601
+ 601
we 602
eer
ee . bad
wwe 295, 819
Cyrestis... see
dabryi ... oo
Dacelinine ...
Dactylopterus
dahana ... eee
Daimio ... ooo
daksha, ... ana
dalbergeoides ...
Dalbergia
dalbergioides ...
Dalchina nO
Dalchinia, “oe
dalhousize ee
dalzellii eae
dan sere was
dana __ sae
*danae ... eae
Danainze a60
@o0
xiv
PAGE
256, 259, 656
eos eae ach
cas coe DAZ
5 coo 606
ses, eG
..» 687, 673
580, 581, 584
Lees REE Oe
we 251,252
se - 877, 388
we 186, 194
Be NERS CE!
». 165, 167
Be dh coo
scab eeeOTS
36, 377, 660
we 205, 216
18, 239, 247
Danais, 18, 28, 193, 240, 258, 573, 583,637
daniconius ...
one COOL
sy ee ood
638
669
681
670
655
348
EN6IS
671
394
147
setae ers 605
»+18, 239, 247
Davais, 13,23, 193, 240, 258, 573, 583, 637
Danio ... 000
Danisepa 500
dapha ... dod
Garay ses sce
darada ... O00
daraxa ... see
darjilensis esc
dasahara see
dasarada 300
dasycaulon ...
dauna ... S00
daura ... 200
Davaink San
davisonii 0
datwia ... oes
Debis ... aoe
rr)
eke. 58M, BBS
ee, eG0e
14, 15, 193, 643
decapetalum, 262, 264, 266, 267, 268, 270,
decapitelum ...
decidia ... O00
decussata cae
definitalis ans
deione ... eee
Delias~ ... 300
Delphinium ...
demea .... S00
demoleus ace
demolion
273, 274
Lovee 270
880, 661
‘cut see ano
sian ese 192
a ie 68S
... 569, 570, 575, 668
»» 394
Fe ee (8
wwe 580, 671
ws. 576, 581
xivi
Dendrelaphis os.
Dendrobium
Dendrochelidon
Dendrocitta ...
Dendrocopus ...
Dendrocygna ...
Dendrophila ...
Dendrophis oe.
densiflora A00
dentatus oad
Dercas ..
° eee
Dermodium a.
Deudorix
deva...
dharma
diacanthus’ ce
diadema
Diagramma
Diamenia
diamentina
diardi ace
Dicadides eee
Dicaum | e00
Dichoceros
dicornis...
Dicruridee ANG
Dicrurus ee
Diemenia Bee
Diementina ...
dightoni eve
dilectus... aoe
Dilipa ... Bee
Dillenia
diocletianus +.
Diodon .. ese
INDEX,
PAGE
cosle diab nivih) CAB Ba
see dees |W SOTMLES
at? egalets ae O96
ee 20h) ses) 245451629
ses ih sas eR eeSES
ees) Maeno
ees, ee US?
72, 585, 586, 587, 589
eee eee voo 444
ose tee coe 606
eae eee coe 671
eco iies's - 443
cee 890, 393, 637, 667
180, 884, 385, 387, 393, 665 -
eae, ret O SS
B78 5.796 02,'603
.. 594, 595, 596, G04
eel SEN OeBOS
Ree ee en yen ALT
Os CEL Aisa Ct
ee 1T ove) BOM, 696
so 2h aes POL
“111, 150, 161, 308
ba NS asec) te BUT
wee awe SBS
is 8 50171609) 610
wee 110, 150, 321, 609
Pe bk wb bs
dioica, 254, 444, 485, “486, 493, 495, 499,
CiOres eee Aco
Dioscores Cod
Diospyros ces
diphylla
dipora ... 500
Dipsas ccs
Dipterocarpus «ee
dipterygia
dirtea ... eos
Discagnathus ...
Dischoceros ...
Discognathus ...
Discophora eee
Be seap ere ananeet aD
ase 168073
. gan 687; 659
de 1" see. “658, 685
Bat mics: 1) eA BETS
aon Gab . 638
600, 608
500
pel tens Ri Ryane TD)
scaled soak SBORBO0
wwe =: 254, 255, 396
ds 1 bee 8 956,878
tee eee eee 660
68, 73, 181, 591, 598, 594, 595
FIM veyed arson fs)
i we 600
ca Rios AnD SU OD
BSN Seale team OT
563, 565
oe ees BIS /601
see. Ue OEE?
dispar ...
Dissemurus
*dissimilanda ..
dissimilis 0
Dissura as
Distira 5
distorta eae
dobbensis
dodonszea
* dohrnii ses
PAGE
wos *** oid | ABMOSG
300, 610
re 469, 470
ae 238, 588, 672
MN rg ce O01
eee 75, 591, 593, 596
Cy ss Se
ees = Sis
ves 7 ave! ROBE:
wo 0tt soe HEIAETIOS
dolabriformis, 372, 377, 378, 382, 384, 388
Doleschallia ...
dolopia
domesticus —...
dorie
dorsalis
*dorsata
doson a00
dourica, eee
Drepane
Drina
druna 606
Drupadia 506
Drymeca oe
Drymochares ...
Dryocalamus
Dryonastes — ..e
Dryophis cos
ducalis ee
dudu
dukhunensis
Dumetia 506
dumetorum eee
durissus eee
Dussumeiria
dussumieri = exe
duvacelii 00
dyrta eee
Ebenacece See
Echeneis oes
echerius 5
Echis art
edentula eee
edule
edusina ave
edusine
Elacate
Elachistodon
Eleocarpus
257, 2 259
soe coe eee 679
ooo B58 coe 308
coe toe eve 589
on eee 588
2 ATZ
eee 578
eee 366
oe eo 603
coe soe eee 685
soe eee eee 680
toe soe coe 685
see we «285, 807
coe soe w. 458
ove toe oe UL
20 coe «110, 454
coe 73, 585, 586, 589
. 586
fag FMB BS
a » 633449
wu o> de0 HSB 0B
wee 7) eae! #8988897
woo Sey Meee
vee oo pane
soo wee 602) 607
eee e000 eee 357
aoe nee coe G43
see one 4954/9865
eee gee 599 BOS
we * deel Se ODAODE
eae 594, 595, 596
cat se 0 NGOS
see asec he SeMB ONT
oy bas eA ODB
. 669
wee 115, 5608
see eee eae DOT
ove woo eae eak
Bianus
elasticus ee
elegans 506
elengi. v00
Eleotris
Wlephantopus ...
elizabethee 500
Ellampine
Ellampus
ellioti
elongatus up
elpis
eltola ... 005
*elwesii... 600
Elymnias 508
Elymniina
Embelia Sos
Emberiza nee
emblica...
emeria ...
emolus ... S00
Engraulis 000
Enhydrina...
Enhydris
enhydris eels
Enispe ...
Koéxy lides
epicles ... ove
epigea ... eee
epigeus...
epigcra ...
epijarbas ese
episcopa
epius ... 000
NOMS 15 cog, VF) Go
Hranthemum. ...
Ergolis ...
*erinyes box
Krites.... 600
erithronius
eTota ee eee
erthiola...
erylus. oo
Erythra
erythrocephalum
erythrocephalus
erythrodon
erythrogenys ...
Krythropus
erythrorhynchus
w«NDEX.
PAGE
286, 518
385, 386, 387
.. 389, 393, 613, 667
eo dies habe canal
Loa ccapes haeesGOG
FS ENN cae tare
ate, cee ONG
& 468, 464
...464, 465, 479, 481
588, 603
Rt Saas ene G08
36, 88, 89, 40, 377
ae . 683
a 636, 674
19, 22, 198, 245, 651
19, 245, 651
*,... 376
da cones SUL
cet das Sal esa
. 110
w» 874, 660
eave e even ese iYD
Bis Re Har
75, 596
SANTA OS
eee ei
Seu hie APNOBE
hr) Pee eee Calls
as co CR ABE
bh, as, IL CO
See . 484
.. 890, 393, 637, 667
ese ood - 314
ve 872
. 857
bn Pay
247, 249, 652
ee) 19 F198
. 651
-- 579, 580, 583
ovine Wee CFS
a: . B15
sisiesh (och Me eeNO 6G
. 818
woul :suaG29
w-. 358
. 607
.. 629
Ue 1. 528
conc ts ay woeaIGS
Eryx
CRY st wace
ethion ...
etolus
etrida 600
Htroplus eee
Equula...
EKucalyptus ...
eucharis,
Kuchroeus
Euchroeus
eudamippus
Hudynamis
Kudynamys
Hugenia
Eulabes oe
Bulabetide
Hulepis...
Eumenes ae
Eumenides ...
xlvij
PAGE
eae eee OG
335, 667
Soaks easni SOONB9S
eh i+) Segep SCBNOBE
See 7) eee fee BTSUOTS
Se hy eee RRO
Re Vee) . 605
eM oe . 898
..569, 670, 879, 575
. 480
d 467, 480
. 656
sia) ye nee hy SEIS TO
Re eee PLN
resid ese SCONDOT
«-. 809, 615
ss) eee OLD
F .. 656
anh B06 ooo 478
leigh vnese ei aGS
eumolphus_... 650 o0 coo 663
eupatria ose ove - 324
eupatrius 55 soe +. 288
Huplea ... 238, 241, 259, 583, 637, 697
Kupleeinse coe O37
Hupodotis coe 318
Huripus... eee 247, 652
eUTOPa oo. Soc coe §=—. 2.43, 643
Eurylemi wre - 165
Eurylemida ...
eurypylus
Eurystomus. ...
Eurytela eco
Euthalia
euthymius
evanidus
evelina ...
Everes ... ase
eversmanni
evezardi
Evodia ...
Exacum
excavata aa
exclamationis...
*exilipes
Exocetus ase
Exotoma ses
EXSerta ceo
extensum
CXUSEUS ...
ove eee oe 165
soot) deus BIB OTE
oo. 557
23, 193
255, 655, 697
eae ie eNOS:
Sees | 8 OE
wie 255
ct (scl (BTL 660
Pe) Sree eee is
Pe am ae Tt
Bie ae ak aye 1)
set Ue aS
.- 281, 665°
cool hh) vec 1440683
seat aye 2026216
oo GOT
SABA Ee NO
soot hh «Sane
sos oh eat BUE
ave ort BBS
alviti
fabius ...
falcipennis
Falco
Falcon ...
fallax ‘...
falvus se
fasciata.
fasciatus
fasciolatus
faunulgides
feae oon
Felderia
Felis ce
felis aay
fentoni coo
ooo
eo
coo
INDEX,
PAGE
258, 657
“. 651
332, 514, 521, 522, 523
coe
evo
ooo
eoo
a. 628
eos
see 814
567, 657
291, 320, 509, 589, 590, 628
* fergusonianus
FETOX ~ vo
FELTED, cco
Ferreola
ferruginosus
Ficus ...
filamentosus
fimbriatum
flaccida
Flacourtia
flammea
flammeus
flammulatum
flava. . ..
flavala ...
flaveolus
flavescens
flavifrons
flavinucha
flaviventris
flavoides
flavovittata
flavus ... 209,
flegyas eve
Flemingia
Fleurya
floribunda,
florida ...
fiuviatilis
foctida ...
folus ...
