‘ ‘ i i ‘4 ay i

i ee ep SOK NGSy i

Dr taieast ty ey ta ant ea eae Dearden A Ati ' uA i

vid Te Tt a a at wie ei ie ‘

Wen Laelia ey eh pas Matar

yah Vaasa i UN

aC aera Ba tat Mio

Vig ulate

so an

NaN

A ; i

Pat ty hea y ‘

Pgh 1+

n 4" Ye ; ty

M a) Hes, a

ts na j NAL cfiady ARTA NS alu

mis ety ety WM AAs ogy aay

ASAE AAAs aa te ‘

1 { i RUG ; " 4 a

Par ci ae n't ’ Pe] Wek ylwee chin ‘ t=

; J 1A x z a 3 it seer

, ) ‘hs bat

, ' ee ye ‘ a 4

AM aithen th peta RY

vy wWi4a4 ) hs fy 8

sa ni

A AAS Hi % Shs 5 bel

Ne ta

> Yt ty

t : iad ty Yeti anya rn

j eee

4th { AND ay

. ' ” ALAR t 4 yt yi

, ) AAW ' a

We Agen eT +, i

iS dy ‘ Ney Bie Ne WD

+ AAAS RA Nase

, ‘ Racy ‘ i hha

val ‘ ) vy,

: P ' va bay

: ; i ; y ; ] ai f ; : : spun

spitantati ae t : Gran ae } 3

" 4 ' ah i : babes i ihe Festi iH

‘ f we at Wits HK

f 3 I . nee ‘

ats 4 , * “4 b=

i ;

vie rant Jiphesh

24 A ee he ae

; ; k HN ge

" ‘ , i Aad Wat bave

‘ » } rea nei yt lep 4

| ; fit), Yost

i Can ; : Cn ee t

ti} 4

hey # gf ;

f 59 Ba GE Ag ae

, aL i" r }

: 1a . 1% i Pot Ae a ’ , ? 5 n

» ' NG ‘ " PS , ‘ TAK (i ; a ae} ’ i t ey by ries nan a pay th

U VOR aaa Jb po a MATEY

Poe Oey )

. 5 i ry ae ‘ ‘

Le Rinalb ey Pyeng tod

Peart oe eae a

wed dar het

La ago

Duan bs be

Fibybs

aces

N ii oy

f290'F VAlrtas ee

ri eth

vied

ses 5 On ihy

i + j:

woe

5 ‘ Paehe

5 a a Oe

PIO DMT Ly VR ee ee 1 AEG

UE PA RE setig a ash toned eid Pde deg

Remar PI A I Oo a fs Je oe bs Bae A Lg oe Be

EPIL aa RL Ee is i OPP Mie tees Weed

LO eT Ee Ve ds de “eth pd

i ah

Th.8y et ie xf

ae vate

rar) i

4 4 ‘

he Ue eA

Wd Be WU nb

a ey eo Ss

Awa a

i SEZ SEZ.

ST LO NTIS =i ae

Ine

a vi

ALIO Se

Lp cal

His

hss?

fr R)

se a)

SY &

SS" a

om, 5 Me)

PN Fee,

“ie

‘| ry "

fei

eae

Mineman

iy,

og.)

Re,

is 1

“ch

eter al

wah

he 125,

‘ #p oe iy

i }

ay lly

fae

Hea.

hy 4

cs vn

meer

Set Ie

REY

= |

Se :

aoe

Ore

20)

Bas 5B

Ae mane

é \

= Sy, Ne

fi)

Paddy!

MI-ah "

cali

a5;

ni al on ilb ni

4 fe

Ze.

53 SHOR

ri)

Bre

Merre

SSNS

ene we J bs 4

YEAS, 3

ib | ae,

ert

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bompay Natura Hisrory Socrery.

EDITED BY

H. M. PHIPSON, C.M.2Z.S.,

Honorary Secretary.

PRARAA A een

SF een

: Ke

Nationaj 200%

VOL XT:

Consisting of Five Parts and containing

Forty-four Plates and Vwelve Woodcuts,

Dates of Publication.

Part ICPages 10170)... coc ese cae eve soe seo ooo LOZ June, 1897.

PER Races 171. £0/ 346) toon Meo) ons, |) nec)” ee ee eel Ngee Tao

99 ITI (Pages B47 to 554) eoo eee ee0 ene ooo eee enor eee 2th Feb., 1898,

IV (Pages 55d to 750) ece coo coe eon eve eon eno eon 12¢h July, 1898.

V Cade, £e.) 020 eae eee eee oa woo aoe oae 1s¢ Dee., 1898,

: Hombay:

OREN RD ACE 2 LM Eee INES) Ook) IN DIA” (ST EAM PORE S)S

Hombay Hatuyal History Society,

OFFICH-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS, :

HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS

ON fst SEPTEMBER, 1898.

LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.

President.

H. E. the Right Honorable LorD SanpHursv.

Wice- Presidents,

Dr. D. MacDonald, M.D., B.SC., C.M.

Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.

Won. Secretary.

Mr, H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.

Won. Treasurer,

Mr. N. C. Macleod.

Lditor.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.u.z.s.

fManaging Committee.

Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham, F.z.s. Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.H.s., ¢..Z.8.

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. Capt, A. J. Peile, R.a.

Dr. D. MacDonald. Mr. E. L. Barton.

Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1c. Mr. Reginald Gilbert.

Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J. Mr. R. M. Branson.

Surg.-Lt-Col. T. 8. Weir. Mr. Hi. Comber.

Surg.- Lt.-Col. K.R. Kirtikar, r.s.m. | Mr. R. C. Wroughton.

Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B, | Mr. T. R. D. Bell.

Mr. W.S8. Millard. Capt. A. Newnham, F.z.S.

Mr. N.C. Macleod, ex-officio,

Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s., ex-officio.

1st Section —(Mammals and Birds.)

President—Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B.

Secretary—Mr. HE. Comber.

2nd Section.—{ Reptiles and Fishes.)

President—Mr. G. W. Vidal, 1.0.8.

Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.o.z.s.

3rd Section.—{ Insects.)

President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.E.8., C.M.Z.S.

Secretary—Mr. E. H. Aitken.

4th Section.—{ Other Invertebrates.)

President—{ Vacant.)

Secretary—Dr. P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N.

dth Section.—(Botany.)

President—( Vacant.)

Secretary—Surgeon-Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, r.s.m. (France), M.B.c.s.

Bombay Hatural Histo | Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Lirt Memerrs.

Aga Khan, H. H. the -- Bombay. —

Austria, H. I. H. the ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand. . Europe.

Baroda, The Curator, Baroda State Museum _... Baroda.

Barton, E. L. ae coe A .-- Bombay.

Bates, S, B (E.Z.8.) Sor ees .. Mingin, Burma.

Beale, H. F. .. Poona.

Bhownagar, H. H, the Maharaja Bhoosingj of .. . Bhownagar.

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb ... .. Chumba.

Bikaneer, H. 'HL. the eee of ae . Bikaneer.

Caccia, A. M. “a we re Dehn Dunes

Cama, Dr. Maneckjt D. ise eee .-- Bombay.

Cama, K. R. 300 Sh -»» Bombay.

Coode, J. M. oc ... Madras.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor ©. M. a .-- Bombay.

Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of sae .-- Cutch.

Dawson, W. H. (1.¢.8.) ie ae ... Rangoon.

Drake-Brockman, Surg.-Capt. H. H. ... --- Bhurtpur.

Dwarkadas, Naranji ie ... Bombay,

Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji Ae .-- Bombay.

Habibuddin, 8. (H.c.s.) ee oe --- Khamamet.

Hyam, Judah ase . Poona.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenrac

Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ... Kolhapur.

Inverarity, J. D. ... ws .-. Hurope.

Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja OL inte. ... Kolhapur.

Lamb, R. A. (1.¢ = wie sie .». Poona.

Long, G. R. Bee ee .-. Moulmein.

Mee iiovela. Dr. D. ee use .-- Bombay.

Mandlik, Naray Vishvanath ... eae .. Bombay.

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald... . Bombay.

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh alias Baba-

sahib Patwardhan, Chief of .«. Miraj.

Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Sahib of _.. Rajkote.

Olivier, Lient.-Col. H. D. oo Ms sa Eee

Partridge, Henry ... “ oe .. Pyinmana, Burma.

Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw seh wee .»» Bombay.

Potit, Jehangir Boman}ji S08 a .-. Bombay.

Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z. Sey ee ie .-- Bombay.

Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... os: ».. Hurope.

Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. ees. eee Oodeypore.

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja... oh .. Gwalior,

Sinclair, W. F. (1.0s.) wes ae ... Europe.

Spooner, T. J. (0.z.) 0 ees ... Mtotowa, Udi, E.

Africa.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Tata, Dorabji J.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas

silly) Vy El.

.. Bombay.

.. Mingm, Burma.

Ulwar, H. H. the Maharaja Jey pene of .. Ulwar.

Unwalla, andiclia vere .. Bhownagar.

Viccaji, Framji iR.. .. Bombay.

Whitworth, G. C. (1, C8.) .. Karachi,

Yerbury, Col. J. W. .. Hurope.

Honorary CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Forel, Professeur Auguste .. Hurope.

Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von... -. Java.

Kerkhoven, H. J. ... Zee eos Java,

Maries, Chas. one .. Gwalior.

Nicéville, L. de (F.E.S., C.M.Z. s, ) eos «.» Calcutta,

Oates, H. W. son on eo. Liurope.

| MeEmeBeErs.

Abercrombie, A. .. Hurope.

Acworth, EH. C. B.

Acworth, H. A. Gos.)

ig Bombay.

.. Europe.

Adam, James (GAB)! 55 af Bombay.

Adams, Sa Deion ... Hurope.

Aga Khan, His Highness (Life Member) -» Bombay.

Re .. Poona,

Aga Shaha Rookh Shaha, H. H.

Aga Sheikh Mahomed <i

Ainslie, Lieut. H. P.

ia Mahboobnagar.

.. Secunderabad.

Aitken, H. H. Hs Eas oo -.. Uran, Alibag.

Alcock, J. B. (1.0. =), sce oe ~. Nasik.

Allen, GB. ote “66 .e» Cawnpore,

Allen, out, tk a Res .-. Madras.

Allum, H. F. oa a -- Bombay.

Almon, W, .-- Bombay.

Ameerudin Tyabjeos .-. Bombay.

Anderson, Surg.- “Major A.V. oe. Nasik.

Anderson, Capt. H.R. EF. . c ... Hurope.

Anderson, J.C... so oe --. Bombay.

Andersonn, M. as ae -. Europe.

Andrade, Lancastro “Pereira d’ ee --- Marmagoa,

Ansell, HE, T. 5S ae che --- Bombay.

Anthony SEL AB. te eex ee Sn ees Moulmein.

ape. (SEY) (AGW...) inne oe ... Lurope.

Armstrong, Surg.-Major J. ...

Ashburner, Khan Bahadur Rustomjee i

Atlay, F.

Atterbury, J. H. .

Austria, H. I. A. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(Life seals

. Cawnpore.

-- Bombay.

-- Mogok, U.- Burma.

1) Burope.

ee Lurope.

a LIST OF MEMBERS.

Babajee Gopal Bee . = --» Bombay.

setae Col. P. F. M. Soc So0 --. Cawnpore.

Bagley, F.(c. 8.) ... au .... Maymyo, Burma.

Bailward, THs, AC. (R..) bs --- Hurope.

Bainbridge, Brig.-Surg.-Lieut.-Col. G... --- Poona.

Bajana, H. H. Prince Joravarkhanji ofa se +. Bajana.

Baldrey, Vet.-Lt. F.8.H. ... nc .«- Parel,

Baker, E. C. Stuart... ae so .-- Haflong.

Baker, R. T. as se bee .-. Europe.

Bamford, CN) Danae ote + eee Whillone, Assam,

Banks, Sure. -Lieut.-Col. S. ... Be ... Kamptee.

Bapty, James R.... oy. Be -.- Bombay.

Barclay, Major... aa .. Hurope.

Barker, Surg.-Lieut.-Col. F. C. aes .. Bombay.

Barker, P. W. oe ... Neschindipur, Hi, B.

Ry.

Barnard, Lieut. A. H. a wee ... Rangoon,

Barnes, Surg. -Major Hy. J. .- Aden.

Baroda, The | Geitor. Baroda State Museum (ie

Member) -- Baroda.

Baroda, H. H. the: Gaekwar of ats .. Baroda.

Barrow, Surg. -lieut-Col. H. J. W. ... ... Cairo, Egypt.

Barrow, H.W, ae ade ... Hurope.

Barton, bh. L. (Life Member) a oe ... Bombay.

Barton, Capt. J. B.. tee ... Hurope.

Bassett-Smith, Dr. P, W. (n.) me ... Hurope.

Batchelor, S. ihe (cs) sit ... Hurope,

Bates, 8. B. (#.2.8.) ca Meme) si ... Mingin, Burma.

Batten, Capt. F. G.. ay ... Rangoon.

Battie, J. 8. Bee ae We ... Mangalore.

Baumbach, R. “a8 oe eae ... Hurope.

Dalen. We tenien meee acs ee ... Bombay.

Beadon, Lieut. W. ave ie ... Dehra Ismail Khan.

Beale, H. F. (Life Mombet) a a ... Poona.

Beaufort, Jal, Jt aoe 550 ... Hurope.

Beaumont, Tote Aas Ges .-. Karachi.

Becher, Major EK. F. ae ne »-. Lurope.

Beechey, Neots Va. Lae A ... Sambulpur.

Bell, Lieut. R.C. ... a Be ... Europe.

Bell, T.R. D. Bess aes Ras ... Kanara.

Bell, W. M. bod age ose ... Bombay.

Benjamin, Isaac... S08 on ... Bombay.

Bennett, Douglas ... oo Aas ... Bombay.

Benson, Miss A. M. (m.D.)_... oe ... Bombay.

Benson, J. J. B. (c.E.) ae hee .. Porebunder.

Benson, NV ee ies. ons on .. Chalisgaon.

Benwell,G.L. ... we ae .. Hyderabad, Sind.

Berry, P. (c.E.) ake .. Asekeri.

Betham, J. A. ee ie oe ... Hurope.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Betham, Capt. R. M. ot ude ... Hurope.

Betham, W.G.__... ose “ie ... Belgaum,

Bevan, J. B. F. .. Hurope.

eiatadee Dr. Bhalchandes irisheak

. Bombay.

Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bie of

(Life Member) ee5

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (Lif Memb)

Bickel, F. W. ts

Bicknell, dl; ws a

Biddle, James B. W- :

Biggs, Capt. H. V. (&.z.)

Bignell, k.

Bikaneer, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member

Bingham, Col. C. T.

Binsteed, Capt. C. H. F.

Birdwood, H. M. (c.s.1.)

Birdwood, Col. W.S.

Birkenshaw, A. H. (¢.£,)

Biscoe, Capt. Bete

Biscoe, W. Fraser ... wise

Bisset, Sir W. 8. oF C.1.E.)

Blackwell, G. F. wis

Blackwell, H.F. ...

Blanford, W.T. (&.R.8.)

Blathwayt, Mrs. G.

Bomanji, B. BR. ...

Bomanji, K. R. (.c.s.)

_ rate Department .. aes So

Bourchier, Capt. A.

Bourdillon, T. FE’. (#.1.s.)

Bowen, Rev. B. Mi

Bowen, J.C. G.

Bower, Geo. (1.C.8.)...

Bowles, Capt. L. T.

.. Bhownagar.

.. Chumba.

.. Bombay.

.. Hurope.

a H yuerabad.

.-. Murree.

.. Mazaffarpur.

... Dikaneer.

... Mandalay.

.. Bellary.

--- Murope.

--. Hurope.

.. Gaya.

.. Hurope.

»» Secunderabad.

... Lurope.

. Hurope.

- Bombay.

.. Lturope.

.. Hurope.

.. Saharanpur.

a Ratnagiri.

Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary, Sepa

-- Bombay.

-- Kllichpur.

-- Quilon.

..- Belgaum.

.-- Bombay.

... Allahabad.

.. Jhansi,

Brand, J. Re uae ~ Kalyan.

Brandenburg, John.. ao ieee -. Hurope.

Branson, R. M. wee 50 -. Bombay.

Brendon, By Ad (1.6; >

Brendon, C.R.

.. Hurope.

. Castle Rock.

Brodie, N. 8. as° eee a ... Hurope.

Bromley, H. aoe 2 .. Bombay.

Brown, A. J. ... Assam.

Brown, Surg. -Capt. EH. .. Jamrud.

Brown, J. W. --. Bombay.

Brown, R. C. (.0.s. _ .. Alibag.

Browne, Capt. C. A. R. Be Bn) .. Dharwar.

Browne, Rev. E. .. --. Hurope.

Bruce, Chas. W. A.. % i

Bee Kindat, Burma.

vi LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bruce, Lieut. George E,

Brunton, kb. ieee

Buchanan, J. G....

Buchanan, Capt. K. J. oe

Buck, Sir Edward (K.c.s.1.) .

Bulkley, d.

Burder, H. C. a:

Burn- Murdoch, Major J. (RB. B, ) “6

Burne, Mrs. A... oe eee

Burnett, Surg.-Capt. 8. H.

Burrard, Capt. C.

Burton, ‘Lieut. A. R.

Burton, Lieut. Richard W.

Butcher, L. H. (c. y

Butler, A. L. ie soe Bos

Byrne, C. H. wes

Bythell, Major W. ae (RE) “00

Caccia, A. M. (Life Member) tas

Cadell, P. R. @.c.s.)

Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens

Walebe worms aa.

Cama, Ke ey iit Member) .

Cama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member).

Cameron, W. L. (c.z.) . aS

Campbell, Capt. F. J. B.

Campbell, John (C.£.) ee tee

Jampbell, Sir J. M. (1.c.8.) ..- ae

Campbell, Capt. Malcolm 4

Candy, R. Hi. (1.c.s.)

Cane, Rev. A. G

Cappel, E. L (1.0.8.)

Capper, Lieut. A. 8.

Cardew, A. G. (1.¢.8.)

Carew, Capt. Cai ae

Carrington, Col. E..

Carroll, E. B. (CE)

Carter, ‘Capt. J. R.B. G.

Cather, G. F. H. ...

Chalmers, Allan M.

Chalmers, H.

Chambers, Chas...

Channer, Surg.- Lieut.-Col. O. H.

Chapman, E. J. B... os

Chappel, H. EK. ... see ove

Charles, L. (1.¢.s.) ih

Chichgar, cae VIS eaeenactt ak

Chico, J. R. (0.E.) .. aa ae

Chitty, C. W.. mae oe

.. Allahabad.

--- Bombay.

-» Calcutta.

... Dalhousie,

.-» Hurope.

... Kharaghora.

oe Europe.

... Dharwar.

.-. Lurope.

es Bombay.

... Peshawar,

.. Jalna.

... Bolarum.

-.s Khandwa.

... Selangor.

.. Europe.

.. Poona,

... DehraDun,N.-W.P.

.»» Karachi.

... Calcutta.

... Lahore.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Allahabad.

..- Bombay.

... Hurope.

.-. Quetta.

.-. Broach.

.. Hurope.

.-» Dharwar.

.. Agar, W. Malwa.

... Ootacamund.

seo Natal

.-. Hurope.

... Hurope.

--. Dadra.

.. Taung-gyi, Burma.

-.. Cachar:

... Bombay,

... Delagoa Bay.

... Europe.

.. Rajputana.

.-. Europe.

.»» Bombay.

... Baroda.

... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Cholmondeley, H. C. es

pence ae A. G. G C. any ade

Clabby, J. H. oe 2S,

Clark, Capt. A. C.

Clark, J. (1.0.8. )

Clark, W. 4H.

Clarke, Robt. L. H. (1.cs.)

Clarkson, Surg.-Lt.-Col. J. W.

Clements, H. (1.c.s.) 4

Jleveland, C. = (1.0.8.) soe

Cleveland, Surg.-Capt. H. Ea ag

Clifton, C.N. (c. on aes

Close, EH. P. as

Clowes, Capt. H. ..

Clutterbuck, P. H. A Z.8.)

Cobbold, Capt. R. P. (2.6.8. yy

Coggan, R. T. ae ae

Collie, Surg.-Major M. A. T. ane

Collins, Major G. A. we ae

Collister, J. G. 4.

Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum

Comber, Edward

Conder, H. oe

Conley, Andrew...

Coode, J. M. (Life Member)

Cooke, Lieut. A. St. John

Cooke, [Dress Te Labi ae

Cooke, Dr. Theodore

Cooper, C.P: Ba

Copleston, W. EH.

Corbett, P. J. 4 oe a

Corbett, Capt. W. F. ate oct

Cory, Rev. C. P. ee ts

Cosserat, L. te we 2

Cotton, Sir Geo. ... a uae

Coventry B.O. ... . ea

Coventry, &. M. ... * ios

Covernton, J.G. acts Wee

Counsell, J. G.

Cox, Capt. Bak (P28. Panos)

Cox, woe

Crawford, bLeslie 14

Crofton, Chas, S. F. (1.0.8.)

Crofts, Surg. -Major A. M.

Cruddas, Lieut. H. W.

Crump, H. A. 306 ees es

Crump, L. C. (i.¢.s.) ee ack

Cuffe, T. W. we was :

Cumming, W.D. ...

Vil

ee. Indore, C. I.

.. Europe.

565 ... Yellapur, Kanara.

.. Bombay.

... Rangpur.

... Vizianagram.

.. Bulandshahr.

... Poona.

.. Satara.

e Nagpur.

.. Neemuch, C. I.

zc mednagar.

: .- Kharaghora.

... Hurope.

.. Gorakhpur.

Bombay.

.. Haflong.

i Bombay.

... sehore, ©. I.

.-- Jabalpur,

.- Colombo.

.. Bombay.

he Europe.

.. Nagpur.

.. Madras.

... Peshawar.

... Bhosawal.

... Hurope.

... Belgaum.

... Karachi,

.. Karachi.

.. Thayetmyo, Burma.

".. Raj-Pardi.

... Bombay.

.. Lahore.

eee Montgomery, Punjab.

... Bombay.

.. Bombay.

Baroda.

... Waltair, Madras.

... Bombay.

.. Ahmednagar.

.. Gwalior.

-e» Myitkyina,U. Burma.

... Hoshungabad.

.«. Dharwar.

.-- Bombay.

.. Karachi,

Vili LIST OF MEMBERS,

Curreembhoy Ebrahim

Currey, E. 8. a

Currie, R. G.

Carsetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. ‘(Life Member)

Curtis, J. H.

Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of (Life Member)

Dadarkar, Dr. Bhawanishankar B,

Dadina, Dr. Rustomji R.

Daintrey, W. M.

Dalal, D. M.

Dalby, C. J.

Dalgado, Dr. D. eke

Dallaporta, J. N.

Daly, W. Mahon

Damania, Surg.-Major P. see

Davidson, J. (_. C.8.)

Davies, H. 8. (c.z.)

Dawson, W. H. (t1.c.s.) (Life Member)

Deane, Dr. A. H. Sc

Deane, Surg. g-Major HE.

Deane, H. H. (¢.z.)

DeCourcy, W. B. ...

Delme-Radclitte, Capt. H.

Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. 8.

Dempster, F. E. (c.1.2.)

Denso, Max

Dhakmarwala, ieeeai Diy Ae?

Dharampur, H. H. Maharana pales of

Dhargalkar, Dr. Luxumon _..

Dimmock, Surg. i P;

Dixon, Re M. os els

Dobbs, Lt.-Col. G.

Dodgson, C. G. (1.c. a

Dodgson, James

Doig. S. Bui. zB.) .

Donald, C.

Donovan, Surg. -Capt. C:

Dormer, Lord aes

Douglas, Mrs. Chas.

Doveton, Col. J. C.

.«. Bombay.

... Hurope.

. Bombay.

Bombay.

eee

. Rangoon.

my Bhuj, Cutch.

... Dadar,

... Kalyan,

... New York.

.. Bombay.

Sini.

», Sawantwady.

.. Bombay.

-- Kummergode, Kadur,

.-» Quetta.

.-. Hurope.

»» Ghadechi.

-- Madras.

a Bombay.

. Bombay.

.. Nandurbar, Khan-

deish.

.-» Chalsa,

... Hurope.

-. Jabalpur.

. Calcutta.

. Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Dharampur.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.. Bombay.

.«. Poona.

.. Satara,

..- Hurope.

--. Karachi,

.. Bhadarwa, Kashmir,

... Mangalore.

... Hurope.

.. Kurope.

Drake-Brockman, Surg.~Capt. i. (lite Member).

Dreckmann, Rev. F. (3. J.)

Drury, Surg.-Major M. O’C. .

Du Boulay, . J. H. (1.c8.)

Dudgeon, G.C.... “6

Dumayne, F.G.... Ben

Duncan, P. ( M.1.c.8. ) a

. Nagpur.

Bhurtpur.

.. Hurope.

.. Bombay.

-.. Punkabari.

... Bombay.

.. Ongole, Madras.

Dunlop, H. H. G.

Dunn, G. W. O.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Dunsterville, Major | K. 8. (R.A.)

Duthie, J. EF’. ( ¥.1.s.)

Duxbury, Grats 4 o.s

Dwane, HE. H.

Dyson, Surg. ~Capt. ' Abe 3,

Hardley- Wilmot, 8.

Earle, A. A.

Hbden, EH. J. (1c. s.)

Hde, F.(c.8.) ...

Edie, Ne Or ota

Edmiston, W. L. ...

Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr.

Edwards, 8. M. (1. ¢. s.)

Egerton, Crs

Ehlers, B.

Elliot, Surg. “Capt, | W. H.W. eS

Elliott, A.

Elliott, Cy dike ae

Elsworthy, Dyas eee

Elwes, Major E. V. (R.a.)

Elwes, H. J. ( F.R.s. )

Enthoven, R. EH. ae

Eunson, H. J. (¢.z.)

Hivans, Vet.-Capt. G. H.

Evatt, C. B.

Fairclough, J.

Farquharson, Lieut, E. G. Gx)

Farrington, H. A. (LF.s.)

(1.0.8.)

Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. :

SBE ae Ee)

Faweett, (Oeidale

Ferguson, H

Fernandez, ©.

Fernandez, Abedin

Ferrand, Surg.- -Lt.. Col. EB.

Ferreira, Miss C. (uM. & O..

inlay, William ..

Finny, Capt. T. G. hi.

Fischer, CHEve. Cams.)

Fisher, W. F. D. (u8.s.)

Fitz-Hugh Lance, Lieut, F....

Fleming, W. N.

_ Fletcher, W. M.

Flower Be, Mis)...

Flower, Lieut. 8. S.

Foote, R. Bruce

.. Hubli.

... Hurope.

.. Allahabad.

... Saharanpur.

... Sholapur.

... Secunderabad,

.. Bombay.

... Lucknow.

... Hurope.

... Lurope.

... Cachar.

.. Bandra,

... Kotagiri.

.-. Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Rajghat,

... Hurope.

.. Dharamsala,

... Amraoti, Berars.

... Lahore,

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Europe.

... Vizianagram.

Bee Rangoon.

.. Delhi.

..- Bombay.

.. Akola.

... Jalpaiguri, Bengal.

ie Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Lrivandrum,

... Lurope.

.. Rajkote.

... Bangalore.

... Bombay.

... Jalpaiguri,

... Bombay.

... Berhampore, Madras,

.. Chana.

..- Loralai.

... luticorin.

eee Kurope.

.-- Bombay.

.«. Cairo, Heynt.

e oes a

x LIST OF MEMBERS.

Forbes, A. W.

Forbes, C. H. B.

Forbes, J. D.

Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’ble R. A.

Forrest, TW

Forsyth, 1Dies AW as

Forteath, H. H. (1.F.s.)

Foster, Capt. L. M.

Foulkes, George I. F.

Fowler, F. D. ee

iRlox, Cs e(OLEe)) | aes

Fox, F. G. Brook “ =)

Francke, A.

Fraser, Major A. ...

Fraser, Capt. H. A. D. (x8).

Fraser, S. M. (1.c.s.)

Freeman, Col, T.

French, Surg. -Capt.G. B. ...

Frenchman, Surg.-Major EH. P.

Friedlander and “Sohn, Messrs. R.

Bry, 0. B:

Fuller, Hon’ble Mr. J. B. Ci 0. S., C.1.E. vi

Fulton, Hon’ble Mr. Justice E. M. (1.¢.8.)

Fulton, Lt.-Col. BR...

Furdoonji Jamsetiji...

Gabbett, E.(c.z.) ...

Gaddum, F. he

Gadsden, F. O. (R.1.M,)

Gahagan, E. G. (c.z.)

Gama, Dr. J. A. Da

Gamble, J. S. (F.1.8.

Gaye, W. C.

Gell, H. G.

George, CHP,

Gerhardt, Paul

Gibbs, H. M.

Gibbs, R. T.

Gilbert, C. F. (wr. OE. =

Gilbert, Be Ee

Giles, E.

Giles, Bk

Gimlette, Surg. -Major G. H.S.

Giro, C. G.

Girvin, Surg.-Capt. JZ. ee

Glazebrooke, N. Rai ene wae

Gleadow, F. See

Godwin-Austin, H,

.. Secunderabad.

i Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Rangoon,

Forel, Professeur aoe a Correspa. Member).

EKurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Europe.

.- Pokokku, U.Burma,

.-. Kirkee.

... Madanapally.

ee Madey ;

... Gadag, 8. M. Ry.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Mean Meer.

.. Bangalore,

.. Bangalore.

f . Bombay.

.. Calcutta,

.. Bassein, Burma.

.. Europe.

.. Bandora.

Bad abalpur.

.. Bombay.

.- Dharamsala,

ee Bombay.

.. Rangoon.

oe Europe.

.. Bombay.

.. Hurope.

Ae Bombay.

.. Dehra Dun.

.. Secunderabad.

us Bombay.

.. Secunderabad.

Bombay.

.. Hurope.

.. Waltair, Madras,

.. Bhamo, Burma.

.. Europe.

.. Poona.

... Karachi,

.-- Indore, C, I.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.-. Bombay.

.-. Dehra Dun.

.- Ellichpur, Berar.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Goethals, Rev. Dr. Paul, ili of Calcutta ..

Goldsmid, F. L. ... Ne

Goldthorpe, Lieut. F. H. ba ate

Gompertz, Rev. F. W. ee Bi

Gonsalves, Dr. J. F. is eae

Gordon, D. M. Ae aa

Gore, Col. St. G. C. (n.8,)

Greene, Col. R. C. ... oe Be

Graham, J. A. on Soe ace

Graham, W. D. is... tes

Grant, Surg.-Capt. D. St. J.

Gray, Chas. i

Gray, Brig.-Surg. Lt.-Col. Wellington...

Greany, Surg. -Major H. ne

- Greany, Surg.-Lieut.-Col. J. P.

Greatheed, C. ube

Greaves, John 2

Green, B. Ernest (F.E. ‘s .)

Green, Surg.-Major J. 8.

Green, W. M. (I.F.S.)

Greig, Joseph ss

Griffiths, John be

Guinness, Major EH. (.a.)

Gunn, Vet.- -Capt. W. D.

Guy, G. Filmer

Gwyn, Capt. A.

Habibuddin, S. (c.s.)

Haig, Brig.-Surg.-Lt.-Col. P. de H.

Haines, H. H.

Hall, Mitchell

Hamilton, R. E. A...

Hampson, Sir gene? FE, (Bart ), FL g., "PES.

Hankin, H. H.

Hannyngton, Ww. 0.

Hanson, C. O. aS

Hare, A. J. B. 208

Hargrave, H. J. B. (c.z.)

Harington, Lieut. in C.

Harington, Surg.-Major V.

Harold, it -C; Bi... coe ous

Harris, Uae be Wa 6 se oes

Harrison, Lt. H. ... wes ee

Hart, G. H. R. aoe Ba

Harter, hi. A.

Harvey, W.L. (1.0.8.)

Haslope, Rey. L. M.

Hasted, W. A. eee

Hatch, Capt. A. E. ...

. Calcutta,

.. Poona,

... Jacobakad.

... Europe.

... Bijapur.

..- Mone, Burma.

... Dehra Dun.

.. Huropé.

Coorg.

.. Hongkon

ia Tae of

.-» Coonoor.

.. Europe.

.- Bolarum.

... Dharwar.

... Ahmednagar.

... Bombay.

.. Ceylon.

... Benares.

... Kurseong, Bengal.

... Sylhet. :

... Lurope.

... Europe.

.. Meerut.

i Bombay.

.. Calcutta.

... Khamamett.

... Hurope.

.. Jalpaiguri.

vee Hurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Europe.

.. Pyinmana, Burma.

... Neoni, Chapara.

... Jalpaiguri.

.. Hurope.

Bolarum.

.. Ulwar.

.-- Zaila, Somali Coast.

.-. Vizagapatam.

. Aden.

-- Calcutta.

..- Bombay.

.-- Bombay.

-- Deesa.

Waltair, Madras,

Poona.

xii LIST OF MEMBERS,

Hatch, H. F. ... Rajkote.

Hatch, Surg.-Lt. -Col. W. K.. ..- Bombay.

Hate, Vinayek N. ed .. Bombay.

Hatherell, Capt. W. G.

Haughton, Samuel (c.c.s.)

Hauxwell, T. A.

Hearsey, TN.

Heath, R. H.

Heeckerenz, Le Baron Von(Hon. we a ae

Henderson, Surg.-Capt. R. 8. F.

.-. Quetta.

... Colombo, Ceylon.

... Longhoo, Burma.

.-- Kurnool, Madras.

.. Kot-Kapura, Pun-

jab.

Java.

.. Campbellpur.

Henderson, Surg. -Major W. G. H. ... Bombay.

Herbert, Surg.-Capt. H. : ... Europe.

Hibbert, Capt. H. .. ... Lurope.

Hibbert, Colada aac: ... Hurope.

Hickman, R Sts oe. ... Cachar.

Hight, nee AvB ... a s+. 1 OOnG.

aiehaeel Lt: A. B. R. (sa .. Bombay.

Hill, F. J. A. Sp .-- Hurope.

Hill, H Charles ... Mandalay.

Tey, Manne Poy... ae .. Mingin, Burma.

Hodges, Capi. AEN SS sae ... Hurope.

Hodgson, C. M. ee ... Hurope.

Hojel, Surg.-Capt. eG:

Hole, H. A. 5

Holland, W. J.

Hollis, t.

Hooton, Surg.-Lt. Be,

Hope, G. A. (B.A.) ..

Hore, Lt.-Col. W. S.

Hornidge, 8. (c.z.) ..

Howes, Mowbray...

Howlett, Col. A. (1.8.¢.)

... Bombay.

... Silchar, Cachar.

... Bijapur.

... Bombay.

... Poona.

... Hllichpur.

... Hurope.

... Ahmednagar,

.. velangore.

. Bhamo, Burma.

Howse, G. EK. .. somlbaiy. ae

Hudson, G. W. M. cu C.8.) ... Ahmednagar.

Hudson, L. 8. ... Lurope.

Hunt, BE. R. ... Sylhet.

Hunter, rats Che alas ... Lurope.

Hunter, Lt.-Col. J. M. .. Rajkote.

Hunter, Capt. W. H.

Hussey, Col. C. EH.

Hutchinson, F. T. ...

Hyam, Judah (Life Member) .

... Sawantwady.

.. Europe.

... Hurope.

.. Poona.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Narayenrao Govind alzas

Babasaheb Ghor eiara Chief of oa ay ... Kolhapur.

Imray, Kobt. 8... ... Peermaad, Travan-

core.

Indore, H. H. the Maharaja Holkar of ... ... Indore.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Inglis, Chas. M.__...

Inverarity, J. D. (Life Member)

Israel, Shalom Bapujee

Jackson, A. B. (18.8.)

Jackson, Col. F. H.

Jacob, Mrs. Arthur..

Jacob, G, (I...) .

Jacob, ELS 5:

Jameson, Surg. -Capt J. B.

Jamrach, W.

Jameetii, M. Doctor

Jardine, A.J. A, ...

Jardine, H. RB.

J ardine, James

Jardine, Lady John..

Jardine, W. F.

Jayakar, Surg.-Lt. Col A. SG

Jeffrey, J. A es ae

Jennings, Capt. INK

Jermyn, Capt. T.

John, H. ©.

John, H. E.

Johnson, J. R. Kirby

Johnson, S. He wale

Johnson, W. P

Jones, Surg. -Capt. ow CL

Jones, Lieut. M. D. Goring ..

Jowitt, John KF... se

Jugmohundas V. Bhaisett

Kaliandas Keshavdas

Kay, Dr. W.

Kazi Sahabudin, Khan Bahadur (C.LE. )

Kearns, A. S.

Keary, Lt.-Col. H. 1B eee

Keatinge, G. (1.¢.8.) sc aes

Keene, Lt. C. W. ... nas Ao

Kemball, H.. Vi. (cu

Kendall, Lieut. C. Bi: (RM)...

Kennedy, Lt.-Col Wee Pon os

Kennedy, H. E. Rear-Admiral W. ee

Kennedy, R. 508 nee :

Kenyon, James ___... oc aoe

Ker, L. B.

Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon, Correspe, Member

Keys, H. W.

Kian, Muncherji Fr ramji ees occ

Khareghat, M. P. (.c.s.) ve

X1E

.. Darbhanga,

.. Hurope.

.. Murud, Janjira.

-- Nilamber, Malabar.

.-- Palanpur.

... Mhow, C. I.

.»- Karachi,

.- Munmar.

.. Poona,

-. Europe.

... Bombav.

.. Bangkok, Siam.

... Hurope.

to. Liurope:

... Hurope.

.. Muscat.

... Bombay,

... Murope.

... Kohat,

... Mirpur Khas, Sind.

.- Bombay. |

.. Europe.

... Cawnpore.

... Bombay.

.. Europe.

Cu Poona:

... Bandarwella,Ceylon.

. Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.. Poona.

... Bangalore.

.. Meiktila, Burma.

..« Dharwar.

.. Peshawar.

.. Jdacobabad.

.. Bombay.

... Navanagar,

.. Hurope.

... Bombay.

.-- Karachi.

... Bombay,

.. Java.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

... Ratnagiri.

xiv LIST OF MEMBERS,

King, Alfred

Kinsman, F. RS.

Kirtikar, Surg.-Lt. GolK. Re 46

Knight, D.

Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member).

Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja ... $6

Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh

Lamb, R. A. (1.¢.s.) (Life Member)

Lambert, R. M.

Lang, F..

Lang, Walter

Langley, Brig.-Surg. H. H.

Lathi, H. H. the Thakore Sahib of

La ‘nate, Lieut.-General C. D.

Lawder, on K. J.

Lawrence, Mrs. ie

wae J.

Lee, Lieut. A. W. H. Bas cae

Lee, P. Henry K. ... bee ve

Lees, John ‘iva

Lee- Warner, i (Gi c Sy CS. 1)

Leggett, 8.

Lely, F. S. p Gos.)

Leslie, A. K,.

Lester, Lt. C. D.

Leville, Rev. H.

Lewis, "Fred ( F.L8. )

Light, Major R. H.

Light, Lieut. W. A..

Lightfoot, Se Sirah CBee

Lindesay, Major E..

Lindgren, O.

Lingard, Dr. Alfred —

Linnell, Fred.

Little, FE. A.

Littledale, Professor H,

Loam, Mathew

Loch, Col. W. W. .

Logan, Ue CIeCsS 5).

Long, "A. M.

Long, G. R. (Life Member) ,

Lovegrove, W. H. (i.r.s.) cig he

Lowdell, Surg. stele C. G. W.

bene: GR.

Lowrie, A. H.

Luard, ELS.

--- Bombay.

.-. Calcutta,

.. Ratnagiri.

wo Lurope.

- Kolhapur.

.»» Kotah,

es Narki.

..- Poona.

... Hyderabad.

Land Records and Agricaltar, “The Director Olnes:

Be ... Hurope.

.;. Bombay.

... Kurope.

s.. laathi

... Lurope.

... Hyderabad(Decean).

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

... Sima, Upper Burma.

... Bangalore.

.. Cachar.

... Europe.

... Karachi.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Quetta.

... Hurope.

... Colombo, Ceylon.

.. Quetta,

... Poona.

... Mimbu, U. Burma.

... saugor, C. P.

... Debrogarh, Assam.

.. Naini Tal.

... Rangoon.

..- Hurope.

.. Europe.

... Coimbatore, Madras.

... Bagdad,

.. Europe.

.. Hurope.

.. Moulmein.

Poona.

.». Kotedwara.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Coorg.

.. Bombay.

Tienckenore The Gumier & Sec.. “Provincial Museum. Lucknow.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Lye, Rev. 8. L.

Lynch, C. B. oe

Lynn, G. R. (C.E.) be ee

Lyons, Surg.-Major R. W.S. 3c

Macaulay, Capt. K. 56

Macaulay, Hon’ble Mr. R. H.

Macaulay, W. M. sc

MacCartie, Surg. ~Maj or F.

MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member

MacDonald, J. A

MacDonald, P. J. ...

Mackenzie, J. Muir c CS Da

Mackenzie, Col. K.. ee

Mackenzie, ener

Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W.

Mackenzie, M. D.

Mackenzie, M.M. ...

Mackenzie, T. D. (1.c.8.)

Mackinnon, P. W. Ce E.S. Me

Maclean, Jas.

Macleod, N.C. ...

Maconachie, Brig.-Surg.-Lt. “oa eh uy

Macpherson, John. Bi

Macpherson, Col. T. RM:

Mactaggart, H. B...

Madden, Lieut. T. E.

Madras, The Supt., Govt. Central Museum

Mahaluxmiwalla, K. D. co

Mainwaring, H.

Mair, A.

Maitland, Surg. -Major Capt

Mallins, Surg Major ie (Or

Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life Memb)

Manson, F. B. sae

Mant, R. N. oe

Maries, Chas, (Hon. Correspg Member)

Marjoribanks, Surg,-Lt. J

Marston, G. D. (c.z.)

Marten, James...

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald Cite Member)

Mason, Geo. KE. ...

Masson, D. P.

Mathew, Surg. -Lt. C. M.

Maxwell, Bea es,

McArthur, Vet.-Surgn. G. W.

McCabe, R. B. (1.c.s.) “

McClelland, W. S. (a1.1.¢.z. yc

Melntosh, Alex. (c. B.)

.. Bombay.

.. Europe.

. Baroda.

.. Hurope..

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

-. Calcutta.

.- Poona.

.. Europe.

.- Kurnool, Madras.

--- Poona.

.. Karachi,

... Chapra,

-. Europe.

.-. Mussoorie,

.-» China.

-- Bombay.

.. Europe,

.-- Bombay.

.»» Poona,

.. Negapatam.

.»- Silchar.

--- Madras.

... Bombay,

.-. Lurope.

ee. Calcutta.

.. Poona.

.- Mominabad.

.. Bombay.

.-. Tenasserim.

.. Hurope.

.. Gwalior.

. Poona,

.. Hurope.

.-» Dehra Dun.,N.-W.P.

--- Bombay.

... Hurope.

.. Lahore.

... Nowgong.

... Maubin, Burma.

... Murope.

..- Kamrup, Assam.

... Hurope.

... Cachar.

xvi LIST OF MEMBERS.

MelIntosh, H. J. oe

McIntosh, R. (1.8.8.)

McKay, Surg, aie ol. HK

McKee, J. A. - ae

McKenzie, AIOX, ses dee aes

McMullen, Dr. G. C. sok vat

McNair, Major J. F. A. Be

McNeil, J. (1.0.8.)

Mead, Capt. H. R.

Mead, le dle (.08.) ..

Meade, EeeOu MS,

Meredith, Richard ...

Merrony, Chas. ot

Messent, P. G. dae

Meyer, Surg.-Capt. C. H. Le

eyer, She ss

Middleton: Weil & Oe

Millard, W.S.

Miiler, E.

Millett, G. P.

Mills, Vet.- ~Major Jas.

Milne, Surg.-Capt. C.J.

Minniken, ‘GG:

Miraj, Shriman Crna. Ganesh alias Babee

saheb Patwardhan. Chief of og ue)

Modi, Bomanji Edulji ‘

Moir, E. McArthur

Monks, Surg.-M:jor C.

Monté, Dr. A.de ...

Monté, Rey. Dr. B. de

Moon, A. J.

Morgan, A.

Morgan, Surg.-Lt. BL dk

Morison, W. T. (1.c8. )

Morris, Lieut. D. O.

Morton. Surg.-Lieut. J. P.

Moscardi, EK. H. (1.c.s.)

Moss, Capt. C.

Moulvi Syed Ali Belg ram

Mowis, Paul de

Moylan, W.

Muir, Frank

Muir, Surg.-Col. HS.

Muller, Professor 0. V.

Mure, TS wae

Murray, W.

Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum...

Nangle, Lieut. K. E.

.. Bhagalpur.

--e Madanapally.

... Jabalpur, C. P.

.. Nagpur, C. P.

... Bombay.

.. Kotri, N.-W. P.

... Lurope.

Sor SuaLE

... Hurope.

.. Ahmedabad.

.. Bushire.

.. Lahore.

.- Bulsar,

-- Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Hurope.

.. Bombay.

.- Hurope.

. Nasik.

-- Bombay.

-. Bombay.

. Lahore.

. Miva}.

“ iene

.. Kuro pe.

.. Bombay.

.. Bandora.

.. Mahim.

.. KadraBeat ,Bombay.

. Kotagiri.

s .. Bombay.

-. Bombay.

.. Hurope.

.. Surat.

-. Bombay.

.. Hyderabad.

.. Darjeeling.

.. Haflong, Cachar.

.«. Jhansi.

... Hurope.

.. Bombay.

.. Lahore.

.. Bumbay.

.. Nagpur.

.«. Kherwara.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member)

Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member)

Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Saheb of

Newland, Surg.-Major A. G. E. et

Newnham, Capt. Ae (EAS) see

Nicéville, L. de (Hon. ean Member)

Nicholson, is Lh

Nicholson, Capt. J. 8.

Nicholson, Surg.-Major R. Bi

Nisbett, Lieut. W. G.

Nurse, ‘Capt. UC. G. (-.B.6.8., Fas)

Nurse, Lieut. H. H.

Oakes, George Fe

Oates, E. W. (Hon. Correspg. Member)

O’Brien, Edward __...

OQ’ Brien, Hon’ble W. T.

O'Callaghan, I.

O’Connell, J.

O’Conor, J.B. (c.1..)

Oldham, F. T.

Olivier, Lt.-Col. H. ‘iD. (RB) ‘(it Member)

Ollivant, Hon’ble Sir HE. C. K

Ommanney, D. G. ae

Ommanney, H. T. (1...)

Opiumwalla, Dorab E.

~ Ormiston, Geo. EH. oe)

Orr, J.P...

Orr, Col. W. J.

Osmaston, B. B.

Osmaston, L. 8.

Owen, R. R.

Ozanne, E. C. (1.c. s.)

Palliser, H. G. (c.z.)

Pandurang Gopal, Dr.

Parker, Surg.-Major J.

Parmenides, John os.

Parratt, F. BH. A.

Parsons, Hon. Mr. Justice...

Partridge, Henry (Life peony)

Pawalla, Jamsetji C. ah

Pearse, Surg. ~Capt. A.

Pearson, BEM:

Pearson, Mrs. H. C.

Pease, Vet.-Capt. H. T.

Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. (a. pi

Peet, A. W.

Pele, Capt. A. J. (R.A.)

SC EG.See RR Cistht is.

KVii

--- Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Rajkote.

.- Meiktila, Burma.

.-- Mhow, C. I,

.. Calcutta.

... Bombay.

... Natal.

.-- Choubaitia.

... Mandalay.

.. Deesa.

.. Europe.

..- Ootacamund.

.. Europe.

... Amreli, Kathiawar.

.-- Karachi.

... Hurope.

... Lurope.

... Calcutta.

... Kamptee, C. P.

.- Bombay.

. Poona.

... Chana.

... Europe.

.. Bombay.

.-- Hurope.

.-. Hurope.

... Karachi.

.. Chakrata, N.-W. P.

.-. Poona,

... Hurope.

.. Europe.

... Belgaum.

..- Kharaghora.

.. Hurope,

- Europe.

... Chiegmai, Siam.

-- Bombay.

... Pyinmana, Burma.

... Bombay.

... Calcutta.

.. Hurope.

..- Bhaynder.

... Lahore.

... Europe.

... Hurope.

.-- Hurope.

xyiii LIST OF MEMBERS.

Felly, C.. By...

Pemberton, E.S8. ...

Pennington, R. W. R.

Pentland, Major R. C.

Penton, John EH.

Pestonji Jivanji ...

Peters, Surg.-Lt.-Col. C. T.

Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life ember) ae

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji us) Revel)

Phillips, Mrs. . ses

Philpott, C. C. .... a:

Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) ( Life Member)

Pilcher, Capt. A. J. a son eee

Pilcher, Surg.-Col. J. G.

Pinhey, Capt. AC

Place, G. ... Boa

Plinston Gu. : 7! ..:

Pollen, Dr. John (1.¢.8.

Pollock, Surg-Capt. C. rE. ‘

Poncins, Baron Edmond de Gat Member)

Poore, Capt. R. M..

Pope, RG fae C.S. )

Powell, R. M

Prain, Surg.-Capt. D.

Prall, Surg.-Capt. S. H.

Pratt, E. M. (1.C.8.)

Pratt, a Gos(-C:8,),5.

Peentig, TCI); one

Preston, F. J. 254

Primrose, Alex. M.

Prior, Major H. M.

Prior, Capt. W.

Proctor, etki. eee

Pyrke, Capt. R. D.

Quicke, Surg.-Major W. H. ...

Radeliffe, R. C. J. ...

Rahimtoola Khairaz

Raikes, E, B.

Rambant, B. R. R. “(na.)

Rattray, Lieut. H. B.

Rattray, Major R. H.

Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (it Member)

Rayment, Vet.-Major G. J.

Readymoney, N. J.

Rees, J. C. (c.E.) . ate

Reeve, R. au a

.. Madras.

... Marmagoa,

..- Bombay.

.- Natal.

... Ratnagiri.

.. Hyderabad, Decean..

... Belgaum.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

. Simla,

.-. Sutna,

... Akyab, Burma.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Rauikhet.

... Hurope.

wa. Natal:

... Kurnool, Madras.

.. Ongole,Nellore Dis-

trict.

... Calcutta.

... Bandra.

... Sholapur,

... Sholapur.

... Fort Stedman.

... Europe.

-. Cachar.

... Lurope.

... Dilkusha, Lucknow.

... Hurope.

.. Lurope.

.. Bombay.

... Shahadadpur, Sind.

.-- Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Lurope.

... Malakand, Punjab.

... Thul,K uram Valley.

.-- Oodeypore.

... Rawal Pindi.

--» Bombay.

.-- Pegu, Burma.

». Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS, xix

Reid, G. B. (1.c.8.) .. ws ee ... Hurope.

Reid, M. F. aiek ae ..» Bombay.

Renton, Capt. C. C... siete aa ... Hingoli, Deccan.

Reynolds, Pa(em®)!.. on aa ..- Bombay.

Rhodes, T. M. Se ... Haflong, Cachar.

Richardson, Vet.- -Capi. A.E.. 5 ... Allahabad.

Richardson, Cecil... eS ... Bombay.

Richardson, Major W. St. J ohn was ... Poona.

Ritchie, A. M. (c.z.) bei ae ... Ahmednagar.

Rivett-Carnac, J. T. Fi nee ... Silchar, Cachar.

Rivett- -Carnae, laa. see .-- Bombay.

Robb, Surg. aa John (M.D. .) See ... Hurope.

Roberts, R. sae ... Secunderabad.

Roberts, T. L. Se nis vet ..- Bombay.

Robertson, B. (1.¢.s.) aes as ... seoni, Ohapara.

Robertson, Col. D. ... See wal ... Bangalore,

Robinson, Mrs. ae ee ae ... Europe.

Robinson, Lieut. G. T. se a ... Kalam, Burma,

Rodon, Major G. 8. eee sas ... Dharwar.

Rodonachie, Ambrose as bie ... Lurope.

Roftey, T. H. ASE aes oe ... Mysore.

Rogers, C. G. a ae ae ... Hurope.

Rogers, Henry (M.R.C.V.8.) os aoe ... Bombay.

Rogers, Thos. aN. he his ... Bombay.

Rome, F. J. ie si Bas ... Bombay.

Rome, R. E. ss ... Jacobabad.

Roorkee, The Principal, Thomason College ... Roorkee.

Roosmale Cocq, Lt. Chas. H.... sae ... Mardan,

Rundle, Surg.-Major C.8._... ia ... Lhayetmyo, Burma.

Rushton, Kenneth C. Sc ct ... Ahmednagar.

Russell, L. P. se as dee ... Hurope.

Rustomjee, H. J. ... Be wai ..- Karachi.

Rutherford, D. ssa noe wes ... Larkhana, Sind.

Ryan, G. M. (1.F.s.)... ae see ... Phana.

Ryder, Capt. W. J. sas A. ... Dharamsala.

Ryland, H. C. eed aay .. . ee Barisal, Bengal.

Ryves, A. H. daz sige dud ... Allahabad.

Sada, Monsieur A. ... ee ro ... Europe.

Sale, Edward L. (1.¢.s.) ae = .« Poona.

Sandhurst, H. EH. Lord ie e« Poona.

Sanjeli, H. H. Kumar Shri Ranjit Singh of ... Dhulia,

Saone, G. Prier De.. ... Bombay.

Sargent, H.G.F. ... os ies ... Bareilly.

Sassoon, Mrs. S. D.. cos eee ... Bombay.

Saunders, Lt. F. W. (nn He wanes ae ... Fort St. George.

Savile, P. B. ..- Bombay.

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja (hie Member) ... Gwalior,

Scott, Lieut, E. W. W. ... Egypt.

XX LIST OF MEMBERS.

Scott, M. H. (1.0.s.)

Scott, Venerable Archdeacon W. E.

Seal, Dr. ©. E. Bae

Sealy, Lieut. A. E..

Seervai, Rustom nee

Selby, Col. H. O. (R.z.)

Sellick, Surg.-Capt. J. H.

Sewell, Major J. H.

Sewell, Lieut. R. A. D.

Sharp, Professor W. H.

Sharpe, Genl. C. F...

Shaw, F. W.

Sheppard, W. D. (1.08.)

Shipp, W. (c.z.)

Shipp, W. E.

Shouse! EL 0 1B

Shuttleworth, A. E.

Silcock, H. F. (1.¢.8.)

Simcox, Ais cA e Ce

Simkins, A. R. M.

Simpson, A. F. An

Simpson, J. Hope (1.¢.s.)

Sims, E. Proctor

Sims, R. Proctor...

Sinclair, W. F. ie c.s.) (Life Member)

Skey, Capt. Pe. G. GE) ee

* Slade, H. A

Sladen, J. (1.¢.s.) ...

Slater, D. McLauchlan

Slater, EH. M. 554

Slater, J. Sanders ...

Sly, F. G. G.cs.)

Smales, Chas. B

Smetham, E. R.

Smith, Capt. 8.C. .

Smith, Major Stanley

Smith, Mrs. Yorke ...

Smyth, R. Bateman...

Smythies, Arthur

Snuggs, J. F.

Spalding, C. 8. Ae

Spaa, Lt. H. J. B. ...

Spence, L. H.

Spencer, F’. A.

Spooner, T. J. (c. B.) ‘(Life Member)

Spragge, Miss B. E.

.. Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Darjiling.

... Bakloh, Punjab.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Myingyan, Burma.

... Mandalay.

... Jalna, Deccan.

.-. Bombay.

.. British Columbia,

Canada,

.. Bombay.

... Bijapur.

... Jabalpur.

... Ajmir.

... Jacobabad.

.-- Mokoekchund.

.- Bulsar.

.. Malegaon.

- Europe.

.-. Bombay.

. Banda, N.-W. P.

.- Bhavnagar,

.. Bhavnagar.

.. Hurope.

... Drosh, Chitral.

... Bangkok, Siam.

... Karachi,

... Bombay.

... Calcutta.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.-. Shwebo, Burma.

--» Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Europe.

... Mandalay.

swleliameter, \C2aeys

.. Bhavnagar.

... Fort St. George,

Madras.

.. Ahmednagar.

ne Bombay.

.. Mtotowa Udi,

Hast Africa.

... Poona.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sprague, Surg.-Capt. W. C. . he

Squire, W. W. (c.z.) a oo

Squires, Mrs. R. A. wale 405

Standage, Surg.-Lt. Rh. F.

Standen, B. (1.¢.8.) ...

Stansfeld, Lt. H. G.

Stanton, W. OC. BAR

Stawell, Lt.-Col. G. D.

Stebbing, E. P. :

Steele, F. J.

Sterndale, H. O.

Stevens, P. W. -

Stewart, Lt. J. Dolinaten

Stewart, R. B. oe

Stirling, GaCaByie

Stiven, J. ... ae

St. John, Lt. J. A. Goan) eae

Stone, 8. J. aus

Storey, Thos. H.

Strachey, Hon’ble Mr, Justice

Sturrock, G. O. (R.a.) :

Snlivan, Col. G. D. F.

Summers, Thos. (¢.£.)

Sutherland, J. (c.z.)

Sutherland, W. oc

Sutton, F. H,

Swan, H. H.

Swinhoe, Col. C. ... a iis

Swinton, Surg.- oe see Bice aa

Sykes, C. M. bh :

Symington, J. H. ...

Symonds, W. P. (1.c.s.)

Symons, H. 8. Shs

Symons, J. L.

Talbot, W. A. ( 1.5.8. ) ci

Talyarkhan, Maneckshaw J. .

Tanner, Capt. C. O. O.

[anieian. Ye Lee at

Tata, Dorabji J. (Life Member)

Tata, Jamsetji N. (3.P.) Bab

Taylor, James H. ... eae

Taylor, M. D. wae

Taylor, R. H. Bentley

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member)

Temulji B. Nariman, Dr.

Xxi

.. Europe.

. Europe.

.. Kurope.

--. Deesa.

.. Betul, C. P.

... Rangoon.

... Deesa.

.. Caleutia.

»-. Rema.

... Jalpaiguri.

»-. Gaya.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Kengtung, Upper

Burma,

.. Europe.

Bombay.

. Mussoorie,N.-W.P.

.. Oodeypur.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Rawal Pindi.

... Hurope.

.. Chibaw, Burma.

.. Rangoon.

eco Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Europe.

.. Poona.

... Jamnagar.

a Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Europe.

.. Belgaum,

.-» Bombay.

.. Chaman.

... Bassein, Burma,

.-- Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Khorda, Orissa.

-. Kumargram.

... Mangalore,

.. Bombay.

Tenasserim Agri- Horticultural I Society, 1 The Hony.

Secretary of the ...

.. Moulmein.

XX LIST OF MEMBERS.

Terry, G, W.

Thacker, B. B.

Thacker, W.

Thatcher, Lieut. ieae iis F.C, ns

Thesiger, Hon’ble P.

‘Thomas, Rees:

Thomason, R. M.

Thompson, fon ble Mr. EL M.

Thompson, H. N. (F.z. 8)

Thompson, P.

Thompson, 2. H. EB.

Thompson, li M. ...

Thomson, Capt. D. B.

Thornhill, Capt. J.

‘Tighe, Capt. M, J.

Tilly, T. H. (Life ee

Tod, Alex. M.

Tooth, Hi.

Topham, F. D.

Tottenhan, W. F. te

Townsend, Capt. BE. C. G(s.)

Townsend, G. H.

Trail, John

Traill, W. H.

''rapmann, A, G. (c.B.)

‘Travers, G. H.

Trevithick, R. L (AMICE.) ..

Trevor, Hon’ble Mr. A.C. .

Trewby, Miss Lilian Ow. D.)

Public Gardens

Trotter, W.

Troup, Non

Truninger, L.

Trydell, Vet.-Lt. AL 8.

Tudball, W. (1.c.s.)...

Tufnell, aa H.R.

Tumer, Mrs. A. F..

Turner, A. W.

‘Turmer, Hon’ ble Mr, M. CG:

Twopenny, © Q. D.

‘Tydd, F. A.

Uloth, H. W.

.. Hurope.

.-. Damang

... Bombay.

... Quetta,

... Bombay.

... Calcutta.

... Bandiqui.

.. Poona.

.. Taunggyi, Burma.

ai Ootacamund,

... Dehra Dun.

.» Dehra Dun.

... Poona.

.-. Bannu.

.. Mombasa, Hast

Africa.

... Mingin, Burma,

... Hurope.

..- Bombay.

-. Guntakal, Madras.

... Chiengmai, Siam.

... Myitkyina, Burma.

... Bombay.

.. Kurope.

... Hurope.

... Chatrapur.

.. Bombay.

.. Simla.

Bee . Amraoti.

Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government eres and

.. Lrivandrum,

.. Jalpaiguri.

.. Kumaon,

.. Rawal Pindi.

.. Pilibhit.

.. Europe.

.. Bombay.

..» Hurope.

.. Calcutta.

.. Europe.

.- Cachar,

-- Europe.

Ulwar, H. H. Maharaja Jey Singh of clit eee Ulwar.

Uniacke, Lie No

Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)...

. Hurope.

.. Bhaynagar.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Vaidya, Dr. Poput Prabhuram

Vanderzee, Capt. H. F. Cs

Vanderzee, Lieut. J. H. dé

Varley, Bd. (1.C.8.)

Vaughan, Surg.-Capt. J. C. S.

Vaughan, J. P. (I.C.8.)

Vidal, G. W. (1.c.s.)

Viccaji, Framji R. (Life Member)

Vincent, W. H. A. (1.c.s.)

Wadia, Hon’ble Mr. Rowe, NEY (Cul: #)

Waddington, C. W.

Walker, A. C. as

Wall , Surg.-Capt. Ith

Wallace, Aa Mass

Wallace, John (¢.E.)

NVallces Aly...

Wallinger, W. A;

‘velioee Sure. - Lit. H. ee

Wapshare, El.

Ward, Lieut. C. a

Ward, Rowland

Ward, T. J. od

Warneford, Lt. G.

Warner, W. W. B

Wasey, G. K.

‘Watson, Surg. -Major JG ms)

Watson, Capt. John C. i

Watson, L. P.

Webb, Wm.

Weir, Surg.-Lieut. -Col. L. Ss

Wells-Cole, Capt. H.

Welsh, F. T. sf

Wenden, ale B)

Westall, dg

Westmacott, Genlt Be

Whateley, Richard ..

Whitin, F. D. ae

Whitcombe, Surg.-Capt. EH. GR.

White, W. ‘A. (C.E.) san

Whitehead, Wits de lae

Whitehouse, Langford

Whiting, J. H. (GE,)

Whitly, ’A. W.

Whittle, A. T. ‘

Whitworth, Cae: iy 0. =) (life Member)

Whyte, Capt. Ca Wo

XXL

.. Bombay.

.. Cawnpore.

... Sadon, Burma,

.. Dhulia,

.. Burdwan.

.-. Karachi.

... Hurope.

..- Bombay.

... Khulna,

... Bombay.

w. Hurope.

we Kurope.

... Lrichinopoly.

.. Europe.

.. Bombay

O60 Fhurop “

.. Europe.

.. Bombay,

. Hoye. Guynd.

.. Fort William, Cal-

cutta,

.. Hurope.

..- Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Mozambique, Hast

Africa,

..» Marmagoa, Goa.

aoe Agra.

... Hurope.

... Cawnpore.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay.

.. Ahinednagar.

... Caleutta,

... Bombay.

pa Prope.

... Kamptee.

... Hurope.

... Singbhoom.

.. Jacobabad.

.. Morvi, Kathiawar,

... Keng Tung, Burma.

.. Pak kku, Burma.

... Bumbay.

... Hurope.

oo Wadhwan.

... Karachi,

.-- Quetta,

Xxiv LIST OF MEMBERS.

Wickham, P. F.

Wilkieson, Lt.-Col. iC. B. (n.E.)

Wilkins, A Ve oh

Wilkinson, Surg. -Capt. Mie ecs

Williams, Surg. -Capt C. E.

Williams, Capt. Jet ah

Williams, W. R.

Willis, R. A.

Wilson, A. R. eth

Wilson, Lt. H. A. ... tie

Wilson, Lt. N. F. T. (B.1.m.)...

Wilson, V. 8. Fellowes

Wilson, W. G.

Winsloe, Lt. H. E. ( (Rz.)

Winter, KE. L. (1.0.s.)

Wise, H S.

Wodehouse, Lt. F. W.

Wolff, W. H. (c.£.)

Wolf: Murray, O. (1.c.8.)

Wolseley-Smith, F. ree

Wood, A. (1.¢.8.)

Nioodeslay HerAn el...

Woodburn, A. F. (1.¢.s.)

Woodhouse, Lt. C.

Woodrow, G. Marshall

W oodrow, W. R. ....

Wright, Fred. Gee

Wright, B.A. (¢:5.)

Wright, EC: nes

Wrouyhton, Ite Oe

Wylie, R. :

Yeld, Surg.-Major H.

Yeo, ldwin: W.

Yerbury, Col. J. Ww. Cit Member)

Noung, Ack. so

Young, E. H. Be

Young, H. G.

Young, John

Young, W. E.

Younghusband, Ay DS (nos) «

Winlles (Cok, did aly» ee

... Mandalay.

... Bangalore.

... Kumargram.

.. Bakloh, Punjab.

... Calcutta.

.«. Madras.

... Roorkee.

... Hurope.

... Binsur, Almora.

Wa Shoe, N.-W. P.

“s Bombay.

... [rimulgherry.

.. Hurope.

.. Ali Musjid.

Saharanpur, N.-W.P,

.. Hurope.

... Radhanpur.

..- Bombay.

-- Madras.

... Bangalore.

..- Bombay.

... Cuddapah, Madras.

.. Europe.

... Loralai,

.» Poona.

... Dharwar.

... Necunderabad.

... Howrah, Bengal.

.-. Hurope.

... Hurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Kurope.

ass Bombay. |

. Europe.

.. Hurope.

a Rutlam.

. Europe.

.. Bassein, Burma.

.. Bombay.

a Raipur, C. P.

o. Hurope.

XXV

“MOdNsDat], “UOFT

“ATANOMOVAAV “V

G9 OG GT

OB ere

HONS)

G ¢ 9ggcGT

6 9 S168

0 8 298

i Wie WOE

@ © (Ai

0 0 G&FT

0 0 00G tT

ol Oy sha

“MOppny “UOT

‘WLW IS “WA

"S681 ‘Aunnune ys, ‘xvanog

"qooLl0N pUNof PUB POUTUeXA,

sy? [eIO,

Sea G Ol ‘raqut9a(] ISTE UO souR[VG YSeQ A999qG

“*- 76.84 “doQUIe00q ISTE Uo YUBA WI soUR[V

gosuadxy [ereu94)

es se soap “NuRpday ono soiziq jo 4s00

pur yeumor surgutad jo 4800 ‘gumoo0Vy [euno¢

" feuoneig pur sunUitg

qunooo Vy oINgTutn, J

qunosoy A1eaqiy

LEST “LoqUIeAoN YI0E

‘requis00q 4ST WOTJ qOUISTI Ge IS

yquoUl Jad GZ “St 9% “2681

“AON YIOG 07 “96ST ‘TequIeoaq 4ST Worf yuoYy

ace eee eoe eee

OO) eco eee

oP Ger eee coe

eee fee eos see

eee eee coe

01 “OGST

"TUN LIGNAAX GY

2 9 OG0'ST

aa ane 019)

cCreoo°ore

> ‘

SoS0 0%

AHO oUt

ion)

Sut TIO],

“> (rodegq “qaox °/,$@) squousoAUT U0 4soI0yU]

sqdieoayy snosuEypsosTp] pur sjeuno re yor Joerg

4060 coo e@ce eee

se" S90 VUBIQUY

noe se drysiaqurayyy oft] 107 ‘0d

@eo0 eee eee erpuy jo 4110

;sUapiseH SIOQUIIT, WOT VUAMOL 10F ‘0d

: ses (Q0URAPR UL) ~G8T 107 Ogi

“7,697 JOE *Oq

es ‘op ) 9681 10 0g

“s+ (pA1DAUOAI SIvEAIB) GERT IO} stOIydILosqng

"* FEST ‘Aienuve ys Wo souREq Yseg Aq10g

oe LOST ‘Arenuve IST UO YUL UT coURTeg

*SLATHON yy

“1697 ‘uoquaoag ISTE on ‘6ST ‘hapnue isp woul INNOQOV f° LNANWALVLS

ALalIOs A2Oisin TVaNLVN AVGNOd

XXV1

*LaMnspal, fj, “UORT ‘LOpIpAY *uoyy

‘AIT NOMUOUAAV 'V ‘THLVIS ‘Wa

"9681 ‘A.wnupp ps1 ‘xVaNog

"JOaLLOO PUNO PUL PoULUeX

0 0 Oost |*:*seodnyy 0 0 009‘F

Dee Os OUG ET = = ot tes eke eee = (Ang 0 0 008'F

|-Wog jo yueg oy yA poysodap

tedeg quoummiea0% °/ Fe jo sourjeq | Tg 09g

Ti a ES | ROSIE || MOL asi

‘qUNODDY puaugsaauy

tee

goed y

aeo eee eee eee Aeq,

-mog jo yurg oy} YIM popsodap

jedeg guewuieaoy) °/,¢ jo coureg |" 1 “ue

“L68T

-KIHIOOS AMOLSIH IVUNLVN AVAWod

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI.

PAGE

List oF Orrick BEARERS ee ees Pee ls ae Sean d ete t

List oF MEMBERS so aA oat aig ears sua i

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1897 aoe ae moe MOV:

Iypran Ducks aND THEIR ALuES, Part I. (With Plate I.) By H.C.

Stuart Baker, F.z.S., M.B.0.U. oae ae ae ae cose

THe ButTerFLIgs oF THE NortH CANARA DISTRICT OF THE

Bompay Presmpency. Part IV. (With Plates VIT and aaa -

By J. Davidson, T. R. Bell, and E, H. Aitken ... sce 22

Brrps’ Nustine inv THE Tons Vauury, Part I. By B. B, Osmaston,

Indian Forest Department ... soe ose as ha we §=64

A New Krair rrom Sinp core SINDANUS.) (With a Plaie.)

By G. A. Boulenger, F-.R.S.. ane one a6e ae we 18

A List oF THE Brrps or ApEn. By Col. J. W. Yerbury .. clo

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE Hyta-

KANDY District, Cacwar, Part III. By C. M. Inglis coo (el

PLANTs oF a Bompay Swamp. By G. Marshall Woodrow 88

Tae BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SeRow. (With a Plate.) By

Veterinary-Captain G. H. Evans ... 56 soe ee meth OD

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SCORPIONS FROM InpIA. By

R. I. Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History ... vee 102

THe FLORA OF WesTERN Inpra. Part I. By G. Marshall Woodrow,

Lecturer in Botany, College of Science, Poona ose see -- 118

SoME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE ISLAND

‘OF Bompay. Part]. By A. J. Peile, pa. aes ae cee) LSE

List oF Birps IN THE GwALIorR STATE MUSEUM, COLLECTED IN THE

GwaLior State, By C. Maries, F.u.s., Curator ... . 136

PROCEEDINGS... ce ss 2 253 ose sae -. 141

eh CONTENTS.

PAGE

MiscetLaANnrots Nores—

1,—The Destructive Work of Termites... me Ag

2—The Distribution of the Black- eae cae Kingfish (Hai-

cyon pileata) soe vee o- 148

3.—Deflection of Bullets on a Tiger? S Skull zen Ses ee IAS

4.—An Instance of the Natural Repellent effect of “ Warning

Colours” .-- oe eo. 149

5,—The White-faced Bale er isan opera -- 130

6.—Crocodiles ves 306 cori) WeacmelioE

7.— Leopard versus Cl fal: re Versus The seal =e ee --. 158

8.—Nidification of the Thick-billed Flower os (Piprisoma

agile) 25 Ba oan vos ide

9,—Small Game of the Pee ar Dis trict . ue dee ... 160

10.—The Blue Rock Thrush ah kee een eS sve PG

11.—The Indian Mongoose in Jamaica es ven tae, LG

12.—On the Occurrence of the Lesser Coucal (onsen Ce ;

Blyth) in Ceylon ... “6 iim eyes ae ky

13,—Sinall Game in the Kharaghora District 360 on aoe OS

14,—On the Occurrence of Asto acr7pitrinus, Pallas, in Ceylon ... 163

15.—On the Distribution of Halcyon mileata (the Black-capped

Kingfisher) Bes 500 Bt: eo. 164

16,—Savagery of the Indian Sloth-bear _... Aa ce eee 164

17.—The Sealey Ant-eater (Manis pentadactyla) «.. aoe ose) OD

eeco

18.—On Avtapa ceylonensis (Gmel.) breeding in Captivity... -- 165

19.— On the Indian Porcupine a ace ae oo ... 166

20.—The Indian Sloth Bear Shc ae aoe ane wae OY,

21.—Late Stay of Wild Fowl ie ae oo

22,—Late Stay of Wild Fowl ib as aks ae --. 169

Inpian Ducks anp THEIR ALLIES, Part II. (With Plate I.) By

K. C, Stuart Baker, F.Z.S,, M.B.0.U. ... ae 3p ep ean iligne

Birps CoLLECTED DUBING Five Years’ RESIDENCE IN THE HyLAKANDY

Disrrict, Cachan. Part IV. By C. M. Inglis ... oe eee LOD

_A List OF THE BuTrerFLies or Mussoorie IN THE WESTERN HIMALA-

YAS AND NEIGHBOURING Ruaions. Part I. (With Plates U, V,

and W.) By Philip W. Mackinnon, r.£.s., and Lionel de Nicéville,

C.M.Z.8.,F.E.S., &C. as. ae ae a ahs 500 --- 205

Tue Birps or Norra Cacwar. Part VIII, By E. C. Stuart Baker,

F.Z,8., M.B.0.U. sd 504 aes aoe ee woe 222

CONTENTS. XXIX

PAGE

Nzw SPECIES OF WESTERN PentnsutarR Puants From NorTH KANARA

AND Mysore. (With Plates I to X.) By W. A. Talbot, .1.8., Deputy

Conservator of Forests es 7 tke ay ree ne IS4

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF cna AND BHUTAN. Part I.

(With a Map and Plate I.) By G.C. Dudgeon, r.z.s. With notes

by H. J. Hlwes, 2.8, FHS, &e., and additions by Sir George F.

Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S., &C. ... wae ee ea seep zag

Tax Poisonous Puants oF Bompay. Part XVII. (With Plate S.)

By Surgeon-Lieut.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.s., F.L.S. ase eongoe

SomE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE ISLAND OF

Bomeive) Parley A. Je PellesR a =. 3k dee soo eIB2,

THE Fiona oF Western Inpra. Part II. By G. Marshall Woodrow,

Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona... wee eet) OF

On Some BATS OBTAINED IN THE SuRAvT aND THana Districts sy Mr.

R. C. Wroucuton. By Oldfield Thomas, British Museum see

Tue Morss or Inpra. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THY VOLUMES IN

“THE Fauna oF BririsH Inpra.” Part I. (With Plate A.) By

Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., 7.2.8. FBS, ... oce oa Seo ET

THe Larch INDIAN SQUIRREL (SCIURUS INDICUS, ERX.) AND ITS LocAL

Races on Sus-Specres. (With Plates A and B.) By W. T.

BLANFORD, F.B.8. eve oe ane vee rae ee ea 296

MiscenLanrtous Nores—

1.—The Nepal Wild Swan (Cygnus musicus not C. bewicki) ees 306

2.—The Great Indian Hornbill in Captivity. es Plates A

ans) cles 60 jae en Ol

3.—The Great Indian Henle in ie Wild eta abs --. 308

4,—The Kol-Bhalu ae ne ais ie pe cee oli

5.—Notes on Shooting in Oudh ... oak ae mies seenenke

6.—Scorpion Carrying a Flower... : : . 313

7.—Some Notes on Crows, and on the Protects Toe er of Sia

in Animals a3 esi

8,—Nesting of the White-browed Bush Bulbul (225 Pape bronis)

in Guzerat ae wis whe 50) SG

9,—Pearl Fishing in the Bassein District ( Burma) fs Seoul

10.--The Flamingo Breeding in India .... ee aT Re een 5 |

11.—Late Stay of Water Fowl ... woe wes 321

12.—The Occurrence of the Water-cock (Ganintes AMD) in

Cutehr<:c.! “es ae at ue ate =. 321

xk CONTENTS.

PAGE

Miscertantous Notus—contd.

13.-The Elephant in Burma eae nae sen oe

14,—Gum from the Weaver’s Beam Tree ‘Geiiepeb ona Swietenioides,

ROxb,) 4 ie. eee eae a wee aes bse B26

15.—Wounded Tigers be ies Ro aa ome so OO

16.—Fowls killed by Ticks ... ue. ie ah wee wes Oo

7.—Tne Oceanic Teal (Mareca gibberzfrons) ee 555 vee OOD

18.—Occurrence of the Gargany Teal in India during July yes 838

19,—Nesting of the Little Fork-tail (Microcichla scoulert) ... we. S34

2(0.—Cats as a Protection against Snakes ay ; me

21,—Tusk Measurements of the Asiatic Elephant ... ae ee

22.—Plants of a Bombay Swamp ... 44 me .. 335

23.—The Rlue Rock Thrash (Petrophila Vicon see »-» 336

24.—The Migration of Butterflies ... ne wat ae sé

25.—Our Annual Caterpillar Pest and its Remedy... Bae we B37

26,—Notes on “ Hume and Marshall ” a ae: woe ODS

27.—Decoying a Monkey ... ae 485 eee oe segue

Oprtuany. Ds, J. C. Lispoa ... nies me ee Ba vee 339

PROCEEDINGS wae aes ae see aie se -.. 840

Inpian Ducks snp THEIR ALures. Part III. (With Plate IIL.)

By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.2.S., M.B.0.U. eee oe Me. w. B47

A List or THE Burrerriirs oF Mussoorie IN THE WESTERN

HmiALaAyas AND NeEIcHBouRING Recions. Part II. By Philip

W. Mackinnon, F.z.s., and Lionel de Nicéville, c.u.z.S., F.E.S., &. 368

ne Brraps or Norte Cacuar. Part IX. By EH. C. Stuart Baker,

¥.Z.S., M.B.0.U. cos ear Hee ee «es BOO

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BuutTan. Part II.

By G. C. Dudgeon, rus. With notes by H. J. Hlwes, F.z.s.,

F.ES., &¢., and additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., B.a.,

F.E.S., &C. oes aoe “00 400 ace see --» 406

The Frora or WeEsTeRN Inpia. Part II. By G. Marshall Wood-

row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona oe 5 420

| On some Hartaworms From Inpia, (With Plates I and II.) By

Sophie M. Fedarb ... soe ae 455 an 366 woe 431

CONTENTS, FOC

PAGE

THs Morus oF InpIA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THe Fauna or Britis |ypra.” Part II, By Sir G. F. Hamp-

son, Bart., F.Z.8., F.E.S. Me ae ae als ne aes

A New Corcoma From tHe Deccan. (With a Flate.) By D, Prain,

Nore ON SOME SPECIES OF COL/JAS FOUND IN Lapak. By Il. J.

ELWES, F.R.S. ae oes site es aee ake See

PROBABLE HYBRID BETWEEN THE SCARLET-BACKED FLOWER-PECKER

(Dic#uM CRUENTATUM) AND THE FIRE-BREASTED FLOWER-

PECKER (2. 7¢nrpecTus). By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.S,, M.B.0.U.

Birps’ NESTING IN THE TonS VauLEy. Part II. By B. B. Osmas-

ton, Indian Forest Department _.... oh sia mie

Brrps CoLLECTED DURING Five Years’ RESIDENCE IN THE Hytas-

KaNDY Disrrict, CacHar. Part V. By ©, M. Inglis

Campina IN CHAMBA. By Professor Harold Littledale, m.a. ... sss

DESCRIPTION OF NEw SprcrrS OF Marine SHELLS FROM Bomray,

(With a Plate.) By J. Cosmo Melvill, uw 4., F.1.s., &e.

{NOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES AND THE NEw Treat-

MENT OF VENOMOUS Bites. By Doctor A. Calmette ... seen

MIscELLANEOUS Nores—

1,—An iron band on a Tiger’s Tooth. (With a Plate.) ‘

2.—The Protective Power of Scent in Animals and other matters...

3.—The Destruction of Locusts by means of Arsenic

4.—The Social System of Ternutes “als aa =

5.—The Migration of Butterflies ... nee

6.—Speed of Flight in Butterflies ...

7.—Curious Accident to a Palm-civet ... Me

8.—Extract from Pedro Teixeira ... ae

9.—The Large Pied Wagtail (Motocilla maleraspaten ee AG in

Captivity ... sce 00 see sok s ees

10.—Notes on Man-eaters and other things

438

463

465

467

. 468

11.—The Young of the Hunting-leopard. (With Plates 4 and B. ) 544

12.—-Snakes at Trincomalee re - 546

18,—Seedling Orange Trees’ thse see See she Seo Bly)

14.—The Comb Duck or Nukhta ... ay wae ae Herr)

a —TDoes the Brown Bear hyhernate ? . BAZ

—The “‘ Kol-Bhalu, ” and the Instinct of eset in LW ild Animas 548

XXxXil CONTENTS,

PAGE

Miscettannous Norss—contd.

17.—The Bre ding of the Comb Duck ... aya ane a5 LO)

1¢.—' he Kol-Bhalu an 6c ee. 590

19.—On the Distribution of the Blade ea Rane hoy (Gua

pileatt) es 350 chs nae nee ee oe OO2

20.—Occurrence of the Lesser Flamingo (Pkceniconaias minor)

neat Bombay eae ses see mae os 5d2

PROCEEDINGS oo S60 — sh ast “8 wee B53

Inpran Ducks AND THEIR ALLIES. Part 1V. (With Plate ZV.) By

. C. S:uart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U....

A List or THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN THE WESTERN

Himausyas AND NEIGHBOURING Rzcions. Part III. By Philip

W. Mackinnon, F.£.S., and Lionel de Nicéville, ¢.M.Z.S., F.E.S., &c.

Tue Porsonous Pants oF BompBay. Part XVIII. (With Plaie T.)

By Surgeon-Lient.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.0.8., F.1.8., on Special

Duty (Plague), Bombay Municipality Ae SOE wee ace

A CaTaLocur or THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN.

Part III. By G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.s. With notes by H. J. Elwes,

F.ZS8., F.1.8., &¢., and additions by Sir George I’. Hampson, Bart.,

B.A. F.E.S., &¢. ec ee one sie So ose 50

Yur Fiona or Western Inpra. Part 1V. By G. Marshall Weod-

row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona

Tue Birps or NortH Kanara. By J. Davidson, 1.0.8.

SOME CASES OF CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN A/4nUIA CARINATA AND

OTHER Tizarps. (With a Plate.) By H. H. Brindley, m.a., St.

John’s College, Lecturer on Biology at Clare College, Cambridge ...

SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR TREES, SHRUBS, ETC., FROM NORTH

Kanara, Bompay. (With Plates Xl to XIV.) By W, A. Talbot,

F.L.S., Deputy Conservator of Forests ne 300 Ben

A Nore on THE ZoonogicaL Drvisrons or Srkuim, By H. J. Elwes,

F.R,S. “iss aise ane 343

On AFRIDIA, A NEW GENUS OF LaBlaTa FROM THE NortH-WES?

Frontier oF inpia. By J. F. Duthie, rus. ... Bee

Tue Morus or [npra, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“Tor Fauna or British Inpia.” Part UL By Sr G. F,

Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., F.E.S. 500 20C seo

585

606

624

- 635

. 652

680

- 690

. 694

- 696

. 698

CONTENTS. XXXIil

xu PAGE.

MiscELLANEOUS Nores—

1,—The Baira Antelope of Somali Land. (With a Plate) sep CEE

2.—Notes on two specimens of Hypsirhina sieboldis a we Coa

3.—A Panther with 20 Toes 500 oe wes ae woe 734

4,—The Growth of the Green Tree Frog ... aa Sal 8) ere

5.—Sapphires found in the Gizzard of a Jungle Fowl ... dap) (GB

6.—Distribution of the Slender Loris ane 505 “on Sho W810

7.—The Nidification of the Indian Lorikeets ee one ws 736

8.—Pied Variety of Hirundo javanica... re ae ... 736

9.—Polecats as pets. (With a Plate) ... aa ne sean diend

10,—Panthers and their Ways Soe = Add Be vee 139

11,—Reasoning Power in Bees’... he See we 741

12.—Bahmeen Fishing in Bombay Tathone tae eon woe 142

13.—The Young of the Hunting Leopard ... Ree 743

14,—The Nesting of the Malabar Rufous Woodpecker (atic

ternus gularis) ... ore eee nee 044

15.—The Hybernating of Indian Bears, etc. eee at Rae 33)

16.—The Protective Power of Scent in Animals ... o6 ee is)

17.—The “ Kol-Bhalu ” ... See eee pe ah eal

PROCEEDINGS oie See ez ane Las ae at Asis:

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

VOLUME “Xt.

PAGE,

AITKEN, E.H. ; Davipson, J. ; and

BELL, T. R.; The Butterflies of

the North Canara District of the

Bombay Presidency. Part IV.

(With Plates VIL and VIII) 22

; On the Distribution

of Halycon pileata (The Black-

capped Kingfisher)... . 164

; Savagery of the In-

dian Sloth-bear ax. ese L6H

-——————; The Migration of

Butterflies ... ccs coe - dab

; Our Annual Cater-

pillar Pest and its Remedy 337

———_—— ; The Breeding of the

Comb Duck eco “eu eco oe 500

Ancock, A., M.B., C.M.Z.S., SUPER-

INTENDENT OF THE INDIAN

Museum; An instance of the

Natural Repellent Effect of

‘“ Warning Colours” cod --. 149

ANONYMOUS ; The Indian Mongoose

iN JSGMAICG oo. 300 006 eo. L6L

3 Powls hilled by Ticks 331

; The destruction of

Locusts by means of Arsenic ... 528

BaKeR, E. C. Stuarr, F.Z.5.,

M.B.0O.U.; Indian Ducks and their

Allies, Parts I, II, ILI and IV.

(With Plates I, II, III and

IBY ca6 2 LS 171, 347,055

3 The

Parts

eon 222, 390

Birds of North Cachar.

VillandIxX ... aoc

-——— ; The

Blue Rock Thrush. (Petrophila

solitaria) eco eee eae ooo 336

eee oe

PAGE.

BAKER, E. C. STUART, F.Z.S.,

M.B.0O.U., Probable Hybrid be-

tween the Scarlet-backed Fsower-

pecker (Diceum cruentatum) and

the Hire breasted Flower-pecker

(D. ignipectus) ene 467

BARTON, H. L.; Bahmeen Fishing

in Bombay Harbour coe coe VED

BASSETT-SMITH, P.W., R.N.; Snakes

at Trincomalee exe 200 eo. 046

Bates, 8S. B., F.Z.S.; Sapphires

found in the Gizzarad of a Jungle

Fowl... 206 200 coc sao 735

BELL, T. R.; DAVIDSON, J.; AND

AITKEN, H. H.; The Butterflies

of the North Canara District of

the Bombay Presidency. Part

IV. (With Plates VII and VIII).. 22

BETHAM, CAPTAIN R. M., 87H

BomBay INFANTRY ; Midification

of the Thick-billed Plower-pecher

(Piprisoma agile) ... 606 com IED

—_—— ; The

Kol-Bhalw ... 006 -.. 310

—_——_-—_ —_; Nest-

ing of the White-browed Bush

Bulbul (Pyctonotus biteolus) in

Guzerat —.. ae 6s0 coo 3LO

BETHAM, W. G., INDIAN FOREST

SERVICE ; The *“* Kol-Bhalu” ... 747

BINGHAM, LIEUT.-COoLONEL C. T. ;

The Great Indian Hornbill én

the Wild State ... eee 308

BLANDFORD, W. F. H.; The Social

System of Termites... 200 eee O29

BLANFORD, W. T., F.R.S.; Zhe

Large Indian Squirrel (Sciurus

indicus. 2rz.) and its local Races

or Swb-species (With Plates

AandB) ... ade vee wee 298

XXXVI

PAGE,

BLANFORD, W. T., F.R.S.; Zhe

Nepal Wild Swan (Cygnus musi-

cus n0é C. bewicki)... nae ae

BoULENGER, G. A., F.R.S.; A Wew

Krait from Sind (Bungarus sinda-

nus. (With a Plate) oor con Bs

BRINDLEY, H. H., M.A., St. JOHN'S

COLLEGE, |.ECTURER ON BIOLOGY

AT CLARE, COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE;

Some Cases of Caudal Abnormality

in Mabuia carinata and other Li-

zards. (Witha Plate) ... - 680

BuLKLEY, H.; Small Game in the

Kharayhora District eve

Butuer, A.L.; On the occurrence

of the Lesser Coucal (Centropus

bengalensis, Blyth) in Ceylon

306

163

On the occurrence

Pallas, in

;

of Asio accipitrinus,

Ceylon

eee eco ece eee

; The Scaly Anié-

eater (Manis pentadactyla) - 165

—=

; On Ketapa ceylon-

ensis Gomer). Peas an ge

VIEY ave con eee 165

——; The Oceanic Teal

(Mareea gibberifrons) eee OOS

: Curious Accident

to @ Palm-civet eve DOE

; The Nidification of

the Indian Bu iheets soe coe 100

—

oe ————— *

3; Pied variety of

Hirundo javanica ... 5 aoe aXe

CALMETTE, Dr. A., DIRECTOR

OF THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE AT

LILLE ; Jnoculatéion against the

Venom of Snakes and the New

Treatment of Venomous Bites ... 515

CLEVELAND, SURGEON-CAPTAIN

H. F.,3RD Bo Cavanry; The

Young of the Hunting Leopard ...

Cox, Capt. P.Z,; The Batra An-

telope of Somali Land. (With a

Plate) bes aan ie pele uo

743

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

DAVIDSON, J.,1.C.8.; BELL,T.R.; AND

AITKEN, E. H.; The Butterflies

of the North Canara District of

the Bombay Presidency. Part

IV. (With Plates VII and VIII).

3; The Birds of North

Kanara. PartI ... a0 nor

DupeG@eon, G. C., F.E.S.; A Cata-

logue of the Heterocera of Sikhém

and Bhutan, with notes by H. J.

Elwes, ¥.Z.8., F.ES., ete., and

additions ry Sir George £. Hamp-

son, Baré., B.A., F.H.S., etc.

Parts I, If and III. (With a

Map and Plate I) -- 289. 406,

DuTHIE, J. F., F.L.S. ; On Afridia,

a new Genus of Labiate from the

North-West Frontter of India

ELWES, H.J., F.R.S. ; Notes on some

species of Colias found in Ladak. 465

; A Note on the

Zoological Divisions of Stkhim ...

652

624

Evans, VETY.CAPTAIN G. H.,

A.V D., SOPERINTENDENT, CIVIL

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,

Burma; Zhe Burmese Goat-

antelope, or Serow, Nemorhedus

sumatrensis. (With a Plate)

——; The Ele-

- 322

FEDARB, SOPHIE M.; On some

Earthworms from India. (With

Plates I and II) eo. 431

FLOWER, LiEvT. §.§,, 5TH FUSI-

LIERS, TEMPORARILY LENT TO

THE SIAMESE GOVEENMENT AS

SCIENTIFIC ABVISER, R.S. M.;

Tusk Measurements of the Asiatic

Hlephant ot

GRAHAM, JOHN A.; The Growth of

the Green Tree Frog eels Scoaon

Hampson, Sik G. F., BARBT., F.Z,5.,

F.E.S. ; Zhe Moths of India. cans

plementary Paper to the volumes

in “The Fauna of British India.”

Parts I, IL and II. (With Plate

A.) 277, 438, 698

phant in Burma

eco eco

335

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE,

Hiuu,F. J. A.; The Indian Sloth

PEA ec CaM cen. e¢a.' deacee DOM

INGLIS, C. M.; Birds collected dur-

ing Five Years? Residence in the

Hylakandy District, Cachar. Parts

Ill, IV and V... .. 77,199, 474

Kintoce, ANGUS M.; Distribution

of the Slender Loris noc cee (Ou

KirgTIKAR, SURGEON-LIEUT.-CoL.

K. R, I.M.S., F.L.5., ON SPECIAL

Dory (PuaGus), BomBAy Munti-

CIPALITY ; The Poisonous Plants

of Bombay Parts XVII and

XVIII. (With Plates S and T). 252, 606

LESTER, UIEUTENANT C. D.. 17TH

BomBayY INFANTRY ; Late Stay of

Wild Fowl “4 oe wae) L6S

; The Hlamingo

coe Oa

Breeding in India .. cod

—— ; Late Stay of

Water Foul ... sec ore o. BBL

; Lhe Occur-

rence of the Water-cock (Gallicrex

cristatus) in Cutcheo. cee soe Ook

LITTLEDALE, PROFESSOR HAROLD,

M.A.; The Blue Rock Thrush ... 161

——; Notes on

“ Humeané Marshall” ... dos BES

— — —-—_ —_ —_; Camping

in Chamba ... oe b0C .-. 482

MACKINNON, PHILIP W., F.E.S.,

AND LIONEL DE NICEVILLE,

C.M.Z.S., F.ES., ETc. ; A List of

the Butterflies of Mussoorie in the

Western Himalayas and Neigh-

bouring Regions. Parts J, II and

III. (With Plates U, V and

Wires eos see ee 205, 368, 585

MACLEOD, N. C.; The Protective

Power of Scent in Animals and

other Matters 25 soc ooo 026

XXXVI

PAGE,

MACPHERSON, LIEvUT.©CoLONEL T,;

An Iron Band on @ Tiger's Tooth,

(With a Plate) exe) Weise \esshOL6

MARTINS, C., F.L.S., CURATOR ; List

of Birds im the Gwalior State

pre collected in the Gwalior

State .. “55 ves sac eee 136

——".—— 3 Gum from the

Weaver’s Beam Tree (Schrebera

Swictenioides, Rowd.) “36 --. 326

Mason, J. M., CURATOR, BoMBay

NATURAL HIstory SOCIETY ;

Occurrence of the Lesser Bina

(Pheeniconaias minor) near Boim-

BAY axe O00 san 200 coo DOL

MAXWELL, Capt, F, D., Deputy

CumMissronER, BASSEIN ; Peart

Fishing in the Bassein Dreier

(Burma) 280 o00 20 eo LT

MELVILL, J. Cosmo, M.A, F.L.S.,

&C. Denne of en Sygate

of Manic Shells from Bombay.

(With a Plate) 2a6 cee ove D06

MorzAv, L.; On the Indian Por-

cupine S06 vee — -. 166

NEWNHAM, CAPT. A,, 15TH Bo. IBltss

Scorpion carrying a Flower doo Sule

alae aa Le eee Lemme

Pied Wagtail (Motacilla maderas-

patensis, Gm.) in Captivity coe 535

NICEVILLE, LIONEL DE, C.M.ZS.,

HENS. &e., and) PHInir) W.

MACKINNON, F.E.S.; A List of

the Butterflies of Mussooric in the

Western Himalayas and Neigh-

bowring Regions. Parts I, I

and JII. a Plates U, V and

Wa) nes ne coe 205, 368, 585

OBITUARY. Dr. J.C. Lispoa ... 339

Osmaston, B. B., INDIAN ForzEst

DEPARTMENT ; Bird’s Nesting in

the Tons Valley. Parts I and

ED eitaieve ay ar «» 64, 468

XXXVI

PAGE,

PEILE, A. J. R.A., Some Land and

Fresh-water Shells collected in

the Island of Bombay. Parts I

and IE ... eo. 131, 262

Purpgon, H. M.; Zhe Great Indian

Hornbill in Captivity. CWith

Plates A and B) cog BU¢

eco ene

Pocock, R. I, OF THE BRITISH

MvusEeuM of NATURAL HisToRY

Descriptions of some New Species

of Scorpions from India ... cee

Prain, SurG.-Capr. D.; Plants of

a Bombay Suanp ... 230 s08

; A New

Curenma from the Deccan. (With

a Plate) atic eas ane Ee

—<———

PRALL, SURG.-CAPTAIN 8. E.; The

Migration of Butterflies...

a ne

———— 5

of Flight in Butierpites «.. 533

PROCEEDINGS w-» 141, 340, 553, 748

RaTTRAY, Mason R. H., 22ND

PungaB INFANTRY ; Occurrence

of the Gargany Teal in India

during July... see ere DOO

; Nest-

ing of the Little Fork-tail (Micro-

cichla scouleri) ... ae os DOL

Ropon, Magor G. 8.; Leopard

versus Chital. Pig versus JLeo-

part ... 500 bot 206 cco dss)

———— ; Pecoy-

ing a Monkey cee o00 sos. OOD

== | The

Young of the Hunting Leopard.

(With Plates Aand B) ... coe O44

— ; Does the

Brown Bear hybernate? ... eas

SEWELL, Masork J.H.; The Comb

Duck or Nukhta s one ... 54

SHERWOOD, CApT. H. J., R.H.; The

White-faced Duck (Brismatura

leucocephala) coe HELD

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE,

The

SINCLAIR, W. F., LATE LCS. ;

Destructive Work of Termites 147

—

; Letract from

. 5384

SKEY, CAPTAIN F, BL G., R.E. ;

The Hybernating of Indian Bear's,

$e. ; 000

“ SMOOTHBORE™ ; Crocodiles

Pedro Teixeira

STRAKER, J., F.Z.8.; Motes on Man-

eaters and other things

TaLBoT, W. A., F.L.S. DEpury

CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS; Vew

Species of Western Peninsular

Plants from North Kanara and

Mysore. (With Plates I to X) ... 5

coe coe

; Species of

Western Peninsular Trees, Shrubs,

§c.,from North hanara, Bombay.

(With Plates XI to XIV) - 690

THOMAS, OLDFIELD, BRITISH Mv-

SEUM; Qn some Bats obtained in

the Surat and Thana Districts by

Mr. RC. Wroughton ... Sue

UXWIN, COLONEL W. A. ; Late Stay

of Wild Fowl cco

VANDERZEE, Lirvut. J. H., laviees

STAFF CORPS; Defeeran of Bul-

lets on a Tiger's Skult eo. 148

; Wounded

“60 oe. B26

VIDAL, G. W.; The Distribution of

the lace -capped Purple King-

jisher (Haleyon pileata) eee 148

; Onthe Distribution

of the Black-capped Kingfisher

(Haleyon pileata) ... sos eee DD2

WALL, F., SurG.-Capr., I.MS.;

Notes on two specimens of Hypsix-

hina sieboldii ...

eco eco

Tigers

732

WALLINGER, W. A., DIVISIONAL

FOREST OFFICER; The Kol-Bhalu. 550

————--———_; Panthers

their Ways coc ae

ane

ece 739

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE,

WEIR ,SURG.-LIEUT.-COL.T.S. ; Cats

az @ Protection against Snakes ... 334

Witmot, S. HARDLEY, CONSERVA-

TOR, OUDH; Notes on Shooting in

Outkh eee eco eoe eeo eee 312

———-—; Some Notes

on Crows, .and on the Protective

Power of Scent in Animals - Bue

A LYE GEE

Bahlu”, and the Instinct of Pear

in Wild Animals coo eco eu 548

— ——_—_—_—_- -—=; A Panther

with 20 Toes... 500 eee «. 134

Reasoning

Power in Bees ses one ooo, 4Al

3; The Protec-

tive Power of Scent in Animals ... 745

XXXI1X

i PAGE,

Winson, Linut. N.F.T., R.IM.S.

“CLIVE”; he Nesting of the

Malabar Rufous Woodpecker

(Mieropternus gularis) ... eee 744

Woopkrow, G. MARSHALL, PROFES-

SOR OF BOTANY, COLLEGE OF

SCIENCE, Poona; Plants of a

Bombay Swamp ... 600 sos) OD:

; The Flora of

Farts I, II,

eee 118, 265, 420, 635.

Western India.

III and IV ...

-—— ; Seedling Orange

woe O47

YaTE, Mrs. M. 1. ; Polecats as Pets.

(With a Plate) ae 2 ooo Mai

YERBURY, Cou. J. W.; A List of

the Birds of Aden... see Bo) Loe

Trees ovo sce COS 508

YULE, LIEvT.-Cou. J. H., DEvVon-

SHIRE REGIMENT; Small Game

of the Peshawar District... ee GG:

LIST ORMEEAT ES.

VOLUME XI.

To face

page

The Mute Swan—Cygnus olor. Bewick’s Swan—Cygnus minor, Plate I ees 1

Larve and Pup of the Butterflies of the North Canara District of the

Bombay Presidency, Plates VII and VIII eee on

Bungarus sindanus. New Krait from Sind aes Sie eee ae 3

The Burmese Goat-antelope, or Serow coc an6 see ee Ea snem Os

The White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons, Plate or sus soo eH eee Wall

Western Himalayan Butterflies, Plate U ... aes O66 one 660 coo BADE

Garcinia malabarica, Talb., Plate I... : 506 00 Pa 934

Strombosia leprosa, Talb., Plate II ... tes coc Son ond one Bsn Pes

Bugenia utilis, Talb., Plate III 200 so: 200 hoe 508 bas eon dt

Bugenia kanarensis, Talb., Plate [V... 506 cos do0 ae ae ao OE

Hugenia memecylifotia, Talb., Plate V eee ae AE ae ee aes ave aod

Anotis Prainiana, Talb., Plate VI... awe wan He aS

Psychotria octosulcata, falb., Plate VII... a one Bae ee oe EOS

Vernonia bababudensis, Talb., Plate VILL

Symplocos kanarana, Talb., Plate IX “oc aes he 2oe coc

Plectranthus parvifolius, Talb., Plate X ... cls «eo one sale eee ORY!

Skeleton Map of Sikhim and Binnie: eae ike ct 239

Nerium odorum, Soland., Nat. Ord, Apocynacee, Plate Sion 20s 200 50.)

Indian Moths, Plate A. coc 600 eee 200 aa6 277

1. Sciurus snare Gapicel form). 2, iSpameus indicus, var. qeaioatas

Plate A . ee soe noe soc O00 006 wo» 299

1. Sciurus Sindee: var. malabaricus. 2. Silicon: indicus, var. eatin

Plate B... cee coe eee eae aoc ese eee ood 20 soe 299

The Great Hornbill. Dichoceros bicornis, Plates A and B osc cre coe 307

The Bar-headed Goose. Anser indicus, Plate III ... coc ao “05 .. B4T

Western Himalayan Butterflies, Plate V ove eee at coe ooc

Some Harthworms from India, Plates I and II oo b0 bas SoH foo! CB

Curcuma Ranadei, Prain ascitl eek aaa tel. aura ties See cab) teoeAOS

New Mollusca from Bombay ... : se eee ons -- 506

Iron Band on a Tiger’s Tooth ... 6c 200 coe onc coc ee 526

Young Hunting Leopards or Chita. Cynelurus jubatus, 3 weoke! old, Plate A. 544

The same animals when 43 months’ old, Plate B ... ese cos coo oo O44

The Larger Whistling Teal. Dendrocygna fulva, Plate 1V eo. 555

Western Himalayaa Butterflies, Plate W ... oe 0c Bac 00d ee 585

Calotropis gigantea, Br., Nat. Ord. Asvlepiadee, Plate ... eee eos eee 606

New or Little Known aemecme from Sikhim and lietotn Plate I ... eos 624

Mabuia carinata, Calotes cristatetlus, Lacerta muralis and Anolis grahami... 680

Dysoxylum glandulosum, Talb., Plate XI... o08 aoe sc0 eo. 690:

Pyschotria canarensis, Talb., Plate XII... ese eee ° - 690

Vernonia ornata, Talb., Plate XIII ... cee coo - 699

Diospyros crumenata, Thwaites, Plate XIV . pac coc on «oe 690

The Baira Antelope. Oreotragus megalotis one he eon coe con aE

The Mottled Polecat. Putoriuse sarmaticnus occ aoe coc asc no, Wee

6 a

JG Kealemans del Mintern Bros. Chromo lith. London.

THE MUTE SWAN — Cyénus olor.

BEWICK’S SWAN — Cygnus mmn.oer.

aie :

/2 Nal size.

CORRECTION,

Vol, X, page 628, line 7—for (Pica boitanensis) read (Pica rustica).

JOURNAL

OF THE

| BO MM Be Awy

Aatural History Society.

Vol. XI. BOMBAY. No. I.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.

By H. C. Stuart Baxsr, F.Z.S.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on

18th November, 1896.)

My excuses for undertaking to attempt to compile a series of

articles on the order Chenomorphe are two: first, that no one else

could be found willing to deal with the work; second, that it

consists mainly of extracts from what other men have written and

involves but little that is original. In order, however, that in

addition to what is already on record something new or interesting

may find a place in these papers, I sincerely trust that ornithologists

and sportsmen will send me any notes they possess connected with

ducks either from a sportsman’s or an ornithologist’s point of view.

Few ducks remain throughout the year in India and breed, but even

these few are not as widely oras thoroughly known as they ought to be.

The classification I have adopted is that of Salvadori, as given in

Vol. XXVII of the “ Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum 8

and the keys to sub-orders, families, sub-families, and genera, etc., are

taken from that book, merely changed, so far as is necessary for

Indian ducks, by eliminating such matter as does not refer to them,

and other minor alterations, The references made are only to books

which refer to the birds as Indian birds, as a complete reference to

synonyms and publications would both have taken too much time and

have proved of but little interest to the general reader.

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xi.

The books mainly referred to are the “‘ British Museum Catalogue

of Birds,’ Vol. XXVII; Jerdon’s “ Birds of India ;” “ Stray

Feathers ;’ Hume and Marshall’s “ Game Birds ;” “ Nests and

Eggs of Indian Birds ;” Legge’s “Birds of Ceylon;” and this

journal.

Order CHENOMORPHAS.

The characteristics of this order, as defined by Huxley, are Palate

desmognathous ; young covered with down and able to run or swim

in a few hours after hatching.

The order is divided into three sub-orders, but with the first of

these, the Palamedece or Screamers, we have nothing to do, as they are

confined to the neotropical region, and do not visit our part of the

world.

The two remaining orders are the Phenicopteri or Flamingoes, and

the Anseres or true Swans, Geese, and Ducks. There can be no

chance of these two being confounded by any one, as the two forms

are so widely different.

Key to Sub-orders.—Tarsus, three times the

length of femur; bill strongly bent down-

wards in the centre... a Ho ... PH@NICOPTERI.

Tarsus, about the same length as the femur ;

bill not bent but straight ... aos ... ANSERES.

The sub-order Phenicoptert contains but one family—the Pheni-

copteride—and that family, as far as we are concerned, but two

genera, both of which contain but a single species.

Key to the Genera.—Upper mandible over-

Japping lower ; throat naked... a ... PH@NICOPTERUS.

Upper mandible not overlapping ; throat

feathered 90 506 S25 536 ... PHGNICONAIAS.

Order PHGINICOPTERUS.

Family PHa@Nicopreripé.

(1). Pheoenicopterus roseus. The Flamingo.

Phenicopterus roseus.—“ Cat. B. of B. M.,” Vol. X XVII, p. 12 ;

Jerdon’s “ B. of L.,” Vol. III, p. 775 ; Hume’s Cat., No. 944 ; cbid.,

“ Str. Feath.,” Vol. I, p. 257; Butler, zbed, Vol. LV, p. 25 ; Fairbank,

ibid, p. 264 ; Butler, cid, V, p. 284; Davids and Wend., «bid, VII,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 3

p- 923Murray, zbid, p. 112; Vidal, éb¢d, 1X, p. 91; Butler, cid,

p. 486; Legge’s “ B, of Ceylon,” p. 1092; Reid, “ Str. Feath.,”’ X

p. 78 ; Davidson, ibid, p. 325.; Hume, ibid, p. 513.

Phenicopterus antiquorum—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491;

Barnes’ “ B. of Bombay,” p. 392.

Phenicopterus andersoni.—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” III, p. 414.

Description : Adulé male—Whole plumage, with the exceptions

noted, a beautiful rosy-white; the rose colour much more developed on

the tail and rather more on the head and neck. Primary coverts

nearly or quite white, other wing coverts and innermost secondaries:

light rose-red. Primaries and outer secondaries black; underwing

coverts and axillaries scarlet ; under median and primary coverts

black,»

Orbital skin, fleshy-pink to bright rose-red ; irides lemon-yellow,

pale yellow, or pale golden-yellow, (Jerdon); bill bright flesh-

colour ; edge of mandible and terminal portion of bill black ; legs and

feet pinkish-red ; claws black.

Length varies from 44" to 58", wing 15:5" to 17:5", tail 6" to 7:5";

tarsus about 13", bare part of the tibia 9”; culmen 5°5" to 6:4",

depth (of bill) at centre 1°5" (Legge’s B. of Ceylon).

Female.—Similar to the male ; the rose colour on head, neck, and

back often less pronounced, but not always so. Length from 38" to

48"; wing 14:3" to 15:8"; tail 5°5" to 6°8"; tarsus about 10°5" to

11:5"; bare tibia about 7"; culmen 4°75" to 5°6".

Young.—Head, neck, and lower plumage white, more or less tinged

with rosy-buff ; back and wing coverts ashy-buff with dark shaft

stripes ; the greater coverts more brown, but with pale tips soon

wearing off ; underwing coverts and axillaries pale pink. Bill more

dull than in the adult ; legs dark plumbeous.

: Nestling.—White down, more or less tinged with grey, especially

on the upper parts; down in texture like that on a young swan

(Dresser). In the nestling the bill is perfectly straight, but soon

assumes the normal shape.

Habitat.—Southern Europe, practically confined to the Coast line,

Asia on the Kast and South-East, and the whole of Africa,

In India it is found more or less throughout the Continent, but f£

ean find no record of its having ever extended to Burma, and in

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

Hume’s collection there are none from the Hast of Bengal or Assam,

though from the latter place there is one skin marked “ «! juv. sk.

Assam ” obtained by McClelland in the British Museum collection.

It is very common on the major part of the West Coast and extends

quite down to Ceylon, where Legge states that it is seen in large

numbers both on the West and Hast Coast. Thence it extends north-

wards and is common in certain parts of Madras, but in Hastern

Bengal is a decidedly rare bird. I have once seen it during the cold

weather in the Sunderbands, and there are a few other recorded

instances. In the widely-known and shot-over Chilka Lake in Orissa

it is fairly frequently met with, though, I hear, less frequently and in

smaller numbers than formerly, probably owing to the lake being

more accessible to sportsmen now-a-days than it used to be. Elsewhere

in Bengal it is only a casual flock that is seen in the cold weather.

Legge seems to have thought that the Flamingo bred in Ceylon;

but his ideas on this subject have never been confirmed, and it is un- |

likely that it breeds anywhere within our limits, or anywhere nearer

than the northern shores of the Persian Gulf.

Its principal breeding-places lie in Africa and in Asia, in Arabia and

Persia, where they collect during the breeding season in countless

numbers. It also breeds in Spain, and is said to do so on the Rhone

delta, Hume, and after him Barnes, in Vol. VI, No. 3, p. 285, have

commented on the eurious and untidy habit these birds possess of

dropping eggs about in a casual sort of manner, and in this way a

good many have been found in India.

Other ornithologists have noted this habit, and it seems to be one

common to the whole genus, as Barnes notes, having obtained eggs

thus which he considered belonged to the Lesser Flamingo.

Again, my friend E. Hartert, when visiting Bonaire, came across

a colony of Flamingoes breeding ; and, though he could not approach

near enough to obtain specimens and satisfy himself as to the species, he

managed to visit the nesting-places, and he mentions that he obtained

two fresh eggs which were lying in the water. Here the birds do not

seem to have commenced breeding in earnest, and these eggs. appear to

haye been casually dropped by the bird into the water either before

the nest had been made to receive them or, more likely, before the

bird felt inclined to commence incubation.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 5

All kinds of Flamingoes, of which the nidification is known, breed in

large communities and seem to select much the same kind of country,

sheets of water wide in extent but very shallow, as the sites in which

to make their nests, These are inverted cones of mud, some foot or

eighteen inches high, with the ends broken off and a shallow cavity

made in the summits instead. The nests are made close together, in

many cases several in a group almost touching one another, but of

course their proximity depends greatly on the depth of the water in

which they are placed. Where thisis variable, the nests will be found

in close clusters in the shallower parts, sometimes even on mud or

sand-banks above water-level ; where the water is all shallow—such

as is found in the Rhone delta, Spain and elsewhere—the nests are

scattered casually over a considerable extent of land. In Bonaire, the

land on which the birds had made their nests was not of mud or sand

covered by water but of coral. Hartert’s own words describe the place

vividly for us, he says : “ The water was deep in places and the bottom

very rough, consisting of very sharp corals and often of a deceitful

crust of salt or saltpetre under which the water was black and very

deep. It required much care to avoid these places, and it took us over

an hour to reach the nests. The nests themselves were flat plateaus

standing out of the water from 3" to 6", the water round them being

apparently very shallow ; but it was often the fatal crust that caused this

appearance, not the proper bottom., Many of the nests were close

together and some of them connected by dry ground. They were

quite hard, so that one could stand on them, and almost the only way

of getting along was to jump from one nest to another. The nests

consisted of clay, hardened by the sun and penetrated and encrusted

with salt and pieces of coral, with a distinct concavity in the centre.”

The eggs, nearly invariably two in number, are long ovals,

generally a good deal pointed at both ends. The colour of the true

shell itself isa pale skim-milk blue, but they are so encrusted with a

dense chalky covering thatthey appear, except where stained, to be

pure white. They vary in size considerably, but average about

3°6'x '2°3",

Although so common in many parts of India, they are nowhere,

I believe, easy to get shots at, as they are extremely wary and cute

birds. All over their habitat shyness seems to be their most

6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

prominent characteristic, and a close approach means the result of a

stalkas carefully made as if the stalker was after the very wildest kind of

deer or antelope. A mistake made in attempting to conceal one’s self

and the whole flock rise gracefully into the air and remove themselves

into safety. Typically their flight is distinctly anserine, not perhaps

exactly Y shape, but more inthe form ofa curved ribbon, the ends

fluttering backwards and forwards as the birds, more especially those

at the two extremes, alter their position. Asa matter of fact different

writers have declared the birds’ flight to vary very much; some have

said that in no respect does the flight of these birds resemble that of

ducks or geese, but that, rising in one indiscriminate mass, they con-

tinue their flight as they rise ; others, on the other hand, say that the

formation they assume is nearly as regularly V shaped as that adopted

by geese. Both are doubtless right, and it seems probable that, when

flying for a short distance only, they adopt no special mode of flight,

whereas on migration, or when moving to any distance, their forma-

tion is much as already described. Flying or wading, they are a

lovely sight and, often as they have been described, no one has yet

been able to do justice to their beauty. In December, 1881, when

passing through the Suez Canal, I observed more of these birds

congregated together than I had ever considered possible, the banks

in some places looking as if covered with a rosy snow, so densely were

the birds packed. As the steamer gradually approached nearer and

nearer, the snow melted on its outskirts into a crimson flame as the

birds lifted their wings prior to taking flight, and in so doing exposed

their scarlet underwing coverts and axillaries. They made but little

noise, the few calls that were heard being very similar to those of a

wild goose, but not, I think, quite so discordant.

Writing of these birds, Mr. Hagle Clarke (Ibis, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 200,

1895), writes: “To witness the simultaneous unfolding of a thousand

lovely crimson and black pinions under sunlight is a sight the

recollection of which will not readily be effaced from our memories.

The flock did not run forward to rise on the wing, but we noticed

that they deliberately turned and faced a gentle breeze that was

blowing and rose with perfect ease... .. We several times noticed

the whole herd .... onthe wing ... but in no instance was any

particular formation maintained.” ,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 7

They do not, however—at least in this country—always rise in the

same graceful manner, but both before rising and after alighting run

forward some steps in a most ungainly manner.

They generally leave Northern India in May or June, though they

have been seen in July, and the first few birds return in the end of

September. From Southern as well as from Eastern India, they

migrate earlier a good deal, as a rule, but they have been recorded in

Ceylon in May.

As might be expected from the very curious formation of the

flamingo’s bill, their mode of feeding is also rather remarkable.

Bending down their long necks between their legs, and looking very

much like bird acrobats preparing to stand on their heads, they invert

their bills entirely and use them as shovels in which to catch or collect

their food. This they obtain by moving their heads backwards and

forwards, or from one side to another, and gently stirrmg up the

mud. What they actually feed on is not at all well known, and is

one of the easy points still left for sportsmen to clear up, as it only

means the examination of the internal economy of a few birds shot

whilst feeding. We know that a considerable part of their diet is

vegetarian, but they are also, in all probability, far more given to

animal food than has generally been believed to be the case. Mr. Hagle

Clarke, in his interesting article already referred to, came to the con-

clusion that the flamingoes inhabiting the Rhone delta existed almost

entirely, if not quite, on a tiny Phyllopod, the brine shrimp (Artemia

saleria) which he states is found there in ‘ marvellous abundance.”

The value of the flamingo when divested of its feathers and placed

on a table has been variously estimated. Some have said that skinned

and well cooked it is equal to almost any duck in flavour, whilst, though

few abuse it as fishy or nasty in any way, many have said and written

that the flesh is black, flavourless, and stringy. Probably, as with go

many ducks, it depends greatly on the bird’s diet and the length of

time it has had to recover from its migratory flight. Doubtless birds

just arrived, wanting food and not very particular as to what they eat,

are tough and may acquire almost any taste ; on the other hand, those

that have had a good time to rest and gain flesh ai the expense of

muscle are tender, and those that have lived on a good diet are also

well flavoured.

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

(2), Phceniconaias minor. The Lesser Flamingo.

Pheeniconaias minor, Cat. B.B. Museum, XX VII, p. 18; Hume, Str.

Feath., I, p. 31; Adam, zbid, p. 400, Il, p. 339 ; Hume, cbid, IV,

p. 25 ; Butler, ¢bid, V, p. 234 ; Hume, ébéd, VIII, p. 114; id. Cat.

No. 944, bis ; Butler, Str. Feath., IX, p. 436 ; Legge, B. of Ceylon,

p. 1093 ; Hume, Str. Feath., X, p. 513 ; Barnes, B. of Bombay, p. 393.

Phenicopterus roseus, part, Jerdon, B. of India, III, p. 775.

Description: Adult male——General colour a bright pale pink ;

feathers at the base of the bill crimson ; the longest scapularies and

median wing coverts crimson, the latter edged paler; other wing

coverts and the edges of the underwing coverts rosy; the greater

underwing coverts and quills black ; axillaries crimson ; rectrices

darker, and with the outer webs tinged with crimson; under tail coverts

subtipped with a tinge of crimson. Some old males, perhaps during

the breeding season only, have the feathers of the back with crimson

shaft stripes.

Iris red minium, bill dark lake red (with the tip black), feet red

(Antinori); length 34! to 38"; wing 13” to 14”; tail about 5";

culmen 4" to 4°25” ; tarsus 7°5" to 8°25" (or 95" ?).

Female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and paler, without the

crimson scapularies and with no crimson on the back or breast.

Length about 32” to 34”; wing 12:2"to 18”; tail about 5” or

less ; culmen about 4" ; tarsus about 7°25",

The young appears to be very like that of Phanicopterus roseus, but

with a more rosy and less brown or buff tinge about it. Altogether a

brighter, paler bird.

Habitat.—This bird is not spread over nearly so large an area as is

the common flamingo. Jt appears to extend through South Africa on

both Coasts, but the extent of its range northwards or the West Coast

is still doubtful. In the British Museum Catalogue Salvadori marks

its habitat Bengal witha “?” In the east it is found on many parts

of the Coast as far north as Abyssinia and also in Madagascar. From

N.-E. Africa it extends to N.-W. India, where, however, it is not

found far south, or far into the interior, nor is it found anywhere

towards the east.

Tt has been recorded from various parts of India from the end of

September up tothe beginning of July,and cannot breed very far from

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 9

our shores ; in all probability most of the birds which visit us breed on

the west coast of the Red Sea, and, if such is the case, there would be

nothing very remarkable in the shortness of the time elapsing between

the departure of the last birds and the arrival of the earliest ones in

the following September and October. It seems likely that none of

the various species of flamingoes migrate to any great distance, and

some, as we know, are practically permanext residents of the countries

they inhabit. In Vol. IV of Stray Feathers Hume has the following

note on this beautiful bird : “ We know but little as yet of this species.

Lascertained that it occurred in Scind in the early part of the hot

weather. Captain Fielden shot it in July in Secunderabad. It has

been seen on the great Majuffearh Jheel, 20 miles north of Delhi,

during the cold season, and Mr. Adams has given us full accounts of

its occurrence in great numbers, but irregularly, at the Sambhar Lake.

We have no record of its occurrence in any other part of Jodhpore, or

in Kutch, or in Kathiawar.

In habits the Lesser Flamingo seems to differ in no way from its

larger cousin, and is just as wary a birdas the latter. It is on the Sam-

bhar Lake alone, perhaps, that it has, as a species by itself, been obser-

ved in any numbers in India. There it was found to be an extremely

wide-awake bird ; even in the middle of the day it rested well away

from all cover and was most difficult of approach. It feeds in the

manner usual to the genus—that is to say, in groups, the formation of

which is generally a long line. This line slowly advances through the

shallow water, the long necks of the birds covering a radius of some

two feet or so as, head downwards, they shovel and rake about in all

directions in search of food.

The only note I can find regarding the nidification of this flamingo

is that made in this journal by the late H. Barnes, who says that he

obtained an egg from a fisherman who had found it on a sand-bank

in the Indus. This egg, from its very small size, he believed to

have belonged to the present species, and he adds that he examined the

huge series of flamingo eggs in the Frere Hall Museum, Karachi,

but failed to detect any so small. There is no reason to be found why

the egg should not belong to P. mznor, and Barnes was so careful in

the statements he made that I think this egg is more likely to belong

to that bird than to P, roseus,

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Sub-Order ANSERES.

Family ANATIDAA.

Key to the Sub-Families—

a Hind toe not lobed.

a! Neckas long or longer than the body ... 1 SyGnin«.

b' Neck not as long as body.

a' Hind toe rather long, tail-feathers

rather long. Upper part glossy ... 2 PLECTROPTORINA.

b" Hind toe moderate, tail-feathers rather

short. Upper parts not glossy. Mocere. 3 ANSERINE.

b Hind toe very narrowly lobed,

c! Bill short and goose-like ae .. 4 CHENONETTINA,

a" Bill rather flat and broad tee ... OD ANATINA,

ce Hind toe broadly lobed,

e! Bill more or less depressed.

c' Tail-feathers normal... soe ... 6 PULIGULINA.

d" Tail-feathers narrow and very stiff... 7 HRISMATURINA.

jf Bill more or less compressed, never

decidedly depressed _— ave coe »» 8 MERGINA.

Sub-Family Cyenina.

This sub-family contains but one genus which is represented in

India, the other two families Chenopsés and Pescoroba being con-

fined to Australia and South America only.

The swans are so easily identified by the veriest beginner that it is

not necessary to add anything to the above key, though there are a good

many other distinctions they possess, besides the one named, interest-

ing only from a scientific point of view.

Key to the Species—

a No knob at the base of the culmen ; lores yellow,

a Black apical portion of the bill gener-

ally does not extend above the nostrils,

and on the side only reaches half-way

to the gape. Culmen exceeds 4” ... 1 C. musicus,

b' Black apical portion of the bill extends

much above the nostrils and back-

wards to the gape. Culmen under 4"... 2 C. BEWICKI.

6 Culmen with a prominent knob at the base ;

lores black aes wee oe en 3 C, OLOR.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. iL

(3) Cygnus musicus, The Hooper.

Cygnus musicus, B. of B. Museum, XXVII, p. 20 ; Hume and

Marshall, Game Birds, IIJ, p. 4.

Cygnus ferus. Hume, Str. Feath., VI, pp. 106, 107, 464; VIII,

p. 114 ; éd..Cat.,. No. 944 guat. |

Description : Adult, male and female, Pure white, rarely showing

a slight rufous-grey wash on the feathers of the head ; this probably |

due to immaturity. .

Young.— Wholly a light brownish-grey.

Nestling.—White down.

Length of adult male 60", expanse 95"; wing 25°75" ; tail 7:5";

bill along culmen including bare space on forehead 4°5" ; from tip to

eye 5°16" ; tarsus 4°16"; weight 19 lbs. (Hume).

Total length about 5! ; wing 25:5" ; tail 8:5"; culmen 4:2"; tarsus

4:2" (Salvadori).

Female length 52” ; expanse 85" ; wing 23°35"; tail 7:5"; bill as

above 4:5" ; to eye 4°84" ; tarsus 4"; weight 16°5 Ibs. (Hume.)

A young bird killed in March (in India ?) measured 44” in length

and weighed 8°25 lbs. (Hume).

The young have the bill a dull flesh-colour with the tip and margins

black, which extends with advancing age until it leaves only an

orange band across the nostrils, and the bases of both mandibles very

pale yellowish-green, or greenish-white, In the adult bird the bill

has the terminal half black, the base and margins of the maxilla

yellow. Legs, toes and webs black ; irides deep hazel.

It is more than probable that this swan, the Hooper or Whooper

as it is often called, has not really been recorded within the limits of

the Indian Empire at all. So far the only foundation for calling the

bird an Indian one is a drawing, and from this drawing different

ornithologists have arrived at different opinions. The specimen from

which the drawing was made is not now in existence, and the drawing,

which is by Hodgson or one of his men, does not contain the usual

voluminous notes which most of Hodgson’s illustrations contain on

their backs, and which would, no doubt, have helped to elucidate the

matter. Hume—and it is, I suppose, impossible to get any one better

qualified to settle the question—considers the drawing to represent

Cygnus bewicki. Brooks however, as well as other men, have given

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

their decision the other way, and so the matter stands. Salvadori

does not mention India as one of the places visited by the Hooper,

nor are there any specimens in the British Museum which have come

thence ; on the other hand there is a skull and feet which come from

Nepal, presented by Hodgson, which are labelled Cygnus bewvcki.

Although there is no better evidence than this of the occurrence

of this swan in India, it is rather strange that such should be the

case, for its range is a very extensive one and one weuld have thought

it more than likely that stragglers should have penetrated within

our limits.

It extends practically over the whole of Northern Europe and

Asia, extending in its limits to Japan and to Greenland. In winter

it works south and visits much of Southern Hurope, and in Asia has

been recorded from Japan, South Vezo, Shanghai, Corea, Teheran, &c.

On the Caspian it is very common in the winter, and a few even remain

to breed about its northern shores, About Corea it cannot be said to

be rare in winter, for Mr, C. W. Campbell remarks: “In mild seasons

IT have noticed that a number of these swans pass the winter in a bend

of the Han River about three miles south of Soul,’ In Iceland this

was the only species of swan observed by Messrs. H. J. and C. H.

Pearson, and in the “Ibis” (Vol. I, No, 2, p. 243, 1895) they have

the following note :—

“ Hegs were taken on June the 20th and 28th, but the weather

among the hills had been so bad this season that several pairs were

only commencing to prepare their nests about the latter date. We

afterwards saw a clutch of seven eggs which had been recently taken.

Although these birds sometimes breed cn islands in the inhabited

districts, itis little use to look for their eggs until you pass the last

farm as they are generally taken either to eat or sell.”

They also breed, but not, I believe, in great numbers, in South

Greenland and in the north of Hurope, and in Asia as far south as it

is allowed by civilisation, which is, of course, equivalent to slaughter.

All swans seem to have the same breeding habits. They make

huge nests of rushes, grass, and any other vegetable material which is

soft enough and easily moved, the preference naturally being given

to such kind as is the most handy. These are placed on the borders

of marshes and swamps, often on islands, large or small, situated in

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 13

such places, sometimes actually in shallow water. More rarely they

are placed by rivers, either up on the banks removed from the river

itself or in amongst the rank herbage bordering its course. When

placed in water they are said to raise their nests when the water

happens to rise and threatens to swamp them, and as tame swans

do this, it is in all probability likely that it is true that the wild ones

do also. They lay from four to eight eggs, but in captivity often lay

a larger number still, and I have known a tame duck-swan lay 14 eggs

in a sitting. According to Morris, the smaller number of eggs laid are

generally those of young birds, whilst the greater number of eggs are

laid by those fully adult. I should think, however, judging by

analogy, that though birds of the first season may lay fewer eggs than

is normal, it is, on the other hand, almost certain that very old birds

lay but small clutches. Their breeding season naturally varies very

much according to the country they breed in. In the warmer—lesg

cold would perhaps be the more correct expression—countries they

commence breeding in May, but in Iceland, Greenland, &c., I imagine

that they are normally at least a month later, and that August even

may still find some of the latest birds laying.

Incubation lasts from 35 to 40 days, 37 being the most usual

number of days for the swan to sit, though eggs of the same clutch

may vary considerably in this respect.

Swans are very good parents and look after their young with the

greatest care, the duck-bird often carrying her young ones about on

her back whenever they want a rest.

In the Asan of the 5th March the following curious note was

published, and from the habitat of the swans mentioned, concern-

ing which the note was written, it probably relates to P. musicus :-—

“A Scandinavian writer, cited by the ‘ Zoologist,’ has recently

described a curious method of capturing swans much employed for

centuries past in the north-west of Iceland. The swans, after

moulting in autumn, leave the interior in order to reach the coast.

The inhabitants of the coast and their dogs are prepared, and, when

the birds approach, begin to make as much noise as they can by

shouting, striking boards with stones, and making as much of a racket

as possible. This noise has a Hapen effect on the young swans,

which, terrified and distracted and not knowing which way to turn

14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. XI:

their heads, allow themselves to fall to the ground, when they are

captured without any difficulty. Fear is likewise exploited in South

America for the capture of another species of swan by the Guachos,

who, when they perceive a flock, run towards it keeping themselves

leeward to the wind and concealing themselves. When they get

close enough to the flock, they spur up their horses and rush upon

the birds with loud shouts. The swans seized with fear are unable to

take flight, and allow themselves to be seized and slaughtered upon

the spot.”

In spite of the beautiful novelty of this way of catching swans,

Indian sportsmen had better keep to that dear, old-fashioned weapon,

the D.-B. breechloader and leave the attempt to put salt on ducks’

tails to Guachos who can “run towards” a flock on horseback by

“ keeping leeward to the wind ” and then “spurring up their horses,”

or to Icelanders who are sufficiently atime in their ways to con-

fuse even the wily swan.

The hooper is said to have not nearly as stately or as graceful a

carriage as the common swan, holding its neck in a much stiffer and

more erect position than does that bird, which, of course, gives it a

more jerky carriage when swimming. This trait may prove of use

to the future sportsman or ornithologist who sees swans at too great

a distance to examine their bills, and thus ascertain to what particular

species they belong.

(4) Cygnus bewicki. Bewick’s Swan.

Cygnus bewicki.—Cat. B. of B. Museum, XXVII, p. 29.

Cygnus bewickit.— Hume, Str. Feath., VII, pp. 107, 464, VIIT, p. 114.

Hume’s Cat. No. 944, guat; Hume and Marsh., G. B., III, p. 51.

Cygnus ferus.—PBlanf., Str. Feath., VII, p. 99 ; Hume, ébid, p. 464.

Description : Adult Male.—Similar to C. musicus, but considerably

smaller. The whole bill is black, with the exception of the basal por-

tion which is yellow ; the lores, as in C. musicus, are also yellow.

Legs and feet dull black, irides light brown or hazel.

Length 3'-10" to 4!-2"; wing about 21"; culmen 3:8"; tarsus 4°8"

(Salvadori).

Length 45", expanse 74”, wing 20°5", tarsus 5:5", bill along culmep

from margin of frontal feathers 3°5", to eye 4°41", tarsus 3° 75"

(Hume). It must be noticed that Hume mentions the tarsus twice,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 15

giving widely different measurements, both of which also differ from

that given by Salvadori.

The female is some few inches sniallen than the male, with a wing

about 19". Naumann gives the following dimensions for a female.

Length 30°8", expanse 73:0", wing 18:6".

Young birds of the second season are white, with the head and breast

much marked or suffused with rusty ; the base of the bill is a dull

lemon-yellow.

Birds of the first winter are greyish-brown, and have the base of the

bill a dull fleshy yellow, whilst the feet are not black but are of a

dull reddish colour. The irides are said not to be of so bright a brown

as in the adult bird.

I can find no record of the nestling of this species, which, however,

is almost sure to be white.

This swan is said to be an Indian visitor on the strength of the

same evidence brought forward to prove the finding of C. musécus in

India, but with, I think, far greater probability of being correct in the

ease of C. bewickt. That itis of the very rarest occurrence is, however,

proved by the fact that no others have been recorded. The skull and

feet of the bird obtained by Hodgson in Nepal are in the British

Museum, but the skin, as I have already mentioned, is lost, haying

been destroyed by insects.

This is more of a British bird than the whooper, at the same time

less, perhaps, of an European one. It is said to be a very rare visitor

on migration to Heligoland is extremely seldom met with anywhere

in the furtherest west of Hurope, and is really nothing more than a

casual wanderer in Central Europe, getting more and more common

to the Hast. Its stronghold is Siberia, European and Russian—

more particularly to the South, and Northern China. Seebohm

remarks : ‘‘ Bewick’s swan is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands.

It was first included in the Japanese list on the authority of a

specimen in the Tokio Hducational Museum (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis,

1878, p. 212),”

There is an example in the Pryer collection from Tokio Bay.

Four birds were obtained by Mr. O. C. Ricketts at Foochow. These

were shot by one of his collectors in a bay on the coast appt of Sharp

Peak, and were killed in January.

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Hume in “ Game Birds” has these remarks on Bewick’s swan.

“This species is in a wild state very shy and difficult of approach, more

so, if possible, than the hooper ; but in captivity it is said to be very

gentle, never molesting other water-fowl, as the mute swan often does,

The cal] is said by some to be a low deep-toned whistle once repeated,

but Naumann represents it by the syllable ‘ kuk,’ uttered many times.

In England they have not unfrequently been mistaken for geese,

and when swimming their carriage is intermediate between that of

the mute swan and the goose, wanting alike the ‘ grace and majesty ”

of the former. On the land, however, where by choice they spend

much of their time, they show to greater advantage, and winged birds

will run well and fast. It seems on the whole to be more of a marsh

and narrow-water species and less of an open-water bird than the

hooper. Their food, like that of the other swans, seems to consist of

seeds, stems and corms of rushes, and various kinds of aquatic herbs,

together with, perhaps, worms and larvee of insects.”

There is little on record of the breeding habits of Bewick’s swan.

Seebohm says that it “‘ breeds in the high north both of the Eastern

and Western Palearctic region.” Mr. Trevor Battye found its nest in

Rolquen Island, and reports it as having been made entirely of moss,

presumably the handiest material it could obtain. Messrs. Seebohm

and Harvey obtained their nests in Petchora. They are said to

breed there in May and June and to lay from five to seven eggs

which differ from those of the hooper only in their smaller size.

They are, of course, white, or almost so, and glossless.

(5) Cygnus olor. The Mute Swan.

Cygnus olor.—Cat. B. of B. Museum, X XVII, p. 85; Scully, Str.

Feath., IV, p. 197; Blanford, ibid, VII, p. 99 ; Hume, ibid, pp. 10i—

106 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds, ILI, p. 41.

Cygnus unwini.—Blanford, Str. Feath., VII, p. 100; Hume, zdid,

p- 104.

Cygnus sp.—Hume, Str. Feath., VII, p. 33; VII, p. 104,

Description: Adult Male.—The whole plumage white, with the excep-

tion of the lores which are black. Bill, the tubercle, base of maxilla,

nostrils, margins and nail black, remainder of maxilla reddish-horny,

mandible wholly black. Legs and feet dull black, irides rich brown.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 17

Total length from 4:7" to 5:2" ; wing 23''to 27"; tail about 10" ;

culmen 4°2" ; tarsus about 4°5”, but varying much.

Weight about 15 to 20 lbs. in a wild state, rarely running up to 24

or 25 lbs.; ina tame state birds of 30 lbs. may be met with, and

heavier birds even than this have been recorded.

Female.—Smaller than the male, and with the tubercle at the base

of the bill less developed. The neck is also more developed and the

bird “swims deeper in the water” (Hume). In the majority of the

birds of this order, the ducks swim deeper than the drakes, the reason

of this being the anatomical structure of the different sexes.

Length 4:2" to 4:8"; wing 18” to 22"; tail under 10"; culmen

about 4” ; tarsus about 4'3".

Young.—* Plumage almost a sooty grey; neck and under surface

of the body lighter in colour ; beak lead-colour ; nostrils and the basal

marginal lines black ” (Salvadori).

Cygnets.—“ Covered with soft brownish or dull ashy-grey down,

which in the lower throat and breast becomes much paler, almost

white ; bill and legs lead-grey ” (Salvadori).

In India the specimens of the mute swan obtained are nearly all

young ones, and these have the tubercle on the bill very slightly or

not at all developed, but the feathers of the forehead at the base of

the bill are prolonged to a point “ slightly truncated ”” (Hume).

The range of this swan does not seem to be nearly as extensive as

that of the two birds already mentioned, that is to say ina truly

feral state, as a domestic bird it is, of course, almost cosmopolitan. In

the summer, in its wild state, itis said to be found throughout the

central and south-eastern parts of Hurope, but is more rare in the

North, andis practically absent from the extreme North and the West.

It has only twice been recorded from Heligoland, once in 1881, and

once many years previous to that, both times in the winter. It extends

throughout Prussia and Russia, and writing of Hastern Prussia,

Hartert says : “ C. olor breeds in small numbers in some of the greater

lakes.”’ Breeding-places are recorded in West Turkistan and Siberia

and also in Denmark, Norway, and Swedan, and, I believe, in Greece,

and parts of the valley of the Danube. In Asia it is found in West

Siberia and adjoining countries. In winter it extends its range to

Northern Africa, but does not seem to work far to the West, through

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

Hgypt, Arabia, Asia Minor and frequently into Afghanistan. North-

West India is, however, the extreme south-east point to which it has

penetrated, not being on record as yet as havipg been obtained in

China or further East.

In India it is only a very rare winter visitor, and as far as I can

learn from what is recorded, seldom, if ever, appears except in very

severe winters. As regards its occurrence within our limits, I can

merely quote what has already been written several times. I pillage

Hume and Marshall’s Game Birds en bloc for this purpose, with many

apologies to the authors. Hume gives it as a pretty regular but rather

rare visitor to the Peshawar and Hazara districts, and as a straggler

to Kohat, Rawalpindi, and the Trans-Indus portion of Scind.

The first bird recorded in India was shot by W. Mahomed Umar

Khan and placed in the Peshawar Museum, from which place it

eventually came into Hume’s possession. This bird may be the one

now in the British Museum marked ‘‘2!, Im sk, Peshawar, June,”

only that W. Mahomed Umar Khan got his bird in January not

June. Regarding this bird Hume got the following letter which he

reproduced in eatenso in Game Birds, and which I take the liberty

of again producing here together with other letters from the various

sportsmen who have had the luck to obtain swans :— 3

“Yn the month of January, 1857, I shot this swan in the Peshawar

district in the Shah Alum river, about a mile and a half on this side

of the Kabul river. Neither before nor after have I seen other swans,

but a few years after I killed it I heard from the shikaries of

Hashtnagar (also in the Peshawar district) that they had recently

seen five of these birds in Agra (?) village lake, in this same ne

but had failed to shoot any.”

The next birds Hume got were a pair of young birds received from

Captain Unwin in 1871. These birds were for some time thought to

be a new species and were called Cygnus unwinz, after Captain Unwin

who shot them, and who wrote to Hume about them in this letter:—

‘* To-day while duck shooting on the Jubbee stream on the border

of the Hazara and Rawalpindi districts, during a short halt for

breakfast on the banks of the nullah, I was attracted by seeing two

large white birds flying over the stream some 250 yards lower

down. The Jubbee has here a wide strong bed, with a small stream

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 19

in the centre forming occasional pools, in one of which the birds

seemed inclined to alight. Changing their intention, however, they

came flying up and passed me at a distance of about 60 yards ; to

my surprise and delight I recognised in them most undoubted wild

swans. Firing with loose shot at that distance was useless, so I

watched in the hope that they would settle in some of the pools higher

up in the stream and thereby afford a stalk, but they continued their

slow, heavy flight until I lost sight of them in the distance.

“ Concluding that they would not stop until they reached the Indus,

some 2G miles off, I was returning to my breakfast, a sadder and a

wiser man, when, in taking a last look in this direction, I saw them

returning, I hastily got into the centre of the nullah in their line of

flight, and as they rose slightly to avoid me fired both barrels, No. 3

shot, at the leader. She (for it proved to be the female) staggered

but went on, slowly sinking, until she settled in a large pool about 400 —

yards off, accompanied by her male who alighted close beside her.

«The pool, being commanded by a high bank, offered an easy

stalk, and getting round into a favorable position I found the swans

within 20 yards of me. A crowd of gadwal (C. streperus) which waa

close by took flight on seeing me, but the male swan stuck nobly by

his mate and paid dearly for his fidelity, and shortly I had the

satisfaction of landing them both.

“The villagers who collected to see the birds, gave the local name

‘penr’ (pronounced with a nasal n) and told me that the birds

came there occasionally once in every three or four years.”

In 1878 other three swans were obtained in the Sewandistrict,

Scind, somewhere near the Manchur Lake, by Mr. H. HE. Watson,

after he had previously seen some birds of the same species in the

lake itself, doubtless the same flock from which he afterwards

obtained specimens.

Besides these a good number seem to have been seen, and in four

cases a pair were shot, but in no instance were the skins preserved,

though Hume seems to be satisfied that they were C. olor. Mr. Hill of

the Rifles also shot a swan which was said to be C. olor, but again

the skin was not preserved.

Mr. Watson writes of his birds, “I shot three swans this morning.

As far as I can judge they are identical with the Indian species

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

(that is the tame swan), There were five on a small ‘dhan’ or tank,

about half a mile or less in length by a quarter of a mile or less in

breadth. I went to shoot ducks, but seeing these large white birds,

I went after them and recognised them to be the same as those I had

seen on the Manchar. They let a boat get pretty close, and I shot

one. The other four flew round the tank a few times and then settled

on it again. I went up in the boat and fired again, but without

effect. They flew round and then settled again. The third time 1

shot another ; the remaining three again flew round and settled, and

the fourth time I fired I did not kill. Exactly the same thing

happened the fifth time, the birds flew round and settled close to me

and I shot a third. The remaining two flewa little distance and

settled, but I thought it would be a pity to killthem. I considered

that there would be more than I could skin myself (for I have no one

to do it for me) so I began to shoot ducks and then the two remaining

swans flew by me, one on the right and one on the left, so that I

could easily have knocked them over with small shots. However, I

spared them and came home with three.”

Everyone will notice how remarkably tame and confiding the

above swans were; were it not for the date on which they were shot,

the 12th of February, one would have imagined that they were birds

exhausted by their long flight on migration: as it is, there is no

explanation beyond the fact that the birds were young in age and even

younger in experience. In the same year as that in which Mr. Watson

obtained his swans, but strange to say in the month of June, three

more birds were seen, of which two were shot, one by Major Waterfield

which was identified as Cygnus olor, and one by Mr. D. B. Sinclair,

This last, most unfortunately, went bad before it could be examined

by anyone competent to decide its species, and though, in all pro-

bability, the bird was C, olor, the point must remain in darkness, Even

later than this swans were seen that year, for on the 7th July Mr.

Sinclair wrote to Mr. Hume to tell him that there was still one

more swan on the Gulabad jhil, a body of water some two miles

north-east of Peshawar.

This swan is said to breed gregariously, so it is to be presumed that

it is not so pugnacious a bird in its feral as in its domestic state.

Certain birds which belonged to Shakespere’s birth-place used to breed

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 21

every year on the river Avon, but these showed the keenest jealousy of

one another, and no approach of any strange swan was allowed within

about 200 yards of a nest by the owners thereof. It must be

admitted that their ire was aroused equally as much by the advent

of humanity as by that of their own kind. Boats were always

greeted by the most warlike of demonstrations and canoes not

unfrequently upset, their occupants being more or less damaged by the

furious birds, which made for them in the water attempting to beat

them under with their wings.

These swans, like most others of this species, generally choose small

islands well covered with bushes and rushes as sites for their nests,

most often selecting a mass of rushes close to the river’s edge in

which to place it ; now and then, but not often, one might be found

well inland amongst the bushes. The site taken up by the birds

was not always above flood-level, and whenever the river rose they

were forced to add largely both to the height and bulk of the nest

in order that the water should not wash away the eggs, They

appeared to have no difficulty in working the materials under their

eggs, nor have I ever heard of their upsetting their eggs into the

water when so employed. Sometimes, however, when much frighten-

ed or when rushing to repel an enemy, they sweep an egg or two

into the water. They sometimes make use of an immense amount

of material in constructing their nests, and one such, in the Avon

above-mentioned, must have contained a couple of cart-loads of weeds.

What it was originally I do not know, but when J first saw it, after

a small flood, the diameter of the base must have been ten or twelve

feet, and it was close on six feet high,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

Parr LY.

By J. Davivson, T. R. Beni, anp EH. H. Arrxen.

(With Plates VII and VIIT.)

(Continued from Vol. X, page 584.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on

18th March, 1897.)

Family HESPERITD A.

The number of species of this family that we have observed in this

district is 56. Most of them are fairly plentiful either in the larval

state or as imagines, for some have been rarely seen on the wing, but

have been bred from larvee in numbers, while others have been

caught with the net in sufficient numbers to warrant the supposition

that they are not uncommon in the localities where they occur,

though their larvee have not been obtained ; of other species again,

we have only succeeded in catching single specimens, as for example

Isma submaculata, Staudinger, and Zographetus ogygia, Hewitson ; the

former species is, we are informed by Mr, de Nicéville, new to

India, having been obtained hitherto only in the Philippine Islands

and Sumatra, We have bred all but seven species out of the 56; all

the larvee, pups, sometimes also the egg, have been carefully described,

and the food-plants and habits of the larvee noted. The larve and

pupze of eighteen species have been depicted in the plates accompanying

this paper; five others will be found in the plates of our former paper.

The insects are numbered from 178 to 233, being a continuation of —

the consecutive numbers adopted in this paper up to the end of the

Papilioncde. The names given to the butterflies are according to

Captain E. Y. Watson’s paper in Vol. IX of the Society’s Journal,

p. 411 (1895),

The order followed by us is based upon the habits of the larvee

and upon analogies in the larval and pupal stages. According to the

habits of the larve, z.c., to the nature of its food-plant, we have divided

the family into two large divisions, namely :—

(1) Those whose larvee feed on dicotyledonous plants.

- (II) Those whose larvze feed on monocotyledonous plants.

Plate VII.

s. Chromo th. London.

Bro

Mantern

ies

‘Chromo kth. London.

Mantern Bros

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 23

There is an exception in the first division in the genus Tagiades,

which feeds on plants that are scientifically placed amongst the mono-

cotyledons, although to the uninitiated they are extremely like dicot-

yledons, having reticulated leaves, cordate or digitate in shape ; these

plants belong to the Yam and Lily families in the botany books ; the

butterflies evidently consider them to be dicotyledons; can it be that the

butterfly is right and the scientist wrong ? Division | divides itself into

the following groups, containing the butterflies given under each :—

Division I.

Group A.

Imago heavy-bodied and of strong flight; closing the wings over

the back when at rest. larva stout, brightly coloured, cylindrical

in shape, thickest in the middle, with amore or less squarish head,

sometimes higher than broad, sometimes the reverse, with the lobes

little apparent. The larva in its latter stages makes a cell by

cutting a leaf from the edge to the midrib, at right angles to the

midrib, on one side only, and turning over the piece on to the top of

the leaf, fixing the edges down by silken threads all round except

at the opening, which is towards the main surface of leaf; the cell

is always made at the point end of the leaf; when the leaf is small,

the whole leaf is double lengthways, its edges being joined to form

the cell; the inside of cell is generally covered with silk. The young

larva is very quick in its movements and resembles a moth larva.

The pupa is stout, circular in transverse section ; the head, shoulders

and fore-part of abdomen about the same breadth ; a slight constric-

tion ; thorax somewhat humped, very little higher at apex than

abdomen at segment 7 ; the head swollen between the eyes into a more

or less accentuated round boss; pupa attached in the cell by the

tail and a body-band. :

178. Ismene gomata, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 1.)

This insect was never caught or seen in the district until a few

years ago when a pupa was found by chance up on the ghats, rolled up

ina leaf of Strobilanthes ; the cells of a skipper were found just overhead

on a-large creeper with thick, 5-digitate leaves, called Heptapleurum

venulosum, a kind of ivy. We have since bred the insect in quantities

at all seasons of the year both above and below the ghats ; it is pro-

bably to be had throughout the districts ; it has only once been seen

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

outside our cages, on a cow-dropping in adark place in evergreen

jungle; it is probably a dusk-flier, if not an absolute night-flier. The

flight is heavy and fluttering in the day time.

Larva.—Head squarish, same breadth as height, light brown-yellow

in colour ; six black spots transversely across the middle of the face ; a

semicircle of four black spots round the top of the face. Anal seg-

ment depressed, rounded at the extremity, with two black, shiny,

subdorsal patches at the hinder margin. Colour of body french-grey,

suffused dorsally on segments 5 to 12 with light yellow; a black

band covers the front half of segments 6, 8, and 16 ; segments 4 and 12

have a large black patch above the lateral margin; the rest is spotted

and lined symmetrically with black.

Pupa.—Light yellowish-green in colour ; a semicircle of orange on

the front of the head, round which is a circle of black spots; from the

centre of the spots arises a conical, sharp, short tubercle; along the

front margin of the thorax is a dorsal streak flanked by a subdorsal

one and a lateral black spot ; shoulders tipped with black; a lateral

row of large abdominal black spots, one spot to each segment ; cre-

master triangular, black.

Habits—Kiggs laid in batches of from five to twenty, in lines, on

underside of leaf; larva gregarious while young ; after second moult,

makes a cell and eats the cuticle of leaf in a quarter of a circle from

midrib upwards to the edge of the leaf, feeding inside the area thus

marked off only while in that stage. When grown, wanders to feed,

returning to its cell.

179. Ismene fergusonit, de Nicéville. (Plate VII, Fig. 3.)

This, the largest but one of our skippers, is found all over the dis-

trict in similar localities to the last, preferring the damp evergreens

and cool valleys of nallas, where the food-plant of its larva is plentiful

about the rocks of waterfalls and by the sides of streams. It

flies much like the Sphingide moths, making a distinctly audible

fluttermg with ils wings. The butterfly is not commonly met with

anywhere, but may be caught on the tops of the hills round Karwar

on misty afternoons during the rains, and about evergreens towards

the evening. Nearly all of our specimens—and they are many—have

“been bred from larvze found on a large creeper, Combretum eaxtensum,

Roxb, The insect is a dusk flier.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 25

Larva,—Head large, rounded, slightly higher than broad, ver-

milion-red with a broad black band, dilated on vertex into a circle,

two black circles down middle of face, one on each cheek, connected

by a narrow stem with the central band, and a black band just above

the eyes on each side ; jaws black. Body high in the middle and

rounded at extremity of last segment ; colour black, with a double

thin, blue, dorsal line, a lateral broader yellow line, from which, and at

right angles to it, proceed short yellow and blue lines which do not quite

reach a broad white double line along the body above the base of the

legs; colour of abdomen bluish-white ; onsegment 13 are two vermilion

subdorsal spots, one on each side of dorsal line. Length 51 mm.

Pupa—vVery stout and compact ; colour light flesh-pink, powdered

with a white powder excreted by the pupa ; five black spots on front

margin of thorax, one spot in centre of segment 2, one on the eye, and

an indistinct mark above each spiracle, all black; spiracles surround-

ed by a black line ; cremaster tipped with black; a dorsal black spot

on the last two segments. Length 26 mm.

Habits—The egg is laid on the underside of a leaf near the point ;

the young larva makes a cell by turning over a smull portion on one

side of the midrib at the point on to the top of the part on the other

side of midrib, eating through the greater part of the midrib, so that

the cell part withers and dries; it coats the inside densely with silk ;

this form of cell is adhered to throughout its life. The larva pupates

as a general rule in the cell.

180. Bibasis sena, Moore.

This butterfly, the larva of which feeds on the same food-plant as

the last (Combretum extensum), occurs in much the same _ localities.

throughout the district, and is very nearly as rarely met with on the

wing. Unlike the last, however, it flies generally in the morning,

between 8 and 11 o’clock, and may be caught in small numbers on the

' tops of the hills above Karwar during the monsoon, where it is its

habit to fly about, backwards and forwards, with a quick, darting

flight, in certain prescribed open places in the forest; it is. nearly.

impossible to catch it on the wing, but it settles at intervals. low down

near the ground, when it may be captured,

Larva.—the larva is. similar to [smene ferguson, de Nicéville, in

every way; it feeds on the young pink leaves of the same plant,

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

whereas J. fergusoni: feeds exclusively on the tough leaves. It can be

distinguished from the larva of the last by the yellow lines at right

angles to the lateral yellow line being continued down to the marginal

double white line, giving the body the appearance of having a lateral

row of large black spots. Length 40 mm.

Pupa—Similar in every way to, though smaller than, that of

Tsmene fergusoni ; it can be distinguished at once, however, by having

a large transparent-looking dirty patch in the middle of the thorax,

which the former does not possess. Length 22mm. See Journal,

Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 373, No. 88, pl. F, figs. 2

larva ; 2a, pupa (1890).

181. Hasora chromus, Cramer. (Plate VII, Fig. 2).

This is one of the commonest butterflies with us, occurring every-

where. Its flight is very quick ; it is fond of the vicinity of water,

where it may be captured, laying its eggs on the young shoots and

leaves of Pongamia glabra, Vent. It is difficult to distinguish on the

wing from either of the two following.

Larva.—Head large for the size of the insect, nearly quite square,

covered with longish white hairs, yellow or red-brown in colour; when

yeliow it has a black spot around the eyes (at the base of each lobe) ;

a broad black collar on segment 2, reaching from spiracle to spiracle ;

anal segment slightly sloping, rounded at the extremity, with a shiny

black dorsal patch on it ; body sparsely covered with longish, erect,

white hairs ; colour more or less dark mauve, variable, suffused

dorsally with light yellow ; a dorsal dark mauve line, an obsolescent

similar Jateral line, and a broad marginal yellowish band bordered

above and below with white ; abdomen greenish-yellow ; there may

be a black spot on segments 5 to 9, that on segment 5 ae being

wanting. Surface oily-looking. Lionipth 31 mm.

Pupa.--Stout, very similar to the foregoing, light green in colour,

without markings, covered with a white powder.

_Habits:-—Larva makes a lax cell by folding a leaf longitudinally,

which it does not line with silk ; is very moth-like in its young stages,

and pupates in the cell, attached by tail and a body-band.

182. Hasora alexis, Fabricius.

This insect has been but rarely met with. We have caught it near

Karwar. We were lucky, however, in finding six lary once near

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 27

Karwar at an elevation of 1,000 feet, which we managed to rear suc-

cessfully. It is probably similar to H. chromus, Cramer, in its habits,

as, like it and in fact all the butterflies of this group, it is found

resting on the undersides of leaves.

Larva and pupa.—the larve that were obtained by us were so

similar to those of H. chromus that we mistook them fer such; the

pup were also exactly like those of the same species. The larva

feeds ona species of Rourea or Derris, a climber, eating the young

leaves only and making a cell exactly like H. chromus.

183. Hasora chabrona, Plotz.

This species was named for us by Mr. de Nicéville. It is extremely

common throughout the northern above-ghat portions of the district

from December to June ; we found it absolutely swarming during the

last two months of one year, the larva being so abundant that its food-

plant, which was in young leaf and very plentiful, had hardly a leaf

on it. The females may be seen any year, in the afternoons, laying

their very small pink eggs on the young shoots of Millettza racemosa,

Ben., a large woody creeper with leaves very like those of Pongamia

glabra. It isa butterfly of rapid darting flight. ‘

Larve,—The larva is very similar to that of H. chromus, Cramer,

except that the head is broader than high and of a dark brown

colour, light towards the vertex. Segment 2 is smaller than the head ;

somewhat swollen, glubrotis and shiny. Last segment broadly

rounded, flattish,, thick, dorsally dark and shiny. The surface of the

body is covered fairly densely with longish, white, erect hairs ; it is

much hairier than H. chromus. Colour mauve-green (never as dark as

H. chromus), densely spotted with small yellow spots ;adouble dorsal

yellow line ; a subdorsal, lateral and marginal yellow line ; a lateral

black spot on segments 3 and 6. Length 34 mm.

Pupa.—Very similar in shape to that of B. sena, Moore, but

without the dorsal patch on the thorax. Colour pink on abdomen,

dirty green-white on the wings, thorax and head; a long black

dorsal streak on front slope of thorax reaching to front margin; a

short dorsal black streak on hinder margin of same ; a dorsal black

mark on segment 13 ; two black marks on the inner margin of the

eye ; head-point and cremaster black. Length 25 mm,

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf,

Habits.—The habits are identical with those of the last two in the

larval and pupal stages. The imago, however, is generally found in

dry situations on the slopes of hills in rather open jungle, where the

food-plant is found.

184. Badamia exclamationés, Fabricius.

Probably the commonest skipper in the district. It may be seen

at any season of the year, resting on the underside of leaves, or flitting

about flowers ; in some years it is, however, less abundant than in

others. It is excessively rapid in its flight, and is consequently diffi-

cult to capture on the wing ; but it rests often, when it falls an easy

prey to the net. About the month of April, one year, we have seen

the insect so plentiful as to be put up in veritable clouds in the course

of one’s walks through the jungles ; the food-plant was then in young

leaf. The food-plant, Terminalia belerica, Roxb., was in this particular

year denuded of its leaves, and it is one of the largest as well as

one of the commonest trees in our jungles ; the larva was in such

quantities that, after eating all the available food on one tree,

it would wander down the stem in such numbers as to hide the

bark from view; each leaf of every surrounding tree later on

contained a pupa.

Larva.—Similar in shape to that of H. chabrona, Plotz, but

slimmer and more moth-like. The colour is bright yellow, more or

less thickly banded with black ; the head is yellow with two parallel

lines of black spots, often coalescing into lines across the face ; it is

broader than long and somewhat depressed in the centre of the vertex.

It is sometimes found feeding on Combretum extensum. Length 34mm.

Pupa.—Similar in shape to the foregoing, but slimmer, with a long

triangular cremaster, knob-shaped spiracular expansions on segment 2,

a knob-shaped boss in front of the head between the eyes, and a slight

transverse ridge parallel to the front margin of each segment ;

thorax more humped than in any of the foregoing species,

Colour brown, with dorsal abdominal black spots ; wing cases

nearly white ; surface shiny and covered with a white powder.

Length 24 mm.

Habits—HEgg laid on young shoots. Young larva makes a

cylindrical tight cell at the edge of the leaf ; the later cells are like

those of H. chromus, Cramer.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 29

185. Hasora badra, Moore.

We have only caught a few specimens of this butterfly near oe

and at Gairsappa and at Kadra, all places below the ghits. N othing

is known of the larval and pupal stages.

186. Hesperia galba, Fabricius. (Plate VIM, Fig. 6.)

This little butterfly is placed here as forming the connecting link

between this group and the next. The imago rests with its wings

closed when at rest, although, when basking in the sun, it keeps them

three-quarters open ; the fact of its keeping its wings closed when at

rest prevents us from including it in the next group, although the

larva and pupa by their analogies belong to the following group,

the imagines of which all rest with their wings wide extended. The

butterfly is to be found only on the immediate coast in the district, and

particularly in sandy open places where it gets the full benefit of the

sun, and where the food-plant of the larva, a little straggling ground

weed, Waltheria indica, is common. The insect is very hard to see,

being spotted with grey and black, but is easily captured once

espied, as it often rests to bask on some leaf or stick ; its flight

is not very rapid; itis not uncommon in the localities where it

is found.

Larva.—Front view of head round, shallowly bilged, thick, shiny

black, clothed with close yellow fur interspersed with long white

hairs ; very long white and black hairs on the sides of the head, the

black hairs flattened ; jaws red. Segment 2 bright orange with a

._ narrow black collar and a central row of long black hairs. Body cylin

drical, rounded at extremity, covered with small white tubercles, each

bearing a long white or brown erect hair, the brown ones being con-

fined to the front part of the body. Colour green with a darkish dorsal

and a white marginal line. Length 17°5 mm.

Pupa.—Head square with a swelling between the eyes ; thorax

slightly humped ; constriction slight; pupa broadest at centre ; circular

in transverse section. Spiracular expansions of segment 2 are oval,

large, well raised from the thoracic surface, dark chocolate-brown,

rounded in outline. Surface finely rugose, covered with long, white,

erect hairs, densest on head and around eyes. Colour of body green-

yellow, green on thorax, wing cases covered all over with a’ white

powder. Length 13 mm.

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

Habits—Larva doubles a part of a leaf on to the top or bottom of

the rest of leaf, fastening the cell thus formed with silk all round

and lining the inside strongly with silk, The larva rests like those

of Sarangesa and Coladenia of the next, group with its head turned

round on its side. The pupa is formed in a cell, and is fixed by the

tail and a body band. In the localities where this butterfly is

commonly found at the end of the rains, in the months of September

and onwards, there is not a specimen to be seen in the dry-weather

and the beginning of the rains. The eggs probably lie over on the

stems of the plant during the long period during which it is leafless—

from December to June.

Group B.

The imagos of this group rest with their wings fully open ; the

flight is strong, but of short duration ; they rest generally on the

upperside of leaves. The larva is spindle-shaped, thickest about the

fifth segment, attenuated towards both ends; last segment narrow,

rounded at extremity ; head round, somewhat bullet-shaped, hardly

bi-lobed, large ; the colour of the larva is some shade of brown or

green, with a collar of a different colour on segment 2; the larva

makes a cell by turning over part of the leaf from the edge on to the

upperside or underside, lining the mside with silk; the method of

making the cell, however, differs in the different genera, The pupa

is stout, square in front, with a boss between the eyes, and large

spiracular expansions to the spiracles of segment 2; it is attached

by the tail anda body band. The larva and pupa of Hesperia galba,

Fabricius, are very similar to the larvae and pupz of this group. The

egg is nearly hemispherical, and is rayed from top to bottom.

187. Caprona ransonnetii, Felder. (Plate VIL, Fig. 4.)

This insect is very common throughout the district at all seasons ; it is

very variable in colour, running from bright golden-brown above with

few markings to dark brown with many markings ; the golden-brown

form, named C. tayloriz, de Nicéville, for us by Mr. de Nicéville, has

been bred in the cold season from larvee and pupz similar in all points

to those which produce C. ransonnetz? in the monsoon. The butterfly

is rapid of flight, and difficult to capture on the wing.

Larva.—Head slightly bi-lobed, dark chesnut in colour, with the lower

third of the face clothed with white adpressed hairs densely, above which

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 31

are erect white hairs traversed by a band of brown erect hairs ; near

the vertex of each lobe isa bare patch; the sides of the head are

clothed with long, curved, white hairs ; the head is large. The sur-

face of the body is covered with small, hair-bearing tubercles, render-

ing it somewhat rugose. Colour green with a yellowish tinge at the

margins of the segments. Length 28 mm.

Pupa.—Head thick and quadrate, with a small pointed tubercle on

the front of each eye, and a larger blunt one between the eyes on the

front of the head, which latter tubercle is hairy. The spiracular

expansion of segment 2 is kidney-shaped, large, and red-brown in

colour. The colour of the pupa is light green spotted with black as

follows :—-A 5-sided spot at the dorsal front margin of the thorax, ano-

ther behind the spiracular expansion, eight others in different positions

on the thorax, a series of subdorsal spots on the abdomen, one to each

segment, each spiracle surrounded by black, some black markings

about the cremaster, four longitudinal black lines on the wings. Sur-

face of pupa finely hairy with short, adpressed and erect hairs.

Leneth 19 mm.

fabits—The egg is laid on the top surface of the leaf; the young

larva makes a cell by cutting a circular piece out of the leaf, leaving

this piece attached by a hinge and turning it over on to the top of the

leaf, where it is fixed down by silk and strongly lined inside with the

same material ; this piece is small and withers soon to a brown colour.

The final cell, and some before it, is made by turning a large piece

from the edge over on to the underside of the leaf, and fixing loosely

with silk ; the larva eats holes in the top-covering of the cell thus

formed, leaving, however, space enough to rest on, for it rests on the

roof of the cell with its back towards the ground ; the change to pupa

is performed in the cell. The larva feeds on Helicteres isora, l14—Sce

Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 374, No. 94, pl. F,

Figs. 1, larva; 1a, pupa (1890), where the transformations of this species

are figured under the name of Abaratha ransonettz, Felder.

188. Odontoptilum anyulata, Felder (—sura, Moore),

(Plate VII, Fig. 3.)

Is met with all over the district, above and below the ghits, with

the exception of the parts immediately bordering on the plains.

It is nowhere common. The flight is rapid and jerky, but it often

32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

rests on the uppersides of leaves, on flowers, &c. We have bred

many.

Larva.—The larva is very similar to that of the last in shape and

habits; the head, however, has not such long hairs at the mar-

gins; it is of the same colour, and is covered with longish, erect

white hairs, there being three patches ima line across the face near

the vertex of the head, where the hairs are brown ; there is also a line

of brown hairs above each jaw ; the lower third of the face is clothed

with adpressed white hairs. Segment 2 has a broad, glabrous, shiny

collar. The surface of the body is covered with short, thick-topped

hairs, which are longer on the last segment than anywhere else. Col-

our is green-yellowish to dark red-brown. Feeds on Allophylus cobble,

Bl. Rumph. Length 22 mm.

Pupa.—Very similiar to that of the foregoing species ; the spira-

cular expansion of segment 2 is here smaller, hemispherical in shape

and yellow-brown in colour. The colour of the pupa is green, with a

yellow tinge on the abdomen. The markings are similar to those of

the last, but there are many more black spots. Length 17 mm.

Habits—The egg is laid on the top surface of the leaf as in the

last species ; the habits of the larva are identical with those of that

of C. ransonnetii, Felder.

189. Coladenia tissa, Moore.

The insect is common throughout the district at all seasons; the

golden-yellow or brown form in the dry-season ; the dark form in the

monsoon months ; these two forms differ from each other just in the

same degree that C. taylori, de Nicéville, differs from C. ranson-

netii, Felder. The insect is easily captured as it is resting on a leat,

stone, &c., near the ground; it is fond of shade. Both forms have

been bred plentifully by us.

Larva.—Head nearly round from front view, thick through, and

with a slight linear depression down the centre of the face; surface

finely rugose, clothed with very short, white, star-shaped hairs mixed

with a few longer red hairs about the mouth. Posterior half of seg-

ment 2 is pure white; anal end thickened, squarish at extremity;

surface of body clothed with short, white hairs, similar to those on

the head; colour of body dark greenish-chocolate, becoming lighter

when the larva is about to pupate ; abdomen bluish. Feeds on Xylia

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 33

dolabriformis, Benth., Grewia microcos, L., and many other plants

of different orders. Length 19 mm.

Pupa.—Head with a knob-like process between the eyes pointing

forwards and constricted at the base, covered with short, red bristles ;

surface finely rugose, covered with minute red hairs, spiracular

expansion of segment 2 prominent, ear-like, facing forwards, spongy-

looking, golden in colour. Pupa stout, constricted somewhat in

centre, of a dark red-brown colour, strongly glazed. Length 15:5 mm.

Habits—The habits of the larva in its first stages are similar to the

habits of the young larve of the last two species ; in the form of

making the last cell, however, it differs; the cell is formed by cutting

right across the leaf from edge to edge about the middle and at right

angles to the midrib, which is also partially gnawed through, so that

the piece thus separated dies and withers ; one side of the part so

separated is turned over on to the top of the other and diagonally

across it ; the cell is thickly lined with silk, so that it is difficult to

tear it ; an aperture is left in front where the midrib has been gnawed

through. The larva is of slow growth, and is very much attacked by:

spiders, birds, wasps, &c., notwithstanding its strong retreat; it is

caught when out feeding.

190. Coladenia dan, Fabricius.

This butterfly, very local in this district, occurs only along the

banks of rivers above the ghats, and ia the deep river valleys

away from the coast below the ghats ; we have seen it in places’ both

in Supa and Karwar ; it is fond of shade, and rests on the surface of

leaves near the ground like the last, which it indeed resembles in

every way: it is found in thicker jungle than the last. We have

bred about a dozen specimens ; it varies much in size.

Larva.—tThe larva of this species, the foregoing species, and the

next following two species, are only distinguishable with difficulty ;

that of C, tissa, Moore, being the largest, the other three much of a

size and a good deal smaller than that of C. tissa, The larva of

C. dan is spindle-shaped ; has a white collar to segment 2; head

round from front view, shallowly bi-lobed, covered with minute semi-

adpressed, white, transparent hairs in bunches ; the head is a good

deal larger than segment 2, about equal in diameter to segment 3.

The: last segment is rounded. The surface of the body is covered

34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

with minute, colourless, star-topped hairs and is minutely punctured ;

anal margin with eight longish simple hairs and a few branched hairs.

Colour is black brown as to head ; the body is greenish-chocolate.

Pupa.—tThe pupa is identical with that of S. dasahare, except that

the spiracular expansions are longly semi-circular, thickened at apex,

and rugose ; the proboscis is free from the end of the wings to the

centre of segment 9 only. Colour of pupa isa dirty greenish-white.

Size as in S. dahasara.

Habits.—The habits of the larva are exactly similar to those of

the larvee of the genus Sarangesa ; the cells formed are similar, and

the manner of pupation also,

191. Sarangesa purendra, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 4.)

The imago is similar in habits to C. dan, Fabricius. We have

found many in Karwar during the monsoon months, settling on the

ground and on leaves in shady places. We have bred many, but only

below the ghats and in the monsoon.

Larva—tThe larva is exactly similar to that of C. dan, except

that in this species the collar is rosy-white, and the colour of the

body a dark, blackish olive-green. Length 17 mm.

Pupa.—Head large, quadrate, with a rounded boss between the

eyes, which is clothed with fine, erect, red hairs curved at the points;

surface of body clothed with reddish, short, curved-topped hairs,

shorter than those on the head ; segments 1 and 2 finely rugose ;

rest of pupa shiny and smooth. Proboscis free from end of wings

and reaching end of body (to the cremaster). Length 14 mm.

Habits—Kigg laid anywhere on leaf or stalk ; the larva on emerg-

ing immediately makes a cell by turning over a triangular piece from

the edge of the leaf on to the upperside, choosing a small young leaf.

Tn the last two stages the larva makes a cell out of two or three

leaves, which it binds together strongly with silk, often incorporating

a dead leaf, and covers the inside of the cell laxly with silk ; it pupates

in the cell. Larva feeds on Blepharis asperrima.

192. Sarangesa dasahara, Moore.

This insect is like the last in habits; the imago differs from

typical S. dasahara in having a white, instead of a dark, fringe (we

have been informed by Captam Watson, wko has seen our specimens),

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 35

Our specimens were bred above the ghats in the dry-season only ;

they are much lighter in colour than the last insect.

Larva.—The larva is not distinguishable from that of S. purendra,

Moore, except by its colour, which is greenish-chocolate, and by the

shape of the head, which is more broadly lobed ; it is more narrowly

lobed, however, than the head of the larva of C. dan, Fabricius.

Same size as last.

Pupa.—fSame as that of S. purendra; the spiracular expansions

of segment 2 are semi-circular in shape, slightly raised from thorax

and face forwards. Body covered with fine, white, simple hairs.

Colour a transparent emerald-green. Size the same as that of

S. purendra.

Habits——Are the same as those of the last two. The larva feeds

on an acanthaceous plant allied to Lepidagathis, growing in moist

places generally. The larva of this and the last two species rest in

their cells with the head turned round on the side.

Group C.

The imagos of this group rest with their wings wide open as

those of Group B, and generally on the underside of the leaves.

They are all shade-loving insects, and have a very rapid jerky flight,

never sustained for any length of time. ‘The typical larva is stout,

thickest at the fourth and fifth segments and somewhat narrow at the

anal end, the extremity being flattened and rounded ; the head is large,

very strongly bi-lobed, the lobes being separated by a deep triangular

sinus on the vertex ; surface of the head rugose ; jaws strong. The

colour of the larva is variable, being brown, green or white, according

to the species. The larva lies closely applied to the surface of the

leaf, with its head turned round on its side when at rest, like that of

the foregoing group ; it raises its head and opens its mandibles when

disturbed, as if to bite ; it makes a cell by turning over a triangular

piece of leaf from the edge on te the upperside, fixing laxly with silk

round the edges, and lying with its back towards the leaf-surface on

the underside of the piece turned over ; it sometimes scollops the

edge of the piece turned over. The pupa is stoutish, with a slightly

humped thorax and slight constriction, a short snout to the front of

the head between the eyes; in some cases, there is a spiracular expan-

sion to segment 2. The pupa is attached by the tail and by a body-

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf.

band. Tapena thwaitesi, Moore, has been placed in this group, as it

evidently is most intimately related to the imagos of the group ;

its larva is somewhat abnormal in the shape of the head, and the

pupa in not having spiracular expansions to segment 2.

193. Tapena thwartest, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 5.)

The imago is common throughout the damper parts of the district

in the cold weather and rains ; it is of fast flight, but rests often on

the upperside of leaves generally, though we have seen it also pitch

on the under surface of leaves in the same way that all the other

members of the group do. We have bred many. Specimens bred in

the wet months are darker than those bred in the dry ones.

Larva.—Head with lobes rounded on the vertex ; less prominent

than in any other of the group, being shallowly, though broadly in-

dented ; very thin through ; of a yellow colour more or less suffused

with dark brown on the upper part, with a marginal red line. Body

pure opaque white tinged with blue. Length 22 mm.

Pupa.—tThe pupa is square in front, with a short beak between the

eyes, and no spiracular expansions to segment 2. The colour is

greenish-white, waxy-looking. Length 17 mm.

Habits—The imago lays many eggs on the young shoots of the

plant, but always singly. The young larva on emerging proceeds at

once to make a cell by turning over a piece of the edge of a leaf on to

the top and scollops the edge of the cell. It pupates in the cell; the

pupavis attached by the tail and by a body-band. The larva feeds on

Dalbergia latifolia, D. tamarindifolia and D. volubilis.

194. Celenorrhinus leucocera, Kollar.

The insect is fairly common both below and above the ghats where

there is heavy jungle ; it rests on the undersides of leaves; it is very

easily captured. We have bred quantities of it.

Larva.—Head very large, dark brown, nearly black, square from

front view, with a deep triangular broad indentation on the vertex,

rugose as to surface ; thick in the direction of the longitudinal axis of

the larva. Body more or less cylindrical, very fat and flanged some-

what on the margin, thickest towards the centre ; anal end narrowish,

rounded at extremity. Colour dark indigo-green; segmental margins

yellowish, and a dark pulsating dorsal line ; a thin white marginal

line. Length 28 mm,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 37

Pupa.—Head large, quadrate; eyes prominent, witha short, conical

obtuse beak; constriction slight ; section of abdomen circular ; at

segment 7 the pupa is broadest; shape longish ; surface corrugated

finely, slightly and shortly red-haired ; spiracular expansions of

segment 2 large, raised, oblong, facing forwards, spongy-looking and

golden in colour ;_ proboscis reaches beyond the cremaster, being

_ free from the end of the wing cases. The colour is a rich golden-

brown and shiny. Length 23 mm.

FTabits—The habits of the larva are those given for the group,

except that it does not scollop the edge of its cell. The pupa is

attached by the tail and by a body-band. The larva feeds on a plant

of the acanthaceous genus Eranthemum,

195. Celenorrhinus ambareesa, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.)

Is found much in the same localities as the last, but often visits the

verandahs of bungalows ; it haunts places where the shade is deep

amongst rocks in the jungles, and may be caught at flowers in the

early morning round the open spaces in the forest, We have bred

many from larve obtained with larve of the next species.

Larva.—Head similar to the last in colour and shape. Segment 2

somewhat swollen and shiny. Shape of body the same as the forego-

ing. Colour of larva when young is black (C. leucocera, Kollar, and

C. fusca, Hampson, are green) but is dark brown olive-green when

full grown, with a pair of lateral short white lines to each segment, a

dark dorsal pulsating line, and a white marginal line. Length

32 mm.

Pupa.—tThe chrysalis of this species is nearly exactly the same as

that of the last in every particular, the proboscis being produced to

the same length, &c. Length 25 mm.

Habits.—The habits are the same as for the last ; the larva does not

scollop the edge of its cell, Feeds on Strobilanthes callosus, Nees.

196. Celenorrhinus fusca, Hampson. (Plate VIII, Fig. 2.)

Much commoner than either of the last two species in the imago

state ; it swarms in the monsoon on the tops of the hills round Karwar,

where the “ karwi,” the food-plant of its larva, is common ; it is to be

met with everywhere above the ghats in the dry-season. We have

bred great numbers of it. It rests on the underside of leaves in thick

jungle.

38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Larva.—Is the same as the last in shape. Colour green, with a

light dorsal line, and a whitish marginal line ; otherwise the body is

‘unmarked ; the head is always yellow or brown-yellow, never being as

in the two foregoing species C. leucocera, Kollar, and C. ambareesa,

Moore. Length 32 mm.

Pupa—tThe same as the pupa of C. ambareesa in shape, but

stouter, shorter, and more like that of Z. attécus, Fabricius, and green

in colour instead of brown. Pupates in its cell with tail suspension

and body-band. Length 23 mm. |

Habits.—The habits are those of the fone species ; the food-

plant of the larva is also the same, z.e., Strobilanthes callosus, Nees.

197. Tagiades atticus, Fabricius.

The insect is very common throughout the district, more particu-

larly, however, in the dense jungle tracts ; it can be seen any time

flying about in shady places at a great pace, low down. We have

bred many at all seasons.

Larva.—Head same shape as that of the last, yellow-red in colour :

shape of body also the same as the last ; colour indigo-green, speckled

with yellow dorsally. Length 28 mm.

Pupa—Head quadrate, with a strong conical beak ; abdomen

stout, circular in transverse section ; cremaster triangular, curved,

strong ; constriction slight ; surface smooth, pitted finely. No

prominent spiracular expansions on segment 2. Colour transparent,

light olive-green ; margin of dorsal segment edged with brown; two

white, enamel-like, triangular marks laterally on the wing-case line.

Length 24 mm.

Habits—Are the same as for the foregoing species of the group ;

the larva scollops the edge of its cell. The larva of this as well as

that of the preceding and succeeding species live sometimes in a

state akin to hibernation; we have noticed them lying in the same

place for nearly two months, without eating, prior to pupating ; this

happens generally in the cold weather. The larva of T. atticus feeds

on Smilax macrophylla, See Journal Bombay Natural History Society,

Vol. V, p. 878, No. 91, pl. F, Figs. 5, larva ; 5a, pupa (1890).

198. Tagiades obscurus, Mabille.

This butterfly is scarcer than the last throughout the district,

though by no means uncommon in Karwa in the months of September

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 39

and October. We have generally found it at flowers; it is fonder of

thick jungle than the last species; like the last, it rests on the under-

side of leaves. We have bred a fair number.

Larva.—ts not to be distinguished from that of T. atéécus, Fabricius,

except by the colour of the head, which is here black, and hy the front

segments of the body being suffused with rose colour. The larva is

.somewhat larger than that of 7. attécus.

Pupa.—the pupa, though larger, is proportionately slighter than

that of the foregoing ; the surface is covered with minute brown pit-

tings and very minute hairs. Spiracular expansion of segment 2 is

small, slightly swollen, with a spongy-looking surface, facing slightly

backwards. Colour a light greenish-yellow. A little larger than that

of 7. atticus all round, and a good deal longer comparatively.

Habits —The larva scollops the edge of its cell ; occasionally hibernates ;

resembles.in habits the last species ; feeds on Dioscorea pentaphylla.

| Grover D.

This group consists of a single species. The larva makes a cell by

gnawing through the midrib half-way up the leaf, separating the top

half from the basal half by eating 2 line across ; the latter half is joined

by the edges and withers, hardening into a perfectly cylindrical curved

cell; this cell is lined inside thickly with silk, drawn under the green

half and fastened there, being thus protected from wet; the mouth of

the cell is at the point where the midrib has been gnawed through.

The young larva makes a tight and cylindrical cell at the edge of the

leaf by turning over an oblong piece on to the top ; the larva is

pecaliar in being broadest at the twelith segment ; the head _ is heart-

shaped, the vertex being the narrow side, and is slightly bi-lobed, very

finely velute, and chocolate-brown in colour, larger than segment 2.

Body cylindrical, depressed at the last 4 segments, squarish at the

extremity; segment 2 has a broad, shiny, red-brown collar. Surface

covered with small, light, erect hairs. Colour light green, yellow-

ish on segments 3 and 4 ; posterior segments yellowish ; a dorsal

brown line on segments 11 to end; a greendorsal line on segments 2

to 10 ; the margins of segments 11, 12,13 are marked with brown.

Length 25 mm.

Pupa.—tThe pupa has the head rounded in front, with a semi-

circularly rounded boss, which is flattened above and below between the

409 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. .X].

eyes, and covered with long, stiff, erect, white hairs ; on the vertex of the

head is a subdorsal sharp point covered with long adpressed hairs ; eyes

prominent, with long erect hairs on hinder margin, Anal segment with

a subdorsal tuft of long erect hairs. Spiracular expansion of segment 2

raised, oval, moderately large, and brown in colour ; thorax stout,

abdomen gradually decreasing in diameter to the end; cremaster

stout, square, square at the extremity, set with strong, red, hooked _

hairs all round the margin ; surface of body covered with small,

stiff, erect hairs ; colour light olive-green ; shape that of Telicota.

Length 14mm. Fixed by the tail only. The imago at rest folds the

wings over the back.

199. Cupitha purreea, Moore.

We bred this insect on Zerminalia paniculata from the larva long

before we ever saw one on the wing ; it has been caught twice latterly

in Karwar atthe end of the monsoon, but these were the only tae

occasions it has ever been seen below the ghats near the sea coast. In

the cold season we have bred many above the ghats as well as in the

valley of the Kalinaddi river, thirty miles from the coast, We have only

once seen the butterfly in the cold weather in what might be called its

wild state, and then it had only just emerged from the pupa. It is

probably a dusk, if not a night, flier. It inhabits the densest jungles,

generally near water. The larva feeds also on Yerminalia belerica

and Combretum ovalifolzum.

DIVISION II.

Group A.

This group contains two insects, the imagos of which at rest fold

their wings over their back ; the butterflies are both dusk-fliers, only

appearing in the morning and evening ; they bave a rapid flight, and

are fond of flowers. The larvee are somewhat dissimilar, one having

a rounder head than the other ; the one being broadest at the twelfth

segment, the other more or less cylindrical and narrowest at the neck

(segment 2); the one rough of surface, the other smooth. The

pupe are similar in that they are both longish, not particularly stout,

and have the thorax humped ; they have a moderate constriction

dorsally, the shoulders being the broadest part of the body, the apex

of the thorax the highest ; the transverse section of thorax is circular,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 41

oval at the sixth segment to end ; there is no spiracular expansion ;

the proboscis is free after the end of the wings ; the head is broad,

with a boss between the eyes; the eyes are very prominent, the pupa

is fixed only by the tail and rattles about in the cell when disturbed.

The egg of Matapa aria, Moore, is dome-shaped and bears long hairs.

The larva makes a cell in its first stages in the same way as does

C. purreea, Moore. In the last three stages the cell is made of a leaf

spirally rolled into a cylindrical tube, the leaf being cut across near

the base so as to allow the tube to hang by a small strip ; the inside

of the cell is lined with silk disposed in short, thick, horizontal lines.

With this group we commence on the insects feeding on monocoty-

Jedonous plants.

200. Matapa aria, Moore.

This insect, remarkable for its bright red eyes, is plentiful at all

seasons in the more densely forest-clad parts of the district. It

appears in the early morning and about twilight in the evening,

flying about flowers, and settling low down on leaves, &c., in shady

places. It is easily captured, though it generally spoils itself by

fluttering in the net. We have bred many specimens at all seasons,

and have noticed that those bred in the dry-season are much lighter

in colour than those bred in the monsoon months.

Larva.—Head only a little higher than broad; somewhat heart-

shaped, but rather depressed on the vertex, which is the narrowest

part; itis thick in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the larva,

larger a good deal than segment 2, slightly bi-lobed, reddish-yellow

in colour. Body more or less cylindrical, though somewhat depressed,

being highest at the twelfth segment and also broadest. Anal segment

rounded at the end, slightly sloping; spiracles black ; colour of the

body pure, opaque white, with a bluish tinge, strongest on segments

2,8, and 4 ; under parts bluish-white. A narrow black collar near

the hind margin of segment 2, Length 32 mm.

Pupa.—As in the description of the group; shoulders slightly

angulated; a low, transverse, flattened ridge, yellow in colour, across

the top of the thorax; abdomen a good deal depressed, oval in

transverse section ; constricted between the segments ; cremaster

square, curved, thin; thorax humped strongly. Length 28 mm.

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

- Habits—The method of making the cell, &c., is described in the

group. The egg is laid on the underside of a Jeaf near the point ;

the young larva is red in colour; the larva feeds on bamboos,

principally on Teinostachyum. See Journal, Bombay Natural History

Society, Vol. V, No. 85, pl. F., figs. 3, larva; 3a, pupa (1890).

201. Gangara thyrsis, Fabricius.

This is our largest skipper. It is only seen flying at dusk, resting

on tree-trunks, rocks, and on the underside of leaves in the darkest

places in the jungle during the hours of sunlight. It comes to flowers

in the dusk, but. is very rapid on the wing and is very difficult

to capture ; the larva is, however, abundant all over the district, and

we have bred the butterfly in numbers.

Larva.—Head large, much higher than broad, heart-shaped, dark

brown in colour, the colour being however hidden by a _ white

cerous secretion which covers all but the clypeus; slightly hairy

on the sides and about the jaws; body cylindrical, broadest about

seoment 5; anal end high, sloping slightly, and broadly rounded

at extremity ; surface of body slightly hairy, with light, erect,

shortish hairs, especially laterally ; colour of body rosy-brown dor-

sally, excepting on segments 2 and 3, which are:pale sea-green like

the sides ; the larva exudes a white excretion from the surface which

hides the green colour and only allows the brown to appear in

- patches; this excretion takes the form of long feathery threads

arranged in bunches dorsaily, being most dense on the sides of the

first three seements. Length 62 mm.

Pupa—Hyes very prominent; thorax moderately humped ; wings

very slightly expanded behind the shoulders ; section of abdomen

nearly circular ; proboscis nearly half as long again as the total

length of the pupa; segment 12 quite square at the end, with a

tooth at each corner, segment 13 appearing as a thin oval piece

tacked on behind; cremaster oblong, stout, curved, not one-

third the breadth of segment 12; the pupa is broadest at the

shoulders and highest at the apex of the thorax ;is fixed only by

the tail and rattles against the sides of the cell when disturbed,

making a creaking noise by rubbing the abdominal segments to-

gether at the margins. The inside of the cell is covered thickly with

white powder. Length 40 mm.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 43

Habits.—The habits are those given for the group ; the larva lies

with its head turned round on its side, in which it differs from that of

M. aria, Moore. The larva feeds on Cocos nucifera, L., Calamus

rotang, L., and Caryota urens, L.

Group B.

Tha group is composed of two species, the one a Padraona, the

other lambria salsala, Moore. The imago is similar to the imago of

the succeeding group; it keeps its wings closed over its back when

at resé, but, unlike that of the next group, does not like the strong

sunlight, but prefers to keep to the underwood in the jungles ; the

butterflies are never found in the open country ; they fly quickly in

curves, and are difficult to see on the wing, but rest often, when they

are easily caught ; they are generally seen chasing each other. The -

larva is cylindrical, the last segment rounded at the extremity and

somewhat depressed, the head being triangular in shape seen from in

front; the colour is green. The pupa is stout, circular in transverse

section, except at the head, where it is oval; the head is broad as the

eyes are prominent; constriction dorsal, slight ; thorax slightly

humped ; spiracular expansions of segment 2 prominent: is affixed

; P cla 3

by the tail only, and covered with a white powder. The cellis made

of a leaf folded into a cylindrical tube by joining the two edges

longitudinally; it is very strongly made.

202. Padraona dara, Kollar.

The butterfly is fairly common throughout the district ; it has been,

noticed everywhere and at all seasons. We have bred many in the

rains and in the cold weather.

Larva.—As given for the group ; head dark brown or black with a

white marginal band not meeting on the vertex and ending at the

jaws ; segment 2 with a black dorsal collar; colour transparent-

looking green, witha darkish, not very conspicuous, dorsal line ;

abdomen light green; anal segment with short, light, fine hairs

round the margin. Length 25 mm.

_Pupa.—tHead slightly bowed, otherwise as for the group ; last

“segment is square at the extremity ; cremaster short, strong, ending

square, with two strong converging ridges on the dorsum which end

each ina sharp, turned-up, short point behind ; spiracular expan-

sions of segment 2, large, ear-like, oval, facing forwards, red-brown

44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

in colour, with a spongy-looking surface ; proboscis produced free to

hinder margin of segment 9 ; surface finely rugose, with short hairs

from segment 8 to end of dorsum; some longish, stiff hairs on front

of the head and round the eyes ; colour light green, strongly suffused

with red-brown, especially on the top of segments 1 to 3.

Habits —The larva makes a cell as above described for the group,

and eats the leaf above at the base, leaving the cell attached by the

midrib to the stalk ; often, finally, the cell falls to the ground, where

the larva pupates inside it. The larva feeds on bamboos, chiefly on

Teinostachyum, the egg being laid always on a leaf near the ground.

203. Iambrix salsala, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 9.)

The butterfly is very common in this district, more especially

during the latter part of the rains, in the months of September,

October and November; it is never, however, scarce ; it frequents

shady places in the thick, damp jungles, and keeps generally near the

ground. We have bred the insect often.

Larva.—Head as in the group; colour of head dirty whitish-yellow

with a red-brown marginal band meeting the opposite one on the

vertex ; an impressed brown line from the vertex to the apex of the

clypeus, and ashort brown line parallel to this on each side of it

running from the centre of the clypeus to half-way up the face ;

clypeus light brown, with a dark brown line from the apex io the

base ; jaws dark brown ; shape of body as in the group ; colour of

body is a watery-looking green, on the sides yellow, dorsally spotted

minutely with green ; a dorsal and subdorsal dark green line ; surface

oily-looking, The hinder edge-of the last segment somewhat shortly

hairy. Length 275 mm.

Pupa.—Similar to the last ; cremaster shortly triangular, pointed,

with a single bunch of hooked hairs at extremity ; spiracular ex-

pansions of segment 2 raised slightly, semi-circular, facing forwards ;

dark brown in colour ; proboscis produced to the end of segment 9 ;

surface slightly and shortly hairy. Length 15 mm.

Habits—The egg is laid on the upperside of a blade of grass or on

a bamboo leaf near the ground ; it is nearly smooth to the eye, dome-

shaped, rather higher than broad, and of a dark red colour. The

larva makes a more or less lax cellat first, but finally a very tight one by

joining the leaf by its edges longitudinally ; the larva will often lie on

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 45

the open surface of a leaf ; the pupa is generally formed inside the cell 3

it is covered with a white powder. The larva feeds on Bambusa

_ arundinacece, or on grasses—generally broad-leafed coarsish grasses.

Group C.

The imagos of this group are very similar to those of the last in

shape ; they keep their wings folded over the back when at rest; often,

when basking in the sun, they open the lower wings; they are all fond

of bright sunlight and are found basking ; they are of very rapid flight,

which flight is sustained frequently for along time; they are alk

easily captured at flowers or when basking. The larva is, as in the

last group, cylindrical, with a flattened anal segment somewhat rounded

at the extremity ; the head is, however, here more or less round when

looked at from in front and slightly bi-lobed. The colour of the larva

is some shade of green without transverse markings of any sort, with

one exception, namely, H. honore?, de Nicéville, which has the larva

coloured red, yellow, and white. The pupa is similar in form to that

of the last group, being circular in transverse section, having large

expansions to the spiracles of segment 2, being unmarked by spots,

and fixed only by the tail in the cell (AZ. mooret, Watson, is an

exception in the latter respect, in that it is fixed neither by the tail

nor by a body-band, but lies quite free in the cell). The larva

changes in the cell to the pupa; and feeds on bamboos and grasses ;

it makes its cell in a cylindrical shape by folding a leaf, generally

lengthways, but H. moored folds the leaf transversely.

204, Baoris bada, Moore.

The insect is the commonest butterfly in the district, swarming

together with the Al. subochracea, Moore, around and in every rice-

field at all seasons of the year when the rice is green, and around

flowers in the rains; it is quick of flight, but is easily caught when

feeding on flowers. The larva is to be had in the rains in hundreds

in the rice-fields. We have bred great numbers of it.

Larva.—As in the description of the group; segment 12 slightly

swollen laterally round the spiracles ; anal segment somewhat narrow-

looking in consequence, sloping and applied close to the leaf, head

rough, on the surface finely and sparsely hairy, shiny, light yellow-

green in colour suffused with brown, a black brown marginal band of

varying width, a central band of the same colour splitting along the

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

sides of the clypeus;and a line on each side’ of the central band

parallel to it reaching half-way up the face; segment 2 thickened

in the centre, with a thin dorsal black collar from spiracle to

spiracle; colour of body is greyish-green, with conspicuous brown

spiracles; body shortly hairy round the margin, and covered with

minute setiferous tubercles, the setee being also minute. Length

32°5 mm.

Pupa.—As .in the description of the group ; constriction nearly

nil ; proboscis free beyond the wings to the centre of segment 10;

spiracular expansions of segment 2 large, facing forwards, slightly

raised, brown; colour of pupa very light, watery yellow-green, the

abdomen being a dirty whitish-yellow, covered with white powder

in the cell. Itis stout. Length 20 mm.

Habits —The larva makes an extremely tight cell of several blades,

clothing it inside so densely with silk that it is difficult to tear open ;

the cell is thickly powdered inside ; it is cylindrical ; the final cell in

which the change to pupa takes place is made generally low down

near the stem of the plant. The larva feeds upon Oriza sativa (rice)

and on certain grasses.

205. Swastus gremius, Fabricius.

This skipper cannot be said to be rare at any season or in any part

of the district, but is not met with as often as certain other butterflies.

Tt has a rapid flight and is difficult to capture on the wing. We

have bred nearly all our specimens.

Larva.—As in the description of group; head round, flattish,

slightly bi-loked ; jaws strong and large ; colour whitish, with a

marginal brown band and a central one of the same colour separating

along the sides of the clypeus, a brown mark above the jaws, and a

large brown ova! patch in the centre of each lobe ; body-colour grey-

green with many minute green spots ; spiracles pure black ; head is

large for the body ; anal segment flattened, rounded at the extremity.

Length 30 mm.

Pupa.—Not very stout ; eyes prominent ; thorax slightly humped;

constriction slight; spiracular expansions of segment 2 large, ear-

shaped, brown in colour; colour green, with head and abdomen

slightly yellowish ; pupa covered with a white powder in the cell.

Length 16 mm.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 47

* Habits —The larva makes a strong cylindrical cell of a leaf longi-

tudinally folded, which it clothes densely with silk, rendering it

difficult to tear open; the cell is thickly covered with white powder

inside. It feeds on palms (Caryota, Cocos, Calamus, &c.)

206. LEsma submaculata, Staudinger,

This insect, very like the last to look at in the imago, is only

known to exist in the district from the fact that we caught a single

specimen a few years ago in the south. The exact locality we do not

know, as we took the butterfly to be a S. gremius, Fabricius, until it

was examined during the mensoon. The specimen was sent to Mr.

de Nicéville for identification and pronounced by him to be J. sub-

maculata, a species, he informs us, that has never yet been taken in

India, though known to oceur in the Phillipine Islands and Sumatra,

It is placed here in this group as it is so like the foregoing in general

facies. The larva is unknown to us.

207. Baoris philotas, de Nicéville.

We know little about this small skipper. We have bred two

specimens of it from larvee feeding on grass or rice, both of which

larvee we took to be Baoris bada, Moore; it is possible that there may

have been a larva slightly differing from those of the last-named

species among the crowd we had, but we did not notice it if this was the

case. One specimen was bred in the monsoon below the ghats, the

other in the dry weather above the ghats. One specimen was sent to

Mr. de Nicéville, who identified it for us. May it not be possible that

Baoris philotas is only a starved individual of B. dada ? The question

would be worth investigating. B. dada is easily reared from the ege

in a cage in which it is only necessary to plant some rice and, after it

has sprouted, to introduce a female P. bada ; a few larvee can be put

apart and brought up on shortallowance after the first three moulis,

This insect has been placed in this group, as we think it very similar to

Baoris bada,

208. EHalpe moorez, Watson.

This insect is very common all over the district at all times of the

year. It is fond of water and basks in the sun on leaves ; it may be

easily caught when drinking and basking, but is of extremely rapid

flight and difficult to capture on the wing. We have reared many,

both in the monsoon and in the dry weather,

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

Larva.—As in the description of the group; head yellow-brown with

black mandibles; eyes black; a red-brown central band down the face,

and a red-brown crescent-shaped mark in centre of each lobe ; the colour

may vary from yellow-brown to brown-black, but is always somewhat

lighter on the vertex of each lobe. The dark head is characteristic

of the wet months, the light of the dry season; body covered with

short, darkish, erect hairs ; longish hairs round the margin; colour

of the body is a watery dirty dark green, Length 31:25 mm.

Pupa.—As described for the group ; slight boss between the eyes,

surmounted by four fan-shaped tufts of dense bristles ; eyes prominent,

with short erect hairs ; head bowed slightly ; segments 11 to 13 with

tufts of hairs directed backwards on their lateral margins ; cremaster

short and square, with a short tooth at each hinder corner, clothed

along the margin and extensor ridges with longish, dense, red-brown

hairs which are not hocked ; body covered with more or less erect,

short, yellow hairs ; a lateral row of oval, flat, raised, dark brown,

smooth tubercles ; another subspiracular row of similar tubercles ;

also a ventral row; on segment 11 there are three tubercles

arranged in a triangle; colour of thorax and wings green; of

abdomen green-yellow; a green dorsal line ; hinder edge of cremaster

and teeth dark brown. Length 16 mm.

Habits.—This larva builds a cylindrical cell tightly closed, like the

cell described for the group, until the last moult, when it forms a cell

by doubling the leaf transversely across the middle bringing the point

up to the stalk and joining the edges loosely with silk ; when about

to pupate, it eats the leaf free at the stalk end, and the cell falls to the

ground where the pupation takes place. The pupa is in no way fixed

inside the cell. The larva feeds on bamboo. .

209. Halpe astigmata, Swinhoe.

We have caught a single specimen of the butterfly in Supa, above

the ghats, in the month of May, basking on a leaf in a very thick

place ina nalla. It is the only specimen we have seen.

210. Halpe ceylonica, Moore.

We have obtained a few specimens of this butterfly also at some

time with the net, but took them to be slightly weathered individuals

of H. moore?, Watson.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 49

211. Halpe honore, de Nicéville.

The imago is found throughout the district at all times of the year.

It is not common anywhere. It has the same habits as T. bambuse,

Moore. We have bred it at all seasons.

Larva.—As in the description of the group: head light yeliow-

brown with a round black spot at the top of each lobe. The colour of

the body is as follows :—a dorsal green line, a subdorsal broad yellow

band, a lateral rose-coloured band, broader than the subdorsal one

and with just a shade of green in it, and a marginal white band ;

the last segment is quite black and rough. The skin is somewhat

transparent. Length 28 mm.

Pupa.—Shape as in the group; on the front cf the head is a

broad, heart-shaped overgrowth of the same thickness throughout,

occupying the space between the eyes, rough and honey-combed on

the surface ; immediately behind this overgrowth are two small similar

overgrowths, oblong in shape, situated along the front margin of seg-

ment 2 and separated by atriangular overgrowth; the front of

the eyes is also rough and honey-combed, as well as a small spot at

the anterior inferior corner of the eye and a smaller one on each side

and contiguous to the maxilla. These overgrowths are all black-

brown in colour ; the spiracular expansions of segments 2 are large,

nearly circular, face forwards, and have a transverse depression in

the centre ; they are black-brown in colour. On segment 2 is a

black, narrow, lateral triangular mark reaching on to the thorax;

cremaster curved, provided with many irregular hooklets on its dorsal

surface and around its edges; the dorsal ridges of the cremaster are.

strong and are provided with three teeth pointing hackwards along

their length ; colour of pupa a waxy-looking white with a slight

yellow tinge ; cremaster brown. Length 14 mm.

Habits.—Larva generally incorporates a few dead leaves in its

cylindrical cell ; the cell is coated inside with steps of silk which are

disposed irregularly ; pupa fixed by the tail only; the larva feeds

on bamboo, and is generally found on bamboo-clumps in: which there

are a lot of dead yellow leaves.

212. Halpe hyrtacus, de Nicéville.

This insect was caught in the valley of the Kalinaddi river in the

ghats, for the first time, a short time ago, in the early morning, at the

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

flowers of Kydza calycina ; the larva was obtained shortly afterwards

in the same locality. It is a new species, named from a single speci-

men obtained quite lately in another district by Mr. de Nicéville, to

whom we forwarded some specimens bred by us, which he kindly

identified. The insect is very similar in its flight to H. moorei,

Watson, but seems to frequent the neighbourhood of water to a

greater degree than the latter. It is not a common insect in this dis-

trict, and seems to be extremely local, frequenting the bamboo jungles

in the evergreen portions of the district on the edge of the ghats.

Larva.—Head round, slightly indented on vertex; face convex;

surface rugose; finely hairy all over; the hairs being quite apparent to

the naked eye ; clypeus and about the jaws very dark brown; margin

and hinder part also dark brown ; the rest dirty yellow, with a broad,

central, dark brown, longitudinal band ; shape of body as in the group;

the anal segment covered all over with reddish-brown star-shaped

spots, from each of which springs a short seta ; surface of body covered

with fine, short, erect, colourless hairs, which are longest on the anal —

margin ; colour of larva isa watery greenish dirty yellow, with a

brown tinge on the hinder segments ; a dark green dorsal line.

Length 37°5 mm.

Pupa.—Head bowed, square in front, parallel-sided, broader trans-

versely to length of pupa than long ; nearly as broad as is the thorax at

the shoulders ; slightly bossed between the eyes; hairy m front and

around the eyes, with erect, light, longish hairs ; segment 2 narrow,

parallel-sided ; thorax only slightly humped; twice as high at the

apex as segment 2; evenly convex, rounded at shoulders; section

(transverse) of body is circular from shoulders to anal end ; cremaster

shortish, triangular, rounded at extremity; perfectly flat: underneath, —

with feebly developed dorsal extensor ridges, and a tuft of hooked

hairs at upperside of rounded extremity ; proboscis does not extend

free beyond the wings ; spiracular expansion of segment 2 large and

kidney-shaped, with its edge slightly raised from the surface of the

thorax, with a strainer-shaped central hollow and a rugose surface,

facing forwards ; dark brown in colour, very conspicuous ; body-

surface covered very densely with semi-erect, short, light hairs ;

irregularly and finely rugose, coloar of pupa light dirty yellow

tinged with brownish-red ; a lateral dark smudge along the side of the

PRE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 51

thorax as well as some dark spots ; each of the abdominal segments

from 6 to 12 has two rows of black spots transversely to body length

across it. The pupa is stout and similar to that of Telccota bambuse,

Moore. Length 22 mm.

Habits—The larva builds a strong cylindrical cell, in which it lives

like T. bambusee. The pupa is fixed only by the tail and is not

covered with white powder ; is formed in the cell.

213. Telzcota bambusce, Moore.

The butterfly is very common at all seasons throughout the district ;

‘it basks on bamboo leaves, &c., in the sun with its wings half open,

when it is easily caught; it is an insect of very rapid flight. We

have bred it at all seasons both above and below the ghats.

Larva.—As in the group; head round and thick ; colour yellow,

with a central dark red line down the face broadening out at the

clypeus, and a black spot at the eyes; the colour may vary from this

to a rich dark black-brown all over; last segment rounded and

flattened at extremity; colour of body isa watery grass-green, yellow-

ish at anterior margins of anterior segments. Length 34 mm.

Pupa.—As in the group; spiracular expansions of segment 2 are

large and ear-like, red-brown in colour; cremaster is a truncated

triangle in shape, with a sharp tooth at each hinder corner, and set

with spare bristles on the hinder margin ; the thorax is slightly com-

pressed; the surface is covered with fine, red, short hairs ; the head

is somewhat inclined. Colour is red-brown with greenish wing-cases.

Length 19 mm.

Habits.—The larva"makes a cylindrical cell as described for the group,

lining it inside densely with silk; it pupates in the cell. The egg is

laid on a young leaf, whereas that of H. honorei, de Nicéville, is laid

on an old tough leaf.

214. Baracus septentrionum, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.

(Plate VIII, Fig. 11.)

This butterfly and the next are very similar in habits, except that

this one frequents places where the grass is high, and is often found in

dense jungle ; it keeps to the tops of the hills around Karwar, and is

never found at a lower level than 800 feet. It is plentiful where found,

but is local. We have bred many. The insect has a slow, somewhat

jerky flight and is always found near the ground.

52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

Larva.—Shape as in the group; head black, very perfectly round,

with a finely reticulated surface ; finely and sparsely hairy, with very

minute, more or less adpressed hairs; about the jaws the hairs are—

longest; the head is large for the size of the body; last segment

covered with dense, low, conical, brown tubercles; body covered with

minute erect hairs. Colour is a watery dirty green. Length 25 mm.

Habits.—The larva makes a cell as for the group at the point of a

leaf, eating the substance of the leaf below the cell, towards the stalk,

and leaving the midrib only. The pupa is suspended by the tail, and

has a loose body-string; this body-string is black in colour. The larva

feeds on a very long-leafed soft grass,

215. Taractrocera ceramas, Hewitson.

This insect we for a long time mistook for what we called

Ampittia coras, Cramer (—Taractrocera nicévillet, Watson). It is

common below the ghats in the monsoon months ; it skips about

amongst the small grasses in open places, on paths, and in the

compounds of bungalows on the hills. We were a long time in

finding the larva, which we obtained for the first time last monsoon.

The butterfly is easily caught sunning itself on blades of grass with

its wings half-open.

Larva.—Head rounded; not very thick in the line of the

longitudinal axis of the larva; face convex; surface rugose ; hairy

about the jaws; green-white in colour, with the hinder margin

black; a black band on the cheek reaching from the vertex to the

base ; a broad central black line continued along the sides of the

elypevs; another from the apex to the base of the clypeus, and a

brown longitudinal streak in the centre of each lobe not reaching

the vertex; segment 2 has a thin, black collar joining the two

black spiracles; last segment flat, broadly rounded at the extremity 5

surface of body covered with minute, brown, setiferous tubercles ;

margin shortly hairy. Colour of body grass-green. Length 16 mm.

Pupa.—Shape as in the group ; head bowed, nearly as broad as ~

the shoulders; a slight constriction between segments 2 and 3 ;

the pupa nearly the same breadth from the shoulders to segment 10 ;

thorax slightly humped and somewhat compressed ; transverse

section of abdomen absolutely cylindrical from segment 4 to segment

10; cremaster very short; a mere ledge, with a short triangular

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 53

tooth at each hinder corner ; the cremaster is slightly turned-up as

in P. dara, Moore, and has in the centre of its hinder margin a dense

single row of simple red hairs pointing straight backwards ; head

rounded between the eyes, with an eliptical shield-like surface raised

from the surface of the head between the eyes; spiractlar expansion

of segment 2 large, raised, semi-circular, spongy-looking as to surface ;

body covered with erect and semi-erect small red hairs; some erect

longish hairs on the head and eyes; colour of pupais a watery-

looking dirty cream ; cremaster, spiracular expansions, and front of

head red-brown, Length 11°5 mm.