Fordonia
formosa,
forstenil
forstennii
eco
ee°0
@oo
eco
eco
oo
ve
veo
ovo
144, 241, 242, 256, 357, 695
466,
593, 594
636, 652
eee 590
eco
195, 208, 210, 211, 212,.215
geo
210, 211,
212, 214, 215,
ey 461
woe 461
eANO
290
341
612
wee 878
678
216
wee GBT
wee 443
252
we 448
v1. 278
vee 608
wee 442
vee 680
594, 595
wee 280
594, 595
ees, 19
fossilis ... ob
francica... ae
Francolinus ...
fragrans 300
franklini eee
fraterculus ...
fraterna... ee
Fregata.oe ese
freja oad
frenatus ane
frondosa ae
frontalis ciere
fronticinctus ...
*% fruhstorferil ...
fulveseens
fuciphaga eats
fugax ... baie
fulgeus ... sec
fulgida, ... eee
fulicata, 400
fulvipennis ...
fulvus ... coo
fusca . ... See
fuscicapillum ...
fuscipennis ..
fuscoguttatus ...
fuscum ... ie
TUSCUS ove 110, 3
gachua oc. AOC
Gadidx ... ete
Gadoidei aoe
® FRSA ooo eo
gaika ... die
galba ... eee
galene ... ae
Gallierex ese
gallicus... ode
Gallinago ob
Galloperdix ...
Gallus ... a06
gallus... coe
gambrisius —...
gammiei 206
Gampsorhynchus
gamra. ... ce
ZADCESA see
ganesa ...
Gangara wns
Gareris ove eee
PAGE
598, 607
270296
«| W120 285e8n7
: coe 445
“te. B53
151, 152, 632
258, 282, 573
3) LG
.-. 667
.. 689, 592, 608
.-.255, 377, 380, 443
ee. 307
eee 58I
23, 193
eee BOD
319, 551
se BOG
31, 32
we. 663
wee B04
soo DLO
2. 506
313, 606
eee 306
Bs Gaye
eee 602
ace BOM
coo coe
eee ero
eee ece
ove cco
eo evo
09, 552, 606, 614, 617
wee 607
597, 607
w. 607
26, 193
874, 659
wee 675
one 670
oe 818
BLT
sie. eae SUS
2k NOUR
112, 311
112, 605
w+. 655
w. 59D
455, 456
34
cee a eed
636, 637, 668, 672, 686, 687
eee 680
seo. GAL
ook ooo
Garruga 206
Garrulax sais
garuda ... she
Gastrotoceus ...
Gecinulus eae
Gecinus... 500
geminata eee
gemmata
genneeus 600
Gentianaces ...
genutia... o00
Gerardia sce
PELOM ees eee
Gerres ... 400
Gerydus O0C
ghanam... ooC
ghobbam BE
gibbus ... cos
gigantea 506
giganteum ...
ZIGAS eee eee
gin eee 000
ginginianus 2.
giuris ... eee
glabra ... dod
glandulosum oo.
glareola oo
glauca oe. C00
glaucidium ...
glaucippe eee
Giauconia 000
glaux ... eee
Glochidion ...
glycosmis ove
Glyphidodon ...
Gly phidodontidee
Glyptosternum...
Gobiidw ose
Gobius ... eo
godartii... O00
gokala ... «ee
ZOkOUL ove eee
gola ... eee
goloides coe
gomata
Gongylophis
goniocephalus...
Goossensia _...
gopara ... 6
Gorsachius os.
INDEX.
PAGE
BES le aS
we 369, 454
255, 256, 655
Soe e608
tie ce oD
-» 339, B41, 342, 346
Sod Mera ees
637, 675
oe ere le
Pe es 4d;
eer torn
Ped 5590
Mites 6.20
Mee eee 608
26, 193, 657
Hames (AUB)
Sree Mees GU
se eee
. 295, 444, 546, 547
See ea 8
213, 214, 215, 216
sae 500 BHA
ee cent B06
Soo ea HOE
377, 383, 484
as MeO
aS) EON!
; vee 604
287, 327, 630
572, 575, 669
587
Bot
we 258, 254
372, 580, 583
ose coo O07
ove oe OOM
ooo ooo O01
eve eco 606
eee evo 606
eee 637, 638
ee coo 245
eee eve O93
ove eee 681
° coe 681
eee -. 146
eee coo O96
: coe 142
eee -- 192
0 ooo 27
coo ove OLE
gouldia
govinda 600
gracilentus
eracilis ... vee
Graculipica os.
eramineus «..
Graminicola ...
grammica 000
grandis .o. mee
grandoculis ...
grantia ... gc
erantiil ... A00
granulatus don
Graucalus on
Grauculus ...
graveolens ...
LIA ove ood
gremius 500
grevillea 500
Grewia... ade
eviscicapilla
griseum... see
gyohmanni_...
erunniens eos
GUAVA oe. oes
guentheri ooo
gulgula... coc
gulio ... 400
SUOTACA..6 500
gurial ... see
gutta-cristatusee.
guttata eo
guttaticollis ...
guttatum 200
Guttiferx eee
Guttulatus 0.
Gymnema 505
eymnocephalus
Gymnodontes ...
gymnophthalmus
Gypetus coo
Gyps «. oes
Habenaria eos
hemacephala ...
hemachates ...
hematacephala
heematocephala
hemorrhous ...
haie aes cco
xlix
PAGH
wie 5,7, 8
oe BIS
ee eT SD
»444, 589, 593, 595
see
592, 593
eo. Senta
Ba) ean QAO
111, 440, 539, 591
cod) ) eR!
See nimeee G49
SEWN er O58
-. 596
seer cg hens 299
He eTRNC
w- 440, 448
waatieenecole
wae White
2 . 808
258, 440, 448
ASE a
Be ee O03
ee Neel
Fee ERGO
tee 883
587, 588, 606
Sebo ee
Oi ee OT
Pane TOUS
295, 317, 540
wah eB AG
ie EN
Be ce cult eeLOS
.. 528, 530, 581, 605
ore ci
Be ee F608
Ree eae aa
seas esa 608
eo) EGOS
Splits nese, PL
ares 50g
ee Re Gg
ove eco 328
000 oe 290
..114, 115, 117, 122
eee eee 000
ayy coe BOE
oce eee 305
ooo cot L14
INDEX,
PAGE
Halcyon, 295, 317, 533, 541, 542, 543, 559
Halcyones
Haliaétus
haliztus
Haliastur
halitherses
Halpe ee
hamada...
hamiltoni
* hampsonii
Haplocercus
Haplochilus
hardwickii
Haridra...
harina oe.
harisa ov.
Harpactes
Harpodon
harrisii ...
Hasora oo
hassebti cco
hasselti ...
hasseltii...
hasta eee
hastata ce
Hebomoia
hecabe, 281, 282
hecabeoides
hector
Hedychium
Hedychridium...
helena. ..
helenus ...
heliaca cs.
Helicops
hellenore
Hemicercus
Hemigyrosa
Yemilophus
Hemipepsis
cco
H emipteron ose
Hemipus
Hemixus
Heniochus
heptadactylus ...
hermMus ove
Hesperia
Hesperiidae
wee
Be) ase (089
wee 515, 516
eae = eee
: Bn 8}
Sea ieee BBD
wee 637, 681
weer At eee 658
eset g00639
vee 199, 194
Se 2328590
sees 22/608
110, 459, 460
Sear UBB
seo 280, 669
see 683
291, 820, 358
veo 599, 602
639, 640
144, 688
pal seene al
Rsvp ie aed
y . 602
Pe bilinusce 1603
Sei ate B09
572, 575, 669
, 283, 569, 570, 571, 484,
669
pene 281) 282
576, 577, 697
ved 65, 466, 479, 480
464, 465, 479, 480, 481
Tisae
72, 594, 595
veo) 0805.67
see 508, 509
seat TDP B92
: wee 668
ie ereraey VE
wa. 442
oe OAT
200, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 215, 216
Perea. 5
we 148, 300
ave ih eve pl
Beet ee. 608
sees, ypevey 60"
ever BBKBTS
Seo ypuecet OS
238, 239, 673, 682
Hesperiine ..-
Hestia ... one
Hestina ... G00
Heterocera awe
Heterophragma
hewitsonii
hexagonotus 0.
hexapetalum
heyleanus Ses
hey neana
Hibiscus eee
hiera ... ree
Hieraétus dod
Hiersetus ove
Hierococetyx 006
hierta ...
hierte .... soe
himalayanus 0.
himalayensis oe.
hindia ... ood
Hipistes
Hiposcritia eee
hippia ... ere
hippo eve eee
Hippocampus ..
hippoides
hipponax
hirtus 0. as
Hirundo
hispidus
Hitchenia on
hodgsoni ove
hodgsonii ore
heematocephala
Holacanthus ...
Holocentrum .e.
Holophris
Holopyga
Homalopsis
Homaloptera
honorata ee
hookeri ae
Hopea sale
Horaga
hordonia wee
horrida 500
horridus
horsfieldii see
hottentotta ...
PAGE
sie. tious) MNOS
wee oes 289,220
ore | yess eee ag
see, ede, UO Teeng2
ee oo 208, Os
See! aes
ces) see ODI 599)
262, 264, 267, 270, 278, 274
mm as 55 4N
we ade SBOONEED
aoe, 1c sess ena
des eon aaneeeea laa
: ee) ol eee 8:
ee Men AREER DOD
bes |S igee dt eS 66
to) gest ADONGOS
ie aus BeOmGGS
we) dee | pB928598
we 464, 476, 629
see) ee gee OO
Ses) Geen aerepb9O
ves! He eeenOMO
seo sacs SIO HOMO:
y coe 670
eatery oes (is
.- 569, 574, 670
636, 657
eda
111, 308
ove 606
396
«-. 2, 307, 553
Sei ity.
w. B16
coe 603
w 604
aie. igs AGACAGS
«e464, 465, 479, 481
ooo eee
ove eco
+00 ore
fee ieee S596
eo eeeOOE
290, 821, 370
Reach: Stir
382, 383, 389
ie! eee MSSONGE
.-. 250, 251, 259, 658
Pam nde 5 (120
we 114, 115, 117,122
SA PEG On)
me Ute
huebneri one
huebnerii ood
Huhua eee
humiz ses
humilis eee
Huphina
Hyarotis _ a.
Hydnocarpus ...
hydrinus
Hydrocissa —«..
Hydrophasianus
Hydrophis —...
Hydrophobus ...
Hydrus oes
hylax 200
Hymenoptera. ...
Hymenopteres ...
hy patada eee
hyperythra =.
hypnale eee
Hypocosmia ...
hypocrita 000
hypoleucus ...
Hypolimnas ...
Hypolyczena 0
Hypoteenidia ..«
Hypothymis ...
Hypsipetes
Hypsirhina
Hystricopsy lla
hystrix ove
* iarba oeo
Tambrix
Tanthocinela .
Ichneumonidz
ichthyztus 0.
Icica eee
ictericus eee
Icthyscopus co
Ietinztus
ictinus co. woe
ICtIS ~~ see |
iQNAVUS... ss.
ignicauda coe
ignipectum
ignipectus
Ignipicus eee
591, 593,
18,193, 636, 651, 687
INDEX,
PAGE
wee DAA
648, 651
se 825, 326
PS tutes 116)
alma SUD
569, 574, 669
eee 680
el) iG o4s
sea Meee DOG
Les EOS
SO ee BIS
75, 595, 596
ee) 68789
so (755596
ee hen 658
195, 209, 211
Peay CE)
2a 181
3038, 808
w. 76, 590
Been OCP)
see say 465
we 314, 456
238, 252, 655
ern
w. B18
oe 301
atte) Pewee 808
594, 595, 596
Bnet
»-. 608
see aees79
ap een
moa | eee
Sis? rey OLY
ase. 000499
pe EO!
w. 599, 605
ae eeolO
eo een Ne
name Faw GbG
no BB
“phen
vee 162
206 coos
ose coo O43
Tlerda
Iliades ...
ilisha ...
ilithyia...
illnensis ‘
illurgis ...
illustris...
imbecillus
imberbis
imitans...
DIMM ees
Impatiens
imperialis |
Inzequales
INara ce.
inarina ...
inconspicua
li
PAGE
a. 637, 665
.- 671
steal Memb OI
i econo
Pea Si
ws 636, 666
wes eMGO
nC
este)
ach aoeg B49
soar lieaes 258
Semen
508, 638, 671
see) Maced 8
254, 656
wee 254
sic) ESOS
indica,111, 256, 310, 316, 357, 361, 374,442,
465, 479, 481, 546, 547, 557,576, 655, 668
indicator
indicum
e080
MeO SHG
93, 94, 96, 443
indicus 2, 110, 289, 314, 880, 506, 604,
indoburmanicus
INGTAcccce
indrani...
INQUS <..
inermis
infumata
infumatus
innominata
innhominatus
inornata
insidiatrix
insignis...
insvlens
insularis
Integerrimee
integrifolia
intermedia
intermedius,
interrupta
intestinalis
Tntsiatetecs
involucrata
Jolaus ...
Tora ae
iphita 2.
eco
605
Sees | fre eehOOG
386, 887, 393
w+. 286, 288
Boe OOS
we 599, 605
one 545, 550
eceipat jeter DDD
see we S19
acai a eB OLD
eu Ree BTIS
Shes, juice eROOD
soi) Tae S5O
sau Auer O9
wx. 285,307
wo. 468, 469
. 899
woe 211, 212, 215, 642
111, 214, 215, 216, 365, 370,
371
ess, See bD
Set BB
oid aaa
ess Mee ord
178, 179, 181
» B05
a 249, 658
hi
LONIt® ove
Traota
Trena
ITTItANS .06
isabellinus
ISEUS eee
Tsamia ee
Ismene ...
ISMECNE ...
isocrates
isota
ispida ...
istroidea
ithiela ...
Iton ees
TxaSiviles
Ixos
Tyux
jacobinus
Nati se.
jalinder...
jambolana
Jamides...
jangala oe
jara eee
jarbas
jarhua ...
Jasminum
Jateorhiza
java
javanensis
javanica
javanicus
jerdoni «..
jerdonii...
jesous -...
johnii
jotaka,
jugger
jujuba
Julis
jumbah.ee
Junonia.
JUNONIA..«
jynteana
eoo
kochi
kada
Keempfieria
INDEX,
PAGE
ete 2er4e0
381, 398
wee AAC
142, 143
w. 149
178, 179
ws 639
eee
eoe
w- 145, 146, 637, 683
244, 245, 651
334, 392, 393
cies “eeeahOUS
w. 817,589
seni ass e182
ote 9669
HOR ead
572, 578, 669
seh ee 08
et Le ncee eB
290, 821, 369
388, 389, 393
Afi Seen are
Pe ae 807
377, 660
666, 667
wee 590
ws. 668
we 603
wee 444
se 17
wee 604
wee 615
308, 314
wee 605
Bete bees B06
. 591, 598
33, 34
596, 602
we BBG
deg sgt
379, 380, 385
ee 60%
w.. 251, 252
coo 244, 249, 257, 653
242, 259
ooo 659
eco
22
coe 679
coo OLT
kalla
kallaura
Kallima...
kamara, ...
the se
karangolam
karelinii
kasmira...
kelaarti-se
Kelaartia
* kerala...
Kerana....
kerriana
Ketupa ...
khasiana
khasiensis
kheili os.
kiencri oo
kina
klugii
kollari ...
komarovi
kondulana
* kophene
korros
Koruthaialos
kupu
kurra
Kurtide
Ory
ece
e0o
Labrideze
Labyrinthici
laciniosa
* Jacteata
ladacensis
ladana ...
Laertias
lata
laevis
lafayetti
Lagerstramia
Lalage ...
lalage
lamarckii
lambertianum
lampas «se
Lampides 34,
coo
lamta
lanceolatum
ece eoe
eco
eco coe
eco co
eco eco
eco coo
e reo
eo
cece
coo eco
eoe
eco oo
eco eco
coe
coo eee
coe e
coo ooo
coe
eco eo
coe coo
ceo veo
eco oo
eee eee
eco veo
veo coo
coe eco
eco ooo
eco e6e
eee
ece
coo ceo
ceo °
eoe eve
eco eo
coo ooo
36, 193, 377,
PAGE
cos eee 605
ove +. 252
... 256, 257, 259, 656
20, 198
282, 288
v2 270
Pe ae AC}
Coo ARGOS
298, 309, 316
wee 805
we 7 one 188, 189) 10ND!
188, 189
Pa ees) t is
we 286, 825
654, 680
we 592, 595
geo | PSS
sh. B10
ves | 0a (666
240, 253, 638
241, 242, 697
ion eGo
.. 88, 40, 661
189, 194
586, 589
188, 194
Rea) a5
vee 605
o. 604
ceo
w. 607
w+. 607
Reis: OO
». . 86,198
ss eeoO8
2 eA S
woe 672
571, 669
... 588
‘2. B11
w. 382, 448
ne? een 09
.. 670
we 260, 264
vee 445
we eee
378, 388, 636,
661
597, 602
ee reirlss
Janceolatus
Laniide.
Laniine...
Lanius ...
Jankana...
lankapura
Lantana
Larvivora
lasiocarpus
Lasiommata
Lates ...
Hatioayeress
latiaris ...
Jaticaudatus
latifolia
latifolium
latirostris
latreillei
Jaudabilis
Lauracee
jaurifolia
Laurins
*Jaurion
lavata, ce
dowillie yes
layardii...
Lebadea
lebetina
leda ove
Leea — ese
Leguminose
Lehera ...
leithii
Jemonias
Lemoniidsx
lepcha oo.
lepida
lepidea oo.
lepita ...
Leptcsia
Lepus ...
Jeschenaulti
*letha
Lethe ...
leucobalia
leucocephalus ...
leucocera
leucogaster
leucolophus
leucomelas
8
INDEX,
990 110, 300, 303, 315, 612
oy ooo
PAGE
sa hea orRIG OD
ms . 612
Avs . 612
Lb haaool
Sess Sa ZO
Peet
... 146,304
se te AS
15, 17, 18, 198
bata te s602
Rear cuca
w 636, 643
ee Soups
w. 951, 444
ee
seGaty eee 308
Seng Se4685
wes 955, 697
Re eno TT
As Ae Stet
tea 588
pees 193
SoG Les
445, 579
--. 637, 638
sean aed 605
598, 594, 595
shel eeetBas
391, 392, 448
ss B0T448
a. 835, 667
oak ASOT
we 249, 653
ere 10258; 6%
: 3.2 649
Bae is
ae 255, 655
ose eee 657
S00 ese 669
500 500 G4)
coe Zoey sual
636, 664, 687
“l, 15, 193, 243, 636, 643
eco
eee soe
wee 594, 595
... BIS
eyes
155, 516
vee 454
ve O93
200 °
leucopsis
leucopygialis ...
leucoryphus
leucothoé
leveilleiecrs -
Lexias ...
*libita ...
Libythzine
Libythea
libythea
lidderdalii
Ligustrum
lile 505
limbatus
limborgii
Limenitis
Limneetus
Limnas ...
limniace
Limonidromus
Timchi\= ce.
lineata ...
lineatus...
lineolatus
linnei ...
linnaétus
Linociera
liomedon
Liotrichine
lisander...
lividus ...
Lobivanellus ..
Lobotes...
Locustella
Loganiacesx
lohita ...
longifrons
longinus
longirostris
ovo
Lophobranchii
Lophoceros
Lophospizias
Lophotriorchis
Loranthus, 256, 379, oe 385, 386, 387, 574
Loriculus
loteniUses.
Loxura ...
lubentina
lubricus...
lucide
ero
lian
PAGE
Fete rer aul
.. 800, 551
.. 516
wee 251, 654
ae asaya
Pia ONE
475, 476, 480
Bay ose 258
ws 258, 657
571, 573
636, 637, 673
saan ean
set eeOOL
Fee yen Car
w. 638, 656
258, 259, 655
ey ier eats
Mes sh ee OST
240, 2 373 , 83, 637
Tetra eS iy Ose UES
vee 551
we «852, 854, 355
602, 605, 606
Secu: nen 602,
3 w+. 638
sel tiok ee cg LTD
we eae 2bd
dlr oi aera sta
A itn CED)
Pa Sek Merced
wisunt deel" 589) 60
raid
peo Cape «. 603
Rr eae merle HG
Sidr Ce als
wee 886, 393, 665
Nee arent Sueno ot
177, 178, 385, 386, 387
11, 149, 857
ful BPE ORIGOS:
w- 818
519
Lata EAE EIG
eco eco
289, 323, 567
ee 307, 308
890,667
dish 206s 609
wont la:
Pe Ht)
liv
lucidus ...
lucionensis
luctuosa
lugabris
lugubris
lumaris ..
lunatus oe.
lusea
lutea ~ ‘...
inteipennis
luteolus...
Lutjanus
Lyceena ...