Habits—The egg is laid on the underside of the leaf; the larva -

makes a cylindrical cell, when small, at the side of a leaf ; when full-

grown it makes a cell by folding a leaf longitudinally ; when about

to pupate, it makes a cell at the root of the plant in which some dead

leaves are ‘incorporated. All the larve obtained were taken when

nearly full-grown in October ; they ceased feeding by the 25th of the

month, remained in the larva state in the cell until the 12th of Febru-

ary, when they commenced to pupate, all about the same time, the

butterfly coming out in fifteen days’ time. The pupa lies free within

the cell. The larva, when feeding, wanders somewhat ; when disturbed

in its cell it will ran out and fall to the ground, where it will curl up.

216. Taractrocera mevius, Fabricius.

We have captured some specimens of this little butterfly near

Bhatkal, in the southern part of the district, near the sea-coast ; they

were flying about on the road in the sun. We have never bred it.

217. Zographetus ogygia, Hewitson.

A single specimen was caught on the hills near Karwar, in the

monsoon, some years ago, by Mr. C. Hudson of the Indian Civil

Service. This is the only specimen we have ever seen.

218. Hyarotis adrastus, Cramer.

This butterfly is not uncommon in the southern parts of the district,

but has not been caught in the north. Although a fair number of

specimens have been caught, we do not know the food-plant of its

larva, nor, consequently, the larva itself. It is an insect of rapid

flight. It has been placed in this group as it was thought to be

more closely related to the butterflies of this group than to those of

_any other.

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1,

Grovur D.

All the imagos of this group and the next two groups rest with

their wings closed over the back. They are, moreover, connected

together by the similarity of the pupa, and the fact that the pupa is

formed free on the surface of the leaf, attached by the tail and a body-

band, instead of inside a cell. The larvee all feed on monocoty-

ledonous plants. The butterflies of the group D are all fast-flying

insects, generally fond of basking in the sun on leaves, and

are all greedy flower-feeders, The larva has a head of a semi-

eliptical shape, somewhat narrowed at the top, truncated at the base

and slightly bi-lobed ; the body is cylindrical, somewhat depressed,

thickest at segment 5, sloping at the last segment, with the extremity

of the anal segment rounded broadly. The pupa is cylindrical, very

slightly constricted dorsally only, behind thorax, produced generally

into a long, sharp, conical snout in front (in Ampittia maro, Fabricius,

there is an up-turned small conical point in front of each eye), the eyes

being prominent ; the abdomen is tapering, and ends in a thin, long

inore or less broadly triangular, curved cremaster; the proboscis (except

in A. maro, Fabricius) is produced beyond the wings, and generally as

far as the cremaster ; the colour is a bright watery-looking grass-

green all over ; the surface is quite glabrous and shiny ; there are no

spiracular expansions to segment 2 ; it is fastened by both the tail and

a band. ‘The pupa is formed on the open surface of the leaf, either

on the upperside or the underside (A. maro is again abnormal in that

its pupa is formed on the stem of the grass or rice on which its larva

feeds); the edges of the leaf may be slightly drawn together, but they

are never made to meet, the pupa is quite exposed. The larva makes

a, cell by joining the edges. of the leaf longitudinally, loosely (never

tightly), but it as often as noi lives on the open surface of the leaf ; it

feeds on grasses and bamboos.

219. Ampittia maro, Fabricius. (Plate VII, Fig. 10.)

The butterfly is common throughout the district at all seasons; it

is very abundant round rice-fields. Its flight is not very rapid, and

+t rests often ; wherefore it is easily captured in the net; it is fond

of basking with its wings half-open, We have bred many specimens

in cages from the egg.

ee ee ee

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 55

Larva.—As in the group; colour of head transparent-looking,

dirty, yellow-white, with a green clypeus, a light brown stripe running

down the centre of each lobe from the vertex to base, and another

inside it and parallel to it; eyes black ; jaws black ; surface finely

celled, covered with erect, short,-light hairs ; surface of body covered

with minute, erect, white hairs ; segments 3 and 14 covered with brown

setiferous tubercles ; anal margin with longer hairs than the rest;

colour dark green, with a subdorsal yellowish band flanked by a whitish

line ; two lateral and a marginal white line. Length 20 mm.

Pupa.—Head square, convex on top; eyes prominent; between

the eyes in front of the head are two conical excrescences which

overhang the eyes somewhat, the two together having the appearance

of a smail crescent, the horns of which point forwards ; proboscis not

produced ; surface glabrous, shiny ; colour grass-green, with the

markings of the larva apparent on abdomen. Length 16 mm.

Habits—Larva lives absolutely in the open when full-grown.

Pupa forms on the stems of grass, or rice, with its head downwards.

The larva feeds on rice and grasses. ,

220. Aéromachus indistinctus, Moore.

This little skipper is extremely local in this district, but occurs in

quantities where found ; such is our experience ; in the months of

November and December we found it in the valley of the Kalinaddi,

far away from the coast, in numbers ; in January there was hardly a

specimen to be seen. The spot where we found it was a piece of

marshy ground surrounded by dense jungle. It is a greedy flower-

feeder ; flies low down near the ground among the grass and settles

often; it is extremely difficult to see, being so small. We have

noticed odd individuals now and again at different times of the year ;

always in nalla beds and in thick jungle country ; we have bred

two specimens; we possessed a very few specimens until we

came across the lot mentioned above, when we obtained as many as

we wished.

Larva.—Very like that of the preceding species, A. maro, Fabricius ;

head half-elliptic, higher than broad, finely hairy about the mouth ;

colour green; jaws yellow ; colour whitish-green, with dark green

showing through in small spots ; a dark dorsal line ; a white lateral

distinct line ; anda submarginal, white, indistinct line. Length 19 mm.

56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

-Pupa.—Head square ; eyes prominent, with a conical, parrot beak

of moderate length ; thorax ending square behind ; shoulders rounded ;

segment 5 has a small dorsal point under which the suspension-band

passes, this point being directed forwards ; proboscis free to the end

of segment 10; cremaster nearly parallel-sided, minutely hairy

round the margin ; surface of pupa extremely minutely hairy under

a lens; coloura dark watery-looking green, with a fine subdorsal

and lateral white line and an obsolescent white spiracular line.

Length 14 mm.

Habits—Kigg laid anywhere on dead or green leaves, but nearly

always on the underside ; larva makes a lax cell; when full-grown,

the larva makes an open cell, lying on the underside of the leaf, where

it changes to the pupa, fastening itself by the tail and a body-band ;

the egg is very large for the size of the insect ; hemispherical in shape,

somewhat depressed ; 18 thin low ridges from top to base ; white in

colour ; the larva feeds on grasses, and generally on short grasses.

221. Padraona gola, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 5.)

This butterfly is found in similar places to A. maro, Fabricius ;

unlike A. maro, however, itis found also in the jungles among bushes ;

it is very similar in habits to A. maro ; itis common throughout the

district and at all seasons of the year ; the larva is one of the com-

monest found on grass in the monsoon months in Karwar. We hava

reared many.

Larva.—As in the group ; head light-yellow, bordered narrowly

with black, and having a thin black central line splitting along the

edges of the clypeus down the face ; segment 2 swollen, narrow,

shiny green ; surface of body very minutely hairy, the hairs being

longer on the margin ; colour grass-green spotted all over with dark

green, a dorsal dark green line, and a lateral and submarginal indis-

tinct white line. Length 25 mm.

Pupa.—As in the group ; the snout is shortish, slightly turned-

up ; proboscis not produced beyond the wings ; colour watery-green,

with the markings of the larva. Length 17 mm.

Habits—Has the habits as described for the group ; larva sometimes

makes a lax cell ; pupa always forms on the underside of a leaf, with

the edges of the leaf just drawn towards each other by a few threads

of silk ; the larva feeds on soft grasses.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 57

222. Baoris conjuncta, Herrich-Schiaffer.

Uncommon in the early rains below the ghats ; at the end of the

rains, and throughout the cold season, though plentiful enough at

times, it cannot be said to be common. The butterfly is fond of

settling on the ground and on stones; it is a very fast flier, but

generally returns to the same spot, like all the following species of

this group, when disturbed ; it makes a very audible fluttering noise

with its wings when flying ; it is most plentiful in the vicinity of

water, This butterfly is perhaps better known in India as Parnara

narrooa, Moore.

_ Larva.—As in the group ; head white witha black line from the

apex to the base of the clypeus ; a large round black spot near the top

of each lobe and another near the base ; these spots may be coalescent

and the face suffused with black in the lower portion in the monsoon

specimens ; the colour of the body is white tinged witi blue and

yellow, punctuated finely with dark green, and clothed with fine,

erect, white, minute hairs. Length 50 mm. .

Pupa.—aAs in the description of the group ; snout long, pointed ;

proboscis produced to the end of the cremaster ; colour green, with a

subdorsal and lateral white band. Length 36 mm. over all.

ubits—As described for the group ; larva generally lives in a laxly

closed cell ; egg dome-shaped, broadest just above the base, more or

less smooth ; larva feeds on long grasses, also on Zea mais.

223. Baoris oceia, Hewitson. (Plate VII, Fig. 6.)

This butterfly being so like the next, we did not distinguish it for

a long time, and consequently did not know it existed in the

district until we bred it. Since breeding it, however, and thereby he-

coming aware of its existence, we have caught many males basking on

bamboo leaves, in the beds of nallas, in shady places where liltle spots

of sunshine came through, with Buorts canaraica, Moore, up till 9

o'clock in the morning and for a short time before sundown ; it retires

when the sun is hot. We bred specimens below the ghats and above the

ghats in the monsoon and in the dry weather ; the larva is always much

ichneumoned. The butterfly always returns to the same leaf when

disturbed ; can be caught between one’s finger and thumb when sit-

ting ; and has a strong flight. The females, probably on account of

their not being found basking, are difficult to obtain.

5§ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Larva.—Similar to the last ; head white, with a shiny black, broad

border ; a broad shiny black line down the centre of the face splitting

down the sides of the clypeus, and a curved black mark in the centre

of each lobe ; all these marks are broader in the rains specimens than

in the dry weather ones. Length 47 mm.

Pupa.—tThe pupa is not distinguishable from the pupa of the pre-

ceding in any particular.

Habits —The same as for &. conjuncta, Herrich-Schaffer ; larva

feeds on bamboo.

224. Baords kumara, Moore.

A very common insect at all times and places in this district ; it

basks like the last, but always on leaves, and is fond of flowers in the

early morning; it is easily captured when basking as, if disturbed, it

returns to the same leaf ; it has an extremely rapid flight. We have

bred many specimens at all seasons and above and below the ghats, —

Larva.—Very similar to the last, except that the head is somewhat

smaller, light yellow in colour, with a dark line down the centre of the

face; the head is suffused with black in the monsoon months.

Length 27 mm.

Pupa.—Not distinguishable from that of the last, Length 27-5 mm,

Habits Larva makes a cell out of two or more leaves iaxly drawn

together with a few threads, when full-grown ; feeds on bamboos,

The transformations of this species have been figured in Journal,

Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 370, No. 80, pl. F,

Figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa (1890), as Parnara kumara.

225. Baoris plebeta, de Nicéville.

Ts found throughout the district at all seasons in similar localities to

B. kumara, Moore ; it is very similar to the last in appearance ; indeed

so similar as to be difficult of separation as concerns the males; the

female of this species is, however, greyish on the underside of the hind

wing, whereas the female of the last is rusty-red ; the male of this is

perhaps also more constantly rusty-red underneath than the male of

B. kumara.

Larva.—Very similar to the last, but has a broad black band round

the head; a black line down the centre of the face splitting along the

sides of the clypeus, the furcations reaching half-way down the cly-

peus, where they are met by a brown line parallel to the central line,

a ee Lee

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 59

which brown line runs up the face, but does not reach the vertex of

the head; all these markings are obsolescent in some specimens; a

black line down the centre of the clypeus; segment 12 is slightly

broader than segment 11, being somewhat swollen at the spiracles.

colour bluish opaque white all over, with a yellow tinge at the front

margins of the anterior segments. Length 40 mm.

Pupa.—As in the description of the group; the beak is slightly

curved downwards ; has a blunt tip, and a small bit stuck on to the tip;

colour is a very watery darkish green, with a double, broadish, white

dorsal line ; proboscis reaches only to the hinder margin of seg-

ment 9. Length 34 mm. over all.

Habits—The same as for the last. The larva feeds on bamboo,

226. Baoris canaraica, Moore.

This insect, of which we have never reared or discovered the larva,

was unknown to us until last year, when we found it plentiful in the

same localities as B. oceza, Hewetson ; it has the habits of this latter

species in that it is only found basking in the early morning sun and

just before sundown, but it frequents the borders of the open glades in

the jungle, whereas 6. oceia prefers the small spaces under high

trees where the ground is covered with weeds. Single specimens

have been caught near Karwar on the coast. The females are

extremely rare, as only the males bask ; it is a rapid flier.

Group KH,

This group is characterised by the insects having a larva with a

triangular-shaped head when looked at from in front ; otherwise,

the larva and pupa are the same asin the last group. The imagos

rest with the wings closed over the back; are of rapid, short flight; are

fond of flowers, and are found always settled near the ground. The

larvee feed on rice and grasses,

227. Baoris colaca, Moore. (Plate VII, Fig. 7.)

We have bred great numbers of this insect in Karwar in the

monsoon ; it is the commonest of the grass-skippers in the larva

state; it is so like others of the genus that we did not distinguish it

after capture for a long time, much less did we recognise it as a

distinct species on the wing ; the most probable reason for our never

having obtained it with the net until quite lately Gn shady places in

the big jungles above the ghats, not in Karwar) is that it is a

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

dusk flier, for, since we became acquainted with B. colaca through —

breeding, we have caught pretty nearly everything resembling it,

but all these captures turned out to be other species.

Larva.—Head dark chocolate, nearly black, with a white marginal

band and a green clypeus ; for some distance round the clypeus the .

face is marbled with greenish ; such is the rains coloration ; in the

dry weather, and indeed sometimes in the rains, the black is obsoles-

cent ; colour of body biuish-white, or greenish-white, with a sub-

dorsal anda lateral white stripe; surface clothed with very short,

erect hairs, longest at the margins of the body. Length 30 mm.

Pupa.—As in the description of the group; colour green, with

white longitudinal lines ; proboscis aie to the posterior margin

of segment 12.

Habiis—The habits of the larva of B. colaca are the same as the

habits of the larvee of the preceding group; it makes a lax cell; it

pupates on the underside of a leaf, drawing the edges somewhat

together. The larva feeds on soft, small grasses,

228. Baoris subochracea, Moore.

We have confounded this species and B. mathias, Fabricius, up to

a few months back, when Captain HE. Y. Watson drew our attention

tothe difference. In our former paper we called it Chapra mathias.

In company with the next species B. subochracea is found throughout

the district, around rice-fields and flowers in the more open parts,

commonly; it isa fast flier; is fond of the sunlight, and may be

caught at flowers. We have bred many.

Larva—As in the group; head large, light green, with a red

marginal band bordered on both sides by white, and a central darkish -

mark splitting down both sides of the clypeus; colour of body grass-

green with a yellow tinge ; a dark dorsal line, a faint yellow lateral

line, anda marginal white line ; stouter than the larva of 6. colaea.

Length 34 mm.

Pupa.—Same as for the group ; colour grass-green, slightly glauc-

ous ; a dark dersal line, an indistinct subdorsal band, and a white

lateral band. Length 25 mm.

Habits. —Larva lives on the open surface of a leaf, and the pupa is

often formed on the top surface of the leaf; the larva feeds on rice

and grasses.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT, 61

229, Baoris mathias, Fabricius.

We have bred a few of this butterfly from larve which we ea to

be the larvee of B. subochracea, Moore, feeding on rice. We remem-

ber having noticed a few larvze, which had black borders to their heads

instead of red borders; theso might have been the larvee of this

species ; if this is so, the larva and pupa is in no particular distinct

from those of the preceding species ; the specific distinctness of the

two species remains a point for future elucidation; the insect is

not so common as the last.

Group F. |

The imagos of this group rest with their wings closed over the back,

but bask generally with them half-open ; they are insects of damp and

shade, frequenting the beds of nallas and damp evergreen portions of

the district ; they are not very strong fliers, and rest often and always

close down near the ground, on a convenient upperside of a leaf.

We have bred some individuals of Udaspes folus, Cramer, from pupz

that have Jain over for nearly two months after the rains ; the indivi-

duals differed from those obtained from pupz that come out in the

normal time in having the tip of the forewing decidedly bleached or

faded. The larve are very stout when full-grown, and have the

habit of resting with the first three segments after the head contracted

soas to give the appearance of being humped about the anterior

seoments, the relatively small head lying with its apex pressed on the

second segment ; the body is flattened ventrally as the larva always

lies closely applied to the resting surface ; the anal segments are

sloping, and the margin is closely applied to the leaf, rounded at the

extremity and semewhat thickened at the edge ; when at rest the fourth

segment is more than twice as long as the head ; the head is triangular

when seen from in front, and narrowly bi-lobed and small for the

body. The colour of the larva is some shade of indigo-green ; there

is often a white excretion on the abdomen laterally between the bases

‘of the prolegs. The larva feeds upon Scitaminee ; the pupa is

hardly distinguishable from the pupa of the last group; the larva

makes a Jax cell by turning over a triangular piece from the edge on

to the upper surface of the leaf.

230. Udaspes folus, Cramer.

U. folus is a very common butterfly in the monsoon in Karwar ; it

frequents the jungle, and may be found any day basking on the ground,

or on a leaf, or flitting about amongst the herbaceous ground plants.

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

The larva is to be had in any numbers during the rains. In the dry

weather, owing to the food-plant dying down, it is not at all common

anywhere.

Larva.—As in the description of the group ; head black, with the

surface rugose and shiny ; each segment slightly swollen around the

spiracles ; surface of body glabrous, greasy-looking ; colour of body

a watery, very dark indigo-green, the trachese showing through as

white threads ; a dark dorsal pulsating line; end segment whitish ;

segments 2 and 3 yellowish, as well as the margins of segments 4 and

5, Length 37 mm. A good deal more when fully stretched out.

Pupa.—As in group; snout of head squarely blunt at tip ; colour

is a watery bright green ; proboscis reaches to end of cremaster.

Length 32°75 mm.

Habits-—As for the group ; the larva feeds on Curcuma aromatica,

231. Notocrypta feisthamelii, Boisduval (= alysos, Moore). —

This insect is of common occurrence in moist thick jungles above

the ghats, especially in evergreen jungles; it is probably found in

similar situations below the ghits. We have bred numbers, together

with Sancus pulligo, Mabille, in the dry weather above the ghats,

though never in Karwar in the monsoon.

Larva.—Nearly exactly similar to that of the last species ; the head ~

is here, however, chocolate-brown in colour ; the body dark indigo-

green; anal segment whitish-yellow. Length 31°25 mm.

Pupa.—Not distinguishable from the last.

Habits.—The habits are the same as those of the last ; the larva

pupates in the cell ; larva feeds on Maranta.

232. Notocrypta restricta, Moore. (Plate VIII, Fig. 7.)

In the monsoon round Karwar this skipper is very plentiful in similar

localities to the next ; it has a weakish flight, and is found basking

low down among leaves, &c. We have reared many in the monsoon

in Karwar and a few above the ghats in the dry weather ; it is found

throughout the district, though not common jn the dry months.

Larva.—As in group ; with a black head, broadly whitish-yellow in

the centre of each lobe. Length 37°5 mm.

Pupa.—As in the group ; proboscis produced well beyond the end

of the cremaster ; same length as last.

Habits—Same as the last ; pupa formed on the underside of a leaf.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 63

233. Sancus pulligo, Mabille. (Plate VIII, Fig. 8.)

The imago is fond of damp shady places, like evergreen forests and

beds of nallas, We have bred many at all seasons and in many parts

of the district ; it is always plentiful where it exists—that is, where its

food-plant grows. The flight is very weak ; the insect keeps low

down near the ground and pitches often on leaves ; it is rarely found

basking in the sun.

Larva.—As in the group; not to be distinguished from that of NV;

feisthamelii, Boisduval, except that the head is smaller. Length 31mm.

Pupa.—As in the group ; not to be distinguished from that of

NV. feisthamelii, except by the snout (or beak) being slighty turned-up.

Hahits.—The same as those of JV, feisthamelii in every particular.

A few months ago, whea out at work in the ghats, we noticed a

skipper which we have never seen before in the district. It was rest-

ing on a cane-leaf with its wings closed over its back ; from a pretty

close examination of the underside, previous to trying to bottle it in

a tube (we had no net with us), it appeared to be a species of Jsoteinon.

This would make the fifty-seventh species occurring in the district,

ExPLanaTion oF Prats VII.

Figs. 1, la... Larva and pupa of Ismene gomata, Moore, p. 23.

of Leg AO era mene ee Hasora chromus, Cramer, p. 26.

<j SO OC eee tae aes Ismene fergusonit, de Nicéville, p. 24.

Mia Aas. , en ite Sarangesa purendra, Moore, p. 34.

a Ds SEAR ee atiiae ae ee Padraona gola, Moore, p. 56.

ns LOUD ea aaa anne Baoris oceia, Hewitson, p. 57.

En asa: gs HE ear Baoris colaca, Moore, p. 59.

EXxpLaNnaTion or Prater VIII.

Figs. 1, 1a...Larva and pupa of Celeenorrhinus ambareesa, Moore, p. 37.

oa Re OE ee Biers. $e fusca, Hampson, p. 87,

Oe OU at To eta Odontaptitm angulata, Felder, p. 31.

» 4, 4a... 59 2 » Caprona ransonnetii, Felder, p. 30.

5, 7 Gines 59g, «Sg ~Ss L pena thewaites?, Moore, p. 36.

5 6, 6a... 4, 3, +5, Hesperia galba, Fabricius, p. 29.

ey hG. 4, 9 » Notocrypia resiricta, Moore, p. G2.

99 Os O@--- 5, 39 3» Sancus pulligo, Mabille, p, 63.

99 9p Gee gg ~S~S Lambrix salsala, Moore, p. 44.

>», 10, 10a... 5, 49 5) +~=-Ampittza maro, Fabricius, p. 54.

bap lel ge Elaine 35 » » Baracus septentrionum, Wocd-

Mason and de Nicéville, p. 51.

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY.

By B. B. Osmaston, Inpran Forust DEPARTMENT.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

There is a great charm in birds’ nesting, whether at Home or in

India, but especially so in the latter country where there are so many

birds of whose nidification nothing is as yet known, and where

consequently there is ample scope for new discoveries.

What I now propose to do is to describe shortly the nests a eggs

of afew birds which I found during a trip last hot weather up the

river Tons. The nidification of about half a dozen of these species has

not been previously recorded, and notes on a few other kinds have also

been included chiefly where my observations differ from or tend to

amplify those recorded in Hume’s “ Nests and Hggs of Indian Birds. a

Before, however, I proceed to business, I may explain for the

benefit of those who do not happen to be acquainted with the locality

about which I am about to write, that the Tons isa large branch of

the river Jumna rising in the snowy ranges of the Himalaya, and

winding its way southward through Tehri-Garhwal and Jaunsar,

traversing a forest-clad country from the zone of the juniper and the

birch at 13,000 feet to that of the long-leafed pine at 3,000 feet.

The first nest to be described is that of the Himalayan Tree-creeper.

1 (341). CxeRrHta HImaLAyaAnA.—-The Himalayan Tree-creeper.

his bird is very common at elevations of from 5,000 up to 10,000

feet, but especially so in the spruce-fir zone. Previously its nest

appears to have been found by Col. Marshall in Kashmir and Capt.

Cock in Murree, only the former procuring the eggs. The latter

remarks that this tree-creeper always selects tall trees to build upon,

and that the nest is always placed at a height of some 40 or 50 feet

from the ground. This is not, however, my experience. I found

three nests of this species on the following dates :—

April 4th, containing 4 hard-set eggs.

fee LOL i 5 fresh eggs

May 26th 3 Ae s

The two first nests were placed between the semi- -detached bark

and the wood of large spruce-fir trees, at heights of about 4 and 7

feet, respectively, from the ground, and the third was in a narrow rift

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 65

caused by radial splitting in the wood of a karshu oak, about 4 feet

from the ground. The two first nests were at an elevation of about

8,000 and the third 9,000 feet above the sea. This shows that the

Himalayan tree-creeper does not always nest at great heights from the

. ground.

The nests of this creeper were all very similar in structure. They

consisted first of an irregular mass of spruce twigs, above which was a

more or less distinct layer of dry rotten wood (touch wood), the cavity

being lined with fur and feathers. The whole of the nest, except the

lining, was studded with the silky egg-cocoons of some spider, some

of which were red and others green. These served to bind the nest

together and to attach it to the bark and wood of the tree.

The colour of the eggs is white, spotted with brick-red, in some al]

_ over, in others chiefly at the larger end, and bearing in addition a few

indistinct greyish spots.

The dimensions of the eggs were as follows :—

MAID Gem COCR el tecue. tne. OO) I “AO!

Smallest egg ......sceeee00. “G4” XX *50"

Average of 12 eggs ...... °65"” & °49"

2 (241), PrERuTHtus xANTHOCHLORIS.— The Green Shrike-tit.

Very little indeed seems to have been recorded about the habits of

this shrike-tit, and nothing whatever on the subject of its nidification.

It is not by any means a common bird, and its quiet habits, plain

colours, and the thick nature of the forest it frequents do not tend to

render it conspicuous.

On April 14th I found a nest of this bird containing two fresh eggs.

The nest was at an elevation of about 8,000 feet, in mixed spruce and

deodar forest, and was suspended like that of an oriole or white-eye

from the slender horizontal forked twig of a deodar sapling, about 7

feet from the ground. It was in shape a deep cup, very thin and

delicate, but neatly put together.

The ground-work of the nest consists of root fibres and a grey hair-

like tree-lichen (Usnea sp.), decorated on the outside with ordinary grey

leaf lichens, the whole structure being bound together with silky spider

cocoons and threads. The deep cavity is lined with fine black hair-

like fibres (the rhizomorph of a fungus), and the nest is attached to the

twigs by the red egg-cocoons of a spider, The two eggs are long

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ,

ovals, white spotted rather sparingly and chiefly at the larger end with

dark bay spots and specks. They measure ‘75">‘54" and 74" 52",

respectively. .

Two appear to be the full complement of eggs for this species, as 1

waited two days after finding the nest, but no more eggs were laid.

3 (672), MeruLa aLsicincta.—The White-collared Ouzel.

No account of the nidification of this ouzel seems to be on record,

and all that we know of the eggs is from Hume’s description of two

specimens brought from Native Sikhim in June.

This fine ouzel is fairly common in the karshu oak zone from

8.000 to 10,000 feet where its fine mellow-noted song may be heard

daily in the spring. I found two nests near Deoban at about 9,000 feet

elevation on May 23rd and 24th. The first containing four fresh eggs

was placed in a dense bushy “karshu’”’ oak tree about 10 feet from the

ground, and the second with three slightly set eggs was on the ground

at the roct of an old stump in oak forest. The nests were massive

structures, made of moss and lined with fine grass not unlike those of

the missel-thrush. The eggs are very pale blue, mottled all over with

reddish-brown ‘and with some inconspicuous pale grey markings as

well.

They measured as follows :—

Tareesie ee... c.c.. 2c .loss%> pele Se boa

Smallestheoe .i......+06 Bean TED Sg Roe

Average of five eggs ...... Lal er soe

4 (831). Moractnna MADERASPATENSIS.—The Large Pied Wag-tail.

Hume in his “‘ Nests and Eggs” says that this wag-tail does not, he

believes, ascend the Himalayas above 3,000 feet. It may therefore

be of interest to record in this connection that I found a pair breeding

at about 5,000 feet elevation near the head of the Rama Serai Valley.

The nest was built between the roof timbers of a small wooden

temple in a field, and contained four fresh eggs.

5 (653). TanrsiczrR carys#us.—The Golden Bush-robin.

This pretty little bird is fairly common, but only at high elevations

of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet in the birch and rhododendron scrub,

where it breeds. It is very shy and difficult to observe, and keeps

chiefly to the dense patches of rhododendron. I found one nest only

at about 12,000 feet on June 3rd, placed in a hole in the ground at

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 67

the root of a small bush in the open, but close to a patch of rhododen-

dron bushes. It contained three hard-set eggs of a uniform pale blue

colour. This bird does not descend below 8,000 feet in these parts,

except in winter.

6 (832). MoraciLta mELANOPE.—The Grey Wag-tail.

The grey wag-tail is common about 9,000 feet in the Tons Valley.

I found a nest of this bird on June 4th, containing four fresh eggs. It

was built in a faggot of sticks lying on the roof of a house in the

middle of a village (Oshol). The nest was made of grass and lined

with goat’s hair, and the eggs were pale yellowish-brown with a fine

black streak on each egg towards the large end. The nest of this

bird has hitherto in India only been found in Kashmir.

7 (567). Cyornis LEUCOMELANURUS.—Lhe Slaty-blue Flycatcher.

The slaty-blue flycatcher is not nearly so common in the Tons

Valley as its congener, the white-browed blue flycatcher (C. superci-

liaris). The latter is one of the commonest birds in these hills,

between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, whereas the former is somewhat scarce,

and is chiefly found between 9,000 and 11,000 feet. I found a large

number of nests of C. supercilzaris at various elevations between 6,000

and 9,000 feet, and three nests of C. leucomelanerus at about 9,000;

9,900 and 11,000 feet, respectively. I mention this as Hume says

that this flycatcher breeds throughout the Himalayas from Nepal to

Kashmir at elevations of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, though my

observations would appear to show that, at any rate in portions of its

range, it prefers a higher zone to nest in.

The male birds were in all three cases indistinguishable from the

females.

8 (199). Hopnesonius PHa@nicuroiDEs.—Hodgson’s. Short-wing.

This is another bird about whose habits very little. is known, and

nothing at all appears to be on record about its manner of nesting.

It is very common in the Tons Valley at elevations of from 10,000

to 11,000 feet, but is rarely seen owing to its being of shy and

retiring habits. I found 12 nests between June Sth and 11th, all of

which contained either 2 or 3 eggs, mostly fresh, and 3 seems to be

_ the normal full complement. ‘The nests were all placed in low bushes

from 1 to 3 feet from the ground in open scrub forest. They were

deeply cup-shaped, composed of coarse grass without, and lined with

68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

finer grasses. The eggs are a pure dark blue, about intermediate in

shade between those of Crateropus canorus and Garrulax albigularis,

and give the following measurements :—

Largest 020°... siccrscesvenscocestee Aue On,

Smallest ego vutecele-sceees POs ROU!

Average of 18 eggs ......... °87" & *64"

9 (718). THARRHALEUS sTROPHIATUS.—The Rufous-breasted

Accentor.

Hodgson says of this bird that it breeds in the higher ranges of

Nepal and Sikhim, building its nests on the ground in tufts of “sunputi”

grass and laying 3 to 4 eggs. I found it very common in the low

scrub jungle of juniper, dwarf rhododendron, Lonicera and Berberis,

which is found elcthing the hill-sides at about 12,000 feet in the Tons

Valley. 1 found over a dozen nests, all in low bushes (chiefly of

Berberis and Lonicera), from 1 to 2 feet from the ground. The nests

which much resemble those of the English hedge sparrow, were

made of moss and small twigs, lined with moss and hair (chiefly

that of Burrhel or muskdeer). The eggs were mostly hard set,

generally turee, but sometimes two in number, and I never found

as many ds four in any nest. They were pale blue and measured as

follows :—

Wancest Vener cer. jeccmaseedrenen Oleg aa"

Dmallesthe so Meike. seven sees ey Lon OO

Average Of QNeC os y.cctcccsuss ti Ou xara,

10 (651). CaLbiopE PECTORALIS.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat.

This pretty chat is fairly common in the hot weather on the rocky

hill slopes just below the glaciers of the Harke Dun, where the Tons

takes its rise, and its short lively song uttered from the top of a rock is

most attractive and characteristic. In the cold weather it is a regular

visitor to the Dehra Dun, where it may often be seen, especially in and

about tea gardens, The only occasion on which the eggs of this speeies

are said to have been obtained is recorded by Hume in his “ Nest and

Kggs,” two eggs with a nest said to belong to this species, having been

brought down from Native Sikhim. The eggs are described as being

“of a uniform pale salmon buff’ and the nest as having been placed

“in a deep crevice in a rock” and to have been “ saucer-shaped ” and

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 69.

composed of “very fine moss and fern-roots closely felted together.”

The above description, however, differs so entirely from my observa-

tions of the nests and eggs of the ruby-throat that I have no hesita-

tion in saying that the eggs received by Hume must have belonged

to some other bird. On June 7th and 9th, in the Harke Dun, at an

elevation of about 12,000 feet, I was lucky enough to stumble on to

two nests of this bird which, owing to the careful manner they were

concealed, would certainly have escaped my notice had they not been

betrayed in both cases by the sudden exit of the bird near my feet.

The nest is a domed structure with a large opening on one side towards

the top. It is rather loosely constructed of coarse grass and lined

with finer grass. The locality selected was an open rocky slope

with grass and low scrub between the stones and rocks, and the

nests were placed on the ground among the grass and scrub. The

eggs, fresh in both cases, were three in one nest and four in the

other, of a rather dark bluish-green (more green than blue) with

pale rufous markings, in some all over, in others chiefly in a zone at

the large end.

The measurements of the eggs were as follows :—

Tar gest C22 1.cj.recscsecececeoe “OD X63"

Sinalllesteg@ a |.c ses s-tecescaes "80" x °58"

ALvetage Oly (OSES) cia sess .ee 100" Xn OL!

The domed character of the nest of Calliope would seem to be

most exceptional for one of the Turdide.

11 (405). Puytoscopus arrinis.—Tickell’s Willow-warbler.

Nothing is on record concerning the nidification of this willow-

warbler. On June 7th, I noticed a small greenish-yellow bird fre-

quenting the low scrub on the mountain side at about 12,000 feet

elevation. This scrub consists chiefly of dwarf juniper, Lonicera and

a small yellow-flowering rhododendron which grows only 2 or 3 feet

high. There are few trees, except here and there a birch, and the

bird keeps chiefly to the low scrub. It hasa rather loud mono-

syllabic chirp which it frequently utters. After a considerable search

I was rewarded by finding two nests of this species both in the

above-described scrub and about 1 foot from the ground. The nests

are domed with a small side entrance, and are made of grass and lined

with feathers,

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

The eggs were four in each nest, very broad ovals and either pure

white or white with a few very pale pink spots. They gave the

following measurements :—

Largest €go (-..bpcecve-neree aU ioe

Smiallest:ege: 2.2 t.u;dcese see eOO eee OF

Average of 8 eggs. ............ 60" X °47"

12 (850). AntHus Rosacrus.—Hodgson’s Pipit.

This species is fairly common in the Harke Dun, but I only suc-

ceeded in finding one nest. It was placed on a steep grassy slope at

about 12,000 feet and was of the usual pipit type, a shallow cup of

grass lined with hair and finer grasses, well concealed beneath a tuft of

grass. It contained 8 hard-set eges which are whitish, densely marked

and speckled chiefly at the larger end with very dark grey. They

might easily pass, except in size, for egos of the common sparrow.

Two of the eggs measured *85” & °64" and °87” x ‘63" respectively.

13 (603), CHELIDORHYNS HyPOXANTHUM.—The Yellow-bellied :

Flycatcher:

The nest of this lively little fantail seems rarely to have been found.

Jerdon had the nest brought to him at Darjeeling after the young

had flown, and Hodgson has figured the nest and eggs. Mr. R. H.

Thompson, too, saw the nest in the Kumaon Bhabar, but never took

down the eggs. ‘This bird is fairly common at high elevations in the

Tons Valley during the hot weather, frequenting at that season forests

of the high level silver-fir and birch at about 10,000 to 12,000 feet.

Tt visits the plains in the cold weather but never remains there, or even

low down on the hills, to breed, retiring to the higher ranges near the

snows for that purpose. This only refers to Dehra Dun and the

neighbouring hills, which is peculiar, for #t must be borne in mind

that Mr. Thompson found it breeding in the Kumaon Bhabar (the dry

sub-Himalayan tract west of the river Sarda at an elevation of about

1,000 ft. only above the sea). On June 11th, I noticed a willow warbler

(Phylloscopus proregulus) enter its nest high up on a bough of asilver-

fir. My orderly was at once told off to scale the tree, which he did,

bringing down the nest and eggs in safety. While he was thus

engaged, I noticed a pair of yellow-bellied fantails in the same tree

which seemed much upset by the intrusion. I watched them carefully

and justas my man reached the ground I saw one of the fantails,

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. v1

much to my satisfaction, settle down comfortably upon what looked

like a little lump of moss ona small branch of the tir, not six feet from

where the willow wren’s nest had been. I could not risk losing such

a treasure, so 1 climbed the tree myself and with no small difficulty

managed to draw in the branch upon which the nest was placed. It

contained two eggs, unfortunately hard set, but still preservable, and

they with the nest were safely brought to the ground.

_ The nest is in shape rather cylindrical, 23" in external diameter, and

1}” across the egg-cavity. The depth of the cavity is 1” and that of

the nest 3”. It consists of moss, firmly compacted together and

covered with grey lichens. It has a scanty lining of moss fruits (with

their stalks),

The eggs are cream-coloured with a cap of faint markings towards

the broad end, similar in colour to, but of course much smaller than,

those of the verditer flycatcher (Stoparola melanops).

They are the smallest eggs in my collection, measuring *56 x -44

and 54" x 43", respectively.

14 (191), Larvivora BruNNEA, Indian Blue-chat.

This is a very common bird throughout the Tons Valley, at elevation

of from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, but only in the wooded portions.

In a former note written by me and inserted in this journal in

Vol. LX of 1894, I wrongly identified this bird as Tanthia indica. I

have since ascertained my mistake.

LT found two nests which I attribute to this bird, but unfortu-

nately | am not ina position to state the fact positively, as I never

saw the parent birds actually visit or leave the nests, Moreover,

the eggs are so totally different from those described in Hume's

“Nests and Hges ” as belonging to this species, that I feel some-

what diffident in stating that I believe them to belong to Larvivora,

On the other hand the only bird I ever saw approach either of the

nests was a male of Larvivora brunnea, and this I saw on two separate

occasions. Moreover, it was evidently breeding at the time, and

showed evident signs of excitement when I approached the nest.

The nests were built on a bank by a frequented footpath at about

8,000 feet elevation, and were exactly similar, both in position and

construction, to those of the English robin, but the eggs instead of

being “ pale greyish-green thickly mottled with reddish-brown” as

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

described by Hume for Larvivora brunnea were of a uniform pale

blue, in shade about the same as in the eggs of the English starling.

There were four eggs in each nest, the largest egg measuring *84" x

-78", the smallest °78" x *58", and the mean of eight eggs °80" x °60".

Next year I hope to revisit this locality and to be able to speak more

positively as to their identity.

15 (1186). Giavorrum BRopreI.—The Collared Pigmy Owlet.

I found a nest of this pretty little owlet on May 21st, close to the

Deoban Forest bungalow, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, It was

situated in a hole in a “karshu ” oak tree, which had formerly been

excavated by some woodpecker (probably Dendrocopus timalayensis)

at a height of about 12 feet from the ground. The nest hole had to

be enlarged with an axe, and when finally my hand was inserted it

had a warm reception from the mother bird inside, who evidently

knew how to use her beak and claws with the best possible advantage.

She allowed herself, however, to be taken out of the hole and to be

banded round for inspection, after which she was replaced. The nest

contained four freshly-hatched young and one egg, very large for the

size of the bird, very round and of the usual owl type. The owlet

did not desert her nest, and I afterwards obtained a pair of her young

which until quite lately were both alive in my possession, as tame as

possible, and making very interesting pets with their comic gestures

and grotesque movements.

Now, as I write, on a Peninsular and Oriental boat, I have only

one, the female, who sits unabashed in her solitary cell, but with the

guilt of fratricide heavy upon her.

A NEW KRAIT FROM SIND (BUNGARUS SINDANUS).

By G. A. Boutencsr, F.R.S.

(With a Plate.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

A short time after :the publication of the Reptiles of the “ Fauna of

India,” Mr. Blanford brought me a “ krait ” from Umarkot, Sind,

received from Mr. H. HE. Watson, which differed from Bungarus

cceruleus in the number of scale-rows (17) and of ventral shields (237).

Although both Mr. Blanford and I suspected at the time that the -

specimen might prove the type of a new species, we agreed that,

considering its close affinity to B. ceruleus, it would be prudent

to wait for further specimens which we were in hopes Mr. Watson

would be able to procure. Owing to the death of this gentle-

man, no more was heard of the snake, the unique specimen of which

was provisionally referred to B. cwruleus: I have now received

from the Bombay Natural History Society two more specimens,

obtained by Mr. L. J. Mountford at Sukkur, Sind, which

- remove my hesitation, and I proposed to designate the new “ krait” as

BUNGARUS SINDANUS, 8p. 2.

Eye somewhat larger than in &. ceruleus, with vertically oval

pupil. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above

measuring one-third to two-fifths its distance from the frontal ; inter-

nasals about half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal one and a half to

one and two-thirds aslong as broad, as long as or slightly shorter

than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the

paristal ; one pree- and two postoculars ; temporals 14-2 ; seven upper

labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; three or four lower labials

in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are as long as the

posterior. Scales in 17 or 19 rows, vertibrals strongly enlarged, but

none broader than long. Ventrals 220—237 ; anal entire ; subcandals

49—52, single or a few of the hindermost in pairs. Black above,

white below ; transverse series of white spots on the body forming

interrupted cross-bands same as often present in B. ceruieus;

rostral, upper labials, anterior nasal and preeocular, white.

Total length 1,300 ; tail 150 millimetres.

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Mr. Mountford observes: —

“This snake is common in the desertin Upper Sind. The large

specimen is not supposed to be anything out of the way, as they are

said to reach six feet commonly.*

The natives call them “ Pyan” (pronounced pee-un), meaning,

“a drinker,” being the same as the word “to drink,’ The snake is

said to suck a man’s breath while he sleeps, the result being that he dies

at sunrise with a swollen face, but no mark of a bite on him. The

belief is entertained by all the natives here, educated or uneducated.

No one will sleep on the ground in the desert at this time of the year

[September] through fear of the “‘ Pyan.”

“The snake lives at the roots of small bushes, some four.feet or so

down, and has frequently, so I am told, been found with the “ junndi”’

(Echis carinatus) in its stomach. The natives admit that it can bite

if necessary, and fatally too, but it hardly ever does.”

* The largest Bungarus ceruleus in the British Museum measures 1,080 millimetres (=33

feet.) —G.A.B.

Journ.Bombas Nat.Hist.Soc.

J.Green del.et lith. : Mintern Bros.imp. London.

BUNGARUS SINDANUS.

New Kratt trom Sino.

Gy HK Go bo

. Carine,

. Asio acciptrinus,

. Scops giu.

. Strix flammea,

. Cypselus melba.

. Cypselus affinis.

. Caprimulgus nubicus.

. Merops cyanophrys.

. Merops persicus.

. Merops Sp. ine.

. Coracias garrula,

. Coracias abysinnica (lorti 2).

. Upupa epops.

. Halcyon semicerulea,.

. Cuculus canorus.

. Coccystes jacobinus.

. Centropus superciliosus.

LIST OF THE BIRDS

OF ADEN.

By Con, J. W. YERBURY.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society 18th March, 1897.)

As considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of the

birds of Aden since the publication by the late Lieutenant Barnes of

the list given in the Journal Bombay Natural History Society (Vol.

VII, p. 231), it is thought that a revised up-to-date list may he

of interest :—

1, Vuliur monachus,—Recorded by

Barnes as Gyps fulvus, The

specimen referred to is at pre-

sent living in the Zoological

Society’s Garden.

. Neophron percnopterus.

. Circus macrurus.,

. Milierax polyzonus,

. Buteo vulgaris.—A specimen liv-

ing in the Zoological Society’s

Garden at the present time

(January, 1897) is recorded in

the Listof Vertebrated Animals,

&c., 9th Edition, as being from

Aden and presented by Capt.

Workman, 23rd October, 1894.

. Accipiter nisus,

. Aquila imperialis,

. Aquila chrysaétus,

. Haliaétus leucogaster.

. Milvus egyptius.

Elanus ceruleus,

. Falco peregrinus.

. Falco punicus.

. Linnunculus alaudarius.

. Pandion haliaétus,

Bubo milesi.

Sp. inc.

34,

35,

36.

38.

39,

40,

41,

42,

48,

44,

45,

46,

47,

48,

49,

50,

51,

52,

58,

54,

55,

56,

57.

58,

59.

75,

76,

Lanius iahtora.

Lanius nubicus.

Lanius isabellinus.

Lanius collurio.

Hypocolius ampelinus.

Musicapa grisola.

Terysiphone cristata,

Hirundo rustica.

Ptyonoprogne obsoleta,

Monticola cyanus.

Cercotrichas melanoptera.

Argya@ squamiceps.

Pycnonotus arsinoé.

Pycnonotus wanthopygius.

Oriolus galbula,

Saxicola cenanthe.

Saxicola desertt.

Saxicola pleschanka.

Saxicola zsabellina,

Myrmecocichla melanura,

Ruticilla, Sp. inc.

Prinia. Sp. ine.

Cisticola cisticola,

Phylloscopus. Sp. inc,

Burnesia gracilis.

Moitacilla alba.

. Motacilla feldegg.

. Nectarinia metallica.

. Dilophus carunculatus.

. Corvus affinis.

. Corvus corax.

Corvus umbrinus.

. Ayphantornis galbuia.

. Estrelda rujfibarba.

. Aidemosyne cantans,

. Passer euchlorus,

. Passer domesticus.

. Pyrrhulanda melanauchen,

. Galerita cristata,

. Alemon desertorum.

. Mirafra,

Sp. inc.

Vinago waalia.

Columba livia.

Lurtur senegalensis.

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XL,

104,

105.

106.

107.

108,

109.

. Turtur risorius.

. Aina capensis,

. Pterocles exustus.

. Pterocles lichtensteint.

. Caccabis melanocephala.

. Caccabis chukar.

. Ammoperdia bonhami,—With re-

ference to my remark in bis,

January 1896, p. 32, the speci-

men referred to by Lieutenant

Barnes was presented by him to

the Zoological Society’s Gar-

dens, vide List of Vertebrated

Animals, &c., 9th Edition, 1896,

and appears to have been cor-

rectly identified.

Coturnix communis.

. Coturnia delegorguez.

. Turnia lepurana,

. Hupodotis arabs.

. Houbara macqueens

. Rallus aquaticus,

. Gallinula. Sp. inc.

. Crea pratensis,

. Cursorius. Sp. inc,

. Squatarola helvetica.

. Charadrius pluvialis.

Gidicnemus scolopas.

Aijgialitis mongolica,

. Aigialitis cantiana,

. Strepsilas interpres.

Dromas ardeola.

. Heematopus ostralegus.

. Himantopus candidus.

Totanus calidris.

Helodromas ochropus.

Tringoides hypoleucus.

Terekia cineria,

Calidris arenariae

Tringa alpina.

Tringa minuta.

110,

Numenius arquata.

111, Numenius pheopus,

112.

118.

114.

115,

116,

118.

119.

120.

121,

122.

123,

124,

125,

126,

127.

128.

129.

130.

131,

132.

138,

134,

135,

186,

187,

138,

139,

140,

141,

142.

143.

144,

145.

146.

147.

148.

149,

Gallinago celestis,

Larus afinis,

Larus ichthyaétus.

Larus brunneicephalus,

Larus ridibundus.

Larus hemprichi.

Sterna albigena.

Sterna minuta,

Sterna bergit.

Sterna media,

Sterna anestheta.

Sterna fuliginosa.

Sterna anglica,

Podiceps nigricollis,

Puffinus persicus.

Ardea cinerea.

Ardea alba,

Ardea gularis.

Ardea bubulcus.

Butorides javanica.

Nycticorax griseus.

Ardeita podiceps.

Ciconia abdimii.

Platalea leucorodia,

Scopus umbretia.

Pheenicopterus roseus.

Spatula clypeata,

Anas boscas.

Casarca rutila,

Mareca penelope.

Fuligula fuligula,

Querquedula crecca.

Querquedula circia.

Phalacrocoraz, Sp. inc. (Black.)

Phalacrocoraz. Sp. inc. (Brown.)

Sula jiber.

Pelecanus onoerotalus,

Phaéthon indicus.

A comparison of this list with Lieutenant Barnes’ shows 149 species

instead of 126, and 12 species removed from sp. inc. as identified.

There still remain 10 sp. inc. awaiting identification, and it is to be

hoped some resident of Aden will wipe out these blots, Thanks to the

kindness of Messrs. Chevallier and Kelsall, I have been able to add seven

species since the publication of my paper on “The Birds of Aden” in

the Ibis of January, 1896.

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE

IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.

Part III.

By OC. M. Inetis.

(Continued from Vol. X, page 617.)

Family Muscicapide.

Genus Siphia (Hodgs., 1837).

Hume, No. 328 ; Oates, No. 562.

SIPHIA ALBICILLA—The Eastern Red-breasted Flycatcher.

This is a common bird, but I have only managed to secure one with ee

the chestnut breast. Name—

Tay-tay-ree.

Genus Cyornis (Blyth, 1843).

Hume, No. 304 ; Oates, No. 575.

CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES (Vigors).—The Blue-throated Flycatcher.

This is a very rare Flycatcher here. I have only got one specimen. a

Hume, No. 308 ; Oates, No. 577.

CYoRNIS MAGNIROSTRIS (Blyth.)—The Large-billed Blue Flycatcher.

This species is very rare. I have only seen two since I have been MY

collecting.

Genus Culicccapa (Swin., 1871).

Hume, No. 295 ; Oates, No. 592.

CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swains.)—The Grey-headed Flycatcher.

This is an exceedingly common Flycatcher and is found both in the im)

open and in the jungle.

Genus Niltava (Hodgs., 1837).

Hume, No. 315 ; Oates, No. 599.

NILTAVA MACGRIGORIm (Burt.)—The Small Niltava.

This is the only Niltava I have come across here and it is very rare. a

It frequents tree-jungle.

Genus Terpsiphone (Gloger, 1827).

Hume, No. 289 ; Oates, No. 599.

TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Hay).—The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher.

Young males and adult females are very common ; chestnut males 2

with lengthened median tail feathers are rarer ; but the adults in white None

plumage are exceedingly rare, ahah oa

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

I found a nest of this bird, in construction, on a sapling at an

elevation of about 5 feet from the ground. It was made in the shape

of a paper cone, and consisted of dry leaves, moss and fibres. Unfor-

tunately the nest got blown down in a storm before the eggs were laid.

The adult males of this species I have only found in dense jungle, but

the females and young males I have often shot in the tea seed

gardens. This bird is generally found in company with a lot of

small birds: WM. rubricapillus, C. ceylonensis, &c.

Genus Hypothymis (Boie, 1526).

Hume, No. 290; Oates, No. 601.

HyporHyMis AZUREA (Bodd.).—The Indian Black-naped Flycatcher.

a3 This is a very common Flycatcher and may be seen wherever there

is any tree-jungle.

Genus Rhipidura (Vigors and Horsf., 1826).

Hume, No. 291; Oates, No. 605.

RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS ( Vicill.)—The White-throated

Fan-tail Flycatcher.

Hume, “N, and E.,” 2nd Hd., Vol. I], p. 85. Leucorcerca aLBi-

couiis, Inglis, “S. F.,” Vol. IX, p. 249 ; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X,

p. 203. ‘

74 This species is common here. It frequents bushes and the under-

growth more than trees. They have got a habit of dancing with out-

spread tails and are continually on the move.

Family Zurdide.

Sub-Family Sawicoline.

Genus Pratincola (Koch., 1816).

Hume, No. 481; Cates, No. 608.

PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linn.).—The Common Pied Bush-Chat.

75 Very rare here. I have only procured a single pair.

Hume, No. 483 ; Oates, No. 610.

PRATINCOLA MAURA (Pall),—The Indian Bush-Chat.

v6 This is by far the commonest Bush-Chat here. They frequent bushes,

scrub and the tea and look very pretty, moving their tails up and down

as they wait, perched on a bush, for any unfortunate insect. They are ~

not shy and will allow close approach.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 17

Hume, No. 484 ; Oates, No. 611.

PRATINCOLA LEUCURA (Blyth.)—The White-tailed Bush-Chat.

This is a very rare Bush-Chat here. I have only shot one male

specimen. They frequent reeds.

Genus Oreicola (Bonap., 1854).

Hume, No. 487; Oates, No. 614.

OREICOLA JERDONI (Blyth.).—Jerdoni Bush-Chat.

This bird is fairly common in the cold weather. It is to be found

on reeds or ekra grass, and is much shyer than the other Bush-Chats.

Oates in his Key to the Species of Oreicola, in Fauna, British India,

Birds, Vol. I, says :—0O. jerdoni, no supercilium; but in the specimens

I have got, there is a decided supercilium.

Hume No. 486 ; Oates, No. 615.

OREICOLA FERREA (Hodgs.).—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat.

This species is rarer than O. jerdoni.. For four years I did not see

a single specimen, and then I got four or five in one season.

Sub-Family Ruticilline.

Genus Henicurus (Temm., 1823).

Hume, No. 586 ; Oates, No. 632.

HENIcurus scHistaczevs (Hodgs.).—The Slaty-backed Fork-Tail.

This is a rare Fork-Tail here, but it is sometimes found near streams

in the jungle.

Hume, No. 585; Oates, No. 633,

Henicurus immacutatus (Hodgs.).—The Black-backed Fork-Tail.

This is the common Fork-Tail found here. It is found in all the

streams, more especially where they run through the jungle. It has

the habit when frightened of uttering a whistle and flying off a few

yards and again settling on a stone or on the sand by the side of the

stream, wagging its tail incessantly. I found a nest with three young

ones on the 11th April. They were, I should say, about three days’

old. The nest was in the crevice of a rock on the bank of the stream,

about two and a-half feet above water-level.

Genus Ruticella (Brehm., 1828).

Hume, No. 497; Oates, No. 644.

RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS (Vicill.)—The Indian Redstart.

This bird is rather rare in this district, though I believe elsewhere

it is fairly common, I have only obtained one pair.

84.

Native

Name—

Doy-al.

Native

Name—

Shama,

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Genus Cyanecula (Brehm., 1828),

Hume, No. 514 ; Oates, No. 647.

CyanEcuta suncica (Linn.).—The Indian Blue-Throat.

This bird is common here during the cold weather. I have found

more females and young males than adult males ; the latter seem to be

rather rare. They are insectivorous. I have never seen them feeding

except on the ground.

Genus Calliope (Gould, 1836).

Hume, No. 512; Oates, No. 650.

CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS (Gmel.),—The Common Ruby-Throat.

Fairly common here, frequenting brushwood and also the tea. I

have several times seen it perched on a tea-bush, but always out of

range. Both sexes are common, but if anything, I think male birds

are oftener come across.

Genus Copsychus (Wag., 1827).

Hume, No. 475 ; Oates No, 663.

CopsycHUs sAULARIS (Linn.).—The Magpie Robin.

Hume, *N- and Ei,” 2ndelid: (Veli Mp. S0);) Emme, 7Sietaa

Vol. Il, p. 2380; Inglis, “S. F.,’ Vol. V, p. 35; Hume and Dayv.,

“9. F.,” Vol. VI, p. 332 ; Oates, “S. F.,” Vol. X, p. 212.

This species is exceedingly commonand may be found everywhere,

coming into gardens, &c. It has a habit of raising its tail whilst sing-

ing, in which position it is very pretty. They are excellent songsters,

being kept in cages by many people. I took a nest of this bird in a

,tump of a tree on the 10th April, 1895, containing four fresh eggs.

They were of a greenish colour, mottled with brown.

Genus Cittocincla (Gould, 1836).

Fume, No. 476 ; Oates, No. 664.

CrrrocINcLA MACRURA (Gmel.)—The Shama.

The Shama frequents mostly tree-jungle, and isa very shy bird ; when

approached, it gives a jerk of its tail and utters a sound like “ kurrick”

and off it goes. Itisa very goodsongster, and is easily kept im captivity.

Sub-Family Turdine.

Genus Merula (Leach, 1816).

Hume, No. 861 ; Oates, No. 676.

MERULA BOULBOUL (Lath.)—The Grey-winged Ouzel.

This Ouzel is rare here. I have very seldom come across it.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 81

Hume, No. 361 ; Oates, No. 676.

MERULA ATRIGULARIS (Temm.).—The Black-throated Ouzel.

Planesticus atrogularis—Scully, “8. ¥.,” Vol. IV, p. 140 ; zd. Vol.

VIII, p. 286 ; Cichloides atrogular’ts—Hume, “S. F.,” Vol.-I, p. 179.

Slightly commoner than I. boulboul. It sometimes comes into 88

gardens, but keeps more to woods. I have only seen it in the cold

weather. .

Genus Geocichla (Kuhl., teste Gould, 1836).

Hume, No. 355; Oates, No. 686.

GEOCICHLA crrriNa (Lath.).—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush.

This Ground-Thrush is rather rare here. I have seen it several times 89

hunting for insects on the ground beneath the tea seed bushes.

Genus Petrophila (Swains, 1837).

Flume, No. 351 bis ; Oates, No. 692.

PETROPHILA SoLITARIA.—The Hastern Blue Rock-Thrush,

This bird is very common during the cold weather. It is generally 90

to be seen perched on some elevated spot, such as a fence, rock, &c.

One I shot was sitting on the top of my bungalow.

Genus Oreocinela (Gould, 1837).

Flume, No. 371; Oates, No. 698.

OrEOocINCLA DAUMA (Lath.).—The Small-billed Mountain Thrush:

This Thrush is very rare here. I have only got a single specimen.

Family Ploceide.

Sub-Family Ploceine.

Genus Ploceus (Cuvier, 1817).

Hume, No, 694 ter; Oates, No. 721.

PLocEUS MEGARHYNCHUS (Hume).—The Eastern Baya. ee

This Weaver Bird is very common, They breed largely in the . Name—

busties, hanging their nests from the betel-nut palms. They are ee

gregarious, large numbers building their nests on the same palms.

Whilst building, they keep up an incessant chirping. They feed on

grain, doing great damage to the crops.

Hume, No. 696 ; Oates, No. 722.

PLOGEUS BENGALENSIS (Linn.).—The Black-throated Weaver Bird. 93

This species is much rarer than P. megarhynchus.

‘91:

94.

Native

Name—

Lall Munia.

Native

Name—

Kalle Munia,

Native

Name—

Tootee.

Native

Name—

Chora,

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

Sub-Family Veduzne.

Genus Munia (Hodgs., 1836).

Hume, No. 698 ; Oates, No. 726.

Monta AtricaPiLua (Vicill.).—The Chestnut-bellied Munia.

This Munia is exceedingly common, breeding here during the sum-

mer months and making its round nest usually in a clump of grass.

It lays on an average six pure white egos. When the paddy is ripe,

large flocks of these birds come down to eat the grain. I have seen

as many as fifty in one flock.

Genus Uroloncha (Cabanis, 1851).

Hume, No. 702; Oates, No. 727.

UrotoncHa acuticarpA (Hodes.)—Hodgson’s Munia.

This species is also very common. Its habits are the same as J.

airicapilla.

Hume, No. 699; Oates, No. 735.

UrRoLoncua puNctuLata (Linn.)—The Spotted Munia,

This Munia is not so common as the last two, but it is, all the same,

comparatively common. It is not found in such large flocks as

M. atricapilla.

Genus Sporeginthus (Cabanis, 1850).

Hume, No. 704 ; Oates, No. 738.

SPoRaGINTHUS AMANDAVA (Linn,).—The Indian Red Munia.

This is the rarest Munia we have here, only a few pairs being come

across In a season.

Family Pringillide.

Sub-Family Fringiline.

Genus Carpodacus (Knap., 1829).

Hume, No. 788 ; Oates, No. 761.

CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS (Pall].).—The Common Rose Finch.

This Finch is exceedingly rare in this district. J have only shot two

pairs since I have been collecting.

Genus Passer { Briss., 1760).

Hume, No, 706 ; Oates, No. 776.

PAssER Domusticus (Linn.),—The House Sparrow,

The House Sparrow is found everywhere.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 83

Sub-Family Limberizine.

Genus Hmberiza (Briss., 1760),

Hume, No. 720; Oates, No. 791.

HKMBERIZA PUSILLA (Pall.).—The Dwarf Bunting.

Far from common here ; affects grass lands and, as a rule, drier

places than LE. spodocephala. In the Happy Valley District these

birds are very common. The white of the outermost tail feathers is

very noticeable when in flight.

Hume, No. T17 ; Oates, No. 798.

EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA (Pall.).—The Black-faced Bunting.

- This Bunting is fairly common here, coming to us in the cold

weather. When the paddy is ripe, numbers are to be found in the

fields, causing a considerable amount of damage.

Family Hirundinide.

Genus Cottle (Boie, 1822).

Fume, No. 87; Oates, No. 808.

Corine RrpaRtA (Linv.),—The Sand Martin.

The Sand Martin is very common, breeding in holes in sand-banks,

Along the banks of the rivers the sides are simply honeycombed

with their holes. |

Genus Hirundo (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 82 bis ; Oates, No. 814.

HiRUNDO GUTTURALIS (Scop.).—The Hastern Swallow.

This is the commonest swallow we have, great numbers flying

about catching insects.

Hume, No. 85 bis ; Oates, No. 822.

HIRUNDO NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.}.— Hodgson’s Striated Swallow.

This swallow is also common, but not as plentiful as HZ. qutturalis,

Family Motacillide.

Genus Motacilla (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 590; Oates, No. 827.

MoracitLa LEucopsis (Gould).—The White-faced Wagtail.

This Wagtail is very common here in the cold weather.

Hume, No. 591 ; Oates, No. 828.

Moracitta ocuLaris (Swin,)—The Streak-eyed Wagtail.

I have got several specimens of this Wagtail here during the cold

' Season.

100

101

102

103

Native

Name—

Badool chota.

104

105

106

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vok. Xf,

Hume, No. 592 ; Oates, No. 238.

MoracInta MELANOPE (Pall.).—The Gray Wagitail.

107 This Wagtail is very common here. It is the commonest of this.

genus.

Hume, No. 593 ter (part) ; Oates, No. 834.

Moracitia FLAVA \Linn.).—The Blue-headed Wagtail.

108 This Wagtail is also a common winter resident.

Genus Anthus (Bechst, 1807).

Hume, No. 596 ; Oates, No. 841.

Anraus macuLatus (Hodgs.).—The Indian Tree. Pipit.

109 Fairly common here during the celd weather, being found in the

busties where these are fairly well wooded.

Hume, No. 600; Oates, No. 847.

Antuus RuFoLus (Vicill.).—The Indian Pipit.

110 This Pipit is exceedingly common here, frequenting the ground,

especially where it is studded with tufts of Jong grass.

Genus Alauda (Linn. 1766).

Fume, No. 767 ; Oates, No. 861.

ALAUDA GULGULA (Frankl.).—The Indian Sky Lark.

111 Very rare here. I have only come across it once or twice..

Genus Mirafra (Horsf., 1821).

Hume, No. 754 ; Oates, No. 870.

Mrrarra assamica (McClell.).—The Bengal Bush Lark.

112 Exceedingly common all over the. district, frequenting open lands

and grassy patches. They fly very like a quail as noticed by Rume,

their flight being very short.

Family Nectarinude.

Sub-Family Nectariniine.

Genus dithopyga (Cab., 1850).

Hume, No. 226 ; Oates, No. 882.

ANTHOPYGA SCHERIZ (Tick.),—The Himalayan

ue Yellow-backed Sun-bird.

ative

Name— This Sun-Bird is exceedingly common here during the cold

Lall phools

poochee.,

weather, It breeds, according to Mr. Baker, in the North Cachar Hills.

° BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 85

| Hume, No. 231 ; Oates, No. 890.

AMTHOPYGA SATURATA (Hodgs.).—The Black-breasted

Yellow-backed Sun-bird.

For four years I never came across a single specimen of this bird,

till I gave one of my men the order to look out for A. hasselte

I explained to him that A. hasselt? was a dark-coloured bird, but

forgot to tell him that it had no elongated tail feathers. After a few ~

days he brought me in a couple of specimens of 4%. saturata thinking

they were A. hasseliz ; which, he said, he had shot in some bamboo

jungle. Afterwards I kept continually getting specimens, but

unfortunately they were all males. I never managed to get even a

single female.

Genus Arachnechthra (Cab., 1850).

Hume, No. 233 bis ; Oates, No. 896.

ARACHNECHTHRA HASSELTI (Temm.)

I only shot one specimen of this Sun-Bird in this district, at Roopa-

cherra. I got another one in the Happy Valley District which I have

kept. The first one is now in the collection of Mr. Hole. Both my

specimens were shot in March. The second one was killed by a boy

with a pellet-bow quite close to my bungalow.

Sub-Family Arachnotherine.

Genus Arachnothera (Temm., 1826),

Hume, No. 223 ; Oates, No. 906.

ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA (Hodgs.),—The Larger-streaked

Spider-hunter.

Some seasons I have found numbers of this bird, and others not a

single specimen. It can hardly be called a common species here.

It breeds, according to Mr. Baker, in the North Cachar Hills, prin-

cipally above 2,000 ft.

Hume, No. 224; Oates, No. 909.

ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Lath.).—The Little Spider-hunter.

This species is very common and may. be generally found where

plantain trees (Musa) are.in flower. I saw an ege of this species

114

116

Native

Name—

Burra Kola-

poochee.

117

Native

iName—

Chota Kola-

poochee,

Lall poochee.

120

121

122

128

86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

belonging to Mr. Hole. It was of a white colour, with a rmg of

about 4" broad of a brownish-red colour towards the thick end, and was

speckled with the same colour over the remainder of the egg,. diminish-

ing towards the small end.

Genus. Chalcoparia (Cabanis, 1850).

lume, No. 233 ses ; Oates, No. 9E1.

. CHALCOPARIA PHENICOTIS (Temm.),—The Ruby Cheek.

This bird is very common here. It frequents the jungle more than.

the other Sun-Birds. It is, I think, only a cold weather visitant. I

have never come across its nest.

Family Dicerde.

Genus Diceuwm (Ouvier, 1817).

Hume, No. 236 ; Oates, No. 912.

~ Dicmum cruentatum (Linn.).—The Scarlet-backed Flower-Pecker.

This is the common kind of Flower-Pecker found here.

Hume, No. 237 ; Oates, No. 914.

DiczuM cHRYSORRHa@UM (Temm.),.—The Yellow-vented

Flower-Pecker.

This species. is much rarer than D. cruentatum, keeping more to

the jungle than the open.

Fume, No. 241 ; Oates, No. 915.

Diczum 1enreictus (Hodgs.),—The Fire-breasted Flower-Peeker.

I procured a single specimen shot near the Cutleecherra Tea Estate.

This species is decidedly rare here.

Hume, No. 237 ter. ; Oates, No. 917.

Dicaum oLtvaceum (Wald.).—The Plain-coloured Flower-Pecker.

Very rare, being seldom seen. Mr. Hole notices in the Asian that

he has seen them hunting about plantain trees. I have also noticed

the same thing.

| Hume, No. 238 ; Oates, No, 919.

DiIcHUM RYTHRORHYNCHUS (Lath.).—Tickell’s Flower-Pecker.

In Vol. X, No. 2, of this Journal, Mr. Baker says he has seen a

specimen from this district. I have never come across any myself,

but give it a place on such good authority.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 87

Family Pittide.

Genus Pitta (Vicill., 1816).

Hume, No, 344; Oates, No. 927.

Pitta NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.)—The Blue-naped Pitta.

This Pitta is quite common here. I took a nest in June. It was

placed in the fork of a tea-bush about 5 feet from the ground. It

was very loosely put together, and was composed of small twigs, dry

bamboo and tea leaves. The egg cavity, which opened from the side,

was lined with root fibres. Size of nest 8"x11". Hgg cavity 4'><6".

Tn front of the mouth of the nest there was a platform composed of

twigs and leaves. The nest contained four highly incubated eggs of a

white colour blotched with rufous and pale lavender.

Hume, No. 346 ; Oates, No. 935.

Prrra cucuLuatTa (Hartl.).—The Green-breasted Pitta.

This species is exceedingly rare here. I have only seen two speci-

mens since I have been collecting.

( To be continued.)

124

125

PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP.

By G. MarsHatt Wooprow.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

The land from which the plants referred to were gathered is nearly

‘enclosed by three lines—Clerk Road, the Vellard and the “ Main Drain.”

Its altitude is nearly mean sea-level, and the greater part of it is said

to be under water during the monsoon months, The soil when dry is

a sandy loam heavily charged with salt.

Vegetation is confined to a bank a few inches higher than the

general level ; it is chiefly herbaceous, such woody plants as occur

are under one year old, except Tamarix, which thrives on land

submerged a portion of the year. :

The species found are 79 in number, but it is very probable that

further search may greatly increase the flora. The collection referred

to here was made in November and December. No Cryptogams were

found, and it is probable that a search made during September would

reveal many. |

In reviewing the plants in their order, according to the natural

system, it is found that—

CAPPARIDEH is represented by Gynandropsis pentaphylla

DC., “ Tilwan.”

PortTuLAce® by Portulaca oleracea, Linn., the “ Ghol,” of the

Marathas, and Purslane of the English. Formerly much

valued in salads and pickles. It has fallen out of use in Great

Britain and in this country, and appears to be little valued by

the well-to-do classes, as it is seldom seen in the bazaars.

CARYOPHYLLE by an elegant Stellaria, of which the specimen

has been lost.

TAMARISCINE® by a species of Tamarzz not in flower.

Matvacem by seedlings of the Portia tree, Thespesea populnea,

Corr. The ‘“Bendi acha jhar,’ a well-known littoral

plant, and species of cotton. Gossypium Wightianum, Tod.,

and Malachra capitata, Linn., a plant of tropical Africa and

America which has spread all over the neighbourhood of

Bombay. It yields a good fibre, and by some has been thought —

worth cultivating, but with “Sunn” and ‘“ Ambaree” to

compete with, it does not get a front place.

PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. 89

Ruracea by Peganum Harmala, Linn, “ Ispanda, harmala,’

an herb peculiar to salt-soils and having a strong odour,

resembling Rue and credited with medicinal virtues, rather

too wide to be deep.

AMPELIDEZ by Vitis carnosa, Wall. “ Ambat-vel,’’ a common

climbing plant in the Concan; the succulent trifoliolate leaves,

when tasted, are at first a pleasant acid, but it soon becomes

violently acrid. It is described as a domestic application to

boils in “ Pharmcographia Indica.”

LrecuminosH by Alysicarpus rugosus, D.C., and Hrythrina

indica, Linn., “‘ Pangara,’’ The solitary plant of this species

- is on the side of the Vellard and somewhat out of the reach

of water. It has more the appearance of a truly wild tree

_ than other examples near Bombay have—still it can scarcely

be said to be indigenous to the district.

LyrHRAcezx by Ammania baceifera, Linn., and numerous

vigorous seedlings of Lawsonia alba, Lamk. “Mendi”’ or

“ Hinna,.” Those seedlings indicate the class of soil adapted

for this plant should the vagaries of fashion again call: for

its production as a commercial product.

OnaGRACEE by Ludwigia parviflora, Roxb., which is found on

the muddy banks of tanks throughout the country.

PAssIFLORACEA by Carica papaya, Linn. “‘ Papay ” in numer-

ous healthy seedlings.

CucursituAm by Luffa echinatus, Roxb., and by another plant

so far spent as to be difficult to determine, it is probably

Citrullus fistulosus, Stocks., a bitter form of the water melon.

Ficorippa by Trianthema monogyna, Linn. “ Vishkapra ”

and two widespread species of Mollugo—M. hirta, Thunb.,

and M. spergula, Linn., “ Jharas.”

Umsetnirerm by those useful plants FENNEL: Feniculum

vulgare, Geertn., “ Bari shopha,” and Carwm copticum, Benth.,

“ Ajwan,” The vigour of both species shows that they are

indifferent to salt in the soil.

Composirm by the widespread weed Vernonia cinerea,

Less., “Sahadevi.” Used to promote perspiration. Also

Ageratum conyzoides, Linn,, Blumea membranacea, D.C.,

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ.

B. amplectans, D.C., Var. maritima, and two more species of

Blumea that are undetermined and offer to any member of

the Society, who is expert in the identification of plants of

this genus, a nice opportunity for the exercise of a valued

talent.

Eclipta alba, Hursk. “ Maka,” a common weed whose variable

medicinal virtues are recounted in the “ Pharmacographia

Indica.” Spheranthus indicus, Linn., “Mundi.” Cesulia

avillaris, Roxb., had evidently dried up soon after the water

went off. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn., the Sow Thistle.

Boracingem by Cordia rothiit, Reem. and Sch., “ Gondani ”

and Heliotropium indicum, Linn., a true halophyte, was

decidedly vigorous.

ConVOLVULACEZ by a species of Convolvulus, of which only

a single specimen was obtained. It appears different from

any described in the Flora of British India, and there is

nothing like it in the Herbarium at the College of Science,

but one must not dogmatise from a single specimen with

very few flowers available for dissection. Cressa creticar

Tinn., “Khardi” “Rudantitka,’ was frequent. This

little herb affects salt and moist land so generally that by

some people it is supposed to cause moisture.. Tpomea

sepiaria, Koen, “ Ambti,” occurs on the higher portion by

the side of the Vellard.

SOLANACEE by Physalis minima, Linn., Datura fastuosa, Linn.

Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller, the ‘Tomatoe,” Solanum

nigrum, Linn., S. melongena, Linn., “ Benguin” or “ Au-

bergine,” and S. zanthocarpum, Schrad and Wend.

Those six species are all well-known plants which thrive on

rich moist soil; they appear to be indifferent to salt in the soil.

ASCLEPIADS, APocYNaDs, and GENTIANS would come in here,

and their absence is remarkable.

SCHROPHULARINEE by Scoparia Duleis, Linn., a remarkable

sporadic plant not hitherto recorded from the Bombay

Presidency, but recently abundant in Bengal ; five specimens

only were gathered after a long search ; next year they will

probably be abundant.

PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP, 91

PEDALINEE by Sesamum indicum, D.C., the “ Til” plant well

devoloped, but dried up completely; in soil similarly moist yet

without salt this plant would probably have retained some

verdure till December.

Acantuacen by Peristrophe bicalyculata, Ness ab E., and

Lepidagathis cristata, Willd,, “ Talimkhana, ”

VERBENACEE by Lippia nodiflera, Rich. “Vakkan,” considered

by Hindus to be a febrifuge and diuretic.

Lazare by Ocimum canum, Sims., one of the species known

as “ Ran tulas,” was growing vigorously.

AMARANTACEE by Celosia argentea, Mogq., “ Kurdu,” Amaran-

ius spinosus, Linn., “ Katemath.”

A, viridis, Linn.

A. polygamus, Linn.

A. tenuifolius, Willd., “* Tandoolja.”

Nothosaerua brachiata, Wight.

Zirua lanata, Juss., “ Kapur-madhur.”

Aliernanthera sessilis, B. Br., “* Doodhsagar.”’

Achyranthes aspera, Linn., “ Aghada,” occurred on the higher

portions.

CuEnopopiAcem by Suceda fruticosa, Forsk., one of the plants

called ‘Morus,’ which are burned in the preparation of

alkali.

The variable colour of this and of many other plants which

affect salt Jand is remarkable ; there may be found in

proximity plants of the palest green, and also plants of

intermediate shades up to deep purple. The genus Brassica

is another salt-loving group in which the pale green

of cauliflower and the dark purple of red cabbage may

be seen.

HurHorBIAcEa by Euphorbia thymifolia, Burm. LE. hy-

pericifolca, Linn., and the castor oil plant, Ricinus com-

munis, Linn.

Urricacem by 2 solitary seedling of the Banyan tree, Ficus

bengalensis, Linn., ‘‘ Wad,” which had germinated on the

ground, a, very rare condition for this tree. It is interesting

to observe how Nature has provided for the rotation of crops

92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

by requiring that the fruit of the Banyan, which falls to the

ground, may rarely germinate, although it is well matured,

as may be proved by sowing on crushed bricks kept moist.

If the seed germinated under the parent tree a forest of

weakly plants would appear on a soil exhausted by producing

the parent.

CypERACEZ by Cyperus rotundus. Mariscus microcephalus,

Presl., and Scirpus maritemus, Linn. :

GRAMINE® by Paspaium distichum, Linn., a littoral grass

remarkable for its variability in habit under different condi-

tions; the specimens exhibited would scarcely be believed to be

the produce of the same species; one simple stem grows up-

right and bears long leaves and flowers ; another spreads on

the ground, branches freely, and bears very short leaves. It is.

to this grass that the great beauty of newly-formed lawns

in Bombay is due ; it hasa deep green colour and a dense

velvety growth, but as it grows in its native habitat in

company with “ Hariyali” the two species are mixed in

making a lawn and Paspalum distichum, Linn., either does not

get enough salt or does not bear lawn treatment well. It

grows well for a time, but soon abdicates in favour of the

hardier “ Hariyali.” The lawn at the rear of the Municipal

Building at first hada predominance of this grass, but now

it has little else than ‘‘Hariyali,” which has a greyish

green tint.

The vernacular name of this grass has not been ascertained ; it is

easily distinguished from “ Hariyali” by the infloresence having only

two divergent branches, while the other grass has from one to five

branches.

Paspalum sanguinale, Lamk., occurs on this land sparsely and looks

happier on the roadside out of reach of the salt.

Eriochloa polystachya, H.B. & K. The many-stemmed woolly grass

as we may translate its name is as giabrous as a grass may be, It

is abundant and vigorous on this land.

Panicum punctatum, Burm., is probably the most abundant of all

plants on the land under consideration, occupying generally the higher

parts of the banks ; it is decidedly vigorous.

PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP. | 93

It is also the principal grass in the cultivated meadows of the district

which have an altitude a few feet higher than the land on which those

plants were found.

Panicum colonum, Linn.

Ischemum rugosum, Salisb.

TIsetlema laxum, Hack, and

Pennisetum typhoideum, Pers.

All occur in weakly tufts.

Sporobolus glaucifolius, Hochst, appears vigorous and at home ;

its plant body resembles “ Hariyali” in a striking degree,

but the flowers are quite distinct.

Cynodon dactylon, Pers. ‘ Hariyali,” is an extremely wide-

spread grass; it occurs from the south of England to Australia

thriving on moist sandy soils, but capable of bearing much

drought, and apparently indifferent to salt. It may be

observed growing up through the stable refuse forming the

Hsplanade ride, while its companion on the adjoining land,

Ischemum ciliare, Retz. is not vigorous enough during the

cold season, to pierce the covering.

Chloris barbata, Swartz.

Eleusine indica, Gaertn. and

Leptochloa arabica are grasses of a weedy habit growing any-

where, but

Diplachne fusca, Beauv., is characteristic of moist and salt tracts.

It is very abundant near Bombay, but does not appear to have

been observed until recently.

The last plant to be presented is luropus littoralis, Pavl., a

creeping grass characteristic of salt tracts.

The plants of the foregoing list may be separated into true

halophytes or salt-loving plants: plants indifferent to salt;

marsh plants and weedy plants which grow almost anywhere,

HALoPHYTEs.

Peganum Harmala, Linn.

Blumea amplectans, D.C., Var. maritima.

Heliotropium indicum, Linn.

Cressa cretica, Linn.

Sueda fruticosa, Forsk.

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Scirpus maritimus, Linn.

Eriochloa polystachya, H. B. & K.

Sporobolus glaucifolius, Hochst.

Ailuropus Uttoralis, Pers.

PLANTS INDIFFERENT TO SALT.

Portulaca oleracea, Linn.

Thespesia populuea, Corr.

Malachra capitata, Linn,

Carica papaya, Linn.

Mollugo hirta, Thunb.

M. Spergula, Linn.

Fenicalum vulgare, Geertn.

Carum copticum, Benth.

Cordia Rothit, Reem. & Sch.

Ricinus communis, Linn.

Cynodon dactylon, Pers.

MarsH Pants.

Tamariz sp., not in flower.

Ammania baccifera, Linn.

Ludwigia parvifiora, Roxb.

Cesulia axillaris, Roxb.

Lepidagathis cristata, Willa.

Lippia nodiflora, Rich.

Panicum punctatum, Burm.

Diplachne fusca, Beauv.

The remainder may be included in the section—Plants of a

weedy character.

THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW.

Nemorheedus sumatrensis.

By VErTeRInaRy-Oaprain G. H. Evans.

(With a Plate.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, on 18th March, 1897.}

Burmese Names: Taw-Seik [Jungle Goat]. Taw-Myin [Jungle Horse].

Kaba-Gya [Precipice Tiger].

From the above names it will probably be inferred that the goat-

antelope is at least a strange looking animal, to have conveyed

impressions that it resembled a goat, a horse, and a tiger! I fancy

the latter name was given by some one who was overcome by the

somewhat ferocious appearance of the creature, or, perhaps, from a

more intimate acquaintance. The head and horns no doubt led to its

being described asa goat, and the presence of a mane to its being

likened to a horse. Be this as it may, it will, I think, be admitted by

those who have seen this animal, that there is some excuse for those

who applied the names; for the “ taw-seik ” is without doubt an ugly

nondescript beast.

They are generally distributed over nearly all the hill ranges of the

province, and are also found in the Chin Hills and Shan States, and

it is probable that they extend into the Lushai country, parts of

Manipur, Yunnan and Siam. They may be met with at elevations

varying from 700 feet in the smaller hills, to seven or eight thousand

feet in the Chin and other mountain chains. They are more or

less solitary and are nowhere numerous, though at times a few may

be discovered living on the same hil]. As a rule they inhabit dreadful

ground, their favourite haunts being the most craggy hill sides, or

rugged forest-clad ground, where during the day they rest in caves,

or under the eaves of over-hanging rocks ; they may also lie up under

the shade of a large tree, but more frequently prefer to retire to the

very dense cover often found in sheltered ravines, They are very shy,

and this, coupled with the precipitous ground they hide in, renders

approach to them a watter of some difficulty. The early hours of the

morning and late in the evening are their feeding times, and they are

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

generally careful to confine this operation to places not far from

more or less impassable ground, so that on the least suspicion

of danger, ‘t is an easy matter for them to escape. Their food

consists of grasses, and the leaves of various trees. They rarely feed

low down on the hill sides, but I have more than once seen their

tracks, &c., in old jungle clearings, and on parts that had recently been

cleared by fire; Karens informing me that visits to such places were

for the purpose of eating the ashes which contained salt.

The ordure of these creatures is usually found in heaps about their

regular haunts, and there is a distinct goaty smell about places they

have laid up in.

Two methods may be tried for circumventing the Serow, wiz.,

stalking and driving. The former, though the more charming and

sporting, is certainly the least successful, the animals being sharp, shy,

and inhabiting such difficult ground. Even when it can be got over,

there is the constant chance of a slant of wind, or of starting a loose

stone to warn them of impending danger. When disturbed there is a

loud snort followed by a clatter of stones, after which it is usually a

good plan to return to camp. Stalking is however good fun and

always excellent exercise. To be successful, an intimate knowledge

of the ground is essential, as it enables the sportsman to make an early

start and so get above their haunts by daybreak, or as soon after as _

possible, the advantage being that danger is nearly always anticipated

from below. A position under cover may be taken up on one of

their paths, anda sharp look-out kept with glasses over all likely ,

ground.

In driving, it is also desirable to get the beaters out early, in order to

allow them to get to the ground by along route. The beaters are usual-

ly Karens or other hill men, who are, needless to say, good cragsmen,

but they, like the Burmans, are often very lazy and difficult to get

out. The beat should be as silent as possible, only tapping of sticks

being allowed. The stops can always give news of animals trying to

break. Local men post the guns on the likely paths—a startled

snort, accompanied by a clatter of rolling stones announces that

a Serow ison the move. As Karens and other hill men say that

these animals when wounded are often vicious, it is just as well to

be careful, asthe places guns are frequently posted at are such

From Photographs. : A.C.Chowdhary lith:

THESBURMESE GOA T-ANT ELOPE, OR SEROW.

ing >

a tk ae ee

THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 7

that a good butt might mean a very nasty fall, or even a broken

limb or neck.

During the dry season the Chins occasionally have some extensive

beats. They go out armed with matchlocks and spears. As a rule

the drive is in a big ravine, and when everyone is posted tho

jungle is fired when every living thing worthy of a Chin’s

digestion (and there are few things that are not) has a warm

time of it, as few escape. Serow frequently come to grief in these

beats.

Like al] goats the Serow isa fine climber, very nimble, and

quite at home on precipitous ground, though they are not so good on

the flat. I know of two instances where animals were driven on to

fairly level ground. One was cut down with dahs, the other, a

young but full grown doe, was after a hard fight captured, but she

met with such a severe handling, that the poor creature died a few

days after.

In common with many other animals, these creatures sometimes

lose their heads and act in astrange manner. On one occasion when

after them, I regret to say that I did the same. My gunbearer and I

were going over what I considered «very dangerous ground ; being

anything but an expert cragsman, I determined to try another route

hard by, and while busily engaged seeking nice places for my feet, I

flushed a Serow a few paces from me. We stared at each other

whilst I felt a fool, not having my gun, and_ expected every

moment to be shown a shorter cut down the hill than the one I had

taken up it, when suddenly it began to rush here and there not attempt-

ing to escape, till I called to the gunbearer who had stuck to the old

track, This was too much for the Serow, as he then dashed over

some fearful ground and disappeared. He certainly deserved to breek

every bone in his carcase, but I dare say he had been there before many

a time.

I am of opinion that more does than bucks are killed. The only

reasons I can assign for this are that these animals are usually hunted

between February and April, during which months it is probable that

the bucks live apart, or perhaps it is that they hide more than the

does. -Serow ate very fond of their haunts, and. though often

disturbed, will return to them. The best weapons are a -450

eg JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf,

express, a double-barrelled-scatter gun loaded with ball or, better still,

a gun built to take the “ Pavadox ” bullet. |

The female has four teats; the period of gestation is between

six and seven months, and it is said that there is only one kid at a

birth.

The flesh, when fresh, is rather coarse and ‘possesses a decided

flavour, but, if kept for a little time, is, to a not ovyer-fastidious

person, very good eating, and is at all times a welcome change from

fowl. In appearance the “‘ taw-seik”’ is, to my mind, an under-bred,

ungainly-looking creature. No doubt the mane, large head, long ears,

more or less shaggy coat, and short, sturdy limbs, tend to the impres-

sion that he is a heavy, awkward beast. The head, as I have noted,

is large and rather long. The ears are donkey-like and from six

to eight inchesin length; the muzzle is naked and beardless. In

colour the eyes are a darkish sea-green, though sometimes the

irides appear very dark brown. Beneath the eyes are the sub-

orbital glands, the orifices of which at times look like small sores,

and from which a whitish-coloured secretion exudes. In the skull

are large laclirymal fosse of medium depth for the reception of

these glands. The neck is short, thick, and is provided with a

mane, running from the nape to the withers, the hair of which

varies from 4% to 6 inches or more in length. The coat is

coarse, rather thin (on those found on the lower elevations) and of

moderate length. Both sexes are very similar in size and general

appearance.

In height they stand from 36 to 38 inches at the shoulder. The

length of body from nose to end of tait is from 60 to 64 inches. The

tail is provided with a tuft of hair three or four inches in length,

The feet are goat-like, andthe hoofs measure from 1% to 2 inches in

longth. The supernumerary digits on the fore and hind limbs measure

from 14 to 14 inches. The knees are callous from lying on hard

ground, I should think that a full-grown animal would scale from

170 to 190 pounds.

The colour of these animals varies so much in different specimens

that it is difficult to d: scribe. Some are so dark as at a distance to

make them appear al 1ost black, while others are very much lighter

in colour.

THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 99

These variations are, no doubt, greatly influenced by the different

elimatic conditions under which they exist. The colour may vary from a

grizzled-black, or blackish-grey-roan, to a rufous-brown. In the darker

specimens, the mane, head and neck are blackish with a hoary tinge;

the hair (coat) on the upper parts Ba erizzled-black. The colour of

the hair about the muzzle, under the chin, and sometimes for a

short distance under the abdomen is a dirty yellowish-white, as

also is the hair inside the ears; these latter are tipped with black.

The throat, inside of flanks and thighs is of a tan or reddish-brown

eolour, which is also the case with the limbs from just above

the knees-and hocks down to the feet [tan stockings]. Most of

the red hairs are tipped with white. On the quarters the colour

is rufous, with white and black hairs running through it. In

the lighter-coloured examples the blackish colour passes into

a rusty-grey intermingled with black on the sides, quarters, chest,

inside thighs, &c. A dorsal stripe may also be noticed in such

Specimens.

Horns are common to both sexes, and there is scarcely any differ-

ence in size and appearance. They are black in colour and conical in

shape. They are closely and irregularly ringed for three-quarters of

their length. This is best seen on the posterior surface. In young

animals the rings are often complete, but as the animals grow older

they become effaced on the anterior surface, excepting perhaps for an

inch or so from the base ; this is probably due to butting or rubbing

their horns on rocks, trees, &c. In some specimens the rings are

broken by longitudinal strie. The horn cores spring fairly close

together, are continuous with the facial plane, then taking a slight

backward curve, and diverging towards the tips. This, of course, is

also the case with the horns which are invariably sharp-pointed. In

length they may run to ten or eleven inches and more. The best

head I have seen measured was nine and three-quarters inches.

This head was from one of the red specimens, and was shot by

a Chin Chief at a considerable elevation in the Southern Chin

Hills. From numerous heads measured 1 am inclined to think that

anything over eight inches might be considered a good head. The

circumference at the base of the horns of a good head measures

from 4% to 5 inches.

be *g9AIN0 JOAO4ON «

7!) 7 ZG & @aceoe @oeeve Goeecue ese

i ” ut? is “ig SUsoy FO osvq PUNO WRIT | CL

s WES | “nt neg HES ececoe @oceee ese eve sUIOy axe) peoidg IL

S ui8 ued WS | wtG uo ued wh | ie suLoy Jo TSueT | OL

= ued ais a Wel ovens oveese evcce esese ceo ace gro a%0) qysue7T 6

3 e@oceve e@secce e@eecee NOG esccce Cseeeo ecccve eco SLONITAM: 04 odvu oueul oGkohocla g 8

< ut urd witb | uf ut? u9 ie Pe eueUt JO Trey JO yISuT | L

iq uP u& us pee’ suede av ie “ -gyng Te} FO Yasue] | 9

sxe}

S ‘CM dSauemdery, ue an u6F 0S uF [** [LB} FO 700 ‘suLOY esvq YASUE] | g

= F ka 3 : a3 wee 5 :

= sant = saath aoe uG7G | u9 |uto"S uP | uuS S uF wt0"VG x wilt % 0191S 5 uO uous \ uw ae Tre, Jo WSueT | F

= eae nea minh ut 01 u6 : uO. ue | “* suLOoy FO oseq 0} OSON | ¢

out s A[putrs & ‘

BS Eat eae. u8& wi LS aS matt uor u8& ub “* UdtBolOF PUTTIY WAAL) | G

ee A svowenunom eng ut68 98 neces ele ies Wee nile “+ goplnoys 9% qLST8H | t

Ss i ee ee

= i

& SYIVULOY ITA IA A AI Url II I

<>) e

= « 2s MVL, JO SLINGANAEOSVEN NOS woes

THE BURMESE GOAT-ANTELOPE, OR SEROW. 101

MEASUREMENTS OF TWO GOOD SKULLS.

Extreme length of skull from occipital condyles to

end of premaxillary bone nee ws bo vee 143" 143"

Length from base of horns to end of premaxillary

bone aes tee wee gee a8 ay ene 10”

Breadth between orbital cavities “ioc aes weet eae Ain

Breadth between zygotmatic arches... nc Ae set 81"

Length of horns... “7 ae ove wee oy te 93”

Spread between tips a8 ses es une scepter! 53"

Girth round the base uss nos ame ae ceo» GY Buu

My thanks are due to Mr. A. Weston, of the Forest Department, for

some information on certain points, and also to Mr. F. Bagley and

Mr, Rennie for the photographs here reproduced.

102°

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SCORPIONS:

FROM INDIA. —

By R. I. Pocock, or THE British Muskum or Naturat History..

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

Part I.—Introductory Remarks.

In the spring of 1896 I undertook, at Mr. R. ©. Wroughiton’s

request, to identify for the Bombay Natural History Society any Indian

scorpions that might be forwarded to me, subject to the reservation

that representatives of the species examined and the typical example

of any that proved tobe new might be retained for the national

collection. Upon my gladly acquiescing in the proposed plan of

operations, which offered such a splendid and wholly unexpected

opportunity of confirming and extending our knowledge of these

interesting animals, Mr. Wroughton with characteristic energy and

despatch applied himself to the task of amassing material by appealing

for specimens to various members of the Society quartered in different.

parts of India.

The net result, up to the present time, of this collecting raid upon:

the scorpions has been ; firstly, the capture of a thousand or so speci-

mens of various genera and species from a large number of localities 3.

secondly, the addition of some dozen new species to science and of

gome fourteen new forms to the Indian fauna; thirdly, an immense-

increase in our knowledge of the range of structural variation and.

geographical distribution of the previously known species ; and,

fourthly, the enrichment of the national collection by upwards of 450:

specimens, including examples of all the species obtained, and of the

Museum of the Bombay Natural History Society by a named collection

containing the larger part of the known Indian species.

It may be added that every specimen, as it passed through Mr.

Wroughton’s hands, was carefully measured and labelled with a

number corresponding to a number on a MS. table on which was

carefully entered the measurements, locality and collector’s name.

It is my intention finally to writea complete account of the

scorpions of India, with figures of the different species, and an

introduction on the structural terminology, classification, distribution,

&c., to be published, by permission of Mr, Phipson, ina series of

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 103

parts, in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. But

since the preparation and publication of such a report will necessarily

occupy much time, it seems to me advisable to describe without

further delay the new species that have lately come into my hands.

And I the more readily adopt this course on account of the hope

that before the final revision of the species is undertaken, J shall

have received fresh material from the Society, so that the work may

be more complete than if it were entered upon now. There is of

course every reason to suppose that many more species will yet turn

up if collecting is carried on in the future with an energy compar-

able to that of the past year. There are still many districts in India

from which we have no specimens at all ; and the new and interesting

forms obtained, for example, by Messrs. Kemball and Ryan in Scinde

show promise of a rich and practically unknown fauna all down the

valley of the Indus from Kashmir southwards, that is to say, along

the line where the Indian fauna blends with that of Afghanistan and

Baluchistan. So too to the eastward, where India passes into Burma,

we know but little of the scorpions beyond the bare fact that no

species, so far as has been ascertained with certainty, are common to

the two countries. Other points requiring investigation are the dis-

tance to which the Persian and Afghan elements extend into Central

India, and the number of species that are common to South India and

Ceylon, and the nature of those, if any there be, that are peculiar to

the last-named island.

To the appended list of the new species obtained by the members of

the Bombay Natural History Society have heen added descriptions of

a few others that have come into my hands during the past half-dozen

years. These increase the total up to eighteen.

Parr IIl.—Description of new Species.

Family BUTHIDA,

Genus Prionurus, Hempr. and Bhrenb.

(1.)—PrioNURUS FINITIMUS, sp. n.

Colour.—A tolerably uniform yellow, the legs and chele clearer than

the trunk ; the tail with its fifth segment and vesicle pale greenish-or

brownish-black, the dark pigment spreading on to the sides and lower

- surface of the fourth segment.

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf,

Sculpturing of the trunk, limbs and tail like that of the Persian

species P. crassicauda, the inferior and inferior lateral intercarinal

spaces of the tail finely granular. Tail increasing in width to the

middle of the third segment, the fourth either a trifle narrower

than the third (¢) or equalling it in width (@), the fifth segment

never so wide as the second, and in the Q a little narrower than

the first, in the ¢ equal to the first in width or a trifle wider ; the

lateral keels of the fifth as well as of the other segments not so

strongly elevated as in P. crassicauda; the first segment a little broader

than long, the second a little longer than broad (8, 9) ; the third as

broad as long {¢), ora little longer than broad (2); the length of

the second in the 9 just about equalling the width of the third.

Chelee resembling those of P. crassicauda. Pectinal teeth; 9,

20°25, average about 23: 2, 28°33, averaging about 30.

Measurements in millimetres of ¢ (Type). Total length 76, length

of carapace 8, of tail 47, width of first segment a little over 6, of third 7.

Locality —Scinde, Haidarabad, and Kotri (Type) (G. IZ Ryan);

also a large number of examples from Haidarabad, Kashmir Bund,

and the Khelat Frontier (A. V. Kemball).

Differing from the Persian and Mesopotamian P. crassicauda, of which

perhaps it will ultimately prove to bea sub-species, in its pale colouring,

the typical crasscauda being a black or deep brown species. The colour-

ing of P. finitimus at all ages is very like that of the North Hgyptian

form P. libycus, except that in young examples of the former the infus-

cation of the end of thetail is much fainter, the vesicle being quite pale,

the pigment gradually increasing in intensity with age, whereas in P.

libycus the pigment in the young is much stronger than in the adult.

The genus Prionwrus, which ranges from Morocco to Hgypt in

Africa and thence through Arabia and Persia, is new to the Indian

fauna. It seems probable that the form here described is the most

easterly representative of the genus.

Genus Butaus, Leach.

(2.)\—BUTHUS ODONTURUS, sp. 0.

Closely allied to Buthus doriw, Thor., from Teheran in Persia, but

differing in the following particulars :—

The sternal plates of the abdomen and the coxe of the cephalo-

thoracic appendages are covered with fine granules; and there are

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 105

four longitudinal granular crests on the fourth abdominal sternite, traces

of them being visible on the third. In B. dorie the coxe. and sterna

are smooth, and there are no granular keels on the fourth sternum.

The tuberculiform teeth, present on the lower surface of the tail, which

are so characteristic of B. dortc, are also developed in B. odonturus, but

to a lesser degree, being smaller, farther apart and triangular in shape,

whereas in B. dori they are apically rounded. Again in B. dorie the

large teeth forming the anterior transverse crest on the second and

third segments are only 4 in number, while in B. odonturus they are 6,

and lastly the lateral protuberance on the fifth segment, which projects

on each side of the anal orifice is bilobed in B. dorie, trilobed in B.

odonturus. Pectinal teeth ($), 28-29.

Total length 58, length of tai! 37, carapace 6.

Locality.—Khelat Frontier, Upper Scinde (A. V. Kemball.)

(3.)—BUTHUS ATROSTRIATUS, sp. 0.

Colour.—@ . Yellow, variegated with black bands and spots ; the

front border of the carapace with its ccuiar tubercle and keels black ;

the three keels, of the terga black, and usually an additional black spot

on each side ; keels on lower side of tail irregularly fuscous, the dark

pigment spreading laterally on to the sides of the fourth and fifth seg-

ments ; vesicle lightly infuscate at the sides ; chelee yellow, the upper

and outer sides of the brachium and hand irregularly lined with

fuscous, patches of the same colour being also present upon the

upper side of the trochanter and humerus and also upon the

femora and tibize of the legs.

Trunk with its intercarinal spaces weakly granular ; the keels

on the terga granular and parallel ; frontal keels of the carapace

complete and granular ; the area on each side between their apices

and the lateral eyes coarsely granular; the median central and

median posterior keels forming an irregular series. Sternal plates

smooth, the last granular at the sides, and marked with four finely

granular crests. Tail of medium thickness, about five times the

length of the carapace, with it normal keels well developed and

finely granular, the median lateral almost absent on the third, occupying )

the posterior half of the area on the second ; the intercarinal spaces of

the sides and lower surface of the tail finely granular, the keels only

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY see Mea Th HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

sparsely hairy ; the inferior lateral ues on the fifth segment furnished

posteriorly with lobate dentiform tubercles, tree such tubercles

situated upon the anal lobe of the segment ; vesicle sub-globular and

granular.

Chelce with normal keels developed and granular, and finely granular

intercarinal spaces; hand smooth, punctured, hairy, considerably

wider than the brachium, the movable digit about one-third longer

th@n the hand-back, both digits lobate, the movable furnished with 11

median rows of teeth, those at the base crowded together. Legs

granular and granularly crested ; the feet furnished below with two

rows of setiform spines. Pectinal teeth, 18-20.

6. Smaller than 9, digits more strongly lobate ; tail five anda

half times the length of the carapace. Pectinal teeth, 22-26.

Measurement in millimetres. @. Total length 48, length of cara-

pace 5, of tail 27.

Locality.—Kashmore Bund, Upper Scinde (A. V. Kemball).

Related to B. phileppsi, Poc., from Bushire on the Persian Gulf,

but easily distinguishable by having the tail shorter and narrower,

with its first segment wider than the third instead of equal to it in

width, and the intercarinal spaces granular instead of smooth, etc. Also

the pectinal teeth are more numerous in B, philippsi, being 28-26 in

the 9, and 27-30 in the @.

(4.)—BuTHUS RUGISCUTIS, sp. 0.

Closely related to the scorpion of India known as 7. tamulus

nigrolineatus or T. martens:2, but smaller, rougher, with thicker tai]

and fewer pectinal teeth.

8. Colowr.—Ranging from fulvous to fulvo-fuscous, the keels of

the trunk and tail usually emphasized by a black tint.

The upper surface of the trunk entirely covered with coarse granules,

amongst which the normal keels stand up as granular ridges, the

frontal keels of the carapace not traceable for more than half-way

across the triangular interocular area. First four sternal plates

smooth, the last finely granular with four nearly smooth crests.

Tail.—About five times as long as the carapace, thickly and coarsely

granular below and at the sides, the upper surface also granular

though less coarsely than the sides ; keels forming the normal granular

crests, the median lateral present on the fourth ; the segments wider

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 107

and higher as compared with their length than in nigrolineatus, the

width of the first excelling the lateral length of the third and almost

equal to that of the fourth ; width of second and third approximately

equal to that of first ; height of the second equal to its length. (In

specimens of B. nzgrolineatus, the length of the second far exceeds its

height, and the length of the third exceeds the width of the first.)

Chele.—With manus equalling brachium in width, brachium weakly

granular above, movable digit slightly less than twice the length of the

hand back and furnished with 12 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 21-20

(18-21).

&. Smaller than 9, with pectines larger, furnished with 21-24

teeth, hand much wider than brachium and digits strongly lobate at

the base.

Measurements in millimetres. Q. Total length 53, length of cara-

pace 50, of tail 27. @. Total length 44, length of carapace 5, of

tail 25°8,

Locality.—Mahableshwar, 5,000 feet altitude (Mrs. Wroughton,

types) ; also examples ticketed Mahableshwar Tal, Satara, 8. Dekhan

(A. D. Wilkins).

(9.)—BuTHUS PACHYURUS, sp. n.

Colour.—Black, tinted in parts with deep red, fingers and sometimes

the hand of chelee brownish-red, tarsal segments of legs yellowish.

With the exception of the ocular tubercle which is smooth, the whole

carapace is covered, though not quite closely, with coarse granules:

amongst which the keels are scarcely traceable. The tergal plates of

the abdomen are also coarsely granular, but the normal keels are

distinct and either granular or nearly smooth. The sternal plates are

smooth and polished, the last only being sparsely granular at the sides

and furnished with four granular crests. |

Tal.—Stout, thickly hairy, rather more than four times the length

of the carapace, increasing in breadth to the middle of the third seg-

ment, all the segments, except the fifth, considerably wider than long,

the width of the third almost equal to the length of the fifth ; the upper

side of the segments rather deeply hollowed and smooth, the sides and

lower surface thickly and uniformly covered with coarse granules,

each segment with ten granular crests, though the median lateral keel

is weak on the fourth ; vesicle coarsely granular.

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

Chelee.—With the brachium finely granular above, but without the

upper anterior crest, the hand smooth, hairy not crested, equal to the

brachium in width, digit less than twice the length of the hand-back,

furnished with twelve rows of teeth.

Legs—Weakly granular externally.

Pectinal teeth 23-23 in type ; 21-22 in other examples.

&. More coarsely granular than the female, with tail a little

thinner, the width of the fourth segment being equal to its length.

Pectines larger, with 24 teeth ; the hand much wider than the

brachium, the digits basally lobate.

Length of g, 9 46 mm.

Locality. —Mundla, Central Provinces (A. NW. Caccia ; Types) ;

Kamptee, Central Provinces (J. Marten) ; Nasik, N. Dekhan (W. S.

Millard) ; Wai Tal and Karad Tal, Satara (A. D. Wilkins).

Belonging to the hottentotta section of Buthus and resembling

B. judaicus in its dark colour, but differing in the greater thickness

of the tail, ete.

Genus BuTHEoLus, Simon.

(6.)—BUTHEOLUS BICOLOR, sp. 0.

Colour.—Upper side of trunk deep green ; fourth and fifth segments

of the tail with the vesicle also deep green ; but the first and second

segments (and usually the third) ochre-yellow ; legs lemon-yellow with

blackish tint on the femora; humerus and brachium of chelz also

blackish, the rest of the appendage yellower.

Trunk.—Hntirely covered above with close-set granules, the two

interocular ridges alone being smooth.

Tergal plates of segments 3-6 distinctly tricarinate. Abdominal sterna

mostly smooth, the first finely granular anteriorly and laterally, the

fourth also granular in the depressions, the fifth smooth only in the

middle ; its crests evanescent.

Tail.—Posteriorly expanded, the fourth and fifth segments approxi-

mately equal in width and wider than the rest, the upper surface of all

the segments mesially granular, the upper crests granular and present

only on the first, evanescent on the second, the sides of segments 1-3

punctured, the lower surfaces with 4 keels ; the fourth and fifth segments

smooth, without crests, but covered below and laterally with large

punctures; the inferior lateral keel, however, present on the fifth

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 109

seoment posteriorly and distinctly lobate ; vesicle small, coarsely

punctured, not granular.

Chele.—With humerus thickly granular above, brachium nearly

smooth, with keels strong and crenulate ; nine rows of teeth on

the digits.

Legs.—With femora coarsely and patelle more finely granular.

Pectinal teeth in 9 17-19, g 19-21.

Length of 9 38,mm. $ 38.

Locality (of type).—Kandala Tal, Satara, S. Dekhan (A. D.

Wilkins) ; also examples from Wai Tal (A. D. Wilkins). The latter

differ from the specimen from Kandala Tal in having the basal segments

of the tail darker.

This species resembles the type of the genus Butheolus, namely

B. thalassinus from Aden, in having the tergal plates tricostate, but

differs entirely from it in having the fourth and fifth segments of the

tail smooth and punctured below instead of granular and carinate.

(7.)--BUTHEOLUS PALLIDUS, sp. n.

Colour.—Trunk, tail and appendages entirely pale yellow thet ghout,

the eyes alone black.

Trunk.—Closely and finely granular above ; ocular tubercle smooth

in front. Tergal plates with one median crest; sterna mostly smooth,

the last finely granular, with four evanescent keels, the first and fourth

granular as in B. bicolor.

Tatl.—Posteriorly expanded, the fourth and fifth segments sub-equal

in width and wider than the rest ; segments 1-3 with ten granular

keels (the median lateral weak on the third), with granular intercarinal

spaces ; the lower surface of the fourth covered with granules, with

evanescent keels and obsoletely punctured, the sides of this segment

distinctly punctured ; fifth segment punctured laterally and below, but

the posterior half of its lower side thickly granular ; the inferior lateral

keels distinct, finely granular behind, dentate posteriorly ; a weak

median granular crest ; upper surface of all the segments weakly

granular; vesicle small and punctured.

Chelee.—Humerus weakly granular above, brachium smooth with

finely crenulate keels ; digits with eight rows of teeth.

Legs.—With femora somewhat coarsely granular, patellee smooth

but with finely granular crests.

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

Pectinal teeth 9 16-17, ¢ 21-29.

Length up to 35 mm.

Locality.—Upper Scinde, Khelat Frontier (Types) and Kashmore

Bund (A. V. Kemball) ; also a single example from Haidarabad, Scinde

(G. M. Ryan).

Resembling the Persian B. melanurus, Kessler, and the Transcaspian

B. conchinz, Sim., in having the terga unicostate, but differing from

both in being entirely pale coloured, instead of deep green, and from

. B.melanurus in having the lower surface of the fourth and fifth seg-

ments granular, and from B, cenchini, which it appears to resemble in

having the lower surface of the fourth and fifth segments rugose

(granular), in having the legs and upper side of the tail granular.

(8.)—BUTHEOLUS FLAVESCENS, sp. n.

Very closely allied to B. pallidus, which it resembles in colour,

except that the tergal plates are infuscate, but differing in having the

tail much smoother. For example, the inferior keels on the first

segment are smooth and the fourth and fifth segments are scarcely

granular below, though very coarsely punctured.

Pectinal teeth ¢ 20. .

Length about 28 mm.

Locality.x—Karagora in Kathiawar (1. Bulkley).

Genus ARCHISOMETRUS, Kraepelin.

(9.}—ARCHISOMETRUS CRASSIMANUS, sp. n.

Colour.—Blackish-brown without any very distinct yellow pattern,

tail paler ; vesicle and hands of the palpi and distal segments of legs

clear yellow ; basal segments of legs and palpi blackish.

Carapace.—Somewhat finely granular; its anterior border somewhat

coarsely so. Terga conspicuously, though not very coarsely, granular

in the posterior half, the posterior border of the carapace and of

the first and second terga tri-emarginate ; the terga conspicuously

tricastate (the first obsoletely so) ; sterna smooth and punctured, the

~ last almost without crests and without granules, merely faint traces

of two of the crests. Tazl of medium length and thickness, less than

four times the length of the carapace, the median lateral crest weak

on the first, but represented by a posterior series of yranules on the

second and third ; the keels denticulate, the intercarinal spaces sparsely

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 111

granular and densely punctured ; vesicle nearly smooth, punctured,

sparsely granular, merely angled beneath the aculeus, without definite

spine.

Chelee.—Heavy, granular ; the hand smooth, rounded, very large,

much wider than the brachium ; digits short, the movable about equal

to the hand-back in length.

Pectinal teeth 12 in 9. Length 28 mm.

8, with larger hand, tail posteriorly expanded ; pectinal teeth 14-5,

Length 21 mm.

Locality— Panch Mahals, in Guzerat (W. A. Wallinger).

Resembling A. tricarinatus in possessing three tergal crests, but

differing essentially in having no spine beneath the aculeus of the

vesicle, a much broader and heavier hand, small number of pectinal

teeth, short spurs on the legs, etc.

(10.)—ARCHISOMETRUS RUGOSUS, sp. n.

Colour.—Nearly black, variegated with yellow ; legs clear yellow

with black bands ; chelee blackish, with hand entirely pale yellow.

Trunk.—Very coarsely granular above ; terga without lateral keels;

sterna coriaceous ; the fourth as well as the fifth granular ; the latter

with four granular crests, the former with two.

Tail—Slender, nearly four times the length of the carapace ; 4 tig

keels and intercarinal spaces granular ; the first three segments with

ten keels ; a strong spine beneath the aculeus,

Chelee.—Slender, coarsely granular, hand narrower than brachium,

pectines large, furnished with twelve teeth.

Locality.—Raipur, Central Provinees (received from H. MM. Phip-

son). Recognisable at a glance from the rest of the Indian species

of the genus by its coriaceous and granular sterna and small number

(12) of pectinal teeth.

(11.)—ARcHISOMETRUS HENDERSONI, sp. 2.

Colour.—Trunk, legs, tail and cheliceree densely ifuscate, varie-

gated with yellow, a conspicuous < shaped yellow mark on the terga;

manus and digits entirely yellow.

Carapace-—Finely and evenly granular throughout, a little

shorter than the first two tail segments, its anterior border lightly

emarginate.

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

Abdominal terga.—Closely and finely granular throughout, without

trace of lateral keel.

Sterna.—Smooth and polished, the fifth finely granular, and furnish-

ed with four keels.

Tail.—Robust, about four and a half times the length of the cacaeeee

intercarinal spaces finely granular, keels well developed, finely gran-

ular, terminal granule of upper keels not enlarged ; segments 1-3

furnished with ten keels, the median lateral keel on the third weak ;

the superior lateral keels on the fifth very sharply defined, the area

between them elevated, vesicle small, smoothly carinate below, aculeus

long, spine conspicuous.

Palpi.—Normally keeled, finely granular ; brachium convex behind,

not keeled and almost smooth ; manus about as thick as the brachium ;

smooth and not keeled above; digits long, contiguous, the movable

more than twice the length of the hand-back and armed with 6-7

median rows of teeth. 3

Legs.—Normally keeled, granular ; tibial spurs on the fourth and

fifth very long, about a third of the length of the succeeding segment ;

feet furnished below with two series of close-set hair.

Pectinal teeth 17-18.

Total length 34 mm, of carapace 3°5, of tail 18°5.

Locality.—Yercaud, in the Sheveroy Hills (J. R. Henderson) ; a

single female example.

This species belongs to the same category as Archisometrus tricari-

natus, A. shoplandi and A. scaber. It differs from them in the follow-

ing respects. From A. tricarinatus in having no lateral keels on the

terga, in having a more conspicuous median lateral keel on. the third

caudal segment, in having fewer pectinal teeth (17-18), as compared to

over 20 (21-25), and much longer fingers, etc. From A. shopland? in

having the ante-ccular region of the carapace evenly and closely

granular like the rest of the surface, in having a well developed

supero-lateral granular keel on the fifth caudal segment, a smaller

number of pectinal teeth, etc.; from A. scaber in having very long in-

stead of very short tibial spurs on the third and fourth legs, in having

the external keels on the fifth abdominal sternite well developed, the

ocular tubercle granular, ete.

I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to my friend Mr.

J. R. Henderson of the Christian College, Madras.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 113

(12.)—ARCHISOMETRUS LEVIFRONS, sp. 0.

I propose this new specific name for the example of Archisometrus

from Calcutta, which I previously assigned to the Burmese species

named A. shoplandi by Oates. Iam new of opinion that the differences

that obtain between this example and the type of A. shopland:, coupled

as they are by a difference of locality, are sufficient to justify the

establishment of a new species for the former.

It differs from A. shoplandi in two main features—(1) in having the

legs variegated black and yellow, instead ef wholly yellew, and (2) in

having the digits much longer as compared with the length of the

hand-back, the movable digit being more than twice the length of the

hand-back in A. levifrons and less in A. shoplandi, Probably other

differential characters will be discovered when well-preserved specimens

ceme to hand. There are 22 pectinal teeth.

Total length 31 mm.

Locality.—Calcutta.

In structural characters this species lies between A. shoplandi and

A. hendersoni, resembling the latter in its long digits and spotted legs,

and the former in the absence of fine granulation from the ante-

ocular area of the carapace and in the absence of distinctly-defined

supero-lateral keels on the fifth caudal segment.

Genus IsomeTrus, Hempr. and Hhrenb.

(13.)—IsoMETRUS RIGIDULUS, sp. n.

Colow*.—Fuscous, variegated with yellow above, anterior portion of

earapace entirely black; the fourth and fifth sterna infuscate.

Trunk.—Coarsely granular above ; sterna smooth ; the last granular,

with four distinct granular keels.

Tail_—About five times the length of the carapace, robust, the first seg-

ment only provided with 10 keels, the intercarinal spaces finely granular;

the terminal granule of the superior keel of the second a little enlargec,

of the third long and spiniform ; the upper surface of the fifth segment

convex, elevated, the width and height of this segment almost equal to

haif its length ; vesicle with a strong spine beneath the aculeus.

Chele.—Moderately long ; hand smooth, a little wider than the

brachium, the back of the hand about three-quarters the length of the

movable digit.

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Pectines furnished with 13—15 teeth.

~ Length about 30 mm.

- Locality.—Bhopal, Central India (Surgn.-Lieut.-Col. Dane).

- Recognisable by the following characters :—(1) the fifth segment of

the tail is short and stout, its width and height being nearly half its’

length ; in the other Indian species the width and height are only

about one-quarter of the length ; (2) the movable digit is only a little

longer than the hand-back instead of about twice the length ; (8) the

superior terminal keel of the third segment terminates in a long

upstanding spine.

(14.)—IsomETRUS THWAITESI, sp. 2.

Q. Closely allied to the cosmopolitan I. maculatus, but differing in

the following particulars :—The black bands on each side of the pale

anteocular patch on the carapace converge anteriorly and meet in

the middle line on the anterior border of the carapace. The hands

and digits of the chele may be described as‘ fuscous, but mottled

with yellow, whereas in I. maculatus the hands are yellow, spotted

black externally, and the digits are of a uniform brownish-red tint.

Correlated with this distinction in colour is an important character

connected with the pectines, these organs being armed with 15-16 teeth,

and having the base of the shaft produced into a semi-circular rounded

prominence much resembling that which is seen in the allied South

American genus T%tyus. So far as I am aware this feature is found

in no other species of the genus Isometrus. The male of this form.

is unfortunately not yet known,

Length 34 mm.

Locality.—Ceylon (Thwaites’s collections).

Family SCORPIONIDAL,

Genus Patamnazus (Thorell).

(= Scorpio + Palamneus, Pocock, Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.,

November, 1892). :

(15.)—PALAMNAIUS LIURUS, sp. nL

Coloured like P. fulvipes, with reddish-yellow legs and vesicle, but

allied to P. bengalensis in the form and sculpturing of the hand of the

chele and in most other characters appertaining to the trunk and

- DESERIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, P15

limbs ; but easily distinguishable by its much shorter and smoother

tail, The tail in the male is a little more than three times the

length of the carapace which is equal to its first two segments. and

half the third, the first four segments being much less than twice the

length of the carapace. In the male of P. bengalensis the carapace just

exceeds the length of the first two segments, the first four being

about twice its length. In this new form, moreover, the crests. on.

the tail, with the exception of those on the lower side of the fifth and

the superior crests on segments 1—4, which have a terminal granule,

are not denticulate, being merely roughened and notched by the-

-pores from which the bristles arise ; so toe. are the intercarinal spaces and.

the vesicle smooth ; whereas in P. dengalensis the vesicle and all the

crests, except the inferior ones. on segments 1—3, are denticulate, and

the superior and lateral intercarinal spaces are partially granular.

The female differs in: corresponding features from the female of

P. bengalensis, having a short tail, of which the vesicle and crests are

not granular, the tail is lessthan three times the length of the carapace,

which is as long as the first two segments and two-thirds of the third,

while twice the length of the carapace, and exceeds the length of the

first four segments and half the fitth.

The sexual characters. are well marked, the male having aval

granular terga, longer and thinner chelee, larger pectines with 14—16

teeth, the genital operculum wider than long, the tail longer, and the:

vesicle inflated (see measurements). In the female the terga are smooth,

the operculum is posteriorly narrowed and longer than wide, the-

pectines have 10—13 teeth, and the vesicle is small.

Measurements in millimetres. g. Total length 80, length of i carapace

12, of tail 39, width of fifth segment 3, of vesicle 4, height of vesicle.

3°5, length 5:3, length of hand-back 11, width of hand 8. 9. Total:

length 76, of carapace 12, of tail 35, width of its fifth segment 2°8, of

vesicle 3, height of vesicle 2°8, length 4°8 ; length of hand-back 9,

width of hand 9°2. . ;

Locality —Gwalior in Central India, adults and voung of both

sexes obtained by the Medical Officer of H. H. the Maharajah of

Scindia ; also Bhopal in Central India, a single adult male sent by

_ Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Dane.

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

(16.)—PALAMURUS XANTHOPUS, Sp, th

Coloured like P. fulvipes, with reddish-yellow legs and vesicle.

Resembling that species also in other respects, but certainly different.

9. Carapace granular. in front and laterally, as long as the first two.

segments of the tail and one-third of the third; terga almost entirely

smooth. Tail about three times the length of the carapace, inferior

keels of the third segment roughened, of the fourth granular, superior

and superior lateral keels denticulate ; vesicle small and denticulate.

Chelce.—With numerous denticles above and in front, smooth below ;

upper crest of brachium granular ; hand thick, rounded: above, espe-

cially externally, the inner border strongly produced and denticulate,

forming a widely rounded posterior lobe, covered above with a net-

work of ridges which pass into granules at the base of the fingers;

lower surface of hand almost entirely smooth, without crests ; the width

of the hand equal to the length of: the movable digit, which is a little

less than the median length of the carapace measured from the base of

the emargination. |

Pectinal teeth 14—15.

a. With carapace mere granular and terga finely granular (tail

absent). Chele longer ; width of hand less than length of movable

digit, which a little exceeds the median length of the carapace.

Pectinal teeth 18—10.

Measurements in millimetres. 9. Total length 74, length of tail 34,

of carapace 11, of hand-back 6°5, of movable digit 9, width of hand 9.

d. Length of carapace 1}, of hand-back 8, of movable digit 10°3,

width of hand 8°7.

Locality.Kadao Tak, Satara, S. Dekhan (A. D. Wilkins).

Kasily recognisable from P. fulvipes by the shape and sculpturing

of the hand, that of P. fulvipes being covered above with distinct bead-

like tubercles, and furnished below with granules and a pair of

granuliform. crests, :

Genus Iomacuvus, Pocock.

(17,)—IomacHUS PUNCTULATUS, Sp. B.

Closely allied to Z. leviceps, Poe.

@. Trunk, limbs, and tail black or reddish-black ; vesicle orange-yellow.

Tail.—Three and a half times the length of the carapace, which is

equal to the length of its first two segments,

DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORPIONS FROM INDIA, 117

Chelee.—Longer than in I. leviceps, the movable digit quite as long

as the carapace and only slightly shorter than the hand-back. ¢ In

T. leviceps there are two conspicuous bristle pores on the basal half of

the immovable digit, the first of which is quite at the base of the

finger, while in J. punctulatus there are three pores, the first on the

base of the digit being of small size, while the two large ones are

farther along the segment. The process at the base of the brachium

is also smaller in J. punctulatus ; and lastly in I. leviceps the lower side

of the tarsi is furnished with two pairs of bristles, one on each side

of the median row of spicules, but in J. punctulatus the external distal

bristle is converted into a spine. ;

Q@. Chelee and tail shorter than in the @, the tail about three times

the length of the carapace, which is as long as its first two segments

and one-third of the next.

Pectinal teeth 5.

Measurements in millimetres. ¢. Total length- 62, tail 30, cara-

_ pace 8.

Locality.—Koimbatur, Anamallai Hills (W. Davidson).

- Genus Hormurus (Thoreli).

(18.)—HormurUs NiGRIPES, sp. n.

Most nearly related to Hormurus australasie, which is widely

distributed from Burma throughout Indo- and Austro-Malaya,

Colour.— Piceous above, paler below ; vesicle clear yellow.

Trunk finely punetulate above, without granules, carapace with a

deeper median excision, the triangular frontal selerite small.

Tazl.—A little more than twice the length of the carapace, much less

strongly compressed than in H. australasice, the first segment with four

teeth at the hinder end of the lower surface, the second with its four

lower keels strongly dentate, keels of the third and fourth smooth, except

for the presence of a terminal granule on the superior keels.

Chele.— Differing from those of H. australasie in having a much

smaller basal process on the brachium, the posterior external angle

of the hand more prominent, and the posterior surface of the inner

lobe considerably more oblique.

Pectinal teeth 6.

Measurement in millimetres. Total length 85, length of tail 14, of

earapace 6°3, .

Locality.—Panch Mahals in Guzerat (W. A. Wallinger ; Type); also

a second specimen from Sutna, Central India (Surg.-Major Gumleite.)

118

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. Marsaatt Wooprow, Lecturer in Borany,

CoLLEGE OF SCIENCE, Poona.

Part I,

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

Since the date of the Bombay Flora, by Dalzell and Gibson, a con-

siderable advance has been made in the number of plants observed ;

and a few interesting links in the chain of relationship to each other

and to foreign floras having been found, it is thought desirable to

publish a synopsis of the Flora of Western India—as at present known—

within the limits of the Bombay Presidency. The list will include the.

scientific and vernacular names, reference to a description, and state the.

place whence and the time when specimens were procured. The

greater part of the observations are the work of the members of the

Botanical Survey, Bombay*, when otherwise, the name of the observer

will be given ; and it is hoped that during the progress of the public-

ation numerous facts will be presented, which may be embodied in an

appendix. In work of this nature, we meet with the names of men

who have devoted part of their time and talents to the elucidation of

the flora, and a wish to know more of the lives and doings.of those men,

grows with the study of their work; and it is probable that members.

of the Society may be in possession of facts regarding those early

workers in the Botany of Western India, and also regarding some

others, whose names have been omitted, which it is desirable to record.

Of the names connected with our botanical history, Jacquemont,

Hiigel and Hove have left indelible marks; of Graham and Gibson

the names and virtues are carved in stone ; Stocks and Dalzell have-

left voluminous records of their interest in botany ; Law and Nimmo,

Noton, Ritchie, Sykes and Vaupel are names one seeks to. know more

about ; De Crespigny, Medical Officer at Ratnagiri, who was the friend

and companion of Stocks and communicated much of his work to the

herbarium at Poona, went over, in the winter of 1894-95 full of years

and honour ; of Sakharam Arjun and Narayen Daji we have pupils and

co-adjutors with us who hold their names in reverence. Recently we

* Dr. Theodore Cooke, Principal, College of Science, 1890-93 ; Mr. G. Marshall Wond-

row, Lecturer in Botany, College of Science, 1890 et seqd.; Mr. N. B. Ranade, Herbarium

Keeper, College of Science, 1890 et seq. :

PHE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 119

~ have lost Chester MacNaghten, Principal of the Rajkot College, who

was untiring in work at botanical problems, and Carstensen, who

restored the faded beauty of the Victoria Gardens. The brothers

- Sir George and the Hon. H. M. Birdwood; Theodore Cooke, Nairn,

Young, and Wellington Grey have returned to Hurope, but continue

their interest unabated. Lisboa’s devotion to the study of grasses has

unfortunately injured his health severely, still we hope yet to benefit

by his admirable ability in research.* From MacDonald and Kirtikar,

Talbot, Gleadow, Dalgado, Jaikrishna and B. B. Nene we may still look

forward to years of good work ; and from Masani and Ranade, as yet

in their botanical adolescence, we have mnuch to expect.

In a review of this kind it must not be forgotten that a very import-

ant share of our work is due to the authorities of the Botanical Gardens

at Kew and Calcutta. Our facilities for the determination of species

are as yet so sparse, that it is not safe to describe a plant as new without

reference to those centres ; and their courteous attention to specimens

submitted requires grateful acknowledgment.

In the following list Mr. N. B, Ranade, Herbarium Keeper in the

College of Science, has given the vernacular names and much assistance

in verifying statements. Many of the Southern names haye been

taken from Mr. Talbot’s Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs and

Woody Climbers, Bombay Presidency.

ABBREVIATIONS.

F. B. I.=Flora of British India, Hooker.

B. F.—Bombay Flora, Dalzell and Gibson.

Watt. Dict. Waitt’s Dictionary of Economic Products of India,

Roxb. F, I.—Roxburgh’s Flora Indica.

Kew Bul].=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens,

Kew.

| Graham Cat.=Graham Catalogue of Bombay Plants.

Hook. Icon.=Hooker’s Icones Plantarum.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

I.—RANUNCULACER,

1, Clematis,

C. smilacifolia, Wail., ¥.B,1.—I-3. Evergreen forests, N. Kanara, Talbot,

C. triloba, Heyne, ¥.B1.—1-3, Mor-vel, Ranjdi, Mawal, Poona, Oct.

C. Gouriana, Rowb., F.B.1.—I-4, Mor-vel. W. Ghats, Nasik, Belgaum, Dec,

* Dr. J. C, Lisboa died at Poona, Ist May 1897,

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

©. Hedysarifolia, DC., ¥.8,1.—I-4, Bendrichi-vel. Dang, Mahableshwar.:

N. Kanara. Oct,-Nov,

C. Wightiana, Wall., ¥.8.1.—I-5. Mor-vel. Mahableshwar, Jan,

C. sp. Specimens imperfect. Morchatha, Waghai, Dang.

2. Naravelia,

N. zeylanica, DC., ¥.3.1.—I-7, Divimana,N, Kanara. Dee,

3. Thalictrum

T, Dalzellii, Hook,, ¥.B.1—I-13, Purandhar, Aug,

7. Ranunculus.

R. seleratus, Linn., ¥.B.1,.—I-19. Banks of Indus, Sukker. March,

15. Delphinium,

D, dasycaulon, F'resm., ¥.B.1.—I-25, Hills near Junnar, Khadkala, Aug.-Sept.

II.— DILLENIACER,

6. Dillenia,

D. indica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-36, Motha Karmal, Bansda, Wadee, Hirdoshee,

D. pentagyna, Roxb., F.B.1.—I-38. Karmal, Dang, Sakarpathar, W. Ghats.

Feb.-Mar.

IIT.—MAGNOLIACES,

6. Michelia,

M, champaca, Linx., F.B,1.—I-42,. Sonchapha. Widely planted.

IV,—ANoNACEs,

2, Uvaria,

U. narum, Wall., ¥.B.1.—1-50, Narampanal, Parwar Ghat, Feb.-Mar.

5, Artabotrys,

A. odoratissimus, R. Br., F.B.1.—1-54. Hirva chaphd. Gardens widely.

A. zeylanicus, H jf. & T., ¥.8.1.—I-54. Divimana, Nov.-Feb.

9, Unona.

U, farinosa, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I-56. Hatkhambe near Rainagiri. Oct. »

U. discolor, Var. I., F.B.1.—I-59, Sivapur Wadi, in fruit, Feb.

U. Lawii, H.f. & T., ¥.B1.—I1-59, Konkan, Law,

10. Polyalthia.

P, longifolia, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.B.1.—1-62. Ashok. Planted widely. Mar.-Apl.

P. fragrans, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.8.1.—1-63, Gaurik. Sivapur Wadi.

P. cerasiodes, Benth. & Hooker, ¥.8.1.—1-63..Humb. Thul Ghat. Feb.-Mar.

15. Goniothalamus,

G. cardiopetalus, H. f. & T., F.B.1.—1-75, Divimana Ghat, Feb.

16, Anona.

A, squamosa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-78, Shitaphal, custard apple, Cultivated.

A. reticulata, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-78,. Ramphal, bullock’s heart, Planted.

A. muricata, D. C., B.F. Supp. 2. Kate ramphal, Sour-sop, Planted, Nov.-Feb.,

19. Miliusa.

M. indica, Lesck, ¥.B.1.—I-86. Potali, Nilkund, N. Kanara. Mar.-May.

iP! (e) @

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 121,

20. Saccopetalum.

} tomentosum, Hooker, ¥.B.1,—I-88. Wumb. Tulkut Ghat, Daizell, April.

22. Orophea.

. zeylanica, Hooker, f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-90. Bodeli, in fruit, April.

23. Bocagea.

. Dalzellii, Z, f. & 7., ¥.p1.—I-92. Sajeri, Undi, Matheran, N, Kanara,

Talbot. Oct.-Nov,

V.—MENISPERMACES.

3. Tinospora,

. malabarica, F.B.i.—I-96. Miers, Konkan, Dailzeil,

. cordifolia, Wiers,, F.B.I.—I-97. Gulvel. Konkan, widely Seater April.

6. Anamiria,

. cocculus, W, & A., F.B.1.—I1-98, Kakmari. Marmagoa, Konkan, in fruit

Jan.

10. Cocculus.

. macrocarpus, W. & A., F.B.1.—I-100. Vatolé. Matheran road, Konkan, Feb.

. villosus, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-101, Vdsan-vel. Western India, widely. Sept.-Feb,

. Leeba, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-102. Parwatti, Vehri, [llar-billar. Sind.

12, Stephania,

. hernandifolia, Walp., ¥.B.1.—1-103. Vanatik teka. Hills near Junnar, in fruit.

Oct.

13, Cissampelos.

. Pareira, Linn. ¥.B.1.—I-103, Veni-vel. Tullegaum, Poona, Guzerat, widely.

Sept.

14. Cyclea,

. Burmanni, Miers, r.p.t.—t-104. Pakur. W, Ghats, Konkan. May,

. peltata, H. f.& T., r.B1i—I-104, Par-vel. Konkan,

VII, NyMruacesz,

2, Nymphea.

. lotus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-114, Kamal. Widely planted in tanks. Aug.-Feb.,

N. stellata, Willd., ¥.B.1—I-114. Rarely planted in tanks,

. indicum, DC., ¥.b.1.—I-134, Poona. ‘Jan,

5, Nelumbium,

. speciosum, Willd., ¥.B.1—I-116, Bishee Kamal, Padma, Sacred Lotus,

Widely cultivated in tanks.

VIII.—PApavERACEA,

1, * Argemone,

. mexicana, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-117, Pivld dhotrd, Ringan, Peint Taluka.’

1X.-—FUMARIACER,

4, Fumaria.

. F, parviflora, Lamk., F.B.1.—I-118, Shdira, Pit-papda. Deccan, Khandesh.

Sept.-Dec,

X.—CRUCIFERA,

5. Nasturtium.

. officinale, #.Br., ¥F.B,1—I-133, Water-cress, Streams in Poona City,

Panchgani, Spring,

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

8. Cardamine. . ,

C. subumbellata, Hook., F.B.1.— 1-138, Ahire, 10 miles west of Poona, Aug,

C. hirsuta, Linn., var. sylvatica, ¥.B.1.—I-138, Khandalla, W. Ghats. Dec.

11, Farsetia,

F, Jacquemontii, Hook., f. é& T.,¥B1.—I-140 Farid buti, Sibi, Sind. Aug.-Jan.

F, Hamiltonii, Royle, F.B.1.—1-140. Sind.

24, Brassiea.

B, nigra, Koeh., ¥.B.1.—I-156, Mohari. Cultivated.

B. campestris, Linn., F.B.1.—I-156, Swedish Turnip. Rarely cultivated,

B. 3 Napus., F.B1.—1-156, Shalgam, Turnip, Cultivated in gardens,

B. » apus., F.B.1—I-156, Sarson, pivli raz, Cultivated in fields,

B. juncea, H.f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-157, Mohari. Cultivated.

26, Hruca,

E, sativa, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—1-158, Safed Sursu. Gardens as a weed,

27, Moricandia,

M, tortuosa, Hook., f. & T., ¥.B.1.—I-158. Sind,

28. Capsella.

_ ©. Bursa pastoris, Mench., ¥.B.1—1-159, Shepherd’s Purse. Mahablesh war.

Jan.

29, Lepidium,

L, sativum, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-159, Ali. Cress,

Senebiera.

S. didyma, Pers., Hook., Flor, Brit. Isles, 37. Garden weed, Ruk Junction,

Sind. Marel.

32. Thiaspz.

T, arvense, Linn., F.B.1—I-162. Kirtar Mts.,Sind, March.

36. Dipterygium.

D. glaucum, Decaisne, #.B.1.—1-164. Jacobabad, Sind, Sept.

40. Physorhyncus.

P, brahvicus, Hook., ¥.B.1.—I-165, Bullo Khan, Sind. Raetet,

41, Raphanus,

R. sativus, Linn., F.B.1.—I-166. Mula, Radish. Cultivated, Oct.-Jan.

. R. sativus caudatus, Mougri. Cultivated.

XI,—CAPPARIDEZ.

1, Cleome.

C. monophylla, Linn., ¥B1.—1-168, Bodeli, Guzerat, Gokak, Badami, Dhar-

war. Nov.

C. papillosa, Stewd., F.B.1.—I-168, Thano Balo Khan Road, 34 miles from

Karachi, Aug,

C. quinquenervia, DC., ¥.B1.—1-168. Waki, Sind, Oct.

C. Stocksiana, Boiss., F.B.1.—-I-169, Laki, Sind. Oet.

C. simplicifolia, H. f. & 7., r.8.1.—I1-169, Poona. July.

©. brachycarpa, Vahl., ¥.p.1.—I-169, Karachi. Dec.-May.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 123

©. aspera, Koenig., F.B1.—I.-169, Badami, Dharwar, August.

©, Burmanni, W. & A., ¥.81.—1-170, Hyderabad, Sind, W. Strachan.

G, viscosa, Linn, F.B.1.—I-170. Pivli tilwan, kdnphuti. Deccan, widely,

Sept.-June,

©. Chelidonu, Linn, F.B.1.—I-170. Khadkalla., Dang. July-Feb.

2. Gynandropsis,

G. pentaphylla, DC, r.8.1.—I-171. Pandhri-tilwan. Deccan, Guzerat. Cold

season.

4, Merua,

M. arenaria, H, f. & T., ¥.B.1.—1-171. Yoat, Poona Dist. Nov.-Mar,

5. Crateva.

C. religiosa, Forst., F.B1—I-172. Hédvarna, Vayavarnd, Hoolicul, Kanara,

March,

6. Cadaba,.

C. indica, Lamk., ¥.8.1.—I-172. Surat, Bijapur. Nov.-Dec.

7. Capparis.

C. spinosa, Linn., F.8.1.—I-173. Edible caper, Kabar, Kalvari. Mahableshwar,

Khirtar Mis., Sind. Jan.-Mar.

C. zeylanica, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-174. Wagat?, Govindphal, Alandi, Poona, Dharwar.

Mar.-April.

C, Heyneana, Waili., F.B.1.—I-74, Divimana, N. Kanara, May.

C. divaricata, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—I-174, Dharwar, Rajewadi, Alandi, 8. M. Ry.

Feb.-April,

C. aphylla, Roth., ¥.B.1.—I-175. Neptt, Deccan, Sind, widely. Nov.-Mar.

C. Moonii, Wight, F.B.1—I-175. Waghati. W.Ghats, widely. Dec.

C. Roxburghii, DC_, ¥.8.1.—I-175. Waghdti. Believed to be synonymous with

C. Moonii,

C. grandis, Linn,, ¥.B.1—I-176, Pdchundé. Buleshwar, 30 miles H. of Poona.

Bankepur, Dharwar, hot season. April,

. pedunculosa, Wall., r.B.1.—1-176. Kolisna. Konkan, Stocks,

. longispina, H.f.& T., ¥.B.1—I-176. Mahableshwar.

. sepiaria, Linn,, F.B.1—I-176. Kanthar, Deccan, widely. March.

.horrida, Lénn., F.B.1.—I-177, Kirur, Waghdati, Govindi. Deccan, Sind,

; S. Maratha country. Dec.-Feb,

C. tenera, Dalz. F.B.1.—I-179. Kumta, Sirsi Road. March,

XII.—RESsEDACEA,

1. Reseda.

R. pruinosa, Delile, F.B.1.—I-181. Bulo Khan, Sind, March,

2. Oligomeris.

O. glaucescens, Cam., ¥.B.1.—I-181. Khirtar Mts.,Sind. March,

= 3. Ochradenus.

O. baccatus, Del., ¥.B.1.—1-182, Hyderabad, Sind, Karachi,

Aa e ©)

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

XIII.—VIOLARIEZ.

1. Viola, °

V. cinerea, Bois, ¥.8.1.—1-185. Banafsha, Thorala, Rajkot. C. MacNaghter.

ro td

rel ef Ine ash ny

Tata, Sind. July-Aug,

2. Tonidium.

. suffruticosum, Ging., F.B.1—I1-185, Ratan purus, Broach, Badami, Dharwar.

Oct.

XIV.— BIXINgEaz,

1. Cochlospermum.

_ Gossypium, DC,, F.B.1—1-190. Kathlyagond. Poona, Feb.

2. Scolopia,

crenata, Clos., F.BL—L191. W. Ghats, S. of Ramghat, Dalzell.

3." Bixa,

Orellana, Linn., F.B.1—1-190, Kesri, Shendri, Arnatto tree, widely

planted. Sept.

4. Flacourtia.

montana, Graham, ¥.B.1.—I-190. Attak, W.Ghats, Ankola, Nov.-Dec.

.ramontchi, L’ Herit., ¥.B.1.—I-193. Tambat. W. Ghats, widely. May-Sept.

. sepiaria, Roxb., F.B1.—I-194. Tambat Atrun. W. Ghats, widely. April. —

9. Hydnocarpus.

Wightianus, Blume., ¥.B.1—I-196. Kadu Kavath, W. Ghats, widely,

Jan.-Apr,

XV.—PITTOSPORED,

1. Pittosporum.

. floribundum, W. & A.,rBi—I-199. Yekaddi, Mahableshwar, July.

. dasycaulon, Miguel, ¥.B.1.—1-199. Yacombi, N. Kanara. Jan.

X VI.—POLYGALEA,

i. Polygala.

. abyssinica, Fresen., F.B.1.—I1-202. Sind, Dee.

. persicarizefolia, DC., F.B.1—I-202. Hills near Poona, Aug.-Sept.

.erioptera, DC., ¥.B.1.—I-203. Nasik, Ankleswar, Broach, August.

. elongata, Klein., F.B.1.—1-203, Savantwadi, Badami, Aug.-Nov.

. chinensis, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-204, Phutani. Poona, Dharwar. Oct.-Mar,

XVITI.—CarYorHYLLEz,

5, Saponaria.

Vaccaria, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-217. Sabni. Nasik, Poona, Mahableshwar. Feb.

6. Silene,

noctiflora, Linn, Poona, weed in gardens. Dec.-Jan.

10. Cerastium.

indicum, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—I-227. Purandhur, Sept.

11, Stellaria.

media, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-230, Mahableshwar. Dec.

13. Arenaria.

A, neelgherrensis, W. & A,, F.B,1.—I1-239, Yacombi, N, Kanara. Feb,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 125

16. Spergula.

S. arvensis, Linn., F.b.1.—I-243, Khirtar Mts,, Sind.

18, Polycarpon.

P, Losflingie, Benth. & Hook.,f., ¥.p.1.—1-245, Mahableshwar, Lanowli, Apr.-

June,

19, Polycarpea.

P. corymbosa, Lamk., F.8.1—I-245, Badami, Dharwar, Poona, Nov.-Jan.

P. diffusa, W.& A., ¥.B.1.—1-245, Badami, Sept.

P, spicata, W. & A., F.B.1.—I-246. Porebandar, Mangrol, Tata, Sind, Nov.-Feb.

XIX—PORTULACEZ,

1, Portulaca,

P. oleracea, Linn., F.8.1.—I-246. Ghol. Deccan, Guzerat, Sind. Oct-Dec.

P, Wightiana, Wall., F.B.1.—I-247. Londa,, Belgaum, Oct-Nov,

P, quadrifiida, Linn., ¥.3.1.—I1-247. Ranghol, Raya ghol. Badami, Dharwar,

Nov.

P, tuberosa, oxb., F.B.I.—1-247, Junglee gajar. Mulier river, Karachi, Aug.

P. suffruticosa, Wight, ¥.8.1.—1-247, Ahmedabad, Nov. ‘

2. Talinum.

T. cuniefolium, Willd., ¥.8.1.—I-247. Singhur, Purandhur, Poona, Dist. Nov.

XX,.—TAMARISCINEA.

1. Tamarix.

T. gallica, Linn., ¥.B..I—I-248. Jhavrajhad. Sind. Dec.

T. dioica, Roxb., F.B.1—I-249. Jhaw. Broach, Sind. Nov.

T, ericoides, Hottl., ¥.B.1.—I1.-249. Khadshernt, Poona, Broach, Gulgeri. Nov,

XXI.—ELATINES,

2. Bergia,

B, odorata, Hdgew., F.2.1.—1-251, Sibi, Sind, Dahoi, Porbunder. Oct-Nov.

B. xstivosa, W. & A., F.B.1.—I1-251. Rajkot, C. MacNaghten, Poona,

B, ammannioides, Roxd., ¥.B.1—I-251. Poona, Karachi, Bhubak, Sind. Nov.-

Dec,

B, verticillata, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I-252, Dasgaon, Konkan, Oct.

XXITI.—GUTTIFERA,

1, Garcinia,

C. indica, Chois., ¥.B.1.—I-261, Kokam ratamba, Ambeghat, Matheran, Jan.

G. Morella, Dess., ¥.B,1.—1-264, Arsinagurgi, Nardala, Siddapur, N. Kanara,

Nov.

G. Xanthochymus, H.-/., F.B.1.—I-269, Ont, Jharambi. W. Ghats, widely.

March.

G. ovalifolius, H.-f,, 7.8.1.—1-269. Haldi, Tavir, Matheran, W. Ghats, in fruit,

March,

2. Ochrocarpus.

O, longifolius, B. & H., ¥.B.1.—1-270. Surangi, Khandalla, Kudgal, N. Kanara,

Feb.-Mar.

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. XI.

3. Calophyllum,

C. inophyllum, Linn., ¥.8.1.—1-273. Undi, Ratnageri, Kumta, January.

C. Wightianum, Wall., ¥.8.1.—1-274. Bobbi, Irai. Yellapur, Talbot, in fruit,

March,

5, Mesua,

M. ferrea, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-277, Nag-chappa, Konkan. Nov.-Jan.

XXV.—DIPTEROCARPEA,

2. Ancistrocladus.

A, Heyneanus, Wail., F.8.1.—I-299,. Kardor, Kurdul. Divimana, W. Ghats,

Thana District. Jan-Mar.

5, Shorea.

8. Talura, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-304, Sirsi, Siddapur, N. Kanara, Feb.-Apl.

6. Hopea.

H. Wightiana, Wall., r.8,1.—1-309, Haiga Kavsi, Londa, Castle Rock, W. Ghats.

June.

8. Vateria,

V. indica, Linn., F.B.1.—I-313. Dhupada. Siddapur and Sirsi Districts. Feb-

Apl.

XXVI.—Matvacea,

1, Althea.

A, Ludwigii, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-319. Karli, Poona, Hyderabad, Schwan, Sind..

Mar.-July..

A, rosea, Linn., F.B.1.—I-319. Hollyhock. In gardens, Jan.-Mar.

3, Malva,

M. rotundifolia, Linn., r.3.1.—1-320. Khaparkhuti. Deccan, widely. Sept.-Jan,

M. parviflora, Linn., F.B.1,—1-321, Narr, Gogi Sag. Magarpir, Sind. Maxch,

4, Sida.

8. humilis, Welld., r.B.1.—I-322. Guzerat, Sind, widely. Oct-Nov.

S. mysorensis, W.& A., F.B.1.—I-322. Deccan, widely. Nov.-Jan.

8. spinosa, Zinn., F.B.1.—1-323. Deccan, Guzerat. Nov.

S. grewioides, Guill. & Perr., ¥.B.1.—I-323. Karachi. December.

S. carpinifolia, Zinn., F.B.1.—I1-323. Chikna. Poona, Marmagao. December,

S. thombifolia, Linn., F.B.1.—I-323. Bala, Jungli Meth, Poona, Belgaum.

Oct-Dec.

S. cordifolia, Zinn., r.B.1—1-324, Gokak, Belgaum, Badami, Dharwar. Oct.-

Noy.

5, Abutilion.

_ A, polyandrum, Schl. F.B.1,—1-325, W. Ghats, widely. Nov-Jan.

_ A, Ranadei, Woodrow and Staph,, Kew Bull, 1894, fol. 99. Ambeghat, W.

Ghats, Dec.-Mar,

A. indicum, G, Don., ¥.8.1.—1-326, Mudra. Deccan, widely.

A. graveolens, W. & A., F.B.1,—1-327, Barkanght. Sehwan, Sind, March.

- A, muticum, G. Don, ¥.B.1.—1-327. Deccan, widely. Jan-July.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 127

A. crispum, G. Don., ¥.8.1—I-327. Badami, Dharwar. November,

A. ramosum, Guill. and Perr., ¥.3.1.—1-328, Ahmedabad, Karachi. Dec.

A, fruticosum, Guill. and Perr, ¥.B.1—I-328, Pat til, Banks of Mulier,

Karachi, Aug.-Sept.

5.* Malachra.

M. capitata, Linn., ¥.B,1.—1-329. Ran bhendi, Bombay abundant. Nov.-Jan,

6. Urena.,

U. lobata, Linn., F.B.1—I-329. Vanabhend, Kalyan, Belgaum. Oct-Dec.

U.——-var. E brlaseuly, DC., Belgaum. December.

U, sinuata, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-329, Londa, Oct-Nov.

7. Pavonia,

P. glechomifolia, A. Rich., ¥.8.1.—1-330. Kathiawad, Sind.

P. arabica, Hochst., ¥.B.1.—I-331, Sind,

P. zeylanica, Cav., F.B.1.—I-331. Ahmednagar, Broach, Sind. November,

P. ceratocarpa, Dalz., ¥.B.1—I-331, Karachi, December,

8, Decaschistia.

D, trilobata, Wight, ¥.B.1.—1-332, Amboli, Castle Rock, W. Ghats, Nov.

11. Senra,

S. incana, Cav., F.B.1.—I-333. Karachi. December,

12. Aibiscus.

H, Trionum, Linn., r.3.1.—I-334, Deccan, Sind, widely. February,

H. surattensis, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-334, Rdn bhendi. Kumta. Nov.-Dee,

H. furcatus, Rovb., ¥.B.1.—I-335, Castle Rock, W. Ghats. Oct.-Feb,

H. radiatus, Willd., ¥.8.1.—I-335. Junnar (Poona Dist.), Dhulia. Sept.-Oct,

H, hirtus, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—1-335. Dupari, Matheran, Khandala, Poona, Aug-Feb,

H. micranthus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-335, Poona, Guzerat, Sind, widely. October,

H. scindicus, Stocks., ¥.B.1.—I-336. Sind, Siocks., specimen wanted,

H. intermedius, A, Féch., ¥.B.1.—I-336, Sind, Stocks., Kathiawad, Daiz., speci-

mens wanted,

H. Solandra, L. Her., ¥.B.1.—I-336, Guzerat, Dharwad. November,

H. collinus, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-338. Gardens.

H. pandureformis, Burm., ¥.B.1.—I-338. Chinchwad, Poona District, Oct,

H. vitifolius, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I-338, Vankapas, Bahuli, Poona Dist, Revadanda,

Oct-Dec,

H. cannabinus, Linn., ¥.B1.—I-339, Ambadi. Cultivated, widely,

H, Gibsoni, Stocks., ¥.B,1.—I-339. Deccan, Concan, Sind, Stocks., not found,

_H. punctatus, Dalz., r.B.1.—I-340, Karachi. Aug-Dec,

H, Sabdariffa, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—1-340, Lal ambadi, Cultivated widely. Oct.-Dec,

H, ficulneus, Linn., F.B.1.—I-340.

H. Manihot, Linn., ¥.31.—I-341, In gardens,

H, tetraphyllus, Roxb., ¥.B.1—I-341. Jungli bhendi, Amboli, Jambulpada,

October,

128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

H, angulosus, Wast., v.p.1—I-341. Concan,

H. Abelmoschus, Linn., F.B..1.—I-342, Kasturi bhendi. In gardens,

H., tiliaceus, Linn;, ¥.B.1.—1-343, Planted.

H, esculentus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-348, Bhajichi bhendi, Gardens.

Hi. rosa sinensis, Linz., F.B.1.—I-344, Jasundi, Gardens,

H, mutabilis, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I-344, Gardens,

H. syriacus, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-344, .

H. schizopetalus, Gardens.

13, Thespesia.

T, Lampas, Dalz. & Gibs., F.B.1.—I-345. Ran bhendi. W. Ghats, widely,

Aug-Sept.

T. populnea, Corr., F.B.1.—I-345, Bhendi, Shrivardhan. Sept.

14, Gossypium,

G. Stocksii, Mast, F.B.1—I-346, Wild cotton of Sind, Near Karachi. Dec,

G., arboreum, Linn., F.B.1—I1-347. Narma or Deokapas,a tall fastigiate shrub

with deeply-lobed leaves, purple flowers, lanceo-

late stipules and seeds covered with white wool

over-lying green down. In gardens.

G. neglectum, Tod., Watt. Dict., IV.—7. Deshi at Ahmednagar, Bengals of

commerce, Resembling G. arboreum in habit of

growth and form of leaf,:but with yellow flowers

with a purple centre, Evidently a hybrid or

selection from G, arboreum,

G. religiosum, Rowb. «. A vigorous diffuse shrub, thriving in moist sandy

soil ; stipules, cordate acuminate ; flowers, yellow,

large ; down, adherent to seeds ; wool, white or

tawny.

G. braziliense, Macf. ... Pernambuco or Brazilian cotton; resembling

G. ligiosum, but with coherent seeds,

G. Wightianum ... ... Hinganghat cotton.

G. sp., wild, Badami, Dharwar—A climber in hedges on sandy soil; leaves .

3—5 fid, pubesence stellate ; gulfs between the

lobes, variable, often with a blunt tooth ; stipules

falcate ; bracts cordate, toothed.

15. Kydia,

K, calycina, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-348. Ghats. Nov.

15.° Adansonia,

A. digitata, Linn, ¥.B.1.—I-348, Gorakhchinch, widely planted, Caranja,

naturalised.

16, Bombaz.

B, malabaricum, DC,, ¥,.31.—I-349. Savar, Katesavar, Deccan, Konkan,

widely. Mar.-April.

B. insigne, Waill., ¥.B.1,—I-349. N. Kanara. Mar.-Apl.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 139

17. Eriodendron.

®. anfractuosum, DC.,, ¥.z.1.—I-359. Pandhrisavar. Mawal, Poona Dist:

January:

XXVII..—STERCULIACES,

Sterculia,

%, footida, Linn, ¥.B.1—I-354, Devdar, Konkan, planted, Mar.-Api. .

S. urens, Rowxb., ¥.B.1.—I-355. Saldhol, Candol. W. Ghats, Konkan, widely.

December.

S. villosa, Roxb., ¥.3.1.—1-355, Cowicha, Gadhvi, Dang. February.

S, guttata, Roxb., r.B.1-—1-355, Kukar, Goldar, W. Ghats, widely. February

S. colorata, Roxb., F.b.1.—1-359. Khausht. W. Ghats, March-April.

S.alata, Rowd., ¥.B.1.—1-360, Burboli Ghat, N. Kanara, recently widely

planted, Poona, Khandala.

S. populifolia, Row. r.Bi—I-361. Hewra, planted.

8. Campanulata, Wall, v.8.1.—1-362. Follicles membranaceous 1-seeded, dorsal-

ly winged, planted. Khandala Hotel, Mar,

5. Kleinhovia.

K., Hospita, Lini., r.B.1—I-364. Planted.

6. Helicteres,

H. isora , Linn., ¥.B1—I-365, Kewan, Mirudsheng, Guzerat Deccan, Konkan,

widely. July-Nov:

7. Pterospermum.

P. suberifolium, Lam., ¥.B.1.—I-367. Muchkund. N, Kanara. Poona, planted.

December,

P. acerifolium, Willd., F.B1.—I-368. Kanakchapha. Deviman Ghat : widely

planted. Dec.-Feb,

P. reticulatum, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—1-369. Poona, planted : W. Ghats, south-

ward,

P, Heyneanum, Weil,; ¥.8,1—1-369. Dharwad, Dalz:

8. Eriolena,

EH. Stocksii, Hook. f., v.8.1.—I-370, Knkan, Stocks, specimens wanted,

E, Candollei, Wail., ¥.p.1—tI-370, Bothi, Hadang. Konkan, Dalz.; deciduous

forests, N. Kanara, Talbot.

H. quinquelocularis, Wight., F.B.1.—I-371, Budjarzdhaman.

9, Pentapetes;

P, phenicea, Linn, ¥.BI:—1-371, Tambdidupari, Birchy, N, Kanara, Sehwan,

Sind, in gardens. Aug.-Nov.

10: Melhania,

M. incana, Heyne, ¥.8:1.—I-372; Badami, November.

M, tomentosa, Stocks;, ¥F.B.1.—I-373, Sind.

M. Denhami, &r., F.8.1.—1-373, Hills near Karachi, December.

11, Melochia,

M. corchorifolia, Linn, ¥.B.1.—I-374, Near Godhra, Bombay, Sept.-Nov:

M. velutina, Bedd., ¥.8.1.—1-374; Poona, planted. November;

130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

12, Waltheria,

W. indica, Linn., ¥.31.—I-374. Badami, Dharwad. August.

13. Abroma, —

A, augusta, Linn., 7.B.1.—1-375, Ulat-kambal. Widely, in gardens, Jan.

14, Guazuma,

G, tomentosa, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—I1-375, Rudrakshi, Planted widely. Mar,-Aug,

XXVITI.—TIviaces,

6, Grewia,

G. columnaris, Sm., F.B.1.—1-383, Santaveri, Talbot, in fruit. December.

G. orientalis, Zinn., B.B.1.—1-384. Western India, De Crespigny.

G, heterotricha, Mast., ¥.B.1.—1-385, Nilkand, N. Kanara, Talbot. November.

G. populifolia, Vahl,, .B.1.—1-385, Gango, Gangi (Sind.) Badami, Dharwad,

| Sind. Aug.-Oct.

G, salvifolia, Heyne., F.B.1.—1-386, Bihul (Sind). Badami, June-Aug.

G. tiliefolia, Vahl., F.B.1.—I-386. Dhaman., Bhimashankar, Hills near Poona,

j May-Aug.

G. asiatica, Linn., ¥ B.1.—I1-386, Phalsa, Cultivated widely. <r

G. carpinifolia, Juss., F.B.1.—1-387. Londa, Dharwad. October.

G. pilosa, Lam., ¥.B.1.—I-388. Badami. August,

G. villosa, Willd., r.31—I-388, Porebunder, in fruit. October.

G. levigata, Vahl., F.B.1.—1-389. Karwar, Halyal, Talbot, Aug -Oct.

G. Ritchiei, Wast., r.B.1.—I-389. Konkan, Stocks, W. Ghats, Ritchie.

.G. abutilifolia, Juss, FBIA—I-390, —— wanavane

G. hirsuta, Vahl., ¥.3.1.—I-391. Bowdhan, near Poona. Aug-Sept.

G. polygama, Rowb., F.R.I—I-391, Matheran, Amboli, W. Ghats. Oct-Dec.

G. microcos, Z.,¥.B.1—I1-392. Castle Rock, W. Ghats. November,

131

SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED

IN THE ISLAND OF BOMBAY.

By A. J. Putz, R.A.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th March, 1897.)

The object of this paper is to give an account of the land and fresh-

water Mollusca already collected in Bombay which will enable col-

lectors to name their specimens, and also to draw the attention to this

branch of Natural History of those who generally look on the “ snail”

as an annoying visitor to the garden. It does not take any notice of

species, however common, that have not been found in the island itself;

and the descriptions, it is feared, will not be elaborate enough to

distinguish some of the species from others closely resembling them to

be found in other localities. This, in many cases, can only be done by

comparison with a good collection—a thing that the Society should

have, and for which the co-operation of members is asked.

The species described are fairly typical of those to be found all

over India.

The land Mollusca are particularly interesting to the Naturalist, as

affording evidence of geographical distribution, and also on account of

their extremely interesting and varied shapes.

The fresh-water Mollusca, on the other hand, show prevailing

forms very widely distributed.

A very convenient way to divide our species for the purposes of

classification is into operculate and inoperculate. This, to all intents

and purposes, separates them into two natural orders to which they as

univalves belong, viz., Prosobranchéata and Pulmonata, To the first

of these two orders belong a!so a number of the marine Mollusca, some

of which are operculate and some not, such as whelks and cowries.

The land and fresh-water families belonging to it are all operculated.

The land families, while resembling the other members of the

order in many points of their anatomy, have the ctenidium, or breath-

ing organ, replaced by a pulmonary sac to enable them to breathe air.

The families belonging to the second order, the Pulmonata, are

almost without exception inoperculate and breathe by means of a

pulmonary sac. Whether all the fresh-water members rely altogether

on this sac for their air-supply seems uncertain. The animals are

hermaphrodite, whereas in the first order the sexes are distinct.

132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. Xf,

For the sake of still greater convenience, we will divide the

species for purposes of description into two groups aceording to their

habits.

Parr [,—TERRESTRIAL,

The only family of the operculated Land Snails represented in our

catalogue is the Cyclophoride and that by only one species,

C. indicus (Deshayes). The family is very well represented in India

by a large number of very interesting species, some of the smaller ones

being very remarkable for their curious forms, and it is to be hoped that

a more thorough investigation will bring some to light in our island.

C. indicus is the largest and most solid of our Bombay snails, It is

not very common, and, like all the rest of the species to be described,

is never found except in the monsoon. The shell is turbinate in shape,

about 1" in height, with a large umbilicus, or central hole round which

_ the shell is coiled. Colour white, mottled with brown, the lower part

of the whorl carrying a fairly well-defined brown streak, with finer,

somewhat broken, lines running parallel to it on the underside.

The perfect shell has a reflexed lip and a circular aperture, #” across,

The inside of the lip is red. The animal has a cireular, spirally-formed

operculum with which it can completely close the mouth of its |

shell.

Of the Pulmonata we have several land families represented, the

first to be described being the Limacide.

This family is very strongly represented in this country by the

Naninide or snails with caudal mucous pores, of which India possesses

about 200 species. The old writers deseribe these species as Helix.

The Naninide are divided into a number of sub-genera, and we have

in Bombay the following species.

Ariophanta levipes (Muller), which also rejoices in the specific

names of trifasciata (Chemnitz) and spadicea (Gmelin), is one of the

commonest of our snails. The shell is sinistral, flattened, about 1”

across, umbilicus very small. The full-grown animal forms a fairly

solid lip. The shells frequently bear conspicuous marks of old lips,

marking periods of growth. As to colour, the shell may be said to be

white, striped with three bands of brown; but, on account of the

variation in these bands, specimens are ne with varying from an

almost black colour to almost pure white,

LAND & FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN BOMBAY, 133

The animal is nearly always of the same yellowish colour, and it would

be interesting to know what is the cause of the variation in the shell :

dark specimens seem to abound in some localities and light ones in others.

The animal has the mucous pore on its tail plainly defined, but it

is not surmounted by any protuberance, neither does any part of the

mantle overlap the shell at the aperture to form what are known as

shell-polishing lobes.

The absence of these characters is distinctive of the genus Ariophanta.

Ariophanta bajadera (Pfeiffer) is also a sinistral shell, not quite as

large as A. levipes, but deeper and more globular, also much more

fragile, of a greenish-yellow colour. The shell is beautifully corru-

gated radially, and the last whorl is large in proportion to ee others.

The animal is somewhat similar to A. levipes.

The shell being very thin and transparent, some of the anatomy of

the animal can easily be discerned through it, including the kidney

and the pulsating heart.

This species does not appear common in Bombay, but is fairly

plentiful at Matheran, where it seems to grow a stronger shell.

Nanina pedina (Benson) is quite our commonest garden snail; the

shell is dextral, rather larger and more fragile than that of A. leevipes,

being about 13” across and of a brownish colour. Itis more or

less flattened in shape, but different individuals vary a little in the

raising of the spire. The umbilicus is small.

_ The animal has a prominent horn-shaped protuberance on its

mucous pore, and two shell-polishing lobes to its mantle almost like

feelers in shape, one doubled back on the centre of the whorl, the

other pointing forwards in prolongation of the suture. The animal at

times, when disturbed, secretes mucous very profusely, for exactly

what purpose it is hard to say; it may be some protection from the

attacks of insects—ants for instance. The heart can also be observed

pulsating in this species. I have reason for suspecting this snail of

cannibal propensities.

This species is exceedingly common at Matheran.

Nanina (Microcystina) tenuicoia (Adams) is a very much smaller

species than the foregoing, the shell being only from 4" to 3" across,

thin and transparent, of a greenish-yellow colour, dextral in shape,

the spire a good deal raised, The animal has no shell-polishing lobes,

134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. X&.

the horn on the mucous pore is fairly long. This species is not un-

common, but is inconspicuous owing to its small size.

Nanina (Microcystina) perrotteti (Pfeiffer) is also a small dextral

species ; the shell about $” across, much flatter than I. tenuicola and of

a brownish colour, has the general appearance of a very young

NV. pedina. The animal is of a bluish colour and very lively, the horn

on the mucous pore is well marked, and the mantle has two broad

shell-polishing lobes about +'¢" broad, one protruding back, and the

other forward, over the shell.

This species often escapes notice from its small size and general

resemblance to a young LV. pedina.

The next family, the Helicide, is that to which all the common

English snails belong.

Of Helix proper we have only one species, but we have some

species belonging to genera of which it is doubtful whether they

belong here or to the Pupide., .

Our Helix is H. (Trichochloritis) propinqua (Pfeiffer). It is, as far as I

know, uncommon in Bombay, and I have never found an adult speci-

men alive, I have specimens of what appears to be the same species from

Mahableshwar and Panchgani, where it seems to be not uncommon.

It isan elegant shell, from 3" to 2" across ; the spire is rather flat in

some specimens and a little raised in others. The adult animal forms

a reflexed lip, the aperture pointing slightly downwards. Colour

whitish with a single dark line running on the line of the suture.

It is a dextral shell, and but for that, is easily mistaken for a small

Aptophanta (levipes), which is perhaps partly why it has escaped notice.

To the third family, the Pupzde, so called from their resemblance

to a chrysallis, belong five of our species, including two species which

should perhaps be classed as Helicide.

The first species, Pupa (Leucochila) ccenopicta (Hutton) is a small

brown cylindrical shell }” in length and less than 4" in breadth. The

aperture is oval and the adult shell has a wide lip of a lighter colour.

This species seems fairly common.

Buliminus (Mastus) insularis is a small, solid, whitish-coloured

cylindrical shel! about 3” long and 4%," broad. The adult forms a

slightly strengthened lip. I have never yet found it alive in Bombay,

but it seems to affect somewhat drier localities than most of our land

LAND & FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN BOMBAY, 135

species. I have specimens of what appear to be the same species from

the Punjab, and of a variety of the same from Aden.

Buliminus moussonianus (Pevit)—Abyssinicus var., is perhaps the

most beautiful of our snails, The shell is #" long and 3" broad, with a —

rather wide lip in the adult, and asmall umbilicus. Colour light brown,

specimens almost white are occasionally found. The surface of the shell

is beautifully sculptured or corrugated with ridges running parallel to

the aperture. The animal is of a pinkish colour, and when killed by

dipping in boiling water has a curious smell not at all unpleasant.

This species appears uncommon.

The next two species should perhaps be classed with the Helicide.

Buliminus (Rachis) bengalensis (Lmk.) is a shell of much the same

size and shape as the last, but a little longer and not quite so stout, and

the lip not so pronounced, The surface of the shell is smooth, colour

whitish, with two lines running round the shell, the lower of the two the

darker in colour, the upper one following the suture. Apex black.

This species is fairly common.

Buliminus (Rachis) punctatus (Anton) is very similar in many

ways to the last, but is smaller and more pointed ; colour light brown

with a dark line on the suture with a light line immediately below it.

The surface of the shell is covered with minute spots of a darker colour,

whence the name.

This species is common, and I have specimens from the Punjab.

The fourth family, the Stencg yrida, has two representatives on our list:

the first, S. gracilzs (Hutton), isa slender, somewhat pointed cylindrical

shell about 2” to 3” in length and 2” in breadth, of a yellowish colour,

minutely sculptured radially ; aperture elongated. Is fairly common.

‘The other, Glessula species, has not yet been found by me alive

hor in a perfect state. It appears to be arboreal in its habits. It is

a cylindrical shell much larger and stouter than S. gracilis. -

The fifth family, the Succinwide, is represented by one species,

S, vitrea (Pfeifter). It is a small, somewhat globular shell, about }”

+o 2” long, spire very small, and last whorl very large in proportion ;

shell very delicate, colour whitish. The well-known English repre-

sentative of this family ranks more as a fresh-water than as a land-

sheli, but ours is generally found on trees in wet weather. It is

a common species, but large specimens are not often found.

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf;

LIST OF BIRDS IN THE GWALIOR STATE MUSEUM,

COLLECTED IN THE GWALIOR STATE.

By C. Marius, F.L.S., Curator.

- Astur badius

Aguila vindbiana...

» mogilnick...

Haliztus lencogaster

Pernis ptilorhynchus

Circus z2ruginosus...

Circus macrurus .:.

Circus macrurus ...

Milvus govinda ...

Haliastur indus :::

Elanus ceeruleus ...

Butastur teesa

Falco jugger

Falco chiquera

...(Tem.)

~1. ins)

...(Sykes)

.»-(Bodd.)

a .(Desf.)

.s:(Hrankl.) ...

a @irankls)iae

...(Gmel.) ves

ue(Giael!)F aa

..(Gmel.) ...

wid. KR. Gr.)..

---( Daud)> 72:

. The Kestrel.

Cerchneis tinnunculus —...(Lin.)

Strix javanica ...(Gmel.) ..:

Ninox lugubris ..:(Tick.)

Syrnium ocellatum ...( Less.)

Glaucidium malabaricum...

(Bly.)

Hirundo filifera ...(Steph.) « .:.

Merops sumatranus ...(Rafil.)

Merops phillippinus ...(Lin.)

Coracias indica ...( Lin.)

Halcyon smyrnensis __...( Lin.)

The Tawny Eagle.

The Bifasciated Hagle.

The White-bellied Sea

Hagle.

. The crested Honey Buz-=

zard.

.. The Marsh Harrier.

...(S.G. Gmel.) The Pale Harrier.

...(8.G. Gmel.) The Pale Harrier (Fe-

male.)

. The common Parian

Kite.

.. The Maroon-backed or

Brahminy Kite.

.. The Black-winged Kite.

The White-eyed Buz-

zard.

The Shikra or Indian

Sparrow Hawk.

The Laggar Falcon.

Red-headed Merlin.

Indian Screech Owl.

. The Brown Hawk Owl.

.. The Mottied Wood Owl.

.. Lhe Malabar Owlet.

The Wire-tailed Swal-

low.

.. The Malayan Bee-eater.

.. The Blue-tailed Bee=

eater.

.. The Indian Roller.

.. The White-breasted

Kingfisher.

104

106

118

128

149

158

165

175

170

181

2138

230

236

239

246

249

O54

274

294

296

LIST OF BIRDS IN THE GWALIOR STATE MUSEUM, 137

Alcedo bengalensis .--(Gmel.)

Ceryle rudis ao .--(Lin.)

Paleornis purpureus ...(P. L. S.

Mull.)

Picus mahrattensis ...( Lath.)

Brachypternus aurantius...(Lin.)

Megalzema caniceps 2 (irank.) 2:2

Cuculus canorus ... ...(Lin.)

Endynamis honorata __ ...(Lin.)

Coccystes jacobinus .-.(Bodd.)

Hierococcyx varius .-.( Vahl.)

Centrococeyx rufipennis ...(IIl.)

Lanius Jahtora... seGSykes. iain:

Pericrocotus speciosus ...( Lath.)

Buchanga atra... ...(Herm.)

Buchanga cerulescens ...( Lin.)

Terpsiphone paradisi _...(Lin.)

Rhipidura albifrontata ...(Frankl.) ...

Alseonax latirostris ...(Rafil.)

Mascicapa albicilla wacall.)

Monticola cyanus... = Alon.)

Monticola cinclorhyncha...( Vig.)

.. The common Indian

Kinefisher,

.. The Pied Kingfisher.

The Rose-headed Para-

quet.

.. The Yellow-fronted

Woodpecker,

... The Golden-backed

Woodpecker,

The common green

Barbet.

... The European Cuckoo,

.. The Koel or Black Cuc- .

koo.

. The Pied-crested Cuc-

koo.

... The common Hawk-

Cuckoo.

.- Lhe common Coucal or

Crow Pheasant.

The IndianGrey Shrike,

. The large Minivet.

.. The common Dronga

Shrike or “ King

Crow.”

... The White-bellied

Drongo.

.. The Paradise Fly-cat-

cher.

The White-browed

Fantail.

... The Harth-brown Fly-

catcher.

.. The Eastern White-tail-

ed Robin Fly-catcher.

.. The Blue Rock-thrush.

. TheIndianRock-thrush:

138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf,

515 Pyetorhis sinensis ..(Gmel.) ... The Yellow-eyed Bab-

bler.

385 Pycnonotus hemorrhous...(Gmel.) ... The common Madras

Bulbul.

394 Oriolus kundoo ...(Sykes.) ... The Indian Golden

Oriole.

398 Copsychus saularis sad Ibi.) . The Magpie Robin.

403 Thamnobia cambaiensis ...(Lath.) ... The Brown-backed In-

dian Robin.

406 Pratincola maura... .-(Pall.) ... The Indian Bush-chat.

411 [uticilla rufiventris ...(Vicill.) ... The Indian Red-start.

Saxicola picta ...(Blythe ) ... The Stone-chat.

472 Motacilla maderaspatensis...(Gmel.) ...The Pied Wagtail,

528 Dendrocitta rufa ... ...(Scop.) ...The common Indian

Magpie. ,

533 Sturnus vulgaris ...(Lin.) ... The common Starling,

537 Acridotheres tristis ...(Lin.) — ... The common Mynah,

538 Acridotheres ginginianus...(Lath.) ...The Bank Mynah.

547 Pastor roseus sas ..(Lin.) ... The Rosy Starling.

541 Sturnia pagodarum ..(Gmel.) ...The Black-headed My-

nah.

562 Passer domesticus ...(Lin.) ...The common House

Sparrow.

565 Petronia flavicollis ...(Frankl.) ...The Yellow-necked

Sparrow.

Passer hispanidensis ...(Temn.) ...The Willow Sparrow.

599 Crocopus pheenicopterus.../Lath.) ...The Bengal Green

Pigeon.

519 Corone macrorhyncha ...(Wagl.) ...The Indian Corby.

622 Pterocles fasciatus ...(Scop.) ...fhe Painted Sand

Grouse.

638 Francolinus pictus (Jer d, and

Selb.) ...The Painted Partridge.

653 Turnix joudera ...(Sykes.) ...The LargeButton Quail.

645 Perdicula argoondah — ...(Sykes.) ...The Rock Bush Quail.

623 Pterocles exustus... ..(Tem.) ...The common Sand

Grouse.

LIST OF BIRDS IN THE GWALIOR STATE MUSEUM, 139

657 Cursorius coromandelicus..(Gm.)

660 Squatarola helvetica —...(Lin.)

668 Vanellus vulgaris... --.(Bechst.)) <

670 Chettusia villotei s(And)

671 Lobivanellus indicus — ...(Bodd.)

672 Lobipluvia malabarica ...(Bodd.)

684 Gallinago ceelestis ...(Frenzel.)..

685 Gallinago gallinula v2 Lina)

6386 Rhynchoea bengalensis ...( Lin.)

687 Limosa egocephala ...(Lin.)

690 Machetes pugnax: ..( Lin.)

692 Tringa alpina ...( Lin.)

693 Tringa minuta ...(Leisl.)

695 Bhyacophila glareola — ...(Lin.)

678 Grus lencogeranus .+-( Pall.)

696 Totanus ochropus (lain)

628 Totanus glottis 2 (lin)

699 Totanus stagnatilis ...(Bechst.)..

700 Totanus fuscus bo ct( Join.)

702 Himantopus candidus — ...(Bonn.)

705 Hydrophasianus chirurgus.(Scop.)

707 Fulica atra (db)

708 Gallinula chloropus Ebi)

709 Erythra pheenicura s(Eenim,)ieea.

674 Aasacus recurvirostris ...(Cuv.)

758 Mareca penelope se Lins)

753 Anas peecilorhyncha ...(Frost.) ...

751 Spatula clypeata Jac Lully)

749 Casarca rutila sae Gerall Wisse. 2

..-Lhe Indian Courser or

Courier Plover.

...The Grey Plover.

The Crested Lapwing

or “ Peewit.”

...-he White-tailed Lap-

wing.

the Red-wattled Lap-

wile.

...Lhe Yellow-wattled

Lapwing.

.The Common Snipe.

...Lhe Jack Snipe.

..- Lhe Painted Snipe.

... The Small Godwit.

ae bhe! Reudte

Lhe Dunlin.

..The Little Stint.

..-Lhe Spotted Sandpiper.

--lhe Snow Wreath or

Great White Crane.

... Lhe Green Sandpiper.

.-eLhe Green-shanks.

.The little Green-shanks.

..» Lhe Spotted Red-shanks.

..-Fhe Still or Long Legs.

welhe Pheasant-tailed

Jacana.

..»Lhe Bald Coot.

..e-Lhe Water Hen.

The White-b re asted

Water Hen.

...Lhe Large Stone Plover.

... Lhe Widgeon.

The Spotted-billed Duck.

..-Lhe Shoveller.

“the Brahminy Duck,

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vot. Xf.

747 Dendrocygna javanica ...(Horsf.) ...The Whistling Teal.

746 Nettopus coromandelianus.((Gm.) —_...The Coticn Teal.

745 Sarcidiornis melanonotus...(Penn.) ...The Nukhta or Comb

Duck.

737 Ibis melanocephala ...(Lath.) — ...The White Ibis.

738 Inocotis papillosus «.(Lem.) ...The Black Ibis or King

Curlew.

722 Herodias alba .(Lin.) — ...Lhe White Heron.

726 Bubuleus coromandus ...(Bodd.) ...The Cattle Hgret.

719 Dissura episcopa »-(Bodd.) ...The Whitenecked

Stork.

720 Ardea cinerea »(Lin,) =-. The Heron,

725 Herodias garzetta ..(Lin.) —... The Little Egret.

727 Ardeola grayi ...(Sykes.) ...The Pond Heron.

728 Butorides javanica .-(Horsf,) ...The little Green Heron.

733 Nycticorax griseus p(k) ..-The Night Heron.

759 Querquedula crecca __ ...(Lin.) ...Lhe Common Teal.

Porzana akool Zo ...The Brown Rail.

The numbers refer to the Lucknow Museum hist.

PROCEEDINGS. 14)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 16th DECEMBER,

1896,

A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s rooms on Wednesday,

the 16th December, 1896, Mr. E, M., Slater presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr.

Narrotum Morarjee (Life Member) (Bombay), Captain Dalme-Radcliffe

(Nowgong), Mr, Lencastro Pereira d’Andrade (Marmugoa), Mr. Arthur J,

Moon (Belgaum), Captain L. T. Bowles (Agra), Surgeon-Lieutenant A.

Hooton (Poona), Mr, B, R. R, Rambant, R.A. (Karachi), Captain Malcolm

Campbell, R.A.(Rawul Pindi), Lieutenant A.B.R. Hildebrand, R. E, (Bombay),

Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel P, de Haig (Bunna), Mr. George F, F,

Foulkes (Madanapolli), Mr, S. Cox (Vizagapatam), Miss E. E. Spragge (Poona),

Mr, William M. Bell (Bombay), Mr. F, B. Manson (Darjeeling), Mr. F. T,

Welsh (Bombay), Mr. A.T, Whittle (Wadhwan), Surgeon-Major C. 8. Rundle

(Thayetmyo), Captain :F. E,G.Skey, R.E, (Roorkee), Mr. B. R. pone

(Saharanpur), and Mr. G, A. Hope, R.A. (Bllichpur).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged the receipt of

the following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. | Description. | Contributor.

1 Scaly Ant-eater Gic .. (Manis pentadactyla -. trieut F. Prideaux.

1 Phoorsa... ... |ichis carinata aoe * - |Major R. Light,

A number of Snakes... |Zamenis fasciolatus... —.. -|Capt. E. Y. Watson.

Bungarus arcuatus ... 206 Do.

Tropidonotus plumbicolor ... Do.

Dipsas trigonata ... ste Do.

Silybura madurensis 480 Do.

Lycodon jara soe coe Do.

Simotes splendidus ... BS Do.

Simotes theobaldi ... Sep Do.

Tropidontus stolatus spe Do.

Psammophis sp. 568 sec Do.

2 Pigeons ... ses .-. |\Catpophacus bicolor... ...|Mr. F. E. Dempster, C.1.E.

3 Ruffs ...|Philomactrus pugnax --- |Mr. Chas. Maries.

9 Wyhihetailed| lovers -..(Chuttsia villotcei ... as Do.

2 Little Stints as -.-|lringa temmincki ... os Do.

2 Black-tailed Godwits ...|Limosa egocephala ... ae Do,

2 Spotted panne ... |Actitis glariola sed noe Do.

1 Stilt ! -..|Himantopus candidus sue Do.

1 Striolated Bunting ...|Emberiza striolatus... ... |Lieut. C. D. Lester.

A number of Marine Shells.) = saaaee Capt. Finny, R. I. M.

2 Chameleons (alive) ...|Chameleon calcearatus ...|Major R. Light.

1 Long-legged Bugera ..-|Buteo ferox ... Se ...|Capt. A. Newnham.

1 Florican ... -.. /Sypheotides aurita ... -..|Mr. N. C. Macleod.

MarimeySpecimens) so ellen |) |) ) lessees Capt. H. Shopland.

2 Eggs of the Bronze-winged

Jacana ae .|Para indica ... Ace ...|Mr. F..C. Dwane.

1 Snake (alive) .... -|Zamenis diadema ... .../The Karachi Zoological

Gardens.

6 Black Cobras (alive) ... Naga tripudians _... Sa Do.

8 RS An LEED eS

142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT,

Contributlon.

| Description.

eee —.—_ ln —aaanaaeeeeeee—e —50cvS———————— a a ss

1 Snake (alive)

2 Kraits oe

1 Tree Snake (ative) |

! pate

i Indian Wolf (mounted)...

1 Head of Wild te

2 Mahseer

2 Sambur Heads

1 Pair Sambur Horns

5 Bison’s Skulls

Curiously deformed Tiger's

Skall oe no6

1 Scaly Ant- Bater

Geological Specimens

1 Snake (alive)

1 Marbled Teal

1 Snake as

Dos

1 Do.

1 Indian Water Rail |

1 Krait Se

1 Snake (alive)

1 Do. (alive) 3

1 Large piece of Coral

A number of Shells from

Persian Gulf °

1 Gannet sie

1 Tufted Pochard

1 King Crab ... 28

1 Green Iree Snake

1 Malay Tiger Bittern (alive)

1 Zanzibar Monkey

1 Black-capped Black-bird

alias johnii

+ Dipsas trigonata

Eryx johnii ...

“(Sula bassana ...

..|Huligula cristata

.-|Lemulus sp.

.|Dryophis mycterizans

...|Cercopithecus talapoin

.. Bungarus sindanus ..

-- lrop. piscator

..|Dipsas trigonata

. Canis pallipes

..(9us eristatus

-..(Barbus tor

... Cervus unicolor

Do.

Bos gaurus

...|Melis tigris ...

..| Manis pentadactyla...

evecce

..|Chaulelasmus angustirostris.

..|Psammophis leithii ...

../Zamenis ventrimaculatus ...

.../uycodon aulicus

...|Rallus indicus

....Bungarus arcuatus ...

...|Lropidonotus stolatus

..|Lrop. piscator

@eesce

Goisakius melanolophus

(alive)

..|Merula nigrepileus ...

Contributor,

.-/The Karachi Zoological

Gardens.

..-|Mr. L. Mountford.

--|Mr. T. J. Spooner, C. H.

-|Mr. J. 8. Betham.

Do.

..|Deposited Chelonging to the

late Mr. N. §. Symons).

.. Capt. R. Wapshare.

..|Mr. ©. F. Harold.

Mr. J. B. Gott.

../The Hon. Mr. T. D. Mae-

kenzie, C. 8.

Major Olivier, R. Hi.

..|Major R. Light.

Do.

... (Mr. G. Duxbury.

...|Mr. W. Murray.

. (Mr. Faulkner.

Do.

“ICapt. J. H. St. John.

Mrs. Pearson.

-.-|Mr. Wm. Murray.

|My. J. B. Adams.

..|Capt. Stebbing (s. s. By- :

culla).

.. (Mr. Collins.

..|Lieut. N. F. Wilson, h.1.M.

..|Mr. G. A. Hope, R. A.

..|Mrs. Pearson.

Mr, N.C. Macleod recorded having shot a specimen of the Lesser Florican

(Sypheotides auritra) across the harbour near Pen towards the end of last

month,

Mr. W. S. Millard showed a specimen of the Black-capped Kingfisher

(Halcyon pileata) which he obtained at Rewa Danda a fortnight ago.

This

species, which is a Malay form, has very rarely been recorded as occurring in

India,

Mr, E. Comber exhibited a number of most successful photographs of the

Great Indian Hornbill (Dichoceros bicornis) which he had taken from the live

specimens in the Society’s rooms.

Lieutenant F. N. Wilson, R. I. M., drew attention to the live specimen of

the Malay Tiger Bittern (Goisakius melanolophus), which he had presented to

the Scciety, and stated that this rare bird flew on board the R, lL M. 8.

Canning when she was near Cochin on the Malabar Coast.

PROCEEDINGS. 143

The Honorary Secretary mentioned that the two large kraits, received

Some time ago from Mr, L, Mountford in Sind, had been sent to Mr, G. A.

Boulenger, at the British Museum, who states that they have enabled him to

establish a new species, which he proposes to call Bungarus sindanus, An

illustration of this new Indian snake will be given in an early number of the

Society's Journal, .

SCORPIONS,

In response to the appeal made by Mr, Robt. OC, Wroughton specimens

of scorpions were received from the following members :—Surg,-Major

A. M. Crofts (Gwalior), Mr, E, G, Oliver (Dharwar), Mr. Thomson (Deesa),

Lieut. H, A. D. Fraser, R.E., and Colonel Freeman (Mahableshwur), Surg.-

Major Dimmock (Bombay), Mr. C, P. George (Secunderabad), Col. Fulton

(Dharmsala), Mr. G. M, Ryan (Sind), Mr. R. Roberts (Secunderabad),

Major O'Donnell (Kathiawar), Mrs, Pearson (Kharaghora), and Col, A, G.

Burn (Madras),

_ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol, XIX, Part II, from

Mr, W. F. Sinclair ; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896,

Part III, from Mr, W. F. Sinclair ; List of the Animals at the Zoological

Gardens, London, fiom Mr, W. F. Sinclair; Annals and Mag, of Nat, Hist,

Vol. XVIII, No. 105, purchased ; The Indian Forester, Yol. XXII, No. VIII

in exchange; Dictionary of Economic Products of India from the Government,

and North American Fauna, No, 12, in exchange.

A special vote of thanks was passed to Mr, Chas. Maries, of Gwalior, for the

trouble he had taken in collecting and mounting the group of: wading birds

now exhibited in the Society’srooms. The exquisite finish of the work was

greatly admired, and every one was glad to hear that Mr. Maries had kindly

undertaken to set up a similar case of Ducks for the Society’s Museum,

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were then read :—

1. Notes on the Indian Sloth Bear, by Reginald Gilbert ; 2, On the

poisonous properties of Plumbago zeylanica, by Surg.Maj. K. R. Kirtikar ; 3,

Food of the Bull-Frog and Musk-rat, by J. A. Betham ; 4, On the Occur-

rence of Marshall’s Iora in Cutch, by Lieut. C. D. Lester ; 5. A curious mal-

formed Tiger’s Skull, by Capt. R. Wapshare; 6 .Note on the same, by Doctor ~

P. W. Bassett-Smith, R. N.;7. Nests taken from March to June at Kohat and

Mussooree, by Capt. R. H. Rattray; 8. Birds collected during 5 years’

residence in the MHylakandi District, Cachar, by C. M. Inglis; 9. On

Pericrocotus speciosus, by E. C. Stuart Baker ;and 10, Description of two

new species of Butterflies, by L. de Nicéville,

144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xi.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18rH MARCH, 1897.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms on Thursday.

last, the 18th March, 1897, Dr. D. Madonald presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Prince

Kumar Shri Ranjit Singhji of Sanjeli (Poona), Mr, L. 8. Hudson (Bombay),

Mr, J. G. Counsell (Bombay), Mr. W. H. H. Vincent, 1.0.8. (Alipore), Mr.

Robert W. R, Pennington (Bombay), Lieut. J, H. Whitehead (Mandalay), Mr,

K. Gabbett, C.E. (Rangoon), Major K. 8, Dunsterville, R.A. (Allahabad),

Capt. L, M. Foster (Kirkee), Mr. F, J. Varley, 1.0.8, (Dhulia), Mr, John L.

Morres (Poona), Lieut. G@, Warnford (Manipur), Mr. H. H. Hains

(Jalpaiguri), Lieut, K. EH, Nangle (Ellichpore), Mr, E. Ernest Green, F.E.S.

(Ceylon}, Mr. J. Hope Simpson, L.C.S, (Jhansi), Mr, F. J. Donald (Jal-

paiguri), Mr, Maung Po Hla (Burma), Mr, Henry Partridge (Burma),

Capt. R. P. Cobbold, F.G. S.(Bombay), Mr, Robert L. H. Clerk, 1.0.8,

(Bulandshahr), Mr, Richard Davidson (Jalpaiguri), Mr. William Finly

(Jalpaiguri), Sir George F, Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (England),

Captain W. J. Ryder (Dharmsala), Mr, T, M. Rodes (N. Cachar Hill), and Mr.

W. Moylan (N. Cachar Hills), William L, Edmiston (Kotagiri),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr, H, M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

1 Green Tree Snake (alive) ...|Trimeresurus strigatus...| Mr. Simmonds.

2 Gazelles (live) from Suakim.|Lithocranius walleri ..

1 Cobra (alive) ... 306 - |Naga tripudians

4 Turtles (alive)... e-.| Hmyda vittota ...

eco

A collection of dried plants ...}) = ......

1 Snake ..- eee coe --- | Dipsas trigonata eee

A number of land-shells s0° eae

A number of fresh-water shells,| —...seeee é

1 Dun Bird see noe e-- (Puligula rufina.. eo.

A collection of Assam Butterflies} = ==... aes

1 Snake... : eos -..|Dipsas trigonata

--. |Chameleon c4learatus ..

tec --- Aquila bifasciata sac

Grey Bush|Argya malcomi...

1 Chameleon (alive)

1 Steppe Hagle ...

1 Albino Large

Babbler (alive>.

1 Black-capped Blackbird oe

3 Grey Jungle-Fowls (alive) ...

9 Painted Partridges - |Francolinus pictus

2 Chukor Partridges

Larva from the Volcano on

Reunion Island

1 Zanzibar Monkey (alive) ...

Land and Fresh-water> Shell

from Ader.

1 Yellow-crested Cockatoo (alive)|Psittacus moluccensis...

1 Albine Partridge one .JOrtygornis pondiceriana

1 Red-crested Pochard ... -.|Puligula rufina... one

Skin of Wild Dog ose --.|Cyon dukhunensis

1 Tree Snake (alive) ... -../Dr. yophis mycterizans

2 Wolf Cubs (alive) ../Canis pallipes ...

1 Snake ‘ .|Dipsas trigonata

Merula nigropileus ...

.callus sonnerati

eee eee

@o19@esce

eo eco

e-. |Caczabis chukor ie

.|Major R. G. Egerton.

... Lieut. R. 8. Gillespie, R.H.

iy Mr. G. M. Woodrow.

Vet.-Col. J. Anderson.

Mr. F. Ede.

Mr. A. Constable.

Major A, Fraser.

Mr. G. Warneford.

...|Mr, H. W. Barrow.

Mrs. Gilbert.

Major R. Light.

..| Lieut. H. Capper.

Mr, W. F. Jardine.

Do.

Capt. A. EH. Hatch.

Lieut. J. D. St. John, R.1.M,

Capt. L. Vidal.

Capt. A. Newnham.

[kins.

Surg.-Lieut.-Col. J. 8. Wil-

Lieut. C. D. Lester.

Lieut. W. J. Cates.

Mr. C. A. Brendon.

Capt. T.R. Montgomery.

...|Mr. H. Bulkley.

... 1G. McCorkell, I.C.S.

PROCEEDINGS. ee 145

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS, SCORPIONS, &c.

From Capt. Hicks; Mr. W. C. Morley ; the Dewan of Kolhapore ; Major A,

4H. Fraser, Chief Medical Officer, Gwalior ; Surg-Major G. H. Gimletie ; Dr.

Becarro ; and Dewan Kassarram (Kashmir),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

The Fauna of Brit, India, Moths ; Vol. IV., from Mr, W. F, Sinclair ; the

Zoological Record, for 1895, from Mr. W.F. Sinclair ; The Coccide of Gisn

(Green), Part I, (with 23 Plates), from Mr,, Ernest Green ; Proceedings of the

Linnean Society of N, S. Wales, for 1896, in exchange ; Memoirs of the

Geological Survey of India, Vols, XXV and XXVI in exchange ; Bulletin

Societé de France, 1896, in exchange,

| THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1896,

Mr, A. Abercrombie, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting

a statement of the accounts of the Society for the year ending 31st of December

last, showing a cash balance in favour of the Society of Rs, 1,211-8-3, and an

investment in Government Paper of Rs. 4,800. It was resolved that the

accounts be passed, subject to the usual audit,

ELECTION OF COMMITTEE,

The President, Vice-Presidents, and Members of the Managing Committee

for 1896 were duly re-elected for the ensuing year,

THE FLORA OF MAHABLESHWAR AND MATHERAN,

The Honorary Secretary stated that the revised edition of the “Flora of

Mahableshwar and Matheran,”’ by the Hon’ble Mr. H. M, Birdwood, had been

corrected by the author and was now being sold by the Society at Re. 1 per

copy.

THE BACK NUMBERS OF THE JOURNAL.

The Honorary Secretary drew attention to the circular relating to the cost

of the back numbers of the Society’s Journal, and strongly recommended the

members to replace any missing numbers while the opportunity offered, as.

the complete series would in a short time become very valuable, Title pages

for Vols, I, 11 and [11 could be obtained in the Society’s Office, free of

cost.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS,

Mr. H. J. Peile, R. A.,exhibited a collection of Land and Fresh-Water Shells

which he had made within the limits of the Island of Bombay, and'read some-

interesting notes on the subject. Mr, Peile expressed a hope that, when:

the rains set in, members in all parts of India, Burma and Ceylon would

assist the Society’s collection by contributing specimens,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :-—

1, The Burmese Goat-Antelope, or Serow, by Vet.-Capt, G. H. Evans,

2. The Birds of Aden, by Col. J. W. Yerbury.

3. The Plants of a Bombay Swamp, by G. Marshall Woodrow.

19 : :

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

4. A new Krait from Sind, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.

5, Description of some new Species of Scorpions, from India, by RB, 1.

Pocock.

6. Birds Nesting in the Tons Valley, by B. B, Osmaston,

Miscellaneous Notes :—

(a) The Destructive Work of Termites, by W. F. Sinclair,

(b) Distribution of the Black-capped Purple Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata),

by G. W. Vidal, I.C.8.

We Ese:

(d) The White-faced Duck (Erismatura leucocephalus), by Capt. H. J.

Sherwood, R.E,

(e) Leopard versus Chital, Pig versus Leopard, by Major G. 8, Rodon,

(f) Nidification of the Thick-billed Flower-pecker (Piprisoma agile), by

Capt, R. M, Betham.

These papers will be published in the next number of the Society’s Journal,

which is now in the press.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. lL—THE DESTRUCTIVE WORK OF TERMITES.

In yesterday’s Nature there occurs a passage (quoted below) referring to

“ the attack of fungi on timber or trees previous to the destruction of the

wood by Termitide,’ in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. The Editor

observes that, “ so far as observations at present go, it seems that the primary

cause of the destruction of wood by termites is the mycelium of some

fungus,”

Now “ the mycelium of some fungus ” is an usual agent in what we call

“rot ” in wood, especially in living wood, But it seems to require something

to go before, Insufficient nutriment, heat, light, or ventilation ; unsuitable

énvironment in the case of exotics ; or even wounds inflicted by man or

natural forces are apt to make the plant a fit subject of attack to the fungus.

In the course of many years’ observation of white-ants’ work in our province,

I found that where the white-ants’ covered ways are on the stem of a tree there

will be broken or diseased branches higher up. The white-ant follows death

and disease ; he does not cause it. But when we come to his attacks on dead

vegetable matter, such as paper, and animal matter, such as boots or leathern

book covers, is there previous disease to prepare his way? Apparently sound

deal boxes are often attacked. Are they really in a state of decay, only to be

detected by the white-ant or in the laboratory? Is an infection of some

mould or other the cause of his attacks upon carpets ? In short, is he simply

an eater of dead vegetable and animal matter, or of the fungi that attack it ?

And is the attack of the fungus a condition precedent to that of white-ant

in all or most cases ?

Our members have a good deal of opportunity to observe white-ants, and

a few microscopic observations upon boots and books would probably yield

_tesults very well worthy of record,

W. F. SINCLAIR, tate I.C.8,

London, 27th November, 1896.

The passage referred to :—

A short time ago Mr. J. H. Hart mentioned, in the Bulletin of miscellaneous information

. published at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, that there was evidence of the attack of

- fungi on timber or trees previous to the destruction of the wood by Termitide, He returns

to the subject in the October Bulletin, wherein he states that the mycelium of a fungus

could be readily traced in all parts of the tissue of a number of specimens attacked by

' Termites. "That it is really a fungus which attacks the wood, the experiments at Trinidad

prove conclusively, and that Termites follow the attack is also clearly shown. The only

- doubtful point is whether the wood-ants do at any time or in any case attack sound timber.

. So far as obervations at present go, it seems that the primary cause of the destruction of

. wood by Termites is the mycelium of some fungus. (Nature.)

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

No. IL—THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLACK-CAPPED PURPLE

KINGFISHER (HALCYON PILEATA),

The Black-Capped Purple Kingfisher is so rarely found in Western India

that it is well to record each locality in which it may be observed. Mr,

Comber states in his note in Vol. X (p. 533): “I found it:at Malvan in 1880.”

It had however, been previously obtained by Jerdon at Tellicherry on the

Malabar Coast, and in 1883 I again discovered it at Belikeri in North Kanara,

{n some scrub-jungle close to the sea-shore and in the compound of the district

bungalow, Very probably it has since been found by Mr. Davidson or Mr.

Aitkin in other localities in North Kanara,

Its occurrence however, so far north and so far inland as Kalyan, is more

interesting,

This handsome Kingfisher is one of the many Malayan forms which creep

up the Western Coast of India, Curiously not a few of these forms of birds as

well as reptiles miss Ceylon altogether in their wanderings, Some become so

changed in their new habitat as to lose their typical coloration and be fairly

separable as sub-species, Halcyon or Sauropatis chioris is an instance in point,

the specimens which I obtained at Ratnagiri being far from typical as noted

by Mr, Sharpe. It would be interesting to have the Kalyan specimen of

H. pileata compared with typical skins of this species so as to ascertain if any

similar changes are observable.

G. W, VIDAL.

Norwood, ENGLAND, 4th December, 1896.

[ Mr. Vidal’s suggestion has been acted upon and the skin referred to has been sent to

him for comparison, Another specimen of this bird was recently obtained by Mr. W. 8S.

Millard at Rewa Danda in the Kolaba District, as recorded at the Society's Meeting held

on 16th December, 1896. Vide Vol. XI, p. 142—Epr1Tor. ]

No. I1I.—DEFLECTION OF BULLETS ON A TIGER’S SKULL,

The following took place about 10 miles north of the River Godavery in the

Hyilerabad Territory on 10th April, 1895, A tiger was beaten out, and, when

first seen by me, was walking towards the tree on which my “muchan” was

built, Between us, and ata distance of about 90 yards from me, was a shal-

low sandy nullah, some 10 yards in width, with the bank nearest to me much

steeper than the other, which was merely a gentle slope, When the tiger

reached this slope, which was quite bare of cover, I aimed at the point of his

shoulder and fired, The bullet(a hollow pointed one) went a litile high, striking

the side of the neck, where it broke up without apparently doing very much

damage, The tiger on being hit fell into the nullah rolling over and clawing

tke near bank for several seconds. Owing to his being partially concealed by

the bank, it was not possible to plant a second bullet in a vital place, He then

picked himself up, scrambled up the bank, and made straight for my tree,

coming along at the usual close-quarter rush, head and body nearly touching the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 4149

ground, the space between being burnt and quite devoid of cover. When

about 30 yards off, I aimed somewhere at the centre of the face with the left

barrel (solid bullet). As soon as I could see for the smoke, the tiger had

turned off at right-angles and was staggering about, apparently dazed, some 20

yards off. A bullet on the shoulder from my second rifle thendroppedhim, On

subsequent examination it appeared that the solid bullet from my left barrel

had struck exactly in the centre of the forehead and midway between two

' parallel lines connecting the eyes and ears ; it had then glanced to the left, not

having damaged the skull in the very least degree, The skin shows a good-sized

well-detined hole in the centre of the forehead, with:a broad grazing cut about

14 inches long to the left, and of course joining the hole, The rifle used

was a double ‘577, burning 160 grs, of powder ; bullet, Hley’s, hard lead, 520 grs.

As an instance of the energy and penetration of the above combination of

powder and lead to show that the above was not due to want of penetration,

I may mention that shortly afterwards I had a very long shot(about 200 yards)

at a full-grown wild buffalo (B. arnt) galloping away fromme, The bullet

(520 grs, solid) struck the root of the tail, The buffalo was found lying

down in a State of collapse some 400 yards further on,

I also subsequently on several occasions with the same rifle and bullet

dropped the African Buffalo (Bos caffer) at and over 100 yards without any

difficulty.

J. H. VANDERZEE, Lirvt.,

Indian Staff Corps,

ELLICHPUR, Berar, January, 1897,

No, IV—AN INSTANCE OF THE NATURAL REPELLENT

EFFECT OF “WARNING COLOURS.”

The observation here recorded appears to be noteworthy as corroborative

evidence in favour of the protective value of “ Warning Colours.”

Ihave in my possession a very docile young Himalayan bear, one of whose

most strongly marked appetites is for grasshoppers, He seizes greedily and

crunches, with every sign of relish, the common bright-green and dull brown

grasshoppers found in Calcutta, and one of the few displays of real ill-temper,

of which he has been guilty, was occasioned by my attempting to pick up a

large grasshopper that had dropped from his mouth,

Recently I offered him a specimen of the glaring-coloured and evil-smelling

Aularches miiiaris (Linn.) which, as soon as he smelt it, he refused in a most

comical way, but without any show of anger or violent distrust.

(lt may be recalled to memory that, in life, Awlarches miliaris has the

abdomen broadly cross-striped in alternate black and scarlet, and the fore-

wings black with large canary-yellow spots, and also that it secretes a most

peculiarly pungent-smelling frothy fluid.)

A little after the first refusal I again forced the insect upon him, when he

stood up on his hind legs and violently struck it out of my hand, in exactly

450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xi.

the same way as—aftera single experience of their nature—he is accus=

tomed to treat the offer of a burning cigar-end or a lighted match.

Whenever now I show him this grasshopper (Aularches miliaris), le first

‘endeavours to move off ; but if he is compelled to face it, he rises and strikes

one’s hand such a hearty cuff that the insect is knocked out of one’s grasp:

The bear also has a certain amount of objection to avery large spiny-

legged species of Acridium and toa species of Euprepocnemis ur, robusta

Serv. with spiny legs, if these are offered to him alive and with their legs

intact, In thesé cases the dislike is not to the insect, but only to its hard

spiny legs, and it is not accompanied by any gesture of fear or apprehension,

for it is these emotions, rather perhaps, than blind anger that the bear’s cuff

seéms to be meant to express.

I may mention thai the bear lives, as far as possible,ina state of nature.

It is never confined,and is only chained up when nobody canbe spared to

watch it,

I offer this note as a simple record of fact. So far as it goes, it appears to

support the almost universally-accépted, though now by no means unques-

tioned, beliefs (1) that when an insect has been found by expérience to be

unpleasant to (taste and) smell, it has only to be seen to be avoided, and

(2) that any conspicuous markings that lead to the immediate recognition of

such an insect by eyesight and ata distance are likely to be of such vital

benefit to the insect as to be acted on by natural selection,

A. ALCOCK, M.B., C.M.ZS.,

Superintendent of the Indian Museum,

(The above appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.)

No, V.—THE WHITE-FACED. DUCK (ERISMATURA

LEUCOCEPHALA),

On the 27th December, 1896, three ducks of a peculiar description were shot

in the Ganges Kadar, about 20 miles south of Roorkee, Major J. C. P. Onslow,

R.E., shot two, and Lieutenant H, D. B. Campbell; R.E., shot one, which,

however, was not picked up. We were a party of five in camp, and in the

evening the ducks were examined, but none of-us had ever seen a duck of

this description. It was thought, however, that there would be no difficulty

in identifying the birds from Hume and Marshall’s book, “The Game Birds

of India,” On returning to Roorkee on the 28th December, I referred to the

book and found that the only bird answering at all to the description was

the white-faced or stiff-tailed duck (Hrismatwra leucocephala),- Unfortunately

_the birds had not been skinned, nor had the heads been kept. So I have

to rely upon my memory for the description.

The chief points about the duck were the peculiar bill, very broad and

swollen at the base, and the absurdly short wings giving it the appearance

almost of deformity, The bill was dark-coloured as far asI can recollect.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. t51

T cannot clearly recall the markings, except that there. was a good deal of

white about the body and breast, Mr. Campbell says that he particularly.

noticed the white face.. The crown was dark, and so were the wings. The

bird was very little longer, if any, than a common teal, but much bigger, and

presented a “‘ stumpy ” appearance, very ugly and ungainly, The wings were

hardly more than six inches in length, The birds were shot in deep water

in a nullah which they refused to leave after being put up, and after a short

swift flight they settled again,

I have shot a good many duck during the last six years,and am familiar

with most of the species which visit the North-West Provinces,

H, J. SHERWOOD, Capr., R.E.

Roorkee#, N.-W. P., January, 1897.

[There appears to be little doubt that the bird described in the above note was the White

faced stiff-tailed duck, and its occurrence near Roorkee is well worthy of record. We have

in our collection the head of one shot at Sialkote by Lieut. C. R. Bushe in February, 1891.—

EDiToR.]

No. VI.—CROCODILES,

Existing reptiles are divided by modern naturalists into four orders, of

which crocodiles and alligators belong to the order Emydosauria of De

Blainville. The greatest confusion still exists even amongst educated men

as to the difference between the crocodile and the alligator and also as to

their geographical distribution, In India there are no alligators, yet Euro-

peans, as a rule, call by that name all the crocodiles there, of which there

are two genera and three species. Even in Government returns these destruc-

tive reptiles are called by one or other name indifferently, and often both

names will be found in the same document,

It may be.as well to start with a good sweeping statement, which, so far

as present knowledge goes, may be taken as correct, Itis this: except in

China, where, in 1869, an alligator (A. sinensis) was discovered, or rather

discriminated, there are no alligators either in Asia, Africa, or Australia,

The differences may be described as follows :—In the first place, the hori-

zontal contour of the head of the crocodile represents an isosceles triangle,

but in no case is the muzzle wider than that of the alligator. Secondly, the

crocodiles have.a deep notch on each side of the upper jaw, into which the

fourth lower tooth fits, whereas in the alligator the corresponding tooth fits

into a sulcus or pit. Thirdly,as a rule, the digits of the hind feet of the

crocodile are webbed to the nails, and there is a denticulated crest of flattened

Scales on the inside of the hind leg ; whilst in the alligator the web between

the toes is rudimentary, and the dentionated crest is absent, There are

exceptions to the latter difference in two of the crocodiles, of which one is

C. rhombifer from Cuba, which has not the fringed leg, nor are the hind toes

webbed; but I have not been able to trace the second species. Crocodiles

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

have the head at least twice as long as itis broad ; whilst the alligator’s head!

is in length compared with width as three to two,

There are about twelve or thirteen species of crocodiles, as distinct from

alligators, recognised, namely :—

1, The garial, gavial, or nakoo, G. gangeticus, Gimther, Gharialis gange-

ticus, Theobald Catalogue; Indus, Ganges, Brahmapootra, Mahanadi in

Orissa, Kaladyne river, Arrakan ?

2. Journey's false gavial, Tomistoma schlegelit, Gray ; Borneo,

3. Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuvier, snout gavial-like ; West Africa.

4, OC. johnstonii, snout gavial-like ; North Australia,

5. C. intermedius ; Orinoko, :

6. OC. americanus ; Central America, West Indies, Florida.

7. C. siamensis ; Siam, Java.

8. C. niloticus ; the Nile, and Madagascar,

9. C. porosus ; India, Ceylon, and North-East Australia.

10. C. palustris ; India and Ceylon.

11. C, robustus ; Madagascar,

12. C.rhombifer ; Cuba.

13. C. moroletti ; Honduras.

The name crocodile was in the first instance applied by the Greeks to those

they saw in Africa—xpoxode:A0s being the name of a lizard they were familiar

with in their own country, just as el lagarto (the lizard), corrupted into

alligator, was applied by the Spaniards to the cayman of South America, The

generic name in Egypt was champsa ; and it is still called timpsa (another

form of the word) in that country. ;

The tongue of the crocodile is entirely attached to the floor of the mouth,

and cannot therefore be protruded, The ancients consequently concluded

that it had no tongue ; and it is supposed that because of this peculiarity it

was chosen as a fitting emblem of the Deity, who orders all things by his will

alone. Some time ago I came across a copy of “ Sandys’ Travels,’ 1670, from

-which the following extract will prove interesting :—

The country people do often take them in pitfalls, and grapling their chops together with

an iron, bring them alive to Cairo. They take them also with hooks baited with sheeps or

goats, and tied with a rope to the trunk ofatree. ‘The flesh of them they eat, all saving

the head and tail, and sell their skins unto merchants who convey them into Christendome

for the rarity. It is written in the Arabian records how Humeth Aben Thaulon (being

Governor of Egypt for Gifar Matanachi, Caliph of Babylon), in the 270th year of their Hegir,

caused the leaden image of a crocodile, found amongst the ruines of anancieot temple, to.

be molten ; since when the inhabitants have complained, and that those serpents have been

more noysome unto them than before, affirming that it was made and there buried by the

ancient magicians to restrain their endamagings,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 153 |

Again, in Hamilton’s account of the East Indies, 1688 to 1723, referring to

Java, he says :—

They have many large crocodiles or alligators in their rivers and marshes, and sometimes

they go a mile or two off to sea, and get foul of the fishers’ nets. Iwas cleaning a vessel

that I bought at Samarang on a bed of ooze, and had stages fitted for my people to stand

on, when the water came round the vessel, and we were plagued with five or six alligators

which wanted to be on the stage, and every moment disturbed our men ; go I and two of my

men sat on the vessel’s deck, and fired muskets at them, but our ball did them no barm

because their hard scaly coat was shot proof, At last we contrived to shoot at their eyes

and we shot at one se. As soon as he found himself wounded, he turned tail on us, and

with great flouncings, made towards the shore about half a mile from us, and, the rest fol-

lowing him, we were pretty euiet after that. A day or two after, some fishers told us that

they had seen a dead alligator lying on the shore, and pointed whereabout they saw him.

I went in a boat ashore, and found him lying at fulllength, I measured his length, and

found from his nose to his tail twenty-seven feet anda half, and he was about one-third

part of his length in circumference about the belly.

It is curious that the old writers—and, indeed, for that matter some of

those of the present day—contend that the scales of the crocodile are strong

enough to deflect a bullet; this I have never found to be the case, and have

known them to be killed by the °380 rook rifle with its “ pinch”’ of powder.

They have wonderful vitality, and, uniess killed outright, succeed in getting

into the water, and do not float for about twenty-four hours. The neck is

undoubtedly the most vital spot, and, even if the vertebre are not touched,

the bullet paralyses them for the time. This happened to me with the last

crocodile I shot, which was 8 feet long ; the bullet hit it in the neck, and we

were able to lash it to a bamboo, and transport it alive over a twenty-four

hours’ journey to enable me to get it stuffed,

In India there are three crocodiles ; first, there is the gavial or garial (Gavialis

gangeticus). tis called garial from the fact that the old males are distin-

guished by an excrescence on the end of the snout, and which resembles the

earthen gara or pot used by the natives. It is supposed that the name gavial

was given owing to a clerical error, the letter r being mistaken for a v, There

js no mistaking the species, which has an extremely elongated snout, twenty-

seven or more teeth in each side of the upper jaw, and the nuchal and dorsal

scutes forming a single continuous shield composed of twenty-one or twenty-

two transverse series.

In the old males, but not in the females or young, there is a large carti-

Iaginous lump on the extremity of the snout, which is supposed to contain

air to enable them to remain under water for a longer period than would

otherwise be possible.

The garial does not attack human beings, but it has been found feeding on

a decomposed body. Its usual diet is fish. The habitat of this crocodile is

the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmapootra rivers and their large tributaries, also

the Mahanadi of Orissa and the Koladyne river in Arrakan. Personally, I

am not quite sure that it is the true garial which is found in Arrakan, as there

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ.

is another species, the so-called false gavial,in Borneo, The garial grows

to a length of 20 feet, and has the same habit, as the other Indian and Nile

species, of sleeping with its jaws open whilst basking on the sandbanks.

With regard to the other Indian crocodiles, C, porosws and C. palustris, al-

though long ago discriminated, nothing is known as to their geographical dis-

tribution ; and although when in India I again and again appealed through the

newspapers for information, and worried my friends on the subject, I was un-

able satisfactorily to settle the question. When in Ceylon, I also appealed to

sportsmen and naturalists, few of whom knew that there was more than one

species, Even in the Colombo Museum I could only find one small specimen of

C. palustris, When first I took up the subject, I was told thatI could not

depend on the number of cervical and nuchal plates to determine the species, as

these plates varied. Thereupon, after consulting Owen and Huxley, I come to:

the conclusion that the teeth, being persistent, might at any age be depended

upon. Alas! on consulting the British Museum authorities I found that the

young of one of the species. which I was working at had five teeth between the

median line and the notch in the upper jaw, whilst the adult had normally only

four. Here, again, the ground was cut from under my feet. It then occurred

to me that at all events the premaxillary sutures might surely be depended

upon as affording a constant and distinct difference, and for a while alk

went well,

But (though this sounds hardly credible) I have at the present time before

me, as | write, a young specimen of C. palustris, with the premaxillary pat-

tern which belongs to C. porosus,

I have finally come to the conclusion that, in order to be certain as to

species, one must secure an adult skull. An adult skin will do equally well.

I will now proceed to show the difference of the two species :

I will start with C. palustris, Lesson, Orient. Zool. Pro., p. 305; Kelaart

Prodr., p. 183 ; Giinther Rept. Brit, Ind., p. 61, pl. viui, fig. A ; Theobald Cat.,,

p.36.; Boulenger Cat, Chel., &c., p.. 285. C. trigonops, Gray : Cat. Tort., &c.

C. bombifrons, Gray Cat.,p.59; Huxley, Pro. Linn. Soc., 1859, pp. 13—28_

€. bifurcatus, Cautley, Asiatic Researches, xix. C. vulgaris, Cantor, Mal. Rep.,

p. 15. These are all the synonyms that I can find of what we may cali the

marsh crocodile of India, The characteristics are as follows : Snout—that is,

the Jength taken from the eyes forward—one and three-quarters to one and

a half as long as the width at the base, The width of the interorbital space

is much less than the vertical diameter of the orbit. Nineteen upper teeth

on each side, Head rough but without any ridges : pre-maxillo suture on the.

palate transverse, nearly straight or curved forward. Four large nuchal scales.

forming a square with a smaller one on each side; two pairs of smaller ones.

ina transverse series behind the occiput. Dorsal shield well separated from the

nuchal ; the scutze usually in four, rarely in six Jongitudinal series, Scales on

limbs keeled. Digits webbed at the base, outer toes extensively webbed. A.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155

serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg, The dorsal scales are much

larger and stronger than in C, porosus, and it has five teeth in the upper jaw

from the median line to the notch.

The marsh crocodile lays its egos in the sand and makes no nest. The

period of incubation, which differs in accordance with the temperature, is

said to be about forty days. Jackals dig up and eat the eges; but I am

not aware that this has been recorded of the mungoose in India, although

in HNgypt there is no doubt of the fact. The length of the young one the

day after it is hatched is 103 inches. This I ascertained by actual measurement

of a specimen sent to me by Mr. Phipson, Hon. Sec. of the Bombay Natural

History Society. This species is found in tanks and rivers throughout India,

Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay Archipelago, extending west to Sind and

Beluchistan, It is the only species, Mr, Phipson informs me, that is found in

Bombay, and in the Kuddlehundi (the Greek Sardis), and Beypore rivers, and

the backwaters on the west coast up which the tide rises for a considerable

distance. To my knowledge the natives on the banks of these backwaters

are not a bit afraid of them, and may be seen in mid-stream diving for shells

to make lime, where there are any number of crocodiles, The last time I

stood on the Kuddlehundi railway bridge I saw four of these saurians (one

of which I killed) basking on the mud which the tide had left uncovered.

A friend of mine, when shooting on the Beypore river, saw some otters,

evidently frightened, making for the shore ; and as they reached the bank one

of them was followed and seized by a crocodile, which rushed after them.

My friend fired at and hit the crocodile, which he did not get, but bagged the

otter, which had the marks of the saurian’s teeth. A writer in the Asian,

who gave his name, some years ago, described how one of the species seized

a peacock on the bank that sprang upwards several feet to avoid him, and was

carried off, leaving no sign but a few feathers floating on the water,

The crocodiles at Muggerpeer, near Kurrachi, described by the late Dr,

Leith Adams in the Field of Jan. 9, 1875, are of the species now under con-

sideration, The pond is literally alive with them, and the late Sir Richard

Burton, in one of his books (either “Sind” or “ Sind Re-visited”), tells how

a foolhardy British subaltern ran across the pond, which was literally paved

with crocodiles! After a man had been carried out of his own verandah

by a crocodile, the Government insisted that the place should be walled in,

which was done,

In many parts of India the crocodile is venerated, if not worshipped. In

the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, as well as in the museum there, I noticed a

variety of C. palustris which had a very distinct shield within which the six

nuchal plates were disposed. The superintendent of the gardens, when I

spoke to him about this, said he had noticed it, bui could give no information

on the subject,

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XI,

With reference to the crocodile bird which Herodotus described as picking

the teeth of the ‘animal, a man on whose word I could depend told me that

he had seen a bird do so on the Beypore river. Not being a naturalist, he

did not know what the bird was, but called it a “sandpiper.” In the Field

about January or February, 1886, in an article entitled “ Dewn the backwater

at Cannanore,” a correspondent described how a small bird hopped in and out

of the crocodile’s mouth as if it were the most natural thing in the world.

Gir Samuel Baker told me that, although he had never seen a bird actually

in the crocodile’s mouth, he had no doubt that the tale was true,

Mr. H. H, Johnston, in his ‘‘ River Congo,” identifies the crocodile bird as

Lobivanellus albiceps, which is clearly a mistake, while the species which he

figures in a vignette on his title-page is Pluvianus egyptius, the Nile ployer,

one of the two species known to befriend the crocodile, the other being Hop-

lopterus spinosus, the spur-winged plover of North Africa, The last-named

bird is not found in India, but a closely allied species (4. ventralis) is recog-

nised, It, however, has not been recorded south of the Godavery river, and

is not likely to be the bird seen by my informant nor by the author of “ Down

the Backwater at Cannanore.” ‘‘Old Log,’ in his admirable articles pre-

viously referred to, mentions the spur-winged plover as being in attendance

on the crocodile, but this would appear to have been in Burma, where Hop-

lopterus ventralis is known to occur,

It is quite evident, from what I have stated as to the habitat of the Indian

spur-winged plover, that this could not be the bird that picks the crocodile’s

teeth on the western coast of India, and it is therefore probable that there

are other birds besides the spur-winged plover which do this friendly office

for the crocodile.

Mr. John M, Cook, in the Jbis for April, 1893, describes how he saw a bird

enter the mouth of the crocodile, which was closed on it for a minute or two,

and how he subsequently shot the bird, which was identified as the spur-

winged plover of Egypt (Horopterus spinosus), This proves conclusively

that more than one species of bird picks the crocodile’s teeth,

The crocodile of the Nile (now known as C. niloticus) is identical with C,

palustris in every way, including the nuchal and cervical plates, and differs

only by the snout being slightly longer. C. palustris grows to a length of

29ft. 6in., that being the record of one killed by Mr, Brunton at Cochin

on the western coast, Thelength of the head of this monster (which is

preserved at Cochin) was no less than 2ft, 8gin, In an ordinary way a 12ft.

specimen is large and a 15ft. specimen locks enormous, so that Mr, Brunton’s

specimen is abnormally long for this species, .

With regard to C, porosus, it seems a species which has been much neglect-

ed, and to the present day its distribution is unknown, Unfortunately, Dr,

Giinther did not figure it in his “Reptiles of British India,” but substituted

C. pondicherianus (which really came from Akyab) for it, Its synonyms are

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 157

C. porosus, Schneid,, Hist, Amph, 11, p. 159; Gunth., Rept. Brit, Ind., p. 62 ;

Theobald, Cat., p. 36 ; Boulenger, Cat. Chel., &c., p. 284; Cantor, Mal. Rept.,

p. 16. Oopholus porosus, Gray, Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist., 1862, vol. X, p. 267 ;

C, bifurcatus, Cuv. Oss, Fossiles, and Schleg. Krokod. Ind, Archipel., tab. 3,

In this species, the snout (that is, the portion in front of the orbits) is from

‘one and two-thirds to two and a quarter times as long as it is broad, There

are well-marked ridges in front of the eye, which converge towards each

other, The pre-maxillo maxillary suture on the palate is directed backwards,

and is W-shaped as shown inthe above diagram of the jaw of C. porosus,

Post-occipital scutes usually absent, sometimes small and irregular, Four

large nuchal scutes forming a square with smaller ones on each side. The

dorsal shield is well separated from the nuchal, and the scutes generally are

feebly keeled as compared with C, palustris, When adult, there are only four

teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch ; but in young

specimens there are five,

C. porosus is said to be the species that so often carries off people from

the bathing ghats on the Ganges and Hoogly ; and itis not certain that this

‘species is found above the tidal way in rivers, but it is frequently recorded as

being found some distance out at sea. It is distributed throughout the larger

northern rivers in India, and in tideways in Ceylon, also in Southern China

and Northern Australia, So long ago as July 27,1872, a correspondent,

“O.N. M.,” described in the Field his shooting this species in North Queens-

land, and finding its nest ; and on Sept, 4, 1869, Mr. Tegetmeier communicated

an account by the Rev. Mr. Boake of its nest in Ceylon, composed of weeds, the

fermentation of which gives heat enough to hatch the eggs, During incuba-

tion the female lies in the vicinity of the nest, and both in Ceylon and North

Queensland is recorded to have made determined attacks on anyone approach-

ing the nest. In some cases, from the number of eggs found, it appears

probable that more than one female laysin the same nest. In the Madras

Presidency I have only found C. porosus at Cuddalore on the east coast and in

North Travancore. The only specimen I got from the Godavery river was

C. palustris,

To sum up, we find in India the garial or gavial of the Ganges with an

enormously elongated snout, which cannot be mistaken. C. porosus with

comparatively long head (the snout being from 12ft. to 22ft, in length),

when compared with its breadth; two ridges in front of the eye which con-

verge towards each other, but do not meet, Post occipital scutes usually

absent, sometimes small and irregular, four large nuchal scutes forming a

square with smaller ones on each side, making a group of six in all: the dorsal

shield well separated from the nuchal, and the scutes generally much more

-feebly keeled than in C, palustris, In the adult there are only four teeth in

the upper jaw from the median line to the notch, but in the young there are

frequently, if not always, five teeth. The pre-maxillo maxillary suture on

the palate in the adult is directed backwards, and is W-shaped.

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

In C. palustris the snout is blunter than in its congener, being at the base

only one and one-third to one and a half as long as it is broad. At all ages

there are five teeth in the upper jaw from the median line to the notch. Tho

head has no ridges, and the pre-maxillo maxillary suture is nearly straight

across, There are four post-orbital scutes and six cervical scales, lozenge-

shaped, all strong and well defined, as are also the dorsal scutes when compared

with C. porosus, It is found everywhere in India, and except in the length

of the snout is identical with C, niloticus from Africa and Madagascar, from

which it differs only by having a somewhat shorter snout, This species is

found everywhere in India ; but we are in total ignorance of the distribution

of C. porosus.

Readers of the F%eld in India might do good service to natural history by

recording the species of crocodile found in different localities, particularly of

C, porosus, about which so little is known, and I hope that the descriptions

I have given will enable them to identify the two species I have written

about.

SMOOTHBORE,

(The above appeared in the Feld.)

_ No. VII—LEOPARD versus CHITAL, PIG versus LEOPARD.

While on a shooting trip in Berar last Christmas, I heard one night, about

10 o'clock, a number of chital barking close to my camp; the night was

fine with nearly a full moon ; this noise continued during the night : at least

I heard it on the several occasions I awoke, and it all appeared to come from

the one direction. I was up very early next morning, and accompanied by a

shikari went in the direction where I still heard the barks. We had not

gone far when I caught sight of avery large herd of chital moving about

in a restless manner, I stood still to watch ; every now and then a doe would

stop, elongate her neck and bark. Among the herd were several fine stags,

but these, as far as I could observe from a distance, made no noise whatever.

One doe was standing by herself some twenty yards in front of the herd

and kept up aconstant series of loud barks, She was facing a small bush, some

thirty yards in front ; behind the herd stretched a thick tree jungle ; in front

the ground was fairly open, with small teak trees scattered about, I went

slowly on towards the herd, which did not appear to take the least notice

of my approach, but continued to walk up and down. I stopped again when

some sixty yards from the deer and looked carefully about in front to try and

discover what all the excitement was about, At last my eye caught sight of

the head and neck of a leopard on the opposite side of the small bush, which

the advanced doe was intently staring at ; the leopard was apparently standing

up and must have been distinctly seen by the herd, as wellas by the doe.

I watched this interesting scene for a couple of minutes, and then moved

to one side to try and see more of the leopard. AsIdid so, I noticed three

pigs, some little distance behind the leopard ; two appeared to be rooting at

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 159

something, and the other was standing in advance ; aS I moved on a little,

the leopard Jooked towards me, then quickly turned about moving in the

direction of the pig, and was at once charged by the large onein front, As this

pig came on with a rush, the leopard bounded high in the air to avoid the

charge, and appeared to me to alight on a tree; the pig then returned towards

its companions, I went on towards the tree, thinking Ishould be able to

get a shot at the leopard, but on getting near could not see it ; the shikari

told me afterwards that the leopard merely jumped on to and down from

the tree and made off through the grass, AsI stood looking about, the pig

trotted slowly away, and all the deer entered the wood in front of which

they had been moving. I then went on a short way beyond the tree into

which I saw the leopard sprung, and I noticed on the ground the body of a

doe chital, I went up and examined it, and it appeared to have been killed

some time previously by the leopard ; there were fang wounds on the neck,

part of a hind quarter and a good deal of the inside had been eaten ; the

pig also had evidently been feeding on it: their foot-marks were close all

round, and the place I found the body was about the same spot where I

had previously seen two of the pigs rooting. Iam under the impression that

after the leopard had killed and eaten a small portion of the chital, the

three pigs had come up and that they then drove him off the kill, and in

consequence of this misfortune he was trying to catch another deer, when

I appeared on the scene, I covered the remains of the chital with branches

to protect it from vultures, and in the evening brought my ladder and sat

over it till it got quite dusk, with the hope the leopard might return, but

nothing came, and as the moon did not rise till late, I returned to camp. Next

morning I sent a man to the place, and he reported that the leopard had

returned during the night and that nearly everything was eaten up. I ex-

pressed my surprise to the shikari at the herd of chital remaining so long near

the leopard, especially after one had been caught and killed; he replied that the

deer always act in this manner, and do not appear to mind if one is caught,

The leopard appeared to be of the large variety, and,so far as I could see,

the pig which charged was a boar,

G. S. RODON, Masor,

Duarwar, 24th February 1897,

No, VIII—NIDIFICATION OF THE THICK-BILLED FLOWER-

PECKER (PIPRISOMA AGILE).

Ji may be of interest to ornithologists to learn that the nest and eggs of the

above bird, about which not very much is known, owing to its shy and

retiring habits, has been found by me at Baroda, and this is not the first

instance of its occurrence, as Mr, H. Littledale has found it breeding here

before. He has asked me to bring the fact to notice, so as to confirm his observ-

ations, I had noticed these little birds flitting about parasites growing on a

custard-apple tree, in very close proximity tomy verandah, yet it never struck

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

me they were building, On the 18th February I was watching the taking of

the eggs of the crimson-breasted barbet (Coppersmith), when I noticed one of

these little birds with something in its bill, and this drew my attention

towards it, Almost immediately it disappeared into what appeared a dry

leaf, but on closer inspection, it resolved itself into a nest, and this nest was

built very near the extremity of the branch of a custard-apple tree, on

which were numerous dead leaves of about the same colour as the nest.

But for seeing the bird enter the nest, I should never have noticed it, although

it was quite close to the house. It was about 9 or 10 feet from the ground,

and the nest is a beautiful little structure, purse-like in shape, very soft

and elastic, being composed of cobwebs and what appears like portions of a

flower, Iam sorry I cannot give its name, asI do not know it. The nest

has an entrance at the side with a regular ledge, apparently for use when the

young are hatched, Oates in his “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds” describes.

the nest very well. I took two eggs to-day, 23rd February, as apparently the

bird was not going to lay more and had commenced sitting. They are white,

splashed and speckled with pink, the colour forming a zone round the larger

end, not unlike miniatures of the common Madras bulbul, I believe Oates

in his classification calls this bird “ Piprisoma squalidum,”

R. M. BETHAM, Captain,

8th Bombay Infantry,

Baropa, 23rd February, 1897.

No. IX.—_SMALL GAME OF THE PESHAWAR DISTRICT,

The following is a list of the small game shot by the Officers of the

Devonshire Regiment, near Peshawar, between 8th September, 1895, and

16th April, 1896 :—

37 mallard. 133 quail,

105 common teal. 6 blue pigeons.

4 blue-winged teal. 5 wood pigeons.

16 pochards, 2 pintail sand-grouse,

1 marbled teal. 2 large sand-grouse,

14 shovellers, 3 grey partridges,

1 smew. 1 chukore,

16 gadwall, 33 seesee,

2 tufted pochards, 5 woodcock.

1 pintail duck, 1 houbara.

2 widgeon. 3 bitterns.

2,355 snipe. 2 plovers,

Duck were numerous on the Cabul river, but very wild, as the natives, who

all possess guns, were constantly after them.

Snipes were particularly plentiful from 1st February, and large bags were

made, 823, 524 and 50 couple being the three best bags made BY two guns,

and 36 couple to one gun on 16th April.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 161

Five woodcock were killed, and I heard of at least eight others having been

shot, a very unusual nomber, as generally only two or three are obtained

during the season. Ihave no doubt that more might have been shot if the

orchards and peach gardens had been searched, but, as arule,no one ever

enters them, and the only afternoon I ever thoroughly tried them I shot two

woodcock,

J, H. YULE, Lrevt.-Cot.,

Devonshire Regiment,

CHERAT,

No. X.—THE BLUE ROCK THRUSG.

There is a Blue Rock Thrush that has spent the cold weather for

several years past in my garden at Baroda. He is a familiar bird, and

friendly unto man. He comes for crumbs every morning, and spends a

good deal of his time on a corner of the roof, from whence he flies down on

any insects or creeping things that he can “spot,” last year he flew down

and seized a large centipede within a few feet of where I was standing ; then

whacked it to death on the tiles; and yesterday, while I was sitting on my

verandah, talking to a friend, he flew close to us and seized a lizard’s tail.

The tail came off, the bird dropped it, and it wriggled about on the

ground most vigorously till it finally fell down to the ground, where the

thrush followed and secured it. I suppose the lizard’s tail must have been

sticking out, and the thrush, seeing it move, mistook it for some worm or

something of that sort. This thrush turns up yearly about Christmas, and

moves off in a westerly direction (as I am able to conclude, because he

takes up his quarters on the College sun-dial for two days after he leaves my

roof), The sun-dial isabout half a mile west from my house. The bird

knows me quite well and is disposed to be very friendly.

H. LITTLEDALE.

Baropa, 20th March, 1897.

No. XIL—THE INDIAN MONGOOSE IN JAMAICA,

The introduction of the mongoose into Jamaica, says the Academy,

marks one of the standard instances of unexpected results following upon an

attempt to artificialise the process of natural selection, and takes rank as

a warning with the plague of rabbits and thistles in Australia, The mongoose

was introduced from India in 1872, in order to abate the pest of rats which

infested the sugarcanes, and after performing this salutary duty it increased

and multiplied to such an extent that not only the rats and mice, but most

of the living species of the island, were threatened with extinction, Poultry

suffered first, but the depredations extended to young pigs, kids, lambs,

newly-dropped calves, puppies, and kittens, Game of all kinds was attacked,

both living, and in the egg. The marauder ate even fish, and made such a

specialty of snakes, ground lizards, frogs, turtles, and land-crabs that many

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

kinds of these entirely disappeared, Finally the mongoose developed a

ravenous desire for bananas, pineapples, young corn, avocado pears, cocoas,

yams, and the sugarcanes which it had been called in to protect, winding up

its tastes with an appetite for salt meat,

The result was a wholesale disappearance of species. A few birds, like the

ground dove, had the sense to shift their breeding places to the tops of the

prickly cacti, where they were safe ; but other animals, and the reptiles in

particular, suffered so severely that many kinds were believed for years to be

extinct, As a consequence there arose yet another plague, Insects like the

ticks and “ jiggers” (or chigors) which used to be kept down by the snake,

increased so overpoweringly that men and cattle were grievously infested.

One could not walk without being covered with them.

The victory over the island remained with the tick and the mongoose,

until, within the past year or two, a fresh stage set in. The mongoose

suddenly began to be less plentiful, and it was found that he had fallen a

victim to the tick, The results of the diminution are shown ina gradual

re-appearance of other beasts, birds and reptiles. Among the snakes there is

a very marked increase,and even the ground lizard, supposed to be quite

extinct, has become common again. The balance of life has begun to re-assert

itself, and naturalists will watch with curiosity for a complete re-instatement

of the previous fauna, The renewed depredations of rats are hailed as an

advent of salvation, and odd as it may sound, the increase in numbers of the

crocodile is taken asa happy omen. The Jamaicans are not likely to make

further experiments in this interesting domain of natural history, but will

adhere in future to such present evils as they have.

No. XII.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER COUCAL

(CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS, BLYTH) IN CEYLON.

T am sending herewith the skin (a terribly mutilated one) of a bird, which I

take to be Centropus bengalensis, Blyth (the Lesser Coucal), I picked it

out from a lot of common birds collected bya Native in the Karunegala

District of the North-Western Provinces during March and April last year. I

do not think there is any doubt as to the locality from which the skin came,

Please state whether my identification is correct, as, if so, this is the first

occurrence of the bird in Ceylon, though Mr, Oates says if occurs sparingly

in Travancore and the Wynaad, etc.

A. L. BUTLER.

Cryton, 18th March, 1897.

[The skin has been carefully examined by Mr. B. Comber, and there appears to be no

doubt as to the correct identification of the specimen,—ED. |

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 163

No, XIJI—SMALL GAME IN THE KHARAGHORA DISTRICT.

I do not know if any of the members of the Bombay Natural History

Society send in returns of their season’s shooting, but in case it may be of

interest I write to send you a memo. of what I have shot, to my own gun,

during the shooting season now closing. I think it would be interesting if

members from different parts of the country kept records of their shooting

and sent them to you. My shooting has extended over six months, October,

1896 to March, 1897, and with the exception of 554 couple of quail shot at

Deesa in the beginning of October, it has all been obtained just round

Kharaghora,

I find I have been out on 55 occasions, and of these I was shooting with

others on 16 occasions, but what they shot is not shown,

Sindhi

= < Sand Impl. Par-

Snipe. | Duck. } Quail. Grouse.| Grouse. | Grouse. Kullum.} Hares. tridges, | sees | noun

823 388 | 246 | 51 38 | 52 35 a | 3 | 1 | 1,644

KHARAGHORA, 23rd March, 1897. H, BULKLEY.

[ We quite agree with Mr, Bulkley that such lists are of interest,and hope next season

other members will keep records of their“ bags ” and publish them in this Journal, The

value of such lists depends, however, principally on the careful identification of the species.—.

Kp. ]

No, XIV.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AS/IO ACCIPITRINUS,

PALLAS, IN CEYLON,

In some previous notes (Vol. X, page 284), I mentioned that a single speci-

men of Asio accipitrinus had been killed at Jaffna in November, 1891. I

find I was misinformed as to the date, which should have read November,

1893, As this is, I believe, the only recorded occurrence of the species in

Ceylon until this year, a note on six specimens obtained in the island during

the last monsoon may be of interest,

In November last a native taxidermist came upon seven short-eared owls

in @ morning at Jaffna, and succeeded in shooting five of them. Two of these

birds were sold to the Colombo Museum ; ithe other three are now in my

possession. On the 22nd of February last a sister specimen was killed by

Mr, T. Farr on the Horton Plains, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. 'This bird

was flushed from a stunted rhododendron bush, and, once disturbed, it was

too wary to allow of a second approach, The next day it rose from another

bush at nearly the same spot, and Mr, Farr shot it. In both bushes the bird

had made a seat like a hare’s form ; in each of these were one or two pellets

of the fur of a field mouse,

I have seen a specimen of this owl, which, though not actually killed in the

island, was captured on a steamer within a few hours’ sail of Colombo in

1881,

CryLon, March, 1897, A. L. BUTLER.

164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

No, XV.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HALCYON PILEATA (THE

BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER).

T observe that Mr. Millard obtained that beautiful Kingfisher, Halcyon

pileata, ai Rewa Danda, and the incident is referred to in our Journal * in

terms which seem to imply that such a bird had no business to be there.

Mr, Barnes also, in his book, speaks of a specimen shot by Mr. Vidal as

‘‘ the only recorded instance of its occurrence within our region.” The fact

is that, though everywhere rare, this bird occurs down the whole coast from

Bombay to North Canara at least, and probably to Malabar, I repeatedly

saw it in the neighbourhood of Karwar when I was there during the years

1889-95, and afterwards Mr, Davidson obtained a specimen fifteen miles

further south, Then I met with it at Jaitapur in the Rutnagri district,

and quite lately I saw one between Rewa Danda and Alibag, on the sea-shore.

I believe I have seen it on several other occasions in different places, when

I was not quite so sure of its identity, I have never seen it any distance

from the sea-shore, or one of the great creeks, and always perching on high

trees, from which it swoops, with the action of a hawk rather than a king-

fisher, on the sand crabs, which,I believe are its chief food. I have met with

it only in the cold season, so it may not be a permanent resident, It has a

loud screaming cry like H. smyrnensis.

BE. H, AITKEN.

RATNAGIRI, April, 1897,

No, XVI.—SAVAGERY OF THE INDIAN SLOTH-BEAR.

In the last number of our Journal Mr, Gilbert speaks of the common

black bear as an animal generally inoffensive, which “occasionally takes

to man-killing, or man-mauling, for no apparent reason.” I should like to

know if this is the general experience of shikaris, I have been among

black bears only in the jungles of the Canara district, and there I can say

that no wild animal has a more evil reputation, I have never had any

personal attentions from them, but I have known of numerous instances

in which men were mauled by them without the least provocation, and I

have found the natives universally holding them in more dread than tigers,

If it were not for the fact that bears always, as a rule, return to their dens

before sunrise, no kunbi in some parts of Canara would ge out alone, They

have very little fear of meeting an unwounded tiger by daylight, but a bear,

they say, is such a shettan that if it sees a man it must fly at him and try to

tear out his eyes. They all agree, however, that if two or three men are

together, it will not attack ; so, if they have to go out at night, they go in

parties. Some of them also arm themselves with cudgels of a particular tree

which has the wonderful property of warding off bears. I was once pre-

sented with a goodly bludgeon made of this precious wood and could under-

* Vide Proceedings of the Meeting held on 16th December 1896, published on page 142

of this number,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. . 165

stand that, if a bear once attacked a vigorous man armed with it, he might

not care to do so again, for the wood was very hard and heavy. This prosaic

explanation of its virtue did not, however, satisfy the man who gave it to

me. He thought it was something more occult than that, for he assured me

that it depends very much upon the manner in which the wood was cut, It

ought to he cut by moonlight, and care must be taken not to let the shadow

of the axe fall upon it in the process, or else the bear-repelling efficacy will

be lost, I regret that I was not able to identify the tree,

In case any one should think that perhaps what I have said about the

savagery of bears rests on the same foundation as the virtues of this wood,

I must explain thatitis not so. Of the fact that a Canara bear meeting a

single man is almost sure to attack him out of sheer ‘‘ cussedness”’ there is

unhappily too much evidence, whereas in the case of the wood, though

everybody knows and is fully assured of ils qualities, I have not yet met any

one who had cared to test them,

H. H. AITKEN, -

RATNAGIRI, April, 1897.

No, XVII.—THE SCALY ANT-EATER (MANIS PENTADACTYLA),

I dug out a family of scaly Ant-eaters yesterday and captured the old male,

female,and a young one alive. The hole went in about 8 feet and 4 feet

under ground, ending in a chamber some 2 feet in diameter. While we were

digging down to this, which took about an hour anda half, the ground being

very hard, the Ant-eater excavated a new side passage some 5 feet long, in

which we caught them still burrowing away from us. I kept them during the

day and released them at night,

The young one was about 18 inches long and much paler in colour than

the old ones, and the female carried him everywhere on her back—a fact

which neither Jerdon nor Sterndale seems to mention, It was very

curious how quickly the young one recognised its mother, If I put it down

hear its father, it took no notice at all, but it knew its mother at a distance

of about 3 feet, and promptly scrambled on to her back again.

The hole they were in was not covered over as Jerdon mentions, but was

open and very conspicuous, with the red earth thrown outside,

A, L, BUTLER,

CryLon, April, 1897.

No, XVIIL—ON KETAPA CEYLONENSIS (GMEL.) BREEDING IN

CAPTIVITY.

A pair of Fish-owls belonging to my brother bred in captivity this season,

the hen-bird laying a single egg on the bare earth floor of the aviary on the

20th of February and at once commencing to sit closely. After 35 days’ in-

cubation (on March 27th) the chick was hatched. The old cock-bird made a

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

capital father, invariably taking all the food given him—mice, lizards, birds,

&c.—to the hen, who fed the youngster most carefully, holding its head up

between her legs during the process, The chick grew rapidly, and seemed to

be doing well, but on April 13th it died, The parent birds seemed quite un-

aware that anything was wrong, the female continuing to brood contentedly

over the young one for hours after it was stiff and cold. Both birds had been

very savage since the'appearance of the egg, and they strongly resented my

removing the dead chick, the old male swooping downon my head while I

was engaged in keeping the hen-bird at a distance with a stick, giving me a

smart cut on the scalp and drawing blood pretty freely. Both birds were very

excited after the removal of the nestling, walking up and down the aviary

for some hours growling angrily. These owls were taken froma nest ay

in 1893, so are just about four years old.

A, L, BUTLER,

Cryion, April, 1897.

No. XIX.—ON THE INDIAN PORCUPINE.

With reference to the interesting article which appeared in the Society’s

Journal, No, 1, Vol. X, on the different kinds of fleas, I wonder if any of our

members can give me the specific name of the giant flea which infests the

body of the Indian Porcupine. It must be fully ten times as large as the

ordinary flea, and so far I have not noticed it on any other animal.

T have also observed that in some localities the blood of the porcupine

is highly phosphorescent, a fact which does not appear to have been recorded,

but whether this is due to their food I cannot determine, On one occasion

I was out on a bright moonlight night and I had placed a piece of white

cloth on the barrel of my gun to act asa “Night Sight.” I fired at a

poreupine and immediately noticed a light in the ground, and naturally

supposed that my “ Night Sight” had caught fire and was smouldering, but

on approaching, I found I was mistaken, and that the light came from a

piece of the entrails of the animal, During the same night I killed another

porcupine, and noticed a similar patch of phosphorescent light at the place

where the animal was struck, I have since shot scores of porcupines, but

have never noticed anything of the kind, It is well known that these animals

are exceedingly fond of bones and deer’s antlers, which, I suppose, they eat in

order to obtain a supply of phosphate of lime for the formation of their quills, —

and the peculiarity I have referred to above may have been due to an

unsually large supply of bones and horns in that particular neighbourhood. I

shall be glad to know whether this curious phosphorescence in the porcupine’s

blood has been observed before.

L. MOREAU.

GwynpD, April, 1897,

ss ee Pee eS ee

——

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 167

No, XX.—THE INDIAN SLOTH BEAR,

Much’ has from time to time been written about the Indian Sloth Bear,

but perhaps the following notes on the peculiarities of the animal may be

found of some interest :—

One evening there was brought into the village where I happened to be

encamped a woman who had been bitten on the leg in two places by a bear,

The woman at the time the accident happened was stooping in high grass

which she was cutting, and her story was that three bears suddenly came on

her, one of which bit her.

It seems probable that this attack was made through fright at suddenly

coming on the woman, and, had the bears seen her from a little distance, they

would have avoided her, On the following morning I went out to the place

where the bears were said to live,and found it was a dry water-course with

large rocks here and there, I was standing near the edge of a fall, some

fifteen feet high, looking for some of my men who had gone in another direc-

tion, when my attention was suddenly drawn to a bear about eighty yards off

quietly moving down the bed of the water-course towards me, I at once

seized my rifle and fired, the result being the usual crying roar which bears

generally make when struck, The animal was apparently unable to get

away, or did not try to, and almost immediately another bear came up to the

wounded one from what I afterwards found to be a hole under a rock in the

bed of the water-course, It probably came to sympathise and see what the row

was about, but was received badly, for the wounded one struck at it with its

paws and made more noise, The unwounded bear then began to resent the treat-

ment and made a great noise, whereupon I fired at it, and the tumult increased.

A third bear then sprang up from the same hole and came to the two wounded

ones, probably for the same reason as the second one came ; another shot,

and number three also began to cry aloud. They were now all together, and,

as soon as they were quiet, I walked up and found two of them dead and the

third dying. They were lying almost touching each other. All appeared

about the same size, and were no doubt a female and two nearly full-grown cubs,

On another occasion, after stalking cheetul, I had lost my way back to. my

camp and only had one man with me who could not assist me, It was getting

dusk and raining slightly, so, walking up a small hill, I stood on a large rock

to see if I could discover my tent, Icould not and was just beginning to

think that I should have to sleep in the jungle, when from under the rock

on which I was standing a bear got up and ran down the hill, I fired and it

apparently dropped dead about thirty yards off, Almost immediately

another bear got up from the same place and followed the first, and while

I was aiming at it the man, who was with me on my left, touched me and

pointed with his finger to my right, I turned my head and saw a third bear

standing on a level with me about four or five yards off and looking at me.

It had apparently come up round the corner of the rock from the same spot

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

as the others, I immediately fired at it, and it ran down the hill making the

usual noise, I then saw about fifty yards down the hill bear No.2, which

I had not fired at, looking in the direction of bear No, 1 which was lying

motionless. It quickly returned to No, 1, touched it with its paw and started

off again down the hill, but stopped when it had gone a short distance and

partially turned round, I then shot it, Bear No, 3, when I first saw it,

seemed to be looking at me with astonishment or bewilderment. No. 2

lost its life by trying to save No.1, which it apparently thought had sat

down for some reason and could not make out why it did not run away.

These were again a female and two nearly full-grown cubs. I am sorry I

did not at the time think of ascertaining whether bear No, 2, which returned

to try and save No, 1, was the mother or one of the cubs.

The sloth bear is a powerful animal, and this may well be observed by

looking at the carcase of a full-grown specimen after the skin has been

removed, It does not, however, appear to bea very dangerous beast to

encounter out shooting, and the death or severe mauling of a Huropean

sportsman by one is not often reported. It is also probably not so vicious

as a tiger or panther, although exceptions to this rule may occasionally be

met with ; nor does it appear to be in the habit of laying in wait for its

assailant after being wounded. I can report two cases of cowardice: one

was a big male who charged down hill from a distance of nearly one hundred

yards on receiving a very slight wound, but, on being severely wounded, when

about eight yards off, turned and did his utmost to crawl away. Another

was a female which was induced to leave her cave where she had a small

cub and was wounded while running away. The cub was caught, and the

wounded mother was immediately tracked up. We came upon her fre-

quently at distances of from twenty to forty yards, but she made no attempt

to charge, although I did my utmost to incite her todo so by causing the

cub, which was being carried close to me, to cry out, A female will fre-

quently carry a young one on her back, but in this case the cub was too

young to be able to cling to its mother’s back.

BompBay, Vay, 1897. F. J, A. HILL.

No, XXI—LATE STAY OF WILD FOWL.

It may be of interest to Naturalists to know that on the 6th instant I saw

a solitary male Shoveler duck on a big tank near.Bhuj, and on the same day,

at Devisar, 11 miles north of this, my shikari, Ookha Bheel, saw 20 Shovelers

(males and females) and seven Blue-winged teal, Is it not extraordinarily late

for the northern ducks to be still with us? To-day Captain Whyte and I saw

two Avocets (Avocetta recurvirosira) near the above-mentioned piece of water,

and up to the 17th of last month the Black-tailed godwit (Limosa cegocephala)

was here in great numbers,

C. D, LESTER, LizvTEenant,

Buus, Curcu, 9th May, 1897. 17th Bombay Infantry.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 169

No. XXIL—LATE STAY OF WILD FOWL,

Having read with much interest your note in the Pioneer of 27th April on

the abnormally late stay of migratory wild fowl this year on the Ganges near

Allababad, I think that a few remarks on this head may prove interesting

as showing that a similar condition has prevailed this year in Kashmir. The

wild fowl here, after being scattered and driven away by the heavy snow and

severe frosts of January and February, began to reappear towards the end of

the latter month in daily increasing numbers, and some very good bags were

made, particularly on the State preserve, Hokarsor,—always a great haunt for

wild fowl. The numbers of duck increased during March, and, with the excep-

tion perhaps of mallard, large numbers of duck anda fair quantity of geese

(Anser cinereus) remained into April. I shot one of the latter on the 5th April

from a party of ten which passed me duringa hurricane of cold wind and rain.

On 16th April I gave up shooting and returned to Srinagar, and up to that

time nearly every jheel and tract of new inundation formed by the lately-melted

snow held plenty of fowl, including gadwal, pintail, shoveler, teal, garganey,

wigeon and white-eyed (Muligula nyroca) and red-headed (Fuligula ferina).

pochards, This latter, generally rare in Kashmir, has been very abund-

ant during the late winter, while his handsome relative, the red-crested pochard

(Fuligula rufina), has only shown in comparatively small numbers. Wigeon

(Mareca penelope) has been more numerous than usual ; while some specimens.

of the very uncommon white-faced stiff-tailed duck (Hrismotura leucocephala)

have been secured, This latter, by no means a regular visitor here, was seen

on several occasions in March last, It is by no means shy, and can be ap-

proached by a boat in perfectly open water, It isa most expert diver, a

winged bird being almost impossible to secure, swims very deep in the water,

and when getting on the wing “skittirs”’ along the surface like a coot. Since

my return to Srinagar I have several times seen flights of teal and duck passing:

over, and only yesterday saw four greyleg geese (A. cinereus), and have no

doubt that abnormally large numbers of wild fowl are still left in the valley,

The reasons for this unusually late migration form a problem well worth dis-.

cussion ; it is possibly due to the stormy unsettled weather which appears to

have prevailed for more than a month past throughout the Himalayan regions,

and this theory is supported by the fact that wild fowl prefer fine clear moon-

light nights for their migrations, but Kashmir and the hills generally have known

winters more severe than, and springs as stormy as, the last, without the fowl

allowing them to interfere with their regular annual dates of departure ; and it is.

possible that if the late bad weather has caused the delay, it is because the duck

recognise it as connected with conditions prevailing at their northern breeding

grounds which render a longer stay in the sunny south desirable, It will be in-

teresting to observe if this long delay will induce some of them to breed here.

Kasumir, 37d May, W. A, UNWIN, Cotonen,

(The above appeared in the “ Pioneer” on 11th May, 1897.),

Minterx

Hros

snromo

JOURNAL

OF THE

7 COVE , By Age

Aatural History Society,

Vol. XI. BOMBAY. No. 2.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.

By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.ZS,

Part II, wits Puate IT.

(Continued from page 21 of this Vol.)

Sub-Family PLecrroprorin~.

Key to the Genera—

TIES large fleshy comb at the base of the culmen

in the male.. = ae ... 1 SARCIDIORNIS.

- 6 No comb at the nes of the Sen

a’ Bill at least equal to double the depth at base.

a" Outline of the loreal feathering at the base

of the bill with the convexity anteriorly. 2 ASARCORNIS.

b" Outline of loreal feathering straight and

inclined backwards ... oo ... & RHODONESSA.

6' Bill not so long as double the depth at base. 4 Nerrapus.

Another key is as follows, and this may prove simpler to sportsmen :—

a Wing over 10”.

a’ Head principally black and i wie.

a" Comb at base of bill. ... aes ... 1 SARCIDIORNIS. 4

b" No comb at base of bill.

a? Upper back black, lower plumage

nearly white fe Boe ... SARCIDIORNIS. 9

b? Upper back olive-brown, lower ee

age chestnut-brown is . 2 ASARCORNIS.

b! Head pink, bright in ¢ dull in 9 ... 3 RHODONESSA.

6 Wing under 7" Js Sd cae we 4 NETTAPUS.

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

As already enumerated, the distinguishing features of this sub-family

are, a rather long hind toe, not lobed, a neck shorter than the body and

with, especially in the male, more or less glossy upper plumage com-

pined with comparatively long tail-feathers. In India four genera are

represented, although each by a single species only—indeed, two of

the four genera possess but one species, and are peculiar to India and

adjacent countries, these two being Asarcornis and Rhodonessa.

Genus SARCiDIORNIS.

“This genus is separated from the other Indian genera by the presence’

of aspur on the shoulders of the wing.’ This feature was formerly

considered of sufficient importance to constitute as a sub-family by

themselves such birds as possessed it, and the Plectroptorine are desig-

nated by Jerdon ‘“ Spurred Geese.” Later systematists have, however,

added others to this sub-family, which now contains eight genera,

many of which are not spurred.

(6) Sarcidiornis melanonota, The Nukhta or Comb Duck

Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” IT, p. 785 ;

Hume, “ Nest and Eggs,” p.636 ; Butler and Hume, “Str. Feath.,” 1V,

p. 27 ; Hume and Davison, did, V, p. 486 ; Hume, zbid, VII, p. 507.

Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491; 2d.

ibid, VIII, p. 114; Hume’s Cat., No. 950; Hume and Marshall,

“ Game Birds of India,” III, p. 92; Parker, “Str. Feath..” IX,

p- 486 ; Legge, “Birds of Ceylon,” p. 1063 ; Oates, “ Str. Feath.,” X,

p- 245 ; Hume, ‘“ Nests and Eggs,” (Oates’ ed.), III, p. 282; Barnes’

“Birds of Bombay,” p. 396.

Sarcidiornis melanonota. Oates’ “ Birds: of British Burmah,” IT,

p. 275 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. of B. Museum, X XVII, p. 54.

Description: Adult, male—Head and neck white, spotted with

metallic black feathers, coalescing more or less upon the crown, nape

and hind neck; lower neck and whole lower plumage white, tinged

sometimes with rufous-grey ; lower back grey ; rest of upper plumage

and wings black, glossed with green and blue, except on the secondaries,

which are glossed with bronze and the scapularies, on which the gloss

is purple ; tail brown ; sides of the body tinged with grey; a black

mark (almost a demi-collar) on the sides of the neck, and another black

band in front of the under-tail coyerts descending from the rump.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 173

Female.—Like the male, but smaller and duller ; head and neck more

spotted with black, but the black less glossy in character and the gloss

‘on the upper parts also is much less developed. Lower back, rump

and upper-tail coverts all grey.

Young.—Like the female, but still more spotted about the head

with a dull blackish-brown ; the black of the back and wings, also, is

replaced by brown and is without gloss.

Nestling —“ Upper parts. greyish-brown ; under parts greyish-white,

upper part of the head brown; a whitish frontal band runs on each

side of the head over the eyes, a white crescentic band bounds behind

the brown colour of the upper part of the head ; a narrow brown band

starts from the ear-coverts and reaches a brown band on the hind

neck ; two white patches on the side of the back at the base of the

wings, and two others on the sides of the rump ; posterior edge of the

wing whitish ” (Salvadori).

“lhe young are dull earthy-brown above and dirty white below ”

(Hume).

Iris dark brown, that of the young said to be even darker ; bill and

comb black ; legs and feet plumbeous. The female and young have

no comb.

Dimensions : Male.—Length, 28:5" (Hume) to 34" (Jerdon) ; wing,

13°37" (Hume) to 16" (Jerdon) ; tail, 5°25" to 6" ; bill from gape, 2°5"'

to 2°75"; at front, 2°5" (Jerdon) ; comb, 2” to 2°5'' in the breeding

season only ; tarsus, 2°62" (Hume) to 38” (Salvadori).

Female.—Length about 25" to 27"; wing, 11” to 11:5" (Salvadori) ;

12" to 14” (Jerdon).

_ The Nukhta is found throughout the Indian continent, though absent

here and there where the country is unsuitable, but is certainly more

abundant towards the west than in the east.

Hume says : “ I do not know of its occurrence in the Punjaub, Trans-

Sutle] or in Scind, except as a mere straggler to the easternmost

portions. I have no record of its appearance in Sylhet, Cachar,

Tipperah, Chittagong, or Arakan.” Again, in another place, he adds,

when enumerating the places where it isto be found “ (excluding

perhaps, the Sunderbuns, Jessore, and one or two others of the deltaic

districts).” Of these places several have now to be erased from the

list of localities not inhabited by this bird. In the Punjaub, as faras

174. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1

I can ascertain, it is undoubtedly a rare visitor ; still it is found there

and is not as rare as Hume deemed it to be. On its occurrence in the

Trans-Sutlej the following notes occur in “Stray Feathers” (Vol. X, No. 5,

p. 480):—“ Although it (the Comb Duck) certainly is nowhere common

in this region, I know of its having been shot on more than one occasion

in the Lahore district, in the Gurdaspur district, and, again, further

south in the Baree Doab, but only in the rainy season and always in the

immediate vicinity of the canals. |

“T heard of anest being taken as far south as the Changa Manga

Plantation, but Iam not sure of the fact. Ihave never heard of or

seen the bird west of Baree, but throughout the canal-irrigated portion

of the Baree Doab, the whole tract between the Beas and the Sutlej

and the Baree it certainly does occur, though very sparingly, during

the rainy season.”

After this note, which is by G. Trevor, Hume goes on to quote the

Asian on the subject, and part of this letter I again produce :--

“Tam happy to state that it not only occurs but that it breeds in

the Punjaub, Trans-Sutlej. A friend of mine, an Engineer on the

Baree Doab Canal, sent me a female Sarcidiornis for identification from

Bhambé, in the Lahore district. On opening the bird I found a perfectly-

formed egg ready to be laid, and from other investigations it seemed

clear that there was anest in the vicinity. During the rains the

neighbourhood of Bhambé in one direction is fairly under water, and

canna brakes are very common, with patches of water between, and

dotted here and there with large trees, just the place for the Nukhta.

Tt was at one such place that my friend saw the pair often, and on

the day he shot the female had fired one or two shots unsuccessfully

at her or the male, but was rather surprised at the way in which

both returned—wheeling round and round without going away for any

distance. As soon as the female was shot, the male went further off,

and did not afford another shot; buat the whole circumstance goes far

to prove that there must have been a nest at hand.”

In Cachar it is by no means very rare. I have seen it in Sylhet and

again have had notice of its occurrence sent me from the North Looshai

Hills. As regards the Sunderbuns, Jessore was the district in which I

first made the acquaintance of this species, a distant acquaintance only,

it is true, but in the next district (Khoolna), we came into closer contact

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 175

with one another. Here a pair of Nukhtas formed part of a bag of 140

couple of duck and teal got by my father, Mr. T. Wilcox, and myself in

the Moolna bhil, a vast extent of swamp and water, covering fully 29

square miles of the country. This wasin the cold weather, the end of Jan-

uary, I think, of 1882. In Cachar, Sylhet, and Looshai the-birds remain

all the year round and breed, as they do in most of the other parts of their

habitat, but in the Sunderbuns, I should think, they are, very probably,

migrants, though I have no evidence on this point. In Burma, Oates

reports them as common in Pegu, and it is almost certain that they have

been, or will be, recorded throughout that Province extending through

the Indo-Burmese countries.

Out of India their habitat may be described roughly as Africa south

of the Sahara, and they are also foundin Madagascar, though they do not

seem particularly common there. Hume says that they do not ascend the

hills, but here and in Looshai they are, at all events, found up to about

2,000 feet if not considerably higher. Mr.C.G. Scott, an Engineer on the

Assam-Bengal Railway, told me,.only a few days priorto this being writ-

ten, that late in April one of these birds flew quite close to him as he was

walking down one of the cuttings at an elevation close on 2,000 feet, and

the bird, a drake, was then flying steadily up the valley. I have seen

Nukhtas myself, a pair of them, in the Mahor Valley at heights ranging

between 1,500 and 2,000 feet, and once I heard its hoarse ery in the Jiri

Valley at least as high as the latter elevation. I know, for a certainty,

that they breed up to at least 2,000 feet, and I am almost sure that a pair

had their nest in the Mahor Valley even higher up than this. I was out

after sambhur at the time they were first seen. In the centre of some

heavy tree forest I came across a collection of small grassy swamps, vary-

ing from some one to two hundred yards in diameter. All round these

were lofty trees, and wherever there was sufficient dry land, others were

dotted about in between the pools,

On my approaching the open two Nukhtas flew from one of the trees

uttering their loud calls repeatedly. Instead, however, of flying straight

away, they contimued to fly round and round in great excitement and

refused to leave the place even after I had fired at and missed a deer.

The sort of ground they prefer has been variously described by different

writers. Here they keep much to water in forest, and more especially

to such as is well covered with weeds and grasses and not of the clearest

i76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

and cleanest. One or two are always to be met with near Diyangmukh

on anullah which runs through heavy forest, and in the cold weather is

reduced to a series of shaliow pools.

Hume says: “It much prefers well-wooded tracts, not dense forests like

the White-winged Wood Duck, but well-wooded, level, well-cultivated

country. It isa lake bird too, one that chiefly affects rush and reed-

margined broads, not bare-edged pieces of water like the Sambhur Lake,

and it is comparatively rarely met with on our larger rivers. I have shot

them alike on the Ganges and the Jumna in the cold season, but it is far

more common to find them in jhils and bhils. J have never found it in

hilly ground and very rarely in small ponds” (the italics are mine) . . .

“¢ Just when the rains first set in, they seem to be on the wing at all hours

of the day, and almost wherever you go in the North-West Provinces

you see them moving about, always in pairs, the male, as a rule, in

front... . . They never, as far as I have observed, associate in flocks.

There may be half-a-dozen pairs about abroad in the rains, or half-a-

dozen families, each consisting of two old and from four to ten young

birds, during the early part of the cold season ; but I have never seen

them congregate in flocks as most geese and so many of the ducks do.”

Oates (vide “ Birds of British Burmah ”) seems to have found them in

much the same kind of places, and also in paddy-fields ; but he says that in

Burma it-is found “ singly, in pairs, or in small flocks of twenty or thirty

individuals.” Jerdon, on the other hand, says that although it is generally

found only in small parties of four to ten individuals, yet it is sometimes

found in flocks numbering over a hundred. ‘This, I should imagine, is

most unusual,and we may take it for granted that, as a rule, they go in

pairs only, except when they have a family, and that occasionally two or

more families join forces; and, again, when the breeding season is over

the young and the full-grown are often to be found singly, the old

birds alone continuing to keep in pairs.

The general concensus of opinion appears to be that they are not very

wary birds, and in consequence are not hard to bring to bag. Of course,

as Hume says, you cannot walk up to them and pot them as they swim

about unconcernedly on the water, but with comparatively little trouble

and care one ought always to succeed in getting near enough for a shot,

unless the country surrounding them is utterly bare and destitute of cover

for the sportsman. Once disturbed, their flight, etc., is variously

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 177

described. Hume says their flight is powerful and fairly rapid, and that

they are all round quicker, more active birds than geese both on the

wing and in the water. Jerdon, however, did not think much of the bird

asa “ progressionist,” and Legge describes their flight as heavy, and

leads one generally to the belief that he deemed it rather an awkward,

clumsy bird-—which it certainly is not. Tickell’s remarks in general on

this bird vary so much from those recorded of other people that I quote

them nearly in full: “I have met with these birds chiefly about west

Burdwan, Bankoora, Singbloom, and Chhota Nagpur, in open, uncultivated

bushy country, on a gravelly soil scattered over with small, clear ponds

or tanks, where they may be found in parties of four or five, resting

during the heat of the day on the clean pebbly or sandy margins, and

flying off, if disturbed, to the next piece of water..... Wherever

found they appear to prefer clear water with a gravelly or stone bottom,

and are never found in shallow, muddy jhils or marshes which attract

such hosts of other kinds of Wild Fowl ..... They are very wary.

and, as they take to wing generally at a long shot distance, and

have both skin and plumage exceedingly thick, it is difficult to kill

them with an ordinary fowling-piece ; and if winged on the water,

they dive so incessantly as to require the help of several people to catch

them. :

“T have placed their eggs under domestic hens and ducks, and hatched

and reared the young birds easily, but they never became thoroughly

tame and escaped on the first opportunity they had, though they had, up

tothe time of their flight, fed readily with the poultry in the yard.

They ran and walked freely, and could perch on anything that did not

require to be grasped... ..

“Tt is an exceedingly silent bird—indeed, I have never heard it utter

any sound. ‘They repose chiefly on gravel beaches by the side of clear

still water ..... Their flight is high and well sustained... . .

“ At night they roam over the paddy stubble, and I have found their

stomachs full of rice during the harvest.’

Other people seem to have been more successful than Tickell in

domesticating this fine (goose or) duck, and there are numerous instances

on record in which the bird has been readily and thoroughly tamed. How

a cross between this and any of the breeds of domestic duck would answer

is very problematical. Of course the product would be a bird of size and

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

weight, but how about the flavour ? The Nuhkta is not a bird which finds

much favour with most people as an article of food, though it makes very

good soup and not bad curry, and the ducklings when killed, just after

they have taken to the wing, are quite delicate and good.

_ Though Hume never found any grain except wild rice in the stomachs

of the birds he examined, others, besides Tickell, have found that cultivated

rice forms one of the articles of their diet. They eat all sorts of shoots,

roots, seeds, etc., of water plants, varying this vegetarian food with a

little animal stuff now and then, such as worms, spawn, water larvee,

and perhaps an occasional fish.

The voice of the Nukhta is, according to Legge, “a low guttural

quack-like sound, between the voice of a duck and a goose.” The few

I have heard uttered loud cries which seemed to me far more like the

notes of a goose than a duck. A pair whose nest I afterwards found

used to herald my approach to their particular piece of water with loud

trumpet calls, uttered by them, when they first saw me, from their

perches high up in the tree. They roost, I believe, always in trees and

not in the water or on the ground, and they are not nocturnal or even

crepuscular birds in their habits, as are most of their order.

- The Comb Duck is one of those which invariably resort to trees for

nesting purposes, as a rule making a rough nest of grass and a few sticks

in some large natural hollow of a big tree, generally at no great height

from the ground. Sometimes, however, they build their nests in the

forks of the larger limbs, especially when three or four such branch out

together from the trunk itself. Occasionally they seem, like the Whist-

ling Teal and the Mallard, to make use of other birds’ nests, for Mr. A.

Anderson found some eggs in the nest of a Haliwtus leucoryphus

which he believed to have been laid by a Nukhta. Captain G. T.

L. Marshall also found an egg of Sarcidiornis in a nest of Déssura

episcopa.

The only nest I have taken myself in North Cachar was placed in

a large tree standing by the edge of a small swamp, the latter completely

covered with dense ekra and grass, except for a few feet all round the

edge, and, even there, short weeds and water-plants almost hid the water

itself from sight. The nest, which was rather a large one of sticks

lined with grass roughly, was placed in a hollow between where the

first large boughs sprang from the bole of the tree,

‘INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 179

_ It was not ten feet from the ground, but the boughs were so massive

and so well inclosed the nest that I visited the pool, stood under the tree

and saw the parent birds several times before I noticed where it was. It

contained three eggs, just like those described by Hume, with a beautiful

texture, reminding one, when touched with the finger, of the eggs of

the Barbets and Frogmouths, possessing the same satiny feeling which

is so uncommon outside the families mentioned. In colour they are

nearly white, and have a fine gloss when freshly laid, but they soil very

quickly and are then difficult to clean again.

The number of eggs laid seems to vary very much, but, probably, a

dozen or less is about the normal number, though Mr. Anderson

seems to have had from fifteen to twenty brought to him not infrequent-

ly ; and on one occasion found the enormous number of forty eggs,

of which thirty-nine were normal and one undersized. He captured a

female on this nest, and says that she was in an emaciated condition, and

therefore, he believed, authoress of the whole forty eggs. Probably a

wild bird, with no extraneous aid in the way of artificial food, etc.,

would be a good deal exhausted after such an effort, but a domestic hen

would not think it anything out of the way, nor would she be any the

worse for it.

Hume’s forty-five eggs varied from 2°22" to 2°58" in length and in

breadth between 1°65" and 1°78", averaging 2°41"%1:72". The little

clutch found by Mr. Anderson, excluding the abnormally small one,

averaged 22" 13", giving an average for the whole eighty-four of

2°45" 1:74" almost.

Jerdon says that the Nukhtas breed in July or August “in grass by

the sides of tanks, laying six to eight whitish eggs.” Jerdon did not,

however, know, nor did he care much about the oological part of

ornithology, and I do not think much weight need be attached, as a rule,

to what he says about nidification.

_ The breeding time nearly all over India varies from the end of June

to the beginning of September, and probably depends much on when

the rains commence, Here, in Assam, where the rains, like the poor,

are always with us, I think the birds begin to breed in the end,

or even in the beginning, of June. In Bengal they commence to breed

in early July. In the North-West in late July or August, sometimes

as late as September. In Burma they seem to breed in the two

180 JOURNAL,. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X!.

first-mentioned months, and in Ceylon alone they alter their habits and

are said to breed in February and March. This last, however, is no

very well authenticated, and may. be a mistake, for Legge says: “In

Ceylon this goose breeds, I understand” (the italics are mine) “

February and March.”

The African form alluded to by Hume as S. africanus is not distinct

from our Indian S. melanonota, though it averages a little smaller, the

wing being about 13" or 14” in the male.

Hume also refers to Sclater’s plate of Sarcidiornis, and referring to the

yellow under-tail coverts therein depicted, says, that in all the Indian

specimens he has seen the tail coverts are always white.. As a matter

of fact, although the under-tail coverts in the plate should have been

white and not yellow, the bird shown in the plate is not our Nukhta at

all, but S. carwnculata, a much smaller species found in Brazil, Para-

guay, and North Argentina.

This and the other ducks belonging to this sub- family are amongst

those requiring a close time, as all of them are residents or mere

local migrants. This close time might extend from the Ist June to

the Ist December. Tickell says that by October most of the young are

on the wing, but in some parts of India this is at least a month too

early ; and Ido not think the Ist December is too late a date for

recommencing their slaughter.

Genus ASARCORNIS.

_ This genus is one specially created by Salvadori for the White-

winged Wood Duck which previously had been placed either with

Sarcidiornis, Casarca, Anas or Tadorna. It seems to be allied most

nearly to the first-mentioned of these genera, differmg in possessing

no comb or spur, and in having a flatter.and larger bill. There is no

other member of the genus.

Hume in a footnote to “ Game Birds,” p. 147, gives his reason for

rejecting the name A. scutulata which is that Blyth considered Miiller’s

birds to be of a different species to the. wild one found in India and

Burma. Salvadori,. however, who has had more material to work on

than was available to. Huine at the time he wrote, seems to consider that

A, scutulata does apply to our bird, and: that ‘the domesticated, or

confined bird, is’ inclined. to albinoism. Under the circumstances, I

think it is better to follow Salvadori and accept Miller’s name,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 181

(7) Asarcornis scutulataa—The White-winged Wood Duck.

Anas scutulata. Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VIII, p. 158.

Casarca leucoptera. Jerdon “ B. of India,” II, p. 793 ; Hume and

Davis, “ Str. Feath.,’ VI, p. 489. Hume, zbed, p. 170.

- Casarca Tada. Hume, “Str. Feath.” VIL, p. 115 ; Hume, Cat.

No. 955.

Anas lucoptera, Hume and Marshall, “ Gane Birds,” III, pp. .147

and 172; Oates, “Birds of British Burmab,” IJ, p.281.; Hume, “ Nests

and Eggs ” (Oates’ ed.) III, p. 287.

Asarcornis scutulata, Salvadori, cs B. of B. Geant XXVIII,

p- 60..

Descriptions: Adult Male.—Head and upper rab of the neck white,

thickly spotted with black, as in Sarcidiornis melanonota; the black

spots more numerous on the upper part of the head and hind neck ;

lower part of the neck and mantle glossy black, mixed with brown-

chestnut in front, the same colour covers the breast and abdomen ; under-

tail coverts brown ; back, rump, upper-tail coverts and scapularies olive-

brown ; the feathers of the back, rump and upper-tail coverts glossed

with bluish and green ; smaller upper-wing coverts white, the median

ones *bluish-grey or lead-colour, broadly tipped with black ; quills

olive-brown, but secondaries with the outer webs bluish-grey, forming a

distinct speculum ; tertials olive-brown, the first one white on the outer

half of the outer web, margined outwardly with black, under-wing

coverts and axillaries white, the former mixed with brown feathers ; tail

dull olive-brown ; bill ochreous-red; feet reddish (Salvadori).

Length, from 27" to 29"; wing about 15"; tail, 6°5" ; culmen, 2°5"

tarsus, 2°38",

Female.—Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller and less glossy

on the edges of the feathers of the back and rump and of the upper-tail

coverts. Total length about 26"; wing, 12"; tail, 6"; culmen, 2°4";

tarsus, 2°1" (Salvadori). The only sexed female in the Museum is that

which was in Hume’s collections, and must be the same as that for which

he gave measurements in “ Game Birds.” His measurements being as

follows :—Length, 27"; wing, 12°7"; tail, 6°38"; tarsus 2:2”; bill from

gape, 2°58". The two.measurements are instructive if only to show how

widely different may be the measurements of two different men,

even if they be ornithologists quite at the top of the tree. Of course

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

shrinkage would nearly account-for the differences if Hume’s skin was

quite fresh when measured; and this is what may have been the case,

though it is hardly likely,: as the bird was, I believe, collected by Mr.

Shillingford in Purneah and sent (a dry specimen) to Mr. Hume. _

Colone] Graham gave thecolour of the legs and feet as dirty yellowish,

and the bill looked as if it had been “ yellow-brownish atthe tip and

base.” .

Blyth says: “ Bill yellow with some lateral black specks, the destrum

darker, and the feet appear to have been orange.”

Later on he figures the bird with-dingy olive-yellow feet and bill, but

the birds from which he copied were, I believe, domesticated ones, and

the discrepancy is thus accounted for. |

This is one of the most rare and little known of all our Chenomorphe,

and the records regarding its distribution are very limited. I do not

consider that Blyth’s remarks can really refer to this bird at all, and he

must have made a mistake; from what he says one would imagine the

White-winged Duck to bea very common species in certain parts of

Burma, yet Hume says in “ Stray Feathers,” Vol. V1, p. 489: “ Davison

has examined the Valley of the Sittang, the Salween, the Attaran, the

Gyn, the Haung-thaw, the Tavoy, and the Tenasserim, but he has:never

yet seen or heard of this species. If it does occur in Tenasserim it

can only be as an extremely rare straggler.”

As regards Jerdon’s letter to Hume, in which he mentions this bird as

congregating in large flocks, it is a pity we have not the date of it. In

1864, when he finished his third volume of the “ Birds of India,” he evidently

looked on the bird as rare in the extreme; he talks of its occurrzng in

Dacca and other parts of Eastern Bengal, but does not lead one to infer

that it was anything but uncommon even there. If his letter was written

prior to 1864, it may be taken for grauted that Jerdon had discovered his

mistake, whilst, if written after 1864, it shows that Jerdon made a mistake,

which, as far as any one knows, has never been rectified. He says, “I

have seen several flocks of Casarca leucoptera in the lower parts of the

Brahmapootra, where it joins the Ganges, not far from Dacca, where,

indeed, Simson had seen it.” Ten years more, added to the years when

Hume and his collectors knew the country above referred to, has shown

that it could not have been the Wood Duck which Jerdon saw in flocks.

That Simson saw it in Dacca certainly does not prove that it inhabits

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 183

the Megna, Brahmapootra, and Ganges in numbers. The only other ©

notice of its occurrence that I know of in Eastern Bengal is of four birds

said to have been seen in Singbhoom by Mr. W. Moylan when out

shooting with two: other guns, of which four birds one (a drake) was

shot.

Colonel Graham seems to have found it common in the Lakhimpur dis-

trictof Assam, where, however, it seems he got but one bird from Sadiya,

and he notes it as rare in Darrang. Godwin Austen procured one on the

River Dunsiri, saw one in the Garo Hills, and knew of one killed in

Tezpur. Two were seen by myself in 1886 when shooting partridges in

the Barpeta part of the Kamroop district, and were missed by me with

both barrels at Jong ranges. ‘The bird is known and well described by

the Cacharies, but, though I once heard a pair of them on the borders of

the Cachar and Maogang districts, I failed to get a sight of them.

Specimens have been obtained in Tavoy and Mergui, and these end the

known localities within our limits in which it has been met with. Out-

side it extends to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (?) and Java. It thus

seems probable that it will be found to inhabit suitable localities in

‘Hastern Bengal, where, however, it is of extreme rarity, that it becomes

less rare higher up the Assam Valley, being most frequently met with

below the hills of the extreme north-east, extends through Cachar and

the Indo-Burmese countries and Burma to the Malay Peninsula. |

Colonel Graham says : “ They roost on trees and frequent solitary pools

in deep tree jungle. They are always in pairs, and may be heard calling

to one another at great distances. They are rare in Darrang, for the

forest is not dense and extensive enough there as a rule, but in

the vast, pathless tree jungles of Lakhimpur they are common.” This

agrees well with what I have heard of them and their habits in North

Cachar. The only experience I have had personally with them in this

district was on a rainy day in June, when out shooting I heard two birds

ealling to one another in loud goose-like calls. The forest was very

dense and consisted almost entirely of trees, but through it there wan-

dered a sluggish, dirty stream which here and there disappeared into

small morasses dotted with tiny pools of clear water. Thinking the

safest way to get a shot would be to drive them, I sent my Cachari

tracker to beat down the stream towards me from a point some two

hundred yards or so above where we heard them calling, The drive

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ,

proved a total failure, as though the birds flew within thirty or forty

yards of me they kept inside the forest on the same side of the stream

as that on which I was seated, and I hardly caught a glimpse of them

much less obtained a shot. The Cachari told me that when he came on

the firstone it wasin a tree from which it did not fly until he was

underneath, and that then it made off to its mate, which was some two

hundred yards higher up the stream. They then both settled in a small

pool and did not again take to wing until he had sneaked to within’

twenty yards when they got up and flew straight away, passing, as I

have already said, just out of sight of me. We heard them calling two

or three days after this, but when I attempted to stalk them they made

off long before I got within sight or shot of them.

‘When I saw the pair in Barpeta I was shooting Kya Partridge

im the ekra-covered patches of swamp in the forests, and a pair

got up some forty or fifty yards from me from some swamp just as

I emerged from the forest. Two barrels of No. 7 pattered on their backs

at once, but seemed not to have the smallest effect on them. These two

birds flew just like geese, one bird (the male, I suppose, for he looked

much the heavier) about ten yards in front of the other, their necks

fully outstretched and squawking loudly as they flew for the first

few hundred yards. Whilst in the open they flew within a few feet

of the ground, but on regaining the forest mounted higher until they

disappeared altogether in the distance.

Mr. Moylan in narrating to me how he met with this duck in Sini in

Singbhoom, said that they were shooting in grass-covered swamps at.

the edge of heavy forest. They were standing at the edge of this forest

when he saw four birds, which he took to be geese, coming down towards

him and his companions. They were at a great height, but a charge

S. K.G. shot took effect on the foremost, and he came crash to the

eround, turning out to be a fine drake. It is possible that Mr. Moylan

may have been wrong in his identification, but I failed to discover any

reason to make me think so, though I questioned him closely on the

matter. This was the only occasion on which he ever saw the duck.

’ Lhave an egg said to be of this species. A creamy white egg, ex-

tremely smooth and glossy, with fine close grain but not very hard. It

was taken from a deep hollow in a rotten tree, the nest consisting of a

mass of grass and some feathers. It was found two or three days after

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. © « 185

I left the place, where, with the Cachari, I had come across the pair of

Wood Ducks ; the tree was on the border of the stream mentioned and

not far from where we had heard the birds calling, so that I think very

likely the egg is that of the White-winged Wood Duck. It measures

oe Zale eae!

Genus RHODONESSA.

The genus Rhodonessa, like the former, consists of but one species,

which species is confined to Indian limits. In adult or semi-adult birds

the colour of the head is sufficient to define it ata glance ; should,

however, the bird be in its first plumage, reference must be made to its

loreal feathering, as mentioned in the key above.

(8) Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. The Pink-headed Duck.

Anas caryophyllacea, Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” ITI, p. 800; Hume,

“Nests and Egos,” p. 644; Fairbank, “Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 264;

Davidson, ibéd, VII, p. 95 ; Ball, zbzd, p. 232 ; Hume, ibid, p. 492 ; .éd.,

ibid, VIII, p. 801 ; Hume and Marsh., “ Game Birds,” III, pp. 174,

435 ; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay,” p. 404.

_ Rhedonessa caryophyllacea. Ball, “ Str. Feath.,” Te p. 438 ; Hume,

ieee. lio 5) 7d. Cat. No. 960); tle Tisuie, leans? IPC

p. 437 ; Reid, zbid, X, p. 81 ; Hume and Marsh., “ Game Birds,” III,

pp. 173, 485 ; Oates,“ Birds of British Burmah,” IT, p. 284 ; A. Taylor,

“ Str. Feath.,” X, p. 531; Hume, ébid, XI, Pp. 344 ; Hume, “ Nests and

Egos” (Oates’ ed.), IIT, p. 290; Salvadori, “ Cat. B. of B. Museum,”

ROMO p. Gl... | , 2

Description : Adult Male——Head, sides of neck and hind neck a

beautiful rosy-pink, with, in the breeding season, a small tuft of - still

brighter rosy on the top of the head; throat, dark brown ; rest of the

plumage fine, glossy, dark chocolate-brown, paler and less glossed beneath,

but under-tail coverts very dark; mantle, scapulars, breasts and sides

with very fine rosy-whitish vermiculations or points ; edge of the wing

whitish ; speculum reddish-fawn or dull salmon colour, with a white band

at the tip of the secondaries ; outer web and tip of the outer pri-

maries brown ; the inner webs and inner primaries buff ; tertials glossy

chocolate-brown, narrowly edged with black on the outer webs ; under-

wing coverts and quills beneath a pale pink colour, with a satin lustre ;

tail chocolate-brown (Salvadori).

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

In Jerdon and Barnes (Appendix Jerdon) in loco citato we find the ad-

ditional “ edge of wing whitish, uppermost tertiaries rich glossy green.”

This is right, and it is shewn in Hume and Marshall’s plate, but the

average bird has not so bright or light a green and has it even more

glossy.

The depth of the brown varies a cull deal, and I am inclined to think

that owing to age, very old birds are the darkest, nearly black.

Condition of plumage in this, as in every other species of brown or black

bird, has a good deal to do with the colour, and brown in old plumage

is always much duller and paler than in the fresh. I have certain Spine-

tail Swifts which shows a mixture of quite light brown feathers with new

black ones glossed with blue, the former being merely old ones from

which the colouring matter has been exhausted.

orange-red ; legs and feet blackish with a tinge of red” (Jerdon).

% Bill dirty red ; cere flesh-coloured ; irides deep orange-red ; legs and

feet reddish-slate ” (Shillingford). Of another he notes: “ Bill light pink,

assuming a purplish tint towards gonys ; cere flesh-coloured ; irides deep

orange ; tarsus, web and nails dark slate, melining to purple ; lower

mandible more deeply coloured than upper.

The following note of my own may explain Shillingford’s “cere,”

Bill dull reddish-pink, deeper on mandible and darker still on gonys,

the base of both mandibles, more especially the maxilla near the forehead,

purer and brighter pink. This note was taken from an adult male.

“Tength about 24” ; wing, 10°5"; tail, 4°25": culmen 2:1"; tarsus,

1:6"” (Salvadori).

Female-—Similar to the male, but duller and ee and more of a

smoky-brown ; the pink of the head is dingier and paler, and there isa

broad brown medial band from forehead over crown, and occiput and

(diminishing rapidly in width) on the back of the upper neck ; but the

most conspicuous difference is that the dull pmk of the face runs on

unbroken over the entire chin and throat, so that there is no trace of

the dark band along chin and throat so ee es in the male

(Salvadori).

The colour of the soft ane in the female seem to differ in being all of

a duller hue. There is only one sexed skin in the British Museum,

which-possesses only six adult skins altogether, and this isa female. The

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, > 187

only colours given, however, in the Catalogue are those quoted from

Shillingford. .I do not know the authority from which these are taken,

and Shillingford himself does not seem to have sexed his specimens.

Oates says that of the birds he has examined he has found the females

to. be about equal to the males in size. Oates gives the wing as 11",

The only other record of female measurements is in .the. Appendix to

“Game Birds” where a female is said to be 23” long with a wing of 10°5',

and an expanse of 37"; strange to say also she weighed more than three

out of the four males that are mentioned in the same place.

Young.—Hend and neck pale rose-whitish colour, with the top of

the head, nape and hind-neck brown; the whole plumage lighter brown;

the underparts pale dull brown, with the edges of the feathers whitish

(Salvadori).

I do not understand the young bird depicted in the plate in “ Game

Birds” and have never heard of any bird like it in plumage, the “ rese-

whitish ” colour being always a distinct feature.

The head-quarters of this duck are, as Hume says, Bengal, north of

the Ganges and west of the Brahmapootra rivers; above all it is most

common in Maldah, Purneah, Purulia and adjoining districts, the two

first-named places heing especially favoured. It has also been obtained in

Arrah, Mozufferpore, Chota Nagpur and Ranchi, where it is only a rare

bird, and in Singhboom, where it is rather more common. It is also

found sparingly through Orissa and as far south as Madras, and all

through Eastern Bengal and Assam up to Manipur, where Hume

obtained it, He says in Vol. XI of “Stray Feathers” about Rhodo-

nessa, :—‘ This species is very scarce in Manipur. I only saw it at the

Lagtak Lake, and there J only saw one party that kept up in a weedy

lagoon at the north-east corner of the lake, where it was impossible to

get them. I did get a single bird, but that was only by lying upon

several occasions in a thick reed bed and getting them driven, ‘Three

times they went in the wrong direction, but having at last’ made out

their line, I laid up in the right place the fourth time and knocked down

a brace, of which, however, I only recovered one ; 1 had nodog. This

species occurs in Sylhet ; and has been procured in various parts of the

Assam Valley right up to Sadiya, but alike in Assam and Sylhet (I seem

to have no record of its occurrence in Cachar) it appears to be excessively

rare, little more than an occasional straggler,”

188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT

In Burma it is extremely rare; Blyth obtained it in Arakan, and

says that it occurs in Independent Burma (where ?), but Oates did not

come across it in Pegu, and I can find no other record of it.

Hodgson obtained it more than once in Nepal, and Pemberton in

Thibet, ‘A Member of the Society ” in Vol. II of this Journal writes :-—

“In Scind ... I have one report of the Bengali Pink-headed Duck

occurring as a stragegler, but it cannot yet be called a recorded species.”

I suppose by this he means that he does not place much faith in the

report.

I see Murray does not record it as a Scind bird, although he is 5 very

generous in the number of birds he assigns to that part of India.

Mr. Moylan told me that once out shooting in Sini, in Sngbhoon,

with three other guns they accounted for no fewer than six of these

lovely ducks. They were found in the thick, weedy, reed-covered

tanks lying just outside the heavy forest. Here they were in company

with vast numbers of other kinds of ducks and teal, a big bag of which

was made on this occasion. He seems frequently to have met with

them in various parts of Singbhoom, but, as far as I could ascertain,

had not seen any others shot.

In the Punjaub its occurrences are limited to four actually recorded.

Two were shot by Colonel Kinlock and another is mentioned by him,

as having been shot by a friend (a brother officer), whilst the other is

noticed by Hume. All four birds were obtained near Delhi. In the

North-West it is equally rare, and as the authorities who would attempt

to prove otherwise are anonymous, it is not worth while quoting them.

In Oudh it is perhaps less rare, and a few birds are seen and either shot

or netted nearly every year. Latham says that it “is common in

Oudh, where it lives generally in pairs, is often kept tame, and becomes

very familiar.” (!)

Shillingford’s note on the “ Pink-headed Duck” which appeared

in the Asian gives so much information and so little is to be obtaimed

elsewhere that I reproduce it in extenso :—

“ During the cold weather, November to March, the Pink-headers

remain in flocks varying from 6 to 80, or even 40 birds, in the

lagoons adjoining the larger rivers, and have been observed by myself

in considerable numbers in the southern and western portions of the

district, that portion of Hastern Bhagalpur which lies immediately to

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 189

the north of the River Ganges and south-western parts of Maldah.

They come up to the central or higher parts of the Purneah district in

pairs, during the month of April, begin to build in May, and their eggs

may be found in June and July. The nests are well formed (made of

dry grass interspersed with a few feathers), perfectly circular in shape,

about 9 inches in diameter, and 4 or 5 inches deep, with 3 to 4-inch —

walls, and have no special lining. The nests are placed in the centre

of tufts of tall grass, well hidden and difficult to find, generally not

more than 500 yards from water. They lay from 5 to 10 eggs in a

nest. Both the male and female have been started simultaneously

from the vicinity of the nest, bus whether the former assists in incuba-

tion is uncertain, though judging from the loss of weight, during the

breeding season, the male must be in constant attendance at the nest.

The weight of five males shot between the 13th February and 28th

June, 1880, in consecutive order being—(1) 2lbs. 30z. (13th February);

(2) IIb. 14oz.; (3) 2lbs.; (4) 11b. 180z.; and (5) 1b. 120z. (28th June).

When the young are fledged in September-October the Pink-headers

retire to their usual haunts, the jungly lagoons.

“ The following account, as indicating their strong attachment to their

young, may prove of interest. On the 17th July, 1880, whilst searching

for Pink-headers’ nests with F. H. at the northern extremity of

Patraha Katal, where nests were reported, we flushed a female Pink-

header in the grass jungle on the banks of the Patraha jhil. F. H. fired

with his miniature express ai a distance of about 300 yards at the bird

which had settled at the other end of the jhil. The ball was seen by

both of us to strike the water some distance above, and a little to the

left of the bird, which did not rise. Upon going up to the spot, to our

surprise she fluttered about and dragged herself along with loud

quackings. Being closely pursued she flew along at an elevation of

about 6 feet from the ground in a manner that led us to believe that

she was badly wounded, and one of her wings damaged, and she fell

rather than settled in a patch of grass on dry land. Upon approaching

this a similar manoeuvre was gone through, and she deposited herself

some 100 yards further on. Having decoyed us thus far she flew up

into the air with such facility that our old mahout could not help

exclaiming, phair jee gya (it’s come to life again), and directed her flight

in 2 direction away from the piece of water, After describing a

190° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SQCIETY, Vol. XI

considerable circuit, she came back to the jhil on the banks of which

we were standing. ‘Iwo more bullets were fired at her from the same

gun, which only made her rise after each shot and settle down again

some ten yards further on. Seeing that her tactics had failed in draw-

ing us away from the vicinity of her young, she again took to the grass

jungle, and all endeavours to flush her again proved futile, though she

was observed in the same piece of water subsequently.”

What a pity Shillingford has not given us some details concerning

all their nests he seems to have found and also of the numerous eggs

he obtained ; whether they were like those he sent to Hume, or whe-

ther they were like most other ducks’ eggs. He did send five eggs to

Hume, one of which was, I believe, taken by himself and the others

by Mr. T. Hill of Jeruneah Factory in Purneah.

Of these five eggs Hume remarks: “The eggs are quite unlike

those of any other duck with which Iam acquainted. In shape they

are very nearly spherical—indeed, one is almost a perfect sphere.

“The shell is very close and compact, but not particularly emoat

or satiny to the touch, and is entirely devoid of gloss.

“Tn colour it is a dull, nearly pure white, with here and there traces

of an exceedingly faint yellowish motling, probably the result of dirt.

Even held up against the light, the shell is white, with scarcely a

perceptible ivory tinge.

“The five egos sent me by Mr. Shillingford measure as follows :

1:82" 1:7"; 1'78"x 1°68"; 18" 1°62"; 1°71" 1°69"; 1:81" 1°61",

“There is no possible doubt now that these eggs, taken at two

different times by two different persons, are really the eggs of the Pink-

headed Duck, but at the same time it must be admitted that they are

eges which no one versed in oology could, without positive proof, have

accepted as pertaining to this species.”

All observers, who have recorded their observations otherwise than

anonymously, concur in stating this duck to be one of enclosed waters,

and it seems to prefer such as are well covered with jungle and weeds

of sorts and surrounded by high grass, forest, etc. It is probably

found sometimes on the open rivers, but this only in the cold weather

and very rarely even then. As a rule, it collects in but small parties,

and I should think, very probably, that these are only of the mem-

hers of one family, though two or three of these may now and then

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 191 !

join-together. Its flight has been described as fast and powerful, and

its voice as a musical edition of that of the Mallard (A. boscas).

_As regards its food there seems to be nothing on record beyond

Mr. Shillingford’s note on the gizzard of a bird he examined and found

to contain “half-digested water weeds and various kinds of small

shells.” This is, however, important, as it shows that it is both an

animal and vegetarian feeder.

Most writers call this a shy and wild bird, but my father

(E. B. Baker), who knew the bird well, did not consider it to be either

a particularly wary or wild bird, though of a very shy, retiring

disposition. I remember when I first came out to India, some ten

years or so ago, he had several of these birds’ skins amongst his

collection of Maldah bird skins, but all these skins have been either lost

or destroyed, and it is now so long since I last saw them that I cannot

speak with certainty of the variations they showed in their plumage. ~

Most of these ducks had been shot by him when shooting with the

late W. Reilly and some of the Shillingfords in Maldah and Purnesh. -

At the end of a day’s shoot when promiscuous firing had become the

order, one or twoof these ducks would often be added to the bag,

getting up in front of the line of elephants as they worked through

country in which there were any small ponds and jhils. : .

Genus NETTAPUS.

Unlike the two last genera, the present one contains four species,

though of these only one is found in Indian limits. The type of the

genus is Nettapus auritus, which is found throughout a great part

of South Africa and also in Madagascar. The other two forms,

NV. pulchellas and N. albipennis, are both Australian, the former being ;

obtained in New Guinea and some other islands. ;

Nettapus can be distinguished from all other genera by the following

characteristics being combined in it : |

Rather long hind toe not lobed, feet palmated, neck short, wing

under 7",

(9) Nettapus coramandelianus. ‘The Cotton Teal.

Netiapus coramandelianus.—Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” III, p. 786 ;

Butler, “Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 27; Hume, bid ; Hume and Davison,

ibid, VI, p. 486; Oates, ibid, VII, p. 52; Cripps, cbid, p. 311;

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X

Legge, “Birds of Ceylon,” p. 1066; Bingham, “Str. Feath.,” IX,

p. 198; Oates, “Birds of British Burmah,” II, p. 272 ;- Hume,

“Nests and Eggs” (Oates’ ed.), II], p. 280; Barnes, “ Birds of

Bombay,” p. 397.

Netiapus coramandelicus—Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,” p. 638;

Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” III, Plate XIV.

Nettapus coramandus.—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” IJ, p. 192.’

Nettapus coramandelianus—Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” VI, p. 491; ad.,

VIII, p. 114; éd., Cat. No. 951; Hume and Marshall, “ Game

Birds,” III, p. 101; Oates, “ Str. Feath..” X, p. 245.; Salvadori,

Cat. B. of B. Museum,” ZO VL, p- 68.

Description: Adult Male-—Extreme point of forehead white, remain-

der and crown brown, the lateral edges much darker, almost black ; 3

a complete broad collar round the base of the neck black, a little,

glossed with green; remainder of head, neck, lower plumage, and a

collar behind the black collar white; flanks most minutely stippled

and more’ or less barred with light brown, sometimes almost absent ;

under-tail coverts. broadly barred and tipped or sub-tipped brown ;

- scapulars and back dark brown, completely overlaid with dark green

gloss. slightly mixed with purple ; upper-tail coverts dirty white,

freckled with brown. Innermost secondaries brown glossed with

purple ; remaining secondaries glossed green and tipped with white ;

primaries glossy green tipped brown, and with a broad white band

continuing the bar made by the white tips of the secondaries ; tail brown.

Bill, legs and feet black, the two latter more or less tinged with

slatey-yellow ; irides bright crimson-red.

“Sides of tarsus and toes dusty yellow; claws horny brown.”

(Oates). |

Length, 12°5".to 13°5"; wing, 6" to 7", rarely over 6°6" or under

63"; tail about 3"; culmen about ‘9” to 95"; tarsus, 1”.

Weight between 9 and 12 oz.

Female.—Cap as in the male but uniform brown ; forehead more

broadly white speckled with brown; a deep brown line running

through the eye; remainder of lower plumage and head white,

the breast and lower neck with narrow bars. of dark brown, taking

the place of the collar in the male ; face and neck much vermiculated

with brown 3. and the flanks both barred and speckled with the’

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 193

same ; in.old females the abdomen and centre of the breast are pure

white, in younger birds more or less marked with brown; outer

secondaries broadly and inner primaries. very narrowly tipped with

white ; remainder of wings, upper plumage and tail brown, the

scapulars and back being occasionally faintly glossed, upper-tail coverts

finely stippled with white. gens

Bill brown, dark olive, paler and yellowish on mandible, commissure

and gape ; iris. red-brown ; legs and feet dull. slate-yellow, more or es

smudged with blackish-green ; claws light yellow-brown.

Length about 12"; wing 6" or a trifle over ; tail about 2°75" ; culmen

about 0:9" ; tarsus nearly 1”. .

Male in Winter. = Sitnilas to the female, but ne ays retains the: con

spicuous white patch on.the primaries (Salvadori),

Does this little duck always assume.a winter plumage. when fully

adult? Idoubt it, for I have males shot in winter just as glossy and

fully plumaged as any to be obtained duriag the breeding. season n and hot

“weather.

Young.— Like the female, but even more stippled about the Head oan

brown, and also more-banded with light brown on the flanks, -

Young in down.—“ Upper parts, flanks and under-tail coverts blackish

broad. brown ; a broadsuperciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, front neck and

breast white ; a brown line through the eyes ; two broad white spots on

each side of the back—one near the base of the wings, and the other

much larger on the side of the rump ; feathers of the tail biesise en

long and stiff.”

The Cotton Teal is found almost iteeachoat India, Burma’ atid

Ceylon, and extends also to China and the Phillipines, Sunda ous

and the Celebes.

In India proper it may be said to have its Donde: in ator

Bengal, is-still very common in Western Bengal and Assam, less so in

the Eastern Punjab and Rajputana, epecially so in the cold weather;

and actually rare towards the west of the Hmpire. Barnes says that

it is not found either in Guzerat. or Scind, but it has been recorded from

‘both places since his book was written. In Orissa they are common

enough, and in parts-of Madras fairly so; from Malabar I can find no

record. of its occurrence, though I believe there is one somewhere, could

I only remember it, In Ceylon it appears to be-more or less confined

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

to the north and east of the Island. uegge writes (“ Birds of Ceylon,”

p- 1067) : “This pretty little birdis common in the tanks of the

northern and eastern parts of the Island, building in many secluded

spots, and moving about considerably during the rainy weather. To the

western province and south-west of the Island it is apparently chiefly a

north-east monsoon migrant, as about Christmas itis met with on the

Kotti and Kaesbawa lakes and other similar sheets of water,”

In Burma it appears to be found everywhere as far south of

Tenasserim as Tavoy.

In certain of the drier portions oe its habitat this bird is semhiemigmtory

in its habits, only visiting them in the rains, and leaving again for some

more suitable place, as the haunts in the former begin to dry up. Hume,

talking of the vast numbers seen every day during the cold weather in

the Calcutta market, says that ita mystery to him where they come

from. Having myself shot over some of the vast bhils and back-waters

of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, I think it would take a very large

number indeed to surprise me. In the places mentioned they simply

swarm in thousands, and are only out-numbered by the: Whistling Teals,

I suppose every one knows how the fishermen of the Sunderbuns and

other parts net the vast numbers of duck that are daily sent in to

the Calcutta market, but in case there are some who do not, the following

may explain, Over a great stretch of shallow bhil they erect

nets some fifteen or twenty feet high, usually selecting the end

of a large patch of water where it narrows off either into dry

land or again widens out into yet another bhil. Then, by night,

they pole silently up the lake towards the nets, driving the flock

of duck and teal silently before them, nor is any noise made until an

approach has been made to within some 200 yards, or even less of the

nets. Thus, when the shouts are raised, many of the flocks have not time

to rise high enough to evade the nets, into which they fly and are

entangled. Cotton Teal, of course, fly low along the surface of the

water and hence fall victims to the nets more easily than such ducks as

get quickly into the air and fly high. On the Moolna bhil, I am sure,

forty or fifty couple might be shot in a day by a single gun without any

very great trouble or luck ; but in Bengal very few sportsmen, except

such as shoot for quantity alone, consider them game, and Cotton Teal

are left-alone unless when required as food for servants, boatmen,. or

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 195

coolies, who like their flesh and eat it greedily, preferring them to more

delicately flavoured ducks. They:breed in great numbers in these vast

sheets of water on the little islands which are dotted about in all direc-

tions, and which contain from three or four up to a hundred trees or so.

Nor are they much molested when breeding, though now and then the

miserable fishermen, who are the only inhabitants of these watery, fever-

stricken parts, may take a clutch or two of eggs asfood. In different

parts of India their habits also vary much. Hume writes: “Tame and

familiar little birds, village ponds, at any rate where singhara are grown,

seem to bejustas much affected as moresecluded pieces of water. You

may often see half-a-dozen dabbling about in the water and weeds within

ten yards of the spot where the village washerman is noisily thrashing

the clothes of the community ; more suo on large stones or ribbed slabs

of wood, as if his one object in life was to knock everything into rags at

the earliest possible moment. Even the loud half grunt, half groan,

with which he relieves his feelings after each mighty thwack has no terror

for these little birds.”

The habitat of these remarkably domesticated Cotton Teal is not men-

tioned by Hume, but in Rungpore, though not quite so tame as the above

description shows them to be in some places, they take little notice of

passers-by, unless very closely approached. They squat in the roadside

ditches and tanks, and when finally leaving them, scuttle away, chatter-

ing and clucking for all they are worth, as if trying whether they could.

vociferate harder than fly, or vice versd, often only to return to some

spot within fifty or sixty yards of that just left. Their flight is decidedly

quick as well as fast, and they dodge round corners and avoid stumps and

other obstructions which come in their way, as-they-fly down the way-

side drains and ditches, with an activity quite wonderful. In addition

to their speed of flight they are very densely plumaged and tough, and

carry off a wonderful lot of shot for so small a bird. In the Sunderbuns

they are found alike in the very biggest and broadest stretches of

water as in the smallest ; only in the former they keep much to weedy

places with thick cover adjacent. In Rungpore, Furreedpore, Barisal, and

adjoming districts they keep more to small tanks, ditches and enclosed

bhils than to the larger, more open pieces of water, and this is said to

be their practise in most of the other parts of their habitat. Legge

says that they frequent sometimes the flooded lands close to the sea-shore.

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

LT have generally observed them in rather small flocks—seldom more

than about twenty, and more often under than over a dozen—that is to

say, in family parties only: other observers, however, speak of finding

them in far larger flocks, so I suppose that often the families collect

together.

The only district in which I have personally found and taken their

nests in any numbers is Rungpore. I was there once for three or four

months in the rains, and I am sure that at that time a short walk of

two or three miles in any direction along any road would have been

productive of three or four nests of the Cotton Teal, as well perhaps of

one or two of the Whistling Teal. The District and Station Roads are

well off for fine large trees, forming complete avenues on many of

them, and most of them have large drains on either side, or else a

succession of borrow pits take their place. These, jong disused, have

naturally become well covered with weeds and grass, and form grand

hunting grounds for this little duck, whilst the numerous hollows in the

old trees, which overhang them, afford them sites for building in. I

think they generally select hollows of some size in the trunk of the tree

itself and at about six to twelve feet from the ground, and this hollow

they line well and abundantly with twigs, grass, and feathers. I have

twice known as many as 22 eggs laid, once 18 and once 16, but

normally, I should say they lay any number from 8 to 14, 10 being

perhaps the number more often laid than any other. Ihave never |

known them make any other sort of nest than this already described,

but others have recorded quite different stories regarding their nidifica-

tion. Blewitt, writing from Jhansi, says : “ It breeds in July and August.

Just above the village of Borogaon is a large lake from which

several eggs of this goslet were brought. The eggs were collected in

the two months on different occasions. It makes a semi-floating nest

on the water, among the rushes or lotus weeds, of weeds, grass, etc., all

together, filled up several inches above the water-level.

“The many boatmen of this lake stated that this goslet breeds there

oery. year, and at the Salbuhat Lake also the boatmen affirmed . the

same.’

I have found nests que low devin in trees only just above water-

level in fact, but have never taken them froma hole at any height

from the ground, and-cannot now recall to mind any which were over

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 197

15 or 16 feet from it. They do, however, sometimes select very lofty

situations, for Oates took one nest containing 10 eges from a mango tree

about 30 feet above the ground. They are said also to breed sometimes

in old ruins, broken-down walls, etc. Cripps says, ““ They even lay their

eggs in the factory -chimney holes.” They do not always make use of

places quite close to water, as a pair of these birds laid their eggs in a

gigantic tree standing in the Magistrate’s compound in Rungpore. At

the back of the house there was a good-sized tank, frequented by a pair

of these birds, and as they were so constantly present, I hunted all

round the tank, in every tree, for the nest. However, it was not to be

found, though holes and hollows which looked suitable for nesting

purposes were common enough. Eventually I found the nest by

accident in a tree in front of the house, and full two hundred yards

from the tank. This was one of the nests, already mentioned, which

contained 22 eggs. I watched this nest very carefully, and on the six-

teenth day after it was found the chicks were hatched, and I then waited

anxiously to see how they would get to the water. They remained in the

nest that day, but the following morning, though I was out very soon

after daybreak, they were all in the tank, 15 out of the 22, 7 eggs being

addled, which I took. It was a great disappointment not seeing the

goslings taken from the nest to the water, and I have never yet seen it

done. A very intelligent native once told me that very early one morning

before it was light, he was fishing in a tank, or rather looking to his nets

which had been put down overnight, when he saw something flutter

heavily into the water from a tree in front of him and some twenty paces

distant. The bird returned to the tree, and again with much beating of

wings fluttered down to the surface of the tank, and this performance was

repeated again and again at intervals of some few minutes. At first he

could only make out that the cause of the commotion was a bird of some

kind, but after a few minutes he, remaining crouched amongst the

reeds and bushes, saw distinctly that it was a Cotton Teal, and that each

time it flopped into the water and rose again it left. gosling behind it.

These, he said, he could see were:carried somehow in the feet, but the

parent bird seemed to find the carriage of its young no easy matter,

flew with difficulty, and fell into the water with some force. Ido not

vouch for this man’s story being true, but give it for what it is worth,

and believe it myself.

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

They breed in Bengal in late June, July, and August, the end of July

principally. In Ceylon they are said to breed much earlier, but there,

of course, their weather arrangements are different, and the birds of all

kinds have to make their nesting time suit accordingly.

The eggs are true duck eggs, though more spherical than most,

much like those of Dendrocygna in shape, texture, and polish. Oates

calls them miniatures of those of the Comb Duck, but says they are less

glossy.

They vary in length between 1°5" and 1:8” and in breadth bettie

1:17" and 1:41". The average of 40 eggs, including the 26 mentioned

in Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs,” is exactly 1:7" * 1:3".

Cripps, in blowing an egg of this bird, noticed that the drops as they

fell on to a pucca floor, appeared phosphorescent. He could give no

reason for this, but the fact that they did so certainly deserves mention

in any article on the Cotton Teal.

The Cotton Teal has often been unjustly accused of being unable to

progress on land. I do not know how this idea was started, but it is quite

without reason. Mr. Finn, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, states that

his birds, which he had in captivity, walked perfectly well, and suggests

that the idea arose from people seeing wounded birds shuffling along.

I think there may be, however, another explanation. I had once a pair

of Cotton Teal tame, and these birds were allowed to wander about

where they liked though I had to keep one wing clipped or they might

have wandered too far and got shot. Now, under ordinary circumstances,

the two little birds waddled about in complete comfort though without

any undue speed. Under the effects of excitement, however, whether

pleasurable or frightened, they attempted to hurry themselves and at

once flopped about in the most ludicrous fashion, tumbling over every

little obstruction they met with and appearing as if their hindquarters

were going too fast for their heads and breasts to keep in front.

( To be continued.)

199

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE

IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.

Part IV.

By (. M. Ineus.

(Continued from page 87 of this Vol.)

Order Hurylemi.

Family Lurylemide.

Genus Psarisomus Blanf; No. 944.

Hume, No. 138. Psaritsomus DALHOUSIZ (Jaur.).—The

Long-tailed Broad Bill.

126. This is a very rare bird here. For three years I did not geta

single specimen, then two were shot on some bamboos close to my

bungalow.

Genus Serilophus Blanf ; No. 943.

Hume, No. 139. SERILOPHUS RUBRIPYGUIS, Hodgson’s Broad Bill.

127. This species is fairly common. It frequents the jungle. I found

a nest of this bird on the 2nd September. The nest was hanging from

the end of the branch of a sapling near a stream ; it was about 44 feet

from the level of the water, and was composed of moss and fibres. It

was lined with dry bamboo leaves and fibres. Length of nest 12",

breadth 5" and egg cavity 44" deep. The mouth of nest opened from

the side and measured 3”%21". It contained four highly incubated

egos, which were of a white ground spotted with dark red at the thick -

end, the number of spots diminishing towards the narrow end. Lae

eggs are elongated ovals, and measure on an average 4" x 3".

Order Scansores.

Family Picide.

Sub-Family Pieine.

Genus Gecinus Blanf; No. 950.

Hume, No.172. GEctNus occirrrais (Vigors).—The Black-

naped Green Woodpecker. Sniene

Name—

128. This is a fairly common Woodpecker here. I have found it hy Gaye

the open on solitary trees as well as in thin jungle. Kat tokens

I Ye Kat-Khoda,

eure.

Nam

Burra haldi

matha Kat-

Khoda or

Kat-tokra.

Native

Name—

Chota huldi

matha Kat-

Khoda or

Kat -tokra.

Native

Name—

Kala Sadha

Kat-tokra.

Native

Name—

Chota Kala

Sadha Kat-

tokri,

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Blanf ; No. 955.

Hume, No. 173. CHRYcCOPBLEGMA FLAVINUCHA.—The Larger

Yellow-naped Woodpecker.

129. This species is rather rare and is only to be found in the dense

jungle often associating mage Dissemusus paradiseus, Gaumpsorhynchus

rufulus, &.

Blanf ; No. 951.

Hume, No. 173. Gerctnus cHLoROLOPHUS (Vicill).—The Lesser

Yellow-naped Woodpecker.

130. This is a much commoner species than C. favinucha. It also

keeps more to wooded parts than the open, though not so strictly as the

former species.

Genus Dendrocopus Blanf ; No. 967.

Hume, No. 157. DEnprocorus mactt (Vicill).—The Fulvous-breasted

Pied Woodpecker.

131. This is the commonest Woodpecker we have.

gardens and everywhere in the open where there are trees.

generally go about in pairs, as do most of the Woodpeckers.

~ Genus Iyngipicus Blanf ; No. 975.

Hume, No. 163 bis. Iyneipicus CANICAPILLUS.—The Burmese

Grey-headed Pied Woodpecker.

132. This Woodpecker is very rare here. I have only managed to

secure a pair since I have been collecting. They were both shot on the

same tree and were male and female.

Genus Micropternus Blanf; No. 983.

Hume, No. 178. MicropterNus PHAEocEPSs (Blyth.)—The Rufous

Woodpecker.

133. This Woodpecker is fairly common here. It seems to affect

thin jungle and also trees in the cultivation. The tail of this species is

always very sticky.

Genus Gecinulus Blanf; No. 958.

Hume, No. 177. Gecinubus GRANTIA.—The Pale-headed

Woodpecker, |

It comes into

They

_ BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 201

134. This bird, I think, may be put down as one of the rarest Wood -

peckers we have, though some seasons they are fairly numerous.

Genus Chrysocolaptes Blanf; No. 992.

Hume, No. 166. CHRYSOCOLAPTES SULTANEUS (Hodgs.)—The

Golden-backed Woodpecker.

135. Thisspecies is extremely common, frequenting gardens and thin Native

jungle, &. I once shota male that could scarcely fly ; it was feeding Soe

on the ground. The whole of the rump feathers were stuck together Matha Kat-

kra.

and formed a hard lump. tokra

Genus Hemicercus Blanf ; No. 995.

Hume, No. 165 bis, Hemicercus cANENTE (Less.)—The

Burmese Heart-Spotted Woodpecker.

136. This species is far from common, being a rather shy and very

active little bird. It could not, however, be put down as a rare bird.

Genus Hemilophus Blanf ; No. 996.

Hume, No. 168. HeEMILopHus PULVERULENTUS (Temm.)—The

Great Slatey Woodpecker.

137. This is the rarest Woodpecker we have. I have only one Native

specimen which was shot by my head shikari as it was flying across a nee

clearance. On a visit to Roopacherra I saw several more, but they *°*"™

were out of shooting range.

Genus Venilia Blanf; No. 978.

Hume, No. 176. Lepocustes PYRRHOTIS.—The Crimson-necked

Bay Woodpecker.

138. This species is also very rare here and only to be met with in

dense jungle. I once or twice came across a paradise of Woodpeckers

where I found G. flavinucha, G. chlorolophus, G. grantia and the

present species; there were besides some Cissa chinensis, Garrulaz

mondiger and Dissemurus paradiseus.

My attention was first drawn to them by the loud harsh screeching of

C. chinensis, and wanting a specimen, I followed it up ; in going through

the brushwood a pair of V. or ZL. pyrrhotis rose from near my feet and flew

Native

Name—

Lil Bossonto.

Native

Name—

Burra

Bossonto.

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

onto atree. With aright and left I managed to get both of them,

which happened to be a male and female. This is the only pair that I

have ever shot.

Sub-Family yngine.

Genus Picumnus Blanf ; No. 1001.

Hume, No. 186. Picumnus 1nnominatus (Burt.)}—The Speckled

. Piculet.

139. This is rather a rare bird here. It frequents bamboo jungle and

taps like a Woodpecker, making a great noise for so small a bird. I have

only shot four specimens, and seen another three or four since I have

been collecting.

Genus: SaseatBlanf ; No. 1002.

Hume, No. 187. Sasta ooaracea (Hodgs.)—The Rufous Piculet.

140. This species is much commoner than Picumnus innominatus, but

still may be called rare. It also frequents bamboo jungle, and I have

also found it several times in null and ekra.

Genus lynx Blanf ; No. 1008.

Hume, No. 188. Iynx Ttorquinia (Linn.)—The Wryneck.

141. This bird is exceedingly rare. I have only shot and seen two

specimens. It is very quiet and shy, and frequents thin jungle and

bushes, keeping near the ground.

Family Capitonide.

Genus Cyanops Blanf ; No. 1012.

Hume, No. 195. Cyanops astatica (Lath.)—The Blue-faced

Barbet.

142. This species is common in the jungle here, they may be heard

ealling all round you. They also come into the cultivation where

any Jvicus berries are ripe ; but they are more jungle-loving birds

than the other Barbets.

Blanf ; No. 1009.

Hume, No. 192, Cyanops tinnata (Vicill.)—The Lineated

Barbet.

143. This is a very common Barbet, being found on any tree where

the berries are ripe. They are very bold birds, neither fearing the

approach of man nor that of other birds. I have often seen them

-- BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRIUT. 203

driving away Osmotreron phayrei, that had come to feed on the

berries of the Joki tree, and the smaller birds seemed to keep their

distance from them for fear of being driven off. They have a very

loud note. A friend of mine nicknamed them “ gobblers,” on account

of the rapidity with which they swallowed incredible numbers of large

berries.

Genus Mezobucco Blanf ; No. 1016.

Hume, No, bis 198. Mezosucco cyanortis (Blyth.)—The

Blue-eared Barbet.

144. A few years ago this was one of the commonest. Barbets here, Native

but latterly I found it very scarce. It seems to prefer the evergreen nae

forests to the open, though I have sometimes found it on trees in the Bussente.

cultivation.

i Genus Xantholema Blanf ; No. 1019.

Hume, No. 197. XaNTHOLaAMA HEMACEPHALA (Miill.)—The :

Crimson-breasted Barbet.

145, This Barbet is very common. It is generally known as the Native

“ Coppersmith,”” on account of its call which resembles too, too, too. Lall matha

They keep up this note ad infinitum. They excavate holes in trees in 2S

which they breed. I once saw one making a hole for its nest in the

rotten branch of a small tree ; unfortunately the branch got broken off

in a storm, so I was unable to get the eggs,

— Order Upupe.

Family Upupide.

Genus Upupa Blanf ; 1066. hy

Hume, No, 254, Uprupa zpops (Linn.)—The European

Hoopoe.

146. This is a fairly common Hoopoe, but not as common as the

next, They are cold weather visitants,

Blanf ; 1067

Hume, No. 254 bis, Upupa 1npica.—The Indian Hoopoe.

147. This is the common Hoopoe found here. It frequents gardens, Native

fields, &e. They feed on the ground as a rule, though I have seen aay Crate 5.

them flying at insects on the wing.

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

Order Trogones. .

~. Family Trogonider.

Genus Harpactes.

Blanf ; No. 1101.

Hume, No. 116. HaArpacTEs ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Gould.)—The —

Red-headed Trogon. :

Native 148. This bird is common in the dense jungle, and is generally found

Ta. in pairs. They have avery soft call, composed of’ two notes, the

second one being lower than the first. After shooting the male,

I have often imitated the call, which, if the female hears, she will

answer; if you’ continue te call for ashort time, she will gradually

come within range. They are insectivorous and I think strictly

arboreal. I found a nest of this bird on the 24th April,. in a hole

in the trunk of a dead tree, about ten feet from the ground. There

was no lining except afew chips which had probably fallen in from

the side of the hole, which was a natural cavity. I sent a man up the

tree and he managed to capture the female. The eggs were.three in

number and perfectly fresh. They were nearly spherical, glossy, and

nearly a pure white colour. They measured 1:1"%1", 1:1"%9" and

1:1" 1-01".

The red of the breast in most of my female specimens has faded

tremendously, becoming nearly white. . |

On 5th August, 1893, 1 shot a young male. The whole plumage

was of a golden brown; lesser wing-coverts and tettiaries paler, undulated

with black ; tail, similar to adult; lower plumage, pale golden brown,

abdomen whitish. It measured:— ,

L, 9°4", w. 4°9", t. 4:4", tar. °8", bf. 7"; bg. 1", and e x p, 15"

(To be continued.)

905

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN

THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND |

NEIGHBOURING REGIONS.

’By Pamir W. Macxiynoy, F.E.S., anp Lionen pe N ICEVILLE,

C.M.ZS., F.E.S.,: etc.

(With Plates‘U, V, and W.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th April, 1896. )

Mussoorie (Mdsuri, Massuri or Mussooree), with its suburb containing

the military cantonment of Landour, is a hill station in the Dehra Dun

district of the North-Western Provinces. Unlike other hill stations or

towns of the Himalayas, such as Darjiling, Naini Tal, Simla, and Mur-

ree, Mussoorie is on the outer range of the hills, with only the valley of

the Dehra Dun (which is itself bounded on the south by the low

Siwalik hills) between it and the plains of India. Generally speaking,

the station is about 6,000 feet above sea-level, although in parts it is

7,400 feet high. Mussoorie being one of the—if not the—oldest hill

station in India, the forests which originally luxuriantly clothed nearly

all the hill-sides have ceased to exist, except in the western parts, and

as a natural result very few butterflies are to be seen in the central

portions. The aurelian or butterfly-hunter will still, however, find

almost all the ravines, especially those which carry perennial streams,

very rich in insects at any time from the middle of March to the end of

‘June, ., in the spring and dry (or hot) seasons, during which the rain-

fallis scanty. After June these ravines do not contain many butterflies,

being drenched by the heavy monsoon rainfall, which averages nearly

100 inches during the year, most of which falls from July to Septem-

ber. Practically collecting ends in and near Mussoorie in October,

but there is not a month in the year when a few species of butterflies

may not be seen on sunny days. In the winter Mussoorie is often

covered with snow, and the annual temperature ranges between 27°

and 80° Farh. at 6,000 feet elevation. To the north of Mussoorie,

running parallel to the range of hills on which the station is built, is the

valley of the Aglar, which is about 2,000° to 8,000 feet elevation only,

and in which butterflies are verynumerous. To the north of this valley,

again, at about ten miles in a direct line from Mussoorie, is the Nag

-Tiba range, the highest point of which is ‘close’ on 10,000 feet. On

906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

these hills, which are richly forest-clad on their northern slopes, many

rare species not obtained elsewhere in our‘area are found. ‘The valleys

leading into the Ganges river on the east and the Jumna river on the

west are also excellent hunting-grounds. We have included in our paper

all the butterflies brought in by the native collectors sent by us to the

highest valleys and hills right up to the frontier of Hundes or Thibet,

where the butterfly season is very short, extending at the most from the |

middle of June to the middle of August. These elevated regions (the

Nilung Pass is well over 18,000 feet elevation) are often above the forest

line, so that the butterflies found ia them all live in the larva state on

grasses and low herbaceous plants, for instance the three species of

Parnassius enumerated below feed on Sedum and allied moss-like plants.

To the south of Mussoorie lies the large triangular-shaped Dehra Dun

Valley with an area of 1,193 square miles, and an average elevation of

about 2,000 feet. The valley still contains much forest, especially of

the valuable sal-tree (Shorea robusta, Geertn., Natural Order Dzptero-

carpe), and is watered by numerous perennial streams, which become

raging torrents in the rains. The valley is bounded on the north by

the Himalayas, on the south by the Siwaliks, on the east by the Gan-

ges, and on the west by the Jumna. As will be seen from the list

below, many species of butterflies are found in the Dun which do not

occur at all in the hills to the north, these species being mainly peculiar

to the plains of India. In the Dun the best time for collecting is from

July to October, the spring and early summer being far less rich.

Even in the winter months, from November to February, a few more

or less worn and faded butterflies are on the wing. ©

_ No list has as yet appeared of the butterflies of Mussoorie and

“neighbouring regions, though many papers have been written on the

butterflies of other portions of the Western Himalayas. The principal

of these are :—

I. “Kaschmir, und das reich der siek.” Von Carl Freiherrn von

Hiigel. Vol. IV, Part V. * Lepidoptera, pp. 397 and 403-496,

* In Mr. W. #&. Kirby’s “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ” (1871) this

part is referred to as the second, but it really is the fifth, Part Lis the “ Register und

Glossarium ;” Part II “Astrologie der Hindu ;” Part IIT “Sammlung baktrischer Minzen 30

Par IV “Fische Kaschmir’s;” Part V “Insecten’”? by Vincenz Kollar und Dr. Ludwig

Redtenbacher. Two other parts devoted to “ Siugthier-Fauva von gene ” and

‘‘ Hochsten Macht des Sick-Reiches ” complete the volume.

peNICEVILLE & MACKINNON Journ.Bomb Nat Hist.Soc. Pry

West,Newman chromo.

WESTERN HIMALAYAN BUTTEHRELIES.

TRE BULLTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. J, 209

Plates I—X XIIT (1844), by Vincenz Kollar und Dr. Ludwig Redten-

bacher. One hundred and ten butterflies are enumerated, of which the

following are given from or near Mussoorie in our area :—

Papilio sarpedon, Linnzeus.

cloanthus, Westwood.

», machaon, Linneus.

agestor, Gray [= P. agestor govindra, Meee

» panope, Linneeus [= P. clytia, Linneeus].

Parnasstus jacquemontii, Boisduval [recorded by Kollar from

“near Massuri,” but only found far in the interior at high elevations].

Pieris valeria, Cramer [ == Nepheronia hippia, Fabricius].

» horsfieldii, Gray [ = Delias belladonna, Fabricius].

» epicharis, Godart [ = Delias eucharis, Drury].

5 gltciria, Cramer [ = Pieris canidia, Sparrman].

Thestias marianne, Cramer [ = Izias marianne, Cramer |.

Rhodocera rhamni, Linneus [ Gonepteryx rhamni, Linnzeus].

Callidryas pyranthe, Linneus | = Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzus].

55 minna, Hiibner[—= Catopsilia pyranthe, Linnzus].

. hilaria, Cramer [= Catopsilia crocale, Cramer].

9 alemeone, Fabricius [= Catopsilia crocale, Cramer ].

Colias myrmidone, Esper [= Colias fieldii, Ménétriés].

» yale, Linnzeus | = Colias erate, Esper]. |

Laxura atymnus, Boisduyal [= Lozura atymnus, Cramer |.

Thecla rama, Kollar [= Arrhopala rama, Kollar].

9 -missa, Kollar [= Rapala nissa, Kollar].

5 nila, Kollar [= Iraota timoleon, Stoll].

Polyommatus sena, Kollar[== Ilerda sena, Kollar].

* pavana, Kollar [= Chrysophanus pavant, Kollar |.

rf tamu, Kollar [= Ilerda tamu, Kollar],

Polyommatus phleas, Linnzeus |= Chrysophanus phleas, Linneus].

Lycena betica, Linnzeus [=Polyommatus beticus, Linneus].

» pandia, Kollar | —Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius]...

» asoka, Kollar [=Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius]. _

» pataia, Kollar [=Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius]. —

,» didda, Kollar [—=Catochrysops strabo, Fabricius].

» nara, Kollar [ Tarucus theophrastus, F abricius].—

» amyntas, Fabricius [=Hveres argiades, Pallas].

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Lyccrna putli, Kollar [= Chilades trochilus, Freyer].

» maha, Kollar [= = Zizera maha, Kollar]. a .

Danais sita, Kollar.

similis, Linnseus [=probably D. septentrionis, Butler, tte

true D. similis being confined to phil:

» limniace, Cramer.

Euplea coreta, Godart [=E. core, Cramer, the true E. coreta,

Godart, standing for the E. coreozdes of oe

Acréea anomala, Kollar [=Pareba vesta, Fabricius |.

Limenitis selenophora, Kollar [=Athyma selenophora, Kollar].

opalina, Kollar [=Athyma opalina, Kollar]. —

sankara, Kollar [=Neptis sankara, Kollar].

strophia, Godart [=-Athyma sulpitia, Cramer, found only

“as far as present knowledge: goes in Upper

Burma and China].

7 a dichroa, ‘Kollar [=Sephisa dichroa, Kollar].

- Amathusia ganescha, Kollar [=C, 'yrestis thyodamas, Boisduval].

Apatura ambica, Kollar,

Paphia higelit, Kollar [= Kallima huegelit, Kollar].

Charaxes bernardus, Fabricius [= Charawes hemana, Butler].

Adolias patala, Kollar [= Huthalia patala, Kollar].

derma, Kollar [= Futhalia derma, Kollar, muihows from the

ry)

”)

Himalayas |. 7

aconthea, Oramer [= Huthalia aconthea, Oramer, confined to

Java; ‘Kollar probably wrongly identified under

this name the common LF. garuda, Moore].

Terinos sinha, Kollar [—=Atella sinha, Kollar}.

_Argynnis sakontala, Kollar [=Argynnis childreni, Gray].

niphe, Linnzeus.

a - phalanta, Drury [| =Atella phalantha, pent

» __ latonia, Linnzeus.

Melitea durga, Kollar [ =Dodona durga, Kollar].

Vanessa caschmirensis, Kollar.

charonia, Fabricius [= Vanessa canace, Linneeus}

vuleanta, Godart [= Pyrameis indica, Herbst].

39.

Cethosia cyane, Drury.

Satyrus swaha, Kollar [= dulacona nee Kollar]. ©

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE,, .. _ 209

Satyrus. saraswat?, Kollar | =Aulocera saraswatz, es

» padma, Kollar [ =Aulocera padma, Kollar].

,, ¢sana, Kollar t= Lethe isana, Kollar].

» europa, Fabricius | Lethe europa, Fabricius].

» banksia, Fabricius | = Melanites csmene, Cramer]. —

- Epebia scanda, Kollar [= Callerebia scanda, Kollar]. AOS

- It may be here noted that Kollar’s and Redtenbacher’s preface to the

Part V of Von Hiigel’s “ Kaschmir” is dated on page 402, March, 1844,

while the whole volume bears the date of 1848. We. hae taken the

former date to be correct for the lepidopterous portion, Danais sita,

Kollar,is an older name than LD. tytza, Gray, and Apatura ambica,

Kollar, is an older name than A. namouna, Doubleday ; also that

Satyrus isana Kollar, has priority over Satyrus, hyrania, Kollar, the

former name having been applied to the female, and the latter to the

male, of one and the same species, but the name S. zsana Bppears on

an earlier page.

_ IT.’ “Notes on Indian [Mussoorie] Denes by Captain

Thomas Hutton. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., first series, Vol.'V, pp. 45-51

(1846). Enumerates 13 species of the genus Papilio, including doubt-

fully P. podalirzus, Linnzeus, a species which is confined to Northern

Africa, Kurope, Asia Minor, and Western China. He -also keeps

distinct .P. demoleus, Linneeus, and. P. epius,. Fabricius, which

together equal, one species, P. de:noleus ; also P. disstmilis, Linnzeus,

and P. panope, Linnzeus; which together equal one species, P.. clytia,

Linnzeus ; and lastly P. polytes, Linneeus, and P. pammon, Linnzus, ~

which together equal one species, P. polytes. He incidentally mentions

without naming them two other species, which almost certainly repre-

sent P, arcturus, Westwood, and P. polyctor, Boisduval. .

‘ TIL ‘ “ List of Diurnal ARC RG collected. by Capt, A. M. Lang

in the N. W. Himalayas.” By Frederic Moore. Proc, Zool, Soc.

Lond., 1865, pp. 486-509, pls. Xxx, xxxi, Hnumerate 119 species,

IV.’ ‘Notes on bag fice from ‘ Goolmurg,’ in Cashmere.”

By Captain A. M. Lang. Ent, Month. Mag. ‘Vol. ae Be oe a7

(1868). -Enumerates 23 species.

V. “List of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected in Cashmere Territory

by Capt. R..B. Reed, 12th Regt., with ‘description of new species.”

By Frederic Moore.. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 264-274,

pl. xii. . Enumerates 103 species,

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

VI. “Himalayan Lepidoptera.” By Lionel de Nicéville. The

Indian Agriculturist, January 1st and February 2nd, 1880, Hnu-

merates 91 species from Kotgarh, 50 miles north of Simla in the

Western Himalayas.

VII. “A List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (Butterflies) oecur-

ring in Simla. and within 50 miles, with remarks on their time of

appearance and localities where met with.” By Lionel de Nicéville.

Being Appendix A of Towell’s “Hand Book and Guide to Simla

and the Interior.” (Second Edition.) 1880. HEnumerates. 146

species. ; a

VIII. “On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Western India,

Beloochistan, and Afghanistan.” By Arthur G, Butler. Proc, Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 602-624. Only one species is enumerated

from Mee isin in our area :—Luplea vermiculata, Butler | = iuglos

core, Cramer |.

IX. “ List:of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. “Boonie

chiefly in the Kangra District, N. W. Himalaya; with descriptions

of new Generaand Species.” Part I. By Frederic Moore, F. Z. 8,

Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, pp. 234-263, pls. xi, xii, Enumerates

236. species.

In this paper Mr. Moore records Callerebia cashapa, Moore, from

“Masuri.” In “Lepidoptera Indica” Mr. Moore sinks this species as

a “variety” of C. nirmala, Moore. Also Cyaniris huegeli, Moore,

from Masuri, Horaga onyx, Moore, from * Deyra Doon,” LHerda tamu,

Kollar, from Masuri, and Chapra prominens, Moore [= Baoris sinensis,

Mabille], from “the Tonse Valley, 6,000 feet, Gurwhal.” :

X. “A List of Butterflies taken in Kumaon.” By William

Doherty. Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LV, Part IT, pp.

103-140 (1886), Enumerates 271 species.

XI. “On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western

India.” By Arthur G. Butler, F.LS., F.ZS., &c. Proc. Zook

Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 355-395, pl. xxxv. Enumerates 89 species

of butterflies.

- XU. “An Account of three Series of Lepidoptera colle in

North-West India by Major Yerbury.” By Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &. Ann. and Mag. of Nat, Hist., sixth series, Vol. I, pp.

132-151, 196-209 (1888), Enumerates 107 species.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 211

It will be noted that the present paper, containing as it does the

names of 328 species, is much larger than any that has previously

appeared dealing with the butterflies of the Western Himalayas.

The paper is mainly based on the collection made during the last

eleven years by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon ; but that made by Colonel

A. M. Lang, R.E., in Mussoorie many years ago, has also been

studied. To Mr. Mackinnon is due the discovery of the transform-

ations of most of the species described in this paper: and it is only

those who have lived in tropical and sub-tropical countries who can

fally realise how extremely difficult it is to find the larve and pupx

of any but the very commonest butierflies, and even they in many

cases elude discovery for years. Those species which have been

reported from our area, and which probably occur within its

boundaries, but have not been seen by us from thence, have an

asterisk* prefixed to the names. A few species obviously erroneously

recorded by Kollar from Mussoorie have been omitted altogether

from the list.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. J. F. Duthie, Director, Botanical

Department, Northern India, for the identification of most of the

plants enumerated below on which the larvee of our butterflies feed.

We have also to thank Major Maleolm Fawcett, of the 5th Lancers,

for the drawings here reproduced of the larvee and pupz of Lethe

isana, Kollar ; fig. 3b of the larva of Lethe vaivarta, Doherty; of the

larva and pupa of Patala yama, Moore; of the pupa of Sephisa

dichroa, Kollar ; figs. 9a, larva, and 9f, pupa of Pseudergolis wedah,

Kollar ; the pupa of Dodona eugenes, Bates ; the larva of Papilio

protenor, Cramer ; the larva and pupa of Papilio polyctor, Boisduval ;

the pupa of Papilio sarpedon, Linnzeus ; the larva of Papilio cloanthus,

Westwood ; the larva of Notocrypia feisthamelit, Boisduval ; and the

larva and pupa of Rhopalocampta benjaminii, Guerin.

Mr. Mackinnon has drawn the pupa of Huthaléa patala, Kollar; and

fig. 24c the pupa of Papilio polyctor, Boisduval.

All the other drawings have been executed in Calcutta by native

artists under Mr. de Nicéville’s direction from larval specimens sent by

post in either glycerine or spirits of wine ; the pups were sent alive.

Many of the drawings of larvee are not very satisfactory, as the colours

had faded on arrival, and many of the bodies also had shrunk.

“912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

Family NYMPHALIDA. 4

. §Sub-Family Danarna.

1. Dawnats (Tirumala) Lomntace, Cramer.

Very common in the valleys below Mussoorie and in Dehra Dae

- from April to October. Females have been observed ovipositing) in

~ April in the Dun on TO CLAES tenacissima, Wight et Arn., Naiiiral

(Ones Aselepiadec. ; :

See 4 2. : Danats (Tiemela) SEPTENTRIONIS, Butler.

- Rare in Mussoorie itself, but occurs in great numbers in the low

- yalleys about Mussoorie and in the Dun. It is most numerous in the

spring and summer, but like D. limniace, Cramer, is to be seen

almost all-the year round in the Dun. The larva in the Dun feeds

| on Vallaris dichotoma, Wall., Natural Order Asclepiadec.

- 38. Dawnats (Zimnas) curysiprus, Linneeus..,

Very common in Mussoorie and in. Dehra Dun almost all thas year

~ round. As the species of Asclepiadece which are the: food-plants of the

larva grows only in the lowest valleys not above 2,500 feet elevation

-pbove the sea, all the butterflies seen at greater elevations and in the

station of Mussoorie must emigrate into these regions from below.

The albinic aberration of D.-chrysippus, the D. alcippus of Cramer = =

1D pee of Moore, has not been met with in our area,

4, Danas (Salatura) pLexippus, Linnzeus. .

We have followed Professor P. O. Chr. Aurivillius, who has shade

a special study of the Lepidoptera described by. Linneus, and_has

. written an admirable paper in 1882.0n the. subject, in restoring the

‘name plezippus to the Asiatic butterfly which has, since Mr, §. H.

‘Scudder in 1878 reversed the names and applied plexippus to the

- American ‘species, been usually referred to the “Papilio” genutia

of ‘Cramer, the latter being a more recent name for the same

species according to Aurivillius. The American butterfly will stand

‘as Danais (Anosia) erippus, Cramer, from South America, with a

local race in North America, D. erippus menippe, Hiibner. Mr. W.

FP. Kirby in “ The Entomologist,” vol. xxix, p. 188 (1896), well sums up

‘the--evidence on the subject thus :—“ Under these circumstances, I am

still ‘of opinion that it-is better to regard the eastern Danaus, figured by

‘Cramer as Papilio genutia, as the true Papilio pleaippus, of Linné, on

the strength of his comparing it with D. chrystppus ; and having regard

ve ~ < THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 213

to Clerck’s figure, and the ostensible: types ;: and to call the common

American species, now becoming naturalised among us, by HD name of

Anosia menippe, Hiibner.” :

D, plexippus is quite 43 common both i in Meme and Dehra Dun

as'the preceding species. ‘The female has been observed ovipositing. in

Mussoorie on Cynanchum Dalhousie, Wight, Natural Order Asclepi-

dee. Mr. Angus:Campbell informs us that on 10th April, 1888, at —

Nalapani, in the Dun, he captured a male D. blepippes in coition |

with a female D. chrysippus, Linnzeus. 5

«5, Dawais (Parantica) MELANOIDES, Moore. |

‘Not common either in Mussoorie or in Dehra Dun. A few. are on :

the wing in May and August, but it is more numerous in September.

and October.

6. Danars (Caituge) sits Kollars 4Plate UW, Fize. la, 1b; laraar, .

le, 1d, pupa.

This bntiaety, better known . under the name of D. tytiay bed 4

fairly; numerous in September and October in Mussoorie and Dae

Dun; and a few appear in April and May in Mussoorie. It is found .

also in the Upper Ganges Valley before that great river breaks through

the hills on to the plains at Hardwar ; also in'the Native State of Tehri

Garhwal to the north and east of Mussoorie in May and July. The

eggs are white, longitudinally ribbed, and about three timesias long as

they are broad ; they are laid singly on the young leaves of Marsdenia;

Royle, Wight, Natural Order Asclepiadec, the food-plant of the larya.

The larva on emergence is of a dirty white colour, with transverse lines

on each segment, and has two somewhat long and thin tentacles or

processes on the third and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment. as

in the allied sub-genus Parantica (D. aglea, Cramer, from South India

and Ceylon). When full-fed, the larva is about an’ inch-and-a-half

long, the ground-colour is of a pale yellowish-green, with two rows of

dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots ; the head is black

with grey spots on the face ; the legs black. Pupa pale emerald-green

with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago

emerged in the following April. The transformations of this species

do not appear to have been previously observed. ,'The butterfly is the

model for the mimicking Hestina: nama, Doubleday, and Papilio

govindra, Moore. .

214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ.

7. Evuriaa (Crastia) conn, Cramer.

Very common in the low valleys about Mussoorie and in Dehra

Dun in the autumn. In the latter valley the larva has been noticed

feeding on Ficus glomerata, Roxb., Natural Order Urticacee. Mr.

Moore (vide Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 82) appears to be under the impression

that FE. core is not found in the Himalayas, but only to the south of the

hills, in the hills themselves being replaced by EF. vermiculata, Butler.

This is certainly not the fact. Close to Mussoorie and in the Dun in

October, 1895, collectors brought in daily scores of typical L. core and

_ E. vermiculata and every intergrade between the extremes of both

forms. There is not the smallest doubt that these two species, which

are given as distinct by Mr. Moore, are really one and the same. It

appears probable that L. core is the prevailing form in the rains, but

at the end of the rains both L. core and EH. vermiculata appear in

about equal numbers and every variety connecting the two, while later

on, when the rains have wholly ceased, EL. vermiculata alone appears.

A precisely parallel instance is found in Melanitis ismene, Cramer, and

other satyrine butterflies. At the end of the wet-season from one

batch of eggs laid by M. ésmene, in captivity, de Nicéville has bred the

ocellated and non-ocellated forms, and all intermediates.

8. Hupia@a (Trepsichrois) LiInNm=1, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie, where it has been caught sparingly from May

to September. It does not appear to occur in the Dun.

Sub-Family Satyrinz.

9. Mycatzsts (Orsotriena) MEDUS, Fabricius.

The dry-season form of this species, M. runeka, Moore, has been re-

corded from the Dehra Dun in Butt. India, vol. i, p. 112, n. 93, but we

have not met with itin our area. The wet-season form, true M. medus,

has been recorded in Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 169, by Moore, from Umballa.

10. Mycatxsis (Calysisme) prRsEus, Fabricius.

The dry-season form, true Jf. perseus, is not very common in the

Dun and the low valleys near Mussoorie in the spring and autumn up

to December. The wet-season form, J. blasius, Fabricius, is rare,

and we have only obtained it at Dehra Dun in August.

11. Mycatusts (Calysisme) minnus, Linnzus.

The dry-season form, M. otrea, Cramer, is very common in the Dun

in the spring and autumn, rare in Mussoorie in May. The wet-season

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 215

form, true M/. mineus, is comparatively rare, and occurs in the same

places from July to September.

12. Mycatesis (Samanta) LercHA, Moore.

The name which stands for this species is an unfortunate one, as the

butterfly does not occur in the Lepcha country (Sikkim). It is found

in our area only in Mussoorie from 3,000 to 7,090 feet elevation, the

dry-season form, true MM. lepcha, from March to May, the wet-season

form (which has escaped being named) from July to September.

13. Mycatusis (Samanta) nicotia, Doubleday and Hewitson.

The dry-season form, the MZ. langi of de Nicéville, occurs in our

area rarely in and below Mussoorie down to 3,000 feet elevation from

April to June. The wet-season form, true MJ. nicotza, is still rarer, and

is found during the rains in the same localities as the dry-season form.

14. Lerae suropa, Fabricius.

In our area is found in the Dun only, commonly from April to June.

15. Leras pyrta, Felder.

Very common in Mussoorie all through the spring and summer; a

few have been taken in the Dun in September and October.

16. LetTse rowria, Fabricius.

Double-brooded in Mussoorie, found commonly in April and May,

and again from August to October.

17. Lerue sana, Kollar. Plate U, Figs. 2a, larva ;

2b, 2c, pupa.

Double-brooded in Mussoorie, found rarely from April to June, and

again in October. The larva feeds on the leaves of the hill bamboo

(“ringhal” in the vernacular), Arundinaria falcata, Nees, Natural _

Order Graminee. It is green, with a yellow patch on the back, the

head ending in a point. The pupa is sometimes brown, sometimes

7 green. The name “ Satyrus” isana has priority over “ Satyrus”’

hyrania, Kollar having described both sexes of the same species as dis-

tinct species. ;

18. Letar (Tansima) verma, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie in April, May, August and September.

19. Letras (Sinchula) vatvarta, Doherty. Plate U, Figs. 3a, 3b,

larva; 3c, front view of head of larva; 3d, 3e, pupa.

Common at Mussoorie and in the interior in May and June, and

again in September and October. The larva feeds on the leaves of the

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1

hill bamboo, Arundinaria. falcata, Nees, Natural Order Gramineae, ‘

and is of a light green colour with -two conical-shaped processes _

on the head. The pupa is pale green, sometimes reddish-brown,

20. Lerae (Sinchula) NiceTas, Hewitson. -

‘Rare, a few specimens have been obtained from Tehri ‘Garhi 3

north-east of Mussoorie, at 5,000 feet elevation. In Mussoorie itself.

it does not appear to occur. : Pe ae!

21. ‘Larne (Putlia) BALADEVA, Moore. :

Very rare, two specimens only obtained in Tehri’ Garhwal in a May.

- 92. Imtne (Zophoessa) tALAURIDA, de Nicéville. —

caer taken only i in the Baspa Valley in July and August. “re VER

23, BLANAIDA PULAHA, Moore. Bea

Not common in Mussoorie from 6 ,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in’

March and April, more common in the Ganges Hae at noun! 8,000

feet in July. 3 .

94, Pavata yAMA,“Moore. Plate U, Figs. 4a, larva ; re pupa.

Occurs at Mussoorie and in the interior from 5,000 to 7,000 feet

elevation in June and July, but is not common anywhere. The larve

feed on the leaves of the hill bamboo, Arundinarza falcata, Nees,

Natural Order Graminew, and are to acertain extent gregarious, as

from three to seven have been found enclosed in a sort of nest or shelter:

made by joining three or four leaves together. The eggs are laid

early in July on the underside of.a wide leaf in lines, as many as

34 have been counted on one leaf. The larva is straw-coloured,

with a ‘dark head, ‘till nearly full-grown, when it becomes of a light’

ochreous colour with adorsal brown stripe, and a subdorsal yellowish’

stripe ; ; between these lines is a series of dark brown spots. ‘Head

reddish. Anal segment with two yellowish points or processes. The

pupa is short and stout and of a very dark colour, and is placed in a

sort of nest in moss in September, the imago emerging the @ following

June.

25, RHAPHICERA moorEt, Butler.

Brought down by native collectors from the higher valleys of the

River Ganges in August and September: Major M. Faweett has

taken it at Landour‘ which adjoins Mussoorie, in August at 7,000 feet.

Found also at Nag Tiba, north: of Mussoorie, eit appears to be every-

where somewhat rare. ©

. al

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE;: : git

26. LasioMMATA SCHAKRA, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie and in the Upper Ganges Valley from

8,000 to about 6,000 feet elevation from March to October. |

27. LaAsSIoMMATA MHRULA, Felder.

L. laurion, de Nicévillé, Journ, Bomb, aE Hist. Soc., vol. x, B. 1b; n. 3, pl. BR,

figs, 5, male; 6, female (1895).

Found rarely in the interior in the higher valleys. and on the Gonas

: Pass. - Dr. K, Jordan has very kindly, since my description of L.laurion

-appeared, examined the type specimens of LZ, merula in-the Felderian

collection now in Dr, Jordan’s custody. He writes to me under date

26th June, 1896, that there are ten male specimens of L. merula,

some of which are labelled Pangi, but which have the label schakra

Kollar, beneath them. They “are without male-mark; the forewing

is strongly hairy ; they agree with Felder’s description of ZL. merula

hs (and ‘also with Kollar’s figure of Satyrus schakra on the whole),

; These specimens © have apparently first been identified by Felder as

LL. schakra, afterwards he found out that they did not quite agree with

L. schakra (figure), being different in the extent of ochreous on the

_ underside of the forewing for example, and gave the name merula to

them,” From this it is evident that L, laurion, de Nicéville, is the

same speeies as L. merula, and the former name must be sunk as a

_- synonym, ‘The confusion caused in the identification of this species

, would not have arisen had Felder put type tickets on the specimens

che described, or even put the correct labels beneath them.

28. Hipparcata (Nytha) parysatis, Kollar.

Very rare in Mussoorie, where a single specimen has been obtained

' in July ; a few others. have been ee in from the Upper. Ganges

eels? in. the same month. ©

29. -AULOCERA BRAHMINUS, Blanchard,

Found at high elevations in the interior near the snows in the Nila

“and other valleys i in July and August.

30. AULOCERA | PADMA, ie

Found early i in the season, in April, at Mussoorie, and a second

: brood occurs in September < and October. Very numerous in May at

_ Nag Tiba, 9,000 feet elevation. In the rains it is replaced by the two

species which follow, | AER

218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

31. AULocERA swAHA, Kollar.

This is the commonest species of the genus found in Mussoorie and

in the interior, making its appearance in great numbers at the end of

July or the beginning of August, while a few ragged specimens are

still to be seen at the end of October. The larva feeds on different

grasses, Natural Order Graminee. It is brown, with a rough hairless

skin. Mr, A. Grahame Young’s observations on the transformations

of this species in the Kulu Valley do not agree at all with ours,

and the food-plant he gives for it, wild biue ris, is almost certainly

incorrect.

32. AULOCERA SARASWATI, Kollar.

Is nearly as numerous in and about Mussoorie as A. swaha, Kollar,

but emerges a little later in the season.

33. EPpINEPHELE (Maniola) cozENA, Moore.

Found only in our area by native collectors in the Baspa Valley, an

affluent of the Sutlej River, “in July and August, at an elevation of

about 11,000 or 12,000 feet.

34. HpinepHete (Chortobius) NEozA, Lang.

It is more than doubtful if H. neoza, Lang, and LE. pulchra, Felder,

(which latter name is the older) can be maintained as distinct species,

but we have followed Mr. Moore’s distinctions as given in his Lep.

Ind., vol. ii, p. 53, in keeping E. neoza for our specimens. It is

very common in the higher valleys (especially the Nila Valley)

leading into the Upper Ganges and Sutlej valleys, from July to

September.

35, YprHima BALDUS, Fabricius.

Mr. Moore notes in Lep. Ind,, vol. ii, p. 62, that he has “ Not

seen any specimens of true Y.baldus from either the Western or

Eastern Himalayas.” It undoubtedly occurs all along the Himalayas.

In Mussoorie and Dehra Dun the dry-season form, Y. marshallit,

Butler, is very common in March and April, the wet-season form,

true Y. baldus, being found from July to October less commonly.

36. YpTHIMA INDECORA, Moore.

We have specimens of the dry-season brood, true Y. zndecora, taken

in Mussoorie in March and April, and of the wet-season brood, which

has not been separately named, from August to October, It is not very

common,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 219

37. YPTHIMA SAKRA, Moore.

Very common at Mussoorie in ravines in June and July only.

Mr. Moore keeps Y. nikeea, Moore, from the Western Himalayas,

distinct from Y. sakra from the Eastern Himalayas, but we agree

with Messrs. Elwes and Edwards in uniting them under the older

name.

38. YPTHIMA AvANTA, Moore.

The dry-season form, true Y. avanta, is found in Mussoorie in April ;

the wet-season form, Y. ordinata, Butler, flies in the rains, It is not

common, and is not found in Dehra Dun.

39, YPTHIMA HUEBNERI, Kirby.

Mr. Moore has described an Y, apicalis from a single male from

“Deyra Dhoon.” We have specimens taken in the Dun in March

which agree with the description and figure of that species, but they

certainly represent the dry-season form only of Y. huebneri, which has

been named Y, howra by Moore. The wet-season form, true Y. huebnerz,

occurs in the Dun in the rains, It is not found in Mussoorie at all.

40, YPTHIMA NARED%:, Kollar.

Common in Mussoorie only, where it flies from April to October.

It has no dry-season non-ocellated form.

41, YpTHIMA ASTEROPE, Klug.

Mr. Moore iv Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 91, says that. Y. mahratta, Moore,

“Ts allied to the North-East African (Aden) species, P. asterope of

Klug.” My Lahej (Aden) specimens of ‘Y. asterope agree exactly

with the supposed distinct Y. mahraita, so I have no hesitation in

uniting them. It is common in the Dun in March and August,

and has both an ocellated and a non-ocellated form, the former being

true Y. asterope=Y. mahratta, and the latter Y. alemola, Swinhoe.

It does not appear to occur in Mussoorie itself, but native collectors

have brought it into the station from the neighbouring low valleys.

42, Ypruima InIcA, Hewitson.

We have only obtained the dry-season form of this species, the true

Y. inica, in the Dun in March, but the wet-season form, Y. ariaspa,

Moore, will certainly be found on the same ground during the rains,

43, DALLACHA HYAGRIVA, Moore,

Very commonin Mussoorie only in August and September on

grassy hill sides.

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

44, CALLEREBIA ANNADA, Moore.

This species, the largest of our Callerebias, is very common in the

spring and autumn in Massoorie and the interior. Mr. Mackinnon

has bred it from the egg, and notes that the larva and pupa do not

differ perceptibly from the larva and pupa of C. nirmala, Moore, as

described by Mrs. Robson.

45, CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA, Butler.

- Occurs at’ Mussoorie in the early part of the rainy season (July),

and again in September.

46, CALLEREBIA NIRMALA, Moore. Plate U, Figs. 5a, 5b, larva ;>

dc, front view of head of larva ; 5d, 5e, pupa.

The rarest of the Callerebias occurring in Mussoorie, where it flies

in May and June. It is very common in the interior. Mrs. Robson

has described the transformations of this species in the Journ. Bomb.

Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 551 (1894), and the figures here reproduced .

have been drawn from some of these specimens. ‘The larva feeds on

grass, Natural Order Graminee.

47, CALLEREBIA SCANDA, Kollar.

- Very common in the rains in Mussoorie (July to September). _

48, PARALASA KALINDA, Moore.

A small species, with the ferruginous patches on the upperside of

both wings large and including the ocellusof the forewing, the ocellus

with a distinct fulvous iris. We have obtained this species only from

the north side of the Nilang Pass at 16,00C feet elevation in July.

49, PARALASA.-SHALLADA, Lang.

A larger species than 2. kalinda, Moore, the ground-colour of a less

deep black, the ferruginous patches on the upperside of both wings

smaller and deeper ferruginous, well removed from the ocellus of the

forewing, the ocellus with the iris obsolete or indistinct. We have

specimens from Nag Tiba, 8,000 to 9,000 feet elevation, and from the’

Upper Ganges Valley ata similar elevation taken in May, June and

July. We believe these two species to be distinct, but the points of

difference are not well brought forward in Mr. Moore’s description

and figures of them ia Lep. Ind., vol. ii, pp. 104-105.

00. Meanitis ismEnz, Cramer.

The dry-season form, true MZ. csmene, is very common in Mussoorie

in the early summer and autumn ; the wet season form, M. deter-.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 221

minata, Butler, is-very rare, a few specimens only taken in August

and September. Both forms occur very numerously in the Dun, and

one or other of them is to be found almost throughout the year.

51. Mrnaniris peta, Moore.

The dry-season form, true WM. bela, is found in the low valley

below Mussoorie in April and October, and the wet-season form

M. aswa, Moore, in the same places in August and September.

Sub-Family Eiymyimz, |

52. ELYyMNIAS UNDULARIS, Drury.

Occurs in the low valleys below Mussoorie not higher than 3,000

feet elevation, and in Dehra Dun, but is not common, flying in

March, April, July, September and October. The female mimics

Danais plexippus, Linneeus. |

Sub-Family Acrk#Ina,

58, PAREBA VESTA, Fabricius.

Fairly common at Mussoorie in May, June and October, and found

in the Dun in August. The food-plant of the larva in the hills is

Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd., Natural Order Urticacew. The cater-

pillars are gregarious, and until about half an inch in length feed

on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves only, leaving the veins ;

when nearly full-grown they eat the entire leaf except the mid-rib.

(To be continued.)

222

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.

Part VIII.

By E. C. Sruart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

(Continued from Vol. X., page 567),

Order—STRIGES,

Family Strigide.

(483) Srrix rLaMMEA.—The Barn Owl.

Hume Cat., No. 60, 60 Bis. Blanford, No. 1152.

A fairly common bird where there are suitable buildings in which it

can breed. They commence laying in October, though I have taken

eggs as late as January.

The depth of colouring of the under parts varies considerably, as do the

spots in number.

One bird in my collection has the breast and abdomen a very dark

tawny, seeming in this respect to approach in description the Andaman

bird named S. deroepstorffi by Hume.

(484) Srerx canpipA.—The Grass Owl.

Hume, No. 61. Blanford, No. 1153.

Common in the extensive grass plains of Cachar. I once flushed an

owl from long grass in the north-west of the Cachar Hills, which I

think was of this species, and another was caught on its nest one dark

night as I was returning from shooting. One of my gun-bearers put

his foot on it and grasped it with his hand before it could get away.

The nest was a rough mat of grass placed by a rock which slightly

overhung it and situated half way up a steep, lofty cliff down the

sides of which we had to climb to get to our camp. These are the

only two occasions on which I have seen S. candida in the hills.

S. flammea I have never seen out of the plains.

Family Asionide.

Sub-Family Photodiline.

(485) PHoropiLtus BADIUS.—The Bay Owl.

Hume, No. 62. Blanford, No. 1154.

Hardly ever met with, but not probably as rare as it seems. In

1888 I was fortunate enough to obtain a nest and eggs of this bird.

Not far from where I lived in Gungong there is a nullah with steep

banks of considerable height which are densely clothed with the small,

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 223

solitary bamboo, amongst which are also a few trees, nearly all very

old and rotten and full of hollows. Passing one of these trees I heard

a loud hissing, but so well screened was the tree by the surrounding

jungle that it was some time before I could make out the bright chest-

nut head of a small owl peering out of a large hollow only just above

my head. I, of course, sent a man up to find out whether there were

eggs, and on his reporting that there were three of them, went after

the bird and shot it, The eggs, spherical as usual, are rather large for

the bird, measuring 1:35" x 1-23"; 1:35" 1°16", and 1°34" 1-12", They

were hard set and extremely stained and dirty, no amount of washing

reduced them to anything approaching whiteness. They were taken

on the 18th of April.

i was much surprised to find this bird breeding in a bamboo jungle,

as they keep so much to heavy tree forest, outside of which they are

but rarely met with. From the cast up pellets I have examined,

Photodilus badius seems to feed almost entirely on small mammals,

birds, and reptiles, and I have seen hardly any remains of insects,

Beyond the hissing of the bird I heard on the nest, and a low

chuckle given by it when alighting on a tree close by, and which I

again heard when going after another specimen, I have not heard

them utter any sound; but the natives assure me that it gives vent to

the most awful shrieks and screams on dark nights, keeping, generally,

more quiet on moonlight ones. A noise I heard one night which

sounded like a number of cats, with unusually powerful voices, fighting

amongst one another, was said to have been caused by a pair of these

owls, but I failed in my attempt to get a shot, so I cannot be certain

about the matter.

(486) Asto accirrrrinus.—The Short-eared Owl.

Hume, No. 68. Blanford, No, 1157.

I have not yet seen a specimen of this owl from Cachar, but one was

obtained from North-East Cachar by Inglis (vide “Stray Feathers,”

Vol. XI).

(487) Syrnium inpRANI.-—The Brown Wood Owl.

Hume, Nos, 68, 64, Blanford, No. 1160.

A rare bird in Cachar of which I know little. I should think it

probable that the shrieks attributed by Layard and others to the

Brown Wood Owl may be made by birds of the genus Photodilus,

224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Sub-Family Bubonine.

(488) KETUPA ZELONENSIS.—Lhe Brown Fish Owl.

Hume, No. 72. Blanford, No, 1164.

Fairly common on all the larger streams which are well coder

more particularly on the Diyung river, where a few birds may always

_be met with.

(489) Kegvupa FLAVIPES.—The Tawny Fish Owl.

. Hume, No. 73. Blanford, No. 1165.

Less common than the last, and though frequenting the same kind

of places, not, I think, extending to the plains, Its cries are me

the same as those of K. zelonensis.

An egg I obtained of this species measured 2°19" 1:81." ‘It was

taken from a huge nest of sticks and miscellaneous débris built in the

fork of a magnificent wild mango tree growing on the banks of the

Diyung. The parent birds refused to go away whilst the nest was

being rifled, and one which J eventually shot and winged, threw itself

on its back and fought desperately against the Cacharies who attempt-

ed to seize it.

On this occasion the single egg which the nest contained was hard

set, but I have seen two young ones twice and three once, so that

probably two or three eggs is the number usually laid.

Ketupa seems to be the most diurnal of ali owls, and I have often

seen birds, either singly or in family parties, fishing on the banks of

the rivers late on into the day. They may be seen at any time, even

in the hot weather, seated on large branches low down in big trees

which are almost in the open.

(490) Buso coramanpus.—The Dusky-horned Owl.

Hume, No. 10. Blanford, No. 1169.

Not rare either in Cachar or Manipur, where, however, Hume did

not meet with it. It is not often met with at any great elevation.

(491) Hunva Nrpatensis.—The Forest Eagle Owl.

Hume, No. 11. Blanford, No. 1170.

Nota rare bird, though its deep “‘ whoo-hoo-hoo” may be heard

more often than the bird itself is seen.

A female which had been caught on its nest was brought to me

with a single egg. The nest was said to have been a broad roughly-

made platform of sticks and grass placed ina large Ficus about six

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. y)

feet from the ground. The tree grew in a deep, rocky ravine, gloomy

on the brightest day and where the sun could never penetrate, The

egg measures 2°21" by 1-87" and is of the usual shape and character.

It was taken on the 20th of June.

(492) Nycrza scanpiaca.—The Snowy Owl.

Hume, No. 68 Bis. Blanford, No. 1172.

In the station of Silchar two owls built a nest in the roof of the

office of the Forest Officer and laid three eggs which were duly

hatched. Unfortunately I could not pay a visit to Silchar at this

time, and before I could do so the Forest Officer, unable to endure the

noise and inconvenience of the birds, had the young ones destroyed ; he

however, noted the description of the birds and told me about them

very shortly afterwards, and incredible though it seems, I can come

to no other conclusion than that they were a pair of Snowy Owls,

The description of the birds and their size, both young and old,

would apply to no other owl but JV. scandiaca, and I feel sure I am

correct in recording this species as one of the birds of Cachar. I owe

Mr, Barrett, the Forest Officer, thanks for much trouble he has taken

in collecting owls, eggs, and skins for me, and had he known the value

of the birds he was destroying they would have been suffered to

remain until I could personally inspect them; at the same time I

think his description of them was sufficiently close to warrant my

taking it as that of the Snowy Owl to the exclusion of all other

species.

(493) Scoprs ciu.—The Scops Owl.

Hume, Nos. 74 to 74 sea. (not 74 guint). Blanford, No. 11738.

_ The only specimen I have of this species is a fine female caught

on its nest on the 14th June, 1895, The wing of this bird is of the

largest size; measuring no less than 5°95", far longer than the

average of Himalayan birds ; in coloration, however, the bird most

nearly approaches the Malayan form, to which Hume gave the name

of Scops malayanus. A careful examination of the collection of Scops

in the British Museum shows no example of a bird so brightly coloured

until one examines the most southern specimens, and even then I could

find none with quite such brilliant tints as are displayed in my bird

from North Cachar. The white markings on the scapulars, wings, and

Jower surface of the body are very clearly defined, as, indeed, aro all

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

the contrasting vermiculations on every part of the body. In my

specimen the maxilla and commissure are black, the rest of the

mandible yellow.

It must be a rare bird in Cachar, as the only other local specimen

I have seen was a bird in the grey phase caught near Silchar.

(494) Scops spiLocePHALUS.—The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl.

Hume, No. 14 Ter. Blanford, No. 1175,

Another rare owl of which I have seen but little. A young one,

caught in company with an adult female, is coloured as follows :—

Plumage generally of a light—rather bright, rufous, all the feathers

of the head above back, rump and upper-tail coverts very finely

banded with dull black; wings and tail as in the adult, but paler ;

lower surface still paler rufous, the feathers tipped with a yet bee

tinge and indistinctly barred darker,

Irides golden yellow; legs dull fleshy, claws about the same ;

bill yellowish-white, the cere rather darker ; eyelids reddish-orange.

The bird, which is, 1 think, a young female, has the wing about

5°6". It was caught on the 9th of July.

(495) Scops BakHAM@NA.—The collared Scops Owl.

Hume, No. 75 Ter., quat., quint. Blanford, No. 1178.

The form found here in North Cachar is, of course, that which has

been separated as lettia, All the specimens I have seen have been

very typical specimens of this form, but, at the same time, have varied

very much inter se. I have now before me two birds—a male

and a female—taken at no great distance from one another and in

much the same kind of country, yet differing so much in coloration

about the head that a casual observer would at once jump to the

conclusion that they belonged to different species. The female has

the whole antericr crown and forehead as well very broad supercilia

a pearly white, more or less freckled and tipped with rufous and

brown ; the male has no white on the forehead, also the whole crown,

nape and back are far more richly coloured, although the black stip-

plings on the head are not so distinct nor yet so black as are those on

the female.

I think the coloration of the iris depends a good deal on age. I

notice that nearly all young birds have the irides yellow or golden-

yellow, whilst most old birds (old, not merely adult)have them a deep,

LHE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, | ~ 227

bright brown. It is curious that this is also the case with certain of the

diurnal birds of prey.

This Scops Owl is very fairly commun all over North Cachar, but I

have not noticed it, or heard its call, above some three thousand feet.

- The common phase in North Cachar is the rufous plumage ; in the

plains the grey is perhaps the more common.

(496) ATHENE BRAMA.—The Spotted One

Hume, Nos. 16 and 76 quat. ; Blanford, No. 1180.

Common enough in the plains, but never I believe met with in the

hills.

These owls are great bat-eaters, and the latter are not caught on the

wing, but are hauled out of crevices and holes by the owls.

(497) GLavcipium cucuULOIDES.—The Large Barred Owlet.

Hume, No. 79; Blanford, No. 1188,

The depth of the general colourmg of this bird varies very greatly,

and the general tint ranges from a grey-brown tinged with rufous to a

dark rufescent-brown. A purely grey phase does not appear to exist,

in North Cachar at all events, as amongst the very great numbers

I have seen no specimen has approached this form. It has also been

ascertained that the seven bars on the tail are not invariably present

in birds from other parts, but I have never seen any here that had not

ortgénally seven bars though the terminal one may be so abraded that a

easual observer would probably put the bird down as only possessing six.

As a nesting place this bird usually selects a rather large hollow in

the trunk or one of the main branches of some big tree. Generally this

hollow is at some height from the ground, but I have known them

breed in hollows not six feet fromit. Certain places seem to possess

p perfect fascination for this bird, and one such place in particular

I know of. The tree in which this is is a very large one standing

in the outskirts of a forest of mixed bamboo and trees close to a large

stream. ‘This nest I first found in 1889. In that year I took four

eggs which, however, proved to be too far set to be blowable. On this

occasion I shot the hen bird. In 1891 the hole was again occupied,

but the birds were not molested and I believe reared their young in

safety. In 1892 I shot the male, but could get no one to climb the

tree, a very difficult one, having no branches for some forty feet and

she hole being situated just helow the bifurcation of the two first great

228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

limbs. In 1893 the hole had again found a tenant, and the female was

observed to keep so continually inside the nest that I felt sure the eggs

were laid and that the bird had begun to sit.

Thinking thus I shot the male and female, and after some time

induced a Naga to climb up the tree and inspect the nest and bring

down the contents. My disappointment was natural when there was

found to be but one egg which was carefully brought by the Naga to

within a few feet of the ground and then just as carefully dropped.

The first nest I ever took of this bird was found in a hollow of a

dead stump standing in some bamboo jungle close by a road from.

which the hole was easily visible, and from which the bird could

be seen quite. distinctly whenever it put its head close to the entrance.

In spite of this the nest was not discovered until the eggs were so

far incubated as to render the cleaning of them a long and difficult

task.

The number of eggs laid seems to be always four. I have twice

seen four hard set eggs and twice four young ones, As I have never

seen a whole fresh egg I can only judge from the hard set ones that

their surface is rather more porous and the texture softer than in the

eggs of Athene brama, allowing of course for their becoming softer as

incubation advances. Both clutches were also much discoloured, and

even after long washing and brushing still presented a very yellow

appearance. ‘The fragments of the broken egg were white and very

glossy, but even that egg had begun to get soiled in places, though

the dirt had not had time to penetrate the shell.

The only clutch of eggs I have been able to measure were 1°35

inches by 1°2 inches and are very large in proportion to the size of the

bird, even more so than are most owls’ eggs.

The great discoloration of the eggs appears to be caused by the

chronically filthy state of the bird’s feet. All those I have shot have

been more or less dirty, and some are simply coated with mud and

evil smelling remnants of former meals.

This bird is the most common of all the family in North Cachar,

nearly every hundred yards of jungle which contains a few big trees

holding one or more pairs of this owlet. Their ordinary cry—and I

have frequently watched them in the very act of uttering it—is a long

drawn rippling whistle, highest and- loudest at the commencement

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 229

-and gradually dropping and dying away, It is a melancholy sound,

_ but by no means either unmusical or unpleasant. This cry has been

_ attributed by various writers to G. radiatum, G. broded, or some other

owlets, but I am absolutely certain that it is the common note of the

“barred owlet, though I cannot he as sure that it is not also uttered by

any other owl. It has also a note sounding something like ku-u-hoot;

it is very low and deep and could not I think be heard a hundred

yards distant from where the bird is sitting. This species seems to

live very largely on field mice and small rats, most of the birds I have

examined containing remains of such inside them. They also devour

a good many insects and small lizards, worms and frogs. I saw one,

once, when some grass jungle was on fire, catch a Jarge toad which was

hastening away from the danger acress a path. I believe that, unlike

most of the owlets, this one does not always take his prey to a tree or

similar perch before eating it, bunt commences and very frequently

finishes his meal on the ground at the place where caught.

Tt seems to be less affected by daylight than any other owl except

-Ketupa, and though not as lively or active in the daytime as in the

dusk, it may very often be seen during broad daylight in shady ferest

either perched on some bare or dead tree or flying from one place to

‘another, seldom keeping so exclusively to trees with dense foliage as

do the others of its race. On one occasion I saw two of these birds

feeding ona rat on the ground in the middle ofa large jhum (rice

clearing) when it was fully 9-30a.m. When I got to within some sixty

yards they flew into a dead tree stump and did not take to the forest

until I got within about thirty paces of them.

It is not at all a shy bird and allows of a very close approach, taking

but little notice of it ; nor is this merely due to its faculties being con-

fused by daylight, for I have noticed that it is quite as confiding in the

dusk of the evening. I have often seen it taking white ants on the

wing, and, when thus employed, its feet seem to be the main, if not the

sole, instrument in catching the insects which are then conveyed to the

mouth by the same action that everyone has seen performed by a kite

when engaged in the like pursuit. They seem to content themselves

with catching one or two white ants, or at the outside three, each

sally, then returning to rest for a few minutes on any convenient

perch. ‘ -

930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

Their cry is very difficult to imitate, but I have known one Cachari

sufficiently expert at it to obtain answers, The bird is, as might be

supposed, most noisy up to about 10 a.m. and after 5 p.m., but during

the breeding season it calls every now and then throughout the day,

and all the year round it is to be heard as night comes on, and again

in the early morning up to about an hour after sunrise.

498, GLAUCIDIUM RADIATUM.—The Jungle Owlei.

Hume, Nos. 77 & 78 ; Blanford, No. 1184.

A rare bird, but to be met with in small numbers everywhere.

Blanford says, “ Like other species of Glaucidium, this is more often

seen and heard in daylight.” It is of course, as are all owls, sometimes

met with in the day-time, but I have found it decidedly more cre-

puscular in its habits than either G. cuculoides or G. brodie?, with both

of which species I am very well acquainted indeed.

499. Guaucipium BRopIEI,—The Collared Pigmy Owlet.

Hume No. 80; Blanford, No. 1187.

The general dimensions given by Davidson in “Stray Feathers,”

Vol. VI, agree with those of the birds obtained here with the

exception of the tail. Davidson gives the length of this as 2°15",

whereas the tails of the birds I have measured in North Cachar were

none under 2°3", and most exceeded 2'4".

This little owl seems to care little in what kind of hollow it deposits

itseggs. I have taken them from hollows with small entrances low

down in big trees, at about 10 feet up in stumps, and again in the top-

most boughs of lofty trees. Another hollow from which I secured four

eggs would have furnished nesting room to 8 or 10 pairs of owls, and

the entrance to this was about 24" high by about 18” wide. This hole

was in a large, semi-rotten stump of a cotton tree, and was about 15

feet from the ground. As arale, however, I think that the Pigmy

Owlet, though not at all particular as to the style of hole in which to

bring up its young, prefers that the hole should be ata considerable

height from the ground, and also, if possible, in one of the smaller

branches, and not in the trunk itself or one of the main boughs. In

the nest-holes I have seen there has been no artificial lining beyond

the scraps of touchwood and chips of bark, etc., which have fallen

into it naturally, Of course, when once the young are hatched, a very

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. HESS load

‘miscellaneous collection of odds and ends soon accumulates at the

bottom of the hole, of which pellets thrown up the birds themselves

‘form the greater part. .

) Occasionally the deserted nest-hole of a wood-pecker or barbet is made

use of for nesting purposes, for on one occasion, when visiting a tree in

which I had found a pair of blue-faced Barbets (Cyanops aséatica)

breeding, I discovered that a pair of owls had taken possession of the

hole, and a few days later a Naga brought me an egg which he had

obtained there.

The full number of eggs laid appears to be four, very rarely five.

I have seen five young ones twice and five eggs once, hut I have never

seen less than four young or less than four eggs when the latter showed

any signs of incubation. In texture the eggs are, I think,-somewhat

finer and smoother than in those of most birds of this family. Freshly-

laid eggs show a fine gloss. They are rather large in proportion to the

size of the bird laying them, and in shape are very broad, very regular

ovals. Three clutches, each of four, measure, on an average, 1°13!

x 0:97", 1:26" x 1:08" and 1:24" ~ 1:18". The longest and shortest

eggs measure 1°27" and 1:il" respectively, and the broadest and

narrowest 1°13” and 0°95" respectively. They are early breeders, and

I think the majority of birds commence their breeding operations about

the middle of March, a few as late as April. I have taken eggs as late

July, but the probability was that these were eggs of a second brood.

This is a common little bird in North Cachar, and its clear musical

whistling call may be heard any day during the breeding season either

in the early morning or just before dusk. Its ordinary call consists of

four notes, the first the loudest, then two quicker, and then the fourth

lower and fainter, often inaudible at a distance, and sometimes omitted

altogether. It is a very easy note to imitate, and the bird may often

be induced to answer an imitation of its cry, thereby revealing its posi-

tion to the collector. I believe this bird to be capable of considerable

ventriloguism, for I have stood under a tall tree into which I have seen

this bird fly and have heard the notes uttered, at first very faintly and

as if far away in the distance, and then louder and louder as if the bird

was pradually approaching. tN.

During the day-time it eencwlse perches very high up in lofty

irees which are well covered by foliage, and under these circumstances

232 JOUR NAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

it is almost impossible to sea one, although the would-be observer may —

know it to be in a certain part of the tree. Occasionally, however, it

may be seen seated on the top of some small dead tree in the forest ;

its shoulders humped up and feathers puffed out looking like a queer

excrescence at the end of the bough until it shows itself to be some-

thing alive by twisting its head about. _When thus seated, it is

very easy of approach and does not fly away, even though the

person approaching does not doso at all quietly, most likely owing

to the daylight interfering with its sight. Under no circumstances,

though, is it at all shy, and in the early morning I have several

times wandered round and round some big tree talking to my

attendant who with me was attempting to discover the whereabouts

of a bird, we have seen fly into it, whistling to and being regularly

replied to by the owl.

Tis food consists principally of insects, and I once saw one

hanging head downwards from a branch, working away at the loose

pieces of bark and evidently extracting insects of some kind, though

what they were I did not find out, as, though I shot at and dropped

the bird, I failed to find it in the dense scrub and grass into

which it fell. .

Besides insects it devours mice, small rats and many birds, more

especially young ones from the nest. Davidson saw it in the act of

devouring a young Barbet, and I have seen unmistakable remnants of

various kinds of birds in the nest holes. This owl also must sometimes

eat carrion, for I once found the fur of a bamboo rat in the pellets

thrown up by one, and it seems incredible that so small a bird should be

able to overpower so large and powerful an animal, and one is therefore

forced to the conclusion that the bird finding the rat dead made a meal

of it. That it has great pluck is shewn by the size of the birds it kills

and eats. Ihave seen feathers from the Blue-eared Barbet (Cyanopis

cyanotis), the Coral-billed Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus phayrit),

Hypsipetes psaroides, and other birds as large, amongst the articles

with which the bottom of their nest-holes are strewn. |

It seems quite impartial as to the elevation at which it breeds or

stays all the year round, and I have found it from the level of the plains

up to the summits of the highest peaks, though, perhaps, it is less

common above 4,000 feet than at and below that height.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 233

(500) Minox scutuLatA.—The Brown Hawk Owl.

Hume, No. 81, 81 bis, 81 ter,, 81 quat.; Blanford, No. 1187.

A common erough bird in many portions of the plains, but very

locally distributed in the more mountainous parts of the district, The

variation in size in this bird is very remarkable, and no species of owl,

with which I am acquainted, shews such variations in the measure-

ments of birds collected in one locality, as does this, I have but a small

series yet; their wing measurements include the extremes of 7:13"

and 8°65". |

Several people have mentioned to me the hawk-like character of

this owl’s flight. They hunt about for insects and small animals of

sorts in many of the tea garden clearings and their actions can then

be easily watched ; moreover, in such places they appear to be much

-more fearless than they are in more wooded parts. In North Cachar

they haunt stretches of grass mixed with bamboos and small clumps

of trees, and in such places I have found them difficult to approach

and hard to observe. ae

(To be continued.)

234

NEW SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR PLANTS

FROM NORTH KANARA AND MYSORE,

¥ By W. A. Taxpor, F.L8., Deputy ConsERVATOR oF ForgstTs.

(With Plates 1 to 10.)

(lead before the Bombay Natural History Society on 80th Sept. 1897.)

GUTTIFERA,

G. malabarica, Talb., sp. nov. G. ovalifolius, Hook., f. var.

macrantha ? Fl, Br, I, 1:269, G. spicata, Kz. MSS. in Herb, Cal.

Herb. No, 3718.

Asmall or medium-sized tree with sulcate, angular branchlets. Leaves

coriaceous, ovate or oblong lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, shining

above and beneath ; nerves numerous, anastomosing, distinct, midrib

prominent beneath ; blade 6-3 by 2°5-1 in.; petiole *5--75 in. long,

rugose, dilated at the base, so that the two opposite petioles clasp the

branchlets. Flowers dicecious. Male flowers white, ‘5--75 in. across,

numerous, sessile or shortly pedicelled, fascicled on short, axillary, thick

peduncles ; pedicels bracteolate at the base. Sepals 4-5, orbicular, 4 the

orbicular white, concave petals. Staminal phalanges 5, thick, equalling

the petals, surrounded at the base or springing from a lobed mamillated

disk ; anthers 12 on each phalange, didymous, free part of filament

short, stout. Female fl.: Sepals and petals of male. Staminodes in 5,

thin, flattened phalanges surrounding the ovary and springing from

a disk similar to that of the male flower, effete anthers 4-5 on each

phalange, flat, didymous and on longer free filaments than those

of the male flower. Ovary 3-celled, crowned with the 3-lobed,

spreading stigma. Dr. Prain remarks as follows about this species.

“T can’t tell whether this be G. ovaléfolia, var. macrantha or not.

Buf it is exactly the same as a solitary sheet collected by Col.

Beddome which Mr. Kurz called G. spicata, and on which, at a later

time, Mr. Brace has written: ‘Can this be var. macrantha?’ Dr. King

has left it where Mr. Brace put it. But, if it is var. macrantha, the

sooner a new species is made of it the better. It is certainly distinct

from G. ovalifolia, Hook. f.’ On the Western Ghats from North

Kanara southwards, common on the Gairsoppah Ghat in evergreen

forests. Flowers cold season. Fruit (not seen) rainy season,

PEATE VL

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist: Soc:

AP CORTEZ & C°LITHOS.

NOV

E.TALBOT, LEL:

SP:

GARCENIA MALABARICA TALB

Journal Bombay Nat: Mist: Soe: PLATE I.

E.TALBOT, DEL: A.P.CORTEZ & C2 LITH:

STROMBOSIA LEPROSA, TALB: SP. NOV.

Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE Ul.

AP CORTEZ & C2, LiTH:

EUGENIA UTILIS, TALB. SP. NOV.

£.TALBOT, DEL.

LITH:

PLATE IV.

APCLORTEZ & LF

TALS: SP:NOV

Hr ie en A A EN HM EV CSE RE PY REECE SPE 2 ANA PLE AAD TE STEER I EE EIT NI ER

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist: Soc:

E TALBOT, PEL:

mR gt

ae Vo,

KRANARENSIS,

EUGENIS

PLATE YV.

Jaanal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc:

LITH:

A.P.CORTEZ &

TALBOT, DEL:

5SP-> NOY:.

TALB:

EUGENIA MEMECYLIFOLIA,

Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc: PLATE VI.

E.TALBOY, DEL. AP CORTEZ & CF LITH:

ANOTIS PRAINIANA, TALB. SP: NOV:

Journ Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE Vil

E. TALBOT. DEL: AP CORTEZ & CO LITH:

PSYCHOTRIA OCTOSULCATA, TALB, SP. NOV:

Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soc: PLATE Vill.

E.TALBOT, DEL. : A.B CORTE & C2 LIFH:

VERNONIA BABABLUDENSIS, TALB. SP. NOV.

Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE IX.

E.TALOT, DEL: A.P.CORTEZ & C8 LITH,

SYMPLOCOS KANARANA, TALB:SP.NOV:.

Journal Bombay Nat: Hist: Soe: PLATE X.

E.TALBO? DEL: AP CORTEZ & C8LITH:

PLECTRANTHUS PARVIFOLIUS, TALB. SP: NOV.

NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS, 235

OLACINEZ,

Strombosia leprosa, Talb., sp. nov. S. ceylanica, Gardn, Fl. Br. I,

1579 in part. Spherocarya leprosa, Dalz. and Gibs., Bomb., Fl, 223,

Herb. No. 3641.

A small or large evergreen tree with white, scaly bark. Leaves

glabrous, shining, thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, ovate, rounded at the

tip, sometimes oblique at the base; blade 3-6 by 1°5-3 in; petiole

‘5-75 in.long; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, distinct beneath. Flowers

small, white, pentamerous, in axillary fascicles or on woody tubercles;

buds globose. Calyx lobes more or less indistinct, ciliate. Petals val-

vate, hairy within at the tips, ‘12 in. Stamens adnate to the petals,

Disk epigynous, red. Ovary 5-celled; style short. Fruit globose.

green, glabrous or scaly, ‘75 in. in diameter. Seed globose, °5 in,,

finely rugose; albumen firm.

This tree sometimes attains a considerable size. I have measured

some near Sonda (North Kanara), which were 100 ft. high by 3-4 ft.

in diameter near the base, and possessing a straight cylindrical trunk.

Branches pendulous. Bark smooth, white or grey, scaly; inner bark

brown, fibrous. Distinct from S. ceylanica, Gardn, to which species it is

united in the Fl. Br. I, on the authority of Beddome, (FI, Syl, t. 187),

who states that he has only poor specimens of the Kanara plant.

Ripe fruits of S. ceylanica are about 3 as large as those of the Kanara

tree, which has also shining leaves. The leaves of S, ceylanica, Gardn.,

are dull like those of Lepionurus.

MyYRTACEz,

Eugenia utilis, Taib., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3644. Hennerl, Kan,

A large, quite glabrous tree, branches terete. ‘Leaves coriaceous,

elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate, acute at the base, conspicuously

gland-dotted ; blade 3-2 by 1°5-1 in.; petiole °3 in. long ; lateral

nerves close, rather inconspicuous, Flowers small in axillary or ter-

minal corymbose, panicled cymes which are shorter than the leaves,

flowers sessile, usually fascicled in 8s on the cyme branches; buds globose

or pear-shaped *1 in. in diameter. Calyx shortly turbinate, scarcely

lobed or truncate. Petals separate or slightly cohering. Fruit small,

black, succulent,

A fine large tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk, and grey, scaly

bark. Wood moderately heavy and tough, of a reddish-brown colour,

236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

greatly in demand throughout the Sircy subdivision of North Kanara

for building purposes. This tree is pretty common in evergreen or on

the borders of evergreen forests in the southern parts of North Kanara,

it comes near J. lissophylla, Thw., and could not be matched at Kew.

Bugenia kanarensis, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3552.

A very large, glabrous, evergreen tree with smooth, white, terete

branchlets. Leaves ovate, long or shortly acuminate, acute at the base,

thin, shining, minutely gland-dotted ; blade 4-2 by °75—1°5 in,; petiole

‘) in, long, nerves numerous, fine, distinct, anastomosing just within the

margin ina fine line. Flowers small, in open, spreading, axillary or

termina) corymbs, shorter than the leaves, cyme branches slender. Buds

small, *09 in. in diameter, globose. Calyx elongate, turbinate, broad at

the top, narrowed at the base into a short pedicel, scarcely 4-5-lobed or

truncate. Petals free or slightly cohering, orbicular, Fruit not seen.

_ A large smooth-barked tree, found on the Gairsoppah Ghat above

Mulamune at an elevation of about 2,000 ft. The following note about

this tree was received from Kew. “ This is not L. cymosa, Lam., but

is probably identical with a specimen collected by Bourdillon in Travan-

core and named Eugenia sp. near LE. Gardner.”

Kugenia memecylifolia, Talb., sp.nov. Herb. No. 3127.

A small, evergreen tree, leaves ovate, blunily acuminate, coriaceous,

glandular dotted, shortly petioled; blade 1°5 :2 by 1-15 in. ; petiole

"25-4 in. long. Flowers white, sessile or subsessile, *5 in. across, solitary

or 2-several fascicled in the leaf axils, Bracts 2, broad-ovate, small,

thick, leathery, tomentose when young. Calyx lobes 4, ovate, imbricate,

tomentose, ciliate on the margins, glandular dotted. Petals 4 spreading.

Staminal disk broad, enlarged. Style simple. Fruit white, succulent,

irregularly globose, *75-1 in. in diameter. Seeds 1-2, globose, flattened

on one side, ‘5 in. in diameter, glabrous ; episperm. crustaceous,

mottled.. In quite ripe fruits the seeds lie loose in the swollen, succulent,

white pericarp. .

A small tree or large shrub with smooth bark and leaves like those of

some forms of Memecylon edule, gregarious in the sholas of the higher

Supa Ghats of North Kanara at an elevation of about 3,400 feet. . This

species is allied to LH. Mooniana, Wet., but differs in habit, lar ger

flowers, and the quite-distinct - fruit.

‘NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS, - ——*_—«287

Peet fh ' RUBIACEA.

Anotis Prainiana, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 2995.

A densely-branched pilose herb, branches filiform, interlaced, hairs

flat, silvery, shining. Leaves small, membranous, petioled, rhomboidal-

ovate, acute; blade *25 in.; petiole flat, nearly as long as the blade.

Stipules inconspicuous. Flowers solitary, terminal, rosy-white, nearly

‘5 in. long. Calyx short, hairy, tube flattened, limb with 4 erect lobes.

Corolla with a long, slender tube, glabrous ‘at the mouth, limb 4-lobed,

lobes each with two parallel pink lines. Anthers dorsally affixed,

included; filaments short. Ovary 2-locular; style filiform, 2-branched ;

ovules 3-4 in. each cell, affixed near the base of the ovary. Capsule

hairy, didymous, crustaceous, laterally compr: ssed, loculicidally 2-valved,

seeds 7-8, angled, with a very minutely granulate testa.

This pretty ornamental plant grows in cushion-like masses in quite dry

places, under overhanging rocks but in a very moist atmosphere, on the

Bababuden hills of Mysore at about 5,000 feet elevation, it belonged

to the section Huanotis, and comes nearest to A. Leschenaultiana, W. & A.

Psychotria octosulcata, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 8556,

An erect, stout, smooth-barked shrub with green, glabrous branches.

Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, shining above, pale

beneath, thin ; blade 3-6 by 1-2 in.; petiole -2—5 in. long ; lateral nerves

7-10 pairs, prominent, parallel, usually with small, saccate glands in the

axils, Stipules connate at the base, long or shortly acuminate, deciduous.

Flowers white in short terminal corymbose cymes 1-2 in. long, branches

opposite. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla *1 in., tube hairy

at the mouth. Fruit obovoid, straight or slightly curved, 8-ridged, black.

and succulent when ripe, but soon drying and becoming regularly ridged

with a flattened top. Seeds 2, black, rough, dorsally 4-ridged, bia c

flat, °5.in. long ; albumen eee horny.

A large shrub 10- 20 feet high with a stem 1-2 in. in diameter at the ‘

base. Common in some of the evergreen forests of the Siddapore and

Sircy sub- divisions of North Kanara.

_CoMPosITz. |

Vernonia bababudensis, Talb. sp. nov. Herb. No. 3189.

A low shrub with stout, spreading, tomentose branches. Leaves ovate

acute, sharply serrate, scabrid above,-rough hairy beneath, blade 3°5-2 by

238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT

1:75-1 in. ; petiole very short or 0; lateral nerves about 7 pairs, strong

beneath. Heads ‘5 in. in diameter, in broad, terminal, corymbs ; peduncles,

short or long up to 1 in., tomentose with several short, spreading, linear,

bracts. Inner involucral bracts acute, hairy, and reddish at the back and

tips, outer short, linear, hairy, acute. Corolla red, pubescent outside.

Akene ‘2 in. long, striate on the margins and tip ; inner pappus hairs

‘3 in., white, barbellate, onter hairs very short.

Closely allied to V. pectiniformis, DC., common above Santaveri, on

the Bababuden Hills of Mysore at about 6,000 feet elevation.

STYRACEZ,

Symplocos kanarana, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 8673.

A small tree, leaves ovate, long acuminate, crenate-serrate, charta-

ceous, glabrous, shining above, blade 3°6 by 1-2°5 in.; petiole °3 in. long;

luteral nerves 5 pairs. Flowers in short axillary spikes, Fruit ovoid,

smooth, yellow, ridged, 1°25 in, long by °5 in. broad ; stone 1 in. long

with 6 very deep longitudinal furrows and sharp narrow ridges between,

rough, surrounded by a copious olive-green pulp, when dry the fruit

turns yellow and becomes obtusely angled.

This species, of which I have only found the fruit during May, is

closely allied to S. macrocarpa, Wgt. Ms. It grows in the evergreen

forests of the Sircy taluka of North Kanara. Dr. Prain says this is

exactly the same as an unnamed species collected in Travancore by

the late Mr. Lawson, and communicated by him to the Calcutta

Herbarium.

LABIATA.

Plectranthus parvifolius, Talb., sp. nov. Herb. No. 3276.

A glandular, villous herb, 8 in. to 1 foot high. Leaves broadly ovate,

acuminate, thick, crenate, pubescent with thick glandular hairs above,

paler beneath, and densely covered with minute, reddish, shining, waxy

glands, blade ‘6 by °5 in. ; petiole of lower leaves *4 in., upper leaves

sessile ; lateral nerves 3-4 pairs, strong beneath. Cymes in short, open

panicles. Corolla tubular, ‘25 in. twice the calyx, lips subequal.

Fruiting calyx *! in., teeth acute. Nutlets ovoid, yellowish, flattened.

A small species which comes nearest P. nepetefolius, bth., found

in open situations above Santaveri on the Bababuden Hills of Mysore a

about 6,000 feet elevation.

239

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND

BHUTAN.

By G. C, DuDGEON, F.E.S.

Wits Norses sy H. J, Enwns, 1.2.8. F.ES., &.,

AND

Appitions By Sir Georcs F, Hampson, Bart, B.A., F.E.S., &C.,

(With a Map.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 15th July, 1897).

The production of Sir George Hampson’s work on the ‘Moths of

India ” in the “ Fauna of British India” (Blanford), has now rendered

it possible for entomologists who have not access to the types or

original literature on the subject, to identify and systematically arrange

all the hitherto known species belonging to the more important groups

of Indian Heterocera. Without the help of the foregoing valuable

work, I could not have attempted to compile the present catalogue,

which comprises all those species which have been found within the

limits of the Sikhim-Bhutan Himalayas, as defined hereafter. This

district, although a small cne, is so rich in species that, as far as is at

present known, it probably heads the list among Indian localities.

The idea of the formation of a catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim

has for years been entertained by Mr. H.J. Elwes to follow his paper

on the Rhopalocera of the same district, read in 1888, before the Ento-

mological Society of London, and I must here tender my thanks to

him for his kind offer to add his notes on the habits, &c., of those

species with which he is personally acquainted. I have also to

acknowledge the kindness of Sir George Hampson in consenting to

correct and add to my manuscript; also for many valuable hints as to

the formation of the same.

— Sikhim.—As geographically understood, this represents the territory

bounded on the north by Thibet, on the south by the Darjeeling dis-

trict, on the east ty Thibet (the Amo Chu or Chumbi Valley) and

Independent Bhutan, and onthe west by Nepal. For purposes of

convenience, however, and with reference to climatic effects, I

prefer to include under the name the whole territory which, im-

mediately previous to 1835, constituted the State of Sikhim. This,

besides the country already defined, included the whole of the

240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Darjeeling district west of the Teesta river. The late Mr. Otto Méller

observed these same limits for the zoological definition of the country.

Bhutan.—This country is less known and. more inaccessible than

Sikhim ; its fauna has, in consequence, not been worked at to the same

extent. It is bounded on the north by Thibet, on the south by the Bengal

and Assam Duars, on the east by an undefined line separating it from

the independent tribes of the northern Assam Himalayas, and on the

west by Thibet (Amo Chu or Chumbi Valley), the spur from Gipmochi

to Richi-la, thence along the Darjeeling boundary as far as the junction

of the Sip Ch» with the Jaldacca river. Again, by reason of the eli-

matic similarity of the adjoining portion of the Darjeeling district,

known as the Daling Division, I include the same under the name of

Bhutan, of which, previous to 1866, it formed a part.

The physical features of Bhutan are widely different from those of

Sikhim; the hills rise more abruptly from the plains, a chain of hills be-

tween 6,000 and 10,000 feet being situated less than ten miles from the

same, whereas over 15 miles of lower hills intervene in Sikhim between

the first-ridge of the same height and the plains, The rainfall on the

outer spurs of Bhutan is far greater than on those of Sikhim. Roughly

speaking, the annual average from the Sikhim Terai to the Ghoom-_

Darjeeling ridge is from 120 to 200 inches, and from the Bhutan-Duars

to the Richi-la spur it ranges from 200 to 300 inches. In the inner

valleys the rainfall is much smaller: that for example of the Rungeet

Valley at certain places averages only about 60 inches annually. Among.

Rhopalocera many species which are found rarely in Sikhim may be

met with quite commonly in Bhutan, and in the Heterocera Bhutan

seems to surpass Sikhim in quantity of species, although, of the inde-

pendent territory, as yet only the outer spurs have been worked.

Dr. Waddell, in his “ Birds of Sikhim” (“ Gazetteer of Sikhim,”

Risley), divides the country into five zones, which might be found

applicable to the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan also. -His divisions

are :— STA = ae : :

I. Tropical - 125— 2,000 feet above sea-level. -

IT. Subtropical 2,000— 5,000 ,, 4, 4 4

III. Temperate 5,000—. 9,000. ,. - ,, Balhae tie

IV. Subalpine -9,000-—13,000 ,, ,, 4, 5;

V. Alpine 13,000—17,0007 57455 258

Journal, Bombay Natural

/ ‘SKELETON MAP OF SIKHIM &

PART OF BHUTAN.

Names underlined thus signify that

Government Rest Houses or Bungalows have

been opened at the place.

Nee

S OJore okri og ~

; Sonada 0,000 HUN

\ S Hop town

t ONS O

Thurbu a

Ss. i

SEON

Reg. No, 265, Nat, History Soc., Bomba y.—, Litho., 8. I. 0., Calcutta.

Eo.

Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XI.

—> °

ps. 728887 7 6hi8* aia

} | Donkyia Pass

ae!

ae oe x Woo 4

cS r + 22550 Ya :

ee 30. 910

: 12 2500 “20640 ‘. Kangchinjau “a Rg ; - >

[ears ! » omaySamdong a Ipc Sd

Ss 15000 a & m2

Be a \ 3

\ = ! / Sao |

) Re Zs ii poe SKELETON MAP OF SIKHIM &

\ Es ! ((Chumalhari

pote : est ¥f (chang PART OF BHUTAN,

eS © ‘ \ / ‘

Zz 1

ne /Glaciers { Nee ee PS lachang \ 1 if S

| rant Kanchinjanga i a aed 6Q0 1 omy: x ie

25308 © x21g0_\ " ROSE NS as 16000/' y x 3

= 4

iNarsingh= “=

lansing *

| 19160 uyM LON GN)

Tumlong ST325 t

\ Yatung

~ E20 Chola Rass

og N Names underlined thus signify that

SS Government Rest Houses or Bungalows have

\ & been opened at the place,

jonchi XS Sy

EX 4500 6220 — X:

Ehalloo Pakyong © 508 ee ~ &

t Rinchinpong 6%) lendong S10087Rhenock | :

py jh8l0 i 6000 “gf 670% | BB ee

hakang &/ °Namtchi SH s160- MirigéN

Rye Pox, 5600 ; 7 z

Badamtam Pashoko

\ Youre 4800 $300

‘ y74VARIEELIN on

7160)

5 Ghumi70 °

SS p

Range of hills. from IL jl2

Ho00 HORE

SE OES oe

AN pooars

Litho., 8. 1. 0., Calcutta

Bey ©

Nb. 200, Nat, History Soo,, Bombay. —June 97.—-1,000

MU ae

i » "

i bi ee

ite diag ag he Me

' .. HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 241

In the first zone, those forms which are met with in the plains abound

together with a few endemic species; in the second, the forest trees

become covered with lichens and mosses, and those species which feed

in the larva stage on them, are found here; the third zone, which is

enveloped for nearly six months in mist and clouds, seems particularly

favourable to Heterocera; the fourth has but a short season suited

to insect life ; and, the fifth, which ranges from above the tree limit to

the limit of perpetual snow, has not been worked at to a great extent:

it however can scarcely be expected to yield many species. The

following table will show, as nearly as may be, where the different

families or subfamilies of the Meterocera may be met with, although

a few of. nearly all may be found outside the limits given. In the case

of any family not being mentioned, it must ae understood that it is not

confined to any particular zone.

Tropical.— Quadrifine, Daevtie Peale. Eh oppwisler, Agari-

stide, Thyridide, Pyralide.

Tropical and Subtropical.—Hpiplemide, Uraniide, Acontiine,

Drepanulide, Lymantriide, Limacodide, Psy-

chide, Epicopiide, Eupterotide, Sesiide, Zyge-

nide, Noline. a

Subtropical and Temperate.--Luthostine, Trifine, Noto-

dontide.

Temperate and Subalpine.—Arctiide, Cymatophoride, Gieo-

metridc.

- In the accompanying map the names of the chief places in Sikhim

and Bhutan, also the courses of the chief rivers, are shown.

It is impossible to give the names of any places within Independent

Bhutan to which native collectors have penetrated, as the inhabitants

being very disinclined to allow intrusion, the collectors employed

have given them a wide berth, so as to avoid being interfered

with, and consequently have not heard the names of the localities they

have visited. By far the greater proportion of moths recorded from

Bhutan in this catalogue have been obtained in the Daling Division

of Darjeeling, or as it is sometimes called, British Bhutan.

The numbers given to the species are taken from Sir George

Hampson’s work, so that they may be referred to without difficulty, —

242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

Family SATURNIIDA,

Genus Acrias, Leach.

1. A. selene, Hiibn.

Sikhim and Bhutan ; occurs as high as 6,000 feet. My specimens

were obtained in March and April. The. larva is yellowish-green,

with paired dorsal and lateral tubercles, except on the first and last

somites ; each tubercle bearing a few long hairs and several short

ones; anal claspers with a rufous triangular patch on the outside.

Its food-plant is the wild cherry. The cocvon is brownish and incon-

spicuous, being generally enveloped in a leaf.

2. A. menas, Doubl.

Sikhim and Bhutan ; occurs up to 4,000 feet in March, April, and

May. The larva, when first hatched, is orange-coloured, covered with

rather long hairs, and with the medial segments black. I have no

record of the full-grown larva. Its food-plant is Schema wallichi.

The cocoon is less closely woven than that of A. selene.

Genus Atracus, Linn.

4, <A. atlas, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet in May. The cocoons are

found commonly on the leaves of different trees, especially in the

forests around Badamtam and Singla in the Rungeet Valley.

5. <A. edwardsi, White.

Sikhim and Bhutan ; 6,000 to 7,000 feet in June. I took a full-

grown larva below Darjeeling in 1889 feeding on Leucosceptrum canum.

It was apple-green, with a subdorsal row of long pale blue tubercles ;

those on the second and third somites speckled with black ; two lateral

rows of short blue tubercles ; claspers with a reddish patch on the

side. This larva, as well as that of A. atlas and A. cynthia, is covered

with a chalky secretion, which is easily removeable. Cocoon is formed

in a leaf, and the silk is much darker than that of A. atlas.

6. A. cynthia, Drury.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 6,000 feet. This isa very common species

throughout the year, especially at from about 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The

larvee | have often taken at Badamtam (Rungeet Valley); they are green,

covered thickly with the chalky secretion which makes them appear

almost pure white ; there are dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral rows of rather

short spines tipped with blue and orange. The cocoon is formed in a leaf.

. HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, a4

7. A, ricini, Boisd.

Sikhim, 5,500 feet, September. TI have only obtained one specimen

of this species, and have never seen another from the locality, The

larva is reared for its silk by the Mechi and Garo tribes of the Terai

and Duars. )

Genus AnTHERHA, Hiibn.

8, A. roylet, Moore.

Sikhim, 2,000 to 3,000 feet, September. (May to September. Ac-

cording to Knyvett feeds on oak at 3,000 to 4,090 feet. J. E.)

9, <A. paphia, Linn.

Sikhim (O¢to Moller), April. The only specimens I have are a pair

given to me by Mr. Moller and labelled “Sikhim, April, 1888.”

(According to Knyvett occurs in the Terai only, whera it feeds on

“Ber.”"—H. J. E.)

10. A knyvetti, Hampson.

Sikhim, April. One specimen only. (Occurs at higher elevations

than the other species. Feeds on wild cherry, according to Knyvett.

Though Mr, Knyvett, who had bred this species, considered that it

could certainly be distinguished from A, royle: by the larva and cocoon,

and though some specimens given me by him as typical do shew the

differences indicated by Hampson, yet there are intermediate forms,

which [ cannot certainly identity with either species.—Z. J. E.)

11. A. helferi, Moore.

Sikhim, March. The cocoons have been brought to me in some

quantities from “ Sal” forest at low elevations.

12. <A. assama, Westw.

Himalayas from Kangra to Assam (Hampson). I have never

received this species from this locality. (I have two specimens from

Sikhim which agree with A, assama as described by Hampson, but

have the marginal lines of the hindwing nearly straight, not as in

Westwood’s figure. I distinguish this species by the ocellus of the

forewing being almost, in some cases quite, without a pupil. Khasia

specimens are of a dark purplish-crimson colouwr.—Z, J. E.)

14, A, frithi, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 feet, March. As far as my experience

goes, this is by far the commonest Antherea found in Sikhim. The

larva feeds on “ Sal,” and wherever the tree occurs in forests, tho

944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

cocoons of A. frithe are almost’ sure to be found. I haye taken

them myself in the Rungeet Valley. saat)

: Genus Saturnia, Schrank,

15. 8S. zulecka, Hope.

Sikhim, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, April. (Sometimes very common in -

the station at Darjeeling in July. Larva feeds on birch, is green with

very long curved white hairs fide Knyvett.—H. J. £.)

16. 8S. thibeta, Westw.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet (Hampson), I have never seen this — species.

(Taken by me in the interior of Sikhim on Christmas day, 1880,

at 7,000 feet. I have a @ taken on the 25th November in the

station at Darjeeling, where it is, however, a very rare species; this

agrees witha @ from Kumaon taken in September. I do not.

believe that the insect occurs in Thibet.—H. J. EL.)

17. S. anna, Moore. -

Sikhim, 5,500 feet, June. I took the only specimen I have at

Tukyvar in 1888. (Occurs rarely at Darjeeling in June.—H. J. E.)

18. SS. grotei, Moore.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Not as rare as the last. (Taken by me at

Darjeeling in June.—H. J. £.)

19. 8S. lindia, Moore.

Yatung, 10,000 feet. One female was brought to me from Yatung

_(Chumbi Valley, Thibet), but it probably also occurs on this side of the

passes. My specimen corresponds with Butler’s figure (Saturnia

hockingit) with the exception of the ocellus of the forewing being ~

slightly marked with reddish on the inner side. ~

20. S. pyretorum, Westw. .

Sikhim (Hampson). I have never seen a specimen from this

locality. (A single specimen from Mandelli’s collection dated 29th

April, 1873, is much smaller than Chinese examples.—ZH. J. E. Dy

Genus Lonpa, Moore.

25. L. katinka, Westw. Sa

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. Ihave the form miranda taken

in May and sckhima taken in July and August. I am of opinion that

all the specimens I possess (5 males and 3 females) belong to the same

species. (L. sikhoma, Mr, Knyvett agrees with me that this species is

distinct from L. tatinka. He kas bred stkhima from larvee taken i in low

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 245

valleysin British Bhutan. I have taken méranda, Moore, at Darjeel-

ing in August and up to 10,000 feet on Tongloo in July. This form,

which agrees with miranda, is larger and with much less distinct

markings than the Khasia insect figured as katinka by Westwood.

There are, however, intermediate specimens, and the females do not

seem so distinct as the males.—H. J. E.)

26. L. newara, Moore.

Sikhim, 4,000 to 5,000 feet, November. I have reared this species

from the egg and the description I took at the time is as follows :—

Eggs hatched April, 1887, having been laid in December,

Larve, when first hatched, are yellow with a black dorsal line and

two black tufts of hair on each somite, on the edge of the black

line, and near the divisions of the somites ; each somite marked with

a black line as far as half-way to the legs, each of these lines termi-

nating ina tuft of black hairs. Anterior legs and head black, under-

surface yellow.—(15-4-87.)

1st moult.—Yellow with black lateral lines ; a subdorsal row of black

tubercles tipped with blue, each bearing a tuft of black hairs; two

lateral rows of yellow tubercles on each somite, except the Ist, 3rd, and

11th, on which only one of the yellow tubercles and no subdorsal black

tubercles, but dorsal blue ones, are present, all bearing tufts of black ~

hair. There is a small black patch on the anal segment, and a larger

one on each of the anal legs. Head and forelegs black.—(23-4-87.)

(At this period the larvee are very variable, chiefly in the extent of the

black markings, and some have the black tubercles replaced by yellow

ones and wice versa.)

"Ind moult—Same, but with the black Bae less prominent. Two

more blue tubercles on the last somite, lateral tubercles blue-tipped.—

(1 & 2-5-87.)

3rd moult.—-Colour greenish-yellow ; skin rough ; tubercles, cant

the blue lateral ones, almost entirely disappeared, the remaining ones

more resembling warts tipped slightly with blue. No hairs from the

subdorsal warts, and only two or three from the lateral tubercles.

Three small blue warts just Oe the prolegs, which are berg. —_

(13- -5-87.)

4th moult.—Blue lateral specks just apparent Head grooved in

frout. Much greener.—(1—5-6-87.) ?

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

5th moult.—Green thoracial somites hunched, blue specks absent.

The larva is full-grown in July, and has a subdorsal row of minute

warts. It utters a sharp squeak when disturbed. Food-plant

Saliz babylonica. The pupa is formed ina green cocoon of a close

texture and ribbed down the outside, This cocoon is left open at

the top, the lips of it closing together except when pressed ; the lower

end is pointed and furnished with a cell perforated from the inside by

three or four small holes, and having a single larger outlet hole on the

outside, This presumably actsasadrain if the cocoon should accident-

ally become filled with water. The moths always emerged in

November at 5,000 feet.

(Larva feeds on Acer campbellz at Tukvar, 4,000 feet, and on willow

at Kurseong in May and June ; imago appears in November [ jide Kny-

velt |.—H. J, E.)

Genus Saassa, Moore.

28. S. lola, Westw.

Sikkim, 8,000 feet. (The females of this species have the hyaline

spot on the forewing much larger than in the males.—A. J. £.)

29. 8S. royi, Elwes.

Sikhim; Yatung (Thibet), 10,000 feet. I only possess one female

taken at the latter place by Mr. Taylor of the Chinese Boundary Com-

mission. (The male is not rare at 8,000 to 10,000 feet on Tongloo.—

H, J, £.)

29a. S. thespis, Leech, Entom., 1890, p. 112.

S. megastica, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1894, p. 153.

Sikhim (Hampson). I do not know this species, it seems nearest to

S. lola judging from Swinhoe’s description of the synonym. (I do

not know whether Sir George Hampson identifies Antherea

thespis, Leech, described from one female taken near Ichang in China,

with the Sikhim insect by comparison, but this does not agree in

many particulars with my female. Ihave a female from Sikhim,

given me by Mr. Knyvett, a male from Mr. Gammie taken in July,

and a pair of Salassa megastica, Swinh., from the Khasia hills. Though

these differ in many points, they are probably so variable that it is im-

possible to say from so small a number of examples whether the Chinese,

Khasia, and Sikhim insects represent the same or three species. The

larva, according to Mr, Knyvett, is like that of S, loda, but is much

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 247

larger and feeds on a different tree; he found it at Darjeeling in

July.—A. J. £,)

Genus CricuLa, W1k.

30. C. trifenestrata, Helfer.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 feet, June. The larve are gregarious, and

the cocoons are often in dense masses of hundreds together. (May to

August. In May and June, 1891, Mr, Knyvyett tells me that the

larvee had overrun all the trees at Darjeeling and down to Tukvar in

great numbers.—Z, J. H/.)

31. C. multdfenestrata, H.-S,

Sikhim. I have never received this species. (Common at Jorepokri

near Darjeeling at 7,000 feet.—H. J. FE.)

| Family BRAHM IDA,

Genus Braumaa, W1k.

32. B. wallichii, Gray.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000 to 8,000 teet.

33. B. hearseyi, White.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000 to 8,000 feet, May. Both these species

do not appear to be uncommon, but I have very few specimens in my

collection. |

| Family BOMBYCIDA.

Genus Ocrnara, WIk.

36. O. signifera, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 4,000 feet, May, August, and Novem-

ber. This is a variable species chiefly in the extent of the fuscous

markings.

37. O. apicalis, Wik.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet, July. I have only one specimen which I believe

to be referable to this species. The band within the postmedial line

is olive ; the black spots are absent except those specks on the veins

at the postmedial line; there is arather large double ferruginous

mark on the inner margin of the hindwing at the termination of the

postmedial crenulate band.

| 38. O. varians, Wik,

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have three forms of this species taken in the

Balasun Valley in March, July, and December. ‘The first is ochreous

with a darker patch on the outer margin below the apex; a dusky

248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

mark on the disco-cellulars; all the lines obsolete. The second is

reddish-brown and Oe The third is grey with the -waved-lines

distinct. .

Genus Gunna, WIk.

39. G. javanica, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Balasun Valley), August.

41. G. sikhima, Moore.

Sikhim. (Oceurs rarely in June.—A. J. EF.)

Genus Turopnita, Moore.

— 42. Ty hutton, Westw. Ree tere

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet. Tho larva feeds on

Morus serrata and other plants. Messrs. de Nicéville, Otto Moller,

Knyvett, and myself found an orange tree covered with the cocoons

of this species, and we preserved a larva, a drawing of which I sent to

Mr. Moore. The larve had apparently fed on an adjoining tree, and ~

only utilised the orange tree to spin their cocoons on. ~

Genus Musriiia, WIk.

44, WM. faleipennis, W1k.

Sikhim, 7,000 to 9,000 feet ; Bhutan. Some specimens are’ much

suffused with biuish-grey. Mr. Hlwes remarks that what I call

M. sphingiformis, Moore, may be a second form of WM. falcipennis,

which he recognises. He says :—‘ what I call falcipennis differs

from the other form in being much paler, especially on the hindwing,

so that the transverse bands and the discal spot on the forewing are

much more conspicuous; the thorax is also much paler and the wings

less falcate at the point.” My only specimen of J. sphingiformis,

Moore, was identified for me by Mr. Moore, and compares well with

his figure. :

45. M. sphingiformis, Moore. :

Sikhim, 5,500 feet. One female measuring: 81 - millimebres in ex-

panse. This specimen I reared from a larva, The whole of the thorax

and forewing as far as the oblique line from the apex is pinkish-brown,

the whole area beyond being chestnut. Hindwing ochreous, becoming

chestnut towards the inner margin. Abdomen darker. There are

no cell-spots on the upper or under side of either wing, nor is there

‘any grey suffusion, =

_ HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 249

46, M. hepatica, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this species. (Very rare in Darjeeling.

I have a single pair from Moller. The female is much larger than

the male.—H, J. F.).

Genus AnprAca, WIk.

47, A, bipunctata, W1k.

Sikhim ; Bhutan, June. I have a pair from the Sip Chu Valley, the

male expanding 44 millimetres and the female 60 millimetres, The

apex of the forewing in the female is very falcate. The larva is said

to feed on tea in Cachar, and to have done much damage, 5,600 lbs.

of larvee were destroyed, on one concern in a season.

Family EHUPTEROTIDA,

Genus Gancaripes, Moore,

48. G. roseus, W1k.

. Sikhim; Bhutan, June. The form dharma seems to me to be

separable, but I have not sufficient material to jadge fairly. Mr. Elwes

evidenily thinks the same.

Genus PairisaA, WIk.

52. P. lineosa, Wk.

Sikhim, 4,000 to 5,000 feet; Bhutan, 3,000 feet. A constant and

common species occurring in June and July. The larve are grega-

rious. (Mr. Knyvett notes that this was very common near Buxa

in the forest at 2,500 feet, the wings being left by bats in heaps under

the trees—H. J. Ff.)

53. 2. cervina, Moore.

Sikhim (Hampson). I have never seen this species.

Genus Tacora, WIk.

54. T. patula, Wk.

Sikhim. I have not procured this species. (I have a single female

from Moller which agrees with the Khasia form, but have never seen

a male from Sikhim. TT. khasiana, Moore, appears to be distinct from

T. patulaa—H, J. E.) .

Genus Psnuposana, Hampson.

58. P. incandescens, W1k.

Sikhim; Bhutan, 7,000 feet. I have only one male expanding 187

millimetres, taken in the Daling hills in June. (Taken by me at 2,000

feet near Mongpoo in June, but seems very rare in Sikhim.—Z. J. £.)

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

Genus Ganisa, W1k,

59. G. postica, WIk.

Sikhim; Bhutan, May.

60. G. pandya, Moore,

Sikhim; Bhutan. (Not uncommon in some seasons in Sikhim.—

JEG hte)

61. G. glaucescens, W1k.

Sikhim. I have a single specimen taken by Dr. Pilcher at Darjeel-

ingin June. (Very common in Darjeeling at light in J uly. —H. 6 ie ei)

Genus ApHa, WIlk.

62, <A. subdives, W1k.

(I have a specimen from Sikhim which agrees perfectly with those

from the Khasias,—H. J. HE.)

68. A. floralis, Butl.

Sikhim. Not procured by me. (Not uncommon in some seasons. —

T haye taken it at 5,000 feet in July. Kauyvett bred it from pupe

found at 3,000 feet.—, J. E.)

64, A. fenestrata, Butl.

Sikhim (Hampson). I have never obtained it.

Genus Apova, WIk.

65. A. cashmiriensis, Koll.

Sikhim. Not procured by me, (A single specimen from Sikhim

is larger [90 millim}, and has the markings much more conspicuous

than one from Kulu [76 millim]. A female from the Khasias is 120

millimetres in expanse.—H. J. E.)

Genus Evprrrotr, Hiibn.

68. J. undata, Blanch.

Sikhim, 4,000 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Occurs from June to

September. Very common at light.

69. E. fabia, Cram.

Sikhim ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet, April, June. Ithink it quite pos-

sible that with a very large number of specimens for examination

this species and E. undata might prove to be only one extremely

variable one.