Lycanesthes
Ly cenidee, 26,
oe eca
eve
00 coc
oo ooo
coo e
20 coe
° woo
coe ooo
eon
169, 120, 238,
INDEX,
PAGE
ws 608
25s) ge BTS
w 199
see) Sbe290
150, 321, 367
607, 608
Sa yO GT
w.. 475,476
oe EOL USE
Senet SENSE
33, 374, 660
239, 334, 372,
657
lyceenina > .. 374, 660
LLycodon . - 71, 590, 592
* lycoides ded 636, 648
lycus «.. 4 oon . 649
lynceus .-e obd 3 . 239
Lyzecornis c 320, 557
lysan eve ace eee 605
lysandra c ¢ ee 644, 645
lyrata eve odd : 6 443
lysimon... ane otic 373, 374, G59
Lytorhynchus ... 5 O00 she ONY
Macaranga ‘4 ong . 896
maccellandi «.. cost Ot
macclellandi soe OU
macclellandiil ... ont see soe 587
machaon eee eos OTL
Machlolophus ... nee 960 oo 629
TACT Geese 80 299, 343, 614
maclellandii ds Sod (BK)
Macna ~.. cop 7 son 192
macrel ... eae ean --» 448
macrocarpus 447, 448
macrocerus Acq Boos) Gall
Macrochires. ... ae soe SLO
macrochnechus one aco) LURS}
macrolepidotus eee ane 200) 6.03
macrolepis es. 77, 587, 588, 589
Macromeris ... een eee es. 208
Macrones 206 oS ae eee GOL
macrophthalma, seo 36, 375, 660
macrops coe eos coe OY
Macropygia «se Ans tessoO
Maeropteryx «2.
Macropygiine ...
macrorhynca ...
macrorhynchus
macrostoma
macrura
macrurus ee
macularius ...
maculata
maculatus
maculiceps
madurensis ...
META eve
meroides
merula ...
meesoides
MEVIUS ovo ate
magna ... 50
magnifica
maha
mahesa, ev. 560
mahintha chs
mahratta
mahrattensis
major
majuscula eu
malabarica eae
malabaricum
malabaricus
malabathricum
malaccanus
Malacocercus ...
malaya oe. 308
malayensis ...
malsara...
Malvaceze ado
MANAZ0..6
mandarina
mandarinus
mandata cod
mandellii
Mangalisa
manthara ss.
Mappiaser +0
marakata ass
margarita eH
marginellus
marerettii
marianne eee
Marlea ace
PAGE
Patek, lait
... B61
ene 299,
ses) ELOONABS
sas, = OOS
ioe ROE
285, 614, 557
PO tiie)
70, 509, 600, 604
2, 111, 367, 591, 598, 602, 608
a on cr
70, 588
ic teey TOMAS
dc Saas AG
15,18
vi 681
ve 607
cc) EEO tl
467, 480
Psa OER)
254, 259
sco ESS
248, 650
Shee 88
os DBNBS
dia 3: eeRBLG
240, 254, 616
mee Cs
319, 601, 605, 616
lev 1s SRD BS
so) Nees
cd peeesOS
vie IRS
285, 510
Bet CAD
cas
we 598, 600
<2 476
THAT Owens
*maroides
marshallorum ...
martabana ope
*martinii 506
masoni ... coe
Massaga
massiva
Matapa ... goo
mathias... 200
vaatoides 660
mattui ... oats
maximus Sh5
medanai ve
medus ...
meena ... oa
Megachile
mecera ... eae
Megaleema, 608
Megalurus 000
Megisha S06
megistia
mekara ... 0
melampus o00
melaneus 500
melanictera ...
meclanicterus ...
Melanitis see
melanocephalus
melanochista
Melanochlora ..
Melanocyma
melanogaster ...
melanoides 605
melanolophus ...
melanope reo
Melanophidium
Melanophium ...
melanosternus...
melanotis ay
melanoxylon ...
melanurus awe
melaschistus
melastigma
Melastoma
melba ...
melete ... S06
Meliaceze 000
Melittophagus ...
Melophus Ont)
INDEX,
PAGE
tet eee LON GT6. |) Melursus ea
ee 190,194 | Melynias ose
351, 354 | Memecylon ev
600 000 e»- 654 | Memiceros
ace eo. 204,216 | memnon owe
cols .. - 606,681 | menakas.. 26
coe bac 29,31 | menava S50
000 Od6 -.. 186 | Menelaides ...
ono --. 680 | Menispermaceze
vo. 683 | Mento ... coe,
O00 G0 eo. 605 | merguiana
aus --» 303 | merione
O50 ee 371,666 | Meropide ve
S00 eels --- 465 | Merops...
: eee eos O41 | Merula... 7
o00 . ... 960 ; merulinus o00
600 ee. 198,216 | mesentina 36
500 eae sass LOa}| Mesial =e.
...290, 816, 851, 354 | methora... soe
ast vest ONO LI ee Methria..
ee 000 ... 373 | microcarpa
2 -. 182 | Microcos <a
ey eco oO ae Mucrohierax |i.
: --. 892, 668 | microlepidotus...
ae --- 637 | Micropternus ...
oe 5 305 | micropterus as.
: .- 111 | microptirus 2
22, 23, 243, 244, 651 | Micropus :
906 147, 299, 615 | migrans see
200 ans ee G14 | miles
S00 . . 460 | militaris
see 636, 652, 685 | milvipes coe
5 a - 236 | Milvus ...
600 000 oe. 637 | Mimosa
600 coo = wee B14 | Mimusops oo
000 2,111, 309 | minerva O65
6 Bele - 70 | mineus... vee
C 000 588 | *miniata
A ee OUD | Minimum 200
ooC a0 scomOlone| fe MUNOD Wes. ae
500 one oe 254 | minos BS
sec 305, 592 | Minous eee
5c eee O14 | - Mirafra ae
- 5 sc OOMM DUUGUIS ees AA
3 eee 256 | misippus oH
sod ee 295,319 | mithila... 000
sale -»- 669 | Mixornis
eee awe 94, 442 | moadetta 00
500 ore D60 | mocsaryl
p00 200 ee» LJ] | Modecca 000
19, 21,
99
“oy
Is
Ww
PAGE
we 688
193, 651
see 897
ses B18
see O71
Gis
16, 17
eet Oil
491, 499, 497
oe 602
282, 288
ry
558, 560
295, 560
148, 630
286
569, 575
coe AOL
...19, 636, 645
wee 484
re 382
440, 448
ap Gee
one 605
we B45
i 808
wo 865
147, 544
w BIB
woe GOL
eee 643
242, 244, 643
199, 216
.. 308
.. 109
576, 577
wee 604
8, 809
we 591
238, 252, 258
eco
ws 654
we 458
.. 605
wa 465
246, 218
dvi
modestum its
modestus Whe
Moduza..e. ee
mogilink
*mbllerii eee
Molpastes ove
moluccanus ...
molurus Boe
Momordica — ...
*momus Re
Monaeanthus ...
monachus 6a
moniliger cod
monodactylus ...
MONOLYDIA — ove
montanus ae
monticola ave
MOONL oe ace
MOLrar eo esis
morawitzi ee
morgiana eee
Moringa
morrhua «
mosullensis ...
Motacilla eae
Motacillide ...
motschulskyi
moulmeinensis
mMucosuUs... ond
mucrosquamatus
Mueil ... doe
Mugilidze
Mullidee aes
multicandata ....
multiguttata ..,
multimaculata...
multistriata ...
multiteeniatus ...
Munia ...
Murena
Mureenesox
Mureenidee
Muscieapa
Musseenda
Musscenda 06
Mustacembellus
Mustacembelus
Mustelus
eno
Mycalesis, 242, 244, 246,
coo
2.297, 869, 458, 455
eco
+.556, 589, 592, 593
coo
P00
eo
ooo
PAGE
er FE
w. 210, 211, 212, 215
ove cose 0)
soe ee 458
eee coe 600
O06 coe 600
eco coo 186
one eee 152
we 258, 657
Mec. Hie
w. 643, 685
ees (es
Nacaduba, 33, 34, 35, 198, 875, 888, 393,
INDEX,
PAGE
oe 163 | myeterizans ...
eos O89 | Myenimia
eee 655 | myhendre
«ee 508 | Myiophoneus ...
197,216 | Myliobatide ...
110,147 | Myliobatis
eee 443 | Myrina... box
69, 596 | Myrmeleonide
eee 490 | myrrha...
->» 203 | Myrtacese ae
see 608 | Myrtilus ooo
vee 506 MYSbES ovo ooo
coo 604
coo 267
sen ld
nadina ... ook
cee 572 | nagaensis odo
oe 601 | Naia co ane
463,467 | nais soe
ee 653 | Naja ose eee
coe 273 | nama... ace
eee 602 | namouna Pe
eee 472 | #nanda ... ap
eee 1, 111, 809 | nandina ss
ee «6c | nara ese ase
..- 649 | narada ... aes
eee 669 | narooa ... re
71,591 | nasaka ... eoe
594,595 | nasalis ... oon
eee GOT | nasshreddini ...
597, 607 | nassus ses
597, 603 | natrix aoe
-e. oo2 | naucrates vee
eco 673 | Nectariniide ...
eee O91 | neelgherriensis
eee 649 | nehereus oa
ee. 603 | neilgherrense ...
308, 309 | nelides wee
598, 600 | Nelsonia see
259,
598, 600
w+. 600
w-. 308
we 448
woe 258
w- 606
... 599
598, 600
636, 640,
685, 687
eel
a
Nemachilus...
Nemeobiine ...
Nemetis ae
neombo oud
Neophron vee
neophron a0
Neopithecops ...
Neopus Sh6
637, 660
w. 575, 670
ois. ieee
...74, 115, 596
sae. ieameae
woe IAS 27S
.. BIB, 658
Mea ten CS:
wee 34, 36, 193
Pies os ha
wont KU EOLS
scsi COTO,
Be en (CE:
ie, SuOS
2:2 wae SOG
ad ose
vcs | eeGOD
ake | aeRO,
soc WeeOD
aii. ih heen
eee BIS. SVE:
--. 599, 608
Bae ts CEU
Bae eee oe
Kye eee OL
weep, 28 yIGBT.
Se bRESNOES
So ae Ts
ave) 008506
son! | eeeeOD
Rey Leyeh Ga
eve eve 285
nepalensis, 8, 163, 165, 824, 363, 364, 369,
457, 458, 528, B65
INDEX,
PAGE
Nepheronia ... 238,572, 573, 584, 670
Neptis, 24, 26, 193, 250, 263, 259, 637, 653
nerissa ose 000 a0 coo 669
newara ee eee eo» 648
newboldi B60 od ooK doo lt!)