76. EH. lineosa, Wik.

Sikhim, 5,500 feet ; Bhutan, 3,000 feet, June, August. This may

be, as Mr. Elwes points out, identical with E. mollifera, but I think

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 251

my specimens belong rather to /. lineosa as described by Butler. In

case E. mollifera be the same species, the name E. lineosa has prece-

dence. I think EZ, lineosa can be separated from L. fabia by its smaller

size, the frons being yellow, and, the postmedial line on the hindwing

straight or curved inwards.

“6e, 8p alana Swinh.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet, May. I have only one female specimen of this

species, of which I sent a drawing to Sir George Hampson, who identi-

fied it as E. calandra, Swinh. | The antennze are shorter than those

of , lineosa, and both wings are broader ; the costa of the forewing is

more arched. There i is no trace of a marking of any kind, and the

me are very pale yellow.

| Say citrina, Wik.

Sikhim (Hampson), I have not seen this species. Mr, Hlwes

says he believes that itis E. mollifera, Wik. It is, however, placed in a

different section of the genus by Sir George Hampson, viz., Sect. I,

Female having raised patches of scales at the outer angle of the forewing

on the gre and at the apex of the hindwing on the upperside.

(To be continued.)

252

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.

By Suregon-Lizort.-Con, K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.8., F.L.S.

Part XVII.

(With Plate 8S.)

(Continued from Vol. X, page 627).

NERIUM ODORUM—(Solander.)

Natural Order—ArocyNAvEz,

MARATHI —aoer, (Kanher).

A large erect stout glabrous shrub, containing a cream-coloured, thick,

resinous, and sticky juice. The generic name of the plant is derived’

from Gr. neros, moist, which fully indicates its habitat. It thrives in

damp ground, and alongside of flowing rivulets and watercourses. It is

a beautiful evergreen, easy of culture and propagation, and flowers freely

throughout the year.

ROOT.—Crooked ; on young roots the corky layer is very thin, and

the interior yellow colour of the bark is seen through it; imner surface

yellow. Odour somewhat acrid ; taste acrid and bitter. In the bark of

the roots, the medullary rays are very numerous, their being loaded with

yellow resinous juice makes them very conspicuous. (Dymock).

STEM.—6-8 feet high, woody; abounding im starch ; pithy in the

centre, Young branches show more pith. Wood very porous and

abounding in large dotted vessels and well-marked; medullary rays visible

to the naked eye. The laticiferous vessels are numerous, and generally

in groups of two, three, or more. (Dymock).

BARK.—tThick, soft, corky, with a grey surface externally. In

young branches it is greenish; in old yellowish and abounding in starch.

LEAVES.—Exstipulate ; arranged in whorls of three ; rarely opposite

or scattered; marrow, linear-lane cecolate, 4-6 inches long, thickly

coriaceous, acuminate. Margin entire, revolute. Mudrib very stout ;

main lateral nerves numerous, slender, horizontal, parallel, very close.

The under surface, says Brandis, is uneven, and irregularly pitted. The

margin narrows as it reaches the petiole.

PerioLe.—Very short.

FLOW ERS.—Hermaphrodite, showy, sweet-scented ; single or

double, variously-coloured, as detailed below ; 13 inches in diameter ;

salver-shaped.

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate S.

R.J.Budhanxarkar del. Mantern Bros. Chromo hth. London.

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.

Nerium odorum,Soland.Nat.Ord. Apocynacee.

op ore

% Nak. Sux.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 253

INFLORESCENCE.—Racemose cymes.

PEpUNCLES.—Terminal, long, angular.

PEDICELS.—Short,

Bracts,—Linear, deciduous, coloured.

AsTIVATION—Valvate in the upper part of the calyx-tube ; contorted

in the corolla, segments overlapping to the right.

CALYX.—Inferior, 5-partite, tubular persistant, slightly accrescent ;

segments subulate-lanceolate, erect, says Roxburgh. The base of the

cealyx-tube glandular within. Professor Vines of Cambridge, apropos of

the Nectaries, observes thus :—“ Nectaries many, in a whorl as rounded

prominences, situated extra-staminally, between the corolla and calyx”

(“Text-Book of Botany,” pp. 526-527--1895),

COROLLA.—5-lobed, twisted, hypogynous, gamopetalous, regular,

deciduous. Appendages of the corolla cleft into 4-7 segments (Hooker) ;

Brandis, however, says “that the corona of each petal is: trifid; the

lateral segment is linear, and the centre one short, triangular.” This is

the common arrangement in single flowers, so far as I have observed. In

the flesh-coloured flowers, however, the arrangement is somewhat differ-

ent, in that the corona is more divided, having five strap-like lacinie,

quite entire half-way up, and then uniformly dividing intoa filiform

fringe.

ANDRECIUM,

Stamens.—5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and included

within the-corolla-tube.

FinaMEeNtTs.—Distinetly attached to the tube the whole way down,

ANTHERS.—Nagittate, introrse, united to the stigma, 2-celled, dehiscing

longitudinally. “ Spurs of the anthers, linear, twice as long as the cells”’

(Solander). The Connective prolonged into a feathery process more

than twice the length of the anthers. These feathery processes, five

together, are spirally-twisted into a bundle, which projects well beyond

the tube of the corolla; the individual processes however are easily

separable.

PoLLeN.—Globose ; immediately applied to the stigma.

GyNacIUM.

Ovary.—Superior, composed of two carpels, which are coherent, but

easily separable in the fruit.

STYLE.—NSingle, uniting the ovaries.

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Stiema,—Hour-glass or dumbbell-shaped.- ee penerionas

Ovutrs.—Numerous, anatropous. c

FRUIT.—A cylindrical capsule, with seep lines Sato sigh

twisted, sometimes very much so; 0-9 inches long... __

SzEps.—Numerous, compressed, exalbuminous, comese, Dass a hae of

fine shining white or greyish silky hairs at the ee ; fusiform . sand.

slightly rugose (Geertner),

Eupry0.—sSiraight—(De Caisne nad Le Maout),

CoTYLEDONS,—Foliaceous, cordate, convolute. . - ”

RaDIx:—Superior ; slightly. rounded. - i

Both the cotyledons and radix sacar of the red or oe colour in . the

respectively coloured varieties (Geertner). .

GENERAL REMARKS.

It must now be considered that the -Nerium nora T am . heres ab

scribing is no other than the Nerium oleander of the Mediterranean coast,

karring developmental differences due to climatic influénces. Linneeus

is after all right in considering that. they were identical plants. How-

ever much the corolla may vary in the two plants, we have the high and

unquestionable authority of Brandis, that the’ fact of a mere climatic

variation of the corolla “does not afford distinctive characters of a. relia-

ble kind. Special parts may vary but yet their variation need not go to

multiply varieties which may reasonably be classed under one and the

same species.” This is so with Merium odorum, notwithstanding its

single and double-flowered white, pink, and crimson varieties, as will be

seen from the synonyms I detail ator on the utter of several

well-known Botanists. | me abel aes

ee ml,

_ NV. odoratum, Lamk.

N. latifolium, Mill.

d. LN. indicum, Mill.

NV. flavescens, Siti, Jard. SP ‘Sobast (1812). Kew ee

. LV. Koltschii, Boss. Piegness Pl. Or. Nov., VU, p. 21, 1846,

Kew Index.

6. LV. luteum, Nios. Kew ee

7 NN. verecundum, Salish. Kew Index.

The following garden varieties have been noted as growing in Bombay: _

1, The double white (=. album plenum), |

iheeny

i. POFSONOUS PLANTS OF (BOMBAY (2 OON0% (255

|. 2, Single white, a slightly ereamiea tour ane : one or N. ee

VESCENS).

8. . The flesh-coloured, or pale pink: he LN. dani var. carneum, - . Soe

_ plate 2032. Curtis, Bot. Magazine)... fi re)

4. patie rich pink (=). plenum). See sine 1799. in Magazin’.

‘Syn. N. indicum, Mall ; NV. ee Burm. ; 1. batgoltari: andicum

Eommel); ae ASU

- 5. . Single crimson—The species or pvationy deena as nv adem.

-To students of Botany devoted to the microscopical examination of the

eo of the plant I am here describing, Professor Bastin of

“Philadelphia recommends the following parts as good examples: for

‘midroscopic section”:—(1) The corky. tissue ; (2) simple laticiferous

tissue, in contrast with the complex, ¢.e.; articulated laticiferous tisstie

-found.in such plants‘as Poppy and Dandelion ; pe. both the surfaces os

the leaves show stomata. |

- Apropos of the above quotation, under the second head; ; may be con-

sidered & very cogent remark of Kerner’s in his Natural History of

Plants (translated into English recently by Oliver, page 470, Vol. D),

‘which is to the following effect :—“ There are many laticiferous tubes

‘in the oleander.” I may add that what is true in this connection of

IV. oleander is equally true of NV. odorum, in all its varieties: bearing

variously-coloured flowers. : TSE a Ween a ee

With regard to the general manner of branching in N. odorum,

“Kerner has very accurate remarks to make, which are borne out by my

repeated observations of the severally coloured single and double-

‘flowered varieties visible in and around Bombay. This is what Kerner

‘says :—‘* In the oleander, when after the fall of the terminal flower,

the apical growth is terminated, the scarred apex of the main shoot is

‘over-topped by a whorl of three lateral shoots.’ This must be noted

‘as the prevailing characteristic of Nerium odorum,. Although the usual

‘arrangement ‘of leaves is in a whorl of three, sometimes solitary leaves

are seen. With regard to this disposition, the observation of Kerner is

‘worthy of the notice of the student of Morphology. It runs thus :—

“Tf a whorl is composed of three leaves, and if the successive whorls be

displaced through one-sixth of the circumference as in oleander, six

* Vide “ Laboratory Exercises in Botany,” Philadelphia, 1695,

256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

rectilinear series of leaves or orthostichies originate running parallel

to one another down the stem.”

The peculiarity in the situation of the stomata in this plant is worthy

of special notice. The stomata are at the bottom of deep pits on the

lower side of the leaf, and entrance to them is beset with extremely

delicate hair-like structures. In its natural position the plant is much

exposed to wetting by rain, mist, and dew, just when transpiration is an

absolute necessity for it. Buteven when the leaves are covered on both

sides with a layer of moisture, none can force its way into the hair-lined

depressions which conceal the stomata, and consequently transpiration is

not hindered even in the wettest season of the year (Kerner). Bal-

four* in describing the stomata says that they are furnished with

cellular hair-like processes. It must be observed that the hair-like pro-

cesses do not arise from the stomata, but from the epidermal layer of

cells lining the deep pits in which the stomata are situated.

Mr. W. H. Gowert in his article on Green House Plants, remarks

that “notwithstanding the whole plant is poisonous, the splendid larva

of the Oleander Sphinx moth (Cherocampa nerei) however thrives well

upon its poisonous leaves.” In Rheede’s Hortus Ind. Malab, Tablet I.,

there is an illustration of the double-flowered pink variety of Nereum

odorum, There is also a butterfly, a caterpillar, and three figures of

chrysalis. It is for an Entomologist to determine what the butterfly is.}

Gower, in the article quoted above, makes a very useful suggestion

for the purpose of securing showy and long-lasting flowers, which is

worthy of notice. He says that “it sometimes happens that young

shoots start out from the base of the flower stalk, which allowed to grow

will entirely spoil the bloom.’ They must therefore be cut out as soon

as seen.

The plant is of great antiquity. It was known to the ancient Greeks

and Romans. It was known to Pliny (known as C. Plinius Secundus,

Major) who flourished in the first century of the Christian era, and has

been referred to by Palladius Rutilius Taurus (a Roman writer on hus-

bandry who flourished in the third century of the Christian era), under

the name of Rhododaphne, the rose-bay. This is what Pliny§ says

regarding it :-—‘“* Oleander called in Greeke Rhododendros which some

* P, 537 “Manual of Botany,” 5th Edition, 1875,

+ Casseil’s “Popular Gardening,” Volume II, p. 316,

+ Several species of the genus, Huplea feed on the Oleander—L, de Nicéville.

§ Naturalis Historia” translated by Dr, Holland, Vol. II, pp. 191-192, London, 1601,

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 257

name Rhododaphne and others Nerion hath not been so happie yet as to

find so much as a name in Latine. A straunge and marvellous qualitie

of this plant: the leaves are a very poison to all foure-footed beasts ;

and yet they serve manas a preservative and counterpoyson against

serpents if they be taken in wine, with Rue among. Also sheepe and

goats if they chance to drinke of the water wherein those leaves lay

soaked, will (by reports) thereupon die.” The plant is stillto be seen,

says Hehn, in Greece and Italy as oleander or rose-laurel, not only

adorning gardens, but fringing the roads and dry beds of rivers with its.

fragrant rose-like blooms, and the faint brilliancy of its long evergreen

leaves. (Nairne). |

In describing the scent of the flowers, Balfour says that it perfumes

the air for a distance around, and has the odour of almonds. The most

penetrating odour is that of the double-pink variety, as compared with

the odour of the rest of the variously-coloured flowers, and resembles a

mixture of the odour of bitter almond and stto of roses, I think.

POISONOUS PROPERTIES.

All the ancient and modern Hindu writers agree in ascribing poisonous

properties to this plant. ‘Two varieties are described in each of the

following works;—(1) Bhay-Prakésh (Purva-khanda, Part I, Shl.

79-80) ; (2) Madanpal Nighant, (Shl. 337-338) ; (3) and (4) Dhan-

vantari and Raj-Nighant (p. 134, Anandashram Edition 1896,.

Poona). The following works describe five varieties—red, white, pink,

yellow, and dark red :—(1) Nighant-latnakar (Vol. I, p. 102, 1867,

Bombay) ; (2) Nighant-Prakash (p. 52, Guna-Dosha, 1837, Bombay),

All the works describe the several species asthe “ killer of horses.” In

medicine, used externally, the root and bark are considered useful

in skin-diseases and leprosy. On what authority Dalzell and Gibson call

it a native of Arabia (Aden), it is not easy to understand. (See Supple-

ment to the Bombay Flora, 1861, p. 52). English and Continental

Botanists have from time to time dwelt on the poisonous effects the plant

has on men and the lower animals, The stem, root, leaves, and flowers

are all more or less very deadly. The following remarks of Lindley

may be usefully quoted here :—*‘ Although little suspected oleander is a

formidable poison. A decoction of its leaves forms a wash, employed

in the south of Europe to destroy cutaneous vermin; and its powdered

wood and bark constitute at Nice the basis of an efficacious rat-poison.

268: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

A few years ago, a child died from having eaten one morning a quantity

of oleander flowers; it was seized with violent colic, under which the child-

sank at the end of two days. In 1809, when the French troops were:

lying before Madrid, some of the soldiers went a marauding, every’

one bringing back such provisions as could be found. One soldier:

formed the unfortunate idea of cutting the branches of the oleander |

for spits and skewers for the meat when roasting. This tree is very

common in Spain, where it attains considerable dimensions. _The wood

having been stripped of its bark, and brought in contact with the meat

was productive of most direful consequences, for of twelve soldiers who.

ate of the roast seven died, and the other five were dangerously ill,.

(Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 1p. 23.) In like manner the root of Nerium

odorum is found to be «poison in India.” Why, then, I ask, is there no.

mention of this plant in the standard work of Alfred S. Taylor so sump-.

tuously studied of all lawyers in Great Britain, Ireland, and India? Iam

writing from my knowledge of the Second Edition published in 18738,

I have not seen the latest edition recently published. Equally strange is

it to say that not even the erudite Dr. Casper, Professor of Forensic

Medicine of the University of Berlin, makes any reference to oleander,

although he refers to less virulent plants in the four volumes. published .

by the New Sydenham Society, 1861-65. Stranger still, one of our’

latest writers on Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (1893, London), in.

the person of Professor Dixon Mann of Owen’s College, Manchester,

makes not the slightest reference to it, while Lauder Brunton and—

Schmiedeberg, Mr, Sohn, Dr. Dymock, and Mr. Greenish recognize

poisonous alkaloids in Neriwm odorum, This shows that even our first-

rate writers on Toxicology are not in touch with the pharmacological

knowledge of the day, This is not as it should be in the interests of

human life and public safety. Lawyers: defending criminals look up

to works on Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology for their sole in-

formation. I deem it my duty to point out that the works which

lawyers consider here and in England as their authorities are painfully

wanting in placing before the public useful knowledge which has been —

handed down for hundreds of years as established - facis—/acts beyond

dispute. gL LED se9 ee ;

When O’Shaughnessy toiled in India, as Professor of Chemistry and

Materia Medica in the Caleutta Medical College, in the first half of

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 259

this century (vide Bengal Dispensatory, 1841, p. 445), the active prin-

ciples causing dangerous symptoms had not been isolated, though he

Says many attempts were made to obtain the same. O’Shaugnessy,

however, firmly believed that the poisonous principle was active and

volatile. He even goes to the extent of saying that the vapour of the

flowers in a close apartment will prove poisonous. The accuracy of

this statement is to me doubtful. O’Shaughnessy says that the wood of

this plant is used by some Hastern nations as the best material for gun-

powder charcoal.

Coming now to discuss the results of modern researches, the following

active principles may be mentioned as described by Sohn (Dictionary

of the Active Principles of Plants, p. 65, 1894) :—

1. Oleandrine.—Alkaloid. ? [ Neriodorin, (Schmiedeberg) ; identical

with one of Selmis’s Ptomaines (F%noshz) ; statement of different

observers concerning Oleandrin, Neriin, Neriodorin, &c.,are conflicting ;

see Leukowsky, Rep. Chim. Appliq., III, 77 ; Schmiedeberg Archiv.,

Exp, Pathol., XV1, 151 ; Greenish, Pharm. J., Trans., 3rd Ser., XI,

873, and others.| Amorphous, yellow, resinous, biiter, poisonous,

After heating to 240° C. it is no longer soluble in alcohol or water.

Melting point above 56° C. with crystalline sublimate. Soluble in

water, Betelli ; alcohol, ether, chloroform and fatty oils.

Neriodorin scarcely soluble in water or ether, not soluble in benzene

or petroleum ether. For further information regarding the precipit-

ants, see Sohn.

2. Neriin has all the properties of Digitalin and possibly identicai

therewith.

3. Nerianthin bears similar resemblance to Digitalin.

4, Rosaginin—A Glucoside (EH. Pieszezck). Amorphous, Archiv.

Pharm., 1890, 228, 352 ; poisonous ; action like Strychnine. Soluble

in alcohol ; not in water, ether, chloroform or petroleum ethers. For

further tests, see Sohn.

The presence of the Glucoside Rosaginin would seem to account for

tetanic symptoms noticed in two cases reported in the Indian Medical

Gazette of 1866. (1), In the case reported from the Calcutta Medical

College Hospital the trunk and limbs were found rigid, the jaw spas-—

modically closed, and the pulse very feeble and slow, about 30. (2),

Babu K. H. Acharji reports the second case in which tetanic symptoms

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

were well marked, Babu D. Mukarji reports another case wherein

similar symptoms were noticed. He pointedly observes that the action

of the poisonous element resembles that of strychnia. He corroborates

the statement made above regarding the extreme slowness of the pulse

by adding that the marked difference between the effects of oleander

and nux-vomica-poisoning consists in the slowness of the pulse. In

nux-vomica-poisoning it is generally unaffected, becoming slightly

quickened only during a fit; but in oleander-poisoning its preternatural

slowness is a marked feature. (Dymock.) This can be accounted

for by the fact that this glucoside is not the only poisonous element

in the imbibed yotion ; there are others, such as Oleandrine or

Neriodorin, Neriin, and Nerianthin which are distinet cardiac

poisons. They stimulate the cardiac muscle to start with ; they besides

stimulate the Vagus Centre, as also the Capillaries. Lauder Brunton

classes Nerzin along with Digitalin, Digitaliin, Helleboreine, Scillain,

Antiarin, Thevetine, Theversine, &c. “* The stimulation of the cardiac

muscle is shown by increased energy of contraction, the rate of pulsation

remaining the same or becoming slower. These are so-called Cardiac

Poisons ; with a large dose, the stage of stimulation is followed by one

of peristaltic action, and final arrest in the systole. This stoppage of

heart in systole occurs in frogs, but in higher animals the heart may

stop im diastole,””*

Dragendorff recognizes Oleandrine as the alkaloid found in the plant,

but says he is not familiar with it, and refers the reader to the researches

of Leukowsky.t Dymock, in referring to the researches of Leukowsky

says that the latter recognizes in the leaves of oleander the presence of

two alkaloids—namely, Oleandrine and Pseudo-curarine. Dymock far-

ther quotes the researches of Mchmiedeberg, which, in view of the

quotation from Sohn given above, referring to the difference of opinion:

as regards the nature of the true alkaloid, may well be repeated here.

“¢ Schmiedeberg (1883), who considers Oleandrine to be a glucoside, found

in the leaves two other glucosides—Neriine and Neriantine: he considers

Neriine to be identical with Pigztaleine.”’ t

Greenish recognizes twe bitter principles in the bark, Neriodorezn and

Neriodorin, which, he says, are closely allied non-nitrogenous substances,

* Pharmacology and Therapeutics, p. 276, 1885.

t Plant Analysis translated by Greenish, p. 204, 1884

{ Pharmacographia Indica, p. 401, Vol. II, 1891.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 261

probably glucosides, both possessing the properties of powerful cardiac

poisons. Inthe bark, he says, there are crystals of calcium oxalate.

(Year Book of Pharmacy, p. 154, 1881). Gribble classes the plant

among irritants side by side with Plumbago rosea and P. zeylanica.

T. N. Mukarji, Jaikisson Indraji, Sakharam Arjun, Lyon, and Chevers

note that the root is used to procure abortion. Lyon includes the

plant among Cardiac Poisons. The post-mortem appearances which he

quotes from Chevers bear out Lauder Brunton’s remark, that in higher

animals, such as men and quadrupeds, the heart may stop in diastole.

For further information I would refer the reader to the observations of

Chevers in his Medical Jurisprudence.

Veterinary-Major G. K. Rayment, A.V.D., wrote to me in March,

1896, from Rawalpindi that he was concerned as a witness in a case of

poisoning camels by oleander. He subsequently at my request fur-

nished me with a printed memo. of the symptoms. This memo., I am

sorry to say, | am unable to find just now. Camels do not object to

eating the leaves, but the leaves are invariably fatal to the poor beasts.

Sir George Birdwood and Surgeon-General Balfour have noted this fact

before, in their respective works, namely, ‘“ The Bombay Products” and

the “* Cyclopedia of India,” 3 volumes.

HXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.

Fig. 1.--Represents a following sprig of the plant.

Fig. 2.—Shows the insertion of the petiole.

Fig. 3. —Shows the shape of the corolla.

Fig. 4.—Shows the bursting capsule, separated nearly down to the

base into two equal portions, each representing the original carpel ;

each half dehisces ventrally only, and resembles a follicle ; comoze

seeds escaping from the openings.

Fig. 5—Shows a comose seed separated from its attachment.

All the parts are shown two-thirds of the natural size.

( To be continued.)

262

SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS COLLECTED

IN THE ISLAND OF BOMBAY.

By A. J. Prius, R.A.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 15th July, 1 1897.)

- Before going on to the fresh-water shells, I have to correct an error

in the description of Nanina tenuécola. The animal is possessed of shell-

polishing lobes, but they are not very conspicuous. They are like

feelers in shape, the one directed backwards lies on the bedy of the

animal and is therefore not easily distinguished. The other is directed

forwards in prolongation of the suture line. |

I have also to render thanks to those members who have kindly sent

in specimens for the benefit of the Society’s collection.

Part II. FREsH-waTeEr.

Our specimens being divided into operculate and inoperculate, we

have of the former three families represented, the first being the well-

known Viviparide (Paludinide).

Of this family we have two species, both common in Bombay. They

have some points in common, both being whitish-coloured shells

covered when alive by an olive-coloured periostracum or cuter skin ;

they have a horny pear-shaped operculum fitting the aperture. They

are ovoviviparous, the young being born with a perfectly formed shell

about }" long.

V. bengalensis (Lam.) is the larger of our two species, about 12"

long, aperture 4" across. It is easily distinguished by a number of

dark lines running round the shell, three being left exposed on the

older or upper whorls.

The second species, V. déss¢milzs ( Mill.) is smaller and more squat:

it is distinguished principally by the squarely-angular appearance of

the whorls; this is particularly noticeable in young specimens, The

colour is olive-green without any marks, except a faint light line on

the bottom of the whorl. The mouth of the shell is edged with black.

‘I'his species seems to have received the names melanostoma (Reeve),

premarsa (Bens.), remorse? (Phil.), and decussata (W. Bl).

Second Family AMPULLARIIDA.

A, dolioides (Reeve) is a somewhat glubular shell, about 14" diameter,

with an aperture 13" x }", spire very slightly raised. Colour varies

SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF BOMBAY, 263

from yellow to olive-green; and, as in the Viviparide, depends on the

presence of the periostracum. The shell is often banded with streaks

and lines, especially in the darker specimens. The operculum is horny

and rather solid, with a pinkish tinge.

This species is apparently the A. malabarica (Phil.) (not of Reeve),

which Theobald says is probably a local variety of A. carinata. Our

dark-striped specimens closely resemble carinata.

A, nux (Reeve), our second species, has been described as from

Bombay, but as it delights in running streams the specimens found here

have probably been water-borne. It is found near Kalian and in the

streams on the Ghats in abundance. It isa much smaller and more solid

shell than the last, and not so globular, the spire being more produced.

Size about 1” x #”, The surface, especially of the spire, is often

much eroded. Colour of the shell olive-green, interior brownish-pink.

Third Family Mretaynp a»,

Of this family we have two representatives if I may be permitted

to stray to Kalian. !

Melania tuberculata (Miull.) is a long spiral shell about 12” long. It

would be pointed but for the fact that the top of the shell is generally

truncated by erosion. Young specimens about 2” long generally have

the spire complete. The full-grown shell is dark olive-green, almost

black and slightly roughened or tuberculed by lines running round

the shell and longitudinal striations ; young specimen are much lighter

in colour, and the tubercules are picked out with red spots. The oper-

culum is horny and oval in shape. This species is found all over India

and Ceylon.

From Kalian we have Paludomus obesa (Phil.), a little shell about

"x4", colour dark brown and variously spotted, the spcts running in

lines round the shell. Operculum similar to that of Melania.

I include this shell as it has been described as “from Bombay.”

All our unoperculated fresh-water shells belong to one family, the

Limneide.

Of Limnea we have two species, the first LZ. pingués (Dohrn.) is a

thin fragile shell having a spotted appearance when alive owing to

markings on the animal which show through the transparent shell. In

Bombay it runs in size to about 3" #2", the spire is not much produced

and the shell has a generally rounded appearance.

264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

L. rufescens (Gray) is a shell of much more slender shape, and

up-country attains a size of 13" 2"; it is distinguished by the spire being

very much produced, and by the obliqueness of the suture line. In

Bombay it seems not to exceed 3" 3"; it is a slightly less fragile shell

than LZ. pingus. It is not as a rule red, as its name would seem to

imply, but reddish specimens are occasionally met with.

Of Planorbis we have two species. Shells of this genus are flat

spirals like rams’ horns in shape.

The first P. exustus (Desh.) is the larger, about 2” in diameter and }"

thick, the aperture is of a crooked shape and generally longer than the

depth of the shell. The shell has a rngged appearance from marks of

old lips.

It is common all over India, and has also received the names

coromandelicus (Kuster), indicus (Benson), and brunneus (Gray).

The second, P. compressus (Hutton), is a little shell about }” in-

diameter and very flat in shape, with no enlargement of the aperture,

This species also is common all over India.

In addition to these Gasteropoda, we have, according to Theobald, a

small bivalve in Bombay named Pisidium bombayanum (Theo.), but I

have not yet found it, nor does it exist in the Society’s collection.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. MarsHatt Wooprow, PrRorgssor or Botany,

CoLLEGE oF SCIENCE, Poona.

Part II.

(Continued from page 130 of this Vol.)

8. Erinocarpus.

. Nimmoanus, Girah., F.B.1.—1-394. Chera,; W. Ghats, Konkan, Nov.-Dec,

9, Triumfetta.

. pilosa, Roth., F.B.1.—I1-394. Marmagoa, November,

. rhomboidea, Jacq., F.B.1.—I-395, Chikti. Deccan, Guzerat, widely. Nov.

. rotundifolia, Zinn,, F.B.1.—1-395. Poona, August.

10. Corchorus.

, capsularis, Linn., F.B.1.—I-397. Surat, Bombay, Vingurla. September.

. olitorius, Linn., F,B.1.—I1-397, Guzerat, Deccan, widely. September,

. trilocularis, Zinn., F.B.t.—I-397, Deccan, Guzerat, Sind, widely. Sept.

. fascicularis, Lam., ¥.B.1.—1-398. Bahuphali, Harankhuri, Deccan, Guzerat,

September,

, antichorus, Reusch., F.B.1.—I1-398, Mudhiri. Rajkot. Sept.-Oct.

. tridens, Linn., ¥.B,1.—1-398. Sind,

. acutangulus, Lam., ¥.B.1.—I-398. Parel, Konkan, widely. September.

13. Hlcocarpus.

. Ganitrus, Rozbd., F.B.1.—I-400, Rudrdksha, W. Ghats, DeCrespigny.

. oblongus, Gaertn, F.B.1.—I-403, Kasava Kasa, Mahableshwar. May.

. tuberculatus, Rowbd., F.8.1.—I-404, Rudrak. W. Ghats, DeCrespigny.

XXIX,.—LINEZA,

1. Linum.

. usitatissimum, Linn, F.B.1.—I-410. Jawas. Cult. February-March.

. mysorense, Heyne, ¥.B.1.—I-411, Undri, W.Ghats, Kolhapur, Oct,-Jan.

2. Reinwardtia,

. trigyna, Planceh., ¥.B.1.~-I-412. Miradongar, near Pen, Konkan,

In gardens widely. Oct,-Jan.

7. Erythroxylon,

‘ cova, Lam., DC., Prod. 1-575, Coca plant. In gardens, Cult,

XXX,.— MALPIGIACEA,

2. Hiptage.

. madablota, Gaertn., F.B.1.—I1-418. Mddhumdlati, W, Ghats, Mulher, Feb.

3. Aspidopteris.

. Roxburghiana, A. Juss., F.B.1.—L.-420. Hills near Satara, December.

. canariensis, Dalz., ¥.3.1.—1-420, Kumta-Sirsi Road, Nilkund, N, Kanara.

March.

cordata, A. Juss, F.BI,—1-421, Buryel, Londa. Matheran, Sept.-Oct,

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

aye

XXXI,— ZYGOPHYLLES,

ol, Tribulus,

terrestris, Linn, F.B.1.—I-423, Sardid, Sind, Deccan, widely, nearly all year,

T, alatus, Del., ¥.B.1.—-1-423, Nindo trikundri. Sehwan, Sind. Sept.-Dec.

2. Seetzenia,

8. orientalis, Dene., F.B.1.—I-424, Laki, Sind. October.

3, Zygophyllum,

Z. simplex, Linn, ¥.B.1,—1-424, Alethi Putlani, Karachi, Sind, widely.

Dec.

4, Fagonia,

F, arabica, Linn, F.B.1.—I-425. Dhamdsd. Bijapur. Sind, Oct-Dec,

XX XIJ.-—-GERANIACER,

2. Monsonia,

senegalensis, Guill § Perr., ¥.B.1.—I-427, Hill near Ganesh Khind, Poona,

. heliotropioides, Cav., F,B,1.—I-428, Thano Bulo Khan Road, 51 miles from’

Karachi, Aug.

4, Erodium.

KH, cicutarium, Leman., ¥.p.1.—1-434, Quetta. Tata Dist,, Sind, Feb.-Dec,

5, Ozalis.

O, corniculata, Linn,, ¥,b,1.—I-436, Ambushi. Konkan, Deccan, Guzerat,

Oct.-May,

6. Biophytum.

B. sensitivum, DC., F.B,1,—I-436, Poona, Baroda. Oct,.Jan,

7, Averrhoa,

A, carambola, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-439. Karmar. Cult.

A. Bilimbi, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I-439, Bilimbdi, - Cult.

8. Imputiens.

J. Beddomei, Hook, f, ¥.p.1.—I-442. . Western India. DeCrespigny.

I. Stocksii, 7. f. § T, r.B1—I-442. Mountains of the Konkan. Law. Stocks,

I, acaulis, Arn., F.B.1.—I1-443. . W. Ghats. October,

I, rivalis, Wéght, ¥.B.1.-—I-444, Konkan, Stocks, Aug -Feb,

I, chinensis, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-444. Sumpkund, Yacombi. N, Kanara,

¥, Kleinii, W. § A., F.B.1—I-445, Castle Rock, Sumpkund. N. Kanara,

Oct-July.

I. incouspicua, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—-1-447. Dalzell § Gibson. -

I, oppositifolia, Linn., F.B.1.—1-448. Ghat Road, Wadi to Paladpur. Oct,

I, Lawii, H.f. § T., ¥.B.1.—1-448, Castle Rock, W. Ghats, October,

I, Dalzellii, H.f. § T., ¥.B.1.—I-449. Purandhur, Mahableshwar, Sept.

I, balsamina, Linn., F.B.1.—I-453. Terda. W. Ghats, widely, Aug.-Nov.

I, pulcherrima, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I-158, Londa Road, Wadi, to Paladpur, W. Ghats.

Sept.-Oct,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 267

XXXIII.—RUTACEA.

1, Ruta,

R. graveolens, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-485, Sidap. Cult,

R. tuberculata, Forsk., .p.1.—I-485, Boogta hills in Sind, Vicary. Sibi, Dec,

3, Peganun.

P, Harmala, Zinn., F.B.1.—I-486. Harmal. Bijapur, Phaltan, Hydrabad, Sind

Oct,-Dec,

5. Evodia,

HE. Roxburghiana, Benth., r.B.1.—!-487. Mahableshwar, May.

8. Zanthoxylum,

Z, ovalifolium, Wight, ¥.b.1.—I1-492, Ramghat, Dalzell, Nov.-Dec.

Z. Rhetsa, DC., ¥.2.1.—I-495. Chirphal, tirphal, tisal. Warul, Ratnagiri

Dist., in fruit, October,

9, Toddalia.

T. aculeata, Pers., ¥F.B.1.—I1-497, Ramghat, Da/lzell, Sirsi. Nov-Dec.

10, Achronychia,

A, laurifolia, Blume, ¥.B1.—I-498, Karwar, Godhuli, N, Kanara, Talbot,

August.

12. Glyccsmis.

G. pentaphylla, Correa., ¥.B.1.—I-499. Kirmird. Castle Rock, Khandalla.

Noy.-Mar,

14, Murraya.

M, exotica, ZLinn., ¥.B.1.—I-502. Kunti, Chula juti, Khandala, W. Ghats.

June-Oct.

M, Keenigii, Spreng., F.B.1.—I1-503. Kadhi Limba, Hills near Poona, planted

widely. Feb.-April.

15, Clausena,

C. indica, Oliv., F.B.1.—I-505. W. Ghats, Dailzell,

C, Willdenovii, W. § A., F.p.1.—I-506, Chorla Ghat, east of Goa, Dalzell.

16, Triphasia,

T, trifoliata, DC., r.b.1.—I-507, Gardens,

18, Luvunga,

L, eleutherandra, Dalz., r.B.1.—I-509. Divimana Ghat. January.

19. Paramignya.

P. monophylla, Wight, F.p1—I-610. Kurwa Wagati, Amboli Ghat, forest

23 miles west of Ratnagiri. Nov,-Jan.

20. Atalanta,

A. monopbylla, Correa, v.b.1.—I-511, Makad-limbu. Amboli Ghat,- November,

21, Citrus.

C, medica, Linn,, F.B.1.—I-514, Mahdlungi. Cultivated,

C. do, Acida,, ¥.B1.—I-515, Limbu, Sour Lime, Cuitivated,

C. do. Limetia., r.s.1—I-515, Mitta Limbu, Sweet Lime, Cultivated,

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

aurantium, Linn,, ¥.B.1.~~1-515, Narangi, Sweet Orange.

Ladoo, Navel "4

Cintra, Nagpur) ©,

Khaguzxi, Mozumbique, ,, thin-skinned,

Ghoradya, Do. - thick-skinned,

©, decumana, Linn, F.B.1—I-516. Papanis. Pumelo,

22. Feronia,

F, elephantum, Correa,, ¥F.B1,—I-516. Kavath, Decéan, planted widely.

March,

23, digle,-

Ai, Marmelos, Correa, r.B.1.—I1-516. Bael, Deccan, planted widely. April-May.

XXXIV.—SIMARUBEA,

1. Adlanthus.

.excelsa, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—I1-518. Mahdarukh. Deccan,

A, malabarica, DC..r.p.1.—I-518, Kumta-Sirsi Road, Nagotna, March,

9. Balanites,

B, Roxburghii, Planch,, ¥.B.1.—I-522. Hinganbet. Dharwar, Deccan widely.

March,

XXX V.— OcCHNACEA,

1, Ochna.

. Squarrosa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-523. Gardeus often, Castle Rock, W. Ghats, June.

_ pumila, Ham., F.B.1.—I1-524, §. Konkan, Dalzell.

XXX VI.—BURSERACEA,

1. Boswellia,

. serrata, Roxb., F.B.I—I-528. Sdlai, Hills in Deccan, widely. Feb -March,

do. Garuga.

. pinnata, Roxb., F.BI.—I1-528, Kdkad, Guzerat and Deccan hills, Jan.-

Fekruary,

4, Balsamodendron.

. mukul, Hook,, F.B.1.—1-519. Gugul, Planted. Probably synonymous with

B, Roxburghii,

: Roxburghii, Arn,, F.BI.—1-529, Gugul. Planted. Peit, Poona District.

. pubescens, Stocks,, F.B.1.—1-529, Rocky parts of Sind, Stocks.

. Berryi, Arn,, F.B.1,—1-529, ; May.

7, Canarium,

_ strictum, Rowb., r.B.1—I-534, Ainshi, N, Kanara. Talbot, February,

10,, Falicium,

. decipiens, Thw., F.B.1.—I-539, - Planted. Poona.

XXXVIT.—MELIACES,

1. Turrea.

. virens, Linn, ¥.B1.—I-541, Dhamanghol, _ December,

. villosa, Benn, ¥.B.1.—I-542, Koina Valley, near Pen, May-June,

THH FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 269

2, Naregamia,

N, alata, W. & A,, F.B.1.—1-542, Savantwadi, Karwar, Noy.-Dec.

4, Melia.

M, Azadirachta, Uinn., v.ps—I-544, Nim, Kadunimb. Planted widely.

March,

M. Azedarach, Linn, r.p.1.—l-544. Bukhan. Planted widely.

M. dubia, Cav., F.B.1.—I-545. Limbard. Harihar, Yacombi, N. Kanara,

Purandhar Taluka.

5, Cipadessa,

C, fruticosa, Blume, r.B.1.—I-545, Gudmei, Khandalla, W. Ghats, Sept,

6, Dysowylum,

D. binectariferum, Hook, f., F.B.1.—I-546, Khandalla, Aug.-Sept.

10, Lansium,

L, animalayanum, Bedd., r.B.1.—t-508, Telyd. Hoolical, Amboli, W, Ghats

Nov.-Feb,

11. Amoora.

A, Rohituka, W. & A., F.B..1.—I-559, ' Widely planted in Gardens.

A, canarana, Benth, & Hook., r.B.1.—I-560. Goand, March,

A, Lawii, Benth, & Hook,, ¥.B.1.—I-561, Nilkund Ghat. November,

12, Walsura,

W. piscidia, Rowxd., r.p.1.—I-564, Walsura, Walurst, Ramghat, November,

13. Heynea,

H, trijuga, Roxb., .B1—Il-565, Limbdara. Khandalla, February-March,

SWIETENIA, (Occidental)

§. Mahogani, DC., Prod., 1-625. Mahagony, Planted. May,

5, macrophylla, King., Large-leaved Mahogany. Widely planted.

16, Soymiéda,

8. febrifuga, Adr, Juss,, F.B.1.—I-567. Rohan, - Thana District, March,

17. Chickrassia,

GU. tabularis, Adr, Juss., r.B.1.—1-568, Ldl devdari Dalmara. Yellapur, Jan.-Feb,

) 18. Cedrela.

C, toona, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—I-568. Mahanim, Tuni, Kudak. Panchgany.

_ Khandalla.

19, Chloroxylon,

C. Swietenia, DC., ¥.3.1.—I-569,. Haldd, Near Belgaum, Gokak,

XXXVITI.— CHAILLeTiIAcen,

1. Chailletia,

C, gelonioides, Hook. f., F.B.1.—I-570, Hegami Siduapur, Young. May.

XXXIX.—Ovactnea, aye

1, Ximenia, ;

X, americana, Walld,, ¥.B.1,—I-574, Desur, Badami, $8. M, Ry. February

270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

5. Olam

O. scandens, Roxb., F.B.1.—I-575. Khandalla in fruit. Nilkund, N. Kanara.

Apr.-Mar,

O, Wightiana, Wadll., ¥.B.1.—1-575. Dahili, near Poona. December,

O. nana, Wall., ¥.B.1.—I-576, Rajkot, C, MacNaghten, July.

6. Strombosia,

8. ceylanica, Gurdn., ¥.B.1.—I1-579, Poteli, N. Kanara. December,

9. Cansjera.

C, Rheedii, G'mel., F.B.1.—1-582. Yelapur, N. Kanara.

13. Gomphandra.

G. polymorpha, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—1-582,

15. Mappia.

M, foetida, MWiers., v.3B.1.—1-589,. Rdanwangi, W. Ghats, widely. September.

November.

December.

Santaveril. December.

XL.—ILIcINEA,

1. ILlew,

1. malabarica, Bedd., ¥.8.1.—I-598. W. Ghats.

XLI.—CELASTRINEA.

DeCrespigny.

1, Enonymus.

HK, indicus, Heyne., ¥.B.1.—I-608, Divimana, Castle Rock, W. Ghats, Dec.-Feb.

4, Lophopetalum.

L. Wightianum, Arv., F.B.1.—I-615. Balpale. Konkan,Sumpkand, Feb.-June.

6, Pleurostylia,

P. Wightii, W, & A., v.B.i—I-617, Ghats, Konkan, Dalzell.

7. Celastrus,

C, paniculatus, Welld., ¥.B.1.—I-617, Karadkangoni Malkangoni, Deccan and

Guzerat, widely, Nov.-Feb.

8 Gynnosporia. ;

G, Rothiana, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—I-620, Panchgani, Matheran, Feb.-July.

G. montana, Roxb., F.B.1.—I-621. Hekal. Kamatkee Ghat, widely. October.

10, Htcodendron.

E, glaucum, Pers., ¥F.B,1.—-I-673. Bhutyd, Bhutkes, Alun, Deccan hills, Peint

Taluk, Feb-Aug.

11, Hippocratea.

H. obtusifolia, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I-623, Ainshi, N. Kanara, January.

H. Grahamii, Wight, r.3.1.—I-624. Lokhandi. Ghats, common, Dalzell, Jan.»

April,

H. indica, Wélld., F.B.1.—1-624, Divimana, April,

12, Salacia.,

8, prinoides, DC., ¥.8.1—I-626. Dehalli, N. Kanara. Talbot, January.

S, Brunoniana, IV. & A., F.B.1.—I-626. Ramghat. Dailzell.

8, Roxburghii, Wall. ¥.B.1.—1-627, Jambhodara, near Atgaon, March,

S, macrosperma, Wight, r.v.1.—I-628. Ainshi Ghat. November.

S, obolonga, Wall,, ¥.B.1.—I-628. Chorla Ghat. Dalzell.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 201,

XLII,—RaaMnNea,

1, Ventilago.

Ni: madraspatana, Gaerin., ¥.8,.—1-631. Lokhandi, 23 miles east of Ratnagiri.

Jan.

V. ealyculata, Tul, ¥.B.t.—1-63!, Dharwar, Yellapur, Sumasgi, Oct.-Dec.

Y. bombaiensis, Dalz., ¥.B.1,—I-631, Tinai, Chorla Ghat, Konkan. Dalzell.

3, Zizyphus.

Z. Jujuba, Lamk., ¥.B1.—I-632, Bor. eccan, Guzerat, Sept.-Oct.

Z, glabrata, Heyne, ¥.B.1.—I-632. Ahmedabad, Surat. Noy.-Dee.

Z, nummularia, W. dé A,, F.B.1.—I1-632. Broach, Guzerat, Dec.

Z, Gnoplia, Will., ¥.B.1.—I-632, Badami, Dharwar, August.

4. xylopyrus, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I-632. Ghoti, Ghotbor, Hills near Poona, June-

August,

Z. rugosa, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—1-636. Toran, Igatpura, Forests near W, Ghats.Feb.

5, Rhamnus.

R. triqueter, Wall., v.p.i1.~--1-639, Kori Fort, 12 miles South of Lanauli, Feb.

7, Scutia,

§. indica, Brongn., F.8.1.—I1-040. Chimat, Mahableshwar. Feb-,April,

11. Gouania,

G. microcarpa, DC., F.8.1,—I-643. Divimana, N. Kanara. Dec.

X LITI.—AMPELIDES,

1. Vitis.

V. quadrangularis, Wail., F.B.1.—1-645, Kandvel, Chaudhdri. Bhownagar,

V. repens, W. § A., ¥.B.1.—L-646.

V. discolor, Dalz., v.B.1.—I-646, W. Ghats, widely, Oct-Dec,

V, pallida, W. § A., ¥.Bt.—1-646.

VY. glauca, W. § A., F,B.1.— 1-647, Nilkund, N, Kanara. Oct.

V. gigantea, Bedd., ¥.B.1.—1-648. . Karwar, August.

V. repanda, W. 5 A., ¥F.B,1.—1-648. Gernul. Bowdhan near Poona, June.

adnata, Wail, F.B.I.—1-649. Bowdhan near Poona, Kudra, N. Kanara,

Talbot, May-Nov.

V. Linnei, Woll., ¥.B.1.—1-649. Badami. August.

V.erioclada, W. & A., F.B.1.—1-651. Kudgal, N, Kanara. Jan,

V. latifolia, Rowb., F.B.1,—1-652. W. Ghats, August.

V. vinifera, Linn., ¥.B.1.—1-652. Drakshavel, Cultivated,

V. setosa, Wadl., r.Ba.—I-654, Khajgolichavel, Deccan, widely. July-August.

V. carnosa, Wail., v.B,1.—1-654. Ambatvel. Deccan, widely. August,

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

V. elongata, Wall., ¥.B.1.—I-658, Sirsi, Kumta Road, Mahableshwar, May-

October,

V.auriculata, Roxb., r.B.1.—I-658. On rocks, sea-shore, Bombay, Deccan.

March,

V. tenuifolia, W. J: A., ¥.B.1.—I-658, Godhali, Karwar, March-August,

V. lanceolaria, Rowb., F.b.1,—1-660, Matheran,

3. Leea.

L, macrophylla, Rowbd., F.B.1.—I-664. Dinda, W. Ghats, August,

L. aspera, Wall., v.B.1.—I-665, Karwar. August.

L. sambucina, Waélld,, r.p1—I-665. Karkau. W. Ghats and Deccan hills,

August,

XLIV.—SAPINDACE&,

1. Cardiospermum.

C. Halicacabum, Zinn.,r.b.1.—I-570. Kanphuti. Near Bombay, Deccan hills.

: December.

2. Hemigyrosa,

H. canescens, T2wates, ¥.B.1.—I1-671. Karpdé. Matheran, Diggi Ghat. Feb.-

April.

4, Erioglossum.

BH. edule, Blume, ¥.B.1.—I1-672. Girgaum, Bombay. Planted.

5. Allophyllus,

A, cobbe, Blume, ¥.8.1.—I-673, Tipdni. Matheran, Lanowli, May-August.

8. Cupania.

C, (Blighia) sapida, Ken., Br, SurpPp—13. Akee tree, Planted at Parel and in

Lanauli wood, In fruit. March,

li, Schleichera.

S. trijuga, Willd., ¥r.B1—I-681, ssoshimb, Khandalla, Sirsit, February-May.

18. Sapindus.

S. trifoliatus, Zinn,, F.B.1.—1-682. Ritha, Londa, Ainshi, N, Kanara, Oct.-Nov.

15, Nephelium.

N, Lit-chi, Camb., v.n1—tl-687. The Litchi Cultivated in gardens rarely,

N, longana, Camb., v.B.1.—1-688. Mahableshwar. March-April,

17. Harpullia,

H. cupanoides, Roxd., F.B.1—I-692, Near Goona, N. Kanara. Talbot. Nov.-

Jan,

21, Dodonea, ;

D, viscosa, Linn,, r.B.1—I-697. Jakhmi, Badami, Dharwar, Sind. Widely

planted asa fence. November.

23. Turpinia.

T. pomifera, DC, ¥.B.1.—1-698. Konkan and N, Kanara. DeCrespigny. Jan.

XLVI.—ANACARDIACES,

1. Rhus,

R. Mysorensis, Heyme, r.b.1.—Ii-9, Amon, Hills near Poona. June.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 273

3, Mangifera.

M, indica, Linn,, ¥.8.1.—II-13, Ambd. The Mango, Wild and cult. Jan.-Feb.

3° Anacardium.

A, occidentale, Linn,, F.B.1.—II-20, Kaju. Naturalised and cultivated,

southern districts. Jan.-Feb,

6, Buchanania,

B, latifolia, Roxb., ¥.8.1.—II-22. Char, Dang. Singhur, Poona, Pal forests,

Feb,-Mar.

Re Oaioaar

O, Wodier, Roxb., F.B.1.—I1-29. Moya, Shimti, Rajkot, Bowdhan, Poona.

June,

14, Semecarpus.

. Anacardium, Linn, ¥.B.1—I1-30. Bibbi, Bhildva, Sonapur, Singhur, July.

16, Holigarna,

H, Arnottiana, Hook. f., v.B.1.—II-36, Hoolgeri. Divimana, Kalare, Mysore

border. Feb,

(63)

H, ferruginea, March, F.B.1.—I1-37, Haisikutti, Young, March,

H, Grahamii, Hook. f., ¥.B.1.—11-37, Bibbada, Khandalla, July:

18, Northopegia.

N, Colebrookiana, Blume, r.B.1.—II-40. Amberi. Divimana Ghat. Feb,

20. Spondias,

S, mangifera, Willd., #.B.1.—II-42. <Ambadd. Guzerat, widely planted.

21. Dracontomelum,

D, mangiferum, Blume, F.B,1.— 11-48, Hewra, planted. April,

SCLEROCARYA (South African).

S. caffra, Introduced tree, Planted, Poona, March.

XLVIIL.—Morincea,

1. Moringa.

M, pterygosperma, Gaertn, ¥.B.1.—I1-45, Shevgdé. Widely planted, Jan—Apr.

M. concanensis, Némmo., ¥.B.1.—II-45, Differs from above only in its larger

leaflets; it is probably the wild form of M. ptery gosperma. Bodeli,

Guzerat. April,

(To be continued.)

274

ON SOME BATS OBTAINED IN THE SURAT AND THANA

DISTRICTS BY Mr. R. C. WROUGHTON.

By Oxprietp THomas, Bririsn MusEum.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, 30th September, 1897.)

Mr. R. C. Wroughton, Conservator of Forests, has recently sent to the

British Museum, through the Bombay Natural History Society, a small

collection of bats from the Surat and Thana districts, and although only

six species are represented, one of them is new, and I have therefore

thought it worth while to give a list of all the species sent. It may be

noted that these are the first bats received from India made up as proper

skins, with measurements and skulls, and are, therefore, proportionally

acceptable. I venture to hope that other British naturalists in India will

follow Mr. Wroughton’s excellent example, for similar specimens from

all localities are much wanted.

1. MEGADERMA LYRA, Geoff.

a—c. Kim, Surat, 22nd April, 1897.

2, PIPISTRELLUS* ABRAMUS, Temm.

a—e, Pareli, Thana. 28th April and ist May, 1897.

3. PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs,

a. Mandvi, Surat. 10th April, 1897,

About the proper allocation of this rare bat there has been much

difference of opinion, Dobson first forming a special genus—Scotozous

for its reception and afterwards considering the latter merely as a sub-

genus of “ Vesperugo.” Blanford, in the “ Mammals of India,” places

it in Nyeticejus (.e., Scotophilus). Both the foundation of Scotozous

and its reference to Nycticejus were due to its asserted possession of only

a single upper incisor on each side. But a careful examination of the two

* The name Pipistrellus, used by Dobson in many of his earlier papers on Indian Bats,

but afterwards abandoned by him in favour of Vesperugo, proves to have a superior claim

to adoption over the latter, as it dates from 1829 (“ Kaup, Entwick. Europ. Thiere,” p. 98),

while Vesperugo was only founded in 1839.

BATS OBTAINED IN THE SURAT AND THANA DISTRICTS. 275

specimens obtained by Mr. Blanford at Chanda, Berar, and mentioned

both by him and Dobson, shows that they do possess second incisors

external to the median pair. These teeth are excessively minute, and can

scarcely be of functional importance, and are probably deciduous, for

Mr. Wroughton’s specimen has no trace of them. The condition of the

type it is unfortunately impossible to determine, for its premaxilla have

been wholly broken away.

Further specimens of this interesting bat are much to be desired, in

order that its normal dentition may be definitely ascertained.

4. SCOTOPHILUS KUHLIU, Leach.

a-—b, Mandvi, Surat. 10th April, 1897.

ee Pareli, Thana, 28th April, 1897.

5. SCOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, sp, n.

a 9. Kim, Surat. 21st April, 1897,

General characters as in S. kuAli?, but size much smaller, and without

yellowish suffusion in the fur,

ars of medium size, their inner margin evenly convex, their outer

slightly concave below the tip, then slightly conves, continued below

into a long rounded Jobe in front of the base of the tragus. Tragus

rather narrow, its inner margin concave, its outer with an angular lobe

at the base succeeded by an emargination, above which it is strongly

convex, curving round to the narrow tip ; its anterior face with a distinct

ridge across it, as in S. kuhlii.

Fur close and soft, uniform brownish from above, without any tinge

of yellowish ; the hairs white at their bases and gradually darkening to

the brownish tips. Top of muzzle darker brown. Undersurface very

pale fawn, almost white.

Skull and dentition apparently quite as in S. kuAli?, apart from the

much smaller size. Last upper molar of the narrow shape characteristic

of true Scotophilus.

Dimensions of the type, an adult female, measured in the flesh by

collector :-—

Forearm, 50 mm. (=1°96 in.)

Head and body, 75 ; tail, 40 ; hind foot, 11 ; ear, 9 mm,

976 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

’ Skull, basal length in middle line 13*7, greatest breadth 13, combined

lengths of upper premolar and first two molars 4°7, front of lower canine

to back of m; 73.

Type.—B. M. 97, 6, 8, 12.

This bat may be readily distinguished from Scotophilus kuhlia by its

much smaller size and the absence of a yellowish suffusion in the colour,

while from S. emarginatus, of about the same size, it differs by the

presence of a ridge across its tragus, by its ear not being markedly

emarginated and by the different colour of its fur.

It is perhaps most nearly allied to the African S. nigrita, of which it —

- may be the Indian representation, but is distinguished by its smaller

size and whitish belly.

The discovery of so marked a new species as Scotophelus wroughtont

shows how far from being worked out the bats of India are. I have

ventured to name the species in honour of Mr. Wroughton, to whom

mammalogical science is already indebted for the discovery of the

peculiar pale squirrel described by Mr, Blanford in this number of the

Journal. |

6. TAPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw, ©

a. 6. Mandvi, 2nd April, 1897.

sir G.F HAMPSON. Journ. Bomb Nat. Hist.Soc. IN

Weet, Newman, chromo.

Horace Knight ad nat hth.

INDIAN MOTHS.

277

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

PART I,

By Siz G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., F.RB.S.

(With Plate A.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on

30th September, 1897.)

The following paper is the first of what I hope may bea series of

annual papers aiming at keeping pace with the growth of the subject

with which I have attempted to deal in my volumes in the “‘ Fauna of

India” series. These volumes can hardly be considered more than the

necessary preliminary setting in order of a vast subject so as to reduce

it to a workable state. Of how much still remains to be done, not

only in collecting and classifying new species, but also in getting

together sufficient material to settle disputed points with regard to

those already described, no one can be conscious till he has worked at

the subject, not to mention the immensely interesting field of the life-

history of nearly all the species. Without referring to the smaller

collections or the collections gradually acquired by. the Hast India

Company’s Museum and the British Museum, the material for the

subject-matter of the “ Moths of India ” almost entirely rests on the

following collections :—

North-West Himalayas.—The large collections made in the outer

ranges by the Rey. J. Hocking and Major Harford, whilst the moths of

Kashmir are only known from one season’s collecting by Mr. J. H.

Leech and his assistants, who brought home a number of forms, in-

cluding several Sphingid@, which have never been taken since, although

the valley is yearly frequented by such a large number of Huropeans

who are interested in sport and natural history, who have however let

the moths severely alone ; the fauna is especially interesting from

the large number of Palearctic and Central Asian species represented.

The Sikhim fauna is comparatively well known from the numerous

collections made by W. Atkinson, Otto Moller, Elwes, and more

recently by Dr. Pilcher, and the ty ere at, the subject by

Mr. G. C. Dudgeon.

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

The Bombay Presidency was well worked for a number of years by

Colonel Swinhoe, but a great deal still remains to be done, especially

amongst the smaller species, whilst Central India has hardly been

touched, though it cannot be expected to be very rich.

Mysore and Madras have kad collections made in them by Captain

Watson, and exhibit the typical widespread fauna of the plains of

India, leaving, however, plenty of work to be done amongst the

smaller species.

The hill ranges of Southern India and the Western Ghats are by far

the richest collecting ground in peninsular India, and may be said to

be practically untouched, as far as systematic collecting is concerned,

except for the collections made on the Nilgiris by Mr. Alfred Lindsay

and myself, and it will be realized how much still remains to be done

by any collector who will really work atthe subject when it is said that I

only collected moths there for a year and-a-half, and during that time

I took over a thousand species, of which some three hundred proved to

be undescribed. : me :

Ceylon is the district in which more has been done in the way of

‘steady collecting—spread over a large number of years—and in

breeding than in any other ; the collections made by Thwaites, Mack-

wood, Green, Butt, Pole, and others have given us considerable know-

Jedge of its moth fauna, yet a constant stream of new species shews

there is still much to be done, even though AEE is beginning to be

shown both in numbers and size. :

In Upper Assam yaluable collections were sn at Margharita and in

the Naga Hills by W. Doherty during one of his rapid and_ brilliant

‘expeditions ; but it isto the Khasis we must turn if we wish to see

what can really be done by systematic collecting in a wonderfully rich

district, as will be observed by any one noting the overpowering pro-

portion of new species from tliat locality in the following pages. This

result is due to the immense collections made by the trained body of

“native collectors acting for Mr. A. Doncaster, and his immense series

- of specimens of innumerable species, all in most perfect condition, and

linking the Indian fauna with that of China and Japan onthe one

hand, and: the Malayan sub-region on the other, must be seen to be

~ fully appreciated. [am much indebted to him for: supplying me with

specimens for description, and to the Hon’ble W. Rothschild. for the

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 279

loan of the species described in his collection from the same source.

Lastly, we must touch on the subject of Burma, lightly however, because

of the small amount of work at the moths that has been done there

compared to what remains to be done. The only collections of any size

were made at Moulmein by Archdeacon Clerk, at Rangoon by Noble

and by Doherty in Hastern Pegu and Tenasserim, though smaller collec-

tions were made by Hea, Colonel Bingham, and Captain Watson. These

are sufficient to show how immensely rich the country is, a marked

feature in the fauna being the numbers of brilliant Sesiide, Syntomide

and Zygenide. tis to the hill ranges of Burma that we must

Jook for a large pr oportion of the additions to the Indian fauna

in the future, many of its species being also found in Borneo and

Sumatra,

I have written the above sketch of the material of our present know-

ledge in the hopes of interesting more naturalists in India in the subject

of its moths. It is probable that hitherto people who would other-

wise have taken up the subject have been frightened by the vast numbers

of species and the impossibility of acquiring any knowledge of their

names and classification; but I hope that the volumes on the “ Moths of

India ” may now have cleared the groundwork of the subject, and I shall

be happy to send any one lists of the names of any species of which

Bunibered specimens are sent to me at the British Museum.

3 KUPTEROTIDA.

54, Tacora PATULA del. Sphingognatha khaszana.

54a, TAGORA KHASIANA. Moore. Lep. Atk., p. 77.

3. Ochreous-brown ; palpi black fringed with brown hair; wings with

very numerous waved fuscous lines. Forewing with small hyaline

discoidal spot ; a double oblique line from apex to outer margin

beyond middle ; a waved submarginal line with fuscous and white

spots on it at the veins. Hindwing with the basal half paler, with

brownish patch at base of inner margin; a double waved postmedial

line filled in with gray ; a waved submarginal line with fuscous and

white spots on it at the veins. 9. With the submarginal line of

forewing more distinct and curved; underside with the submarginal

lines of both wings more prominent.

Habitat. Khasis. xp. 98 mm.

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Yol. XI.

SPHINGID/.

Genus PHYLLOSPHINGIA.

Phyllosphingia, Swinh, A. M. N. H. (6), XIX, p. 164 (1897).

Type.—LP. dissimilis, Brem.

Range.—Siberia, China, Assam. )

Palpi upturned, broadly scaled and not reaching vertex of head,

which has a somewhat pointed crest ; antennz fasciculate, recurved at

tip ; thorax with sharp dorsal crest. Forewing long and narrow ;

the outer margin oblique, evenly and deeply crenulate; the outer

angle lobed, the outer margin excised before it. Hindwing with the

costa excised to middle, then produced upwards to alobe ; the outer

margin deeply and evenly crenulate ; veins 6‘7 from upper angle.

Phyllosphingia dissimilis &

926. Phyllosphingia dissimilis. Brem., ‘ Bull. Acad,’ Pét.,

III. p. 475.,and Lep. Ost. Sib., pl. 3, f. 12. perundulans, Swinh.,

A.M.N.H. (6), XIX, p. 164.

&. Red-brown, crest on head and thorax blackish. Forewing with

the basal costal area suffused with fuscous, the inner area and costal area

towards apex with gray ; an obscure dark line from costa before middle

to below end of cell then running obliquely to apex betore which it is

incurved, the wedge-shape area between it and lower end of cell and

vein 4 dark rufous ; the area between apex of wedge and outer angle

fuscous-brown ; the apical part of outer area bright rufous ; a dark spot

on costa beyond middle. ; traces of two pairs of postmedial lines meeting

towards inner margin. Hindwing with faint traces of postmedial lines;

some fuscous suffusion near upper angle of cell and anal angle.

Underside of forewing with three ill-defined whitish bands from costa

‘THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 281

of forewing tewards apex.converging to vein 5 ; hindwing with curved

_ pinkish-white medial band.

‘Habitat—Amur, China, Jaintia Hills, Assam. Lzp. 120 mm,

-130a. CH#ROCAMPA GRISHO-MARGINATA, n. sp. (Pl. A, fig. 12),

Q. Head gray ; palpi brown at sides ; thorax olive-brown with dorsal

grey line, the collar and patagia outlined with gray ; abdomen pink

at sides, gray-brown above, the segments edged with brown, paired

lateral series of white spots, a dorsal gray stripe. Forewing gray with

diffused patches of olive-brown and black ; a blackish patch at base

of median nervure ; an oblique gray streak near base of inner area ;

three very obscure waved black antemedial lines; a black speck in

cell, with a gray streak from it to beyond end of cell on vein 5; three

indistinct dentate black postmedial lines ; gray streaks on the veins of

outer area crossing a whitish submarginal band narrowing to apex and

just above outer angle, Hindwing fuscous, the basal and inner areas

grayish ; traces of a postmedial band ; cilia gray. Underside suffused

with pink, the outerarea grayish; an indistinct waved black postmedial line.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Eep.62mm. Type—In

British Museum.

NoroDoONTIDz.

P. 135. Under Gargetta insert Phycidops:s (Hampson) Ill. Het., 1X,

p. 91 (1898).

1956. Phycidopsis ALBoVITTATA. insert (syn.).

225a. GareErra albowttata.

226a. GARGETTA PUNCTIFASCIA, Ii. Sp.

&. Differs from albimacula in the vertex of head being pale. Fore-

wing without the white patch ; indistinct double antemedial and medial

series of black specks connected by traces of waved lines; a more

prominent postmedial double series of specks connected by a highly

crenulate line ; an indistinct submarginal crenulate line; marginal and

cilial series of specks. Hindwing with the line parallel to the outer

fuscous area reduced to a series cf marks on the veins.

‘ Habitat. —Khasis. Hcp. 52 mm. Type—In British Museum.

230b. Pydna aroides is a variety of 232a. P. bela.

238a. PYDNA OBLIQUA, 2. sp.

@- Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish-ochreous tinged with gray.

Forewing ochreous irrorated with brown ; an oblique fuscous shade

282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI

from apex to inner margin before middle, with darker spot on it below

the cell, and crossed by a diffused fascia along median recurve, olive-

yellowish at base, brown towards end of cell ; a sub-basal dark point

below costa ; ante-and postmedial series of dark points ; a submarginal

series of oblique striae. Hindwing fuscous with the cilia ochreous.

Habitat—Khiasis. Exp. 88 mm. Type—In British Museum,

282a. CHADISRA ATRIFUSA, 0. Sp.

g. Antennz bipectinate, the apex simple ; palpi short and porrect.

Head and therax gray and brown; branches of antenne rufous ;

abdomen reddish-brown and fuscous. Forewing gray, irrorated with

brown and almost wholly suffused with black, leaving patches of gray

at base, middle of costa and inner margin and middle of outer area ; a

double irregularly-waved antemedial line, a discocellular lunule, a double

eurved crenulate postmedial line. Hindwing yellowish-white suffused

with rufous ; traces of a medial line, especially on inner area; some |

rufous marks on cilia towards anal angle and a blotch at anal angle.

Habitat—Khasis. Eap.50 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

_285a. PHEOSTA CENTRISTIOCTA, 0. Sp. |

d. Head and thorax gray ; abdomen fuscous with some white

in anal tuft. Forewing fuscous-grey ; a whitish patch at base of costa

bounded by a curved black line ; an antemedial black line incurved

from costa to below cell where it is angled outwards, then again incurved

to inner margin; a large white patch in and beyond end of cell with

avery prominent black spot on it, traces of a yellowish reniform

stigma and black striz on median nervures ; a postmedial black line

nearly straight from costa to vein 2, near outer margin then very ob-

que, the veins beyond it streaked with black ; apical area rufous. Hind-

wing pure white, with black marginal patch near anal angle.

Hahitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Hzvp.54 mm. Type—

In British Museum.

288a. PHEOSIA PICTIBASIS, 0. Sp.

&@. Head and thorax dark brown mingled with gray hairs ; patagia

mostly fiery-red ; abdomen blackish. Forewing with short white

streak at base of median nervure, with fiery-red beyond it; the costal

half of wing pale fawn, with brown speck and streak on costa towards

apex ; an oblique streak from outer margin below apex with some

brown suffusion below it; a diffused chocolate fascia along median

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 283

neryure to outer margin, emitting a bar before middle half-way to

inner margin ; the inner area purplish-gray with traces of minutely

dentate postmedial line. Hindwing fuscous-brown,

Habitat.—Khasis. Ezp. 40 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

298a. HYPERZSCHRA TRICHOSTICHA, 2. sp.

&. Fuscous-brown-; collar blackish ; thoracic tuft fringed with

black. Forewing with traces of highly crenulate lines on basal area,

and two small tufts of raised black scales below the cell ; an ante-

medial line with tufts of raised black scales on it, excurved in cell and

above inner margin ; a postmedial double crenulate line, obsolescent

towards costa, incurved below vein 3 and with tufts of raised black

scales on it; small raised submarginal tufts of black scales with fuscous

marks on their inner side near apex, above vein 4 and above and

below vein 2. Hindwing uniform fuscous-brown.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Hep. 58mm, Type—

In British Museum.

CyMATOPHORIDA.

§29a. THYATIRA UNDULANS, 0. Sp.

y. Head and thorax reddish-brown, vertex of head and a patch

on patagia pinkish-white ; abdomen grayish. Forewing with black line

from base of costa running with a sinuous curve to interno-median

interspace beyond middle, then upto costa before apex, enclosing a

large brown costal a~ea with median diffused triangular pinkish-white

patch on it, and oblique brown costal striga ; below the line is a sinuous

pinkish-white patch from base to middle of wing; the inner area

brown, with fine whitish line from end of the white patch much

retracted on vein 1 and defined by black above inner margin, and another

fine line from lowest point of sinuous line to inner margin; outer area

pinkish-white, with oblique subcostal striga and indistinct crenulate sub-

marginal line with some brown suffusion beyond it, becoming a pro-

minent bidentate blackish mark above vein 2. Hindwing whitish

with indistinct curved medial line and some marginal brown suffusion.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hap. 40mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

SESII DAi.

351la, TRILOCHANA CHEYSOCHLORIS, 0. sp.

4. Palpi clothed with very long hair. Head, thorax, and abdomen

284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

black ; apical half of palpi yellow ; frons, collar, patches on patagia and

meta-thorax golden-green ; abdomen with golden-green spots on basal

segment ; five bands on following segments and two streaks meeting

at extremity on anal segment ; third and fourth segments ventrally

white. Forewing reddish-brown with golden-green spot at base.

Hindwing hyaline, the veins and margins brown,

Fabitat.— Khasis. Eap.46 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum,

SYNTOMIDA.,

452. Syntomis baicea is distinct from actea, the former having

the antenne serrate in ¢@ and belonging to the section Hydrusa, the

latter bipectinate.

46la. SYNTOMIS PHENICOZONA, n. sp.

&. Black ; antennz white at .tips; thorax with crimson patches

below ; meta-thorax and first segment of abdomen crimson ; wings with

the outer area suffused with dull blue. Forewing with short wedge-

shaped hyaline patch in end of cell and irregular quadrate patch below

the end; a small postmedial spot above vein 6 and two in interspaces

between veins 8 and 5. Hindwing with two small hyaline postmedial

spots in interspaces between veins 2 and 5.

Hlabitat.—Andamans. Lap.20 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

‘ZY GAINIDZK.

ZYGENINA,

481a, CALLARTONA MICROSTICTA, n. sp.

&. Differs from purpurascens in being browner; head brown with

some yellow on frons and palpi. Forewing with two small yellow post-

medial spots on costa, Hindwing with the yellow beyond cell not

extending above vein 4 ; underside without the yellow costal fascia.

Habitat—Khasis. Hap, 22mm. TYype.—In British Museum.

CHALCOSIINA.

544a, Herra eupoma, Swinh. A. M.N. H. (6) XIX, p. 166.

Forewing with vein 9 from upper angle of cell. g Black; collar

yellowish ; tegulee with large crimson spots. Forewing with yellow

costal fascia, crimson at base and narrowing to before apex; subbasal

black line with some yellow on its inner edge; veins finely streaked

with yellow; cilia yellow. Hindwing with broad brilliant erjmson

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 285

costal fascia, with an orange-yellow fascia below it, filling the lower

part of cell ; the margin and cilia orange-yellow.

Habitat —Khési and Jaintia Hills. Hep. 42 mm.

PSYCHIDA.

627. ACANTHOPSYCHE SUBTERALBATA,

The larva is destructive to tea in Chittagong. The type only has the

neuration as figured ; three specimens from Ceylon and four from

Chittagong have veins 4-5 of forewing shortly stalked or from cell ; 7

shortly stalked with 8; 9 absent ; hindwing with vein 6 absent.

ACANTHOPSYCHE, sub-gen. HEMILIPIA, nov,

Antennz bipectinate to middle, the branches increasing from base,

then suddenly shortening: fore tibia with a long spine. Forewing

produced, the outer margin very oblique ; veins 16 and c separate, 1c

reaching outer margin ; 1b yotnout branch to inner margin ; a forked

veinlet in cell; veins 2 and 38 at

intervals before angle; 4, 5 from

angle ; the upper part of cell very

much produced and the discocel-

lulars highly angled ; 6 from below

Acanthopsyche punctimarginalis 61 upper angle ; 7,8 from angle; 9

absent ;10, 11 free. Hindwing with

the apex rectangular, the anal angle lobed ; veins 2 and 3 at intervals ;

4 from angle ; 5 absent; 6 from below 7 ; a forked veinlet in cell.

632a, ACANTHOPSYCHE (Hemilipia) PUNCTIMARGINALIS, n. sp.

6. Antennz fulvous ; head, thorax and abdomen clothed with long

black hair. Forewing with the costal area to beyond middle and the

inner area to outer angle whitish marked with black specks and con-

joined spots and strigze; the rest of the wing hyaline with the veins

black, and with some sparsely scattered black scales. Hindwing hyaline

with a few black scales and the vein black ; the whole inner area clothed

with black hair.

Hatbitat.—Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole). Hap. 26mm. Type.-—In

British Museum.

633a. PsycuEe (Heylertsia) QUADRIPUNCTA, Nn. sp.

&. Forewing with vein 6 from below angle of discocellulars ; 7 stalked

with 8; 9 from near base of 8. Uniform black-brown with a slight

286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

silky lustre. Forewing irrorated with a vary few white scales; a

white bar on discocellulars and spot on the junction of veins 1b and ec.

Habitat.—Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole), Exp. 16mm. Type.—British

Museum.

ARBELID.,

676a. ARBELA MILLEMACULATA, 0. sp.

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen black mixed with long orange hairs.

Forewing orange-brown, tessellated with very numerous black spots

somewhat conjoined towards middle of outer margin. Hindwing black,

with the cilia golden. ¢, With the abdomen orange-yellow, the anal

tuft black, wings orange-yellow, forewing with the basal area black,

except at costa ; a medial black band composed of spots run together,

the outer area with three series of spots approximating towards outer

angle. Hindwing with broad postmedial black band composed of

confiuent spots.

Habitat.—Khésis. Exp. 22 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

DREPANULIDA.

P. 329. Under Macrocilix insert (syn.)

Dipriodonta.—W arr. Noy. Zool. iv., p. 14 (1897).

Section III (Dipricdonta). Antenne of male laminate ; forewing

with veins 10 and 11 stalked, 10 anastomosing with 9-8 to form an

areole.

700a. Macrocitix sericta. Warr, Nov. Zool., iv., p. 14.

Silky white; palpi and forelegs blackish below. Forewing with

traces of a waved brown antemedial line angled below costa; a large

hyaline patch in, below, and beyond lower end of cell; black points

at lower angle of cell and origin of vein 3; a double-waved post-

medial brown line, curved below costa, with some brown suffusion

between it and apex and a sub-apical black point, with a black

point beyond -it on inner margin; traces of a waved sub-

marginal line and marginal series of black specks. | Hindwing

with black point at lower angle of cell; traces of double-waved

postmedial line and submarginal line; a marginal series of fine

black striz.

Habitat -—Khasis. Hep. 22 mm,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 287

'P. 331, Under Auzata insert (syn.) Gonociléz. Warr. Nov. Zool.

ili, p. 337 (1896).

702¢. AvuzATA simpticrATA. Warr. Nov. Zool., iv., p. 13,

6. White. Forewing with the outer margin evenly curved ; traces

of two sinuous fuscous antemedial lines and two postmedial lines, the

latter with slight ocellate spot on vein 4; traces of a sinuous sub-

marginal line. Hindwing with indistinct antemedial and medial and

dentate submarginal lines; the outer margin slightly angled at vein 4.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hap. 84 mm.

Section II (Gonocilic), Forewing with vein 10 arising from cell

and anastomosing with 8-9 to form an areole.

7026. AuzATA oczLLATA. Warr. Nov. Zool. iii, p. 337.

White ; head blackish ; abdomen with fuscous patches on dorsum ;

forewing with the base of costa fuscous ; a sinuous antemedial series |

of three fuscous spots ; a postmedial fuscous line broken below costa,

then very acutely angled and expanded into a patch, then very

strongly incurved, and with a large olive-fuscous patch on its outer side;

with the veins near lower angle of cell on it white ending in black

specks, then double with a yellow mark on it, and witha fuscous

speck on each side of it on inner margin ; a hyaline spot beyond the

olive patch between veins 2 and 3; a diffused crenulate submarginal

band interrupted below costa, and with two hyaline specks on it

between veins 2 and 4 ; a marginal series of fuscous spots. Hindwing

with two subbasal and three antemedial waved fuscous lines not

reaching costa and interrupted near vein 1; three postmedial hyaline

spots between veins 2 and 5; a maculate fuscous submarginal band,

wide at middle, and with two hyaline spots on it between veins 2

and 4 ; a marginal series of fuscous spots.

Habitat.—Khasis, Zep. 84 mm.

(19a, DREPANA HUMSRATA, Warr. Nov. Zool. iii, p, 335.

Pale violaceous-gray ; head fuscous. Forewing with the costa

fulvous ; an antemedial fulvous line very acutely angled below costa al

black spot at upper angle of cell, and cluster of black and white-centred

gray specks at lower angle ; a ferruginous line from middle of costa,

very acutely angled below costa, then postmedial and sinuous ; the

costa more strongly fulvous towards apex ; a dentate black submarginal

line, obsolete towards costa ; a black speck with a white one on each

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

side of it at apex anda marginal series of specks ; cilia fulvous. Hind- —

wing paler, with indistinct sinuous postmedial rufous fine.

Habitat—Khisis. Exp. 22 mm.

720, DREPANA LILACINA insert (syn.) Aldara gracillima. Warr.

Noy. Zool. iv., p. 12.

722a. DREPANA OPALESCENS, Warr. Nov, Zool. iv., p. 12.

&. Dark or pale purplish-gray; head blackish, Forewing with traces

of highly-waved antemedial line ; some ochreous specks at lower or

both angles of cell ; an indistinct line running out to a very acute

angle below apex, then becoming submarginal, crossing a prominent

brown oblique line with fine line beyond it from apex to middle of

inner margin; the apex highly produced and dark; cilia brown.

Hindwing with indistinct curved subbasal line ; an oblique prominent

brown medial line ; an indistinct dentate submarginal line ; cilia

brown.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hzp. 34-40 mm.

726, DREPANA TRILINEARIA insert (syn.) T'ridrepana trisulcata.

Warr. Nev. Zool. iii, p. 340.

734, DREPANA ALBONOTATA insert (syn). Tridrepana septempunctata.

Warr. Noy. Zool. iii, p. 339.

Var. with the whole forewings suffused with bright rufous except

the base and outer angle, the submarginal soots below apex larger.

738. DREPASA QUADRIPUNCTATA insert (syn.) Tridrepana diluta

Warr. Nov. Zool. iv, p. 18.

Under Prosepsipis insert Huphalacra, Warr. Nov., Zool. iv.,

p. 195 (1897).

Antenne strongly laminate; forewing with the outer margin twice

excised between apex and vein 4; 6 from areole ; 10 anastomosing with

8-9. Hindwing with the outer margin excised between veins 6 and 4.

741d. PRoBLEPsIDIs NigRIDORSATA, Warr. Noy. Zool. iv., p. 196.

&. Pale ochreous, clouded with rufous; frons fuscous ; abdomen with

a fuscous band on second segment. Forewing with very numerous

crenulate rufous lines; a rufous shade below costal area ; black

obliquely placed specks at the angles of cell; an oblique line from

outer margin below apex to middle of inner margin ; the crenulate lines

when they meet it becoming oblique and running along with it,

the line beyond it also oblique and diffused; a marginal series of

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 289

dark points. .Hindwing with numerous crenulate rufous lines, two

subbasal and two postmedial more prominent ; black specks at angles

of cell ; a marginal series of specks.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 38 mm.

746a. PHALACcRA MULTILINEATA. Warr. Nov. Zool. iv., p. 16.

Differs from wdhisara in being much more clouded with fuscous.

Forewing with the crenulate lines more distinct, less oblique and

much more numerous; a pale rufous fascia in the fold from middle

of cell to outer margin below apex. Hindwing with numerous less

oblique lines on basal area ; the medial area without lines; the post-

medial area with four fine prominent oblique quite straight lines between

the postmedial and submarginal waved lines.

Habitat—Knhasis. Hep. 32-38 mm.

747, PHALACRA EXCISA insert (syn.) Phalacra strigata. Warr, Nov.

Zool. iii, p. 331.

An ochreous variety with the markings of forewing obsolescent and

replaced by a curved dark brown medial band very oblique below costa,

then interrupted and met by the dark brown fascia from outer margin ;

some dark brown patches and points on the submarginal markings.

Habitat —Khasis.

THYRIDIDA.

764. Striglina decussata insert Striglina glareola. Feld. Reise

Noy., pl. 184, f. 11, which has precedence, and (syn.) Striglina duplici-

fimbria. Warr. A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 227.

766a,. RHoDONEURA BULLIFERA. Warr. Nov. Zool. iii, p. 343.

?. Palpi with the second joint reaching vertex of head, the third

long and porrect ; outer margin of both wings slightly excised below apex.

Yellow-brown, thorax suffused with fuscous ; wings ochreous, finely

reticulated with red-brown. Forewing suffused with fuscous on

medial and imner areas; costa with numerous minute black points ;

a whitish basal spot, a series of small antemedial spots, a medial oblique

maculate band from below costa to vein 1; an obliquely-curved

maculate band from apex to inner margin before outer angle, and some

marks on outer margin, all these markings being reticulated with rufous.

Hindwing with subbasal maculate whitish band, a postmedial band

of spots, two towards costa and two beyond lower angle of cell small,

and a curved series from apex to outer margin at vein 3, all reticulated

290 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY:SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

with rufous. Underside of forewing with fine black and white streaks

in cell and beyond upper angle.

Habitat.—Khdsis. Hap. 25 mm.

7566. RHODONEURA MOLLIS. Warr. Nov. Zool. iti, p. 341. (Pl. A fig. 13).

Bonisia mediosirigata, Warr. Noy. Zool, iv., p. 197,

&. Palpi with the third joint long and porrect ; outer margin of both

wings slightly excised below apex ; pale yellowish-brown ; abdomen dark,

with whitish segmental lines; wings with rather sparse brown strie

Forewing with fuscous line along median nervure and vein 3; basa

costal area, an oblique medial band terminating at lower angle of cell,

another terminating at upper angle, a band across apical area becoming

diffused towards outer margin, and two spots towards apex, grayish ;

some brown lines across inner half of wing, two at middle crossing

each other ; a brown line on inner side of apical band and another line

across apex. Hindwing with postmedial and submarginal lines oblique.

from costa to middle, then curved round.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Khasis. zp. 42-66 mm.

780a. RHopoNEURA cURVILINEA. Warr. A. M. N. H. (6), xviii,

p. 229.

&. Gray-brown, wings evenly striated with dark brown. Fore-

wing with obscure subbasal antemedial and medial lines; the post-

medial and sub marginal lines more distinct, very oblique below costa,

the former angled on vein 6, the latter curved ; apical area bright

chestnut. Hindwing with curved subbasal and oblique medial fine

dark lines ; the postmedial line forking from middle to anal angle ; a

submarginal line from costa to vein 2. Underside of forewing. with

bright chestnut subcostal fascia and black and white streaks in and

beyond end of cell ; chestnut patches below cell and at outer angle.

Hindwing chestnut.

Habitat.— Khasis. Exp, 24 mm,

786 will stand as RHopoNEURA RETICULATA, Moore.

786a, Rhodoneura dissimulans. Warr. A. M.N. H. (6),

XVili, p. 227,

Banista ordinaria. Warr, A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 228.

Differs from reticulata in having no black and white streaks on

forewing below. One specimen is much more rufous in tone, with the

bands bright chestnut.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 291

Ffabitat. —Khasis, Borneo, Queensland. Eup. 24-40 mm.

786). RHODONEURA TETRAGONATA, W1k. Journ. Linn. Soe. vii, p. 78.

Rhodoneura quadripunctula, Pag. Tris. v, p. 100.

Pharambara vinosa, Butl. P.Z.S. 1892, p. 130, pl. vi, f. 8.

Rhodoneura jubralis, Swinh, A. M. N. H. (6), xvi, p. 299.

Differs from retzculata in being smaller and grayer ; both wings with

a pair of hyaline white spots near origin of vein 2; forewing without

black and white streaks below.

Habitat.—Khésis, Borneo. Exp, 30 mm.

789. RHODONEURA ALTERNATA insert (syn.) Banisia bifimbriata,

Warr. Nov. Zool. iv, p. 20.

790a. WHODONEURA ATRICLATHRATA. Warr. Noy. Zool. iii, p. 340.

g. Pale reddish ; head, thorax, and abdomen suffused with rufous,

the last with blackish dorsal line and some lateral and ventral spots,

Forewing with rufous suffusion striated with fuscous on basal half,

costa, and a discocellular patch conjoined to costa; the rest of wing

reddish-ochreous ; an ill-defined postmedial band with black. specks

and spots on it, and narrowing at middle; outer area with black

specks and spots. Hindwing suffused with rufous and _ spotted

with black.

Habitat—Khasis. Kep. 25 mm.

798a, RHoponguRA DoHERTYI, Warr. Nov. Zool. iv., p. 196.

Galan rticasl)

Rhodoneura stenosoma, Hmpsn. P.Z.8. 1897 ined.

&. Palpi with the third joint long and reaching well above vertex

of head; abdomen very long. Gray ; abdomen with some dark marks

on dorsum; wings sparsely irrorated with black scales and closely

striated with fine dark striz ; traces of five bands on forewing and

three on hindwing ; forewing with whitish mark below apex, with

dark speck on it, more prominent on underside. Underside of

hindwing with some dark brown patches.

Habiiat.—Ceylon, Bali, Queensland. Hap. 28 mm.

Genus BrcuMma.

Beguma, Warr, A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 228 (1896).

Type.— B. constellata, Warr.

Range.— Assam.

292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Palpi upturned and reaching vertex of head, tke second joint fringed

with scales, the third naked and acuminate; antennze thickened and

flattened. Forewing with the

apex rounded, the outer margin

evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5

from near angle of cell ; 6 from

below upper angle ; 7 from angle ;

8 anastomosing with 9, which is

Beguma constellata g + given off from.10 to form an areole,

Hindwing with veins 3-4 from

angle of cell; 5 from ubove angle ; 6-7 from upper angle; 8 free.

808a. Brcuma consTeLLATa. Warr. A.M.N.H. (6), xviii, p. 228.

@. Head fulvous ; thorax black-brown; abdomen fulvous, Forewing

pale, suffused with pale red, deeper and purplish at base, along veins

only on outer area. Hindwirg similar, but with the purplish con-

fined to inner basal area. Underside of forewing with a few silvery-

blue spots below costa and in cell ; the basal half of inner area thickly

spotted. Hindwing with the basal area thickly spotted with silvery-

blue running outwards to beyond middle on costa and below cell,

Habitat.—Khasis. Hap. 42 mm.

LIMACODID A.

8226. MACROPLECTRA APICALIS, 0. sp.

Glossy black-brown. Forewing with small triangular yellowish-

white apical spot ; vertex of head, frons, aud palpi pale yellow.

Hahitat.—Khasis, Exp. $ 16, 9 18 mm. Type.—tin British Museum.

This species has the extremely thickened and flattened antenne of

semiaurantia in the 6, also the large tuft of scales on metathorax ; vein

10 is from the cell, but the long palpi and spurs will separate the

genus trom Oxyplaa.

Section [V. Antenne of male serrate throughout.

844a, NATADA ACATHARTA, Nn. sp.

é- Gray-brown suffused with fuscous. Forewing with dark points

at base and end of cell and traces of a dark line below the cell ; a large

dark postmedial patch between vem 7 and inner margin with obscure

pale centre with dentate outer edge; a dark marginal apical line.

Hindwing uniform fuscous.

Hahitat.—Khasis, Exp. 30 mm. Type—In British Museum.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 293

849a. BirTHAMA DIFFUSA, 0. sp.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen elcthed with whitish and rufous

hair ; abdomen with some of the lateral scales tipped with black. Fore-

wing rufous, with whitish patches at base of inner area and outer angle,

and a large semi-circular apical patch extending down to vein 3, and

bounded on inner side by a fuscous line ; a diffused black medial hand

broad at costa, narrowing to inner margin. Hindwing black-brown

with some whitish near anal angle.

Habitat.—Khasis. Eap.36 mm, Type.-—In British Museum.

362a, PARASA P#ERA, n.sp. (PI. A, fig. 10.)

Q. Pale gray-brown; vertex of head and thorax bright yellow-

green. Forewing with gray-brown basal patch wide at costa, narrow-

ing to inner margin, and bounded by a dark line ; medial half bright

yellow-green bounded by a curved minutely-waved dark line; outer

area gray-brown. Hindwing gray-brown tinged with fuscous,

Hatitat.— Puttalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). Lup. 32 mm. Type.—In

British Museum.

880a, TRICHOGYIA METAMELENA, 0. Sp.

@. Head, thorax, and anal tuft reddish-brown ; abdomen fuscous,

Forewing reddish-brown slightly irrorated with fuscous. Hindwing

fuscous-black.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 (Dudgeon), Evp. 12 mm. TZype.—In

British Museum. ;

§32a. ARMOGYIA CUPREATA, 0. sp.

Q. Cupreous-brown tinged and irrorated with fuscous. Forewing

with a bright cupreous tinge; a dark sinuous submarginal line, the

area beyond it with a purple gloss; a prominent black marginal line

becoming obsolete near outer angle; cilia yellow at tips. Hindwing

dark brown ; cilia pale yellow with a dark line through them.

Habitat,-- Khasis. Evp.16 mm. Type—In British Museum.

884a. CANIA NOTODONTA, 0. Sp.

@. Antenne bipectinate with rather short branches to apex; fore-

wing with scale-tooth on middle of inner margin. Pale silky yellow-

brown; forewing with series of dark points from costa before apex to

end of scale-tooth on inner margin.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp.30 mm. Type—In British Museum.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1

§91b. NaARosA ENDODONTA, 0. Sp.

&. Differs from conspersa in the lines near inner margin of fore-

wing being strongly dentate, the postmedial line not bent inwards to

lower angle of cell, and without orange patch above it. Thorax with

more white suffusion ; abdomen with the dorsal tufts fiery-red.

Habitaii—Khasis. Hep. 26 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

893a. Narosa PACHYCERA, 0. sp.

Antenne of male one and-a-half times the length of forewing, and

extremely thickened and flattened. Hindwing with vein 6 from cell

well separated from 7. @. Pale gray-brown of a silky texture and

irrorated with a few fuscous scales; antenne and anal tuft ochreous.

Forewing with the subcostal nervure white towards -end of cell; a

diffused sinuous ill-defined fuscous band from costa beyond middle to

outer angle ; a slight dark marginal line. Hindwing somewhat more

fuscous. Q. Much more rufous ; forewing with a medial whitish

patch on costa; the postmedial band indicated by indistinct sinuous

lines ; cilia mostly fuscous. Hindwing pale.

Habitat—Khasis. Hap. g@ 20, 9 22 mm, Type.—In British

Museum, :

91la. Metanastria rubra=Odonestis dieckmanni, Greer.

Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxii, p. 128, Amur.

942. OponESTIS LHTA insert (syn.) Odonests ossa, Swinh., A. M. N.

1815 ((5)), sxtbs, jos GEIU0),

LYMANTRIID.

972a. AROQA ATRESCENS, 0. Sp. _

&. Headand anal tuft rufous-brown ; thorax and abdomen fusccus-

brown. Forewing rufous-brown suffused with fuscous ; very indistinct

pale waved ante-postmedial and submarginal lines. Hindwing black-

brown ; cilia of both wings rufous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum.

996a, CIFUNA BIUNDULANS, 0. sp.

6. Ochreous; abdomen suffused with fuscous. Forewing with

strongly bisinuate pale antemedial line with broad fuscous band on its

inner side ; a minutely- waved postmedial pale line strongly excurved at

middle and with fuscous suffusion on its outer edge strongest towards

costa. Hindwing paler with slight fuscous irroration.

Habitat.—Khisis. Eup. 22mm. Type—In British Museum.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 295

1060a, HKUPROCTIS ENDOPLAGIA, 0. Sp.

&. Pale yellow ; forewing with diffused fuscous patch on middle of

inner area.

Aaditat—Khasis. Hep. 22mm. Type.—In British Museum.

1091a@. HuprocTis OLIVATA, n. sp.

Head whitish; thorax brownish ; abdomen fuscous, toe anal tuft

orange. Forewing gray-brown irrorated with black and suffused with

olive-yellow ; a waved white antemedial line; a lunulate postmedial

line angled inwards below costa, oblique below vein 4 and angled in-

wards below 2 to near the antemedial line ; cilia chequered brown

and white. Hindwing white suffused with fuscous, the costal area

whiter.

Habitat.—-Khasis. Exp. ¢ 28, 9 40 mm. Type—TIn British

Museum.

10910, HUPROCTIS XANTHOPERA, 0. sp.

Forewing with vein 7absent. ¢. Head and thorax gray-brown;

abdomen blackish with the anal tuft orange. Forewing gray-brown

irrorated with black; a yellow spot in cell; a sinuous whitish medial

line angled below costa, and crenulate submarginal line highly

excurved at middle; patches of brown irrorated with black in the

interspaces between the two lines; an apical yellow patch with two

spots below it and two spots above outer angle; cilia yellow and brown.

Hindwing with the basal half fuscous ; the outer half yellow.

Hlabitat.—Khasis. Hap. 34 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

11)92a. HuPROcTIS ATRIPUNCTA, n. sp.

&. Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous and white ; shaft of antennze

white. Torewing whitish suffused with rufous ; double white ante and

postmedial lines, the former slightly waved, the latter crenulate, bent

inwards below vein 4 and joining the antemedial line at inner margin ;

a black discocellular spot ; the outer area white ; the rufous suffusion

beyond the postmedial line angled outwards below costa and at middle.

Hindwing yellowish-white. @. With the rufous suffusion on fore-

wing more prominent. Hindwing brownish-cchreous, the margin

whitish.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. ¢ 28, 9 46 mm. Zype.—In British

Museum.

2996 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ,

1102a. Huproctis BIDENTATA, n. sp.

a. Yellow ;abdomen blackish, except at base and extremity. Fore-

wing with the basal two-thirds suffused with brown and irrorated with

black, leaving a yellow patch ov costa before middle, its outer edge

sending two strong teeth outwards bslow veins 6 and 5; a subapical dark

spot. Hindwing pale yellow.

Habitat.—Sikhim (Lidderdale), Hap. 38 mm. Type.—In British

Museum.

ARCTIIDA.

LiTHosun 2,

128la. CYANA CATORHODA, 0, sp.

Differs from peregrina in the forewing being without the black edge

to the bands. Hindwing and underside bright rose-pink ; male with the

sexual characters on hindwing.

Habitat—Khadsis. Exp. $ 24, 2 380 mm. Type.—In British

Museum.

1284a. Cyana dudgeont, the Q described is aldorosea, WIk., the true

female has three black spots on forewing; veins 4-5 from cell. Hind-

wing with veins 6-7 stalked; underside as in male, It will form

Section II-E. Aabstat—Khasis.

1289a. CyYANA WATSONI, n, sp.

&. Pure white ; palpi, frons, and legs tinged with fuscous ; collar,

patagia, and metathorax fringed with orange. Forewing with orange

spot near base of costa ; a broad slightly sinuous oblique antemedial

orange line ; the postmedial line bent inwards to costa, with the upper-

most black spot beyond it at end of tuft and divided into two, the line

expanding above inner margin ;a submarginal line bent inwards and

expanding below apex and not reaching inner margin, . With the

upper black spot single,the postmedial line well beyond it and not bent

inwards to costa.

Habitat. Khasis, Upper Burma (Watson). Lup. ¢ 380, 2 38 mm.

-Type.—In British Museum,

12895. CYANA KHASIANA, 0. Sp.

&. White ; palpi black ; forelegs banded with black ; antennee brown ;

thorax with three orange bands. Forewing with the base of costa

orange ; a short subbasal band ; an oblique antemedial band, the spot

at upper angle of cell small ; the postmedial band oblique to vein 4, and

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 297

with a smali black spot beyond it below costa. @. Forewing without

orange on base of costa, the black spot at upper angle of cell large, and

no spot beyond the postmedial band.

Hfabitat.—Khdsis. Exp. 8 88-46, 9 62 mm. Type.—In British

Museum,

1603a, KERALA DORSOVIRIDIS, nu. sp.

Differs from punctilineita in the thorax being pale sea-green, the

head brown, Forewing gray-brown with rufous specks and suffusion ;

discocellulars without white scales ; the inner area below the submedian

fold pale sea-green ; the postmedial line near the submarginal line

which is maculate ; no marginal white line. Hindwing with the sexual

patch of male cream-coloured.

Habitat. —Khasis. Hep. 40 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

1828a. CHRYSORABDIA AURANTIACA, 0. sp.

&. Difters from bivitta @ in the palpi, frons, and patagia being

black, the last fringed with yellow. Forewing with no blue on the

fascize, the costal fascia broadening to near apex, then slightly narrow-

ing; the submediiun fascia broadening to its extremity near outer

margin; cilia blackish at tips.

Habitat.—Khasis. Herp. 60 mm. Type—In British Museum.

13815. GAMPOLA PUNCTIVENA, n. sp.

&. Head, collar, and anal tuft orange-yellow ; thorax and abdomen

eray. Forewing gray-brown, with black point below end of cell in

interno-median fold. Hindwing dirty white ; cilia of both wings pale

yellow.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Hep. 20 mm. Type.—

In British Museum.

‘This species and binotata belong to the same section as normalis,

1381¢c. GampoLa muricotor, W1k. Journ. Linn. Soe.,, vol. vi., p. 105.

Silky gray ; vertex of head and costa of forewing pale yeliow ; cilia

yellowish.

Habitat. —Khdsis, Borneo. Hap, 16-22 mm.

(Lo be continued.)

298

THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL (SCIURUS INDICUS,

ERX.) AND ITS LOCAL RACES OR SUB-SPECIES.

By W. T. Bianrorp, F.R.S.

(With two Plates).

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, on 30th Sept., 1897.)

As is well known, one of the largest and handsomest of all squirrels

inhabits several of the tree forests in the Peninsula of India. Unlike

the small striped forms, the large Indian squirrel is by no means

generally distributed ; it may have had a more extensive range formerly,

and it is probable that its haunts have been gradually restricted by the

clearing of the forests and the spread of cultivation, as is the case with so

many woodland types of beasts, birds, reptiles, insects, &c. At the

present time, the large squirrels appear, so far as I have been able to

ascertain, to be only found in the forest tracts near the western coast, in

some parts of Southern India, such as Mysore, and in the great wooded

region between the Ganges and Godavari, east of longitude 80°H.

(the meridian of Jubbulpore). The question of the occurrence of this

squirrel beyond the limits of the Indian Peninsula (Ois-Gangetic India)

will be noticed in the sequel.

Until the other day it was generally supposed that the races of Sczurus

indicus were pretty well known, and the only question was, whether we

should divide these squirrels into three species with Jerdon (Mam.

Ind., pp. 166, 167), or into two with Anderson (Zool. Res., Yunnan Exp.,

pp. 222, 223), or whether, as proposed by W. Sclater (Cat. Mam. Ind.

Mus., Pi, 2 2, p. 10), we should unite all under one specific heading. The

latter view was adopted in my work on Indian Mammals (Faun.

Brit. Ind. Mam., p. 371), but J expressed an opinion that Jerdon’s

three forms were readily recognizable as races or sub-species. One of

these races remained nameless, for | shewed that the specific term

S. maximus adopted by Jerdon belonged to another race. Some further

evidence as to the range of the different races, and the degree to which

they pass into each other, is still wanted to complete our information, but

it has not for a long time past been supposed that in the case of so con-

spicuous and so well-known an Indian mammal any very important

addition was likely to be made to its natural history.

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc. iPieuca i.

Mantern Bros.Chromo lith London.

PSC IuRUS INDICUS (Ceypical form)

; Peo we NCW Siva. 1) FA AT U.S)

Journ. Bombay.Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate.B.

Mintern Bros. Chromo bth. London.

YSCciuRus INDICUSvarMALABARICUS.

a. SCIURUS INDICUS var BENGALENSIS.

THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL. 299

I believe it was as great a surprise to others as it was to myself to

hear that a new squirrel had been found in the Bombay Presidency.

I was not greatly astonished some years ago when a new Paradoaxurus

(P. yerdont) was found on the Anamalis,* but then a Paradoaurus is a

thoroughly nocturnal animal, and although in many parts of the country

one of the commonest mammals is very rarely seen, whereas squirrels

are diurnal in their habits, and are amongst the most familiar and con-

spicuous of the mammalia.

When, however, Mr. Phipson placed in my hands three skins and

skulls of a peculiar pale squirrel obtained by Mr. R. C. Wroughton

in the Dangs, the fever-haunted and little-visited tract of forest be-

tween Khandesh and the coast Jand, south of the Tapti River, I was

convinced that something had been found very different from any

known Indian form. I subsequently received letters on the subject from

Mr. Wroughton himself and from Mr. G. W. Vidal, who later shewed

me a healthy young individual now living at his house near London,

and I quite agree with both gentlemen that this peculiar pale squirrel

is not an albino, but a well-marked and distinguishable race that may

be regarded as either a sub-species, or a species. I prefer to class it as

a sub-species, because there is, so far as { am aware, no structural

distinction between the pale animal and S. indicus, because many

mammals, and squirrels particularly, vary much in coloration, and

because there is, in the nearly allied but distinct S, dzcolor, which

replaces S. indicus in the Trans-Gangetic regions, and is found in the

Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma and Malayana,a very similarly

colored pale whitey-brown or café-au-lait race inhabiting part of the

Malay Peninsula, For the peculiar pale squirrel found in the Dangs

I propose the name Sciurus indicus var. dealbatus, or simply Sciwrus

dealbatus. I also propose to call the unnamed variety of Western

Bengal and Orissa S. indicus var. bengalensis or S. bengalensis.

*T am very sorry that Iam sceptical as to the distinctness of Mr. Taylor's

P. nictitatans (this Journal, Vol. V1, p. 429, pl.) from Orissa. Mr. Taylor was so kind

as to send his type to me and to allow me to deposit it in the British Museum. It is

immature, and is, I think, a partial albino of P. néger. Albinism toa slight extent

had been observed in this species previously, part of the tail being occasionally white,

though I have never heard of an instance in which the white portions were as exten-

Sive as in Mr, Taylor’s specimen. Mr, Oldfield Thomas, who examined the specimen

with me, agreed in this view. :

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1

The question may probably be asked, why I do not adopt the Ameri-

“can system and use trinomials, Sciwrus indicus dealbatus, etc., as has

been done by several good naturalists. My reason is that the plan

appears to me a retrograde step in nomenclature and a reversion from

the simple and convenient binomial terms of Linnzus to the eumbrous

polynomials of his predecessors. Not only is it certain, if once trinomi-

als are admitted, that alditional terms will be added to suit the whims

of specalists and to flatter the vanity of name-givers, but there is a

radical difference between the various kinds of sub-specitic forms for

which a distinctive nae is wanted. For many years trinomials have

been larvely used by horticulturists to label cultivated varieties of

plants, and by several writers for races of tame mammals, There are

many wild varieties both «f plants and anima!s that are not dependent

on geographical distribution ; there are geographical: races, as in the —

case of the Indian squ'rrels, and there are in some cases, as amongst

insects, seasonal varieties. Moreover, in some of the lower animals there

are alternating generations of various kinds, and besides these, there

are the “ Mutations,” as they have been termed, of fossil species found

in successive divisions of geoloyvical strata. Why, amongst all these

kinds of variation, the trinomial method should be reserved for geo-

graphical races is a question that does not appear easy to answer ; it

has not been so reserved in tne past, nor, if it continues to be employed,

is it likely to be in the future, but surely there should be a distinction

maintained between the nomenclature applied to distinct types of varia-

tion, such as artificial varieties and geographical races.

The following is the synonymy (very briefly given), the coloration

and distribution of the different races of large Indian squirrels.

1. Scturus indicus or S. indicus var. typicus—The Rombay Squirrel.

The Bombay Squirrel, Pennant, Syn. Quad., p. 281 (1771).

Sciurus indicus, Hrxleben, Syst. Reg. An., p. 420 (1777),

Sciurus purpureus, Zimmermann, Spec. Zool. Geog. Quad., p. 518

(1777).

Sciurus bombayanus, Boddaert, Elench. Anim., p. 117 (1785).

Sciurus elphinstonet, Sykes, P. Z. 8. (1831), p. 103 ; Jerdon,

Mam., p. 167; Fraser, Zool. Typ., pl. 26.

Upper parts, including the ears, shoulders, external surface of hind

limbs to the feet and tail, bright chestnut-red, a narrow cheek stripe

THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL. 301

the same, end of the tail for a varying length, sometimes amounting to

one-half or even three-quarters, whitish or white ; lower parts, outer

surface of forearm, and a broad band across the forehead in front of

the ears, pale buff or whitish ; face in front of the pale band, rufous-

brown, varying in tint ; upper surface of feet the same,

Range.—the forest near the western coast from the neighbourhood

of Bombay to North Malabar and Mysore.

The exact limits of the area inhabited by this race and by S. indicus

var. malabaricus, respectively, are not known, but I am informed

by Mr. G. Vidal that only the Bombay squirrel is found in North

Canara. This form is said by Jerdon to range as far south as North

Malabar (probably the neighbourhood of Cannanore), and it was obtained

by Sir O. B. St. John, as he informed me, in Mysore.

2. Sciwrus indicus var. dealbatus, subsp. nov. (or Scturus dealbatus

if regarded as a distinct species)—Wroughton’s Squirrel.

General color of upper parts pale rufescent sandy, growing slightly

more rufous on the posterior portion of the body and on the outside of

the hind limbs, and becoming brown on the outside of the forelimbs

and on the hasal portion of the tail; ears bright rufous; forehead, a

band down the back, all the tail except the basal portion and the lower

parts sullied white.

The following measures were taken by Mr. Wroughton in mille-

metres ; I have added the equivalent in inches :—

Female. Male.

Mm. Inches. Mm. Inches.

Head and body sew ee 370 14: 6 369 14°55

Tail alone 200 ee0 .. 408 16:10 ALT 16° 5

Tail with hair at end... «> 466 18: 4 475 18°75

Hind foot oee 6 . 69 2°75 75 2°95

Basal length of the male skull (from anterior border of foramen magnum

to end of premaxillaries) 2°4, extreme length 2°8, zygomatic breadth

1:8. The skull of the female slightly smaller. Both skulls are those

of adult animals.

Range.—This sub-species has hitherto only been found in the forest

of the Dangs, to the west of Khandesh, by Mr. Wroughton, to whom

we are indebted for the discovery. ‘Though I was never in the Dangs,

I travelled, about thirty years ago, all over the Rajpipla Hills, north of

302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

the Tapti, and I did not meet with this squirrel, so its range probably

does not extend beyond the Tapti to the northward.

This is the most distinct in coloration of all the races. It was

found by Mr. Wroughton to be scarce even in the limited tract to

which it is restricted. He observed that when this squirrel erects the

hairs of the tail, as it has a habit of doing, bottle-brush fashion, the

dark hairs at the base of the tail are not erected. He obtained the

young animal that is now living in Mr. Vidal’s house. It was very

young, and although, on its nest being pulled down, it fell to the ground,

a distance of between 60 and 80 feet, it escaped quite unhurt.

Even among the four specimens, three skins and the living animal,

which are the only representations of this form hitherto available, there

is some difference in coloration, one of the skins being paler than the

others, while Mr. Vidal informs me that the living individual has grown

somewhat more rufous since it has been in his possession. The faint

white stripe down the back which at first sight appears to mark a

difference in the coloration from that of the other races is occasionally

found in typical S. zndécus as is shewn by one of the skins of that form

in the British Museum.

3. Sciurus indicus var. malabaricus (or S. maaimus if regarded as a

distinct species). The Malabar Squirrel.

Le grand Ecureuil de la Céte de Malabar, Sonnerat, Voy. aux

_ Indes Orient., ii, p. 139, pl. 87 (1782).

Sciurus maximus, Schreber, Siugth. IV, p. 784, pl. 117B

(1784).

Sciurus malabaricus, Scopoli, Del. Faun. Flor., Ins., ii, p. 85

(1786), Jerdon, Mam., p. 166.

Middle of nape, shoulders and anterior portion of the back with

generally a band down the middle of the back, loins, rump, outside of

thighs and tail, black ; short hair on lower surface of tail, rufous buff ;

sides of body with more or less of the back in the middle, sides of nape,

ears, face and a broad stripe down each cheek from the base of the ear,

chestnut ; lower parts and band across forehead in front of the ears

buff.

There is in specimens from differend localities a considerable variation

in the amount of black. In some skins the nape and middle of the back

are black, in others chestnut,

THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL. Pet ai0)5

The following measurements in inches of four females obtained éast

of Trevandrum in Travancore were given to me some years ago by Mr.

F. W. Bourdiljon :—

No. l. No. 2. No 3, No. 4.

Head and body Papi WIGS) 16°5 Ld'5 16

Maile, J. 2 eee 175 18°5 18

The tail is evidently measured with the hair at the end. Jerdon

gives head and body 16 to 18, tail with hair 20 to 21. The measure-

ment I quoted in the “ Mammalia,” head and body 17, tail 14:5,

was given to me, I believe, by Mr, Fairbank, and must have been from

an animal with the tail (without hair of course) rather shorter than

usual.

Range—The forests near the Malabar coast as far north as the

Wynaad (perhaps farther, as according to Elliot, this variety occurs in

the Southern Mahratta country) ; also some of the other forests of the

Madras Presidency. Specimens in the Indian Museum from Tenmalai,

South Arcot, belong to this race. A skin in the British Museum from

near Amarkantak, the source of the Nerbudda, is intermediate between

this race and S. indicus var. bengalensis.

The name maximus appears to have been published by Schreber

according to the dates of the publication of his work for which we are

indebted to Mr. Sherborn (P. Z. 8., 1891, p. 589) in 1784 on Plate

217B, The text appeared in 1785, whilst the specific term malabaricus

was only made known by Scopoli in 1786. To use a name like

S. indicus var, maximus would be absurd, for this race is no larger than

the others, but if specific rank be awarded to the form, Schreber’s

name ought, I fear, to be used. At the same time this would be ex-

tremely inconvenient, because another race was the S. maximus of

Jerdon, Anderson and others, and if Indian naturalists prefer to call the

Malabar squirrel S. malabaricus I do not think the cause of scientific

nomenclature will suffer.

4, Sciwrus indicus var. bengalensis (or S. bengalensis). The Red

Bengal Squirrel.*

Sciurus macimus, Jerdon, Mam. Ind., p. 166, nec Seitoner.

* Jerdon’s name, the “Central Indian Red Squirrel,” cannot be used, because the

term “Central India,” as 1 have already pointed out in this Journal, now applies to a

very different part of India from that for which it was used by Jerdon,

304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

Chiefly chestnut-red above, but with the rump and tail black,-the tip

of the latter usually yellowish. Lower parts, feet and band across

forehead buff as in other races. Face brownish-red, more or less

grizzled with white hairs. Intermediate forms occur between this and

S, indicus var. malabaricus.

Range.— Western Bengal, Orissa, Chutia Nagpur, and the Northern

Cirears, ranging on the north to the Khargptir Hills near Monghyr

and south to Bastar, Jaipur, and the neighbourhood of the Godavari.

Jerdon states that he saw this squirrel at the base of the Pachmari

Hills near Seoni, in the Central Provinces. Probably the squirrel there

occurring resembles the skin already noticed from Amarkantak,

I believe this form to be confined on the eastward to the forest

country hetween the Ganges and Godavari, but one cf the allied races

has twice been reported to occur beyond these limits to the north-east,

first by Hodgson (Journ. As. Soc. Beng., xviii) (1849), p. 775, and P.Z.S.

(1855), p. 126, who mentioned the occurrence of S. purpareus (S. indicus)

together with S. macruroides (S. bicolor, var.) in the lower region of the

Nepal Himalayas; and, secondly, by Oldfield Thomas, who published a list

of Hume’s mammalian collections (P.Z.S.,1886, p. 60), including a speci-

men of S, indicus from Manipur. The latter locality I accepted in the

“ Mammalia ” of the Fauna of British India, p. 372, but I venturea to

doubt the first. I now feel sceptical regarding both localities, because,

so far as itis possible to judge, S. indicus is replaced by S. bicolor

throughout the Trans-Gangetic region. S, bicolor is common in Nepal

and Sikhim and on both sides of the Assam Valley. There are several

specimens in the Calcutta Museum from the Garo and Naga Hills, and

it would be truly extraordinary if the Cis-Gangetic species were found

further east in Manipur.

With regard to the supposed occurrence of S. indicus (S. purpureus)

in the Nepal Terai, the statement by Hodgson above quoted appears at

first sight to be supported by the inclusion of the name in the “ Cata-

logue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal

and Thibet” (sic)* presented by Mr. B. H. Hodgson to the British

Museum (1846), p. 22. As is well known, however, several of the mam-

malian specimens mentioned in this catalogue were not from Nepal,

amongst these Bos jfrontalis (p. 24) and Panoléa eld¢ (misprinted

*Hodgson of course always wrote the name Tibet.

THE LARGE INDIAN SQUIRREL, 305

P. Eedii, p. 34). The only specimen of S. purpureus enumerated in the

Catalogue is thus entered : “ A specimen of the male (from R. W.),

shoulders, loins, and tail black.” On examination of the British

Museum collec‘ion I find that this specimen is the skin from Amarkantak

already noticed. It is identified by the Museum label, andit still bears

a paper ticket with the locality carefully recorded, the record being

initialled “ R,W.” This, I think, satisfactorily disposes of the supposed

Terai locality.

The specimen labelled “ Manipur” is not so easily discredited.

Hume’s collections were carefully labelled and the greatest pains taken

to preserve all records of localities. But so great is the improbability

of this species inhabiting Manipur, that I cannot but think it possible

that in this case also a mistake has occurred. A few of the labels, as

Mr, Thomas reminds me, must have become detached from the skinsof

the Hume collection, and although it is believed that in almost every

case the specimen and its lubel were correctly brought together again»

there was one case of a label having been attached to the wrong speci-

men, also a squirrel, that was noticed by me in 1578 (Journ. As. Soe.

Beng., XVII, part II, p. 162). I suspect a similar accident has occur-

red to the supposed Manipur skin of S. indicus. It should be recollected

that in numerous cases the labels of the Mammalian specimens had only

the locality and date marked on them, the name of the animal having

been left for future identification ; consequently if two or three labels

were found loose at one time there was always a possibility of their being

reattached {o the wrong skins.

The accompanying figures are partly from specimens of the races

dealbatus and malabaricus now living in Mrs. G. W. Vidal’s possession,

partly from skins in the British Museum. To facilitate reference, the

label of each skin from which the coloration was copied has been

marked, so that these specimens may, if necessary, be regarded as types.

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, L—THE NEPAL WILD SWAN (CYGNUS MUSICUS not:

, C. BEWICK1).

In the first number of the Society's Journal for the current year, heads of

Cygnus olur and C. bewicki (minor) are figured, and a good account is given by

Mr, Stuart Baker of the evidence upon which the inclusion of these two

species in the ‘‘List of Indian Birds” is decided I have recently had occasion

to go over the evidence critically whilst preparing the last volume of birds in

tbe “‘ Fauna of British Jndia,” and there is, I find, a correction of some import-

ance necessary. I ought to state that had the data before me been those

available to Mr, Baker, I should have come to the same conclusion as he has

done: indeed, I had put down C. bewicki as one of the Indian Swans on the

authority of Mr. Hume, confirmed by that of Count Salvadori, in the

Rd Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum,’ vol, xxvii, p. 32, when I

found that there had evidetly been an error in the identification,

The facts as quite clearly stated by Mr, Baker are that, whilst Cygnus olor

has been several times killed in the Punjab and Sind, the only recorded

occurrence of any other species of Swan in India is that of a single specimen

obtained by Hodgson in the valley of Nepal in January, 1829, Of this a

drawing was made, now, with Hodgson’s other drawings, in the library of the

Zoological Society ; the skin was destroyed, but the skull and feet were pre~

served, and are now in the British Museum,

' The drawing was regarded as that of C. bewicki by Hume on account of

the coloration of the bill, This drawing is not so carefully made as most of

Hodgson’s drawings are; and so far as the coloration of the bill is concerned,

it seems to me that either the Whooper (Cygnus musicus) or Bewick’s Swan

might be represented. No dimensions are noted, though most of Hodgson’s

drawings have full measurements on them,

The skull and foot are included in the “ british Museum Catalegue” under

Bewick’s Swan. Mr. Ogilvie Grant was good enough to have them brought

out, and we compared them with several specimens of C. musécus and

C.bewicki, and came to the conclusion that they must undoubtedly be assigned

to the former as they were much too large for Bewick’s Swan, It is necessary

here to note that the length of the tarsus given for 8ewick’s Swan in the

British Museum Catalogue (p. 31) and copied by Mr. Baker (ante, p. 14)

namely, 4 8 inches, must, I think, be a mistake: probably a misprint in the

first instance for 3°3. Dresser, in the “ Birds of Hurope,” gives 3°85, and this

agrees with the tarsi in the skins i examined.

I am thus compelled to conclude that the Whooper (C. musicus) must be

included amongst the birds of India and Bewick’s Swan (C. bewicki) must be

omitted,

Ww, T, BLANFORD,

Lonpon, 23rd July, 1897,

Wel e6o2 2) WISCETTLANTOUS NOTES. ~ °° 3 307

‘No, IL—THE GREAT INDIAN HORNBILL IN CAPTIVITY.

(With two Plates.)

In August, 1894, just three years ago, Mr. H. Ingle of Karwar presented to

our Society a young male specimen of the Great Indian Hornbill (Dichoceros

bicornis), which was then apparently about four months old, It was fairly

tame when it arrived, and was ready to make friends with any one who fed

it, and especially with those who could find time to play with it occasionally.

Since its arrival it has grown steadily, both in stature and in friendliness,

and may now be said to be quite a popular character in Bombay society,

‘where, owing to the brilliant yellow colouring of its huge beak, and the posi-

tion it has gained for itself as a member of the Museum Staff, it is familiarly

referred to as the “ Office Canary.”

The accompanying photographs were taken some months ago by Mr. H,

Comber, and they convey a very fair idea of the shape and plumage of this

curious bird, but in the back view the white tip of the tailhas unfortunately

come out quite dark, owing to a shadow, while the brilliant yellow colour of

the neck feathers, the casque, and the upper part of the beak must, of

course, be imagined. The bird may now be considered to be fully grown, as

it measures 4’-3” from the tip of its beak to the extremity of its tail, but the

front part of thé casque is still perfectly flat on the top, whereas in adult

specimens it is deeply concave, The irides also are now only just beginning

to assume the blood-red colour which is one of the characteristics of the full-

grown male,

Its food consists of plantains (which it swallows whole when hungry) and

all sorts of jungle fruit, such as banyan berries, and wild figs, but it is always

glad of live lizards, mice, scorpions, snails, beetles, and centipedes, and when

such animal food is not forthcoming we give it small pieces of raw meat,

which it eats with avidity, When it first came, water was placed in its cage

daily, but as it never made any use of it, either for bathing or drinking, we

gave up the practice, and have long since ceased to give the bird any liquid

food, It appears, however, to enjoy the rain, which drives into its cage

with full force during the monsoon months,

It is suspicious of strangers, and inclined to be savage, striking viciously at

them, against the wire netting of its cage, but to those with whom it is

familiar, it is exceedingly gentle and exhibits a considerable display of affec-

tion by attempting to put food into one’s mouth, and by other birdlike

endearments, It never appears to get tired of playing, and the way in which

it catches a tennis ball when thrown at it, with considerable force, from a

distance of 30 feet, excites the admiration of all our Museum visitors,

Tt never makes any noise unless it is hungry, and then it shouts for its food

in a loud, braying, rasping voice, which can be heard all over the building

and which quickly summons its attendant,

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

By far the most curious thing about this quaint bird is the fact that the

bright yellow colour on the casque, the upper part of the beak, the neck, and

to a certain extent on the white wing feathers, is artificial, inasmuc has it is

put on by the bird itself. The specimen in the Society's rooms can be seen

any morning carefully painting itself up for the day. With the extreme

tip of its beak it arranges the small feathers which surround the uropygial

gland on its back, at the root of the tail, and then proceeds to rub its. casque

and neck on to the open gland, which is about the size of a shilling, and from

which an oily yellow secretion is exuded, This it does several times during

the early part of the day, and for some hours afterwards the yellow

colour is apt to come off on to one’s hands and clothes when the bird is romp-

ing with its friends.

HH, M. PHIPSON.

Bompay, August, 1897,

No, IIL.—THE GREAT INDIAN HORNBILL IN THE WILD STATE,

Mr, Phipson has asked me to state on oath what I know as to the character

and habits of the prisoner at the bar—I mean the bird in the cage, at our

Society’s Rooms, which he has described in the foregoing note, This I do

with pleasure.

The names by which this bird is known are many, being Homrai in Nepal,

Banrao in Mussoorie (both words meaning “ King of the Jungles’’), Garuda

amongst the Canarese, Male moraki in Malayalum, Hwang in Assam, and

Ouk-chin-gyi amongst the Burmese ; but notwithstanding all this, like Ali

Baba’s famous Nubby Bux, he means nothing by it, and a child might play

with him—that is, when he is in a good temper,

Scientific folks call him Dichoceros bicornis, the Great Hornbill, and he is

great, the biggest of his tribe in India, measuring fully four feet from tip of

beak to tip of tail, with wings in proportion, the noise whereof, when he is

flying, can be heard a mile off, As can be inferred from his many names, he

is widely distributed in India, and is not only common, but obtrusive where

he occurs.

In the forests of Burma and Tenasserim D. bicornis is particularly plentiful,

going about sometimes in pairs, but generally in parties of five to twenty in

number,

Once in my early days in Burma I was encamped in high forest close to

the bank of the Salween river, It was the month of February, and the

various species of Ficus—F, religiosa, fF, indica, &c.— were in full fruit, 1

do not think I have ever seen forest fruits of all kinds in such abundance

since, All fruit-eating birds, but especially Hornbills, swarmed, and of these

D, bicornis was in great force, The whizzing creak of their wings was inces-

sant through the day round my camp, and in the early mornings and evenings

Journ.Bo

ibioce spake dby E.Comber. Mintern Bros

THE GREAT HORNBILL.

Dichoceros bicornis.

From a live specimen inthe Society’s Rooms.

.Photoimp. London.

Journ.Bombay Nat .Hist.Soc.Vol. XI.

Photographed by E.Comber. Mintern Bros. Photo imp. London.

THE GREAT HORNBILL.

Dichoceros bicornis.

From a live specimenin the Society's Rooms.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 309

a party always assembled ona tree nota hundred yards off my tent and

brayed by the hour. These were all grass-widowers, their wives being pro-

bably all safely walled up in their nests, This party was very conversational,

and seemed to have a great deal to talk about, chiefly scandal I fancy, for now

and again a couple would quarrel and go for each other open-mouthed, This

was,no doubt, when aspersions were cast one by the other on their respective

ladies,

At that time I managed to find only a single nest, but the year after in the

Thaungyi valley I found several, and got together a fine series of the eggs

The following note of mine on these nests is recorded in Hume’s “ Nests and

Eggs of Indian Birds” :—

Of the eight nests visited and egos obtained,four contained two eggs each, and four one

each. These were laid in natural hollows in various trees, and two in immense Ficus

encircled old teak trees, The height of the nest-hole from the ground varied from 25 to 70

feet, and the trees selected were invariably close to some Ficus in fruit,

To five of the nests I ascended myself, and found the opening much narrowed in every

one with a plastering of earth leaf-mould and the birds’ own droppings; the stench of

decaying vegetable matter in one or .two of the nests was quite unbearable; altogether the

insides of the nest and the old hens themselves presented a filthy sight, but these latter were

all able to fly when released and did not seem a bit cramped. The way, though, they hissed

and quacked and fought for their eggs, was acaution. My arms were black and blue from

their ferocious digs and bites. In a few cases the males came and looked on, but took

no part in the fight, not even to the uttering of a croak in encouragement to their mates.

The colour of the eggs varies, but depends, I think, more on the nature of the wood

of the tree chosen for the nest and the material used in plastering which, by the way,

is well laid on inside as well as round the openings of the hollow, than upon the length

of times the eggs have been laid; for two eggs out of the lot I procured had the chick

almost ready to break through, and are yet only of a dull white, but slightly stained ;

while again, two other eggs are the colour of iron-rust all over, and these, though

undoubtedly hard set, were still easily cleaned, but they were taken out of a Thingan tree,

the wood of which gives off a rusty stain,

All the eggs, except one, have a perceptible gloss.

The exceptional non-glossy egg is rough, almost like sand-paper, to the touch. Al] are

very finely pitted over their whole surface, and some have little raised tubercles or bumps,

chiefly in a zone round the centre. In shape some are long and narrow and much pointed

at one end, some short globular, The largest eggs were those found singly, and of these

one measured 2°75" by 1°98; the smallest taken measured 2°40" by 1:93’, but the average

of twelve eggs is 2°62” by 1°88, Itis remarkable that even the chick in the eggs has

a well-marked protuberance above the upper mandible—the rudiment, it would seem, of the

future casque,

‘The one absolute outward distinguishing mark between the male and

female bird is the colour of the eyes. Inthe male this is blood-red ; in the

female pearly-white. According to my experience, D. bicornis affects heavy

forests asa rule, but I have noticed it occasionally in thin jungle where

Ficus trees in fruit occur. Mr, Blanford notes that “it appears never to

descend to the ground.” Ihave, however, more than once flushed a party

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

seated on the ground picking up and eating fallen fruit, In addition, in its

wild state, D, bicornis is said to feed on insects or lizards, I cannot say I

have ever noticed this,and I am certain that it is more exclusively frugi-

vorous than its ally Awthroceros albirostris, the Indo-Burmese pied hornbill as

Blanford calls it, This bird I have frequently seen picking up lizards, and

even dabbling in a stream for small fish,

C, T. BINGHAM, Lreut,-Cotonet,

Rangoon, Augusi, 1897.

No, IV.—THE KOL-BHALU. |

Last Sunday evening at about 7-40 as I was returning from a walk with

two brother-officers, we heard a Jackal calling out about a quarter of a mile

away on the other side ofasmall river, This Jack was not making use

of the ordinary call, so well-known to all, but a most unearthly ery, which,

no doubt, is familiar to many members of the Society,and which, I believe,

has given rise to the Jackal using it being dubbed a “ Balu” by natives. I

have often heard this cry, but have never been able to identify the

particular animal from which it emanated, though I believe it to be a Jackal,

Tt being sufficiently light to see, we three went in the direction of the sound.

One of my companions, A——, had a small rifle with him, which he put in my

hands for a shot should we see the animal. Arriving at the near bank of the

river, we saw, on the opposite side, close down to the water’s edge, a Jackal ;

the light was bad, but so far as [ could tell, he was a good specimen ; he did

not notice us, but repeated his weird cry, once or twice, with his head down ;

soas there was no doubt from whence the sound came, I fired at him, and

though I missed, must have gone close, for he bolted up the steep bank. We

then heard a lot of puffing and blowing beneath us, and on looking down we

saw an animal swimming towards the place where the Jackal had just been

standing, We at first thought it was another Jack, On closer inspection it

turned out to be a bull-dog belonging to B ——of my regiment, Almost

simultaneously we saw another of B "3 dogs, a large greyhound, in the water

near the opposite bank, and not ten yards off where the Jack had been stand-

ing when fired at, Approximately, within a minute of my firing, the Jackal

reappeared and ran down the bank towards the water, and at the same time

a second Jack put in an appearance but kept in the offing, A —— had a shot

at the first Jack, but, as it was dark, did no damage, though it effectually drove

the Jack away. The two dogs then went up the river for about twenty yards

along the further bank. Presently we heard a row and saw a scuffle going on,

which turned out to bea third Jack. There was a bit of a scrimmage ; the

Jackal getting away eventually and running up the bank, closely followed by

the bull-dog. They sat contemplating each other, at about eight yards

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 311

distance, for a short while, after which the dog returned to the water, and the

Jack dragged himself off. Just about this time B—— came up and said his dogs

had run a Jack, which doubtless was the one in the water, The day had been

very hot, and the evening was most oppressive, which more than accounts for the

dogs being too done up io polish off the Jack, What appeared to meso curious

was the behaviour of the first Jack, for there he was, regardless of everything,

within a few yards of a particularly big greyhound, apparently fearless, and

returning to the charge after having been fired at. Probably instinct told him

the dog was too done up to do him injury, To me it seemed he was trying

to distract attention from his companion, who was recouping himself in the

water, and whose whereabouts, up to this, had not been discovered,

With regard to this peculiar cry I have heard it said that Jackals make

use of this weird call when they are mad, toothless, old, decrepit, etc,, but I

have never heard any really satisfactory explanation, This is the only

occasion I have ever been able to identify a Jackal as the author of the cry.

From the surrounding circumstances I should attribute its use, in this

instance, to fear, excitement, annoyance at, or hatred of, the dog, or possibly

asa warning cry to other Jacks of danger, or to summon them to the assist-

ance ofa companion in distress. Should any member of the Society be able

to throw any light on the use of this weird and hideous cry, I should like

very much to be enlightened, as I have long wished for an explanation,

R. M, BETHAM, Caprain,

8th Bombay Infantry,

Camp Baropa, 8th June, 1897.

In vol. 8, page 438, Mr. F. A. Hill gave an interesting account of his

investigations into the meaning of the expression, Kol-Bhalu, as applied

by natives in Guzerat, the Konkan, and in Kanara to old Jackals which

give utterance to this peculiar cry. His experiences coincided with those of

Capt, Betham in a remarkable manner, He said :—

On one occasion, in the evening, whilst returning to my camp, I saw a Jackal at a short

distance off, and having dogs with meIset them after him; but, to my astonishment

the Jackal made no great efforts to escape, but ran into a small bush a few yards away,

ahd as soon as the dogs came up, the Kol-Bhalu cry was uttered; the dogs stopped, and after

sniffing round the bush for a short time came back tome, I never saw these dogs behave in

this manner before, as they had always been keen in attacking Jackals and had killed many,

I can form no reason why this Jackal, which, from the cry uttered, must be called a Kol-

Bhalu, was left in peace.

_ [It is quite possible that the Jackals which utter this curious cry give off

some peculiar smell, indicating the existence of mange. It is also well known

that dogs have an instinctive dread of this disease, and will carefully avoid

animals which are suffering from it —EDI1voR, ]

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

No, V.—NOTES ON SHOOTING IN OUDH,

It would seem as if we had yet to discover a factor for the comparative

measurement of tigers. All length measurements appear to be eminently

unsatisfactory, and skull measurements , which I, amongst others, at one time

thought might be of service, do not afford any reliable results, I append

skull measurements of three tigers lately shot. :—

Length, Skull,

No, 1 cos on eyes) 1384" x 9g!

No. 2 eee eee gi-git 133" x gel!

Nos (3), eee Sz: g/-9"! 138" x 103”

No, 2 was -undoubtedly the biggest, heaviest, and fattest of the three ;

but No.3 was much heavier and more powerful than No, 1. I have no means

of determining actual weights, but incline to think: that this process

would yield, on the whole, the best comparative results, Still it would

have to be taken into consideration that a tiger which had not fed

for a week might weigh 50lbs. or more less than a tiger which had just

had a full meal, The heaviest panther, out of ten shot. this season, measured

7-6" and scaled 1381bs. Panthers do not appear to put on flesh in the

same way as tigers do, probably because they are of more restless and -

active habits, The skull measurements of the panther above-mentioned

were 98”x6", Two immature tigers (7/-9”) and the mother (8’-6” estimated)

were secured, The former had still the milk canines, but these were of

abnormal length, having been pushed out of the socket about 3” by the

advancing permanent canines. The pugs of these tigers were as large as

those of the mother, Both of them were shot from a machan constructed

over the head of a buffalo, the sole remnant of a family feast. One arrived

immediately the shikardes hadileft. He received a ‘577 hollow-pointed express

bullet, intended for his brains, about one inch below his left eye. This did

not seriously injure him, but he dropped to the second barrel in the body

as he charged past the machan—another proof that facing shots at tigers’

heads are unsatisfactory, The second tiger came out in about five minutes

undisturbed by the firing, and fell to one shot, A third cub was in the

vicinity, but would not show. The tigress for five days wandered about

roaring, although these cubs must have been three years old, and she still had

one with her. When shot, it was found that her tail had recently been cut

off at about eight inches from her body, the wound was quite smooth and clear,

It is probable that the whole party had been fired at, and perhaps the tigress

wounded some 15 miles away in Nepal. The third cub was doing well

a fortnight after the break-up of the family; she was killing deer, but

Thave known a cub of much tenderer age survive his mother’s death, feeding

on frogs and other vermin until he attained strength to kill more legitimate

food. . |

Only one bear was. bagged during the season; she was, with a well-

grown cub, driven to a machan badly placed at a low elevation on a sloping

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 313

tree exactly on the only exit from the jungle, This is always a great mis-

take, The bear was dropped as she came towards the machan, but being

only slightly wounded she at once recovered ; the second barrel missed fire,

and the enraged brute crossed under the tree and commenced to climb the

sloping trunk, Fortunately, a.second rifle was available, and the ‘500 express

bullet, striking the chest, knocked her over backwards, though without doing

any mortal injury. However, a second shot, as she rose to her. feet, broke

her spine, and she was speedily put out of pain. Had not a second rifle

been handy, ii might have been awkward for the hunters.

No wild dogs were bagged during the year, but it is feared that these pests

are on the increase. My trackers brought in a Chital stag which had been

killed by three of these brutes, and reported that the dogs were leaping at

the haunches of the running deer, tearing away the flesh, Ultimately the stag

fell screaming with the pain and fear, whilst the dogs continued to attack it

from behind. They were then driven off, and the deer, unable to rise and

injured beyond recovery, was killed and brought into camp.

Neither Jerdon or Blanford afford much information about the Indian

Badger, but I can vouch for its courage, as the following adventure will prove.

I noticed a pair of these animals in some long grass at the edge of a stream, and

the mahout begged me to secure one for medicinal purposes, I therefore

fired at short range with a rifle and missed, The smaller badger,

presumably the female, then ran away, whilst the larger faced the elephant,

erecting all the hair on his back, shewing his teeth and uttering a hissing,

growling note, The elephant was much terrified, and the little fellow made

good his retreat, slowly turning every few feet to threaten his pursuers,

until he reached hisburrow in the bank, down which he disappeared with

a final growl. | Piatt

| S. EARDLEY WILMOT,

Conservator, Oudh.

Narnt Tax, 23rd May, 1897. ey

No. VL—SCORPION CARRYING A FLOWER,

One evening last February, while sitting in the verandah of my house at

Aden, my attention was drawn to an object advancing across the floor, which

seemed to be some peculiar leaf-insect or Phasma, On looking at it closer I

saw it to be a scorpion (identified by Mr, Pocock from my description as

Parabuthus liosoma), which was holding over its back by one claw a large

blossom of Poinciana regia, known in Aden as the white gold-mohur tree,

Its tail, curled over its back, further assisted in retaining the flower in posi-

tion, The nearest tree from which it could have obtained it was at least 30

feet away, and to bring it the scorpion must have carried it over a low stone

parapet and up two or three steps, so that intention seems to be proved, What

‘314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

-that intention was itis hard todefine, Hardly for concealment, for the size of

the flower made it more conspicuous; besides it was night, If it was the lamp-

light it wanted to avoid, it is necessary to assume that, finding the light

too strong, it went back to get the flower. It could hardly be as food, for

‘scorpions are not known to live on vegetable substances; nor, as far as I

know, do they construct nests, I regret that I did not allow the creature

to reach its destination, and so ascertain its intention ; but, unfortunately,

I gave in to my first impulse and crushed it, My wife suggested that

perhaps it was going to a wedding, but this explanation is more poetical than

scientific. ik

Some of your readers may be able to throw a little light on this curious

instance ; but Mr. Pocock of the British Museum, to whom I related the

sbove, said he had never heard of a similar case. _

A, NEWNHAM, Caprarn,

ADEN.

[The above appeared in Nature].

No, VII.—SOME NOTES ON CROWS, AND ON THE PROTECTIVE

POWER OF SCENT IN ANIMALS,

In No. 3 of Volume X of our Journal there is a short account of crows aid-

ing the sportsman apparently for pure love of mischief, and the case may be

strengthened by the following evidence. In December, 1896, I was extremely

interested in bagging a large male panther that was well known in the

neighbouring villages for his boldness and cunning, and, after discovering his

whereabouts approximately, my trackers persuaded him to kill a tied-up goat,

sending me word early next morning, On arrival at the spot, accompanied

by my wife, we found that the kill had been dragged about 100 yards into

tree forest, and that only the head and skin of the neck remained, As this,

however, had been concealed under dry leaves and grass, and as three or four

crows were in the vicinity and appeared to have some information, we

concluded it was good enough to put up a machan and therein to await

events for a couple of hours. The crows left the locality almost as soon as

the shikaries took their departure, and a few minutes later we could hear them

making a great commotion some half mile away. The noise drew nearer, and

presently, by the signs made by my companion, I became aware that the

panther was in sight, whilst, to judge by the excitement evinced by the crows,

he was coming steadily, though slowly, towards his kill, Of the panther I

‘could see nothing, as he was directly behind me and I dared not move. The

crows, however, pestering him with their noisy attentions, brought him up to

a tree some eight yards from the machan and, after wheeling round once or

twice as if to make sure that all was in order, departed not to reappear. The

panther lay down and seemed relieved ; he was not hungry, having some 15

or 20 lbs, of goat inside; but he was drowsy, for, after 5 or 6 minutes, he

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 315

rolled over on his side, and lying at full length, commenced to snore gently,

On being informed in a whisper that he was asleep, I was able to turn round

without disturbing him and so secure him, Two circumstances on this

Occasion excited my wonder : jirst, that the crows appeared to know when we

were ready, and started at once to fetch the panther, which they might have

done at any previous time ; and, second, that this experienced beast, who was

for 10 minutes or more within 30 feet of the machan, was not able by scent to

detect our presence, Both panthers and tigers will hunt by scent, especially

in the case of a drag or of a wounded animal ; and I have frequently seen

them smelling carefully and with deep inhalations the tracks of men or

elephants, yet their noses seem powerless to warn them of an enemy who is

raised a few feet only from the ground, A somewhat remarkable instance

of this occurred later on, when in very open forest a tiger was in the vicinity

of a machan, and ultimately laid down under it without, during the 25

minutes of his visit, detecting anything wrong, He also departed without

being fired at, but this I hardly regretted at the time in the interest of

observing a tiger so near and for so long. He was a full-grown male, an old

beast to judge by his colour and appearance, and during the time he was under

observation he was never still for half a minute ata time, It was a warm

evening in April, and the tiger felt the heat badly ; the flies annoyed him

intensely, and he was incessantly driving them off his face.with his paws and

off his body with his tail ; he tried every conceivable attitude to attain some

comfort, but apparently without avail; whilst his heavings, pantings,

gruntings and eructations convinced me that tigers, when not on company

manners, are decidely vulgar and disagreeable, Ultimately, he lay down

within 15 feet of the machan, where he remained until, attracted by some

distant sounds, he sat up to listen and then retired as quietly as he had come,

thus flying from an imaginary danger after courting real peril for so long, I

would add that the times mentioned in this narrative were taken from a

watch which I always on these occasions hang on a convenient twig to permit

of accurate observation ; and I must, in all honesty, state that I would have

killed the tiger if I could have done so, but that I never got a chance to fire

from the right shoulder, whilst I am unable to shoot from the left,

- Can anyone say how it is that “the tainted gale” due to man’s presence

a mile off can be a source of alarm to animals that take no notice of it

when the origin is at a vertical distance of a few feet? Why, the most

careful of the deer tribe will without concern graze all round a tree

concealing the most odoriferous of native shikaries, If scent rises so rapidly

as to prevent it from reaching animals directly under its source, what must

be its elevation at long distances ?

S. EARDLEY WILMOT,

feral Conservator, Oudh,

Naini Tat, June, 1897, (an

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, er

No, VIII.NESTING OF THE WHITE-BROWED BUSH BULBUL

(P YCTONOTUS BITEOLUS) IN GUZERAT.

Oates remarks, in compiling Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,”

that, although the White-browed Bush Bulbul is common in parts of India,

only two of his correspondents, Messrs, B, & H, Aitken, appear to have obtained

the nest or eggs. The late Lieut. H, H, Barnes found them breeding in

July and August at Sion near Bombay (see page 249, vol. iv, of the Society’s

Journal) ; he also states that Mr, Davidson discovered them doing the same

along the Kanara Coast, I have now found them breeding here (Baroda), for

T took a nest on the 25th June and another on the 29th, each containing two

eggs. I believe this to be the first occasion on which they have been found

to breed here : they are fairly plentiful, but, owing to their lurking habit of

frequenting low and dense thickets, the nests are difficult to discover, Both

those I found were situated between 3 and 4 feet from the ground ; one was

more or less suspended, being attached to several twigs on different branches,

towards the extremities of an overhanging shrub, while the other was on a

slender shrub ; they were both well concealed from view, The nests are of

the bulbul ( Volpastes hemorrhous) type, only of slighter build; they are more

shallow or saucer-shaped ; the materials used being fine twigs and stems, with

an apology for a lining, a certain amount of cobweb was also employed, and

a leaf incorporated in one nest. I did not see the birds constructing the nests,

but I should say the twigs, &c,, had been plucked off shrubs and not picked

up from the ground, In both instances J found au old nest, last year’s pro-

bably, in close proximity. I have noticed these birds invariably frequent the

same thicket ; it is, therefore, more than likely they build annually in or near

the same locality. Two eggs would appear to be the full complement, at any

rate in this place,andas I left the first nest for a couple of days, no more

eggs were laid, On blowing both clutches, I found incubation had commenced,

The eggs are of the bulbul type—white ground, profusely marked with claret

and purplish-red ; at the same time they could hardly be mistaken for those

of the common Madras Bulbul, When first taken and before blowing, they

were of a very dark colour, almost purple, but since they have faded consider-

ably, though kept in a box away from light,

I wonder if other egg collectors have had the same experience as myself

regarding destruction of nests. I have found at least half a dozen or more

nests of the White-spotted fantail (Rhipidura pectoralis), but, as yet, have not

obtained the eggs, The same fatality appears to hang over many other

species, In the case of the Lora (Gigithnia tiphia) I have found a dozen

nests or more, and have only got threeeggs; they appear to construct many

nests, and then desert, for no reason whatever so far as I can judge, Can it

be that they are in want of employment !

The breeding season is in full swing here, and egg collectors can have a royal

time, I have found the following birds :—Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 317

paradisi), Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo), King Crow (Dicrurus ater), White-

browed Fantail (Rhipidura albifronta), Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis),

Dusky Crag Martin (Ptyonoprogne concolor), Brown-backed Indian Robin

( Lhamnobia cambaiensis ), the three Mynahs, Small Minivet (Pericrocotus

peregrinus), White-eyed Tit ( Zosterops palpebrosa), Pied-crested Cuckoo

( Coccystes jacobinus), Bay-backed shrike (Lannis vittatus), Pond Heron

(Ardeola grayi), and Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), I have obtained

the eggs of all the above. I have found the nest of the Red-rumped

Swallow (Hirundo crythropygia), but it contained young: also those of the

Wire-tailed Swallow ( Hirundo smithii), Large Cuckoo Shrike (Graucalus

mace), and Black-headed Cuckoo Shrike (Campophaga sykesi), whose egos

I hope to get later,

This, I think, is rather a record—the nests of the Paradise Fly-catcher,

Golden Oriole, King Crow, White-browed Fantail and Madras Bulbul, all on

one babul tree in the Public Gardens!

R, M, BETHAM, Oaprarn,

8th Bombay Infaniry,

Camp Baropa, 11th July, 1897.

No, IX.—PEARL FISHING IN THE BASSEIN DISTRICT

(BURMA),

Extracts from a Repor: by Capt. F, D. Maxwell, Deputy Commissioner,

Bassein, to the Commissioner of the Irrawaddy Division, dated

1st February 1897,

I have the honour to supply the following information concerning the

pearl fisheries of this district—information which I have gleaned from men

who have known these parts for many years and who have collected oysters

for eating for a long time,

As regards the habits of the mussel, it lives on mud, sand, or on rocks,

Beds appear and disappear either during or at the end of the rains—some Say

the former, some the latter, ‘The more general opinion seems to be that they

appear about November, when the water is getting salt, In the paper marked

A I send some shells of the Placuna taken out of the river about five miles

above its mouth on the 2nd January. The man who shewed me this bed

informed me that the bed appeared last November, I pressed him as to

whether the bed had not really appeared in the rains, but that it was in

November he knew of it for the first time. He would notallow, however,

that the bed had appeared before November, and said that he was daily over

the place during the monsoon and saw no signs of any oysters,

As to the appearance, disappearance, and breeding of the oyster, none of

the Burmans whom I examined could give me any information on the

subject, An answer to the question is, however, to be found in Theobald,

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

page 124: “ The young are hatched within the body of the parent and are

discharged in cloud-like swarms of tiny creatures to seek each its own living.

The embryos at first swim freely about, in which stage they represent the

permanent condition of the Pteropoda, but soon dropping; their filamentous

organs, of motion, as tadpoles do their tails, they either -attach themselves

permanently to any convenient roosting place within their reach, as Osirea

or Chama, moor themselves securely by a byssus or cable, like Pinna or

Mytilus, or lead a free and roving life, like Cardium or Union.” See also

Dictionary of Economic roduets, vol. vi, page 121, where the following

passage occurs: “The molluscs possess locomotive powers and frequently

disappear from certain banks and migrate to more favourable situations,”

The Burmans say that no bed is known to be in existence.for more than six

years. During that time the action of the sea either covers them up with

mud, thus smothering them, or nee them anay from their TooHnES doing

them mortal injury.

The numbers to be foundin one bed varies very much ; sometimes many

miilions are found ; at others only a few thousands, Sand appears to be the

favourite bed, though mud is also appreciated. The oyster’ is also to be

fou d on rocks, but not in such large numbers as on sand and on mud, This,

the Burmins explained to me,is bec iuse thereis only a limited supply of rocky

bottom, whereas the other two are practically unlimited in extent. I see

however, from the Agricultural Ledger, No. 36 of 1896, that the oyster prefer

a muddy bottom (see page 5). The pearl is said to appear when the oyster is

about three years old-—that is to say, never before two years and never after

four years, The pearls are very minute and require a microscope to see them,

but a pair of sharp eyes can occasionally pick out the larger pearls, On en-

quiring why the pearls are so small, the villagers say that the pearl asit grows

prevents the oyster from closing and so allows the mud and sand to get into.

the shell and thus to kill the oyster. You will observe from the shells sent

that they are remarkably flat and that the smallest obstruction would prevent

the oyster from closing, In many oysters that I examined I found three,

four, and once as many as eight, small pearls, and Iam informed that some-

times as many as fifteen are found, but they are so infinitesimally small that

it is extremely difficult to count them, When the larger pearls are found,

they are found usually singly.

The Modus operandi of getting the pearls away from the flesh is as fol-

lows:—The oysters having been collected are put into a large cauldron of.

hot water; they then open and keep open. The flesh is then scraped off the

shell with a knife and thrown intoa basin, When the basin is half full, it is

put into the sun, and the flesh allowed to decompose, After three or four

days, when the flesh has more or less thoroughly decomposed, water is added

and the whole mess stirred. The pearls being heavier than the decom-

posing and decomposed oyster fall to the bottom and are easily got out of

x MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. : 319

the basin, The rest is then passed through a fine sieve, so that no ‘pearl of

even the smallest description shall escape. The only thing that appears to

receive no consideration in the matter are the oysters, It is to be hoped that

they do not long survive the hot bath ; buton this point the villagers appear

to be somewhat doubtful, saying that they have great tenacity of life and

do not finally succumb until they have been in the basin some hours.

Oysters, found on rocks, sand, and on mud, produce very different quan-

tities of pearls. I give the following figures for what they are worth—they

were given me by men who had worked on all the different bottoms last year,

so they ought to be fairly accurate and of some value: ‘‘ Three thousand

oysters found on rocky bottom produce R1 weight of pearls; 6,000 from a

sandy bottom and 40,000 froma muddy bottom produce the same weight of

pearls,” My informants were unable to explain this great difference, and I

am unable to offer any reasonable suggestion unless the following may be

considered worth anything :—At page 127 of Theobald it is stated that pearls

are “ merely a deposit of the lustrous lining material of the shell round some

foreign and offending object.” This view is now apparently disputed, if

not exploded. See the following from Dictionary of Economie Products,

vol, vi, page 118 :—

The popular notion that the foreign matter is generally a grain of sand is untenable.

According to several eminent conchologists, it is in-most cases a minute parasite, but Dr.

Kelaart believes the nucleus to be in most cases at least an ovum or ova escaped through

the distended coats of an overgrown ovary and become imbedded in the interstices. of the

mantle, “I have repeatedly examined seeds or young pearl,” he writes, “in process of for-

mation, and with a magnifying power, one-fifth of an inch lens, I was able to see distinctly

the outlines of two or three ova through the first or saperficial layer of nacre surrounded by

groups of ova.’ Theory is further supported by the fact that pearls are most frequently

found imbedded in the mantle “ near the hinge (the place where the ovarium is most likely

to be liable to rupture) and by the fact that with careful examination he was generally able

to find, when the pearls were not actually found in the interstices of the mantle near that

locality, cicatrices on the structure where they once existed.” 'The difference in the weight-

producing capacity of the pearls found on different bottoms would seem to give colour to

the popular belief that pearls are nothing more than “ foreign and offending objects sur-

rounded by the lustrous lining of the shell,” but it is quite possible that the real explanation

is something quite different.

The oysters were said, in last year’s report, to be found in shallow water.

This statement is, I find, only partially true. The oysters found last year

were certainly found in shallow water, but I am informed that villagers have

often found them in water at various depths—30 feet or more—so that if

this is the case there seems no reason why they should not live in greater

depths still,

I had about 300 oysters opened in my presence, and in each I found

always one, sometimes two, small crabs. When only one, it is the ordinary

hard-coated grey type found on the sands; when there is a second it is to

all appearance a different kind altogether—a blue shell and very soft, It is

320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

possible that these crabs live parasitically in the oysters (see Theobald, page

128), It is noticable, too, with regard to the remark made there, that it is to

the presence of these small crabs that the unhealthiness of the mussel is

attributed, that the Burmans regard the oyster as very unwholesome ; but the

reason they give is the presence of a minute worm found in nearly every

shell. Even when this worm is extracted, the Burman will not eat the oyster

uncooked, though I swallowed several without feeling any ill effects.

In the Agricultural Ledger, No, 36, of 1896, page 5, an opinion of Dr, Alcock

is quoted to the effect that the pearl fishery is not likely to interfere with the

turtle banks, because the turtle prefer reefs and Placuna a muddy bottom.

As to this, 1 would remark that all along the mouth of the Thekithoung

river, where Placuna are found in large numbers, the turtle known as laithwe

comes up to lay its eggs in the season from the month of September to that

of December. If men were allowed to dive at night off the banks where the

turtle come, I think there can be no doubt that the turtle would be scared

away. It may be, and probably is, correct that turtle prefer reefs, but they .

do not by any means select the sands nearest the reefs to lay their eggs, If

they did so, they would not go up the Thekithoung river, but would remain

out at sea and near Diamond Island. The turtle known as laitpyintha never

come near the river, but remain out at Diamond Island, whereas the number

of laitkwe which lay there is very small, Out of 50 or 60 I saw on the island

I only saw one laitkwe.

Regarding the remark of the same gentleman, that it is unwise to interfere

with the poor people who collect Placuna, I think in future that in selling

the right to collect oysters it should be stipulated that the villagers should

be allowed to take what they want for their own consumption, as the number

they would take would be insignificant compared to the numbers taken by

the lessee.

Probably 30,000 at most would supply the wants of the villagers,

Theobald states, page 127, that the true pearl oyster is found all along

the Arakan Coast, ‘The lessee of that part of the district recently went up

the coast with a view to working these pearl fisheries, but I have not yet

heard the result of this attempt.

I have not entered into the question as to whether the fisheries should

be sold yearly as inthe last two years, as Ihave not been asked to do so.

I think, however, if the villagers are allowed to take what they want for their

own consumption that the fisheries might be put up to auction as heretofore.

If not sold, it is certain that they will be poached by Natives of India.

There would hardly seem to be any necessity for insisting on a close season,

as the monsoon itself puts an end to all oyster-collecting, Possibly the

fisheries should only be sold for three years and then allowed to lie fallow

for, say, two years.

[From the Agricultural Ledger, No, II, 1897.]

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 321

No, X,—THE FLAMINGO BREEDING IN INDIA,

In the last number of our Journal (page 4, vol, xi) Mr, HE, C, Stuart

Baker, in his series on the “ Indian Ducks and their Allies” says thatit is un-

likely that it, the Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus), breeds anywhere within

our limits, or anywhere nearer than the northern shores of the Persian Gulf,

He appears, however, to have overlooked the Miscellaneous Note on page

553, vol, viii, of this Journal, in which the Rao of Cutch recorded that about

twenty eggs and two recently hatched flamingoes had been obtained from one

of his officials at Khadir,and that the men who picked up the eggs found

numerous nests in one place on the Run,

C.D, LESTER, LizvTenanr,

Buus, Cutcu, 6th July, 1897. 17th Bombay Infantry.

No, XIL.—LATE STAY OF WATER FOWL,

It will be of interest to ornithologists to know that there are still three

Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa egocephala) on the Hamir-Sar Tank, just outside

Bhuj City, I saw these birds to-day at a distance of some 30:feet from the

raised road which passes one side of the tank, and they are in their winter

plumage, Surely, there is something wrong with the season this year,

C.D, LESTER, Lizvrenant,

Buus, Cure, 7th July, 1897, 17th Bombay Infantry,

No, XII.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WATER-COCK

( GALLICREX CRISTATUS) IN CUTCH.

His Highness the Rao of Cutch recently sent me a couple of birds which

he had shot for identification, They turn out to be the Water-Cock (G@allicrex

cristatus), male and female, hitherto unrecorded in Cutch. In my small

collection, obtained almost entirely in Cutch, I have some eggs which

answer the description of those of the above-mentioned bird, and now that

the bird has been found to occur here I feel inclined to put them down as

Gallicrex cristatus, They were taken by my shikari, but he did not see the

bird. The measurement and colouring coincide with those mentioned by the

late Lieut, Barnes on page 138 of vol, VI of this Journal, but they are not

a bit like what is depicted in the plate opposite page 129 of the same volume,

the colouring of the blotches and markings of which are altogether far too

red in colour when compared with the description as written by him.

C.D, LESTER, Lirurenanr,

Buus, Curcn, 7th July, 1897, 17th Bombay Infantry,

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

No. XIII—THE ELEPHANT IN BURMA.

Extract from a Report by Vety.-Capt. G. H. Evans, A.V, D., Superintendent,

Civil Veterinary Department, Burma,

The Blephant met with in Burma is the Asiatic species (Zlephas indicus)—

Burmese, Hsen, wild elephant, Tor-Hsen; Shan, Sant-Ha, wild elephants,

Sant-Htaint ; Karen, Ka-Sau,

From time immemorial the Burmese and Siames2 have regarded the white

elephant as a sacred beast. Sir John Bowring states that the reason why

this animal is so specially reverenced is ‘“ because it is believed that

Buddha, the divine emanation from the Deity, must necessarily in his multi-

tudinous metamorphoses or transmissions through all existences, and through

millions of zons, delight to abide for some time in that grand incarnation of

purity, which is represented by the white elephant. While the Phongyis

(priests) teach that there is no spot in the heavens above, or the earth below,

or the waters under the earth, which is not visited in the peregrinations

of the divinity, whose every stage or step is towards purification, they

hold that his tarrying may be longer in the white elephant than in any

other abode, and that in the possession of the sacred creature they may

possess the presence of Buddha himself,”* The same author states that

these animals have been the cause of many a war, and their possession more

an object of envy than the conquest of territory.

The kings of Burma were very proud of the titles of “Lord of the

Celestial Elephant” and “Lord of many White Elephants.” The kings

of Siam also glory in these pompous tit'es; in.that country everything

associated with majesty and rank bears the image of the white elephant.

These animals are surrounded with all the adjuncts of royalty, viz.—

gold umbrellas, etc,—and when they die are accorded a royal funeray,

The Burmese being Buddhists, are naturally kind to all dumb creatures,

so that the elephant, in common with other domestic a®imals, is well

cared for,

Wild Elephants.—These animals are very numerous and roam about in large

herds in the dense jungles at the foot of the hills; very few are caught and

tamed by Government for the use of the State. The kings of Burma used

to carry on “ kheddah” operations ona small scale in the Mandalay and

other districts, and were, I believe, fairly successful, I feel certain that if

operations were properly conducted, large captures could be made, as the

animals are plentiful enough,

As a general rule, the herds vary in number from five to sixty animals, but

the latter figure may often be exceeded. The animals met with are compact,

massive, and of fair height; with regard to the latter point there may be slight

* Sir Monier Monier Williams, K.C.1.E., says the elephant is perhaps the most sacred of

all animals.— Buddhism, pp. 23, 24, 84, 525,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 323

variations between Indian, Burmese and Siamese animals. The usual pace

of elephants is a walk ; it is only when annoyed or scared that they take on a

faster rate of locomotion, which is a shuffling amble, but the wonderful

amount of speed these creatures can attain in an incredibly short time is only

known to those who have had an enraged monster after them. The elephant

is no doubt “King of the Forest ;” they are rarely interfered with by other

wild beasts : now and again, however, a hungry tiger may attack a solitary

animal, A year or two ago, in the Tharrawaddy district, a tiger attacked, on

different occasions, one or more animals, the property of a Burman contractor,

inflicting such severe injuries that, I helieve,one or more succumbed, It is the

calves that usually fall victims to tigers, and the manner in which they catch

them is as follows:—A tiger having observed calves in a herd lies in ambush

close by, awaiting an opportunity (which usually occurs while the herd. is

. busily engaged feeding), and then springs out, seizes a calf by the leg, just

above the pad, and bolts. The herd after his attack is on the qui vive, so he

keeps out of the way, but while they are moving off to fresh ground the tiger

follows ; the little one being lame, probably lags behind, thus giving the tiger

another chance, If he does not get one he waits till the herd settles down

again to feed, and then when the opportunity offers he makes another dash

at his victim and invariably bites a second limb. The calf is now hors de

combat, and the tiger knows that he has only to wait, since the herd, if large,

cannot stay long in one place ; twenty or thirty animals will soon clear all the

“tit bits” on the ground where they are feeding, or they may want water, so

the young one has to be left behind, I believe, however, that they will not

abandon a calf until they are forced, As soon as the herd is clear, the tiger

finds a young beast an easy prey, and no doubt avery excellent meal, In

January last a tiger attacked acalfin acane-brake, The little fellow was

erying pitifully; his legs were so badly bitten that he was really unable to walk

afew yards, so had to be shot. Two cows were on guard, and charged so

furiously that they also had to be killed. All this occurred within fifty yards

of a main track through the jungle. The people sometimes catch a “rogue”

or other destructive beast by means of pitfalls. These are made in the

following manner :—The point selected for digging a pit is on one of their

well-known tracks to certain water or cultivation, and usually at a spot where

the grass or jungle is very thick, The pit having been dug, all traces of fresh

earth are removed, and the mouth is then carefully concealed with bamboos,

elephant grass,etc. After this a good amount of fresh droppings is procured

and these are thrown over the grass. This ruse tends to throw an animal

off his guard, and so he falls into the trap. The men then turn out

and destroy the animal with spears ora gun, Karens now and again capture

one or two with the aid of tameelephants. Considering their great size

elephants are wonderfully active—climb up and go down steep places

ina surprising manner ; and they are also excellent swimmers. When in

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCEITY, Vol. X1.

deep water, the whole Lody is immersed ; only the end of the trunk is kept

above water.

Value of Elephants—In a country like Burma the great value of these

creatures can readily be appreciated, large areas being covered with dense

impenetrable jungle, immense marshy tracts, steep hills and deep ravines ;

added to which the whole country is intersected by rivers, large and small.

In the absence of waterway ina place suchas described, elephants are more

than useful—they are indispensable ; they can with ease penetrate the dense

and pathless jungle, their great size and weight causes them to leave a very

fair track as they move along ; they can cross wide rivers, ford fast-running

streams, carry men and baggage across swamps and heavy marshes penetrable

to no other kind of transport animal, The value of an animal for transport

purposes possessed of such strength and docility cannot be over-estimated.

In Burma elephants are largely employedin the timber trade ; in fact, the

great commerce carried on in this line may be said to depend almost entirely

on elephant-labour. The timber being scattered over wide areas of country

without roads or slips, the logs have to be dragged by elephants through

the jungle, over ridges, down ravines, and finally pushed into the floating

streams, when, owing to the immense strength of these animals, they can

stand in the strong current and sort the timber for rafting, clear it when

the logs get jammed, and push them back into the water whenstranded. In

the large timber yards in Rangoon, Moulmain, etc., they have to haul the

logs out of the river, bring them up to the sawbench, and after they are

heaped, the elephants remove and stack them as neatly as if done by human

hands, and inall these operations they are cheap and mostefficient. It is

quite one of the sights in Burma to see the timber-yard animals at work.

Powers of Endurance-—Though such enormous creatures, they are con-

stitutionally delicate. I fear that, through lack of appreciation of this

fact, these animals have not received the amount of attention they justly

deserve ; and owing to the popular opinion that they are very strong, they

have been too highly tasked, A great deal of the ill-health and mortality

amongst elephants may well be ascribed to this cause, It cannot be too

forcibly impressed on those persons entrusted with the care of public animals

that untiring and vigilant superintendence over the attendants is the means,

above all others, for the proper preservation of the efficiency of the animals

committed to their charge. They must remember that the class of men

usually employed with transport, if left to themselves, are, from general

indolence, carelessness, or from a desire to avoid the fatigue and hardships of

a campaign, quite liable to render their animals unserviceable. Ample super-

vision enables the carrying out of systematic checks against carelessness, and

still more of checks to malpractices, A little neglect will often deprive a force

of the valuable services of many animals,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, Ue eeay a

Purchasing.—To begin with, it will perhaps be as well to mention the points

of a healthy elephant,

The animal is in constant motion, with the ears flapping, and the tail and

trunk swinging to and fro, The skin is almost black, and the bristles covering

the body are firm to the touch; the light-coloured spots on the head and trunk

are of a pinkish colour ; the eye is bright and clear, pulse from 48 to 50 per

minute ; mucous membranes of mouth, etc,, are of a beautiful pink colour ;

the back is free from scars ; a moist secretion exudes around and above the

nails, and is easily seen by throwing a little dust on the parts ; the pads are

hard, and free from tenderness ; any signs of the latter may readily be

detected, asthe tender patches are smooth and of a yellowish-pink colour.

If the appetite is good, the animal sleeps fora few hours every night, and

on waking commences to feed,

The signs of ill-health are general languor, the skin looks greyish in colour,

as also do the spots on the head and trunk ; the mucous membranes are pale

or deep red, with or without dark blotches on the palate; pulse is abnormal,

appetite is lost; the animal does not take proper rest; eyes are dull, and

there is frequently a copious flow of tears; there is usually fever, and the

animal may be out of condition, As with other things, when buying

elephants the purchaser should not be ina hurry, as his bargains may not

afterwards prove to be all he desired, A little time should be taken to ascertain

the idiosyncrasies of the beast about to be bought. The manner in which

the keeper goes about his charge should be noted. Some animals are very

full of tricks, and, 1f not approached to their liking, may attacka new

keeper, or if timid, be scared for ever, The animal should be marched about,

andthe pads carefuliy inspected after exercise ; itis a common thing to

fill up holes in the pads with stopping.

Burmans look upon elephants with certain habits with superstitious dread ;

Such creatures may be bought at very moderate figures, An elephant

showing a peculiar general restlessness of the body somewhat after the

manner of a bear,is much dreaded, as also is a creature that has the habit

of swinging his trunk only to the right and left,

The height of elephants is measured in cubits, The cubit is about

twenty inches,

With regard to age, the appearance of an old animal is as follows :—The

head is lean, deep hollows are present over the eyes, there is frequently a

certain amount of opacity around the margin of the cornes (Arcus senilis),

and an abnormal flow of tears, The edges of the ears are torn and frayed ;

the skin of the trunk is rough, something like shark skin ; the trunkitselt seems

to have lost a certain amount of its suppleness ; the skin over the body is much

shrivelled ; the tailis hard, and the end may be devoid of hair ; the skin

around the nails presents a rough or warty appearance ; the legs are thinner

than they ought to be, Other indications of age are, the general appearance,

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURA HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

and an awkward mode of progression, etc. A rough guess at the age may

be made by observing the condition of the ears, the upper edges of which

lap over to the extent of an inch at the age of thirty, which increases to two

inches between this age and sixty years. The teeth also afford some infor-

mation asto probable age ; itis, however, most difficult to determine with

any degree of certainty the age of these animals.

(From the “ Agricultural Ledger, 1896, No, 42,”)

No. XIV.-GUM FROM THE WEAVER’S BEAM TREE,

(Schrebera Swietenioides, Roxb,)

Can any of our members furnish me with information regarding the gum

thrown off by this tree,'which is found in Central India and particularly in the

forest parts of the Gwalior State? The aborigines eat the gum when travel-

ling, and say that it tends to keep off hunger and thirst, thus enabling them

to go for several days without proper food. The gum tastes like bad brown

sugar,

C. MARIES, |

GWALIOR STATE GARDENS, 18th July, 1897.

No, XV.—WOUNDED TIGERS.

Having read with much interest an article on following up wounded

tigers by Mr. Gilbert, published in the Society’s Journal (Vol. IX, page 61),

it has lately occurred to me that, without having any pretensions to the

experience of that gentleman, the relation of some attempts of my own

in the same direction, attended with more or less success, might also prove

of interest to others. I have not the above-mentioned article by me at the

present moment, but, so far as my memory serves, no mention is made in

it of discovering the position of a wounded tiger (or panther) in thick cover,

by means of ‘village buffaloes. As most shikaris are aware, the village

buftalo to be met with near villages well out in the jungle, is a much

finer-built animal than those usually seen near towns, or where there is

much cultivation ; and several instances are on record where these animals

have combined and given an unwary tiger a very bad time of it, SirS. Baker

in “ Wild Beasts and their Ways”’ mentions an instance of this; there is

also the delightful story of the death of Sher Khan in Kipling’s “‘ Jungle

Book,” Hence it is a fairly common custom in some parts of the Deccan,

when dealing with a wounded tiger which has taken refuge in cover, to

collect as many buffaloes as possible and have them driven backwards and

forwards through the cover, until the wounded animal is located and his

exact position known—theoretically, the herd, more especially if composed

of old bulls or cows with calves, will, on finding the tiger, form battle

array, and either bear down on him en masse, or should he charge out,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 327

administer such punishment as to make him glad to retire if still able to do

so; in the meanwhile the shikari himself, who is presumably either follow-

ing the herd or posted in a position to command the scene of operations,

watches his opportunity for ashot, either before the buffaloes have made

up their mind to assume the offensive or when the tiger has determined

on retreat, I think it may be assumed, in the great majority of cases at any

rate, that a tiger when wounded (even slightly) will not try to evade the

buffaloes and slink away unperceived. The above is the theory based

on sound general principles, by thé practical application of which everything

may work out smoothly and the tiger be finished off without any great

danger. Let us now take individual instances where everything was not

perfection.

(A.) On 20th April, 1892, at about 3 p.m.,1I shot at and wounded a tiger.

When last seen at about 6 p.m. it was going lame in forequartors, so

apparently was hit in foreleg. Next day left camp at 9 a.m., with 38

buffaloes, including several old bulls; at about 12 p.m., having come 5 miles,

these were driven in a more or less compact line through some grass jungle

where the tiger was last seen, There was no trace of anything in it, On

the far side was a stretch of burnt ground perfectly bare, except for a few

scattered clumps of bamboo leading to a deep pool of water. The herd

was driven over this burnt bit within a few yards of the bamboos, towards

the water, into which latter they at once plunged. I was following some

ten yards behind the herd, and had given up all hope of finding the tiger

just then, when a native said that it was lying behind one of the clumps

growing at the base of a steep hill, so.went back and:looked from about 30

yards off, but could see nothing, Thinking that the man was either mistaken

or that the tiger was dead (the buffaloes having given no sign), I fired one

barrel into the clump, ‘The result was the immediate appearance of a very

angry and lame tiger rushing towards me—fired second barrel into its mouth

and got the brain, In this case the whole herd had passed within five yards

of the tiger over open ground without giving any sign of its presence. On

examining the body I found that on the first day one bullet had broken a

foreleg low down near the wrist joint so to speak, whilst a second had raked

the animal from behind nearly the whole length of the body, causing much

internal bleeding.

(B.) On 21st April, 1894, shot at and wounded a big tigress in the

Central Provinces, She was accompanied by two well-crown cubs—a

difficult shot through intervening branches of trees and tangle, only loins

and hindquarters being visible; knew that she was wounded, but not badly,

somewhere in the hindquarters, Next day collected nearly a hundred

buffaloes, including some old bulls and a good many cows with calves,

On arriving near the ground, which was about 10 miles from camp, left the

buffaloes and went to reconnoitre saw tigress and got difficult shot, as she

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

was lying in some short grass, at a white patch of hair which I took to be

that on her face; bullet took effect somewhere in vicinity of head or neck,

The buffaloes were then driven into the cover; when about 20 yards from

where the tigress was supposed to be, she stood up and roared loudly, once.

This caused a general stampede of the whole herd, every one of which made

off as hard as they could go, The tigress did not move a yard, but lay down

again inthe same spot, where she was eventually finished off without again

employing the buffaloes, The roar was almost her last effort, as when next

seen, within half an hour afterwards, she was barely able to stand, and when

examined subsequently, it was found that the second bullet had struck her

rather low down on one side of the head in line with the ear, and from

the hemorrhage of this wound she was gradually succumbing,

These two instances sufficiently illustrate some of the possibilities which

may cccur from time to time. In the first case although the dénouement

was somewhat unexpected, the employment of buffaloes in the manner

described enabled me to explore the ground where the tiger was last

seen, and eventually to approach the animal itself without incurring

more than what I consider was a fair sporting risk; that the result

was nearly being disastrous was entirely due to my own inexperience

and stupidity in firing at a dangerous animal through a clump of bamboos

without even being able to see the object ; whilst in my own case this

too had its uses, for I am not likely to make the same mistake

again. In the second case, the thickness of the cover and nature of the

ground made the work of locating the animal almost impossible without

the help of buffaloes, unless indeed beaters had been employed in their

place ; but to this I am personally strongly opposed, There are men,

I believe, who have no compunction in~ allowing practically unarmed

beaters to penetrate jungle more or less dense and endeavour to drive

the wounded tiger out towards themselves; in many cases there may

be little real danger, provided the beaters have some experience of the

nature of the animal, and keep together in groups of four or five, but to

permit them to incur the undoubted risk of being mauled by an animal

rendered dangerous, and very probably aggressive by reason of its wound

or wounds, is, in my opinion, both cruel and unnecessary. In this

connection I can call to mind an official of mature years and considerable

experience, who enjoyed an unenviable notoriety for the number of beaters

who had been killed or mauled in his service ; at length matters came to such

a pass that he resorted to the expedient of filling the hollow points of his

bullets with strychnine, and in this manner “ inoculated tigers,” to use what

is, I believe, his own expression, This method may have its advantages

from an humanitarian point of view, and may have been the means of

preventing a certain number of fatalities, but as to its merits and demerits,

from a sporting point of view, I leave it to others to decide. It has always

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 329

seemed to me that no one should go out into the jungle with the avowed

purpose of shooting, or endeavouring to shoot, tigers (and ;who is there,

now-a-days, who has not done so ?) unless fully prepared (to use a colloquial

but very expressive phrase) to “see the show through ””—by which I mean,

incur all personal risk and shrink from no amount of personal exertion,

when by so doing a wounded animal may be brought to bag. There are

cases, no doubt, when a combination of circumstances may render it almost

impossible to carry out this principle in its entirety ;but in that part of

India, at all events, to which reference is made in this article, viz., the

southern part of the Central Provinces and the country lying generally

between the Tapti and the Godavery, such cases must be rare during the

hot weather—at any rate when so much of the jungle is burnt or dried up.

Before finally dismissing the subject of using buffaloes in the manner

indicated, I would add a word of warning to those desirous of trying the

experiment, It is :—Do not, when following the herd, keep too close behind

them, as in the event of a sudden stampede you are likely to be run over ; by

keeping near trees, usually to be found scattered about, this danger may

be avoided. |

Let us now consider the case of a tiger which has been wounded, perhaps

early in the day, so that there are still some hours of daylight remaining.

The shikari is naturally unwilling to go back to camp without at least making

some further attempt ; the thought that perhaps the tiger may be lying dead

within a few yards has lured on many a man before now, or even if he has

learnt by experience to mistrust all evidence, in the case of a wounded

animal, which points to death until he has actually pulled its tail or satisfied

himself in some other way that there is no question about its demise being

a reality, still it is tantalising to know that the animal for which you

have perhaps toiled hard and toiled often is now lying more or less “done

for” within a short distance—to know that perhaps on the morrow by the

time buffaloes have been collected and all arrangements made for a thorough

search, you may only find a swollen carcase and a ruined skin—or worse still,

to find that he has vacated during the night without leaving any address—

there is also a feeling of unwillingness to admit defeat, even though it may

be only temporary, which spurs a man on to do something then and there

instead of returning quietly, like a wise man, to camp and make arrangements

for the next day, uch, at all events, have been my own feelings more than

once, and inthe expectation that they will be, or have been, those of others

‘as well, I will now describe the procedure which has proved effective on’

occasions of this kind. A tiger had been wounded, apparently not very

badly, and had laid up in thick grass jungle reaching about up to the waist ;

first of all men were posted on high ground or in trees all round, but some

distance from the cover into which the animal had been marked. These had

instructions to at once call out if they saw anything move, otherwise to

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

keep perfectly silent; then with a few picked men I myself slowly made

my way from tree to tree inside the cordon thus formed, towards the centre,

sending up flankers into the trees on both sides of me to examine the ground

immediately to the front and flanks ; bushes and thick patches of grass into

which it was difficult to see were stoned by the menin trees from a supply

provided for that purpose, particular attention was paid that no attempt

should be made to explore the ground too far ahead whilst proceeding

in this way, as by so doing places in the immediate vicinity might escape

proper search ; also that stones were only thrown at marks specified, and

then cnly when instructed by me, so that I could concentrate all my

attention on each spot in turn and so guard against surprise,

Having at length arrived at about 80 yards from where the tiger was

supposed to be lying without having received any indications of its presence,

I was not sorry to hear a man callout fromthe very top of a small tree

close by that he could see a portion of the animal’s skin. Giving my rifle

to one of the four or five men who had collected near, I told the man in the

tree to come down and myself proceeded to take his place. Having reached

the topmost branch, which was very slender and swayed most unpleasantly,

T called for the rifle, Just as I did so, out came the tiger from about 80

yards off, bounding over the grass towards the knot of men standing at the

foot of the tree. After coming on about 50 yards or so, it lost heart, or did

not think it “ good enough,” as, whisking round, back it went again, and by the

time I could get hold of the rifle was out of sight. Asit was now getting

dark, we returned to camp and eventually bagged it with the help of

buffaloes next day.

On another occasion I was wandering through the jungle early one morning

looking for a suitable place in which to tie up a hela—two natives followed

some distance behind—on the bank of a stream met a small crocodile

making for the water and shot it, leaving the two natives to bring it along,

I went on ahead, but had not proceeded more than 300 yards, when my

progress was arrested by a deep narrow nullah overgrown with grass which

crossed the path at right angles, Iwas standing on the bank of this and

inwardly debating as to whether it would afford sufficient cover for a tiger

to lay up in after killing in the vicinity, when from almost under my feet,

and certainly not more than ten yards away, out bounded a fine tiger looking

exactly like a long striped barrel on legs, and with a cough or two made ot

at full gallop across an open space on the other side of the nullah, about

60 or 70 yards across, Hastily cocking, I managed to get oif both barrels, the

second just as he was disappearing, Calling up the two men and pursuing the

method \just described, I gradually worked across the open space and arrived

at the spot where the tiger was last seen by me, Here we were brought

to astop by a small hollow having a precipitous drop of some 20 feet, Not

seeing anything here :we were proceeding ‘along the edge of this -hollow at

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. — DUNN SUM

right-angles to our previous course when one of the men happened to look

behind him, and there was the tiger lying fully exposed in the hollow not

more than 30 yards away and just able toraise its head, a bullet through

which concluded the proceedings, I ought to mention that I had not the

slightest idea asto whether my bullets had taken effect or not, but rather

inclined to the belief that both shots had missed; stillit is always as well

to make certain, if possible, and it sometimes, as in this case, pays well

to do so,

Just one more instance, In December, 1896, a tiger was wounded ina

beat, and, from certain indications, pretty badly. It lay up in a patch of

thick bush jungle with grass up to a man’s chest, A gurgling moan was

distinctly audible for about a quarter of an hour after the animal was

wounded and then ceased, Pursuing the same tactics as before, an approach

to within 30 yards of where the tiger was supposed to be was gradually

achieved without result of any kind. From herea man spotted the body

from a tree, Stones having no effect, a nearer examination and more stoning

confirmed the native’s surmise ; for the animal had been dead half an hour

or more,

I had intended to have added other instances within my personal knowledge

regarding armed beaters walking up a wounded animal as recommended

inthe Badminton Library, and the question of stopping a charge, but the

present article has reached such an unexpected length that these must be

deferred to some future occasion,

J.H, VANDERZEE, Lievt.,

Indian Staff Corps,

Savon, UPPER Borma, July, 1897,

No, XVI—FOWLS KILLED BY TICKS,

The serial Indian Museum Notes, issued by the Trustees of the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, Vol. IV, No. 2, contains the following information

regarding the ticks which killed a number of fowls belonging to the late

Mr, N. 8. Symons, in Bandra, during March and April, 1895 :—

“On the 14th April, 1895, numerous living specimens of a tick were

forwarded to the Indian Museum by Mr. H. M. Phipson, with the information

that they were infesting fowls to the extent of killing them, in the neigh-

bourhood of Bombay. The ticks proved to be new to the Indian Museum

collection, so specimens were submitted to Mr, A, D. Michael for his

examination, Mr, Michael, ina letter dated 16th May, 1895, wrote :—‘ The

ticks which you send are the common Argas reflexus of Fabricius, I think

the Argas persicus of Fischer of Waldheim is really the same species ;

if there be any distinction, probably your specimens would be considered

to be A, persicus, but Ido not believe that there is, The species seems

to be distributed practically over all temperate and tropical countries where

332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT,

the pigeons, fowls, &c., on which it lives are present, It is quite possible

that it kills the fowls if it be numerous, The bite is bad, particularly in hot

countries; the Persian specimens were once supposed to be capable of

killing human beings, which is probably incorrect; still it is quite possible

that the bites inflame seriously in great heat,’

“* The Argas isa difficult thing to. get rid of, as it is most tenacious of life,

and it is far from easy to kill it without killing the fowl; probably sulphur

or carbolic acid would have the best chance, Those you sent alive were

still alive and quite well when I opened them,’ ”

No, XVIIL—THE OCEANIC TEAL (WARECA GIBBERIFRONS),

When I arrived at Port Blair in May, these teal where in good-sized flocks,

resorting principally, at low tide, to two little rocky islets, up the harbour,

known as Bird Island and Oyster Island, I did not go after them at that

time myself, not having a boat ; a fair, though not large number, were killed

by some of the officers stationed here, I believe eleven was the result of

four barrels on one occasion! As the monsoon commenced and the harbour

became rougher, at the beginning of June, these flocks of teal broke up into

smaller parties of 5 or 6 to a dozen or so, and retired to the creeks and

dyke-intersected marshes, a little inland, near Bamboo Flat and Port Monatt,

Towards the end of June these small parties commenced to break up into pairs ;

about this time I shot several, and in the paired birds I found the testes of

the drakes enlarged, but the ovaries of the females were, as yet, in ordinary

condition, In the “ Game Birds of India” Mr. Hume mentions a single nest

being found in August, and I should think that August or the end of July

would be the usual time of laying. Iam afraid Iam not likely to finda

nest,as there are so many hundreds of acres of suitable breeding ground,

and the birds are comparatively few.

The Oceanic Teal feed a good deal in the paddy fields ai night; under

cover of darkness, too,a few birds aften drop into small tanks at Aberdeen

within a few yards of bungalows and buildings, Whenin flocks they are

very wild, but in pairs, on the small channels among the marshes, I found

them very tame, I have often been able to creep up to the water’s edge

and watch a pair swimming quietly about within ten yards of me for some

time, On one occasion I came right on to a pair under an overhanging bush,

and they only fluttered, like waterhens, along the surface for twenty yards

or so, then pitched and commenced swimming away, so that I was able to

kill one on the water and the other as it rose, from where I stood. Of course

birds that have been shot ata bit go clean away at the first alarm. On these

creeks they associate with the common Whistling Teal, and I have watched

the two species in close company on the water, though the Oceanic Teal

separate from the others when put up. The only thing I noticed about

them, which I do not think has been recorded, is that they have a “ quacking ”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 333

note as wellas alow whistle, One day a party of 8 or 10,at which some

shots had been fired, after wheeling round and round overhead for some

time, pitched on a narrow channel, within 30 yards of me, as I stood

concealed inthe bushes onthe bank, I watched them for some minutes,

when another pair, frightened by some distant shots, came scurrying over ;

the birds onthe water all twisted their heads up and set up aloud rapid

quacking call note which they kept up for some minutes; the new-comers

circled round several times, but probably seeing the top of my topee,

concluded not to join their companions in their fancied security. The flight

of this teal is fairly fast : occasionally when they have been kept on the

wing forsome time a party willstoop downto the surface of a creek as

though they meant to pitch, and then change their minds and rise again,

When executing this mancuvre they rush past at a tremendous pace, The

broad white wing-bar, in this species, is most conspicuous when the bird

is on the wing,

Winged birds promptly swim for the nearest cover, into which they scuttle

off at a great pace and are generally lost without a dog, One I shot swam

steadily along in front of a Pathan convict who was swimming after it,

in the capacity of a retriever,and though hard pressed made no attempt to

dive till it reached the bank, where it was caught, One of the officers

stationed here has a live bird in captivity which was pinioned by a shot some

months ago, It thrives wellon paddy, but has not become very tame, It

spends most of the day asieep, with its head resting in the plumage of the

back, The local sportsmen have christened them “ Gibberies,”’

They are rather difticult birds to skin, being very fat, and having, fora

duck, rather a tender skin, They seem to average about 15 oz, in weight,

A, L, BUTLER,

Port Brarr, July, 1897.

No, XVIII—OCCURRENCE OF THE GARGANY TEAL

IN INDIA DURING JULY.

With reference to notes published in various papers this year referring to

the late stay of Wild Fowl, Ishota teal which I take to bea female of

Querquedula circia (Linn.), the “ Gargany Teal,’ here,on the evening of the

24th instant, It was out of a lot of three, consisting of a male and two

females, and it was in good condition, but on dissection there were no signs that

the bird was breeding, This is, of course, an early teal to return to us, but

is not this an unusually early date ? At thesame time I saw three or four

other duck, but in the distance. I was not, unfortunately, able to skin the

bird myself, so it has been fearfully mangled, but Iam sending sufficient to

identify the bird. Please inform meif I am correct in my identification.

R, H. RATTRAY, Mayor,

JHELUM, 27th July; 1897, 22nd Punjab Infantry. :

334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

No, XIX.—NESTING OF THE LITTLE FORK-TAIL,

(ICROCICHLA SCOULERT.,)

T was lucky enough to find two nests of No, 637 (Oates), Microcichla scouleri

the Little Fork-tail, at Mussoorie this year, The first nest was found in a

hole in rock on the bank of the Aglar River, at an elevation of about 3,500

feet, the female bird being shot off the nest, The nest was very loosely made

of a little moss and a few skeleton leaves, I tookit out, butit fell to pieces

in my hand, The nest contained three fresh eggs, large for the size of the

bird, long and oval in shape, and a good deal pointed at the small end ; colour

white, with a faint pink tinge covered with numerous tiny pale red

specks, most numerous at large end ; very little gloss, but fine and satiny to

touch ; this nest was found on 17th June, The second nest was found on

21st June, at Kemptee Falls, at about 4,000 feet,and was on a small shelf of

rock under a waterfall : nest and eggs exactly similar to first, Hume in ‘‘Nests

and Eggs”’ states that Jerdon had nest and eggs brought to him, and describes

them as similar to Henicurus maculatus, but smaller, I am of opinion that the

eggs of some other bird must have been brought to him, as mine are not

in any way like a large series of H. maculatus in my possession. I am

certain of my eggs, as the female was in each case shot off the nest, I am

sending one clutch, with skin, for you to show at the next meeting, but please

return them to me afterwards,

Size, largest COCrcccssssserenrerscscasceessersse “C4! X °63!!

Pegnstialleshiee esccse.eshadtecncwsmar=sreclil ii i(UmeKom

Average of Six €298......06 Sereeppconotco pense Oae iepeoly

This is, I believe, the first time authentic eggs have been taken,

R, H. RATTRAY, Masor,

JHELUM, 27th July, 1897. 22nd Punjab Infantry,

No, XX.—CATS AS A PROTECTION AGAINST SNAKES,

Tt is well known that the presence ofa dog in the house, in this country,

constitutes a considerable protection against snakes, as our canine friends

appear to have a strong antipathy to all reptiles. Their sight is not

particularly good in the dark, but their sense of smell generally enables them.

to detect the presence ofa snake, and one frequently hears of cases in

which dogs have rendered very valuable service in this manner, Until lately,

however, 1 should not have included cats as being of much use in the same

direction, but the following circumstance shows that their presence is a

considerable safeguard,

Last night I was disturbed by the noise made by two cats at the back of

the house, just outside the dining-room, They kept rushing across the foot-

path and generally attracted attention by their unusual behaviour, One of

the servants went to see what was the cause of the disturbance, and he found

a Daboia (Vipera russellii), which he promptly killed-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 335

This is the second instance, which has lately come to my knowledge, of

poisonous snakes being found through the instrumentality of cats,

T, 8. WEIR, Sure.-Lieor,-Cot,

BomsayY, 2rd August, 1897,

No, XXIL—TUSK MEASUREMENTS OF THE

ASIATIC ELEPHANT,

In Blanford’s “ Mammalia of India ” and in Rowland Ward’s “ Great Game

of the World” the record tusk of an Asiatic elephant mentioned is the late

Sir Victor Brooke’s from Mysore, 8’ long, 163” in circumference, and 90 lbs, in

weight ; therefore the following measurements, which I have taken to-day

of the collection of tusks in the Royal Siamese Museum, Bangkok, may be of

interest, As far as I can ascertain, these tusks are all from Siam ; there are two

of 9’ and over, five of 8’ and over, twelve of 7’ and over, six of 6’ and over, ten

of 5’ and over, five of 4’ 6” and over, and numerous shorter ones, The length

is measured along the outside curve of the tusk ; the large ones being mount-

ed upright in wooden sockets, it is difficult to get the exact length to an inch

in many cases, but I have tried to do so, and in case of doubt have taken the

smaller measurement, Owing to their being thus mounted I have been unable

to ascertain their weight, The thickest tusk is a single one, 7’ 7” in length and

203” in circumference,

The measurements of the four finest pairs are as follows :—

Length. Circumference,

742, 7! 4g" ; 163, 163/", A massive, even pair.

7! 83", 7! gl! 133", 133”. Poimts of tusks much worn.

83", 8l 4l 143”, 143”, A slender, symmetrical pair,

90", 9! 103! 1532/7, 154",

The fourth pair belonged to an elephant, said to have been 90 -years old,

which died in Bangkok some twenty years ago, andI think they must be the

record pair for Asia.

8, 8. FLOWER, Lizvt., 5th Fusiliers,

( Temporarily lent to the Siamese Government,

BANGKOK, 17th July, 1897. as Scientific Adviser, R.S.M. ),

No, XXII—PLANTS OF A BOMBAY SWAMP.

With reference to Mr. Woodrow’s paper in the last number, I am interested

in what he says of Hrythrina indica as appearing in your Bombay swamps and

as having more the appearance of a truly wild tree than other examples near

Bombay have, The truth is that Erythrina indica (The Pangara) is one of the

commonest of Indian sea-coast trees all round the Andamans, Nicobar and

Burmese Coasts, and all along the sea-face of the Sunderbuns it is one of the

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

very commonest species, but nobody ever found it truly wild anywhere except on

a sea-coast. There are many species exactly like this, one of the best known

being Dalbergia monosperma, which is absolutely limited to the coast, and

will not even grow elsewhere. I knowitis given in Mr. Birdwood’s list of

Mahableshwar plants, but this is, of course, a slip, though I wonder what

the species is that has been mistaken for Dalbergia monosperma, What

Mr. Woodrow says of Scoparia dulcis is also most interesting, but it is very

much otherwise on this side of India, for the species has spread thronghout

both the Shan Hills and the Kachin Hills, and yet, from the fact that Roxburgh

omits it, we may safely conclude it was not in Bengal a hundred years ago,

although it is one of the commonest and one of the most intractable of our

weeds now.

D, PRAIN, Sure.-Carr,

CaLcurra, August, 1897,

No, XXIII.—_THE BLUE ROCK THRUSH (PETROPHILA SOLITA RIA),

Mr, H, Littledale,in the last number of this Journal, speaks of a Blue

Rock Thrush (P. cyanea?) tackling a lizard, but he seems to think that

the bird only did so through mistaking the lizard’s tail for a worm,

Probably, however, the thrush knew perfectly well what he was about,

for all his kind are most omnivorous feeders, and lizards are not ai all out-of-

the-way articles of diet for them. I once collected a great number of the

birds of this genus with a view to obtaining connecting links between cyanea

and solitaria, and amongst these birds I shot one which had swallowed a

lizard so long that at least the final three inches of the tail was still projecting

from its mouth although the head was firmly fixed in the gizzard and was

rapidly undergoing digestion. I suppose in ashort time the whole of the

lizard would have been taken in and used, as the bird did not seem at all

inconvenienced by its strange meal, The bird looked very queer hopping

about witha huge tongue-like affair hanging from its mouth, and a gentleman,

Mr. H, Pearson, who was with me, and I also, made the most wild speculations

as to what it was until we had shot it,

Ihave found grain in their stomachs sometimes and also asmall fruit

or two, but their main diet had always been animal, and I think small snails,

slugs and worms were the favourite articles,

E, C, STUART BAKER.

Hartone, Cacuar, 12th July, 1897. |

No, XXIV.—THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES.

Will you kindly give me space to invite the attention of members of the

Society to a subject which has received less attention than it deserves—lI mean

the migrations of butterflies, Huplwa core is not ordinarily a migratory

insect, It remains with us all the year, and may be found in the larva state at

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 337

all seasons on the oleanders in our gardens. Every year, however, for two

days in the beginning of June, it appears in unusual numbers, migrating

steadily northwards, The natives have noticed this, and say that the rain will

come three days after the butterflies, but I have not found this to be invari-

ably the case. This year the migration began on the 7th of June, the morning

after our first thunderstorm, but long before we had any regular monsoon

rain, lL imagine that the butterflies which migrate are those that are brought

gut from the pups of the previous season by the first heavy fall of rain, and

that they migrate to escape the monsoon. In that case it would be very

interesting to know where the movement begins and where it ends; also

whether there is any return along another route at any other season, or whe-

ther the hordes of the south go to increase the population of the north each

year. These points might easily be settled if a number of members in different

parts of the country would watch these butterflies aud make the result of their

observations known, Itis not necessary that they should know anything

about butterflies, for Huplea core cannot be mistaken for any other

species, It is a medium-sized, or large butterfly, with rather elongated

wings, of a dark brown, or blackish colour, with a border of white spois,

When migrating they pass in such numbers that it is impossible to look out of

the window without seeing them. With them there are generally a few of

Danais aglea and D. limniace, taking the same direction.

Another butterfly which certainly migrates, but more erratically, is Pyrameis

cardui, the “ Painted Lady.” At different times of the year, but most often,

I think, in June, large numbers of this species appear about the rocks on the

sea shore, or in other barren situations, and I am inclined to think that they

“are new arrivals from some other country, for this butterfly is cosmopolitan

and apparently a great wanderer, A certain number remain permanently with

us and breed on a common species of Blumea.

BH. H. AITKEN.

RATNAGIRI, August, 1897.

No. XXV.—OUR ANNUAL CATERPILLAR PEST AND ITS REMEDY.

I hasten to communicate to the members of the Society a discovery which

surely illustrates the economic value of a knowledge of natural history. I

daresay most of them have suffered, like myself, during the last month, from

_those little, hairy, black caterpillars which are the special pestilence of this

season, Originating apparently on the doorstep, and feeding on the invisible

flora of damp walls, they invade all parts of the house and take up positions

on chairs and tables, in your hat, or about your clothes, which make it impos-

sible to avoid coming into contact with them. From such contact they suffer

little, but the effect of their hairs on our skins does not pass off in a day,

They are the larve of a little moth, Nepiia conferta, and I may refer readers

of our Journal to an interesting account of their habits by Mr, H. 8, Wise in

338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

the 3rd volume, Till lately I supposed that these pests were secured against

the common enemies of insects by their armour of venomous hairs ; but I was

mistaken. Last week a portly toad found its way into my verandah, and

after eyeing one of them for some time, bowed to it, and it disappeared

in that magical way in which insects do disappear when toads are feeding,

After this the toad “studied” for a time, as Uncle Remus says, but seemed

to be pleased with the result, for it proceeded to make the rest of the cater-

pillars about it disappear in like manner. So it is evident that the lining of a

toad is proof against even the hairs of Nepita conferta. Had I known this

sooner I would have taken steps to import a regiment of toads,

E, H. AITKEN,

RATNAGIRI, August, 1897,

No, XXVI.—NOTES ON “HUME AND MARSHALL,”

It seems time for usto try to put together a series of notes on Hume and

Marshall's “Game Birds,” as McMaster did with Jerdon many years ago.

No doubt many men have marginal notes in their copies of the “ Game Birds,”

and though each individual's notes may be few, a considerable body of useful

comment might be got together by united action. As aspecimen of what

IT mean, I will take Hume’s account of the Sarus (Vol. III, p.2). Dr,

Anderson is quoted ina note as having been of opinion that he saw huge

flocks of the Sarus flying overhead in Yunan. It is probable that he was

mistaken, and that what he did see was a flock of the Demoiselle cranes.

I know that last cold-weather at the Null a friend and I blazed into a flock

of Kullum (A, virgo) at 25 yards flying, and both selected, for our first barrel,

a fine specimen, which turned out to ke a Sarus! ; shows the danger to Sarus

of bad company ; also the difficulty of distinguishing the species in a flock,

Hume (p. 4)says he does not believe that Sarus ever, in India, rise high

in air, and circle round as other cranesdo. Ihave seen the Sarus do this

repeatedly at over 100 yards up, in the hot-weather, near Muwal tank north

of Baroda, Also at other places, during the middle of the day. Hume says

that the Sarus eats frogs, Ihad a tame pair that would not do so, Their

call, Hume says (p.5),is loud and sonorous, This is true, but it does not

bring cut the point that itis generally a duet, which gives volume to the

sound, The male starts off with ascream, andthe female chimes in with

her staccato notes, The Sarus gather in large flocks near Baroda in March,

I once saw 200 in one flock when at Alindra, Generally one can see 50 or so

together at Muwal,

Possibly we might be able to get asuffcient body of notes in this way to

make a useful supplement to the “ Game Birds.” Some day I shall continue

my own notes, such as they are.

H. LITTLEDALE,

BARODA, August, 1897,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 339

No, XXVII.—DECOYING A MONKEY,

Yesterday about 10 a.m, a large male Langur Hanuman Monkey, (Semno-

pithecus entellus) paid a surprise visit to my compound, and it occurred to me

that it would be interesting to see whether we could succeed in decoying him

by means of two stuffed specimens of the same species which are in my pos-

session. These specimens were mounted by Rowland Ward some years ago

and are still exceedingly life-like, so I placed one of them on the branch of a

large tree and the other on the grass, close by, and then retired into the

house to watch the result,

Within a few minutes the monkey approached the stuffed dummy in the

tree, touched it on the shoulder and then withdrew his hand quickly. He

looked rather surprised andthe expression of his face was most amusing,

He then sat down in front of the dummy and leaning forward rubbed his

nose against its face. He again withdrew a little, being evidently greatly as-

tonished atthe marked coldness with which his friendly advances were

received, After a few minutes he descended from the tree and approaching

the other stuffed specimen was going through the same pantomime when one

of my tame chita cubs which are kept in an enclosure, close by, sprang over

the bamboo palings and charged atthe performers. The big monkey was

high up in a tree before the chita was well over the paling, but when he saw

dummy being knocked over, he worked himself up into a fearful state of

rage and excitement, shaking the branches violently and uttering harsh cries ;

in faci at one time he appeared to be on the point of coming down to the

rescue, but Iran forward and took the young chita away. I afterwards

removed this dummy and put it up in the tree near the other one and within

a short time the live monkey was seen quietly sitting beside these unsym-

pathetic companions,

G. 8S. RODON, Mavor,

DHARWAR, 1st September, 1897,

OBITUARY.

Dr. J. C. Lisbea.

A member of this Society and frequent contributor to these pages, passed

over to the majority, at Poona, on 1st May, 1897, aged 75, One of the early

disciples at the Grant Medical College, Bombay, Dr, Lisboa had a long and

‘successful career in Medicine, and having retired from practice occupied his

well-earned leisure in botanical investigation. He made grasses a special

subject of study and with the assistance and sympathy of his amiable and

accomplished wife, acquired a truly remarkable knowledge of the structure

and affinities of that very difficult group of plants. It is much regretted that

his health began to break down soon after he had decided to publish a list of

the Bombay Grasses which is at present in the press. In private life he was

all that good men wish to be, and his loss is widely deplored.

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 15TH JULY, 1897,

A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms on Thursday

the 15th July.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr, A. Morgan,

(Nilgiris), Mr. Marshall D, Taylor (Alipore), Mr. A. V. Wilkins (Alipore),

Rev. C. P. Cory (Theyetmyo), Cclonel G. D, F, Sulivan (Rawalpindi), Mr. R.

Pp. Allen (Madras), Surgeon-Lieutenant H, F, Walton, :M.B. (Bombay), Mr.

Robert Berry, C.E. (Arsekeri), Messrs, R. Friedlander and Son (Berlin),

Mr, J. B. Curtis (Calcutta), Lieutenant H. E, Winsloe, R. E, (Burma),

Mr, T, N. Hearsey (Kurnool), Major J. F, A. McNair, C, M. G. (England),

Lieutenant W.S8. Prentis (Burma), Mr. W. 0. Hannyngton (Burma), Mr, W.

P. Johnson (Bombay), Mr. Marshall F. Reid (Bombay), Mrs, E, Lawrence

(Bombay), Mr, H. C, John (Sindh), Mr. E, O. Cholmondeley (Indore), Mr. R.

McIntosh, I.F.S, (Cuddapah), Surgeon-Major H, E. Deane (Bombay), Mr.

H, Harrison, I.C.8. (Kolahpore), Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow (Poona), Mr, R.

M. Powell (Nandyal), Mr, W. A. Talbot (Belgaum), Mr, F. G. Pratt, I.CS.

(Sholapore), Captain CG. Nurse (Deesa), and B. Standen, 1.0.8. (Betul, C.P.)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged the following

contributions to the Society's Museum :—

Contribution. ‘ Description. Contributor.

Seychelle Leaf Insee t5|Phylléwm Scythe ceccccere ee»| Mv. McCann.

alive).

sin oa Skull of the Lesser] Vévervicula malaccensis......\Mr. R. C. Wroughton.

Civet Cat.

Scorpions from Ceylon ...... Col. A. G. Tidy.

1 Lesser Coneal from Ceylon.|Centropus Deng alensise. ene. Mr. A. L. Butler.

2 Spotted Owlets (alive) ...,Athene brama oeosrsreereceeses Mr. R. Baumbach.

1 Gmake .......sccccseeccsseerseees Dendrophis pictus ssere.evee Mr. C. Hudson, I.C.8.

A. Four-legged Chicken «| = anu ee Mr. W. J. K. Hunter,

A Number of Scorpions......) «=» canes Mr, H. Kemball.

1 Indian Squirrel (New Syitieus indious var, dealbat-\Mrs. Wroughton.

. Variety) alive.

1 Parrot Fish ..csccssssccscessseee Tetrodon PALOCH sserrereoene »(Mr, @. R. Long.

Land Shells from meer s0ca0e Mr. L. Morgan.

Beetles... Bocoseoncotid Son00c Do.

1 Dhaman (alive) Goddunonds0¢ Zamenis MUCOSUS ... ..|Miss Olive Lyons.

1 Chameleon (alive) ......... Chameleon calearorue 2 asecatoos Mr. D. G. Ommaney.

A Collection of Birds’ eanEeS e00000 Miss A. Dickinson.

1 Snake (alive)... soveeee| DPYOPNES MYCLETELANS o..0e00e- Mr, EH. §. Luard.

D Lizards .c...svcsvcrecevereeeee| Ophiomorus gies 94 006 Lieut. C. Woodhouse,

1 Snake (alive)... -|LYCOdOM GUIECUS coccece ..|Mr. EH. H. Elsworthy.

est and Hee of a . Megapod. Megapodius nicobaré iensis -e-|Lieut. Wilson, R.I.M.

600 Butterflies and Moths} = = = — eeeere Lieut, G. Warneford.

ss Oe

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. o41

———

Contribution. | Description, | Contributor,

| |

1 Snake ..... Goreusetaersavclecasss eecoten GULICUS ...00000002... Mr, H. O. Cholmondeley.

1) oy.) Soe saasie sit ayeesevac IBungarus cer ULES sevesereeses a Do.

2 Pied Crested Cuckoo s\Coccystes jacodinus ...eececess ‘Mr. Williamson.

(alive)

PP Coptal GILVC) ois. .ccesssevsees -|VGGG CViPWAEGNS v..0000...-se0 Lt, R. Gillespie, R.H.

Aetiimbeot birds; Hees...) | 1 wees Mr, C, Crommellin.

1 Pied Crested Ouckoo(Coccystes FCO BIR sheer My, A, Prentice.

(alive)

A Collection of Scorpions opo0ne Mr. G, R. Duxbury.

from Nasik

OreLEOM SINAN, seccscersnce|l) up bo epeeceee Mr. P. J, Corbett.

Eggs and Skin of Black-|Elanus coruleus ss.0.-.0000.../Lieut. C. D. Lester.

winged Kite

Freshwater Shells from speed Mr. S. B. Bates, V.Z.8,

Chindwin River

DRONA Cre ncs cereus ssseeeoacs soop004 Tropidonotus stolatus .. .|Mrs, Nicholson.

A Collection of Butterflies...) «=» averse Capt. F. E. Skey, R.E.

Skull of smaller Cashmere Sciwropterus UNO TEAEUE vo00e. Prof, H. Littledale.

Flying pace!

PRDUBICES cwcsscaces’ccasdseeetss eet Coluber hodgsons ...ccc.rcccres- Do.

PY Oetetececs -kecscrccassecsoccetes Ancistrodon PA GNOD Ss oa Do.

1 Chinkara Head. co ces sear eee| GGZCUG DENELbE s.,e00000eve000-e./ MT. Merony.

1 Monitor (alive).............. Varanus bengalensis . veeeseeo(Capt, F. Torrens-Griffin.

: Snake ...... senaosoen0s00 sreeee| 2 ropidonotus plumdicotor . »».|/Mr. T. Hewitt.

WL) AIBTOS escacacoksaneanedreerecrne Bungarus CETULEUS corer Do.

A Collection of Repti les from soncee “Mr, F.C. 8. Baker.

Cachar

A Number of Beetles and soonee Mr. Lawson Morgan.

Land Shells

Ener Hishes 61 Oy mle Pee) wie feceewe Mr, James Martin.

Ye 18%

1 Western Green Barbet|Megalaima viridis ............|Mr. Westbrook.

(alive)

LT Cobra Give) ....00..cs.ceoees4 NGG EVEPUDIGNS .e00000 jeoeeo(Mr. Anandrao Dalve.

DESMGRC ec cees occas ctioncenanacoad | Tropidonotus piscator.........|Mr, W. M. Bell.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

The Coccide of Ceylon, by E, Ernest Green, from the Author,

Photographs of the Doom Palm (Hyphene thebaica), from Mr, R. G. Webb,

“ Nature,” every week, from Mr, W. F, Sinclair.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :-—-

1, The poisonous properties of the sweet-scented Oleander (Nerium

_ odorum), by Surg.-Lieut.Col. K, R. Kirtikar, I.M\S., F.L.S,

2, Bombay Land and Freshwater Shells, Part II., by Lieut. A, J. Peile,

R.A.

3. The Birds of North Cachar, Part VIII., by E, C. 8. Baker, F.Z, S.

4, The Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan, by G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S.

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

5. Miscellaneous Notes,—

(a) The Great Indian Hornbill, in the Wild State, by Lieut-Col, C. T.

Bingham,

(b) The Great Indian Hornbill, in Captivity, by H. M, Phipson.

(d) The Kol Bhalu, by Capt. R, M. Betham,

(e) Notes on Crows, and on the Protective Power of Scent in Animals,

by S. Eardley- Wilmot,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 30Ta SEPTEMBER, 1897.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society Rooms on Thursday.

the 30th September, 1897, Mr. L, de Nicéville presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced : ~ Captain

W. F. Corbett (Cannanore) ; Mr. G. M. Ryan, I. F.S., (Thana) ; Mr, W. F.

Morison, I.C.S., (Sholapore) ; Surgeon-Lieutenant R. F, Standage, I.M.58.,

(Sholapore) ; Mr. W. F. D. Fisher, LF.S., (Sholapore); Mr D, M. Gordon,

(Burma) ; Mr. EK. C. B, Acworth (Bombay); Captain 0. Moss (Bombay) ;

Surgeon-Major R. W. S. Lyons (Bombay) ; Mr P. J. MacDonald (Calcutta) ;

Veterinary-Lieutenant F, S. H. Baldrey (Bombay) ; Veterinary-Lieutenant A,

S. Trydell (Nagpore); Veterinary-Captain A. E, Richardson (Allahabad) ;

Surgeon-Major ©. B. Maitland, I.M.S., (Neemuch) ; Honorable Mr. Justice

Strachey (Bombay) ; Mr. W. M. Green, L.F.S.,(Kurseong); Mr, H. A. Far-

rington, I. F.S. (Jalpaiguri); Mr. W. H. Lovegrove, I. F. 8. (Dehra Dun);

Captain F, G Batten (Burma); Mr. C. E. C, Fischer, I. F.S., (Kurnool) ;

Surgeon-Captain Edgar J, Morgan (Sialkote); Mr. A. B. Jackson, IFS.

(Nilambur); Surgeo.-Major A. G. Newland (Burma); Mr, B. Coventry,

LF.S., (Lahore); Mr. H. H. Forteath, LF.S., (Burma); Mr, A. Wood, LCS,

(Bombay); Mr. W. A. Hasted (Waltair) ; Mr. H. G. Young (Waltair); Mr, P.