*nicevillei os O00 ve =: 119, 216
nicobarica 200 eae --. 642
nicobariensis ... oon seen ou G03
nicotia OAc O00 200 ove 643
niger ose ese 60 cop. eo
nigra 200 oon vos = 591, 605
NIgresCeNsS — ee eee ee 74, 587
nigriceps 000 eee 110, 368, 612, 613
nigricollis .. eco «. I11, 329
nigrifrons eve eee met vve 306
nigrilutea coe os nee eo» 695
Nigrocinctus eee oe ood Bee
nigrolimbata ... 000 O80 coe 678
nigrolimbatus ... see 606 “pcs Otis)
nigromarginatus eas one Soo ask!)
nigropunctatus eo eee coe 608
nigrorufa 900 00 ee one 148
nilgirensis ... eee 146, 147
Niltava cn doc see coo 366
Ninox esis ove ses 20 Oat
nipalense 000 ood 600 Cog: CHD
nipalensis ove sos coe 288, 529
niphanda soe see ee 637, 656
niphe eee see ove eee 655
nisicolor doe coe «=. 66, 367
nissa 206 500 506 eco 667
nisus 506 mele G06 -.. 519
nitidus O60 ont 000 eee 307
Noctua 50d eee eee eos 675
noctua sels ood ese wee O27
nodestus 600 see dod eos 592
nomius 238, 578, 579, 672, 697
Dora eee 900 C00 ee 36
noreia S00 ees 36, 193, 376, 660
norma coe ee eee eee O51
Notocrypta ... 00 nee ese 680
notoniana 560 eve eee eee 443
Notozus ose eve 464, 465, 479
Novacula 900 bod SOC ees 607
nubilus coc 500 “00 eso 658
nudipes eve ove eee eee 546
nux-vomica 600 eve eve 691
Nychitona sae 500 a00 oe 569
Nyctiornis ... n00 eos’ 908,051
nympha 200 ove Soe idle chy
Nymphalide ...
Nymphaline ...
nyseus
oatesil sue
obliterata, ie
oblongus .
obscura on
Chscuratvwe eee
obscurus coe
obtusiceps
occidentale ...
occidentalis ...
occipitalis
oceia rac
ocellata yas
ocellatus
ochracea
Ochromela
ochropus end
Ochus :
octopetalum ...
ocularis
oculata apetl
Odontoptilum...
salon oo.
OLYLES voc
OLYLIA ovo
Olax
Olea
oleracea...
Oligodon wee
olivaceum
olivaceus
olivascens 600
Omphalolomia...
Onryza...
OMY: * .c.
opalina ...
OpHiana, ove
Ophidia... see
Ophiocephalidse
Ophiocephalus..,
Opisthoglypha...
Ops ose ose
OFAMIN 2. eco
Orchidez eon
Oreicola...
Oreocincla Abd
orientale 200
Ivii
PAGE
13, 239, 569, 637
23, 238, 247, 249, 652
875, 393
594
472, 478, 480
441, 608
wa 649
468
637, 673
we 148
88
93, 570
eco
109, 340, 341, 842, 346
ea SI
70
w- 606
woe B49
00148
234
gee ehOR
we 264
ane |
Be ee)
GUA
wee 523
oy
oe 679
288i
254, 444
a 253
71, 588, 590
sce LG?
.. 591
we 679
sae 192
w+. 685
wn B89
wee 655
251, 654
we 585
607
607
596
387
604
328
111
146, 147
S107
eee
599,
lyiil INDEX,
PAGE PAGH
orientalis 325, 360,473, 477, 557, 606, | Pamphila aie 800 657, 675, 685
608, 655 | Pamphiline ... 600 50a (UE
Oriolide: ans 5 ee. 615 | pancalus es O00 wee 606
Oriolus ... AG 6 299, 615 | pandava... 377, 980, 661
orithyia ... 408 e. 250, 653 | pandiana do oe O06 aoe OS4
OLIXA ees oni a00 600 --- 651 | Pandion... pe odd mae sO
ornata ... oo 74, 75, 299, 591 | Pandionidee oo0 ae 2 005
OTNATUS oo aa 600 eee 606 | pandurata Oo ade eae p00 0H
Ornithoptera, 239, 575, 576, 577, 579, 583 | paniculata ... 822, 388, 384, 389
Orpheides ae yee Bs ss 671 |-panope ... G00 456 ee BS)5 OI
orpheusec. eo ies iad ... 186 | Panosmiopsis ... ry 000 soto
OLSCISi: teed sratese ah 392, 668 | PAP® eee ae coe ee DOG
Orsotriwna ... wee wee O41 | PaPhus 2. snes wee 637, 672
Orthomiella ... «. 637, 660, 685 | Papilio 186,194, 238, 239, 573, 575, 576,
Orthotomus ...
Oines, dc tee
Osmotreron «..
Osmunda
OSSCaN lees
Osteogeniosus ...
othona ...
obis ne oes
Otocompsa
Otogyps
otus eee ooo
Ougeinea aos
Ougeinia ooo
ovata
Ovis
oxycephalus
oxyrhynchus ...
OYeNA os.
eco eo
Pachama oct
pacificus
Pademma
Padraona
Peecilopsaltria ...
Paleornis oc
palemonides ...
pallidipes
palmata... eee
palmatus
palpebrosa ese
palumbarius
Palumbinez ...
Palumbus dot
palustris
pammon,
...110, 306, 366,
611
see. leoe B83 | Papilionide
ee. 811, 363 | Papilioninze
eee «- 396 | papyria...
con . 604 | Paracaryum
aaa ose 601 | paradiseus
388, 393, 666 | Paradisi...
bbb .e. 374 | Paradoxornis
... 110,147 [{ paradoxus
506, 509, 518 | paraganesa
149, 325 Paragerydus
... 392 | paraka ...
377, 383 parallelus
... 608 | Paramuta
Ea _. 53 | Parantica
we 594,595 | Pareba ...
we BOL | Paris — ove
. 603 | Parnara...
Parnopes
Parnopinee
.. 642 | Darrhasius
ae ... 544 | Parthenos
Fu ... 638 | Parus o
se 6085681 Parviflora
we ae 586 | Pashia o.
288, 324, 566 | Passer «.
ste 1. 191 | Passeres.e.
ses wee 147 | Patala «..
246, 248, 484 paterculus
“oe ... 497 | Pathysa...
308, 459 | patna...
Sor) vee DIS | patnoides
eels woe BDD | patoca
. 810,359 | patruelis
- 110,611 | paulina .
ove eos DOSY | PAVANA oe
©
677, 584, 633, 636, 637, 671, 697
186, 568, 668
... 186, 238, 675, 671
Be sr is0 OTS
wee 445
... 800, 458, 610
Ry SN GS
wee See HOD
my oe GOD
wd eee EGBTMGES
wos). Gene eos
: Be 2k, 2G
seciv) “eee eee ge
Miner we eng) Ck
ace) (1 becca
sean (insta ROD?
Pe) a5. CL
re 3 (OD
478, 480, 481
463, 464, 478
Fo, cee igen OD
ws 249, 253, 655
su 109, 307
Pema ese ale AS
a ct Ween oT
oe 111, 308
eee ea CES
By ee BS
dato trengOol
ae ess Be}
see o_tpses eageo econ
SHE ices Ga
Pee ns 0S
Be ally
PEt ee Ul
see oo. Ow
pavimentata ...
“pavonica
pectoralis ave
pediada... cos
Pedicutali 000
Pelargopsis —...
Pellorneum
pellucidus
' pelvicus... ope
Pempheris aes
penicillata eee
pennata oox
pennatus eve
Penoa .:: 300
pentagyna
pentaphylla
peraka ...
Percide...
Ferciformes
Percis’ ... 000
Perdicula
_ peregrinator
peregrinum ...
peregrinus 500
perenopterus ...
perfecta Soe
Pericrocotus ...
Pericrocutus ...
perius ...
pernigra 006
ReErmish ee. eee
roewte) eee coe
perroteti 900
perse ... 000
perseoides © ...
perseus ... 500
PCTSICA oo. soe
persicarizefolia
persimilis oop
petosiris S00
Petroscirtes ...
Pheenicophense
Pheenicophaés ...
pheenicura adic
pheocephalus ...
phasoceps 000
Phestonide ...
phalantha 606
phalena
Phapidine
INDEX,
PAGE
- O87
G60 28, 193
500 "369, 455, 457, 611
900 wee 00, AY)
see 600 . 606
- 295, 317, 5410, 541
cee 306, 367, 457
Ses wwe ooo 467
RETO Ae geen O18
Bie no eaey ae G0
Mm, Mabe oe
foo, 8 Moonie ent OE
See ee 509
Fe GEG 98
bo 8
. 872, 580, 583
Ss utens ae
BY7, 602
Bap (HOD
ws -:-597, 599, 605
hy Ata ee BNO
332, 521, 628
124, 125, 126
bee we 299
z 506
a hey 649
MOY cere GTS
w. --258, 254, 655
See EES 10
sesty ewes 286819
Sec 637, 673, 686
we 71, 587, 588, 589
oo BBB), BE BEE!
pon eee eed nOde
242, 641
os
: oon owe B45
ho als
»- 238, 247, 248, 652
40 oA 31
361
lix
PAGE
pharyge... cee ros ee 29, 31, 32
Phaseolus wee eoe 443
Phasianus ans 600 Be emells2
phayrii... a00 sete eos OOD
Phengaris 65 36, 637, 659, 685
philippinus 295, 309, 560
Phillornis oes +s«) S00
Philoctetes vee 464, 465
philomela 13, 14, 245, 244, 259, 645, 647
philoxenus - 671
Phodilus . 288
phoenicoparyphus " . 665
Phoeenicophaine «+. 821, 393
pheencopterus... os «os 303
pheenicotis mug 10}
phryne ... see soe OTL
Phyllanthus A006 .. 440
Phyllornis ont +. 460
Phylloscopus ... 110, 307, 612
phumbicolor ... . 595
Physostomi ... - 600
(Ca vere te 109, 628
Picade ... oe 457
picatus ... ees 148, 300
Picide ... 0 600 soe B39
Picing ... owe . 339
pictoralis eee 300 : oo. 457
pictus -+-72, 285, 312
AGUS Meets : - 289
Picumnus oc --. BAD
Pierine... 238, 280, 568, 569, 571, 668
Pieris + 669, 685
pictus 585, 586, 589
pileata ... 456, 533
pilonotus ots « 112
pingasa ... ene coe «©6573, BSL
pinnata ... o06 «s. 928
Piprisoma eee me 163, 308
piscator ... O00 3, 592
IRAOES:, 000 0O0 S00 - 600
Pithecops O00 600 Ac0 eee 658
Pittay ee. 30 163, 309, 698
Pittide... ove ee Reel Gs
placida ...
Plagiostomata ...