W. Stevens (Gaya); Mr. Alex, McIntosh, C. E., (Cachar) ; Mr. G. F. H, Cather

(Upper Burma); Lieutenant 8. Delme-Radcliffe (Jubbulpur) ; Lieutenant

Johnstone Stewart (Tochi Field Force) ; Mr, P. W. Barker (Neschindipur);

Captain F. I. H. Barton (Lundi Kotal); Mr. J. P. Vaughan, I.C.S., (Sind) ;

Colonel W. S. Birdwood (Aden); Mr, W. D. Cumming (Persian Gulf) ;

Mr. F. E. H. Parratt (Chiegmal, Burma); Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie (Kur-

nool); Mr. J. W. C. Gardner (Jalpaiguri); Lieutenant H. W. Cruddas

(Upper Burma); Mr. A. H. A. Simecox, I.C.S., (Malegaon); Lieutenant

A, HE. Barnard (Rangoon); Surgeon-Lieutenant J. L. Marjoribanks, 1.M.8,

(Poona),

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 343

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Mr. H, &, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of

the following contributions to the Society's Museum since the last meeting:—

—

Contribution, Description. Contributor,

A number of scorpions from ere eneses Major R. H. Rattray.

Mussoorie.

1 Nightjar (alive) ... --.|Caprimulgus asiaticus ...(Ool. Gerard Martin.

1 Indian Monitor ... -..| Varanus bengalensis... .-e|Dr. D*Monte.

Fresh-water Shells from ddeusiewe Dr. D. Dalgado.

Sawantwadi.

1 Python (alive) ...

..|Python molurus 209 ...|Mr. Douglas Bennett.

1 Daboia

-.|Vipera russellii as .../Surg.-Lieut.-Col. T. Weir.

Land and Fres hew a CERT Me ores se oecie's Capt. H. Y. Watson.

Shells from Madras.

1 Indian Monitor ... ...|Varanus bengalensis .»./Mr. A. Francke,

Deep Sea Shells ... ae Moaveladels Miss Spragee.

A number of Insects from] Mr. J. A. Betham.

Darjeeling.

2 Snakes S00 -|Trackischium fuscum d02 Do.

Callophis macclellandii

J Chameleon (alive)... -»-|Chameleon calearatus Mx, A. C, Logan, I.C.S.

Land Shells from Kumar-{ — sseseoee 2 Mr. T. J. Hide.

gram.

1 Sand Lizard (alive) 280

1 Snake (alive) on0

1 Chameleon (alive)

1 Snake 20 306

Ophiomorus tridactylus ...|Capt. A. Hatch.

--|Lycodon aulicus ... ...|Mr W. Jardine.

--.|Chameleon calcaratus coc Wilibe 15 dale Fatal

--.|Homalopsis buccata..- ...|Surgeon-Major EH. French-

man.

-.|Cyon dukhunensis ... .../Mr, C, B. Brendon.

-..| ropidonotus plumbicolor ... Os

.-.|Spilornis cheela ae .... Mr. H. Wapshare,

..|Cizcus macrurus ... ane Do.

..|Hlanus coeruleus ... el Do.

...,Astur badius... aa 200} Da.

.|Tropidonotus pisecator ...|Mr, H. H. Brock,

Huplocamus cuvieri... ...|Capt. F, T. Williams,

Skull of Wild Dog ...

1 Snake 0

1 Cested Serpent-Eagle

1 Pale Harrier 200

1 Black-winged Kite

1 Shikra 606 Ab

1 Snake boo

A pair of Arakan Silver

Pheasants (alive).

1 Indian Monitor ...

--.|Varanus bengalensis ...Dr. C, Rodrigues,

A number of seashells .... == saeeeevee Mr. BE. H. Aitken,

Land shellsfrom Ceylon ...J = = seaseavee Mr. E. Ernest Green.

hamdtshells from) Thang “s..\) ey) | scns-cece Mr. G. M. Ryan.

1 Snake os oon --.{Callophis maculiceps ...|Mx, John Graham.

~1 Snake (alive) te .-./Dipses trigonata x. ...| Mr, A. M. Tod.

I Snake (alive) B05 ...|Dipsas forstenii S06 ...jouren.-Capt. H. Harold

Brown.

Sarus eggs , .. .{Grus antigone oe eee Mr, J. M. Gordon.

2 Batrachians soc ...|Lchthyophis glinosus ...|Mr, W. Mahon Daly.

1 Snake eee 900 ...| Lrimeresurus strigatus ...|Mr, A, J. Jardine.

1 Gaur’s skull was +o<|BOS QAULUS ove 000 ...(Mr, A. J. A. Jardine,

4 Banting’s skulls .., ---|Bos sondaicus soe ...| Vety.-Maj. G. Evans.

3 Brow-antlered Deers Cervus eldii ... o00 500 Do.

“skulls.

2 Hog-deers’ skulls ... .|Cervus porcinus os. ode Do.

1 Burmese Serow’s skull ...|Nemorhcedus Sumatrensis ... Do.

1 Goral’s skull see ~—- ee {Cemas goral ... nce ace Do.

_ 3844 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

= a

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

2 Cobras one sae eo Naja tripudians 255 ...| Vety.-Maj. G. Evans,

: Do.

2 Snakes 560 600 «..|1 ropidonotus stolatus

1 Golden Tree-Snake --.| Chrysopelea ornata ... soc Do.

1 Snake 200 pO ...\Cylindrophis rufus ... 500 Do.

Photographs of Game Birds.| = eweweavee Capt. F. T. Williams.

1 Mounted Skin of a Bin-jArctictis binturong ... ...|Le Baron Von Heecke-

turong renez.

1 Malay Palm-Civet... -..|Paradoxurus hermaphyo- Do.

ditus. ;

1 Wild Cat ... co0 ...|Pelis minuta... ose Sod). eBo000

A number of rare beetles}; = = seweeenee Capt. T. G. B. Finny.

from Kurrachee.

I Clutch of Bustard Quails’|Turnix taigoor

Eggs.

A number of Reptiles from| =| eweeve bn Mr. C. Maries.

Gwalior.

Land and Fresh-water Shells sanaooods ’ |My,’S. B. Bates.

from Upper Chindwin ; rH

Mand wehells £ moun |b Niel oe eel eecessens Mr. L. Morgan.

Nilgiris. |

.|Major A, A, Fraser.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Geological Description of Java and Madoura, Vols, I and IL, with com-

plete set of maps, from the Dutch Consul, Dr, Koch’s reports on Rinderpest,

from Veterinary-Major J. Mills, Oceanic Ichthyology (Goode and Bean),

2 vols., in exchange, Life History of the North, American Birds, in exchange.

The Fishes of North and Middle America, in exchange, Memoirs of the Geolo-

gical Survey of India for 1896, in exchange. New Indian Coccids (Green).

The Coccidz of Ceylon (Green), and Report on Orthezia insignis, an Insect

Pest (Green), from E, Hrnest Green. Journal of the Marine Biological

Association, Vol, IV, No. I, from Mr. W. F. Sinclair. Report on the Govern-

ment Experimental Farms at Poona and Surat, from Government.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed:—1, Camp Xit, by

John Wallace, C.E.2. The Jarge Indian Squirrel (Sciurus in licus) and its local

races or sub-species, by W. T. Blanford, F.R.S. 3. New species of Western

Peninsula Plants from North Kanara and Mysore, by W. A, Talbot, F.L.S. 4.

On some bats obtained in the Surat and Thana Districts by Mr. R. C. Wrough-

ton, by Oldfield Thomas, British Museum. 5, The Moths of India (supple-

mentary paper to the Volumes in the “Fauna of B, India”) by Sir

George F, Hampson, Bart., F.L.S., F.E.8. 6. List of the aculeate Hymen-

optera procured at Aden by Colonel Yerbury, R.A., and Captain Nurse, 1.8.C.,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 345

by Lieut,-Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.%., F. E.S, 7. Miscellaneous Notes :—

(a) The nesting of the white-browed bush bulbul in Guzerat, by Captain R.

M. Betham, (6) The occurrence of the watercock in Cutch, by Lieut. C, D.

Lester, (c) Wounded tigers, by Lieut. J. H. Vanderzee, I.8.C. (d) The

Oceanic Teal, by A. L. Butler. (¢) Occurrence of the Gargany Teal in

India during July, by Major R. H. Rattray. (f) Nesting of the little Forktail,

by Major R. A. Rattray. (g) Rais as a protection against snakes, by Surg.-

Lieut.-Col. T.S. Weir, (4) Tusk measurements of the Asiatic Elephant, by

Lieut. 8. 8. Flower. (¢) The Nepal Swan, by W. T. Blanford, F.B.S. (7) Plants

ofa Pombay swamp, by Surg.-Capt. D. Prain, (k) The blue rock thrush,

by H. C, Stuart Baker, (/) The migration of butterflies, by H, H. Aitken, (m)

Our annual caterpillar pest, by E. H. Aitken, (7) Notes on Hume and Marshall,

by H. Littledale, (0) Decoying a Monkey, by Major G. &. Rodon.

—"

J.G.Keulemans del Mintern Bros.Chromo lith. London.

THE BARRED-HEADED GOOSE

Anser indicus,

Nat sixe.

JOURNAL

OF THE

cs CA ee Aare :

Aatural History Soviet,

Vol. mi BOMBAY. | Nowicr

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.

By HE. ©. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.

Parr III, wits Puare IIl.

(Continued from page 198 of this Vol.)

Sub-Family ANSERINA.

This Sub-Family confains six genera, but of these the only one

represented in India is the familiar Anser ; we need not therefore trouble

about the key to the genera. The distinctive features of the Sub-

Family are:—hind toe not lobed and moderate in length, as is the neck,

the feet are palmated, and there is no cere.

Key to the Species.

a. Tomia distinctly arched, with indentations of upper mandible

quite apparent.

— a@! Nail of bill white.

a" Rump french-grey, no white on fore-

Head? : ...A, RUBRIROSTRIS.

b" Rump dark greyish-brown, white on

forehead.

a! White on the forehead, not reaching a

line between the eyes... ...A\, ALBIFRONS,

6" White on the forehead, reaching a line

_ between the eyes a wi, ERYTHROPUS.

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

b' Nail of the bill dusky or black.

c" An orange band round the median part

of the beak ; feet orange ...A, FABILIS.

d" A pink band round the median part of

the beak, feet pink, flesh colour ...A. BRACHYRHYNCHUS.

b. Tomia not very-arched. Head with two

black bands on the occiput and nape __...A. INDICUS.

Alternative Key.

a. Head with two dark bands as ...A, INDICUS.

6. Head without any bands.

a’ Nail of bill white or nearly so. .

a! No white on forehead, rump grey...A. RUBRIROSTRIS.

b" White on forehead, rump dark

greyish-brown.

a" Wing over 15"; culmen 2°9"...A, ALBIFRONS. -

b" Wing under 15"; culmen 2°3’.A, ERYTHROPUS.

6' Nail of bill blackish.

e" Feet yellow to orange ... ...A, FABILIS,

da! Feet always tinged pink... A, BRACHYRHYNCHUS.

10. _ ANSER RUBRIROSTRIS.

The Indian Grey Lag Goose.

Anser cinereus. Jerdon, ‘ Birds of India,” III, p. 779 ; Hume, “Str.

Feath.,” I, p. 258 ; zd, “Nest and Eggs,” p. 635 ; Butler, “‘Str. Feath.,”

IV, p. 26; Scully, ebid, p. 199; Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 491; VIII,

p. 114 ; Hume, Cat., No. 945; Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” ITI, _

p. 50 ; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,” (Qates’ ed.), III, p. 279, Barnes,

“Birds of Bombay,” p. 945.

Anser rubrirostris. Salvadori, “Cat. of Birds British Museum,”

XV EE ape gue

Description : Adult Male.—Lower back and rump french-grey, upper

tail coverts white, remainder of upper plumage, head and neck, ash-

brown, the scapularies edged lighter; a very narrow white rim of

feathers at the base of the bill; lower neck in front, breast and

abdomen, pale greyish-brown; the abdomen with more or less numerous

broad black spots, sometimes almost confluent, at others almost absent ;

remainder of lower plumage white ; flanks brown, tipped pale french-

grey, more grey at the bases of the feathers; shoulder of wing and

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 349

smaller coverts next it, winglet, primaries at the base and primary

eoverts, french-grey ; remainder of the wings brown, the secondary

coverts edged whitish; under wing coverts and axillaries french-grey ;

two outer pairs of tail feathers white, the central ones brown, tipped

white, and the others brownish at the base changing to white at the tip.

“The irides are always brown ; the nail of the bill sullied white,

generally yellowish, or pinkish-white ; the bill, legs and feet vary from

creamy-white, with only, in places, a faint tinge of pink, through pale,

somewhat livid, fleshy-pink to a dingy-livid, purplish-red, and very

often the bill is of one shade, the legs and feet of another. Never in

any of the innumerable specimens that I have examined in India

have the bills had any orange or yellow tint about them.” (Hume).

“Length about 33”, wing 18"; tail 6:5", culmen 2°7"; tarsus 3°2"”

(Salvadori).

The female only differs in being smaller. Scully, “ Stray Feathers”

(loco citato), gives the measurements of a female as follows :— Length

31 inches; tail 6 inches; tarsus 3 ; bill from gape 9°7.

The young are far less marked underneath, and the majority of

birds shot in India will be found nearly white underneath. In

the same place as that in which he gives the above dimensions fora

female, Scully gives others of a young bird :—“ Length 30°5 ;

expanse 60°25 ; wing 16°5; tail 6°33; tarsus 3; bill from gape 2°65 ;

weight 5 lbs. 15 oz,”

This bird differs from Anser ferus, the common wild goose, with

which it was long confounded, im being rather larger, and with propour-

tionately larger bill and feet, and the adult bird is. also more marked

with black on the underparts, though this last distinction does not hold .

good with most Indian specimens.

In the British Museum Catalogue the distribution of this goose is

given as “ Siberia, in winter Northern India and South China;” this, of

course, includes all the intervening countries, at all events whilst the

birds are on migration. |

Hume in “Game Birds” goes. into the question as.to whether this bird

is the same as. the one known in Europe as. Anser cinereus, and he there

notes the differences between the two species in his usual accurate

manner, and now ornithologists agree, at least the majority do, that the

two species are distinct. Hodgson’s name of rubrirostris stands good

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

for our Indian farm. Hume’s distribution given in “ Game Birds.”

applies, of course, to both species, and has to be greatly curtailed in its

limits outside India.

It is found throughout Northern India, but is far more numerous to

the west than to the east; it extends right away throughout China,

but as most of the birds are recorded as A. cinereus it is diffieult to say

what notes apply to the true 4. cinereus and what to our A. rubrirostris,

though the probability is that nearly all the Asiatic birds are the

latter. Et occurs in some numbers throughout Assam, but certainly is

not a very common bird anywhere im that Province, as far as I can

ascertain ; Mr, Hiden, however, says that it oceurs in great nombers in

Sylhet in a favourable year. Probably it isin great numbers. only when

compared to the few found of other species. Strange to say there

seems to be no record of its having ever appeared in Burma, though it

surely must turn up occasionally in the Northern States. Mr, Damant

reports it to be conamon in Manipur, next door to Burma. I have

shot one or two pairs. in the Sunderbunds, but have seen very few birds

indeed in that part of the country, and, I think, east of Calcutta it is

decidedly rare; indeed it is not common even in the Calcutta markets,

which are a veritable bird mine for the ornithologist in the right season,

when the rarest edible birds sometimes put in an appearance. In Assam,

except in the Brahmaputra and the larger rivers, such as the Surma,

etc., it goes about in only small parties of some ten or a dozen, but

Cripps met with it in Dacca on the Megna in a flock numbering

about 200. This was the only time he noticed the Grey Lag in

Dacca. As one wanders further west the flocks become more and

more numerous, until in the Western Provinces sportsmen speak

of flocks numbering their hundreds which run into thousands.

It is a bird of all elevations and is very common in Cashmere

in winter and in other similar suitable places up to six thousand

feet or more.

“‘ A Member of the Society” states that no geese are found in the

Konkan, Deccan or Khandeish, but he records an Anser, by which he

must refer to the present species, from Gujurat ; here, he says, that it is

not common, but others have obtained them in great numbers. Hume

mentions having found flocks numbering fully 1,200, and, I believe,

refers to the flocks he saw in Sind,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 351

They breed throughout Asiatic Siberia, in Turkistan, Kashgar,

probably Northern Persia and on the Yangtse-Kiang, on which river

young birds have been taken. I can find no full description of their

breeding habits, but they are not likely to differ in any way from those

of Anser cinereus, the Huropean Grey Lag, which lays from 4 to 6 eggs

in a rough, rather loosely built, nest of reeds, rushes and grass, placed

in the ground not far from water. Pryevalsky records breeding-places

in §.-E. Mongolia, the upper valley of the Huanyho and in Lake

Kohonoor, all of which places refer to the Asiatic form of the Grey Lag.

All notices referring to Europe and North Africa must be taken as

being of the true Grey Lag, A. cinereus, and I fancy that the majority

of those in Asia Minor, if not all, will be found to be of the same.

They generally arrive in India in October, but do not get far south

or east until the end of November; about Calcutta and east of that

they appear to come in in early and middle December. Of course every-

where they sometimes come in much earlier, and they have been record-

ed in the N.-W. in September. In the same way, though they all have

left India, as a rule, by the end of March, yet sometimes they stay far

later ; for instance only lately in our Journal Col. Unwin has reported

receiving four “ Grey Lag geese (A. cénereus)” as late as the 2nd May in

Cashmere. It will be interesting, as he says, to see if they do stay and

breed, but I am afraid that there is little chance of it as their breeding

haunts are not far off ; and they are sure to return there. Adams did

state that they bred in Ladakh, but his remarks have never been

confirmed, and it seems he must have been mistaken.

After Hume’s long notes on shooting geese, given in “‘ Game Birds,”

itis very difficult to say anything more of any interest. As every

sportsman knows they are shy, wild birds and difficult to bring to bag,

but their wildness varies much according to how much the localities

in which they reside are shot over. When many of the natives have

guns, and there are also many European sportsmen, the Grey Lag and

every other kind of goose isan object as worthy of a stalk as any black

buck. In such places it is little use going out to collect a bag of geese

unless one has made up his mind to really work the business out

properly. If there are young crops of wheat, etc., in the district, the

sportsman should be out before daybreak, and he then may, by a careful

crawl] through grass and wheat, wet with dew and very cold—it can be

“

’

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

cold even in India—get within easy shot of the birds as they feed on

the young growth. If wise he will blaze one barrel into the brown as

they feed and get what he can with his second barrel as they rise ; if,

however, he is very near indeed, it is better to wait and have both

barrels into them on the wing. They take some time getting on way

after rising, and give lots of time to put in two shots, and more birds

will be dropped this way than if the unspread shot had taken them on

the ground. Hume also mentions stalking them under a blanket and

beguiling the geese into a belief that you are an inoffensive native just

out for a prowl ; where, however, the natives have a gun, the geese

will undoubtedly “ wink the other eye, ” and, blanket or no blanket,

leave long before that article is brought within shooting distance. A

bullock is more useful than a blanket under such circumstances, and

from behind the shelter of one much slaughter may be done if the

animal is properly worked.

Hume says that they are easily killed during the daytime on all the

larger rivers. I have not found this to be the case myself, but as his

experience is fully twenty times what mine is, the sportsman had better

follow his advice and not mine. He says :—‘ During the hotter parts

of the day, they are, as already mentioned, generally found in larger or

smaller parties dozing in the sun on some sandbank, at the water's

edge. Directly such a party is sighted, you take a small boat and,

with the aid of a couple of experienced men, row or punt noiselessly

down to another two or three hundred yards of the birds, when, if the

water intervening is shallow enough to allow it (and the boatmen

seem to know this by instinct), one man gets quietly out of the boat

behind, and, while you and your companion in the boat lie down out of

sight, he, stooping so as to be entirely concealed by the boat, pushes it

down gently and noiselessly, aided by the stream, towards the flock.

In this way you may approach, if all is well managed, to within 20

yards of even cranes ; you make some arrangement at the bows

(I hada false gunwale with suitable holes pierced in it) so as to

admit of peeping and shooting, without raising your head into

view, and when you get to what you consider the right distance,

knock over as many as you can sitting, with the first shot, and as many

more as you have time for, before they get out of shot, after they rise.

Everything depends on judging rightly the distance for the first shot,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 393

with reference to your bore and charge. _ A little too far you would,

perhaps, hit a score without bagging one; a little too near and you kill

one or two outright, and though you perhaps get two or three more as

they rise, that is all; but if you have a good heavy duckgun,

say No. 8 bore, with two ounces of A.A, and fire at about 50

yards, you will rarely get less than eight out of a good large flock

of geese (and I have gotas many as sixteen) withthe first shot,

besides a brace or so more, with green cartridge, as they rise.”

They are not much of a hand at diving and give more trouble when

wounded by fluttering and struggling along out of shot, Of course they

do dive, and pretty quickly when hard pressed, but they cannot stay

under water for any length of time, nor do they ever hold on to weeds

below the surface of the water, asdo many ducks, and so avoid the sports-

man. They soon rise after diving, and seldom far from where they enter

the water, so that they can be easily shot on appearing. Hume says

that he has seen one goose taken off by a crocodile ; but if he had shot

more on the tidal waters on the Bengal side, where the snub-nosed, man-

eating brute has his abode, Iam sure he would have seen many a fat

goose and delicate duck disappear down their wide maws. Any big bird

not recovered almost as soon as shot, is just as likely to form a “ mug-

ger’s ” dinner as it is to form that of the person shooting it, Although

bad or rather indifferent divers, they are very good swimmers, and a

broken-winged bird gets along the surface of the water with preat

rapidity. On the wing they are very swift when once started, and are

very active and graceful as well. They fly, as every one knows, in

the form of a V, generally one with a very obtuse point and often with

one wing much longer than the other. They are noisy birds and

their cacklings and cries and trumpets are, on ordinary occasions, far

from soul-stirring, but, as Hume says, when on the wing, high up, their

loud trumpeting calls are very sonorous and musical. Especially is

this the case, when, late in the evening, or in the very early dawn, the

sportsman, crouched low in some ambush, waits eagerly for the wel-

come sound that tells of the approach of his game. To me this form of

sport is very fascinating for an hour or so, though I admit that it requires

great patience, as it is often a long wait between the flocks as they

come within reach, and often the temper is tried by the persistent way

354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

birds continue, one flock after another, to fly past, either to the right

or left, low down, but much too far off to get a shot. When, however,

the birds fly kindly, it is very pleasant to hear the constant loud calls,

the swish-swish of wings as they pass answered by the crack of your 12-

bore, and the thud of the fat birds as they kiss mother Harth for the last

time. Of course, in this way, your bag of geese at all events wont take

many men to carry it, but there is no end tothe variety both of the

game killed and the way of killing it. First, perhaps, come a flight of

whistlers in no formation of any sort, and you cover them with your

gun and let them go after you have made sure you could have dropped

a dozen, or, if you want. food for your men, you do fire and dropa

couple. Then a few noisy, little Cotton-teal fly past in a follow-my-

leader fashion, each bird anxious to get in front of the others, and each

determined that no other shall pass him, Next a flight of mallard, pin-

tail or gadwall may pass, and the loud, dull smacks on the ground that

follow the report of the gun, mean so many good-eating ducks. As

a rule you will know what you have got by their appearance and flight,

but a shoveller will sometimes imitate the gadwall very closely, and the

result is disappointing. A flock or two of blue wing or grey teal may

now vary the sport, flying lower, but even quicker thau tke ducks, and,

last of all, in the distance, the geese will trumpet forth their approach,

and after their arrival flocks of all sorts will passin increasing numbers

until it is too dark to see and, the bag collected, there is nothing left

but to gohome, In the early morning the routine is reversed, and

the geese are the first to be got and the whistlers and Cotton-teal

the last.

Geese are almost invariably vegetarians and get their food by

grazing, in which way large flocks will do immense damage to young

crops in a single night. They are destructive birds also, owing to the

fact that they pull so much of what they feed on, up by the roots, and

thus destroy what they do not eat.

The eggs mentioned by Hume belonged, I believe, to A. cinereus

and not to a A. rubrirostris, with the exception of those he obtained

from Rattan Singh and which were laid by a tame goose. These

two eggs were quite pure white, ‘glossless, but compact, though

not very fine grained. They measured 38°55" by 2°45" and 3:4"

by 2°25". re

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 359

11. ANSER ALBIFRONS.

The White-fronted Goose.

Anser albifrons. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,’ III, page 780 ; Hume,

“Str. Feath.,’ VIII, page 114; Hume, Cat., No. 947; Hume and

Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 73, Plate 10; Salvadori, “ B. B. M.

~Cat.,” XXVIT, p. 92. B. ;

Anser erythropus. Hume, “Str. Feath.,” I, p. 259. |

Description : Adult Male-—Forehead and feathers at the base of the

upper mandible white, head, neck, back, rump and wings brownish ash-

colour ; upper tail coverts white, breast and belly pale brownish-white,

with patches and broad bars of black ; sides and flanks ash-brown with

paler edgings, and with a white band on the upper margin; vent and

under tail coverts white, upper wing coverts greyish-brown with paler

edgings, the greater ones edged with white, forming a conspicuous band,

wing primaries bluish-black ; secondaries black, tail feathers dark grey,

tipped with white, bill orange-yellow, the nail white; irides dark

brown ; legs, toes and membranes orange, claws whitish colour. Total,

length 27 inches, wing 16, tail 6, culmen 1°9, tarsus 2°5 (Salvadori).

Jerdon gives the wing as 17 inches, on the other hand Hume gives it .a

15" to 15°75", .

Of the soft parts he gives the colours as follows :—Legs and feet bright

orange; nails pinky or greyish-white; bill pale, livid fleshy ; nail

whitish or pale yellowish-white, irides pale brown.

Female.—This only differs from the male in being rather smaller, but

I can find no measurements of this goose sexed as females.

Young.—“ Bird of the year is more uniform in colour and rather darker,

the feathers at the base of the upper mandible are rather deeper brown

than the rest of the head ; the nail and point of the beak light-brown,

the pale brown feathers of the breast are uniform in colour, without any

dark patches or bars ” (Salvadori). |

_ As the bird grows older the white band on the forehead appears and

grows wider and wider, and from what can be gathered from present

records, seems to get wider eventually in the adult male than in the

female, though Salvadori notes no differences in this respect, As

regards the coloration of the underparts it varies very greatly, this not

according to age apparently, Some birds are so much marked with

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

black underneath, that the white is practically absent, only showing

through in small patches here and there; in many the black prepon-

derates, whilst in others, the majority, the light colour is much in excess

of the dark, in some few there being very little black anywhere, The

white on the chin too increases with age ‘and, perhaps; to a gree To ;

also on the gander than in the goose. | Boe

Anser gambeli is accepted as a distinct species, so ‘that’ the area in- |

habited by the Indian bird is now curtailed, and it does not extend to

Japan though it does to the greater part of China.

Salvadori, however, says that it is the true A. aldéfrons which inhabits.’

Greenland, from which place he excludes. A. gambeli, so that this must ’

_ now be accepted as one of its breeding-places.. ‘

It is also found right through the Polar-arctic region, from Iceland to

Siberia, and in the winter, from the Mediteranean shores, Egypt, away

west through Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia and Northern India. Within

our limits, comparing it with the way in which the Grey Lag and the

Bar-headed goose occurs, the W hite-fronted goose is a rarity, but afew do

come every year to Sind and parts of the Punjab. The Indian speci-

mens in the British Museum come from Lucknow and the river Jhelum,

below Shahpur.

Hume says, that during the thirty years he had shot in India, prior tor

writing “ Game Birds,” he only once shot this goose ; whether he shot

others afterwards I do not know. He records in “Stray Feathers,” I, p.’

259, shooting there three geese in Sind only, he then called them Anser

erythropus, but gave their dimensions as those of small A. aldifrona, viz,

with wings from 15" to 15°75". It is probable, in faet almost certain,

however, that many occur which are not distinguished by nee frons

other geese, and are thus never recorded.

- Lieut. C. D. Lester records shooting three White-fronted geese on

the 14th Feb., 1890, at a place called Deviria, near Anjan in Cutch.

Hume, writing of these birds in “Stray Feathers,” says he twice saw

them, once on the Jhelum and once on the Indus; on the first occasiow

there were three birds, on the second only two, and they were quite by

themselves, not BEDE LLG with other geese as one mal have expected.

to see. bh Hook . i

It is not a rare bird-in Great Britain, but has only twice been

recorded from Heligoland in the last century.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, ae 357

Mr. Pearson-(The Ibis, Vol. IJ, No. 6, p. 721) shot an Anser albr-

frons on June the 24th in Novaya Zembya, and reports that the birds

were then moulting, so, presumably, they were also breeding there. The

same author and his brother obtained this goose in the Philippine Islands.

- Mr. L. Popham. found it breeding on the Yenisi, river, but says that

it was not half so common as’ the Bean goose. He obtained three eggs

and also a gosling in.down, but gives no details of how he obtained

them. : |

IT have never ore of. ne goose beimg obtained anywhere to the

east of the Indian Empire, though there seems to be no reason why it

should not sometimes enter Assam and Northern Burma. Probably,

however, it remains for Western sportsmen to say whether it is fairly

common or not, and it is to be hoped that sportsmen will goin more

commonly for making notes of the varieties they shoot and recording

them for the benefit of others.. ; ,

12, ANSER ERYTHROPUS.

a 3 The Dwarf Goose.

_ Anser minutus. ume, “ Str. Feathers,” VIIT, p. 114 ; Hume, Cat,

“No. 948.

Anser erythropus. en “ Birds of India,” IIT, p. ‘78 ; Hume

and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” II, p. 78, Plate 77 ; Salvadori, “Cat. B.

-B. Mus.,” Vol. XXVIT, p. 97.

Adult, Male.—Differs from the last bird, Anser aldifrons, in being a

good deal smaller and having the white on the forehead far broader

reaching a line drawn across the head between the eyes ; also in having

a decidedly darker rump and a generally darker tint to the plumage.

Total Jength about 21 inches, wing 15, tail 4°5, culmen 1°27, tarsus

2°4” (Salvadori). “ Length 19°5 to 21 inches, wing 18 to 14°1; tail

2°85 to 3°25 ; tarsus 2°3 to 2°4” (Hume). )

The female.—Is yet smaller. than the male; wing about 13°3' (Salva-

dori). “The colour of the bill is in the young, before the first autumn

moult, a reddish-grey; the nail blackish ; later this latter becomes a

vreyish-white, and the bill pale orange-yellow; in old birds, the bill is

lively reddish-yellow or orange; the nail. yellowish-reddish-white.

There is never any trace of black upon the bill. |

_ The naked edges of the eyelids are dirty yellow in, the young,

orange in the old ; the irides are dark brown, The feet are in the

858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X17.

young a pale dirty yellow tending towards orange; in the old a

lively orange-yellow or almost orange-red. The claws are pelecb brown

colour, dark brown towards the tips”” (Naumaun).

Young.—These are less marked with black on the lower parts, often

not at all, and the white on the forehead isabsent. This seems to appear

‘first in the spring of the. first year and increases gradually with age,

probably not reaching its full width until about the third year. —

This little goose is found in the greater part of Northern Europe, but

not to the west as far as Great Britain, in Lapland eastwards, Siberia

and Northern China. In the cold weather itis found in Western

Europe, Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, N orthern India,

China and Japan.

In India it has been but rarely ae and I ean find few notes

of its occurrence since the publication of “Game Birds.” Blanford in

“ Eastern Persia,” II, p. 303, records Anser erythropus from Persia,

and in a foot-note he says :—

“One goose at least is very common in Persia. Many couple remain

to breed in the reeds round the little lake of Dashtiarjan and the marshes

near Shiraj, whence goslings are often brought into the town. I have

never seen them in mature plumage, nor been able to shoot an old bird,

so cannot say to what species they belong.”

I was told by a correspondent in Cashmere that he had shot four

geese there this year, which were of this species. Mr. H. E. James in

the lecture, part of which was given in No, 2, Vol. VIII of our Journal,

says: “ A friend at Sukkur, last year, shot the very rare Anser erythro-

pus, the White-fronted goose, and ate it.’ I conclude that Anser

erythropus is correetly given, and that. it is only the trivial name which

is not the one by which we generally know the Dwarf goose.

I am afraid a very large number of birds, which should be skinned

and preserved, are plucked and eaten. Only two years ago a friend of

mine, who knew how very keen I was on ornithology, informed me,

with great glee, that he had been havmg a feed on some “ Hill

' Ptarmigan.” He described a bird of that family most minutely, and I

thought he must have got hold of something really good, and I offered

fabulous prices to any Naga who would produce some of these birds

for my inspection. Of course they never came, but eventually my

friend, seeing me handling some Imperial pigeons, suddenly exclaimed

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 399

“Why there are the Hill Ptarmigan!” I regret to say that his de-

scription, as given to me, contained only two points which referred to

the pigeons, z.e., their. colour and their feathered toes, the rest was the

result of a fertile imagination, a desire to please, and the knowledge, he

being a good sportsman, of what a Hill Ptarmigan should look like.

The same man ate with relish some fine specimens of the Naga

Hills Partridge, Ardoricola rufogwaris, and left me the wings anda

few feathers to weep over. However partridges and ptarmigan are

not geese, and [ must stray no further. .

The other recorded Indian specimens are: two shot and one

other seen by Captain Irby in Oudh; others seen. Hume does not. say

how many obtained by Mr. A. Anderson near Hurdui in Oudh and ut

Futtehpur in the N.-W. Provinces ; one procured by Dr. Bonaria near

Lucknow, and, finally, three shot by Mr. Chill some 30 miles south of

Delhi.

Tt breeds in Lapland, laying 5 to 8 eggs, in the usual form of nest.

The eggs are said to be a dull creamy white in colour, of a broad,

regular oval shape, glossless texture, and to measure about 2:9" by 2",

ANSER FABILIS.

Anser fabilis.—The Bean goose,

Anser segetum. Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 68 ; Sal-

vadori, “Cat. B. of B, Museum,” XXVII, p. 99. This must, I fear, be

struck out of our list of Indian geese. Since Hume's “ Game Birds”

came out there has been no confirmation of the numerous rumours of the

Bean goose being found in India, Anser serrirostris, the larger or Eastern

Bean goose, is more likely to be found within our limits than is the true

Bean goose, A. fabilis, or as it is, and I think will continue to be, better

known A, segetum.

13. ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS,

The Pink-footed Goose.

Anser brachyrhynchus, Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VIII, Dp. 114; ; Hume,

No. 946; Hume and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 71; McLeod,

“Str. Feath.,” X, p. 168; Salvadori, “Cat.B. of B. Museum,” XXVIL,

p. 163.

Adult Male.—Feathers at the base of the upper mandible white, the

white very small in extent and not always present. Head and neck

greyish-brown ; back and scapularies dark greyish-brown with the

3060 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1/.

feathers margined paler ; rump much darker brown and without the

grey tint ; upper tail. coverts white; edge of shoulder of: the wing,

primary coverts and base of primaries, greyish brown ; remainder of

awing brown, the coverts and secondaries all edged with whitish ; under

wing coverts gteyish-ash colour ; flanks brown, the feathers edged paler;

breast pale greyish-brown; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white,

often, more’ or less, sullied with brown ; bill. with nail, edges and base

black, the middle portion pink to carmine ; legs and feetipink. . “The

legs and feet are fleshy to purplish-pink, again at times with an orange

tinge’ the claws blackish, paler at base; irides hazel.” (Hume). : '

A fine male in my own collection measures:—“length 27",wing 16°8",

tail 4°8", tarsus 2°44"; bill at.front 1°6", anid from gape 1°65",

~ The female only differs from the male in being smaller... Salvadori

{loco citato) says regarding thie distribution of this goose . “ Spitzbergen,

where it nests, and probably also Franz Joseph Land during the migra-

tion, and in winter in N.-W. Europe ; oecasionally: it’ strays: to

Germany, Belgium, and France ; its alleged occurrence ‘in India

requires further evidence.” ‘In spite of Salvadori’s doubts on the subject

I think we may take it for granted: that the pink-footed bird is not only

a recular, but by no means very rare, visitant to Hast-Northern India.

-As long ago as 1849 Blyth recorded it from the Punjab and gave it in

the “Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Museum.” : Thirty years then

elapsed before there is any notice of this goose in Indian publications,

and then Hume again noted its occurrence (in “Str. Feath., ” VIII. In

1864 he had, however, shot two birds of this species in the Jumna, and Col,

{rby also had recorded having seen a specimen: killed near Lucknow in

‘Jan, 1858... Col. Graham assured Mr. Hume: that the species is not

uncommon in Assam on the Brahmaputra. Again Major-General

McLeod says of this.goose :—“ I shot one of these out of a flock of about

twenty on the Kunawan bheel, near Gurdaspur, Punjab, in 1853.”

‘The goose in my, collection was shot:by one ‘of my colléctors ‘on a

large bheel in the south of Cachar. . He said that it was one of a flock

ot about a'dozen, and that they were extremely wary and wild. He

went after them several times without obtaining a shot, and at last got.it

by a fluke. " He was stalking some other ducks when these geese, which

had. been put up by some one e'se, flew close over his head, and a lucky

shot aimed at the front bird knocked over one of the Jast ones.’ —.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 36%

- As regards its breeding habits there seems to be little on record beyond:

Dresser’s notes, he says :—‘‘ Of its breeding habits but little, comparative-

ly speaking, is known, and it is only known to breed with certainty in:

Iceland and Spitzbergen. Professor Malmgrew, who obtained its eggs

in the latter island, says that itis exceedingly wary and shy. In the

early summer it is to be seen in small flocks on moss-covered low lands:

near the sea or on rocky precipices, where there is vegetation here and,

there; but in the breeding season it is seen in pairs. When :moulting,,

it frequents fresh-water swamps, and later Nee collected in flocks,

it is to be met with near the coast.”

“Its nest is placed in prominent situations on high rocks, or platfotms

on steep cliffs, often close to a river, or in some grass-covered place, and:

sometimes on .high cliffs close to the sea on the inner fiords. The nest

is so situated that the bird can have an uninterrupted view from it. of the:

country round, and ‘can readiiy see if an intruder approaches or danger’

threatens. Hence it is difficult to shoot this shy bird, even at its nest, for

the gander is extremely watchful, and directly any one approaches warns

his mate by uttering a clear whistling cry. In June the female lays

four or five eggs, which are hatched about the 10th or 15th July, and:

both parents assist in taking care of the young. I possess a single ego

of this goose, obtained on the Sweedish Hxpedition to Spitzbergen, which

is pure white, resembling the egg of Anser cinereus, but is rather

smaller, and the grain of the shell is somewhat smoother.”

- Morris, “ Nests and Eggs of British Birds,” says :—‘“These birds unite

about the middle of May ; Mr. @. Macquilliriay bas remarked that he

saw them in pairs about the middle of the month, and that they had the

young fully fledged and strong upon the wing about the end of J uly.

They had again collected into flocks by the beginning of August. The

eggs are of a pure white colour. Hight. were laid by one of these

geese, kept in the water in St. James’ Park, by the Ornithological maciety

of London.”

_ Seebhum, “ Birds of the Japanese Empire”, pp. 235, 237, says :—¢ The’

Pink-footed goose was aamitted to the Japanese Fauna on the autho=

rity of a female obtained in October at Hakodadi by Captain Blakiston

(Swinkoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456). Unfortunately this example cannot be

found, and some doubt attaches to the correctness of the identification.”

He goes on to say: “It is possible that this may be an example of a

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Pink-footed goose, but in the absence of the black base to the bill, I

am inclined to regard it as the young, in first plumage, of the White-

fronted goose.”

I may note that the bill of the specimen in my collection, and which

kas had very rough usage from neglect, rats, and finally, earthquakes

and heavy rain, has the bill now of a uniform dirty grey-white. It

would seem, therefore, that very little reliance can be placed on the

colouring of the bill, in old specimens, as a means to identification.

14. ANSER INDICUS.

The Bar-headed Goose.

Anser indicus. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,”’ III, p. 782 ; Hume, “ Nests

and Eggs,” p. 636 ; Butler, “Str. Feath.,” IV, pp. 27, 40 and 99, ed.

VI, p. 260; Adams, cbid, p. 401 ; Hume, 2bid, VII, p. 491 ; Hume

and Marshall, “‘ Game Birds,” III, p. 81 ; Hume’s “ Nests and Hggs,”

(Qates’ ed.), III, p.279; Salvadori, “Cat.B.B. Museum,” XX VII, p.105.

Hulabeta indicus. Ball, “ Str. Feath.,” ILI, p. 436.

Adult.—“ Head white, with two horseshoe. blackish bars on the

ecciput and nape; hind neck brown-black ; a longitudinal white band

on the sides of the neck ; upper plumage very pale ashy, the feathers

edged with whitish and tinged with brown on the mantle and scapulars ;

sides of the rump and upper tail coverts whitish ; throat white, fore-

neck brownish-ashy, passing gradually into cinereous on the breast,

whitish on the abdomen ; nest and under tail coverts white ; feathers

ef the flanks brown, rufous towards the tips with pale edgings, quills

grey-dusky towards the tips, and gradually becoming darker towards

the secondaries ; tertials brownish-grey ; tail grey, white tipped.

“Total length 27", wing 17", tail 6", bill 2", tarsus 2°75 ” (Salvadori).

“ Tength 27°25 to 33°5 5 expanse 50 to 66 ; wing 160 to-19-0 ; tail

from vent 5°0 to 7:0 ; tarsus 2°5 to 3°3 ; bill from gape 1°8 to 2°3;

weight 4 lbs. to 6 lbs. 14 oz.” (Hume).

“The legs and feet are light orange, some times paler, occasionally

only yellow ; claws horny black ; the irides deep brown ; the bill

erange-yellow to orange, rarely only pale, lemon-yellow often paler, or

‘greenish towards the nostrils ; the nail black or blackish.” (Hume).

Young.— Forehead brownish-whiite, a little tinged with rusty; a

dusky line through the lores to the eye ; whole crown, occiput and

nape sooty or dusky black ; no trace of either the two distinct black

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 363

head bars or the conspicuous white neck streaks; back of neck wood-

brown ; sides and front of the lower part of the neck pale dusky-

greyish ; mottled with whitish ; most of the feathers of the breast and

abdomen have a pale rusty tinge towards the tips; the conspicuous

dark bandings of the flanks of the adult is almost entirely wanting ;

tail somewhat browner than in the adult.”

Young in down.—* Pale yellowish, top of the head and upper parts

pale brown ” (Salvadori). Roughly speaking the habitat of this goose

is India and Northern Burma, and the Shan States during winter, and

in summer Central Asia, due north ef these countries up to about

latitude 55 N,

The most southern point of which J can find any record is by Jerdon

in his “ Birds of India.” He writes :—“ I once saw a couple of these

geese in the extreme south of India in August, in a small sequestered

tank, This pair may have been breeding there, but perhaps they were

wounded or sickly birds.”’ It is quite possibie that they were breeding,

but it is almost certain that one at least ofthe pair must have been damag-

ed in some way, sufficient to incapacitate it from migrating. They are

very devoted to one another, and probably if either ofa pair of geese was

injured the other would remain with it. On the other hand they might

both have been geese or both ganders, in which case also, of course, both

must have been injured. In Southern India it is nowhere a common

bird. Major McInroy reported it as common in the Chitaldroog District

of Mysore, and Mr. A. Theobold as not common in Coimbatore. In

the south of the Central Provinces it is still far from plentiful, In

Bengal it is met with in considerable numbers on all the larger rivers,

quite down to their mouths, I have seen great flocks of them both in

Jessore and Khulna in January. Itis also found on the rivers running

through Behar, Chota Nagpur, etc., but is not common. In Assam it

is rare, but has been met with in Sylhet, Cachar and Manipur, and I

have also seen it in Kamrup, and it probably extends all up the

Brahmaputra. It is to the west of Bengal, however, that it is found

in such vast numbers, and in most parts there outnumbers all the other

geese by more than five to one. In Sind, however, the Grey Lag is

the more common, and it has not been obtained in Gujurat.

Speaking broadly, this goose is far more of a river than a lake or

tank bird, though it is, of course, also often found on the larger lakes

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

aud bheels. In Jessore and Khulna we only saw one flock on the

Moolna bheel, and that not a large one, but on the rivers we saw

several big flocks. Here I tried Hume’s plan of floating down on them

in boats, but a good many circumstances combined to prevent my

having any success. In the first place the water was almost every-

‘where too deep to enable a man to wade and push behind the boais,

then also the fear of ‘‘ muggers” was much too strongly felt by the

men for them to remain in the water long enough to get near the

birds, and finally, these last were exceedingly wide awake and would

not allow us to get within distance of anything but the longest shots. I

did get one pair eventually, but it was only by an adaptation of Hume’s

plan. The geese, of which there was a flock of about forty, were on a

sand chur, about fifty yards from the bank of the river, which was

about two hundred yards wide. I dropped down the river along the

bank, furthest from the geese, and then, when below them, worked

across the river and got out the same side as the geese. Hiding at once

in the rank grass on the bank, I sent the boat back to within a couple of

hundred yards of the geese, and when I saw that their attention was

fully taken up with it, managed to stalk to the edge of the water

nearest where they were; armed with wire cartridges, No. 2 shot, I

thought I could do some execution on the flock as they sat on the bank,

but after I fired at them only two remainedas the rest flew off. The

flock, however, seemed to consider that the boat was the aggressor, and

sweeping round flew within 20 yards of me, and 1 knocked over three

with mzy second barrel. Of these three one was snapped up as it touched -

the water, by a crocodile, and the same fate happened to the second

before we got to it, whilst the third flew away again without offering

another chance.

In the daytime, according to Hume, TickeJl, and nearly all other

observers, as well as my own observations, geese, of all kinds nearly,

rest during the day on land near the edge of the water; they seem to

prefer bare sandy churs, especially when these are surrounded by

water, but failing such, they rest on the banks. A few birds always

seem to be posted as sentries and they keep a wonderfully keen look-out,

and are very hard to approach, within reasonable distance for a shot.

Mr. Theobold says, that in Coimbatore during the daytime, “ they keep

floating idly in the centre of some tank or river.”

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 365

In Bengal, at all events, where the rivers are deep and “‘ muggers”

plentiful, I fancy that flighting at night offers the best chances of a bag

where they are to be found in weedy lagoons ; they can, of course, often

be approached by dug-ovts with a small screen in front of the boat

composed of green branches or reeds, but when the water is open and

there is no natural cover, the birds are much too wily to be imposed

on by the screen. Of course, if one goes in for shooting them as they

fly overhead to and from their feeding-grounds, one cannot expect: to

obtain large bags, except with unusual luck. Mr. Ried, in ‘Game Birds,”

narrates how he has got as many as thirty birds between sunset and

7-30 p.m., but, asa rule, less than half of this would be considered a

good bag. Of course the charm of variety is added to the enjoyment

of the shoot, for in fighting almost any kind of duck may turn up

and join the game bag.

Hume’s appeal to Indian sportsmen to try Pryevalski’s plan of lying

on the ground and waving his hat at the geese in order to induce them

to approach, seems to have met with no response ; at all events I can

find no bags, heavy or otherwise, recorded as having heen made thus.

They are, of course, almost entirely vegetable feeders, and it is

wonderful what damage a flock can do to young crops even in a single

night and where they are numerous, as they are in Upper India, and

visit the same feeding-grounds night after night, they take no small

percentage of the wretched villagers’ winter crops. They will eat

almost any young, tender, green stuif, but probably prefer the late rice

crops to any other. They feed as a rule during the night-time, but,

where they are not interfered with, commence to graze about 4 P.M.and

continue on the grounds until an hour or so after sunrise,

Their flight is typically goose-like and in the usual V formation.

Mr. Damant notes avery peculiar action of these birds :—“ They then

appear flying in the form of a wedge, each bird keeping his place with

perfect regularity. When they reach the lake they circle round once

or twice, and finally, before settling, each bird tumbles over in the air

two or three times, precisely like a tumbler pigeon ; after they have

once settled they preserve no regular formation.’ ;

Asa matter of fact each bird does not, as a rule, if ever, keep in his

exact place in the V, but all observers have noticed that geese and other

birds, which adopt a V-shaped or line formation in flying, constantly

866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT.

alter their position, each leader retiring after a few minutes to the rear

and the second bird taking its place and then giving it up again in a short

time to the bird immediately behind. This has been mach remarked

on in observations on migrating birds passing Heligoland.

I have never seen any geese of this species tame, but Hume says he

has seen many, though they do not ever appear to assume the confidential

lap-dog familiarity of the Grey Lag. Their call is rather harsher and

more shrill than is that of the Grey Lag and very easily distinguishable

from it.

They arrive in India in the end of October, but in Bengal and South-

ern India few put in an appearance before the end of November. In

the same way they leave these parts earlier than they do elsewhere, and

there is little chance of any being found after the end of February.

Their headquarters for breeding seems to be the numerous lakes in

Ladakh, and they also breed throughout Thibet in suitable localities,

and probably also north of the Himalayas in many other paris. There

has been nothing recorded, as far as I can ascertain, since “Game

Birds ” was written, concerning the breeding of this goose.

Drew, writing of one of the many islands in the Tso-mourari Lake in

Ladakh, says :—

“ The island is about half a mile from the shore, near midway in the

length of the western side—it may be 100 yards from corner to corner

in one direction and 60 yards in another ; it is of gneiss rock, rising

only nine or ten feet above the water ; the soundings before given

show that there is about 100 feet of water between the island and the -

near shore. This little place, being ordinarily undisturbed by man, is

a great resort of the gull, which in Ladakhi is called chagharatse ; the

surface was nearly all covered with its droppings, and there were

hundreds of the young about; most of these must have been hatched

near the beginning of July. Having heard that it was a matter of

interest with some ornithologists to learn about the nidification of the wild

(Barred-headed) goose, I was on the look-out for information concerning

it, and I found that this island is one of the places where it lays its eggse

I was told by the Champas that they find the eggs there just before the

ice breaks up—say the beginning of May; after that they have no

means of reaching the island. I myself found there a broken egg, but

at the time I was on the island (the last week in July) the young had

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR. ALLIES, 367

all been hatched. A few days later, I followed the same inquiry in the

valley of the Salt Lake, and onan earthy island in the fresh-water lake

ealled Panbuk, I found a nest where the mother was sitting with some

goslings and two eggs, one just breaking with the chick ; the other

egg I measured and found to be 34 inches by 24, and very nearly

elliptical in form. The nest was a slight hollow, lined with, first, a few

bits of a soft herb, then with feathers. I was told that these goose eggs

are found also at the edge of the Salt Lake itself.”

368

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN

THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND

NEIGHBOURING REGIONS.

By Purtre W. Mackinnon, F. HE. S., anp Lionst pz NicEvitne,

CMY ZO 8), ass pee,

(With Plates U, V, and W.)

[ Continued from Vol. XT, page 221.}

Sub-Family NympHarina,

D4. ERGOLIS MERIONE, Cramer.

Very common in the Dehra Dun, where the food-plant of its bright

green spiny larva, the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis, L., Natural

Order Euphorbiacee, grows. Found also occasionally in Mussoorie in

August. Mr. Moore described EL. tapestrina from “ Deyra Doon,”

that species being an occasional aberration only.

55. Hurrpus consimris, Westwood.

This lovely insect: is very rare. We have seen only two males and

six females taken in April, October and December, all from Dehra

Dun. There isa pair in the collection of the Indian Museum, Cal-

cutta, which was supposed to have come from Mussoorie, but they

were more probably obtained in the low valleys below that station.

56. CUPHA ERYMANTHIS, Drury.

Common in the Dehra Dun in May and October; a straggler or two

is occasionally found in Mussoorie early in May.

57. MeELita#s sinpuRA, Moore.

Brought in very rarely by native collectors from the Nilang Pass,

Tehri Garhwal, 18,000 feet, in July.

58. ATELLA sINHA, Kollar.

Rare, occurs in the Dun from August to December, and in the

valleys to the north of Mussoorie in April and August. We have

it also from the Bhilung district of Tehri Garhwal in September.

59. ATELLA PHALANTHA, Drury.

Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun, and is on the wing

from May to October.

60. OrrHosta cyAnz, Drury.

Recorded from “ Massvri’’ by Kollar as C. eyane, Fabricius [sic].

CEVILLE, & MACKINNON. Journ. Bomb Nat. Hist.Soc.

West, Newamam chromo.

WESTHRN HIMALAYAN BUTTERFLIES.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 369°

61. Separsa picHroa, Kollar. Plate U, Fig. 6, pupa.

Common at Mussoorie in the summer and autumn, the larva feeding

on the leaves of the common oak, Quercus ¢ncana, Roxb., Natural

Order Cupulifere. It is dark green in colour, and greatly resembles

the larva of Apatura ambica, Kollar, so Mr. Mackinnon notes.

62. Drtipa MorGIANA, Westwood.

Very rare in Mussoorie, the males on hill-tops in April, May and

September. One female only seen in September. Collectors bring it

from the Upper Ganges Valley.

63. Apatura AmpBica, Kollar. Plate U, Figs. 7a, 7b, larva ; Te,

front view of head of larva.

Males common in Mussoorie in April, May and June, and again in

September and October. The females are only occasionally seen

Ovipositing on the leaves of Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch., Natural

Order Urticacece, on which the larva feeds. The pupa is pale greenish-

white, covered with a white powdery bloom.

64, HESTINA NAMA, Doubleday.

ken somewhat rarely in Mussoorie in March, April, July, August

and September, at 7,000 feet elevation, and in November as low as

8,000 feet. As female specimens have been taken as early as Ist

March, it is possible that the butterfly passes the winter in the imago

stage of its life. It is a good mimic both in coloration and habits of

Danais sita, Kollar,

65. Husrina (Parhestina) PERSIMILIs, Westwood. Plate WI),

Figs. 8a, 8b, pupa.

Found in Mussoorie and in the interior from 3,000 to 6,000 feet

_ elevation from May to September, The larva, which feeds on the

leaves of Celtis australis, L., Natural Order Urticaceee, is green

with spines on all the segments, those on the head being the longest,

Mr. Moore, in Lep. Ind., vol. iii, p. 35, pl. cci, figs. 2, 2a, male ; 2b,

female (1896), keeps Parhestina zella, Butler, from the Western Hima-

layas, as @ species distinct from P. persimilis from the Hastern Hima-

layas ; but as the combined species occurs all along the Himalayas

and no line dividing them can be drawn either geographically or in the

specimens themselves, as far as we can see, the species has been given

here under its older name.

870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

66. Precis IpHiTa, Cramer,

Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun from early spring to late

autumn.

67, JUNONIA ALMANA, Linneus,

The dry-season form, true J. almana, is common in the Dun, but

comparatively rare in Mussoorie. The wet-season form, J. asterie,

Linnzus, is less frequently met with.

68. JUNONIA ATLITES, Linneus.

Very rare in our region, found in the Dun only in the autumn.

69. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linnzus,

Rare in Mussoorie, but common-in the Aglar Valley, 3,000 feet below

the station. Very common in the Dun.

70, JUNONIA HIERTA, Fabricius.

Not common, but more numerous at Mussoorie than in the Dun.

71. JuNonta oniTHyrA, Linneus,

Very common in Mussoorie and in the Dun.

72. Neptis (Rahinda) HoRDONIA, Stoll.

Not very common in Dehra Dun only, in April and May, and again

in September and October.

73. NeEpTis ANANTA, Moore,

Not common at Mussoorie from 5,000 to 7,000 feet in May and

June.

74. Nupris zaAiDA, Doubleday and Hewitson.

This beautiful species is not rare on the north side of the shaded

ravines about Mussoorie, not below 5,000 feet elevation, in May and

June.

75, NeEpris NARAYANA, Moore.

Very rare, found only in the higher ravines about Mussoorie and

Nag Tibg in May and June.

76. Neptis SANKARA, Kollar.

Not rare in ravines near water at Mussoorie from April to July.

77, Nupris tevcoTHon, Cramer.

Not common at Mussoorie in May and June, but is very plentiful

at Nag Tiba, Very common in Dehra Dun.

78, Nepris astoLa, Moore.

Common in Mussoorie from March to June, and in the Dun almost

throughout the year.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 371

79. Neptis susruTa, Moore.

We have a single specimen taken in Mussoorie on 15th June, 1888.

80. NEPTIS YERBURII, Butler,

Very common at Mussoorie and Nag Tiba from March to Juno,

and again in September; we have a single specimen from Dehra

Dun taken in March. The larva feeds in Mussoorie on Celtis australis,

L., Natural Order Urticacee.

| 81. Nepris mAnENDRA, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie at 7,000 feet elevation in April and May; very

plentiful at Nag Tiba in May and June.

82. NEPTIS COLUMELLA, Cramer.

The largest species of Neptis occurring in our area, and found only

in the Dun rarely from March to May. This species was originally

described from China, and at last de Nicéville has obtained both sexes

from thence (Hongkong). ‘They are, in his opinion, identical with

Indian specimens, consequently the .V. ophiana of Moore, the WV. marta-

bana of Moore, the WV. ophiana, var. nilgirica of Moore, and Acca

columena of Hiibner, fall as synonyms.

83. PSEUDERGOLIS WEDAH, Kollar. Plate U, Figs, 9a, larva;

9b, front view of head of larva; 9c, 9d, Ye, 97, pupa.

Very common during the summer in and nezr Mussoorie, where

it is probably triple-brooded, but not found in the Dun. The larva

feeds on the leaves of Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd., Natural Order

Urticacee, is dark green, with two long diverging branched spines or

horns on the head, and two simple upright spines on the subanal

segment, Mr. Mackinnon thus describes the Jarva :—“ Found in

August on ‘Siar,’ a very common plant on which the larva of Pareba

vesta, Fabricius, also feeds. Length one and three-eights inches, bright

dark green, all the segments except the head minutely spotted with

white, these spots or tubercles are arranged in transverse rows, each

seoment having two rows ; a dorsal protuberance on the fifth segment ;

two sharp black spines on the eleventh segment, the base of the spines

pale greenish-blue ; two divergent horns on the head, five-sixteenth of

an inch long, yellowish-green, with six shining black lines on each horn,

tips of horns shining black; the line dividing the dorsal from the

ventral aspect of the body creamy-white. The leaf of D. bicolor is

much crinkled, as also is the skin of the larva, it so is ‘difficult to ee

372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

the latter even in bright sunshine.” The pupa is a very beautiful as

well as curious object.

84. STIBOCHIONA NicEA, Gray.

Not common, but found in all the ravines to the north and south

of Mussoorie from April to June, and in September and October. It

does not occur in the Dun.

85. HypoLimnas BOLINA, Linnzus.

Both the large and small forms are very common in the Dun from

March to December, but it is most common in the rains, The large

form is fairly common in Mussoorie in May, June, September and

October.

86. HypoLmnas misiprus, Linnzeus.

Very rare in our area, we have a single male from the Upper

Ganges Valley taken in July, another from Mussoorie taken in April,

two males from the Dun taken in August, and two females of the

form diocitppus, Cramer, taken in the Dunin November. The latter

is a wonderful mimic of Danais chrysippus, Linneeus.

87. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linnzeus.

Very commor in Mussoorie and the Dun from April to November.

The female has a strong superficial likeness to Danais pleaippus,

Linnzeus.

88. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENI, Gray.

Rare in Mussoorie, very numerous in the interior from May to

September. Not found in the Dun.

89. ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore. :

Very rare in Mussoorie, but abundant at Nag Tiba, 8,000 feet

elevation, from May to September; also further in the interior in

August.

90, ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, Moore.

Feund somewhat rarely in the higher valleys of the Upper Ganges

from June to August,

91. ARGYNNIS LATONA, Linnzeus.

Very common in Mussoorie and adjoining hills from the earliest

spring to late autumn.

92. Araynnis (Brenthis) ciara, Blanchard.

A. clara, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Sec., vol. iv, p. 165, u. 4, pl. A, fig. 6,

female (1889).

TEE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 373

At de Nicéville’s suggestion Mackinnon sent his collectors in

August and September, 1889, to the Nila Valley, an affluent of the

Ganges, where they obtained this butterfly in large numbers, that

valley apparently being its headquarters in our area. It is quite rare

apparently to the west in the Baspa Valley.

93. ARGYNNIS (Brenthis) MAcKINNONI, de Nicéville.

A. mackinnonii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat, Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 846, n. 3, pl. F,

figs. 4, male; 5, female (1891).

Apparently rare, brought in by native collectors from the upper

part of the Baspa Valley, an affluent of the Sutlej, 11,000 feet,

and from the Gonas Pass in August.

94. DicHORRHAGIA NESIMACHUS, Boisduval.

A single example has been obtained in the valley below the Old

Brewery in Mussoorie on 19th April, 1897. This species has an

immense range, occurring all along the Himalayas from Kulu to

Upper Assam ; it is found also in Burma, the Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celekes, the Philippine Isles, Western Ohina

and Japan, Mr. Grose Smitb has recently described an allied species,

D. nesseus, from Onei-shan, N.-W. China, which is said to be “con=

siderably less maculate” than D. nesimachus (Ann. and Mag. of Nat.

Hist., sixth series, vol, xi, p. 217 (1893). <A third species, D. ninus,

Felder, occurs in Amboyna and Ceram. Herr H. Fruhstorfer has

recently named the North Celebesian form as D. nesimachus pelurius,

and the one from Java, Sumatra and Borneo as D. nesimachus mannus.

Specimens from Java and Sumatra in de Nicéville’s collection are

absolutely indistinguishable as far as can be seen from Indian

examples.

95. Limenitis DANAVA, Moore.

Found at Mussoorie, on Nag Tiba and in Tehri Garhwal, the male

never common, the females very rare, in April, May and September.

96. LimeniTIs TRIVENA, Moore.

Very rare, occurs on Nag Tiba only, 8,000 feet elevation, in May

and June.

97. Limenrris (Moduza) procris, Cramer,

Found rarely in the Dun in March and September,

| 98. ArHyMA PeERIUS, Linneus.

Common in Mussoorie and in the Dun from March to October,

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf.

99. AtTHyma AsuRA, Moore.

Rare in wooded ravines near water in Mussoorie only in April,

May, August and September.

100. AtTHYMA oPALINA, Kollar.

Very common from March to November in Mussoorie. The larva

feeds on the leaves of Berberis nepalensis, Spreng., B. aristata, D. C.,

and B. Lycium, Royle, Natural. Order. Berberidew. It has heen

figured by Moore in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 241, pl. xi,

fig. 8. Mrs. Robson has described the transformations of this butterfly

in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 338 (1895), and says the

larva feeds on Berberis aristata, Hook. :

101. ATHyMA SELENOPHORA, Kollar.

Very rare, only three male specimens obtained at Mussoorie in

May and September.

102. Avuyma cama, Moore. .

Male specimens only obtained by us in Mussoorie, in April rarely;

Colonel Lang took it in May, and we obtained one from the Bhilung

district of Tehri Garhwal in September.

103. Hurnarra (Symphedra) Nats, Forster.

Seen once only in Mussoorie. Rather rare in the Dun m April

and from October to December.

104. Hurnarta (Zalapia) pataua, Kollar, Plate U, Fig. 10, pupa.

This very fine butterfly is very common at Mussoorie and in all the

valleys near Nag Tiba. The males emerge early in May, but the

females do not appear till June and early in July. The larva feeds

on the common hill oak, Quercus incana, Roxb., Natural Order

Cupulifere, is light green in colour, and does not differ appreciably

from that of L. garuda, Moore, except in size.

105. HEuTHALIA GaRruDA, Moore.

Very common in the Dun from March to November, but net found

in Mussoorie.

106. WUTHALIA LUBENTINA, Cramer.

Found in the Aglar Valley below Mussoorie, and a single specimen

was captured by Mackinnon on the top of Nag Tiba, 10,000 feet, in

May. Taken by Colonel A. M. Lang nm Mussoorie in August, Not

rare in the Dun in February and March,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 375

107. Pyramets carpui, Linnzeus.

Very common almost throughout the year in Mussoorie and the

Dun. ‘The larva feeds on thistles, and on Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd.,

‘Natural Order Urticacec.

108. Pyramets mnpica, Herbst.

More common in Mussoorie than P. cardui, Linnzeus, but is com-

paratively rare in the Dun. The larva feeds on different species of

Urticacece, and is gregarious. It flies almost throughout the year.

109. VANESSA CANACE, Linnzeus.

Common in Mussoorie and in the interior from May to September;

a few taken in the Dun in October.

110. VANESSA CASCHMIRENSIS, Kollar,

Very common in Mussoorie and all over the hills to the north,

from May to October, The larva feeds on various species of

Urticacea.

111. VANESSA LADAKENSIS, Moore.

Very rare, two specimens only obtained from the Nilang Pass,

15,000 feet, in July, 1899.

112. VANESSA XANTHOMELAS, Wiener Verzeichniss.

Very rare in Mussoorie ; a few hybernated specimens make their

appearance in February; in March and April a fresh brood appears,

which frequents the Rhododendron flowers. It occurs also on Nag

Tiba, 8,000 feet, in May. The larva feeds on Celtis australis, L., Natural

Order Urticacew, and on a wild willow.

113. Vanessa (G'rapia) c-ALBuM, Linnzeus,

May be distinguished by the light fulvous colour of the ground

of the upperside of both wings, in the forewing the two black spots in

the middle of the discoidal cell are conjoined; and the marginal black

band is continued prominently to the upex of the wing; on the

underside of both wings the ground-colour is also fulvous. It is very

rare in our area ; we have specimens from Tehri Garhwal, 7,000 feet,

taken in March, and probably hybernated; native collectors have

brought in fresh specimens from the Upper Ganges Valley in July

and August,

114. Vayessa (Grapta) acnicuLa, Moore.

Distinguished from V. c-album, Linneus, by the bright fulvous-

red (or ferruginous) colour of the ground of the upperside of both

376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

wings, all the black spots are smaller than in that species, in the

forewing the two black spots in the middle of the discoidal cell are

almost or entirely separated, and the marginal black band is almost

obsolete towards the apex of the wing; on the underside of both wings

the ground-colour is very dark greyish-brown, In our area it is

found with V. c-album in‘Tehri Garhwal. V. tibetana, Elwes, which

is fonnd in Native Sikkim and Western China, appears also to be dis-

tinct ; the ground-colour cf the upperside of both wings and the

black spots are the same as in V. agnicula, but in the forewing the

marginal black band is asin V. c-album ; the underside has the

ground-colour much as in V, agnicula, but there are very characteris-

tic dark metallic green spots towards the margin not found in the other

two species.

115, SyMBRENTHIA HIPPOCLUS, Cramer.

Occurs somewhat commonly at Mussoorie and in the interior from

April to October. The larva, which feeds on Debregeasia bicolor,

Wead., Natural Order Urticacee, is gregarious, and is very like that of

Vanessa caschmirensis, Kollar. The pupa has two pincer-shaped

processes un the head, and the back of the thorax is beautifully marked

with gold. The transformations have been figured by Moore in Proce.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 248, pl. xi, figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa, front

and side views.

116. SymBRENTHIA ASTHALA, Moore.

Rather rare, but flies in Mussoorie from April to September ;

occurs also ir Tehri Garhwal and the Upper Ganges Valley. If

S. brabira, Moore, is the same species as S. asthala, as is probable,

then the former name will stand for the species, as it is the older.

117. CyresTis THyYoDAMAS, Boisduval. Plate U, Figs. lla, 11d,

larva ; lle, 11d, pupa.

Very common in Mussoorie and in the interior, and is not rare

in the Dan. It flies all through the warmer months, The larva feeds

on Ficus nemoralis, Wall., in Mussoorie, and on Ficus glomerata, Roxb.,

both Natural Order Urticacee, in the Dun. The larvais both beautiful

and remarkable. It has two long diverging processes on the head, a

still longer one directed backwards on the fifth segment, and another

upright one on the thirteenth segment. |

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 377

118. Katiima rnacuus, Boisduval.

Very common in Mussoorie in August, and in the Dun in July,

August and October.

119. Kaiima HUEGELN, Kollar.

Also very common in the low valleys and in the Dun in August and

September. We have separated our specimens into two species solely

on the shade of blue colour on the upperside of both wings, and the

length of the apical prolongation of the forewing. The presence or

absence of the hyaline spots is absolutely inconstant, and of no spe-

cific value whatever. The two species are certainly not seasonal forms,

as they occur together both in place and time. Mr. Moore gives

K. buckleyi, Moore, K. hiigeli [sic], Kollar, K. huttoni, Moore, and

K. boisduvali, Moore, all from the Western Himalayas.

120. CHaraxes (Murwareda) poton, Westwood.

Very rare; taken at Nag Tiba in Tehri Garhwal at 8,000 feet ou ran

tion in April and May.

121, Cuaraxes (Hulepis) atuamas, Drury.

Dr. A. G. Butler in his recent revision of the genus records

C. athamas, var. 2, from Landoor [Landour]. Mr. F. Moore in Lep.

Ind., vol. ii, p. 256, records Eulepis hamata, Moore, from the Tonse

Valley, Gurhwal. We do not consider this species to be distinct from

C.athamas. The latter in the Himalayas he restricts to the east, while

£. hamata he gives from both the western and eastern Himalayas. Very

common in Mussoorie and in the Dun from April to September. The

larva feeds on the leaves of Albizeia Julébrissin, Durazz., Natural

Order Leguminosee, in Mussoorie, and on Acacia Cateatt Wiid.,

Natural Order Leguminose, in the Dun. :

122. *CHaraxes (Hulepis) arsa, Felder.

Recorded by br. Butler from Landour. We have never seen a

specimen of this species anywhere west of Sikkim, though it probably

does occur in Nepal. We think Landour is a doubtful locality for it.

123, CHARAXES FABIUS, Fabricius.

Rare ; taken near Mussoorie only in April and September,

124. Cuaraxes (Haridra) HemaNA, Butler.

Three males and two females only obtained near Mussoorie in Sep-

tember at 4,000 feet elevatioa. Dr. Butler records it from “ Mussuri”’

and north of “ Landoor.” Mr, Moore records it from “Magssuri” and

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

the “ Uglar” Valley north of Landour, this being probably a misprint

tor)“ Aglar.”

Family LEMONIIDA.

Sub-Family Lisytaainz,

125. LipyTHEA MYRRHA, Godart.

Not rare in Mussoorie from April to September, occurs in Dehra

Dun in September and October.

126. LisyrHea LEepiTa, Moore.

Less common in Mussoorie from April to June than ZL, myrrha,

Godart ; not found in the Dun.

Sub-Family Nemeosun2,

127. ZeMEROS FLEGYAS, Cramer,

On the wing from May to September. Rare at Mussoorie, but

fairly common in the Dun.

128. Dopona purRGA, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie only from April to September.

129. Dopona prema, Hewitson.

Occurs only in Mussoorie, rarely in April, May and June, but com-

monly in August and September.

; 130. Dopvona ovura, Moore.

Males common at Mussoorie flying about the tops of oaks from

March to June ; females found only in shady ravines near water from

May to July. The larva has been reared on grass, Natural Order

Graminee.

131. Dopona EUGENES, Bates. Plate V, Figs, 12a, 12b, larva ;

12c, 12d, pupa.

Not rare in Mussoorie and the interior from April to September.

The larva feeds on grasses and hill bamboo, Natural Order Granunew ;

is pale emerald-green, with two dorsal blue lines. The pupa is also-

oreen.

132, ABISARA FYLLA, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Rare in Mussoorie, especially the female, in April, May, August and

September,

133. AbigsaRnA suFFUSA, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie and the adjoining low valleys in August, common

in the Dun in April, May, August and November.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 379

Family LYCAUNIDA.

134. Mauarspa maLaya, Horsfield.

The tailed form has been taken in the Bhilung District of Tehri

Garhwal in September, and in Dehra Dun from February to November.

135. Lyo#na mepon, Hufnagel.

Very common in Mussoorie from 8,500 to 7,200 feet elevation from

April to July.

136. Lyca@na aRrIANA, Moore.

Very numerous in the Nila and Baspa Valleys in the interior at

about 12,000 feet elevation from July to September.

137. Lyca@na LEHANA, Moore.

Occurs rarely in June and July on the Nilung Pass in the interior

at a great elevation.

138. Lyomna GALATHEA, Blanchard.

Eixceedingly common in the Nila and Baspa Valleys near the snows

from July to September, the female as usual rarer than the male.

139, CHILADES TROcHILUS, Freyer.

Occasionally found in Mussoorie in May and July, common in Dehra

Dun in December.

140. CyanrRIS VARDHANA, Moore.

Not common in Mussoorie from May to July, and in October, some-

what more plentiful in the interior.

141. CyYANIRIS ALBOCHRULEUS, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie and double-brooded, flies from April to July, and

in September. Mr. Moore recorded it from “ Deyra Doon,” but that

valley is probably too low for it.

142. Cyaniris puspa, Horsfield.

Occurs in great numbers in the low valleys about Mussoorie and

in Dehra Dun from April to July, and in August, September and

November.

143. CyAaniris caLestina, Kollar. Plate V, Figs. 13a, 130, larva;

13¢, 13d, pupa.

Common in Mussoorie from 3,000 to 7,000 feet elevation all through

the summer and autumn, The larva feeds on Prinsepia utilis, Royle,

Nataral Order Rosacew. Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, has identified the

ant which attends this species in Mussoorie as Acantholepis capensis,

Mayr, var. lunaris, Em.

380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1

144. CyYANIRIS HUEGELIL, Moore,

Also very plentiful in Mussoorie throughout the warm months of

the year. |

145. Zizera MAHA, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie and in Dehra Dun, almost throughout

the year.

146. ZizmRA Lysimon, Hiibner,

Not rare in Mussoorfe in the summer ; occurs in the Dun almost

all the year round.

147. ZizmRA GAIKA, Trimen.

Oceurs in Dehra Dun in December.

148. Azanus UBALDUS, Cramer.

Not rare in Mussoorie in May and September, and in the Dun

from March to June.

149, HivEREs areraDEs, Pallas,

Very common in Mussoorie from April to August ; occurs also in

the Dun in August.

150. NacapuBa Nore, Felder.

The tailed form (V. ardates, Moore) is not rare in Mussoorie in May,

and again from August to December. Both the tailed and tailless

forms occur in the Dun commonly almost throughout the year.

151. Nacapusa HAMPsonu, de Nicéville.

Rare in the Dehra Dun only; male specimens only obtained in May,

August and November.

152. JAMIDES BOCHUS, Cramer.

Very common in the low valleys near Mussoorie and in the Dun

in August and September.

153. LaMPIDES CELENO, Cramer.

One specimen taken near Mussoorie in August ; very common in

the Dun in April and May, and again in August, September, Novem-

ber and December. ‘The seasonal forms are very strongly marked.

154, Cavrocurysops strAso, Fabricius.

A few specimens have been caught in the low valleys to the north

of Mussoorie ; exceedingly common in Dehra Dun from August

to December.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 381

155. Catocurysors oxesus, Fabricius.

Not common in our area ; occurs in the Dun only in October.

156. CatocHrysops PANDAVA, Horsfield.

The rains’ form, true C. pandava, occurs in Mussoorie in August

and September ; the rains’ form flies in the Dun in August, and the

dry-season form, C. bengalia, de Nicéville, in October and November.

157. Tarucus THEOPHRASTUS, Fabricius.

Very rare in Mussoorie in September, very common in the Dun

in May and from July to November, and is highly seasenably dimor-

phic, the dry-season form found in May being the 7. alteratus of

Moore.

158. Tarvucus TELICANUS, Lang.

Not common in Mussoorie in May and August; more numerous in

the Dun from April to December. It is better known in India as

ZL, plinius, Fabricius, but Lang’s name has four years’ priority.

159. Castatius rosimon, Fabricius.

Found in Dehra Dun only ; commonly in April and May, and

in October and November.

160. PoLyommatus Baticus, Linneus.

Occurs in Mussoorie and the adjoining districts in vast numbers

from March to June, apparently migrating in March to the north-

westward. The Mussoorie specimens vary greatly in size. Found

also commonly in the Dun.

161. Inaota TImMoLEON, Stoll.

Not rare in Mussoorie from April to September, and in the Dun in.

the latter month in large numbers on pomegranate bushes, Punica

Granatum, L., Natural Order Lythracee. In Kanara the larva has

been found to feed only on the bark of Ficus glomerata, Roxb.

162. SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Moore.

Decidedly rare in Mussoorie in August, but in the Dun it is very

common all the year round, in sal forests especially. The female has

been observed ovipositing on a thorny bush, a species of Acacia,

Natural Order Leguminose.

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

163. ARRHOPALA AMANTES, Hewitson.

Very rare in Mussoorie, but found in great numbers in the Dun

almost all the year round, most plentiful in April and May in the vici-

nity of water.

164, ARRHOPALA ATRAX, Hewitson,

Rare in Mussoorie in September ; common in the Dun from April

to June and in August.

165. ARRHOPALA RAMA, Kollar. Plate V, Figs. 14a, 146, larva ;

14¢, 14d, pupa.

Common in Mussoorie and triple-brooded at least, the May brood

being generally the largest. The larva feeds on the young leaves of

the common oak, Quercus incana, Roxb., Natural Order Cupulifere,

is of the usual lyczenid shape, pink, almost hairless, and attended by

ants. Pupa brown, with a pink tinge. Mr. Mackinnon, on 2ist July,

1892, wrote as follows :—‘“‘ The Jarve are of the colour of milk-and-

water till about half growx, when they become a little greenish-blue ;

just before they turn into pupz, they become of a pink colour. The

only marking is the dorsal stripe, which begins on the third segment,

becoming wider to about the seventh segment, when it narrows gradu-

ally to the eleventh, on which it ends. The new leaves of the hill-

oak are covered with a white tomentum, and these larve lie on the

underside of the leaves, and being exactly the same colour as the fluff

on the leaves, they are very difficult to see. The attending ant

is always single, and seemed to be occupied stroking the posterior

end of the larva.’’ Mrs. Robson in May, 1894, wrote as follows :—

“The larva in Mussoorie is palest whitey-green, of the exact shade

of the leaves of the oak on which the larva exists. It is always

attended by black ants. The larvae double down both edges of the

leaf, station themselves on the midrib, and eat from the tip backwards.

So far as I have observed, there is no difference between the larve of

A, rama, A. dodonea, Moore, and A. ganesa, Moore, except in size.”

166. ARRHOPALA DODONZA, Moore.

As common in Mussoorie and in the interior as A. rama, Kollar,

from April to June, and again in September. The larva feeds on the

common hill-oak, Quercus incana, Roxb., Natural Order Cupulifere, is

attended by ants, is almost exactly like that of A. rama, but generally

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 383

larger and a shade lighter in colour. The opposite sexes in this

species are coloured and marked almost exactly alike—an unusual

feature in the genus.

167. ARRHOPALA GANESA, Moore.

The commonest species of the genus found in Mussoorie, flying in

shady ravines near running water in May and June. The larva, as

in the case of the two species which precede, feeds on the young leaves

of Quercus incana, Roxb., Natural Order Cupulcfere, is of a very beauti-

ful pinkish-white colour, covered with very fine and soft white hairs,

extending all round beyond the body. The larva of A. rama, Kollar,

A, dodonea, Moore, and A. ganesa, when nearly full-grown, remain in

a shelter made by fastening the edges of a leaf together. The ants

which attends the larva of this species are much larger than those

which pervade the larvz of the other two species. All these species

have a honey-gland on the eleventh segment.

168. CurEtIs ANGULATA, Moore.

Very rare in the valleys about Mussoorie in August and September ;

occurs in Dehra Dun in September.

169. CuReETIS DENTATA, Moore.

Found in Mussoorie and Dehra Dun (from whence it was

originally described) with the species which precedes and follows.

170. Curetis BuLis, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Found in the low valleys about Mussoorie from June to September;

not rare in the Dun in April, July, August and September. It is

unfortunate that no fresh evidence is forthcoming of the distinctness

or otherwise of the various species of this genus which haye been

described.

171- THECLA SASSANIDES, Kollar.

Brought in by native collectors in July and August from the Nila

Valley, close to the Ganges, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet.

172. ZupuHyrus aTaxus, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Excessively rare in Mussoorie and in a valley near Nag Tiba, and

flies from May to July. Z. atawus isthe male, and Z. katura, Hewit-

son, the female of one and the same species.

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

173. ZEPHYRUS syLA, Kollar.

Found in Mussoorie and the hills to the northwards, very common

in seasons following a dry winter. It flies in May, June, and August.

174. Zupnyrus Brrupa, Moore. Plate V, Fig. 15a, 156,

larva ; 15c, pupa.

Exceedingly common in Mussoorie, double-brooded, the first from

May to July, the second in September. The earlier brood is found in

shady woody ravines only, the later brood on the tops of hills. Mrs.

Robson has bred it at Mussoorie in May. The larva feeds on Rhodo-

dendron arborum, Sm., Natural Order Evricacee,

175. ZrPHyrus 1cANA, Moore.

Very rare in Mussoorie, more common at Nag Tiba ; it flies in

May and June.

176. ZEPHYRUS DOHERTYI, de Nicéville,

Found in a ravine near Nag Tiba, 8,5C0 feet elevation, in May and

June; also in the Nila Valley in July, and the Pabur Valley in

‘Jaunsar in August; the two last-named localities are in the interior

towards the snows.

177. ZePHyYRUS za, Hewitson.

Found in Mussoorie only from May to July, some years it is

common, in others very rare.

178. EuAspa MILIONIA, Hewitson.

Found commonly in Mussoorie only in shady ravines near running

water from May to July.

179. CH@mroprocTa opATA, Hewitson.

Occurs in great numbers in Mussoorie in May and June, and the

Ganges Valley in July, in fact, wherever walnut trees grow ( Juglans

regia, L., Natural Order Juglandew), and is a perfect pest in places, as

the larvee literally strip the trees of their leaves. Although the larva

spins a flimsy sort of web beneath which it hides, it is not of much

protection, as birds pick them out without any difficulty and with

great rapidity. The butterfly is most active at sunset, and is single-

brooded. The winter is passed in the egg state.

“THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 385

180. CurYsopHANUS PHLmAs, Linneus.

Common at Mussoorie and in the interior from 5,000 to 8,000 feet

elevation from March to September. The larva feeds on the leaves

of the common “dock,” Fiumeg RAUNT, Spreng., Natural Order

Polygonacec. pe

18], CHRYSOPHANUS PAVANA, Kollar.

Found commonly throughout the year except in the winter in

Mussoorie, on Nag Tiba, and in the Ganges Valley.

182. CurysoPHanus KASYAPA, Moore.

Occurs only in the interior somewhat rarely in July and Angust in

the Baspa Valley and on the passes in its mony, at about 12,000

feet elevation.

183. InerpDA sena, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie from 3,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in

every month of the year, even in the depths of winter if the sun

shines and the ground is free from snow. Mr. Mackinnon once

found a female in the Dun in February flying round a sorrel plant

which had been swept down by a torrent in the rains, but it is not

usually found below the foot of the hills. The larva feeds on Rumez

hastatus, Don., Natural Order Polygonacee.

184, Iterpa tamu, Kollar.

Occurs at Mussoorie and on Nag Tiba only on bare spots in April,

May, and October.

185, IneRpDA ANDROCLES, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Common at Mussoorie, on Nag Tiba, and in the Upper Ganges

Valley, from 5,000 to 9,000 feet elevation, from Aprilto October. The

females of all J/lerdas seem to be rarer than the males.

186. Camzna DEVA, Moore. Plate V, Figs. 16a, 160, larva ;

16c, 16d, pupa..

Not rare at Mussoorie in May, July, and September, and in the

Dun in February, July, August, and September. The larva feeds on

the leaves of Loranthus longijlorus, Desr., Natural Order Loranthacee.

187. CAMENA ICETAS, Hewitson.

Not common in Mussoorie at 5,000 feet elevation from April to July,

386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

188. CrEoN cLEoBIS, Godart.

Two specimens only obtained in Mussoorie in July and September,

and a few in the Dun in Febrnary, April, and August.

189. APHN#US VULCANUS, Fabricius.

Found somewhat rarely in the Dun only from February to April,

and in June and August.

190. ApHnaus tonita, Horsfield.

Not rare in the low valleys below Mussoorie from July to September,

and found in the Dun in August.

191. AprHnaus tcris, Hewitson.

Found in the low valleys about Mussoorie in August, and in the

Dun in March, April, June, and August. It is very variable as usual ;

some males from Mussoorie altogether lack the triangular yellow black-

spotted area on the upperside of the forewing which is characteristic

of typical A, ictis, The A. lunulifera of Moore is certainly only a

varietal form of A. ictis, It flies in the Dun in March.

192. ApHNaus ELIMA, Moore.

Found rarely in March and April in Dehra Dun only. It is almost

certainly the dry-season form of A. zctis, Hewitson.

193, Apunazus ZAFFRA, de Nicéville.

Found from April to June in shady ravines near water in Mussoorie

only, never commonly.

194, TasurIA ILLURGIS, Hewitson,:

Rare in shady ravines near water from April to June at Mussoorie

and on Nag Tiba, found also in Dehra Dun in August. Two females

only obtained in the Dun.

195. TasurIaA LONGINUS, Fabricius.

Mussoorie in May, July, August, and September, in Tehri Garhwal

in April, and in Dehra Dun in February, May, and August.

196. Tasuria sHHANA, Moore.

Not rare in Mussoorie and in the valleys in the vicinity in May and

September ; found occasionally in the Dun also.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 387

197. Tasuria Dimus, Hewitson.

Very rare, two male specimens obtained in March, 1887, in

Mussoorie. In Mr. Mackinnon’s collection is another male bred in

Mussoorie from a larva found by Mrs, Robson on Loranthus bicolor, L.,

Natural Order Loranthacew, the transformations of which she described

in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 339 (1895), in error as

those of Camena | Creon| cleobis, Godart.

198. TasuRIA IsTRoIDEA, de Nicéville.

There is a single specimen of this species in Mr, A, Hi, Ryve’s collec-

tion taken in a valley near Mussoorie.

199. CHLrIARIA OTHONA, Hewitson.

Rare in Mussoorie, one pair obtained in June; occurs in Dehra Dun

in July.

200. CHLfARIA KINA, Hewitson. Plate V, Figs. 17a, 17b, pupa.

Rare in Mussoorie from April to June, and in Dehra Dun from

July to September. The larva in the Dun feeds on the flowers of an

orchid, Rhynchostylis retusa, Blume, Natural Order Orchidew. Head

pale yellowish-brown, body pale '-ight green, covered with scattered

pink hairs, a dorsal reddish-pink strip» wider at both ends than in

the middle, two stripes of the same colour on either side between the

dorsal and abdominal stripe ; these stripes all converge towards either

extremity, giving the impression that the larva is entirely pink at

either end, but under a magnifying glass the lines are seen to be

separate; a small black spiracular dot on each segment along the

abdominal line, while the latter is of the same colour as the other

stripes. As the flowers of the orchid are also pink, the larva is not

easy to see. The pupa is green.

201. Horaca onyx, Moore. Plate V, Figs. 18a, 186, larva.

Not rare in Mussoorie from April to June, in August and Septem-

ber, and in the Dun in August, September, November and December.

The larva feeds on the leaves of Corzaria nepalensis, Wall., Natural

Order Coriariew, is shaped exactly like that of 4. viola, Moore, and

is furnished with the same number of processes, but the colour is

different, some parts being green, and the others brown, The. pupa,

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

attached by the tail only with no median girth, is short and very thick

for its length, anteriorly light green, the wing-cases dark brown, the

abdominal segments also brown, on the back and the sides of the

body green.

202. Horaca viota, Moore.

A single specimen bred from a larva found feeding in Mussoorie on

the leaves of Coriaria nepalensis, Wall., Natural Order Coriariee. It

isa most curious looking creature, about half an inch long, of a reddish-

brown colour, of the usual lycenid shape, but furnished with eleven

tentacular processes, two on the third segment, one each on the fourth,

seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, all dorsal, the fifth has three,

two lateral and one dorsal, the eleventh has two lateral ones.

203, CATOP@CILMA ELEGANS, Druce.

Rare in Mussoorie from March to May, in July and August ; also in

Dehra Dun in August and September.

204, Loxura atymnus, Cramer.

Rare in Mussoorie in August and September, common in the Dun

almost all the year round.

205. Duporix EPIJARBAS, Moore.

Common at Mussoorie from July to September, and in the Dun

from February to September. The larva feeds onthe fruit of the

horse-chestnut, Ai sculus zndeca, Colebr., Natural Order Sapindacee, in

Mussoorie, and on the fruit of the pomegranate, Punica Granatum,

L., Natural Order Lythracee, in the Dun and adjoining low valleys.

206. Hysupra sELira, Moore.

Not rare in Mussoorie from April to June, and again in September.

The female butterfly has been observed ovipositing on the leaves of the

wild Indigo, Indigofera atropurpurea, Hamilt., Natural Order Legu-

minose.

207, IAPALA SCHISTACEA, Moore.

Not rare in Mussoorie in May, June, and September, in the Giri

Valley in Sirmoor in November, and common in the Dun from March

to November. Mrs, Robson has bred the larva in Mussoorie on

Spireea sorbifolia, Li, Natural Order Rosacee, and described its trans-

formations in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 837 (1895).

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 389

208. Rapana varuNA, Horsfield.

Mr. Moore has described this species from the “ Deyra Doon” as

R. grisea. Wehavea single male from the Dun captured in Sep-

tember. Mr. Hamilton H. Druce in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895,

p. 622, has recently shown that “ Deudorix” orseis, Hewitson=“ Thecla”

varuna, Horsfield.

209. RAPALA Nissa, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie from March to October, and in the

Dun in the rainy season. The larva feeds on the flowers of Astélbe

rivularts, Ham., Natural Order Sawifragacee. It is very like the

larva of A. schistacea, Moore, except that the fourth segment is bright

red.

210. RapaLa MELAMPUS, Cramer.

Rare in Mussoorie in May and September, exceedingly common in

the Dun trom March to May, in July, September, and November.

211. VIRACHOLA ISOCRATES, Fabricius.

Occurs at low elevations near Mussoorie (about 4,000 feet) from

July to September ; common in the Dan almost throughout the year

wherever the pomegranate (Punica Granatum, L., Natural Order

Lythraceee) grows, on the fruit of which the iarva feeds. Ina fairly

large garden near the town of Dehra this fruit never comes to perfec-

tion owing to the borings of this larva.

212. VIRACHOLA PERSE, Hewitson.

Found in the low valleys near Mussoorie in July, and in the Dun

in March, and from June to September. The larva feeds on the

fruit of Randia dumetorum, Lamk., Natural Order Rubiacee. It is

almost impossible to get good specimens of this butterfly except by

breeding. It is less common in our area than V. ¢socrates, Fabricius.

213. SinTHusA NasAKA, Horsfield.

Rare in the low valleys near Mussoorie from May to July, found

in the Dun in September.

214, -SINTHUSA CHANDRANA, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie from June to August, and in the Dun in July

and September.

(Te be continued.)

390

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR.

Part 1X.

By KE. C. SruarT Baker, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

(Continued from page 233 of this Vol.)

Orper XJ—Acorprrres.

Family Pandionide.

(501) Panpion HALIAETUS—The Osprey.

Hume, No. 40; Blanford, No. 1189.

There are but few of these birds to be met with within the limits of

Cachar, though on the vast bheels in the adjoining district of Sylhet

it may be more often seen. During the last seven or eight years a

pair of Ospreys have made their nest every year in a large swamp

called the Chutta bheel, situated in about the centre of Cachar. In

February, 1896, one of my collectors shot a fine male which was

fishing with its mate in a still larger piece of water further south ;

these and perhaps three or four others, seen but not obtained, are all

that I have come across within the district.

The pair of Ospreys, which I have already mentioned as annually

breeding in the Chutta bheel, are practically resident birds, as I am

informed that they are repeatedly seen until the end ef December or

beginning of January when the drying up of the water forces them to

make what is, probably, a local migration to some other place where

there is a suitable food-supply. The earliest rains commence in

Cachar in March or April and with their advent back come the birds

to their nest and set about repairs as soon as ever they arrive. The

site is a large solitary tree, standing on a small piece of high ground

which, when the rains are at their highest, is surrounded on all sides

by a vast sheet of water, dotted here and there where similar little

islands show their heads.

The birds which are seen in the cold weather are, in all likelihood,

only casual visitors, though it is possible that one or two other eyries

oxist in the less frequented backwaters of the Barak and Surrma rivers.

where, even in the driest seasons, there is always plenty of water

containing an inexhaustible quantity of fish.

It is probable that Blanford has laid rather too much stress on the

outer toe of the Osprey being reversible. Col. Bingham, writing of

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. ‘agt

Poliaetus ichthyeetus in a most interesting article in this journai

(Vol. 1X, p. 478), says that he “can state positively” that “the outer

toe of these fishing eagles is reversible like that of the Osprey.” I

have myself examined the feet of P. ishthyetus and P. humilis (vel

plumbus) and undoubtedly in both these the outer toe is reversible,

though I do not think I should have said “like that of the Osprey,”

for, whereas the normal position of the outer toe of the Osprey is point-

ing backwards with the hullux, the normal position of the same toe

in the fishing eagles is pointing forwards with the second and third

toes, but it appears to be reversible at will when required to give

additional power in grasping.

A very interesting feature in the leg of the Osprey is the curious

spinal development of the scales at the back of the tarsus next the

joint. The use of these rough projections may be seen at once if the

bird is watched in the act of carrying off a fish. In grasping the first

and fourth toes are considerably separated and when the prey is

drawn up close to the body it is pressed against the tarsus which fits

in between the toes and so forms no inconsiderable addition to the pur-

chase obtained. Again the beauty of the arrangement is still further

enhanced when it is noticed that it is the upper edge of the scales

which are thus prolonged ; if it were the lower edges which formed the

spines, every time the bird seized a fish and contracted its leg until these

were brought into play the expanding again would force out the scales

and so cause the bird pain if not actual injury. As it is, Nature has so

ordained that contraction and expansion force in and release these

spines at such an angle that there can be no way by which they can be

caught in the flesh of the object held.

Family Vulturide.

(502) Vutrur monarcaus.—The Cinereus Vulture.

Hume, No. 1; Blanford, No. 1190.

I believe that a nest from which, for two years running, I obtained

eggs, is the only one recorded found actually within Indian limits,

Near the village of Hungrum and overhanging the Jiri Valley, there

is a lofty hill, something over 6,000 feet high, the north-eastern side

of which runs almost sheer down into the valley below. The greater

part of this is covered with dense, but rather stunted, evergreen forest

interspersed with wide bare patches where slips have occurred, or

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X12.

where the sides are too precipitous to maintain anything but the most

scanty bush jungle. On one of these places a pair of Cinereus Vul-

tures had made their nests upon a ledge of rock, partly protected by

overhanging bushes, and still further by large boulders. Although

from a distance the place appeared to be almost inaccessible, it was

not so hard to get at as it seemed to be. In the first place trees grew

in great numbers up te within some ten yards or so of it, and it was

easy enough to pass from one to another of these and from where the

trees ceased to grow ; a light Naga boy found it equally easy, with the

help of numerous stout creepers, to get on the ledge where the nest

was. On the first occasion I visited it we found a single egg which

was very hardset. The parent birds made no demonstration but

sailed slowly round and round, now and then venturing within twenty

or thirty yards of our heads, and finally, in order to make absolutely

sure of the identity uf the eggs, 1 shot the female. .

The following year I again visited Hungrum and was much sur-

prised to find that the widower had remarried and again occupied the

same nest. I again took the solitary eg¢ which it contained and this

last robbery was too much for the birds, for from that day to this, now

some years or more, I have not seen a vulture of this species.

Judging from the appearance of the nest it must have been in use

for a very long time. The mass of sticks extended fully twelve feet

along the ledge and occupied the whole of the breadth, which varied

from three to six feet. In depth it averaged fully four feet, as at the

edge it came up to the waist of the boy who took the egg, and it was

far deeper in the centre where there was a depression in the rock.

The Nagas of Hungrum told me that it had been built some fifteen or

twenty years previous to the one on which I first robbed it.

One egg is almost white and the other only very faintly blotched

with dirty cream colour and brownish-red. Numerous remains of

smail animals lay about the rocks near, and though these were but

bones, for the most part left from former years, the stench which arose

from the vicinity of the nest was almost overpowering.

(503) Ovogyps catvus.—The Black Vulture.

Hume, No. 2; Blanjord, No. 1191.

Comparatively common throughout both hills and plains portions

of the district.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 393

(504) Gypg mnpicus.—The Long-billed Vulture.

Hume, No. 4; Blanford, No. 1194.

Hume mentions, in “ Stray Feathers,” G. indicus as one of the vul-

tures to be found in Cachar, but the few birds I have examined seem

rather to belong to the next species.

(505) Gyps TENUIROSTRIS.—The Himalayan Long-billed Vulture.

Hume, No. 4 ter; Blanford, No. 1195.

This is, as far as I know, the common form everywhere. It is

possible that both G. himalayensis and G. indicus may enter the dis-

trict, but vultures are not commonly seen in North Cachar and I have

devoted very little attention to them, besides which, it is not easy to

discriminate between some of the spe ‘es without having good series

for comparison. In the plains, of course, one can obtain any number,

but native collectors are not keen on getting them as their brethren

laugh at them for shooting the foul bird.

(506) PsEUDOGYPS BENGALENSIS.—The White-backed Vulture.

Hume, No. 5; Blanford, No. 1196.

This vulture seems seldom to wander to any of the heights above

3,000 feet, and is rare even as high as that. I hava known carcases

of gour and gayal to lie out in the open on the top of a peak

hardly over 3,090 feet for days together without attracting a single

vulture,

Family Fanconi #,

Sub-family Falconine.

(507) AQuILA BrrascIaTa.—The Steppe Hagle.

ume, No. 27 bis; Blanford, No. 1202.

A very rare winter visitor. I have as yet only seen it twice, and

have not yet succeeded in obtaining a specimen.

(508) LopHoTrioRCcHIs KIENERI.—The Rufous-bellied Hawk Eagle,

Hume, No. 37; Blanford, No. 1209.

Recorded from Cachar ; I have never yet met with it.

(509) Icrmvmrus maLavensis.—The Black Hagle.

Flume, No. 32; Blanford, No. 1210.

Not a very rare bird in North Cachar, though I have not yet met

with it in the plains. I have seen this eagle stoop at jungle fowl and,

though I have not myself seen it strike, the natives tell me that it does

sometimes seize them, and I once saw one in the act of feeding ona

894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

jungle hen. I had no gun with me so could not shoot it, but it was

perched ona tree within thirty yards of me and its intensely dark

plumage rendered it easily recognisable at that short distance. When

disturbed in forest it displays great activity in the way it dodges in and

out between the trees, seldom getting above them into the open, until

it thinks it has reached a safe distance. I have seen it haunting small

streams and ravines in heavy forests at high elevations, probably in

search of small animals and reptiles which abound in such places.

(510) Spizarus cirrHATUS.—The Crested Hawk Hagle.

Hume, Nos. 85, 35 bis and 85 quat ; Blanford, No, 1211.

An eagle undoubtedly of this species was shot by some Nagas on the

14th July and brought in tome. The crest is fully 3” long or rather

more. It is very remarkable obtaining this bird so far North.

(511) Spismtus Limnatus.—The Changeable Hawk Hagle.

Hume, Nos. 34, 384 A and 34 bis; Blanford, No. 1212.

I have seen no adults of this bird in Cachar, but had two young birds

brought to me once which, I believe, were of this species. Hume

records it from North-east Cachar.

(512) SpimorNis CHEELA.—The Crested Serpent Eagle.

flume, Nos. 39, 39 bis, 39a bis, and 39 ter; Blanford, No. 1217.

The most common eagle in North Cachar. On all the larger streams

it is found in very large numbers; and many of the villages at low eleva~

tions, up to some 2,500 feet, are haunted by one or more pairs, who

levy a toll on the fowls and ducks, sometimes even venturing to attack

young kids. Fora long time—three years at least—a pair of them

persecuted the tenants of my fowl-run, doing very heavy damage,

more especially amongst the guinea-fowls. Finally, owimg to the

persistance with which they kept up the slaughter of these birds, I was

driven to shooting the male and hanging up his skin as a warning to

his mate. She, however, refused to be driven away, and having married

again continued to frequent the place, though she became much less

bold in her depredations and never ventured within shot.

They are extremely bold birds, and I have seen them stoop at and kill

jungle fowl and pheasants, and once saw a pair attack a heron which,

however, escaped into some adjacent forest. Their principal food con-

sits of lizards, frogs, and fish, and it is not necessary that these should

have been killed by the bird itself.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 395

_ IT have taken these birds as nestlings and brought them up, when

they have evinced considerable affection and, though always at large,

never flew away for more than an hour or se. They very soon

learnt to come when called, and would follow me about my garden

stalking along in a most grave and sedate manner a yard or two

behind me. They ate worms, caterpillars, grasshoppers or any other

small odds and ends in the insect line which I offered them. Amongst

other delicacies for which they showed more than ordinary greediness

were the large, fat, white grubs of the stag-beetles, These larvae used

to get into the roots and the lower parts of the trunks of the orange

trees, which died in a very short time if not relieved from their

unwelcome visitors. The eagles used to watch me_ extracting

these with the greatest interest, their heads on one side and their

beautiful eyes watching every movement of my fingers. When they

were at last extracted their excitement was intense, they raised and

lowered their crests rapidly and gave vent to hoarse croaks of im-

patience. They never utter their wild screaming cry except when

circling round and round high upin the air. Their sight was most

wonderfully keen, and though they were quite invisible to me they

would often discover my approach and pay me sudden visits on the

road when I was returning to headquarters from camp. They. would

never follow me more than three or four miles from Gunjong, and

never ventured after me on foot excapt in immediate vicinity of the

house.

They never attempted to molest any of my other pets, and at night

retired to roost in perfect amity with the fowls or occasionally with a

number of the Hastern red-footed kestrel (7. amurensis) who lived in

a large aviary by themselves. The kestrel did not, however, care for

the companionship of the eagles, and it was only under pressure that the

eagles visited them. They were very early risers, the first glimmer of

dawn seeing them on the wing, and also retired very early to bed, being

asleep in the fowl-house some time before the last of the fowls went

to roost.

In North Cachar Spilornis chiela seems to breed earlier than in most

places, as few eggs are to be found after the middle of March. Their

nests are sometimes placed far in the interior of forest and a Jong way

from water, but more often they build them on trees on the banks of

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

streams. They return to the same nest for many years in succession.

I have a young bird now in captivity, a Spelornis of kinds, but with the

whole lower plumage deep falvous with broad drops of blackish-brown

on the breast and glands. I shall await anxiously to see what this

turns out, as none of my young birds of this genus which I have had

have at all resembled this one.

(518) Burasror Texsa.—The White-eyed Buzzard Eagle.

Hume, No. 48; Blanford, No. 1220.

A rather rare bird in Cachar, even more so in the hills than in the

plains.

_ HALIAETUS LEUCORYPHUS.—Pallas’s Fishing Eagle.

Hume, No. 42; Blanford, No. 1228.

This is not a common bird in Cachar where the rivers are not of any

size, but in the adjoming district of Sylhet where the rivers widen out

and the swamps and lakes are of far greater extent, it may be rather

more frequently met with.

(515) PottsnTus tcHTHYAETUS.—The Large Grey-headed

Fishing Hagle.

Hume, No. 41; Blanford, No, 1226.

Extremely common all over the district, both on the larger rivers and

on every open body of water. It ascends the hill-streams to a consider-

able height, and I once with right and left shots got a bird of this

species and one of the smaller kind P. humilis.

Its huge nest of sticks may be seen in many places all along the

banks of the river Barak, invariably placed on large trees in most con

spicuous positions, not seldom on the highest tree available in the very

centre of a village. One nest I know of is placed in a mango tree

which grows within a few yards of one of the regular calling places of

the river steamers, but the birds appear to take no notice of the noise of

the boats and the constant crowds of people passing backwards and

forwards just below them.

They eat carrion freely and may be often seen seated on the dead

carcases of animals floating down the stream, enjoying a meal as they

sail along. They will not, however, eat in company, and no vulture is

allowed to approach anywhere near until they have fully gorged them-

selves, when they flap lazily away to sun themselves on some high tree

or bamboo,

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 397

(516) PotiarTus HUMILIS—Hodgson’s Fishing Eagle.

Hume, Nos. 41 bis and 41 ter; Blanford, No. 1227.

Very common on al] the larger streams throughout these hills, but less

so on the lower reaches and but seldom seen on the plains, These birds

often rob the fishing basket-traps sof the Cacharies, whenever these are

partly exposed above water. With their strong beaks and claws they tear

open the bamboo fastenings and, thrusting their heads into the aperture so

made, steal the contents. They breed principally in February and March

in the same manner as the last bird but in less exposed situations, some-

times a good distance from the stream and well inside the forest.

(517) Hatiastur inpuUs.—The Brahminy Kite.

Hume, No. 55; Blanford, No. 1228.

As a rule extend only a very short way up the bigger rivers into the

hills, but is of course very common in the plains. It isa very notice-

able fact that both this kite and Milrus govinda have increased very

considerably in numbers as -the Assam-Bengal-Railway has: advanced

into the hills and brought large numbers of coolies into the district. Of

late I have several] times noticed Brahminy Kites hovering about over

these hills, at some height over 2,000 feet, whereas in former days it was

but seldom they were seen over 500 feet or so. All the birds I have

examined have been young birds, still with many brown feathers. about

them. They do not wander any distance from the line itself, but haunt.

the Pathan camps where offal is nearly always plentiful.

I have taken five eggs from a nest of this species once, and more

than once have taken four.

(518) Mitvus govinpa.—The Common Pariah Kite.

Hume, Nos. 50 and 56 ter; Blanford, No. 1229,

In the hills and higher extensive forests is to a great extent replaced

by the next species.

Five years ago it used to be quite an unusual sight to see I. govinda

in these hills, but now all along the railway line every camp is fre-

quented by at least a pair of these kites, and at Haflang some three or

four pairs have commenced to breed.

(519) Minvus mesanoris.—The Large Indian Kite.

Hume, No. 50 bis; Blanford, No. 1230,

_ This kite is fairly common im all the wilder parts of the district,

especially in the mountainous portions. Tonce shot a gaur ata place

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

called Guilang, some 4,000 feet high, which was cut up by the Nagas

of the nearest village who took it home and hung it up in long strips

to dry in the sun. Ina very short space of time some two or three

hundred kites appeared on the scene and hovered round and round the

meat, which was guarded by two small Naga boys. I found the kites

very wild and it was not easy to obtain shots, as each time I fired they

would fly away and not return for an hour or so. Eventually I secured

four, they all proved to be females of Milvus melanotis. They were

very fine specimens, the largest measuring no less than 29°5" with a

wing of 27:2". The wing patch in these birds was not only very large

but also very conspicuous, the white contrasting vividly with the dark

colour of the surrounding parts. I could not, of course, see whether alk

these kites were of the larger kind, JZ. melanotis, but I am strongly

inclined to think they were, as on the wing they appeared more than

usually large and at the same time were comparatively slow in their

movements, although much more wild than the normal pariah kite.

(520) ELaNus ca@RruLEus.—The Black-winged Kite. .

Hume, No. 59 ; Blanford, No. 1282.

Very common in-the plains, though I very seldom see it in the hills.

It is not nearly so often to be met with during the breeding season, and

I think. that the majority of birds go elsewhere at this period. Iam

told, however, that they are extremely plentiful in Sylhet during: the

early part of the rains, and it is possible that their migration is. buts ~

local one from Cachar to Sylhet. ;

I have often noticed that these birds keep in small parties, presumably

the last lot of young ones.and the two old birds, They are not wild in this

part of the world, a shot being very easily obtaimed. They are inclined to

be rather crepuscular in their habits, and during the heat of the day they

retire to rest in some tree, often in the open, and not always:a shady one.

(521) Crrcus macrurus.—The Pale Harrier,

Hume, No. 51; Blanford, No, 1233.

Not a very common form in Cachar, but a few are to be met with

every year. }

(522) Crrous cINERAcEUS.—Montagu’s Harrier.

Hume, No. 52; Blanford, No. 1284. -

I have only one specimen of this bird in my collection, a young male,

This. bird has, of course, the short tarsus of C. eineraceus, but the notch

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. * 899

on the first primary is actually concealed by the greater coverts. Ihave

not seen sufficient birds of this species to say whether it is often placed

thus, but it is evident that care must be taken not to make too free a

use of this characteristic in distinguishing between C. macrurus and

C. cineraceus.

I think this Harrier is fairly plentiful in the plains of Cachar.

(523) Circus cyanzuse—The Hen-Harrier.

Hume, No. 50; Blanford, No, 1235.

A rare bird in Cachar. I have only one specimen and have not seen

half a dozen others in Cachar,

(524) CIRCUS MELANOLEUCUS.—The Pied Harrier,

Alume, No. 53; Blanford, No. 1236.-

A common bird all over the plains and extending well into the

hills, where a few birds breed every year. The Mikirs in the

North-East assure me that every year they find one or two nests

in the terraces in which they cultivate rice. They say that this

Harrier breeds in July and August, more nests being found in the

latter than in the former month, and the nests are placed on the

small banks at the edges of the terraces which retain a small amount

of water in each tier.

I have seen birds hawking over these fields in June and July and

have no doubt that what the Mikirs assert is perfectly correct. For

every adult male in the full-pied plumage some ten to twenty females

and young birds in non-adult plumage may be seen in Cachar, imma-

- ture males being especially numerous. The number seen in different

years varies greatly. Last year (1896) I saw very few birds indeed,

whilst three years previously, when there was much water remaining

throughout the cold weather in many places, some of these Harriers

might have been seen any day during the course of a very short

walk. °

(525) Crrous caurucINosus.—TIhe Marsh Harrier.

Hume, No. 54; Blanford, No. 1237.

The commonest form of Harrier all over Assam and the Surrma Valley.

A nest of the Marsh Harrier, together with the female and the eggs,

was once brought tome by a Mikir. He had been working in his

rice-field when he saw a hawk, as he called it, fly out of some dense

ekra and grass growing just at the edge of his field in some swampy

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SO€IETY, Vol. XL

ground. He went to inspect the place, thinking the bird might have

killed and left something which he could eat, but instead found a nest

composed of grass, weeds and a few sticks, placed on a tangle of reeds.

about a foot above the swamp. The eggs were of the usual dull white,

without any markings.

(526) AsTUR PALUMBARIUS.—The Gos-hawk.

Hume, No. 21.; Blanford, No. 1243.

I have one small bird, a young male, in my collection, which was.

procured by one of my collectors in the Laisung Valley. I have seen

no other specimen from Cachar,

(527) AstuR BADIUS.—The Shikra,

Hume, Nos. 23 and 23 bis ; Blanford, No. 1244,

An exceedingly common bird, ascending sometimes. to the tops of

the highest hills. Males seem to be far more common than females, and

I get at least two of the former to every one of the latter; but why this

should be I cannot even guess. The Cachar type of bird comes. between

the normal A, badius and Hume’s A. poliopsis, but leans rather to the.

former than the latter.

(528) LopHospizias TRIVIRGATUS.—The Crested Gos-hawk..

Hume, No. 22; Blanford, No. 1246.

Rather a rare bird and from its forest-hunting habits not often

noticed. I found its nest in N. Cachar, but it was empty, and on another

occasion a young bird and an addled egg was brought to me, The

young one I kept some time in captivity, and it became very tame and

sociable. The egg is of the usual type, a dull, almost bluish-white, of

rather a chalky texture and of a broad regular oval shape, measuring

1:71" 1°43". Both nests were large, but rather well-finished structures.

of sticks and twigs, and were placed high up in lofty trees. That, with

the egg in it, was taken on the Ist of May. Two eggs sent me by

Mr. Davidson from Kanara measure 1°82'1°5" and 1°86"% 1°52" ;

these were taken by him on the 15th of April.

(529) AcorrETER wisus.—The Sparrow-hawk.

Hume, Nos, 24 and 24 bis; Blanford, No. 1247,

Rare in Cachar, its place being taken by the next on thelist. I have

one fine specimen of the form Hume called A. melanoschistus, 2 female

with the head almost black, and with that part very distinct from the

back, It isan old bird in magnificent condition.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 401

(530) AccIPETER vircATUs.—The Besra Sparrow-hawk.

Hume, No. 25; Blanford, No. 1248.

This is the common Sparrow-hawk in Cachar; is found everywhere

from the plains to the tops of the highest hills, It breeds everywhere

where there is suitable forest, and its nidification differs in no way from

that of the common Sparrow-hawk. The eggs average rather smaller,

about 1:6” % 1:2", and they are, on the whole, less richly coloured than

are those of A. nisus. I have one clutch of eggs totally devoid of all

markings, and had they not been taken by myself and the old bird shot

off the nest, I could not have believed them to be anything else but the

eges of some Gos-hawk.

(531) Pzrnis cristatus.—The Crested Honey Buzzard.

Hume, Nos. 57 and 57 bis; Blanford, No. 1249,

In Vol. IX of “Stray Feathers,” p. 245, Inglis records this bird as

being “‘ Not uncommon ; generally seen near heavy forest.” I have not

yet managed to secure a single specimen and have only seen some half

dozen, at the most, during the ten years I have been in and about

Cachar. I should call it a decidedly rare bird. I have observed one

or two birds in the high valleys tothe East, but have never had the

chance ofa shot, as they keep amongst the trees, and on anyone’s

approach dodge away amongst the tops, and a shot, when fired, usually

expends itself on leaves and branches instead of the body of the bird.

(532) Baza LorHotes.—The Black-crested Baza.

Flume, No. 58 ; Blanford, No. 1251.

I have found this a very decidedly rare bird in Cachar. Iam told

that they are seen every now and then, but very seldom, in Hailakandy,

to the south.of the district, and I have seen a few in the extreme north

of the North Cachar Hills, where the hills almost cease and the valley

of the Brahmaputra commences. I also saw one bird in the Mahar

Valley, but this is the only one I have met with any distance inside the

hills.

T saw three of these birds once flying round and round my rest-

house at Diyungmukh, and was much struck by their resemblance to

crows in flight as they continually indulged in a heavy flapping, such as

is not at all the form of flight usually associated in one’s mind with a

bird of prey. Their cry was kite-like in sound, yet utterly distinct from

any kite’s cry that I have ever heard. It was much softer than that of

402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

Milvus, but of the same quivering, plaintive character and of about the

same pitch, perhaps rather higher. In the same place I saw con-

tinually for some four or five days a flock of five birds ; these generally

flew a good deal higher and sailed more round and round rather than

flapped about. They were very wild. It was with difficulty I at last

obtained one shot and succeeded in killing a fine male.

(533) Fatco PERIGRINUS.—The Perigrine Falcon.

Hume, No.8; Blanford, No. 1254.

A few birds of this species are to be met with every cold weather,

but it is never really common. I have one magnificent female with a

wing measuring 14°75", one of the largest birds I have seen.

(534) Fatco pericrinator.—The Shahin Falcon.

Hume, Nos. 9 and 9 bis ; Blanford, No. 1255.

About as often seen as the previous Perigrine. These two falcons are

exceedingly hard to discriminate. I have now before me two birds,

one the fine Perigrine already alluded to and the other a very small

female F. perigrinator with a wing of only 12°25". The lower plumage

of these two birds is almost identical, though the rufous central blotches

to the feathers may be rather smaller in the Shahin than in the Perigrine.

The latter has eleven bars on the tail and the former twelve. Above the

only difference I can note is the decidedly darker crown in the Shahin.

Both birds are in the young brown plumage. The most notable difference

in the birds is not one of plumage at all but consists in the smallness of

the Shahin’s feet when compared with those of the other bird, not so

much that they are shorter as that they are thinner and weaker. This

feature is almost equally remarkable in an adult male £. perigrinator a

very typica] bird, except for the fact that its under-plumage is almost

pure white. Ido not consider the differences in these two birds to be

of more than sub-specific value, but I have so small a series to work on

that I cannot advance this theory with much confidence, and the

sub-specific relationship would have to be substantiated by a number of

intermediate forms being obtained.

(535) Fatco sucezr.—The Laggar Falcon.

Hume, No. 11; Blanford, No. 1257.

This Falcon has been reported from Cachar by Inglis and others, but

it must be a very rare bird, as I have never seen one, nor have any of

my collectors managed to get me one.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR, 403

(536) Fatco suspuTEO.—The Hobby.

Hume, No. 13; Blanford, No. 1260.

Rather rare everywhere but ascends the hills to a considerable height ;

and I have seen a Hobby, I think of this species, at Guilang, over 4,000

feet high.

(537.) Fatco sevEeRus.—The Indian Hobby.

Hume, No. 14; Blanford, No. 1261.

I have seen a good many Indian Hobbys, but have only collected one:

specimen, a perfectly typical male in full plumage. This bird was shot

at Kurrungma, the loftiest peak to the north-west of North Cachar, and

was one of a pair which had their nest close to my camp. I did not know

when I shot the bird that it had its mate and nest close by, so shot it, but

in the evening I came across the female, and followed her to a small tree

overhanging a very steep precipice. On getting close to this tree I saw

there was anest in it, and the boy with me attempted to get atit, but the

tree was too weak and rotten. I then climbed a tree higher above on

the cliff and looked into the nest. For some time the Hobby sat there,

but I eventually dislodged her with a twig and saw that it contained

four eggs coloured very richly and darkly. She returned to the nest

again in about five minutes, and I left her in peace to rear the young as

it was quite impossible to take the eggs. The nest was a big structure

of twigs about a foot in diameter.

(538) ERytHROPUS AMURENSIS.—The Hastern Red-legged Falcon.

Hume, Nos. 19 and 19 bis; Blanford, No. 1262.

Every year this small kestrel appears about October in countless num-

bers migrating south into Burma, The 15th of October and the 15th

of November are the two dates between which their first appearance may

be expected, and of this period the last ten days of October are those in

which the first few birds generally come. The Jetinga Valley seems to.

be a meeting place where all the different routes join, again to diverge

as the plains are reached, for nowhere else have I seen any approach to.

the myriads of these birds which there swarm like white ants. When I

first saw and obtained these birds I offered a rupee a head for any the

natives might get, and the next morning some sixty were brought in and

I found that short of thousands there would be no limit to the supply.

The Cacharies go out at night to the roosting-place—generaliy a stretch

of country covered with the small solitary bamboo—with lanterns, torche>

404. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XF.

etc., shake the bamboos and catch the flustered and frightened birds as-

they fall to the ground. Hach bamboo forms a resting-place for twenty

birds and upwards, and out of these some half-dozen or so are captured.

and thrust into baskets prepared for the purpose. These are then

sent to market and sold as-pigeons. for two pice. Hindus and all eat

these birds and seem quite happy about their bemg pigeons. I shouldthink.

adult birds probably take some time to arrive at their complete mature

plumage. When they come through these hills a few males are still in.

the female garb, but the majority have put on that of the male with the

exception of a few wing-quills which are still barred like those of the

female ; again the younger birds have the striz on the lower plumage

much more marked in the older birds,. these shaft streaks being almost

invisible. One young bird, obtained in October, 1892, has the shaft

streaks on the flanks, widened out considerably and developed at the

end into narrow drops; there isa wide subterminal bar of dull black on

the tail, and the light edgings to the under-tail coverts are very

conspicuous. The coloration of these feathers varies: considerably, but

the depth of the rufous seems to have no conneetion with the age of the

bird. <A party of five of these birds were seen in early May and one

which was obtained turned out to bea young male, the whole of the

lower plumage like that of the adult male, but the feathers. with bread.

striae ending in drops.

(539) TinnuNcULUS aLAUDARIUS.—The Kestrel.

Flume, Nos. 17 and 17 bis. ; Blanford, No. 1265.

Common at all heights and in the plains. Ereeds in Cachar.

(540) TryyunouLus cencuris.—The Lesser Kestrel.

Hume, No. 18, 18 4%., 18 ter. ; Blanford, No. 1266.

A rare bird here,.and I have seen but few specimens.

(541) MicroHigrax MELANOLEUCUS.—The White-legged Falconet..

Hume, No. 20 bis. ; Blanford, No. 1268.

This fine little Falcon is-rather a rare bird in Cachar, and does not sit

about in flocks as it appears to do in the Dibrughur Gardens (vide

Cripps on “Stray Feathers’). The few I have noticed have been in

pairs, and of these 1 have secured but three. One of these last was-

obtained in a rather unusual manner.

The bird had tackled and killed a Scimitar-Babbler, and, finding it

too. heavy to carry off, commenced to eat it on the ground. It

THE BIRDS OF NORTH CACHAR. 405

‘nad hardly begun before it was noticed by one of my Postal

runners, and it then attempted to fly away; its feet had, however,

somehow caught in the stomach feathers of the babbler, and it could

only flutter along dragging its dinner along with it. The runner

succeeded in catching it with his puggree and brought it tome. It

was a fierce little bird and bit savagely at anyone who approached

the cage in which we plaeed it, flying atthe bars to get at them and

making no attempt to get further away. Its overhanging eyebrows,

eaused by the prominence of the frontal bones, gives these tiny Falcons

the look of a true eagle, heightened by its game, carriage and aspect,

I once found its nest, fortunately containing an ege. The parent birds

had appropriated a hole made by a Barbet (Cyanops astatica) in a

horizontal branch of a tree. The egg, instead of being like that of a

hawk, was just like one of Taccocua or Centrococcye in texture and in

shape, though longer than those of the latter genus. It measures

1:12"x°87". It was all white.

Another egg brought to me by Nagas and said to be that of this bird

was quite different, a regular pygmy Sparrow-hawk’s ege, white ground

with bold reddish blotches, irregularly distributed over its surface,

It was of a soft chalky texture outside, but I did not believe in its

authenticity and tried to take off the markings. I failed in this, but left

the imner harder shell exposed. This egg measures 1°1"°9’, and

is also in shape more like what one would expect the hawk tribe to

produce. The Nagas said they took it from an abandoned Barbet’s

hole, and it is just barely possible that these Falconets may sometimes

lay blotched eggs.

406

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND

BHUTAN. .

By G. C. DupaEon, F.E.S.

Wirn Norzs sy H. J. Ewes, F.Z.8., F.E.S., &C.,

AND

Avpirions By Sir Gores F. Hampson, BaART,, B.A., F.E.S., &C.

Part II.

(Continued from page 251 of this Vol.)

Family SPHINGIDA.

Subfamily AcHERontimne,

Genus AcHERONTIA, Ochsen.

88. <A. styx, Westw.

Sikhim ; Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet, April to June.

89. <A. lachesis, Fabr.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet, March, August and October.

The female from Sikhim and Bhutan has the “skull-mark ” pale buff,

and the postmedial line of the forewing distinctly white. The larva

feeds on tomato and potato plants, and some become brown in the last

moult, while others simply change toa yellow colour just before

pupating.

~ Subfamily SMERINTHINA.

Genus PoLypricHus, Hibn.

90, PP. dentatus, Cram.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet, August. I have only one specimen from this

locality which belongs to the variety t2mesius,

91. BP. dyras, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 3,500 feet, May—August. Hxtremely

variable in the proximity of the two lines on either side of the disco-

cellular spot, which may meet just below the cell or be widely

separated as far as the inner margin.

92. P. spectabdilis, Butl.

Sikhim. I have not seen this species.

HWETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 407

Genus Decmarrera, Hampson.

92a. D. mirabelis, Roths,

Sikhim (Pilcher).

Genus Crpa, WIk.

93. CC. decorata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen.

94. CC. decolor, Wik.

Sikhim, 4,500 feet, September. Does not appear to be common.

96. C. floralis, Butl.

Sikhim. Not received by me. (Very rare in Sikhim.—Z. J. £.)

Genus Dapunusa, WIk.

98. D. porphyria, Butl.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have taken this species at light in the Bala-

sun Valley.

Genus Lancia, Moore.

99. L. zenzeroides, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet, April. I once took a pair zn copula at Tukvar.

(According to Mr. Knyvett the larva of this is common at Kur-

seong in some seasons about July, and feeds on wild cherry ; some of

the imagines appear in September and some in the spring from the

same brood. The larva is green with a very rough skin, and hisses when

touched. I may say that I never saw a specimen of this species until

Mr. Knyvett found it, and it must be very local or occurs sparingly. —

HT, J. Ey

‘Genus LeucopHuEsiA, Westw.

101. ZL. emittens, Wik.

Sikhim. Not procured by me. (I think Sir G. Hampson has

wrongly identified the Sikhim insect, which I think is LZ, lineata,

Westw., with this species. The latter, the larger species, occurs in

Sikhim rarely.—H. J. E.)

Subfamily AmButycinz.

Genus Catymnia, W1k.

102. C. panopus, Cram.

_ Sikhim and Bhutan. This is not an uncommon species at medium

elevations. The larya is grey and granulose,

408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ.

Genus AmMBULYX, Westw.

103. A. substrigilis, Westw.

Sikhim. A very common and extremely variable species, both in

colour and markings. The abdomen may be with or without the

olive blotches on the fifth and seventh segments, and in some speci-

mens a dorsal line is present.

104. A. semifervens, W1k.

Sikhim. I have not obtained this species. (This is alsoa variable

species, but the subbasal markings, I think, suffice to separate it from

the last. J. £.)

106. A. rubrecosa, Wik.

Sikhim, July. I have only received one pair of this species taken

én copula at 3,000 feet.

| 107. A. junonia, Butl.

Bhutan. I have not seen this species which, however, seems to

differ from A. rubricesa by the presence of a large ocellus on the

hindwing. )

108. A. elwesz, Druce.

Sikhim. This must be a very rare species, I have never re-

ceived it.

109. A. phalaris, Cram.

Sikhim. JI have not seen a specimen. (This is a very rare species

in Sikhim. What Sir George Hampson identifies with <A. phalaris,

Cram. [though it is very unlike the plate of that insect, which came

from the Coromandel Coast] seems to me more probably a variety of

A. bilineata, Wik., but I cannot tell without seeing the types by which

name it ought to be called.— 7. J. E.)

110. A. bilineata, WIk.

Sikhim. Occurs in June and August. One female in my collection

differs from the rest in having a whitish lunule before the apex of the

forewing, the hindwing much darker, and with a crenulate fuscous

postmedial line. This specimen expands 175 millimetres. The streak

of black hairs on the underside of the forewing below the median

nervure is not a sexual character, |

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. » OT4ES

. 112. A. pagana, Fabr.

Sikhim. Ido not know this species. It is said to differ from A.

blineata in the absence of the black patch at the base of the hindwing,

and the black streak on the underside of the forewing. Sir George

Hampson, although separating these three latter species, remarks that

they may all be varieties of one species.

Subfamily Ca #ROcAMPINz,

Genus AcosmmErYx, Boisd.

“115. A. ancea, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 feet. The form ancea occurs in August,

A, sericea in June and August, A. cenerea in March, and A. pseudonaga

in June, July and September. My specimens of A. ancea and A. cinerea

have the outer margin of the forewing crenulate throughout, while that

of A, sericea and A, pseudonaga are not so. All my specimens of A,

pseudonaga are females. All four forms seem very constant, but I can

only judge by Sikhim specimens. I should be inelined to think that

there are more than one species (probably two). Mr. Elwes says that

his specimens fall into four if not five groups, and thinks that if they

are united, A, naga should be also included. I consider, however, that

A, naga shows more definite characters than any of the forms placed

by Hampson under A. ancea.

: 116. A. naga, Moore.

Sikhim, 3,000 feet. A common species and not apparently vari-

able. Ihave had over a hundred specimens brought to me which

show no variation. Itis distinguished from A. ancea chiefly by the

postmedial streak being more oblique, and reaching to the sub-

marginal pale line which is well defined, whitish and straight from

vein 7 to the outer angle.

Genus AMPELOPHAGA, Bremer and Grey.

117. .A. rubseginosa, Bremer and Grey.

Sikhim, July. I have two specimens of what I believe to be this

species ; the markings on the forewing are very distinct. The thorax,

abdomen and forewing are purplish-brown ; the first two with a pale

dorsal line ; the last with subbasal, antemedial, medial and postmedial

parallel, oblique, brown bands, the medial being broad ; a brown mark

on the disco-celiulars, and a triangular patch at the apex. Hindwing

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol.. XI.

fuscous, with the cilia pale. Underside pink, with the markings in-

distinct and narrow, basal half of forewing suffused with fuscous.

The other specimen is slightly browner than the one described here,

and was marked “‘ AMPELOPHAGA, sp.” by Mr. Moore. (I have a single

specimen from Sikhim which agrees very fairly with the typical

insect of Bremer from Amurland.—JZ. J. E.)

118. <A. dolichoides, Feld.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Two specimens taken in July and August. (Of

this also I haveonly one specimen which came from Mandelli’s collec-

tion.—ZH. J. E.)

Genus Co#zrocampa, Dup.

122. C. theylia, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. Throughout the year speci-

mens may be obtained at light, especially at low elevations, where it is

probably the commonest species of the genus. The only type of larva

which I haye reared in Sikhim is that of the form C. raffes:, and my

description agrees with Sir George Hampson’s, except that my larvae

were sooty-black with yellow and white spots on the thoracic somites ~

in the subdorsal row, and had the centres of the ocelli ashy-grey, the first

one with a yellow line on the upper circumference. The food-plant is

Colocasia. C. elpenor, Linn., C. eson, Cramer, and C. vigil, Guér.,

although recorded from ‘‘ Throughout India’ do not appear to have

been taken within the limits specified for this catalogue.

| 123. C. celerio, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. July to December. This -

species appears to be more plentiful at light during the cold weather

than in the rains.

129. C. busirts, W1k.

Sikhim,, 1,800 feet. I have only seen three specimens, (One

specimen only taken in November.—H. J. E.)

130. C. variolosa, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have not received this species.

131. C. metallica, Butl.

Sikhim, 4,000 feet. May. (Occurs not uncommonly in Darjeeling

in some seasons.—H. J. E.)

132. C. antomedon, WIk.

Sikhim. I have only seen one specimen. It must be very rare.

Mr, Elwes has a single specimen taken in May.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 4i1

133. C. mydon, W1k.

_ Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. Occurs in March, May

June, July and August. The larva from Bhutan is pale green; the

thoracial somites increasing rapidly toward the fourth and slightly

depressed, striated with clear white dorsally ; a dorsal and lateral

suffused purplish line, the latter surrounding a dark purplish ocellus

with a white ring and black pupil on the fourth somite. Anterior legs

pinkish-brown with brown patches at their bases. All somites striated

laterally with purplish, which is more apparent as the larva becomes

full-fed. Head small and with the prolegs concolorous with the body.

Horn of moderate length, pinkish-brown. No dorsal markings in the

Bhutan specimens. Food-plant different species of Arum or allied

plants. Pupa formed in a light cocoon of dried leaves on the surface

of the ground; earthy-brown striated with darker, proboscis in a

projecting sheath not separated from the body.

135. C. gloriosa, Butl.

Sikhim. This must be very scarce. I have never seen a specimen.

(Seems local. My specimens were all taken in July.—ZH. J. H.)

(136. C. castor, WIk.

Sikhim. This species was formerly known as C. olivacea, Moore.

My specimens, which I thought identical with it, must be distinct, as

they have the orifice in the basal joint of the palpus, and therefore

belong to the genus Thereira.

130a. C. griseomarginata, Hampson.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). The type and only specimen of this

very distinct species was taken by meat light at Punkabaree. It is

in the British Museum.

Genus THERETRA, Hiibn.

- This genus is separated from Cherocampa by having the basal joint

of the palpus hollowed out, with an orifice towards the exterior beset

with (?) sensory sete. I do not think this is at alla good generic

character, some species having the orifice largely developed, and

others very slightly. 7. lneosa, Wlk., which Sir George Hampson

leaves in the genus Cherocampa, has the orifice distinct, EAEOHE

small ; it should therefore be placed in Theretra.

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf.

120. T. alecto, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 8,000 feet. Occurs from May to October,

and is extremely common at the lower elevations. The orifice in the

palpus is round, and the setz are very distinct, almost filling the same.

141. TZ. dutus, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. Occurs from June to

October. The female is almost indistinguishable from one form of

T. lineosa, W1k., except in the form of the palpus. The orifice in the

palpus is deeper than that of 77. alecto, and the setz are not visible

externally ; the palpus itself is similar in shape. The larva, which

I have found on Cissea, the under surface of the leaves of which are

crimson, is itself crimson striated with brown ; there is a pink ocellus

on the fourth somite edged with yellowish-white above, and traces

of oblique lateral lines ; the horn is purple-brown.

124, T. lycetus, Cram.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have eight specimens of this species taken

in April, June, August and October. The orifice in the palpus is not

very apparent, being closely filled with long sete.

125. T. oldenlandie, Fabr.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Occurs from

June to September and is commoner than the last ; the orifice is

slightly more apparent, and the setz fill up all except a minute pit

on the outside, which is conspicuous.

126. T. silhetensis, Wik.

Throughout India (Hampson). Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have

ever seen a specimen from Sikhim.

137. 7. velata, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan. On examining the forms placed under this

species I find that three different species can be separated on the form

of the palpus alone, and I am also inclined to think that the forms

T. veiata and T’, aurifera, as figured by Butler, may be separable on

account of their markings, although the palpi are similar. It is

possible, however, that they may be seasonal forms. The following

key applies to all the specimens in my collection.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 44S

A. Palpus with the basal joint distinctly hollowed out, second joint

quadrate and not excised.

(a) Forewing dark olive with the markings black and suffused ;

abdomen with scarcely a trace of the lateral golden marks (generally

altogether wanting). Underside of the forewing with the submarginal

band not connected by a bar with the fuscous basal suffusion. T, velata.

Sikhim and Bhutan, May and June, up to 4,000 feet. Lap, 67-76

millimetres. , |

(b) Forewing greenish-olive generally suffused with reddish at the

base, and with pale patches more or less developed at the apea and outer

angle; abdomen with golden lateral bands. Underside of forewing

with the markings well defined, the submarginal band connected to the

dasal suffusion by a dark bar between veins 4and 5. T. aurifera, Butl,

Sikhim and Bhutan, July and October, up to 7,000 feet, Fup.

d 75-80, 2 93 millimetres.

B. Palpus with the orifice reduced to a narrow slit, second joint

rising to above the centre of the eye, quadrate and not excised.

(a) Forewing greenish-yellow or green with no fuscous markings ; inner

margin narrowly white, with a white streak above it and below vein 1,

rising from the margin at 4 from the base and reaching halfway to the

base ; three subbasal indistinct green lines ; a round pale-centred spot in

the cell ; three postmedial parallel waved red lines ; a stivery-bluish streak

from the apex to the outer postmedial line meeteng tt at vein 5, and con-

tinued as a lunulate line from below vein 4 to the angle ; a marginal row of

seven silvery-bluish quadrate spots. Underside ochreous, with the outer

margins purplish ; the submarginal band not connected to the basal

fuscous suffusion. T. aurifera (id. Hampson). Sikhim and Bhutan,

3,000 feet, July. Hap. 81-84. This is a rare species, which I

considered to be C. (olévacea) castor, W1k., but Sir George Hampson

identified it as aurifera, from which I think it is widely distinct. He

has not moved C. castor into the genus Theretra, so that I suppose

the type has no orifice in the palpus. This species I therefore

consider requires a new name.

C, Palpus with the orifice extended by the second joint being

excised and triangular, Shape of the whole palpvus similar to that of

L, actea, Cram.

414. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

(a) Markings on the upperside similar to T. aurifera, Butler; yellowish

submarginal band of the hindwing sometémes traceable to the costa.

Underside of the forewing with the submarginal band not connected with

the basal suffusion. T.sp. Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet.

Occurs from May to August, and is not uncommon. Lzp. 58-78

millimetres. This species also requires a new name, unless the type of —

T. acuta, Wlk., has a similarly-formed palpus.

139. ZT. helops, Wik.

Sikhim (Hampson). I do not know this species.

140. T. lucast, WIk.

Throughout India ({ampson). Neither Mr. Elwes nor myself have

seen this species from Sikhim or Bhutan.

148. 7. lineosa, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 9,000 feet. The variety generally ©

procured at the high elevation is T.lincosa, and that from the lower

T. major. It occurs from May to August. The orifice in the palpus

narrow and small,

157. 7. nessus, Drury.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 feet. It occurs in June, July, and

August. I have taken the larvee on several occasions at 2,500 feet.

It is green, with oblique lateral white stripes tinged throughout with

violaceous ; there isa blind white ocelluon the fourth and a smaller one

on each of the fifth and sixth somites. Horn brownish. Head green.

Anterior legs buff. Food-plant Convolvulaceew. Pupa is brownish

variegated with reddish-buff, a frontal line of pale red extending from

the head to the tail ; some whitish lateral marks on the first three ;

abdominal segments.

158. 7. actea, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. All my specimens were

taken between July and September. They do not seem to show any

variation except in the extent of the flesh-coloured markings on the

hindwing. The larva before the last moult is pale green with a large

bright green oval ocellus on the fourth somite, pupilled and ringed

with black ; the fifth to tenth somites each with a smaller paler green

oval ocellus, surrounded with pale blue; horn reddish-brown; head

and legs green, After the final moult the larva is chocolate-brown

with slight oblique lateral striations. The ocellus on the fourth somite

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 415

is black-pupilled, ringed with yellowish-green and again with black

and with pale brown ; the other ocelli are pale blue centred with pale

green and bordered narrowly with indigo ; there is a darker brown

dorsal line, and two pale subdorsal lines from the fourth somite

converging towards the head; horn shorter, reddish. Food-plant

Colocasia. Pupa, formed in a network of dry leaves, is brown varie-

gated with ochreous ; proboscis in a separate sheath forming a ring

attached to the front of the body. The proboscis of the perfect

insect is enclosed in this sheath and bent double at its lower

juncture, returning again to the first entrance and continued from

there in the usual way down to the extremity of the forewings

between the legs.

144. T, pallicosta, Wik.

Sikhim (Hampson). I have not seen this species.

Genus Dapunis, Hiibn.

146. D. nerii, Linn.

Throughout India (Hampson). Ihave never seen this species

from Sikhim.

147, D. hypothous, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. (According to Knyvett it is

very common at Kurseong, the larva feeding on Cinchona plants.—

HI, J. FE.)

151. D. bhaga, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This isa common species at low elevations

and up to about 3,000 feet. It occurs from May to July.

Genus Ditepuiia, Ochs.

155. D. galii, Roth.

Yatung (Chumbi Valley), 18,000 feet (Bingham). It is quite

possible that this insect may be received from this side of the passes

also.

Genus Hxieia, WIk.

159. LE. dolichus, Westw.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. It occurs in May and

December, and is attracted to light. It is not uncommon at 2,000

feet in the Balasun Valley.

416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Subfamily SPHINGINA,

Genus PRoropaRce, Burmeister.

162. P. convolvulz, Linn,

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 7,000 feet. It is a common insect

attracted to light in June, July and August. The female differs

from the male by the dark markings on the forewing and thorax

being obsolete, and the antennee being much thinner and shorter ;

that of the male being contained under 23 times in the length of the

forewing, and that of the female over three times.

Genus PsEuDOsPHINX, Burmeister.

166. P. fo, Wik.

Sikhim, I have never received this species.

| | 169. P. discistriga, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet. It is found from May to

August, never commonly. The second form (P. melanomera) is the

only one I have seen from the locality. (1 took a pair of this species in

copuld sitting on the hot rocks in the Teesta Valley in August at 1,000

feet elevation. So far as my experience goes, however, Sphingide

are not nearly so numerous in Sikhim as the number of species which

occur would lead one to suppose. Out of the 60 species recorded I do

not think I have seen more than ten in life during my four visits

there. —H. J. E.)

Genus ApocaLyesis, Butl.

171. A. velox, Butl.

Sikhim, Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have seena specimen from

Sikhim.

Genus NepHete, Hiibn.

172. WN. hespera, Fabr.

Sikhim. The only specimens I hawe seen of this species were taken

by me, one flying over a bed of Petunia in March, and the other at

light in April, at 1,800 feet elevation. The forewing of one is preen,

and the double white spot at the end of the cell is conspicuous ; the

other is purplish-brown with the spot minute. Mr. Elwes has speci-

mens from as high as 9,000 feet in Kashmir.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 417

Subfamily MacroatossinZ.

Genus Guretca, Kirsy.

173. G. hyas, W1k.

This is a very common species in Sikhim and Bhutan occurring up

to at least 5,000 feet. It is found chiefly at the lower elevations

from May to July, and again in November and December. The figure

of G. hyas in the “Fauna of British India, Moths,” vol. i, more resem-

bles the next species. All my specimens of G. hyas have the marginal

band on the hindwing almost even in width throughout, and the

forewing is broader.

174, G. masuriensis, Butl.

Sikhim. Occurs at 1,800 feet and upwards. My specimens were

obtained in May and July. It is not nearly so common as the last.

175. G. macroglossoides, W\k.

Sikhim. I have never seen this species. Mr. Elwes doubts it being

a good species, and remarks that Sir George Hampson doesnot seem to

know it except from Walker’s description.

Genus RaopatopsycHE, Butl.

177. KR. nycteris, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs from 5,000 to 10,000 feet. I have

taken it commonly at the first elevation on the Tukvar spur, where it

may be found sucking up honey from flowers in May and July. The

yellow band on the hindwing is very pale.

Genus Macroeiossa, Scop.

181. MM. gyrans, Wik.

Throughout India (Hampson). I have never seen it from Sikhim

or Bhutan. (I do not think this occurs in the Hills.—H. J. EF.)

184. MM. belts, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet. Occursin June, July and

November. The distinctive characters appear to be the reddish-

orange band of the hindwing, and the postmedial band being brown,

not blackish.

186. M. proavma, Butl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 2,000 feet. Occurs in July, bat is less

common than W&M. belis, from which it differs in the discal band of the

hindwing being yellow, and the postmedial band blackish.

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

189. WM. sitzene, Wik.

Sikhim, October. I have only obtained one specimen of this

species. The upperside is most like M. gilia, but the head, thorax

and abdomen are olive ; the underside is like that of U/. belis.

191. MM. walkeri, Buil.

- Sikhim, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. It is found in April and throughout

the rains. I have often taken it at Tukvar at flowers in the middle of

the day. The hindwing is often almost completely fuscous, with the

exception of the inner margin ; the pectus is white below.

194, MM. insipida, Butl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. I have reared this species

from larve, and the perfect insect emerged in October.

The larva is brown minutely speckled with paler dorsally ; a dorsal

dark line throughout ; the fourth to tenth somites each with an oblique

lateral indistinct line ; a flesh-coloured sublateral line unbroken on the

thoracial somites but broken on all the others converging to the base

of the horn; horn black tipped with flesh-colour. There is also a

green form of larva which has the flesh-coloured markings replaced by

yellow ones, and the minute specks on the back white. The young larve

_have the yellow markings replaced by white ones. The pupa, with

proboscis in a projecting beak-like cover, is brownish-grey, with a dark

line on the back of the thorax and head, and another down the front.

I agree with Mr. Eiwes in thinking that this species is probably

not separable from M. gilia. _

195. WM. gilia, Herr.-Schiaff. .

Sikhim and Bhutan. It occurs with the last, from which it is pos-

sibly not distinct. I cannot separate the two on the characters given

by Hampson. It is found commonly along the banks of roads at 2,000

to 5,000 feet, and may be seen during the heat of the day in June and

July as well as at dusk. —

197. M. imperator, Butl.

Sikhim. I have taken this species on two occasions at 5,000 feet

on the Tukvar spur (Rungeet. valley). It is well-marked and easily

recognisable ; the ante- and postmedial dark patches are separated by

a conspicuous pale erect band.

HETEROCERA OF SYKHIM AND BHUTAN. 419

201. WM. interrupta, Buil.

‘Sikhim, 1,800 feet. My only specimen ef this was obtained in

‘September on a flower bed at dusk. There is a glossy black patch on

dhe base of the forewing. The underside is red-brown, the palpi,

pectus and centre of the first three abdominal segments are white ;

there are also prominent lateral white tufts on three segments. The

‘costa of the hindwing has a black subbasal lobe which is not found

in any other of the species.

Genus Cepunopes, Hibn.

205, - C, fylas, Jinn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This species 1 have chiefly seen flying over

dari poo's of small streams ; it constantly dashes into the water, and

will hover over the same place for a whole day I believe. It occurs

in July and August.

Genus SatTaspes, Moore.

206. 8S. infernales, Westw.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. This has the same habits ag

C. hylas, except that the pools of water which it frequents are often

open and in the larger rivers. I have only seen it on the wing in

March, but it probably occurs duriny the rains aiso.

207. WS. ventralis, Butl.

Sikhim. I have never received this species. Mr. Elwes has several

specimens from Sikhim. It is probably local.

Genus Rwoposoma, Buil.

208. R. triopus, Westw.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have seen this alive several times on a small

stream called the Jebi-kolah, between Singlu and Badamtam. It has

the same habitsas C. hylas.

(To be continued.)

420

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. MarsHaLtL Wooprow, Proressor or Borany,

CoLLEGE oF ScrENcE, Poona.

Part III.

( Continued from page 273 of this Vol.)

XLIX.—CONNARACEA,

2. Rourea.

_ santaloides, Woa., F.B.1.—I1-47, Vardhdrd, Castle Rock, Yellapur, Mera~

dongar, Pen. Oct.

4, Connarus.

C. monocarpus, Linn, F.B.4.-—11-50. Sundara, Amboli Ghat, Marmagoa.,

Dec -Jan,

C. Wightii, Hook. f., ¥.B.4.—I1-51, Potolli, N. Canara, Talbot. Feb.

L.—LEGUMINOS&z,

3, Rothia.

R, trifoliata, Pers., F.B.1.—II-63, Burhanpur, Badami, $.M, Ry. Aug.-Oct.

7 5. Lotononis.

L. Leobordea, Benth., ¥.B.1.—11-64. Sehwan, Sind, Dec.

6. Heylandia.

H. latebrosa, DC., F.B.1.—I1-65, Godhadi. Deecan, widely. Feb.-June,

8. Crotalaria.

©. Burhia, Ham., ¥.8.1.—I1-66. Ghégari. Ahmedabad, Mirpur Khas, Sind.

Dec.-Feb.

C. filipes, Benth., ¥.2.1—II1-66,. Ahmednagar. Oct-Dec.

C. Stocksii, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I11-67. Jambulpada, Colaba District. Oct.

C. vestita, Baker, ¥.B.1.—I1-67. Khandalla, Mahableshwar, Aug,

C. prostrata, Roxb.,F.B.1.—I1-67, Yellapur, Talbot. Oct.

©. bifaria, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-69, Badami, November.

C, pusilla, Heyne, ¥.B.1.—Il-70, Badami, Dharwar. Oct,

C. mysorense, Hoti., ¥.B.1.—II1-70. Dakor, Guzerat. Dec.

C. triquetra, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—-I1-71. Vingurla, Oct.

C, albida, Heyne, ¥.B.1—I1-71. Hoosungada, Konkan. UDec,-Feb.

€, nana, Burm., T.8.1—I1-71. Mahableshwar. Sep.-Oct.

C. linifolia, Zinn., F.B.1.—Il-72. ; Poona. Sep.

C. calycina, Schrank, F.B.1.—I1-73, Poona. Oct,

C. lutescens, Dalz,, F.B.1—II-74. Castle Rock, W. Ghats. Oct.

C, retusa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—-I1-75. Culcula. Jeur. Dec.-Jan.

C. sericea, Retz,, ¥.B.1.—I1-75, Gund, N. Kanara, Jan,

C. Leschenaultii, DC., r.3.1.—II-75. Dingla. W.Ghats, widely. Sep.-Jan.

C. verrucosa, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-77. Vingurla, Nov.

©, leptostachya, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-78. Khandala. Oct,

juncea, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I11-79. Tag. Cultivated widely. Sep -Jan.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 421 -

©, madurensis, Wight, ¥.B.1.—1I-79. Kumta-Sirsi Road. Dec,

C. fulva, Roxb,, ¥.B.1.—II-80, Kumta-Sirsi Road. Feb.

C. ramosissima, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—II-80. Badami, Dec,

C. medicaginea, Lamk,, ¥.B.1—II-81. Baroda.

©, orixensis, Rotil., .B.1.—T1-83. Andabail, Jensrue. Poona. Oct,

C. striata, DC., F.B 1.—II-84, Poona. Nov.

12, Trigonella,

T, occulta, Del., F.B.1.—I1-87. Lanauli, Jan,

T. Foenum-Graecum, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-87. Methi, Fennugreek. Cultivated,

13, Melilotus.

M. parviflora, Desf.,¥.B.1.—I1.-89. Ranmethi, Poona, weed in fields. Jan,

14, Medicago.

M, lupulina, Linn, F.B.1.—II-90. Sehwan, Sind. March,

M. denticulata, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I1-90, Sehwan, Sind, March.

M, sativa, Linn, Lucerne (vilaiti ghas), | Cultivated.

15. Lotus.

IL, corniculatus, Linn. F.B.1,—I11-91, Sind, March.

L. Garcini, DC., ¥.B.1,—II1-91. Porebunder. Dee,

16, Cyamopsis,

C, psoralioides, DC., ¥.B.1—I1-92. Gawar. Cultivated.

17. Indigofera,

I, echinata, Willd., F.B.1.—II-92, [ Aug.-Dec.

I, linifolia, Retz., r.B.1.—II-92. Pandarfali, Deccan, Guzerat, Sind, widely.

I, cordifolia, Heyne., ¥.B.1.—II-93, Godadi. Bechka, Poona, Puran, Sind.

Aug.-Dec,

I, triquetra, Dalz. F.B.1.—II-92. Panchgani, Aug.-Sep.

I, glandulosa, Willd., r.B.1.—I-94. Barbadd, Deccan. <Aug-Dec.

I, trigonelloides, Jaub. & Spach., ¥.B.1.—II-94. Sind.

I, enneaphylla, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-94. Bhuiguli. Bijapur, Badami. Oct.

I, uniflora, Hamilt., ¥.B.1—I1-94.

I. pentaphylla, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-95., Badami, Aug.

L. tenuifolia, Rottler., ¥.B.1.—I1-96, Sind, Badami. Oct,

I, trifoliata, Lenn., ¥.B.I.—I1-96. Parel, Chiplun. Sep.-Oct.

I. sp. Jowada, Dang, in ripe fruit. Feb,

I, trita, Linn. f., F.B.1.—II-96. Poona, March,

I, paucifolia, Del., F.B.1.—LI-97. Baroda, Dakor, Sind. Dec.

I, endecaphylla, Jacq., ¥.B.1.—II-98. Panchgani, Oct,

1, hirsuta, Linvn., ¥.B.1.—I1-98, Badami. Noy.

I, argentea, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-98, Karunili, Poona, Sind. Nov.-Dec.

I, tinctoria, Linn,, F.B.I.—U-99. Nil, guli. Cultivated. Nov.-Dec

I. pulchella, fovb., r.pi.—IL101. Bareli, kalkaitt, Near Mahableshwar,

Aug.-Dee.

I, anabaptista, Steud., F.B.1.—II-102, Maulier, Sind, Feb.

I. constricta, Trin. N. Kanara, Nov.

#22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XF.

18, Psoralea,

P. corylifolia, Linn., F.B.1.— 11-103, Banchi. Deccan, widely. Aug.-Dec.

20. Milletia,

M. racemosa, Benth., ¥.B.1—H1-105. Planted, Poona. Dasgaon, Konkan, in

fruit. Oct.

21. Mundulles,

M. suberosa, L'enth., ¥.B,1.—IL-110, Supté. Gokak, Oct.

22. Tephrosia.

T, tenuis, Wall., ¥.B.1.—II-111. Konkan, widely. Oct.

T, tinctoria, Pers., ¥.B.1.—II-111, Konkan, widely. Oct.

T. senticosa, Pers., F.B.1.—II-112_ Jeur. Feb.

T. purpurea, Pers., F.B.1.—II-112. Unheli. Sarpunkha. Deccan, Guzerat.

Oct.-Jan..

T. villosa, Pers., F.B.1.—E1I-113, Badami, Aug.

T. pauciflora, Grah., F.B.1.—IL-114, ~Hills at the Hub river, Karachi, Jan.

23, Sesbania.

%, aegyptiaca, Pers., ¥.B1.—II-114, Shevri. Cultivated.

SS. aculeata, Pers., £.B1.—I1-114. Ranshevyi. Deccan, Konkan, widely, in

wet places. Sep.-Oct.

$. grandiflora, Pers., F.B.1.—I1-115. Agasté, Hadgé. Cultivated generally.

26. Astragalus.

A. contortuplicatus, Lenn., ¥.B.1.—I1-122. Hyderabad, Sind. May-

A. Stocksii, Benth. Boiss, Fl. Or.—II-492. Kirthar Mountains, J. E.M. James.

28, Taverniera.

-nummularia, DC., F.B.1.—!1-140. Jethmad, Jeshthamadh, Chatarsinghi

near Poona. Dec.

30. Geissapsis,

G. cristata, W. & A., F.B..—I1-141, Khandalla. Oci.

Arachis.

A. hypogea, Linn., DE., Prod.—Il-471. Bhut mug. Earth Nut, Cult..

33. Alhagi.

A, mauroram, Lour., ¥.B.1.—1I-145, Javasé, Yavasti. Sind, widely. March.

36. Zornia.

Z. diphylla, Pers., ¥.B.1.—I11-147, Léndgi. Poona, Aug.Sep.

38. Smithia.

S.sensitiva, Azét., F.B1.—II-148, Kavlé. Matheran, W.Ghats, Bombay.

Sep.- Oct.

8. geminiflora, Roth., ¥.B.1.—I1-149., Malwan. Dec.

S. purpurea, Hook., ¥.p.1-—I1-149,. Burkar. Lanauli, Sep.-Dec..

S. setulosa, Dalz., r.B.1.—TH1-149., Mahableshwar. Sep.-Dec.

S. bigemina, Dalz., r.p.1.—II-149. Burkee. Mahableshwar. Sep.-Dec.

S. capitata, Dalz., F.b.1.—I1I-150. Siddu Gandi. Sep.

%. pycnantha, Benth,, rB.1—I11-150 Kanara.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 423

8. blanda, Wall., r.p.t—II-151, “Mahableshwar, Sep.-Oct.

®. ,, yvacemosa, F,B.1,—II-151. Sirsi, N. Kanara, Sep.

39. diuschynomene.

A, indica, Linn., F.B1.—II-151, Kolhapur, Poona, Aug.-Dec.

4B, aspera, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—II-152,. Bhend. Hangal, Dharwar.

40, Ormocarpum.

O. sennoides, DC, F.8.1.—I1-152, Kadunugge, Marshy fields, Marmagoa. Dec.

42, Eleiotis,

E. sororia, DC., ¥.B.1,—II-153, Badami, Dharwar. Oct.

43, Pyenospora,

P, tredysaroides, R.Br., ¥.B.1.—IL-153. Vingurla, Dalzell, Dec.

44, Pseudarthria,.

P. viscida, W.& A., F.B.1.—II-153. Vingurla, Nov.

46, Uraria.

picta, Desv., F.B.1.—II-155. Prishniparni Pithvan. Bombay. Sep.

47, Alysicarpus.

A. monilifer, DC., F.B.1,—II-157, Badami, Bhanapur, Dharwar, Oct,

A, hamosus, Hdgw., ¥.B.1.—II-17, Badami, Oct.

A. vaginalis, DC., ¥.B.1.—II-158, Konkan, Deccan, Guzerat, Oct,

A. bupleurifolius, DC., F.B.1.—II-158. Near Matheran, Bombay. May-Sep,

A. longifolius, W.& A., ¥.B.1.—II-159. Shevra Ghamli, Poona, Matoonga,

Sep.

A. rugosus, DC., ¥.B.1.—II-159. Dakor, Poona. Oct.-Nov.

A. tetragonolobus, Edgw., ¥.B.1.—II-159, Foona, Nagar. Aug.

A. pubescens, Law., ¥.B.1.—II-159. Hill near Poona. Birchy, Sep.-Nov.

A, belgaumensis, Wight, ¥.B1—II-159. Belgaum district. Mahableshwar.

Sep.

49, Ougeinia,

. dalbergioides, Benth., ¥.B.1.—-II-161. Tivas, Hills near Poona, Feb.

50, Desmodium.

(>)

D. umbellatum, Dec., F.B.1.—II-161,

D. cephalotes, Wall., ¥..1.—I1-161, Near Mathervan, Sep.

D. pulchellum, Benth., r.p.1,—II-162, N. Kanara, Oct,

D. triquetrum, DC., ¥.B.1.—I1-163, Mand. Castle Rock, W. Ghats, Nov.

D. laxiforum, DC., r.p.1.—I1-164, Koosgaon, near Poona. Oct.

D. gangeticum, DC., r.p.1.—II-168. Salvan. Bhowdhan, Poona, Aug,

D. latifolium, DC., F.B.1.—II-168, Kerawati, Dharwar. Oct.

D. diffusum, DC, F.B.1.—I1-169, Chikta. Poona, Sep.

D, polycarpum, DC., ¥.8.1.—II-171. Castle Rock, Yellapur, N. Kanara, Oct,

D. rotundifolium, Baker., ¥.B.1.—II-172. Mahableshwar. Nov.

D. parviflorum, Baker., F.B.1.—II1-172, W. Ghats. Oct.

D, triflorum, DC., ¥.3.1,—I1-173, Ranmeths, Deccan, widely, Oct.

424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ.

51. Abrus.

A. precatorius, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-175. Gunj. Guzerat, Konkan, Deccan hills.

Oct.

52. Cicer.

C, arietinum, Linn.,¥.B.1.—II-176. Harbara, Gram, Cultivated, Dee,

53, Vicia.

V. sativa, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-178. Mutaree. Poona, in gardens. Feb,

54. Lathyrus.

L, sativus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-179. Lakh. Cultivated,

Pisum.

P. sativum, Linn., Matar. Garden Pea. Cultivated.

P. arvense, Linn., Kalavatana. Field Pea. Cultivated.

56. Shuteria.

S. vestita, W. & A., F.B.1.—II-181. Poona, Dharwar. Oct.

57. Dumasia,

D, villosa, DC., ¥ B.t.—II-183, Mahableshwar. Noy.

58. Glycine.

G. javanica, Linn., r.B.1.—II-183, Pala, N. Kanara, Nov,

G. pentaphylla, Dalz,, F.B.1.—I1-184, Yellapur, Aug.

59, Teramnus.

T, labialis, Spreng., ¥.B.1.—II-184, Deccan, widely. Aug.-Nov.

60. dMucuna,

M. monosperma, DC., F.3.1.—II-185, Kanara. Feb.

M. pruriens, DC, F.B.1.—II-187. Khaj-Kuirt, W.Ghats, widely. Aug -Dec.

62. Erythrina.

E, indica, Zam., ¥.B.1.—-IT-188, Pangara, Sea coast, Planted widely.

March,

E. stricta, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—II-189, Singhur, Hills Poona, Elephanta, Feb.

BE. suberosa, Rowd., ¥.B.1.—I1-189, Chakan, Poona District, April.

EB, crista-galli, Linn., DC., Prod.—I1-413. In gardens, March.

E. aborescens, Howxb., F.B.1.—II-190. Planted, Poona, Feb,-March.

64, Grona,

G. Dalzellii, Baker, ¥.3.1,—II-191, Panchgani, Mahableshwar. Oct.

65. Galactea,

G. tenuiflora, W. & A., F.B.1.—II-192. Deccan hills, widely. June-Oct,

67. Spatholobus,

S. purpureus, Benth,, F.B.1.—II-194, Diggi, N. Kanara. May.

S. Roxburghii, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—II-193. Palas wel. Pulsan, Peint. Feb,

; 68, Butea.

B. frondosa, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—II-194. Palas, Guzerat, Konkan, widely. Feb,

March.

B. superba, Roxb., F.B 1.—II-195. N. Kanara. Feb.

70. Canavalia.

C, ensiformis, DC., Fr.p.1.—II-195. Abai. Deccan hills, widely. Aug.-Oct.

C. Stocksu, Dalz., F.B.1.—II-106. Mahableshwar. Sep.

P_ tuberosa, DC., ¥.8.1.—I1-197. Béicoila, Bendarcoil, Konkan, Dang, Feb.

73. Phaseolus,

P, lunatus, Zinn., F.B.1.—II-200. Lobiya. Cultivated.

P, vulgaris, Linn., ¥.B.1—II-200. Loba. The Kidney Bean. Cultivated,

P, semierectus, Linn., F.B.1.—II-201. Hyderabad Sind, Wild ? Oct,

P. trilobus, Adé., ¥.8.1.—II-201, Mukni. Deccan, Guzerat, Oct.

P. aconitifolius, Jacq.—¥.B.1.—II-202, Math, Matki. Cultivated.

P. grandis, Dalz. § Gibs., ¥.B.L—II-202. Panchgani. Sep.

P. pauciflorus, Dalz., ¥.B.t.—II-202. S. Konkan, Dalz.

P, mungo, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-203, Mug. Cultivated.

P, trinervius, Heyne, r.B.1.—II-203, W, Ghats, Mahableshwar. Sep.

74, Vigna.

P. catiang, Endl., F.B.1.—I1-205. Chauli. Cultivated.

V. vexillata, Bentts., r.B.1 —JI-206. Halaunda,M’war,Panchgani,W. Ghats. Oct.

75. Pachyrhizus.

V, angulatus, Rich,, r.B.1.—I1I-207. The Yam Bean. In gardens rarely.

76. Clitoria.

C, ternatea, Linn., F.B.1.—II-208, Gokran, Gokarni, June-Jan.

C. biflora, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I1-208. Konkan, Sept.

77, Dolichos,

D, Lablab, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-209. Wal pdpad?, Pavia. Cultivated.

D. bracteatus, Baker, r.B.1.—II-210, Konkan, Stocks,

D, biflorus, Linn., ¢.B.1.—I1-210. Kulith, Hulga. Cultivated.

78, Psophocarpus.

P. tetragonolobus, DC., F.B.1.—lI-211. Chaudhari, Ghevda. Cultivated,

; 79. Atylosza,

A. geminiflora, Dalz. ¥.B.1.—II-212. Tulsi Dam. In fruit, May.

A, lineata, W. & A.,¥.B.1.—II-213. Rantir. Matheran, Dec.

A. sericea, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1I-213. Mahableshwar, Oct.-Jan.

A. mollis, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1-213 . ' Konkan, Stocks, Dalzell,

A, kulnensis, Dalz., F,B.1.—II-214, Potolli, Talbot, Kulnawari. Jan,

A. scarabeoides, Benth,, ¥.B.1.—I1-215, Poona, Goa. June-Oct,

A. rostrata, Baker, F.B.1.—I1-216. Konkan, Stocks.

80. Cajanus,

C, indicus, Spreng., ¥.B.1.—I1-217. Tir. Cultivated,

82, Cylista.

C. scariosa, Ait., ¥.B.1.—II-219. Ranghevda. Western India, widely. Feb.

84. Rhynchosia.

R, aurea, DC., F.B.1.—I1-221, Badami. Nov,

R. cyanosperma, Benth, ¥.B.1.—I1-222. Hirdosee Anmode, N. Kanara,

Oct.-Jan,

B. minima, DC, r,B.1.—II-223, Deccan, Guzerat, widely. Sep.-Jan,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 425

72, Pueraria.

426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

R. minima, D.C, var ¥.%.1.—l1-223 lawiflora. Badami. Aug.

R. Memnonia, DC., r.p.1—II-224. Karachi, Oct,

85, Flemingia.

¥. strobilifera, R, Br., ¥.B.1.—I1-227. Rangana. Matheran. Jan,

F. congesta, Roxd., F.B.1.—II-228, Dowdowla, Vingurla. Dec,

¥, Wallichii, W. & A., F.B.1.—Il-229, Kanara, Feb.

F, involucrata, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-229, Dandeli, N, Kanara. Jan.

EF. vestita, Benth, ¥.B.1.—II-230. Bababooden Hill, Talbot. Oct.

F, tuberosa, Dalz., F.B.1.—I1-230. Konkan, Stocks, Dalzell,

86, Dalbergia.

VD, sissoo, Rowxbd., F.B.1.—II-231. Shisvi. Planted, April-May.

D, latifolia, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—I1-231, Sise, Sisham. Deccanhills. Waghai Dang.

D. Stocksii, Benth, ¥.B,1.—I1-234, Konkan, Stools

D. sympathetica, Nimmo, ¥.B.1 —I1-234, Petit. Yakambi. Feb.

D. tamarindifolia, Roxb, ¥.B.1.— 11-234, Nilkand, N. Kanara. March.

D. lanceolaria, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-235. Dandus, Alandi, Mundgode. April.

D, volubilis, Rozd., r.3.1.—I1-235, Alaz. Khandalla. Feb.

D, paniculata, Rowb., F.B.1.—11-236. Phansa. Pasaringi Kalvhatgi Taluka,

Talbot, April.

D. monosperma, Dailz., F.B 1.—I1-237, : Malvan. Dalz. June.

87. Péerocarpus.

P. indicus, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-238. ' Khatriz Ghat, near Poona. Oct.

P. marsupium, Hoxd., ¥.B.1.—I11-239. Biblia, Yellapur, N. Kanara. Nov.

88. Pongami..

P. glabra, Vent., ¥.B.i1.—II-240. Karany. Konkan, widely planted. April.

89, Derris.

D. scandens, Benth., ¥.8.1.—II-240, Mota sirili. Karwar, July.

D. ulginosa, Benth., ¥.3.1.—I1-241, Kajarvel. Mumbra, near Bombay. Feb.

D. oblonga, Benth., ¥.b.1-—l1-242. Konkan, Stocks.

D. brevipes, Baker, ¥.p.1.—I1-244. Konkan, Stocks:

D. Heyneana, F.B.1.—II-244. Konkan. Stocks, Law.

1D. canarensis, F.B.1.—II-246. Konkan, near Garsuppa, Dalzell.

92. Sophora.

S. tomentosa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-249. Gardens, Poona.

AAaO ee ©

96. Caesalpinia.

. Bonducella, Flem., F.B.1.—II-254. Sagargota. Kaski, Deccan hills. July-

Sep.

. Nuga, Aéé., F.B.I.—11-255, Rutnagiri. Jan,

}, Sappan, Linn., ¥.B1—II-255. Patang. Planted. Poona. Sep.

. pulcherrima, Swartz, ¥.B 1.—II-255, Sankdsitr. Gardens, all the year.

. Sepiaria, Rowb., ¥ B.1—II-256. Chilhar. Poona, Nasik. April-Dec.

. mimosoides, F.B.I.— 11-256. Castle Rock, W. Ghats. Nov.-Dec.

coriaria, Willd., DC., Prod.—II-483. Lébé Dibi, Planted. Poona, Dhar-

war. Oct.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, | 427

Hematoxylon, (Central America.)

WW, Campeachianum, Linz., D.C , Prod.—II-185. Logwood. Planted.

98. Mezoneurum.

M, cucullatum, W, & A., F.B.1.—II-258. Raghi, _ Danauli, March.

100. Potnciana.

P. elata, Linn., ¥.B1.—II-260, Sankesnar, Planted, Poona, Bijapur, near

Mohamedan tombs,

P. regia, Bojer, ¥.B.1.—I1-260. Gul mohor. Planted, April-June,

101. Parkinsonia, (Central America.)

P, aculeata, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-260. Vedi Babul. Poona, Naturalized.

Jan.-Mar.

102. Wagatea,

W. spicata, Dalz, ¥.B.1.—II-261. Vagati. Fitzgerald Ghat. Jan.

103. Cassia.

C. fistula, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-261. Bhava, Bahva, W. Ghats, Deccan hills.

Widely planted. March.

C. marginata, Roxd,, F.B.1.—11-262. Urimedi, Uskiamen. Planted. Poona,

July-Aug.

C. grandis, Linn. f. DC., Prod.—II-489. Planted. Poona. April-May,

C. oncidentalis, Linn., #.B.1.—I1-262. Kashinda. Poona. Jan,-Mar.

C, sophera, Linn., ¥.B,.1.—II-262. Jungli Takla, Bassein, Nov.-Jan.

C. Tora, Linn., F.B.1.—II-263, Takia, Deccan. Nov.-Dec.

C. tomentosa, Linz , ¥.B.1.—1I1-263, Gardens. Jan.-Mar.

C. auriculata, Linn,, r.3.1—II-263, Tarvad, Awal. Deccan widely. Jan.-July.

U, obovata, Collad., F.B.1.—I1-264, Bhui-tarvad. Hyderabad, Sind, Bijapur,

Poona. Nov.-Feb.

©. alata, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-264. Simay Agasay. Gardens, Poona. Oct,

C, siawea, Linn., ¥.Bi—II-264, Kasid, Planted, Aug.-May.

C. montana, Heyne, F.B.1.—I1-264, Ghat between Collem and Castle Rock,

Oct.

C, glauca, Lam., F.B.t.—II-265, Motha T arvad, Poona. Aug.-Mar.

C. Absus, Lenn.. F.8.1.—l1-265, Parel, Konkan, Poona, Sep.

C, pumila, Lam., F.B.1.—II-265, Dhulia, Badami. Aug,

C, Kleinii, W. & A,, F.B.1.—II-265, Jambholpada, Colaba, Oct.

_€, mimosoides, Linx,, ¥.B.1.—II-265, Poona, Poladpur, Konkan. Sep.

104. Cyanometra,

C. ramiflora, Linn., ¥.8.1,—II-267, N. Kanara. Talbot.

107. Hardwichea,

H. binata, Roxbd., F.B.1—II-270. Anjan, — Lulling Pass, Dhulia.

109. Saraca,

S. indica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-271, Ashok. W. Ghats ; widely. Oct-Mar.

428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

111.-— Tamarindus.

T. indicus, Liun,, ¥.8.1.—I1-273., Chinch, Amli, Peint Taluk, Deccan, May-June.

T, siliqua, Linn., DC, Prod.—II-486, dleccani Amli. The Locust Tree, In

gardens.

114. Bauhinia.

B. tomentosa, Linn, ¥.B.1.—LI1-275, Indig. ? Widely planted. Jan.-Dec.

B, acuminata, Linn., ¥.B.1.— 11-276. Planted. July.

B. racemosa, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-267. Apia. Deccan ; widely, May.

B. malabarica, Roxb,, ¥.B.1.—I1-277, Dansda, in fruit, Feb.

B. Lawii, Benth,. ¥.8.1.—II-277, Chamolee. A tree near 3rd mile stone Narel,

Matheran Road, Pulsan, Peint taluka, Legume woody, 9” x1” x 2” twisted’

green or red tomentose.

B. diphylla, Hamitlt,, ¥.8.1—II-278, Planted, Poona, Konkan Stocks.

B. Vahlii, W. & A., F.B.1.—I1-279, Chambui. Konkan Ghats, April.

B. purpurea, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I1-284, Rukia Kanchin, Deccan forests.

B. variegata, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-284. Kanchan. Planted widely.

B,ep. inc, Buot chamail. Pient taluk.

115. Neptunia.

N. oleracea, Lowr., ¥.8.1.—I11-286, Halial, N. Kanara, Talbot. Oct.

N. triquetra, Benih,, ¥.B.1.—lI-286. Ahmednagar, Surat. Oct.

116, Xylia,

X. dolabriformis, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-286. Jamba. N. Kanara.

117. Entada.

KE, scandens, Benth,, ¥.B.1.— 11-287. Garambi. Uanauli wood. Sirsi-Kuma

| Road, N. Kanara, Apr.-May.

118. Adenanthera.

A, pavonina, Linn., ¥.B.1—II-287, Ratangunj. Planted. May.

119. Prosopis, . .

P. spicigera, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-228. Shami, Saundad, Sumuri, Poona, Deccan,

Guzerat, Dec.-Feb.

‘Pe eae Kunth,, ¥.8.1.— T1-288. Goga.

120. Dichrostachys.

D, cinerea, W. & A, ¥.B.1.—I1-288. Sigum Kati, Poona, Badami, Jeur. eo -

Oct.

122. Parkia,

P, Hielandirleest W. & A., F.B.1.—II1-289, _ Chenduphul. Planted. Lee.

123, Peananins

. virgatus, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-290, In gardens, Naturalized. June-July.

124. Leucena,

L. glauca, Benth., F.B.1.—11-290, Kubabhal, Poona; widely, in gardens, Sep.-

125, Mimosa. Oct,

M. pudica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-291. Lajalu, Kumta Roadsides, Oct,

M. rubicaulis, Lam., ¥.8.1.—II-291. Arai. Gardens, Aug.

M. hamata, Willd., ¥,.1.—II-291, Arkar, Arati. Deccan widely. Sep,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, ~ £29

127. Acacia.

A, Farnesiana, Willd,, 1.8.1,—1J-292. Devbabhal, Kankri. Indig.? Oceurs

widely, August-March.

A, planifrons, W, & A., F.8.1.—II-293. Salé. The Umbrella Thorn. Planted.

Poona, Nov.

A. arabica, Wialld., F.8.1.—IJ-293,. Babhal. Deccan, Guzerat. Widely.

; June-Jar.

A. arabica, Willd, ¥.B.1.—II-293. var, Ramkanta, Deccan, Guzerat. Widely.

. June-Jan,

.arabica, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-293, var. Eree Babhal. Deccan, Guzerat.

é June-J in,

A. eburnea, Willd., ¥.B.1.—I1-294, Marmati. Deccan, S, M. Country. Noy.-Feb.

A. Jacquemontii, Benth., F.B.1.—Ratobauli. Ahmedabad, Feb.-May.

A, tomentosa, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-294, Khairi, Dangs. Dec,

A, leucophlea, Willd., ¥.B.1.—II-294. Hivar. Hewar, Decean; widely Jan.-Feb,

A.suma, Kurz., ¥.B.1.—I1-294. Sonkairi. Konkan, Deccan; widely. May-July.

A. Catechu, Welld,, F.B1.—II-295, Khair. Deccan, S. M, Country, Guzerat.

Aug.-Sep,

A, Sundra, DC., F.B.1.—II-225. Deccan, August,

A, ferruginea, DC., Jehan Karikara. Pulsan, Pet Taluka, Dang.

A. Senegal, Willd., ¥.8.1—II-295, Sind, Stocks, April.

A, Latronum, Wélld., ¥.p.1.—II-296. Devbhabal, Deccan ; widely, Sept.

Nov.

A. concinna, DC., v.B.1-—I1-296. Shik hadi, Decean hills, N. Kanara. March.

July.

A. intsia, Willd., F.B.1.—I1-296, Chilari, Deccan hills, Aug.

A, pennata, Willd., r.p.1.—I1-297, Semba. Decean Konkan hills. Feb.

A. Burkei, Benth, Anna tree of Damaraland. Planted. Poona. Jan.

A. Balfourii, Woodrow, sp. nova. A middle-sized tree resembling the

bhabul raised from seed collected in Socotra by Dr, Balfour of

Mdinburgh and naturalized at Poona, Bark, rugged, brown; lenticels,

prominent on young branches.

Internodes——Shorter than leaves.

Leaves.—1%" to 2" « #" to 1"; leaflets 10 pairs; petiole 4", rachis with

a gland below lowest and highest pair of leaflets ; pimnules 16 pair, ,4”

mucronulate.

Flowers.—Yellow ; capitule with 3" to 1" peduncles, axillary, fasicu-

late,

Stipullary thorns.—" to 1", strict, slender, white.

Fruit—2" x 14" subglobose, crustaceous, brown, glabrous, tardy de-

‘hiscent, with much pith and 6 to 12 seeds,

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X7.

Seeds.—+!" x 2!" x }" each ‘side with prominent channelled line,

following outline interrupted at base enclosing foveolate area.

This tree is closely allied to A. Farnesiana, Wlld., in the structure

of itscrustaceous pithy pod.

128. Albizzia, ie

lebbek, Benth., ¥.B.1.—II-298. Shiras. Deccan hills, Planted widely.

February-March.

A, odoratissima, Benth., ¥.8.1—II-299. Siris. Chinchada, Poona, Sirsi.

April-May.

A, procera, Benth., F.B.1.—II-299. Kinhai. Godhunchi Poona, June,

A, lucida, Benth., ¥.B.1.—I1-299. Matheran.

A. stipulata, Boiv., r.B1.—II-300. Udal-Phalari. Fitzgerald Ghat. April-

May.

A. amara, Boiv., F.B.1.—II-301. Lalai. Poona. May.

131, Pithecolobium.

P. dulce, Benth., r.2.1.—II-302. Walayeti Amli, Planted widely.

P. bigeminum, Benth., F.B.1.—II-303,. Kachlor, Divimana N, Kanara, Feb.

-P. saman, Benth., Lon, Jour. Bot.—II-423. Rain Tree. Planted. Thana.

Poona,

(To be continued.)

431

ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA.

By Sorniz M. FEpars.

(With two Plates.) |

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th April, 1896.)

These worms have been collected by Messrs. H. Ferguson, A.

Gleadow and R. C. Wroughton in Travancore, Poona, and North

Konkan, and sent through the kindness of Mr. E. H, Aitken. By the

generosity of Mr. I’. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S., I have been allowed

to examine them in his laboratory at the Zoological Society’s Gardens.

The collection contains Hudrilus eugenie,a Pericheta, a Megascolex

and some species of Benhamia. These last coming from India are

extremely interesting. Hitherto the genus Benhamia has been restricted

to Africa, though introduced forms have occurred in India, and also some

small species have been discovered in the Malay Archipelago. But

Dr. Michaelsen is of opinion, that for several reasons—their size among

other things—they are artificially located. The specimens under con-

sideration may, of course, be in the same position ; but the existence of

modified organs, not similar to those found in any from African

renders it possible that they may be indigenous, and some even belong

to a new genus.

1, Benham aitkheni, n. sp. (Plate I, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7).

This worm is 119 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, and has 180 segments.

The clitellum extends from XIII to XVII. The sete appear

through to some extent.

There are eight setze in each segment. The dorsal space is of con-

siderable size, while the ventral is very small. The setz are paired,

but not at all closely. The ventral pair are closer together than the

dorsal, which latter are as far from the ventral pair as their two sets

are apart. Between the four ventral sete, a pilose line is developed.

There are no ventral pairs on segments XVII, XVIII, and XIX,

though XVIII has the dorsal pairs.

The oviducal pore is single and appears on a marked area in the

clitellum.

The male pores are very small and close together on X VIII.

The spermiducal pores on XVII and XIX are furnished with sete.

They are smooth and much resemble the others in shape, except that

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

they are about three times as long, and have the greatest circumference

at the third instead of the half of their length. |

The dorsal pores commence at XIX.

The nephridia are diffuse.

The pharynx is large.

There is a pee of floculent mucous glands with three lobes each in

segment IIT. |

The gizzard is single, of considerable size, aad ee in VII, while in

VIII, there is a soft crop-like portion joined by a distinct line.

In segment XV are well marked calciferous glands, which, viewed

from the head, radiate from the cesophagus in a. fan-like manner.

Hach is divided into two distinct lobes, the dorsal cut up again into

two smaller lobes, and the ventral lobe in three parts.

The intestine hegins in XVI.

There are no cxca, and apparently no typhlosole. .

The dorsal vessel is single, and the hearts are in XI, XII

and XIIT.

There are two pairs of spermathece in VIII and IX.

They are very small, possibly a young specimen.

They open very close together, and consist of an oval pouch with a

short duct bearing a small tubular diverticulum. ;

The sperm-sacs are not well developed, but seem to occur in 1X

and XII. Fels

The spermiducal glands in XVII and XIX are tubular. They are

twisted regularly and present a sort of sausage-like appearance.

The exact position of this worm is uncertain. It:can hardly belong

to Acanthodrilus, as its nephridia are entirely diffuse. Though having

some affinities with Mr. Beddard’s genus Octochetus, it probably does

not belong to it, as the dorsal vessel is not double, the male pores

are not borne on papille, and the calciferous glands are very distinct

indeed.

For the present it had better remain in Benhamia, from ne general

type of which it differs in several respects.

The sete are not closely le but 2. meaicana has the dorsal pair

further apart.

The clitellum only extends to XVII; in B, curta it goes no further

than a part of XVIII. .

ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA, ~ 433.

There is only one gizzard, but B. schlegeli is stated to only

have one,

The oviducal pore is single, which is also the case ih B. bolavi

and B. gracilis.

The calciferous glands of this species are peculiar, occurring only in

segment XV, and not being simple pouches on the side of the cso-

phagus but more elaborate lobed structures. .No other Benhamia has

glands like this.

Hasitat: Travancore.

2. Benhamia. travancorensis, n. sp. (Pl. 1, Figs. 6, 8, 9, 11, 12.)

It is 75 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth. | It has 131 segments.

The clitellum extends from XIV to XXI. Itis saddle-shaped,

having a ventral line not thickened.

The setz are in pairs very close together.

The dorsal pores commence posteriorly.

The pharynx is very large.

There are two gizzards in VIII and IX. They are more or less

cylindrical, the posterior one is somewhat flattened ventrally.

There are calciferous glands in XIV, XV and XVI.

They are pouch slaped; somewhat corrugated, the anterior being

the smallest.

The intestine commences in » XVIL ati has no czca,

The last hearts occur in XIII,

The nephridia are diffuse.

There are two pairs of spermathece in VIII and IX. Each has a

constriction dividing the pouch from the pouch-like duct which bear

the diverticulum.

The sperm-sacs in XI and XII are very minute.

The spermiducal glands in XVIII and XIX are within the clitel-

- lum ; they are tubular and fusiform.

They have a bunch of penial setz at the mouth.

These are about four times as Jong as the ordinary ones, and

terminate in a fine whip-like end frequently bent into .a hook,

No ventral pairs of setee occur on XVII, XVIII, or XIX.

In many respects this worm resembles Benhamia kafuruensis.

Septa IX to XIV are thickened.

Hasitat ;: Travancore.

434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

3. Benhamiapoonensis, u.sp. (Pl, I, Fig. 10; PI. II, Figs. 3,4, and 9),

It is 134 mm. long and 3 broad, It has 157 segments, the last of

which are very small, |

The clitellum is very ill-marked, It appears to end at segment

XVI dorsally, but to be continued to XX ventrally.

The sete are closely paired, the four pairs occupying rather less

than the ventral half of the body.

The apertures of the spermiducal glands on segments XVII and

XIX are in a line with the ventral sete. There are no penial sete,

but small papillee in a line with pores, at the edges bordering segment

XVIII, oceur on XVII and XIX. There are no ventral sete on

these three segments, but those on XX are placed on a pagilla,

The pharynx is very large and pouch-like.

There are two gizzardsin V and VI. They are connected by a narrow

junction, They are more or less globular, the anterior being the larger.

There are globular calciferous glandsin XI and XII.

The intestine begins in segment XIV.

In segments IX, X, Xl and XII are four pairs of hearts. They

are very large indeed, the walls being transparent and altogether

much more delicate than those of the dorsal vessel.

There are two pairs of spermathecee in segments VIII and IX.

The pouch is oval with a duct of about the same length which becomes

sinuous near the mouth. At the junction with the pouch is the

diverticulum, which is very characteristic inform. It is a much-compli-

cated structure, almost having the appearance of a complicated gland,

In the neighbourhood of the opening are long sete with notched

ends. They are about three or four times as long as an ordinary seta.

There isa pair of bent tongue-shaped sperm-sacs in XII.

The spermiducal glands are tubular. There is a long straight duct ;

the glandular end is very twisted, almost forming a knot, and is

pigmented.

HasiraT: Poona.

4, Megascolex konkanensis, n. sp. (Pl. I, Figs. 1, 6, 7, 8, and i0.)

It is 200 mm. long and 2 broad, having 222 segments,

Externally this worm much resembles a Pericheta, having a short

clitellum, a well-marked area round the median oviducal pore, tumid

male pores, and the lines of setee quite distinct.

ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA. 435

_ The sete-are not continuous. . There isa ventral gap of about the

space of three setze, while the dorsal space is much less. But quite at

the tail end of the animal—segment 170th —this arrangement is

obliterated, where there are 24 sete equidistant. °

The clitellum obviously extends from XIV—XVI, and the sete

show through. There is a large area on XIV, ina line with the sete,

bearing the oviducal pore. The modified tissue of the clitellum,

which can only be distinguished with the microscope, extends as far

forward as to just in front of segment X and hackwards to XX.

The male pores are borne on two large papille, the width of the

segment, with no setze between.

The dorsal pores commence 1V—V.

The pharynx is large. There are a pair of mucous glandsin V.

There is a large gizzard in VI.

There are no calciferous glands.

The cesophagus is small till segment XVI.

The intestine commences in XVI in two large pouches.

There are hearts in XII and XIUf.

In segments VIII and XE are two pairs of spermathece.

The pouch is pear-shaped with a very delicate duct about the same

length. A club-shaped diverticulum, the length of the duct, joins near

the aperture.

Segments XI and XII each possess a very well developed pair of

sperm-sacs. They are very racemose indeed, the divisions being

almost globular.

The spermiducal glands are very peculiar and have a mop-like

appearance. The duct is straight and has no muscular sac. The

distal end seems: dilated into a sac from which arise numerous simple

filiform processes. In a younger specimen the gland appeared like a

tube with many transverse branches at the end.

Hasitat: North Konkan and Travancore.

5. Pericheeta travancorensis, n. sp. (Pl. II, Figs. 2, 5.)

This worm has 94 segments. It is 70 mm. long and 4 broad.

Its anterior dorsal surface is purplish, which colour behind the

clitellum narrows to a strip.

The clitellum extends from XIV—XVI, The area round the

female pore is much marked,

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAPURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

The male pores are rather tumid, but have no papilke. They are

separated by 10 sete.

The gizzard lies in VII and IX.

The intestine commences in XV. It has cacze which arise in

-XXVI and continue forward into XXV, where the end is slightly

curled-round.

There are hearts in XI, XII, XII.

In segments VII, VIII, and IX are three pairs of spomnbtlieon, As

there is no intervening septum between the last two, they lie very close

together. They are long pear-shaped bodies, gradually narrowing to

the duct which bears near the opening a small diverticulum on a long

duct which in some cases is arranged in‘a zigzag.

Smal] sperm-saes are found in XI, XII, and XIII.

The spermiducal glands have a sac and a coiled duct ; the lobes of

the glands extend through three segments, vz.. XVII— XIX ; they

‘are loose and comparatively thin.

The dorsal pores are not very obvious, but do not commence till

XVI—XVII.

HasiTat: Travancore.

EXPLANATION OF PLATHS.

Puate I.

Fig.

1. Benhamia aitkent. Dissection: m, mucous gland; g, gizzard,

th spermatheca ; sps, sperm-sac ; h, heart; cf, calciferous gland;

spd, spermiducal gland. The figures denote the number of

the segment.

2. Spermiducal glands of Benhamia aithent.

3. Spermatheca of Benhamia aitkeni—dv, diverticulum.

4, Calciferous gland of Benhamia aitkent belonging to the right side

viewed from the head end.

5. Arrangement of sete in Benhamia aitkeni—s, left dorsal pair.

6. Interior of Benhamia travancorensis.

7. Penial seta of Benhamia aitkeni.

§. Penial seta of Benhamia travancorensis.

9. Calciferous gland of Benhamia-travancorensis.

10. Interior of Benhamia poonensis.

ena ee

___ Plat

ondon

pes Hee

we,

Mintern Bros. ith.London..

12.

10.

ON SOME EARTHWORMS FROM INDIA, 437

Spermatheca of Benhamia travancorensts.

Spermiducal gland of Benhamia travancorensis.

Prate IT.

Interior of Megascolex konkanensis—i, intestine.

Spermatheca of Pericheta travancorensis—dv, diverticulum.

Spermatheca of Benhamia poonensis—d, duct ; dv, diverticulum ;

s, copulatory sete.

Spermiducal gland of Benhamia poonensis.

Interior of Pericheta travancorensis—c, cecum.

Ventral view of clitellum of Megascolex konkanensis—o, oviducal

pore ; ct, clitellum ; m, male pore.

Spermiducal gland of Megascolex konkanensis,

Spermatheca of Megascolex konkanensis.

Portion of ventral surface of Benhamia poonensis—p, papilla ;

at, atrial pore ; s, sete.

A sperm-sac from Megascolex konkanensis.

N.B.—For dy on Plates read dv.

438

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SU PPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,”

PART If.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Barv, ¥.2.5., F.B.S.

(Continued from page 297 of this Vol.)

Genus Macapuma,

Macaduma, W1k., Cat., xxxv, p. 1704 (1866).

Tupe.—M, tortricella, Wk.

Range.—Assam ; Java. .

Palpi porrect, slender, reaching beyond the frons ; antenne simple ;

tibize with the spurs moderate. Forewing

very broad and rounded, the costa highly

atched ; veins 3, 4, 5 separate ; 6 from

just above middle of discoeellulars ; 7-8

Macaduma tortricella 1 stalked; 9 absent; 10-11 from cell.

Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle

of cell ; 3-4 stalked ; 5 from above angle ; 6-7 stalked.

1383a. Macapuma TorTRICELLA, WHk., Cat., xxxv, p. 1705.

&. Head and thorax chestnut-brown ; abdomen fuscous, the anal

tuft ochreous. Forewing chestnut, the inner medial area rather

darker ; cilia fuscous below apex. Hindwing very pale yellow.

2. Fuscous-brown ; forewing with the apical part of costa. and outer

margia chestnut. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat.—Khasis ; Java. Hap. 20 mm.

1385a. AUMENE MESOZONATA, 0. sp.

Head and thorax pale brown ; abdomen fuscous ; anal tuft ochreous.

Forewing brownish-white ; a diffused sub-basal brown band ; a waved

antemedial line bent outwards to the medial line at. inner margin; a

black spot in end of cell and another on discocellulars ; medial and

postmedial lines with the area between them brown, angled outwards

at veins 6 and 4; a sinuous submarginal line developed into blotches

in parts; a series of marginal specks. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat-—Khésis, Eap. g@ 18, 2 20 mm. Type—tIn British

Museum.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 439

1388a. ANUMENE ALBISPARSA, N. sp.

&. Fuscous. Forewing irrorated with white scales; an obscure sub-

basal line; a sinuous antemedial line ; indistinct medial, postmedial

and submarginal lines bent outwards at middle; the area between the

antemedial and medial lines gray, whitish towards costa; a black spot

in cell and discocellular lunule with whitish streak between them ;

series of white specks on the postmedial line and on margin.

Habitat—Khasis. Hap. 22-24mm. Type.—In British Museum.

1388). AUMENE FLAVESCENS, n. sp.

Palpi and frons black ; head yellow and fuscous above; thorax and

abdomen fuscous. Forewing ochreous with diffused fuscous bands on

basal and outer areas, leaving the medial area ochreous, but the bands

more or less connected in cell; the bands maculate and with some

ochreous between them, sub-basal, antemedial, postmedial, and

submarginal ; a marginal series of specks. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat —Khésis. Ezp. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum.

1398a, D1IDUGA RUFIDISCA, n. sp.

Q. Differs from albicosta in the bands on costa and outer margin

being broader, tinged with rufous, irrorated with fuscous and with more

sinuous outline; a diffused rufous patch on medial inner area; a

fuscous discocellular spot. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Ezp.12 mm. Type—In British pce n at

1402a. HuGoA MULTISTRIGATA, n. sp.

Forewing with vein 7 absent. Yellowish-white ; vertex of head

and thorax spotted with black ; abdomen with dorsal fuscous marks,

Forewing with two black spots at base, two antemedial series of spots

followed by a spot in cell; a medial series of streaks with short

streaks beyond the cell; at post-medial series of spots angled below

costa ; a submarginal oblique series from vein 5 to mner margin ;

apical spots and two at middle of margin ; the several series irregu-

lar and not well defined. Hind-wing suffused with fuscous.

Habitat.— Khasis. Ezp.24 mm. Type-—In British Museum.

1404a. HuGoA OCHRIVENA, 2. 8p.

Forewing with the cell very long ; vein 2 from before middle.

Hindwing with veins 4-5 from cell, the upper part of cell very long

veins 6-7 short and from angle.

440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAE HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

&. Brownish-gray ; head with fuscous. spot on vertex ; abdomen

fuscous towards extremity. Forewing with the basal part of costa

clouded with fuscous ; a series of antemedial spots ; a spot in. cell ; the

medial area clouded with fuscous diffused outwardly ; a discocellular

spot; some submarginal diffused blotches. Hindwing suffused with

fuscous ; the veins forming the end of cell and given off from it

ochreous ; «cilia ochreous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 22 mm. ee —In British Museum.

1470b. ToLrra TRIGONIFERA, 2. sp.

&. Brownish-ochreous ; palpi and collar blackish. Forewing with

the base of costa black ; an oblique triangular black mark on middle of

costa with its apex beyond lower angle of cell and embracing a pale

discoidal point; a sinuous pale submarginal line, its medial part

defined by rufous on inner side, the area beyond it fuscous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Ezp.14mm. Type—tIn British Museum. .

1425. Miltochrista dentifascia belongs to Section I. ¢ with

the cell narrow.

1469a. MILTOCHRISTA MESORTHA, Nn. sp.

Differs from punicea in the antemedial line of forewing being dentate

in and below cell ; the medial line almost straight and not connected

with the antemedial. Hindwing with slight fuscous shade on apical

area, more extensive on underside.

Habitat.—Khisis. Exp. 6 24, 9 28 mm. Type—In British

Museum.

1488c. NuDARIA DISCIPUNCTA, n. sp.

White ; head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish. Forewing with the

medial inner area slightly suffused with fuscous ; yellow spots on costa

at base, before middle and at middle ; a prominent black spot in cell ;

a postmedial yellow patch from costa to lower angle of cell connected

with inner margin by a line ; oblique fasciz between end of cell and

apex, middle of margin and outer angle, the last broad and suffuse in

part with fuscous.

Habitat,—Khasis. Eap.18 mm. Type.——In British Museum.

No.2.

1534f. NoLA FLEXILINEATA, 0. sp.

dé. White, slightly tinged with brown ; palpi blackish. Forewing

with dentate blackish antemedial line with slight brown suffusion

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 441

on each side of it; traces of a medial waved line ; a prominent

postmedial biack line very oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is

curved and becomes erect, the area beyond it suffused with fuscous ;

an irregularly dentate submarginal line. Hindwing tinged with

fuscous. |

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum.

Section IV. Forewing with vein 9 present, arising from the cell.

1534g. NOLA LUNISIGNA, Nn. sp.

&. Grayish-white ; palpi blackish at sides. Forewing with black

spot at base of cell ; indistinct waved antemedial and medial lines, the

latter with a small black lunule on its inner side below costa; a

postmedial line oblique to vein 5, then bent inwards to near the medial

line and becoming black and prominent; an irregular submarginal

line. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 22 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

Vol. IV, p. 506. For Cyphotopsyche insert Proneca, Swinh.,

‘Trans. Ent. Soc.’ 1890, p. 193.

1545c. ProwEca FoLa, Swinh., ‘ Trans. Ent. Soc.’, 1890, p. 194.

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish-white with blackish patch on

metathorax and tuft on first abdominal segment. Forewing yellowish-

white with dark brown costal fascia mixed with yeliowish scales ; an

oblique fascia from outer margin below apex to inner margin, on

which it extends from near base to middie and forming a large wedge-

shaped patch; outer area tinged with brown, and with a diffused dark

band between veins 5 and 1. Hindwing whitish in male, fuscous in

female.

Habitat.—Colombo ; Thayetmyo, Burma. Hap. 6 22, 2 24 mm.

1550a, SELCA PLAGIOLA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 2.)

6. Antenne ciliated ; forewing with vein 7 absent ; a tuft of

spatulate scales on inner margin beyond middle ; hindwing with vein 4

absent. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; palpi tinged with ruf-

ous. Forewing rufous mixed with white and black scales ; alarge white

patch on basal inner area with a white line from origin of vein 2 to

its extremity ; the tufts of raised scales below basal part of costa

prominent, a white postmedial line very oblique from costa to vein

5, where it is acutely angled and retracted, then sinuous ; a large white

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

and gray patch on its inner side from costa to vein 2 ; two fine white

lines with gray between them along vein 2 from cell to near outer

margin ; an obscure submarginal white line strongly dentate inwards

at veins 5 and 2, and with a fuscous patch inside its medial portion.

Hindwing white tinged with fuscous.

Habitat—Puttalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). Exp.16 mm. Type.—In

British Museum.

15506. SELCA NIGRA, n. sp.

Hindwing with vein 5 obsolete ; antennz of ? pectinate. 9. Fus-

cous-black, Forewing irrorated with a few silvery scales ; the

basal area darkest ; indistinct sub-basal and antemedial lines; a

fulvous discoidal spot and traces of a waved medial line, traces of irregu-

larly-waved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hindwing paler fuscous.

Habitat.—Sikhim, i,800 feet (Dudgeon). Erp. 30 mm. Type.—In

British Museum,

AGARISTIDA.

1583. Mimeusemia ceylonica= A gocera postica, W1k., ‘ Journ.

Linn. Soc. VI, p. 6, Mimeusemia tara, Swinh., ‘ Cat. Lep. Het., Mus.

Oxon, ps OTe... Singapore ; Borneo.

1681. Hadena (?) hastata is an Erastria allied to aurata, Moore.

NOCTUIDA.

TRIFINA,

17562, WUPLEXIA HYALOPHORA, 0. sp.

&. Head and thorax olive-green and brown ; abdomen reddish-brown ;

the anal tuft fulvous. Forewing olive-green and dark brown; a

sinuous sub-basal olive line defined by black, the area between it and

antemedial line green ; the antemedial line black-edged and obtusely

angled on vein 1; the medial area brown with pale-edged green

orbicular and reniform stigmata almost joined on median nervure, a

black-edged olive postmedial line incurved below vein 4 and outlined

with gray; the outer area green with pale waved submarginal

line ; a brown patch below apex, a marginal series of black Junules.

Hindwing dark red-brown with the disk hyaline ; underside with black

spot in upper angle of cell. Thorax with a club-shaped process

bearing a tuft of long white hair protrusile from the large abdo-

minal stigmata.

Habitat.— Khiasis. Exp. 34mm, Type—In British Museum.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 443

1758a. HupLextaA CONSERVULOIDES, 0. sp.

&. Red-brown. Forewing with a black speck in cell; a pale-edged

wedge-shaped mark from middle of costa ; blackish on discocellulars,

and with a large brown V-shaped mark below it on inner margin with

short arms ; the reniform indistinct, and with a double elbowed line

beyond it continued as a single waved line to inner margin ; a siuous

submarginal line slightly bent outward and edged with brown between

veins 6 and 8 ; three white specks on costa towards apex. Hindwing

paler. Underside of both wings with dark postmedial line and indistinct

pale submarginal line ; hind tibie with white points at extremity and

on end of spurs. Thorax with a club-shaped process bearing a tuft

of long hair which is protrusile from the large abdominal stigma.

| Habitat.—fSikhim (Pilcher). ee 36 mm. Yype—In British

Museum.

1766a: ANCARA OLIVESCARIA, Swinh., A.M.N. H (6), xrx, p. 167.

4. Head and thorax dark olive-brown ; abdomen fuscous with the

dorsal and anal tufts olive-brown. Forewing dark olive-brown irrorated

with black scales ; traces of double waved black sub-basal, antemedial

and medial lines ; the orbicular indistinct ; the reniform large with its

lower part filled in with black, but not well defined ; the claviform a

large, prominent black lunule ; a postmedial series of black and white

Specks on the veins ; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing

black-brown ; some marginal marks towards anal angle, and the cilia

olive-brown. Underside olive-brown irrorated with black; discal

area of forewing fuscous ; both wings wae discoidal stigmata and black

postmedial band.

Halitat.—Jaintia Hills. Exp. 58 mm.

_ 1804a. DipreryGia MAGNICLAVIS, N. sp.

Head and thorax dark rufous, slightly pencilled with ochreous ;

abdomen fuscous, with the dorsal lateral and anal tufts rufous. Fore-

wing rufous variegated with ochreous; a series of dark marks on

costa; a dentate gray sub-basal line ; an antemedial line angled

inward on sub-costal nervure, then oblique, white and angled outwards _

on vein 1; the orbicular and reniform with pinkish outlines’; the

claviform black-edged, large, round, and placed on outer edge of the

antemedial line ; the postmedial line sutty dentate | from costa ‘to

13 Pas 3

444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

yein 4, then bent inwards to the reniform ; an irregularly sinuous

Penarainal line, angled inwards below costa, and with a black point

on its inner edge below vein 2; the apex grayish ; a merginal

series of black lunules. Hindwing brownish-ochreous, the outer.area

broadly fuscous.

Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 38 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

1857a. CARADRINA TERMINATA, 0. Sp.

&. Ochreous ; palpi black at sides to near end of second joint 3

abdomen slightly tinged with fuscous above. Forewing with the outer

area fuscous-brown, narrowing to apex ; a prominent black spot in the

cell ; indistinct sub-basal, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submargi-

nal lines ; the first three irregularly waved, the postmedial dentate, the

submarginal irregularly waved placed on the dark area and expanding

into a dark patch at middle. | Hindwing pale, the veins and outer area

slightly tinged with fuscous. |

Habitat.—Bhutan (Dudgeon) ; Borneo. zp. 28mm, Type.—In

British Museum.

1858a. CARADRINA ATRESCENS, 0. sp.

@. Ochreous with a slight fleshy tinge; head and thorax mixed with

black scales ; abdomen fuscous above. Forewing with the basal area

irregularly irrorated with patches of black scales, three more prominent

spots on the costa; a large black patch in end of cell extending up to

thecosta; a discocellular spot ; the outer area irrorated with black; a large

postmedial costal patch with two ochreous specks on it; a very large

black patch occupying nearly the whole inner half of outer area and

conjoined to the irregular series of marking, and lunules on the margin.

Hind wing fuscous-black, pale towards base; cilia pale with a waved black

line through them. Underside of forewing fuscous, the costa irrorated

with ochreous, inner area ochreous, the cilia ochreous with double series

of black spots. Hindwing ochreous with medial dark patch on eosta ;

postmedial series of specks; a marginal black band, the cilia spotted

with black.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Ezp. 40 mm, Type.—In

British Museum.

1890a, LEUCANIA LANIATA, n. sp. (PIA, Fig. 22.)

&. Hindwing somewhat distorted; the outer area on underside

with veins 3 to 8 clothed with long down-curved hair.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 445

Differs from decisissima in being brown and gray with no

ferruginous tints, Hindwing with the basal and inner areas pale, the

apical area fuscous; underside with the silvery suffusion terminated

by ithe tufts of hair ; no marginal series of specks. Hind legs with

the black tufts very large.

- Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Ezp. 36 mm. Type.—In

British Museum.

ACONTINA,

1968a, DIPHTHERA CHRYSOCHLORA, 0. sp.

Head and thorax golden-green ; abdomen dark-brown, the anal

tuft ochreous. Forewing golden-green with dentate whitish ante-

medial and postmedial lines with darker green lines between them, the

antemedial line strongly dentate below cell, the postmedial at vein 4 |

and with darker green suffasion beyond it ; a large quadrate dark green

reniform spot; a series of whitish and green marginal lunules.

Hindwing black~brown ; the cilia ocbreous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 9 30, P 32 mm.

1979a. BRYOPHILA EXCURVATA, 1. Sp.

é. Head and thorax whitish, markedwith gray ; abdomen gray.

Forewing with the basal area gray, bounded by a dark line from costa

before middle and running with an outward curve to the postmedial line

On vein 1 ; the medial area whitish with the obscure orbicular and more

prominent reniform stigmata outlined with white ; a diffused blackish

patch beyond the cell rufous exteriorly ; a minutely dentate double

postmedial curved line dentate inwards on vein 1 ; the margin whitish,

with a triangular black patch below apex and series of striee on the

margin. Hindwing fuscous, with obscure discocellular lunule which

on underside is prominent ; an obscure curved postmedial line.

Habitat. —Sikhim, 1,800 fest (Dudgeon). Exp. 30 mm. Type,—In

British Museum.

1995a@, ERASTROIDES FLAVIBASALIS, n. sp.

6. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish ; patagia tipped with

pray ; dorsal tufts black. Forewing with the basal area pale suffused

with orange ; a black point at middle of cell and discocellular spot ;

costa gray with black spots ; a medial black line joined at lower angle

of cell by an oblique line from before middle of inner margin; the

medial part of inner area golden-orange ; the postmedial area silvery-

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. Xi.

gray, largely marked with black and olive-green ; indistinct, irregular,

postmedial and submarginal lines, the latter with the area beyond it.

olive-green, Hindwing pale fuscous ; cilia white at tips.

Habitat, —Khasis, Eup.22mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2012a. HYELA LATIFASCIATA, n. sp.

9. White, suffused with pale brown. Forewing with blackish mark

at base of costa; a broad medial biack-brown hand occupying one-third

of wing with sinuous white edges and expanding near inner margin, the

white edge enclosing two discacellular black spots with a larger semi-

circular spot beyond them ; some white specks on costa towards apex ; 2

minately-waved submarginal white line ; large diffused black patches

near apex and on margin below middle. Hindwing fuscous.

Hlabitat.—Bombay. Eap. 18mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2008a. TYELA BILINEATA, n. sp.

Ochreous-brown. Forewing with black-edged, minutely-waved, white

ante-and postmedial lines, the former slightly angled on subcostal ner-

vure and below the cell, the latter strongly exeurved beyond the eell

and angled inwards below vein 2 ; reniform white with two black points,

the upper often obsolete. Hindwing tinged with fuscous.

Habitat.—Khasis. xp. 22mm. Type.-—In British Museum.

2038a, XANTHOPTERA FUSCITERMINATA, 0. sp.

Q. Ochreous-yellow ; palpi, antenne, and anal tuft tinged with fus-

cous. Forewing with two dark specks on obsolescent rufous marks at

base of costa; a small antemedial obsolescent triangular rufous mark on

costa with traces of a line arising from it ;a similar larger medial mark

and traces of waved line ; traces of a postmedial line exeurved beyond

eell ; three black specks on costa towards apex ; a mar ginal fuscous black

band narrowing to apex and outer angle, with patches of leaden scales

on it ; its inner edge wavy and shading into diffused rufous, and with

marginal series of black specks ; cilia black. Hindwing suffused with

fuscous ; cilia fuscous-black ; underside with diseoidal black speck and

curved postmedial line.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1, 800 feet (Dudgeon). Exp. 22 mm. Type—

In British Museum.

: 2049a, XANTHOPTERA FISSISTIGMA, n. sp.

Ochreous ; palpi blackish at sides. Forewing slightly suffused oe

brown and red ; the orbicular white, oblique, with two streaks with gray

between them from its lower end, the lower streak curved, and with a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 447

diffused olive fascia with a black streak on it, from it to outer margin ;

reniform indistinct ; an indistinct double sinuous postmedial line ; a

red patch at outer angle with two black spots on its imner edge and

with whitish between it and the olive streak; a marginal series of black

spots. Hindwing slightly suffused with fuscous ; a discocellular Junule

and dentate postmedial line distinct on underside.

_ Aabitat.—Khasis. Exp. 26mm. Type—In British Museum.

210la. NaARANGA SEMIOCHREA, 0. sp.

Ochreous ; palpi and abdomen tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft

ochreous. Forewing ochreous, slightly clouded with fuscous towards

costa and reddish towards the obliquely-curved: blue-gray line from

middle of costa to inner margin near outer angle ; traces of an irre-

gular antemedial line; the outer area clouded with fuscous obliquely

from apex to middle of curved line, leaving a paler triangular patch on

costa. Hindwing paler, underside with discoidal fuscous speck and

curved postmedial line.

Habitat._Khasis. Exp. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2101. NARANGA ALBICINCTA, 0. Sp.

&. Head and collar rufous and fuscous ; thorax and abdomen ochre-

ous with slight fuscous tinge. Forewing with the basal area ochreous,

diffused outwardly to lower angle of cell; the rest of the wing red-

brown clouded with fuscous and gray; a pale discoidal spot on blackish

patch ; a slightly-curved postmedial rufous line with diffused white

band beyond it tinged with bluish-gray and narrowing to costa ; a

curved black submarginal band widening to costa;a marginal

series of black spots. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat.—Khasis. Erp. 22mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

2101¢. NARANGA CAUSTIPENNIS, Nn. Sp.

&. Forewing with the outer margin slightly excised below apex.

Dark pinkish; head, thorax, and extremity of abdomen tinged with

fuscous ; the vertex of head whitish. Forewing with the basal half of

costa tinged with fuscous ; the outer half with orange-brown ; an in-

terrupted fine curved medial white line ; some black specks on costa

towards apex; a diffused black patch on outer area below apex ;

cilia white at the excision. Hindwing fuscous ; the area near anal

angle pink.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 16mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT.

2103c, RIvULA ACYGONTA, n. sp.

@. Head and collar bright orange-brown ; thorax and abdomen

fuscous-brown, Forewing fuscous with slight purplish-gray tinge ; the

costal and outer margins orange-brown ; an obscure oblique antemedial

line ; an ochreous spot at lower angle of cell ; a postmedial line defined

by gray on outer side and very acutely angled below costa ; some white

specks on costa towards apex ; an indistinct sinuous submarginal line.

Hindwing fuscous ; both wings with fine pale marginal line.

Habitat.—Simla. Exp. 24 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2106a, RivuLA BARBIPENNIS, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 3.)

Hindwing of male with a large fold below the cell and vein 2 on

upperside clothed with thick silky hair; vein 2 curved and arising

from angle of cell, ¢@. Only differs from biatomea in the hindwing

being dark fuscous, leaving the base only pale.

Habitat.—Khasis ; Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole). Exp. 22 mm.

Type.—In British Museum.

2107a. 'TATHODELTA USTATA, 0D. sp.

Q. Forewing with the outer margin excised below apex and ex-

curved at middle. Brick-red ; head and distal half of abdomen

blackish. Forewing with crenulate, antemedial, medial, postmedial,

and submarginal lines, the first two dark and indistinct, the two latter

ochreous, the postmedial with black points on it, the submarginal angled

outwards at middle and with fuscous patch beyond it above middle; a

black speck in cell; some black suffusion on costa and pale specks to-

wards apex ; a marginal series of black spots. Hindwing with straight

antemedial black line and point in cell; medial and postmedial crenu-

late ochreous lines, the latter angled outwards at middle and with black

suffusion inside and beyond it from middle to inner margin ; a marginal

series of black spots.

| Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2110a. PACHYLEPIS ALBILINEATA, 0. Sp.

Dark gray ; palpiand frons black; vertex of head and shaft of

antennee above white. orewing with irregularly dentate, antemedial,

postmedial, and submarginal white lines, the postmedial excurved

beyond cell and angled inwards below it ; a black discocellular spot;

some white specks on costa towards apex ; a marginal series of black

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 449

and white points. Hindwing with black discocellular lunule; irregu-

larly dentate white medial line and traces of a submarginal line; a

marginal series of black and white points.

Habitat.—Dharmsala (Hocking); Khasis. Lxvp.22mm. Type.—

In British Museum.

2129a. EusLemMa siticuLa, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (6), x1x, p. 167.

Ochreous-white with a slight pinkish tinge. Forewing with fuscous

antemedial, medial, and postmedial specks on costa with indistinct

sinuous lines arising from them and obtusely angled below costa ; some

white specks on costa towards apex; a pinkish apical spot with two

fuscous points below it on the indistinct dentate submarginal line.

Hindwing with traces of waved antemedial, medial, and postmedial

lines. The medial line of forewing, becoming antemedial on hindwing,

sometimes prominent.

Habitat— Allahabad ; Karachi; Burma. zp. 20 mm,

213la. HUBLEMMA AGRAPTA, Dn. sp.

@. Head and collar fulvous ; thorax pale pinkish ; abdomen whitish.

Forewing pale, pinkish, irrorated with a few dark scales; a fine indis-

tinct line from costa beyond middle, very acutely angled below costa,

then very oblique to middle of inner margin; a submarginal series of

black specks ; a fulvous marginal line, Hindwing whitish, -

Habitat.—Putialam, Ceylon (Pele). Exp. 20 mm. Type—In

British Museum.

2139a. ZUROBATA ALBISCRIPTA, 2. sp.

Q. Reddish-brown, irrorated with fuscous ; thorax mixed with white

scales, Forewing with bluish-gray irroration on costa and beyond end

of cell; a white fascia on medium nervure joined by an oblique line

from near base of inner margin and forming a white patch in end of

cell, then running in a curve beyond discocellulars to upper angle and

enclosing the dark discocellular spot ; a postmedial white line oblique

from costa to vein 6, straight to vein 4, where it is retracted to lower

angle of cell, then oblique to inner margin ; some white specks on costa

towards apex ; two oblique white sub-apical streaks ; a white streak on

vein 6 from upper angle of cell ; a series of white strigee on margin

and spot above outer angle. Hindwing fuscous-brown with darker

marginal line.

Habitat,—Khasis. Hep. 22mm. Type.—In British Museum.

450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

214ia, ZUROBATA USTULA, n, sp.

F ‘ulvons-yellow s palpi fuscous ; abdomen tinged with fuscous to-

wards extremity. Forewing natnsed with red, irrorated with black and

tinged in places with fuscous, especially on costa, inner margin and

outer area ; traces of antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal

minutely dentate red lines; two discocellular black specks and a

inarginal series. Hindwing suffused with red and with fuscous on

apical area ; two discocellular black specks and traces of antemedial,

medial, postmedial, and submarginal dentate red lines, the postmedial

with some black specks on it; a marginal series of black specks.

Habitat. —Ceylon (Pole); Andamans. Exp. 20 mm. Type,—In

British Museum.

2147c. Mimorvuza PICTALIS, a. sp.

&. Head and thorax white ; palpiand antenne tinged with rufous 5

_ abdomen pale rufous with black dorsal point on anal segment. Fore-

wing with the basal area cream-colour ; an obscure waved antemedial

line ; a black point in cell and two on discocellulars 5 a medial line

sharply bent outwards to discocellulars, the area beyond it olive-brown

to the postmedial line, which is white, oblique to vein 6, then dentate and.

at vein 3 retracted to below end of cell; a triangular olive-brown patch

beyond it on costa with three white points on it and gray suffusion below

vein 4 to the submarginal line which is whitish with two deep red teeth

at middle, below and above which it is incurved ; a fine white marginal

line ; cilia brown with black patch at middle. Hindwing with the

base cream-colour; a rufons antemedial line bent outwards to inner

margin ; a black discocellular point; outer half of wing olive-gray ;

white medial and postmedial lines, the former sinuous, the latter

strongly angled outwards at middle and bent outwards to anal

angle ; a fine white marginal line and slight submarginal mark towards

anal Seah

Habitat, —Khisis. Exp, 24 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

: 2148a, ORUZATRITONIA, n. sp.

a Tacs not fringed with hair. Red-brown ; head blackish ; abdo-

men at extremity and wings slightly suffused with fuscous. Forewing

with the costa white with black points on it ; an indistinct waved fus-

cous antemedial line 5 a black discocellular spot sometimes with white

~ THE MOTHS OF INDIA. - 454

centre: a fuscous waved postmedial line, strongly angled below costa,

then oblique, and angled below vein 2; an indistinct dentate submar-

ginal line. Hindwing with discocellular speck ; sinuous medial line

and indistinct dentate postmedial and submarginal lines ; both wings

with prominent marginal series of black points.

_ Habitat. Khasis. Exp. 44.mm. Type.—In British Museum, ©

SARROTHRIPINE,

-2198a. PLOTHEIA ELONGATA, 1h, Sp.

2. Head ochreous and fuscous ; thorax olive-green and fuscous 2

abdomen fuscous. Forewing olive-green ;-an indistinct double-waved

antemedial line ; traces of a wawed medial line ; the orbicular rapresent=

ed by a raised tuft; the reniform with raised scales on its edges ; the

_postmedial line very oblique from: cesta to vein 7, then minutely dentate,

sharply bent inwards below vein 2, and with two small tufts of raised

seales above inner margin : some black spots en costa towards apex 3

traces of a submarginal line with rufous tufted spots in it below vein 7 5

cilia brown and fuscous. Hindwing fuscous, the cilia pale brown, »

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp.46 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

22084. . ARACHNOGNATHA METASCOTIA, 1. sp.

Head, collar, and patagia olive-green, the last tipped with black 3

thorax fuscous ; abdomen fuscous-brown. Forewing elive-green with

indistinct. irregular. antemedial, medial, postmedial, and submarginal

dark lines, the two last strongly dentate, slightly defined with white

towards costa and with a dark. streak between them below cosia ;

the orbicular represented by raised black scales ; the reniform large,

%ounded, and with fuscous centre, a marginal series of dark specks.

Hindwing fuscous-brown with black and white ocellate mark at anal

angle. Fore tibize tufted with hair. |

Habitat —Khasis, Exp. § 84, 9 38 mm. Type.—In British

2218d. BARASA MARGINATA, ii. sp.

_ . Head and thorax gray and fuscous; abdomen brownish. Hoeeetad

gray and fuscous, the basal half suffused with brewn ; an indistincé

double-curved antemedial line; orbicular round and black-edged ; reni-

form black-edged and attenuate ; an indistinct. highly dentate double

postmedial line incurved below vein 2, then bounding thé brown area;

a sinuous sibmarginal line with some fuscous suffusion on its inner side

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

and a black speck below vein 2, Hindwing white with broad black

marginal band from costa to vein 2, and a spot at vein 1.

Habitat.—Puittalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). Hzp. 24mm. Type.—In

British Museum.

2218a. BARASA METALOPHOTA, N. §p.

Hindwing of male with fringe of hair below the cell on underside.

Forewing with the areole very short ; mid and hind tibie fringed with

long hair, Head and thorax gray and black ; collar rufous ; abdomen

brownish with black dorsal tuft at base.. Forewing whitish irrorated

with black ; diffused patches’ of brown and black on basal area ; an ante-

medial sinuous black line very oblique from costa to vein 2, on which it

runs out to a narrow loop, then sharply retracted tomedian nervure ; re-

niform large black-edged and with a black lunule on olive centre; the

postmedial line double, waved, very much bent outwards beyond the cell

then retracted to the loop of antemedial line, some fuscous beyond it

on inner margin ; some patches of fuscous on outer half of costa and on

outer margin towards apex; a sinuous submarginal series of black spots

and a marginal series. Hindwing brownish-fuscous.

a Gia cee Exp. 30 mm. Type—In British Museum.

2235a, HYPOTHRIPA POLIA, 0. 6p.

&. Gray. Forewing with two waved antemedial lines slightly angled

inwards below median nervure and obsolescent towards inner margin ;

an oblique medial line, slightly incurved ; a discocellular speck ; the

postmedial line strongly excurved beyond cell and minutely dentate ; an

irregularly-waved submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous,

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 22mm. Type,—In British Museum.

Genus DILoPHOTHRIPA, nov.

Type.—D. chr ysorrhea, Hampson.

- Range.—Assam.

Palpi upturned; the second joint broadly scaled ; the third well de-

veloped and naked ; antenns of male minutely ciliated ; abdomen with

large double anal tuft,. Forewing narrow;

the costa arched towards apex ; the outer

margin oblique ; vein 7 from cell, 8, 9

and 10 stalked from well before angle.

Dilophothyi ipa chryscri Pica” + & Hindwing with the outer margin

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 853

excised toward anal angle, where there is a large tuft of hair on

upperside in male; a fold below. costa containing a large tuft of hair ;

the costal and subcostal nervures bent downwards; veins 3 and 4

stalked ; 5 absent; 6 and 7 from upper angle,

2249a. DILOPHOTHRIPA CHRYSORRHAA, ND, 8p.

8. Dark olive-brown ; abdomen paler, with the anal tufts fulvous-

yellow. Forewing suffused in parts with fuscous; with sub-basal,

antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal irregularly. dentate black

lines defined by paler colour; three medial black points. between

the cell and vein 1, and two on discocellulars ; some dark marks

beyond the pale line defining the submarginal line; a marginal series

of black points. Hindwing fuscous-brown with the tuft of hair at anal

angle black.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp. 24 mm. Type—In British Museum.

EUTELUNA,

2271a, HuTELIA HARMONICA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 4).

&. Ochreous suffused with reddish and fuscous-brown ; palpi and

frons black ; collar with paired black spots ; abdomen dorsally suffused

with fuscous, and with paired lateral black specks, Forewing with

indistinct very irregularly dentate brown sub-basal line, with black

patch inside it on costa ; a similar medial line bent inwards to costa and

with discoidal spot on it; a pale patch from first line through the. cell

to postmedial line, which is obscure and minutely dentate with long

dentate pale marks with dark streaks on them crossing it below costa ;

a rather obscure dentate submarginal line. Hindwing with the. basal

half pale with discoidal spot and traces of waved medial line ; the outer

area fuscous. Underside with discoidal spots prominent, and traces of

three or four waved postmedial lines.

Q. With complete blackish band before sub-basal line of forewing.

Habitat—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon); Nilgiris, 6,000 feet

(Lindsay), Zep. 30 mm. Type—tIn British Museum,

STICTOPTERINE.,

2280a, RisoBA DIPHTHEROIDES, n. sp. er

~ Head and thorax green, slightly mixed with white; palpi black ;

abdomen fuscous tinged with green, the penultimate segment with «

black line. Forewing pale blue-green; the basal half suffused with

olivye-green ; a white spot at base below median nervure ; an irregularly

454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

waved black antemedial line ; traces of a medial line ; the orbicular

a small white ring ; the reniform olive with black edge and central

point ; a postmedial waved black line arising from a black mark on

costa and very much bent outwards beyond the cell; and irregular sub-

marginal line angled inwards at vein 5, and ineurved below vein 2;

eme olive on outer edges of postmedial and submarginal lines; a

black mark on outer margin below apex; cilia intersected with black.

Hindwing fuscous, the basal half whitish below and. with -discoce}lular

black tunule.

Habitat,—Khasis, Exp. 30—38 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

9298a, SaDARSA aRcuATA, n. sp. (PI. A, Fig. 19.)

&. Forewing with the costa very highly arched, the outer margin

rounded ; the areole and subcostal veins bent upwards; the median

nervares contorted, the submedian fold bent upwards to the cell before

middle. Gray-brown with a greenish tinge. Forewing with blackish

sub-basal bar from costa ; traces of numerous minutely-waved lines with

dark marks on them on inner margin towards outer angle ; some dark

specks on costa towards apex ; a submarginal series of dark specks

and marginal series of strie. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat,—Sikhim (Dudgeon) ; Khasis ; South-east Borneo (Dohert a

Exp.30 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2294a. GyYRTONA CAMPTOBASIS, n. sp. (PI. A, Fig. 20.)

©. Head and thorax variegated olive-green and dark-brown ; abdo-

men fuscous with black dorsal tuft. Forewing with the costa slightly

arched at base, variegated olive-green and brown, the base brown ;

a sub-basal blackish patch between costa and median nervure ; an ante-

me lial fuscous line ; two small tufts of raised scales below the cell and

some near end of it ; two medial lines angled at middle and with a

pale patch between them below the cell; three or four obliquely-

curved lines on outer area with small dentate black marks‘on them ;

a blackish patch on costa towards apex ; a marginal series of

black lunules and a series of black specks on the oes Hind wing

fuscous.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Exp. 30 mm. Type— -

Ja British Museum,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. “455

GONOPTERINA,

2324a, CAPOTENA TRIGONIPHORA, 0. sp.

Differs from truncata in the head being dark olive-green. Forewing

with the ante- and postmedial lines meeting and terminating’ below

vein 2, enclosing a triangular dark olive-green patch.

Habitat.— Khasis. Hup.36 mm. Type.—In British Lae

QUADRIFINA.

2350a. TRISULOIDES GLAUCA, 0. sp.

é. Antenne minutely ciliated ; palpi, frons and thorax black and

white ; vertex of head and collar pure white ; abdomen blackish with

some white hairs at base and in dorsal tufts. Forewing silky olive-

green, some black and white at base ; a waved antemedial black line

with white on its inner edge and some pale brown marks on each side

of it in cell ; orbicular small, round and white ; reniform lunulate,

white with black centre, and a yellowish spot beyond it ; an irregularly

crenulate black postmedial line bent outwards beyond cell and with

white on its outer edge ; two white specks on costa towards apex ;

an irregularly dentate submarginal line angled outwards to the margin

below apex and at middle ; the area beyond it cream-colour and brown ;

cilia intersected with white. Hindwing orange- yellow ; the outer area

black narrowing to anal angle ; some white on margin below middle ;

cilia intersected with white ; underside with the basal part of oe

orange; reniform orange, emitting a streak outwards ; a postmedial

white spot on costa ; outer area white except at apex. Hindwing black,

irrorated with white ; inner area yellowish.

Habitat.—Khasis. Lap. 40 mm. Type.—tIn British Museum.

2439a. . POLYDESMA LEPROSA, n. sp.

Head white with a rufous tinge ; palpi and antennz rufous ; tegule

white edged with rufous ; thorax white with some rufous on metathorax ;

abdomen fuscous and ochreous. Forewing dark rufous, with a large

white basal patch conjoined to orbicular and reniform patehes extend-

ing up to costa and along it to apex, Jeaving small ‘rufous spots on

costa, larger towards base ; a white spot on margin below ‘apex and

sometimes one at outer angle. Hindwing fuscous, pale towards base,

The basaJ, orbicular and renifor m patches of. forewing sometimes

disconnected.

Hapbitat.—Khasis, Lup,52 mm, Tpye—In British Maes

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

2550a, PLECOPTERA TRIMACULATA, 0. 8p.

Dark gray ; head and collar bright rufous... Forewing slightly irro-

rated with black ; an obliquely-waved antemedial rufous line arising

from a dark rufous spot on costa ; reniform rufous, conjoined to a

patch on costa ; a minutely-waved postmedial line touching lower end

_of reniform and sharply dent. back to it below costa; a patch on costa

before apex and some pale specks ; traces of a sinuous submarginal

line. Underside of forewing with the costa ochreous with small black

medial spots ; hindwing ochreous, irrorated with black; a discoidal spot;

both wings with postmedial series of points, indistinct on forewing, -

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type—tIn British Museum.

2603a. THERMESIA NIGRIPALPIS, 0. sp.

Palpi with the third joint longer than the second and broadly

fringed with hair above. @. Olive yellow-brown ; head black ; fore-

and mid-legs black in front. Forewing very slightly clouded with

fuscous; the costa fulvous-yellow ; an indistinct curved sinuous ante-

medial line with black specks on it in and below cell ; an indistinct pale

reniform stigma ; both wings with nearly straight oblique postmedial

line defined on outer side by fulvous-yellow ; an indistinct crenulate

submarginal line ; a marginal series of fuscous specks and fulvous-

yellow line at base of cilia. Underside tinged and irrorated with

fuscous ; both wings with discoidal black lunules, curved postmedial

line and fine marginal line.

Habitat.—Khasis, Ezp. 46 mm. Type.—In British Museum. -

FociLuin2,

2718a. Mercopina opscuratas, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (6), xix, p. 168.

- &. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale-brown, slightly tinged with

fuscous. Forewing pale brown, slightly tinged with fuscous ; a black

speck on discocellulars ; an obscure fuscous band from lower angle

cell to inner margin ; an indistinct postmedial irregularly dentate

line bent inwards to costa ; a diffused submarginal fuscous band; a

marginal series of black specks. Hindwing with fuscous antemedial

shade, postmedial line and diffused pests se band 5 a marginal

series of black specks. '

@. Darker and more suffused with fuscous.

Habitat,—Jaintia Hills, Assam, - Exp. 64 mm.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. — | 457

2727a. ZETHES PALLIDICOSTA, 0. Sp.

&. Head fuscous-brown ; the vertex whitish ; thorax and base of

abdomen yellowish-white ; the collar and a patch on metathorax dark

brown ; medial part of abdomen fuscous ; extremity brown. Fore-

wing with broad whitish costal fascia becoming fuscous at costa,

expanding to base of inner margin and defined by an oblique black

-sub-basal line ; an oblique postmedial band, fulvous inwardly, whitish

outwardly, the two colours divided by a black line; a white disco-

cellular speck; a submarginal series of white specks with small

wedge-shaped black marks. inside them, and. crossed at middle by a

black streak. Hindwing fuscous, with medial straight line defined

by whitish on outer side; an indistinct pale minutely-waved sub-

marginal line; underside pale with black discocellular spot and

medial line, |

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp.30 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2731la. ZETHES ALBISTIGMA, n. sp.’ -

Head and thorax gray, pencilled with brown; abdomen reddish-

brown with black segmental lines; wings ochreous-white variegated

with gray, red-brown, and blackish scales. Forewing with the gray

almost confined to the costal and inner areas; an antemedial dark

brown line, oblique from costa to median nervure ; a black spot in

cell; a sinuous medial line, with the dark-centred white reniform on

its outer edge ; the postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 5;

then incurved and sinuous ; a crenulate submarginal line with white

Junules on it below apex ; outer area suffused with dark and red-

brown, Hindwing with oblique antemedial line; a discocellular

line with two white spots on each side of it; the postmedial line

slightly angled beyond cell and with rufous suffusion beyond it ; a

crenulate submarginal line with series of white lunules. on it ; veins

of outer area dark; both wings with dark marginal line.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 30 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2732¢.-. ZETHES DISCOSTICTA, 0, sp.

é@. Brown irrorated with black ; vertex of head and shi tinged

with gray. Forewing with the costal area tinged with gray, widening

towards base of inner margin ; an obscure curved dentate -antemedial

line ;_ black points at middle of cell and on discocellulars; a fine rufous

postmedial line acutely angled below costa and below vein 4, then

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

extremely oblique to inner margin before middle, a prominent black

spot beyond it on vein 5, then a fuscous shade to inner margin ; traces

of a waved submarginal line and marginal series of brown spots. Hind-

wing with antemedial fuscous shade ;a medial brown line ; a postmedial

series of brown points with obscure diffused line beyond. them; an

obscure diffused submarginal line. Underside of both wings with

discoidal points and strongly crenulate dark postmedial line.

Habitat.—Khasis. zp. 40 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

27390. ZETHES LAHERA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (6), xix, p. 169.

@. Ferruginous red-brown; wings irrorated with a few black

scales. Forewing with the basal area darker red, bounded by a fine

sinuous gray line and traversed by an obscure red line ; traces of an

irregularly-waved medial line ; reniform large indistinct oblique, with

- white mark on its outer edge; a sinuous postmedial gray line edged

by ferruginous, very oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is obtusely

angled and with bright ferruginous between it and reniform ; a sub-

marginal gray line oblique from costa to above angle of postmedial line,

then bent outwards and dentate ; some pale specks on costa towards apex;

a series of black points just inside the margin. Hindwing with some

black scales on discocellulars; an indistinct minutely waved gray medial

line bent outwards at vein 4 and edged by ferruginous towards inner

margin ; an indistinct dentate submarginal line with ferruginous mark

on it and another above it near anal angle ; a series of black points just

inside the margin,

Habitat.—Donaut Hills, Tenasserim ; Singapore. zp. 40mm.

2739c. ZETHES LEPRAOTA, n. sp. |

@. Ferruginous red-brown ; frontal tuft, thorax (except collar), and

the greater part of abdomen, pale gray ; wings irrorated with black.

Forewing with oblique sub-basal gray-white band with sinuous outer

edge ; orbicular and a spot on costa gray, conjoined to an oblique medial

band ; an indistinct pale dentate postmedial line, angled below costa

and conjoined to the very large apical gray-white patch, then bent in-

wards and incurved with a white spot on it below vein 23 a sinuous

submarginal series of spots, obscure and whitish on the apical patch,

then black; two white specks on costa towards apex and a dark speck

on apical patch. Hindwing with the base grayish-white ; a postmedial

white line dentate on veins 4 and 3 and angled outwards near anal

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 459

angle 3 the area beyond it gray from vein 4 to anal angle, with a rufous

spot below vein 2.

Habitat—Khasis ; Singapore. Hzp. 36-50 mm. T'ype.—In British

Museum.

2740a. ZETHES VIRIDICINCTA, n. sp.

Palpi with the third joint short and porrect, the second slightly

fringed with scales at extremity above. 9. Gray-brown with a slight

pinkish tinge; vertex of head, collar, and patagia mixed with green

scales. Forewing slightly irrorated with black; a waved green

antemedial line with obscure brown line on its inner side ; reuiform

edged with blackish on a diffused gray patch; a double-waved

green postmedial line ; an obscure sinuous submarginal line angled

outwards at middle, the area beyond it green, and with slight white

points on it towards costa ; a marginal series of dark points. Hindwing

with blackish points at angles of cell; a waved medial green line and

marginal series of dark points.

Habitat.—Khasi. Exp. 30mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2742, ZmTHES PHCTINIFER, n. sp. (PI. A., Fig. 21.)

Antenne. of male bipectinate. @. Dark grayish-brown. Forewing

with traces of sub-basal line ; a medial lime very oblique from costa to

middle of cell, where it is obtusely angled, then erect ; the postmedial

line similar, but waved below the angle, where there is a disccidal

white lunule with smali ochreous spot beyond it ; some white specks

on costa towards apex ; an irregularly sinuous submarginal line.

Hindwing with white medial line angled at middle, and with band of

ochreous specks beyond it from angle to inner margin.

Alabitat.—Caleutta. Exp.22 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2750a. HGNASIA EXCISA, n. Sp.

Q. Gray-brown with a slight reddish tinge ; wings slightly irrorated

with black. Forewing with the outer margin very deeply excised

between veins 6 and 4; waved antemedial, medial, and postmedial

lines, the first excurved below costa, the second indistinct and excurved

round the indistinct gray discocellular lunule with two black points on it,

the third oblique below costa and excurved round end of cell ; some

pale specks on costa towards apex and traces of a series of black sub=

marginal specks. Hindwing with two discocellular black points ; an

indistinct curved rufous antemedial line, minutely crenulate medial line,

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

prominent straight oblique yellow and rufous postmedial line ; an indis~

tinct submarginal series of black points ; cilia of both wings rufous

with fine black line at base and near tips, which are gray.

Habitat Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2753a. HGNaAsIA VENUSTA, n. sp.

Q. Chocolate-brown ; head and thorax elothed with dark and pale

brown scales ; a large metathorax tuft ; abdomen with tuft on first

segment. Forewing with the base dark and red-brown with bright

ferruginous spots below cell, and on inner margin ; a black speek in cell ;

a waved fuscous medial line angled below costa; reniform olive-green with

fine blue and black edge, and with olive-green and pale yellow oblique

fascia from it to apex ; postmedial line fine, black and yellow, sinuous and

sharply incurved towards the reniform, then oblique ; an indistinct waved

submarginal line incurved towards the reniform; a subapical black lunule

and series of black points just inside the margin. Hindwing with oblique

antemedial line ; black speck at lower angle of cell ; sinuous black and

yellow postmedial line ; obscure waved submarginal line with black marks

on it near anal angle; a series of black points just inside the margin.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 36mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2763b. CAPNODES LACTEICOsTA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 23.)

&. Head reddish ; collar yellowish-white ; thorax and abdomen dark

red ; the latter with the last three segments whitish ; wings dark red.

Forewing with broad yellowish-white costal fascia ; a large oblique

whitish reniform stigma ; an incurved whitish postmedial line angled

below costa and at vein 5, with a large yellowish-white patch beyond it,_

covering the whole outer area except a triangular red patch on outer

margin below apex, the patch bounded above by yellowish, and traversed

by a whitish line parallel to the postmedial line, and another sub-

marginal and strongly incurved below vein 2. Hindwing with a similar

large patch on anal half of outer area, and a small whitish apical patch.

Habitat—Ukuwella, Ceylon. Ezp. 24 mm. Type,—In British

Museum.

2771a. DioMEA LICHENOSA, 0. sp.

&. Head and collar chestnut; thorax and abdomen dark red-brown ;

a tuft of large metallic black scales on metathorax. Forewing dark

fuscous red-brown wholly suffused, except the basal and apical areas,

and a small patch at outer angle with pale bluish-gray (fading to

dirty gray) and bounded by the highly-curved minutely-waved

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 461

postmedial line ; a discocellular speck. Hindwing fuscous red-brown

irrorated with black ; costal and inner area whitish ; a large irregular

bluish-gray patch beyond lower angle of cell running almost to anal

angle ; some long erect hairs below end of cell. Underside wholly

suffused with pale ochreous.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Ep. 24mm, Type.—

In British Museum.

2773a. JAPARNA FERRILINEATA, 0. Sp.

&. Gray-brown irrorated with black scales ; head ferruginous ; anal

tuft tinged with ferruginous. Forewing with straight, nearly erect

ferruginous ante- and postmedial lines ; costa narrowly fulvous, with

two black specks towards apex. Hindwing suffused with fuscous,

Underside ochreous tinged with fulvous and irrorated with black ;

disk of forewing fuscous ; a fuscous postmedial line. Hindwing with

discocellular speck.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hzp. 26mm. Type.—i{n British Museum.

2774a, MRAPARNA STIGMATILIS, n. sp.

Dark brown ; head, thorax, and forewing with a yellow tinge ; the

last with the inner basal area suffused with yellow; ante- and post-

medial waved lines with pale edges, the former angled inwards on

median nervure and:vein 1, the latter strongly bent outwards beyond

cell and slightly angled outwards on vein 1; a black speck in cell and

yellow discocellular lunule; an indistinct simuous submarginal line

with slight yellow marks on it; some yellow specks on costa towards

apex and a marginal series. Hindwing and abdomen dark fuscous.

Habitet.—Khasis, Hep. 28mm. Type—In British Museum.

DeLrowin«.

Genus APHORISMA, nov.

Type.—A. albistriata (Hampson).

Range.—Assam.

Palpi upturned ; the second joint smoothly scaled and reaching far

above vertex of head ; the third with

triangular tuft on inner side; antennz

of male with bristles and fasciculate

cilia. Forewing with veins 3 and 5

= from close to angle of cell; 6 from

Aphorisma albistriata }. 2. Below upper angle; 7, 8,9, and 10

462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

stalked. Hindwing with veins 8 and 4 from angle of cell; 5 from

just above angle ; 6 and 7 stalked.

2808a. APHORISMA ALBISTRIATA, Nn. sp.

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, strongly irrorated, and

the last banded, with black. Forewing almost entirely suffused with

black, leaving the costa ochreous irrorated with black; a slight

ochreous mark at base of median nervure ; fine ante- and postmedial

black lines angled below costa ; the former defined by white on inner

side and angled inwards on median nervure, the latter defined by

white on outer side, angled inwards beyond discocellulars and excurved

at median nervure ; a subtriangular white spot in cell and ochreous

points with short white streaks beyond them at the two angles ; traces

of an irregularly sinuous pale submarginal line. Hindwing fuscous,

with waved medial and postmedial black lines defined by whitish; both

wings with fine black marginal line. Underside much more ochreous

irrorated with black; forewing with the orbicular and reniform, and a

sinuous submarginal line, prominent ; hindwing with discocellular

lunule, and waved postmedial and submarginal lines.

2. With the markings more ochreous.

Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 26mm. Type.—In British Museum.

(To be continued.)

463

A NEW CURCUMA FROM THE DECCAN.

By D. Prat.

(With a Plate.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.)

“Some time ago Mr. N. B. Ranade, * in charge of the Poona

Herbarium, during the absence, on leave, of Mr. Woodrow, sent to the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, some rhizomes of Kaempferia scaposa,

a scitamineous plant peculiar to Western India. Mixed with these

rhizomes were some tubers evidently of a Curcuma. These latter were

potted at the same time as the Kaempferia, and one of the resulting

plants has just flowered.

The species proves different from any of those described in Sir J. D.

Hooker’s “ Flora of British India,” Vol. VI, 209—216, where Mr. Baker

deals with the Indian Curcumas. A description of the plant, as nearly

as possible parallel to the descriptions of the others drawn up by Mr.

Baker, is herewith offered, in the hope that it may be of use to those

members of the Bombay Natural History Society who are in the habit

of consulting the “ Flora of British India ” in the field.

§ Il. Mesanrua, Horan. Flower-spike autumnal, in the centre of

the tuft of leaves ; bracts not recurved at the tip.

16b. Curcuma Ranaper Prain ; rootstock small, sessile tubers o ;

petiole rather long; leaves large thin ovate-lanceolate, cuneate

at base, acuminate at tip ; flower-bracts green faintly tinged with pink

at their tips, those of the coma few mauve-purple; flowers bright yellow,

considerably longer than the bracts.

Deccan: Poona, Ranade! The plants were raised from tubers sent

to Calcutta, where one flowered in the Royal Botanic Garden, Septem-

ber, 1897.

Rootstock bearing numerous small almond-like tubers at the ends of fibres,

the tubers compressed, pure white within, Leaves thin, blade 8in. long, 4 in.

wide, uniform green, stalk 8-15 in. long. Spike autumnal, central; the pe-

duncle 4 in, long embraced by leaf-sheaths; the head narrowly oblong, 2 in, long,

1 in, across, with flower-bracts rather narrow 1°25 in, long, *6 in, wide, with an

acute slightly pink tip, elsewhere pale green ; those of the coma lanceolate,

35 in. wide, the lowest with purple edges only, the upper more or less uni-

formly mauve-purple, Flowers large, 1°75 in, long, projecting beyond the

* Mr. N, B, Ranade died at Poona on 15th October, 1897,

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

bracts ; staminode and lip uniformly bright yellow, sub-equal, both orbicular

and deeply two-lobed, lobes rounded obtuse,

This interesting plant is very distinct from any of the others of its section

described in the “Flora of British India.” From C, attenuata, C. Amada,

C. longa and C. montana it differs in having the tubers at the ends of fibres, From

C. albiflora and C, oligantha it differs in having a coma of barren bracts at the

top of the spike. From C, reclinata and C. decipiens, with which, especially

the latter, it agrees as to tubers, it differs in foliage, and in colour and size of

flowers ; both have flowers shorter than the bracts, those of C. reclinata being

reddish-yellow, those of C, decipiens being purple, The nearest to our plant isa

Burmese species, C’, plicata ; that species, however, has firmer leaves and much

smaller paler flowers. ‘The most remarkable feature about the plantis that

the flower-spike, the bracts, both fertile and barren, and the flowers themselves

are hardly distinguishable from those of C. angustifolia in size, colour or shape.

The tubers of C. angustifolia are, however, fusiform (circular when cut across),

and not almond-shaped (narrowly elliptic in cross-section), and there is of

course a radical difference between the two in time and mode of flowering ;

C. angustifolia is a spring-flowering species with the flower-spike distinct from

the leafy shoot and developed before the leaves appear ; in C. Ranadei the

leaves and flowers appear together, the flower-spike being in the centre of the

tuft of leaves, and appearing in autumn, notin spring. The leaves, moreover,

differ considerably, those of CU, angustifolia having longer, narrower blades and

shorter stalks.

The species is named in honour of Mr. Ranade, whose praiseworthy work

as Herbarium Assistant at Poona, first under Dr. T. Cooke and later under

Mr, Woodrow, was well known to Indian botanists, and whose untimely death

we all deplore.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

CurcumA RaNnavDEI, Prazn.

1. Plant of Curcuma Ranadez : one-sixth natural size.

Zp Ditto showing two tubers and one leaf: nat. size,

3, Tuber of C. Ranadei, cut across : nat. size.

4. Portion of flower, laid open, showing stamen and pistil:

nat. S2ze.

ath

‘ Singha Ly

‘Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XI.

delt

Bombe

4h,

Bt).N. Chandar

ain.

CURCUMA RANADEI Pr

465

NOTE ON SOME SPECIES OF COLIAS FOUND IN LADAK.

By H. J. Exwess, F.R.S.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.)

In a small collection of butterflies recently made by Mr. J. C. White,

0.E., Political Officer, Sikkim, which were evidently taken at some

great elevation on or near the Tibet-Sikkim frontier, were a pair of a

small Colas which I believe to be very closely allied to, if not identical

with, Colzas stoliczkanus, Moore, which was described from specimens

collected north of Chang-la, 17,000 feet, Ladak. I have one of the

original specimens of this species from Stoliczka’s collection given to me

many years ago by Baron Felder, and a number of others taken on the

Khardong Pass, 15,000 to 17,000 feet in August, 1889, by McArthur.

I had long been disposed to consider these as a dwarf pale form of

C. eogene, Felder, of which I have many specimens from various parts

of the N.-W. Himalaya, Zogi-la Pass, Kashmir, 11,300 feet

(de Nicéville); Shigri, Lahoul, August, 1884, 13,000 feet (Grahame

Young); Baralacha, Lahoul, August, 1888 (McArthur); Skoro-la,

Baltistan, July, 1887 (Leech); besides several pairs from Karategin and

Hunza in the Pamirs (Growm Grshimaiio). These specimens vary

considerably in size and brilliancy of colour, especially in the female sex,

some of which are ofa very bright deep pink with very broad dark

borders, and others are pale dull pink or orange. On examining the

very fine series of both these species in Mr. Leech’s collection, taken by

himself and McArthur in various parts of Ladak, I find undoubted

specimens of C. eogene also taken at the Khardong Pass by McArthur,

and though some of the specimens appear intermediate in size and

colour between the two, so that I thought they might be hybrids, yet I am

now inclined to believe that C. stoliczkanus may be looked upon as a

good and distinct species. The best means I know of distinguishing

the two species is the underside, which in C. stoléezkanus has the inner

area of the hindwing in both sexes of a darker green colour, and a sub-

marginal band of dark spots, better defined and more conspicuous than

in C.eogene. The pair from Sikkim agree perfectly on the underside with

those from Ladak, but the male shows on the black margin of both wings

above some indication of pale spots as in the female. In Mr. Leech’s

collection I also found four males and five females of a Coléas which

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xt.

appears to have been hitherto overlooked, and which I take to be the

Ladak form of C. nastes, Boisduval. This very widely distributed species

occurs in some form or other in many parts of the world, either at great

elevations or inan arctic climate. I have it from Labrador ; in quantities

from the mountains of Lapland, where it appears to hybridize with

C. hecla, Lefebvre; from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, where it occurs

above timber-line in the Bow River valley ; from near Fort Churchill in

Hudson’s Bay under the name of C. moina, Strecker ; and from the

Pamir of Central Asia at 16,000 feet under the name of C. cokandica,

Erschoff. C. nebulosa, Oberthiir, from Ta-tsien-lo, also seems to belong

to the nastes group. The males of this new form, which I propose to

call C. nastes, var. leechiz, are more lemon-coloured than in either form

of C, nastes above-mentioned, and at first sight might be taken by a

casual observer for C. ladakensis Felder, which also occurs in Ladak,

but the females, which are much like those of C. cokandica, Erschoff, are

of a very pale yellowish-white, whereas the females of C. ladakens?s are of

a brighter yellow than the males, They may easily be distinguished from

C. steverst, Groum Grshimailo, and C. séfanica, Groum Grshimailo,

by the smaller size and conspicuous markings of the hindwing and

underside, and from C. montium, Oberthiir, which they very closely

resemble, in the colour of the upperside in both sexes and by the dark

basal area of the hindwing below.

Thus it seems that we have in the British Trans-Himalayan region

the following species of Colias, namely :—

C. eogene, Felder,

C. stoliczkanus, Moore,

C. ladakensis, Felder, and

C. nastes, var. leechiz, Elwes. ;

Mr. McArthur, to whom I wrote on the subject of 2 possible inter-

breeding between C. eogene and C. stoliczkanus, writes as follows :—

“Both Colias eogene and C. stoliczkanus I found very local on the

mountain-side leading to the Khardong Pass. They overlapped each

other in this way ; I was busy with C. stolicekanus and would now and

again capture one C.cogene. Higher up the mountain, say 800 feet,

C. eogene was common and C. stoliczkanus rare, the intermediate

ground producing a few of each species, the headquarters of each being

quite distinct ; I never found oue species in copula with the other.”

467

PROBABLE HYBRID BETWEEN THE SCARLET-BACKED

FLOWER-PECKER (DICZUM CRUENTATUM) AND

THE FIRH-BRHASTED FLOWER-PECKER

(DO. IG NIPECT US).

By E. C, Sruart Baker, F.ZS8.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.)

Mr. C. Inglis has forwarded to me a remarkable little Flower-

pecker which appears to me to be a cross between the two species

mentioned in the heading. The upper plumage does not seem

to differ in the slightest respect from the ordinary Red-backed Flower-

pecker, but the under parts are coloured like those of D. ignipectus, but

that the red on the upper breast is decidedly less in extent, and, more-

over, there are traces of red on the throat as well. The dimensions

are those of D. cruentatum, and the bill is exactly similar to that of

that bird, and not like the shorter, stouter one of D. ignipectus.

Mr. Inglis writes to me that he has kept no notes about the bird

beyond that he shot it on the 27th April at Roopacherra in Cachar. It

was feeding alone on a flowering creeper growing beside a road.

The bird was sent first to Mr. Finn of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

but he returned it to Mr. Inglis saying that he thought it was merely

a variety of D. cruentatum, and, although he could find no other

specimens in the Museum which showed any signs of the red breast, he

believed that he had seen some caged specimens showing red on the breast.

Personally, I should doubt its being an abnormally coloured bird, and

think that if it is not a hybrid it must be a new species, and if it proves

to be this, I would suggest the nama Diceum hybridum for it, as this

expresses so exactly what the bird looks like.

One point against the bird being a hybrid, is the different elevations

affected by the two species. D. cruentatum is essentially a low level

and plains bird, whereas D. ignzpectus is seldom found below 3,000 feet.

Here, in Cachar, I have never seen it lower down than about 3,600 feet.

I have not examined the series of Diceum cruentatum in the British

Museum, but had there been any trace of red on the breasts of any of

them, I do not think it could possibly have escaped the notice of such

observers as Oates, Blanford and others, who have made no mention of

such marking in any book to which I have access.

468

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY.

Part Tf,

By B. B. Osmasron, Inptan Forest DEPARTMENT.

(Continued from Page 72 of this Volume).

In No. 1 of this Volume I described a birds’ nesting tour made in

the above valley in June, 1896. This year (1897)I visited the same

locality again, and I now propose to describe the nests and eggs of some

of the less common birds met with on my second trip.

16. (49). LoPHorHANES DicHRous.—The Brown-crested Tit. |

In Vol. IX of this journal I described a nest of this rare tit. This year

I found another nest on June 18th in a hole in a wild cherry tree at about

11,000 feet elevation. The nest contained four fully-fledged young and was

made entirely of rats’ fur. The tree was a rotten one, and the hole, which

was a perfect circle, had probably been excavated by the parent birds.

These birds usually breed earlier, in March or April, and this was

probably a second brood.

The eggs of this species have never yet been obtained.

17, (183). Proparus vinipectus.—The Plain Brown Tit Babbler.

This bird is not very rare at elevations of from 9,000 to 10,000 feet, but

owing to its extreme shyness is not often seen. It frequents hill-sides

clothed with brushwood, where it breeds.

I found two nests—one placed in a low bush and a second in a clump

of “‘ringals” (the hill bamboo). The nests are neat, compact and solid

cups made of grass and fibres closely woven together and lined with hair.

They remind one somewhat of the nest of Pyctorhis sinensis. ;

The eggs (three in number in each nest) are pale green blotched with

brown chiefly towards the large end, where also are a few pale purple

markings. They gave the following measurements : —

Largest ... on BS oe TB! x Bat

Smallest ... see ms .-. 65" X& 53"

Mean of 6 eggs ... a: os. 109" XS oat

18, (191), Larvivora BruNNEA.—The Indian Blue-chat.

Ina former letter inserted in No.1 of this Volume I described a

nest and eggs which I believed to belong to this species.

This year I found several more nests of the same kind with eggs

precisely similar to those previously described, and haying shot the bird

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY, 469

off the nest, I can now state positively that they do belong to Larv.vora

brunnea.

This being the case, the nests and eggs described in Hume for this

bird must belong to some other species, for the eggs are there described

as being spotted, whereas these are of a uniform pale blue.

They gave the following measurements :—

Largestegg ... A: ea 80) Oe ee

Smallestegg ... fa Seat OG 5

Mean of 31 eggs... Os SU SSH

19. (219). Strva striguLa.—tThe Stripe-throated Siva,

This bird is fairly common in mixed forest at-from 10,000 to 12,000

feet, where its melancholy call of three notes may be constantly heard

in June. The nest and eggs are described by Hodgson, but apparently

by no one else since, and as his description differs to some extent from

what I have seen, I think it as well to add my description. I found three

nests.on the 3rd, 8th and 24th June containing two, three, and three fresh

eggs, respectively. The nests were placed in shrubs or small treesat vary-

‘ing heights of from 4 feet to about 12 feet from the ground. They are

very pretty, rather solid nests, composed of lichens (Usnea), birch bark,

and thin black fern stalks, and are lined entirely with the latter.

The eggs are perfect little miniatures of those of the English Song

Thrush (Turdus musicus), bemg blue (not pale blue), spotted rather

sparingly with black or very dark reddish-brown specks. |

They measure as follows :—

Largest egg... a ey 00! 3G 760"

Smallest egg... ie ee tol pT

Mean of 6 eggs ... Je Rechts 258

20. (241). Prerursius xanTHocHLoris.—The Green Shrike Tit.

_ Another nest of this species was found at an elevation of 8,000 feet

in thick fir and oak forest. The nest was suspended from a horizontal

branchlet of a silver fir sapling about two feet from the ground. It

contained four fresh eggs similar in size and colour to those described in

my former letter.

21, (852). ANoRTHURA NEGLECTA.—The Kashmir Wren. !

This bird is common in the birch and silver fir forest, as well as in

open rocky ground from 11,000 to 13,000 feet. I was too early for

the eggs, but found several nests in course of construction during June.

470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

They were all built in among the upturned roots of fallen trees, and

were well concealed from view. They were made of moss, grass and

small twigs, exactly similar to those of the common English wren.

22, (446). Nxornis FLAVOLIVACEUS.—The Aberrant Warbler.

1 found one nest only of this bird on June 10:h at an elevation of about

11,000 feet. It was built in a tuft of grass and scrub on the hill-side,

and contained three most peculiarly-coloured eggs, vzz., of an uniform—

rather pale—terracotta, absolutely devoid of gloss.

The nest was made of dry grass, domed with a small side entrance,

and lined first with small dead leaves and then with feathers.

The eggs measured *68" x -49", 67" Xx °50" and *65" x 49",

respectively.

93. (450). Horornis paLLipus.—The Pale Bush Warbler.

This is a very common bird at elevations of from 7,500 to 9,500 feet.

I found several nests in the third week of June at about 8,000 feet,

some containing fresh and others hard-set eggs. ‘The nests were

placed in low bushes and were made of grass, domed, and lined

with feathers. The eggs were deep chocolate-brown, glossy, and

generally four in number.

They measured as follows :-—

Largest egg 55 Se. aildlaeoenoll

Smallest egg step te OLE OU,

Mean of 7 eggs we Ee OUL EX alle

24, (651). CALLIOPE PECTORALIS.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat.

Two nests of this species were found at 12,000 feet on June 8th.

They contained three and four eggs respectively, unfortunately all on -

the point of hatching. ‘The nests were made entirely of grass, and more

or less domed, with a large opening on one side near the top. They

were built on the ground in patehes of grass and dwarf Lonzcera bushes.

The eggs were similar to those found and described by me on my

previous trip.

25. (608). CHELIDORHYNX HYPOXANTHUM.—The Yellow-bellied

; Flycatcher.

Three nests of this species were found at about 11,000 feet on

June 4th, 15th and 20th, respectively. ‘Two contained three fresh eggs

each and the third was empty. The nests were similar to the one found

on my first trip and described in No. 1 of this Volume, all three being

placed on horizontal btanches, the first in a silver fir at a height

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. 471

of about 15 feet from the ground, and the other two on wild cherry trees

at heights of about 30 to 40 feet. The eggs are almost exact counter-

parts of pale specimens of the eggs of Mgithaliscus erythrocephalus,

but the spots are not clearly defined, as they sometimes are in the latter,

but form merely a pale purplish zone at the larger end. |

The shelis are, moreover, terribly thin and fragile, far more so than

those of any other eggs I know.

They measured as follows :—

Largest egg ae ... 59" x 44"

Smallest eg¢ ae oy Oe Xe SAO"

Mean of 6eggs_... ne D8, XK AA!

26. (639). Ruricttia FRONTALIS.—The Blue-fronted Redstart.

This is one of the commonest birds at high elevations (between

10,000 and14,000 feet) in the Tons Valley. It has a pretty song, and

the males are very pugnacious in the breeding season. I found a

number of their nests between the Ist and 21st of June, some with

eggs and others with young. The nest is generally placed in a hole

in a steep bank or hill-side or in a niche ina rock, more rarely at the

root of a tree. It is always visible from the outside, though often well

concealed by plants, grass, &c. It is a rather shallow cup composed

externally of moss and fine grass and lined with hair (chiefly burhel

and musk deer), and sometimes a few feathers,

The eggs, three or four in number, remind one somewhat of those of

Myiophoneus in colour. The ground-colour, where visible, is very

pale greenish or white, and the eggs are mottled and spolted, sometimes

all over but oftener in a cap at the larger end, with pale pinkish-brown.

There are also sometimes a few grayish specks apparently under-

lying the above.

The eggs gave the following measurements :—

Largest egg ae sec 82-96 1a8l

Smallest egg eas 2) 169" SezoGl

Mean of 26 eggs ... sar Odor

The blue colour of the eggs of all species of Rutéiczlla has hitherto

been assumed a rule with no exception. We are therefore now forced

to one of two conclusions: (1) ‘That the blue colour of the eggs of

Ruticilla is not a generic character ; or (2) that the blue-fronted redstart

is not in its proper place in this genus.

472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

27. (701). OrxociNcta Motiisstma.—The Plain-backed Mountain

Thrush.

This bird is rare in the Tons Valley. I stumbled upona nest on

June 20th, which was placed on the ground at about 12,000 feet among

a thick growth of dwarf yellow-flowering rhododendron, ‘The nest was

a massive one, made of moss and lined with fine grass. It contained

four rather hard-set eggs, typically meruline in colour, which gave

the following measurements :—

Largest egg er aon SG abe

Smallest egg Be0 spdela! te Ou!

Mean of 4eggs ... saa, D314" 9°85!

28. (1106). CucuLus potiocerHaLus.—The Small Cuckoo.

This cuckoo is found at higher elevations than any other in the Tons

Valley. It is very common from 16,000 to 11,009 feet, where its irritat-

ing call may be heard day and night. It is essentially the cuckoo of

the inner ranges near the snows, being very rarely heard elsewhere.

I did not myself find the egg of this bird, Lut a nest was brought

to me by Mr. F. Gleadow, which contained two pure white eggs and

one of a uniform chocolate colour, which could only, I think, have

belonged to this cuckoo.

The nest was found at an elevation of about 9,500 feet at a place

where C. poliocephalus was common. The only other cuckoos which

might have been found at this elevation would be C. canorus and

IK sparverioides, Both these may, however, be dismissed at once, the

former, as is well known, laying grayish or brownish spotted eggs, and

the latter laying white eggs and being non-parasitic in its habits.

The egg is of a uniform chocolate colour, similar to one of Horornis

pallidus, but lighter in shade and of course much larger.

The nest was cup-shaped, made of moss and lined with thin black fern

stalks. It was placed up against a low rock about a foot from the

ground supported and concealed by a bunch of ferns growing out of

the same. The owner of the nest was unfortunately not observed, so

that Iam unable to say to what species she belonged. The nest was

found on June 5th, and all three eggs were fresh,

The eggs gave the following measurements :—

White eggs... x —

“OG! x "64"

Chocolate egg ... "78" x °60"

BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY. 473

I should be very glad of any suggestions as to what the bird laying

the above white eggs might be.

29, (1186). GLaucipIuM BRopL£1.—The Collared Pigmy Owlet.

This bird is fairly common in the lower hills from 6,000 to 9,000

feet. J found a nest on May 1st in a “ moru” oak tree at an elevation

of about 8,000 feet. The nest-hole was about 20 feet from the ground

and had evidently been orginally excavated by a woodpecker. It con-

tained three fresh eggs which measured 1°17" x °98", 1:15" x -94"

and 1:14" %°92".

30. ScoLopax rusTicoLa.—The Woodcock,

I was particularly anxious to find a nest of the woodcock. The birds

themselves are fairly numerous in the forests just below the snows, and

may be seen every evening at dusk flying slowly overhead uttering the

strange loud “chirrup” which they reserve for such occasions, and

which is very like the cry of the Indian night-jar (C. monticola) as he

flits about in the twilight.

In spite of unremitting search, accompanied by an offer of rewards to

the hill men, I never found a single nest either this or last year. On June

17th, however, as I was leaving their favourite haunts, I flushed a wood-

cock in thick herbage at my feet, which only flew a few yards and then

fell fluttering to the groundagain. My heart beat fast, for I thought that

at last [ had certainly found the long-sought-for treasure, but no such

luck ; for i soon say instead of eggs three tiny chicks only a day or two

old, quite unable to fly but most clever at running and hiding them-

selves. Ithen turned my attention to their mother who, all the time

I had been inspecting her brood, had been going through the strangest

of antics with outspread wings and tail, and making a continuous sort

of grating, purring noise. She allowed me to approach within a few

feet, and then with an apparent effort, half fluttered half ran away.

31, (202). Oicura cAsTANEICORONATA,—The Chestnut-headed

Short-wing.

This beautiful little bird is not uncommon in the dense forests with

thick undergrowth at about 11,000 feet. It has a very lond call of four

notes, not unlike but shriller than, that of Culicicapa ceylonensis, I failed

entirely to find its nest, though I spent a good deal of time looking for it,

and I fancy the breeding season must be in July, The distribution of this

species is put down in the “ Fauna of India” as Nepal, Sikhim and the

Khasi Hills, so that this is apparently a new locality for the bird,

149

150

Parkee or

Doovi.

152

153

154

474

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE

IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.

Part VY,

By C. M. Inetts.

(Continued from page 204 of this Volume.)

Order Columbee.

Family Columbide.

Subfamily Palumbine.

Genus Alsocomus.

Hume, No, 782. A tsocomus puniceus (Tick.).—The Purple Wood

Pigeon.

This bird is exceedingly rare here. It frequents wooded land.

Subfamily Turturine.

Genus Turtur.

Hume, No. 793. Turtur mEENA (Sykes).—Sykes’ Turtle Dove.

This dove is common here ; when the paddy is ripe large numbers are

to be seen. They are very shy and rather fast on the wing.

Hume, No. 795. Turtur suratensts (Gmn.).—The Spotted

Dove.

This is by far the commonest dove we have here.

Hume, No. 796. Turtur Risorius (Linn.).—The Indian Ring

Dove.

This bird is very rare here, only a few being seen during some cold

weathers.

Hume, No. 797, Turtur TRANKUEBARICUS.—The Ruddy Ring

Dove.

This bird is also rare, but not so much so asthe former. It frequents

thin bamboo jungle near the cultivation.

Subfamily Macropygiine.

Genus Macropygia.

Hume, No. 791, Macropyeta Tusatia (Hodgs.).—The Bar-tailed

Cuckoo Dove.

Exceedingly rare. I have no authentic record from the district, but

one of my men “ saw’ a dove, whose description tallied with the above

species.

| BIRDs COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 475

Subfamily Phapidine.

Genus Chalcophaps.

Hume, No. 798. Cuatcopars inpica (Linn.).—The Emerald 155

Dove.

Fairly common, frequenting both dense and thin jungle. In the

early morning and in the evening it may be seen feeding on paths

through the thin jungle. I only once came across its nest, which was

situated in a thick bush a few feet from the ground, This is one of the

thinnest skinned of birds, even when handling it carefully, large

cuantities of feathers come out.

Subfamily Carpophagine.

Genus Carpophaga.

Hume, No. 780. CarporHacA NEA (Linn.).—The Green 156

Imperial Pigeon,

This Pigeon is fairly common, frequenting both dense and thin 157

jungle. Its call is very loud and booming, sounding like gur rur, goom, Name—

goom, goom. They are rather shy birds. Pine ec

Subfamily Treronine.

Genus Teron.

Hume, No. 771. Treron NEPALENSIS (Hodgs.).—The Thick-billed Natte

Green Pigeon. Anjee Koll

Common here. They are very noisy and quarrelsome, more so I eae

think than any of the other green pigeons.

Genus Osmotreron.

Hume, No. 774. Osmorreron BictncTa (Jerd.).—-The Orange- 158

breasted Green Pigeon.

Not so common as the last, a few being sometimes found in company

with them.

Hume, No. 776. OsMorrERoN PHAYRIt (Blyth.)—Phayre’s Green 159

Pigeon.

This is the commonest Green Pigeon found here. I have found

them in both dense and thin jungle. They are not shy, and will come

circling round several times after being fired at.

Genus Sphenocercus.

Hume, No. 779. Spaenocercus ApicaupUs.—The Pin-tailed 160

Green Pigeon.

Very rare. The only pair I have ever seen and shot came with a

flock of O. phayrii to a Peepul tree.

161

162

Native

Name—

Akoo=-pakoo

163

164

165

166

167

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Order Cuculi.

Family Cuculide.

Subfamily Cuculene.

Genus Cuculus (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 199 ; Blanf., No. 1104, CucuLus canorus (Linn.).—The

European Cuckoo.

Fairly common. Prefers thin to dense jungle, though I have several

times seen it in the latter,

Hume, No. 200; Blanf., No. 1105.—Cucunus INTERMEDIUS

(Vahl.).—The Asiatic Cuckoo.

Slightly commoner than the above species here.

Hume, No. 2083; Blanf., No. 1107. CucuLus micRoPpTeRUs.—

Gould’s Cuckoo.

Mr. Baker mentions having shot one in the plains, but I have never

seen any here.

Genus Hierococcyx (S. Muller, 1842),

Hume, No. 206; Blanf., No. 1110. Hizrococcyx NIsicoLoR.—

Hodgson’s Hawk Cuckoo.

I have only procured a single specimen here, and that was shot im

dense jungle.

Hume, No. 207; Blanf., No. 1109. HieRrococcyx sSPARVEROIDES.—

The Large Hawk Cuckoo.

Very common. They often frequent bungalow compounds.

Genus Cocomantis (S. Muller).

Hume, No. 209 ; Blanf., No. 1113. CocoManTIs MERULINUS.—The

Rufous-bellied Cuckoo. )

Rather rare here. It frequents the brushwood and thin jungle.

Genus Surniculus (Lesson, 1831).

Hume, No. 210; Blanf., No.1117. SugnicuLus Lucusris.—The

Drongo Cuckoo.

I have not come across this bird in this district, but got a few in the

Happy Valley. They were shot on some jack trees in a “ bustie.” I

daresay this Cuckoo is not so rare as it appears to be, as it might easily

be passed over by any shikari as a Dicrurus ater.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 477

Genus Coccystes (Gloger, 1834).

Hume, No, 212; Blanf., No. 1118. Coccysrns sacopinus.—The 168

Pied-crested Cuckoo. .

Very rare here. I obtained one specimen in some ekra jungle and

saw another in some scrub, |

Subfamily Phenicophaine.

Genus Ludynamis (Vig. & Horsf., 1826).

Hume, No, 214; Blanf., No. 1120, EupyNawis nonorata.—The 169

Indian Koél. aie

Very common in the busties. Koelee.

Genus Ehopodytes (Cab. and Heine, 1862),

Hlume, No, 215; Blanf., No, 1123. Reopopyrus tristis.—The 170

Large Green-billed Molkoho.

Very common here, frequenting both the dense and thin jungle. Some-

times in the jungle they hide where a number of creepers have got

matted together and it is impossible to get them to move from the place.

I have also noticed this with Nyctiornis athertont.

Genus Centropus (Illiger, 1811).

Hume, No. 217; Blanf, No. 1130. CzntTropus sinensis.—The 171

Common Coucal.

Exceedingly common. The young birds are very repulsive looking es

before they are fledged. ‘The natives eat its flesh as a cure for consump- _Name--

tion, and it is also regarded as a great delicacy by some. eg

Hume, No. 218 ; Blanf., No. 1183, CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS.— 172

The Lesser Coucal.

This species is also very common. On the 14th of August I extracted an

egg from the oviduct of a female. An excellent description of the note Setber

of this bird is given by Gammie in “ Stray Feathers,” Vol. V, p. 368. Name—

ChotaMohoka

Order Halcyones.

Family Alcedinide.

Subfamily Alcedinine.

Genus Alcedo (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 134 ; Blanf., No. 1035. Atczpo 1spIpA.—The Common 173

Kingfisher.

Hixceedingly common.

Hume, No, 184 ter ; Blanf., No. 1036. Atcepo BEAvVANI.—Beayan’s Name—

4 Chota

Kingfisher. Machrakal,

Found in the nullahs running through dense jungle, Wi), Le

175

176

177

178

180

478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

Genus Ceryle (Boie, 1828).

Hume, No. 187; Blanf., No. 1034. CeryLe Gurrata.—The

Himalayan Pied Kingfisher.

Exceedingly rare.

Hume, No. 136; Blanf., No. 10383. CxRyLe RUDIS.—The Pied

Kingfisher.

Generally seen in pairs on all the rivers in the district.

Genus Pelargopsis (Gloger, 1842).

Hume, No. 127; Blanf., No. 1043. Putarcorsis GURIAL.—Lhe

Indian Stock-billed Kingfisher.

Fairly common. They breed here in May. They seem to have a

preference for bheels.

Subfamily Dacelenine.

Genus Ceyx (Lacepede, 1801).

Hume, No. 133 ; Blanf., No. 1040. Czuyx rrmacryia,—The Three-

toed Kingfisher.

Rather rare here and only to be found in the streams flowing through

dense jungle. Their flight is rather swift. In dried specimens the colour

fades very much.

Genus Halcyon (Swrain, 1820).

Hume, No. 129; Blanf., No. 1044. Hatcyon smyrNensis.—The

White-breasted Kingfisher.

Very common. Ii breeds here in April, making the usual burrow in

the bank of a stream.

Hume, No. 130; Blanf., No. 1045, Hatcyon prueata.—The

Black-capped Kingfisher.

Some five years ago I gota Kingfisher which I could not identify.

Unfortunately Isent it to the Victoria Natural History Institute at

Bombay unidentified. As far as I can remember, the bird was like the

description of this species given by Blanford in his Birds, Vol. HI. I

simply mention this in case the bird may be come across again,

Order Coracie.

Family Cypselide.

Subfamily Cypseline.

Genus Micropus (Meyer and Wolf, 1810).

I follow the classification of this family used by Mr. Baker in his

“ Birds of North Cachar,” vzz., Vol. XVI of the “Catalogue of the

Birds of the British Museum.”

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 479

Hume, No. 100 bis; Blanf., No. 1074. Muicropus SUBFURCATUS.—

The Eastern Swift.

Una here during the rains, arriving in April and stopping till July.

Genus Tachornis (Gorse, 1847),

Hume, No, 102 bis ; Blanf., No. 1076, TachorNis InruMATA.—The

Hastern Palm Swift.

Rare here. I only came across them during one season.

Subfamily Cheturine.

Genus Cheiura (Stephens, 1825).

Hume, No. 96 ; Blanf., No. 1078. Caztura 1npica.—The Indian

Giant Spine-tail.

Uncommon. When the weather is fine they fly very high up, but

during a storm they fly close to the ground with great swiftness.

Family Caprimulgide.

Subfamily Caprimulgine.

Genus Coprimulgus (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 109 ; Blanf., No. 1093. CaPrRIMULGUS ALBONOTATUS,—

The Large Jungle Nightjar.

Very common here during the cold weather, when they may be seen

flying over the tea or settling on the ground. Sometimes they nearly

allow one to tread on them.

Genus Lyncornis (Gould, 1835).

Hume, No. 114 bis; Blanf., No. 1096. LyNcorNIs CERVINICEPS.—

The Burmese Hared Nightjar.

Fairly common here during the cold weather. Before sunset they

are to be seen flying high over head, but as sunset draws nigh they

come down closer, till at dusk they may be seen hawking insects close

tothe ground. Their note sounds like too-too wee-ooo,

Family Podargide.

Subfamily Podargine.

Genus Batrachostomus (Gould, 1838).

Hume, No. 100; Blanf., No. 1097. BarracHostomus HoDGsonI.—

Hodgson’s Frogmouth.

Exceedingly rare here. I only procured one specimen, and

that was during a flood, the Frogmouth was flitting about at dusk on a

small teelah and after a long chase I managed to bag it, I have never

heard of nor seen one since.

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ.

Family Coracude.

Genus Coracias (Linn,, 1766).

Hume, No. 124; Blanf., No. 1023. Coractas arrinis.—The

Burmese Roller.

Very common, but slightly shy.

Genus Hurystomus ‘(Vicill, 1816).

Hume, No. 126 ; Blanj., No. 1025. Hurysromus ortentatis.—The

Broad-billed Roller.

Rare here. I saw several when on a visit to Roopacherra. They

keep to the tops of high trees and are very shy birds.

Family Meropide

Genus Nyctiornis (Swains., 1831).

Hume, No. 122 ; Blanf., No. 1031. Nycriornis aATHERTONI.—The

Blue-bearded Bee-eater.

Fairly common. Principally met with in dense jungle, but they

also come out to the open. On several occasions I have seen them on

some bamboos near my Bungalow, They hawk insects on the wing like

the other Bee-eaters.

Genus Merops (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 117; Blanj., No. 1026. Mzrors viripis.—The Green

Bee-eater.

Far from common here. They frequent abandoned cultivation,

where there is grass and a few bushes.

Hume, No. 118; Blanf., No. 1027. Merrops puitiprinus.—The

Blue-tailed Bee-eater. .

This is the common Bee-eater of these parts. On one teelah,

where there had been a landslip, the side was burrowed with their nest-

holes. The young have a queer habit of walking backward when being

fed by the hand.

Order Bucerotes.

Family Bucerotide.

Genus Dichoceros (Gloger, 1842).

Hume, Nos. 140 & 140 bis; Blanf., No. 1051. Dicnocrros

BICORNIS.—The Great Pied Hornbill.

Common, Itisa forest-loving bird, but seldom seen in the open.

It is very tenacious of life. JI once hit one witha charge of No. 6

shot in the head at a very close range. The bird dropped to the shot,

but took a long time to kill.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 481

Genus Anthracoceros (Reich., 1849).

Hume, No. 142 ; Blanf., No. 1053. ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.—

The Small Pied Hornbill.

Very common here. They go about in flocks, and when resting keep

up a discordant cackle. . They seldom stray from the edges of the jungle.

Genus Rhytidoceros (Reich., 1849).

Hume, No. 145 bis; Blanf., No. 1954. RuyripocERos

UNDULATUS.—The Malayan Wreathed Hornbill.

Very rare. The only specimen I ever got was shot by Mr. Ross of the

Lallamukh Tea Estate during a flood. It was, I believe, sitting ona

stump in the middle of the water, and he dropped it with a bullet. I

cannot say what it was doing there, unless fishing, as has been recorded

of A. albzrostris.

Order Psittact.

Family Psittacide.

Genus Paleornis (Vigors, 1825). -

Hume, No. 147 quat. ; Blanf., No. 1136. Pauazornis INDOBURMA-

nicus.—The Hastern Roseband Paroquet.

Rare here. Ihave only procured three or four specimens since I have

‘been collecting.

Hume, No. 148 ; Blanf., No. 1138. Pat#ornis Torquatus,—The

Rose-ringed Paroquet.

Hixceedingly common.

Hume, No. 149 bis; Blanf., No. 1140, Patmornis rosA.—The

Eastern Rose-headed Paroquet. |

Very common. They do great damage to the crops when they are ripe.

Hume, No. 152 ; Blanf., No. 1145. Pau#ornis rascraTts.—The

Red-breasted Paroquet.

Fairly common. They are rather difficult to shoot sitting on

account of their concealing themselves amongst the leaves.

Genus Loriculus (Blyth, 1849).

Hume, No. 153; Blanf., No. 1150. LoricuLus verNatis.—The

Indian Loriquet.

Rare here. I only siuw these pretty little birds during one ‘cold

weather. On the wing they somewhat resemble Xantholema

hemacephala. Their flight is slightly undulating, and whilst on the

wing they utter their note, which resembles cheek, cheek, cheek.

(To be continued.)

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

482

CAMPING IN CHAMBA.,

By Proresson Harotp LirrLEDALE, M.A.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Dec., 1897.)

It may be well to begin by saying that Chamba is the name of a Native

State in the Himalayas, north of the Gurdaspur district of the Punjab.

The British hill cantonments of Dalhousie and Dharmsala are on its southern

boundaries, and the nearest railway station is Pathankot, Thence it is 28

miles to Dunera, 23 more to Dalhousie, and finally 20 on to Chamba. The

river Ravi and its tributaries flow through the State, but unfortunately do

not add much to the sporting attractions of the country, for the fishing is said

to be exceedingly poor—in fact scarcely worth taking arod for, However, the

shikar on the Chamba hills amply compensates for the lack of sport in the

rivers, The game tobe found there includes Gooral (or Himalayan cha-

mois); Thar (a goat akin to the so-called ‘“‘ Ibex” of the Nilgiris); Bears,

both black (Tibetanus) and red (Isabellinus) ; Ibex (in Pangi and Kilar) ;

Leopards ; Serow (or goat-antelope); Musk-deer and Barasingh (both strictly

preserved) ; and great variety of pheasants, such as Monaul, Cheer, Koklass,

Tragopan (the Argus, wrongly so-called, of the Chamba Game-license)

and Kalij, Chukor are found in unusual numbers, and there are a few

woodcock, Game birds of course cannot be shot till September. Smaller

mammals abound, such as foxes, martens, weasels, and flying and other

squirrels, The woods and hill-sides offer many attractions to the lover

of wild flowers and ferns; and the butterfly-hunter can have a very

good time with his net. But to the shikari the special attraction is

the thar and gooral shooting, which one is not able to get in Kashmir

proper.

It may be admitted that Chamba is not comparable to Kashmir in variety

of sport or fineness of the trophies to be secured. A thar is not much

beside a markhor, nor a gooral beside an ibex or an Ovis ammon ; but thar

and gooral both afford good sport, and are not to be bagged without some

hard work and steady shooting, Moreover, in Chamba game is far more

plentiful than in the Kashmir territories ; the scenery is in many places not

inferior ; and the facilities for obtaining coolies and supplies are far greater,

Lastly, nothing can exceed the kindness shown to visitors by His Highness the

Rajah of Chamba and the chief officials, concerning whom I shall speak more

particularly further on,

Early this year [ resolved to try Chamba as a place for summer resort, and

took some trouble to find out about the ways and means of getting there, and

of obtaining sport when there. As my investigations and experiences may

prove useful to some of my fellow members who may wish to add thar and

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 483

gooral to their list of animals hunted, I have written the following notes on

Chamba, how to get there from Bombay, and what preparations to make for |

a satisfactory tour,

First then, I should lay down that Chamba is essentially a suitable place

for shert leave, say forty-five to sixty days. You can go farther and see a

greater variety of game in Kashmir; but a shooting trip to Kashmir—

a first trip certainly—should not be undertaken on less than three months’

leave ;and four, or four anda half, would be better ; whereas Chamba is

easily reached in a week from Bombay; sport is to be had within three or

four marches of the town itself; the country is not shot out, or over-run

with sportsmen as Kashmir is; and probably, if you have long leave, you

will know of other places better worth spending it in,

I had sixty days’ leave, from April 14th; my wife and child were with me,

and very rapid marching was not contemplated. We were chiefly in quest

of a cooler climate than that of Baroda, so I determined to wander among

the hills, without expecting to get any shikar, except perhaps a chance shot

or two at a gooral or a bear, Still, moving by easy stages, we did get to

Chamba by the Ist of May, and I had 25 days on shooting ground, during

which time I shot 26 heads, and should have got more if I had not missed

some shots, I bagged 11 gooral, besides catching a young one that I allowed

to rejoin its mother; 4 black bears (and 2 lively cubs, now at Naosart) ;

6 thar, 2 mountain foxes, 2 flying squirrels, and 1 Kalij pheasant, all with

the rifle ; and I wounded and:lost 1 serow, 1 bear, and 1 gooral, I got all the

thar fired at, but missed a number of more or less wild shots at gooral.

However, considering I was only one march from Chamba, most of the time,

and was only shikaring round the camp, with the exception of two expeditions

of four days’ each, after thar, one march further, I was satisfied with my luck,

and think that most sportsmen would be content with a similar bag in the

time. :

When a shooting trip to Chamba is resolved on, the very first thing to do is

to write to the Private Secretary to His Highness the Rajah of Chamka,

Chamba State, to ask His Highness’s permission to shikar in the Chamba

territories, In reply you will receive a courteous letter, and a license to

shoot; and if you ask for it, an order also to the lambardars, &c., to render

you assistance in the matters of coolies and ordinary supplies. The receipt

of this general shooting license does not do away with the propriety of sub-

sequently calling on the Rajah himself and of obtaining a further special

permission to shoot in some reserved nullah,

Next, you will do well to send on to Pathankot by goods train your tents

and heavy luggage, at least 25 days before you set out yourself. Or you

can have these things sent right through—it is a little more expensive—by

the Railway Co. to Dalhousie, if you address them to The Parcel Out-

agency, N,-W. Ry., Dalhousie. You should give them quite 30 days start of

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

you if youdo this. Most oilman’s stores and liquor you can buy at Salig

Ram’s in Dalhousie, but it is advisable to take from down country some

tinned steel (or aluminium) cooking pots, a very light small sheet-iron

oven (13” diam. at most), such as canbe bought in the bazar, a Warren’s

broiler or other frying-pan; the Warren uses up more lard, but is best on a

camp fire, as the food is not smoked ; a camp kettle and a fitted tiffin basket

padlocked, containing plates, &c., of enamelware, and other dining and tea-

kit, I will say more about outfit later on ; now as to route,

From Bombay to Pathankot, via Delhi, Umballa and Amritsar, you travel

either va Ahmedabad and B, B. & C.I., or va Agra and G.I. P, This latter

route is longer, but Iam not sure that it is not preferable, as it enables you

to avoid the sadly deteriorated refreshment-rooms at Ahmedabad and on

the R.-M. Ry.

If you decide to go by the B.B. & C.1., then witha judiciously-stocked

tiffin basket you leave Bombay (let us suppose, on Monday) at 21-30 o’ec.

Next day (Tuesday), breakfast at Ahmedabad, ice and soda can be bought on

the train, dine at Nana ; next day (Wednesday), breakfast at Rewari Junction,

reach Delhi at 13-40, Time for a tub and tea at Kellner’s rooms, Leave Delhi

at 15-20 by D.-U.-K, train (same platform); dine at Kurnal, 18-25 to 53,

reach Umballa Cantonment at 20-43, Change to N.-W. Ry. same station,

21-13, reach Amritsar at 3-10 (or there is a later train from Umballa that

reaches Amritsar about 94 in the morning), leave Amritsar by Pathankot

train 10-10, arrive Pathankot 15 o’c. (Thursday).*

On arrival at Pathankot, the Tonga Agent should be promptly interviewed,

and if you have written to him some ten days beforehand, you may hope to

find a tonga ready to take you and some of your belongings to Dunera, 28

miles, in 43 hours ; also ekkas (one-horse vehicles) for your servants and heavy

kit, which latter you should get from the goods office without delay, Hkkas

take 63 hours, Start for Dunera as soon as you can, for the road is rather _

“jumpy” by day in certain parts, andin darkness would not be quite safe.

Have nothing todo with private contractors at Pathankot, for they will

solemnly swear to send your kit up to Dalhousie in less than no time, and

when you have prepaid them, will suit their own convenience about ful-.

filling the contract, I had a heavy tent I entrusted to one Mowla Buksh to

send up to Dalhousie from Pathankot on a camel; the “ Umming-bird”

and the tent reached Dalhousie, after a journey of 51 miles,in the record

time of 12 days. Happily, 1 was in no hurry, but I might have

been, The Railway refreshment-rooms at Pathankot are better than the

T, B. there. Tongas can only go as far as Dunera, but ekkas can

go through to Dalhousie. At Dunera there is a good travellers’

*We travelled in a reserved second compt, and our carriage was cut off at Umballa and

Amritsar, thanks to the very obliging Station Masters at those places, so we had not to

change from Delhi to Pathankot,

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 485

bungalow and a messman; and the horse-dak agent, or else the

“chowdri,” will have a dooly and six bearers (Kahars), or a pony, or

rickshaw and ekkas ready to take yourself and kit on to Dalhousie,

Order these of him by letter beforehand, Most people dine at Dunera,

get into a dooly (palanquin), and wake to find themselves at Dalhousie

(23 miles from Dunera) about daybreak ; or sleep at Dunera and ride

up, or rickshaw up, next morning, There is a half-way bungalow at

Nynee Khud. We stayed a night at Pathankot and another at Dunera,

thence marched up to Mamul bungalow (also called Chil, from the verna-

cular name of Pinus longifolia abundant there) near Bukloh, 4,500 feet,

We spent two or three days there, and then marched up to Dalhousie, But

if you leave Pathankot on the afternoon of Thursday (suppose), you may

be in Dalhousie on Friday morning. There is no travellers’ bungalow at

Dalhousie, but there are several hotels. The best is said to be the

Strawherry Bank Hotel, and it certainly has the advantage of being all con-

tained under one roof. We went to Mrs, Donlea’s Springfield Hotel,

which consists of several houses at intervals on the mountain side. It was

not very pleasant to have to make our way in a torrent of rain to one of

the upper bungalows after dinner, but otherwise the hotel is a good one,

The remaining hotels are the Bulls Head and the Mall-house. In case

you mean to make any stay at Dalhousie, it will be well to take a port-

manteau full of dress clothes, &c., which (with your light “ railway clothes ’’)

may be left there. I will now recapitulate these memoranda, for the

comfort and speed of the journey will depend much on the bundobust.

Write to the Private Secretary, Chamba (or to the Chamba State Vakil,

Dalhousie), for license ; write to the Tonga Agent, Pathankot; the Chowdri,

Dunera ; the Hotel, fora room ; ix your hours of departure accurately, as

tongas, &c., cannot be ready without definite instructions, and in the busy

season they are all booked days beforehand. If your party is not large

enough to engage a reserved compartment, at least book a lower berth in

the train. A reserved compartment isa great convenience for such a long

journey. Return tickets (intermediate) can be taken for servants.

At Dalhousie you will need to spend a day or two to rest, fit out, and

start your servants and kit off to that lovely “ Sleepy Hollow,” Kajiar, or to

Chamba. Send for the Chowdri at once to order coolies, or mules, for

notice must be given. You will do well to bring a servant or two from

down country, A cook (indispensable), and a “boy” (optional), or a.

smart “ orderly” who will not object to making himself generally useful:

Dalhousie servants are not to be depended on, If you take men from

Bombay they will need some warm kit, and it is better to give them a.

Whiteaway Laidlaw fit-out, than to be fleeced by the Dalhousie dirzies for

expensive and cutcha-made suits of very bad puttoo, Give them each a.

cardigan jacket at Rs, 2-8, a syce’s serge overcoat at Rs. 8-8, 2 warm blanket,

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf,

a warm pair of trousers and 2 pairs of thick socks, an umbrella and an

old bit of water-proof sheeting. Servants are so careless about catching cold,

and realize so little how utterly precious they are out in the wilds, that it

is wisdom to spend something on their raiment, as an insurance against

sickness. Once in Chamba territory, ordinary supplies are cheap, and

much extra batta need not be given them, the outfit will therefore be the

chief “ consideration” to them for facing the unknown hardships of the

hills, They will need a good supply of food for the railway journey.

Instead of serge overcoats I have made some very warm coats from mil-

lerained blankets, at about 6 rupees each coat.

About tents, Toa hardy shikari travelling alone, I would say :—Take

an Elgin Mills Native Officer’s single-fly tent, 8 x 8, 45 lbs. without pegs, but

with light durrie, and two sowars’ pals, under 30 lbs, each, without pegs, one

for servants and the other for use, bothas a bathing tent and as a “ tente

@abri” for short expeditions on the hills, Do not take iron tent-pegs to

Chamba; wood is obtainable everywhere there, but you will need an adze,

not only for making pegs and splitting fuel, but also for use as a kodali to

dig a shallow trench round the tent- walls to carry off rain water. The Elgin

Mills would make the tents. of millerained khaki instead of white drill for

you. Two coolies can carry the three tents.in their saleetahs (the two “ pals ”

in one saleetah) ; the Native Officer’s tent in another, and all poles in a light

eanvas bag. But it will be absolutely necessary with this out-fit of tents to

have also a very large drab wigan water-proof sheet, say 96” x 72”,

This sheet on the march will be tightly rolled round your bedding

and strapped up, but in camp will be tied onthe weather side of

your tent roof to keep off rain, or on the hill away fora night from the

main camp, when you have only the “ bathing” pal for yourself, will be

rigged up as a shelter for the men, The single fly tent, thus managed, will

be ample ; for on hot days, if you are in camp, you can throw your blankets

ever the tent to keep off the sun, as well as to receive an airing, Witha ~

camp kettle of warm water, a.tin-pot and a bit of linoleum, you can bathe

“Native fashion” in the ‘bathing tent”. Analternative heavier

equipment of tents and washing apparatus and bath would be: one

8 x 8 double fly Cabul pal, thin durree and detachable. bath-room ;

two sowar’s pals as.above. One India-rubber bath-tub ; or a.stronger thing is

a. medium-sized zinc tub, with a stout wooden cover. The cover has

two battens across it and becomes the top of your wash-hand table ; it

has detachable folding legs, which, together with your heavy boots, bath-

mat, candle-lantern, towels, tin-pot, tent hooks, &c., go inside the tub. Have-

four holes punched with a. 12-gauge wad punch in the-zine tub, just under the

rim, at ends, and middle of sides, and four holes to correspond bored in lid,

one inch from edge. Four ties of strong thin rope, or galvanized wire, will.

fasten your tub-top on securely for travelling, This stock of tents and tub.

CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 487

would need four coolies instead of two, but the double fly is no doubt an

advantage, and in Chamba there is rarely any difficulty about transport, as

sometimes happens further among the hills, Take some strong gunny-bags

from down country ; they do for carrying stores in and for packing skins for

the return journey. One cannot get leather-covered kiltas in Dalhousie or

Chamba such as can be bought good and cheap in Srinagar; buta bit of

gunny-bag can be sewn as a lid over the common wicker kilta for coolies to

carry stores safely enough. Mule trunks are heavy things, but the yekdans

made by Foy Bros., Cawnpore, especially if rivetted with copper rivets instead

of screws, are excellent for holding clothes, valuables (which term includes

cartridges), books, medicines, &c, Those made in Srinagar are lighter than

Foy’s, A saddle need not be taken, for after leaving Chamba the roads are

too steep generally for much riding to be done ; but a dandy can usually be

got along somehow. Merwanji at Dalhousie has dandies for hire and stores

and a little furniture for sale. Ihave mentioned the needful cooking kit,

but will repeat myself a little to say that the cook should have a padlocked

mule trunk as cook-shop box, and it should contain the following things: four

cooking pots of tinned steel, frying pan, oven, camp kettle, knife, 15”

knife-board and emery, dusters and piece of soap, enamel bowl, pie dish and

three plates, concave iron pan for chupattis, tin-opener, large spoon and iron

fork, adze, candle lantern, Allow him $a candle aday. He should have

a “kit parade” before starting, to eliminate brass and copper vessels and

rubbish. I use a camp bed made on Kinloch’s plan, with two mule trunks

as the ends, side poles socketed into the trunks and canvas stretched between ;

but I also take a light (25lb.) folding camp bed, the “Army and Navy”

one from the Stores, as one cannot take the mule trunks about on short

expeditions, The ground istoo damp for a ‘“‘valise” to be safe, This

camp bed alone will suffice. The curtain is essential in Kashmir, but we

had no trouble from mosquitoes in Chamba, and I think it need not be

taken there. The “ Paragon” camp table is the lightest and most portable

of tables, but it is a “jim” (short for gimcrack ?) and you should always

fix and unfix it yourself, It won't stand a wetting, and should go in camp-

bed bag. The “ American ” folding table does well too and is light, You

ean sit on your bedside for dinner ; but an easy chair, such as the folding

“ hammock chair,” is a bed of asphodel to fling your weary limbs on after a

hard day’s climbing. Chair, table, and camp bed make one load. As a

‘dressing case, useful in the train and everywhere, I have a copper basin,

with a leather cover that straps on ; there is a light cane basket that fits inside

the basin, and holds brushes and comb, sponge bag, soap, mirror, towel,

enamel tumbler, tooth powder, &c. ; with the cane tiffin basket and roll of

bedding it makes up one load. Miscellanea include; two sets of hooks for tent

poles and some flat S hooks to put on the ridge pole, to hang clothes, &¢., up

on, The knife-board will usefully sharpen skinning knives; and note that it

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

is a waste of money to buy expensive “ skinning knives 2 for cheap ‘‘ French

cooks’ knives ” are all you need, Take four of them and get sheaths made;

it may happen that you willsome day have several skins to take off; and

anyhow, it is desirable to set all hands at a skin when you are eager

to push on,or night is near, Two candle-lanterns will be needed,

one for the cook, the other to come out to meet you if benighted.,

Also a pair of small open candlesticks for use in your tent; glass shades are

not needed, Oil is a dirty thing to carry ; besides, you can accurately estimate

your expenditure of candles. One a day will be a liberal calculation for

your candlesticks ; and one in two days for the cook’s lantern, In addition

to the “tiffin basket,’ which will stay in the tent, you will need a

tiffin bag, This is a most important item. Make a strong bag, like a knap-

sack, or a game bag, with a flap to strap over ; size 18”x15”x 5", of strong

Willesden or water-proof tan canvas, short webbing sling, This will accompany

you on the hill every day, and will contain (1) a small drab Wigan

water-proof sheet, 72”x36", (2)a “sweater”; one needs something dry to

lie on during the daily halt, as well as something warm to wear then,

and the sweater dispenses with the unwieldy ulster. These two things

are most essential, The bag should also contain (3) a sandwich box

(biscuit tin), (4) flask and cup, (5) a book to read ; pocket diary and pencil.

At times too (6) the map (Sheet 46, South West Section, Indian Atlas, 4 miles

to inch, obtainable from the Officer in charge, Map Department, Survey of

India, Calcutta, by V.P.P.); (7) two skinning knives, (8) extra cartridges,

(9) spare pipe or cheroot case, and matches, (10) piece of cord, (11)

tweed cap, (12) gloves, All these things will go in the tiffin bag, and

it will be found more portable than a basket, besides being convertible

into a pillow by filling it with grass during the noontide siesta under

some shady cliff or pine tree, There is a sufficient map of Chamba, with

notes on the best nullahs, in Tyacke’s Sportsman’s Manual, again to be

referred to, You will need a good telescope (Stewart's “ Lord Bury” for

instance) and pair of binoculars for stalking, a hunting clasp-knife, with

corkscrew, &c, The tiffin cooly will also carry your kodak, umbrella,

and tea bottle. Silver’s vulcanite bottle is the best; but any quart bottle,

covered with felt and khaki by a dirzi, and with webbing or leather sling, will

do. There are many delicious rills and springs in the Chamba hills,and your

pocket cup will often come in useful, but a bottle of tea will also be needed,

Your shikari will carry the rifle,a knife and the telescope; the binoculars

you should have yourself, The chota shikari will take the tiffin cooly’s load

when the latter has to shoulder a gooral, or anything of that sort.

Your bedding will consist of a roll of four single blankets. It is a good

plan to sew the blankets together along one s¢de and at the foot, for camp beds

are narrow and there is no mattress to tuck the blankets in under. You may

then get under the top, second, or third blanket, as you please, and will not

CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 489

kick them off when asleep. A pillow,a sheet, a warm sleeping suit and a

cummerbund, complete this parcel. For marching, it isrolled in the large

water-proof sheet and strapped up with rug-straps, I put the bundle thus

_ made inside one of those tan-canvas cabin bags witha padlocking handle

that is passed through large eyelets, The basin also will go in this bag with

the bedding, This is not a load by itself, it will be tied up on top of the

cane tiffin basket to make a full cooly load.

Take a supply of medicines for ordinary ailments and some Hlliman,

since sprains are easily got on gooral ground ; some carbolic acid, turpentine,

two pounds of arsenical soap and a paint brush for it. I put this ‘‘soap”

in the square vaseline tins one buys, but it should be kept right side up if it

is moist, I always apply it myself, for it is dangerous stuff, In Chamba the

flies are very troublesome, therefore take PLENTY of FLY PAPERS, and a

“gauze meat-safe, Skinning operations near the tent will of course attract

flies, Take a couple of bottles of spirits of wine and a screw stoppered jar,

for specimens, which, asin duty bound, you will bottle up for the Bombay

Natural History Society. A ball of strong cord and four packing needles

will be very useful for sewing up gunnies, salitahs, &c, Until near the end

of a stalk, your rifle should be carried in a tan-canvas sling cover. <A tan-

canvas cartridge bag for cartridges, pipe and odds and ends, will also be of

use. Some books as taste may incline, besides the “ Fauna of India” series,

Tyacke’s “ Manual,” and ‘‘Family Medicine;” kodak or sketching kit.: Weapons

and ammunition, cleaning rods, rags, vaseline, bird-skinning and egg-blowing

kit, luggage labels for return journey, writing materials, pocket diary for re-

cording sporting and other observations, expenditure, &c, A strong male bam-

boo as alpenstock, unshod if you are a good cragsman, otherwise safer with a

chisel-shaped iron on the end. This makes a noise if struck against a stone,

but when nearing animals you can reverse the stick. Spare tin-opener and

corkscrew. A hot-water plate keeps dinner warm when camping high up,

and goggles are advisable on snow, if the snow field is at all extensive.

A terai or a shikar hat is protection enough, if your umbrella is available

on the march sometimes. In May or June, ordinary ( or Millerained ?)

Khaki shikar suits, with a flannel shirt, suffice; but it is well to have a

tweed or gabardine shooting suit for wear if the weather turns wet and

chilly. Against both heat and rain, the umbrella is a most necessary protec-

tion in the hills. Cotton-soled sambur boots are quite useless and even

dangerous in Chamba, The hillsides are generally rather soft, grassy and

steep, so you need plenty of large hob-nails and iron heels that you can dig

into the slippery ground. The shikaries can make grass shoes for wear with

ordinary socks (¢.¢., without a band between the toes); also the toed sort,

for which you could “get six or more pairs of puttoo socks from Bahar

Shah or Summud Shah, at Srinagar, by V. P. P. at 8 annas a pair, I found

that hoh-railed ammunition boots did very well generally. See that your

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

servants don’t put your boots near the fire to dry or they will be soon toasted

into iron boots of torture, Wearing two pairs of socks prevents footsoreness

ona long march, Six flannel shirts, eight pairs of thick socks, three pairs warm

drawers, four khaki suits, one tweed shooting suit, strong slippers, handker-

chiefs, &c., will go into the mule trunks (Cawnpore yekdans); also cash box,

cartridges, medicines, books, &c., some table linen, towels, and plenty of

dusters. Take two pairs of hob-nailed boots, also lighter pair of walking

boots and lighter socks. If all these do not go in the two trunks, a

“ kit bag’ will be found just the thing for some of them,

Summing up loads thus far, Cooly No,1 will take the Native Officer’s

tent, and all poles, cooly No. 2 the two “pals” and relieve No, 1 of the poles

sometimes, No. 3 (a strong fellow) the bedding, basin, and cane tiffin basket,

No. 4 the camp bed in tan bag, the table, the hammock chair, and sundries,

Nos. 5and 6 (permanent coolies) the two mule trunks, No. 7 the servants,

carpet bags and other things, the servants should carry their own great coats

and umbrellas; No. 8 the cook-shop box.

To adjust the loads to about 6C lbs. each, you will need a light “ Spring

Balance ” (weighing to 300 lbs.) to be had at Whiteaway’s for Re. 1-4, When

marching, your shikari should have the rifle (as usually), and the chota

_ shikari will then carry its case and the other rifle or gun in its case, Also

his own and the burra shikari’s kit. If, however, as often happens, you

shoot and mareh simultaneously, you will have to give the gun cases, &c., fo

the “skins and skulls” cooly No.9. No.10, the tiffin cooly, will be one of

the permanent staff and will have the tiffin bag, camera, &c. As skins, &.,

accumulate, stores will diminish, and no more coolies will be needed to carry

them,

It is not much use keeping many goat skins, for, unless very well cured,

they are mal-odorous things in a room,in damp weather especially, and not

lovely to look at. Bear skins are of course well worth keeping. Care should

be taken that they are thoroughly /leshed and dried before packing away, and —

all skins should be examined almost daily, for there is a small beetle that

will make many unsightly bald patches on a good skin, if he is given a few

days to work his wicked will.

Now we come to the very elastic subject of stores, which will determine

the total of coolies to be taken. From Bombay take some I1-lb. tins of lard,

useful both for cooking and for greasing shooting boots, Calculate quantity

at the rate of one tin per week. Plenty of bovril. This is a capital thing for

camp use. Try my patent mulligatawny soup! For each person one full

teaspoon of bovril, 4 teaspoon of Treacher’s Madras curry powder, cup of

hot water, boil and strain, A most invigorating decoction | Note too that —

a very stale loaf of bread may be broken up in a bowl of bovril, and will thus -

provide a satisfying meal for the hungry and weary hunter, 'Two-ounce tins

should be taken; when open it will keep good for some days, Tin of

CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 491

Madras curry powder, potted meats, tins of peas, &c., Edam cheese, a

tin of arrowroot, in case of illness. A few tins of milk will suffice, for

generally excellent milk is to be had from the Gujars, as the Mahomedan

cowherds are called (the shepherds, called guddiwallas, are Hindus), Twe

tins of Yeatman’s yeast-powder, which makes excellent bread, Recipe given

below.® About } of a tin of compressed hops (A and N), Try your

ook at both yeast and bread-making before you start. There is a good

recipe for making yeast and bread at the end of Moore's “ Family Medicine.”

A baking tin for the lump of dough is not really necessary, but native cooks

imagine that itis. One tin of Chollet’s compressed vegetables, I make my own

dessicated vegetables each season, slicing carrots, French beans, &c., and drying

them ona sheet in the sun. I also dry Lima beans, not over ripe; they

wrinkle up when they dry, Boiled, and then fried ina little butter (sauté

in fact) these beans are excellent, and in Chamba it is often not easy to get

fresh vegetables, After June, fruit can be had, Ordinary bran flour is te

be had everywhere in Chamba, and excellent brown bread may be made with

it ; two 14-ib, tins ef white flour might be taken for a change, These

things, with spirits of wine, Elliman, dry plates, arsenical soap, &c,, should

fill a 56-lb. packing case. One cooly load—(No, 11).

From Salig Ram’s at Dalhousie you can get more fine flour if required,

also jams and marmalade, oatmeal, rice, Libby's corned beef, biscuits,

tobacco, candles, Kangra valley tea, cocoa, bar soap, salt and sugar,

Butter can be made freshly from the good milk, I found that Salig Ram

had only tinned Bombay dairy butter! Liquor, I cannot undertake to list.

You may take none ; you may think a bottle of ginger wine, ora dozen of

whiskey sufficient, or you may take a cask of Dalhousie beer, Stores from

Dalhousie may be put down as two cooly loads more, Take a supply of pota-

toes, &e, You will pick up a bhisti perhaps in Dalhousie, I do not think one

is needed, for the coolies fetch water and hew wood when in camp. You will

keep three on permanently, and your shikari will be responsible if you take one

of his men as your dékwallah. I hada very good dakwallah, a bhisti named

* Take 2 Ibs. flour, put into it two good large teaspoonfuls of yeast powder and

one of salt, mix with one pint of cold water, mixing it lightly and by degrees with the hand

until all the flour is taken up. Turnit out on a board and knead it for afew minutes,

Hither flour the inside of the two 1-Ib. tins, and put the two loaves in, or lay one flat loaf

{or little scones) on a baking pan (that for chupattis willdo}, spriokling flour under the

dough. Place the tins or pan on some pebbles or sand (to keep the bread from burning)

in the small iron oven. Bake for14 hour, When fully risen, after20 minutes or so, open

the oven for a moment to let off the steam. With brown bread, rubbing about 3 oz, of

lard into the flour first improves the bread, as bran flour is rather dry. The mixing, &c.,

then proceeds as above. For a change try sometimes mixing the bread with luke-warm

milk, instead of water. So many men have to put up with indigestible chupattis in the

hills because the cook declares he cannot make bread, that I hope this recipe will not be

considered an impertinence. Be sure the Yeast Powder 7s Yeatman’s.

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

Mamdu, whom I picked up in Dalhousie, and who proved an exception to the

rule that all Dalhousie servants are scoundrels, Thereisa good dhobi in

Chamba, He washes for the royal family, and will take you asa client. Your

dékwallah can take in clothes to him when fetching letters weekly or oftener.

Thus you will have 13 coolies, a shikari and chota shikari,a cook and one

other servant. Three of the coolies permanent,:and 10 temporary, for

marching. Plenty of small change and silver should be taken, Bank-notes

can be cashed in Chamba, Lahore-Calcutta notes are preferred to Bombay ones ;

and after April 15 there is a branch of the Punjab Banking Co. at Dalhousie,

Have your letters and papers redirected to Chamba. Nota bene—Letters for

British India, if posted in Chamba, must bear Chamba State stamps ; but those

for Kurope must bear British Indian stamps. Both kinds may be bought in

Chamba, Post Office, The nearest Telegraph office is Dalhousie ; telegrams

addressed Chamba, via Dalhousie, are posted on to Chamba and they can be

posted to Dalhousie from Chamba.

The cost of the railway journey from Bombay may be ascertained from the

Time-books, but it may be useful to note here some charges that will be in-

curred after leaving Pathankot, From Pathankot to Dunera there are two

sorts of tonga, The “ Invalid’s tonga” costs Rs, 18, and the ordinary tonga

Rs. 14, for the single journey. The larger sort takes three passengers and

nominally one maund of luggage (more will go on it), Your bedding, rifles,

ammunition, basin and Dalhousie portmanteau will have first claim to accom-

pany yourself, Kkkas, or one-horse traps, cost Rs, 3-3-0 to Dunera, and

Rs. 4 thence to Dalhousie, A baggage camel, Pathankot to Dalhousie, costs

Rs. 3-4-0; the time of arrivalis uncertain, A dooly or a dandy, six Kahars.

Dunera to Dalhousie, costs Rs. 9-12, Kahars included. Rickshaw, costs Rs. 8,

A riding pony costs Rs, 4. Coolies get 3 to 5 annas a stage, and Kahars 5 annas

stage, They are changed at each chowky, about seven miles interval. Mules

right through from Pathankot to Chamba cost about Rs. 4-8-0 each; from _

Chamba to Pathankot they cost Rs, 3-8-0 each, The rate for mules generally

is 8 to 10 annas a day ; load two maunds. They cannot be taken beyond

Chamba, but from Pathankot to Chamba they do very well, and make the

journey in about five or six days, There is a shorter direct route from Path=

ankot to Chamba, but the Dalhousie road is preferable for several reasons,

Each ek! a carries one passenger and one and-a-half maund of luggage, or

three maunds and no passenger, Hkkas do well enough for men coming down

from Dalhousie, but ladies will prefer dandies or doolies, which take longer,

but are more aristocratic modes of transport. Probably the cheapest way to

be carried up would be in ekkas from the railway to Dalhousie,

_ Leaving Dunera before dawn, you might ekka up in one day, or you

could sleep at Nynee Khud, half-way, below Bukloh, Expenses at travellers’

bungalows are avout Rs, 5a day, a rupee moreat hotels, The Dalhousie draught

beer is excellent, and Dalhousie-made soda-water costs, 14 annasa dozen in

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 493

Chamba at Merwanji’s branch shop. These prosaic hints on things in general

have necessarily to be much abridged in the pages of a journal sacred to high-

class Natural History, and the intending traveller will do well to consult the

usual books on Himalayan sport and outfit, for instance, K.C.A.J.’s sports-

man’s Vade mecum (Horace Cox); Ward’s “ Sportsman’s Guide to Kashmir ”

(Caleutta Central Press); Tyacke’s “Manual” (Thacker, Spink); Neve’s

“ Tourists’ Guide to Kashmir,” &c, (Civil and Military Press, Lahore), Kin-

loch’s, Baldwin’s, Macintyre’s, Newall’s Stone’s and other bocks on Himalayan

game will be found useful; and Hooker's “ Himalayan Journals” (Minerva

Library), Knight's “Three Empires,” Lawrence’s “Valley of Kashmir,” are

books that will deepen one’s interest in the mighty hills, The main problem

is to keep down the quantity of kit and yet to travel in comfort,

Having safely reached Dalhousie, sampled the draught beer, and

started your servants and coolies or mules down to Kajiar or Chamba, you

set off at last for Chamba. The first three miles past the post office, up

Putrain hill, by the water-works road to Kalatop, 8,000 feet, will try your

walking powers a little perhaps, but thence the road gradually descends for

some 9 miles, through lovely forest scenery, with views of the distant snows

to Kajiar, 6,400 feet, where there is a good bungalow and amessman, Theré

is a “ week” at Kajiar annually about the end of May, when the Dalhousie

people camp out there, and races, soldiers’ sports, &c., are held, It is a most

picturesque spot. The town of Chamba is 7 miles distant and hot, being

only 3,030 feet above the sea-level. When crossing the new suspension

bridge over the Ravi, you will have some tolls to pay, and on all skins, heads,

young animals, coolies, ponies, &c, I think my tolls came to Rs, 10 or so,

Arrived at Chamba, make for the travellers’ bungalow, to the left of the

“ Chougan”’ or Polo ground, and on the cliffs above the roaring Ravi, Send

word to the Postmaster, Mr, Mubarik Khan, that you will be glad to see

him, He isa most useful person and very obliging. He has charge of all

the cooly and other transport arrangements, and will also see to the stamp-

ing avd posting of your letters, and the collection of supplies by your dak-

wallah, if you leave a small sum in his hands to cover such expenses, He

will set about collecting coolies, but if you are provident you will have written

to him beforehand fixing the day on which you will require them, and stating

the probable number you wiillneed. The provision of cooly transport is a

troublesome matter at times, and coolies have to be supplied in rotation from

the various “ ilakas ” of the State. If you have alittle spare time at Chamba

you will find it very pleasant to make the acquaintance of His Highness the

Rajah Saheb,and also some of the chief officials. The Rajah wasa very

keen sportsman, and one of the best horsemen in India, but I was told that

latterly ill-health had somewhat hindered him from devoting himself to

manly recreations as eagerly as in former times ; still, he is interested in

; sport of every sort, and is most courteous and agreeable to meet, He took

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol. X71.

my wife and little son through the palace to visit the Rani Saheb, and also

showed us over his Zoological collection in the Palace yard, Interviews with

His Highness are arranged by addressing Prince Bhuri Singh, the Rajah’s

brother and Private Secretary. He too is a very keen sportsman and

popular with all classes, In his absence, apply to the genial Captain Sri

Kanth, commanding the forces of the State, The Vizier, or Prime Minister,

is a Mahomedan statesman of the good old sort, and though ke does not talk

English (as the gentlemen above-mentioned all do), he will be founda very

interesting companion for a chat. There is a thriving Scottish Mission

Station at Chamba, with a Medical Missionary, Dr. Hutchinson, and some

ladies, The town is: very picturesquely situated on a sort of plateau, edged

with high cliffs above the Ravi. There are some very ancient temples,a polo

ground, &c, You will not be in Chamba long before you are besieged by a

troop of shikaries, candidates for employment. The Chamba shikari is no

more to be compared to a good Kashmir one, than a tharis to be compared

toamarkhor, But (like the thar) he has his points. Certainly, if I were

specially desirous to do the thing cheaply, I would merely take coolies and

engage some keen villager when I got on my ground, With one other

villager to carry the tiffin bag and help generally, fair sport might thus be

had, But there are some other things to be taken into account besides

shikar, A good shikari will make himself useful in getting supplies, arrang-

ing for coolies, messengers to Chamba. or Dalhousie, &c. Besides, he will be

able to advise you as to route and nullah to be chosen, and will pick up

khubber from the local men and utilize them directly, if necessary. It is

convenient too to have some one directly responsible for the proper skinning

of trophies, but this, and the pegging out, preserving and custody of skins

and heads, should receive a good deal of your personal supervision, at alb

events until the men have fully learnt what you want done, Bear skins,

especially, need careful fleshing to clear the grease away. With thar and

gooral, the halal, if performed, or else decapitation, should be done very low

down, on the shoulders almost, to preserve the neck skin as large and per-

fect as possible. On the whole, I think the professional shikari is worth his

hire, which is Rs, 15 a month (and a tip) ; but he will try to get you to take

a Chota shikari on Rs, 10: and several coolies on Rs, 8 each as well, So

long as he shows you sport, you need not mind a little swindling of this sort,

at least I don’t. My friend the Captain Saheb kindly recommended me his

own man, a shikari named Bhiku, whom I found rather exasperating in some

ways at first, but after he got to understand that I did not like him to be

flustered and idiotic when I was preparing to fire at game, he suited me well

enough, He was quick at seeing game, but almost useless in judging how to

make a stalk, He paid no regard to the wind. He could not see through a

telescope, though he could use binoculars, He had no idea of range, and my

tittle Mannlicher hit some animals at distances that made him think anything

CAMPING IN CHAMBA., 495

inside 400 yards within easy shot. He became frantically excited when nearing

game, and at first could not refrain from touching me, and urging me to fire,

when I was trying my level best to take steady aim. This is not a very

laudatory account of my worthy gilly ; but in spite of these defects, which a

a month of my society considerably toned down, he was serviceable, being a

keen and willing fellow, and if I went there again I would take him on

rather than fly to ills I know not of, Some of the shikaries come up as far

as Dalhousie to get employment, but I think it is better to reach Chamba

before finally engaging one, unless you have had some special man recom-

mended to you. I had nothing todo with the Chamba Chamars (taxider-

mists) ; they are said to be far inferior to the Srinagar men. I believe they

can cure skins passably, however, but they seem to use lime and other

pernicious things.

Now as to armament, There isno doubt that smokeless powder confers

an immense advantage, Many a time have I teen able to get ina second and

fatal shot at a bewildered gooral with smokeless powder, when with black

powder the animal would have been going full speed away. I used a Mannli-

cher rifle and do not wish for a better weapon, It has only to be held steady

and it will kill thar or bears at ranges when the 500 Express would go wide,

say 250 to 350 yards, The only drawback is that itis troublesome to clean,

To do this, hang the rifle up by the stock, and having removed the “bolt,”

put a cloth plug in the chamber, Use several brushes ; wash out first re-

peatedly with warm water and a little washing soda ; after drying carefully

lubricate with the “ Rifle oil for cordite ” sold by Treacher & Co, Isee that

acetone has been recommended for removing cordite fouling, I have not

tried it. Military men will probably prefer the ‘303, A capital sporting -303

may be improvised by fitting Lyman back-sight and Beach foresight on the

“ Martini-Metford ” carbine that can still be had at some Government arsenals

for about Rs, 60. The split Jeffery bullets are quite satisfactory, The shock

of the Mannlicher bullet is very great, and animals seemed to go over at once

if hit at all fairly. Jeffery’s advertisement of these rifles appears frequently

in the Times of India and Messrs. King, King and Co, keep supplies of Minnli-

cher cartridges. In April and following months the game _ birds are nesting,

and it is useless to take a shot gun, unless one that takes ball, as a second rifle,

for following up a wounded bear. Three bears that I shot with the Minnlicher

were killed almost instantaneously ; a fourth was hit too low down, and got

away. My first bear [ killed with the 500 Express. He took five shots, To

say nothing of the climbing saved, I am quite certain that the great accuracy,

diminished recoil, increased range, smashing power, and absence of smoke, of

the Mannlicher, enabled me to get double as many animals as I should have

done with the Express burning 5 drams of black powder. The report of the

little rifle too, is different from that of the older weapons, and seemed to

puzzle animals at times,

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xf,

Some practical maxims should be remembered; One is, that if your

shikari thinks the ground unsafe, as it often is after rain, you should

not attempt it; unless you do not mind trying what it feels like to

_bealaudslip, When game is sighted, take your time; it is a question of

steadiness and patience, not hurry and flurry, Use your glass to see which

heads are worth firing at,and do not accept your shikari’s mere assurance,

after you have shot one, that some other is “‘imarneko laik” also, Study the

wind; with bears and thar especially. As a rule it is down-hill from

6-30 p.m. to 8-30 a.m., then up-hill ; but on cloudy days itis changeable and

unsafe for near stalking, It isspecially variable near glaciers and hefore rain,

A pocket Aneroid in the tent gives timely warning of rain, so is useful in this

connection as well as for altitudes. Clean your rifie daily yourself. Main-

tain a strict check on the number of cartridges issued and expended. Use

strong padlocks ; keep your keys on you ; a lanyard isa good thing to hang

them by, day and night, Thefts take place, At Dunera three gentlemen

were at dinner when a cash-box was stolen, Dalhousie is infested with

“barrack boys” and other thievish rascals from the Punjab. We had a

burglar at Hul who helped himself to Rs, 40; and subsquently found

himself, not for the first time, in. Chamba jail. The hillmen are very

honest unsophisticated fellows, but some of them go up as servants to

Dalhousie, and return educated.

Always move camp in the early morning ; thus you get in while the day is

still young, and your baggage is not belated. It would be venturing beyond

my experience to offer suggestions as to routes to follow, but Northward Ho!

I think, Tyacke’s book gives a few hints on this subject. The strict

preservation of game in Chamba during the past few years, though made

the subject of grumbling by injudicious critics, has done great good; this

good especially, that whatever line you take you are pretty sure to find

animals, if you know how. Do not spare any foxes, martens, weasels, that

you may get a chance of a pot at, when not near more important game. By

shooting these vermin you greatly help the preservation of pheasants and

chukor, Gooral seem to be almost everywhere; but to get them you must

be out at the dawn, and work till after dusk. They are sometimes very low

down ; only a few hundred feet above the rivor bed ; but they are to be found

anywhere between 4,000 and 8,000 feet, From 11 a.m, till 4 p.m. it is, as a

rule, useless trying for either bears or gooral; but I have more than once

seen thar rise to feed at 2 p.m. Bears are often come on quite by chance when

returning in the evening or going up a valley early. Thus I shota bear

that was on a grassy bank about twenty yards above me when I was return-

ing after a blank day. He came rolling down, bellowing ; but hardly needed

the other shot that-I sent into him as he reached the path five yards from

me, The ground that gooral, and still more, thar, are found on is exceedingly

dangerous in bits ; test every step if you have any doubt of your foothold

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 49

A strong piece of rope is occasionally useful when after thar, It isa

mistake to move rapidly on an open hillside ; animals are often hidden for

the moment, or lying down or motionless ; they catch sight of you at once,

Whenever a point of vantage that commands a view of the slopes or cliffs is

reached, lie down and watch closely for some time. Impress on your shikari

the necessity of keeping a very cautious look-out round corners when going

along the hillsides. I should probably not have to mourn now the loss of a

wounded serow if my head keeper had walked more circumspectly. Gooral

hide in crevices or brushwood on the face of precipices ; but they also lurk in

pine forest adjoining grass slopes and steep cliffs,and it is surprising what a

number will come out sometimes from a cover to graze on the slopes just as it.

is growing dark. Don’t forget your hand-lantern if after them then, The

Chamba woods are full of delight for the lover of nature. On all sides one

hears “ cuckoo, cuckoo,” or the “ hoopoo, hoopoopoo,’ of our silent Indian

visitor; the koklass springs up from the ferns to glide screaming away, or

the monaul cock flashes, a gleam of amethystine splendour, through the

pines and across the glen, Innumerable thrushes hop about the glades, and

families of tiny titmice hover round the ends of the pine branches, while

golden-backed woodpeckers are tapping away at the resonant old trunks,

You will often catch glimpses of the Diplo or Dipli, as the Indian Marten,

M, flavigula,'is called ; sometimes single, sometimes a couple or more of them

working along the crevices or up the slopes. Once the yellow-bellied weasel

Putorius cathia,and another time the white-nosed weasel, P. canigula, came

out near me; and I shota pair of mountain foxes, one early dawn, firing

from my tent door, Harly in April the rhododendrons are magnificent; and

even in May they are in bloom among the higher forests, 10,000 feet up.

On the upper path from Bukloh to Dalhousie they were in a blaze of scarlet

when we passed along it, though a little late for their meridian splendour,

The pines whisper continually ; and Pinus longifolia especially, when the

wind rushes through its long leaves, makes a hissing sound almost like steam

escaping. The oaksat Dalhousie are very grand, and boary with moss ;

there are some noble deodars (cedars of Himalaya), as at Kajiar. The sides

of the paths are tapestried with waving ferns, and fragrant with wild ap-

ple blossoms and roses, AIl who have heard the Himalayas “ a-calling,”

will know what a land of dreamy beauty to expect; and will not be

disappointed,

From Chamba we marched 16 miles up to Hul, a scattered group of villages

on the side of some irregular hills, with cliffs, grass slopes, pine forests, and

terraced fields, in abundant variety, We found that the “ dandy” was

impracticable beyond Hul, and my wife had to walk along a very narrow

track for nearly three miles further to Gundera, where, near 7,000 feet, our

first camp was pitched, in a little ravine above a torrent of delicious water

icy cold, from some snow on the hills at the head of the glen,

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

My shikari warned me that we should on no account eat gooral flesh, as

once a saheb had had the hardihood to try it, and his body swelled up to

such an alarming extent that he very nearly died, Undeterred by this awful

example, we did zot hand over all our gooral venison to our worthy shikari

and his gang of omnivorous myrmidons, but took the risk, and found gooral

most excellent eating, in fact far better than the rather inferior mutton we

occasionally purchased, For weeks we revelled in gooral soup, gooral chops,

gooral roast and boiled, curried gooral, gooral liver and bacon; these delica-

cies ought surely to have produced symptoms of violent “Gooralism”; but

our iron constitutions seemed to withstand them remarkably well ; in fact

we even began to suspect that our beloved Bhiku liked gooral himself, and

had been trying to obtain more than his fair share by a pleasing little fiction,

We let him have all the thar meat, however ; and so he continued fat and

contented,

It would be tedious to give long extracts from my diary ;—they would

be for the most part of the stereotyped sort; but I feel bound to impart

a flavour of Sport and Natural History to this very heterogeneous paper by

a few concluding quotations,

So, as touching gooral, or “ Bun Bukri :-” Opposite some Gujars’ huts

near the camp in Gundera there stood a precipice, sheer rock some hundreds

of feet in height, on the other side of the river, Surveying these cliffs one

evening—350 yards distant—I made out with the glasses two gooral

among some brushwood, One stood out clear on the edge of a rock, It

was the first day of my new rifle, and I determined to try a sighting shot .

across the glen, The first bullet went a little low, but the gooral did not move,

I put up the 300 yards sight, and fired again, The gooral seemed perturbed

in spirit. Lowering the sight to 100, and aiming full, I fired a third shot

and the gooral fell down the cliff, shot through the neck, ® * ®° Starting

at 5 in the morning, Bhiku, the tiffinwallah, and myself went up the hill

behind camp, I saw a gooral across the ravine to the left; it was high on

the face of the precipice, lying down in a small cave, partly hidden by some

branches, too far for shooting at, Continuing our climb we saw another on a

peak some 500 feet higher, and halfa mile away. Keeping out of sight,

we crept along the slopes till we were about three hundred yards from the

crag on which it had been standing ; it was no longer visible ; but as we

moved up, two other gooral darted out of a hollow 200 yards away, and

stood to see who we were that had intruded on their solitary realm, I

shot one, a male, and missed the other as it bolted. So home early. In

the evening we went down to some cliffs below the Hul road from Gundéra,

and saw two gooral far below. Making a detour, we crossed the torrent,

intending to get opposite them through the woods on the further side of the

glen, The plan succeeded. I got to about 250 yards of them, but finding

that it was a doe and young one, did not shoot, Instead, I sent a man across

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 499

to drive them towards me, They were in some brushwood above a small

precipice, When the man got above and near them, they suddenly darted

down the rocks, and the young one made across the open and up the valley,

But the mother, as quick as thought, flung herself into a narrow cleft in the

rock, and hid there, with just the tip of her nose showing, while the man

hunted about everywhere for her, He came back at last and said he could

not find her ; yet all the time she had been within a few feet of him, tucked

away in the cranny, Another day I saw a wounded gooral get far in under

a rock in the same way ; it had bolted down hiil, dashed past a large boulder,

and disappeared, ‘The men sought it for some time before one of them

peeped under the rock and dragged it out. = % °

There were no thar round Gundera, but a few were said to be at the head

of the valley above Mundola, about 8 miles distant. Taking a small tent, a

camp bed, and a tiffin basket, I set off for a short expedition to try for a thar.

The first-half of the way was a heavy pull up-hill, Isaw several gooral, one .

of which I shot ; and when nearing the camping-ground I had the misfortune

to wound and lose aserow. It saw my shikari, and was making off when I

fired a long shot at it. It looked a queer lolloping sort of creature, with

large ears and sloping hind-quarters. We found much blood, mixed with

froth, sign of a fatal wound generally; butit got away in some bad preci-

pices, and we never saw it more, We camped on the edge of an old sheep-

fold, at about 8,000 feet. The glen had some snow in the higher paris, as

wellas in the river bed, and a strong torrent rushed along, for the most

part under the snow. The sides were steep and rugged, with heavy pine

forest covering the lower slopes, and bare, rugged, precipitous rocks pro-

jecting amid the trees—just the sort of ground for thar, for they frequent the

most dangerous cliffs and the densest thickets, There were several snow

bridges to be crossed, and a detour had to be made, to get above a waterfall

that had cut its course between vertical walls of rock, Halting when the upper

parts of the valley came into view, my telescope showed me a shaggy old thar

(or Kurt, in Pahari speech) amid some bushes about half a mile away ; and

on the slopes above him, a large snow bear was feeding. The climb up the

snow bed took us till 9 o’clock and then it was too late todo anything, for the

bear and the thar had both disappeared and would not turn up till the after-

noon, if then, We went on to about 10,300 feet, and breakfasted near two lovely —

cascades that fell over a precipice and disappeared behind the bed of snow in

the ravine, I saw several koklass and monaul; one monaul hen was sitting

beside what was evidently her nest, in a cranny under a juniper bush on the

face of a precipice, safe from any featherless biped. While we were walking

up the glacier, Bhikusaw a thar up a side ravine to the right, but the thar had |

previously seen him, and was over the hills and away before Bhiku had uite

grasped the situation, If he had reconnoitred the ravine before openly

crossing the mouth of it, we should have got that thar then, instead of two

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

days later, We climbed up the northern side of the valley after breakfast,

and took up a position in the precipices, under some grand pines, to watch

the opposite cliffs and the ruggged ground below us, The rhododendrons

were in full bloom still at this altitude, and three lovely and distinct shades

—scarlet, pink, and lilac, were to be seen. The hoary oaks, too, had long

streamers of greenish-yellow moss trailing all over them. After lying down

for a couple of hours, we saw five thar on the opposite side of the ravine, amid

some steep precipices, We climbed down through the forest—a very slippery

climb—when I fell, (I had put on my cotton-soled boots 5 minutes before to

see how they would do, and my ankle twisted underme. I never wore those

boots again in Chamba, but stuck to my hob-nails.) Slowly I limped down,

and after a painful scramble got opposite three of the thar that were feed-

ing quietly along the cliffs, some 300 yards distant, and nearly level with

us, Bhiku wanted me to fire at 250 yards, butI said I would try to get

nearer. Not without some trepidation, for I had never shot a thar, I crawled

to about 180 yards. Two thar were visible. I fired, and hit ; fired again, and

hit the other ; they both fell down the precipice into the little crevasse beside

the deep layer of snow that covered the torrent ; but we got them out with-

out difficulty. On our way home we came ona very large black bear, over 7

feet in length, and added him to the bag, Thenext morning I did not go out,

but from my tent door, with my glasses, Isawa bear feeding along the

opposite cliffs, about a mile away. We set off promptly to try for a shot

from our side, and after a difficult clamber down the precipices beneath the

tent, we got to about 200 yards of bim, He was by this time (9 o'clock)

meditating a sleep ; he chose a grassy bank under a shady tree ; before

finally settling to his siesta he sat up and looked round him, then he slept,

with his nose between his paws, Right across the ravine, the little rifle

got him fair through the beart. It seemed as if he never woke for an

instant even. He rolled down about five yards, and lay stone dead. To

make sure, I gave him another shot, that also hit him; then I sent over

for his skin, ® = * The kestrel breeds in the cliffs everywhere. Hf

an eagle or lammergeyer comes along, the little fellow is out at him, and

chases him away, with the pertinacity of a king-crow. ? = © It is

curious to note how exactly the forest runs up to the edge of a ridge, and

then stops ; not a tree crosses the boundary! The other slope is covered

with grass only. I could not discover any regular principle in the directions

of this curious forestation and denudation ; but it seemed that generally the

slopes facing north-west to north-east were clothed, and those facing south

or south-east were inclined to be bare. Have forest fires, burning the drier

southern aspects, caused this? Or is it due to the force with which the mon-

s00n rains wash down all seeds and seedlings with the mould from the more

exposed sides? Or to an accidental deficiency of suitable mould on some

blopes ?

CAMPING IN CHAMBA, 501

Returning after my four days’ expedition, with 3 thar, 2 bears, and 2

gooral, we moved camp to Hul, pitching on the southern slope of the vale, on

the level dancing-green in front of a picturesque old temple of Kali, which was

much in need of repair, The temple was built chiefly of pme-wood, and had

gome quaint carvings, as of a leopard and a snake, on the front over the

architrave, and a pair of 11-inch thar horns nailed over the door of the inner

shrine.

When the temple mela (fair) takes place annually, there are wrestling

matches and dances held on the little green, so by request we did not dig our

usual trenches along the tent walls, but only put a little embankment of

earth round, which failed utterly to keep out the flood water one very stormy

night. After getting the camp into order, I went up the steep hill over the

camp, and saw a good gooral lying down on a little ledge, half in a small cave

on the face of a tremendous precipice, My first shot missed, as so often

happens if one fires at a recumbent animal; the gooral sprang up, stood for

a fatal moment ; and was picked up quarter of a mile below, whither he had

fallen in three bounds and a short roll! Just below where he was shot, I saw

on the face of the cliff, a nest of Gyps fulvus, the Tawny Vulture. There was a

full-grown young bird crouching in the nest, As we were resting on the

hillside, we heard some shots in the valley below. Descending, we learnt

that they were being fired for the benefit of a dymg man in the village.

“* Many a holy text around she strews, that teach the rustic moralist to die.”

But in this case the object was to cure the sick man; and the means was

by firing blank cartridge, wadded with paper. on which texts had been in-

scribed, It was no doubt as efficacious as praying by water-power; or the

hakim’s dodge of making the patient drink the water in which the prescription

has been washed off. Healing by faith is not limited to people who believe

in patent medicaments! #* es * Again I deserted my sorrowing

family for four days, taking the small camp a distance of 16 miles or so,

up the Hul valley, and over three passes, 9,100, 8,700, and 9,700 feet high, via

Banjah, to Bhangori, a village in a glen on the south of the Chanju valley,

with a splendid view northwards towards Chanju and the great snowy peaks

beyond, Haul is just 6,000 feet at the river bed belowthe lambardar’s house,

so this was a good long walk, I started at 5-50 a.m., and taking it easy, got in

at 3 in the afternoon, We camped near the panchakki, or water-mill, about a

mile or so from the village, if three huts can be so designated, On the way

down the last ridge, a flying squirrel, or Hen, as the hillmen call it,

glided past me, and went some sixty yards further down-hill, to the

foot of a withered old pine, up which it scrambled rapidly to near the

top, when it disappeared into a hole in the dead-wood. I got to about

40 yards of it, and sent amantotap the trunk, The squirrel put its

head out; the little Mannlicher bullet caught it on the cheek-bone; and

down it came, It was the larger flying squirrel, Pteromys inornatus.

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCEITY, Vol. XI.

On a former day I similarly got P, jimbriatus above Gundera. .The men

said that these Een were often killed for their skins ; the method being,

to light large fires in the forest at night, for they are mostly nocturnal ; the

blaze attracted them, and small shot did the rest, Both these I got at 8,000

feet elevation. Arrived at the village, I heard that an old thar was in

the habit of frequenting the cliffs low down onthe opposite hillside, Bhiku

and I went down to the top of the precipice below the village to have a look

for him, and we had not been watching for more than five minutes when we

saw the thar,a shaggy old fellow stillin his winter coat, coming out from

behind a pine tree and moving down the rocks. He was 300 yards away, but

the Mannlicher was all there, and hit him about midway on his side, He

slowly walked behind some rocks, and was seen no more, It was too late to

send men over, as the ground was almost impracticable even for hillmen ;

but next day two men retrieved him, dead, and with his face partly. devoured

by a bear that had come upon him during the night. The horns were ae

inches, and thick, Having sent off the search-party for this thar, I crossed

through the fern-carpeted woods to the torrent, aud we climbed up the steep

and slippery cliffs, along the course of a cascade, clinging to tufts of grass or

fern, lifting ourselves by means of overhanging roots, getting just a partial

foothold in some cranny or on some tottering projection, with often sheer

chasms beneath us, certain death in case our hold gave way. We had seen

some thar on the cliffs the night before, and we took a line that would keep

us out of sight in case they were there still. After climbing slowly for about

two hours, we peered through some brushwood ona ledge, and saw three

thar, a male and two females, on the face of a steep shelving precipice some

200 yards distant across an impassable ravine. The thar moved just as I

pressed the trigger, and the shot went over his back, He turned and faced

me, as if to see whence might be this new strange sound, not quite that ofa

falling rock, nor yet distinctly that of a smoke-compelling gun, The second

shot caught him just below the right eye, and passed out at the back of his :

neck ; and down the precipice he went, in one terrific bound, quite eighty

yards, when he was stopped by some bushes ona ledge. Itis remarkable

how the horns of wild goats stand these tremendous falls ; they are very

seldom damaged, in spite of the crash on the rocks below. This was a smallish

thar, with thick horns, but onlya little over eight inches in length. Having

recovered the slain and hidden the trophies ina tree, we went on, along the

worst lot of precipices I ever climbed among, but saw nothing more. It was,

however,a fine study in thar ground, All night it rained, hailed, lightened,

thundered, and blew. At 10 next day it was fine, but my shikari declared

that it would be too dangerous to go on the opposite cliffs after such a storm,

I reluctantly agreed that it would be better not to run the risk, and decided

to try easier ground, for gooral, instead, Accordingly, we started at 12, going

past the village, and up toa stately pine tree on a wind-swept ridge, where

CAMPING IN-CHAMBA,-.- ---- - B08

we settle’ down till the afternoon, There is a nice footpath here that-goes

towards Tikri I believe, and we followed it for a mile or so, till it faded into

nothingness on the face of some steep slopes where a landslip had swept the

hillside bare, While climbing over the broken ground,a goora! .appeared

running up-hill about 150 yards above me, and a lucky running shot wounded

him, After a short but heavy climb I finished him with another shot. The

horns were unequal in length : one was 73 and the other 63 inches ; and one

fore-foot was curiously deformed, the outer half of the hoof being turned

flat outwards, as if from some fall ona sharp stone, Hiding the gooral ina

tree, we went up a valley where some shepherds told us we should find a red

bear; but our search was unsuccessful, and it began to rain. At 6-30 we

started back for home, Coming out of the forest we saw a gooral standing on

a projecting rock and looking down the chasm, It was an easy shot, and down

he went. The sound startled another gooral above me, and he too was knocked

over, running about 100 yards off ; but he picked himself up, and got into the

forest, where it was too late 0 recover him, though I left Bhiku to

search for some time, and sent the lantern out for him, |

Another ders orm during the night ; and very large hailstones (he

“ Pigeon’s egg” brand which really are about the size of 12-bore bullets),

There are some grand deodars (cedars) here. The ferns and flowers are quite

wonderful, The woods are simply carpeted with maidenhair ferns ;

and the bracken is rapidly growing (May 22) on the hillsides. Note that the

natives cook the shoots of bracken ; it tastes somewhat like seakale. With

our usual rashness, we tried it but did not think very much of it, Wild

strawberries, tasteless little things, abound ; and no doubt rhubarb could be

found above 12,000 feet, but I was never so high up. The wild thyme serves

to season dishes, The irises, violets of several sorts, some very sweet and

others without scent, marigolds, large daisies, and tiny geranium-like flowers,

red and pink : these and many other flowers grow everywhere, The tillage is

on terraces, levelled ledges on the slopes ; barley and wheat are ready for

reaping, and the monsoon crop of maki (Indian corn, beloved by bears and

men) is just coming up, The village houses are flat-roofed. Hill unsafe

after the storm. Dar, down to 22°7. Heavy clouds rolling on from the east-

ward ; another storm imminent, A villager who came to grind some maki

said that he had seen a big thar going up the opposite rocks, near where I had

shot the small one on the 21st, Ata height of 200 feet abene the torrent bed,

the ravine is about 250 to 300 yards wide. We started at 1°30 from my tent

and at 2 o’clock were just opposite the cliffs where the game had been seen.

We sighted two thar—one large and one small male. We were well hidden

by the forest, The opposite hill was more precipitous, and had patches of

pines and bushes on the ledges amid the crags that projected everywhere.

The two thar had just risen (2 o'clock) ; descending a short way, they.

began feeding. We were nearly level with and opposite them, about 280 yards

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

distant—a long shot ; but a thar is a bigger mark than a gooral ; and I had a

rock in front to rest my rifle on, with Bhiku’s cap asa pad to keep it from

“jumping.” The animals were only occasionally exposed, and the brushwood

was dense ; but at last the big one was in full view, and I fired, The two

thar stampeded, and I fired again twice as I caught glimpses of the big one

crossing open bits. After going about 100 yards full speed, the big thar

pulled up amid some pines and the small one went onalone, “ He must be

hit,” I said ; and I sent two men over to see what had become of him. The

noise made by the men climbing, moved him ; he was hit hard ; slowly he

walked along the steep bare rocks. I fired—300 yards—and struck him ; he

pirouetted round and round ; I fired again, and making one last effort to save

himself, the fine old fellow went down the precipice. His horns were nearly

11 inches.. The storm was now rumbling overhead. It was so dark that at

4 p.m., on the way home, we met a cooly coming with the lighted lantern to

meet us! We got in just as the rain began to fall, Such rain! The single

fly Native Officer’s tent held it out till the two-ply cotton cloth was well

soaked, and then the pattering of large hailstones sent a fine spray over me,

I had no large water-proof sheet to hang outside, sol put all my kit under the

bed, spread the small waterproof over the bedding, and with my invaluable

umbrella over me, sat down to an excellent dinner of Soup de Bovril, and

Cotelettes de gooral, Next day I returned to Hul, The storm still raged, and

flashes of lightning and crashes of thunder were all round us. One pine tree

was struck a couple of hundred yards from the path, and blazed away merrily,

I made good time over the pass, 9,700 feet, and down the steep drifts of hail-

stones to the valley far below. Leaving Bhangori at 11 we got to the Hul

camp at 5; good hard going all the time, and bitterly cold. These six thar

were all I had a chance at ; some fair heads, but not first-class. To get 14-inch

thar one must go further than two marches from Chamba. = i! =

June 1st.—I worked along the pine forest above Hul at about 8,000 feet. —

To my delight, up flew a woodcock about five yards from me, Ske hada

young one—the men said two young ones, but I could not see two distinctly

myself—in her claws pressed close under her ; and she flew slowly and heavily

for about ten yards, then rested above a bramble which the young one seemed

to catch hold of with its claws, or become entangled in. The old bird fluttered

for quite half a minute over it before she could pull the little one

clear and fly a few yards further down, when she alighted, but rose again

when I sent a man to try to catch the young one, I have seen woodcocks

carrying their young in County Wicklow, and have caught the young

fledglings there ; but this was my first sight of a woodcock in India, and I

think it must be the first Indian record of a woodcock being distinctly seen

carrying the young thus between its claws, I may note that there is a capital

picture of the bird carrying its young in Harting’s “ Sketches of Bird Life”,

page 225, It seemed to me that this Chamba woodcock did not carry her

CAMPING IN CHAMBA. 505

young one with her claws stretched down, as in the picture, but rather drawn

up somewhat closely, as St, Johndescribes it in the same book. The position

of the legs would depend on the grip taken, and that would vary occasional-

ly no doubt. In this instance the bird was taken by surprise and may have

snatched her young one up anyhow. Hume and Marshall mention this

habit, In Vol, iii, p. 319, they say: “ Whether the woodcock ever does

remove its eggs, as has been asserted, it certainly does carry its young about,

one at a time, grasped between the two thighs and pressed against the lower

part of the breast.’ In “ Nests and Eggs” there is only an account of the

taking of four hard-set eggs. Trend

These samples of my diary may suffice to give some idea of the pleasures

and risks of “ Camping in Chamba,” ;

506 Pi

~ DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS —

FROM BOMBAY,

By J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., &e.

(With a plate.)

In. November, 1892, conjointly with Mr, Alexander Abercrombie, of Bombay,

I published (1) a Catalogue of about 320 species of marine Mollusca that

had-been collected by the latter gentleman during three successive Seasons on

the shores of this favoured, specialized, ‘and little explored centre. Special-

ized, Bombay is certainly proved to be in this particular, since many showy

species would seem to have made her coasts their head-quarters ; and, besides,

in the Catalogue just referred to, no less than twenty-five were signalized as

novelties, many belonging to the more attractive genera, e.g., Purpera, Murex,

Tellina, and Reta, At the same time a few of the Minutiora were

described and figured, and a far larger number set aside for future investiga-

tion, These have received welcome additions by an assortment of two fur-

ther boxes of shell shingle, kindly forwarded a year ago by Mr. Abercrombie,

which, while yielding further specimens of nearly all the smaller species first

enumerated, likewise provided fresh material in the way of many novelties.

The molluscan fauna of Bombay being, as already observed, well differen-

tiated and specialized, it is rendered a simpler task than might be thought to

discriminate such forms as are now to be described. No dredgings,

scientifically made, have been carried out here—indecd, Iam informed, the

configuration of these coasts is not satisfactory for the purpose—and no col-

lections of the smaller species, excepting a few by the Rey. Mr. Fairbank, of

Bombay, and Messrs. H. F. and W.T. Blanford, had been made, when a few

species, e.g., Irawadia trochlearis, Blanf., and Fairbankia bombayana, Blant.,

were described. Mr. Geoffrey Nevill subsequently discovered a few, mainly

Pleurotomide, and itis regrettable that his types are all in the Caleutia

Museum, and therefore inaccessible to most British conchologists, Some, ~

however, have been figured in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

The Ceylon fauna and that of Karachi, the latter now being assiduously

explored by Mr. F, W. Townsend, differ widely from that of Bombay, though

of course a few species are common to two or all three of the localities. We

cannot think that, numerically, the Bombay list will exceed 500 species (exclu-

sive of brackish-water forms such as Neritina, Potamides, é&c.) ; and the publi-

cation of the following twenty-six new forms, mainly belonging to the families

Solariide, Scalarvide, Pyramidellide, and Cerithiide, will swell up the total of

those catalogued to 350 species,

I would tender my best thanks, not only to Mr. Abercrombie, for providing

the material of which this paper is the outcome, but also to Mr. EH. A, Smith,

and Mr. E. R. Sykes, for aid and advice. It is my intention to offer to place

SS ae a a

(1), Cf. Memoirs Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., series Iv, vol. vii, pp. 17-61.

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc.

Mintern Bros.imp.L

NEW MOLLUSCA FROM BOMBAY.

J.Green del.et hth.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHEELS, 507

the types of all these small species in the Natural History Museum, South

Kensington,

1. BITTIUM TENTHRENOIs, n, sp. Pl. Fig, 1

B. testa cylindrica, obesula, doliiformi, solida, ochracea, apice obtuso, apud'

apicem, simul ac ad basim pallidiore, anfractibus 7, in medio latioribus, tribus

papillarum ordinibus transversim regulariter instructis, papillis parvis, gem-

matis, interstitiis, alveolatis, apertura ovato-rotunda, labro exteriore minime

expanso, Long, 3, lat. 1°25 mm.

About twenty specimens of a small, tun-shaped, cylindrical shell, warm och-

raceous in colour, with the extremities pale, almost white, ornamented with

-three rows of papilliform gemmez on the whorls, the spaces between them

being alveolate, whence the specific name, derived from rev9das, “‘ honey-

combed,” ‘This species is slightly like Certthiopsis pulvis, Issel, from the Red

Sea, a very small species, which, with the present one, I should be inclined te-

class rather as a Bittium,

2, CERITHIOPSIS RUBRICINCTA, n.sp, Pl, Fig. 15.

C. testa fusiformi, solida, pallide ochracea, anfractibus 10 vel 11, tumidis,

apud suturas impressis, binis g¢mmarum ordinibus transversim decoratis, longi-

tudinaliter clathratis, interstitiis alviolatis, infra juxta suturas tenui rubra

zona accinctis, apertura subrotunda, peristomate tenui, canali brevi. Long,

3°25 mm. sp, maj, lat. 1 mm,

Very beautiful, though minute. Of a pale ochraceous colour ; the ven-

tricose whorls are ornamented, just below the sutures, with ared band; the

sculpture is, as is usual amongst the Triforis, Bitttum and Cerithiopsis a

double row of transverse gemmez, crossed by lattice forming riblets, the

interstices being honycombed and deep. The mouth is almost round, canal

very short, lip simple. Several specimens,

3, CRITHIOPSIS SYKES!, n, sp. Pl. Fig. 8.

C. testa attenuato fusiformi, aciculata, ochracea, anfractibus 12 vel 13,

rectis, minime ventricosulis, trinis gemmarum papilliformium ordinibus trans-

yersim cingulatis, apud suturas impressis, in uno specimine juveni duobus

apicalibus anfractibus pellucidis, vitreis, apertura subquadrata, simplice,

Long. 4°25, lat, 1°20 mm,

A tropical representative. of tha typical species of the genus, C. tubercularis,

Mont., from which this shell differs in being straighter, more attenuate, and

regular. It comes nearer to the C. diadema, Watson, from Madeira, of which

1 have only seen a figure, but is smaller than that species. It is of a uniform

pale ochraceous-brown, and the single young individual of the series possesses

two vitreous apical whor!s intact. I have much pleasure in connecting with

this small Cerithiopsis the name of Mr, E, R. Sykes, our indefatigable Secretary. .

4, CERITHIOPSIS PULCHERRIMA, D, sp, Pl. Fig. 3.

GC, testa tenui, multum attenuata, aciculari, albida, anfractibus 13, apud

sutaras canaliculatis, apud sanales uno gemmalaram ordine, ceterasgue im

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

partes anfractuum bino ordine similari instructis, aperture subquadrata, labro

tenui. Long. 4, lat. 1°15 mm. .

Seven specimens, mostly rather imperfect. The largest, from which this

description is taken, is slightly distorted in one of the central whorls ; it is in

‘yery good condition, being white, elongated, very attenuate, thirteea-whorled,

ornamented with three rows of gemmules, one row being at the canaliculate

depression, just below the sutures of each whorl, the other two on the normal

whorl, The mouth is simple, aperture squarrose. It is a very beautiful

little species.

5, SovaRium (ToRINIA) HOMALAXIS,n. sp, PI, Fig. 12,

. 8. testa minutissima, depressa, profunde umbilicata, albescente, gemmu-

“lata, supra depresso-planata, anfractibus 4, ultimo rapide accrescente, ad

' peripheriam bicarinato, carinis regulari gemmarum ordine decoratis, simili

bino ordine circa umbilicum, inter has, infra, simul ac supra, quatuor mino-

rum gemmularum ordinibus instructis, apertura quadrato-rotunda, Long,

1, lat, 2 mm,

I alluded to this specimen when describing its congener, S. delectabile, also

from the same locality.* This species differs in its more depressed form, the

bicarinate angles at the periphery, and its smaller size, The shell isin juve-

nile condition, however, and may grow slightly larger, the apical whorls

showing this. It is an exceedingly highly chased and sculptured little

species,

6, RissOINA EPENTROMA,n.sp, PI, Fig, 23,

R. testa oveta, gradata, solidiuscula, candida, anfractibus 5, undique longt-

tudinaliter crassicostatis, costis levibus, interstitiis transversim :tenuistriatis,

apertura ovata, labro exteriore incrassato, Long, 2, lat, 1°15 mm.

Three specimens, one being juvenile, of a highly sculptured little species,

which I have placed in Azssoina rather than in Rissoia, owing to the thickened

base of the aperture, the general form being more in accordance with a spe-

cies of the latter genus.

The shell is gradately turreted, five-whorled, the whorls being uniformly

costate, the ribs very thick in proportion to the size of the shell, and the

interstices between transversely finely striate. The name, from the Greek

imtvtpyuc, signifying ‘‘a delicacy,’ is chosen on account of the extreme

beauty of this little Rissoina.

7. REssoiva PACHYSTOMA, n, sp. Pl. Fig. 4.

R, testa solida, fusiformi, albo-cinerea, anfractibus 8, undique longitu-

dinaliter recticostatis, costis regularibus, levibus, nitentibus, interstitis

wevibus, apertura obnane ovata, labro exteriore multum incrassato, ad basim

quasi-truncato, margine columellari obliquo, crasso. Long, 5, lat. 2mm.

The nearest approach to this species seems to be &, conifera (Schwartz).

This, principally distinguishable by its straight, smooth ribs, and extzemely

are

-* Mem. Manch. Lit. and Phil, Soc., vol. Vii, p. 57.

eS ee

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS. 509

incrassate outer lip, the base being somewhat truncate, and the thickening -

extending to the columellar margin.

8. ADEORBIS VANIKOROIDES, n. sp. Pl. Fig, 14.

.A, testa profounde umbilicata, depresso-globosa, apice exserto, tenul an

fractibus 4, ultimo rapide accrescente, longitudinaliter obliquissime tenuicosta-

tis, costis levibus, interstitiis sub lente striatulis, ultimo circa umbilicum

effosso, angulari, apertura ovata, labro exteriore simplice, paullulum ineras.

sato. Long, 1°50, lat. 1 mm, :

Extremely small, but very characteristic. Of the same character as .

A. scalber, Phil,, a Central American shell, but differing entirely in form ; the

apex is conspicuously exserted so far as the first two whorls are concerned,

the last whorl is large, and entirely longitudinally cobliquely ribbed, the ,.

interstices between being very finely striate. The umbilicus is profound,

angularly ridged above, and the aperture ovate, The specific name suggests a

superficial resemblance in miniature to species of Vanikoro, Quoy and Gaimard,

which name has precedence by several years over Narica; Recluz,

9, ACLIS ATEMELES, n.sp, Pl. Fig. 10.

A. testa angusta, attenuata, fusiformi, delicatula, albido-cinerea, anfractibus

6, tumidis, apud suturas impressis sub lente tinuissime transversim striatulis,

apertura ovata, labro exteriore paullulum incrassato. Long. 3°25, lat.

1°25 mm.

A finely striolate species, with ventricose whorls, six in number, apex obtuse,

mouth ovate, simple. The name suggested is the Greek word for “ neglected,’

from the inconspicuous appearance.

10. ACLIS EoA,n,sp. PIl., Fig, 18.

A. testa oblongo-fusiformi, delicatula, semipellucida, lactea, apice obtuso

anfractibus 6, paullum ante apicem irregularibus, ventricosis, apud suturas -

multum impressis, fere kevibus, vix nitentibus; apertura ovata, peristomate

simplice, tenui, margine columellari obliquo, Long, 3°50, lat. 1:25 mm,

A thin, semipellucid, milky shell, without any gloss, six-whorled, the whorls

a little irregular and distorted, ventricose, and impressed at the sutures, —

The aperture is ovate, the outer lip simple, and the columellar margin some-

what oblique. ?

Ii does not yield in beauty to the other known species, nearly all of which

are exquisite inform, The specific name is given from its Hastern habitat,

11, EULIMA DENS-COLUBRI,n. sp. PI, Fig, 19. .

_E. testa parva, politissima, attenuato-curvata, apud basim latiore tranay.

lucida, anfractibus 10, juxta, infra suturas zona lactea pellucente cinctis,

apertura oblique oblonga, labro marginem apud columellarem paullum-

incrassato, Long, 5 mm. sp. maj., lat. 1°75 mm,

A small ineurved species, ten-whorled, smooth, polished, but trans~

lucent, the basal portion being broader in proportion, This form is

allied to the European and British Z, incurva, Renieri, E. distorra, Phil, (non

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XI.

Defrance), but the shell is much broader at the base, and the whorls are not

-go flattened, The mouth is obliquely oblong, and in full-grown specimens

the shell is slightly thickened at the columellar margin, Many specimens.

Another small species of Eulima occurs, of which I have two specimens :

it is straight, and in form like LE, polita, L,; it may possibly be identical with

E, subangulaia, Somb, described as being an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean.

12, SYRNOLA METRIA, n. sp. Pl. Fig, 16,

8, testa elongata, fusiformi, solida, alba, nitida, anfractibus 10, apud suturas

acute canaliculatis, rectis, apertura ovato squarrosa, peristomate tenui, sim-

plice, marginem apud columellarem uniplicato, Long. 5, lat. 2mm,

.A shining, smooth species, deeply channelled at the sutures. Mouth

squarely ovate, with one columellar plait, In form an Obeliscus, in mouth-

process a Syrnola, The name is the Greek rps, “ moderate,” “ modest.”

13, OscrLLa INDICA, u,sp. PI, Fig. 5,

O. testa attenuata, fusiformi, delicatula, tenui, semipellucida, candida,

anfractibus 9 vel 10, transversim undique spiraliter tricostatis, costis acutis

Jevibus, interstitiis sub lente tenuissime longitudinaliter striatis, apertura

oblonga, labro simplice, marginem apud columellarem uniplicato. Long. 3,

Jat, 1°25 mm.

A very beautiful little form, of which only one specimen has so far oc-

curred. It might easily be overlooked for the young of Irawadta trochlearis,

Blanford, but this is a coarser shell, though of the same transversely carinate

pattern and white colour. It is a most delicate species, and the columellar

plait, though somewhat deep-seated, is very evident.

14. Myonta @AVISA, n. sp. Pl. Fig. 26.

M. testa tenuissima, albida, subpellucida, elongato-attenuata, anfractibus 7,

ventricosulis, undique transversim filostriatis, apertura oblonga, peristomate

tenui. Long, 2°25, lat. 1 mm. |

A very small, delicate species, with some appearance of an Aclis, but we

consider rightly referable to Myonia (Actoepyramis, Fischer), The shell is —

white, subhyaline, whorls probably seven (but the sole specimen is a little

broken at the apex), much veniricose, and uniformly transversely filostriate.

The name is the Latin gavisus, ‘‘that has given pleasure,” from the beauty and

sculpture of this little shell,

15. MIRALDA IDALIMA, n, sp. PI, Fig. 6.

M, testa oblonga, gradatula, tenui, albida, subpellucida, anfractibus 6, ad

suturas multum impressis. subcanaliculatis, turritis, infra suturas bino gem-

marum ordine decoratis, partes ad ceteras anfractuum transversim costulatis,

ultimo apud basim leviore, apertura oblonga labro tenui, marginem ad colum-

ellarem uniplicato, Long, 2, lat. 1 mm. sa

A very small but well-marked shell, its sculpture being distinct, The

whorls, six in number, of which two are very small and apical, one turreted

being much compressed—almost canaliculate—at the sutures, Below the sutures

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS. 511

there is a double row of transverse gemmz, and the rest of the whorls

are ornamented with plain, transverse, raised lines or small cost#, The mouth

is oblong, and the columellar plait is large and strong.

Only one specimen is in existence, one other, which was in all sespacte

precisely similar, having, unfortunately, got mislaid.

Eidaaimos ig a Homeric adjective for “ comely,” the Latin formossus, and is

well bestowed upon this little shell.

16, ODOSTOMIA ANTELIA,n, sp. PI, Fig, 22.

O. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, crystallina, levi, nitida, anfractibus 6 apud

suturas multum impressis, ventricosulis, sub lente spiraliter tenuissime calca-

rio-lineatis, apertura ovato oblonga, margine columellari uniplicato, plica seE

conspicua, Long. 2, lat. 1 mm.

A typical Odostomia, with translucent, white, polished surface, six whorls,

ventricose, deeply impressed at the sutures,giving a gradate appearance to the

shell ; under a lens in certain strong lights very indistinct, chalky, transverse

lines are seen on the surface ; the aperture is ovate-oblong, the lip simple, the

columellar plait being straight and conspicuous,

The specific name is the Greek ayraaios, “ eastern,”

It has some affinity with certain European species, e.g., O, eulimoides and

‘0, rissoides, of Hanley.

Another species of Odostomia has seeoeratintaly been mislaid. It isa

very distinct form, a little larger than the preceding, with the whorls (seven)

deeply channelled at the sutures, shape conically fusiform, columella with

strong plait, aperture internally spirally striate,

17, ODOSTOMIA SYRNOLIODES, n. sp. PI. Fig, 13,

GO. testa attenuata, fusiformi, alba, parum nitente, delicata, anfractibus 6,

‘apud suturas impressis, apertura oblonga, labro fere continuo, marginem apud

columellarem fortiter uniplicato. Long. 2°50, lat. 1 mm,

A smooth, dull white, six-whorled little shell, the apex vitreous, mouth

‘ovate, with a strong straight plait on the columellar margin, Likea Syrnola

in miniature, hence the specific name. Of the typical! form of the genus,

allied to O. plicata, Montagu,

18, PyRGULINA PYRGOMELLA, n, sp. PI, Fig. 24,

P, testa attenuata, fusiformi, gradata, candida, anfractibus 7, ad suturas

subimpressis, longitudinaliter, ad medium anfractuum, costulatis, costis

Jevibus, papillosisque infra juxta suturas, apertura oblonga, labro exteriore

simplice, paullum reflexo, columellari conspicus uniplicato, Long. 5 mm,

p. maj., lat. 1°25 mm..

Two specimens of a conspicuously beautiful species, of the same facies as

Turbonilia scalaris, Phili., but white, whilst: the columellar plait gives it

generic distinction.

; The longitudinal ribs begin at a little distance from the sutures, the

immediate space between being quite smooth, and the ribs are algo slightly

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

papillose at the upper end, the papille merging into the rib. The specific

name is derived from the Greek 7?yaue, ‘a tower’, from the turreted whorls, :

It may possibly be equally well placed in the genus Mormula, Ad. ;

_ 19. . PyRGULINA EDGARII, nu. sp. PI, Fig. 21.

P, testa angusta, fusiformi gradatula, tenui, candida, anfractibus 6, ad

suturas impressis, undique~ longitudinaliter crassicostulatis, costis scalari-

formibus, interstitiis trasversim tenuissime striatis, apertura ovata, margine

columellari fortiter uniplicato. Long. 2, lat. °75 mm.

About twenty specimens. This species I venture to name after Mr, Edgar

A, Smith, as a very small token of appreciation for his invariable kindness and

assistance. The smaller size, turreted or graduate whorls, thick, longitudi-

nal, scalariform ribs, and extremely fine transverse. striations, ‘differentiate

this little species from Pyrgulina interstriata, Souverbie, and other allies,

Amongst the Bombay species of this genus, which is sometimes taken-as a”

section of Odostomia, the following occur in more or less plenty :—

P, callista, Melvill. Twelve of this most beautiful form in the second

consignment of shell-sand ; only four in the first.

P. casta, Adams, <A few, not quite typical ; may be a different species, ©

P. interstriatu,Souverbie. I cannot separate the most abundant-species at

Bombay from this. I have specimens from the Gloyne Collection, from

Upolu, precisely similar.

P, pyrgomella, n, sp.

P, edgarii, 1. sp.

20. TURBONILLA ABERCROMBIEI, n.sp. Pl. Fig. 7. .

T. testa pergracili, attenuata, albida, nitida, anfractibus 11-12, subturritis,

omnibus longitudinaliter recticostatis, costis interstitiisque sque levissimis,

anfractu apicali in specimine juvenali, heterostropho, vitreo, apertura

subquadrata, peristomate simplice, Long. 4, lat,1 mm.

Three specimens, of whieh two are juvenile, showing the apical nucleus,

and the third mature, but not quite perfect. Conjecturally, the whorls would ©

be eleven or twelve The longitudinal ribs are straight, the -whole surface

is very smooth, and the mouth is square, I have much pleasure in associating

with this species the name of my friend Mr. Abercrombie, to whose kindness

I am indebted for the whole of the material descanted upon in this paper.

21. TURBONILLA soRORIA,; n, sp. Pl. Fig. 17.

T. testa gracili, attenuata, albido ochracea, semipellucida, tenui,° apice

heterostropho, anfractibus 11-13, subventricosis, undique longitudinaliter rec-

ticostatis, costis, interstitiisque levissimis, apertura ovata, peristomate sim-

plice. Long. 6 mm. sp. maj.,lat. 1 mm.

Several specimens, in -various stages of growth; the younger shells all

showing the mamillate heterostrophe apex so distinguishing a trait of this

family. In form resembling T. acuticostata, Jeffreys,: The tr:vial name now

imposed suggests such affinity.

Te oe ee ee

. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS, 513

22, .TURBONILLA TEREBRINA, u. 8p, Pl,. Fig, 20,

T. testa gracillima,multum attenuata, candida, nitida, perlevi, anfractibus

~11, longitudinaliter levissimi-costatis, interstitiis: omnino levyibus, apertura

_ oblonga, peristomate simplice, Long. 6, lat. 1:15 mm,

About the same size asthe preceding, but a more solid, shining shell

-with smoothly -rounded ribs, scarcely elevated, and the interstices also

quite smooth ; mouth-oblong, lip simple, Five specimens, The superficial

likeness to a species of Terebra suggested the trivial name, It belongs

to the typical genus Turbonilla proper, and is nearly allied to some

European species, ‘

23, TURBONILLA (PYRGOSTELIS) EMILLH, n, sp, PI, Fig, 25.

T. testa minuta, oblonga, cylindrica, candida, apice mamillari heteros-

‘tropho, anfractibus 6, undique longitudinaliter recticostatis, interstitiis trans-

versim arcte tenuissimi striatis, apertura ovata, peristomate, paullum incrassato,

‘margine columellari simplice. Long. 1°75, lat. 75 mm.

A very small, straightly-whorled, white, semipellucid species, of which

-many specimens occurred. in the last: consignments of shell shingle, but which

was not noticed in previous siftings, I am not quite satisfied with the loca-

tion, though it seems to resemble in form such species as Pyrgostelis flexucsa?

Jeffreys, Had a columellar plaint been present, no doubt it would be rele-

gated to Pyrgulina, I venture to associate with this little shell the christian

name of Mr, Abercrombie,

24, CINGULINA ARCHIMEDEA,n. sp. PI, Fig. 2.

C. testa pyramidato-fusiformi, candida, concinna, solidiuscula, anfractibus

11, transversim spiraliter acute bicarinatis interstitiis oblique rudi-lineatis

ultimo anfractu apud basim levi, ad peripheriam angulato, apertura sub-

quadrata, labro simplice, Long. 5, lat, 1°75 mm.

Three specimens all precisely similar, of a pure white shell, with a slight

bluish tinge in parts, spirally acutely twice keeled on the whorls, which would

be in a perfect specimen eleven in number, but none of those before us have

the apex complete ; the keels are sharp and projecting, At the base the shell

is smooth, the aperture is squarely angular, mouth simple, This species is

the most sharply carinate of any Cinguline we have examined, The

miniature screw-like appearance suggested the trivial name, after Archimedes,

the celebrated Syracusan mathematician, inventor of the screw, whois reported

to have taken for his model thereof the well-known Mediterranean shell

Turritella terebra, L.

25. PHASIANELLA MINIMA, n. sp. PI, Fig. 11.

P. testa minutissima, perforata, solidiuscula, alba, nitida, anfractibus 5,

tumescentibus, ventricosis levissimis, rubro-punctatis et flammulatis, apud

mediom anfractus ultimi squarrose rubro-maculatis, maculis transversis,

paucis, apud basim multipunctatis, apertura ovatorotunda, labro simplice,

Long, 2 mm. sp. maj., lat, 1 mm.

d14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ,

A very minute shell, which I cannot exactly match with any portrayed

and described in Pilsbry’s exhaustive collaboration of the genus, It comes

near to P, umbilicata, D'Orb., from Cuba and Florida, but would seem even

more tumid than that species, while it is entirely smooth, with no impressed

lines ; the shell is perforate, solid, white, shining, very smooth, with five

whorls ; whorls extremely tumid and ventricose, impressed at the sutures,

painted with a sprinkling of minute red dots, these most profuse at the base

of the shell ; a little below the lower half of the last whorl there is a trans-

verse row of a few somewhat square, dark red spots; the mouth is oval, outer

lip simple,

Ten specimens, but mostly not full-grown.

26. TELLINA (TELLINELLA) THYMAPES,n. sp. Pl, Fig. 9,

T. testa delicatula, tenui, alba, subtrapeziformi, compressa, concentrice

multi-costulata, margine dorsali declivi, serrulato, latere antico expanso

rotundato, postico truncatulo, margine ventrali latus ad posticum contractor

deflexo, Long, 13, lat. 20 mm,

A most delicate species, resembling in texture, but not in form, such

species as Tellina perplexa or T, lyra, both of Hanley. The shell is trape-

zium-shaped, compressed, delicate white, thin, regularly concentrically closely

ribbed, the dorsal margin sloping slightly, thus recalling the genus Tellidora

(e.g., TZ’. crystallina), serrulate both posteriorly and anteriorly, the anterior

side being roundly expansive, somewhat truncate posteriorly, the ventral

margin contracted towards the posterior side.

The specific name is from the Greek 4vudpns, ‘delicate,’

EXPLANATION OF PLATE,

1. Bittium tenthrenois. 14, Adeorbis vanikoroides.

2. Cingulina archimedea. 1. Ceri‘ hiopsis robricincta.

8. Cerithiopsis pulch: rrima. 16. Syrnola metria,

4, Rissoina pachystoma, 17. Turbonilla sororia.

5. Oscilla indica. 18. Aclis eoa.

6. Miralda idalima, 19, Eulima dens-colubri,

7. Turbonilla abercrombiei. 20, Turbonilla terebrina,

8, Cerithiopsis sykesii, 21. Pyrgulioa edgarii.

9. Tellina thymares. 22, Odostomia antelia.

10. Aclis atemeles. 23. Rissoina epeniroma.

11. Phasianella minima. 24, Pyrgulina pyrgomella.

12. Solarium homalaxis. 25. Turbonilla emilia.

18, Odostomia syrnoloides. 26. Myonia gavis3.

( The above paper appeared in the Proceeding: of the Malacological Society, Vo!. IT, Part 8,

Man. Conch., ser. I, vl. x, p. 162, etc.)

515

‘TNOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES AND

THE NEW TREATMENT OF VENOMOUS BITES. —

By Docror A. CaLMerrr,

Director of the Pasteur Institute at Lille.

‘The fact has long been recorded that certain warm-blooded ani-

mals—the mongoose, the pig, and the hedgehog, for example—present

a natural inimunity to the bites of snakes. The pig readily devours

vipers, and is even trained, in some countries, to destroy these animals.

During my stay in Indo-China, I inoculated a young pig with a

-dose of cobra poison sufficient to kill a large dog; the animal resisted

the poison, but I did not repeat this experiment. In the Pasteur

Institute I experimented with a specimen of pig’s serum from the

slaughter-house; 3cc., 5cc. and 8cc. of this serum mixed with a fatal

dose of cobra poison showed no antitoxic effect 7m vitro. The rabbits

which had received these mixtures, as well as others which had

received 10cc. of pig’s serum as a preventive, died at the same time as

the control animals which had been inoculated with the fatal dose of

venom diluted with 8vc. of water.

Thanks to the kindness of M. Lecorre, Chief Medical Officer for

the Colonies, and of M. Pignet, Chemist for the Colonies, I have been

able to procure six living mongooses from Martinique, and I have

ascertained that the saying in the Antilles which attributes to these little

carnivores (Viverrides, genus Herpestes) a real immunity against the

bites ot Trigonocephalus fer-de-lance is partially justified. Mongooses

were imported from Barbadoes to Guadaloupe twenty-five years ago

with the view of destroying the rats in the island. At the present time

an effort is being made to spread them to Martinique, because they —

wage desperate war against the snakes and rats which, to the great

injury of the Colonists, abound in the sugar plantations.

The six mongooses which were sent to me had been captured in

Guadaloupe, where there are no venomous snakes, During their stay

in Martinique they remained in captivity; their immunity with regard

to the venom could not therefore proceed from their being accustomed

to the bites of venomous reptiles.

Immediately on their arrival at the laboratory I placed one of the

mongooses in a glass cage with a large cobra de capello. The cobra sat

616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

up at once, dilating his hood, and threw himself furiously upon the

little carnivore which, eluding him with agility, avoided his attack and

took refuge, frightened for the moment, in a corner of the cage. But

recovering quickly from his stupor, the mongoose, just at the moment

when the cobra was preparing to fall upon him again, threw himself

open-jawed upon the head of the reptile, bit his upper jaw vigorously,

and crushed his head in a few seconds.

From the experimental point of view, this battle, as stirring as it

was rapid, did not teach us much, except the fact that a mongoose, the -

size of a large squirrel, can easily make an end of a cobra two metres

in length. It was impossible to know for certain whether the mon-

goose had been bitten by the reptile.

I then inoculated a second mongoose with one millegr. of venom (a

dose fatal in three hours to a rabbit of two kilogrs.); the animal resisted

perfectly this inoculation, and did not experience the least discomfort.

I then took blood from three ether mongooses by tying a carotid

without kiiling them. This blood either mixed with venom or inject-

ed preventively into rabbits has a decided antitoxic power, but insuffi-

cient to protect the animals with certainty from death. All the

rabbits which received a preventive dose varying from 2 to “cc. of

‘mongoose serum succumbed to the inoculation of venom, but consider-

ably later than the control animals.

I attempted to determine the limit of tolerance of the mongoose

with regard to the venom. ‘Two of these animals which had never been

in contact with snakes in the laboratory, and which had never been

inoculated, received one a dose of venom four times fatal, the other a

dose six times fatal to a rabbit, The first was not ill, the second was

uneasy for two days and then recovered,

A third mongoose into which I injected eight times the dose fatal to

a rabbit succumbed in twelve hours.

The mongoose of the AntilJes is, then, but little sensitive to the

venom ; it is able to bear without discomfort very considerable doses

rejatively to its size, but its immunity is not absolute. If it generally

triumphs in its struggles with venomous snakes, it is chiefly due to

the extreme agility with which it is endowed.

India is known as the country par excellence of snake charmers.

An entire caste of individuals is found there called Mal, whose calling

INOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES. 517

is to catch and sell snakes, but who do not perform jugglery with

them. The charmers or Psylles are recruited from another caste, that

ef the Sangis or Tubriwallahs of Bengal.

These Psylles handle the cobra capello with a really marvellous

dexterity. All travellers who have had occasion to put into an Indian

port have witnessed scenes similar to that described by Natalis

Rondot: —

“‘Towards six o’clock in the evening a Hindu juggler comes on

board. He is poorly clothed, wears a turban ornamented with three

feathers, and has several necklaces of those amulet bags called in

Senegal gris-gris. He has a spectacled cobra capello in a flat basket.

“This man settles himself on the deck ; we seat ourselves on the

bench, the sailors form a circle round.

“The basket is placed on the deck and uncovered. The cobra igs

lying flat at the bottom. The juggler squats a few paces off and

begins to play a slow, plaintive, monotonous air on a sort of little

clarionet, the sounds of which recall those of the Breton beniou. Little

by little the snake moves, stretches itself, then sits up. It does not

leave the basket. At first it appears uneasy, tries to examine its

surroundings, becomes agitated, distends its hood, becomes irritated,

blows rather than hisses loudly, and shoois out its slender forked

tongue often and quickly; it darts forwards several times, as if to

strike the juggler; it trembles frequently or rather makes sudden

‘starts. The juggler all the time has his eyes upon the cobra and

regards it with a singular fixity. At the end of some time, about ten

or twelve minutes, the cobra becomes less animated, grows calm, then

balances itself as if sensible of the slow and monotonous cadence of

the musician; it darts out its tongue incessantly with extreme vivacity;.

by degrees it is brought to a certain state of somnolence. The eyes,

which at first watched the juggler as if to take him by surprise, are

in @ manner immobilized and fascinated by the look of the latter.

The Hindu takes advantage of this moment of stupefaction on the

_ part of the snake to approach him slowly without ceasing to play, and

upon the head of the cobra he places first his nose and then his tongue.

Although this takes but an instant the cobra is roused with a start and

the juggler has barely the time to throw himself back to avoid the

snake which darts furiously upon him.

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT.

«We doubt whether the cobra still has its fangs and whether the

Hindu runs any real danger in approaching it. We promise our

man a Spanish dollar if he will make the snake bite two fowls. A

black hen is brought struggling very vigorously and is presented to

the cobra. The latter sits up partially, looks at the fowl, bites it and

lets go. The fowl is set free, it rans off in fright. Six minutes after-

wards, watcb in hand, it vomits, stiffens its claws and dies. A second

hen is placed in front of the snake; it bites her twice: she dies in

eight minutes.”*

Some jugglers exhibit snakes from which they have taken care to

extract the fangs or to extirpate the glands, but it is incontestable

that many of them—for I have satisfied myself on this point—per-

form their tricks with cobras in whom the venomous apparatus is

absolutely intact. It is due to their perfect acquaintance with the

habits and movements of the reptile that they almost always avoid

being bitten. Nevertheless accidents sometimes happen to them and

every year some fall victims in the course of their jugglery. It

appears therefore that they do not know how to render themselves

immune to the venom by any method.

However, in a paper published in 1895 (British Medical Journal,

17th August), Professor Fraser of Edinburgh cites a certain number

of experiments performed in his laboratory upon white rats and kittens,

from which it would appear that the prolonged injection of the venom

in the end renders these animals absolutely refractory to the subeuta~

neous inoculation of doses many times fatal of the same venom. He

concludes from this that probably this method of vaccination must be

in use amongst snake charmers.

I must say that, on repeated occasions, I have attempted without

success to demonstrate these facts recorded by Professor Fraser, I

have succeeded in making rabbits, guinea-pigs and pigeons absorb

enormous doses of cobra poison by the stomach.

I have administered thus up to a thousand times the fatal dose, and

never have I been able to ascertain, contrary to what one finds in the

ease of abrine and ricine (Ehrlich), that the serum of these animals

bevame antitoxic, even in a feeble degree. It appears to me certain

that the venom is neither destroyed nor absorbed in the digestive tube,

Norg.—A, E, Brehm:—‘ Les reptiles,” p. 430,

INOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES. 519

and this is confirmed by the experiments of Répui (Ann, de (Inst.

Pasteur, Juin, 1895). This non-absorption is probably due to the fact

that the venom does not dialyse through the membranes except with

extreme slowness.

In Mexico certain Indians called Curados de Culebras know how to

acquire the privilege of being able to be bitten by the most venomous

snakes without the least danger to life, by inoculating themselves

several times with the fangs of crotales. During a visit to Tuxpan,

Dr. Jacolot, Naval Surgeon, made enquiry respecting these Curados

de Culebras aad convinced himself that their immunity is indeed real.

The method of vaccination employed by the natives of Tuxpuan is as

follows :— .

‘““ A preparatory treatment is necessary. The same day that the man

inoculactes himself or has himself inoculated, he takes from five to

fifteen tubers of a plant known as mano de sapo (toad’s hand, Dor-

stenia contrayerva), These tubers, and this is very important, must be

administered on a Friday, and always an uneven number—five, seven,

nine, &c., up to fifteen, according to the tolerance of the subject.

“ If the plant is gathered the first Friday of the month of March, it

possesses its marvellous properties in the highest degree; then, even

when dry, it is excellent as a preparation for inoculation.

“ Ordinarily the root of mano de sapo is taken fresh. Another indis-

pensable precaution is to abstain, during the period of treatment, from

all sexual relations for three days after the second and one day after

the third.

‘¢ The inoculation is begun on the dorsal surface of the left foot, taking

care not to hit upon a vein, The skin is torn with the extremity of

the fang, so that it bleeds a little. From the left foot they proceed to

the right fist, then to the right foot and to the left fist, always alter-

nating from one side of the body to the other. Then in turn to the

right thigh and left arm.

“ All the limbs are thus inoculated. On the trunk an inoculation is

made in the median line on a level with the sternum, another at the

nape of the neck, and finally one on the head on the middle of the

forehead—in all eleven inoculations.

’ §* Seven series of such inoculations is the minimum required to protect -

a man with certainty from the spell of the snake and at the same time

}

520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

to confer upon him the power of healing by suction the bites of the

most venomous snakes.’’*

Superstition and mystification play, it is seen, a very great part in

this preventive treatment which the Curados de Culebras of Central

America undergo, but it is not surprising that—thanks to these succes-

sive inoculations—they succeed in attaining an immunity sufficient to

preserve them from the ordinary bites of snakes. Can it be that the

snake-charmers of Egypt, of Tunis, and certain classes in India possess

secrets of the same kind? The fact appears to me in any case very

probable.

M. d’Abbadie recently communicated to the Academie des Sciences

(24th February, 1896) a note by Colonel Serpa Pinto relative to an-

other method of vaccination used by the natives of Mozambique, and

to which the Colonel himself submitted :—

“Tt was at Inhambane (east coast of Africa) amongst the Vatuas

that I was vaccinated.

“They extract the poison of a snake called in Portuguese Alcatija

(carpet); thus named on account of the varieties of colour in its skin

which resembles a carpet. I amignorant of the means employed to

obtain the poison. This poison is mixed with vegetable substances

and forms with them a very brown sticky paste. They make two

parallel incisions in the skin, five millimetres long each, and introduce

into them the paste containing the poison. These incisions are made on

the arms near the junction of the radius and ulna with the carpal bones,

on the back of the hand, on the back, on the shoulder-blades, and on

the feet near the great toe. After the operation they exact an oath

that the vaccinated man will never kill a venomous snake, because they

say that henceforth the snake is his intimate friend, and they throw

upon him an Alcatifa snake which does not bite him. When I under-

went this operation I was swollen all over for eight days and suffered

every imaginable pain.

“T have never been bitten by any snake and cannot affirm that this

remedy is infallible. The Vatuas say that it is, and they never killa

snake.

“A short time after being vaccinated I was stung in the Seychelles.

Islands by a scorpion and felt no pain from it; ten years later, when

* Notes by Dr. Jacelot (“ Arch. de Méd- Navale,’ 1867, p 890).

INOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES. 521

travelling in Africa, 1 was again stung by a scorpion which caused me so

much pain, that for eight days I thought I should die or lose my arm.”

In France, in the departments where vipers are very numerous,

certain individuals who have a reputation for their skill in catching

these reptiles enjoy a complete immunity against their bites. One of

these snake-hunters, who lives in the Jura and to whom I am indebted

for a portion of the venom used in my experiment, can aliow himself

to be bitten several times in the same summer with impunity. Hach

season he intentionally gets bitten once or twice in order to preserve

his immunity; if he did not take this precaution, he would expose

himself, he asserts, to grave risks. Thus it is possible for man, under

certain circumstances, to acquire the power of resisting the poisonous

effects of snake-bite. We shall see that the same is true of animals,

As far back as 1887 Sewall (Journal of Physiology) had shown that

the organism can become gradually resistent to the action of snake-

poison just as to that of infectious virus such as charbon. By inject-

ing very small quantities of poison he succeeded in rendering animals

refractory to the effects of doses large enough to kill rapidly animals

which had not been thus prepared.

Somewhat later, in 1889, Kaufmann obtained the same result in the

course of his studies upon the poison of the viper. He succeeded in

getting animals to stand quantities of poison two or three times fatal.

In a communication to the Society of Biology (February 10th,

1894) I mentioned the methods by which I succeeded in rendering

rabbits and guinea-pigs really immune to considerable doses of poison,

and I demonstrated that an animal which is immune to the poison of

the cobra, for instance, is so also to that of the viper or Hoplocephalus

and vice versa.

M.M. Phisalix and Bertrand also announced (Acad. des

Sciences, February 5th, and Soc. de Biologie, February 10th, 1894)

that they had been able to secure to the guinea-pig immunity against

the poison of the viper by means of preventive inoculations of this

same poison heated to 80° in a bain marie for 10 to 15 minutes,

One can, therefore, render animals refractory to the inoculation of a

fatal dose of venom either by accustoming them to it by repeated

doses, or, as I have pointed out, by mixing alkaline hypochlorites or

chloride of gold with the venom, or by the venom modified by heat.

522. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

The first method is capable of giving a very solid immunity against

considerable doses of poison, but it is slow, and its application requires

very careful surveillance. If animals are injected with increasing

doses at short intervals, they speedily become thin and succumb. It is

necessary to begin with very weak doses, continued for a long time,

and to increase the quantity of venom injected little by little, until,

after four or five months of treatment, the animals are able to stand

without being ill a dose which would kill 100 fresh animals.

The surest method to adopt in vaccinating any animals, whether

rabbits, guinea-pigs, dogs or horses, consists in injecting at first, for

four weeks, increasing quantities of venom mixed with decreasing

quantities of a solution of 1 in 60 of hypochlorite of lime. The ini-

tial dose of venom, of course, varies according to the relative toxicity

of the latter; it should not exceed half the minimum fatal dose.

The variation in weight of the animals must be carefully observed,

and the intervals between the injections regulated according to the

state of health. In this way one succeeds little by little in setting up

a toleration, first of four to five times the fatal dose, then of doses

double, triple, and at last centuple and even more.

The serum of animals immunised against venoms by either of the

preceding methods possesses properties similar to those which Behring

and Kitasato, Roux and Vaillard ascertained to exist in the serum of

animals immunised against tetanus and diphtheria.

This fact mentioned by me in the Société de Biologie (February

10th, 1894) had been observed at ihe same time by M.M. Phisalix

and Bertrand in the case of guinea-pigs vaccinated against the venom

of the viper by the method described by these experimenters. It was

confirmed a year later by Professor Fraser of Edinburgh (British

Medical Journal, June, 1895), who successfully repeated almost all the

experiments of which I had published the results in the Annales de

P Institut Pasteur (May, 1894, p. 275.)

If 1 milligramme of cobra poison or 4 milligrammes of viper’s

venom is mixed zn vitro with a small quantity of serum from an immu~

nised rabbit, and if with this mixture a fresh rabbit is inoculated, the

latter experiences no discomfort.

. It is not necessary that the serum should be taken from an animal

vaccinated against a venom of the same origin as that introduced

=" -

INOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES, 523

into the mixture. The serum of a rabbit immunised against cobra or

viper venom acts indifferently upon all the venoms with which I have

experimented,

The action of the serum is the same in the organism before or after

the poisoning as zn vitro. If we inject, for instance, into the perito-

neum or under the skin of a fresh rabbit one c.c. of serum from an

animal immunised against a dose of venom one hundred times fatal,

and immediately afterwards inoculate into the muscles of the paw a

twice fatal dose of pure venom, the animal will not even he ill; and if,

after the injection of preventive serum, we wait twenty~four or forty-

eight hours before introducing the venom, we shall ascertain that this

also produces no toxic effect. Our rabbit is then immunised from the

first by the serum it has received.

On the other hand let us inject into a second rabbit the twice fatal

dose of venom which will kill a control animal in about three hours.

Let us then, one hour or evenan hour and a-half later, when the

symptoms of poisoning begin to be manifested (regurgitations, accelera-

tion of the heart’s action, dyspnoea, slight paresis of the limbs) in-

ject into the peritoneum and under the skin at different points of the

body 2 cc. or 3 ¢c.c. of our immunising serum.

The animal remains for a longer or shorter time in an alarming

condition of malaise, characterised at first by a slight rise of tempera-.

ture, then by a high fever. Its temperature rises from 1 to 5 degrees.

for 48 hours, then falls gradually to normal. From that time all.

danger is at an end.

The serum of animals immunised against venoms is, therefore, not,

only capable of acting upon these venoms in vitro, but it is also pre~.

ventive and therapeutic, exactly like that of animals immunised against,

diphtheria or tetanus.

The antitoxic power zn vitro and the preventive power naturally;

vary according to the dose of venom against which the animal which

furnishes the serum is immunised. |

The serum of the horse which we furnish at present at the Pasteur

Institute at Lille is active to the 20,000th—that is. to say, that

1/10th e.c. of this serum injected under the skin of a rabbit weighing

two kilos. is sufficient to preserve it against the injection of a dose of

venom capable of killinga rabbit of the same weight in:less, than. eight

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

hours. The maximum preventive effect is obtained by injeeting the

venom twelve hours after the serum.

The immunity acquired by the injection of serum is thorough, but

it disappears after an interval which, according to my experiments,

does not exceed eight days. Itis then not lasting, differing in this

respect from the immunity produced by the poisons themselves. The

latter holds good in the case of hypervaceinated rabbits for at least

ten months.

The antivenom serum is more active and efficacious for a longer

time according as the animals which furnish it are more highly im-

munised.

The following is the method by which we ascertained the length of

time during which the injection can prevent death after the inocula-

tion of a twice fatal dose of venom in our animals.

We inoculated a certain number of rabbits, let us say under the

skin of the thigh, with the same dose of vyenom—1 milligr. of cobra

poison—and we treated all these animals, with the exception of some

for control purposes, with subcutaneous injections of the serum of a

horse active to the 20,000th. The control animals, not thus treated,

died in from three to four hours.

The rabbits which had half a cubic centimetre of therapeutic serum

half an hour, three quarters of an hour or one hour after the venom,

all resisted the poison.

Those which got the therapeutic serum between one hour and one

hour and a-half after the venom, resisted in the proportion of two in _

three.

The injection of 1 c. c. of serum one hour and a-half after the poison

is, as a rule, followed by recovery.

This interval once passed, recovery is no longer possible, because the

rise of temperature and the bulbar phenomena characteristic of the

poisoning have already begun to show themselves.

In man it is possible that intervention by means of the antivenom

serum may be efficacious much later on, as it is rare for bulbar symp-

toms to be manifested under three hours.

In the commonest cases death supervenes between ten and twelve

hours after the bite, and even later still when the bite is caused by the

Crotalus bothrops, and the snakes of Australia.

ee ee

INOCULATION AGAINST THE VENOM OF SNAKES, 525

In the case of the cobra, the Daboia and the Bungara, the statistics

of Fayrer, based upon a total of 65 fatal cases, give a mean period of

survival as follows :—

Proportion

per cent,

Under 2 hours ... 8 ey ae 22°96

From 2 to 10 hours ies aa ss 24°58

a (Ped Ce a aK nee 23°05

Sy Tee: Coa ae “ah Ae 9°36

Above 24 hours... 200 ane sae 21°10

Admitting that, as regards India, it may be impossible to succour

in time persons classed in the first category above, who succunk in

less than two hours, it is plain that the treatment has a great chance

of being efficacious in the case of all the others, that is, in 77-04 per

cent. of those otherwise doomed to death,

This new application of serum therapy should be immediately

brought into general use in all cases of venomous bites in countries

like India, Australia, the Malay Archipelago, the Cape, Natal, the

Transvaal, Egypt, Brazil, Central America and the Southern States,

where snakes make such numerous victims every year.

The Governments of these countries should at once create stations

for medical aid at least in the principal agricultural centres and in

forest and mining works, where any person bitten by a venomous

reptile can repair in the shortest possible time to seek assistance.

These stations should be provided with a supply of serum, hypodermic

injection syringes, a constantly fresh solution of hypochioride of lime,

and other medicaments and necessaries for the dressing of wounds.

The expense of carrying out this organization would be small

indeed compared with the immense services rendered thereby.

The above is an extract from a work lately published by the “ Société

d editions scientifiques,’ Paris.

526

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, L—AN IRON BAND ON A TIGER’S TOOTH.

(With a Plate.)

T send herewith two photographs of the skull of a tiger, shot by me at

Ekambi in the Kanara District, on the 17th of February, 1880, and which you

may think of interest, as, in its way, it is, 1 fancy, quite unique. The tiger

was a very old male, measuring 9 ft, 84 inches; his skin was very pale and

faded, which I think as a rule means age, and he was well known in the

neighbourhood. He was supposed to be under the protection of a village

temple and to bear a charmed life,as he had been repeatedly fired at by

different officers, but had always escaped unwounded, On my killing him

my shikari did a thing which I never saw done before or since. He filled

his two hands full of the blood, which was pouring from the wound in the

tiger’s neck, and plastered himself all over with it, But all this has nothing

to do with the interest in the skull which consists in the broad iron band

round the left upper large canine tooth. The photographs show it very

distinctly, and you will notice, from the front view of the skull, that the iron

has eaten its way through the gum and has destroyed a considerable portion

of the bone of the jaw, so that it must have been on the tooth for a long

time before the tiger was killed. The band does not quite meet round the

tooth, the open ends being on the inside and compressed into it, and they

have eaten away some of theivory. The question is, how this band could

possibly have got into its present position ? My idea is, that the band formed

a link in a rough chain round a bu!lock’s neck, and that the tiger in seizing

the bullock got the tooth through the link and was unable to get rid of it,

I have never noticed a chain of this kind round a bullock’s neck, but there

might have been an attachment of this sort to the bells they frequently

wear,

T, MACPHERSON,

Lieut,-Col.

BEAMINSTER, ENGLAND, June, 1897,

No. I1—THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF SCENT IN ANIMALS

AND OTHER MATTERS.

With the greatest difidence I venture to offer a few suggestions on this

subject, prompted by the desire to offer an answer to the question pro-

pounded by Mr. Hardly Wilmott in his paper read at a recent meeting of the

Society. He asks how it is that an animal will not wind a man who is raised

a few feet above the ground, and why the most chary of the deer tribe will

graze without concern round a tree in which a man is concealed ? The more

Journ. Bombay. Nat.Hist Soc.

Photographed by Col.T Macpherson. Mintern Bros, Photo imp.Lo

IRON BAND ON A TIGERS TOOTH.

MISCELLANEOUS NGTES. 527

important question he seems to take for granted, that is, do any of the deer

met with in India wind a man when he is on the ground? In the first place, I

should like to define what I conceive to be the distinction between scenting

and winding, An animal is said to scent when the earth is the medium which

conveys 2 particular taint to its nostrils, and its instinct in most cases induces

it to follow the trail; when the taint is air-borne an animal is said to wind it,

and when this power is protective it warns the animal to fly. For instances

red deer in Scotland and bison in India have this protective power, but how

far sambhar and cheetal, the deer most often seen in Indian jungles, possess

this power, opens, I think, a wide field for discussion. Animals as a rule are

gifted with certain powers to protect themselves against their natural enemies,

and generally particular powers are specially developed in each animal,accord-

ing to the nature of the country inhabited by it. An old German saying, quot-

edin the Badminton Library, illustrates this : “The deer heard it, the chamois

saw it, the pig:smelt it,’”’ In the Scotch deer forests, where a large area can be

covered with the eye, and the unevenness of the ground renders a stalk com-

paratively easy, the deer can wind the presence of man at an extraordinary

distance, while, from the above quotation, it would seem that the deer which

inhabit the thickly wooded forests of Europe, depend for their protection on

their powers of hearing. As far as my own experience goes I believe that

sambhar and cheetal depend entirely on their powers of seeing and hearing,

which are very acute, though I regret to say my evidence on this point is all

of a negative character. Mr, Inverarity in his papers on sambhar and

cheetal published in this Journal, makes no mention of their being able to

wind human beings and, as far as I know, when stalking, he never takes the

wind into consideration, In good jungle, whether going up or down wind,

one always sees a fair number of deer, though of course it is impossible to say

if deer can wind a human being ; how many have gone of without being

seen, I think if they could, one would not see half the number one does,

I have often watched sambhar and cheetal without being seen, and they have

never shown any signs of winding my presence, though the wind must on

some occasions have been blowing towards them,

Generally, the first thing that alarms them is some unwonted sound, when

they bring their ears forward and then look for the cause, When asambhar

first sees you, it will continue staring for several seconds before bolting, so

that you can always get a standing shot if you see it soon enough, while I

have generally found that a cheetal] concludes at once that you are not a

desirable acquaintance and gallops out of range before stopping again, At

night one often hears sambhar and cheetal barking quite close to and all

around the camp, alarmed no doubt by seeing the fires and hearing the men’s

voices, but apparently in no way warned by the taint of man’s presence, as they

may be seen the next morning a few minutes after starting, Cheetal are said

to bark at night when there is a tiger about, but how they detect his presence

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

I cannot say, Anyhow it seems a very foolish practice and perhaps they

bark for some different reason altogether. I have also heard cheetal making a

curious noise like a rattle, which my shikari said was produced by the stag,

and as 1 heard some distance off another answer in a similar way ; the first

may have been in the nature of a challenge to a rival, The doe sambhar

when alarmed, if it cannot see the cause of the alarm, will often keep on

barking fora long time, but I have never heard a stag bark in this way. If

with a herd, he allows the does to keep watch for him, though I have seen

him pay no attention to their barking but only follow them when they

bolted, The only stag I have ever convicted of talking wasa young one

which, after staring at me for some seconds, went off with a short bark, and I

have heard a bull nilgbai make much the same sort of noise. That panthers

and tigers hunt by scent seems to me rather doubtful.—I have been in

country where, if this were so, | must have frequently come across natural kills.

Deer were plentiful, and tiger and panther were always about, yet in many

weeks I have only come across one fresh kill by a panther, and scarcely ever

seen even the trace of a kill by a tiger. My own theory is that tigers use their

noses very little. The tracks ofa man or elephant may attract them, but the

smell produces no impression on their minds ; it does not prompt them either

to run away from it or to follow it up, and a man standing behind a tree

would have just as good a chance of a shot as if he were sitting in the tree,

Their powers of memory are marvellous, A tiger will often go miles away

from his kill and retvrn to it again the next night, but if you drag it away a

few yards and hide it he is often unable to find his expected dinner, One

often has to drag away a kill so that it a ay be within convenient distance of

the tree in which the machan is erected, and I certainly know of one case

where the tizer came back to where he had killed, went to the place where

he had himself dragged the kill, but could not follow it any further. Again a

tiger will often pass within a few yards of a “‘ gurah ” tied up without appa-

rently having noticed it, and though it may be said that he had been rendered

suspicious by scenting the tracks of the men who had tied up or fed the

“ gurah,”’ if this were the reason no tiger would ever kill a “ gurah ”.

N. C, MACLEOD.

Bompay, 20th October, 1897.

No. II].—THE DESTRUCTION OF LOCUSTS BY MEANS

OF ARSENIC,

Cultivators in many regions of the globe will be interested in what appears

to have been a successful series of locust-destroying experiments carried out.

in Natal, a report of which has been published in that colony as a Government

notice. From a note in the Times, it appears that all attempts to suppress the

locust scourge have proved only partially successful, with the excep=

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 529

tion of the plan of poisoning with arsenic, which, it is asserted, has met with

absolute and unqualified success, The mixture used is prepared by heating

four gallons of water to boiling point, and then adding 1 Ib, of caustic soda.

As soon as this is dissolved, 1 lb. of arsenic is added, after which the liquid is

well stirred and boiled for a few minutes, care being taken that the fumes are’

not inhaled, When required for use, half a gallon of the liquid is added to

four gallons of hot or cold water, with 10 lb, of brown sugar, A still better

preparation is made by adding half a gallon of the poisonous liquid to five

gallons of treacle, Maize-stalks, grass, &c., dipped in the mixture, are placed

along the roads and in the fields, and the materia! can also be splashed with a

brush upon anything which the locusts are known to have a liking for, At-

tracted by the odour of the sugar or treacle over a distance of as much as 100

yards, the locusts will eat of the mixture and die. These are eaten by other:

locusts, and in a few days’ time the ground may become strewn with the dead

_ bodies of the insects, With ordinary care no risk of poisoning any human

being is incurred, whilst the small quantity of the material on a piece of grass

or maize stalk is said to be insufficient to injure stock of any kind—fowls

have been known to feed without injury on the arsenic destroyed locusts.

The evidence adduced indicates that “ hoppers,” however numerous, can be

destroyed in a few days, and the crops thus saved from their ravages.

No. IV.—THE SCCIAL SYSTEM OF TERMITES.,

Though more than a century has elapsed since Smeathman published the

first careful account of the Termitide, but few workers have substantially

increased our knowledge of the subject. The reasons for this apparent

apathy lie, indeed, on the surface. With few exceptions the Termites are

tropical or sub-tropical in habitat; avoiding light, and living in vast

concealed communities, their cryptic manner of life renders the task of

observation extremely prolonged and arduous, while the multiplicity of

forms ina single species, and the difficulties attending their preservation,

have earned them little regard from the systematist,

The first marked advance towards unravelling the complexity of the

termite community was made by the great naturalist so lately lost: to

science, Fritz Miller, Following out Lespés’ observations on the nymphs, he

showed that a certain number of Termitide reach maturity and propagate

without leaving the nest or acquiring the imaginal characteristics, and

contended that the function of the swarming adults was not that of

founding fresh colonies, but of furnishing royal pairs to pre-existing orphaned

nests.

1“ The Constitution and Development of the Society of Termites, &,” By Prof B, Grassi ana

Dr. A. Sandias. English translation in the Quart«rly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 39 and 40,

with five plates,

530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

His conclusions were supported by observations in nature, but were not

made the subject of experiment ; they are to be regarded as suggestions,

which, however, approach very nearly to the truth.

The subject was taken up by Prof, Grassi in order to investigate the origin

of the sterile castes,and the results of seven years’ labour have been put

forward in a monograph which, for the first time, places the nature of the

termite society beyond the reach of speculation, Intricate as the memoir is

in the presentation of facts and inferences, it cannot but leave the reader

with a profound sense of the perseverance, fertility in experiment, and

deductive ability which it reveals,

Species of two genera, Calotermes and Termes were studied, and success

was largely due to the fact that it was found possible to keep small numbers

of the former genus alive for long periods in corked test-tubes containing

rotten wood, Careful observation thus became practicable,and by varying

the number and kind of individuals introduced, their Jevelopment and inter-

relations could be studied,

Grassi’s work on Calotermes shows that the eggs are of one kind and the

newly-hatched larve undifferentiated, the caste distinctions arising after

birth, and depending on the development of the genitalia, If this proces ds

normally, the larva ultimately becomes a winged imago ; if it is arrested at

any period before the completion of the nymph-stage, the larva becomesa

soldier ; and finally, if it is precociously stimulated, a neoteinic form is

produced, one, that is, which reaches sexual maturity without ever acquiring

the imaginal characters, The insect remains plastic until the atrophic change

of the genitalia has been set up ; thus a soldier-larva or soldier cannot be

modified, but a nymph can be converted intoa soldier possessing wing-buds

(a “ nymph-soldier ”\, These buds may be subsequently reabsorbed, so that

a retrogression actually takes place. The colony is headed normally by a

single king and queen derived from the perfect insects ; should either or both

be missing, their place is supplied by neoteinic “ substitute ” forms, which are

then always produced if the society contains examples capable of undergoing

this modification, An orphaned colony may be made to produce a much

larger number of substitutes if subdivided into small societies than if kept

together, and the same is true of the soldiers, This and similar observations

go clearly to show that the modification of these individuals is in no way

predestined.

The insects must possess the faculty for estimating a numerical ratio, and

if the number of soliders or royal substitutes is in excess of their needs, the

supernumeraries are killed and eaten !

The colony of Termes is more complex and more difficult to study : it is

similar in character except that it contains two sterile castes, soldiers and

workers, and two kinds of neoteinic forms, one, the “ complementary royal

forms,” are constantly present in large numbers as the ordinary reproductive

—

~~) Saperiote pe 24

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 531

members; the other, the “substitute forms’ are developed on an

emergency to supply their loss, In Sicily, according to Grassi, the winged

imagos are entirely lost after swarming, and never give rise to fresh

societies ; but there is evidence that this remarkable example of natural

wastefulness is not constantly ev hibited in France, According to Morlatt, the

closely-allied Termes flavipes of North America is known to reproduce by

means of complementary forms alone,

Grassi holds that the caste-modifications are caused by variation in

nutriment, and records a series of minute observations on the rather

repulsive feeding-h bits of these insects, made chiefly by his coadjutor

Dr, Sandias, The staple food is wood, parsed and repassed through the

alimentary canal of several individuals; the society tolerates no waste,

and everything of nutritive value, cast skins and dead bodies aiike, is greedily

devoured,

Newly-born larve and forms destined for sexual maturity are fed upon the

saliva of their comrades, the largest amount being given to those which are

becoming neoteinic ; within forty-eight hours after its administration they

become altered, acquiring ocular pigmentation and a translucent white

appearance, :

It is therefore contended that sexua! development is directly stimulated by

the saliva taken as food ; but a disturbing factor has had to be eliminated.

Thealimentiry canal of most Termites teems with protozoa, which bring

about the dilatation of a cecal ampulla so as to fill the greater part of

the abdomen, These protozoa disappear under the influence of a salivary

diet, and the question has arisen whether the resulting diminution in size

of tke ampuils may cause the gonads to ripen, Grassi answers this in the

negative. All Termites lose their parasitic protuzoa at the time of moult-

ing, anl by taking advantage of this circumstance he has b:en able to keep

co'onies alive for a month or more entirely free from protozoa. A few

exampies only in these colonies became neoteinic ; andit is therefore clear

that the saliva is one, if not the only, necessary factor in bringing about sexual

maturity.

No light has been thrown on the causes which, in Termes, lead to the

differentiation of the soldier from the worker; but it may be reasonably

inferred that they are also due to differences in nutrition.

i As already indicated, the re-ults of this research are directly opposed to

the hypothesis that special ova or special sets of ‘ determinants” exist for the

various castes in Termitide. It is not necessary here to «weil upon this ;oint

which, it may tie recolle:ted, hs been dealt with conclusively by Wr, Herbert

Spencer in his controversy with Prof. Weismann (Contemporary Review,

October, 1894),

The means by which the specil characters of the sterile castes are inherited

ig a matter which has caused Prof, Grassi some trouble, In the original

532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

memoir he appears scarcely to have made up his mind on the point;

but in a footnote appended to the English translation he puts forward the’

supposition previously advanced by him in the case of bees, that it is

to be interpreted by the exceptional occurrence of soldiers and workers

capable of oviposition. This view is supported by the discovery of: a

“ nymph-soldier ” with well-developed ovarian tubes, Much more evi<

dence is still required as to the occasional existence of fertile soldiers and

workers, especially in species, if such exist, in which the caste distinctions

are still incipient. If it can be shown that the evolution of caste charac-

ters is in any way anterior to. the loss of fertility, the difficulties of inter-

pretation will disappear ; at present the evidence points to the fact that

owing to qualitative changes in nutrition, rather than simple mal-nutrition,

an atrophy of the sexual organs is set up which is correlated with a

hypertrophic modification of other structures, by a deflection, so to speak;

of the nutritive stimulus.

Many neoteinic forms show no trace of wings. If: the termite colony

were headed by such forms only, the phenomenon, as Grassi points

out, would occasion no surprise, but all valid evidence would be wanting

that the species had ever possessed wings, This leads to the admission

on his part that there is no proof that all existing wingless insects may

not be descended from winged ancestors, and in the absence of such a

proof he is led to reject Brauer’s division of Insecta into Apter; yer eats

and Pterygogenea.

Space forbids any reference to the full account of the social he habits and

instincts of the species which Prof. Grassi has studied Their intelligence,

though remarkable, is far inferior to that of ants, and may be profitably

contrasted therewith. Whilst referring to this subject, it may be worth while

to call the attention of those interested in animal psychology to two lately-

published pamphlets on the subject, particularly that on the psychology of

ants!, by Father Wasmann, a most careful observer and thorough student of

animal intelligence. :

One practical result of Grassi’s wack requires mention, An isolated group of

ten or a dozen Termites, containing any forms which have not begun to

undergo the atrophic changes induced in the sterile castes, is capable of con

verting such forms into reproductive individuals; and the little society, thus

started, possesses the power of multiplying into a large colony,

It is therefore hopeless to attempt the extermination of Termites merely

by the destruction of the kings and queens.

W. F. H. BLANDForD,

(The above appeared in Nature.)

—-- ———

1 “Instinct and Intelligenz im Thierreich,” and “¢ Vergleichende Studien uber das Seelenleben der

Ameisen und der hohern Thiere;’ by Erich Wasmann, S.J. (Freiburg, 1897). = ~~ ; in

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. = — 533

No, V.—THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES.

. By migration in the case of butterflies one means the frequently observed

habit of the insects of fying in a certain direction, or, to speak more ac-

curately, on one route, They follow one another in hundreds, a steady

continuous flow, seldom more than half a dozen or so passing at the same

time, but the stream never stops for hours, Usually the flight is against the

wind, which suggests that the butterflies are following the scent of some flower

or that they are really meeting the pollen of their food plant up the wind ;

the real difficulty is to account for these processions in any manner which

shall show some symptom of reasonableness, The Danaine are the most often

observed in the act of migration, and | well remember the first procession

that was shown me by Mr. Davidson at his camp at Siddapur, in North

Canara. This consisted entirely of the common Danaine and was passing

steadily across the front of his tent for at least two hours under my observa-

tion, A week ago, in the course of my duty on Mody Bunder,I watched a

procession of Huplva core passing down the harbour just clear of the bunder ;

they were passing for certainly an hour, and may have gone on long after I

had left the place. Many hundreds of butterflies must have passed me in

this hour, There are several points of interest in the occurrence; the first

one suggesting itself to any one who has reared butterflies is the entire im-

possibility of breeding so large a number as you may see passing you in one

of these migrations in anything but a large area ; to follow up this line of

suppositions it is manifest that if they were not all bred in one place they

must have assembled after hatching ; and finally if they were bred as I

suppose over a large area they must have assembled to migrate in response

to some call not yet appreciated by the intellect of man,

8. E. PRALL, Sore,-Caprain,

BomBay, 28th October, 1897,

No. VI—SPEED OF FLIGHT IN BUTTERFLIES,

_ During the monsoon in travelling by rail from Bandra over the Mahim

creek it has been interesting to note the way in which butterflies of all condi-

tions and sizes have used the railway causeway as a road of safety to cross the

water of the creek which is at this point of considerable width, probably

nearly amile. Ona fine morning looking from the carriage windows one

could very clearly see the way in which the crowds of butterflies flew steadily

over the embankment with its flowers and grasses and avoided the water, Tle

difference in the number of butterflies seen on this particular embankment and

others with practically the same vegetation, would seem to warrant the

supposition that insects were using the bank as a safe road from the one side

to the other. The trains run over this part of their journey at speeds varying

from seven to fifteen miles an hour, and while most butterflies seemed to be

534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

unable to keep up with even a slow train, either not flying fast or straight

enough, others,of whom Papilio erithronius was easily the best, seemed to keep

their place without effort beside the windows of the fast train, thus making

their speed of flight about fifteen miles an hour at a modest computation.

8S. E. PRALL, Sura,-Caprain.

BomBay, October, 1897.

No, VII.—CURIOUS ACCIDENT TO A PALM-CIVET.

It is not uncommon for a bird to be found with its tongue projecting

through a wound in the lower mandible, but with animals an accident of this

sort is, | imagine, a much rarer occurrence,

A Palm-Cat (Paradoxurus andumanensis) killed in a trap this morning

appears at some time to have staked itself under the chin, possibly by spring-

ing upon a sharp-p: inted stick in attackinga bird,

The injury must have been very severe, as the whole skin and lip of

the lower jaw have been drawn back as far as the wound, at the posterior

edge of which the lip has readhered to the flesh. The cat’s tongue was

hanging out of the hole, through which it must have been forced subse-

quently in swallowing a large piece of food. Inspite of this nasty wound

and the loss of the use of its t:ngue the animal was in good condition.

It was caught in a dead-fall baited with plantains, to which these Palm-Cats

are very partial.

A. L. BUTLER.

ANDAMAN Isnanps, October, 1897.

No, VIII—EXTRACT FROM PEDRO TEIXEIRA.

Just about three hundered years ago, an ancient globe-trotter, Pedro_

Teixeira, off the coast of (man, observed “ certain birds chasing others from

natural enmity. ‘The weaker soar upwards to escape from the stronger, and

in terror void the contents of their stomachs, ‘The bird below, hunting the

other ‘t> this end, or for natural spite, as fast as this happens, opens his

beak, catches the same droppings, and eats them, I have it [says Teixeira]

from the natives, that on this matter he subsists,”

. The habit is that of many predatory sea fowl. But what species uses it off

the coast of Oman? A skua gull ( Richardson’s) is said to have been obseryed

in the Persian Gulf ; and seems the likeliest, But it may have been a sea-

eagle. Teixeira, probably, coild not exactly observe the precise way in which

the victim dropped his dinner,

I do not think that the frigate-birds range so far north, But probably

some of our members, working and warring on the Persian Gulf, can name

the bird,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. _ BBB

If any member happens to know more about Teixeira, and especially about

the English translations of his book (by Captain John Stevens, 1712 and 1715,

or thereabouts), I shall be much obliged for any information, I want the

translations which appeared in a collection of travels,

W. F. SINCLAIR,

late I. C. 8.

Lonvon, October, 1897.

No, IX—THE LARGE PIFD WAGTAIL (MOTACILLA

MADERASPATENSIS, GM,) IN CAPTIVITY,

I wonder how many of our members are aware what a charming and

interesting little pet our common pied water-wagtail makes, I must confess, at

least, it came as a surprise to me when one day in July I saw hung up in a

cage in the Nimach Bazaar two half-fledged specimens of the bird in question,

They were being fed on a mixture of ground parched gram moistened with

ghi, called by the natives “satu,’’ and on enqviry I was informed that they

had been taken from the nest only a few days before, and fed on nothing

else. I passed on, thinking that of course such a purely insectivorous bird

would never flourish on this diet, However, a fortnight afterwar.s, I found

one still living, the other having died, The owner seeing me interested in it

offered it to me, so I took it home and ha! a spacious wicker cage made for it,

It became, or rather it always was, excessively tame, not to say fearlessly

contemptuous of man, and would at any tine take insects from one’s fingers,

or if it found them empty atiack them with mock fierceness, opening its beak,

ruffling up its feathers and drooping its wings. I found that an effectual

way of feeding it was to sweep with a large net in long grass and then place

the cage over the mouth of it, As the insects gradually extricated themselves

and struggled up to the hight.they were pounced upon and captured by the

expectant wagtail, It was interesting to note its preference for the different

kinds «f insects. Green ones of every kiad, except Hemiptera, were invariably

first choice, then the or er was somewhat as follows :—_rasshoppers, Mantidze

caterpillars, crickets, flies, butterfliex, wasps, Harder insects, such as the

metallic coloured wasps, beetles, etc., it did not care for, nor would it touch

cockroaches or bugs, The quickness and accuracy of its movements were

something wonderful, It would sometimes watch a fly circling round its

cage, until in an unguarded moment the former would make a short cut

through, when a flicker, a swallowing motion - and the fly had disappeared,

but the rapidity of the action was such that it was impossible to follow the

movemerts, It never by any chance used its claws to assist in tearing its

prey to pieces, but would go on hammering away and beating it from one

side to the other till something gave way and it could get the contents in

smaller detachments, It was a most indefatigable songster, with a loud clear

536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1,

pipe and considerable variation of song, It sang mostly in the mornings and

up to about 3 p, m, all the year round, except when moulting in the months

of June, July, and August,

Some naturalists maintain that young birds learn their song from their

parents, but this certainly was not the case with my bird, which was taken too

young from the nest to have profited much in that way. The following

incident is interesting as showing that birds inherit instinctive knowledge and

do not necessarily learn by experience or the example set by other birds,

As arule when hanging in the verandah my bird used to take no notice of

the kites which were continually hovering round and sometimes coming close

to it, but one day a small hawk happened to fly through the compound and

the wagtail was immediately thrown into a state of the wildest fright and

dashed about the cage uttering its alarm note.

On being transferred to this barren rock I found it impossible to procure

insects in sufficient numbers, so tried giving it sandhoppers, annelids, small

crustacea, but nothing came amiss to this most accommodating little bird, who

ate these things as readily as its former food, occasionally varying it with

plum-pudding, raw meat, and chopped egg, though “ satu ” continued to form

the basis of its meals, Atthe beginning of the hot weather I went home

leaving my little pet in excellent hands, but the climate proved too much for it

and it died during moulting. I had had it for two years, and a more cheerful

and engaging little pet it would be difficult to imagine, to-say nothing of its

singing powers which, in my opinion, excelled those of a canary.

A, NEWNHAM,

15th Bo, L, I.

AvEN, November, 1897.

—<———e

No. X—NOTES ON MAN-EATERS AND OTHER THINGS,

The object of this paper is to givea summary of the information as to

the habits and ways of tigers and panthers that have taken to killing human

beings, gathered during three seasons spent in hunting some of them, The

information is scanty, I admit—but it was all I could get. If I had been

able to speak the Gond dialect or language, I might have got more, but I

could not pick it up, and had no one to translate it for me, except in frag-

ments. Still, perhaps, there may be among the scraps of information I have

gathered something that is not already known even to shikaries of great

experience.

Every man-eater, I suppose, is more or less an animal by itself, with

characteristics differing more or less from every other individual of its

species—including (usually at least) other man-eaters, Therefore each

one must be studied separately and treated accordingly ; for to huntan

exceptional.animal according to. the familiar routire will-do no good ‘to any-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 537

body except the tiger, (This isan idea that can scarcely be zot into the

head of the ordinary native shikari,and there are some white men who are

very slow to grasp it though they may have been hunting tigers for a great

part of their lives,) Still they have some characteristics in common,

Man-eating tigers are nearly always more cunning and more timid than

other tigers. One does hear of exceptions showibg amazing impudence—I

have heard of a tiger that hada habit of charginga crowd in broad day-

light and carrying off the man in the centre—I suppose experience and

great natural sagacity taught him that that man was likely to be the fattest—

and that he would attack a squadron of cavalry as readily as a wedding

procession, Inever came across this tiger myself, but I remember one

that used to blockade the high road until routed by the drivers of the mail

cart with a brilliant charge and some fluent Hindustani. After this although

he picked up two or three men in the jungle, he kept more or less in

seclusion for the rest of his life, which was about four or five weeks.

As to the character of tigers in general, the usual idea seems to be that a

tiger is a ferocious beast, and cowardly withal. Ido not think so, He avoids

a fight it is true, except when driven into a corner, or stirred up and made to

walk over nearly red-hot rocks in the heat of a June sun ; but even then

he mostly only acts in self-defence. One would not call a horse a coward

because he had neyer killed a groom, and I don’t see why we should argue

in that way of a tiger, All animals at one time, if we believe history on the

subject, stood in awe of the human species ; some of them show traces of that

feeling still, others have nearly, if not quite, lost it ; but there is none that

remembers that primitive standard of manners so clearly as the tiger, I

see no trace of it in the common (“domestic”?) cat, and none in the panther,

This is clear, I think, if we observe the behaviour of young tigers, when

caught early, and kept tame, It is noticeable that this sense of respect

(reverence, or whatever it may be called) is mainly a male characteristic, and

does not appear in the female character, except in high-bred races and

individuals, and only in the very highest-bred individuals does it equal the

male, This is very noticeable among dogs and horses and is equally true of

the human species. But among tigers the female has not got much of this

quality,and is altogether a weaker animal than the male, and generally

inferior, It has been noticed by those who have kept tiger cubs, tame, that

the female becomes queer-tempered and dangerous long before the male, and

can rarely be left at liberty when more than a year old. So we generally

find that'a tiger that has taken to man-killing is in most cases a female. I

do not wish to ignore the greater necessities of a female—the difficulty of

getting other food during gestation and when cubs are young—still I think

the cause is more in character than in circumstances. Among tigers, as

among human beings, there are some criminals, and among tigers the crime

takes the form of man-killing ; but such cases are rare. If we could take

638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

a.census of the able-bodied tigers in India in.one year and compare it

with the list of man-eaters, I think we should find that the percentage of

crime was most crediably small, And I doubt whether any tiger ever

took to killing man from malice alone, without circumstances having some-

thing to do with it. Some few of those go about with a light heart and

a smiling countenance: (I can vouch for one smile myself, for I saw it—

all and it was very comprehensi:e—) but most, I think, go about like

convicted criminals, feeling the brand of Cain upon them and more than

ever shunning the face of man—alive or dead, The old tigress meutioned after-

wards, although she had killed so many people. was always careful to jump

on them when they were not loohing, and, as she was staliing a boy asleep

one afternoon, when he awoke and saw her, she turned and sneaked away like

a detected pickpocket.