Plagusia
Plalyglossus
Planicers dor
planiceps
Platanthera
247, 259, 658
eee eee GOD
foo.) |) Bas GS
-. 607
Pe ease cx)
. 587
.. 398
lx
Platax.o» wee
Platossus ace
Platurus
platurus... le
Platycephalus ...
platyceps Ac
Platyplectrurus
Platyplecturus...
platyura
Plebeius
Plectognathi ...
Plectrurus
Pleuronectida..-
Pleuronectodiei
plexippus nee
plinius ... ae
Ploceus
Plotosus coc
lumbaginaces...«
Plum baginex e.
Plumbago oat
plumbea
plumbeomicans
Podargide go0
Podarginz
peecilopterus
Poinciana
Poliztus
polibete ... ove
polii
* polla +.
Polyacanthus «-.
Polyandria
Polycaulis
polyctor...
polydecta
Polygala odd
polymnestor
Polynemide
Polynemus
Polyodontophis
Polyommatus ..-
polytes ... One
Pomacentrus
Pomaterhinus ...
Pomatorhinus »-
pomiferum nee
pompadoura ...
Pompilide
Pompilides — ave
ooo ooo
INDEX,
PAGE |
“20 eee 605
ee eee DIS
591, 593, 594
oats ce VED:
wo. 599, 606
oe non. ae
S80 Boo. itene)
onc Penn ie
nee See lio)
as 35, 39
eae woe 608
eee coo 088
.. 597, 608
So ape G08
aia 63%
378, 661
Seat easeoOg
we 601
Pe eaO18
618, 621, 622, 623, 626
eve
... 618
wee OGL
wee 376
Lae (eS
.. BBB
EG OD
a eaeen ODS
By all
257, 259
YEW UC ta 3
633, 636, 671
NEG OF;
Bay OXRY
598, 604
SOT.
wee 642
Saar
... 580
597, 604
... 604
71, 590
181, 380, 662
580, 583, 672
ie een ALY)
Peel GeO RO
110, 305, 306, 455, 629
ees con)
sea oel:
195, 199, 206, 208, 212
see coe 463
PAGE
Pompilus, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
pondicerianus ...
Pongamia av
pontis ... 600
Poritia~ ... Nes
porphyraceus ...
porrectus ane
Portulacca
Porzana...
potina ... ood
preenubila ese
prasinus... Ont
Pratapa .-. ose
Pratincola or)
precatorius
Precis... eee
prevostiana =...
principalis a0
Prin see
Priocnemis
Prioneris 6on
prionitis coe
Pristipoma — wee
Procellaridx
* procotes Bee
procris ... S66
Proctotry pide .«..
prominens coe
prophyriacus ...
Proteroglypha ...
Prothoé ... eee
* proxima eve
Psammodynastes
Psammophis ..-
PsaYisomus eee
Psaroglossa
Psenes ... eee
Pseudagenia ...
Pseudalangium
Pseudaliris
Pseudechis
pseudelpis
Pseudergolis eve
Pseudocyclophis
Pseudogyps
pseudomeesa
Pseudoplectrurus
Pseudorhombus
213, 214
wey RO
877, 383
637, 660
we 658
peepee xp
oe) 69,009
ery Oe:
Beats: Sul)
ee agree
telat HRS
we 589, 592
we 181, 665
ses AUDIAS
so BTS
we 249, 653
Wen vers ti)
a ATT
306, 807, 612
209, 210, 212,
213, 214, 215
oe 570, 669
aed tie yond
wet e603
Reiter FY
nce) B25 198
258, 259, 655
Pop ees WiGy)
it Dye
Pc hie
we 74, 596
we 685
we 29, 198
w. 590, 592
.. 591
165, 167, 168:
doc oo 461
cae eee 605
s+ 204, 205, 207, 216
eee
dae eee 269:
i re Gt
eek seeemile
36, 37, 38, 40
Bee ae CE
589, 591
nO
was 681
so 58S
cee eos 60S
Pseudoscarus
Pseudoxenodon
Psidiai< ... sat
Psilotus ... Hes
Psittaci ... 500
Psittacidee aes
Psychotria . ...
Pterois ... ave
pterygosperma ...
ptilogenys 506
ptilonorhyneus...
puella ... ace
pulchata 900
pulchricollis
eullexairens vee
pulligo ... .
pulverulentulus
pulverulentus ...
punctata oo
punctatum 500
punctatus ove
punctulata 200
punctulatus. ...
puniceus tee:
j OWO 55 ooey aoe
pUuUraANA ov.
PUTAVA .6 eee
purpuratus ove
purpureomaculatus
purreea ... 508
pusilla ... see
pusillus oc
puspa ... “ce
Pycnonotus ...
Pyctorhis S0¢
pygargus ase
pygialis... Sot
pygmeeus 006
Pyralide 000
Pyrameis eee
pyramus ae
pyranthe loc
VOAAREINS, co) Boe
pyrrhocephalus
Pyrrhopicus ...
pyrrhotis O0C
Pyrus ...
Python ...
Pythonium
200
INDEX,
PAGE
ws 607
erin at Rah OO
See ee 883
we 530
.. 566
ws 566
wee 448
598, 604
apna 28
ssl aienae BOS
veo) DREDSG
seals 0
w= 860
seohtt 6 WSS. 360
peor 142143
w. 679
wen B47
589, 590, 592
Deen S608
Seo MO), GSS
«ee OYL, 599, 606, 607
303, 309, 607
eater bot
BOR Arar at
.. 38, 40, 661
BOG SE
seat oa 608
... 467, 486
w.. 594, 595
Leehe hey en680
seller heceeTl
eohinaabaes
w» 378, 658
we 110, 805
vee 806
.- 514
465
DvcweeiBes
Be Ayer nee HES
w« 2656, 655
w+. 668
w., 570, 670
a. 672, 669
oo eee PED
.. 344, 346
344, 346
eile
wan. 69, 696
528, 530, 531
xi
PAGE
Quadridentatee 468, 471
quadriliniatus Me oi coe 603
quercetorum .., .. B81, 391, 393, 662
Quinquedentatze 468, 475
quinticolor. .. soe 560
racemosa 000 e650 ae Soa. PADI
radiatum B00 spe OIL
radiatus... 592, 593
Ria dxelees . ap 660 woe ANG
Rahinda BAA 600 24, 25, 26, 193
tahria, ... vee Ke a eel ODO:
Yama- ... soe eee 258, 642, 657
ramdeo ... Sie Soe (ha
TAMOSISSIMUM oo : ove 448
YAMSAY1...- oes OC a06 eee 638
INERAES 8S Gacy 000 ane exe oo UN
Randia ... S00 p0 393, 397
Rangbia eve eee ..- 643
Rapala... - ... 182, 194, 391, 637, 667
TAPPil doe 500 ono oo O89
rara S00 ae 508 ae sae Gol,
Rasbora, ... oa Sots ; eee GO]
Rathinda ore Be eee - 389, 393
Rauwolfia sve Pre é wee 444
recurvirostra ... eae one seeooe
tegalis ... ons 200 006 --- 639
Reguloides ee soe O12
Reinwardtia ... ... 399, 441
religiosa... ... 309, 569, 573, 574, 695
Temba eee. AO O00 006 -. 57d
remifer ... ano oC ew 458, 610
TEPENS= s.2 cee O00 dee. ee 502
Testricta... Selet Soe: eee oo. 680
reticularis BS as 592, 593, 608
reticulata 206 HOG see OSE
reticulatus one ace Fog eke GG
rhadamanthus .... ee one eos 638
theedii ... nee doc Se eee 690
rhetenor 006
rhetsa 60C
Rhinopalpa ...
Rhinophis - ...68, 70,
Rhipidura.- ...
* rhoda ... se
Rhododytes- ...
* rhodopis eee’
Thoecus ose eae
rhomboidea
Rhopalocampta
eve
eee
w- 636, 671
580, 581, 582
ss buls ROD
226, 588, 590, 591
-. 148, 302
wa) 184194
ber EE Br
183, 184, 185, 194
woos 182) 194
cra ail
145, 146
Txt
Rhopalocera
Rhynchea bie
Rhynechobdella...
Rhynchobdellidee
rhynchops
rhyncops
richardi ...
Rita aes B56
Titchiel ov
Riitrays ee
Fivulatus toe
robusta ...
#robustirostris...
rogenhoferii
‘rohria ... ees
rosa
Rosaces
TOSACCUB.--
TOSCBy. | oan
YOSCUS ve abe
TOSiMON ...
rottleri ...
rotundata
Rourea ... Bae
* roxana
roxburghiana ...
roxburghii
roxus
® yubescens
Rubiaces
Rubigula
rubricapilla
rubricapillus ...
rtubriventer ....
rubrolineata
rubropygius
Rubus
rudis
rufa ase
ruficollis
rufigularis onc
rufipennis one
rafitarsis
rufiventris bes
rufo-faseiatus
rufula-. one
rufulus ..
rufus
ove
cco eo'o
ore coo
ene. 00's,
eo cre
coe
rugosa
FULOSUS 0%
eco
INDEX.
PAGE
13, 169
scat AEDES
599, 606
. 606
598, 594
cc RTE
wee ieee ane
we 601
vee 890
... 185, 194
... 602
reds SERN
ww. B56
i st G89
Peaster
566, 567
94, 443
Neat:
620, 621, 622, 625, 626
ooo’
ah geevG08
379, 380, 661
sie bod Shea BOB
wre 654
Meet alts
638, 661
we 258, 442
396, 445, 448
633, 661
ere raIBDS
254, 448, 502
wha.) evi BOB
we 290
458, 610
vee 589
ne 16T
wee 448
294, 817, 540
woe 454
woe 454
we 629
291, 828, 370
matte 485
146, 149
196, 216
BAW aS)
3, 455, 456, 611
BOI, 593
380, 442
wee B93
eoe
ae0
70
PAGE
rumphiana eee OLE coe 484
russelli ... oe) OOS
russellii o.. see 75, 596, 604
rustica +. ti e eos «©1109, 308
rusticola aes COC Bae Sot bz
Rutacez... occ -. 579, 584
Ruticilla eae ate oe 148
Saccobranchus... coe cee 598, GOE
‘ Saccopetalum ... oo) 2585578
BACCL): ove Bee Ho ose D20
Sadargase. ao Boe ee ove G41
Sagitta 0. 108 on6 oce coe 606
_ Sagittarius ono ogc wee sss 590
Saitis ... eae c 244, 259"
Bakra. ... con pane ee «645, 687
Salarias... Sac coo bas oo 606
Salatura COL q00 ses 637
Salius 2.0199, 208, 211, 212, 214, 216, 216
Salix)... onK AG sae eee O96
salmoides ae ees on6 vee 602
saloma ... Het S00 coe 248
salsala .o- : COG ae coe OTF
Salvadora aus ce caC eos DTZ
salvensis Soc S ve eee OLY
Samanta ce O06 coe 642
sambucina =... ee 391, 448
SAMIO eee Sc8 -- 14, 110, 193
sanctijohannis ev. es mas AAT a4
Sancus oe. ae coe OTF
sanguineus — ev. ore 70,71, 236, 588
santaloides —.». : oe 258
Sapindacese «se . ewe 442
Salaca ee. oc occ oda ooo OVA
SATANA 204 wee eo eee 601
Sarangesa 8c0 oe. 673
Sarbaria eee S06 w-. 672
Sarcoramphus ... ove coe 306
sari eee coe 280, 281, 283
SsarmentOsa — cee Ae eae «-- 620
sarpedon eve 186, 194, 573, 578, 672
Sasla lees sre 586 oe oe BAF
saturata... coe toe ouc 2-8, 40
satwa nes ale oes oe ONG
Satyrine 14], 242, 244, 245, 246, 640
saularis ... oon Oot 11, 303, 569
Sauramatum ... oi 528, 530, 531
Saurida... oc ae ane coo G02:
Sauromatum es. oe sete --» 530
Savala see ale coe coo G04
BAVATA ve des
scaber 0. ie
SCabra .e- 565
‘scandens eae
Scansores 50
‘SCariosa ...
Scatophagus ...
schakra or
acheriz ... cae
schiddtei oe
schistacea 500
schisticeps —...
‘schistosus ae
Schleichera ...
Scheenicola ...
schreiberi wes
PCiana oo. sie
Scienids ese
Scienoides ...
scintillans 08
scloénsis es
Scitaminezs ...
‘Sclerodermi ...
Scolopax =e
Scolopsis S00
Scomber
Scombresocide
Scombrida ...
Scopelidza eee
Scops .e. oad
iScorpzena eee
Scorpenide ...
Scorpoena cao
Scrilophus ...
scriptus S00
scutata ... oes
scutator eee
‘scutellata =
Scutia ... o00
scutulata =00
scylax ... a
Scylliide ae
Sebastonyma ...
seenghala oe
Selachoidei_ ...
selenophora...
semamora S00
Semecarpus ...
Semiaurata ...
semicarpifolia...
°
eoo
w-» 381, 607, 620, 626
woe 485
se Aol
477, 478
.-391, 392, 637, 665
ooo
SEVETA oo. ee
455, 456, 567 | severus... ...
72, 592 | Sexdentate. ...
377,442 |) Sextarius 506
ee 315 | shangaiensis ...
. 257 " shorii. ... ‘oes
soe GOL 4 Sibling... sc.
597, 604 | Sideroxylon. ...
--. 604 | sidonis...
exo 665 | sieboldii
ee 471 | sigillata B06
eee 396 | sihama... ;
eee 608 | sikkima eee
eoe LIZ | gikkimensis. ...
eee 603 | silhetana Bas
eee 605 | Sillago ... ee
--- 602 | Siluride se
.-. 605 | Silybura
oe eco 602 | simillima HOC
287, 326, 630 | Simiskina ...
soe O98
eos 604 | simplex... eee
oo. 604 | simulata ee
oo 167 | Sinchula 600
ee. O87 | sindensis c5
-- 607 | sindiana =—s«iws.
--» 599 | sinensis sae
-- 327 | singala... 200
o» 442 | sinha ... 600
eee 287 | Sinhala... once
637, 651 | sinorix ... ase
> 600 | Sinthusa se
679, 685 | Sinuata... see
eee 601 | Siphia ... oa
-ee GOOMIMSIIAN Ge. © bee
254,655 | Sithon ...
--- 681 | Sitodium sae
103, 107 | Sitta ... ae
--- 463 | siva = O60
semifasiatus ...
senigallus S60
Senna ... ack
Sepedon 006
septentrionalis
septentrionis ...
seracensis Be
Serranus 35
serraticeps ...
serratus
ooo
@o-o
lei
, PAGE
186, 187
ees and BB
C50 S00 tate
114, 117, 122
Sc (hs fe 500)
~.. 240, 637
a AUD AIS
Boh aeeeeGOD
wey 1420 143
Pell 608
210, 211, 215
-- 210, 215, 216, 521
468, 477
Met 608
w+ 495, 480
EARN A BY 5
del eet 458
eet nea aee
... 636, 644
w-. 598, 596
Pa ec OM
Shh cate G08
667, 681
Se Uiynecer Oud
569, 571, 584
ese uo sse O05
Sete eee O00
--.68, 70, 586, 588, 590, 591
owas 1
28, 29, 81, 32, 193
Simotes, 71, 586, 587, 588, 590, 591, 592, 593
578, 583 | smaragdina ...
200
o
eo
eeeRe gn 109
BL Nee D1
Ee yas
Be 4608
SOA ibe H BLT.
111, 112, 823, 371
Be ciaeiB46
ae Caer ODe
Shoal
Se kite dl
Sad Dee OG8
were, 255"
5,4 tyes BUS
eat thee DLO
woe | yesealiges
RMR ArKO
soe, Eee
Bonen eri (330)
Seyi ee BOS
Ixiv
Smithia
smithii ...
smyrnensis
socialis ...
sodalis -ce
Solanaceze
Solanum
Solea’ ...
Solenopsis
soma: | --
sommeringii
sona
sondaicus
sonnerati
sordida ...
Spalgis ...
Sparide...
sparveroides
speciosa
speciosus
* speculata
oe
INDEX.
PAGE
toe woe ASB
900 Sag Jue
295, 317, 541, 542, 548, 549
seh eds 20,8806
w-» 280, 288
vee 445
445, 487
eee 608
emer 7
we 654
sedlitsiavaProaeel BSS
seats ites EGON
Soe) ayes he EO NGT
290, 602
see ie ar clB03 8649
w. 872, 886, 658
ue ear Us
SM eaten Pea LT
wee 453
eco cece
151, 152, 613, 614, 631
471, 478, 480
Spedon ... are a Oc el ery LOS}
Sphegides 300 ose coe 463
Sphenocercus ... ate eso BOL
sphenurus . 000 300 cero OF:
Sphes ... - 195,208, 210, 211,212, 314
Sphinx... doe nee 556 Ai OR
Sphynx... bc oad Sad ae 582
spicata ... ee 257, 376, 378, 383, 571
spicifer... ee Sha earls w-- 608
spilocephalus ... oes coe 630
spilogaster - se e-- 286, 329
spilonotus me eee eee vee DIS
spiloptera coe 304, 461, 652
Spilornis ... 286, 325, 329, 511
Spinolia soe eset (en AON OU
spirocerus te 600 ond) Bag 2ghl
Spizaétus St 506 BoC vos 112
Spizetus * 286, 315, 510
splendens ose alee coe 453
splendidum ... ots 478, 480, 481
splendidus... 500 506 +00, 09D
Spodiopyga’ ... 6 06 . 561
squalidum ... poe God «ee L638
Squamipinnes eee 603
Stachyridopsis Ad eee 306
Stackyris S00 554 cee 308
staphylea SG ese eee 448
Stegostoma ... Ao \ex0}0)
steindachneri ... ... 606
stelis
stellara
stellata ...
steloides
stenorhyncus ...
stenura ...
Stephegyne .
Sterculia
Sterculiacess
Sterna...
Stictoploea
Stilbum...
stipulata...
stokesi ...
stolatus...
Stoliezkaia .
Stoparola
strabo ...«
striata ...
striatus...
stricklandi
Stricta oe.
strictum
strigatus
Striges ...
Strigops
strigosa, ...
striolatus
SUnicimmee es
Strobilanthes ...
Stromateus
Stromateidee
strongylora
Strychnos
Sturnia...
Sturnide
Sturnopastor
Sturmus...
Suastus ...
suaveolens
subbutea
subdita ...
subfasciata
subfestivus
subfurcatus
subgriseus
sublineatus
subminiatus
subminuta
/ subocularis
ave
evo
wa 1h BUTS ISHOON
PAGE
ele an0 eo. 198
v0 S00 eee G45
wos bys) ens ce ROR OLS
-; 198,216
er fly Bete
Bre as ae
we 448
. 440
1 441
vee REO
es os 639
..467, 478, 480, 481
we eee AAO, AES
sac cou) senelied RSET
72, 592
°
200 500 aa DOO
RH soi: S05)
we 308, 309, 313
wee 805, 590, 606
... 289
as. 448
eve coe
coo eve
eG). Ot
we 605
597, 605
25s BOR
--. 690
w 616
(5,616
.0 617
... 882
1. 679
636, 642
subpunctatus ...
subrufa ...
subtestacea
subvittatus
succirubra
suffusa ...
gugriva ...
su) phureus
sultanea...
sultaneus
sundanum
superbus
superciliosa
superciliosus ...
suratensis
Surendra
surinamensis ...
Surniculus
surya
susanne
sutorius
Suya
Swertia...
swinhoei
sy cophanta
SYKesi oe
syla _
sylvatica
sylvestre
Sylviide
Symbrenthia
symethus
Symphedra ...
Symplocos = «.
Synaptura
Syngnathide ...
Syngnathus
syriaca... 0
syrichthus wee
Syrnium
tabella...
Tachornis cae
Taccocua
Tachypetes
teeniurus
Tagiades
taigoor ...
INDEX,
PAGE
71, 590
.. 536
-.. 680
.-- 676
806
. 657
.. 892
s+. 608
we 460
. 350
. 264
.. 465
... 114
a2 612
310, 360, 607
... B81, 391, 398, 662
S00 eee 603
eee 18, 290, 321, 367
+ 399
On0 eee 328
110, 306, 611
Seay Bs
eee (68
282, 295, 672
212, 213
-.- 299
-. 664
.. 551
Fel asec upiicee eee
ele a ec een De ee GU
w. 637, 656
. 658
eee ove eee 254
Sih eree
w 608
v1. 608
... 608
JA ca wees lG3
oe a RO TE
286, 288, 325
644, 645, 647
319, 545, 650
be oe
. 518
Re Mepese ny
187, 194, 637, 673
ewe , 285, 312, 313
Tajuria, 177, 178, 181, 194, 385, 386, 393,
636, 666,667 | Thaduka
talabonoides
Talicada
talinga. ...
tamala ...
Tamera...
tamilana
Tansima,
taprobana
Taractrocera
Taraka ...
Tarucus...
Taxila
Tectona
teesa,
teesta
Teinopalpus
teira
Telchinia
Teleostei
telephus
Telicota
Temenuchus ...
temmincki
templetonii
Tenthredides
tenuiceps
tenuicollis
tenuirostris
tephlis ...
Tephrodornis ...
tephronotus
Teracolus
*Teratomorpha...
Terebintacess ..
teredon ...
Terias ...
Terminalia
terminalis
Termites
Terpsiphone
tertracanthus ...
Tesia
tesselata...
tetradactylus ...
Tetradrachmum
tetrasperma
Tetrodon
: Teuthidide
Teuthis ...