A panther on the other hand has no sentimental scruples, He certainly

can fight, but I think his pluck is more of the nature of the brutal ferocity

of the pig, than the cool courage of the buffalo, (I refer to the tame

buffalo : the behaviour of the wild one is a subject I do not feel competent

to classify : my impression is that he is rather a beast—but that is another

story.) Ithin: it is very much a question of size and strength whether a

panther takes to killing human beings or not ; and if he once begins he

shows sometimes unlimited impudence, and does not merely kill to eat, but

kills for the pleasure of killing. He will lurk abont villages and houses

ina way no tiger ever does, As Sir Samuel Baker says: “ A tiger has more of

the dog than the ca' in his disposition : the panther is a real cat.” So much

for the natural iger.—The man-eater is an animal that has broken his caste

and become a pariah - to be destroyed like a2 snake—-if you can catch him, but

there's the rub. The first man eater I met with in the Central Provinces was a

panther, Kills had occurred over a space of abo: t five miles square, and were

attributed to a tiger, until after some weeks of random beating, an animal

began to kill a series of tied-up buffaloes in the same place, and was stalked

and shot over the last kill at daybreak one morning, dissected, and from

internal evidence proved to be the local man-zater. This was a p*nther, male,

6 feet 74 inches, in length, but very heavy and powerful and amazingly fat,

'The evidence in his case was two metal rings found in his stomach, which

were practically identified by the villagers as having belon ed respectively

to two old people | illed about three weeks .nd five weeks before. He had a

good coat, teeth and claws perfect, [As to the popular theory :f man-eaters

being mangy and toothless, I regard it as a sort of pre-historic myth absolutely

without foundation. I have examined four myself (two tigers and two

leopards) and found they all had good coats (une particularly fine) and

perfect teeth, and only one showed any trac s of injury or defect in his

claws.] This panther, »s far as I could gather, kept to the same stretch of

ground—three or four villages and the ground adjoining—but where he lay

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 539

up could not be discovered, * Sitting up for him from 4 p.m, to dark was

quite useless. He never camethen. He seemed to do all his feeding (if not

his killing) about daybreak, being seen twice or thrice about that time and

never at any other part of the day, Finally, he was stalked and shot over

a kill at dawn—as above stated.

The next animal of this kind was the tiger above-mentioned that tried

to stop the mail. He occupied the same ground as the panther, buta

greater extent to the west : something like 16 miles east and west by six or

seven north and south. He shifted his ground at intervals— perhaps three

or four miles in three or four days ; just getting ont of the way of a beat,

after a human kill, but not (so far as I could learn) going any distance, He

was got in a beat after killing a buffalo, with only about 30 beaters, It is

clear that they did their:work well. He turned out to be a very powerful and

handsome male, rather young, with a beautiful coat, teeth and claws perfect,

He was shot in January.

When dissected there were no rings found, nor any substance that would

convict him: it was only by a careful comparison of places, dates and distances.

that it became evident that he was doing part of the man-killing in the.

district, The most conclusive bit of evidence was the fact that there had

been two distinct areas of kills, from 7 to 10 miles apart, and after the death

of this tiger there was no human kill reported on that ground, Before he

was shot they had occurred with some regularity, but not very often.

Both before and after he was killed, human kills continued to occur at

intervals in the other (western) area, Perhaps this tiger killed a dozen

people. I belive he was.a cub of the old tigress, the principal district man-

eater, and learnt to kill human beings when with her.

It is certainly good policy to examine every tiger or panther killed, on the

chance of its being a man-eater and containing some evidence of the fact..

But it is very seldom that. anything of the sort will be found, except within.

12 hours after an animal has fed off a human kill. The finger nails or pieces.

of bone are likely to be found, An old shikari, who has been present at the.

examination of many tigers, several of which were man-eaters, says he never

found anyibing of the kind. The old tigress above-named was said to make

a practice of removing not only the hair, but the clothes and ornamenis of

the people she killed, before eating them, and it.is said that other man-eaters.

have been noticed as doing the same.

The next was the local celebrity—an oldish tigress that had been known to

the police and the Sirkar generally for four years.

She occupied the western of the two stretches of ground referred to, her

centre being 20 or 25 miles to the west of that of the male tiger last-named.

She killed on an average two men a month, usually ceasing to kill fora time

about the end of the hot weather, or beginning of the rains, every year.

During the rains, before she was bagged, she went on killing men more

540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

rapidly than usual. After this she began to go about with a very big power-

ful young male tiger, supposed to be a grown-up cub of hers, and made him

provide for her, and bullied him ferociously if he tried to get a bit of meat

before she had finished. He killed game, cattle, and occasionally a tied-up

buffalo, but never a human being. There seemed a danger, from the com-

pany he had kept, that he might take to man-killing afterwards, especially as

he went about in an awful temper for some days when bereaved of his un-

prepossessing parent, but for some months after her death there was‘not a case

reported, So it seemed clear that he at any rate was free from the family

failing. She was a big clumsy tigress, heavy in the back and- shoulders, but

comparatively weak in the hind legs, with a skinny neck and a very small

sneaking-looking head, She had a paw twisted, but this was stated by an

anatomist to be a congenital deformity and not the result of an injury.

She was extremely cunning and timid, very careful to keep out of sight,

and never showed herself, if she could help it, even to asingle native, Once

in her life she showed a suggestion of fight, when she threatened to charge

Colonel Pollock three times in one morning, She didn’t charge up to him,

but she did show herself for a moment, and it was a most unusually vigorous

demonstration for her,

She wasa very sly beast, and during the four years of her celebrity had

been hunted as often as any animal of her tribe in the whole of India, and

accordingly understood the local system of shikar (viz,, beating) as thoroughly

as nine shikaries out of ten, She had one or two stock tricks that hardly

ever failed,

When she killed a tied-up buffalo, instead of sleeping heavily near the kill,

she seemed (if she stayed near it at all) to keep her ears very wide open, and

when the shikaries came to see what had become of the buffalo, she knew that

those stealthy steps and whispers were the prelude to a beat, with crowds,

howls, tom-toms, and rifles, all complete, So she lay still until the steps of

the shikari had died away in the distance, and he was well on his road to tell

his master where she was and where she could be bagged, and all about it:

then she rose and placed herself well outside the area of the intended beat ;

just over the ridge of the hill for choice, Then, I suppose, she lay down and

enjoyed the view, and studied the devices of the Sahibs for future guidance.

But no man-eater is always right, and it did happen that she got enclosed

in a beat two or three times. Then her plan (at least after she got experience)

was simply to refuse to go forward, but break out atthe side, stops or no

stops. =

Her tricks got so well known at last that the people who knew her best said

it was a waste of time to beat for her, for she never could be got in a beat.

That was quite true of any place within twenty miles except one:

Chauki kho Nalah, a place with cliffs at the sides, in places 30 feet high, and

quite perpendicular, with only about three outlets, each of which could be

ee ee ne

ae ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 541

made safe by a trusty stop. In this place she was killed in a beat by a man

who had been after her for three seasons. The big tiger with her should

have been bagged at the same time, but was let away by a worthless stop—

whether from fright or spite did not appear, He wasa Kurku. The tigress

made a determined attempt to break out at another place, but was turned by

the stop, the bearer of one of the shikaries,a Pathan named, appropriately,

“Sher Khan.” So she had to go forward and was presently killed.

The deformity of her paw did not appear to have disabled her at all,

unless it made her less active, Her teeth and claws were perfect, her coat

was good—if anything a trifle short in the hair, but she was getting oldish and

she was killed in March.

The last man-eater I met with seemed the most hopeless of the lot. It

was a panther, male, “not very big,’ with 2 lame foot. During the rains of

1895 he had got into the way of hanging about the village, where he took away

two or three children, and slightly mauled a woman who was sleeping on the

floor of a hut, After this there was not much seen of hiin for some months.

About the beginning of March, 1896, he was seen loitering about the village at

night, and the people did not like it, They did not really mind it so very

much—at least the men did not—for he was not likely to hurt them, He

only killed children, and the emergency was not really serious enough to

make them wake up and try to mark him down and get him killed. They

“were a poor lotin that village, and I must say I never met with such

people in any other part of the jungle. In other places the Gonds used to

work for me—quite cordially, Once the panther was reported as having

killed a cow out of a herd a few miles from camp. “ When he pulled the cow

‘down he tumbled down himself,’ was the report of the boy who saw it.

Although I made all haste to get a machan put up, it could not be got ready

until long after dark, by which time the panther had come and been frighten-

ed away, once at least. After I had taken my place he did not return,

After that I sat up several evenings over tied-up goats. No result.

Next I sat up all night ina machan near the village, with goats tied up

every night for a week. No result: nothing to see, nothing to hear, not a

track, At last, in sheer desperation, I started beating every nullah in turn

that seemed big enough to hold a panther. But that wasnot any use either.

We never even saw a track, Once only in five weeks we saw a track that was

thought to be his (which I doubt) within 200 yards of the village. But it

could not be traced from anywhere or to anywhere, and it led to nothing.

Most of the villagers were Gonds, and, as my shikari was of the same tribe,

{ expected that they would be glad to give him khabar—especially as it would

bring them rupees—but that meant trouble too, so they thought it was no

worth it, Perhaps the presence of Kurkus in the yillage affected the others

still, when the panther began to haunt the village again, there was a distinct

feeling of uneasiness, and on the whole they wished him cut of the way.

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ.

Altogether, it seemed as hopeless a prospect as could be imagined, All the

information I had got about him in the course of several weeks was that he

‘sometimes came into the village at night. Where he had his home could vot

‘be found, My men scoured the country for miles roand, but found nothing.

He would not touch a tied-up buffalo—evena very small one, No trace of

him could be found, Suddenly he turned up—seemingly from nowhere—and

the village became awake. He had come into a house the night before, killed

-a calf and was carrying it out, when the people sitting there shouted at him

and frightened him, He drvpped it outside and bolted.

When the old headman reported this next morning, the orders he 5 were :

“Leave it there. Sit quiet to-night--let him come and take it away—

‘to-morrow morning look where he has put it, and come and tell me early. I

getting panther, you getting rupees.” So he went away and obeyed orders,

He was old and decrepit, but he was the best man in his village, and next

‘mornivg he reported, The panther had come and taken the calf 2way—eaten

‘most of it,and stuck the rest 12 feet upa big tree. I sent my shikari at

once with coolies, to see the place, and put up a machan at once if suitable,

or otherwise to arrange. ThenlI rested, and waited. No news came. At

‘last I sent messengers ;then started myself. The machan was only being

finished as the sun was setting, What the explanation might be,ifany, I don’t

‘know, It seemed almost useless to sit up at that hour of the evening—most

‘Jikely the panther had come and gone already. However, there was nothing

else to do, and I took my place. The moon was two days’ old and not visible,

‘and no light except from the stars, To make matters worse the sky was slightly

‘clouded. I had an 8-bore with buckshot cartridges, and a fresh coat of

luminous paint on the big foresight, and there were no more preparations I

could make, I had a live goat tethered near the remains of the last. At 10

o'clock the panther came and killed the live goat. I firedat where I thought

he was—and missed—two minutes later I heard him eating again. After.

one miss it seemed useless to fire again—but I tooka very careful aim at the

‘nearest landmark, with an allowance—waited till I heard him again, and

‘pulled, At daybreak, I saw him for the first time, lyimg dead. The first shot

‘had missed him clear, and the second had hit him fair, three pellets being in

‘his heart. He was identified by his deformed paw, which had only one claw

‘left,the forearm being three inches shorter than the other. Jt looked as if

he had been caught in a trap, or had a blow from something heavy when a

cub. Tho deformed forearm was much thicker than the other—as if the

‘muscles had run to thickness instead of length,

This deformity accounted for his reluctance to attack animals of any

size, and for his falling over, as the boy reported, when he killed the

‘cow, The wonder was that he could climb as he did carrying so much

meat. The miarks on the tree showed that he slipped a good deal on the

Way up.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 543

In hunting a marked tiger everything depends on reliable information—but.

things happen sometimes that scatter one’s “ facts’ to the winds. The 1892

panther, when he found himself comfortably provided for with meat supplied

fresh every week in the same place, began to take advantage of the arrange-

ment, and fed there regularly until he was put in the bag, In 1895, when the

shikari had (or thought he had) got on the track of the old tigress, an animal

(presumably the said tigress) did the same thing, but, just as he was expecting

to get a shot, she (if it was she) disappeared, presumably for breeding

purposes, On continuing the hunt in 1896,in the same place, the tied-up

buffaloes were successively killed just as in the year before. Therefore the

-shikari concluded that this was the man-eater, and that she had taken with

satisfaction to this easier mode of getting her living, He also noticed that

about this time an animal, which he supposed to be the old tigress, came

prowling round the buffalo nearly every night, to look at it if not to kill it.

One night he gota glimpse of it in the dusk, and it seemed to be certainly a

tiger. This went on until one night there wasa kill, and the buffalo was

dragged past his tree in stages of 25 yards at a time. In the morning he

looked at it, and it showed, as they all said, the unmistakeable marks of a

tiger—the part eaten being the back of the thigh, near the tail. He sat up

that. night with a companion, At the first darkness of the sunset, before the

‘moon shone out clear, an animal came straight to the kill and began eating at

the same place as before, and his assistant killed it. In the morning this

animal was found to be a small but powerful female panther.

On dissection this animal was found to have hada heavy meal the night

before, from which the two or three mouthfuls it had taken just before it

was killed could be clearly distinguished, Here wasa puzzle! Was this or

_was it not the animal that had killed and dragged away the buffalo the night

before ? If it was, how did it doit, and why did it eat like a tiger? If it

was not, how had it got the meal it had ? Why didit go so straight to the kill ?

And, lastly, what had become of the animal that had really killed the buffalo ?

It seemed a hopeless puzzle. Everything had seemed so clear a few days

before, but now when the Forest Officer said he supposed he “‘ knew all about

the man-eater now” the shikari had to admit the truth, that “ nobody in the

_ whole of the Central Provinces knew less about her than he did.”

The following week she was put in the bag—as stated above—and she was

settled—but the puzzle wasn’t.

Has anybody ever seena leopard driven away en: a kill by a hyena ?

Sitting over a kill one night I saw an animal feeding, and was just able with a

glass to distinguish the spots of a leopard—a small one. It became uneasy—

- there.was a ferocious roaring, grunting and general fury, ending in a grand

charge and the flight of the first animal. Ina minute, when the light was

clearer, I saw. that the beast then at the kill was a hyena.

Lonbon, November, 1897, J. STRAKER, F.Z

544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

No. XI.—THE YOUNG OF THE HUNTING LEOPARD.

(With two Plates.)

Late one evening in December,in Berar, on returning from shooting, my

boy informed me that aman, during my absence, had brought two very

young leopards, which he wished to sell, During my stay in India I had

experienced so many disappointments in attempting to bring up various young

avimals, that I had vowed I would rever go through the trouble and anxiety

of doing so again, Consequently I told my servant to tell the man that I did

not want any young leopards ; just then, however, the man came forward carry-

ing a small basket, into which I just glanced, and greatly to my surprise, in

place of seeing, as I expected, ordinary leopard cubs, I saw two small balls

covered with long, grey tow-like hair, nestling together at the bottom of the

basket, and when these moved, two most comical looking little grey kitten

heads were raised,—they had large browneyes and a black stripe running

from the corner of each eye to the mouth. I at once felt that these were

not ordinary leopard kittens, but must be those of the Hunting leopard.

On attempting to put my hand inside the basket, there was much explosive

“ spitting,” but there was no arching of back and raising of fur, as seen in

cat kittens, The man informed me he had found them under a thick bush

in the jungle, some five miles off; that he and a companion, two days

previously, had seen a large cheeta enter this bush, and suspecting it had

young ones hidden there, he revisited the place, and finding the old cheeta

was away, looked about and discovered the two cubs, which he carried off at

his best pace ; both were males and one a good deal larger than the other; the

man thought that the cubs were about five days old, if so, possibly, like jion

cubs, they were born with their eyes open. I was so much interested in their

appearance, that at last I told the man I would keep them until next day, and

purchase them if I could feed them. I then took them out of the basket

and carried them in my arms to the Forest bungalow, where I was putting up.

They were but little alarmed, and on being placed on the floor walked quietly

here and there. I tried to feed them by means of a rag dipped in warm

milk and water ; they took a little this way. I noticed that their front teeth

were only just above the gum, and constantly as they walked about, and when

returned to the basket, they made a chirping cry, most bird-like in sound ; this,

no doubt, was calling for their mother, As it became dark the cubs lay down in

the basket and went to sleep. Next day I was away shooting and left the cubs

to the care of my boy ; on my return he told me that he had great trouble

in getting them to take any milk. As they appeared to be getting weak, I

determined to spoon feed with warm diluted milk; to this they offered much

resistance at first, but after a couple of days got quite to enjoy it, and

walked very strong, They were not easily frightened, but whenever they lost

sight of each other, while wandering from room to room, they became much

disturbed—constantly making the shrill bird-like chirrips until they met. On

niles ill Rat ee

Se ee ee ee a ee

“p70 seein g

‘snqgegnl snanjesudcsy

“WLIHSD YO SGYWd04371 ONILNNH ONNOA

“aopuo T chur ojo f Ssorg urequyy £ uepoy soley, Aq peydezsoj0yg

“WV aI d Bigs “TX TOn'20S asty FEN Aequiog umop

“G10 SHLNOW #7 NSHM SIVWINY SAWVS S4HL

“wopuo0 7 duit oq04g soig utequyyy é repoy zofeyg Aq poydessojoug

“of agels eee “Tx To, 00: qSuT yey Aeqhuog zanop

Pe TOY Lana

ie epee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 545

bringing them into the Headquarter Station of the district, it was noticeable

during the few days I spent there, that they had a strong antipathy towards

all dogs, large or small ; they would go for them at once, “ spitting” and

bouncing towards them ; so much was this the case, that on several occasions

I was afraid they would come to grief. I also remarked that they were

hostile to small native children, but did not appear to dislike white children,

On the other hand they were alarmed at the sight of a quarter-grown leopard

cub, which was led about ona chain. Every one was much interested in

their curious appearance and ways: long grey woolly hair, without spots,

covered the head, back, tail, and came half-way down their bodies, giving

them the appearance of wearing greatcoats, the remainder of the body and

legs were covered with short grey hair sprinkled over with single black spots.

On taking them out to play in the compound of the Travellers’ bungalow at

Damergaon, while waiting for a train, all the crows about the place made a

very noisy demonstration on seeing them, collecting in large numbers on the

trees overhead, cawing loudly and following them about—these crows

appeared instinctively to know that the cubs, although so very small, were

not ordinary cat kittens. Shortly after arriving at Dharwar the smaller cub

became very ill and extremely weak, I separated it from its brother, who

was inclined to pull it about, and for warmth used to keep it folded in my

arms with a hotwater bottle ; many a time I thought it was dying, but, no

matter how bad it appeared—if it heard the chirrip call from its brother, it

would at once struggle into vitality, tumble down, drag itself across the floor

to where he was, and then lie down quiet and contented beside him ; after a

lot of careful nursing it gradually recovered. When about a month old they

seemed not to care for their milk diet, so I tried beef tea in place, which they

took most readily, lapping it up from the first, I possess two dogs, one an old

spaniel, and the other a young half-bred dog; on first arrival at my

bungalow the cubs did not at all like these dogs, but at oncebounced at them

and were most disagreeable and aggressive ; the older dog would growl a good

deal and avoid the charges by jumping on toachair, while the younger one

would bound round barking in play, but the cubs were very serious in their

feelings, and I had great difficulties ; however, aftera time I got them to

make friends with the younger dog, and finally with the old spaniel. Since

then they have remained on the very closest and best terms, and the younger

dog and cubs would have great play together round the compound, Often after

lapping up their soup they would walk to the dogs and get their faces licked

over by them, using the dogs as a napkin, for, until nearly seven months

old, they never cleaned their faces by means of their paws, as cat kittens do, but,

when the dogs were not present, would lick each other’s face. Though the cubs

were so extremely friendly with the two dogs—constantly lying down and

going to sleep beside them—they would go for any other dog which came

into the compound, and would also join the dogs in a race after one, While

546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

at dinner one evening a neighbour called to see me; it was dark and he was

attended by a servant carrying a lantern, and on hearing the sound of footsteps

approaching the bungalow my dogs rushed out of the dining-room barking ;

both the cubs were in the room at the time, and one of them bounded

out with the dogs, evidently joining them in their hostile exhibition. I

much fear this incident interested me more than it did the late caller,

who was naturally rather taken back by the sudden rush of two dogs

accompanied by leopards, although like the dogs the cubs were perfectly

friendly when he came inside the house,

On the first occasion the cubs saw goats, when little more than a month

old, they showed much excitement and hostility towards them, and one day

when a goat happened to be tied in the compound, they got out of their

enclosure, rushed at once at it, one catching hold at the shoulder and the

other behind, but their teeth were so short they were easily shaken off,

After the cubs commenced a purely meat diet—of raw and cooked meat,

when some three months old—a strong instinctive activity was noticed in

their licking and eating moist earth—specially that of a red colour, and

this they would do several times a day in a most persistent manner,

It would ke interesting to know whether this has been observed by those

who may have brought up young tigers and leopards—if so, it would

seem to point to the necessity of providing some fresh earth for these animals

when confined in cages. The cubs are bad at tree-climbing, and very

seldom in play go up on even a low tree, and when on one are almost as

clumsy as a dog, I have never noticed them sharpen their claws against

any tree ; their power of sight is splendid, but their sense of smell is

extremely deficient, When chasing each other, or one of the dogs in play,

they always attempt, when going at full speed, to upset the play-fellow

by striking his hind legs from under him, and when he falls, which he

usually does, a spring is at once made at the neck, and he is then worried

to an imaginary death. :

, G. S. RODON, Masor,

DHARWAR, 17th August, 1897,

No, XIL—SNAKES AT TRINCOMALEE,

While at Trincomalee during the dry season, from July-October, I was

much struck by the frequency with which the Russell's Viper (Daboia

russellii) was found, At the back of the Naval Hospital the jungle comes

down closely and is very thick, and here many were killed in the verandahs,

bath-rooms, and one in a bed-room ; they were all, however, small, none being

over 18 inches long.

Cobras (Naja tripudians) were occasionally killed, and one curiously was

eavght alongside the Flagship while attempting to get on board, the ship being

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 547

then half a mile from the shore ; it was 14 inches long, and was well marked.

As snakes frequently find their way on board ships, particularly the true water

snakes, Hydrophide, it is well to remember the venomous nature of these

visitors, but it is my first experience of a cobra there,

One day, on shore, I saw a full-sized cobra strike a lizard, Varanits dracenda,

the snake was frightened away, but the victim died in about two minutes, the

lizard being over four feet long.

P, W. BASSETT-SMITH, kn.

No, XIII.—SEEDLING ORANGE TREES,

From published statements it appears that Orange Trees, for fruit-bearing

purposes, are frequently raised from seed in America, In this country the

usual practice is to sow the seeds of the citron, Jumburi, and graft on that

stock, by the process termed “ budding,” the variety of Orange selected.

In 1882 I sowed seeds of the best Nagpur Cintra Oranges, and one of the

trees raised has given produce, The fruit of the seedling has more

numerous seeds, a deeper colour of pulp, a stronger inner stem (endocarp),

and a more abundant bitter in the skin. Itis nearly equal in size with its

parent, and some of the fruitis tight-skinned, other specimens have loose

skins, As a fruit-cree this seedling is decidedly inferior to its parent.

For the purpose of obtaining improved varieties it is desirable to raise

trees from seed of superior oranges, and those which prove inferior may be

grafted with approved kinds after the natural fruit has been produced,

| G. MARSHALL WOODROW,

No. XIV.—THE COMB DUCK OR NUKHTA.

With reference to Mr, HE. C, Stuart Baker’s remark on page 175 of the

present volume, that the Comb Duck probably occurs throughout Burma,

Imay mention that on 23rd March last I got three close to Kyauksé (30

miles south of Mandalay) out of a flock of 24, and saw some in the same neigh-

bourhood on 29th May and again in August, They were, on all octasions,

found feeding in cultivated rice when the fields were fully irrigated, Their

flight strikes me as being decidedly heavy and not over fast,

They are, or were, also common in Yaméthin, where they breed,

J. WH. SEWELL, Masor.

ALLAHABAD, November, 1897,

No, XV.—DOES THE BROWN BEAR HYBERNATE ?

I have lately returned from shooting in the Himalayas, but regret to say

that I could fird out nothing reliable regarding the hybernation of the

Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctus), Everyone, from whom I made

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

enquiries, agreed that the Himalayan black bear (Ursus torquatus) does not

hybernate, as these animals are frequently seen during winter round the villages,

and I was told that they occasionally break into unoccupied houses to look for

grain, My informants, on the other hand, all imsisted that the brown bear

does hybernate for five months, but none of them had ever actually found

one asleep. The fact isat Chamba, where I was shooting, nearly all the

villagers in the high hills leave during the early winter for lower and warmer

parts, and those who stop do not go up into the mountains when once the

snow has fallen, and so have no real opportunity of seeing brown bears, if

these were about, I drew attention to the fact that the brown bear in

captivity does not sleep during winter, and they all said “of course he does

not, because he cannot get the particular herb which he always eats to send

him to sleep.” One of my shikaries told me that once upon a time there

was a certain villager who actually saw a brown bear carrying in his mouth

some herbs ; he followed it to a short distance to a cave, and on arriving, the

bear eat up the herbs and then lay down and went to sleep. The villager

then returned to the place where he first saw the bear and found a piece of

the herb, which he took home and divided amongst his family, They all,

including himself, eat cf it and they all went to sleep and did not wake up

for four months (saving money by this). The following autumn this same

villager saw the same bear rooting about, and, suspecting he was getting the

sleeping herb, watched him; but the bear somehow knowing and resenting this,

selected this time a poisonous herb, similar in appearance to the other.

This the man gathered after the bear had gone away and divided it with

his family; the result being that they all died.

It seems to me a very strange thing, if the brown bear does hybernate for

some five months every winter, that absolutely no sign of the instinct should

be observable in the young of this species when captured, I intend to return

to Chamba next March, when I shall renew my enquiries,

Duarwar, December, 1897, G, S. RODON, Mayor.

No. XVI.—THE “ KOL-BAHLU,” AND THE INSTINCT OF

FEAR IN WILD ANIMALS,

Captain Betham in the November issue of our Journal asks for informa-

tion in the matter of the “Kol-Bahlu,” a subject in which I specially

interested myself some years ago, That interest extended to stalking the-

melodious jackal at any reasonable hour of the day or night and endeavouring

to ascertain the cause of his discontent. On at least two occasions I found

that the excitement was caused by a tiger, and I had a good opportunity of

examining the proceedings, The tiger took no notice of the jackal, who also

showed no signs of fear, although he kept ata respectful distance, say 15 to

20 yards, Occasionally he would utter the weird cry we are all familiar with,

and then sit down or stroll around in an unconcerned manner. On another

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 549

eccasion I was much puzzled at seeing two jackals wildly howling in dense

Yorest, and as they perpetually gazed upwards it was not until, in the dusk of

the evening, I observed a large python in a tree overhead that I could under-

stand the occurrence. Jackals run to bay by dogs will often make this noise,

and their dying cry, when shot, is frequently in this language. Altogether, I

think there can be no doubt that, as a rule, it is a warning note of danger by

the individual and perhaps a call for assistance. Probably also it is employed

ain the breeding season, and this would account for hearing it in civilized

localities where there are no excursions and alarms. Natives assert that this

is the case, and I have proved the veracity of the statement in one instance by

having the jackal shot—it was a slut in season. In some jungle districts not a

week passes without hearing the familiar cry ef the “ Kol-Bahlu.” It should

be remembered that the instinct of all wild animals leads them to keep the

dangerous object under observation and not to fly wildly from it, The sole

exception being when the danger is so far-reaching as man has proved himself

to be. Deer of all kinds will remain in the vicinity of a tiger or panther as

Jong as possible though they will not dog his retreat, It would seem ,as if the

larger carnivora do not relish a wild charge into a herd of observant deer,

and that the latter know full well that the charge would at once follow if they

turned their backs on the enemy. I have seen a sambhar hind belling at a

tiger within 25 yards and refusing to move ; and a chital stag standing even

closer and loudly expressing his disapproval, In the first instance the tiger

was eating a wild boar and in the second a bufialo. In the same way, jackals

having encountered a danger will, for the sake of safety, keep it under observa-

tion, The jackal possesses a marked sense of humour. I was one evening ob-

serving the remains of a goat which had been killed by a panther when some

jackals appeared on the scene and at once fell to with an appetite, A

temporary disagreement followed by a sharp fight ending in one being driven

off. It sat at a short distance for some time and, when the attention of the

others was fully engaged, rushed towards them with growls, bounding in quite

an unusual manner. So good an imitation was it of a panther’s charge thatall

the jackals fled with bristling coats, The practical joker then came in for his

share of the feast, It is beyond doubt that wild animals are to a great extent

judges of the intentions and humour of others without direct communication.

The smaller carnivora know well whether the owner of a half-eaten kill has

finally relinquished his claim or not ; the deer can tell if a prowling tiger is on

the hunt or merely taking a constitutional, In the first case a glance or a sniff

will send the hungry hyena or jackal away with hair on end, and the satisfied

roaring of a well-filled tiger will elicit no warning cries from the deer in the vici-

nity, The law of the jungle is more a fact than a romance, and we dense mor-

tals learn but little of it even after a lifetime spent in the haunts of big game,

5, EARDLEY-WILMOT,

Lucknow, December, 1897, Conservator, Oudh,

550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

No, XVII.—THE BREEDING OF THE COMB DUCK,

In Mr. Stuart Baker’s valuable paper on Indian Ducks and their Allies, in

the last number of the Journal, I notice the remark that this duck “is one

of those which invariably resort to trees for nesting purposes.” The follow-

ing incident will show that this is not invariably the case, On the 30th of

August, eighteen years ago, I was wandering about with my gun on the

banks of a small brackish stream, near Kharagora, when a female Comb Duck

got up and went off, I fired and missed her, She flew on for some distance,

then turned and came back straight for me, and I killed her. She was

handed over to the cook, and in the course of the day he came to say that

he kad found an egg in her. It was ready to be laid and there was no ap-

pearance of any more, so I concluded that the bird had made its nest and

laid all its eggs but one when it had the misfortune to fallin my way. Next

day I took two men with me to the place and began a systematic search for

the nest. ‘There were scarcely any trees in the neighbourhood, but many

patches of rank rushes, and among these I hunted long without success, At

last one of my men, who was on the other side of the stream, signalled to me

and pointed to a hole in the bank, which at that part was quite perpen-

dicular, I crossed and, looking into the hole, found sixteen eggs which

exactly matched the one taken out of the body of the bird. They were lyiny

on a bed of twigs aneé quill feathers of some large bird, with a little lining of

down and some fragments of a snake’s skin. The hole was about five feet

from the ground and two feet deep, the entrance being about 9 inches wide

by 6 deep, The hole went into the bank quite horizontally, and there was

nothing in the way of a ledge to alight on at the entrance,so the bird mast

have popped in asa pigeon does. Mr, Stuart Baker says that “their flight

has been variously described,” but I think such a feat fully justifies his own

opinion that the Comb Duck is not exactly a clumsy bird. I believe that two

of those seventeen eggs are now in the museum of the Bombay Natural

History Society. I set twelve of them under a hen, but they met with an

accident by a wild cat.

E, H, AITKEN.

DatHot, 15th January, 1898,

No, XVIIL—THE KOL-BHALU,

The correspondence quoted on pages 310 and 311 of this volume of this

journal brings forward once more for consideration the peculiar cry of the

‘“‘Kol-Bhalu.” Iam able to add, in an important manner, to the evidence

already recorded in favour of ihis brute being a jackal.

Two mornings ago while riding through one of the finest Beserves in this

Forest Division I observed two jackals cross a “ fire break,’ which I was in-

specting, about 30 yards in front of me. They were seen by a “ Brinjara”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 551

dog of mine, who gave chase, with the result that a big greyhound followed

more expeditiously. I took little notice of the incident, as the country was

not rideable, A few minutes later I recognised the bark of my greyhound

followed immediately after—to my surprise—by the well-known cry of

the Kol-Bhalu.

I have always been anxious to ascertain what this animal was, so lost no

time in running to the spot. On arrival I found a jackal “at bay” with the

greyhound barking on one side and the “ Brinjara ” dog silent on the other,

On seeing me the jackal gave utterance to that weird well-known agonizing

cry and tried to escape, charging both dogs alternately.

Being now very anxious to secure the skin, I followed on foot to a “nulla,”

100 yards off, where the jackal was knocked down by the greyhound for the

fourth time and brought to as tandstill, Again the brute gave vent to its cha-

racteristic cry. I was at this time not more than ten paces off. Up to this

point in the proceedings the “ Brinjara’’—a young dog—refused to tackle, but

seeing the greyhound, at my direct instigation, ‘‘ go in,” hesitated no longer,

with: the result that a very fine full-grown male jackal, apparently in the

prime of life and in first rate condition, was brought to bag, There was, as

far as I could see, no distinguishing feature about this jackal whatever, and

this particular case does away,toa great extent, with the supposition ‘that

the Kol-Bhalu is an aged, toothless, and mangy solitary rambler, and while

showing that he is in no hurry to escape from dogs, also does away with his

supposed invulnerability from this source of attack,

It is a trifle mysterious therefore why one jackal out of hundreds should

develop quite a distinct call, unless we assume that the formation of its vocal

organ is different. At present, however, there are no grounds for this assump-

tion, and being absolutely ignorant of the anatomical structure of jackals I

am unable to throw further light on the matter.

The fact remains that there is not only something very peculiar in the cry of

the Kol-Bhalu, but that the cry is sometimes productive of peculiar results,

I can recall two instances in particular which indirectly tend to corroborate

the assertion often made by excellent native shikaris and by forest guards, that

the Kol-Bhalu is the forerunner of a panther and tiger.

On one occasion near Mandvi (Surat) its cry was followed shortly after by

the appearance of a panther in the “ kill.” As this “ kill” was the property of

the panther—inasmuch asa right had been established to it on well-known

sporting principles—it is of course quite possible the panther would have

turned up without the cry.

On the other occasion in Baglan (Nasik) the Kol-Bhalu’s cry was followed

by the roaring of a panther within 100 yards of my tree. This panther refused

to rise “to the bait,”

From the first case it looks as if the panther refused to take the warning, and

from the second, as if having made a mental note of the warning, he felt

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

called on to give vent to his lively disgust at my very close proximity to an

otherwise approachable live goat! Iput this theory forward for what it

is worth.

PuncH MAHALS, W. A. WALLINGER,

Gopura, 19th December, 1897.

P.S.—Since writing the above I have been asked whether the Kol-

Bhalu killed showed any signs of rabies. I certainly think not, but the point

will be cleared up definitely if in the course of time neither of my dogs

develop symptoms, The greyhound, in particular, was badly bitten.

W. AW.

No, XIX.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THER BLACK-CAPPED

KINGFISHER (HALCYON PILEATA),.

With reference to my note on page 148 of the present volume, the

Kalyan skin of the above-mentioned bird has been carefully compared

by Mr, Bowdler Sharpe and myself with the large series of typical Malayan

specimens at South Kensington, and we could detect no such aberration

from type as was discovered in the case of the specimens of Halcyon

(Sauropatis) chloris collected by me in Ratnagiri, of which Mr, Sharpe

had made a sub-species. The reason I suggested for Halcyon pileata remain-

ing true to type, was thatit was probably only a temporary visitor to the West

Coast of India, whereas Halcyon chloris is undoubtedly a permanent resident

on the West Coast.

G. W. VIDAL.

Lonpon, 7th January, 1898,

No, XX.—OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER FLAMINGO

(PHG@NICONAIAS MINOR) NEAR BOMBAY,

It is, I think, worthy of record that, on the 26th instant, I shot a specimen

of the above-named bird in the Thana creek, near the old fort of Bassein,

about 20 miles from Bombay. Neither Barnes, Jerdon, Hume nor Baker

speak of it as occurring in this part of the country. The specimen, which

has been added to the Society’s collection, agrees with the description given in

“Stray Feathers” as 944 bis: (Vol, I, page 400), but does not agree as regards

colour with the description given by Mr, Baker on page 8 of the present

volume of this Society’s Journal, In my specimen, which is a full-grown

male, there is no pink colour anywhere except under wings.

J. M. MASON,

Curator, Bombay Natural History Society.

BompBay, 27h January, 1898,

PROCEEDINGS. ~ aa 553

“PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 6ru DECEMBER, 1897.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society’s rooms, on Monday,

the 6th December, 1897, Capt. A. J. Peile, R.A., presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr, P,

McCann (Bombay) ; Mr. F. W. Bickel(Bombay); Capt. H. F, Vanderzee, R. A.

(Cawnpore) ; the Very Rev, Dr, Paul Goethals, S. J., Archbishop of Calcutta

(Calcutta); Mr. E, M. Coventry, I. F. S. (Montgomery); Mr, Kenneth

Rushton (Ahmednager) ; Lieut, A, H. Wilson (Jhansi) ; Mr. W. D. Cumming

(Persain Gulf); Mr, F. D, Maxwell(Ma-ubin, Burma); Mr, E, R. Hunt

(Sylhet) ; Mr, M. M. Mackenzie (Chapra) ; Mr, G. B. Allen (Cawnpore); Hon. P.

Thesiger (Bombay) ; Mr, Charles Merrony (Bulsar) ; Mr, E, H, Young (Rut-

lam) ; Mr, G, Filmer Guy (Bombay) ; Mr. F, 0. Gadsden, R, I, M, (Bombay) ;

Mr, O, Lindgren (Debrugurh, Assam) ; and Lieut. H. G, Stansfeld (Rangoon),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr, H, M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Description, Contributor,

1 Koel (live) ......... ceceveere SY MYRAMIS NONOTED ooeveee «ee-{COl, Gerald Martin.

A Number of insects from

CHINA ...ccccoeconcoeceeree recess ltaraNeire aaneonne : Mr, P. McCann.

2 Monitors (live) ......0..| Varanus bengalensis ...... -.|Mr. R. H. Vincent,

1 Palm-Civet (alive) ......-. Paradoxurus niger ....0. »o-./Mr. J, G. Counsell.

2 Gaurs’ Heads......ccccce-e ooe| LOS JAUTUS ..ccecscooeas agoocecd ‘ :

PeOhitalesvH Cad cccecccccccesesse Cervus axis ....... opso0s00C } ese EMB NO BHC:

Land and Fresh Water Shells crac Mr. Lawson Morgan.

Sea Shells ......0. spooc9900000 eM Mestiese Mr. E. H. Aitken.

Aucollection Of Sea Wish s7| 9 conan C Dr. Bassett Smitb, R. N.

Canarese Scorpions ..... Seco e is to ih seeders Mr. T, R. D. Bell.

1 Lizard (alive) ....0-2..sssess Cygosoma punctatum .....0+- Mr. S. R. Arthur, 1.0.8,

I Snake (alive) ...........00- Tropidonotus piscator ......00 Mr. R. H. Vincent.

Horns of Schomburgh’s Deer.|Cervus Schomburghi .........\Mr. H. Slade.

4 Snakes from Japam ....0...) | «ss seweee Lord Dormer,

Land and Fresh Water Shells) == asses Mr. J. A. Betham.

1 Hippopotamus’ Skull ......| Hippopotamus amphibius ...|Mr. Muncherjee D. Talathi,

1 Short-eared Owl eor....00004| 4520 accipitrinus ...... pecleesecie Mr, C. Merrony.

1 Dhaman (alive) ...... ccccee|AGMENIS MUCOSWS ..0.cceecceree Mrs Lawrence.

1 Snake Galive) ......000...000004| LYCODON GULICUS ...r0cceeceneee Mr. C. Merrony.

2 Indian Monitors (alive) ...| Varanus bengalensis ... ..e0. Do.

Land and Fresh Water Shells eects Mr. Poh Hla,

1 Panther Cub (alive).........| Felis Pardus ....00000.0.-0-s00ce.|Mrs, N. Prideaux.

1 Daboia Glive) -........000...| Viper russellié .......66 cooecoeee| Mr, W. L. Cameron.

Bubterhiestrom Jamrud ......| «>. ww enn Capt. F. J. Barton.

1 Malabar Spiny Mouse ...... Platacanthomys lasturus ...'Mr, H. Wapshare.

A Number of Wild Duck,

TCT) Yo), As A et OE Mr. Charles Maries.

8 Floricans’ Eggs Sypheetides auritas...... eos---|Mr, Charles Gray.

1 Forest Hagle-owl (alive) ...|Huhwa nepalensis..e.0.....-....Mr. W. J. H. Hunter,

I Rose-ringed Paraquet. ..... el\(Depossted) accee-.-2--20- cences Do.

MM Srialkce weevenesecs pooocbadeba0onabd Pseudocyclophis olivaceus ...\Mr. J. A. Graham.

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. XXVII., in exchange,

Dejean’s Catalogue of Colecptera, from Lord Dormer,

British Plants, Vol, I, (Withering), from Mr, 8. Wellington.

Fauna and Flora of Palestine, from Prof, H. Littledale.

Vires Plantarum Malabaricum, from Dr, Dalgado,

A number of Photographs of Indian Grasses from Mr.G, M. Woodrow.

A Photograph of Bears, from Mr, R, H. Heath,

Memoirs, Geological Survey of India, Vol, XXVII_, Part II., from Govern-

ment,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed = 9

Camping in Chamba, by Harold Littledale,M. A. ®

A new Curcuma from the Deccan, by Surgeon-Captain D. Prain,

Notes ona species of Colias found in Ladak, by H. J. Elwes, F.R.S.

A probable Hybrid between the Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker and

the Fire-breasted Flower-pecker, by E. C, Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.

Miscellaneous Notes :—

SS SS

The Protective Power of Scent in Animals, by N. C. Macleod.

Speed of Flight in Butterflies, by Surgeon-Captain 8S, E, Prall, IMLS.

The Migration of Butterflies, by Surgeon-Captain 8, H, Prall, IMS.

Curious Accident to a Palm-Civet, by A, L, Butler,

——

Je NMintern Bros

QSL

GT EAE

JOURNAL

OF THE

BOMBAY

Natural History Society,

Vol. XI. BOMBAY. if No. 4.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES,

By H. C. Stuart Baker, F.ZS8.

Part IV, wire Puare IV.

(Continued from page 367% of this Vol.)

Genus DENDROCYCNA.

The genus Dendrocycna, or Dendrocygna, as most of us would

probably still prefer to call it, contains our two widely-known species of

Whistling Teal as well as seven others, some of which are found in

‘every continent except Murope.

Whistling Teal are amongst the few Anatide who perch constantly

on trees and also breed on them. The sexes are similar in plumage,

though the female is often slightly smaller than the male. Many sys-

tematists used to consider that they were allied more to the Anserine

than to the Anatine, and in many ways they do clearly approach the

former, more especially, perhaps, in the formation of the legs and bills.

They are non-migratory ducks, or only so in a very local way.

Key to the Species. ee

a. Upper tail coverts whitish, sometimes marked

with black ... fe. on no (1) -D. rurva.

b. Upper tail coverts uniform chestnut... (2) D, savanica.

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

15. DENDROCYCNA FULVA.

The Greater Whistling Teal.

Dendrocygna major. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” III, p. 790;

Hume, “* Nests and Egos,” p. 640; cd, “ Str. Feath.,” Ii, p. 193.

Dendrocygna fulva. Hume and Davis, “Str. Feath.,” VI, p. 488 ;

Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VII, p. 463; VIII, p. 115; Legge, Birds of

Ceylon,” p. 1069; Hume and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” III, p. 119;

Hume, Cat., No. 953 ; Parker, “Str. Feath.,” IX, p. 487; Oates, zbed,

X, p. 245 ; 2d., “ Birds of British Burmab,” II, p.274; Barnes, “ Birds

of Bombay,” p. 399; Hume, “* Nests and Jiggs” (Oates’ ed.}, III, p. 286.

Dendrocycna fulva. Salvadori, “ Cat., B. of B. Museum,” XX VII,

yon sul

Description of Adult.—“ Head, neck, and lower parts deep reddish-

ochraceous, passing into cinnamon on the flanks, where the longer

feathers Lave a broad mesial stripe of pale ochraceous ; crown ferrugi-

nous; nape with a distinct brown-black stripe, commencing at the

occiput ; middle of the neck whitish, minutely streaked with dusky on

the edges of the feathers ; prevailing colour above brownish-black, the

dorsal and scapular feathers broadly edged with cinnamon colour, giving

a barred appearance; lesser wing coverts chestnut ; upper and under

tail coverts buffy-white ; quills and tail dark brown’ (Salvadori).

The bill varies from dusky black, black on the terminal third and

slatey at the base to dusky throughout, merely tipped black, and muck

shaded with bluish-lead colour at the base and basal half. In the same

way the legs and feet vary from quite a pale, dusky plumbeous more or _

less of a blue tint to almost black. According to Monill the legs are

bright slatey-blue, but personally I have seen no Indian birds with

brightly tinted legs. Claws black; the irides are light to dark brown.

“Length, 18-20 inches; wing, 8°10-8°90" ; tail, 2°2”; culmen,

1:66-1:95"; tarsus, 2°10-2°4"; middle toe, 2°30-2°8 inches” (Salvadori).

Jerdon gives the length as 21 inches and wing 93 inches. The

largest I have seen had the wing 9°20 inches, which is practically the

same.

The female.—Only differs from the male in being slightly smaller ;

length, 17-19 inches; wing, 7°85-8°25 inches. A female obtained by

Capt. Shelley from Nyasaland measured, wing 9°1 inches, tarsus 271", and

culmen 2°2 inches. This gives a farger bird, with proportionately even

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 557

larger bill, than any Indian bird which I have seen or of which I can find

the measurements. Three other birds have been also obtained in Nyasa.

Birds of the jirst year are duller and paler, the upper tail coverts

are narrowly edged with brown, and the wing coverts are a dull chest-

nut brown.

Young in down.— Upper parts greyish-brown ; lower parts waitish ;

a white band across the occiput, interrupted by the brown band which

runs along the hind neck ; a brown band from the ears to the hind neck;

no white patches on the sides of the head; a whitish band across the

wing” (Salvadori).

Hume gives the weight of an adult male as 1 lb. 12 oz. and that of

a female as 1 Ib.100z. I have shot a male which weighed 2 Ibs.

exactly, and which was a very fine heavy bird. I have never weighed a

female or, at least, recorded any weights of such.

The Greater Whistling Teai has its head-quarters, within Indian

limits, in Hastern Bengal, where in parts it is exceedingly numerous ;

thence it extends into Assam, where however it is not common, and

seems gradually to become less common towards the West and North

of the Empire and to extend a very short way to the South. Mr. C. B.

Sherman said that he found it very common in Travancore, but it is

most probable that he mistook the common Whistling Teal for this bird.

Jerdon also found it fairly common in some parts of the Deccan. As

regards Burmah, Oates in “ Birds of British Burmah” writes :— The

larger Whistling Teal is comparatively a rare bird in Burmah, except in

the Northern portions of Peou, where I found it very abundant in the

Engmah Swamp, twenty-five miles south of Prome. Capt. Wardlaw

Ramsay procured it at Tonghoo, and I observed it several times in

the paddy-fields near Kyeekpadiea in Southern Pegu during the rains,

I can find no record of its occurrence in Tenasserim or Arrakan.”

He then goes on to say that it is found m Ceylon, but he does not

mention his authority for this statement, and I cannot but think it is a

mistake, for I can find no record of its occurrence anywhere in that

Island. In “ Stray Feathers” (loc. czt.) he says that the larger Whistling

Teal is found all over the Province of Pegu, but is less common than the

smaller species.

Outside India its distribution is very remarkable. Salvadori thus

describes its habitat :-—“ Am@icn (from southern border of the United

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XI.

States to Mexico) and then from Venezuela and Peru to the Argentine

Republic, Africa South of the Sahara, and Madagascar.”

Capt. Shelley reports (Ibis, Vol. VI, No. 21, p. 28) four birds from

Lake Shirwa in Nyasaland, mentioning that it is the first instance he

knew of in which the birds had been found so far south.

The distribution of this duck is the more remarkable when we con-

sider that it is not a migratory bird, or at all events only so in a partial.

manner, as influenced by the want or water, ete. Thus itisa resident

inhabitant of various tracts of eountry, large in themselves, but very

widely separated from one another, yet never, as far as is known, occurs

in the intervening parts.

Unlike D. javanica this bird is usually found in rather small flocks ;

even in Jessore and Kulna, where it is perhaps more abundant than in

any other portion of its range, I seldom noticed it in flocks of much over

twenty, and never, I think, over forty. Generally there were some

dozen or fifteen members to each flock. Of course, in some bheels and

lakes where they are especially numerous, several small flocks may

be seen feeding together, forming a total of 100 birds or more, but

on being disturbed it will be found that as a rule they, though rising

en masse, soon divide again into parties. .

They are wilder birds than their smaller cousins, and also stronger

and quicker on the wing; indeed, when once well started they are no

mean fliers, and require a straight gun to knock them over. One can-

not well describe the difference in the voice of the two Whistling Teals;

but it is recognizable, and I think consists in the bigger bird having a _

shriller whistle than the other, though it is not such a noisy bird. I

doubt if they perch as much as D. javanica does ; the latter bird often

takes to trees in the day-time without any apparent purpose except to

rest, but D. fulva does not seem to do this. Of course both birds, when

perching, choose large boughs and branches, as they have no great

grasping power and could not retain their hold on small ones, especially

if there was any wind to sway them about. As Hume remarks, this

Whistling Teal is far more often seen on land than is the smaller species,

and he also notes their goose-like gait. Their legs are, as we all know,

set forward much as are those of geese, and in consequence they

naturally walk freely and well as do those birds. I have noticed them

resting during the heat of the day on the spits of grass-covered land

——

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 559

which run far out into the larger bheels. One or two observers have

suid that they are more river and clear water frequenters than are

others of the genus, but this I have not myself confirmed. Every large

bheel and expanse of water which had cover on it contained more or

less of these birds, and many a tiny tank or rush and weed covered back-

water held its flock ; but I have never yet met-with them on the open

rivers of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, though I have visited them

often, and though these run through their favourite haunts.

These ducks, or teal, are practically as omnivorous as is the domes-

ticated duck, and will eat almost anything they can get hold of, pre-

ferring perhaps a vegetarian to a meat diet.

I can give no thrilling accounts of shooting these teal, as they are not

considered game in Bengal, and when we do shoot them we do not talk

of it. Of course a good many are shot for the servants, boatmen, ete.,

who enjoy them immensely, and the fishier they are the more tasty they

consider them. I have noticed no difference in the flavour of the two

species of whistler, and cannot say I think much of either ; they do not

make bad curry or muligatawny soup when one can get nothing else,

and I have eaten them in preference to the domestic moorghi, but at this

point my praise of them as an edible quantity must end.

I took a few nests of this teal in Rungpur, where however the bird

was not common, one in Nadia, and a few in the Sundarbans. My first

nests were all taken in the latter place, and were nearly all placed on

small trees, often babool or similar ones, standing on tiny islands in the

centre of large bheels. With one exception I think the birds had made

the nests themselves ; they were very roughly put together of twigs,

sticks and grass, and in a few cases covered, one can hardly say lined,

with dirty masses of weeds. They averaged some 18" across and were

placed, not so often in forks, as on tangles of branches ; sometimes, of

course in forks, and at other times where the first few big branches.

sprung from the bole of a large tree. One nest was placed in the crown

of a date palm---one of a small clump which stood on a little hillock

where there had been built the dirty and desolate little hut of some

fisher family. This had been deserted, probably the former year, and the

Whistling Teal reigned over the knoll and its contents.

One nest, from its size and construction, must have been made

by a fishing eagle, numbers of which breed in these same haunts,

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

and doubtless also vary their usual diet with a duckling every now and

then.

In Nadia I took one nest of this species only, and I do not remember

seeing any more of these birds in that district. Krishnaghar, the head-

quarters town of Nadia, evidently once boasted a sporting community,

as there is a race-course, and a good one too, about a mile-and-a-half

from the station. Dotted here and there about the centre and on the

outskirts of this race-course there are a number of small tanks, all

densely covered with weeds and surrounded by a thick fringe of bushes

and trees which afforded good cover to hare, jackals, and now and then

a leopard. Overhanging one of these tanks, and encroaching into the

water itself, was a fine banyan tree, and over the water and resting on a

number of branches which ¢rossed and recrossed one another a pair of

Whistling Teals had made their nest. It was quite an ideal place for

a nest ; the branches projected well over the deep tank and, though

supported by the numerous roots which had grown down from them,

_were yet not strong enough to bear the weight of aman, In addition

to this the brambles were so fearfully dense all round the tree that it

was an awful business to get to it. Eventually after two visits had been

made, we cut a narrow pathway through the jungle and sent an adven-

turous, small boy up into the tree, who succeeded in clambering out to

the nest and letting the eggs down in his puggree.

In Rungpur I found them selecting big trees and generally making

their nests high up in them, some thirty feet or so from the ground.

One nest I took from a large hollow ina dead tree, All the nests I |

saw in this district were made in trees growing beside the ditches of

which I have already spoken when describing the Cotton Teals’ nest.

I have never seen their nests on the ground, but any one hunting for

their nests should not. overlook the fact that they may be found to make

their nests thus.

Barnes, vide his article on “ Nesting in Western India,” found this bird

breeding at Hyderabad in Sind, and saw one nest which was placed in a

babool tree in the very centre of a large and deep jhil. Barnes doubted

the authenticity of the eggs in his collection on account of their small

size, and says that they measured 1°9"% 1-6". This is smaller than usual

but not remarkably so, and the difference in the size of their eggs is not

half so great as is that between the two species of birds themselves.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 561

The only note in Oates’ edition of Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs” is of a

nest found at Saugor, C. P., and taken from a large hollow in an old tree.

The hollow was well lined with twigs, grass, and a few feathers, The

eggs, seven in number, varied between 2°12" and 2:25" in length and be-

tween 1°65" and 1°75" in breadth. They breed in most plaves in July and

August; in Nadia I took the nest at the end of June—I forget the date—

and in Rungpur they breed principally in August, a few in September.

I have never taken more than ten eggs from any nest, and think 6 to

8 is the number most often laid, and I have taken four quite hard set.

I have noticed that there is a very general tendency to over-estimate .

the number of eggs laid by all game birds whether land or water : why

this should be so I cannot tell, but that it is so cannot be doubted.

Thus the majority of quails lay four eggs, few more than six ; jungle

fowl lay five or six, sometimes eight or more, but this is the exception ;

bush and bamboo partridges almost invariably four or five. Of nearly

all these birds, writers,—generally anonymous, at other times good

sportsmen but bad observers—have noted their laying double the

number, and put that down as the normal number in a elutch.

After this digression to return to the Whistling Teals’ eggs, They

vary in no way froin those of the smaller bird, though Oates says that

they are perhaps of superior smoothness. ‘This has not struck me, and

I certainly could not discriminate between a small egg of D. fulva and

a large one of D. javanica. When first laid they are a pure pearly

white, often showing a slight gloss ; this gloss goes off very quickly, and

soon the eggs take a very faint greyish or yellowish tint, the shade

depending, I think, on the water the parent bird frequents and the

material of which the nest is made. I have a clutch of eggs taken |

from a nest made principally of, and lined entirely with, rank weeds,

and their eggs are faint, but distinct, yellowish underneath and pale

greyish above.

The normal shape of the egg is a very broad regular oval, but little

smaller at one end than the other. Abnormal eggs are generally longer

in shape, but I have seen none at all pointed. They are fine and smooth

in texture, but inclined to be chalky and not very close grained.

Twenty-five of my eges average 2°09" x 1:69". The smallest I

have ever taken was 1°84" > 1:56" and the largest 2°40" x 2°01"; but

neither of these are now in my collection.

562 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XZ,

16. DENDROCYCNA JAVANICA.

The Lesser or Common Whistling Teal.

Dendrocygna arcuata. Hume, “Stray Feathers,” I, p. 260; cd,

“ Nests and Hges,” p. 639 ; id., “ Stray Feathers,” II, p. 315; Ball,

abid, p. 483 ; Oates, ibid, V, p. 169.

Dendrocygna awsuree. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” ILI, p. 786.

Dendrocygna javanica. Hume and Davis, “Stray Feathers,’ VI,

pp. 486, 488 ; Cripps, zb¢d, VII, p. 811; Hume, zd, VII, p. 71 ;

Hume’s Cat., No. 952 ; Legge’s “ Birds of Ceylon,’ p. 1969 ; Hume

and Marshall, “ Game Birds,” III, p.109; Bingham, “ Stray Fea-

thers,” IX, p. 198; Park, ibid, p. 486 ; Oates, “ Stray Feathers,” X,

p. 245; Oates, “Birds of British Burmah,” I, p. 273; Barnes,

“ Birds of Bombay,” p. 398 ; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs” (Oates’ ed.),

p28: ;

Dendrocycna javanica. Salvadori, ‘ Cat. of Birds, British Museum,”

XXVII, p. 156.

Description: Adult Male—Forehead and crown brown, paler and

reddish on the forehead and darkest on the occiput ; remainder of head

and neck pale fulvous-grey, paler on the cheeks and almost white on

the chin and upper throat ; this colour gradually changes into yellowish-

grey or yellowish-fulvous on the breast, which again changes into the

chestnut of the lower parts, and this again in its turn fades into the dirty,

creamy-white of the lower tail coverts. Above the colour of the neck ,

changes into brown on the scapulars and back, where the feathers are

broadly margined with golden-rufous ; rump black ; upper tail ecoverts -

chestnut, tail brown, very narrowly margined with paler dingy rufous ;

lesser and median wing coverts chestnut, the latter sometimes mixed

with ashy ; greater coverts dark ashy, rarely splashed with chestnut next

the primaries ; quills black, the inner secondaries more brown and

edged with dingy ash colour ; flanks chestnut, the feathers sometimes

centred paler ; axillaries brown.

Trides dark brown; bill almost black to slatey-grey with the nail

darker ; feet slatey-brown to dull black. “Eyelids bright yellow”

(Salvadori).

“The irides are deep brown ; the eyelids bright yellow to pale golden ;

the legs and feet generally dark, at times somewhat pale plumbeous

blue, often dusky in patches and on the webs and claws blackish; bill

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 563

plumbeous to pale dull blue at. the base, shading to black at the tip, the

bill in some haying a greater extent of plumbeous, in others of black ;

the membrane between the. rami of the lower mandible is generally

pinkish ” (Hume),

Length, 16" to 17:5"; wing, 6°92" to 8:04"; tail about 2°5" to 8! ;

tarsus, 1°6" to 1°92" ; bill from gape, 1:7" to 2:06",

“ Length about 18"; wing, 8"; tail, 2"; bill at front, 12"; tarsus, 12" ;

mid toe, 23” (Jerdon). ;

Weight about 1 lb. to i lb. 6 0z.; the latter weight anusual.

Female —Like the male, but perhaps averaging smaller.

The Young—“ When just able to fly, do not differ very much from

the adult, but are everywhere duller coloured. The margins to the

feathers ot the interscapulary. region are inconspicuous and dingy

fulvous, and the entire lower surface a rather pale, dull, fulvous-brown”

(Hume). |

There are few places in India where this very common bird may

not be found, but outside our limits it does not extend very far. It is.

obtained thronghout the Indo-Chinese countries and Siam, and in the

Lioochoo Islands, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.

Foochow, and it has been obtained in one or two other oscasions in

China. The bird shot by Mr, Ricketts was killed in November.

The specimen said to-have been brought from Lake Tschad in Central

Africa, seems to have been the result of some mistake,

The Whistling Teal is, in many parts. of India, a local migrant,

visiting them only during the rains; and this we can well understand,

knowing how many places in Northern and North-Western India

change their character with the advent of the rains from utterly dry,

curnt-up tracts to well watered, wet ones.

Cripps says that it is not found in Dacca during the cold weather,

but this I know is not the case, as'I have seen them there at that

season, only they keep to the wetter portions. or the district, and doubt-

less many do move to Sylhet, where there is never any want of swamps

and bheels. In the same way many birds leave Cachar as the water

subsides and go into Sylhet. In Bengal I think the question is:

entirely one of water-supply, and where the water is sufficient, there

these teal will remain independent of the season. When, on the other

564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

hand, the water fails them, they go off elsewhere. In Sind they are

rainy-weather visitants only, and they also leave the Deccan in great

numbers as the waters dry up at the end of the cold weather. It is

found throughout the Terai, but does not ascend very high, and, most

probably, Hodgson’s specimen was not really obtained in Nepal.

Here in Cachar it is extremely common all the year round in the

plains but never ascends the hills at all.

Hume, writing of this bird, says: “ It is essentially a tree duck ; it

must have trees as well as water, and hence its entire absence from some

pieces of water, in treeless parts of Rajputana for instance, where other

species of ducks abound during the cold season. Yet it prefers level, or

fairly level tracts to very broken hilly country, and again, though im

some places, e.g., at Tavoy, it may be met with in rivers in enormous

flocks, it, as a rule, prefers moderate sized lakes and ponds to rivers.

“‘ Owing to these preferences, there are many tracts, as for instance

portions of the Deccan, where it is extremely rare.”

This is quite true, but in Hastern India, more especially Bengal, nearly

all the country is more or less well supplied with trees and also water, so

that local migrations are not necessary and therefore not indulged in,

except in the very narrowest sense of the word.

The same applies to Ceylon, where Legge describes them as permanent,

but moving to and from certain places with the season.

Hume says that it seems to be a permaneni resident only in districts

which are well drained as well as possessing other attributes. This is cer-

tainly not the case in many or most parts of Bengal, where the birds are

resident however ill-drained the district may be.

It is quite the exception for them to be seen in any number on rivers

and open, clean pieces of water ; they prefer tanks, backwaters, swamps

and lakes, the latter especially when they are well covered with weeds

or vevetation. |

My tirst duck shooting in India was obtained in Jessore, and until

then I had no idea of the vast numbers in which duck of different kinds

assembled. Teal of sorts were common, and Gadwal, Pintail and many

ducks also, but the Whistling Teal must have numbered at least 100 to

each one of all the other kinds included. It was almost incredible the

enormous flocks in which they assembled, thousands and thousands flew

on every side of us aswe shot, and the dull rumbling of their wings was

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 565

heard a mile away or more, even before they were disturbed. We did

not of course shoot them, but we found them a horrible nuisance, for

they were quite as wild as the other ducks, and whenever a careful stalk

had enabled us to get almost within shot of a fat lot of Gadwal or nice

flock of blue-wing Teal or other much-to-be-desired game, some

wretched Whistling Teal was sure to pop out of an unnoticed piece of

cover and make off with loud whistlings and whirring wings, followed by

every other duck within two or three hundred yards. A few, perhaps,

of the Whistling Teal might pass us within shot, but it was almost cer-

tain that the duck we wanted would not.

Tt is very difficult to estimate how many birds there were on the

Moolna bheel when I first visited that grand shooting ground, but there

must certainly have sometimes been hundreds of thousands on the wing

at once.

Often when we approached some piece of water where the reeds and

rushes grew so rank that we got right in before we fired, the Whistlers

would rise at the shot in masses before us, almost carrying out that old

figure of speech, “ darkening the air.’ I was greatly struck on these

occasions by the attitudes of the birds, which reminded me much of

ancient prints on duck shooting, the birds with their long necks out-

stretched rising straight up for some height until they got fairly started,

when they fly off parallel with the water, generally about 30 or 40 feet

up and not very fast in spite of their noisy flight. Hume, Legge and

many others have mentioned the rapidity with which they beat their

wings, and have also noted the smallness of the result when compared

with the amount of exertion used. When found in small flocks, that

is to say, up to about fifty or so, on tanks, ponds and small pieces of

water, they often fly round and round the place before leaving it, and

more particularly is this the case when, there being no other water

very close by, they are loath to quit the piece from which they have

been roused. In the vast pieces of water in the delta of the Ganges, I

did not notice this habit so much. When first disturbed and the birds

get up all at once, it would seem that they form a flock numbering

some thousands, but they soon divide into smaller ones, seldom number-

ing over two or three hundred, and then with a preliminary wheel or

two fly off to some other part cf the swamp. Why they should be so

wild in the Sunderbans and yet so tame in most parts of their habitat I

566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

cannot explain. They are not much shot at, as the inhabitants are

nearly all fisher people who possess but few guns and who get their duck

by driving them into nets and not by shooting them.

[have never in any part of Bengal known them to be so tame as to

require stoning to induce them to leave a tree as Hume says is neces:

sary in many parts, yetin Rungpur, Furreedpur.and some other

districts they are so confiding that to get a sitting shot would be a very’

easy feat were it desirable, and the birds do not. fly until the last

moment. They perch very freely on. trees, even when not in the:

breeding season, but I think that, as a rule, they rest, when in flocks,

on the water and not on trees, sometimes of course they do rest during

the heat of the day on trees. Hume indeed says generally, and this

habit again may be oneof locality varying in the different parts it:

affects.

At night I think they roost almost invariably on trees, and even

where they are shy and wild and feed in the evening and early’

morning, the middle of the night is probably passed roosting on trees.’

They very rarely rest on land, as do their larger brethren D. fulva,

and I have never personally seen them thus actually on land. Tke

ovly time I have. seen a flock of any size ona tree was once when

passing under a huge Banyan tree, a large flock flew out just over-

head. { was riding when they started, but I remember that as they

departed out of sight, I viewed the last of them from the ground on’

which I was reclining iu a’/semi-sitiing posture. I forget now which

got out of sight first, the Teal or my pony, the latter a skittish T. B.

Waler. oe . . oh.

Banyan trees are very favourite resorts of this bird, because, doubt-

less, of the large horizontal branches which are so numerous and which’

‘give them good foothold without calling on the powers of grasping toi

any great extent. They are quick, strong swimmers and very good

divers also, but I have not known them dive and remain under water,

holding into weeds, etc., as some ducks do, Asa rule, a wounded:

bird dives and scurries under water at a great pace for about. ten .to

twenty yards and then reappears, once more to dive as the would-be:

catcher thinks that at last he has got it.

They feed on anything and. everything, but bring up their young

principally on animal food, and they themselves, in an adult state,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, . | SGT

probably prefer vegetable food. They graze often in the rice fields, but

only when the plant is very young, and I have seen them grazing on

the coarse dhub grass which often grows on sandy spots at the edges of

tanks and jhils in the cold weather.

Thave found that they eat large quantities of a very small fresh-

water snail; this hasa very brittle shell and so is probably easily

crushed and digested. These snails might account for the flavour of

which the bird is unfortunately the possessor. Anyway, it is most

rare to find a Whistling Teal fit to eat, though it is not an impossibility

to get such a young bird just at the commencement of the cold

weather being the most likely to furnish an edible dish,

Their note is described by their name and isa regular whistle, not

very clear, rather sibilant, and by no means harsh or shrill. It is

uttered constantly whilst on the wing, especially when first rising and

during the first few wheels. I have also heard it during the breeding

season give vent toa low chuckling, not unlike the lower garrulous

notes of the Cotton Teal, but more nearly approaching the quack of

a true duck. 3

No articles on ducks could possibly be complete without Hume’s

story of the Whistling Teal, Crows, Cat and Dogs, so it must be here

quoted in full.

“T once saw a good large half-wild village cat spring down upon

a duck, which was sitting on her nest, in a broad four-pronged fork

of amango tree. The duck did not whistle in the usual manner,

she positively screamed ; in a second the drake dashed at the cat,

and to my surprise down came a black crow (C. macrorhynchus) not,

as any one would have thought, to steal the eggs in the confusion, but

to assail the cat with claws and beak as if his own homestead had been

attacked. In less time than it takes to describe, the cat was squalling

in her turn, and fled up one of the branches pursued closely by the

drake and the crow, who were immediately joined by another crow, and

the three made it so hot.for pussy, that she sprung to the ground,

where my dogs, aroused by the uproar above (the noise those two

crows made was astounding), were awaiting her, and before I could

interfere, and before she quite recovered the jump of some 35 or 40

feet, killed her outright. But the strangest part of the business was

that the villagers assured me that this nest was the crow’s own nest,

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ.

and that they lent it every year, after their young had flown, to the

Whistling Teal. I should have verified this the next spring but left the

Mynpooree district, and never again had a chance of visiting the spot.”

Normally and typically both our Indian Dendrocycne build nests on

trees or lay their eggs in their hollows ; often, however, they make use

of the deserted nests of other birds, and sometimes they build nests on

or near the ground in reeds, grass, or even bushes. The recorded and

authenticated instances of the common Whistling Teal laying its eggs

in nests placed on the ground are not numerous.

Barnes, in Vol. I of this Journal, recorded the fact that in Neemuch

he never found their nests on trees but always amongst rushes growing

on the edges of banks. .

Oates, in “ Birds of British Burmah,” says that he has “ Frequently

found its nest in Pegu in July and August, a mass of dead leaves and

grass placed on a low thick cane-brake in paddy land and containing six

very smooth white egos. . . . Those nests 1 myself found were

invariably situated as above described, on cane-brakes.”

Jerdon also says that: “ It generally, perhaps, breeds in the drier

patches of grass on the ground, often ata considerable distance from

water, carefully concealing its nest by imtertwining some blades of

grass over it.”

Lastly, Legge notes in “ Birds of Ceylon”: “‘ It sometimes builds on

the ground among rushes or tussocks, and even in reeds, the nest

half floating in water.”

In ‘Game Birds” Hume’s notes on the nidification of this species are

very full and interesting, containing practically every known situation

for the nest. Thus Capt. Butler took the nest from a tussock of grass,

growing out of a dried stick fence; Mr, Doig and he took them fre-

quently from creeper-covered tamarisk-jungle growing in water, and

the former also found them placed on the tops of clumps of bull-rushes.

Mr. J. Davidson also fonnd the nests on the ground in Mysore,

where they were placed in tutts of grass which formed islands in the

middle of weedy tanks.

Cripps found that in Dacca, Furreedpuc and Sylhet they breed both

on trees and on the ground.

Personally I have never seen a nest actually on the ground, but

have taken one or two irom situations very close to it. In Cachar at

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 569

the foot of the hills there is much broken ground often intersected by

nullahs which widen out here and there into swamps and bheels. Here

the Whistling Teal is in its element and has an enormous variety of

sites to choose from. The one I have found most often selected is

some clump of trees, generally babool or a stunted species of large-

leaved, densely-foliaged tree which grows often actually in the water.

When the rains are on, these small clumps form oases in the centre of

a watery desert and, when the floods are at their height, shew merely a

few feet of their crests above water, on one of which the ducks build

their nest; a roughand ready construction of weeds, sun-grass and

rushes, rarely lined with a few feathers. Sometimes a good many

twigs are used, more especially when the nests are placed in babool

trees, where, owing to the support being less compact, the nest itself is

bound to be stronger and better put together. The situation next

most often chosen as a site for the nest is up one of the arms of these

bheels, which seldom, if ever, have deep water in them, but at the

same time, from collecting moisture drained off the surrounding hills,

are always wet and moist. In these places the canes, reeds and other

vegetation grow to a great height, often 12 feet or more, and are so

rank and tangled that their tops will bear no inconsiderable weight.

When building the nest in one of these tangles the birds place it some

two or three feet from the top, the density of which protects it greatly

from rain, etc. The nest itself is of the roughest description, a mere

thick, coarse pad of grass, reeds and perhaps a few creepers, measuring

some 18" to 24” in diameter, and with no more depression in the centre

than is caused by the birds constantly sitting in them.

Now and then the nest is found on trees close by villages and near

some tank or piece of water. When on this kind of tree the nést may be

placed either on one of the bigger forks or in a large hollow ; atid when

in the former place, are quite well-built nests of twigs lined with grass

and afew feathers. If, on the contrary, they are in the hollows, the nest

is scanty and sometimes merely consists of the fragments naturally

contained in the hole. .

In Rungpur, I found nearly all my nests on trees, though very often

they were not built by the birds themselves, but they. used eld -

crow’s nests sometimes, old kite’s nests frequently. .-I should

mention that the crow’s nests the birds used were always those

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol, X2.

of C. splendens, and it seems to me very remarkable that this duck

should find room to lay and hatch some six toa dozen eggs in a nest

as small as that usually built by C. macrorhynchus, as this crow general-

ly makes such a compact neat nest with very little waste room about

it. I should imagine the jungle crow in Hume’s anecdote given above

must have been an extravagant, wasteful bird, or else have taken house-

rent from the teal and charged per square yard of room.

Most nests are not placed at any great height from the oni

seldom over twenty feet or so, but I have taken one or two from far

greater heights.

As regards the number of eggs laid, there is a good deal of difference

in the maximum normal number as estimated by various observers.

Jerdon, Butler, Doig, Davidson, Cripps and I myself consider about

8 to 10 to be the normal number laid, though in Cachar the former

number is the largest I remember taking. Oates gives six or seven,

whilst Anderson says that ordinarily this bird lays a dozen.

Probably 8 to 10 is the number most often laid, and whilst in some.

districts, probably to the East, they may average fewer, yet, on the

other hand, in some, more to the West, the average clutch may be some-

what larger.

The eggs are like those already described as belonging to D. fulva,

that is to say, they are very spherical ovals, but little compressed at the

smaller end, and in texture are very smooth and fine, but neither very

close-grained or glossy, and somewhat chalky on the surface. They

are nearly pure white, sometimes inclined to ivory-white, when first

laid, but stain quickly and soon lose the faint gloss they sometimes.

show at first.

Hume in a footnote to “ Game Birds”’ says that the lining membrane

of this teal’s egg is a delicate salmon-pink, and gives a faint rosy tinge

to perfectly fresh unblown eggs. I have never, I am sorry to say,

examined this membrane when fresh, and when dry it is of a dead grey-

white. I should have said that the tint of eggs in the condition he

describes was more of a creamy-yellow than rosy, but the shells are

thick and have very little transparency, and as a rule the yolk gives

no tint at all to the shell. “

All my eggs come within the average given by Oates in Hume’s

“ Nests and Hggs,” vz., lengthfrom 1°72" to 2°0"and breadth from 1 4"

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 571

to 1:6". The average of 80 ecgs taken by me is however larger and

measures 1°89" 1:52",

The duck is a very close sitter and will not move from her eggs until

very closely approached, indeed she may sometimes be caught by hand.

Mr. Brooks thus caught a duck on her nest which was placed at the

bottom of a hollow in a dead stump.

The drake keeps much to the tree where the nest is, and spends

much of his time alongside his mate on the nearest comfortable perch,

but I have never been able to ascertain whether he assists in the

incubation.

Tn different parts of the country they breed from late June up to

September. In Hastern Bengal principally in July ; in West Bengal

late July and early August ; in Western India later still, Barnes says

that in Rajputana they breed in August and September.

In Ceylon it is one of the birds that does not alter its habits of

breeding much, and there they lay in June and July.

Genus TADORNA.

This genus consist of two species, one of which has a wide range

throughout Europe, Asia and Africa, and the other being confined to

Australia, the Moluccas, and Papuan Islands. The male bird possesses a

fleshy knob at the base of the upper mandible, which is highly developed

during the breeding season.

17. TapDoRNA CORNUTA.

. The Sheldrake.

Tadorna cornuta. Hume, “Str. Feath.,” J, p. 260; ad., “ Str.

Feath.,” VII, p.492 ; VII, p.115; id., Catalogue, No. 956; Hume

and Marshall, “Game Birds,” III, p. 186; Barnes, “ Birds of

Bombay,” p. 400; Salvadori, “ Cat. of Birds of British Museum,”

XXVIL, p. 171.

Tadorna valpanser, Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” Ii, p. 794. ;

Description : Adult Male.—“ Head and upper part of the neck dark °

glossy green ; round the lower neck a broad white collar; a band of

rich chestnut covers the upper part of the back, the space before the

bend of the wing and the upper part of the breast ; remainder of the

back, rump and upper tail coverts white ; scapulars black except the

inner ones, which are white ; a band along the middle of the breast and

belly dark brown; sides and flanks white; under tail coverts rufous ;

572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XJ.

wing coverts white ; primaries very dark brown; speculum on the

secondaries green ; long inner secondaries with rich chestnut outer

webs ; tail feathers white, tipped with black; bill and knob at the base

bright red ; irides brown ; legs, toes and their membranes fleshy-pink.

Total length 24—26 inches, wing 13”, tail 5-2”, culmen 2°4", tarsus

2!" (Salvadori). .

“Tn adults the bills are deep red ; the nail dusky ; the irides brown ;

and the lees and feet fleshy-pink to tesny-red, often more or less

creamy on the front of the toes and tarsi.”

“ Length 23°5" to 25:25" ; expanse 41” to 46"; wing 12°5” to 13°6";

tail from vent 4°75" to 5:5" ; tarsus 2°1" to 2°38"; bill from gape 2:2"

to 2°4" ; weight 2lbs. 60z. to 2lbs. 140z.”” (Hume).

Female.— Differs from the male in being less brightly coloured, having

no knob at the base of the bill, and in being smaller.

“ Length 20:8" to 22"; expanse 39" to 42"; wing 11°75" to 12°4" ;

tail from vent 4°2" to 4°9" ; tarsus 1°95" to 2°07" ; bill from gape 2°1”

to 2:2"; weight 2lbs. to 2lbs. 20z.”’ (Hume).

Young birds at the age when they arrive in India are duller-coloured

than the adults, have the bills a dull brick-red, and the feet livid-fleshy.

Young birds of the year in August have the bill flesh-coloured ;

the head and neck brown ; chin and front of the neck white ; inter-

scapulars brown; wing coverts white; inner secondaries white edged

with chestnut ; primaries black ; speculum becoming green ; all the

under-surface white ; legs flesh-colour” (Yarrell).

Nestlings in down “ Are dark brown above and white below, the

white on the under parts extending to the forehead, sides of the head

and neck, wings, scapulary region, and sides of the rump’ (Seebohm).

During the summer the habitat of this bird extends from the British

Isles throughout the whole of Northern Hurope as far south as Central

Germany and the south of the Caspian Sea, in Russia, South Siberia,

Turkestan, Northern China and Japan. In the winter it ranges South

to Northern Africa, South Asia as far as Northern India, South China,

Japan and Formosa.

In India it is confined entirely to the northern portion, and even

there it is by no means a common visitant, though it is common iu

Afghanistan and not rare in Baluchistan. Hume gives its southern

limit as the 22nd parallel, and it extends as a rare visitant through

INDIAN DUCKS AND THETR ALLIES. d73

Scind, the Punjab, and the North-West Provinces and Oudh. In

Bengal its occurrence is most rare; it has been obtained once or

twice near Calcutta, and once again lately in the Calcutta bazaar.* Only

recently Kashmir has been added to its habitat, a pair having been

twice met with in that locality. This extremely handsome and con-

spicuous bird, although so little likely to be overlooked and having a

wide possible range through Northern India, is yet but seldom met with,

and is never or hardly ever, seen for any length of time in one locality.

This, as Hume explains, is probably due to the fact that their natural

habitat is not fresh water but the sea-shore, and the sea-shore where it

is clean. Most of our shore is not clean, and very little of it is visited

and well-known, so that even the few birds which do haunt it may well

escape observation. ‘The rest who make up their minds on India for

a winter habitat are compelled to resort to the largest pieces of water

they can find which have suitable sandy shores and churs on which

they may walk about. They are essentially land and not water ducks,

and may be found nine times out of ten strutting about or resting

quietly on some sandy bank or shore. When disturbed they do not

take to the water and thence to wing but at once rise into the air,

uttering their shrill call as they first take the alarm, and once in flight

they soon put along distance between themselves and the cause of

their disturbance. They are strong both on the leg and the wing ; on

the former their actions are decidedly more goose- than duck-like and

they walk well, quickly, and in a very erect attitude. When flying, on

the other hand, they approach more nearly the ducks, making less

commotion with their wings than do the geese. I have never heard

their note but it has been variously described, and is as far as I can

make out a very similar cry to that of the Brahminy Duck in the breed-

ing season but more shrill and high-pitched at other times. Hume calls

it a harsh quack which he says might perhaps be called a whistle.

They dive well and swim well but are loath to take to either

expedient, and it is only when severely wounded that they resort to it.

* Mr. Finn writes to me: “ As to the occurrence of the sheldrake in the Calcutta bazaar,

J have seen or got it several times since I cam? out here in 1894, and only to-day two dead

immature birds were brought me, I have seen at least one more this winter from up-country.”

From thisit would appear that the sheldrake is not of such rare occurrence as has hither-

to been considered to be the case, and that in spite of its conspicuous plumage it must be

sometimes overlooked.

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

As they feed principally in shallow water their diving is not called into

action, though they often retain their heads under water for long periods.

Hume on two occasions noticed birds “ Washing and sluicing them-

selves with an energy and persistence that 1 have rarely seen equalled

in any other species.” He then also noticed that the birds remained

with their head under the water quite as long at a stretch as any of the

true ducks would have done. .

Their food appears to be mainly animal and to consist of shell-fish,

water insects, prawns and shrimps, and practically all or any of the

small animal life found on the shores at low tide or in shallow water.

A small amount of vegetable matter is doubtless eaten now and then,

but merely as one takes vegetables with a meat diet.

Of course they are not good to eat; which of the animal eating

ducks are? and Hume says even skinning has no effect. It is certainly

not to be expected it would, as flavour, unlike beauty, is more than skin

deep.

It does not breed with us, but does not go far for the purpose, It

breeds extensively in Turkestan and thence through Mussia to our

own British coasts where it is common enough. It has been found

breeding as far north as Iceland and Greenland, though not exten-

sively in either country. As a rule it selects as a site for its nest some

deserted burrow, it matters little to what it belongs or did belong, and

places its nest at the bottom. It has been said to livein amity with

rabbits and even badgers, and to have taken to burrows extenanted by

foxes, the smell alone of which would have made most ducks require

sal volatile and the rest.

Where there are no burrows available they will place their nest at

the bottom of some natural hole or crevice in the shore or amongst the

rocks.

They make a good substantial foundation for their nest of grass,

reeds, sticks or any other similar material, and then make a luxuriant

bed out of their own down in whicn their eggs are deposited. In

Holland this down and the eggs form articles of no little commercial

value, and special arrangements are made to accommodate the birds

and induce them to give their patronage to certain spots, The

sheldrake is fortunately fond of company when undergoing the

worries of a family or the preparation for it. The Dutch therefore

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 575

select a suitable spot, for choice a natural breeding place of the duck,

and construct neat burrows, slanting at the right angle and wide

and deep enough to please the bird, yet not deep enough to balk their

own desires. Left to itself the bird would as soon build in a 14-foot

as in a 4-foot burrow, but it would be impossible to tackle many of the

former and yet make money out of the collecting of the eggs and down’

so the artificial burrows are made of about the latter depth. As soon

as the eggs are laid the nests are rifled and the down and eggs taken

away, whereupon the ducks once more reline their nests, not so well or

thoroughly of course as they did their first, and lay a second clutch of

eggs which they are allowed to hatch and rear in peace.

Normally they are said to lay from 8 to 16 eggs, but should the first

clutch be taken they lay another and in this way the number may reach_

as much or more than thirty.

Hume says: “The eggs vary a great deal in shape, some are very

round, some only moderately broad ovals. In texture the shell is very

close and smooth, very like that of the nukhta’s egg. In colour they

vary from very nearly pure white to a pale cream-colour sometimes,

shewing the greenish tinge of the mallard’s egg.”

“Tn length they vary from 2°45 to 2°75 and in breadth from 1:75 to

19527

“The young are hatched in from twenty-eight to thirty days, and are

immediately led to the sea by the old ones.”

Morris (“British Birds and their Hggs,” III, p. 73) writes : “The eggs

are ten or twelve, or even more, it is said thirteen or fourteen or even

sixteen in number ; but these in such cases may have been the produce

of two birds. They are nearly perfectly white, having only a very faint

tinge of green, and are smooth and shining. They are equally rounded

at both ends.”

“The hen bird sits, as is believed, from abouty twenty-six to thirty

days, her mate keeping watch hard by and taking her place in the

morning and evening while she picks up some food.”

“The young, when hatched, are either carried by their parents in

their bills to the water, or soon make their way thither themselves.

They hide themselves away at the approach of danger, the old birds

conscious no doubt that they are able thus best to find security, flying

off themselves,”

576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

Genus CASARCA.

The genus Casarca consists of four species, of which four the widest

spread is the well known Indian Brahminy. Of the others C. cana is

confined to South Africa, C. variegata to New Zealand, and C. tador-

noides to Australia and Tasmania. Of the four also the Indian is the

only migratory one, the others being local residents or only locally

migratory. The bill differs from that of Tadorna in being no broader

or narrower at the tip than at the base. The camelle also are more

prominent at the base of the upper mandible, whereas in Tadorna

they are more developed towards the tip.

Both sexes have a rudimentary spur on the shoulder (carpal joint).

18. CASARCA RUTILA.

The Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck.

Casarca rutila. Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” III, p. 791 ; Hume, “ Stray

Yeathers,” I, p. 260; Adam, ébid, p. 401; Hume, “ Nests and Eggs,”

p. 641 ; Ball, “ Stray Feathers,” II, p. 437 ; Hume, zbed, iI], p. 193 ;

Butl., zhid, IV, p. 28; Scully, ibrd, p.198 ; Fairbank, cid, p. 264 ;

Butl., ibcd, V, p. 234; Humeand Davis, ibid, VI, p. 489 ; Hume,

abid, VIII, p. 115 ; Scully, bed, p. 862; Hume and Marshall, “ Game

Birds of India,” TIL, p. 123 ; Oates, “ Stray Feathers,” X, p. 240;

Salvadori, “ Cat. of Birds of British Museum,” Vol. XXVII, p. 177.

Tadorna casarca. Legge, “Birds of Ceylon,” p. 1070, p, 1222,

Appendix; Oates, “ Birds of British Burmah,” II, p. 277 ; Hume,

“ Nests and Egos” (2nd Ed.), ITI, p. 280.

Description: Adult Male—Whole head and upper part of the neck

buff, changing gradually into bright orange-brown at the base of the

latter. Scapularies and back, flanks, and whole lower plumage rather

bright orange-brown, lower back finely vermiculated black and rufous ;

upper tail coverts and tail black. Wing coverts white, quills black,

secondaries glossed rich green on the outer webs forming a well defined

speculum. Hume says that the speculum may be either bronze or green,

but I have personally seen none of the former colour.

Inner secondaries light buff more or less tinged with rufous on the

outer web and principally grey on the inner. Avxillaries and under

wing coyerts white.

In the breeding season there is a black collar at the base of the neck

usually very indistinct in Indian birds and often absent.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 577

Bill and feet black, irides rich brown.

“ Length 24°5" to 27:0" ; expanse 48°0" to 52°60"; wing 14°25” to

15°5" ; tail from vent 5°4" to 63"; tarsus 2°3" to 2°7"; bill from gape

2°2 to 2°4"; weight 3 lbs. to 4 lbs. 4 oz.” (Hume).

In the cold weather the majority of the drakes have their white

wing coverts much sutfused with rufous. Hume had specimens practi-

cally having their wing coverts and lower plumage concolorous.

Adult Female.—Differs in being smaller, and in having the head paler

and “In having (at any rate during the cold season) the whole

anterior portion of the head white’ (Hume). The black collar is

never assumed.

“ Length 21°75" to 24:0" ; expanse 42°5" to 47°75" ; wing 12°36" to

14-0" ; tail from vent 5°06" to 6°0" ; tarsus 2°12" to 2°4" ; bill from gape

20" to 2°3" ; weight 2 lbs. 1 oz. to 3 lbs. 5 oz.” (Hume).

Young of the first season—-Generaily like the female but rather

duller, the scapulars and upper back vermiculated brown and pale

rufous ; the inner secondaries brown more or less vermiculated with

reddish-buff, more especially on the inner web ; tail with narrow

obsolete bars of rufous and distinctly tipped with the same.

In India many birds are meé with ina transition stage between this

and the fully adult plumage. I have nowa fine young male before

me with adult scapulars, but the back shews fine vermiculations of

brown, the tail and inner secondaries are those of the young bird, and

the whole lower plumage has the feathers very faintly and indistinetly

tipped paler.

In this bird the feet are purplish-black, irides bright brown, and bill

slatey-black.

A nestling brought from Tso-mourari is mostly white, marked on

- the upper surface with blackish-brown, and with here and there a

fulvous tinge” (Hume).

The Brahminy is not a bird of very Northern latitudes even during

the breeding season. In summer it is found in Spain, though in small

numbers only, throughout Southern Hurope and Northern Africa, and

thence through Asia Minor, Turkestan, Afghanistan and extreme

Northern India at altitudes over 10,000 feet, through China to the

NorthandJapan. It has been recorded from nearly all North European

countries including Great Britain, but nowhere as anything but

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

rare. In 1892 Messrs. Pearson recorded it from Iceland in the Ibis

for 1895, p. 247, and the same year it was recorded as having been seen

in 1892 even further North than this, viz. in the Upernivik district of

Western Greenland by Dr. Van Hoffen, who was naturalist to the Dry-

galshi Expedition of 1892-93.

In winter it resorts to the plains of India, Northern Burma, South

China, and Japan and Formosa. In India the only places from which it

has not been recorded are such as do not afford sufficient water, and

they are practically unknown in the waterless tracts of portions of Scind

and Rajputana. From as far south as Ceylon they are noted as not

uncommon. Legge in the Appendix to the “ Birds of Ceylon ” says:

“This Sheldrake can no longer be relegated to the doubtful or unpro-

cured species in the Ceylon lists. Mr. G. Simpson of the Indian Tele-

graph Department has lately sent a portion of the skin of a male, shot

by him in the Jaffna district, to Mr. Parker for identification. - He

likewise furnishes a description of the bird, which has been forwarded to

me, and there is no doubt avout the matter. The wing of the example

in question measures 14°75 inches. Mr. Simpson says they are not un-

common in the cocl season in the Jaffna Lake, near Pooneryn, and on

the Delft, Palverainkadoo and Mullaittiru lagoons. They are, he finds,

very wary, flying high when disturbed and uttermg a note like

“ conk, conk,”

To Southern Burma it is a very rare straggler and I can find none

but anonymous records of its occurrence there.

Oates observes (in loc. cit.) : “‘ The Brahminy Duckis a visitor to the

province from October to Mareh. It is very abundant in the large

rivers of Pegu ; but Mr. Davison did not observe it in Tenasserim. It

-is probably common in Arrakan, whence Mr. Blyth received it.”

Like Mr. Inglis I have found the Ruddy Sheldrake a rare bird in

Cachar and not common in Hast Sylhet, where the rivers are too muddy,

and are wanting in suitable sandy banks and churs. In South and

West Sylhet they are much more common, for there the rivers

begin to widen out into fine clear streams.

In Orissa it is not uncommon to find this bird on the salt backwaters

and pools, and even on the shore itself. It is very common on the

Chilka lake, and I have seen it on the brackish, tidal waters of the

Sunderbans.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 579

Except in midwinter they are to be met with in considerable numbers

in the lofty valleys of the Himalayan rivers, in Kashmir and at other

equally lofty elevations and from thence down to the level of the plains.

Tn Kashmir they appear to be met with more or less throughout the

cold season, but, probably, desert the higher valleys of the Himalayas

during the coldest period.

Hume says “They arrive in flocks and before leaving in April

gather again into these, but during the winter they are almost invari-

ably seen in pairs. Often several pairs may be seen congregated in the

same place, but even then each pair comes out distinct on any alarm

and acts on its own behoof and without reference to the others.”

In Bengal and further south probably few people see them in flocks

even when they arrive or when about to depart, as the flocks seem to

break up. soon after their arrival in Northern India, and the pairs

then make their way to their final destination, free from the influence

of the birds they started with. In Northern India the first few birds

arrive as early as—perhaps even earlier than—the end of Sep-

tember and then work slowly South arriving in Central India and ad-

joining provinces at least a month later, nor are they common in

Bengal until early November. In Southern India they are rare before

the end of that month. The latter they leave again in the end of

February and early in March, by the middle of that month nearly all

have left Lower Bengal, the Central Provinces and Central Bombay,

and by the beginning of April they are just thinning in Northen

India and most have gone before May sets in. They have been of

course recorded throughout that month, and even in Bengal I once

saw a pair in the end of April, but these are, I think, but mere examples

of the exceptions that prove the rule.

The Brahminy is not an object of sport with Europeans, save for

those whose motto is “ Kill what, when, and where you can ;’ this

principally because, even when divested of its tough and greasy skin,

he is not worth eating unless with an extra dose of the hunger sauce.

He is, however, well worth while to shoot, or try to shoot, if you are

not an old hand at duck-shooting, for by the time you have learnt to

circumvent and bring to bag “ Chakwa and Chakwi” you may rest

satisfied that you have learnt most of the arts necessary to render

stalking ducks and geese a successful pastime. They are, as is almost

®.

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

universally admitted, the most cute and difficult of approach of all their

tribe. Possibly the crow alone exceeds them in their aptness for

learning the range of a gun; they will nearly always allow of an

approach within two hundred yards, often within one hundred and

fifty yards, and this with such a devil-me-care, unconcerned look about

them that one would imagine a closer approach to be an act of very

little care indeed. Anybody who attempts to work on this presumption

will soon find out their error ; should the stalk be made with some,

yet insufficient, care, the Brahminy will allow you to come some few

yards further and then leave for another ‘and better land (or water).

On the other hand, should the stalker be so careful as to keep well

enough hidden to entirely evade the watchful eye, he is not allowed to

approach any nearer at all, but is given the benefit of the doubt, and all

he will find of the bird when he arrives will be the impressions of its

feet in the sand.

Practice may sometimes be had on the larger rivers where ie are

plentiful with one of the modern small bore rifles, with which one

ought to be able to kill at two hundred yards ; very soon, however, they

learn to fix the range even of these weapons and new ground will have

to be sought for for future shooting, Hume writing of this form of

shooting the Brabminy says: “ After being at this game a few days and

killmg a or six, not a Brahminy in the neighbourhood will let you

approach within a quarter of a mile, and thenceforth they give you so

wide a berth that they interfere very little with fowling.”

Ii is decidedly a bird of clean, clear water predilections, and may _

generally be found in the larger rivers on the wide sand churs which

form each eold weather as the waters sink. They like such as are clean

stretches of sand, devoid, or almost devoid, of vegetation, and they

keep much to the land though not so exclusively to it as the common

Sheldrake. Of course where there are no rivers the Brahminy does not

disdain any ordinary lake or large piece of water, but he eschews such

as have much jungle about them and have their shores all more or less

clothed with the same or with growing crops, unless the latter are very

young and short. Small dirty ponds and weedy tanks he will have

nothing to say to except when in the direst distress, nor will he willingly

frequent small nullahs and rivers with muddy banks, Hyen where there

are fine open pieces of water he will always leave these and resort in

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 581

preference to sandy tanks and churs, should such be in the mcney,

though he may visit the former now and then to feed,

The bird has been frequently tamed and becomes very domesticated.

Some writers, Hume amengst them, speak well of their character under

such circumstances, and say that they are gentle and forbearing to other

ducks which may be sharing their captivity. Mr, Finn, however, says

that, from what he knows of it “It is by no means the gentle and

inoffensive bird in captivity that Hume makes it, but is decidedly ill-

conditioned and given to persecuting other water-fowl.” Everyone

knows the legend about the Brahminy which is supposed by the natives

to account for only two birds being generally found together. They are

supposed to be inhabited by the souls of lovers who have sinned. Once

two lovers who were prevented from marriage by their parents, deter-

mined to take the matter into their own hands and risk the displeasure

of the gods. Eventually the lady escaped from supervision and went

straight to her lover who was awaiting her, but they enjoyed their

liberty only for twenty-four hours, for the next night they were changed

into Brahminy ducks and were condemned ever to keep on opposite

sides of the stream, and though they were allowed to speak to one another

and to ask if they might come, the other was forced ever to reply in

the negative. Hume ridicules the legend and says he has never met a

native who had heard of it; all I can say is that I have repeatedly.

At night, when feeding, the birds will often wander far apart, and

may be heard calling to one another in their short dissyllabie notes

which are rendered by the natives into ‘“ Chakwi shall I come,”

“ No Chakwa” and then “ Chakwa shall I come” with the reply

“ No Chakwi.”

The. Hindustani words for these questions and answers are not at all

unlike their notes which are Joud and resonant, far more goose- than

duck-like in their character. Llliot, Pallas, Jerdon, ete., syllabalise

it as d-oung, others as conk, conk; perhaps a combination of these two

into a-onk gives as good an idea of the note as any other accumulation

of letters.

They are good swimmers as well as quick and agile divers, but do not

seem to be able to keep under water long, nor do they appear to ever

attempt to conceal themselves under water. On the wing they are

decidedly strong, but are noisy risers though not slow ones. The —

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

movements of its wings are less rapid than the majority of the Anatide

and give one the impression that its progress is far slower than it really

is. They are good walkers, and though generally their movements are

marked more by their dignity and deliberation than haste, they are

capable of very good performances as pedestrians. Their attitudes on

Jand are more those of geese than of ducks.

They are not at all shy birds, nor are they at all wild in the ordinary

acceptation of the word. They object to anyone coming within shot, but

when outside that distance seem to have nothing to say against being

watched and remarked upon. I was introduced to Chakwa and Chakwi

in the Santhal Parganas a very short time after I came to India. I was

engaged in camping across the district and generally riding ahead of my

belongings would arrive at the next camping ground some hours before

they came up. One of these grounds was on, or close to, the sandy

banks of a river, and of course the interval between arrival and break-

fast was filled up by strolling about. Two Brahminy ducks soon

attracted my attention, and though I was within about one hundred and

fifty yards they took no notice of me but sat on one leg basking in the

sun and now and then uttering a single low conk, not a note of alarm

but one which seemed to me at the time to be of overweening pride

and misplaced confidence. Later on I found out where these qualities

should have been looked for. I strolled back to camp, the birds still

ejecting their cries at me as I went my way. A gun obtained I strolled

back and was greeted by the birds with the same ejaculation. Then I

prepared te stalk and waiting until the birds were not looking sank out _

of sight into some stubble ; the Brahminies got up and flew off.

The next pair I came across spotted me just as 1 had got through the

first half of a stalk, and the third must have seen me all the time, getting

on the wing when I was still twenty or thirty yards too far to shoot.

Hume gives a most excellent example of their fearlessness under what

they consider proper circumstances.

“At Allahabad at the sacred juncture of the Jumna and Ganges I

noticed during a great fair, which is held on a spot of sand, at whose

apex the rivers meet, two pairs of these ducks, placidly performing

their own ablutions just opposite where some 200,000 people, densely

packed, were bathing. The hum, the roar, I should say, of the mighty

multitude sounded a mile off like the surge of wind and wayes in stormy

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 583

weather on a rock-bound coast—scores of boats conveying the richer

pilgrims to a shallow of special sanctity, a hundred yards below the

point, were ceaselessly plying backwards and forwards crowded and

crammed with human beings,—hundreds of gaudy flags were fluttering

from the topmost points of gigantic bamboos planted near the water’s

edge,—yet totally regardless of sounds and sights that might have startled

the boldest bird, the old Brahminies dawdled about the opposing bank of

the Ganges, distant barely five hundred yards from the clamorous strug-

gling rainbow-coloured mass, as though the vagaries were no concern

of theirs and signified no more than a convocation of ants.”

They are very carnivorous and will take almost anything they can get

inclading fish, flesh, and all kinds of grain, water weeds, seed and growing

crops, in which they are sometimes found grazing like geese. There

can be little doubt also that they sometimes fall so low as to. take to offal,

Their flesh is distinctly bad, on a par with that of the Whistler and

the Cotton Teal at their worst, and little better than that of the White

Hye or Shoveller.

The Ruddy Sheldrake though an emigrant from the plains of India is

yet amongst the few ducks which breed within our limits, as it frequents

many of the lofty valleys of the Himalayas for this purpose. It has not

been found breeding there below 10,000 feet, and Hume says its nest

has been taken as high as 16,000 feet.

In Southern Russia, Asia Minor and Central Asia the normal site

chosen by this duck is either the deserted burrow of some animal ora

natural crevice or hole in a mountain side or bank, sometimes on level

ground. In the Himalayas the Brahminy breeds more or less in com-

pany, though the nests may be some distance apart. They are here

generally placed in holes or crevices in the high cliffs overhanging

streams or lakes, generally close to but at other times some distance from

them. The nest-holes are often at very great heights from the ground,

and as the nestlings have been seen on the water when very young

indeed, it follows of necessity that they are taken there by their parents.

The Ladakhis say that they are carried in the feet, and this I think

must be the case, though Hume on the contrary considers it more likely

that they are carried on the backs of the old birds. His argument is

that the feet are not adapted to grasping, but if a strong adult bird could

not grasp, with sufficient strength, to hold up a nestling, how could the

584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

same nestling have sufficient graspmg power to maintain its position on

the old bird’s back during flight.

Occasionally they breed in very remarkable situations. Hume says

that they “ lay in holes in trees and even fallen logs, and in deserted

nests of birds of prey.” Tristram found it breeding in a cliff in Northern

Galilee amongst Griffon Vulturesin May, and in the Eastern Atlas

associating with the Raven, the Black Kite and Egyptian Vulture.

“‘So too in Ladakh its nests have been found associated with one of

the Thibetan Raven.”

He also quotes Prjevalsky as follows :—‘ They build in holes and clefts

in the ground and sometimes even in the fire-places of the villages

deserted by the Moguls, and in the latter places the females, while

hatching, get almost black with soot.”

Then again Messrs. Elwes and Buckley say that in Dobreedscha

the bird sometimes lays its nest ina hole in the centre of a cornfield

where naturally it is not easy to find.

The nest itself seems to be much like that of the common Sheldrake,

a mass of twigs, &c., lined with down; sometimes however, it is found

to consist almost entirely of down and feathers, and altogether it

appears to be less bulky and to have fewer materials other than those

just mentioned. Strange to say I can find no record anywhere of the

depth of hole most often resorted to for nesting purposes, but from

what has been written it would seem to matter little to the bird how

deep or shallow it was, provided the situation proved convenient.

Within our limits, and probably everywhere else also, the birds _

commence to lay in May, and nestlings just hatched have been seen and

procured well on into July in Pale Thibet, Ladakh, and even in

Southern Russia.

Different writers give the number of eggs laid as varying between

six to ten, but eight appears to be the number most frequently laid.

T have seen no eggs of this species, but eggs sent to Hume from South

Russia are described by him as being moderately broad ovals, slightly

pointed at one end. The colour is said to be a creamy or ivory-white,

and the shells very smooth and comparatively thin.

They varied in size between 2°4” and 2°7" and in breadth from 1:7"

to 1:9", but, as he says, a larger series would probably shew a wider range

of difference.

(Zo be continued,)

pe NICEVILLE, & MACKINNON. Journ. Bomb Nat. Hist Soc. PLW,

West, Newman chrome,

WEHESTHRN HIMALAYAN BUTTERELIES.

585

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE IN

THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS AND

NEIGHBOURING REGIONS.

By Puitie W. Mackinnoy, F. H.8., anp Lionen pe Nicrvinie,

CHM Aa Say Hess. ec:

(With Plates U, V, and W.)

| Concluded from page 389 of this Vol.| -

Family PAPILIONIDAS.

Sub-Family Prerina.

215. Leprosta xipata, Fabricius.

Found in the Dun only commonly almost throughout the year.

216. DELIAS BELLADONNA, Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 19, pupa,

‘In the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 344, de Nicéville expressed

the opinion : “That it is more than probable that there is only one

species of this group, J. belladonna, Fabricius, and that to prove it,

it is only necessary to bring sufficiently large material together to

connect all the described forms.” This material exists in Mackinnon’s

collection, and, as far as our area is concerned, there is obviously only

one species, which is exceedingly common on the Nag Tiba range,

north of Mussoorie, at about 5,000 feet elevation, from April to July.

In Mussoorie it is usually a rare insect, but in May, 1888, May, 1894,

and May, 1895, it was very plentiful. In a few minutes specimens of

all shades of colour, from very dark, almost black, examples (typical

D. belladonna), through yellowish-white ones (typical D. sanaca,

Moore), to the palest form (D. flavalba, Marshall) could be caught.

It may be noted here that the two last-named forms are strictly con-

fined to the Western Himalayas. Mrs. Robson found the larva

feeding on the leaves of Loranthus longiflorus, Desr.; Mackinnon found

it on Loranthus vestitus, Wall., both Natural Order Loranthacee.

Males are far more often captured than females, and may usually be

easily distinguished from the females by the bright yellow inner

margin of the hindwing on the upperside, which coloration is absent in

the opposite sex. The female is duller coloured than the male, and

the whole upper surface is suftused or irrorated with yellowish scales.

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

217. Detias nucHaris, Drury.

Recorded from Mussoorie as “‘ Preris’’ epicharis, Godart, by Kollar.

It is very common in Dehra Dun from July to February.

218. CaATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.

Both true C. crocale and the dimorphic form, C. catilla, Cramer,

occur commonly in Mussoorie from July to October, and in

Dehra Dun throughout the warmer months of the year.

219. CaToPsILIA PYRANTH®, Linnzeus.

True C. pyranthe is not very common in Mussoorie in the rains,

the dry-season form, C. gnoma, Fabricius, even less so. In the Dun

both forms are common in their respective seasons. The larva feeds

in the Dun on Cassia Tora, L., Natural Order Leguminose.

Genus TERIAS.

Mackinnon’s collection contains but few specimens of the genus

Terias, so when de Nicéville visited Mussoorie and the Dehra Dun

n September and October, 1895, that is to say, just at the end of the

rainy season and the commencement of the dry season, he set a native

collector to work to catch specimens of the genus, and he

brought in 111 specimens from Mussoorie and 120 from the Dun.

It would have been quite easy to have caught many thousands, as the

ground {especially in the Dun) was literally covered with them, a

hundred Yerias would be seen to a single specimen of all the ‘other

species of butterflies on the wing at that time. All these specimens

were sent to the late Captain E. Y. Watson, who has specially studied the

genus in the British Museum and in India, and written two highly _

interesting papers on them in the Journal of the Bombay Natural

History Society, vol. viii, p. 508 (1894), and vol. x, p. 280 (1896).

The results of his determinations of these specimens are given below.

220, Turtas HECABE, Linneus.

This is the commonest: species of the genus in Mussoorie and the

Dun, seventy-two specimens from the former and thirty-eight from

the latter having been procured. Both sexes may typically be

known by the outer black border on the upperside of the forewing

forming a large quadrate patch on the inner margin, with a well-

defined outer black border to the hindwing, the markings of the under-

side are blackish (not ferruginous), and there is no apical ferruginous

patch to the forewing. Muny of the Mussoorie specimens are very

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 587

large, and appertain to the form which has been named T. hecabeordes by

Ménétriés. All these specimens belong to the rainy-season broods.

The dry-season broods are represented by a large number of speci-

mens which bear the name of 7. excavata, Moore. On the upper-

side they are very similar to typical 7. hecabe, except that the

marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing is narrower ; but

differ on the underside in having all the markings ferruginous instead

of blackish, with a more or less distinct ferruginous patch at the apex

of the forewing. Capt. Watson says that he considers 7. szmulata,

Moore, J, contubernalis, Moore, T. patruelis, Moore, T. fraterna,

Moore, and T. kana, Moore, would apply equally well to this form as

T. excavata, and he is quite unable to draw a line between them. Some

of the specimens might be called 7. merguiana, Moore, which typically

has the inner edge of the black patch at the anal angle of the forewing

on the upperside running obliquely outwards to the inner margin, but

which is useless as a distinctive character, as the patch varies in shape

on the opposite wings of the same insect in some cases. Lastly, we

have twelve males and three females from Mussoorie and a pair from

Dehra Dun which we have called 7. fimbriata, Wallace, originally

described from ‘ Mussooree”’; it apparently representing the extreme

dry-season brood of T. hecabe. On the upperside of the forewing the

black marginal band is usually narrow, its inner edge evenly curved,

gradually decreasing from the apex to the inner angle, and with no deep

sinus between the median nervules (this sinus is just traceable in some

specimens); the marginal black band on the hindwing is reduced to a fine

thread or is absent altogether, in which case itis replaced by black dots at

the ends of the veins ; on the underside the markings are ferruginous,

and there is usually an apical ferruginous patch to the forewing. Capt.

Watson includes under this form certainly 7. apicalzs, Moore, and also

most probably 7. semplex, Butler, 7’. asphodelus, Butler, T. NAKCLSSUSY

Butler, and Z. irregularis, Moore. In Dr. A. G. Buitler’s latest

revision of the genus TJerias (Ann. and Mag. of Natural History,

‘seventh series, vol. i, page 69, n. 88 (1898), which has been published

since this article was put in type, he gives the India species as J. suava,

Boisduyal, restricting T. hecabe to South China from Hong-Kong to

Tonkin, including the island of Hainan. Dr. Butler gives 7. hana

full specific rank (1. ¢., p. 73, u. 42), but he has not seen the type.

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Watson says 7. kana is a synonym of T. hecabe after examining the

type specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

221. TRIAS ANDERSONH, Moore.

A single male example was captured at Mussoorie. This is the

most westerly point from which we have obtained this very distinct

species. Dr. Butler (I. ¢, p. 70) says that it is inseparable from

T. excavata, Moore, which is a dry-season form of T. suava, Boisduval,

but he has not seen the type specimens of 7’. andersoniz. .

222. TERIAS LIBYTHEA, Fabricius.

This is very common in our area, we obtained five specimens from

Mussoorie and twenty-five from the Dun of the dry-season form,

typical T. libythea, of which T. rubella, Wallace, is a synonym, and

six from Mussoorie and eleven from the Dun of the wet-season form,

T. drona, Horsfield, of which T. senna, Felder, is a synonym. These

Western Himalayan specimens do not appear to call for any special

remarks, they are quite normal.

223, TRIAS VENATA, Moore.

A single male only obtained at Mussoorie.

224, TrERias Lata, Boisduval.

Recorded from “ Landoor ” by Butler. Io specimen of the typical

rainy-season form, which has the underside deep rusty-red, has been

obtained in our area, but we have one specimen from Mussoorie of the

drier season form, T. jageri, Ménétriés, which has the underside flesh~

coloured, and one from Mussoorie and three from the Dun of the still

drier season form with the underside yellow, which Capt. Watson

identifies as 7. vagans, Wallace. In the Dun it is extremely common

in November and December.

225. Contras FIELDIE, Ménétriés.

Very common in Mussoorie from February to November, especially

so in March, The female has been observed ovipositing on Indigofera

Dosua, Ham., var. hetherantha, Wall., Natural Order Leguminose.

The butterfly is found in the Dun in every month except the three

eoldest.

: 226. COoLIAS ERATE, Hsper.

Not rare in Mussoorie from March to May. A white dimorphic form

of female is also found rarely. It is scarce in the Dun in the early

spring,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 589

227. CoLIAS LADAKENSIS, Felder.

Obtained rarely at 17,600 feet only in July on the Nilung Pass.

228, GONEPTERYX RHAMNI, Linneeus.

Very common in Mussoorie from April to November. ‘The larva

feeds on Rhamnus dahuricus, Pall., Natural Order Rhamnew.

229, GoNEPTREYX ZANEKA, Moore.

Rare, occurs in Mussoorie and in the interior from April to August.

230. AportaA soracta, Moore.

Occurs in vast numbers for a very short time in April and May in

Mussoorie, and in the interior. The larva feeds on Berberis Lycium,

Royle, Natural Order Berberidee. It is about 1°15 inches long, of

a brown colour, covered with fine and soft hairs. The pupa varies

much in colour, some are reddish-brown, others almost white.

231. ApoRIA NABELLICA, Boisduval.

Very rare, obtained only at 12,000 or 13,000 feet elevation on the

slopes of the hills above the Baspa Valley and on the Borenda Pass in

July and August.

232. APORIA PHRYXE, Boisduval.

This is the palest form of the Metaporia group of the genus Apes

and is somewhat rare in Mussoorie, much more so than A. caphusa,

Moore, but occurs at the same time.

233. Aporia capHusa, Moore. Plate V, Figs. 20a, 200, larva ;

20c, pupa.

During May and June this butterfly occurs in enormous numbers at

Mussoorie (whence it was originally described) on the tops of hills and

in shady ravines. The larva feeds on Berberis nepalenses, Spreng.,

Natural Order Gerberidece, and resembles that of A. soracta, Moore,

but is larger. It is dichroic, one form is reddish-brown, the other is

green. Fig. 20b was drawn from a specimen preserved in glycerine,

which had greatly shrunk, it should have been as long and slender as

Fig. 20a. The pupa, which is very similar in shape to that of

A, soracta, is greenish-yellow with black markings. The drawing

represents it in an unnatural position hanging free from a. stick

instead of being bound to it closely and longitudinally by a

median girth. In May, 1894, Mr. Mackinnon wrote :—‘ The larvee

of A. caphusa are gregarious, and to pupate burrow under the

dry leayes at the foot of their food-plant, the pups being also

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ.

gregarious. The larve spin a joint feeble web, and lie together in

communities of ten or more. They feed at night only. Colour when

full-grown dirty brown, head black, each segment with a dorsal longi-

tudinal dark brown stripe; the larva is thinly covered with weak

white hairs. Just before pupation the colour turns to a light green,

with the head and stripes as before.”

234, Aporta acaTHon, G. R. Gray.

In de Nicéville’s collection is a single quite typical male example

of this species taken at Mussoorie in May. It is a noteworthy fact

that three such closely-allied species of the genus should all fly

together in the station of Mussoorie. It is the darkest coloured of the

three.

235. Pieris cANipIA, Sparrman. Plate V, Fig. 21, pupa.

Common both at Mussoorie and in the Dun almost all the year round.

236. Pieris BRAssIc#, Linnzeus.

Very common both in Mussoorie and less so in the Dun in Marah)

but not found in any great numbers later in the year, although an

occasional specimen may be seen in almost every month. In gardens

in Mussoorie in the spring the larva does great damage to cabbages

(Brassica campestris, L., var., Natural Order Cruciferae), so much so

that boys have to be continually employed in picking them off.

237, PIERIS MELETE, Méneiriés.

Occurs sparingly in Mussoorie in May and June, and a few ragged

specimens have been brought in by collectors from the Nila and

Bhilung Valleys in July and August.

238, PARAPIERIS CALLIDICEH, Hsper.

Found in our area at high elevations only far in the interior near

the snows, in the Nila and Baspa Valleys, and from the Nilung

village, all at about 12,000 feet dleaate in the months of July and

August,

239. BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cramer.

Rare in Mussoorie in May, taken on Nag Tiba at 10,000 feet eleva-

tion in November, very common throughout the warmer months and

the autumn in Dehra Dun.

940. HupHina NeRISsA, Fabricius.

More generally known in India as H. phryne, Fabricius, and so

recorded from “ Landoor” by Butler. Tare in Mussoorie; very com-

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORTIE. 591

mon in the Dun almost throughout the year, especially the rains’

brood which flies in August and September.

241, Appras LALAGE, Doubleday.

Very common in Mussoorie and on the adjoining hills in April and

May. The sexes here differ out slightly, the dry-season form of the

female being alone found. The butterflies seem always to be flying

from east to west, this observation having been made at two places

more than twenty miles apart.

242, APPIAS LIBYTHEA, Fabricius.

In Colonel A. M. Lang’s collection is a single female taken at Mus-

soorie on 17th June, 1868, at 7,000 feet elevation.

243, NEPHERONIA HIPPIA, Fabricius,

Occurs rarely in the Aglar Valley below Mussoorie in August and

September; very common in the Dun from August to December.

The female is dimorphic, the commoner form has the basal inter-

nervular streaks of the hindwing on the upperside concolorous with

the rest of the surface, the rarer form has them yellow.

244, Ixras MARIANNE, Cramer.

Is common in Mussoorie and in the Dun in September and October,

245. Ixtas pyRENE, Linnzeus,

Brought in by collectors from near the Baspa Valley at a

considerable elevation in August. The female has no yellow

markings whatever on the upperside, being simply black and white,

thereby agreeing, except in its smaller size, with typical J, evippe,

Drury.

246, Trracoius (Calloswne) utripa, Boisduval.

Very rare in Mussoorie, one specimen each taken in April and

May, three in August and September.

Sub-Family Papritioninz.

247. TrorpEs (Pompeoptera) macus, Felder.

Very common in « valley to the north-east of Mussoorie in Tehri

Garhwal in May, flyirg high up amongst the flowers of the wild

horse-chestnut tree, i sculus indica, Colebr., Natural Order Sapindacec.

This is probably the most westerly point of its range, to the east it

reaches China and Siam.

248. Papitio (Menelaides) antstotocuia, Fabricius,

Found rarely in the Dun in April and October.

592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

249, Paprtio (Pangerana) aiponreus, Doubleday.

A single male taken in Mussoorie in April, and a few in Tehri

Garhwal in May. This is the first record of the occurrence of this

species so far to the west.

250. Papitio (Byasa) LATREILLIZ, Donovan.

Fairly common in May in the valleys to the north-east of Mussoorie.

Rothschild appears to doubt its occurrence in our area, but it does so

undoubtedly.

251. Pavitio (Byasa) RAvANA, Moore.

Common in Tehri Garhwal in April and May.

252. PapiLio MACHAON spHyRUS, Htibner.

Very common all over the hills right up to the frontiers of Thibet,

where it meets and merges into the aberration P. ladakensis, Moore,

and flies from April to November, in the lower and warmer regions,

being at least double-brooded ; in the cold and higher regions it is single-

brooded. ‘The tails of those from the Nilung Valley vary greatly in

length ; some specimens have hardly any, while others have them very

long, as long as in typical P. machaon, Linneus. Jn Mussoorie the

larva feeds ona species of Heracleum, Natural Order Umbellifere. The

butterfly is found sparingly in the Dun also, from whenee (“ Dhoon”’)

it has been recorded as var. aszaticus, Ménétries, by Felder.

253. Pavritio (Orpheides) DEMOLEUS, Linnzeus.

Better known as P. erichthonius (erithonius), Cramer, in India.

Oceasionally taken in Mussoorie ; occurs in the Givi Valley in the

Nahan territory in November ; and is very common in the Dun from

March to November.

254. Paprio (Charus) HELENUS, Linnzeus,

A single male specimen taken in the Dun in April. This is the

most westerly point from which it has been recorded.

955, Papitio (Sainia) PROTENOR, Cramer. Plate W, Fig. 23,

larva.

Very common in the low valleys about Mussoorie in company with

P. polyctor, Boisduval, from March to October. Specimens of the

spring brood which fly in March and April are very small as compared

with those of the rainy season, The larva feeds on Zanthorylum

alatum, Roxb., Natural Order Rutacee, is green with a yellow collar

and brown lichen-like markings. Some pupe are coloured like rough

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MOSSOORIE. 593

bark, others are uniformly green, It has been recorded from

‘Massuri”’ by Felder.

256. Paprtio (Panosmiopsis) Bodtes, Westwood.

‘are in Tehri Garhwal in May. Mr. de Nicéville has two males

only from Tehri Garhwal, both taken in May. One has the tail broad,

half as broad again as the other, and the red colour at the base of the

hindwing on the underside much restricted, not reaching to the origin

of the first median nervule, this being typical P. janaka, Moore. The

other has the tail longer and narrower, the red colour extending along

the abdominal margin nearly as far us the anal red spot—this latter

specimen being, therefore, typical P. bodtes, Westwood. As in all other

respects the specimens agree very closely, it appears probable that

P, janaka and P. bodtes are really one and the same species, as

Mr, Rothschild suggests. He gives Assam as the only habitat for

P, bodtes, and Sikkim only for P. janaka.

257. Papitro (Laerteas) SAKONTALA, Hewitson.

Originally described from Sylhet, and recorded from the Naga Hills

by Mr. W. Doherty.* Mr. de Nicéville has seen a specimen from

Sikkim in the late Mr. Otto Moller’s collection, now in the possession

of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. In the collection of the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, isa single male from Mussoorie, and in that of

de Nicéville another male from Dehra Dun, which is the most

remarkable of the three, as it has the usual diseal series of white spots

on the upperside of the hindwing almost entirely obliterated, they are

represented only by an irrorated clump of whitish scales in each

interspace where the macular band should be. Mr. de Nicéville has but

little doubt that this so-called distinct species is only an atavistic form

of P. polytes, Linneeus, but it is kept distinct in deference to Mr.

Rothschild’s opinion as expressed in his paper in “‘ Novitates Zoologice,”

vol. ii, pp. 343, n. 124 (1895), entitled “ A Revision of the Papilios of

the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa,”

258. Papttio (Laertias) rotytss, Linnzeus,

Very common in the low valleys near Mussoorie from April to

October, and in the Dun almost throughout the year. The females are

of three forms—I, like the male; I, which mimics P. aristolochic,

Fabricius; III, which mimics P. hector, Linnzus, although that

* Proc, Zool, Soe. Lond,, 1891, p, 250.

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

butterfly does not occur in the area treated in this paper. We have a

single specimen taken in the Dun in July, which is exactly intermediate

between Forms II and III, as it has the yellowish-white markings on

the upperside of the forewing asin Form III, anda small patch of

white in andbeyond the discoidal cell of the hindwing on the upperside

as in Form II. Im Dehra Dunone of the food-plants of the larva

of this species is Murraya Kenigiz, Spreng., Natural Order Rutacee.

259. Papitio (Cadugoides) AGESTOR GOVINDRA, Moore. Plate V,

Figs. 22a, 22b, larva ; 2%c, 22d, pupa.

Common in Mussoorie in March, April, and May, and very easy to

capture, as it returns repeatedly to the same spot even if temporarily

driven off. The female lays her eggs on the young leaves of Machilus

odoratissima, Nees, Natural Order Laurinee, about the end of April.

The larva is at first of a reddish colour, but very soon turns black and

white, and lies on the upper surface of a leaf, where it greatly and

protectively resembles a bird’s dropping. After the last moult it

assumes the handsome appearance shewn in the figures. The pupa is

found in June, the imago emerging the following spring. Felder

records P. agestor from “ Masuri.” Recorded by M. Oberthiir from

* Chukrata.” :

260. Paprtio (Chilasa) ctyTta, Linneus.

Not rare in Mussooria in the spring and summer, and in the Dun

from the spring to the autumn. ‘The butterfly is dimorphic in both

sexes, the streaked form with pale markings generally known as

P. dissimilis, Linnzeus, aud the dark fuscous unstreaked form generally

known as P. panope, Linnzeus, both occurring in Mussoorie and the

Dun. The larva, which strongly resembles that of P. agester govindra,

Moore, feeds in the Dun on Litsewa sebifera, Perf., Natural Order

ZLaurinee. The pupze of both are also very similar, being remarkably

like broken-off twigs of dead wood. Felder records a var. of

P. dissimilis, Linneeus, and P. panope, Linnzeus, both from “ Masuri.”

261. Pavitio (Sarbaria) poLycror, Boisduval. Plate W, Figs.

24a, 246, larva ; 24c, 24d, 24¢, pupa.

Very common in the low valleys about Mussoorie from March to

October, wherever the food-plant of the larva, Zanthorylum alatum,

Roxb., Natural Order Rutacew, is plentiful. A few specimens are

taken every year in the station of Mussoorie at about 6,000 feet

THE BUITERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 595

elevation. The small specimens of the spring brood, which have been

named P. peeroza by Mr. Moore, are of course found in the same spots

where the butterflies of the larger rains’ broods are found.

262. Papirio (Achiilides) arcTuRUS, Westwood.

Rare in May in Tehri Garhwal.

263. Papriio (Pazala) auycertoy CASCHMIRENSIS, Rothschild.

Plate W, Figs. 25a, larva; 25b, 25c, pupa.

Very common in Mussoorie at about 5,000 feet in March and April.

The larva feeds on Machilus odoratissima, Nees, Natural Order Lanuri-

nec, and its transformations have been described by Mrs. Robson in

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 497 (1895).

264, Paritio (Pathysa) Nomius, Esper.

Hixceedingly common in the forests of the Dun from March to May.

Recorded from ‘ Chukrata” by Oberthiir, but probably in error, as

it does not extend into the hills, Chakrata being a military cantonment

about twenty-five miles north of Mussoorie in the hills.

265. Papitio (Dalchina) sarpEpon, Linneeus. Plate W,

Figs. 26a, 26), pupa. |

Very ccmmon at Mussoorie in the spring, summer, and beginning

‘of the rainy season, and in the Dun in March and August. The larva

in Mussoorie feeds on the leaves of Machilus odoratissima, Nees,

Natural Order Laurine. The larva pope in June, and the imago

emerges the following spring.

266. Parrnio (Dalchina) cLoanraus, Westsanik: Plate W,

Figs. 27a, 276, larva; 27, 27d, pupa.

Common in the spring and summer months in Mussoorie. The

larva feeds on the leaves of Machilus odoratissima, Nees, Natural

Order Laurinee ; is bright. green with a yellow collar on the fitth

segment. The pupa is bright green, with the angles yellow. The

-Jarva pupates in June, and the butterfly emerges in the following April.

Mrs. Robson has described the transformations of this species in the

Journ, Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 497 (1895).

ee 267. PARNASSIUS HARDWICK, Gray.

_ Very common in April, and from July to September in the interior

to the north of Mussoorie from 10,000 to 12,000 feet elevation ;

especially so in the valleys near the Nilung and Nila Passes, Recorded

from “ Masuri”’ (but in error) by Felder.

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

268, Papnassivs JACQUEMONTU, Boisduval.

Not so common as P. hardwicki, Gray, and occurs at higher eleva-

tions nearer the snows further in the interior. We have specimens

taken in the Nila Valley and Nila Pass, and from the Nilung Pass in

July and August, at elevations from 12,000 to 15,000 feet, We |

have followed M. Charles Oberthiir in “ Etudes d’Hntomologie,”

vol, xiv, p. 9 (1891), in identifying our specimens, our males agree-

ing with the figure of the typical specimen of P. jacquemonti in

M. Oberthiir’s collection as given by the latter on plate ii, fig, 11, of

the above-cited work. Our females have the pouch keeled as described

by Boisduval. |

269. PARNASSIUS CHARLTONIUS, Gray.

Rare, flies in July and August at great elevations, above 14,000

feet, on the inner ranges of the hills north of Mussoorie just below

the snows.

Family HESPERIID,

270. ACHALARUS CASYAPA, Moore.

Common in Mussoorie, from whence it was originally described, from

April to September. Messrs. Elwes and Edwards in their recent mono-

graph * of the Oriental Hesperiide place (p. 109) A. casyapa as a syno-

nym of A, liliana, Atkinson, but the Western Himalayan species can at

once be distinguished from the Assamese species by its paler coloration.

271. CELEZNORRHINUS DHANADA, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie from April to June, and in August and Sep-

tember.

_ 272, CELANORRHINUS LEUCOCERA, Kollar.

Very common in Mussoorie from April to September. The larva

feeds on Strobilanthes angustifrons, Clarke, Natural Order Acanthacec.

The “ Plesioneura’’ sumitra, Moore, is probably a synonym of this

species, but is kept distinct by Watson. Colonel Lang’s specimens of

this species are so named.

273, CELHNORRHINUS MUNDA, Moore.

Flies in Mussoorie from April to September. Capt. HE. Y. Watson

in Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 49, places this species as a

synonym of C. lewcocera, Kollar, but it is really quite distinct, the

prominent white-checkered cilia of the hindwing and the shaft of the

* Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv, p. 101 (1897).

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 597

antenna of the male above being black instead of white, will distin-

guish between the two species at a glance. Capt. Watson informs me

that the positions of C. putra, Moore,and C. murda, Moore, should be

reversed in his first hesperid paper cited above ; the latter being a good

species, the former a synonym of C. leucocera, Kollar. Messrg. Hlwes

and Edwards give C. munda as a synonym of C. leucocera (p. 116).

274. CELANORRHINUS PULOMAYA, Moore.

Common in August in the Upper Ganges Valley at about 8,000 feet

elevation.

275. CELHNORRHINUS PERO, de Nicéville.

C. rero, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc,, vol. iv, p, 183, n. 20, pl. B, fig. 1,

male (1889).

Not rare, but seldom seen, as it flies at Mussoorie in Augusi only, very

early in the morning and late in the afterncon and evening (up to 8

p.m.). It especially frequents the flowers of the wild balsams. The

male has the apex of the forewing whitish on the upperside, in the

female it is concolorous with the rest of the wing.

276, SARANGESA PURENDRA, Moore.

Found in Dehra Dun only, commonly from March to June and

again in December.

277, SARANGESA DASAHARA, Moore.

Rare in Mussoorie in August and September, and in the Dun in

June and September.

278, CoLADENIA FATIH, Kollar.

Common in Mussoorie from April to September, and in the Dun in

August and September. The larva in Mussoorie feeds on the leaves of

Achyranthes aspera, Willd., Natural Order Amarantacee, and is

pale smoky-white in colour with a black head. Messrs, Elwes and

Edwards place this species as a synonym of C, dan, Fabricius (p. 127).

279, CoLADENIA INDRANI, Moore.

Flies in Mussoorie in April, June, August and September, and in

the Dun in June and Angust.

280. SATARUPA DOHERTYI, Watson.

Rather common at Mussoorie at 5,000 feet elevation in May and June,

281, Darra HANRIA, Moore.

Two specimens only obtained at Mussoorie at about 5,000 feet

elevation in May,

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

282, TAGIADES ATTICUS, Fabricius. ;

Very common in Mussoorie from April to August, the larva feeding

on the leaves of a wild species of yam (Joscorea sp., Natural Order

Dioscoreacec). Found in the Dun in September. Messrs. Elwes and

Edwards give (p. 142) T. menaka, Moore, from the Western Himalaya,

and say that it may be known from J’, atticus by the presence of a dari

spot near the apical third of the submedian interspace of the hindwing.

This spot is sometimes so minute as to be only traceable with a

magnifying glass; it is often large and often absent altogether,

By its presence or absence the two species cannot be differentiated,

so it is by the clasping organs of the male alone that they can be

distinguished.

983. ODONTOPTILUM ANGULATA, Felder.

Common in Mussoorie in April, and from July to September, and in

the Dun in July and August.

284, Caprona syricuTHus, Felder.

One specimen obtained in August in the Aglar Valley below Mus-

soorie, and one in July in Dehra Dun.

285. CAPRONA RANSONNETI, Felder.

A single specimen obtained in the Dun in June.

286. Caprona TAYLORU, de Nicéville.

Rare in the Aglar Valley near Mussoorie in August, and in the Dun

in March. This species is not improbably a dimorphic or seasonal

form of C. ransonnetz, Felder.

287. Hnsprrta GALBA, Fabricius.

Rather rare in Mussoorie and on Nag Tiba from May to Aun

occurs in the Giri Valley in November, and in the Dun commonly

from March to May,and again in October and November.

288. Suastus GRremius, Fabricius.

Common in the Dun from June to October.

289. Suastus ropsonu, de Nicéville.

S. robsonti, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix, p. 372, n. 38,

pl. Q, fig. 50, male (1895).

One specimen from Mussoorie in July, one from the Dun in June.

299, TaRacTROCERA M&vius, Fabricius.

Found in the Aglar Valley and on Nag Tiba, both near Mussoorie,

in May and June; also in Dehra Dun.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 599

291. ArRomacuus stigmata, Moore.

Very common in Mussoorie, from whence it was originally

described, in May, June and August.

292, PEDESTES MASURIENSIS, Moore,

Not common in Mussoorie in June and July, from whence it was

originally described as its name shows.

293. Hyaroris apRastus, Cramer.

Rare in the Eastern Dun in April and June.

294, Marapa arta, Moore,

A single specimen taken in the Dun in May.

295. HERIONOTA THRAX, Linnzeus.

Very common in the Dun. There are two broods—one in April,

the other in August and September. The larva feeds on cultivated

plantains, Musa sapeentum, L., Natural Order Musacee, and a single

Jarva will devour all the leaf on one side up to the mid-rib, the leaf

being seven or eight feet long, and the portion eaten half a foot wide,

which seems out of all proportion to its size. The head of the larva is

much smaller than the body, and is black ; the body is covered with

a white powdery wavy substance, as also is the pupa, which is

placed in a portion of a rolled-up leaf.

296. NovTocrYPTA FEISTHAMELII, Boisduval. Plate W, Fig. 28, larva.

Common in Mussoorie from April to September. The larva feeds

on a species of wild ginger, Hedychium spicatum, Ham., Natural Order

Scitaminee.

297. Novocrypta resTricTa, Moore.

Found commonly in the Aglar Valley below Mussoorie in May.

Given by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards as a synonym of the last species.

298, UpASPEs FoLus, Cramer.

Common in Mussoorie from May to September, occurs in the Dun

in March and April. The female has been observed ovipositing ona

broad-leaf species of grass, Natural Order Graminee.

299. ACTINOR RADIANS, Moore,

Four specimens in all taken in the Dun in April in 1895 and 1897,

two on each occasion.

300. AUGIADES BRAHMA, Moore.

Originally described from “ Masuri,” 7,000 feet, where it is common

in the ravines in May and June.

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

801. Tritcora BAMBUSA, Moore.

Rather rare in Mussoorie in April and May, and in the Dun in April,

September and October.

302. Txticota (Padraona) para, Kollar.

Rare in Mussoorie from May to July, and in the Dun in April and

September.

303. TerLicoTa (Padraona) MmsorpEs, Butler.

There appears to be a second species of this genus found in the

Aglar Valley below Mussoorie in May, August and September, and

in the Dun in August and September, which we doubtfully identify

under this name, although Messrs. Elwes and Edwards (p. 254) con-

sider it to be a synonym of the last species.

304. Harr cupta, de Nicéville.

A few male specimens brought in by the collectors in May from

North-East Tehri Garhwal.

305. Hare ara, de Nicéville.

Common in North-East Tehri Garhwal in May and June.

306. HALPE MooREI, Watson.

Not common in the Dun in May.

307. Baorts (Parnara) PLEBEIA, de Nicéville.

A single female obtained in the Dun in April.

308. Baorts (Parnara) consuncta, Herrich-Schitffer.

One male taken in the Dun in April,

309. Baoris (Parnara) assamMENsis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.

Rather rare in Mussoorie in May, June, August, and Sep-

tember ; very common in the Giri Valley in November, and in

the Dun.

310. Baoris (Parnara) ELTOLA, Hewitson.

Not rare in Mussoorie from April to June, and in August and Sep-

tember, and in the Dun in September. The larva, which is pale

green in colour, feeds in Mussoorie on the leaves of the hill bamboo,

Arundinaria falcata, Nees, Natural Order Graminee.

811. Baorts (Parnara) BEVANI, Moore.

Common both in Mussoorie and the Dun from May to September.

312. Baorts (Parnara) gotratus, Bremer and Grey.

Very common in Mussoorie from July to September, and in the

Dun in September.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE, 601

313. Baoris (Chapra) sinensis, Mabille.

Two specimens obtained in the Aglar Valley below Mussoorie at

about 3,000 feet elevation in August and September. Mr. Moore

described it from the Tonse Valley, 6,000 feet, Garhwal, as Chapra

prominens.

314. Baoris (Chapra) matutas, Fabricius.

Very common in Mussoorie in the summer, rains, and autumn, and

in the Dun from March to November.

815. GEGENES KARSANA, Moore.

A single specimen obtained in Mussoorie in September, and another in

the Dun in August. Messrs. Elwes and Edwards place this species

(p. 286) as a synonym of G. nostrodamus, Fabricius.

316, Erynnis pimita, Moore.

£, dimila, de Nicéville, Journ, A. §, B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 52, n. 43, pl. i, fig. 7- male (1894).

Somewhat rare in the Upper Ganges Valley near the Nilung Pass

at 16,000 feet elevation in July and August. M. Charles Oberthiir

places this species as a synonym of “ Hesperia” comma, Linneeus, in

“ Etudes d’Entomologie,”’ vol. xx, p. 39 (1896), a common European

butterfly. Messrs. Elwes and Edwards give it (p. 287) asa “ var,”

of £. comma, under a separate heading.

317. Ismmny aTapuus, Watson. Plate W, Figs. 29a, 296, larva ;

2%e, front view of face of larva ; 29d, 29e, pupa ; 29f, front view of head

of pupa.

Occurs in February, August and October commonly in the Dun.

The larva feeds on Hi'ptage madablota, Geertn., Natural Order Malpz-

ghiacee, and is about 1:2 inches long. Head-case black, the sides

dull vermilion-red, the red colour produced into three rounded spots

on each side joined to the red edging towards the middle of the face ;

the body with a broad dorsal black stripe, which is divided equally

into three portions by two very fine pale blue lines ; each segment

bears laterally a large oval black spot, and posterior to this are two fine

narrow black lines ; these three black markings are crowned with rich

chrome-yellow ; the second, third and fourth segments each bears just

above the legs an additional small rounded black spot; the underside

of the larva is pale greenish-white ; the anal segment above bears two

dull vermilion-red spots. Pupa reddish-brown spotted with black,

covered with a white powder, which powder in figures 29d and 29/ has

602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

been rubbed off; there is a small rounded projecting knob in the

middle line of the face.

318. IsmmnE sarna, Moore.

Occurs rarely from February to August in the low valleys about

Mussoorie and in the Dun.

319. IsmENE ANADI, de Nicéville.

A single specimen only obtained in Mussoorie, at 7,000 feet eleva-

tion, on 27th May, 1868, by Colonel A. M. Lang, RE.

320. IsmEne (Parata) cHRoMUS, Cramer.

A single male taken in the Dun in August.

821. Bipasis senA, Moore.

Common in Mussoorie and the neighbouring valleys in April,

May, August and September, and in the Dun in February, May and

October.

322. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius.

Occurs sparingly in Mussoorie, but is commen in the Dun in August

and September.

323. RHOPALOCAMPTA BENJAMINI, Guérin. Plate W, Figs. 30a,

308, larva ; 30c, pupa.

Common at Mussoorie and in the Dun from March to September.

In Mussoorie the larva feeds on Meliosma pungens, Wall., and Sabia

campanulata, Wall., both Natural Order Sabiacee. ‘Two types of larva

have been bred and are here figured. Further observations are neces-

sary to determine conclusively whether these very differently-marked

(the colours in -both are the same) larve really produce the same

species of butterfly, and if they do, if the coloration is sexual.

NAMES OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN MACKINNON AND

DE NICEVILLE’S LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF

MUSSOORIE AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS.

BUTTERFLY. NAME OF PLANT. NATURAL ORDER.

D. limniace. MARSDENIA TENACISSIMA, Wight and Arn. ASCLEPIADEA.,

5, septentrionis. VALLARIS DICHOTOMA, Wall.

1» Chrysippus.

3, plexippus. CYNANCHUM DALHOUSI&, Wiché.

9 SCG. MARSDENIA ROYLEI, Wight. ”

E, core. FicUS GLOMERATA, Roxb. URTICACES,

——

LD, isana,

» vaivarta.

P. yama.

A. swaha.

C. nirmala.

P. vesta.

Hf, merione.

S. dichroa,

A. ambica.

HI, persimilis.

NV. yerburit.

P. wedah.

A. opalina,

n »

b)) ”

E. patala.

P. cardui.

»» ndica,

V. caschmirensis.

» canthomelas.

S. hippoclus.

C. thyodamas.

» 99

» athamas.

} ”

£, lepita.

D. ouida,

Eugenes.

C. celestina,

I. timoleon.

S. querccetorum.

A. yama.

»» dodonea.

9 Janesa.

4. birupa.

C. odata.

» phleas.

I. sena.

O. deva.

Tf. dieus.

C, kina.

HT, onyx.

9 viola.

D., epijarbas.

ty ”

HM, selira.

ARUNDINARIA FALCATA, Nees.

DEBREGEASIA BICOLOR, Wedd.

RICINUS communis, L.

QUERCUS INCANA, Roxb.

ULMUS WALLICHIANA, Planeh.

CELTIS AUSTRALIS, L.

che ”?

DEBREGEASIA BICOLOR, Wedd.

BERBERIS NEPALENSIS, Spreng.

ARISTATA, DC.

3 Lyciuy, Royle.

QUERCUS INCANA, Roxb.

DEBREGEASIA BICOLOR, Wedd.

”

CELTIS AUSTRALIS, L.

DEBREGEASIA BICOLOR, Wedd.

FICUS NEMORALIS, Wall.

dy GLOMERATA, Roxb.

ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN, Durazz.

ACACIA CATECHU, Willd.

CELTIS AUSTRALIS, L.

PRINSEPIA UTILIS, Royle.

PuNICA GRANATUM, L.

ACACIA sp.

QUERCUS INCANA, Roxb.

bh ra ”

” tr) tp)

RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM, Sm.

JUGLANS REGIA, L.

RUMEX NEPALENSIS, Spreng.

a HASTATUS, Don.

LORANTHUS LONGIFLORUS, Desr.

+ BICOLOR, L,

RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA, Blume.

CORIARIA NEPALENSIS, Wall,

9 ” ”

ZESCULUS INDICA, Colebr.

PuNICA GRANATUM, L.

INDIGOFERA ATROPURPUREA, Hamilt.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 603

GRAMINE At.

”

URTICACE A.

EUPHORBIACEA.

CUPULIFERA.

URTICACEA.

th)

BERBERIDEZ,

oP)

”

CUPULIFERZ.

URTICACHZ.

”

LEGUMINOSZ.

”

URTICACE A.

GRAMINEZ.

”

ROSACEA.

LYTHRACEA.

LEGUMINOS At.

CUPULIFERA.

”

HRICACEA.

JUSLANDE.

POLYGONACE A,

er)

LORANTHACEZ.

”

ORCHIDEA.

CORIABRIE A.

”

SAPINDACH A.

LYTHRACHA,

LEGUMINOS ZI.

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, ol. XI.

LR. schistacea. SPIR@A SORBIFOLIA, L. ROSACEA.

9) Missa. ASTILBE RIVULARIS, Ham. SAXIFRAGACE A.

V. isocrates. PUNICA GRANATUM, L. LYTHRACHEZ,

9 perse. RANDIA DUMETORUM, Lamk. RUBIACEA.

D, belladonna. LORANTHUS VESTITUS, Wall. LORANTHACE &.

“s Bs 5) LONGIFLORUS, Desr.

C. pyranthe. CaAssIA ToRA, L. LEGUMINOSA.

» ficlait. INDIGOFERA DosvA, Ham., var. HETHE-

RANTHA, Wall. oe

G. rhamni. RHAMNUS DAHURICUS, Pall. RHAMNEA,

A. soracta. BERBERIS LyCIUM, Royle. BERBERIDE A.

>» Caphusa. ” NEPALENSIS, Spreng. 4

P. brassicae. BRaSSICA CAMPESTRIS, L. var. CRUCIFERA.

») machaon- HERACLEUM sp. UMBELLIFER&.

9» protenor. ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM, Roxb. RUTACE A.

3) polytes. MuURRAYA K@NIGII, Spreng. x

» govindra. MACHILUS ODORATISSIMA, Nees. LAURINE A,

>» clytia. LitsmA SEBIFERA, Perf. ~

»» polyctor. ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM, Roxb. RUTACE A.

» glycerion. MACHILUS ODORATISSIMA, Nees. LAURINEA.

» sarpedon. ” 2 ” ”

»» cloanthus. ” 33 ” ”

C. leucocera. STROBILANTHES ANGUSTIFRONS, Clarke. ACANTHACEA.

9» fatih. ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, Willd. AMARANTACEA,

VT. atticus. DIOSCOREA sp. DIOSCOREACEH &.

EB. thraz. ‘MUSA SAPIENTUM, L. _ MUSACE A.

NV. feisthameliti, HEDYCHIUM SPICATUM, Ham. SCITAMINE A.

U.” folus. GRAMINE A.

B. eltola. ARUNDINARIA FALCATA, Nees. 5

L. ataphus. HIPTAGE MADABLOTA, Gertn. MALPIG HIACH Ai,

KR. benjaminat. MELIOSMA PUNGENS, Wall. SABIACE A.

x x SABIA CAMPANULATA, Wall. »

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Piatt U.

Figs. la, 1b, larva ; 1c, 1d, pupa, Danais (Caduga) sita, Kollar, p. 213.

» 24, larva ; 2b, 2c, pupa, Lethe isana, Kollar, p. 215.

», 92a, 3b, larva ; 3c, front view of head of larva ; 3d, 3e, pupa, Lethe

(Sinchula) vaivarta, Doherty, p. 215.

» Aa, larva ; 4b, pupa, Patala yama, Moore, p. 216.

» 04, 9b, larva ; 5¢, front view of head of larva; 5d, 5e, pupa,

Callerebta nirmala, Moore, p. 220.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORTLE. 605

gs. 6, pupa, Sephisa dichroa, Kollar, p. 369.

Ta, 1b, larva; Tey front view of head of larva, Apatura ambica,

Kollar, p. 369.

$a, 8b, pupa, Hestina (Parhestina) persimilis, Westwood, p. 369.

9a, larva ; 96, front view of head of larva ; 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f, pupa,

Pseudergolis wedah, Kollar, p. 371.

10, pupa, Euthalia (Dophla) patala, Kollar, p. 3874.

Ila, 110, larva ; 11e, 11d, pupa, Cyrestts thyodamas, Boisduval,

p. 376.

PLATE V.

. 12a, 126, larva ; 12c, 12d, pupa, Dodona eugenes, Bates, p. 378.

13a, 130, larva; 18¢, 13d, pupa, Cyaniris celestina, Kollar,

p. 3879.

14a, 146, larva ; 14c, 14d, pupa, Arrhopala rama, Kollar, p. 382.

15a, 15d, larva ; 15c, pupa, Zephyrus birupa, Moore, p. 384.

16a, 164, larva ; 16c, 16d, pupa, Camena deva, Moore, p. 385.

17a, 176, pupa, Chliaria kina, Hewitson, p. 387.

18a, 180, larva, Horaga onyx, Moore, p. 387.

19, pupa, Delias belladonna, Fabricius, p. 585.

20a, 200, larva ; 20c, pupa, Aporia caphusa, Moore, p. 589.

21, pupa, Pieris canidia, Sparrman, p. 590.

22a, 22b, larva; 22c, 22d, pupa, Papilio (Cadugoides) agestor

govindra, Moore, p. 594.

PEATE We

. 28, larva, Papilio (Sainia) protenor, Cramer, p. 592.

24a, 246, larva ; 24c, 24d, 24e, pupa, Papilio (Sarbaria) polyctor,

Boisduval, p. 594.

25a, larva ; 25b, 25c, pupa, Papilio (Pazala) glycerion caschmi-

rensis, Rothschild, p. 595.

26a, 2b, pupa, Papilio (Dalchina) sarpedon, Linnzeus, p. 595. |

27a, 27b, larva ; 27, 27d, pupa, Papilio (Dalchina) cloanthus,

Westwood, p. 595.

28, larva, Notocrypta feisthameli, Boisduval, p. 599,

29a, 29b, larva; 29¢, front view of face of larva ; 29d, 29e, pupa;

29f, front view of head of pupa, Ismene ataphus, Watson, p. 601.

30a, 301, larva ; 30c, pupa, Rhopalocampta benjaminii, Guérin,

p- 602.

606

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. —

By Surcron-Lreut.-Cotonen K. R. Kirtikar, 1M.S., F-LS.

ON SPECIAL DUTY (PLacur), Bompay MunicrPaury.

Part XVIIL

(With Plate T.)

(Continued from page 261 of this Vol.)

CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (Br.) .

NaturaL OrDER—ASCLEPIADEA,

MARATHI—eé. (Rui).

A shrubby plant common in dry waste places, loose rocky soil, sandy

ground, and old walls and hedges, throughout the Bombay Presidency.

It avoids heavy clayey soil where its roots cannot easily penetrate.

Milky throughout ; glaucous or ash-coloured.

ROOT.—This is the most important part of the plant medicinally ;

often dividing and subdividing as far forward as its branches can pene-

trate ; twisting slightly on itself before branching. The root-bark is

pale or buff-coloured when fresh, 3 to inch thick. Root-substance

corky, soft, longitudinally wrinkled ; taste bitter ; milky juice acrid.

STEM.—Generally stout ; when erect, 5-6 feet high, and 12-18

inches in girth ; sometimes slightly reflexed ; full of pith.

BrancHes.—Often starting from the very base of the stem ;

thick, herbaceous all through ; woolly, and covered over with a white

mealy powder. This is well seen when the branches are young and ~

fresh ; it disappears as the plant grows old, or if it is roughly handled.

As the branches grow old, the pith disappears. The branches are then

hollow. |

Bark.—The Cortex or outer bark is tomentose ; light or pale buff-

coloured; slightly corky and wrinkled longitudinally. The Liber or

inner bark is green, and is mainly made up of strong, long, pale, silky,

fine fibres of much commercial value. The Woop is soft, porous, light,

eream-coloured or yellowish. Milky juice abundant. ms

LEAVES.—Exstipulate ; opposite, rigid, often decussate ; tomentose

above, cottony beneath ; the tomentum on the upper surface disappears

on rough handling and from dried specimens. Hence itis that Hooker

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc, Plate T.

R.J.Budhavarkar del.

Mantern Bros. Chromo lith London.

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.

Calotropis gigantea. Br. Nat.Ord.Asclepiadee.

Ib Nat. Size.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 607

says the leaves are smooth above. Hooker also says the leaves are

sessile, but the general character is best described by calling it sub-

sessile, though at times the petiole is absent. Margin of the leaf

quite entire. Generally 4" to 8" long, 1” to even 6" broad ; cuneate,

obovate. Base retuse, sub-cordate or even cordate ; at times assuming

what Prof. Bentley calls pandurzform or fiddle-shape as in Fiddle-dock

(Rumex pulcher ).

Axits.—Bearded. This is corroborated by Wight in other words

when he says: that “ The leaves are often furnished at their insertion

with glands or hairs in lieu of stipules.”

Prtiotz.—Often very short, rigid, channelled on the ventral

aspect, and bearing a beard of numerous, short, stiff-pointed brownish

hairs where it merges into the midrib. Veins white and prominent

on the dorsal aspect ; alternate ; sometimes in pairs, reflex at the margin.

Venules transverse, thin. The midrib becomes gradually thinner and

thinner on the under-surface, ultimately not more than a line thick as it

reaches the apex, though at the petiole it may be as thick as a goose-quill.

InTeRNopEs.— Wide, often 3-4 inches long, and at times even

longer where the stem grows quickly in suitable soil. i

INFLORESCENCE,—Extra-axillary in subumbelliform or sub-

racemose cymes. The umbels are cottony, says Hooker.

Prepuncie.—Alternate with the succeeding peduncle ; rigid, solitary,

many-flowered ; with a white tomentum.

PsDIczeLs.—Subumbellaie, longer than the flowers ; pink, round.

Bracrs.—Oblong (Hooker). Hamilton says there are scarcely any.

FLOWERS.—Regular, pentamerous, hermaphrodite ; tomentose ;

sometimes pure white, sometimes pinkish-purplish, the colour deepen-

ing as the flower matures, and even for some time after the flower has

fully opened.

Disc.—Absent.

CALYX.—Very small, inferior, persistent ; sepals five, hardly more

than two lines in length, and one line in breadth, glandular at base

ventrally ; ovate, concave, acute ; adhering to the base of the corolla.

AisTIVATION of the calyx quincuncial ; that of the corolla valvate.

COROLLA.—Monopetalous, broadly campanulate. Petals 5, broad,

smooth, spreading ; 3-2 inches in diameter, ovate-lanceolate, acute,

revolute and twisted in age,

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

ANDRCGCIUM :—

SramENs.—Five ; adherent to the base of the corolla ; alternate with

the petals ; with interposed linear glands, which when mature have

brown stiff points.

FILAMENTS.—Connate, forming a very short fleshy tube or column

round the Gyneecium. This structure is called the Stylostegium or

Gynostegium. This column bears on its dorsal aspect a series of five

processes corresponding to the five filaments which is known as the

Staminal Corona. This ‘“‘ Corona” is adnate to the anthers. Dr.

Francis Hamilton thus describes this complex and quaint-looking

structure, in his Commentary on Rheede’s “ Hortus Malabaricus”

(Part II, page 246, Transactions Linn. Soc., Vol. 14, 1825):—-

“‘“Recular ; formed of five compressed ‘ corpuseles ’ which are attached

longitudinally to the furrow on the dorsum of each of the filaments ;

which lie upon the anthers with an incurved tridentate apex ; and

which encircle the reproductive organs with an obtuse, spirally revolute

base.” Imay repeat here Hooker’s observations that ‘‘ The coronal

processes of the stamens radiate from the staminal column,” and that

“The coronal scales are truncate and hairy.”

AntHERS.—Bilocular, erect, introrse; crowning’ the staminal

column; connate ; adnate by the connective to the sides of the stigma ;

tip often produced into an inflexed membrane (Hooker).

Potiten.—lInstead of being powdery is formed into ten pollen-

masses technically called Pollinta. These ten pollen-masses consist

of hundreds of pollen-cells (Kerner Von Marilaun). These pollen-

masses are pendulous, lying in pairs outside the stigmain the form of

yellow, flat, transparent, leaf-like bodies. Some describe them as

pear-shaped ; others as spatulate; DeCandolle says they are of the

shape of a plough-share. These differences in description are due to

the structural developments of the pollen-masses, as examined by the

respective observers. The figure in my plate of an enlarged pollen-

mass, as seen under the microscope, and marked No. 3, is not materially

different from the description of any of the observers. Some more

observations will be made further on, on this very interesting struc-

ture, known as the pollen-masses, in my general remarks. Kerner Von

Marilaun says the pollznia are in the form of shining, horny leaflets,

and that they are attached to a clip-like body by ligulate strands.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 699

GYNGCIUM :—

Ovary.—Of two distinct carpels, superior, aad enclosed within the

“ Staminal column.”

OvuLEs.—Numerous, anatropous, pendulous, multiseriate. Pla-

centas on ventral suture; nerviform (Decaisne and Lemaout).

Micropyle apical.

Stytes.—Two, short; subulate (2. ¢., shaped like a cobbler’s awl);

closely adherent to each other in the stigma, but quite free below.

Srigéma.—Common to both the styles ; dilated ; depressed (Hooker) ;

suleated down the middle (Wight) ; five-lobed, forming an acute-

angled pentagon; the bases of the angles alternate with the

anthers; the angle itself each bearing a gland-like corpusele

terminating below in two processes which, about the time of the

expansion of the flower, become firmly attached to the apices

of the corresponding pollen-masses (Wight). Thus “Included

between the anthers,” as Hooker graphically describes, the stigma

is short, broad, truncate, fleshy, almost cartilaginous; beautifully

purple, and dark brown at the angles. The bases of the pentagon

are fringed with a thin, whitish, transparent fold of delicate structure.

FRUIT.—Consists of two distinct follicles, pointing opposite ways.

Often one is abortive. The follicles are short, thick (Hooker); semi-

ovate, says Brandis. ‘“‘ Ovoid, ventricose, green, herbaceous” (Dalz. and

Gib.) ; glabrous, rugose, inflated. Between the outer and inner coats

of the follicle there are several large fibrillar spaces.

SEEDS.—Quarter inch long, broadly ovate (Hooker); numerous,

compressed, close-packed in a scaly manner, overlapping one another ;

hence termed by Wight “imbricate.’ This is well illustrated in the

open follicle (Fig. 5) in the accompanying plate. Some Botanists

describe the seed as marginate. Others say that the entire margin is

slightly winged, and ovoid in form. The special feature of the seed

is the comose tuft at its apex. When seeds lie close packed within the

follicle, the comose tuft is placed away from the base of the follicle, so

that as soon as the follicle bursts, the tuft expands and forces the seed

out of the follicle. The comz attimes are very dense, silvery white

and shining in the fresh condition, turning brownish on exposure, or

by age. When the seeds ripen, the placenta shrivels, Thus detached,

they lie ready to disperse. As soon as the follicle bursts at its ventral

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

suture, the seeds fly about in the air, in profusion. It is quite a sight

to see these scattered seeds in mid-air, the expanded come serving

the purpose of a parachute. Dr. MacDonald happily terms them

“ seed-wanderers,” in search of a new home. It is thus that they are

seen invading loose soil, dilapidated buildings, and waste places, plant-

ing themselves in distant places, and propagating their species at times

enormously. Thus itis that this plant does not require any human

agency to propagate its species. Ido not know of a single ME:

where this plant has had to be raised by sowing its seed.

ALBUMEN.—Thin, says Wight; so says also Gregg (‘Text Book of

Indian Botany,’ 1883).

Eusryo.—Large ; straight (Wight).

CoryLepons.—Flat (Hooker) ; foliaceous (Wight and DeCandolle).

RavicLe.—Short, inferior, says Hooker ; superior, says Wight. I

have had no time or opportunities to verify this. I leave this point to

be settled by Morphologists (K. R. K.).

PiumuLe.—Inconspicuous (Wight and DeCandolle),

GENERAL REMARKS.

SYNONYMS :—

Ascleptas gigantea.—Hort. Beng. 20; Willd.; Roxb. Flora Indica,

II, 30.

Asclepias gigantea.—é. Lamarck, Encyclop. Méth., 1, 280.

As regards bracts, Hamilton says “‘ There are scarcely any.” This

is not accurate. They are deciduous, and have possibly escaped his

attention. They are seen on almost every flower and flower-stalk in

the fresh state. Perhaps it would be proper to say that every flower, ;

almost without exception, has its own bracteole (K.R.K.). Some

Botanists call it an “ involucre,’ but it is not that structure as we

understand it in botanical parlance. There are various opinions express-

ed by able Botanists regarding the estivation of this plant. There

is no doubt about the quincuncial zstivation of the calyx. But although

T have described the eestivation of the corolla as valvate, I feel bound to

. state that Wight describes it as sub-valvate, meaning “ The very edges

overlapping and therefore imbricate.’ (See Wight’s Mlustrations of

Botany, vol. IT, pp. 164-169). This observation of Wight’s I feel fully

bound to note as inaccurate, for “

overlaps the adjacent one. This is not the case in this instance. The

imbricate’ means that one petal

——

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 611

free ends of the petals fully fit into each other in a valvate manner.

So, at the utmost, the eestivation could be termed sub-valvate, meaning

that the petals are fitting closely to each other only at their margins ;

but, it must be understood that the petals are not on that account to

be considered as “imbricate.’ With regard to the nature of the

“staminal corona’ and the pollen-masses, Professor Kerner Von

Marilaun has made very important remarks in his “ Natural History of

Plants ” (translated into English by Professor F, W. Oliver, Vol. II,

p. 258-259, 1895). They are well worth quoting here on account

of the accurate description they contain, and are as follows :—“ Adnate

to each of the five sides of the staminal column is a tumid bilocular

anther with membranous wings running down its lateral margins.

The wings are not appressed to the column, but are reflexed and

stand out in pairs with the free margins of the two wings in each

pair converging towards one another. This produces the same effect

as if the anthers coating the central column were slit through

longitudinally in front of every corner of the pentagon. Owing to the

fact that the swollen part of each anther bears a curious excavated

structure, it comes about that the pollen-producing portions of the

anthers are nowhere visible externally save the membranous wings,

or the five apparent slits.’ * * * “The hollow staminal append-

ages are full of honey, and each is embellished by a central process,

shaped like a hern.” I may add that the korn resembles the incurved

horn of the Highland ram (K.R.K.). To continue the quotation,

“ At the back of every one of the five slits is a little clip-like organ

from which proceed ligulate strands connecting it with the pol-

linia in the adjacent loculi of two different anthers, the pollen-mass

in the left leculus of the anther to the right of the slit bemg

thus associated with the pollen-mass in the right loculus of the

anther to the left of the slit. The abundant honey in the stami-

nal appendages emits a scent perceptible from afar, and attracts

numberless insects to the flowers. The honey, being stored in a

very superficial position, is accessible to insects with sbort pro-

bosces,” such as bees, wasps, and sand wasps. Ants are also among

the commonest visitors to this plant in quest of honey. ‘ During the

time when the honey is most abundant, the flowers are either nodding

or perdent, and they offer no convenient place for the insects to alight

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

upon, or from which they can comfortably suck the honey. All parts

of the flower are smooth and slippery, and the only way in which an

insect can support its weight is by inserting its claws in the slits

between the anthers. In endeavouring to take-firm hold, the insect

draws its claw from one end of the slit to the other, and so becomes

attached to the clip-like organ at the back. When the insect’s foot is

withdrawn, the two pollinia adherent to the clip are dragged out of

their niches, One of the claws on that foot is then seen to be wedged

between the arms of the clip, whilst the two pollinia are suspended from

it.” The clip-like organs will be readily distinguished in Fig. 3 of

the accompanying plate. It is coloured brown and is Y-shaped in

the illustration. It would be interesting to follow still further the re-

marks of Professor Kerner Von Marilaun and trace the destination of

the pollen-masses so torn away from their seat and to see how they are

conveyed to the stigmas of other flowers. For, without doing so, this

description of the pollen-masses must necessarily remain incomplete.

“The question is,” says the learned Prefessor, “ where are these stigmas

to be found? The pentagonal central column, surrounded by the five

anthers, contains the ovary in its interior. The approaches to this organ

lie through the so-called stigmatic chambers. which are situated close

beneath the truncate end of the column, and open outwards. The

chambers are concealed in the slits, justas were the clip-like organs,

and insects occasionally come across them as they move their claws

about in the recesses. Ifthe foot inserted by an insect has pollinia

already attached to it, they are thus introduced into the slit in

a new flower, and as the insect feels about for firm support, it

thrusts the pollinia into the stigmatic chamber. When the foot

is subsequently withdrawn, the ligatures attaching the pollinia to

the clip are broken, and the pollinia are left in the chamber, whilst the

actual clip maintains its grip of the claw.” It may be stated

here that the above quotation refers to the flowers of Asclepias

cornuti, but the learned Professor remarks that other’ members of

the Asclepiadee have essentially the same mechanism, though differ-

evces in detail of course occur. Iam persuaded to believe that the

process of fertilization in the plant I am describing is not materially

different from that depicted above in connection with Asciepias

cornut?.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 613

With regard to the substance which binds the clip-like organ to the

stigma, it may be observed that Professor Kerner Von Marilaun terms

it Viscin. It is a transparent structureless and colourless substance ; it

“ Does not form droplets with water, nor does it dissolve in alcohol or

olive-oil. Itmay be termed Viscin, from the similarity which it pre-

sents to the bird-lime cbtained from the berries of the Mistletoe.

(Viscum).” “It is very sticky, and on the slightest touch can be drawn

out into delicate threads.” “ The sticky substance is probably a mucilage

formed from the outer wall of the pollen-tetrad, or from the broken-

down walls of the mother-cells.” (Pp. 101-102, op. cit.)

Professor Asa Gray very rightly remarks that the flowers of the entire

order Asclepiadece are rather too difficult for the beginner to understand.

I would add that to the Amateur Botanist it is almost repulsive, if not

a veritable Pons asinorum. Nevertheless to the truly faithful and

earnest student of Vegetable Morphology, the complex structure of the

' reproductive organs of the Asciepiadee is of immense, almost undying

interest in common with that of similar organs among the Orchidee,

Aristolochie, and Nepenthes or Pitcher-plants. I may usefully add a

passing remark here of Professor Kerner Von Marilaun’s, which is one

of very great importance in understanding the structural difference

between the pollinia of the Orchidew and those of the Asclepiadee. In

the former, the pollinia are connected by a little knob called the

Corpusculum “Which is soft and viscid ; whereas in the latter there is a

clip which is a hard dry implement with two arms capable of holding

any small delicate object by gripping it. Secondly, the pollimia in the

Orchids are clavate or of pasty consistency ; in the Asclepiads, as already

described, they are in the form of shining, horny leaflets” (Kerner

Von Marilaun, p. 257, op. cit.).

There is a difference of opinion amorg Botanists with regard to the

flowering time of Calotropis gigantea. Wheede says it flowers thrice a

year. But Ihave the high authority of Brandis and Gregg, and of

Sanskrit writers suchas Madan Pal (see Nighant, p. 31, Calcutta, 1886),

coupled with my own experience, to be able to say that the plant flowers

throughout the year, in suitable soil, wherever the roots of the plant can

extend far and wide and derive ample nourishment of the requisite kind.

There are differences of opinion again as regards the odour of the

flowers ot this plant. The correct description of the odour, however,

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

is to be found in Rheede’s “ Hortus Malabaricus ’’ (Vol. II, p. 53),

where he says that the odour of the flowers is by no means unpleasant ;

it issimilar to that of lilies. Ifully endorse this view, with this

remark, that you have to smell the flowers just as they open, for the

odour is evanescent. If that is not done, you will have to say with

Brandis, that the flowers are znodorous. Brandis is one of our most

accurate observers in botanical phenomena, and I have always held

him in very high esteem. If, therefore, in agreeing with Rheede I

contradict Brandis, it must be considered entirely due to my personal

appreciation of the delicate odour of a fresh-blown flower. Moreover,

I fing that a Sanskrit writer, Bhiv Misr, distinctly describes it as

sweet-scented (Sanskrit, Madhura). [See Bhav Prakash, p. 101,

Bombay ed., 1890. ]

I am limited as to space, or else I would enter on the description of

the Folklore of this plant, as prevalent in India among the Hindus.

I would merely rest content with briefiy saying that it is used on the

third day of the bright fortnight of Bhadrapad—(Shukla-paksha, when

the moon is waxing) during the worship of Sakhi and of Parvati, the

wife of Shiva. This day is a general fast-day for all Hindu females.

The most rigid observers of this fast live on nothing but the leaf of

Calotropis gigantea and a little sugarcane. The others abstain from their

usual daily food and eat nothing but plantains, and Chibiid (Cucumis

Melo, Linn.) ; and drink no water save what is contained in immature

coconuts, and popularly, but mistakenly, called ‘“ Coconut Milk.” The

real coconut milk is the rich thick milk-like juice obtained from the

matured “ Kernel” or fresh “ Kopra” of the coconut. The leaf of

this plant is besides used by Hindu ladies on the 5th day after ac-

couchement in the worship of Sat? and Jiwati. Surgeon-General

Balfour of Madras, in his “ Cyclopcedia of India” (Vol. I, p. 553), says

that this plant is by the Hindus held sacred to Shiva. “ Its buds,” says

he, “also form one of the five flowers on the darts with which Kama,

the Indian God of Love, is supposed to pierce the hearts of mortals.”

In Bombay the Hindus offer the flowers to Hanuman, the Monkey-

god.

The economic uses of the plant are varied. The root, says Col. Drury,

is used in the manufacture of gunpowder charcoal. Brandis says

that in Kattywar and in the Dekkan young branches are used for that

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 615

purpose. Charcoal for gunpowder is made in Kattywar says Captain

Jacob (see Graham’s Catalogue of the Bombay Plants, p. 121, 1839),

Captain Twemlow mentions that the hill people about Mahableshwar

obtain an intoxicating liquor called “Bar” from the plant (Graham,

op. cit). The wood is also similarly used says Surgeon-General

Balfour. The silky down which caps the seeds is used by the natives

on the Madras side in making a soft cotton-like thread, “It is suscep-

tible of being spun into the finest yarn for cambric, and has been used

for the manufacture of a light substitute for flannel, by Messrs. Thresher

and Glennie of London. Itis also being tried by Messrs. Cowan

& Co. of Edinburgh, as a material for paper” (1885). I quite agree,

however, with Mr. A. Smith, when he says that the silky hairs capping

the seeds are too short to be used for any elaborate spinning purposes.

The inner bark produces a strong, long, silky, tenacious fibre which is

not affected by water. Its breaking weight is the greatest of all known

vegetable fibres. A three-strand 3-inch rope can sustain 552 lbs. as

against 407 lbs. of Crotolaria juncea (Sunn), and 224 lbs. of coconut

coir. This valuable fibre, as obtained from the inner bark, especially

of the young branches, be it noted, is spoken of by Mr. A. Smith, as

being capable of bearing a greater stram than Russian hemp. (See

Lindley and Moore’s “Treasury of Botany,” p. 202, Part I, 1870.)

The fibre is employed for fishing lines, nets, gins, bowstrings, and

even tiger-traps, in places where the plant grows abundantly and

almost wildly. No wonder that the specific name of the plant is

gigantea, when its fibre can be used successfully to entrap a tiger—one

of the strongest and fiercest denizens of the Indian forests, and one whose

existence is a terror to the surrounding population, the more especially

when he is a “ Man-eater!” To me, therefore, the specific name of

“ gigantea’ appears to have been aptly chosen. I am not aware who

the originator of the specific name is. I wish some better-informed

student of Botany would help me and my readers to find this out,*

# Since writing the above, I find that Mr. F. Gleadow, who is well known to the readers

of this Journal, has published the following remarks in the /ndian Forester for November

1897:—“ As to quality, it is stated that the fibres of both species,” (viz:— Calotropis gigantea ~

and C. procera), “ are equally good. That is a statement that I have hitherto taken for truth,

and have now to suffer certain qualms of conscience because I know the fibre of @. gigantea

to be neglected in the Deccan, where it is common, and never suspected the possible reason,

viz., its uselessness, However that may be, I found the fibre of C. gigantea quite useless in

616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

‘

Firminger says that this plant is unquestionably a “Handsome flower-

ing shrub,” along with its congener C. Hamultonvi (which, by the way,

is no other than C. procera), and “‘ nothing but their extreme common-

ness in the jungle and by the way-side excludes them from admission

into the garden. (“Manual of Gardening,” p-532, H. St. John Jackson’s

Edition, Calcutta, 1890).

Surgeon-General Balfour of Madras speaks of a Manna produced from

this plant (op. cit.), under the name of Maddr-ké-Shakar. Dr. Dymock

has the following remark to make a@ propos of this sugary exudation, in

the Pharmacographia Indica (Vol. IT, p. 480) :—* According to Burhan,

‘ Ushr’? isa Persian name for all plants having a milky juice, and

especially for the plant known in Hindustan as Ak, It would therefore

seem that Ushar is not an Arabic word, as generally stated in the

dictionaries, but of Arian (Aryan? K.R.K.) origm, and _ perhaps

connected with the Sanskrit ‘ Ush’ to burn.” * * * “The

author of the Minhaj describes Sakar-el-Ushar as a gum which

exudes from the inflorescence of the plant and gradually hardens.

He remarks that people say that it is a dew which falls upon the

plant and coneretes like manna.” I have examined hundreds of plants

of Mudir—(Calotropis gigantea), but I have failed to find the manna

on any part thereof. When quoting the popular belief about the exuded

the Saharanpur District in the month of February.” This is reproduced from the Tropical

Agricultwrist, Colombo, page 478, January, 1898. Contrast with this the following from the

pen of M. Cathiravalo inthe same Journal at page 472. This writer after trying the

experiment of growing the plant on “Temple Bar,’ Sir Graeme Hlphinstone’s Hstate on

Pallai, sent to England some cotton produced on the estate. Of course by cotton is meant

the silky comose tuft on the top of the seeds. Mr. Cathiravalo says it was pronounced

excellent. Headds:—“I have seen fishermen getting the fibre and making ropes out of it

for their nets.” At page 478 of the same Journal another writer signing himself B, writes

thus about the fibre of Calotropis gigantea :—I sent home a sample of this fibre some ten

years ago unnamed, It was prepared by hand, regardless of cost, and the brokers classed it

as the finest Rhea, value { think £ 36 or £ 38 per ton, I do not remember the percentage

of fibre from the weight of stems cut, but it was rather higher than that from Rhea stems

obtained atthe same time: the latter were grown though under shade. The Calotropis

would doubtless be improved by cultivation. (The Italics are mine—K. R. K.). Read in this

connection the concluding portion of Mr, Gleadow’s remarks— As to cultivation I con-

sidered the matter twenty years ago, and came to the conclusion that it could not pay, and

think so still, principally on the ground that the plantis «fa straggling light-demanding

habit, and could probably not be grown dense enough to give any considerable yield, but

I made no experiments on the point, and that is the only reliable source of information.” (The

Italics are mine.—K, R. K.).

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 617

eum “ Which is said to fall upon the plant and concrete like manna,”

Dr. Dymock and his collaborateurs make no further remark than the

following :—‘‘ The best authorities describe its properties as similar to

those of the plant, it would therefore seem to be nothing more than an

exudation of the juices of the plant which naturally contain some sugar.”

Might I ask if Calotropzs g’gantea—the plant I am now describing, has

any exudations, save the rich, milky juice when the plant is wounded,

and the honey that pervades the staminal corona ?

Surgeon-General Balfour and several other Botanists say that the

milky juice has been prepared like caoutchouc and gutta-percha, and

yields 50 per cent. I can claim no personal knowledge in this direction,

The plant is known in Southern India as Yercum, and in Northern

India as Ak or Muddr. Note that Ak is a corruption of the

Sanskrit Ark, meaning the Sun, and that Muddr is a corruption

of the Sanskrit Manddér. In Bombay, the plant I am describing

is invariably known among the Marathi-speaking classes as Rud.

The Gujratis call it Akado. In the Sanskrit works I have con-

sulted, I find that Bhav-Prakash (op. c7t.) recognizes two varieties

of the plant, namely, (1) the white, and (2) the red-flowered ;

so de Dhanvantariya Nighant, and Raj-Nighant (pp. 136-187,

Anandashram Series, Poona, 1896.)* Madan Pal in his N ighant

(page 31, Calcutta, 1886) simply mentions two varieties of Mandar,

but he does not specify the colours of the flowers of the two

varieties. Mr Woodrow describes two flowering varieties of Calotropis

gigantea—purple and white. “The white variety,” says this veteran

and consummate practical Botanist, “is well worthy of a place in gardens,

because some of the white fowers have as pure a colour as it is possible

to find among flowers. White-flowered plants are met with rarely

over the great range of the common sort” (“ Gardening in India,” Dp:

384, Bombay, 1889). I remember having seen a similarly pure white-

flowered plant in Mr, L. B. Joglekar’s garden in Thana, two years ago,

in a bush of pinkish-purple flowered Mudars, self-grown from the seed

of a purple-flowered plant. To me this is an illustration of lasus nature

among plants. Rheede has not failed to recognize the white and

purple-ilowered species. f

* As also Raghunath §, Lale, in his Guna Dosh Prakash, p, 143, Poona, 1892,

{It also prevails in the Sattara District among the purple-flowered plants.

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol, XI.

I have already said that Graham, on the authority of Captain

Twemlow, says, that ‘The hill people about Mahableshwar obtain an

intoxicating liquor called Bar from the plant” (Catalogue of Bombay

Plants, p. 121, 1839), Imay add here that Sir George Birdwood

repeats this observation. (Vide his Vegetable Products of Bombay,

p- 222, 2nd. Hd., 1865). Balfour observes that in Arabic authors

on ‘‘ Materia Medica,” Mudir is said to have been known even to the

Greeks.

POISONOUS PROPERTIES.

In a previous communication to this Journal, describing the

poisonous properties of Gloriosa superba (see Vol. VII, p. 492), 1

have already said that the leading Sanskrit writers recognize Calotropis

gigantea among the nine secondary poisons (Upvisha) along with

Gloriosa superba and seven others, (See also Nighanta Ratnadkar,

p. 255, Bombay, 1867). The leading Sanskrit writers are agreed that —

this plant is “heating,” or “burning,” in other words “acrid” and

drastic. Among the modern native writers of authority Rao Bahadur

Kanny Lal Dey makes the following remarks about this plant :—

“The powdered Aoot-bark and inspissated juice are used extensively

for their diaphoretic, emetic, alterative and purgative properties which

have been known to the Indian practitioners for many centuries and

regarded in some parts as vegetable mercury.’ Thirty to sixty

grains of the powder are used for an emetic. “‘The author has lately

found that a fluid extract of the leaves given in doses of one to five

drops in intermittent fever, durmg intermission, generally cuts off _

the paroxysm more effectually than quinine. Poisonous in iarge

doses” (Indigenous Drugs of India, p. 57, 2nd. Hd., Calcutta, 1896).

Dr. Sakharam Arjun says “That the milky juice is a mild rubefacient,

and is believed to produce abortion” (“ Bombay Drugs,” p. 85, 1879).

The learned Doctor does not however specifically mention as to

whether abortion is caused by the internal administration of the

juice or by its topical application to the os wterz, Jaikisan Indraji

says “That the milky juice is believed to procure abortion. It is

a caustic, also an emetic and purgative.” This writer also does not

mention whether the abortive properties are displayed in internal

administration of the juice or in topical application to the os uterz. More

direct evidence is wanted on this score, as both Dr. Sakharam and

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. — 619

Mr. Jaikisan simply say it 7s believed to possess abortive properties.

Personally, I have no knowledge of such use ; 1 am therefore unable

to express any opinion one way or the other. To come to the

Huropean and Anglo-Indian Pharmacologists who have studied this

plant, O'Shaughnessy says that the powdered bark of the root, in

doses of from half to one dram, “ Proves emetic after an interval of

from 20 minutes to an hour, generally causing much nausea, and in

apout one case in every three inducing a cathartic operation. In

doses of from 2 to 5 grains, taken every half hour, it proves nauseant,

powerfully diaphoretic, and after several doses gently cathartic.”’

An alcoholic extract of the milky juice, says O'Shaughnessy, * In

doses of 10 grains acts asa powerful, but uncertain, cathartic and

frequently causes violent vomiting.” The dried bark of the root, says

Q’Shaughnessy, “ Is of greyish-yellow colour ; heavy and very peculiar

smell, acrid, nauseous. It yields to water at 70°, 15 per 100 of

gummy saccharine matter, and a peculiar extractive principle which

has the singular property of gelatinizing as itis heated, then liquefying

again und, as the solution cools, gelatinizing as before. This principle

is termed Muddrine by its discoverer, Dr. Duncan, at whose chemical

and clinical experiments thereon, the Kditor was present ”’—meaning

O'Shaughnessy himself (Bengal Dispensatory, p. 453, Calcutta, 1841).

In passing, I may add that O’Shaughnessy feels satisfied that the

powdered root is efficacious in incipient leprosy, for he says that the

clinical experiments of Drs. Playfair Duncan and Royle leave no doubt

of the bark of the root being “‘ really efficacious in incipient leprosy and

in numerous diseases of the skin.”’* To enter into a critical examination

of this very broad statement of three able exponents of the pharmacology

of Indian plants, viewed in the light of recent clinical experience, wéuld

be beyond the scope of this paper. Dr. Duncan’s discovery of the active

principle of the root of Asclepias gigantea, Linn., as Calotropis gigantea,

Br., was named in Dr. Duncan’s days, marks an important epoch in the

pharmacelogical and clinical history of the plant Iam describing. It is

described by Dr. A. Duncan as an “ Eietractive matter,” in Phil. Mag.,

X, 465 (see Watt's “‘ Dictionary of Chemistry,” Vol. III, 1868).

Dr. Duncan calls it Mudésine. A recent writer on the Active Principles

of Plants, namely, Charles Hi. Sohn, drops the e, and calls the

* N,B.—The italics are mine—(K, R, K.)

620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJ,

extractive Mudarin. In doing so, he says, he is acting in eonfermity

with the system adopted by the Chemical Society of London, in their

journal of spelling all alkaloids with the termination ee; and all

glucosides and amaroids (i.e., Bitter Principles) with the termination

in, without the final ¢. Starting with this clear understanding in the

introductory and explanatory pages of his “ Dictionary of the Active

Principles of Plants,’ Mr. Sehn refers to Mudarin in his work at page

24 (ed. 1894, London) in the following terms :—Mudarin is a bitter

principle, ¢.e., an amarod. It is amorphous, yellow, soluble in alcoho!

and cold water, gelatinizing on warming. Insoluble in ether and

turpentine. Professer Dragendorfl of Russia (University of Dorpat)

classes Mudarin among the bitter principles which have not as yet

been shown to be glucosides, but which are sparingly soluble in ether ;

more freely in alcohol. (See Plant Analysis of Prof. Dragendortt,

translated into English by H. G. Greenish, F.c.s., pages 175-171, 1884).

Note also in connection with the remark which Prof. Dragendorff

makes with regard to the sparingly soluble nature of Mudarin in ether

as contrasted with Sohn’s statement that Mudarin is insoluble in ether.

I am not a practical chemist of any pretensions whatsoever, Lam there-

fore not in a position to state which of the two eminent writers is accurate

in his respective statement, I feel bound, however, to place before

my readers the two statements, for the euidance of such of the practical

chemists as are interested in the search of true chemical tests for

Mudarin. The subject of practical organic chemistry is altogether be-

yond the scope of this paper, or, for the matter of that, beyond the

scope of my present scientific studies.

But to return to the description of the poisonous properties of

Calotropis gigantea, still further, from well-known authorities, Norman

Chevers,—the pioneer of all writers on indian Medical Jurisprudence,

must first be quoted here in support of the poisonous properties of Mudar.

At page 285 of his standard and unexcelled work on Medical Jurispru-

dence in India (Calcutta, 1870), Dr. Norman Chevers says thus :—

“In the Chapter on Infanticide in the last edition of this work, mention

was made of the practice of murdering new-born female infants by fore-

ing the milky juice of the A7udar down their throats.” In the “Indian

Medical Gazette” of April and June, 1867, pp. 106 and 148, Mr.

McReddie, Medical Officer of Hurdui, again drew attention to this mode

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 62t

of infanticide, and suggested that an investigation should be made with

a view to the detection of this poison by chemical analysis. He, at the

same time, gave the results of some experiments on puppies. Mr. Mc-

Reddie infers from them that Mudar juice is acrid, bué that it is not, as

it is supposed to be by the natives, a “‘ narcotic poison.” Speaking for

myself, I have nct heard or read of the narcotic properties of any of

the parts or products of Calotropis giguntea, It principally acts on

the primee vie so far as I know, producing at times violent emesis and

drastic purgation, often far beyond calculation, and much to the detri-

ment and even danger to life of the person in whom the powder of the

root-bark is used as a cure for dysentery, anda vaunted safe substitute for

the root of Ipecacuanha. I would rather use Ipecacuanha, now that we can

have it in our dispensaries sine emetine, than expose a dysenteric patient to

the risk of treatment of his complaint with such an uxcertain substitute

as the powdered root of Culotropis gigantea. I say this from experience,

for eight years ago as Civil Surgeon of Thana, in medical charge of a

large Depot Jail and of the Civil Police and Military Hospitals there, I

obtained a large consignment of the powdered bark of Mudar and tried

it at the earnest desire of my late lamented friend and former teacher

of Materia Medica, Brigade-Surgeon Dymock, who was ther our

Principal Medical Storekeeper in Bombay. My experience lead to an

utter discomfiture. Wherever I tried the powder of Mudar root-bark,

there was either violent emesis, or violent catharsis. The following

year, in my official annual indent on Dr. Dymock, I asked not “ for

more.’ I have come to the conclusion that the vaunted positien of

Mudar as a substitute for Ipecacuanha is untenable, at any rate accord-

ing to my clinical experience. But I stand corrected. Apropos of Dr.

Norman Chevers’ remark, cited above, that the milky juice of Calotropis

gigantea is used for the purpose of murdering new-born, female infants,

I find that Surgeon-General Balfour of Madras has the following remark

regarding Calotropis procera, a near congener of Calotropis gigantea:—

The acrid juice of C. procera, says he, “is used by Rajputs. to poison

their infant daughters” (“ Cyclopcedia of India,” Vol. I, p. 553, 3rd ede

London, 1885), Brigade-Surgeon J. B. Lyon, ¢.1.£., who has been to

me the chief inspirer of the papers on the Poisonous Plants of Bombay,.

which have so long occupied the pages of this journal, says thus

regarding Mudar :—“It may be mentioned that Mudar (a name, I may

622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

add, common to Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera) and tobacco

are said to be used for purposes of infanticide ” (“ Medical Jurispru-

dence for India,” p. 114, Calcutta, 1889). In Gribble’s “ Medical

Jurisprudence ” (Madias, 1835, p. 188) there are the following remarks

regarding Calotropis Hamilton, which is no other than Calotropis

procera, a congener of Calotropis gigantea, with respect to its aborti-

facient properties :—Calotropis Hamiltontt (Madras native name

Atrendo) “ Is used both internally and externally. The milky juice is

mixed with flour and given in a pill; a rag is then dipped in the juice

aud folded round a stick. About four and a-half inches are introduced

per vaginam. Thisplan is useful in all stages of pregnancy, and there is

not much danger to the mother or to the foetus, which latter may in

fact be born alive if the step is taken at an advanced stage.” I may

observe that whether or not there be danger to the motner or to the

foetus ultimately, the initial use of any part or product of this plant for

the purposes of abortion has crime at its bottom, within the meaning of

the Indian Penal Code, and as such it is specially worthy of notice here.

In support of all that I have said above, I feel bound to refer to the

researches of C. J. H. Warden and LL. A. Waddell. (Pharm. Journ.,

3rd Series, XVI, 167-70.) “In India, under the name of ‘ Madar, ”

two plants belonging tothe N, O. AsciepiapacEa, are known,

the Calotrepis gigantea or Asclepias gigantea, and the Calotropis

procera or C. Hamiltonii, The former is one of the commonest weeds

throughout India, and is most abundant in the Lower Provinces and

Hastern India ; while the C. procera, which most closely resembles it,

is found chiefly in the drier parts of North and Central India”

(“Year Book of Pharmacy,” 1886, p. 153).*

I cannot conclude this paper without referring to the most modern

results of the three learned writers who have contributed to bring out

the most standard work of the day in Anglo-Indian Pharmacology,

under the name of the “ Pharmacographia Indica.” (See p. 428—437,

Vol. IL, 1891, Bombay.) It is said, in this grandest work up to date on

the Pharmacology of Indian plants, that Calotropzs is not mentioned

by Greek or Roman writers, but some Mahomedans give Ljakiyns as

its Yunani name 3 this appears to be a Ona of the word *yd8:os

e most holy,” or “ under divine pF Oiee nt ae was okay gale to

oe —_

- I have fowe d fe in he cates a ipicnae since Writing > this paper. Le iRe K)

POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 623

the plant by some Syrian physicians who instructed the Arabs in Greek

medicine. The modern Persians call C. procera Khark and Darakht-i-

Zahrnak or “ poison-tree.” So far back as 1813, Ainslie in his “ Materia

Medica ” of Hindustan seems to have noted the purgative properties of

both Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera. It is stated inthe

Pharmacographia Indica (Vol. Il, p. 434) that the emetic properties of

Calotropis were brought to the notice of the medical profession by Dr.

Duncan who, as I have already noted before, was the first person to

isolate the bitter principle of the plant and examine clinically, in the

presence cf O'Shaughnessy, the pharmacological properties thereof, so

far back as 1829. (See Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., XXXIT., p. 65.)

“ Modern physiological research has shown that the juice applied to

the skin acts as an irritant.”

“In large doses Calotropzs causes vomiting and purging, acting as

an irritant emeto-cathartic.’ (Ph. Ind., p. 434.)

This is the best description of the poisonous properties of the plant

that could be given in the existing state of our knowledge regarding

Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera as well. With these remarks

I conclude this paper.

Description of Plate T.

half natural size. The white

paint at the cut end in the right lower corner of the plate shows

the milky juice.

No. 1.—The top of a flowering branch

No, 2.—-The staminal corona—full natural size.

No, 3.—-A pollen-mass—six times magnified. Note the brown clip at

the lowest part of the pollen-mass.

No. 4.—A mature follicle—entire ; the corresponding fellow follicle

was here abortive—half natural size.

No. 5.—The same follicle in dehiscence, showing the imbricate,

close-packed arrangement of the mature seeds, with the coma at the

top of the follicle—half natural size.

No. 6.—A detached comose seed with the coma as pictured flying

about in the air after the fruit dehisces— half natural size. The cut end

of the peduncle is painted white to show the milky juice.

624:

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND

BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dupanoy, F.E.s.,

Wirn Nores ay H. J. Enwns, F.z.s., F.5.s., &c.,

AND

Appirions BY Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bant,, B.A., F.E.S., &C.

leaves’ JUL,

(With a Plate.)

(Continued from page 419 of this Vol.)

Family NOTOLONTID A,

Genus TarsoLeris, Butl.

210. T. sommeri, Hiibn.

Sikhim (Hampson). Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have obtained this

species from this locality.

Genus Dupusa, W1lk.

211. D. sphingiformis, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Ihave only obtained this on two occasions,

‘My first specimen was taken at light in June at Badamtam, 3,000 feet,

my other at Pedong Turning at about 5,000 feet in the same month.

It appears to be rare. Mr. Elwes has two male specimens, which he

took sitting on the doorstep of the Darjeeling Club, so that its range

is from 3,000 to 7,000 feet,

Genus BarapEsa, Moore.

214. Bz, lithosioides, Moore.

Sikhim. I have taken this species at light only at 1,800 and 4,000 -

feet in the Balasun and Rungeet valleys in July.

Genus Racuta, Moore.

- 215. £. plumosa, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never taken this species. (J took this on Tongloo

at 10,000 feet in July.—H. J. E.)

216. 4. striata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. The type of this from Moller’s collection taken in April is

apparently unique.

Genus PHatera, Hubn.

217. P. parivala, Moore.

Sikhim, (Although several species of this genus are common in Sikhim,

I have never seen females of any except P. torpida there—H. J. £.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 62

218. P. sangana, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This and P. raya appear to be the two most

frequently met with in Sikhim.

219. P. torpida, Wik.

~Sikhim, 1,890 feet. This is a much smaller insect than the two

preceding. I have only one male specimen, taken at light at the

elevation above-mentioned in May.

220. 2. procera, Feld.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This seems to be near the next species, but

differs in having much less silvery suftusion, which is confined to the

basal portion and the posterior angle of the forewing. Frons brown ;

vertex of the head white, as in P. sangana ; apical patch on forewing

evenly rounded on the inner edge. Ihe segmental bands of the

abdomen are much more pronounced than those of P. raya. The dark

sub-basal patch mentioned by Hampson does not appear tu me to be

sufficiently conspicuous to be of much importance asa distinctive

character. I have taken both sexes in May and July.

221. P. raya, Moore,

Sikhim and Bhutan. This is at once recognisable by the forewing

being entirely suffused with silvery-grey, the vertex of the head and

frons being buff, and the apical patch on the forewing having its inner

edge waved. The males of this and the three preceding species have

the terminal segment of the abdomen marked with a large pale quad-

rate patch which is lacking in the females. It occurs in J une, some-

times very plentifully.

22ia. P. bilineata, Hmpsn. (Prats I, Fia. 2, 9).

Bhutan, 2,500 feet, This belongs to a separate section of the genus

in which the males have the antennz: bipectinate for two-thirds the

length, The female from which the figure is taken is the only speci~

men I have obtained. The male was described from the Khasias,

Genus GarceTra, WI.

222. G. costigera, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. I have only taken this at

light. The antenne are similar in both sexes, and the female is dis-

tinguished from the male by the absence of the tuft of long hair on

the underside of the forewing below vein 1. In a pair of wings

bitten off a male insect by a bat, I notice that the lobed costa of the

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

hindwing is folded over presumably to reccive the tuft of hairs of

the forewing ; in set specimens, however, this does not so appear. It

occurs in May, June and November. i

224. G. curvaria, Umpsn.

Sikhim. I have only two specimens, one of which was taken in

July. (Rare in March in Sikhim ; I have it also from the Naga Hills.

—H, J. E.)

225. G. ingens, W1k.

Sikhim. I have only seen one of this species taken by Dr. Pilcher

in Darjeeling. (Occurs rarely in March and April—Z/. J. E.)

225d. G. lithosidia, Hmpsn. (PLATE Tf, Hie. 5, a)

Sikhim. The type of this is the only specimen I have procured ;

it is now in the British Museum. The corrugation of the membrane

below the cell on the underside of the forewing played upon by the

serrate costal edge of the hindwing is an important character not found

in any other species of the genus.

226. G. allimacula, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have never received this,

996a, Gi viridigrisea, n. sp. (PLATE I, Fic. 3, 2).

Q. Grey, more or Iss, suffused with greenish ; collar black or grey

edged with black, thorax greyish; abdomen and hindwing fuscous-

brown. Forewing with a waved black sub-basal line followed by an

indistinct blackish waved band and an almost erect antemedial black

line double from the median nervure to the inner m»rgin and angled _

on vein | ; orbicular a double brown spot edged with whitish, reniform

brown with its lower edge whitish, with some reddish suffusion from it

towards the apex and inner margin, medial strongly waved line surved

round the ¢ell, postmedial black lunulate curved line, beyond which

are some dark patches, most distinct at the inner margin, foliowed by

an indistinct pale line ; sub-marginal and marginal series of black

junulate marks between the veins ; apex slightly suffused with fuscous,

with pale specks on the costa at termination of nervules, costa of hind-

wing with a long fringe of hair. Antenne minutely ciliated. Palpi

with third jomt porrect.

Hab. Sikhim, 1,800 feet, Oclober (Dudgeon), Hap. 55-56 millim,

Types in cell, Dudgeon and B. M.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 627

Genus Norraca, Moore.

228. N. longipennis, Moore. —

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only one specimen which I took in

July. This corresponds with Hampson’s figure and description excep

that vein 6 of the forewing is from the areole just after the angle of

the cell, and the inner margin of the same wing is quite straight from

the lobe to the outer angle. Exp, 54 millim.

Genus Nicanpa, Moore,

229. LV. strigifascia, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have one specimen taken in Bhntan in May.

Genus HuTornoprra, Hmpsn.

229a. EH. argentifascia, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 6,400 feet. The type was taken by me at light at Rissoom.

I have never seen another specimen.

Genus Stenoponta, Hmpsn.

229. 8. eyttarrosticta, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Occurs from June to September. I took

six males and three females at Fagoo, one pair of which are in the

British Museum. The type male alone has the white streak in con-

tiuuation of the black one in the cell of the forewing, my specimens

having only a bluish-silvery speck on vein 5 instead.

Genus Pypna, WI]k.

230. P. testacea, WIk.

Sikhim. I haye two females, taken in June, identically marked,

but the areole on the forewing of one is triangular and that of the

other narrowly oblong. (1 have some difficulty in accepting Sir

George Hampson’s identification of P. testavea with P. kamadena,

Moore, but the types of Pydna are in several cases impossible to

identify, and the species seem in some cases very variable. I[ have

taken what I believe to be P. kamadena at 10,000 feet in July.—

230a. P. tenebralis, Hmpsn. (Puare I, Fia. 4, 3).

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The type specimen, which is in the British

Museum, was taken at Punkabaree at light.

; 232. P. longivitta, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 feet. My only specimen was taken

in September ; the species, however, is not a rare one, Mr, Elwes

628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

remarks that he has taken both sexes at from 7,000 to 10,000 feet in

July and August.

934. P. pallida, Butl. ,

Sikhim. I have not seen this species. (Sir George Hampson

identifies this with the Japanese insect described by Butler. What

I have so named by him seems to be different, but it is not in good

enough condition to describe—H. J. E.)

Pian Je ochracea, Moore.

Sikhim, I have not seen this.

236. P. galbana, Swinh.

Sikhim. Only females of this and the preceding species were ap-

parently available for description. I do not know it.

238. P. eupatagia, Umpsn.

Sikhim. The type of this is in Mr. Knyvett’s collection.

239. P. aurata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not reeeived this.

241, P. sikhima, Moore.

Sikhim. Mr, Elwes says that this is common at light, at Darjeeling,

in July.

242. P. nigropuncta, Ampsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have four males taken at 12,000 feet in

Bhutan in July. The antennze of the male are worthy of remark ; the

fascicles of long cilia are given off from each side of the antennz in

pairs, and the basal portion of each tuft is agglutinated, so that the cilia _

appear to rise from short stems. In Antheua servula, Drury, Spatalia -

argentifera, Wlk., Fentonia apicalis, Moore, and a few others of the

family, this agglutination is extended to two-thirds or more of the

whole branch, giving the appearance of pectinations with tufts at their

extremities.

243. P. mgrofasciata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have only seen one specimen of this species which was

taken in Darjeeling by Dr. Pilcher. Mr. Elwes says that the type is

the only specimen he has seen, and was taken in July.

244, P. basistriga, Moore.

Sikhim. (The type of this being in Dr. Staudinger’s collection has

not been certainly identified by Sir George Hampson, and may be a

variety of P. xigrofaseiata—H. J. LE.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 629

245. P. ferrifera, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. My only specimen was taken in the latter

locality in June. Mr. Elwes remarks that the male is not uncommon

at Darjeeling, but that he has never seen a female.

249, PP. albistriga, Moore. (Piate I, Fie. 1, 3).

Sikhim and Bhutan. I obtained one specimen in Bhutan which is

now in the British Museum. This species was originally included as

a Ramesa, but Sir George Hampson now makes it the type of the

third section of Pydna.

Genus Ramesa, WIk.

246. R. tosta, W1k.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I took a specimen of this at light in September

at Fagoo.

247a. R. docilis, Wik. (Puiate I, Fic. 18, 2),

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The only specimen I have seen was taken at

light at Punkabaree in May.

248. R&R. divisa, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen.

Genus AntHEuaA, WIk.

252, <A. servula, Drury.

Sikhim, 1,860 feet. I have two males of this species taken in July

and August at Punkabaree at light. The hindwings of both are pale.

Hampson’s figure of the neuration inadvertently omits vein 10 of the

forewing, which should be shown meeting the costa between veins

9 and 11.

Genus FrentontA, Butl.

254. F. argentifera, Moore.

Sikhim, 7,000 to 10,000 feet. Dr. Pilcher obtained this on Tongloo

in August. Mr. Elwes remarks that it is common on Tongloo and at

Darjeeling in July and August.

255. F. brunnea, Moore.

~ Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Common at light in Darjeeling station in July

and August.

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

256. F. obliquiplaga, Moore.

Sikhim. Ihave never seen this species. (This is another species

which has never been satisfactorily indentified since its description.—

Wd H,)

257. F. apicals, Moore.

Sikhim, 9,000 feet. This is placed in the 1st sub-section of the 1st

section of the genus by Hampson, but my only specimen appears,

from the form of the antennz, to belong to a new sub-section. It

occurs in July.

258. ff. ocypete, Bremer.

Sikhim, 5,500 feet. Only one taken in March, 1889, on the Tukvar

spur. It must be very rare.

800. F. variegata, Moore.

Sikhim. This was orginally placed in Hyperceschra. I have not

seen it.

258a. F. viridinocta, Hmpsn, (Piate I, Fie. 11, ¢).

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took five males in August and September at

Fagoo at light. It belongs to the same section of the genus as

F. tenebrosa, Wik. The neuration of the forewings of this and the

next species are similar to the others of the genus. Sir George

Hampson numbers this species 258a, implying that it should follow

F. ocypete, but it should follow F. tenebrosa, Wlk. The specimens in

my collection show variation in the extent of the white on th> green

costal patch on the forewing.

259. F. tenebrosa, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. This is far the commonest

species of the genus at low elevations. I took three males at Fageo in

July at 2,500 feet, and eleven males and one female at Punkabaree in

May, June, July, August, and September. The female differs from the

male in being slightly larger, in having the branches of the antennee

shorter, and the underside of the hindwing powdered with white

scales, leaving dark distinct medial and postmediai bands. Hup.— g

26—28 ; 9 31 millimetres. ;

As all the species of Fentonia, with the exception of a new species,

F. cantfusa, Hampson, from the Khasias, which I have not seen, have

been found within the limits of Sikhim and Bhutan, and the disposi-

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 631

tion of the same in their sections according to Hampson requires some

alteration, I now give a key to the genus.

Section I—Hindwing with the stalk of veins 6 and 7 short.

(a) Antenne of male bipectinate, with branches moderately long

and reaching the tip.

F, argentifera, Moore.

(6) Antenne of male with the terminal one-third serrate ; the

branches shorter.

F, ocypete, Brem.

F. variegata, Moore. (Fide Hampson).

F, brunnea, Moore.

F. obliquiplaga, Moore. (Fide Hampsozx).

(d) Antenne of male with short stiff branches with fascicles of cilia

at their extremities.

F, apicalis, Moore.

Section I1.—Hindwing with the stalk of veins 6 and 7 very long ;

antennee of male with branches long.

F’, tenebrosa, W1k.

F, wiridinota, Hmpsn.

Genus Stravrorus, Germar.

260. 8S. maculatus, Moore,

Sikhim. I do not know this. (Taken at Darjeeling at light in

July. —, J. E.)

261, SS. alternus, W1k.

Sikhim. One specimen reared from a larva taken at 900 feet

elevation in the bed of the Balasun river in October. The larva differs

from Hampson’s description only in the presence of paired conical dorsal

prominences on the fourth and fifth somites, and the flattened portion

of the tenth somite being produced laterally into a hooked spine; the

processes from the extremity of the anal segment are long and clubbed.

Pupa formed in a yellow silk cocoon, Food plant a thorny tree locally

called Kayer. Emerged in November. ?

262. S. stkhimensis, Moore.

Sikhim. I have only obtained it in July at 5,000 feet. Mr, Elwes

says it is common at light in Darjeeling in July and August.

632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

264. 8. apicalis, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Itook this at light at Punkabaree in May.

(Seems a very rare species in Sikhim ; I have only one specimen from

Miller’s collection —H. J. E.}

265. SS. viridescens, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only seen females, two of

which I took in April and August at light. (Occurs rarely in March

and June. There isa great difference in size between the sexes.—

Hi, J, ti.)

266. 8S. pallidifascia, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. Itooka male of this

species at Fagoo and a female at Punkabaree in September and

November respectively, both at light.

The female differs from the male in the postmedial double line on

the forewing being farther from the base, the area beyond it paler, and

the hindwing suffused with brown. Both sexes have a large black quad-

rate patch below the origin of vein 2 of the forewing, and the antenne

similarly bipectinate.

268. 8S. perdix, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,C00 feet. I have a single specimen taken in October,

1888. (This rare species has been recently taken in Sikhim by

Mr. Knyvett.—H. J. E.)

270. 8S. orbifer, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (This has been taken, as far as

I know, only by Mr. Knyvett in May.—Z. J. E.)

273. 8S. plagiviridis, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took a male on Rissoom in

September, which is the only specimen I have seen. Mr. Elwes

remarks that the male is not uncommon, but that he has not seen a

female.

Genus Somera, W1k.

274. 8S. viridifusca, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. My specimens were taken

in May, July and Augast. It is not uncommon.

Genus CerurA, Schrank.

276. C. liturata, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 3,000 feet. This isa very common

species, and occurs in May, July and August, The larva up to the

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 633

penultimate moult is purplish-brown, marked with greenish-yellow

laterally, and there are two blunt spiny processes behind the head ; these

are lost in the last moult, when the upper part of the first somite

becomes scutellate, and a lateral white ocellus appears on the eighth

somite. Before pupating the bright green colour, which the larva has

adupted, becomes suffused with crimson from the legs gradually upwards.

The cocoon is formed of comminuted fragments of bark cemented

together, forming a hard shell.

Genus Damata, WIk.

278. D, longipennis, Wk.

Sikhim, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. Thisis apparently a common species

at light in Darjeeling inJuly. I have it only from 9,000 feet.

Genus Mzrascuatis, Hmpsn.

281. M. disrupta, Moore.

Sikhim. Ihave not seen this species. (I have only one specimen

from Sikhim where it is rare—H. J. L.)

: Genus Puxosta, Hiibn.

283. LP. fasciata, Moore.

Sikhim, I have never seen a specimen. (Bred from pupe found

under cakes of mud at a low elevation by Knyvett—_//. J. E.)

284. P. pulcherrima, Moore.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. The only specimen I have seen was taken by

Dr. Pilcher at light in Darjeeling. (I took a female of this at

Darjeeling at light in July.—H. J. E.)

285, P. excurvata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. Ido not know this species, the type of which is in

Mr. Knyvett’s coilection.

287. PP. strigata, Moore.

Sikhim, 3,000 feet. My only specimen was bred from a larva found

at Badamtam, The larva was green with the anterior somites slightly

marked with purplish dorsally, the three terminal somites broad,

flattened and oval, having the appearance of a leaf when seen from

behind, terminating in two short points. last pair of prolegs wanting.

The pupa is formed in a cocoon similar to that of C. liturata, Wlk.,

and is dull blackish with a sharp process on the front of the head. My

specimen is in the British Museum.

634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

2870. P. centristicta, Hampson, Jour. Bo. N. H. Soc., vol. XI, No. 2,

p. 282. (Pratx I, Fic. 15, 3).

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The type of this was taken by me at light in

May at Punkabaree ; I obtained another in July ; these are the only

specimens I have seen. The type is in the British Museum.

288. P. sikkima, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this species ; it differs from all others of

the genus in the antennee being ciliated in the male.

Pheosia is separated from entonia by Hampson, chiefly apparently

on the position of vein 7 of the forewing ; Pheosia having 7 given off

further from the apex than 10, ana Fentoma having the same vein

arising nearer to the apex than 10. Ihave only two species of this

genus in my collection, namely, P. centristicta, Hampson, and

P. strigata, Moore (the latter from Kanara). Both these have vein 7

as in Fentonta. -Pheosia then, as it at present stands, is only separable

from Fentonia by the forewing being narrower and with the outer

margin crenulate instead of broad and evenly-curved, and by the paipi

being porrect instead of upturned. The palpi are so small in both

genera that this latter feature is difficult to recognise.

AppENDUM To GENUS FeEnTontA, page 631.

29a. FP. ferrifusa, D. sp.

&. Grey irrorated with fuscous scales ; thorax clothed with long deep

brown hairs; abdomen fuscous, whitish towards the extremity. Fore-

wing with a dark streak from the base meeting a broad fuscous patch

below the median nervure at 4th from the base; an ante-medial —

indistinct reddish-brown triangular mark from the costa to the median

nervure; a post-medial series of black specks on the veins, followed

by a reddish-brown waved band, broad and triangular towards the

costa, narrowing to the outer angle ; a submarginal row of brownish

specks. Hindwing whitish, svffused with fuscous towards the apex

and inner margin. Underside of forewing grey, hindwing and abdomen

white.

This belongs to section II of the genus, and the antennz and neura-

tion of the hindwing are similar to those of F. tenebrosa, WIk.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet, May (Dudgeon). Exp, 27 millim. Type in coll.

Dudgeon.

635

- THH FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA,

By G. MarsHatt Wooprow, Prorsssor or Borany,

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, Poona.

Part LV.

(Continued from page 480 of this Vol.)

LIL.—RosacE&.

3. Prunus.

P. Amygdalus, Baill., ¥.B.1.—I1-313. Badam, the Almond, In gardens rarely.

P. persica, B. & A.f, ¥.B.1.—II-313. Alu, the Peach. Gardens, Panchgani.

5, Pygeum.

P. Gardneri, A, f., ¥.B.1.—I1L-321. Mahableshwar. Nov.

P. Wightianum, Bi., F.b.1.—II-319. Divimana, N, Kanara. Nov.

8, Rubus.

R. moluceanus, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-330, Western Ghats, Southwards. Oct.

R. lasiocarpus, Smith, ¥.B.1.—I1-339. Rajapuri, Raspberry. Panchgani. May.

R, rosefolius, Smith, D.C. Prod.—F, B, 1.—I1-341, Gardens, Aug,

10. Fragaria.

F, indica, Andr., ¥.B.1.—I1-343, Yellow-flowered Strawberry. Gardens,

Baroda, Poona, Jan-Mar.

BF. vesca, Linz., ¥.B.1.—I11-344, Strawberry. Gardens, Mahableshwar,

Jan,-Apl,

11, Potenéélla,

P. supina, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-359, Karnali, Guzerat. Nov.

16, Rosa,

No species of this genus is indigenous, and the few widely cultivated

species are doubtfully identified.

17, Neurada,

N. procumbens, L., ¥.p.1.—II-368, Hills at the Hub river, Karachi. Jan,

17a, Cydonia,

C. vulgaris, Pers., ¥F.B.1.—II-369. Bihi, the Quince, Planted rarely.

Mahableshwar,

19, Eriobotria,

E, japonica, Lindl., ¥.B.1.—I1I-372,. The Loquat. Planted, Poona,

20. Pyrus.

P, malus, Linz, F.B.1.—I11-373. The Apple, Planted, Panchgani, rarely,

P, communis, Linn., ¥.3.1.—I1-374, Naspaté, the Pear. Cultivated near

Mahableshwar.