Ixv
PAGE
598, 600
375, 398
...39, 40, 193
w. 895
Spo OP
... 581
. 644
sends |) obeyy DETBTE
.. 191, 686, 676, 687
208 -.+ 658
we. 378, 661, 662
... 657, 685
--. 440
wee BIS
. 668
671, 685
w+. 605
.-. 246
..- 600
W578
.. 680
. 616
. 458
.. 588
... 468
. 587
. 598
. 615
eve. pan ia k
sce i ooue SUOMGIS
se asec tee BTS
569, 572, 573
we 191, 194
94
. 578
280, 69, 570, ‘B72, 584, 669
382, 383, 384, 389, 440
. 199
153, 303
301, 628
oo BOT
.. 458
-+- 600
«+. 604
ee MeH660
SLOW Le SOE
600, 608
ws. 604
o+ 604
HU382
{xvi
PAGE
thais ee. oe eee aoe coo 22
Thamnobia—... eats 606 coe BU4
Thaumantis ... uF 508 see'602 |
Thela, ... - 620
theobaldianus ... 30 593
theophrastus bo 300 « 318
Therapon sae Ace eee coe 603
theraps ... oo see : ese 603
Thereiceryx ..- 508 oe vos 316
Thespesia ate eee coe 441 |
thestylis coe 669 |
PHOLINI Ui oderer: sees eset) ice o»- 883
*thria ... S06 eae eee 181,194
Thriponax ae eae ove 348
Thunbergia. .. one - 445
Thymelicus 191, 678
thyodamas ose 256, 259, 656 |
thyrsis ... aoe 506 coo 680
tiberiadis eee ado coo 465
tickelli ... aoe ». 803
Tiga «. cae o- 846, 653
tigrina ... oD : wesioho
tigrinum s08 - 600
Timelia 0 oc eee 456
Timeliinz 086 ~ 456
timoleon we ove 831, 393
tinctoria on0 560 eee §=440, 651
tinnuneculus ..« ats coo ©6286, 524
tiphia ... Ane coe 305, 459
Tirumala sac bee eo» 637
*toba, eee oaC 400 eas AB75194
Tochus ov. a : owe 293
todara ... oes cae 243, 391, 667
Toddalia coe a coe te LD
tomentosa ove eee coo —3O0, 440
tomentosum, 258, 264, 267, 273, 274, 444,
578
tomentosus 378, 384
Tompsonia = «se S00 658 oo O29
Tomsonia oe . ». 528
tOONR = eve see eee eee »- 682
tor Ayes 100 ese we eo 601
Torpedinidsa ... oe Bas --» 600
torquata... eee soe wo =. 24, 566
torquatus eve ace 75, 324, 588
torquilla ° nee ses coo DOL
torringtonia sr. to one . 310
Totanus OOo 200 sos . 314
toxicodendron ace wes coe 107
Trachinida c. «eo wee coo 605
INDEX.
| trailii ...
Trachischium... se aes
trachyprocta ... ese 500
Tragia ... S00 eee cod
tranquebaricus
travancoricus ...
Trepsichrois ... eae see
trepudians —«.. 00
Trerones. 500 a8 500
Treronine ae see
trevelianus-~ ... “oP
triacantha
Trichiuride
Trichiurus
Trichosanthe ..
tridactyla
Tridentatee
trifasciatus
TU boked les 30
trigonata
Trigonocephalus
trigonocephalus
trigyna...
trijuga
trilineatum
trilineatus... 50¢ one
trilobatum
trimaculatus ...
Trimeresurus, 76, 77, 593, 587, 589, 590,
68, 70, 71,
PAGE
587, 589
wee 588
se 24a
we 615
woe 360
236, 590
we 638
. 278
368, 364
wee B63
wee 236
on ava
w. 604
. 604
490
295, 542
468, 471
. 608
we 606
78, 598
. 114
590, 592
399, 441
877, 442
. 601
. 588
. 531
. 587
592, 594, 595, 596
Tringa ... 4 aes 500 eee O14
Tringoides ... ss 506 -- 3l4
Lripodonotus ... Sod aus
tripudians ... 74, 115, 596
tristis ... J
Triumfetta ...
i, 370, 541, 617
. 441
trivirgatus 285, 519
Trochalopterum Sho ele - 629
trochilus oes see ee 3.73, 658
Trogones a 358
Trogonide ... S06 . 358
Troides 36 239, 671
Tropidonotus, 72, 586, 591, E92, 593, 694,
595
truneata woe eve eee -- 443
truncatus eee eee eco eee 465
Trypanchen . 606
Tryxalis -- 126
tuberculatis : ewe 18
tullia ... “es see 246, 662
INDEX.
PAGE
tumpbil ... AaG b06 see sc 602
Turdinus wee ees BOS
Turdus ... oo6 ee abe ove B04
turkestanicus ... ase O00 eee 465
Turnix ... a0 285, 312, 313
turrita ... 000 G0 ela Aoi alg)
Durgury cs. 000 eae ee 310,360
Turturines Hes Ls ae one B60!
tusalia .. «. B61
tympanifera - 680
Typhlopide 69, 586
Typhlops 69, 591, 5938, 594, 595, 596
Typhlopsylla ... . 143
tytia «0 637
ty tioides aes dic coo woe 23
tytleri ... ee 616
Udaspes soe 680
uliginosa eee eee O98
undularis oo. 651
undulata 598, 60°
undulatus 566, 608
unicolor -- 390, 588, 630
Unidentate ... bac vos 468
Unona ... « 579
Upape ... woe BOT
Upeneoides one see 603
Upupa .. 111, 319, 357
Upupide coe BDT
Uranoscopide ... ae 200 eee 605
ULANOSCOpUs ..- sae --o 5698, 604
ULEDS eee C00 ase Sis cue
Uroloncha 606 Sa aa wee
Uropeltide ... sae 500 eo 670
Uropeltis O00 ace o00 soe OO]
Urocissa tag ase Soe) - 109
ursinus ase Yes els 688
vagabundus 603
VAGINA ooo tee ele owe 606
valakadien ... Goo S00 Se 0
valida... 285, 307
Vanessa coe 655
varaha oo. : «. 245
Varanus a ws sae sao
Varia ... 317, 327
VATIUS .. 200 a00 366, 867
varmona 251, 654
Varuna ... 392, 668
VASAVA oe. O00 ». 673
vasudeva Ou O60 oo 65]
levis
PAGE
vasuki oo 306 606 oe G06
*vegeta... 6a0 Bo0 «. 195, 216
velutinum oe 254
ventrimaculatus 006 ove B9Z
verhuellii, ... tee oe OF)
Verma «oe ae 000 coe 644
vernalis... 600 600 - 823, 567
vernicifera ... ae On oo LOT
vesta ... Con ace coe GOT
Vigua ... ooo 443
vihara ... BES ads 173, 174
villosus ... : 5 491, 492
vindhiana ap as +» 509
vindhya... wae «oe 643
viola.. ... SC ace 35, 375
violacea.... . 592
viole ... ape Ges oo 246
violascens ooo 465
Vipena .-. we 100 ~ 114
Vipera .-. 15, 5938, 594, 595, 596
Viperide nee 75
Virachola AOC 333, 334, 335, 390, 392
Vitaja. «0. we c 251, 259
Virapa ... one see. eve ~~ 640, 687
virens ... ace 249, 253
virgatts... ae ce wee 519, 550
Virides ... we tee oes ose 468
viridifrons ... ove DOD
*viridipes ee ae neces femelle
viridipuctatus ... ess 606
viridirostris : owe 291
viridis ... 295, 309, “478, 480, 481, 560
visala ...' 242, 642
VISCOS& 20. ule sole -» 620
viscosum eas Rae oo 443
vittatus ... Sas wee -» 603
volitans... - 604
Volvocivora eee 614
vosmeri... 500 560 600 - 603
vulcanus A 385, 386, 666
vulgaris cele eve soo BO
Wagatea w+. 257, 376, 378, 383, 572
Wahlenbergia ... . 444
waigiensis eo see 607
walleri ... Ooo
wallichianum ... 528, 530, 531
wallichianus . 387
walteri ... 500 eee 589
wardi «eo ace con oso 206
XVIil
WATAli ooo
watsonii
wedah: ...
Wendlandia.
wesmaeli
westermanni
wightiana
Woodfordia.
Wrightia
*wroughtoni
wynadense
xanites ...
Xanthixus
xanthogenys
Xantholema
xanthorhynchus
xanthorrhous ...
xanthoschista ...
xanthurus
Xenelaphis
Xenocheophis ...
Xenopeltis
xenophon
xiphia ...
Xylia
Xylophis
xylopyrus
YA]NA- 00
yama,
yamoides
Ypthima
INDEX,
PAGE
Ss vutd deel sas ODE
we eee 649, 669
hic ens eo HURODD
- .. 258, 443
Aenea tL Ags
in aloes ern gents Te)
Neos Bee ar
wee 448
a . 440
466, 469, 479, 480, 481
- . 588
Fre . 189
Rau eater nL Tt
Br acre UPL
290, 816, 357
Roots eanieee aT EROS OS
ee hull
oe bast eei629
eos eerste | O04
ent SL ee Ne or
os Uh eee, Batt ee SOOR.
ce Geka
tread seNase
wee ee» B69, 669
...378, 877, 378, 382, 384, 886, 888
71, 587, 588
379, 892, 442
eee cece 1823
.- 644
BCU tees UGA
18, 19, 193, 243, 259, 686,
644, 687
Yungipicus
zal B00
ZALMOYA «6
Zamenis, 71,
Zanclostomus ...
Zanthoxylum ...
Zaochis ...
A) 0:
zelmira ...
zelotypus
Zeltus
Zemeros
Zephyrus
Zesius ...
Zetides
zeylanica
zeylanicum
zeylonicus
Ziclea ...
TAN hess
ZiNASPA. ee
Zipcetes
Zipeetis
zitenius
Zizera ..«
Zizyphus
*z0beida
Zographetus
Zonate ee
ZOrNia oo.
Zosterops
PAGE
Ary) wood ee aoe, ey
ais) eee ONtaien, eee
ae 372, 658
585, 586, 589, 591, 592, 598,
394, 595, 596
. 291
580, 581, 582
wee 1) GIES
608, 675
. 670
} : 201, 216
at oe oh) eee WBBBNGOD
vee Lit ane fe Met ee MOB
cee eee 636, 664, 685, 687
wee ase > BBB, 384,898
eB secs OT
w. --290, 389, 618
Eel ees . 254
307, 308, 316
677, 687
we 665
391, 667
Res 687, 651, 685
Prange cere ONL. AN
ee . 651
238, 373, 659
378, 379, 880, 385, 392, 442
471, 474
wis, ee renee ORO
aes ecliesd ROE
Pty oh Oe
12, 308, 458
eae
YF pad
COR
ees
=.
¥
=
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