LII.—SaxIFRAGES,

3. Vahlia,

V. viscosa, Roxb., F.B.1.—II-399. Divale, 23 miles east of Ratnagiri. Jan.

636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

LIII.—CRASSULACEA,

3. Bryophyllum.

B. calycinum, Salisb., F.B.1.—I1-412. Panjhad. Wai, Satara Dist, Jan.

4, Kalanchoe,

K. glandulosa, Hochst., ¥.B.1.—II-414, Shinghad. Hills near Satara, Mar,

K, spatulata, DC., r.B.1.—II-414, Panchgani, Badami. Oct,-Nov.

K. floribunda, W. & A., r.B.1.—I1-414. Hills near Satara. Nov.

K. brasiliensis, Camb., ¥.B.1.—II-415. Gokak, Panchgani. Oct.

LIV.— DROSERACES,

1, Drosera,

D. Burmanni, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—If-424, Siddapur, Yacombi, N. Kanara.

Jan.-Feb.

D. indica, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-424, Sawantwadi, Mahableshwar, Lanauli, Nov.

LVI.—HALoRAGE.

4. Myriophyllum,

M. intermedium, DC., r.B.1.—I11-423. The Lake, Mahableshwar. Nov.

LVII.—RuizZOPHORE.

1. Rhizophora,

R. mucronata, Lam., F.B.1.—I1-435, Doombee. Hareshwar. Lee,

3. Kandelia.

K. Rheedii, Wog., r.p.1—l1-437, Kumta, Mar.

4, Bruguiere.

B. parviflora, Woa., ¥.B.1.—I1-438. Karwar. Dec.

5. Carailia.

C. integerrima, DC., F.8.1.—IE.-439.Panshi. Marmagoa. Nov.

LVIII.—ComBRETACES,

1. TZerminalia,

T. Catappa, Linn.,¥.B.1.—II-444, Deshi baddm, Planted, Deccan, widely.

Apl. -

T, belerica, Rowb., r.B1.—II-445, Behada., Devale, Konkan. Apl.

Tt. chebula, Retz., r.p.1.—Il-446. Hirda, Mahableshwar. Apl,

T, Arjuna, Bedd., ¥.B.1—II-447, Kahu, Arjun, Arjunsadada. Apl-May.

T, tomentosa, Bedd., ¥.B.1.—II-447, Ain. Hills near Poona, July.

TF. paniculata, Roth., ¥.B.1I—TI1-448. Kinjal, Near Sirsi. Nov.-Dec.

2. Calycopteris.

3. Anogeissus.

A, latifolia, Wail., r.3.1.—H-450. Dhavda. Deccan Hills widely. July-Nov.

4, Lumnitzera,

L, racemosa, Weld., F.B.1.—I1-452. Ratnagiri, Jan.

5. Combretum,

C. ovalifolium, Roxb., r.b.1.—II-458, Pilolha. Karli, W.Ghats. Feb,

€. extensum, Mowb., ¥.B.1.—-I1-458. Péluki. Khandalla. Jan.

Q. indica, Linn., F.B.1.—II-459. Rangoonacha vel. Rangoon creeper.

Gardens, Mar.-Aug.

LIX.—Myrtacez,

4, Psidium.

P, Guyava, Linn., ¥.BI—II-468, Jdamb, Pairu, The Guava. Cultivated,

Myrtus.

M. communis, Linn., D.C. Prod.—IIi-239, Myrtle, The Myrtle. Planted.

8, Eugenia,

E. malaccensis, Linn., r.p.1.—II-471. Planted, Apl.-May.

. jambos, Linn., ¥F.B.I.—II-474, Gulab Jamb. Planted, widely. Feb.

K, hemispherica, Wight, ¥.B.1.—I1-477. Ainshi Ghat, Mar -Apl.

KE. laeta, Ham., ¥,8.1.—I11-479, _ W.Ghats. Nov,

E, memecylifolia, Talbot, Jour. Bom, Nat. Hist, Soc—XI-236, Kalpa. May.

K, toddalioides, Wight, ¥.8.1.—I1-482. Céppa, Titpoli. Castle Rock, W. Ghats.

Jan,

E. Wightiana, Wight, ¥.B.1.—I1-485. Konkan, N, Kanara, Stocks, Talbot.

Feb.-Mar.

BE. zeylanica, Wight, ¥.B.1.—IJ-485, Sawad, Kanara. Feb.

HE, lissophylla, Thwattes, F.b.1—-I1-488. Konkan, Siocks.

E. caryophyllea, Wight, ¥.B.t.—I1-490., Marmagoa, Mahableshwar. May.

KE, rubicunda, Weght, ¥.B.1.—II-495, Lendi Jambul, Shinghad. Mar.-May.

BK. Stocksi, Duthie, r.B.1.—I1-498, Konkan, Stocks,

K. jambolana, Lam., F.B.1.—II-499. Jambul, Waghai, Dang. Planted

: widely, May.

E. Heyneana, Wall. ¥.B.1.—II-500, Mahableshwar. May.

E, macrosepala, Duthie, ¥.B.1.—11-501, Nagar, N, Kanara, Jan.-Feb.

E. bracteata, Rowb., F.B.1.—II-502. N, Kanara, Poona, planted, Apl.-July.

E. mooniana, Wight, ¥.B.1.—I1-505. Ainshi Ghat. Talbot. Nov.

E. uniflora, Linn., F.B.1.—I1-505, (American.) Gardens, Aug.-Sept,

9. Barringtonia.

B, acutangula, Gaerin., F.B.1.—I1-508. Nevar. Shrivardhan, Oct.

10. Careya.

C, arborea, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—I1-511. Kumbha, W. Ghats widely, Apl.

LX.—MELASTOMACE.

1. Osbeckia,

O, truncata, Don., F.B.1.—II-514. Londa, Collem. Oct.

3. Melastoma,

M, malabathricum, Linz., r.B.1.—II-523, Paloré. Kumia,Siddapur. Oct,-Mar,

10. Sonerila,

S. scapigera, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—I1-538, Khandalla, July-Aug.

S. Wallichii, Benn., ¥.B.1.—II-538. Karwar, Aug,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. $37

6. Quisqualis,

638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

21, Memecylon.

M. Wightii, Thwaites, ¥.B.1.—II-554, Karwar,

M, terminale, Dailz., r.b.1.—II1-558. W. Ghats southwards.

M, edule, Rovb., r.b.1.—I1-563, Anjan, Lanauli, W. Ghats, widely. Jan.-Mar.

LXI.—LYTHRARICa.

1. Ammannia.

3. Woodfordia.

W. floribunda, Salisb., r.B.1.—II-572. Dhayti. Poona, Deccan Hills, widely.

Jan.-May.

A. peploides, Spreng., F.B.1.—II-566, Rice fields, Malwan. Nov,

A, Ritchiei, C.B. Clarke., ¥.8.1—-I1-566, Belgaum, Ritchie.

A. rotundifolia, Ham., F.B.1.—II-566. Savantvadi, Malwan. Nov.

A, tenuis, C. B. Clarke, ¥.8.1.—II-567, Q Konkan, Oct,

A. floribunda, C, B, Clarke, r.3.1.—I1-567. Mahableshwar, Dec-Jan. :

A. rotala, F, Muell., ¥.B.1.—I1-567, Hullihul. Talbot. Dec.

A, pentandra, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—II-568. Kudra, Londa, Malwan. Aug. :

A. baccifera, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1I-569. Bhar-jambul. Mulier, Sind, Guzerat. Nov. |

A. salicifolia, Monti., ¥.B1.—II-569. Hullihul, N. Kanara, Kelgaon, Poona. '

Nov. :

A, multiflora, Roxb., ¥.8.1.—-II-570. Kelgaon, near Poona. Nov. :

5. Lawsonia, :

L, alba, Lamd., F.B.1—II-573, Mendi, Henna, Planted Guzerat and Deccan, :

Sandy, salt land near Bombay ; seedlings abundant, Apl.-July. |

7. Lagerstremia,

L, indica, Linn., r.p.1.—II-575. Chinit Mindi. Cult, in gardens, May-Aug.

L. parviflora, Roxb., F.B.1.—I1-575. Bondarah. Hills near Poona. June,

L., lanceolata, Wall., ¥.8.1.—I1-576, Nana, Kumta,Sirsi Road. Apl.-May,

L, flos-regine, Retz, ¥.B.1.—II-577. Taman, Mothabondara, 8. Konkan, Goa,

May-July.

9. Sonneratia.

S. apetala, Ham., .B.t.—II-579. Dharamter, Mumbra, Thana. Feb.

S. acida, Linn, F.B.1—I1-579. Hareshwar, Konkan. Feb.

; 10. Punica.

P. granatum, Lznn,, ¥.r.1.—II-581. Dalimb. The Pomegranate, Cult. widely.

LXIJ.—OnaGRACEZ,

2, Sussica.

J. repens, Linn., F.B.1,— 11-587, Guzerat, Nov.

J. suffruticosa, Linn., r.B.4.—I1-£87, Pdnlavang. Tulsi Tank, near Poona,

Aug,-Oct,

3, Ludwigia,

L, parviflora, Rozxb., r.B.1.—IT1-588 Narel, May-Nov.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 639

; Ginothera (American),

Ci, rosea, Ait,, DC., Peod.—IIT-51. Escaped from gardens, Poona, Maha-

bleshwar, Noy.-Jan.

5. Trapa.

T. hispinosa, Roxd., ¥.B.1.—II-590. Shingari, Shingddd, The Water Chestnut,

Cult, in tanks widely.

LXITI,— Samypacez,

1. Casearia.

C. graveolens, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—II-592, Bokhada. Hatland, Peint. Aulus

Mawal, Waghai, Dang. Jan.-May.

C, esculenta, Roxb., r.B.1.—II-592, Mori, Karwar, Yellapur. May.

C. rubescens, Dailz., F.B.1.—II-593, W. Ghats, Konkan.

C, tomentosa, Rowb., ¥.B.1.—II-593. Chillara. W. Ghats, Poona, Mar.

3. Homalium.

H. zeylonicum, Benth, ¥F. B, 1.—I1-596, Digyi, N. Kanara. Talbot, May.

TURNERACER® (Trop. America and Africa),

Turnera,

T. ulmifolia, Don., DC. Prod—I1-345. Pewli Ghanari. In gardens, Oct.-Feb.

LXIV.—PASssIFLOR&,

1. Passiflora.

P. feetida, Cav., DC.,Prod.—III1-331, Veli Ghani, As a garden escape frequent,

3. Modecca.

M. palmata, Lam., ¥.B1,—II-603. Tyer ball. Divimana, Sumpkund, N,

Kanara, May.

Carica.

C. papaya, Linn., DC.,Prod —XV. s.1.,1-414. Papaya. The Papay. Cult. widely.

LXV.—CucuRBITACE.

2, Trichosanthes,

T, palmata, Hoxbd., F.B.1.—II-606. Koundal. Lanauli, Mahableshwar,

May-July,

T. cucumerina, Linn., F.B.1.—II-609. Kadu-padval, Poona, Karwar. July-

Aug,

T. anguina, Linn., F,B.1.—II-610. Padwal. The Snake Gourd, Cult,

3. Trichosanthes.

T. palmata, Rowb., F.B.1.—I1-606, Kouwndal, W. Ghats, widely, May-July,

T. cucumerina, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I1-609. Jungli Padole, Karwar, N, Kanara,

Poona, July. Aug.

T. anguina, Linn., r.B.1.—II-610. Padol, Chiconda, Chachinda. Cult,

6, Lagenaria.

L, vulgaris, Seringe, ¥.%.1.-—II-613, Dudhya, Cult.

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

7. Luffa,

L. egyptiaca, Mill, ¥.B.1.—I1-614. Ghosali, Ghiya Turot, Cult,

L. acutangula, Zovb., F.B.1—I1-615, Shirola, Dodka Turot. Cult.

L. amara, Rowb., F.B.1.—II-615. Kadu-shirola, Kadudodké Ran Turoi, W.

Ghats, Sept.

L. echinata, Roxb. ¥.B.1.—II-615, Kukarvel Deodangri, Godra, Bombay. Sept.

8. Benincasa,

B. cerifera, Savi. F.B.1.—II-616. Kohala, Cult.

9. Momordica.

M. charantia, Lian., F.B.1.—II-616. Karl, Cult. widely, May-Aug,

M. balsamina, ZLinn., ¥.B.1.—II-617, Kurelo-jangro, Sind, Pahlanupur. Nov.

M. dioica, Roxb., F.B1.—I1-617, Kartoli, Deccan, Cult, widely. June-Aug.

M. cochinchinensis, Spr., ¥.B,.1.—I1-618, N. Kanara. June-J uly,

M. cymbalaria, Fenzb., F.B.1.—I11-618. Kadwanchi, Benicopa, Dharwar. Nov,

10. Cucumis. -

C. trigonus, Roxbd., F.B.1.—IJ-619. Karit. Poona, June,

C. prophetarum, Linn., F.B.1.—II-619, Mulier, Sind,

C. melo, Linn., F.B1.—I1-620, Kharbuza. Cult.

C. melo, var. utilitissimus. Tur Kakre, Cult.

C. melo, var. momordica, Shendada. Cult. and wild on hills near Poona,

C. sativus, Linn,, F.B.1.—I1-620, Kakri. Cult, Oct.-Dec.

11. Citrullus.

C. colocynthis, Schrad., ¥.B.1.—II-620. Kadu vrindavan, Deccan, Guzerat.

Nov,—Jan.

C. vulgaris, Schrad., r.B.1.—I1-621. Tarbuj, Kalingad. Cult,

C, vulgaris, var, fistulosus. Cult.

12. Cephalandra,

C. indica, Naud., F.B.1.—II-621. Tondli, Sind, Rajkot, Deccan, Aug.-Sept.

13. Cucurbita,

. moschata, Duchesne (Duthie’s “ Field and Garden Crops”). Bhopla, Cult,

. pepo, DC., F.B.1.—I1-622. Vegetable marrow. Cult.

14, Bryonia.

. laciniosa, Linn., F.B.1—I1-622, Pindail or Pindwail, Shivlingi. Poona, Aug.

Sept.

15, Mukia.

. scabrella, Arn., F.B.1.—I1I-623. Hanali, Chirati, Hills near Poona, Dakor,

Guzerat. July.

16. Zehneria.

. Baueriana, Erdi., ¥.B.1.—I1-624, Mahableshwar, Ambe Ghat. Aug.-Oct.

. umbellata, Thw., F.B.1.—I1-625, Gomethi, Gogari. W. Ghats. Sept.-

Oct.

18, Rhynchocarpa,

foetida, Schrad., ¥.B.1.—I1-627, Nurakwel. Castle Rock, Mira Dongar,

Penn, Oct-Nov.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 641

19. Corallocarpus.

C. epigea, A. f., ¥.B.1.—II-627, Karwina, Poona, Badami, June-Aug,

C. conocarpa, H. f., ¥.B.1.—II-628, Nurki, Malpor, Gunder Guzerat. Dalz.

C. velutina, H, f., ¥.B.1.—I11-628. Sind. Dailzell.

21. Ctenolepis,

C, Garcini, Nauwd., F.B.1.—II-629, Surat. Oct,

C. cerasiformis, Naud., F.B.1.— 11-630, Verawel.

22, Dicelospermum.

D, Ritchiei, C_.B. Clarke, ¥.8.1.—II-630. Gogara. W. Ghats, near Matheran,

July-Oct,

28. Zanonia,

Z, indica, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I1-633, Chirpot. Vingorla. Dalzell. Fruit ripe, May.

LXVI.—BEGONIACEA.

1, Begonia,

B. integrifolia, Dalz., F.B.1.—II-648. W. Ghats, Dailzell.

B. crenata, Dryand, ¥.B.1.—II-651. Mahableshwar, Deccan Hills, Sept,

B. concanensis, A.D.C., F.B.1.—II-653, Lanauli, Aug,

B, trichocarpa, Dalz., F.B.1.—II-653, W. Ghats. Dailzell.

LX VII.—Darviscacez,

2. Tetrameles.

T. nudiflora, &. Br.,F.B.1.—II-657. Ugado, W. Ghats, N. Kanara, Feb.-Mar.

LXVIII.—Cactacreaz,

Cereus.

C. multiangularis, Haw., DC., Prod.—II1-i63, Bhowdari Nigadung, Gardens,

Poona,

C. peruvianus, Tabern., DC., Prod.—III-464, Sadari Nigadung. Planted as a

fence, Kumia, June, July,

C. quadrangularis, Haw., DC., Prod.—II1-468. Choudari Nigadung, Flanted,

Poona. June-July.

C, triangularis, Haw,, DC., Prod.—tliI-468, Tindari Nigadung. Planted,

Poona. July,

Opuntia,

O, Dillenii, Haw., DC., Prod.=IIl-472, Pila Nigadung. Poona, rare, June,

July,

O. nigricans, Haw., DC, PFrod.—III-473. Nigadung. Deccan, very abundant,

O. cochinillifera, Haw., DC., Prod.—I11-473, Binkanta Nigadung, Planted,

Bombay.

O. Ficus-indica, Haw, DC., Prod.—IIT-473, Mota Binkanta Nigadung. Poona,

Feb.-Mar,

Pereskia,

P. aculeata, Mill., DC., Prod —II1-474. Gardens,

P, grandiflora, Haw., DC., Prod.—IIT-478, Planted, Poona, July.

Phyllocactus.

P, Hookeri, Nicholson’s “ Dict, Gard.” Gardens, June,

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

A. canariensis, Linn., F.B.1. —II-659, Hub river, near Karachi, Dec.

2. Sesuvium,

S. portulacastrum, Linn., F.B.1,—I1-659, Revadanda, Dec.

3, Trianthema,

T, monogyna, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—II-660. Visha Kapra, Karachi, Poona. June,

Feb.

T crystallina, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—I1-660. Bhis Kapra. Bijapur, Badami, Oct,

T, pentandra, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1-660. Bhis Kapra. Poona, Badami, Karachi,

Oct-Nov,

T. decandra, Linn., F.B.1.—II-661. Bhis Kapra, Adur, 10 miles W. of

Haveri, Dharwar Coll. Dee.

T, hydaspica, Hdgw., F.B.1.—II-661, . Karachi, Dec,

4, Orygia.

O, decumbens, Forsk., ¥.8.1.—II-661. Karachi. Jan,

5. Mollugo,

M, hirta, Thunb., ¥.B.1,—11-662. Dusera Sag, Kottruck. Khandala. Feb-Apl.

M, spergula, Liun., ¥.B.1.—I1-662. Jharshi, Badami, Belgaum, Oct.

M, stricta, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—I1-663. Jharshi, Poona, Panchgani, Belgaum,

Sept.-Nov.

M, cerviana, Seringe, var, rupestris, F.B.1.—II-663. Pada, Guzerat, Badami,

Cct.-Nov.

6. Gisekia,

G. pharnaceoides, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-664. Waluche Baji. Badami. Aug.-Sept.

7. Limeum.

L, indicum, Stocks, F.B,1.—II-664. Sind.

LX X,—UMBELLIFER.

1. Hydrocotyle.

H, javanica, Thunb., ¥.B.1.— 11-667, Hoolicul, Kanara. Feb.

H. burmanica, Kurz, ¥F.B.1.—II-668. , Bombay. Oct.

HI, asiatica, Linn, ¥.B..—I1-669. Brahmi. Deccan, S. M. Country, W. Ghais.

June-Dec.

H. nitidula, Rich, D.C., Prod.—IV-66. — Gardens widely. Sep.-Mar.

7. Bupleurum.

B. mucronatum, W. & A., ¥.B.1.—I1-676. Santaveri. Dec.

11. Carum,

widely cult, Sept.

C. Roxburghianum, Benth,, F.B.1.— 11-682. Deccan Hills, widely. Nov.-Dec.

C. copticum, Benth., ¥.B.1.—11-682,0wa. Oult, Salt Swamp, Bombay. Apl.

LXIX,—FIcoIpEa,

1. <Aizoon.

THE FLORA OF

P, Heyneana, Waill., F.B.1.—II-684.

P., Candolleana, W. & A., r.B.1.—II-687,

P. monoica, Dalz., F.b.1.— 11-687,

P. tomentosa, Dalz., r.B.1.—I1-689,

P. adscendens, Dalz., F.8.1.—II-689,

P, lateriflora, Dalz., F,B.1.—II1-689.

20,

BW. vulgare, Gaerin., r.B.1.—I1-695.

S2n

P, graveolens, Benth., F.b.1.—I11-709.

P. Dhana, Ham., F.B.1.—II1-709.

P. grande, C, B. Clarke, ¥.B.1.—I1-710. Béfali.

33,

H, aquilegifolium, C. B. Clarke, ¥.p.1.—II-715,

H. sprengelianum, W. & A., ¥.8.1.—II-716,

H, concanense, Dalz., F.B.1.—I1-716,

H. Pinda, Dalz. & Gibs., ¥.8.1.—II1-717.

84%,

WESTERN INDIA, 643

13. Pémpinella,

Wadi, near Mawar, Dharwar, Oct.

Panchgani, Oct,

Mahableshwar. Nov.

Sinhagad, Nov.

Poona, Sinhagad. Feb.

Deccan ravines, Dalz,

Feniculum.

Bari Shopha, Cult, Bombay. Dec

Peucedanun.

Bélant Shop, The Dill Seed,

Shepu, the young herb. Cult.

Koland. Pen, Konkan. Aug.

Mawal Taluka. July.

Heracleum.

Konkan, Stocks.

Khandala, W. Ghats, Aug.

Panchgani, Khandaia, Aug.

Pinda, Wari Chandragarh, Aug,

Coriandrum,

C. sativum, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—II-717, Dhana, (grain) Coriander, Kotimbir, (herb)

3428,

C, cyminum, Linn, r.b.1.—I1-718.

35,

D. carota, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II-718.

LXXI.—ARALIACEA,

3°,

P. fruticosum, Linn, DC,, Prod.—IV-254.

P. cochleatum, DC., Prod.—IV-253,

P, nitidum, Hort,

P. Victorie, Gard. Chren.—X1X-405.

Cult.

Cuminum.

Jira, Cult.

Daucus.

Gajir, The Carrot. Cult,

Panae,

Gardens,

Gardens.

Gardens,

Fatsia.

F, papyrifera, “ D. et Pl. Rev. Hort,,1854”—105, The Rice Paper Plant, (Syn,

Aralia papyrifera, Bot, Mag., t. 4897.)

H.. venulosum, Seem., F.B.1.—LI-729,

T, palmata, Vis, ¥.B.1.—II-732,

15,

H, Helix, Linn,, r.p...—TI-739,

Gardens, Dec,

Heptapleurum.

Gardens, Bombay, Poona.

Trevesia.

Gardens, Poona, Apl.

Heder.

ica Gardens, Poona,

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1.

LXXII.—CornacEz,

1. Alangium.

A, Lamarckii, Thw., ¥.B.1.—I1-741, Ankol. Bodeli, Guzerat Gadhul, N.

Kanara, Jan.

4, Mastixia,

M. pentandra, Bl, ¥.B.1.—I1-745. Dharwar, Kanara, Konkan, Stocks.

LX XIV.—CAPRIFOLIACE A,

6. Lonicera.

L. Leschenaultii, Wall., F.3.1.—I11-10. Honeysuckle, Planted.

LXXV.—RUvBIACEA,

2, Anthocephalus.

A, cadamba, Mig., ¥.8.1.—I11-23. Nhew, Niv, Dasgaon, Ratnagiri Dist, Oct.

4, Adina.

A. cordifolia, H. f., ¥.B.1.—III-24. Hedu, Hed. Nasik, Wassind, Aug.-Feb,

5. Stephegyne.

S. parvifolia, Korth, ¥.B.1.—I1I-25. Kudamb, Kalamb. Dabhoi. Nov.

6. Nauclea,

N. purpurea, Rowbd., ¥.8.1..—III-26, Devphanas, S. Kanara. Feb.

N, elliptica, Datz., ¥.B.1.—111-27. Phuga, Tiniaghat, Feb.

N. missionis, Wall., r.8.1.—I11-27, Phuga. Karwar, Sirsi. Apl.

10. Hymenodiction,

H,. excelsum, Wadll,, ¥.B.1.—I1I-35,. Kaldkadu. Katriz Ghat, Aug,

H. obovatum, Wall., r.B.1.—I11-36. Kadwah Sirid, Matheran.

12. Wendlandia,

W. exserta, DC., ¥.3.1.—I11-37. Decid. forest, N. Deccan. Talbot.

W. Notoniana, Wall., v.B.1.—IiII-40. Castle Rock, Thalghat, Feb,

14, Deniella,

D, repens, Yorst., ¥.B.I.—I11L-42. Badami, Poona, Dharampter. Apl.-Nov. -

20. Hedyotis,

. vestita, Br., ¥.B.1.—ILI-38. Sawantwadi, Kumta, Oct.-Noy.

. nitida, W. & A.—III-61. Londa, Novy.

21. Oldenlandia,

. corymbosa, Linn., v.B.1.—Ill-64, Khet papada, Pit Papada, Poona, Godra.

Kalyan, Sept.-Nov.

es)

O. diffusa, Rowxd., F.B.i.—l1J-65. Sirsi. ZLalbot. April.

O. Heynii, Br., ¥.B.1.—II1-65, Paripath. Malwan, Belgaum, Nov.

O, umbellata, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1I-66,. Chirval. Wadi, near Raichor, Sept.-Jan.

O. dichotoma, Boen., r.B.1.—III-66. Kajhuri, Poona District,

O. aspera, DC., r.B.1.—II1-68, Poona, Badami, Feb,-Aug,

O, senegalensis, Hier., F.B.1.—I11-68. Kirkee. Sept.

O. retrorsa, Boiss., F.8.1.—II1-68. Banks of Mulier, Karachi. Nov.

———

Pb bb

THE FLORA OF WESTEEN INDIA. 645

22. Anotis.

. lancifolia, Dalz, F.B.1.—IIL-73. Mahableshwar, Purandhar, Sept.

. Rheedii, W, & A., v.p.1.—II1-73. Near Matheran, Goa Ghats. Aug.-Oct.

. Montholoni, H. /,, ¥.B.1.—III-73, Flt, Poona. Aug.

. feetida, Dalz., r.p1.—IiI-74. Kanara, Khandalla, Londa. Aug.

25. Ophiorhiza,

. Harrisiana, Heyxe, ¥.B.1.—I1I-78, Ambe Ghat, Divimana, Aug,

29, Mussenda,

. frondosa, Lénn., F.B.1.—II1-89. Shivardoli, Koina Valley, N. Kanara,

widely, July-Nov.

Hamelia (American),

. patens, Jacy., D.C., Prod.—IV-441. Planted,

2, Webera,

. corymbosa, Weild,, v.B.1—I1I-102. W.India. L, de Crespigny.

46. Randia.

. uliginosa, DC., F.B.1.—III-110. Pendar. Pandri near Pen. Porebun-

der. June.

. dumetorum, Lamk,, ¥.B.1.—I1I-110, Gela. Matheran, Mahableshwar,

Sumpkund. Mar.-July.

. rugulosa, 7hw.,F.B.1.—I1I-115, Devimana, N. Kanara. Matheran, Feb.-Mar.

74, Gardena, -

. lucida, Rowxb., F.B.1.—III-115. Dikémal, N. Kanara. June,

cummifera, Linn. f., F.B.1.—III-116. Dikémali, N. Kanara. Feb.-June.

. turgida, Roxb., var, montana, F.B.t,—ITJ-118, Poona District. June,

. florida, LZ, Rowb., Fl, Ind.—I-703. Cult., Gardens,

61. Knowia,

. corymbosa, Willd., F.2.1.—ITI-128, Londa, Gamji, S, M. Railway.

63. Canthium,

. umbellatum, Wight, r.B.1.—III-132, Khandalla, Mahableshwar. Nov,

. Rheedii, DC., ¥.B.1.—II1-134. Yacombi, N. Kanara, Feb.-May.

, angustifolium, Roxd., r.B.1—III-135. Chapyel. Castle Rock, Kadgal, N.

Kanara, Nov.

C, parviflorum, Rorb., ¥.B.1.—III-135, Kirni, Poona, Mungode, N. Kanara,

Apl.-May.

64. Vangueria,

V. spinosa, Rowd., ¥.B.1—III-136, Alu. Lanauli, Peint Taluka,

66. Ixora,

I, lanceolaria, Colebr., ¥.B.1—IlTI-138, Godhuli, Karwar, July.

I, Notoniana, Wall., r.b.1-—II1-138. Santaveril, Dec,

I, polyantha, Wight., ¥.8.1.—I11-140. Nilkund, N. Kanara, Mar,

I, elongata, Heyne, ¥.8.1.—III-141. Parwar Ghat, Bheemashankar. Feb.

I. parviflora, Vahl., v.p.1.—lI1-142, Raikuda, Lokhand:. Pal jungles, Mathe-

rau, Feb.

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

I, nigricans, Br., F.B.1.—II1-148, Ambavne. Kumta, Mahableshwar,

May-Noy,

67. Pavetta.

P, indica, Lnn., €.B.1.—I11-150. Matheran. Mar.-Apl,

P. hispidula, W. & A., var. siphonantha, r.B.1.—III-151. Matheran, Bheema-

shankar, May-June,

P. brunonis, Wail., F.p.1.—III-152. Yacombi, N. Kanara. May.

68. Coffea.

C. arabica, Linn., CD., Prod.IV-499. Boond. Coffee, Planted, Jan.-Apl.

69. Morinda.

M., citrifolia, Zinn., ¥.B.1.—Il1-155. A’l, Bartondt, Poona. May.

M. citzifolia, Linn., var. bracteata, Marmagoa, near Sea. Nov.

M. tinctoria, Rowxb., ¥.B.1.—I1I-156,

75, Psychotria,

. Thwaitesii, H. f., F.B.1.—I11-162, Nilkund Ghat, N. Kanara, Mar.

. truncata, Waill., rB1.—III-163, Mahableshwar, Diggi, N. Kanara, May.

. coccinea, Linn., F.B.1.—I1I-145.

. Dalzellii, H. f., F.B.1.—1I1-163.

. sarmentosa, Bl., F.B.1.—III-165,

76,

. curviflora, Thw., F.B.1.—III-176.

79,

. venulosus, Wight, ¥.B.1.—I1I-190.

80.

. indicum, Dalz., r.p.1.—III-192.

84,

. suaveolens, Rowxb., F.B.1.—I1I1-197.

. cordifolia, Linn., F.B,1.—III-202.

Ok-bok, Thana, Sion, Ratnagiri. Dec,

Banda, Yellapur, N. Kanara.

Yacombi, N, Kanara, Jan-Feb,

Chasalia.

Karwar, Siddapur,

Divimana, N, Kanara, Apl.-May,

Lasianthus.

W. Ghats, E. de Crespigny.

Saprosma.

Ghats, Western Peninsula.

Hamiltonia.

Gidas, Gidasawa, Ghanera. Sinhagad, -

Mahableshwar, Katriz, Feb.

Serissa (Eastern Asia),

. foetida, Comm., DC, Prod. —IV-575, Gardens. May.

86. Hydrophyllax.

. maritima, Linn., F.B.1—ITI-199. Porebunder, Katiawad Coast. Dec.

87, Spermacoce,

. stricta, Linn., f., F.B.1.—III-200. Poona, Badami. Oct.-Noy.

. hispida, Linn., F.B.1.— 111-200. Madanghanti, Nadiad, Poona, Sept.-Oct.

88. Gaillonia,

. hymnostephana, Jaub, 5 Spach., ¥.B.1.—I1]-202. Bullo Khan, Sind, Aug.

89. Rubia.

Mahablesh war.

Sept.-Jan.

Munjishtha, Vitale.

{

}

{

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 647

LXXVIII.—Composiraz.

2, Centratherum.

C. molle, Benth., ¥.B.1.——I11-227, Tugglepet, N. Kanara, Nov.

C. Ritchiei, HZ. f., r.e.1,—I11-228, Goa. Nov.

C. phyllolenum, Benth., r.B.1.—II1-228, Marmagoa, Oct.

C. tenue, Clarke, F.B.1.—I1I-228, Mahableshwar, Oct.

C. Hookeri, Clarke, ¥.B.1.—III-228, Khandalla, Nov.

3. Lamprachenum,

L, microcephalum, Benth., ¥.B.1,—III-229. <sAjadandi, Brahmadandi, Maha-

aad

bleshwar, Oct.

4, Adenoon,

. indicum, Dalz, ¥.B.1.—III-229, Koosumb, Mota Sonki, Mahableshwar,

Tinai, N. Kanara. Sept,

5. Vernonia,:

cinerea, Less, F.B.1.—II1-233, Sahadevt, Matheran, Tata, Sind, Feb.

. divergens, Benth., ¥.B.1.—II1-234, Kandesur, Sirsi, N. Kanara, Khandalla.

Dec.

. anthelmintica, Willd., ¥.8.1.—I1II-236. Kadukarala. Poona.

. cinerascens, Schultz Bip., ¥.B.1.—I1-237, Ruk, Karachi, Sind. Oct.-Dec,

= indica, Clarke, F.B,1.—111-238, ; Panchgani, Mawar. Oct.

6. Elephantopus,

. scaber, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—IL1-242. Balian, Hastipata, Bulsad, Guzerat, Konkan,

widely. Sept.-Nov-

7, Adenostemma,

A. viscosum, Forst., F.B.1.—II1-242, Mahableshwar. Sept.-Feb,

8. Ageratum.

A, conyzoides, Lenn., ¥.B.1,—I11-243. Oshadi, Sadadevi. Poona, widely spread,

Noy.-Mar,

12, Dichrocephala,

D. latifolia, DC., ¥.p.1,—IJII-245, Mawar, Panchgani. Aug.-Sept,

13, Cyathocline,

C. lyrata, Cass., ¥.B.1.—III-246, Avkir, Kirkee, Mawal taluka. Nov,-Feb,

C. lutea, Law, ¥.B.1.—III-246, Karlee, Mawal, Feb,

14, Grangea,

G. madraspatana, Pozr., F.B.1.—I1I1-247. Mustaru, Dovana, Dharwar, Panwel,

Sukkur, Sind. Dee,-May.

20. Aster.

A. amellus, Linn., DC., Prod.—V-231. Michelmas Daisy, Cult, Poona,

22. Erigeron,

E. asteroides, Roxd., ¥.B.1.—II1-254, Sonasali, Maredi. Ahmednagar, Poona,

Oct.-Nov.

Vittadinia (Australasia),

. australis, A, Rech., DC, Prod.—V.-280, Australian Daisy. Cult. gardens,

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

24,

stricta, Welld., ¥.B.1.—III-258.

26,

Conyza,

Panchgani, Wada, near Mahableshwayr.

Oct,

Blumea,

The species of this genus generally are named Burambi or Mharbir.

B. amplectans, DC., r.B.1.—I11-260, Bombay, Vankanea, Kattiawad. Dec.

B. Wightiana, DC., F.B.1.—II1I1-261. Matheran, Poona. Dec.-Jan.

B. glomerata, DC., ¥.8.1.—III-262. Konkan, Dalz,

B, lacera, DC., F-B.1,.—IL1-263. Burando. N. Kanara, Dang. Feb.Apl.

B, virens, DC., F.B.1-—I11-264. Konkan,

B, membranacea, F.B.1.—III-265, Mharbir, Poona, Alur, Dharwar. May.

B. oxydonta, DC., F.B.1.—III-266. Lavauli. Jan.-Mar.

B, eriantha, DC., F.p.1.—II1-266. Nimurdi, Panwel, Feb.

B, Malcolmii, H.f, ¥.B.1.—ITI-266,. Mahableshwar.,

B. malabarica, H, f. ¥.B.1.—ILI-267, Sirsi, N. Kanara. Feb.

B. myriocephala, DC., F.8.1.—II1-269, Divimana, N. Kanara. Feb.

28. Pluchea.

P, Wallichii, DC, ¥.B.1.—ITI-272. Waghai, Dangs. Feb.

P. tomentosa, DC., F.B.1.—ITI-272. Bijapur, Deccan, Feb.

P. arguta, Bois, ¥.B.1.—I11-273, Mulier District, Sind. Jan.

29, Nanothamnus.

N. sericeus, Z’homs., F.B.1,—III-273, Boshi, Lanauli, Apl.

30. Epaltes.

E. divaricata, Cass., ¥.B.1.—III-274, Malwan, Sangameswar, Konkan.

Noy.-Dec,

31. Sphaeranthus.

S. africanus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II1-275. Mundi, Gorakhamundi. Vingorla, Oct.

33. Blepharispermum.

B. subsessile, DC., ¥.8.1.—III-276. Dharwar, Katriz, near Poona. Sept.

39. Anaphalis.

A. cutchica, Clarke, F.B.1.—I1I1-284. Barda, Katiawad.

40. Lasiopogon.

L, lanatum, Cass., ¥.B.1.—II1-287. Khirthar Mts,, Sind. Mar.

42, Gnaphalium,

G. alboluteum, Linn., ¥.B.1—III-288. Matheran. Dehu, Poona Dist. Mar,

G. indicum, Linn., ¥.B.1.—I1I-289, Pen, Konkan. Feb.

G. pulvinatum, Del., F.B.1,.—II1-289, Shinghad, Mawal Taluk. Feb.

44, Caesulia,

45, Inula.

J. grantioides, Boiss., ¥.B.1.—1I1-296.

Hyderabad (Sind), Dec.

ro A Ag i

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 649

46, Vicoa.

. auriculata, Cass., F.B.1.—I11-297, Sonkadi, Deccan, Nov.-Feb.

. cernua, Dalz., F.B,1.—II1-297, Mahableshwar. Nov.-Feb.

AT. Pulicaria.

. foliolosa, DC., F.B.1.—ITI-298, Kakro, Hyderabad (Sind), Poona, Nov,

. Wightiana, Clarke, ¥.B.1.—I11-298, Deccan, widely. Sept.

. angustifolia, DC., F.p.1—IT1-299, Porebandar. Dec.

glaucescens, Jaub. & Spach., ¥.B.1.—111-300. Sind,

. Boissieri, H, f., F.B.1.—I11-300. Sind,

. Stocksii, H. f., F.B.1.—III-300. Laki, Sind, Oct.

48* Lagascea, (Mexico and Cent. America.)

. mollis, Pers., F.B.1.—III-302, Jharwad. Deccan, nearly all the year,

48° Melampodium, (Trop. America.)

. divaricatum, DC., Prod.—V-520. Poona, weed in gardens, Sept.

51, Xanthium.

. strumarium, Lénn., ¥.B.1.—III-303. Sankeswar. Poona, Deccan, widely,

Jan-Feb,

Zinnia, (Mexico.)

. elegans, Jacq., DC, Prod.—V-536. Jinia. Garden escape, Sept,

52, Siegesbechia.

. orientalis, Linn., F.B.1.—II1-304. Katampam, Katampu, Panchgani, Poona.

Dec.

54. Lelipta.

. alba, Hassk., r.B.1.—I11-304, Maka Bungaroo, Karachi (Sind), Poona,

Kalyan, Oct.-Dec,

55, Sclerocarpus.

S. africanus, Jacq., ¥.B.1.—I11-305. Nasik, Poona, Aug,

56. Blainvillea,

B, latifolia, DC., ¥.B.1.—II1-305, Poona, Sept.

57, Wedelia.

W. urticefolia, DC, F.B.1.—II1-306, Poona, Kanara, Aug,

W. biflora, DC., ¥.B.1,.—IT1-306, Sonkz. Marmagoa, Dec,

Helianthus.

(North America, Peru, and Chili.)

H. tuberosus, Lénn., DC., Prod.—V-590,. Artichoke. Jerusalem Artichoke,

Cult,

H, annuus, Linn., DC, Prod.—V-585. Suryaful. Sunflower, Calt,

H, argyrophyllus, Hort. Kasi Suryaful, Silvery-leaved Sunflower, Cult,

H, rigidus (Nicolson’s Dict, Gard., 11., 127). Small Sunflower. Culi,

58. Spzlanthes,

S. Acmella, Linn, F.B.1.—III-307, Akkalkara. Novy.

58. “Guézotia,

G. abyssinica, Cass. ¥.B.1,—III-2307. Karala, Kalatil, Cultivated,

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

> b> bb

59. Glossocardia.

linearifolia, Cass., F.B.1.—111-308, Pitgapda, Phattursuva, Groot. Deccan.Aug.

Cosmos. (Trop, America.)

bipinnatus, Cav., DC, Prod.—V-606. Gardens,

60. Bidens,

pilosa, Linn., F.B.1.- 111-309, Aug.

61. Glossogyne.

. pinnatifida, DC., r.B.1.—I1I-310, Sonoree Ghat, Poona, Oct.

62.°% Tridazx.

. procumbens, Linn., F.B,1.—II1-311. Deccan, widely. Common weed,

63. Achillea.

. millefolium, Linn., ¥.B.1.—III-312, Milfoil, Gardens.

Flaveria (TLropical America.)

. contrayerba, Pers., DC.—V-635, Poona, Bijapur, superabundant all

the year,

71. Tanacetum.

. vulgare, Linn,, DC., Prod.—VI-128. Tansy. Gardens, Poona.

72. Artemisia,

. parviflora, Roxb., F.B.1.—III-322, Tail Downa. Mahableshwar. Oct.

, scoparia, Waldst, § Kit., F.B.1.—II1-323, Gdjara, Mulior, Sind. Mar,

. vulgaris, Linn., ¥.B.1.—II1-325, Surland, Dhor Downa. Panchgani. Oct.

. pallens, Wall, ¥F.b.1.—-III-329. Davna. Cult, at Alandi, Jejuri,

for use at the Ram Nawami festival.

76. Guynura,

G. nitida, DC., F.B.1.—II1-333. Lanauli, Purandhur, Singhur, Sept.

Ti, Emilia.

E. sonchifolia, DC, ¥.8,1.—III-336,. Sadamandi. Poona, Sept.

78, Notonia,

N, grandiflora, DC., ¥.B.1.--III-337. Vandar-roti. Mulhargad Poona, Sept,

N. balsamica, Dalz, & Gibs., ¥.B.1.—I11-337. Hills near Satara, Sept.

79, Senecio.

(The name Sonki is loosely applied in this genus.)

%, tenuitolius, Burm,, F.B.1,—II1-345. Badami. Oct.

S. Hewrensis, H. f., #.B.1.—I11-346, Jooneer, Sept,

&, Edgeworthii, 4. 7, r.B.1.—I11-346. Katraz, Mahablesh war, Dongar-

gan, Aug,Nov.

8. Dalzellii, Clarke, ¥.p.1.—I11-346, Pand, Matheran. Dec.

8. Grahamii, HW, /f., F.B.1.—I11-346, Sonki, Khandalla, ‘Sept,

8. Gibsoni, H. /., r.B.1.—II1-347, Konkan and Kanara, Law—Dalz.

8, belgaumensis, Clarke, ¥,p.1—III-348, Ainshi, N. Kanara, Mahableshwar,

Oct.-Jan,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 651

80, Othonnopsis,

O. intermedia, Boiss., ¥.3.1,—III-356. Top of Kojak Pass, H. E. MU. James.

Spring.

82. Calendula,

C. officinalis, Linn., ¥.B.1.—ILI-357, Marygold. Cult. widely.

83, LEchinops.

H, echinatus, DC., ¥.B.1.—III-358, Utkatar. Poona, Nov.

90. Gontocaulon.

G. glabrum, Cuss,, ¥F,.B.I.—ILI-377. Kadkusumba, Uruli, Poona. Jan.

93, Tricholepis,

T, radicans, DC,, ¥,3.1.-- 111-381. Dahan. Poona. Sept.

T. amplexicaulis, Clarke, ¥.B.1.—II1I-381, Dahan, Khandalla. Dec.

T, glaberrima, DC, ¥.B.1.—I1I-38:. Dahan. Panchgani, Dee.

94, Volutarella,

V. divaricata, Benth., ¥.B.1.—-I11-383, Lih Katmanda, Broach, Mulir, Sind.

Noy.

96, Carthamus.

C, tinctorius, Linn, ¥,8.1.—III-386. Kusumba, Kardi, Cult, Jan-Feb.

$8. Dicoma,

D, tomentosa, Cass, ¥.B.1.—III-387, Navanangi. Tata, Sind, Jeur. Jan.

98.* Hochstetteria,

H. Schimperi, DC., F.v.1.—II1-388, Sind. Jan.

114, Lactuca,

L. Heyneana, DC., ¥.B.1.—III-403. Patri. Deccan, widely. Dec.

L, remotiflora, DC, ¥.s.1.—III-403. Patri. Poona, Badami, Sept.

L. Scariola, Linn, var. sativa, Salad. The Lettuce, Cult. widely.

116, Puicridium.

P, tingitanum, Desf., ¥.B.1.—III-413. Sind,

117. Sonchus.

S. asper, Vill., ¥.3.1,—I11-414, Mhatara, Poona, Jan.-Mar.

&. oleraceus, Linn, ¥.B.1.—III-414. Mhatara, Deccan, widely. Sept.-Mar.

S. arvensis, Linn, ¥.B.1.—III-414. MMhatara, Bijapur. Dec.

118. Launea,

L. pinnatifida, Cass,, ¥.B1.—IL1-416. Pathart, Rewadanda, Verawal. Dec.

i, sp. inc. Whirthar Mts,, Sind. Mar.

652

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA.

Cy J. Davipsoy, 1.0.8.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Feb. 28th, 1898.)

I was first appointed to Kanara in December, 1888, and I remained

there till May, 1890. During that time I had charge of the Southern

portion of the district, and except during the five months of the rains

which I spent at the Head-Quarters, Karwar, I was during this period

touring about in the four Southern talukas.

I again returned to Kanara in January, 1893, and remained there till

the conclusion of my Indian service on March 3ist, 1896. During this

later period I travelled pretty well everywhere throughout the district,

and devoted almost all my spare time to studying its birds and insects.

I have therefore seen a good deal of the feathered denizens of the most

beautiful part of the Bombay Presidency, and now that I have left Kan-

ara probably for ever, 1 gladly take advantage of Mr. Phipson’s kind

offer to put on record my notes on its birds. They are of course incom-

plete, as in these dense forests passing strangers must constantly occur

and are very likely to be overlooked, and my duties being almost en-

tirely inland, I never had an opportunity of properly studying the sea-

birds on the coast. With regard to these latter, the information I have

obtained is very meagre.

Kanara, the most Southern district of the Bombay Presidency, is

situated on the coast, immediately south of the Portuguese territory of

Goa, and extends to the South along the coast till it reaches the Madras

Presidency at Kundapur, a distance of about eighty miles. In the

extreme South it is a narrow strip of some fifteen miles, but in the

centre and North, say from Kumta to the east of Sirsi, or from Karwar

to Mundgode, it is about sixty to seventy miles broad.

It is naturally divided by the line of Ghats into the coast and above-

Ghat talukas. The coast portion consists of five divisions, Karwar,

Ankola, Kumta, Honawar, and Bhntkul. This contains valleys along

the four main rivers occupied by rice fields and cccoa-nut gardens.

These also form a belt along the coast extending in Bhutkul nearly to

the hills, but elsewhere comprising a good deal of broken hilly ground,

largely clothed with evergreens and containing small patches of rice

and spice gardens ; the evergreen forests in Karwar come down to the

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 653

shore. The Ghats, which are from two to three thousand feet high, are

almost entirely clothed with forest mainly evergreen, and do not show

the precipitous cliffs seen in the neighbourhood of Bombay.

The above-Ghat portion consists of the divisions of Supa, Yellapur,

Sirsi, and Siddapur inthe centre, with the divisions of Halyal and

Mundgode in the extreme North-east adjoining Dharwar. The forest

in this is mainly deciduous, but especially in the South contains large

patches of evergreens called by the inhabitants “ kans.”

In the Hast portion of Sirsi and Siddapur, and generally in Halyal

and Mundgode, there is much cultivation, mainly rice, but an occa-

sional field of gram or millet is grown. In the West of Sirsi and

Siddapur and throughout Yellapur there are large and valuable spice

gardens with their auxiliary “betta” lands covered with pollarded trees

for supplying leaf manure. There are also numerous scattered rice

fields, mostly however waste, as the climate is so bad that the cultivators

find it impossible to get labour to cultivate them, though many retain

the fields in hopes of better days, and unwilling to have Government

land in the midst of their properties, paying the rents of the rice fields

from the profits of their gardens.

The West of Halyal and the Hast of Supa consists of magnificent

teak jungle intermixed as are most of the other forests with bamboo,

_ while the rest of Supa is mainly covered with almost worthless scrub,

and the Mahrattee cultivators who inhabit it live a hard life working at

small patches of rice, and eking out the proceeds by such labour as is

available.

The rainfall of course varies much ; on the Coast it is generally from a

hundred to two hundred inches ; the southern portion having the heaviest

fall.. Along the ridge of the Ghats, judging from the rain-gauge

returns at Castle Rock where the Southern Malhratta Railway pierces

the Ghats, it is probably seldom much under three hundred inches.

A hundred inches is about the average at Sirsi and Siddapur, while

in the Hast at Halyal and Mundgode, it diminishes to some forty inches.

Such a varied country naturally produces much variety in its avi-

fauna, and several birds found there commonly appear elsewhere in the

Presidency only as stragglers.

Heavy forests are however bad ground for finding nests, and even

for collecting the birds themselves, and no doubt there are a good

654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

many fairly common visitors I did not sueceed in coming across, as till

the very end of my time in Kanara I was occasionally making additions

to my list.

I append a list of all birds noticed by me together witn any notes I

think of sufficient interest to justify publishing, and follow Oates and

Blanford’s “ Fauna of British India” as the most recent work on the

subject in classification and nomenclature, the numbers used bemg from

that work as far as it is as yet published.

4, Corvus MACRORHYNCHUS, Wag.

Common all over the district at all seasons. It breeds both above

and below the Ghats in March and April.

7. COoRVUS SPLENDENS, Vieill.

This crow is local in Kanara, avoiding all the dense forest country.

It is common everywhere along the coast, and is fairly abundant in

the extreme North-east of the district on the Dharwar border, and I

have seen a straggler at Siddapur. Below the Ghats along the coast

it breeds in October and November, and not in the beginning of the ~

rains, as in other parts of the country.

16. Dernprocirra RuUFA, Scop,

This magpie is abundant everywhere in the district both in the

forests, and in the scrub around the villages. Its nests are built in

March, and eggs are found all through the end of that month and

April.

17. DernpRociTTA LeEUCOGASTRA, Gould.

This magpie is very local, and even in the places it is found it is rare. .

The place I have seen it oftenest is at Nilkund on the crest of the

Ghats between Siddapur and Kumta. I have also seen it at Devimane

on the crest of the Ghats between Sirsi and Kumta, and in the broken

country west of Siddapur. Mr, Bell tells me he saw a pair near the

Bara Ghat further North, also on the ridge of the Ghat. It keeps as a

rule among the more open forest, in the immediate neighbourhood

however of evergreen jungle.

I have only once found its nest, and that was at Devimane,

and in the beginning of April it contained young. The nest was a

small one, placed in a tree about ten feet from the ground. On the

27th March, 1893, I shot a female containing a fully formed but

unshelled egg.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 655

31. Parts ATRICEPS, Horst. ;

All tits are rare in Kanara, and I have never seen this species

either in the coast or in the thick forest. The few I have seen have

been confined to the very North-east of the district on the borders

of Dharwar. It is there no doubt a permanent resident,

43, MacuLoLOPHUS HAPLONoTUS, Blyth.

This tit is more commion than the last, but is still a rare bird. I

have occasionally noticed it in all the forest parts above the Ghats,

where no doubt it isa permanent resident. I have never seen it on

the coast, or even in the forests below the crest of the Ghats,

75. GARULAX DELESSERTI, Jerd,

A rare bird in Kanara. Ihave only found it in the extreme

North-west portion of the district along the Goa frontier, from Castle

Rock to Anshi, where it goes about in large flocks. While beating for

a tiger at Anshi, I obtained a nest in the latter portion of Meany;

was in a low bush in thick jungle, and was an ordinary small babbler’s

nest, composed of rough creepers and roots, with a couple of skeleton

leaves in the foundation. It contained a single partially incuhated

egg; this was pure white and glossy, and a very broad oval.

105. ARGya cAUDATA, Dumeril.

ie very rare bird in Kanara. I obtained a single pair at Murdesh-

war in the extreme South portion of the coast in J anuary, 1890, I

never came across the bird again in the district,

108. ARGYA sUBRUFA, Jerd.

Fairly distributed both above and below the Ghats in all the forests

except the extreme east of the district: They go about in small

flocks, and their shrill ery is quite different from any of the other

babblers. I have obtained their nests in April or May and also during

the rains. They are very deep cups, formed of rough grass and roots

and are generally placed near the tops of saplings some eight or nine

feet from the ground. The eggs are large for the size of the bird,

being hardly less than those of C. canorus.

110. CRATEROPUS cANoRUS, Linn.

This babbler is common among the forests above Ghats, and is

found probably also below the ridge, but all the specimens of babblers

Ihave from below the Ghats belong to the next two species,

so I

cannot be sure. It breeds abundantly in March, April and May.

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

111. CRATEROPUS GRISEUS, Gm.

This babbler is common both on the coast and in the east of the

district. It is scarce along the line of Ghats, nor does it inhabit the

thick forest ; but keeps to the more open forests in the neighbourhood

of villages, being very partial to the wildernesses of “lankana” which

haye grown up in some places. It breeds in the ordinary way in

March and April.

118. CRATEROPUS SOMERVILLEI, Sykes.

Found along the coast from the northern boundary of the district

as far south as the southern part of the Kumta Taluka, and also

through the Supa petta. It breeds like the last in April and May.

120. PoMATORHINUS HORSFIELDII, Sykes.

This bird is common all over the district from the east to the coast.

I have obtained fully incubated eggs in October at Castle Rock, but

the other nests I have found with egus have always been in January

and February.

136. Dumweria atpicunarts, Blyth.

A searce bird in Kanara, but I have noticed it at Palla in the north-east

of the district, also at several places along the coast, and once at Nilkund

on the crest of the Ghats. I took eggs in September at Karwar.

139. PycroRiIs sINENSIS, Gm.

Noticed occasionally at Halyal, and along the extreme east portion

of the district. I also saw a pair at Bhutkul in the extreme south.

144, PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS, Swains.

This bird is very common everywhere in Kanara in the forests both

above and belew the Ghats. I have taken numbers of their nests in

May, mainly in the Supa petta, and also in June in Karwar. The

nests are largish structures, with the entrance on one side; made of dead

leaves, and placed on the ground or banks generally without any cover.

164. ALCIPPE PHAEOCEPHALA, Jerd,

A very common bird in the evergreen forests all over the Districts,

T have always found its neat cup-shaped nests on bushes in the “ kans”

in January, February and March. The nests were generally about

three feet from the ground and in very thick cover.

166. RHopocloHLa ATRICEPS, Jerd.

One of the commonest birds in Kanara everywhere except in the

extreme east of the district. It breeds at all seasons, laying two, or

ON a ee

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 657

very rarely three, long-shaped eggs, white, boldly mottled with pixk.

It seems to spend most of its time building unnecessary nests, as one

finds eges or young in only one out of about a dozen nests. They are

thick untidy masses of bamboo leaves with an entrance on one side, and

are placed at all heights from two feet to about ten or twelve. The

bird is very partial to bamboo jungle, and most of the nests found were

in bamboos.

189. MyioPpHoNEUS HorSFIELDI, Vig.

Fairly distributed throughout the district except in the eastern por-

tion. It breeds in the rains generally about July. A pair have for

many years built their nest under the eaves of the Godhulli Bunga-

low near Karwar.

191. Larvivora BRuNNEA, Hodgs,

A rare strageler in winter to the line of the Ghats. I have

obtained specimens in March at Ulvi and Anshi, both in the Supa

petia, and at Nilkund in Siddapur in January.

226. ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA, Temm.

Uncommon, but no doubt a permanent resident above Ghats, where

alone [ have found it. I have taken its nests once or twice at

Sirsi.

243. AXGITHINA TIFHIA, Linn.

A common permanent resident everywhere in Kanara. It breeds

in March and April above Ghats, in the central portion of the district,

and about Karwar in October. In May it seemed preparing to breed

about Halyal.

248, CHLOROPSIS MALABARICA, Gm.

This bird is much rarer than the next species which it much resem-

bles; when close to one, however, the males may be easily distinguished

by the absence of any yellow surrounding the black on the breast, and

by the bright golden yellow of the forehead. The female has a black

throat and cheek stripe, while C. jerdont has a greenish-blue one, so

when you see a pair of these bulbuls each with a black throat, you

may be pretty sure they are C. malabarica, I have only once taken the

nest of this bird: it was at Sumpkund in the Sirsi taluka, and was

placed some twenty feet*from the ground in a sapling. The nest,

which was a hanging one, was made of very pale material, and con-

tained two young just hatched ; it was found in February.

658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

252, CHLOROPSIS JERDONI, Blyth.

A common bird everywhere in Kanara. I have taken nests in July,

August, September and October about Karwar, and above Ghats in

February, March and April. I think that below Ghats it also breeds

in the spring, as in May I have seen young at Karwar just able to fly.

254. Irene PUELLA, Lath.

A common and noisy bird in Kanara, seen wherever there is thick

forest, especially evergreen, except in the extreme north-east of the

district about Halyal. It is rather a shy bird, and also much resembles

a Merula while dodging among the trees, and is constantly overlooked

by any one not knowing its notes ; so much is this the case that a good

ornithologist who had been over a year in Kanara told me he had only

noticed it once or twice, and I think had not procured a specimen.

Except about Karwar in the rains, when it goes about in flocks and is

seen only in particular places, itis very generally distributed, and

travelling about on tour, 1 hardly passed a day without noticing ioe

have taken many nests; they are as a rule some fifteen or twenty feet

from the ground in the centre of a pollarded tree, often quite invisible

from below and only to be discovered when on knocking the trunk

with a stick the hen flies off. I once however took a nest at Yellapur

on a leafless tree some twelve feet up. The nests are large loose

structures, composed of coarse twigs with an inner layer of green moss

and lined with fine sticks. The number of eggs or young has been

invariably two, and I have taken the nests from the end of February

to the middle of April.

271. HypsipeTEs GANEESA, Sykes.

Widely distributed and locally common in a few places, mostly on

the ridge of the Ghats. It is rather a shy bird and difficult to see in

the thick forests it inhabits. IJ have only taken two nests; one at

Siddapur on the 15th March was about fifteen feet up a tree in a mass

of creepers, and was a regular bulbul’s nest lined with hair, and the

other was composed mainly of green moss lined with hair, and was

near the top of a sapling in the edge of evergreen forest. This was at

Nilkund, where the bird is very common.

278. MoLpastES HaMoRRHOUS, Gm.

This is of course very common in Kanara as elsewhere and is

found all over the district. Above Ghats it breeds in February,

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA., uGag

March and April, and about Karwar in August, September and

October.

289. OTOCAMPSA FUSCICAUDATA, Gould.

This is the commonest bulbul—indeed the commonest bird in Kanara—

and breeds from February to May, and again in Karwar in the rains.

295. lone tcrERtca, Strickl.

This. bulbul is found all over the district with the exception of the

extreme north-eastern portion. It is locally common, but keeps

generally in the vicinity of evergreen jungle. I have taken very many

of its nests, generally suspended between two twigs on a small tree

from eight to twenty feet from the ground, but occasionally in ‘the

branches of a large tree. The eggs are generally, two, very rarely

three, and vary from pinkish-white unmarked to fairly marked eggs ;

they are long-shaped.

303. PycnonoTus GULARIS, Gould.

I have not noticed this bird in the north-eastern portion of the

district. I+ is common in Siddapur and in the wooded part of Hona-

war and Kumta, and oceasionally through the dense forests of Karwar,

Ankola, and Yellapur. It is rather a shy bird, and may occasionally

be mistaken for the last-named. I have taken five or six of tis nests.

They are small cups, outwardly composed of a mass of large red dead

leaves slightly bound with one or two roots and spider’s web, and

lined inside with a few roots and grass-stems of a coarse description.

The first nest I found was on a sapling some ten feet from the ground,

It was a solitary tree about twenty yards froma thick piece of ever-

green jungle. I saw a bird fly from the tree, but from below all that

appeared was apparently some dead leaves, and it was a mere chance

I sent a boy up to look. Another nest taken a few day’s later was

similar, but in a small bush, in very thin forest, and only a foot and a

half from the ground. A third was about five feet from the ground in

evergreen forest ; others were in similar situations, and were all similar.

The solid mass of dead leaves forming the foundation being unlike any-

thing I have seen in other nests. The eggs are two in number, and

very small for the size of the bird ; they are quite devoid of gloss,

and of a pink colour, mottled thickly all over with the smallest possible

dark reddish-brown and purple spots, these spots beg hardly larger

than pin points. }

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

305. PyYoNoNoTUS LUTEOLUS, Less.

A very local bird in Kanara shunning the heavy forest. It is found

occasionally along the coast from Karwar as far as Kumta, and is also

found in the neighbourhood of Sirsi. It is extremely common among

the “lankana” or wild heliotrope surrounding the old fort at Halyal..

I have taken numbers of its nests there, generally suspended from the

“Jankana” about one-and-a-half or two feet from the ground. The

eggs, which are two in number, vary much; they much resemble those

of M. hemorrhous, but. while some are larger than any I have seen of

that species and very boldly marked, others are small and with very .

few markings.

313. Micropus PHZOCEPHALUS, Jerd.

A rare and very local bird in Kanara. There used to be one pair in.

the neighbourhood of Karwar at a particular spot on the road to Seizwa,

and I noticed them in the same place in three successive years.

The birds were fairly common in the central part of Kumta about

Burgee and Kutgul, and also in the south-west of Sirsi and the west.

of Siddapur, especially about Harsikatta. I only once have found a

nest, though I have no doubt a clutch brought to me belonged to this

Lird, but as unauthenticated they are of no value. The oniy nest I

found was on the 16th March at Siddapur. I was assisting a boy to

climb up to a nest of Hulabes in a woodpecker’s hole in a silk-cotton

tree, when I noticed a small bird fly cut of a small bamboo bush be-

hind me, and on looking at the spot I saw a neat bulbul’s nest ; it was

however empty, and I determined to visit it on the evening of my last _

day at Siddapur. This happened to be on the 21st, but official duties

kept me busy till almost sunset, and as I did not know what the bird

was and it might have been merely a rubbishy Otocampsa, 1 very

nearly gave it up, and actually tossed up a coin to see whether I would

take the trouble to go the half mile walk from my camp to visit it.

The result was that I did go, and on reaching the nest found it con-

tained one egg which a glance showed me was of a species whose egg

was new tome. I sat down at once to wait for the bird, and in five

minutes a small bird lit on a branch near, then flew to the bamboo and.

seated herself on the nest. Itsaw me however in a moment, and

flew over my head alighting in a thick evergreen exactly between me

and the pink of the vanished sun, With my gun to my shoulder I

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 661

followed the movements among the leaves, and getting a glimpse of

the bird, fired. I could not see the result, but a search on the ground

below in the dark disclosed a specimen of this bird. The nest was a

neat cup outwardly composed of bark, bamboo and other leaves, and

lined inside with moderately fine roots. It is a solid and shallow nest.

It was in the fork of two or three branches in a low bamboo about a

foot from the ground and surrounded by evergreen forest. The egg

was long-shaped, of a pinkish-brown colour with a distinct cap of a

darker hue, and has faded a good deal since I secured it.

325. SITTA FRONTALIS, Horsf.

_ I cannot find any record of having seen this bird below the Ghats,

though.I think I must have seen it. It is generally distributed in all

the forests above Ghais, but seems to avoid evergreens. A nest I took

at Manchikeri in the ssuth of the Yellapur taluka on the 23rd March,

1894, consisted of a little ereen moss and one green parrot’s feather.

Yt was ina natural hole ina small tree some twenty feet from the

ground, the entrance being a large triangular crack. It contained three

fresh eggs, pinkish-white boldly marked with red.

327. Dicrurus ATER, Herm.

_ This bird is not a common one in Kanara, except in the extreme

north-east corner of the district about Halyal. Itis seen occasionally

along the coast from Karwar to Bhutkul, but is absent from the greater

portion of the district. I have seen nests with young at Karwar in June,

and with eggs at Halyal in the beginning of May and the end of April.

828, Dicrurus Loneicaupatus, A. Hay.

This bird is very common all over the district from the end of Octo-

ber to the end of April. I have never seen any signs of its breeding,

and do not think it does so. Mr. Aitken however informs me that he

took a nest near Castle Rock on the L5th April, 1899, placed in a small

tree six feet from the ground. He showed me the eggs which I should

certainly have put down to those of Chaptia aénea, and neither the

situation nor the eggs in the least resemble what I have seen in the

Himalayas, so I believe a mistake occurred and that this bird is merely

a migrant in Kanara,

330. DicruRUs CMRULESCENS, Linn.

This bird is generally distributed in all the forests both below and

above Ghats, though in no place is it what I should call really common:

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

Ihave taken many nests, neat slight cups suspended in the forks of

what at that season are usually leafless trees, and about fifteen feet from

the ground. They contained three eggs of a deep pink thickly blotched

with lilac, pink, and brown. The bird breeds in March and April.

334. CHAPTIA AENEA, Horsf.

This drongo is found all over the district, but is not very common.

It breeds in March, April, and the beginning of May, forming a neat

solid nest at no great distance from the ground, and lays three or four

egos of two very distinct types, one is a warm reddish-brown with

markings only faintly darker at the larger end, while the other is a pale

whitish-pink with light yellowish-pink blotches. I have never seen

this bird at Karwar in the rains, so it is perhaps migratory.

335. CHIBIA HOTTENTOTA, Linn.

A winter migrant not very uncommon along the coast from Karwar

to Bhutkul from December to February. It seems to be irresistibly

attracted to the large red blossoms of the silk cotton tree, and whenever

any are present in the neighbourhood can be easily found out by a

visit to these in the early mornings. I have once or twice found this

bird in the end of February in the east of the disiriet, and | think it was

then migrating, and that it crosses India and does not follow the coast

tothe North. i certainly does not breed within the limits of the district.

340. DiIssEMURUS PARADISEUS, Linn.

By far the commonest drongo im the district, and found in abundance

in all the forests except the extreme north-east. It breeds from March

to May, placing its nesi as a rule at a moderate height from the ground,

but generally suspended on a thin branch, so that though nests are very —

easy to find owing to the pugilistic behaviour of the old ones, they are

not always easy to take down without breaking the eggs.

363. ACROCEPHALUS STENTOREUS, Hemp. & Ehr.

Noticed ozcasionally in the cold weather in the few marshes in the

district. I find, however, I have not kept any specimens.

366. AcROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM, Blyth.

Also noticed occasionally in the cold weather, both above and below

the Ghats.

3874. OnrtTHoTomUS suTorRIUs, Forst.

A fairly common bird everywhere, breeding in the rains round

Karwar. The nests found there frequently contain eggs of C. passerinus. :

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 663

881. CrstTIcoLA cursITaNs, Frankl.

A fairly common bird in the long grass on the sides of the tanks in

the east of the district. I have also noticed it near the Gairsoppa falls,

and at Bhutkul. It breeds in September and October.

882. FRANKLINIA GRACILIS, Frankl.

A searce bird, but noticed along the coast occasionally from Karwar

to Bhutkul, and also about Palla in the north-east of the district. I

have taken eggs in September at Karwar.

393. ARUNDINAX DON, Pall.

I have obtained one or two specimens of this bird in the cold wea-

ther. ‘They were obtained both above and below the Ghats.

; 408, PuHyLLoscopus INpicus, Jerd. »

I obtained a single specimen of this bird at Bhutkul in January

1890, but have never come across one since. It was scrambling about

in thick undergrowth among rocks.

422. ACANTHOPNEUSTE VIRIDANUS, Blyth.

This is the only tree warbler I have been able to identify in Kanara,

and I have obtained a good many specimens in places both above

and below the Ghats. I have shot warblers whenever I had the

chance in hopes of coming across other species, but without

SUCCESS,

464, Prinra-soctauis, Sykes.

Occasionally seen along the coast among the sugarcane fields; also

noticed at Halyal. Itis a permanent resident, breeding in the middle

of the rains,

466. PrINIA INoRNATA, Sykes.

A rare bird found only in the extreme east of the district, and along

the coast. It breeds in September about Bunwasi.

473. Lantus virratus, Val,

A mere strageler to the east of the district. Ihave only twice

come across it ; both times being near the Dharwar frontier.

476, Lanrus ERYTHRONOTUS, Vig.

A permanent resident, common along the coast and in the east of the

district,- It breeds about Halyal in the end of April, and in May.

481. Lantus cristatus, Linn.

A not infrequent cold weather visitant both to the coast and to the

eastern part of the district.

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

484, Hrmirus prcatus, Sykes.

Noticed occasionally in the forests of Kumta and Karwar in the

cold and hot weather, but not noticed at Karwar in the rains. Above

Ghats it is generally distributed, and is no doubt a permanent resident.

I have taken its nest only three times in Kanara. In all cases it was

placed on silk cotton trees at that time devoid of leaves, and was almost

quite invisible, as the moss and lichens composing it exactly corre-

spond with the colour of the bark. The nests are yery minute, and

shallow. Ihave never seen more than two eggs or young in any nest;

but as I have seen flocks of five and six, I have no doubt they occasion-

ally lay more. The eggs I have taken were in March and May, and

were greenish, mottled with darker green and brown; they are broad

ovals, and very shrike-like,

487, TEPHRODORNIS SYLVICOLA, Jerd.

A fairly common bird in all the Kanara forests, being found in the

rains and cold weather in small flocks ; afterwards in pairs. I have

seen a good many nests, mostly however with young. They are Jarge

fairly thick structures composed of roots and bordered with bright

green moss, and ornamented outside with cobwebs. They are placed at

moderate heights from ten to twenty-five feet in forks of trees, or on

pollarded trees in “ betta” land. ‘They are not easy to find, as though

at the season they build the trees are leafless, they exactly correspond

with the adjoining tree, and would frequently be overlooked if it was

not for the fact that the birds like H. picatus and T. pondicerianus

constantly fly to and from the nest. The number of eggs or young is,

according to my experience, invariably two, and the eggs which are

laid in March and April are broad ovals of a greenish-white boldly

speckled at the larger end with purple and brown spots.

488. TEPRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS, Gmol.

- Very common everywhere in Kanara, breeding in March and

April.

494, PrricRocorus FLAMMEUS, Forst.

This minivet is fairly common both above and below Ghats, except

in the extreme north-east portion. During the rains in Karwar it is

not uncommon, and I believe it breeds there at that season, as I have

never seen the birds showing signs of breeding at any other time.

In the rains, however, the forests are too thick to trace birds

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, . 665

to their nests, and minivets’ nests are so like the branch on

which they are built as to be practically undiscoverable from

below.

500. -PrRicrocotus PEREGRINUS, Linn.

The small minivet in Kanara is very brilliantly coloured, and is

moderately common everywhere. I have taken its nest with fresh

egos atout Sirsi in April, and at Karwar in the end of October.

508. CAMPOPHAGA SYKESI, Strick.

A yery common cold weather visitant to every portion of Kanara,

remain‘ng till well on in May when it disappears. I do not think it

breeds in‘ the district, but it may do so as I sawa single female at

Ankola on the 2nd June. This might however be merely a late

stayer, as its breeding range is not much further north.

510. GrRaucuLus MACEI, Less.

Moderately common both above and below the Ghats from Novem-

ber to the end of May (I find no record of having seen it in the rains).

I have only taken three nests, two at Sirsi in the beginning of April,

and one in the Yellapur taluka in March, and I am under the impres-

sion that few of the numbers seen in the cold weather stay to breed in

Kanara. It is, however, a shy bird while nesting, and the nest so

thoroughly harmonises with the bough it is placed on that it is possible

I may have occasionally passed over nests.

512. Arramus Fuscvs, Vieill.

A permanent resident seen in every month, and found wherever

there are cocoa-nut gardens. I have taken eggs in March and

April from the east of Mundgode down to the coast, all were from

the tops of cocoa-nut or supari palms.

514. OnRIOLUS INDICUS, Jerd.

This bird is a straggler to Kanara in the cold weather. I have

only come across it twice ; both were in the month of February;

on the first occasion there was a pair at Nilkund in the Siddapur

taluka, and on the second a single cock at Kutgul, east of

Kumta,

. 518. Ortotus KuNDOO, Sykes,

A cold weather visitor, being found in great numbers everywhere

from November to the end of April. J have never seen it in the

rains, nor do I think it breeds in the district.

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT,

521. ORnioLUS MBLANOCEPHALUS, Linn.

This is the common oriole of the district, a permanent resident, and

breeding from March to May both below and above the Ghats.

523, HULABES RELIGIOSA, Linn,

A permanent resident in all the forests in Kanara, but not very

common below the Ghats. It is especially common in the north of

Sirsi, and in Yellapur. It breeds generally in holes in silk cotton and

“baini’”? palm trees at a considerable height from the ground, in

March, April and May, but I have found nests in holes in com-

paratively small cocoa-nui trees.

528. Pastor roszus, Linn.

A cold weather visitor both above and below the Ghats, but Gale

seen occasionally, and then in compsratively small flocks.

537. STURNIA BLYTHI, Jerd.

In the cold weather common along the coast, and pretty well over

the district. In the hot weather very common in the central and

southern parts of the above-Ghat portion in deciduous forest, where it

breeds in April, All the nests I have found were in the tops of

pollarded trees in small ragged holes, and the three or four eggs they

contained were practically indistinguishable from those of T. pagodarum.

544, TEMENUCHUS PAGODARUM, Gm.

Common inthe east of the district, and also noticed in atthe cold

weather in the Bhutkul petta ; breeds in April.

549, ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS, Linn.

Common all over the district, breeding in March, April, and May.

552. Alrniopsar ruscus, Wagler.

Equally common with. the last everywhere, breeding at the same

season. Both are permanent residents.

561. Sipura ParvA, Bechst.

A rather scarce winter migrant, but noticed cccasionally from

November to the end of March at various places both above and below

the Ghats.

573. CYORNIS PALLIDIPES, Jerd.

A resident species, but by no means common. It is however gener-

ally distributed in all the moist forests both above and below Ghats.

I have never been fortunate enough to obtain authenticated eggs of

this bird, though I have seen ils nest building once at Nilkund. At

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 667

Supa also I once obtained a nest which I believe to have belonged

toit, This was a nest brought to me on the 15th May, 1893, by a

mat who had seen it a day before, and who with the natural perverse-

ness of the native of these parts said nothing about it when he was

with me, but when he saw mein the morning in the neighbourhood

of the rice field he was working in, instead of telling me about it and

bringing me to the nest, rushed off to the nest and carried it off to me,

in so doing breaking one of the three eggs it contained. As it reached

me within twenty minutes of its being taken, and I started at once to

the spot, | hardly doubted that I would he in time to identify the

owner, but though I waited two hours not a bird came near the nest,

and I then reluctantly left a man near it, and searched the whole

forest round. It was singularly devoid of birds, and all I saw werea

pair of Zosterops, another of Kuttacincla, and a pair of this bird and a

few wood-peckers. Half the hill was evergreen, the rest deciduous with

the young leaves just coming out, and it was not easy to miss seeing what

there was. The nest was in a hollow in the top of a dead stump about

one and a half feet from the ground, and was composed of green moss

lined with a white lichen, and with a few threads of fine grass and black

roots. The eggs had been originally three in number, and were of a dull

greenish-white with bold brownish blotches over the larger end. They

were not exactly what one would have expected the eggs of this bird to

be, and were considerably larger than those of C. Zckellz. Iam therefore

keeping them in hepes some one will obtain authenticated eggs of this

bird and let us know what they are like. They certainly are eggs not

represented in my Indian collection of 850 species, and I cannot think

of any other Kanara bird whose eggs they could possibly be.

576. CYORNIS TICKELLI, Blyth.

This bird is a good deal commoner than C. pallidipes, and is generally

distributed through all the forests, but is much more common above

than below the Ghats. I have often taken nests in March and April

in the Halyal, Supa and Sirsi talukas, built asa rule in banks on the

sides of the roads, and containing three or four olive-brown eggs.

579. STOPAROLA MELANOPS, Vig.

Thave come across this bird singly or in pairs perhaps a dozen

times in Kanara. These have all been between the months of Novem-

ber and March,

668 JCURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

588. ALSHONAX LATIROSTRIS, Rafil.

The commonest of all flycatchers from October to the end of March,

but as a rule not one is visible after the first week in April. I however

sawa pairon the 7th May, 1893, at Birchia, which were no doubt

breeding, ason the 4th May, 1895, I was marching from Halyal to

Birchia, and a friend walked out with me fora few miles. Just as I

parted from him I saw one of these birds fly from a tree overhanging

the road. I followed it into the forest to be sure it was A. latirostris,

and had I any doubt I would have shot it ; as there was none, how-

ever, I walked back to the road and was moving off when the bird

flew again over my head to the same tree, a “matti” one. I glanced

back as it flew, and saw it light on alump in the branch, and

returning saw there was anest. Isent a boy up the tree and he

reported four eggs, which after some difficulty were safely got down,

and I shot the bird asa proof of its breeding so far south. The nest

was a large solid one composed of green moss and lichen, and tined

with a few fibres and some feathers mostly oriole’s, It was about fifteen

feet from the ground and inthe middle ofa horizontal branch. It

contained four extremely small olive-green eggs, a good deal smaller

than others of this bird received from the neighbourhood of Mhow.

589. ALSEONAX RUFICAUDUS, Swains.

T have only seen this bird three times in Kanara, once in F ebruary,

1889, at Nilkund, and in December, 1893 and 1895, at Malemane in the

same place ; both Nilkund and Malemane are in Siddapur on the

ridge of the Ghats.

| 590. ALsEONAX mUTTUI, Layard.

I obtained a single specimen of this bird in the south of the Bhutkul

petta on the 20th January, 1889. It was in a thick mass of screw-pine

above some water in thin forest. J have never seen another specimen.

It may easily be known by its almost white legs and feet.

592. CULLICICAPA CEYLONENSIS, Swains.

I saw one specimen of this bird at Supa on the 23rd February, 1896,

but I failed to secure it.

598, TERPSIPHONE PARADISI, Linn.

This bird is generally distributed in Kanara from November to the

beginning of May. I have never seen it in the rains at Karwar, nor

on the top of the Ghats at Anshi, and I sm inclined to think it does

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 669

not breed in Kanara ; but as I have never been in the eastern portion

in the rains, I cannot be certain, and I am told it breeds in the adjoin-

ing district of Dharwar.

601. HypotHymis azurEA, Bodd.

A permanent resident both above and below the Ghats. It gen-

erally places its lovely little cup of a nest, adorned with a series of

spiders’ nests like litle roses, in bamboo jungle, but occasionally in the

supari gardens on the lime and other fruit trees always planted in

their outskirts. It breeds in April and May.

604. RHIPIDURA ALBIFRONTATA, Frankl.

This bird avoids tracts with a heavy rainfall, and I have only seen

it in the cold and hot weather at Halyal, Mundgode and the extreme

east of the district.

607. RHIPIDURA PECTORALIS, Jerd.

This bird is not common anywhere in Kanara, but I have noticed

it below the Ghats all along the coast, and also im the east and central

part of the above-Ghat portion. It breeds in April and the beginning

of May about Halyal.

608. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA, Linn,

This bird appears at Karwar about the first week in October, and

is common along the coast till May, but I have never seen it in the

rains there. Above Ghats it is common wherever there are fields

and cultivation, especially in the eastern portion, where, no doubt, it is a

permanent resident. It breeds both above and below the Ghats from

February to May.

610. PRaAtTmNcoLA MAURA, Pall.

A scarce winter visitant to Kanara; only noticed on seven

or eight occasions, These were between November and February,

and were some on the coast and some in the east of the

district.

644, RuTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS, Vieill.

I saw two specimens of this bird in the extreme north-east of

Kanara in February, 1896. It is a mere straggler there.

647. CyYANECULA suECcICA, Linn.

A scarce winter migrant, found in reedy places among the rice

fields both in the east of the district and on the coast. On one occasion

I saw one near the top of the Ghats,

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

662. Tuamnopta FuLicata, Linn.

A permanent resident on the coast, but by no means common. It

is, however, common in the east of the district, but absent from all the

central forest portion. It breeds from February to May.

663. CopsycHUS saULARIs, Linn.

Almost the commonest bird in Kanara, and is a permanent resident

im every part from the coast to the extreme east. It breeds every-

where from February to May.

664. CrITTOcINCLA MACRURA, Gmel.

The ‘‘shama ”’ is extremely common in all the forest parts of Kanara

from the east to the line of the Ghats. Below the Ghats I have only

noticed it at Kudra, and it is certainly not common anywhere below

Ghats. It is very partial to bamboo jungle. The males constantly

sing, and sit in prominent situations, but the females are shy and

retiring, and are not often noticed. It breeds in April and May in

holes in trees: these are generally low down, but I have seen a nest

in a broken bamboo at least twenty feet from the ground, and another,

16 feet, in a large crack in a banyan. The commonest situation, how-

ever, is in the hollow portion of a eut bamboo lying on the ground, but

propped up at an angle of about twenty-five degrees. Indeed, in

bamboo jungles such a situation almost always contains a nest, and I

believe a person living constantly in a place where the bird was common,

such as Supa, could, by placing a row of these in proper positions

about three hundred yards apart in the forests, obtain almost any

number of eggs. The nests vary with the situation. In a large hole _

they are bulky structures, but in a bamboo consist of only a few roots.

The eggs are three or four in number, and closely resemble one of the

commonest varieties of C. saularts, but are perhaps, asa rule, darker.

671. MerruLa nicririteus, Lafres.

This bird is found sparingly in the cold weather along the coast,

and noticed occasionally here and there above the Ghats at that season.

About Halyal and Mundgode it is fairly common in March and April.

I have never seen a nestin Kanara, but lam pretty certain it must

occasionally breed in its northern portion.

685. GEOCICHLA CYANONOTUS, Jard. & Selb.

This is the common thrush of Kanara and is a permanent residents

though one sees a great many more in the rains than at other seasons.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 671

I have noticed it in all parts of the district, It breeds in great numbers

about Karwar in June, July, and August.

691. PETROPHILA CINCLORNYNcHA, Vig.

A cold weather visitor, moderately common in all the forests from

November to March.

693. PETROPHILA CYANUS, Linn.

A scarce cold weather visitor from October to February along the

rocky open portion of the coast. J once noticed one at Christmas at

the Gairsoppa-Falls (Kodkari), I also once saw one oddly enough at

Marmagoa on the 4th May, 1893.

| 726. Pxiocsus Baya, Blyth.

Common along the coast and in the extreme east of the district,

breeding generally on cocca-nut trees in June and July.

725. Munta mazacca, Linn.

A few pairs of this bird are found among the rice fields on the coast

from the extreme north to the south of the district ; they breed in

July and August,

728. URoLoNcHA sTRIATA, Linn.

Very common round the villages both above and below the Ghats.

it breeds at all seasons, a very favourite situation at Karwar being

among the thorns tied round cocoa-nut trees in exposed places to

prevent thieves climbing them.

734. UROLONCHA MALABARICA, Linn.

T saw a small flock at Halyal on the 7th February, 1896. They are,

however, merely casual stragglers.

735. URoLoncHa PUNCTULATA, Linn.

A very local bird in the district. I noticed, however, flocks in

several villages of the Bhutkul Petta, in Mundgode, and Kawalwad

in the east of the district, and at Sirsi. They are probably residents

breeding in the end of the rains.

761. CaRPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, Pall.

I have seen this bird in pairs or small flocks en one or two occasions

both above and below the Ghats. They are, of course, only winter

migrants.

775. GYMNORHIS FLAVICOLLIS, Frankl.

A resilent species all over Kanara, but not especially common any-

where. I have obtained its eggs occasionally in March and April.

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xf.

776. PasseR DomeEsticus, Linn.

The ‘ common” sparrow isa rare bird in Kanara, I once saw

three in Karwar, and I have noticed the bird twice at Kumta and

once at Ankola. Above Ghats I have seen it in the towns of Halyal,

Mund gode and Sirsi.

799, HMBERIZA MELANOCEPHALA, Scop.

Isawa good many black-headed buntiags at Halyal in the north-

east corner of the district in February, 1896. I have not seen the bird

elsewhere,

800. IimpeRizA LUTEOLA, Sparrm.

I saw a single specimen of this bird at Halyal in February, 1896.

804. CHELIDON URBIcA, Linn.

I have seen large flocks of this bird at Haiyal and along the Goa

Railway, near Londa, in May, 1895, and I sawa single specimen twelve

miles south-east of Halyal in February, 1896.

809. CoTILE stnensts, J. HE. Gray.

I noticed this bird near Honawar in January, 1889, and I also saw a

pair in the east of Halyal in February, 1896.

810. PryoNOPROGNE RUPESTRIS, Scop. :

I have noticed this bird on the crest of the Ghats at Malemane in

December, and at Anshi in March, and I have also seen it at the Gair-

soppa Falls in December.

811. PryonoproGNe concotor, Sykes.

This martin is not common in Kanara. I have noticed it at Castle

Rock and the Gairsoppa Falls on several occasions in the hot and cold

weather, and occasionally at Karwar in the rains. Ai this place there

were never more than two or three, and they flew about Godhalli and

the neighbouring peaks,

813. Hrrunpo rustica, Linn.

This swallow I have only noticed along the coast, where it is fairly

common from October to February, and at Halyal and Siddapur each

on one occasion.

818. Hzirunpo smitHi, Leach.

This swaliow leaves Karwar in the rains. It is, however, fairly

common all over the district in the cold and hot weather. It habitu-

ally breeds over water, but I found anest at Yellapur in March ina

“mutt ” and with no water for a considerable distance,

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 673

819. Hrrunpdo FLUVICOLA, Jerd.

This is a scarce cold weather straggler to Kanara. I have seen large

flocks at Bhutkul in January, 1890, and at other times I have seen an

odd pair or two in the cold weather at several places along the coast.

823. HrrRuNDo ERYTHROPYcIA, Sykes.

Generally distributed all over the district in the cold and hot

weather. I have not, however, noticed it at Karwar in the rains. It

breeds under culverts on the roads in February, March, and April.

826. Moracriita apa, Linn.

The form dukhunensis (Sykes) of this wagtail is generally distributed,

but not common in the cold weather. I have notes of seeing it, how-

ever, in practically the whele district.

831. MoTacILLA MADERASPATENSIS, Gmel.

This wagtail is generally distribuied, and is no doubt resident, at all

events, above Ghats. I can, however, find no record of having seen it

at Karwar in the rains. It breeds above~Ghats in March, April and

May on the banks of, and in rocks in the beds of, the various rivers.

At Supa I found four or five pairs breeding opposite the bungalow in

the beginning of May.

832. MoractLLA MELANOPE, Pall.

This is the commonest and most generally distributed wagtail in

Kanara, a pair or a single one being found beside every pool of water

in the cold weather. It leaves towards the close of April.

833. MoTaciLLA BOREALIS, Sundev.

I have noticed this bird a few times both above and below Ghats in

the cold weather.

836. Moracitna FELDECGI, Michah.

This bird, which in winter plumage very much resembles the lark, is

much more common, and is generally distributed in all marshy places

in the cold weather, leaving in April.

837. MoraActrLA CITREOLA, Pall.

I saw a few specimens of this bird on the tanks in the north-east of

Halyal in February, 1896.

839. LimonIpRomus InpIcUS, Gmel.

This wagtail is found in the heavy evergreen jungle from

December, and I have seen specimens as late as the Ist May. lt is a

very local bird, and will be found year after year in the same places.

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

840. ANTHUS TRIVIALIS, Linn.

This pipit I have noticed some dozen times above Ghats in all parts

of the district, and once celow Ghats in the Kumta Taluka. All these

cases were in the cold weather.

846, ANTHUS RICHARDI, Vieill.

I obtained two specimens of this pipit at Honawar in January, 1890.

It had a claw of nearly an inch, and must have been a straggler far

from its usual haunts. 3

| 847. AnTaus RuruLUs, Vieill.

This pipit:is common all over the district botk above and below

Ghats wherever the country is the least open. It breeds abundantly

in March, April and May.

. 848, ANTHUS cAMPESTRIS, Linn.

I have noticed this bird in the Kumta and Honawar talukas on the

bare hills close to the coast.

863. CALANDRELLA DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

I have sven two or three large flocks of 2 short-toed lark which

must be this species. These have been at Honawar and Ankola below

and at Nilkund on the ridge of the Ghats.

869, - MrrAFRA CANTILLANS, Jerd.

This very local species is common to the east of Halyalin a few

fields or portions of fields partially covered with long grass, as also on

the borders of the adjoining fields: .I have never seen it elsewhere,

It breeds in April and May in a tuft of grass. None of the nests I

have found were in the least domed.

871. MiraAFRA ERYTHROPTERA, Jerd.

I saw a few of these birds in the north-east portion of Halyal

and Mundgode in April and May. It was breeding at that

time.

872, MrraFra AFFINIS, Jerd.

The Madras bush-lark is sparingly distributed along the coast in

the talukas of Honawar and Kumta. I think, but am not sure, I have

alse seen it in the east of Sirsi and Halyal.

876. GALERITA MALABARICA, Scop.

This lark is common everywhere in Kanara, where there is any open

ground not being a mere swamp. It breeds from February to April

in all parts of the district.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 675

879. PyRRHULAUDA GRISEA, Scop.

This lark is scattered along the coast from Ankola to Bhutkul, and

is found in the eastern part of the district. It is not common any-

where. It breeds in March and April.

886. AiTHoPYGA vicoRs!, Sykes.

This bird is very rare in Kanara. Mr. Aitken saw a pair near

Gokern in April, 1889, and I saw a specimen from the train below

Castle Rock in May, 1895.

894. ARACHNECHTHRA LOTENIA, Linn.

This forest-loving bird is fairly common about Karwar at all seasons

and among the forests and groves along the coast. Above Ghats it is

found all along the line of Ghats and over the west of Sirsi and Sidda-

pur. It breeds at the close of the rains and also in February. The

nest resembles that of A. asiatica, but is of course larger. It is placed

generally at a height of about 15 feet or so, and, instead of being in an

exposed place like that of A. astatéca, it is carefully concealed among the

branches, and is very difficult to find ; the eggs are similar to those of

A. asiatica and only slightly larger.

895, ARACHNECHTHRA ASIATICA, Linn.

Common all over the district above and below Ghats, except in the

thick evergreen forest. It breeds in the latter part of the rains and

again from February to April.

900. ARACHNECHTHRA MINIMA, Sykes.

This lovely little bird is intensely common in all the forests below

Ghats, along the Ghats, and in the central portion of the district, but

absent from H alyal, Mundgode, and the extreme east. It breeds from

December to April, making its nest at low elevations ; nine out of every

ten I have found being within five feet cf the ground. By far the

largest number of nests I have seen, have been built on the tops of

stems of karwe (Strobélanthes), placed either on the side of roads or on

the edge of forest. The nests are very smal] and neat hanging balls of

bright green moss and white lichens, and easily distinguishable from

those of any other sunbird of Western India. The eggs are two ; white

closely mottled with fine spots of purplish-red, and in no way resom-

bling those of A. asiatica or A. zeylonica. I must have taken much

over fifty nests, so there can be no doubt as to the coloration of the eggs

at least in Kanara.

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

901. ARACHNECHTHRA ZEYLONICA, Linn.

A very common bird about Karwar, and generally distributed along

the coast- Above Ghats it is rare in the east of the district, and I have

not found it along the ridge of the Ghats, nor, I think, in the central

portion. It breeds about Karwar in the end of the rams. The nest

is much like that of A. asiatica, but, if possible, neater, and the eggs

undistinguishable from pale forms of that bird.

909. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS, Lath.

This bird is common in the plantain gardens in Sirsi, Siddapur

and Yellapur, and I have seen specimens at Bhutkul. It is very shy,

and though one may hear its alarm cry on entering a garden, it is diffi-

cult to get even a sight of the bird. It breeds on the underside of

plantain leaves in the gardens from February to the beginning of April,

making a large nest sewn under the leaf. The first nest I found had

two entrances, but some twenty I have found since have had only one.

The nests are composed of dead leaves and lined with fibre. The eggs

are long-shaped, pale pink, covered with minute darker spots, and with

a regular dark pink ring of these spots round the larger end.

916. Dica#um concotor, Jerd.

This bird is probably not uncommon above Ghats in Kanara, but on

the wing can hardly be distinguished from the next. The only speci-

men I possess I shot from the nest. This was on the road from Sonda

to Manchikeri in the Sirsi taluka. The nest and eggs were similar to

those of the next species, but are a little larger.

919. DicmUmM ERYTHRORHYNcHUS, Lath.

This bird is common all over the district, breeding from February to

April.

921. PiIpRISOMA SQALIDUM, Burt.

This bird is local, but I have seen specimens and taken nests through

the whole of the above-Ghat parts, and I have noticed the bird in the

Kumta taluka below Ghats. It lays in March and April.

933. PirraA BRACHYURA, Linn.

A permanent resident, generally distributed along the coast and

along the forests, except the extreme eastern ones. It is shy, and I

have not noticed it often in the cold weather ; but it becomes common

about March, and continues so till the breeding season in the rains, the

cocks singing in the extreme tops of the trees. It breeds abundantly

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, Po One

along the coast, at all events from Kumta northwards, and through

the Supa petta, making its large round stick nest in some prominent

position some twenty feet from the ground. It seems to have a pre-

ference for thorny trees.

948. GECINUS STRIOLATUS, Blyth.

I have never succeeded in obtaining a specimen of this bird, but I

have three times come across it; once near Bhutkul in the extreme

south of the district, in December, again at Palla, and at Sidligundi

in the Mundgode petta in March. Jt is a shy bird, as on two of these

occasions I tried to shoot it, but each time failed to get within shot.

952. GEHCINUS CHLOROGASTER, Jerd.

Fairly common in all the Kanara forests, but I think a good deal

commoner above than below the Ghats. Its note is a plaintive scream

-and not like the harsh cry of most of the wood-peckers. I have found

the nest several times ; oddly enough, all have been in dead supari palms

in gardens. The number of eggs is three, and all were taken in the

beginning of April.

972, Liopicus MAHRATTENSIS, Lath.

This wood-pecker is rare below the Ghats in Kanara, and I have only

twice seen it—once at Agsar, ten miles east of Ankola, and once near

Bhutkul. In the open forests towards the east of the district it is

common, and I have on several occasions taken its eggs there in March.

976. IyNGIPICUS HARDWICKII, Jerd.

By no means common in Kanara, except in the extreme east of the

district. I have, however, seen it occasionally both above and below

the Ghats. I twice found its nest in the district at Mundgode and

Palla in the end of February. The nests were, I think, finished; but

though the birds were inside, in neither case were eggs laid.

985. MIcRoPTERNUS GULARIS, Jerd.

This is one of the commonest wood-peckers in the district, found from

the extreme east to the coast. It is partialto low jungle, and, as has

often been remarked before, is found occasionally feeding on the ground.

I have taken many of its nests. All were in the centre of a nest of

Cremastogaster ants (in all but one case the species which builds the

smooth nests, not the fluted). ‘The eggs may be found at any season

from the beginning of February to the end of April, and the ants’

pest chosen is generally about fifteen to twenty feet from the ground,

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

The ants certainly do not desert the nest when occupied, and I have

been terribly punished when putting my hand into a nest even when it

contained small young of this bird. The number of eggs found has

always been either two or three ; they are large for the size of the bird

and generally much discoloured.

986. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS, Linn.

This wood-pecker is common everywhere in Kanara. [I was in-

clined to think we had two species, as while the majority of the

birds are practically typical B. aurantius, occasionally, but rarely, one

with a very black breast is obtained. I have shot a hen of this form

from the nest, but failed to secure the cock, and so discover if he was

also a black-breasted bird. Nests are common all over the district in

March and April.

988. Tica JAVANENS!S, Ljung.

This is not a common wood-pecker anywhere in Kanara, and I have

no record of obtaining it below the Ghats, though I think I have seen

it there, and it much resembles C. gutticristatus, and also is shy and

objects to close examination, and may thus easily be passed over. I

have seen it, however, occasionally from Siddapur as far north as

Supa. I have twice obtained its nest. The first was some twenty-five

feet from the ground in leafless jungle near Sonda in Sirsi, and contain-

ed, on the 14th April, a single newly hatched young one. The entrance

hole was ina bough, and at least three feet from the nest. The other was

taken on the 12th March near Kumbarwada in Supa, and was in a

hole in a cocoa-nut tree close to a small village and adjoiing a large

“kan” or evergreen jungle. It contained three very glossy fresh eggs.

991. CHRYSOCOLAPTES FESTIVUS, Bodd.

I have only once come across this bird in Kanara, and that was at a

village five miles east of Halyal. This was on the 26th April, 1893,

and there were thres birds together. I had no gun with me, but the

yellow crest of the female and the white patch on the back of the neck

were quite clear and rendered a mistake impossible.

992. CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTICRISTATUS, Tick.

This bird is fairly common all over Kanara, though not so much so

as B. aurantius. Ihave seen the birds excavating a hole at Kudra, near

Karwar, in October, but have never come across a nest with either eggs

or young.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 679

995. Hemicercus CANENTE, Less.

This funny little bird I have noticed occasionally abeve and below

Ghats. Itis very partial to bamboo jungles, and walks all over the

branches instead of, like most other wood-peckers, keeping tothe trunk.

I never took a nest myself, but Mr, Aitken obtained an ege taken from

a hole near Castle Rock on the 10th January.

997. THRIPONAX HODGSONI, Jerd.

This noisy bird is common in the large teak forests of Yellapur and

Halyal, and is seen occasionally in all the denser forests above Ghats

and below. I have never taken a nest, but a shooting party in the

Halyal taluka at Christmas, 1895, obtained one. They shot the hen as

she was looking out of the nest, and with the same shot I am told broke

both the eggs. Two eggs brought to me at Sirsi belonged, I have

little doubt, to this species ; but not being able to start with the finder

at once, I sent him off with orders to return them to the nest and to

come back for me next morning. He never appeared again, and I

could not find him to make further enquiries.

1001, PrcumnNus INNomINaTUS, Burton.

I only once came across this little bird. This was at Sumpkund,

near the centre of the Sirsi taluka. There were a pair, and they were

hopping about on some thin branches below some high trees, and I had

no idea what the bird was, and shot one believing it to be a Munia,

1003. Iynx rorqurtia, Linn,

I have only come across this bird in the cold weather, and that on

very few occasions. I have seen it at Siddapur, at Karwar, and at one

or two other places on the coast.

1008. THEREICERYX ZEYLONICUS, Gmel.

The large barbet is not common in Kanara, and is restricted there to a

tract of country comprising Halyal, Mundgode, and the east portion of

Yellapur, and Sirsi. I have only found it in deciduous forest. Tt

breeds in March and April. Its voice, much louder than that of viridis,

will proclaim its presence wherever found.

(To be continued.)

680

SOME CASES OF CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN MABUIA

CARINATA AND OTHER LIZARDS.

By H. H. Briypiey, ua, St. Jonn’s Cottecr, Lucrurnr on

Biotogy aT CiarE Cottece, CAMBRIDGE.

(With a Plate.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Soceety on June 14th, 1898.)

Since the publication of a description of a case of duplicity in a

reproduced tail of a Hemidactylus,* the Honorary Secretary of the

Bombay Natural History Society bas kindly sent to me two further

examples of abnormal tails in lizards obtained in the Bombay Presi-

dency. The present paper describes these, together with certain other

cases presenting resemblances to them.

External Appearance-—Both of Mr. Phipson’s specimens belong

to the common species Mabuia carinata, Boulenger (Scincide).t In

both the bifid portion of the tail commences some distance posterior to

a point where regrowth had arisen after a rupture. The abnormal

region is therefore altogether a new structure, as was the case with the

already described tail of Hemidactylus. The two specimens of Mabuca

will, for brevity, be referred to as A and B.

In A the forking is in the horizontal plane, #.é., the two branches of

the bifid growth are right and left. The right branch was slightly

the longer when examined by me, but the actual tip of the left branch

appears to have been broken off.

In B the forking is almost in the vertical plane, the ventral and

slightly left-hand joerc being about one-third longer than the dorsal

and slightly right-hand praeel: This specimen was only the tail, but

there was iheon’ of the proximal part to show the commerce ne

of the regrowth from the normal stump.

Chief Dimensions.-—These are given in centimetres :—

Snout to cloaca aie aor stot Oe

Cloaca to commencement of reproduced region «.. 16

Break to commencement of reproduced region ... «ws 28

Commencement of reproduced region to forking ... 3°0 1°8

Fork to tip of right branch 260 50 Hep oe)

Do. left doy ae nce a5 OY Boo

Do, dorsal do, aoe Ac Seem usc 4-2

Do. ventral do. 6°2

* « On a Specimen of Hemidactylus gleadovii with a Bifid Renewed Tail.” —Journ., Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc., 1894, 1X/(No. 1), p. 30.

+ Fauna of British In lia (Reptilia and Batrachia)—1890, pp. 188-189,

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist Soc. Vol li

Mintern Bros. imp.London .

R Mintern lith .

CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN LIZARDS. 681

In both cases the transverse section of the undivided proxima

region is slightly flattened laterally, as are those of both branches of

B. In A the left branch is much flattened laterally, while the right

branch is flattened dorso-ventrally. The branches of both tails taper

regularly to their extremities, except the ventral tail of B, which at

3°4 em. from the forking is suddenly constricted, while the scales from

this point to the tip are much smaller than those of the rest of the

branch. These features suggest that injury and a second regrowth

have occurred in this branch.

_Scaling.—The scaling of the reproduced tail in lizards has

acquired much interest from the observations by Boulenger,* that in

certain genera the new scaling differs from that of the congenital

stump of the tail, and at the same time resembles closely that of some

other and possibly more primitive form. Reference should also be

made to the work of Werner § on this subject. In many genera, on

the other hand, the normal scaling is developed on the reproduced tail.

Mabuia carinata approximates to the latter condition. The normal tail

is covered on the dorsal and lateral surfaces by scales of nearly equal

size, while the median ventral surface possesses a series of larger

shield-like scales (fig. 1). When the tail is reproduced the scaling

resembles the normal, except that there is in this case a dorsal as well

as a ventral series of shield-like scales (fig. 2). I am indebted to

Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F'.R.S., of the British Museum, for information

on this point.

In the present examples the scaling of the whole of the reproduced

portions agrees with what has been described above for the reproduced

tail. Moreover, compared with the uormal scaling, the scales are

softer, lighter in colour, and those of the dorsal and dorso-lateral surfaces

exhibit only slightly or not at all the tri- or quinque-carination

characteristic of the scales of the normal tail. These features, how-

ever, are such as might be expected in a new structure.

Branches of Specimen A.—The dorsal and ventral series of large scales

of the undivided proximal portion appear to divide at the forking, and

* « On the Scaling of the Reproduced ‘Vail in Lizards.”—Proc. Zool. Soc. (1888), p, 351.

“On an Iguana with a Reproduced Tail.’—Pro*. Zool. Soc. (1851), p. 466,

Also in Mivart, “ On the possible Dual Origin of Mammalia,”—Proc, Roy. Soc, (1888),

XLIIT, p. 378,

§ “‘ Ueber die Schuppenbe Kleidung des regenerirten Schwanzes bei Hidechsen,’—Sitz,

Akad, Wien., 1896, CV. p. 123.

682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

to continue along the corresponding surfaces of the two branches ; but

absolute continuity is seen only in the case of the left branch (fig. 3).

In this laterally compressed structure the ventral series extends further

up the left side than the right, so that only one series of small scales

is present on this side, while two series separate the ventral and dorsal

large scales on the right side. The scaling of the dorso-ventrally

compressed rzght branch is very irregular at the forking, but at °6 em.

therefrom a distinct series of broad scales commences to run along

the ventral surface (fig. 4). These connect on the right side with a

dorsal series cf large scales, which perhaps may be regarded as a con-

tinuation of the dorsal series of the undivided proximal portion of the

tail. Two series of small scales complete the scaling by covering the

left dorsal surface.

Branches of Specimen B.—The dorsal series of large scales of the

undivided proximal portion of the tail is continued along the dorsal

side of the dorsal branch (fig. 5), but twists towards the left side as it

proceeds. The ventral series of large scales of the undivided proximal

portion is continued along the veniral side of the ventral branch (fig, 6),

but twists towards the left side as it proceeds. The dorsal branch has

thus a single series of large scales on its left side and from three to

two series of small scales on its right side. The ventral branch has the

left-ventral series of large scales above mentioned, while on its sides

two series of small scales separate the large scales from a right-dorsal

series of large scales which starts from the irregular scales at the forking.

Whether this last-named series can be regarded as having anything

to do with the dorsal series of the undivided portion of the tail is

uncertain. The starting of a series of large scales from small

irregular scales at the forking resembles the condition already describ-

ed for the right branch of specimen A. The interest of the matter is

that in both specimens both branches of the tail exhibit a tendency

towards the establishment of a symmetrical scaling regardless of the

plane in which the forking occurs. In other words, though the forking

is horizontal in one specimen and vertical in the other, the individual

branches very soon assume an arrangement attaining or approximating

to dorsal and ventral single rows of large scales while the sides are

covered by small scales. The twisting of the series of scales round

the long axis which is seen in the present examples recalls a similar

a ae

CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN LIZARDS. 683

condition in the bifid reproduced tail of a Lygosoma described in my

previous paper.* Such twisting may perhaps be a frequent feature in

connection with caudal duplicity.

Internal Structure-—The internal structure of the reproduced tail

of lizards has very peculiar and constant features, which have been

described by Dugés,t Fraisse§ and other writers. To render clear the

statements which will be made later on, I now quote the epitome of the

internal structure of the reproduced tail given in my previous paper.

(a) The vertebral column is not renewed as such, but from the

point of fracture an unseomented, imperforate, and usually

somewhat irregular cartilaginous tube grows out in direct

continuation of the neural arches. ‘This tube tapers with

the tail, and its lumen ends blindly near the tip.

(4) Thespinal cord is not reproduced, but the Jumen of the cartil ~

age tube contains a core of connective tissue with large

blood vessels, which is continuous with the spimal cord of

the stump. In reality this core is a tube with thick walls,

as it contains a central lumen lined by a single layer of

columnar epithelial cells. This lumen is continuous with

that of the central canal of the spinal cord.

{c) The ianervation of the reproduced portion is effected by infil-

tration of the spinal nerve reots from above the point of

fracture.

(d) The caudal artery and vein of the stump grow into the

reproduced portion and give off branches within it.

As in the case of the Hemidactylus, serial sections through the tails of

beth specimens of Mabuia demonstrate the internal structure to possess

essentially the above features. But in each of the present specimens a

peculiarity exists in connection with the continuation of the epithelial

canal of the spinal cord. In specimen A this continuation of the canal

seems to be entirely absent, the connective tissue core of the cartilage

tube containing only blood vessels. In specimen B one of the branches

of this core contains one and the other iwo continuations of the central

* Loc. Cit., p. 33.

+ “Memoire sur les especes indigenes du genre Lacerta.” Ann. des Sciences Naturelles

1829, XVI, p. 387.

§ “Die Regeneration von Geweben und Organen beiden Wirbelthieren, besondets

Amphibien and Reptilien,” Cassel, 1885,

684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

canal, thus emphasing the general branched condition of the repro-

duced region of the tail. I have not previously observed either of the

above described peculiarities in single or bifid reproduced tails.

By way of comparison with the above instances of caudal duplicity,

mention may be made of certain other cases of the condition which

have been recently examined by me.

One of these is an instance of duplicity of another kind from those

already described. Its occurs ina specimen of Lacerta agilis, Gray

(Lacertide), captured in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge. The forking

commences at 4°4 cm. from the cloaca and is in the vertical plane.

The dorsal branch is 1:5 em. and the ventral branch 2°1 cm. long. Both

branches taper fairly regularly. The scaling throughout is that normal

to the species. The scales of the dorsal branch are however smaller than

those on the other portions. Serial sections show that the ventral

branch is the normal tail of the animal, while the dorsal branch is an

outgrowth from it, having the usual:structure of a reproduced tail. At

the forking the spinal cord runs dorsalwards from under the neural

arches of the immediately preceding vertebra, and after giving off a

branch of its central canal te the dorsal branch or supernumerary por-

tion of the tail, turns down again to pass under the neural arches of the

immediately succeeding vertebra. This condition is permitted by the

two vertebre concerned being unduly bent away from each other. In

fact, the tissues generally are much disturbed in this region, and sug-

gest that it has been the seat of an injury. ‘The cartilage tube form-

ing the endo-skeleton of the supernumerary tail starts directly from

the neural arches of the more anterior of the above-mentioned verte-

bree, is at first incomplete ventrally, and becomes closed as it runs on

into the supernumerary tail.

A case in its general features apparently similar to the above is

recorded by Giebel.* It occurred in the same species, but the

supernumerary (? reproduced) tail was borne on the ventral side of the

normal tail.

A greater departure from the normal is exhibited by a Calotes

cristatellus, Fitz. (Agamzde) [ Indo-Malayan region] in the Cambridge

University Museum. The dorsal surface of the abnormal portion of the

tail is shown in fig. 7, The first forking is 18-2 cm. and the second

* Zeitshr. f. gesammt. Naturwissenschaft, 1864, XXLY, p. 48.

JAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN LIZARDS, 685

19:0 em. from the cloaca. The three branches arise in the horizontal

plane, and from right to left are respectively 3:0, 2°3, and 4°7 cm. in

length. The soft parts form so thin a layer that the vertebral column

within can be easily traced without the undesirable destruction of the

‘specimen by section-cutting. The last vertebra present is bent out-

wards towards the right at an angle of 70°, so that the distal three-

quarters of its length run into and form the root of the right hand

branch. Feyond this point, which is *8 em. from the inner angle of

the first forking, the right-hand branch is a reproduced structure.

So also are the whole of the other two branches and the short piece

from which they arise. This account is in agreement with the fact that

only on the right-hand branch, and on it only as far as the end of the

last vertebra, are the scales of the same size as on the normal region

of the tail. Everywhere else the scales, though of the normal type,

are smaller than on the region of the tail shown to be normal by the

presence of the vertebral column.

The above instances seem to favour the often-expressed view that

caudal duplicity is at least sometimes bronght about by a supernume-

rary tail growing out from an injured place, and the following case

described by Quelch* gives additional suppors thereto, A specimen

of Tupinambis nigropunctatus, Boulenger (Teiide), was placed in a

large cage in the museum of Demarara in company with alligators,

snakes, and other lizards. On its introduction its tail was in a normal

condition, but two years afterwards it was found to be bruised at

various points. ‘There were doubts as to whether the injuries had

been inflicted by the alligators, by rats put into the cage for the

snakes, or by the striking of its tail against the wire-work sides of

the cage. It was however seen to fight with the rats. Soon after

the bruises were noticed, three supernumerary tails were observed to

be growing rapidly from three different pots. At the end of another

year one of these was not much shorter than the normal tail, while

between the new growths three additional small stumps appeared

about to grow into supplementary tails,

A somewhat similar observation among fishes has been recorded

by Malm.§ Ina Pipe-fish (Synynethus typhle) the tail was broken

* Timehri (Jour. Roy, Agric. and Com, Soc. of British Guiana), 1890, IV, p, 148.

§ Ann. des Sciences Naturelies (1°62), Sér.4, XVILT (Zoologiz), pe 856,

885 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

nearly across at the fiftieth vertebral articulation. On healing the

seat of injury was found to bear a structure resembling the terminal

segment of the normal tail, and, like it, supporting a ten-rayed fin.

It is unfortunate that neither of the accounts of the last two quoted

eases mention what relation, if any, the new growths had with

the vertebral column. Superficially, however, the instances seem

to be of the same nature as those described in Lacerta and Calotes.

A tendency to hypertrophy on the part of tissues in process of

healing is of wide occurrence, and it may be that in the case of

certain structures which are capable of being reproduced as a whole,

e.g., the fin-rays in fishes and the tail in lizards, hypertrophic

growth consequent on a partial injury takes a relatively and pecu-

larly constant form, simulating that which would have arisen in

the case of injury involving actual loss of the extremities cf such

structures. But bearing in mind the number of different tissues

which compose so complex a structure as a tail and the complicated

ontogenetic development of the vertebral column, it is plain that

a final explanation of such appearances as are deseribed above can-

not be offered at present. Experimental evidence on the subject is

greatly needed. If eventually it be fairly established that certain

kinds of injury involving the caudal vertebre regularly resulé in

lateral growths of the same special nature as are known to arise

in the main axis after rupture of the tail, there will still remain the

question as to why these special structures, axial or lateral, should

occasionally exhibit duplicity on their own account.

In connection with the above described cases may be mentioned an

abnormal growth of very defined form exhibited by a Lacerta muralis,

Latr., from Naples, in the Cambridge University Museum. As shown in

fig. 8, the dorsal surface of the left hind leg, immediately beyond the

knee-joint, bears a small tail-like structure. This is 1-1 em. long, and

is covered by twelve or thirteen rings of scales closely resembling those

of the tail. It seems very probable that this is an hypertrophy arising

from the scar of an injuiry, for the dorsal surface of the leg has an

eval area of quite irregular scales, which are much larger than the

regular normal scales on the corresponding region of the other hind leg.

The normal pigmentation is partially absent on this oval area also,

and the general appearance suggests a healed wound, It is from this

CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN LIZARDS, 687

area that the tail-like growth arises. The assumption of caudal

scaling at a place so far removed from the tail by a growth go tail-like

in form is very noteworthy. Its internal structure has not been

examined, but it may perbaps resemble that of the two dwarf supernum-

erary tails of an Anolis grahami, Gray (Lguanide), from Jamaica,

which are illustrated in fig. 9. From the cloaca the main tail is 2°5 em.

in length, and at 1:8 cm. from the former there ig a swelling

which serial sections show to be the starting point of a reproduced

extremity. rom this swelling two short curled branches arise later-

ally, each being *3 cm. long, while the main axis cf the regrowth

attains a length of *8 cm. beyond them. Internally the main axis has

all the usual characters of a reproduced tail, but the two branches are

merely free lateral prolongations of muscle bundles covered by skin

and small scales. They do not contain any endo-skeleton, and the

cartilage tube of the main axis shows no signs of sending branches

into them. As the latter become free they leave the cartilage tube

surrounded only by fascia, in which are scattered here and there some

small muscles. Towards the extremity of the main tail these muscles

gradually increase, and finally ensheath the cartilage tube in the usual

manner. This case presents obvious differences of structure from

those previously described.

In conclusion, the main features of the several abnormal conditions

of reproduced tails described above and in my previous paper may

by summarised.

(a) Condition bifid.—Main axis formed by the normal tail. A

branch having the structure of a reproduced tail arises from

a possibly injured place on the main axis.

(1) The forking is in the vertical plane. Lacerta agilis.

(Probably the case in the same species quoted from Giebel

should be placed here.)

(ii) The forking is (nearly) in the horizontal plane.

? Trogonophis wiegmanni.*

(b) Condition bifid—A structure entirely of the nature of a repro-

duced tail, and completely bifid from its commencement, arises

from the extremity of a broken normal tail. The scaling

indicates that one of the branches has greater claim to be

* Jour, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., loc. cit., p. 32,

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

regarded as a continuation of the main axis than the other.

The forking is in the horizontal plane. Hemidactylus glea-

dovit. *

duced tail, becoming bifid at some distance from its com-

mencement, arises from the extremity of a broken normal tail.

There is no reliable indication that one branch should be re-

garded as a continuation of the main axis more than the other.

(i) The forking is in the vertical plane. Mabuia

carinata, specimen B, Lygosoma telfatri.t

(ii) The forking is in the horizontal plane. Mabuia

carinata, specimen A.

(d) Condition trifid—A_ structure of the nature of a reproduced

tail continues the axis of the normal tail from a point

where the extremity of the latter has been broken off

between two vertebree. The last vertebra before the break

is permanently bent, and from its convex side arises a struc-

ture of the nature of a reproduced tail. This structure soon

becomes bifid. Both forkings are in the horizontal plane.

Calotes cristatellus.

[This case possesses features of both (a) and (¢).]

(e) Condition trifid—The main axis of a broken normal tail is

continued by a structure of the nature of a reproduced tail.

At its commencement this gives off two symmetrical

branches which are without the typical endo-skeleton of a

reproduced tail. The forkings are in the horizontal plane.

Anolis grahame.

[In the absence of information regarding the internal structure of

the supernumerary tails of the Twpénambis described by Quelch, it is

uncertain whether the case should be placed under (a) or (@).]

The above arrangement is adcpted merely for the purpose of discrim-

inating between the main characters of the cases which have been

described, and it is not suggested that such extensive sub-division rests

on differences between the physiological factors which brought about

‘these abnormal appearances. Indeed, if it be true that accidental injury

is a frequent or universal cause of supplementary caudal growths, it is

*+ Jour, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., loc. cit.

CAUDAL ABNORMALITY IN LIZARDS. 689

probable that the more complex cases are the result of more frequent

chance interference with the process of regrowth of the tail than obtained

in those instances wherein the new structure is merely bifid. It may

here be noted that none of the cases are examples of true axial duplicity,

as In the bifid cases one of the branches and in the trifid cases two of

the branches have the structure of a reproduced tail, and therefore

contain no portion of the vertebral column. I do not know of any

record of true axial duplicity involving the vertebral column in a lizard.

It seems clear that the normal tail possesses a latent tendency to

develope outgrowths having the same structure as that which arises in

continuation of the main axis after an accidental or reflex rupture ; and

moreover that these special growths, whether axial or lateral, have a

latent tendency to branch. But for the present it is not possible to

offer any explanation of these inherent tendencies or of the causes

which from time to time call them into play.

I must express my thanks to Dr. 8. F. Harmer, Superintendent of

the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, for many facilities in

connection with the examination of specimens therein, and to Mr. W.

Bateson, F'.R.S., for infermation on certain points and in connection with

the literature of the subject.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE,

Figs. 1to 6. Mabuiacarinata.—Purely diagrammatic representations

of the arrangement of the scales of the tail in transverse section. The

sections are represented as seen from behind, so that right and left of

the plate are right and left of the sections.

Large scales of the median ventral series shown in black.

Xi sn dorsalis), », shaded.

mtallie ys, », lateral series shown in outline.

1, Specimens A and B. Normal region of tail.

2 +3 5 9» 4» Reproduced region, undivided

proximal portion,

Specimen A. Left branch.

i ey lebedann

By Worsalee

ee icine’,

. Calotes cristatellus. Dorsai surface of extremity of tail,

natural size X about 13.

8. Lacerta muralis. Dorsal surface of left hind leg with tail-

like outgrowth, natural size X about 2.

» 9 Anolis grahame Ventral surfacs, natural size x 14,

ry)

DT ge

690

SPECIBS OF WESTERN PENINSULAR TREES, SHRUBS,

eto., FROM NORTH KANARA, BOMBAY.

By W. A. Tazzsor, F.L.8., Depury Conservator or Forests.

(With Plates XI to XIV.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Sune 14th, 1898.)

MELIAGEZ.

D. ctanputosum, Tatb., Syst. List of Trees, etc., p, 89. Bile devdari,

bili budlige, K. (Plate XI.)

A very large tree. Leaves 12 in. ; petioles angled, 4-6 in. ; leaflets

about 9, sub-opposite or alternate, ovate, elliptic-lanceolate, shortly

acuminate, sometimes slightly falcate, coriaceous, puberulous when

young, glabrescent in age, pale and strongly nerved beneath, lateral

nerves 10-20 pairs, with hollow, ciliate glands in the axils; blade 2-9

by 1°5-3 in.; petiolules short, *25 in. Inflorescence in axillary, 4-8

in. puberulous panicles, often crowded near the ends of the branches,

upper branches very short, lower much longer. Flowers small, °25 in,

long, white, sweetly scented, hermaphrodite, shortly pedicelled, pedi-

cels '10-°25 in., slender. Calyx 4-lobed nearly to the hase, lobes acute

or obtuse. Petals 4, broad, reflexed in flower, slightly imbricate in the

4-angled bud, *25 in. long, pubescent on the outside. Staminal

column tubular-urceolate, somewhat 4-angled, mouth crenulate ;

anthers 8, included. Disk cup-shaped, equalling or 4 the ovary,

erenulate and ciliate on the margin. Ovary 4-celled, white, tomentose ;

style equalling the staminal column; stigma capitate, just exserted.

Fruit globose, or obovoid, 2-2°5 in. in diameter, bright yellow, tuber-

cled, verrucose, and with the 4 sutural lines distinct; seeds 3-4, large,

angular, with a dark brown, smooth testa and green cotyledons.

North Kanara and probably the Konkan in evergreen forests from

the sea-level upwards to 2,000 ft., common in many of the “ kans”

near Yellapore. A large or very large tree with a cylindrical stem.

Trunks which yielded over 350 cubic feet of timber were not uncom-

mon near Yellapore in North Kanara. Flowers during the latter end

of January and February. Fruit ripe during May and June. _

Bark light-coloured, exfoliating in large scales, mostly breaking off

from below, exposing underneath a peridermic layer covered with

Se ee oe ee ee ee a =

g oaieveneges tReet Aen

E. Talbot Delt.

PLATE ¥L

avenaat ee ga

ania DEOET

(sed paptiotl

S er

{ i

Lith: by Chitra Silpi CS.

E. Talbot Delt.

ee x. ae

A “ge

{it

‘New Chitra, Silpi C2lith,

EL Talbot del,

aos) sy

-PSYCHOTRIA CANARENSIS,Talb.

bay Mat. Hist Soc. VaL.XL PLATR Xt.

Ss * Fe

VERNONIA ORNATA, Talb.Sp. nov.

Sa gee ee

E a a ed

co Misc Ne

seals v c

“SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR TREES, SHRUBS, &c. 694

isolated groups of corky tissue ; inner bark of alternate layers of

yellow (hard bast) and thin white (soft bast) tissue. Green and reddish

parenchyma are present in old trees. Wood moderately hard, yellow-

ish. Med. rays fine, numerous. Pores medium and small, equally

distributed. Annual rings distinct. Wood possesses a strong cedar-

like smell when freshly cut, and polishes with a fine satin lustre.

Weight 40lbs to the eub. ft. Logs decay rather slowly on exposure.

Wood used for building purposes in North Kanara but is not in great

demand ; would do for cigar boxes, tea cases, etc., but the supply is

limited.

RUBIACER,

P. CANARENSIS, Talb., Syst. List Bomb. Trees, etc., p. 1138. (Plate XZ.)

A small erect shrub with smooth branches. Leaves ovate, obovate, or

lanceolate, acute, attenuate at the base, thin, nearly glabrous, minutely

punctate and pale beneath ; lateral nerves 8 pairs, distinctly looping

within the margin ; blade 2-5 by -5-1°75 in. ; petiole 0-°25 in. long.

Stipules short, acute, caducous. Cymes few or many flowered, niostly

terminal, 1-3 in. long, branches opposite or verticellate, slender, as

long as or longer than the peduncle. Flowers small, sessile. Bracts

and bracteoles minute, linear, caducous. Calyx short, tubular, 4-

toothed, Corolla white, tubular or slightly funnel-shaped, about °12

in. long, limb with 4 spreading or reflexed lobes, mouth of the corolla

hairy within. Stamens at the mouth of the tube ; filaments very short.

Ovary 4-lobed ; style as long as the corolla tube. Fruit ovoid, curved,

black, shining, ridged, about °5 in. long, crowned with the toothed

calyx. Seeds ridged along the back, ventrally flat ; albumen equable.

Fairly common in the forests near the falls of Gairsoppah in North

Kanara. Flowers during the rainy season, Fruit ripe during Decem-

ber and January.

ComPosiTa, »

VERNONIA ORNATA, Talb., sp. nov. (Plate XIII.)

A stout handsome flowered herb, 2-4 ft. high. Branches striate, glab-

rous or pubescent. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,

gradually narrowed into the petiole, distinctly and strongly serrate,

membranous, sparsely hairy above and beneath, midrib strong beneath,

lateral nerves about 8 pairs, distinct, blade 6-4 by 2-1°25 in.; petiole

692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT,

25 in, or 0, Heads 5-75 in. across, inbracteate, axillary or terminal

slender corymbs longer or shorter than the leaves ; peduncles slender,

about 1 in. long. ‘Involucral bracts linear, acute, apiculate or obtuse,

dark coloured and hairy towards the tips on the outside ; glabrous,

silvery shining within, gradually becoming ovateand smaller outwards ;

receptacle pubescent. Corolla *3 in. long, pink, glabrous or glandular

pubescent. Akenes glabrous or hairy, ‘2 in. long, slender, distinctly

and strongly 10-ribbed ; pappus longer than the invol. bracts, reddish ;

hairs barbellate, outer very short.

This handsome plant is very common in the forests near the falls of

Gairsoppab, I have never seen it elsewhere. As it could not be

matched either at Kew or Calcutta [| have named it asabove. It comes

in my opinion near V. pectiniformis, DC. It flowers throughout the

cold season.

HBENACES.

Diospyros crumENATA, Thw., Enum. 179; Fl. Br. 1, 8, 567 ;

Bedd., Fl. Syl., 145. Vernacular name, Kan tumr, K. (Plate XIV.)

A very large tree. Leaves ovate, bluntly acuminate, coriaceous,

glabrous, shining beneath, drying brown ; midrib and venation con-

spicuous ; blade 8-6 by 2-1'25 in., petiole ‘5 in. long. Male fl. 5 in:

long, in small, peduncled, deflexed, 3-5 flowered cymes, cyme branches

°2 in. long. Calyx tubular, tomentose, lobes 4, shallow, teeth acute.

Corolla tubular, silky, tomentose, lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 12,

glabrous ; anthers apiculate. Female fl. axillary, articulated on a very

thick, short peduncle ; peduncle *25 in. long, pubescent at the top.

Calyx large, °75 in, across, tube short, lobes deeply plicate, accrescent

in fruit. Ovary hairy, 4-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; stigmas 4; staminodes

6-8, glabrous, acuminate. Fruit globose, 2-2°5 in. in diameter, rather

obscurely 4-ridged at the apex ; calyx accrescent, forming a thick

woody quadrangular cup, about 1°25 in, wide ; peduncle thick, short,

woody ; seeds large, about 1 in. long, ovoid, flattened, wedge-shaped,

immersed in white stringy pulp ; testa shining brown ; albumen rumi-

nated.

A very large tree with a cylindrical trunk 100-150 ft. high, and

4-5 ft. in diameter at the base. Bark thin, scaly, cinerous, Wood

;

SPECIES OF WESTERN PENINSULAR TREES, SHRUBS, &:. 693

reddish, close-grained, tough, hard. Pores few, medium-sized. Me-

dullary rays numerous, very fine, transverse bars indistinct. No ebony

heart-wood. Weight 54]bs. to the cubic foot. Wounds in the trunk

caused by broken branches or cutting instruments rapidly turn very

black. D. pruriens and some other species of Diospyros act ina similar

manner, locally forming a kind of black ebony-like wood.

This tree is common in North Kanara in the evergreen forests

between the Gairsoppah and Dodmune Ghats. It flowers and fruits

during the hot season, March-May. Flowering specimens sent to Kew

were doubtfully referred to D. crumenata, Thw.; but specimens sent to

Dr, Prain in Calcutta were declared to be exactly similar to those of

D. crumenata, from Ceylon. As this tree is an addition to the flora of

Bombay, I have described and figured it in this journal.

694

A NOTE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF SIKHIM.

By H. J. Ewes, £.R.s.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on June 14th, 1898).

In Mr. Dudgeon’s Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim to which

some notes of mine are added, I find he hag adopted from Dr. Waddell

in the Gazetteer of Sikhim, what I consider to be a very unnatural and

misleading zoological sub-division of that part of the Himalayas.

In my Oatalogue of the Butterflies of Sikhim, published in the

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1888, pages

269-465, I made the observations quoted below, which have probably

been overlooked by Mr. Dudgeon, but as no one has, in the nineteen

years which have elapsed since I first wrote on the subject, so far as

I know, attempted to controvert those views, I think that if Mr.

Dudgeon does not agree to their being applicable to Moths as they are

to Mammals, Birds and Butterflies he should give his reasons. Now

that the genera of Indian Heterocera—which, when I wrote, were in a

state of absolute chaos—are to some extent put on a sound basis by

Sir G. Hampson, it would be possible to analyse them, in order to see how

far their geographical distribution falls into line with that of other orders.

‘‘The Hastern Himalayas have been divided by Hodgson (see

‘‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1835) into three zones

“of elevation, each of which has a very distinct fauna and flora ;

“and, when writing on the distribution of Asiatic birds (Proc. Zool.

‘“Soc., 1873, p. 65), I showed that these three zones are perfectly

“‘ characteristic of three different zoological provinces. The lower or

‘“tropical zone extending up to about 5,000 feet, which is inhabited

“by plants, birds and insects characteristic of the Jndo-Malay region.

“The middle or temperate zone from 5,000 up to about 10 or 12,000

“feet, which, though mostly of a subtropical character, is largely

““»yeopled by birds, plants, and insects peculiar to the mountainous

“region extending from Kashmir to Sumatra and Formosa, which

‘““T then christened the Himalo-Chinese subregion. Thirdly, the

“alpine zone, above 12,000 feet, which belongs to and is inhabited

“by forms peculiar to or characteristic of the Palzearctic region.”

“ But, though the distribution of Lepidoptera is very similar to that

* birds, yet many of the genera as at present recognised are much

oe ee

THE ZOOLOGICAL DIVISIONS OF SIKHIM, 695

*“more cosmopolitan in their range, and I do not find that the middle

“‘ zone contains anything like the same proportion of peculiar species

“or genera of Lepidoptera in proportion to the lower one, as it does

‘in the case of birds and plants. I also notice that the upper zone,

‘especially in the outer hills, where the rainfall is much heavier

“than in the interior, is much poorer both in abundance and variety

‘of species than might be expected from its great extent and

‘elevation, and from the great number and variety of species which

“are found in the adjoining regions of Turkestan and China. This,

“however, may be accounted for by the extreme moisture of the

“climate, and the prevalence of rain and mist during the summer

* or rainy season, which lasts almost without intermission from May

“till October. It is also probable that a better knowledge of the

“drier valleys and mountains of the interior at an elevation of

“9—14,000 ft. will add many new species to the few which we at

“present have obtained through our native collectors, as it must

“be remembered that no Huropean has hitherto collected insects

“systematically ata higher elevation than 12,000 ft. in the Hastern

“Himalayas, and that the interior valleys are as yet practically

“untouched.” (lL. c., pp. 272, 273.) |

696

ON AFRIDIA, A NEW GENUS OF LABIATA FROM THE

NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF INDIA.

By J. F. Durnin, F.1.5.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on June 14th, 1898.)

Afridia, nov. gen. Calyx tubular, fifteen-nerved, slightly curved ;

mouth oblique, entire. Corolla-tube slender towards the base,

exserted, without a ring of hairs within ; limb two-lipped ; posterior or

upper lip erect, concave, bifid ; lower spreading, 3-fid.; middle

lobe larger than the laternal ones, concave, bifid. Stamens four, nearly

equal, ascending beneath the posterior lip, exserted or included, the

posterior pair slightly overtopping the front pair ; anthers two-celled,

iobes diverging, and at length divaricate. Disk deeply divided into

four equal lobes. Style included or exserted, bifid ; lobes subulate,

nearly equal. Nutlets obovoid, minutely tuberculate ; areole at the

base Y-shaped. Suffruticose with many branching stems. Flowers

in densely packed verticillasters forming compact terminal spikes, or

with the lower clusters more or less interrupted. Corolla pale yellow

tinged with lilac.

Afridia nepetceformis, nov. sp. Whole plant more or less hoary-

pubescent. Stems 1 to 2 feet high. Tieaves shortly petioled, 4 to 2

inches long by $ to 1 inch broad, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse,

cordate, margin crenate, rugose on upper surface, veins beneath promi-

nent. Lower bracts leaflike ; bracteoles shorter than the calyx, ovate,

acute or acuminate, three-nerved, membranous. Calyx reddish-purple,

clothed with spreading hairs. Corolla hairy outside. Filaments with

spreading hairs towards their bases.

Fine specimens of both forms of this interesting plant were recently

obtained during the Tirah expedition by Inayat Khan, the head plant-

collector of the Botanical Department of Northern India, at elevations

between 4,500 and 8,500 feet above the sea. This plant was first dis-

covered by Dr. Griffith in Afghanistan at about the time of the first

Afghan War. Ihave not seen Griffith’s specimens, but his No, 4060 is

quoted by Dr. Aitchison as identical with his Kurram valley specimens

collected in 1880. In his report on the “ Flora of the Kurram

Volley,” Aitchison refers to it under his No. 648 as “ Nepeta sp.”

A NEW GENUS OF LABIATZ, 697

Some additional material was obtained from the Kurram yalley some

few years afterwards by Harsukh, another plant-collector belonging to

the Botanical Department,

Afridia is most nearly related to Nepeta, differing from that genus

by the absence of calyx-teeth.

It may be mentioned that the form with small included stamens has

shorter and more congested flowering spikes than in the form with

exserted stamens; also that the anther-lobes of the former remain

confluent.

A plate representing both forms is being prepared, and will shortly be

published in the “ Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.”

698

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

PART III,

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.z.8., F.E.S.

(Continued from page 462 of this Vol.)

2810a. BLEPTINA MIMICA, n. sp.

&. Antenne bipectinate ; forewing with vein 10 given off beyond

the areole. Differs from B. hadenalis in the structure of the antenne

only.

Habitat—Sikhim, Eup. 34mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2815. Bxieprina OCHRACEALIS trans. ad. NopARIA after EXTERNALIS.

& with the ground-colour grey-brown.

2817a. BLEPTINA FIGURATA, n. sp.

&. Head and thorax black-brown ; palpi largely ochreous ; abdo-

men fuscous, pale at base and middle and banded with black. Fore-

wing with the basal and outer areas black, the medial area ochreous-

brown ; fine ante- and post-medial black lines, parallel to the margins of

ochreous area, the former nearly evenly curved, the latter dentate out-

wards below costa, very strongly dentate on veins 3 and 4, then incurved

to below angle of cell ; a black spot in cell and discocellular lunule

with white lunule beyond it and slight black suffusion before it ; an

indistinct waved submarginal line with ochreous striga at costa; a

marginal series of black lunules. Hindwing fuscous with traces of

medial and submarginal lines, a marginal series of black lunules and

pale patch at anal angle ; underside with black spots in, at end of,

and beyond cell, and crenulate postmedial and submarginal lines.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 32mm. Zype.—In British Museum.

2819a. BLEPTINA IMPURALIS, n. sp.

Palpi of male recurved over head, the third joint tufted with hair ;

fore tibiee with a sheath; forewing with the costal fold narrow.

Head and thorax reddish-brown ; tufts on palpi blackish; abdomen

fuscous. Forewing rufous with a fuscous tinge to the postmedial line,

the outer area fuscous, indistinct waved antemedial, medial, and

post-medial lines, the last excurved round the cell; a white speck with

black scales round it in cell ; reniform whitish with blackioutline and

\ THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 699

ae an irregularly waved whitish submarginal line ; a marginal

series (of black points. Hindwing blackish, with indistinct sinuous

medial line defined by whitish ; a crenulate submarginal white line ;

)

a marginal series of black points ; underside with black point in cell

and discocellular lunule ; crenulate postinedial and submarginal lines

defined, by whitish.

Habiiat.—Sikhim (Dudgeon); Khasis. Z'ype.—In British Museum,

2831a, MAsTIGOPHORUS PICTICILIA, n. sp.

Q. Head and thorax yellow-brown ; abdomen darker ; base of palpi,

thorax and abdomen below, fiery-red. Forewing olive yellow-brown,

irrorated with dark scales ; costa fiery-red ; waved subbasal and ante-

medial red lines; a pale speck in cell and large obscure pale reniform

stigma, often with two black specks on it ; two sinuous postmedial brown-

ish lines witk a more or less developed pale-edged deep black lunule on

them below vein 2; an irregularly sinuous. submarginal line. Hind-

wing fuscous, the anal area yellow-brown, irrorated with fuscous ; both

wings with the veins of outer area streaked with fiery-red; a marginal

series of black spesks ; cilia fuscous at base, crimson at tips.

fabitat.—Khasis. Hep. 54mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2833a, MAsTIGOPHOROUS PERDENTALIS, 0. sp.

@. Head and thorax black-brown, palpi fringed with ochreous hair

on third jomt ; abdomen fuscous-black. Forewing dull purplish, the costal

and. outer areas fuscous, a black point near base of cell; traces of an

erect antemedial line hent inwards to costa; a large deep black dis-

coidal lunule, squarely truncate at top, defined by a brown line and

extending just below angle of cell; a highly dentate postmedial black

line, defined by grey, oblique from costa to vein 4, then incurved ; a

grey submarginal line, straight from costa to vein 6, strongly angled

inwards above vein 5, then excurved, and from vein 2 to inner margin

dentate. Hindwing fuscous with indistinct black discoidal lunules; a

medial line oblique to vein 4, then dentate ; indistinct submarginal

dentate line ; both wings with marginal series of black Junules and pale

line at base of cilia. Underside grey irrorated with black; forewing

with black spot in cell and curved postmedial line ; hindwing with spot

in cell, discocellular lunule and dentate postmedial and submarginal

lines.

Habitat.—Khasis, Lap. 386 mm. Type.—In British Muses~

19 ;

700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

2835. Masricopnorvs (?) puBIUS is a HyrEna allied to 2942)

H. DENTICULATA, Moore.

Genus TRILOPHONOTA, nov.

Type.—T. CHRULILINEATA, Hampson.

Range.—Assam.

Palpi upturned, the second joint thickly scaled and reaching above

vertex of head, the third short and blunt ; antennz ciliated ; abdomen

with three large dorsal tufts. Forewing with the outer margin evenly

curved ; vein 7 from angle of cell; 8-9-10 stalked. Hindwing with

vein 5 from close to lower angle of cell ; 6-7 from upper angle,

2839a, TRILOPHONOTA CHRULILINEATA, 0. sp. |

&. Black-brown. Forewing with waved metallic-blue subbasal

ante- and post-medial lines, the last

excurved round cell , diffused

sinuous subbasal, medial and sub-

marginal blacker bands, the last

angled below costa and at middle ;

a black spot in esll and two white

discocellular spots; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing

pale, slightly or deeply suffused with fuscous; a marginal series

Trilophonota ceerulilineata 6 f.

of black specks; underside with discocellular spot and curved post-

medial line.

Habitat—Khasis. Hep. 20mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2840c. FALCIMALA SaGITTIFERA, n. sp. (Pl. A, Fig. 5.).

®. Fuscous and grey. Forewing with the basal half suffused _

with purplish-red ; two black marks on basal part of costa, the second

giving rise to a sinuous grey line with some dark scales on its outer

edge, the purplish area bounded by a sinuous black and grey line

with a fuscous line parallel to its inner edge ; outer area grey-brown,

with a V-shaped black mark beyond the cell in a sinus of the

very indistinct postmedial line ; some white specks on costa towards

apex ; an irregularly dentate pale submarginal line with blackish

mark on its inner edge below costa, angled inwards above vein 3,

and with the area beyond it fuscous; a marginal series fe black points.

Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Kup. 22mm, Type.—

'* Museum.

eo a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 701

2854a. NopARIA PLANILINEA, 0. sp.

Differs from WV. errecta in being grey-brown. Fcrewing with the

antemedial line slightly curved, not angled below costa; the discocellu-

lar Junule larger ; the postmedial line more excurved beyond cell and

less oblique towards inner margin. Hindwing with the ground-colour

grey-brown.

Habitat.--Sikhim ; Khasis.s Exp. 3 30; 9 84mm. Type—In

British Museum.

2866a. NoDARIA MACULIPEX, n. sp.

d. Grey-brown. Forewing withirregularly waved antemedial line ;

a discocellular lunule ; the postmedial line oblique and stronger from

costa to vein 6, then crenulate and slightly bent inwards at vein 2; a

white submarginal line slightly incurved at costa ; defined by blackish on

inner side, the area beyond it whitish, suffused with fuscous, with a pro-

minent black apical spot; a fine black marginal line. Hindwing with

discocellular lunule and waved medial line; the marginal area as on

forewing, but terminating on the margin at vein 2, and with no apical

spot. —

Habitat —Khasis. Lap. 22mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2868a. NoDaRIA SIMPLEX, n. sp.

_ Antennz of male slightly knotted and contorted at middle; fore

tibize with the sheath covering the first joint of tarsus only. Pale,

suffused with yellowish-brown and slightly tinged with fuscous.

Forewing with curved antemedial line; a large, very prominent

black discocellular Junule ; the positmedial line oblique from costa

to beyond cell, when it is obtusely angled, erect from vein 2 to

inner margin; an irregularly sinuous whitish submarginal line

with fuscous suffusion on its imner edge and angled outwards

below costa and at middle; a marginal series of black points.

Hindwing paler, with indistinct antemedial, medial and waved post-

medial lines, the last with blackish spot above anal angle; a marginal

black line ; underside with prominent discocellular lunule and waved

medial and postmedial lines.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exvp.24mm. Type—In British Museum.

2869a. NoDARIA PERUMBROSA, n. sp.

Black-brown. Forewing with waved antemedial line defined by

brown ; reniform large and dull brown ; an irregularly sinuous post-

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

medial line defined by brown and excurved below costa and lower

angle of cell ; an indistinct sinuous pale submarginal line excurved

below costa, and with a pale patch on it above middle; a marginal

series of black lunules, Hindwing and abdomen fuscous ;

underside with discocellular lunule and indistinct medial and sub-

marginal lines.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 35 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2873a. NODARIA PERDENTALIS, 0. sp.

$. Antenne of male strongly knotted at middle. Ochreous-brown

irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with indistinct very highly crenulate

antemedial line ; two indistinct discocellular specks ; a broad straight

fuscous submarginal line arising from a black spot at apex ; a fine black

marginal line and two lines through the cilia. Hindwing paler, with

ochreous-hrown and black irroration below vein 2; an indistinct disco-

cellular speck ; postmedial and submarginal lines angled on vein 2 and

obsolete towards costa, the latter broad and prominent ; a black marginal

line.

Habitat. —Khasis. Erp. 38mm. Type.—In British Museum.

28756. CATADA POSTMEDIA, 0. sp.

Differs from C. rasals in the second line of the forewing being medial,

erect, and slightly excurved at middle to near the discocellular black

lunule, which is placed beyond it, instead of oblique from costa and

strongly bent outwards round the lunule ; the area before the medial

lines slightly suffused with fuscous. Hindwing whitish, with discocellular

Innule and medial line angled outwards beyond it ; a submarginal line _

ending on margin at vein 2, and marginal line as in C. rasalis.

FHabitat.— Ceylon (Green), Hap.12 mm. Type—In British Museum.

C. rasalis is known from Dharmsala, Bhutan, Khasis; not Ceylon.

2875c. CATADA UMBROSA, Na. sp.

Differs from C. postmediain the forewing being more uniform bce

with the irregular submarginal line defined outwardly by whitish.

Hindwing fuscous without markings ; cilia greyish.

Habitat —Dharmsala (Hocking) ; Ceylon (Green). zp. : 20; 2

22 mm,

2875d. CATADA TAU-SIGNA, 0. Sp.

&. Differs from C. wmbrosa in being fuscous instead of brownish ;

the medial line strongly angled outwards on vein 1; the discoidal

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 703

stigma &- shaped, its leg joined to medial line; a marginal series of

white points.

The Bhutan specimen is fuscous, with the area between the antemedial

and medial lines whitish, the whitish edging of the submarginal line only

showing. The Khasi specimens are greyer, uniformly irrorated with

fuscous.

Habitat.—Bhutan (Dudgeon) ; Khasis, Hap. 20-22 mm. Type.—

In British Museum.

2877a. CATADA FASCIATA, 1. sp.

Forewing with vein 10 arising from 11. 9. Pale red-brown;

palpi with the first joint and the extremities of the second and

third black; distal half of abdomen blackish. Forewing with

traces of fine waved antemedial and medial lines; black specks in

cell and on discocellulars ; a broad postmedial red-brown band edged

by black lines, angled inwards and obsolescent towards costa; some

black points on costa towards apex; ashort oblique black streak from

apex ending in a black spot; a very prominent medial submarginal

black spot sending a black fascia to extremity of cilia; a marginal

series of points. Hindwing with medial red-brown band edged by waved

black lines, the area beyond it irrorated and mostly suffesed with black,

with obscure crenulate submarginal line with blackish patch at middle,

emitting a fascia to extremity of cilia. Underside fuscous except base of

hindwing. i.

Hiabitat.—Khasis. Lxvp.20 mm. Type—In British Museum.

2883a. CATADA LOPHONOTA, 0. sp.

Fore tibize of male tufted with hair ; abdomen with three dorsal tufts,

Brown, strongly irrorated and suffused with black. Forewing with

oblique slightly sinuous ochreous subbasal and antemedial lines defined by

black lines on outer side; a diffused medial black line with prominent

black discocellular lunule beyond it ; a smuous ochreous postmedial

line defined by a black line on inner side, excurved at middle, and

slightly angled at veins 6 and 4, Hindwing with medial black line ;

a postmedial nearly straight ochreous line defined by a black line

on inner side; both wings with diffused irregular submarginal line ;

a marginal series of black Iunules and fine ochreous line.

Aabitat.—Khasis. ELxvp.18 mm. Type.— In British Museum.

704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

Genus PSEUDCRASPEDIA, noy.

Type.—P. puncrata, Hampson.

Range.—Sikhim.

Palpi upturned, the second joint smooth, slender, and reaching just above

c vertex of head, the third short and: blunt ;

ea ee antennze of female almost simple. Fore-

wing narrow, the apex produced, and outer

margin oblique ; veins 3 and 4 shortly stalked ;

Pseudcraspedia punctata, 5 from above angle; 7, 8,9, 10 stalked; 11

2 or from cell, Hindwing with veins 3 and 4

shortly stalked ;5 from near middle of discocellulars ; 6 and 7 on a long

stalk.

28865. PsEUDCRASPEDIA PUNCTATA, 0. sp.

Q@. Grey-brown; palpi tinged with black. Forewing with six

black spots on costa, which is whitish ; a black spot below middle of cell,

one beyond middle of discocellulars, another beyond upper angle and

one on vein 1, these last three with the last costal spot forming an oblique

postmedial series ; basal and subbasal crimson spots on inner margin,

and a crimson spot in cell. Hindwing with black and red spot near

base of inner margin. Both wings with faint waved red medial, post-

medial and submarginal lines, and a marginal series of black points.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Hep. 14 mm, Type.—

In British Museum.

2889a, OLULIS ABSIMILIS, n. sp.

Q. Head and thorax ochreous, mixed with-dark brown ; abdomen

pinkish. Forewing ochreous irrorated with dark brown and fuscous ;

a fuscous patch on costa near base followed by a black speck ; a very

oblique antemedial dark line with some fuscous beyond its costal half ;

an indistinct black-edged attenuate reniform stigma ; the postmedial

line black-edged, minutely waved, excurved beyond cell and bent

outwards to inner margin ; a nearly straight submarginal line sinuous

below vein 2 ; a prominent series of black points just inside the margin ;

a marginal brown line. Hindwing pink ; a fine marginal brown line ;

cilia whitish ; underside with discocellular point ; oblique postmedial

line and series of points just inside the margin.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp, 26mm. Type.~—In British Museum.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 705

2889). TALAPA CONFLUENS, 0. Sp.

Antenne of male bipectinate. Dark brown, irrorated with blue-grey

scales. Forewing with oblique antemedial dark line acutely angled

below costa ; a black discoce!lular lunule and traces of a medial line ;

two oblique postmedial lines filled in with rufous and converging towards

inner margin, the outer line from near apex strong-and defined outwardly

by blue-grey ; an indistinct minutely waved submarginal line obtusely

angled at middle and with no blue-grey irroration between it and

the postmedial line; afine crenulate marginal line. Hindwing similar,

the bijue-grey irroration confined towards the anal angle ; the double

postmedial line obsolete towards costa.

Habitat.—Khasis, Hvp.44mm. Type.—In British Museum.

Genus PLUMIPALPIA, nov.

Type.—P. LigNicotor, Hampson.

Range.—North-West Himalayas,

Palpi obliquely upturned, the second and third joints fringed with

long hair above, the second

about three times the third,

about the length of head ;

frons with conical tuft ; an-

tenne of male bipectinate,

Plumipalpia lignicolor, & 4.

the terminal portion simple ;

metathorax with tuft of scales. Forewing with raised tufts of scales,

long and narrow, the apex rectangular; veins 8 and 9 anastomosing to

form the areole. Hindwing with the outer margin obtusely angled at

vein 2; vein 5 from near lower angle of cell, 5-4 and 5-6 from angles.

2894a. PLUMIPALPIA LIGNICOLOR, nN. sp.

—@. Pale yellowish-brown ; palpi blackish; patagia fringed with

ferruginous. Forewing with the costal area suffused with purplish-

brown; a tuft of raised black scales in middle of cell and another below

origin of vein 2, with two short lines from it to inner margin; a few

black scales on inner area, and an oblique submarginal fine ochreous

streak defined by black below vein 2; a subapical black speck and

marginal series of specks. Hindwing fuscous-brown, the cilia paler.

Habitat —Kasauli, North-West Alimalayas. Exp. 36mm. Type.

—In British Museum.

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1.

Genus ScHISTORHYNX, noy.

Type.—S. ARGENTISTRIGA, Hampson.

Range.—Assam.

Palpi oblique, the second joint moderate, the third twice its length,

the two joints

fringed above

with long hair

to near apex of

third joint and

forming a fork

with the apex; a

Schistorhynx argentistriga, & 3

sharp frontal

tuft ; antenne of male with bristles and cilia ; thorax with dorsal tuft ;

forelegs with tuft of long hair from joint of coxa and femur ; fore and

hind tibi fringed with spinous hair. Forewing with the costa arched

towards apex, which is somewhat produced, the outer margin rounded ;

veins 7 and 10 from the areole which is formed by 8 anastomosing with 9.

Hindwing with veins 3-4 and 6-7 from angles of cell, 5 from just above

angle.

2898. ScHISTORHYNX ARGENTISTRIGA, N. sp.

Head and thorax purplish-grey ; palpi black-brown at sides ; collar

fringed with black-brown ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing purplish-

grey ; costa brown to beyond middle; some fine brown streaks at

base ; a pale oblique antemedial striga from costa; a wedge-shaped

olive-brown patch from near base of cell to the postmedial line, with

yellowish-white streak in cell conjomed to another beyond the cell, a

similar streak beyond lower angle, these streaks being defined by fine

black lines ; four lines curving from apex towards base of inner margin, —

the two outer ending at vein 2, the others with a yellowish-white streak

above them at base of wing ; two fine marginal lines, and a line through

the cilia. Hindwing fuscous-brown, with indistinct pale postmedial band ;

underside pale, with discocellular lunule and waved postmedial and sub-

marginal line.

Habitat—Khasis. Fxp.42 mm. Type.—In British Museum.

29040. MaARraAPANA COSTIPLAGATA, ND. Sp.

@. Dark purplish red-brown ; palpi with the extreme tips white.

Forewing with orange-red spots at base of costa and before middle, a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 107

larger subtriangular postmedial patch, with three white specks beyond

it ; an oblique double postmedial line from apex of the triangular patch

to middle of inner margin of hindwing ; outer area of both wings paler

red-brown, with a submarginal series of obscure fuscous marks, and

series of black specks just inside the margin ; cilia purplish. Palpi with

the third joint naked ; forewing with vein 10 from areole, the outer

margin excised below apex.

Hahitat—Khasis. Exp. 384mm. Type—tIn British Museum.

2980a. HYPENA OXYDATA, 0. sp.

&é. Differs from A. glaucescens in the forewing being tinged with

greenish-grey, the outer area, except towards costa, bright rufous ; the

antemedial line obscure and waved ; the postmedial line less prominent,,

obtusely angled below costa, then waved and defined with grey, more

strongly towards inner margin. The palpi of these two species are

oblique as in HZ. rectilinea, but with the second joint longer than the

third.

Habitat Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type.—In British Museum.

298la. HyYyPENA DISSIMULANS, 0. sp.

Q. Forewing with the outer margin slightly angled at middle, the

outer angle hooked. Greyish, suffused with pale red-brown. Forewing

irrorated with dark brown and fuscous, black specks in cell aad at upper

angle, faint traces of an antemedial line angled below costa ; a post-

medial line acutely angled below costa, then crenulate to vein 3, and

with more or less developed black marks beyond it in the interspaces,

then very oblique, and defined by a pale outer edge to inner margin ;

submarginal and marginal series of black specks ; a black patch at the

angle of margin sometimes developed. Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 24mm. Type.—tIn British Museum,

2986a. HYPENA IGNIARIA, 0. sp.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen leaden-fuscous ; the end of patagia,

metathorax, and base of abdomen ochreous and fiery-red. Forewing with

the costal area leaden-fuscous; the basal half of wing ochreous, largely

suffused with fiery-red ; a black speck in cell and another at lower angle;

a straight dark medial line, the area bounded by a.crenulate yellowish-

white line bent inwards below cell; outer area leaden-fuscous, broadly

suffused with red below the costal area ; some white specks on costa

towards apex; an irregularly waved double dark submarginal line*with

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X£.

some red on it; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing similar, the -

yellowish-white line bounding the red area angled outwards at middle.

Habitat.—Khéasis. Hap. 24mm. Type.—In British Museum.

2986). HyYPENA PERDRICIPENNIS, 0. sp.

&. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewing purplish-

grey, suffused and very thickly striated with dark brown ; traces of an

olive-yellow diffused antemedial line and a similar more distinct

obliquely curved postmedial line, sometimes with indistinct series of spots

beyond it in the interspaces; a diffused grey shade from apex of

forewing to inner margin beyond middle. Hindwing dark fuscous ;

both wings with grey line at base of cilia. 9. With the palpi as in

Section I.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp. 32mm. Type—In British Museum.

Genus MrxomEia, nov.

Type.—M. DECIPIENS, Hampson.

Range.—Assan.

Palpi obliquely upturned, the second joint eel forward, fringed

with hair above, and about four

times the length of head, the

third minute; frons rounded ;

antenne of male with bristles

and cilia; fore tibis with a

Mixomelia decipiens $+. sheath containing masses of

flocculent hair covering almost the whole tarsus, abdomen with lateral

tufts of hair. Forewing with vein 7 from cell, 8-9-10 stalked.

Hindwing with veins 3-4 and 6-7 shortly stalked, 5 from near middle

of discocellulars.

2991a. MIxoMBLIA DECIPIENS, 0. sp.

&. Grey-brown ; abdomen dark brown tinged with grey. Forewing

with waved antemedial line bent outwards from below costa to below

cell; a diffused medial brown band from cell to inner margin ; two

discocellular black specks ; a crenulate postmedial line excurved beyond

cell; a crenulate submarginal line angled outwards at middle ; the outer

area suffused with brown except towards costa; a marginal series of

black specks. Hindwing pale, suffused with fuscous beyond lower |

angle of cell; a sinuous medial line and submarginal line angled

outwards to the margin at vein 2; a marginal line ; underside grey

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 709

irorated with brown ; a discocellular speck, medial and submarginal

lines and marginal series of specks.

Habitat. Khasis. Exp. 30mm. Type—In British Museum.

8003a, CHUSARIS METERYTHRINA, nN. sp-

Forewing with vein 10 from the cell. &. Ochreous-brown, irrorated

with fuscous. Forewing with faint traces of oblique antemedial line

angled below costa; two discocellular black spots; an oblique

postmedial line widening and diffused towards costa; an indistinct

slightly curved submarginal line ; a series of black points just inside

the margin. Hindwing bright pink with diffused fuscous on inner

margin ; cilia white.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 24-mm. Type.—In British Museum.

HPIPLEMIDE.

3035. DECETIA NUMICUSARIA, insert var. sinelinca, Warr., Nov. Zool.,

Iv, p. 24.

3040a, Hprptema ARcuATA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, 3, p. 307.

Forewing with outer margin excised from apex to vein 6 and from

6 to 4; hindwing produced to a point at vein 7 and tail at vein 4.

&. Dark red-brown; wings thickly striated with dark brown. Fore-

wing with slight dark discocellular mark ; a postmedial rufous line

slightly angled at vein 6 and strongly at vein 4, defined by a pale

line on outer side ; a fuscous marginal lunate mark, defined by a black

line on inner side from below apex to vein 4. Hindwing with

rufous fascia on median nervure ; a postmedial rufous line defined by

a pale line on outer side, produced to an acute angle on vein 4, and with

an ochreous patch beyond it from vein 4 to anal angle. 2. Much paler

brown.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 6 26; 2 34mm.

8041b. HPIPLEMA RETRACTA, n. sp.

Q. Differs from LE. tenebrosa in the outline of forewing ; the costa and

outer margin with ochreous specks; the antemedial line nearer the

base and strongly angled at middle ; the postmedial line defined by

ochreous and much retracted to costa.

Habitat.—Sikhim (Dudgeon). Hzp.18 mm. Type—In_ British

Museum.

3044, HprpLema moza, insert (syn.) EL piplema flavigutta, Warr.,

A. M,N. H., (6), xvii, p. 231.

710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

3056a. Epiptema FuLVATA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, 3, p. 307.

@. White ; head and thorax tinged with yellow. Forewing with

light brown strize on costal and inner areas; dark antemedial and

medial specks on costa; a large medial black spot above inner margin;

an irregular ili-defined orange band from middle of costa to outer

angle ; orange marks on costa and a patch on outer margin below apex; a

black subapical point. Hindwing with orange patch below base of cell ;

nearly the whole outer half of wing orange, reduced to striz towards

costa; two indistinct postmedial lines, black just below vein 4; a fulvous

marginal line between the tails and black point below lower tail.

Habitat. —Khisis, Exp. 16 mm.

3058. EpIrLeMA BICAUDATA, insert (syn.) Hpiplema fusc?frons,

Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 348.

8060. EPIPLEMA INSTABILATA, insert var. semifulva, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iv, p. 25.

3063d. EpreLema RUFIMARGO, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 849.

Antenne of male bipectinate. Differs from LE. bzeaudata in the whole

outer area of both wings being evenly suffused with rufous without fuscous

patches, but leaving slight white patches towards inner margin of each wing,

Habitat. Sikhim. Hap. 26. mm. |

3063e. EpipLema cLaTHRaTA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ili, p. 347.

&. Forewing with the outer margin indented below apex, excised

to vein 3, the outer angle strongly hooked. Hindwing with the

costa excised at middle, with tufts of scales before and after the exci-

sion; the outer margin produced to points at veins 3, 6, and 7;

veins 4 and 5 absent; the inner area with a fold and tuft of hair.

Grey-brown; frons black. Forewing with antemedial and postmedial

pale lines, the former angled at middle, the latter excurved beyond cell,

then incurved, black patches separated by the pale veins on outer side of

former and inner side of latter ; two brown subapical specks and a curved

line on inner side of the excision. Hindwing with pale antemedial line,

with a dark fascia from base to its very acute angle on vein 3; a black

band interrapted by the pale veins on its outer edge; the postmedial

pale line excurved at vein 8 and obsolete below 2, with a brown band

on itsinner side interrupted by the pale veins ; a submarginal fine dark

line between the tails and points above and below lower tail.

Habitat.—Khasis. Erp. 20 mm.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 711

30637. Epretema casranea, Warr., A. M.N.H., (6) xviii, p. 231.

Forewing with the outer margin produced to a point at vein 7, then

deeply excised to vein 3 ; hindwing with the costa excised at middle, with

tufts of hair before and after the sinus; the outer margin produced to a

tail at vein 4 and points at veins 3 and 10 ; veins 2, 5, 6, 7, the discocel-

lulars, and upper margin of cell absent ; a fold on inner area containing

a tuft of long hair ; antennez laminate. 3. Frons black ; head, thorax,

and abdomen dark grey ; wings grey, with fine dark strie. Forewing

with a broad medial purple-brown band bounded by dark brown lines,

the inner slightly angled on subcostal and median nervures, the outer

angled on veins 7 and 3, then excised to vein 1; a dark brown

marginal line at the sinus ; some fuscous suffusion near outer angle.

Hindwing with broad medial purple-brown band, bordered on inner side

by an oblique brown line, on outer side bya line angled on vein 16;

some ferruginous suffusion on margin between veins 2 and 10,

Hubitat.-—Khasis. Exp. 28 mm.

3069a. Diraves HEpPAticaTa, Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p. 845,

¢@. Dark purplish grey-brown. Forewing with pale medial line

acutely angled at middle ; an almost straight and erect postmedial line,

the area between the two very dark brown ; a subapical black speck and

brown lines on margin and base of cilia. Hindwing with pale ante-

medial line angled at middle, and curved sinuous fostmedial line

defined by brown, the former on outer side, the latter on inner; some

leaden stffusion near the lower tail, and a black and white speck below

it; a fine leaden marginal line on a brown band.

Habitat. Khasis. Hep. 16 mm.

3069). DirapEs ampicua, Warr., A. M. N. H., (6), xviii, p. 230.

Hindwing of male with no fold and tuft of hair on inner margin or

tufts on costa ; the tails at veins 7 and 4 well developed; venation

normal, ¢. Pale grey; frons black ; wings irrorated with fuscous.

Forewing with obscure almost medial line highly excurved below

costa ; the postmedial line more distinct and rufous, highly excurved

between veins 7 and 3, then incurved to vein 1; a curved series of

four submarginal black specks on fuscous suffusion below apex. Hind-

‘wing with obscure antemedial line ; a sinuous postmedial line oblique

from costa to vein 4; some rufous on margin, and a black speck at

base of each tail. .2. Darker grey.

712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Habitat. —Khasis. Exp. 6 20; 9 24mm.

3073a, GATHYNIA PERNIGRATA, Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p. 350.

(Pl. A, Fig. 24.)

&. Hindwing with only one median nervule, veins 2, 4, and 5 being

absent. Pale and dark brown, thickly irrorated and striated with black.

Forewing with ground-colour of costal half pale, of inner half rufous ;

some pale patches on costa ; oblique, sinuous, ante- and postmedial lines

not reaching costa, rather near together, and with leaden grey suffusion

between them ; a short oblique black subapical streak with black marks

below it. Hindwing with the inner area white ; a white spot in cell ;

traces of a curved black medial line ; a highly dentate submarginal line,

with leaden grey suffusion beyond it from vein 7 towards anal angle.

Habitat.—Khasis; Ceylon. Eup. 22-28 mm.

GEOMETRIDA.

3087a, URAPTERYX CONVERGENS, Warr., Noy. Zool., iv, p. 75.

Gah ey lng, 25)

Q. White. Forewing with fuscous blotches on basal part of costa ;

a very oblique irregular subbasal blotch extending to middle of sub-

median interspace; a fascia on basal three-fourths of vein 1 and

another on inner margin; an oblique band, conjoined to a discocel-

lular patch which reaches costa, from costa before middle to outer

angle, where it is jommed by a postmedial band, a submarginal

triangular band of conjomed spots ending below vein 2; a marginal

band from below apex to vein 2. Hindwing with fuseous fasciee

on median nervure and vein 1, the former joined on vein 2 by an

oblique medial band with spot below it; a bisinuate postmedial line

with fuscous specks beyond its costal portion ; a series of fine marginal

spots ; cilia brown,

Habitat.—Simla. Lap. 54 mm.

2088. SItRINOPTERYX RUFIVINCTATA, insert var. ?¢nterfuscata,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 122.

The interspaces of both wings suffused with fuscous, except below the

cell and basal part of vein 2 of forewing and in and below cell of hindwing ,

Genus SCHISTOPHYLE,

Schistophyle, Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p, 101 (1896).

i a

——

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 713

Range.—Assam.

Type.—S. Fatcirera, Warren.

Palpi upturned, reaching above vertex of head, the second and_ third

joints fringed with scales in front ; antenna of female simple. Fore-

wing with the costa arched near base ; the apex produced and acute ;

vein 3 from before angle of cell; 7, 8,9 stalked from long before

upper angle ; 10 absent ; 11 anastomosing with 12. Hindwing with

vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 7 from before upper angle ; 8

connected with 7 by an oblique bar.

3092a. ScHISTOPHYLE FALCIFERA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 101.

@. Yellowish-white, thickly irrorated with orange-red; abdomen

dorsally suffused with fuscous on

medial segments. Forewing with the

costa red-brown, broadly so towards

apex ; an antemedial brown line very

acutely angled below costa; both

Schistophyle faleifera, 2 wings with discocellular brown point:

a strong brown band from costa of forewing before apex to middle of inner

margin of hindwing; a very highly crenulate submarginal line bent

inwards below vein 3 of each wing ; 2 strong marginal brown line.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp, 36 mm.

3103. TasTA MICACEATA, insert (syn.) Tasta chalybeata, Warr.,

Noy. Zool., iv, p. 76.

3108a¢. Barra particotor, Warr., Nov. Zool. i, p. 128.

Q. Forewing with vein 11 from cell, anastomosing with 12, then with

10, which anastomoses with 8-9. Red-brown ; head, thorax and extremity

of abdomen yellowish-white, basal part of abdomen with dark segmental

lines. Forewing with large basal whitish patch irrorated with fuscous

and defined by a purplish line angled below costa ; a rounded apical

whitish patch irrorated with fuscous and defined by a dark edge; the rest

of wings lightly irrorated with fuscous. Cilia purplish ; hindwing with

small basal fuscous-irrorated whitish patch ; a discocellular black speck ;

a crenulate purplish-fuscous postmedial line with fuscous-irrorated whit-

ish patch beyond it from vein 6 to inner margin; a b-ack marginal line.

Habitat. —Khasis. Exp. 36 mm.

714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

3119a. CaBERoDES RUFINERVIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 317.

9. Orange-yellow ; head, thorax, and abdomen tinged with red ;

collar edged with fuscous ; wings thickly striated with red. Forewing

with the base of costa fuscous ; a curved fuscous antemedial line ; both

wings with a discocellular speck; a nearly straight oblique prominent

postmedial line, slightly excurved at middle of hindwing ; traces of a

sinuous submarginal red line ; a fine marginal crenulate line.

Habitat.—Khasis. xp. 36 mm.

3120. CABERODES COSTALIS, insert var. intensa, Warr., Noy. Zool.,

iv, p. 120.

Without any of the pink tinge, and with more fuscous irroration.

$132. ScARDAMIA METALLARIA, insert (syn.) Scardamia rectilinea,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 127.

3135, STEGANIA STRIGATA, insert (syn.) Chiasmia radiata, Warr ,

Nov. Zool., iv, p. 82 ; Chiasmia maculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 137.

Var. whiter; forewing with the yellowish subbasal, ante- and

postmedial lines more distinct ; the dark marks reduced to some patches

on costa and a discocellular spot, with a complete black band beyond it

in a Sikhim specimen, reduced to spot on costa and band from vein 2 to

inner margin in the type from Khasis ; a dark marginal blotch or line

below apex, and blotch near outer angle; hindwing with yellowish

ante- and postmedial lines more distinct ; the dark markings reduced

to marginal marks near apex and anal angle.

3141a. Stegania micans is a synonym of HYPEPHYRA SUBANGULATA,

Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, p. 319, and is a Hypephyra.

3142. STEGANIA LATIFASCIATA, insert var. flavidior, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iii, p. 128.

The Khasi form has the dark markings of forewing reduced, and the

white band of hindwing broader.

3143, SyYNEGIA IMITARIA, insert Syntaracta maculosata, Warr., Noy.

Zool., ii, p. 129.

Var. with fuscous patches beyond the postmedial line from below

apex of forewing to outer angle, and from below apex of hindwing to

the postmedial line, then on it to inner margin.

3147. SyNEGIA LIDDERDALII, insert (syns.) Parasynegia atomaria,

Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p, 129. Parasyneyia convergens and Parasyneg? &

nigriclavata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 79.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 715

Var. atomaria—convergens is without any of the fuscous patches on

fore- and hindwing, whilst nigriculata has small black spots on the ante-

and postmedial lines, andan irregular black mark above middle of outer

margin of each wing, with black point beyond it on cilia. Khasis.

3157a. HypocHrosts cinerEA, Warr., Nov. Zool,, iii, p. 820.

g. Grey-brown ; wings thickly striated with dark brown ; forewing

with the antemedial line indistinct, and represented by an oblique line

from costa to subcostal, and line further from base from median nervure

to inner margin ; an irregular eliptical discocellular spot; an oblique line

from apex to middle of inner margin of hindwing, slightly incurved

below vein 4 of forewing and excurved below costa of hindwing ; the

area beyond it slightly more suffused with brown, especially towards

inner margin of forewing.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 32 mm.

3157). Hypocnrosis 1nrormis, Warr., Noy. Zool., iv, p. 120.

&. Pale chestnut, irrorated with fuscous; forewing with discoidal black

point; traces of an oblique postmedial line curved below costa; a subapical

white speck ; hindwing with slightly curved medial line, blackish below

vein 6, and with two pale spots beyond it between veins 2 and 4,

Habitat.—Chandkhira, Sylhet. zp. 30 mm.

3162. Prionta sgualidaria, insert RONDELARIA, Fabr., Ent. Syst.,

p. 623 (1775). :

3175. ANONYCHIA GRISEA, insert (syns.) Anonyehia diversilinea,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 101.

A brownish form with the lines defined by deep black, and Anonychza

pallida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 102.

3193, CoRYMICA ARNEARIA, insert var. brunnea, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iii, p. 143.

3197a. Intcrinta suFAscIATA, Warr., IWov. Zool., ui, p. 143.

g. Antenne bipectinate, with very short branches dilated at extremity ;

hind tibie dilated with fold and tuft; wings with the outer margin evenly

curved ; rufous, thickly irrorated with fuscous; palpi orange-red ;

forewing with traces of oblique rufous medial line; a postmedial fuscous

line slightly curved below costa; traces of a waved submarginal line ;

hindwing with oblique medial line and traces of waved submarginal

line ; underside orange-red ; the medial line of hindwing waved.

Habitat Khasis ; Amboina. Hap. 42 mm.

716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

8199c, BuRYTAPHRIA PALLIDULA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, (3),

p- 821.

Q. Pale yellow ; head brownish ; wings slightly irrorated and striated

with brown ; forewing more thickly striated on base of costal area and

in cell; an indistinct antemedial line highly curved below costa, then

obliquely sinuous; both wings with discocellular black spot ; an olive-

brown line from an oblique black striga at apex of forewing to middle

of inner margin of hindwing, with large black spot above inner margin

and angled below costa of hindwing ; traces of a submarginal band of

strize ; underside suffused with fuscous.

Habitat—Sikbim. Exp. 40 mm.

3203a. XENOGRAPHIA DENTICULOSA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 128.

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow and rufous; wing orange-

yellow, thickly irrorated with rufous ; forewing with white spot on

median nervure at origin of vein 2; a black discocellular point ; both

wings with highly crenulate dark postmedial line, with fuscous-tinged

band on its inner edge and some white specks on it ; hindwing with the

outer margin crenulate.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 44 mm.

3205a. SPILOPERA SUBCINEREA, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 139.

Forewing of male with fovea ; both wing with the outer margin very

slightly angled at vein 4 ; antennse minutely serrate and fasciculated.

&. Dark brown; wings irrorated with fuscous; forewing with the

base and outer area slightly darker ; an indistinct antemedial dark line

angled below costa ; a black discocellular spot ;a medial line excurved

round the cell ; a minutely waved postmedial line excurved below costa ;

a dentate submarginal line with white speck on it at vein 4 ; hindwing

with indistinct antemedial, minutely waved postmedial, and dentate sub-

marginal line, the last with white speck at ven 4.

Habitat — Khdsis. Exp. 30 mm.

3206a. SPILOPERA MACULIFERA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 146.

&. Red-brown ; wings slightly suffused with grey and striated with

black ; both wings with discoidal black points and traces of crenulate sub-

marginal line ; forewing with fuscous submarginal patches below apex

and above outer angle ; cilia blackish from apex to vein 4; hindwing

with dark rufous suffusion from vein 3 to anal angle.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp, 30mm,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 717

8212a. Sprtopera anauLAta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 139.

Antennz of male bipectinate ; hind tibie dilated with fold and tuft ;

forewing with fovea; veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 free ; outer margin

angled at vein 4; hindwing with the outer margin crenulate and pro-

_ duced to points at veins 4 and 6; frenulum apparently absent. Ochreous-

white, irrorated with red-brown ; forewing with ill-defined oblique

rufous antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines, the first angled below

costa, the last with a broad area of dark suffusion beyond it; a dark

discoidal point and marginal series of points; hindwing with discoidal

point ; rufous ante- and postmedial lines; outer area suffused with

rufous ; 2 marginal series of dark pcints.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp, 28 mm.

P. 194. Under Rhynchobapta, insert (syn.) Phanauta, Warr.,

Noy. Zool., iii, p. 147 (1896).

3218. RHYNCHOBAPTA FLAVICEPS, insert (syn.) Nadagara diversi-

lineata, Warr., Noy. Zool., iti, p. 143.

82185. RHyYNCHOBAPTA EBURNIVENA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 147.

Q. Ochreous-white, thickly irrorated and striated with brown ;

wings with black discoidal points; an oblique dark line defined by

white on outer side, and with slight brown suffusion on inner side,

from costa of forewing near apex to middle of inner margin of hind-

wing ; the veins whitish ; cilia whitish, with a fuscous line through

them ; hindwing with the margin highly crenulate as well as angled

at vein 4.

Habitat.—Khasis. Lup. 42 mm,

P. 201. Under Macaria, insert (syn.) Chiasmiodes, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iii, p. 188 (1896),

3239. MACARIA ODATARIA, insert (syn.) Gonodela ruptifascia,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 139.

A form with the double postmedial line less distinct, especially

on hindwing, the maculate marks on it more prominent; the outer

area greyer.

3241, MAcARIA MYANDARIA, insert (syn.) Gonodela olivescexs,

Warr., Nov. Zool.,, iii, p. 408.

3245, MAcARIA FIDONIATA, insert (syn.) Peridela triumbrata,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 111. Penang.

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

3245a. Macaria VARIOLINEA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 138.

3. White, variegated with olive-yellow and brown ; wings striated

with fuscous. Forewing with the veins fulvous ; an antemedial curved

blackish line ; a discocellular black spot; a medial line very strongly

bent outwards round the cell ; a postmedial line acutely angled below

costa ; an oblique streak from below apex, and another above outer

angle. Hindwing with the veins fulvous; medial and postmedial

nearly straight blackish lines; both wings with marginal line.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hep. 24 mm.

3248, MAcARIA ACUTARIA, insert var. olivata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,

p. 407.

3249. MAcARIA TEMERARIA, insert var. fumosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,

p- 320.

A grey-brown form, with the outer area of forewing suffused with

fuscous.

3250. Macarta oLiva, insert (syns.) Semiothisa brunneata, Warr.,

Nov. Zool., iii, p. 140; Semiothisa maculosata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,

p. 141; and Semiothisa pennumbrata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iu, p. 141.

The form Grunneata=maculosata has the medial line of hindwing

slightly curved and sinuous, whilst pennumbrata ismuch greyer. Fore-

wing with a dark band on postmedial line from costa to the dark mark

below costa. Hindwing with the medial line curved and strongly dentate.

3279. HyprrRyTHRA LUTEA, insert (syn.) Hyperythra rujifimbria,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 140. “ha

A variety with the wings entirely suffused with red and fuscous.

leaving the cilia red and the inner margin of hindwing yellow.

3291. PERIVALLIA LUGENS, insert (syn.) var. castanea, Warr. Novy.

Zool., ii, p. 320.

3298a, FAScCELLINA FUSCOvVIRIDIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 320.

&. Differs from /. plagiata in the basal area of forewing being

suffused with red-brown and striated with dark brown ; a highly waved

Jeaden-coloured line beyond the postmedial line. Hindwing with the

medial line finer and less oblique. Underside irrorated and striated

with brown ; forewing with sinuous medial red-brown line ; the post-

medial line outwardly defined by white, increasing towards costa ;

hindwing with the medial line obsolescent.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 38 mm.

ee a ee a

a ee ES ee

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 719

P. 231. Under Crocallis, insert (syn.) Ctenoctenucha, Wavrr.,

Noy. Zool., iv, p. 114 (1897).

3315, CROCALLIS LENTIGINOSARIA, insert (syn.) Ctenoctenucha

amitata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 115. :

P. 233. Under Garceus, insert Drapetopsis, Warr., Nov. Zool.,

ii, p. 144 (1896), for Sect. ii.

3322, GARGUS COLORATUS, insert (syn.) Hygrochroa albipuncta,

Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p. 145; and Hygrochroa amethystina, Warr.,

Noy. Zool., iii, p. 146.

3326. GARGUS ARGILLACEUS, insert (syn.) Drapetopsis ferrugata,

Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p. 145, for the Khasi form.

P. 236. Under Heteromiza, insert Polyscia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,

p. 147, for Sect. ii.

3331a, HeTeromizA ocHRILINEA, Warr., Noy. Zool., iii, p. 148.

3. Olive-yellow ; abdomen pinkish at extremity; fore and hind

tibie and tarsi with fine black lines ; wings sparsely irrorated with

fuscous. Forewing with indistinct very oblique antemedial line angled

below costa ; a strong black line arising from a pink spot at apex of

forewing and ending on middle of inner margin of hindwing ; a very

indistinct submarginal line.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 38 mm.

3338a. Datma cicanrea, Swinh., A. M. N. H., (6), xix, p. 166.

Forewing with two excisions in outer margin below apex. 9.

Ochreous, irrorated with black. Forewing with black striz on costal

area; a diffused rufous antemedial band not reaching costa; a

black discoidal spot ; a medial rufous line obtusely angled below costa,

its angle crossed by a short band ; a diffused patch beyond it on inner

area ; an obscure waved postmedial line with the area beyond it rufous,

Jeaving ochreous submarginal patches at apex and middle. Hindwing

with fuscous antemedial line slightly angled below costa; the outer

half rufous, with postmedial and submarginal series of slight ochreous

patches.

Habitat.—Jaintia Hills. Lzp. 108 mm.

3371, GNOPHUS EOLARIUS, insert (syn.) var. fuscobrunnea, Warr.,

Nov. Zool., iii, p. 318.

P, 257. Under Boarmia, insert Diphurodes, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,

p. 182 (1896), and Enautioides, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p, 133,

720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1,

3380. BoarmIA CONSPURCATA, insert (syn.) Enautioides stellifera,

Mer Nov. Zool., iii, p. 138.

3394. BoarMIA BOARMIARIA, insert var. sordida,Warr., Noy. Zool.

ili, p. 137, with all the markings almost obsolete.

3394a. Boarmia coremiaria, insert Dreavropzs vestita, Warr.,

Nov. Zool., iii, p. 132, which has precedence. Sikhim ; Khasis.

33946. BoARMIA HARMONICA., n. sp.

&. Head and thorax brown, mottled with black ; abdomen fuscous,

irrorated with grey ; the base brown, followed by a black line, then two

pairs of black spots. Forewing clothed with dark red-brown, black,

olive, and grey scales ; traces of a waved antemedial black line; a

postmedial dentate oblique line excurved beyond cell; a submarginal

dentate white line with three white spots on it below middle; a

marginal series of black points. Hindwing with curved sinuous

postmedial black line; a submarginal black line angled outwards in

discal and submedian folds, incurved, and with some white on its outer

edge between those points; a marginal series of black striz, Underside

of forewing with black spot in cell and prominent discocellular spot ;

hindwing with discocellular spot, and spot on costa above it ; outer area

of both wings reddish-fuscous.

Habitat—Puttalam, Ceylon (J. Pole). LEzp. 86 mm. Type—tIn

British Museum.

3399a. Boarmia susocHrea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 186.

&. Grey-brown, thickly irrorated and suffused with brown ; abdomen

with white line at base. Forewing with indistinct dark sinuous ante-

medial and medial lines; a black discoidal speck ; a sinuous post-

medial series of black specks approaching the medial line at inner

margin, and with a dentate olive line just beyond it; a dentate sub-

marginal grey line with fuscous patches on its inner edge ; a mar-

ginal series of black specks. Hindwing with indistinct antemedial black

line ; discoidal speck ; medial series of black specks, with a dentated

olive line beyond them ; a submarginal dentate grey line with fuscous

patches on its inner edge ; a marginal series of black specks. Under-

side orange-yellow irrorated with fuscous; a broad fuscous marginal

band with yellow spot at apex of forewing, and becoming obsolescent

towards anal angle of hindwing.

Habitat,—Khasis, Hap, 34 mm.

ee il

Ee ee —=

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 721

33996. Boarmia ruFaRIA, Warr., Nov. Zool. ili, p. 186.

&. Bright rufous, irrorated with black ; abdomen with white line at

base. Forewing with whitish ante- and postmedial lines, the latter

oblique, minutely waved and incurved below vein 2, the area between

them blackish ; a dentate grey submarginal line with fuscous suffusion

on its inner edge; a marginal series of black specks. Hindwing with

discoidal point ; an indistinct medial dark line and obscure diffused

submarginal snade ; a marginal series of black striz. Underside pale,

with broad fuscous shade on outer area diffused in places to the

margin.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp.34 mm.

3400a, Boarmia SERRATILINEA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, Os GULSh

Grey, thickly irrorated with brown ae: palpi black, except at tip ;

abdomen with paired black points on second and third seoments,

Forewing with waved antemedial line ; both wings with discoidal point

and waved medial lines; highly crenulate postmedial line and

minutely dentate white submarginal line defined on inner side by a

dark line ; a crenulate dark marginal line. Underside slightly suffused

with fuscous.

Haiitat—Khasis. Exp. g 32, 9 38 mm.

3412, Boarmia SEMICLARATA, insert var. fasciata, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iil, p. 405.

3413. BOoaRMIA ATROSTIPATA, insert (syn.) Peeilaleis deceptrie,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 319.

A form with the first band slightly angled below costa.

3419, BoARMIA CINERACEA, insert var. subalbida, Warr., Nov. Zool.,

iii, p. 403.

3434, -BoARMIA GRANITARIA, insert (syn.) Scotopterya hase

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 318.

34294, Boma squamosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 131.

d. (Hind tibiee wanting). Fuscous-brown, thickly irrorated with

black ; wings irrorated with small iridescent scales. Forewing with

indistinct waved antemedial and medial lines, the latter with blackish

discoidal spot on it ; an oblique series of black postmediai specks,

curved below costa ; a dentate grey submarginal line, with some fuscous

patches and a dull rufous spot on its inner side below costa, and a

white spot above inner margin. Hindwing with indistinct black ante-

722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,

medial line ; a black discoidal spot; a postmedial series of black

points ; a submarginal series of obscure black and white points.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 30 mm.

34295. BOoARMIA ORBIFER, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 181.

&@. (Hind tibiee wanting.) Pale brown with a reddish tinge ;

head, thorax, and abdomen suffused with fuscous ; wings irrorated with

fuscous. Forewing with black suffusion on costal area, widest before

apex ; an obscure medial line angled at lower angle of cell ; an oblique

postmedial series of black specks ; a dentate whitish submarginal line ;

a marginal series of black points. Hindwing with diffused black ante-

medial line ; a black discoidal spot ; a postmedial line highly excurved

beyond cell, then bent inwards to near the antemedial line ; a dentate

white submarginal line with fuscous patches on it towards apex and

anal angle; a marginal series of black points.

Habitat.—Khasis. vp, 26 mm.

3429c. Boarmia minima, Warr., Noy. Zool., ili, p. 132.

@. (Hind tibie wanting.) Pale brown, irrorated with black and

almost entirely suffused with fuscous. Forewing with the base and

costa brown, the latter with series of black strize; traces of an ante-

medial line angled below costa ; a discoidal lunule ; a postmedial line

obtusely angled at vein 6, and witha pale rufous patch beyond it

above the angle; traces of a submarginal waved line; a marginal

series of black points. Hindwing with obscure antemedial line ; a

discoidal lunule; a dentate whitish postmedial line with rufous patch

beyond it between vein 2 and inner margin.

Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 26 mm.

3441a. BoARMIA SERPENTINARIA, Warr., Nov. 4ool., ili, p. 134.

Pale red-brown ; palpi, frons, and collar marked with darker brown ;

metathorax and abdomen banded with fuscous. Forewing with the

antemedial line double, black, with two very deep and acute sinuations

between costa and median nervure, then extremely oblique, and with its

inner part red-brown to inner margin near base ; a discocellular black

speck ; a diffused pale olive fascia in and beyond the cell; a very

oblique pale rufous line from below apex to middle of inner margin ;

a postmedial series of black specks on the veins, angled inwards below

costa and outwards on vein 6, then very oblique ; the outer area more

rufous, with traces of waved submarginal line and olive and fuscous

See FS ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

~ ty

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 723

patch near outer angle. Hindwing much more striated; a black

discocellular speck ; an oblique rufous medial band; a fine crenulate

black postmedial line with rufous band beyond it, partially conjoined to

a submarginal rufous band.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 54 mm.

8441b. Boarmia cosrisrricata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ili, p. 134.

&. Differs from B. serpentinaria in the ground-colour being

ochreous. Forewing with the costa suffused with fuscous and brown;

the lines pale rufous, the strong dentitions of the ante- and postmedial

lines on the costal area black; the area beyond the postmedial line tinged

with olive; a whitish mark on margin at the angle at vein 4, with a

diffused rufous band from it to inner margin. Hindwing with the lines

and strize on basal two-thirds olive; the postmedial line nearly straight, the

area beyond it olive with black strize ; a diffused submarginal rufous line.

Habitat. —Khasis. Hep. 52 mm.

$441¢. Boarmia Trittneata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 135.

3d. Differs from B. serpentenaria in the wings being yellower ; the

medial rufous line stronger; a bright fulvous oblique line from outer

margin below apex to inner margin beyond middle, with black marks

beyond it near outer margin and above inner margin. Hindwing with

the medial line less oblique ; a postmedial straight line with some grey

beyond it, beyond which is a yellow line angled outwards to the margin

above middle.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 40 mm.

3444a. BOoARMIA OCHRICOSTATA, 0. Sp.

Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with 10, which arises from

7, 8,9. Hindwing with tuft of hair on inner margin ; abdomen with

tufts of hair below. @. Head blackish ; thorax and first segment ef

abdomen grey, the rest blackish, grey towards extremity; wings

blackish, with broad grey fuscous-irrorated fascia from base of hindwing

along costa of forewing, with an oblique fuscous bar on it near apex ;

forewing with antemedial line curved and reduced to specks on the grey

erstal area, then oblique ; a postmedial line curved and reduced to

specks on the grey fascia, then very oblique to lower angle of cell, then

waved, and on hindwing very indistinct ; an indistinct waved grey

submarginal line.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 34mm. Type.—In British Museum,

724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI.

3445. BoARMIA DENTILINEA, insert var. pulverosa, Warr., Nov.

Zool., iii, p. 403.

8448a. BOARMIA FLAVISECTA, Nn. 0.

Prochasma minima, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 81 (preocce.).

Whitish, tinged with yellow and irrorated and suffused with black.

Forewing strongly suffused and irrorated with black ; a yellow fascia

from base along median nervure and vein 4 to outer margin ; a

narrow white antemedial slightly curved band ; a similar postmedial

band slightly incurved below vein 2, and with a series of black points

on its inner edge ; a black discocellular spot ; an obscure waved submar-

ginal white line; a marginal series of black points. Hindwing with

the inner and outer area striated with black ; a discoidal black spot

with line from just beyond it to inner margin ; a fuscous blotch below

apex ; a marginal series of black points.

Habitat— Khasis. Exp. 24 mm. 5

8451a. Boarmia consunotiva, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 136.

Q. Pale reddish-brown suffused with dark red-brown and irrorated

with black. Forewing with indistinct irregularly sinuous antemedial

black line with a mark before it on inner margin; traces of a medial

line ; a postmedial waved line incurved and connected by a streak, with

the antemedial line below vein 2, the three lines arising from black

spots on the costa; a diffused black streak beyond the postmedial line

above vein 5; traces of a submarginal line, with some pace points

and a diffused fuscous patch beyond it below apex. Hindwing with

ante- and postmedial fuscous lines; a discoidal point; traces of a

submarginal series ef points and a marginal series.

Habitat.—Khasis. Hap. 42 mm,

3474. MepAsINA MUCIDARIA, insert (syn.) Lassaba tephosiaria,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 135.

3487a. MEDASINA RETICULATA, insert (syn.) Sinameda iiricata,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 137.

3547. PERCNIA BELLUARIA, insert (syn.) Perenia longimacula,

Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 82.

3683, RAMBARA LUMINARIA, insert (syn.) Rambara costalis, Warr.,

Nov. Zool., in, p, i01.

(To be contonued.)

‘sTJOTe Seu snGes40 320

“AdOITSLNV VYlVve SHL

m0opuo Ty duct 070 soagiurre it

i IT OUT cl

TX) Dog jst yey Ae quog usmor

725

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, 1. THE BAIRA ANTELOPE OF SOMALI LAND.

(With a Plate.)

The Somali Coast Protectorate has during the last decade deservedly

become a very favourite hunting ground for sportsmen from India and

elsewhere, and, as nota few have put their experiences on record, there is now

a good deal of literature dealing directly or incidentally with the mammalia

of the country, so that from a non-scientific point of view little remains to be

said about the several species of big game which usually find a place in the

bag of a sportsman hunting on this side of the Webbe Shebeyli. Interesting

papers on the subject have appeared in our Journal from Messrs, Inverarity

and Dodgson, accompanied in the former case by a set of excellent photographs,

delineating six of the antelope to be met with—pictures which, I doubt not,

have since imbued many a reader of the Journal, as they did me at the time,

with the determination to see in their own haunts the beautiful creatures of

which they are the counterfeit presentments,

As however little or nothing was known of the Baira Antelope at the time

their papers appeared, and as neither sportsman met with it nor makes any

reference to it, a few notes on the subject may prove of interest,

It will be well in the first place to come to a clear understanding as to the

proper pronunciation of the word, Captain Swayne spells it. “ Baira,”

Messrs, Sclater, Thomas, and others “‘ Beira,” I have followed the former.

As to which is the more correct rendering, I am not prepared to argue ; the

main thing is to know what sound the spelling is meant to convey. The

word is the Somali name for the animal, and the first syllable of it is pro- 4

nounced the same as the English word “buy” (purchase), Itisa pity that we

have not yet arrived at any Volapuk system for the spelling of new names ;

one would be saved so many atrocities in the way of pronunciation if the

spelling conveyed any reliable idea of the sound required. I remember well

how much I pained the local celebrities at Aden and on the Somali Coast, when

on first introduction to the neighbourhood and for some time afterwards I

persisted in calling the small seaport on the Somali Coast, “ Zyla,’ instead of

“ Zéla;’ a mispronunciation which, having never before heard the word

spoken, 1 had acquired from seeing the name spelt “ Zaila” in maps and in

books,

That the Baira is decidedly rare and very locally distributed, there can be

no question, and an additional reason for its never having come in the way of

Sportsmen is the extremely inhospitable nature of the particular class of

country which forms its habitat—country which is, as a rule, shunned both by

the traveller and the nomad Somali, for reasons which I shall presently

explain

7126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCLE&TY, Vol, XI.

As the result of constant inquiries during two and a half years’ sojourn in

the Protectorate, I have come to the conclusion that nine out of ten Somalis

have never even heard of the Baira, much less seen it, and even in Somali

encampments in the neighbourhood, where I know the Baira to exist ard

where I eventually shot a specimen, I found it was an even chance that any ~

man, from whom I asked for news of the whereabouts of Baira, would reply

that he did not know the animal, From this it may be inferred that, apart

from its rarity and local distribution, it is also.a creature of extremely shy

and retiring habits,

Captain H. G. Swayne in his admirable book “Seventeen Tripsthrough Somali

Land” mentions that he first heard of the Baira as far back as 1891, when

his brother saw two of them in the Gadabursi Highlands, but failed to get

ashot. It was not, however, until 1894 that native shikaris, whom he had

commissioned to procure him a specimen, sent him home some skins, and one

Herr Menges at the same time obtained specimens upon which the animal

was described asa new species. Herr Menges was the collector and agent

of Herr Hagenbeck, the well known animal provider of Hamburg (who, by the

bye, now offers to supply Siberian camels for Klondyke transport), and

resided at Berbera for some years collecting live specimens for shipment

to Europe ; and the preserved specimen or specimens of the Baira sent

home by him were, I believe, brought in by his native hunters. I left Somali

land in the Autumn of 1896, and up to that time, so far as I know, no sports-

man (except the brothers Swayne as above mentioned) had met with a

specimen, and the fact that Dr, Donaldson-Smith, in a fifteen months’ explo-

vation from Berbera via Lake Rudolph to Lamu,* during which he madea most

careful azd complete zoological collection, never heard of the animal, makes

it probable that its distribution is confined to the plateaux of the Somali

Coast Protectorate, and possibly the highlands of Abyssinia.

It was at Ali Maan in the Gadabursi country that Captain Swayne first heard

of the animal, and, as he says, very possibly it exists on the Wagar Mountain,

- gome forty miles from Berbera, Herr Menges’ specimens were, I believe,

obtained from the Hegebo Plateau near Berbera, and it was on a similar

plateau, a little further to the west, that I met with the herd, of which one

member fell to my rifle,

I was on a short trip from the Coast at the time, accompanied by my wife

and a friend from the Aden Garrison—ten days’ hard-earned casual leave,

taken with a special view to looking up quite the biggest lion that ever was,

of whose recent movements I had reliable khubber. We had the most ex-

traordinary illluck with this particular lion, who was evidently a magnate of

extended experience. Quite contrary to all leonine precedent, he behaved

very much in the same way that the hill tiger often does, or any tiger in

a populous locality when the weather is cool, namely, killed his quarry, had

* Vide Through Unknown African Countries, Arnold & Co-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 727

a hurried gorge, and then found he had urgent business tenor twelve miles

off, He did this time after time, and we spent the whole of our leave,

following him from place to place, vainly trying to make his acquaintance,

and finally had to return witkout an introduction. On one occasion we made

certain that we had found himat home, The country generally was the

worst possible for tracking ; but on this particular morning our friend had

strolled up the bed of a stream, in which his pugs, which were enormous,

were very much in evidence, They led into a small strip of elephant grass

about 150 yardslong by 70 yards wide. Our trackers, who had been sent on

ahead to scout, came back to meet the caravan, and told us excitedly that

they had tracked his majesty into the small patch of grass, that he had not

come out of it, and that they had left men to watch it. On one side of the

patch was the river-bed and on the other the low rocky bank running off on

toshingly ground, over which it was impossibie to track. Anyhow there

were the fresh pugs leading from the river-bed into the grass, and there

were no apparent tracks out of it, so we believedin our Shikaris’ story

that they had watched the lion in, and that he had not come out. There

was a Kurria (Somali encampment) not far off, to which we sent to borrow

the village band instruments, with a view toa beat, and in a short time

several tomtoms, the ubiquitous kerosine tin, and various other tin-pots

provided material for the making of a very respectable noise, Having

collected about twenty men, my friend and I took up our positions behind

two friendly babul bushes, about twenty yards from that end of the beat

from which he was certain to break, and having given the word for the

music to begin at the other end, we anxiously awaited the lion’s appearance ;

but in vain. After a deafening noise had been kept up for some minutes, we

beat the patch carefully to make sure that he was not lying clever ; but there

was no sign of him, and it became evident that our scouts had not kepta

careful watch over the patch, and that the lion must have sneaked out over

the stony ground onthe bank side of the cover, After vainly trying to

pick up his track and having relieved our feelings to some extent with

abuse of the scouts who had made fools of us, we returned disappointed to

; ovr camp, which had since been pitched close by. That night our friend

was heard roaring round camp from the same rock-strewn ravine, and next

day we were again out after him, but did not succeed in finding any trace of

him, The next night, however, he killed a donkey, and after having a hurried

meal onthe spot went clean away. In the morning we tracked him for seven

or eight miles and then the trail took us over rocky ground where we lost it.

The people of the neighbouring Kurrias told us that the lion'was an old one

and well known to them, and that he always behaved in this way; but they

assured us that he would be back in two or three days, and begged us to

await his return ; but our leave would not admit of it,and we reluctantly had

to give up the quest and set our faces seawards again.

728 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XT.

A gallant sportsman, who arrived at Berbera just after we had startel1 and

followed in our wake, came across what I have every reason to believe was

the same lion. He aiso ran him to the ground ina similarly small strip of

grass cover, and tried conclusions with him in the same way, with the result

that his shooting trip was brought to an abrupt conclusion. He, too, orga-

nised a beat, and soon after it began, the lion slowly walked out of the cover

and looked disdainfully round, My friend had a steady shot at him at about

twenty yards, but with no result, except that the lioa turned back into the

cover; he soon, however, broke again in the same dignified way a few yards

further down, and, if I remember right, another shot was fired, with the same

negative result, but this time the lion advanced, evidently becoming excessively

annoyed, Not understanding how he could have missed, and coming to the

conclusion that he must be shaky, the Nimrod fell on his knee, and with the

utmost deliberation put in a third barrel from that position. This bullet

apparently grazed the beast's withers, and while the sportsman was still on his

knee at the present and before the smoke had cleared, the lion had charged and

was on top of him ; fortunately the Shikaris, with spare rifles behind, fired as_

they saw the beast charge, and this had the effect of sending him on. The only

injuries which he inflicted were a bite through the palm of the left hand and

a score from the claws on the left elbow ; the left hand and arm, raised as it

was at the present, having been the first object to come in the lion’s way.

leither wound happily gave much trouble, but necessitated some weeks’ care

and rest, and put an end to the expedition. The weapon used was a heavy

express rifle, and though the owner had tested its accuracy on a range at

the sighted distances, he found, on retrying it after this mishap, that at the .

short distance at which he was firing, about 20 yards I believe, it carried very

high ; and thus no doubt his shots had passed over the lion’s withers, except

the last one which must have just seared him. The brute went clean away,

and the experience he gained on that occasion has, I doubt not, proved useful

to him since.

But to return to our muttons. It was on the return journey to the Coast

after our fruitless stern chase of this lion, that our road led us through the

country where I believed the Baira to exist, namely, the ravine-cut plateau-

land between the Assa Range and Bulhar, on either side of the Issutugan

Nullah. The country is difficult to describe. The general level of it is the

gradual slope from the foot of the Assa Range to the sea ; from this general

level rise insulated plateaux of all sizes, I have never heard an expert geo-

logist’s opinion as to how these plateaux have been formed, and they have

always puzzled me much.

The country which is now as it were added with them would seem to me

to have at some remote period been a compact steppe abutting from the

lower slopes of the Assa Range; this steppe must in course of time have

become cut up by the action of watercourses rushing down from the heights

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 729

of the parent range, until the general idea of one big plateau has been lost,

and the country now looks as if these numerous islands of the plain bad been

deposited independently on its surface. It is difficult to imagine anything

more forbidding than these tablelands. Most of them are entirely covered

with coarse black shingle and boulders, rounded and weather-beaten, and

looking like the shingle of a rock-bound coast which the sea has

forsaken and left exposed, to scorch and blacken in the rays of the pitiless

sun, As may be imagined, they offer little attraction either to man or beast

and, as a rule, caravans make longdetours through the sandy ravines which

separate the plateaux sooner than attempt to negotiate them, It is only

in the case of some of the larger ones, on which perhaps the occasional

sparse sprinkling of shingle has rendered a serpentine camel path possible,

that caravans are sometimes taken over them in preference to making a long

detour to get round,

Tt will be readily believed that there can be little vegetation on these arid

and waterless tracts, but here and there a tuft of coarse grass struggling for

existence through a crevice in the shingle, or a few flimsy bushes do make

a feeble attempt to relieve the black monotony of the picture,

It was while our caravan was wending its way from day to day through

the broad gullies that separate these rock-crested plateaux, that I essayed to

explore the surface of some of them. I had with me, carrying a spare rifle,

aman named Abdillahi, of much experience in the roll of Shikaris, he having

been on several sporting expeditions with Lord Delamere, whose fortunes

he is no dcubt sharing at the present moment in the neighbourhood of Lake

Rudolph and the Upper Nile. Abdillahi had at all events heard of the Baira,

and, if I remember right, had once met with it, After drawing two or three of

these plateaux blank during a couple of days’ march, Abdillahi and I had

on the morning in question arrived at the top of a small plateau after a hard

and hot climb up its rugged side. This platean was about 3 mile long, and

at the place where we topped it, some 300 yards broad, After scanning the

surface carefully with the glasses and seeing no living thing, we stumbled

across the rough hot shingle to the further edge of the crest, and there, about

300 yards to our right front, in a rocky ravine running down the slope from

an indentation in the crest was a herd of five animals grazing on the tufts

of grass and scrub jungle which sprang up among the boulders, Inthe dis-

tance, half concealed as most of them were by intervening rocks or shrubs,

they looked to me like Déroo (Gazella pelzelni), which were plentiful in the

plains below ; but it seemed to me to be an extraordinary place to find Déroo

grazing in, and after a moment’s thought, Abdillahi and I both ejaculated

““Déroo nahin hain,” and the latter followed his remark with another “ Baira

hain, Saheb, Baira hain.” I was sceptical for a moment, for having read of

the Baira as being a Klipspringer, this was hardly the animal I expected to

see, but a careful application of the field-zlasses satisfied me that they were

730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT.

certainly not Déroo, and so I came to the conclusion that Abdillahi rust be

right, They had not seen us and were browsing unconcernedly, but they

were too far off for me to risk a shot ; moreover, there was no cover between

them and me, and had there been, I knew I could not move a yard over the

intervening boulders in my shooting boots without making noise enough to

awaken the dead ; so we had to retire well behind the crest and discuss in a

whisper the best means of getting a shot at them, From the crest on the

further edge of the ravine in which they were, one would have been within

easy range, but there were two difficulties in the way of getting a shot from

there—in the first place, in order to get there it would be necessary to make

a long detour over the rocks, which I did not feel compesent to negotiate

without dislodging stones, even with bare feet ; and secondly, by the time I

had got half way they would have the wind of ma, and would probably be off

before I reached the crest. If, however, made to move from fear of some

thing the other side of them, ths formation of the ground made it probable

that they would turn up the ravine (which curled round towards me) and

break away to my right rear, as the ground below them seemed to be very

precipitous, Following up this idea I finally decided as follows : I was to

stay where I was, while Abdillahi was to make a detour, back below the rear

crest, if necessary, round to the further side of the ravine ; once arrived there

he was to whistle to let me know the fact, and then show himself to the herd.

I hoped that the Baira would then make tracks in my direction. The plan

was not destined to come off however, for before he had got half way he

stumbled and dislodged a great boulder, thereby making noise enough to

disturb game halfa mile away. Ina moment the Baira were up and off ;

they started up the further side of the ravine away from me, round in front

of Abdillahi, and disappeared below the rear crest ; but finding the descent

too precipitous, they turned up again and raced across the shingle along the

surface of the plateau to my right rear. Not being a Dr. Carver, I knew it

was useless my risking a shot, and I held my hand, hoping that they would

pull up ; meanwhile I had time to see that there was one buck with gazelle-

like hornsand four does, Sure enough, after going a little further, they did pull

up ina bunch among a cluster of low bushes. It was impossible to spot the

buck, as their heads were all mixed with the branches of the bush, but I

knew the halt would be but a momentary one, so, long though the distance

was, 1 hada hurried shot at the one which gave me the best broadside, and

was overjoyed to see that only four went on, I fired two more shots as

they raced away for the further crest, but both fell very short, and the herd

disappeared over the edge, and by the time I had accounted for the 300 or

400 yards of break-neck grourd between me and their vanishing point, there

was nothing to be seen of them, but the descent was easy, and I imagine they

went down into the river bed below and up on to another plateau on the

other side of it. I subsequently sent men in all directions to scout for them,

M£LSCELLANEOUS NOTES. reap

but without result, and before departing from the neighbourhood I left word

with the nearest Kurria that, if reliable news ef the whereabouts of the herd

were brought to me, the bearer of it would be well rewarded ; but I never

heard of them again,

On going to where the one I shot had fallen, I found it was a female, but

I am afraid the fact only partially marred the pleasure I felt at having made

the acquaintance of this rare antelope. A few minutes later Abdillahi and

I were struggling down the side of the plateau, Abdillahi with the Baira on

his back, and after reaching the bottom where I had left a man with my

camera, the photo was taken which accompanies these notes. The specimens

of black rock, lying strewr about in the background of the picture are pieces

that have become detached and have rolled down the sides of the plateau to

the plain below ; they present a less rounded and weather-beaten appearance

than those with which the surface is covered.

The following are the measurements and description of the animal as noted

dewn at the time :— .

Meu surements,—

Height at shoulder, 23”, Ear in front, 62”,

Length, 363”. ,» at back, 52”,

Yo] Fall 93

Tail, 53”, ; », breadth, 22”,

Description.cWarm pinkish fawn-colour above, a little darker where it

joins the white on the sides, Belly, buttocks and inside of legs down to knees

and hocks white, Arcund the mamme, of which there are two, and under

the elbows the skin is black and hairless. The head from between the ears

to nose bright rufous, alsothe upper part of the cheeks, which get paler

towards the throat, The nape and neck are the same warm fawn-colour as

the back, The forelegs from the elbow and the hindlegs from the hip

downwards the same bright rufous colour as the face.

The measurements of this specimen, of which the skin and skeleton

are in the British Museum, correspond very nearly with those of the Indian

Gazelle. ;

The peculiarity of the animal is the abnormal size of its ears—a pecularity

which is apparent in the photograph, On this account the animal

was first named Oreotragus megalotis, or the large-eared Klipspringer.

Whether it has any anatomical resemblance to the Klipspringer, by reason of

which it received this name, I am not able to say, but certain itis that the

herd that I met with neither looked nor behaved like “ Alakud” (Oreotra-

gus saltator) would have under similar circumstances ; and Iam not sur-

prised to find that Sclater and Thomas, referring to it as Dorcotragus

a after a careful

megalotis in their “ Book of Antelopes,” say :

consideration of its characters we think it may best be treated as an

aberrant Gazelle, and as such, therefore, we propose to treat ib,”

732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

I may mention that I had two young ones in captivity at different tires

after obtaining the specimen above described, and they were invariably mis-

taken by visitors for the young of the Déroo (Gazella pelzeint), They were

very delicate, and, 1am sorry to say, did not long survive in captivity. I hada

large menagerie at the time, and was successful in rearing several of the

Somali antelope, but the climate of the Coast seemed too much for the Baira,

One of the specimens in the Natural Distory Museum, South Kensington, is

a male carrying horns about 5” long, but the buck of the herd that I met with

had horns which seemed to me at the time to be 9” or 10”—one is, however,

doubtless inclined to overestimate the length of horns when teking a fleeting

view of them in the field, and time will perhaps show that I looked at them

with a magnifying eye.

P. Z, COX, Carr,

Barop', April, 1898.

No, II—NOTES ON TWO SPECIMENS OF AYP8IREHINA S(LEBOLDET,

Whilst stationed at D Jhi list year I was fortunate enovgh to secure two

specimens of this rare snake, both being caught in the Jumna,

The first, a small specimen, I saw my snakeman catch, He was rummaging

about with a stick in a heap of decaying vegetabie matter, chiefly composed

of dead rush. Through this he searched very carefully, lifting up strand

after strand of rush,and when he had burrowed about a foot deep and had

about reached water level, he dived his hand into the heap and brought out

a snake by the tail ; it was embedded in the mud and required some force to

pull it out from its retreat, This proved to be a Hypsirhina sieboldii, and

measured 1 foot 13 inches,

My second specimen was brought in to me by the same man, and was a

very fine specimen, exceeding the measurement given in Boulanger’s work

viz, 64 inches, its total length being 2 feet 63 inches,

It was remarkably active and strong like all the water snakes I have

observed, and very quick in its movements and menacing on every attempt to

capture it, striking out with a velocity almost equal to the Kchis carinata,

and throwing itself at the same time forcibly forward, It was continua'ly on

the move in my verandah, progressing very rapidly in its attempts to escape,

The man who brought me this and a great many other snakes, who is

justly celebrated locally for his daring and skilful manipulation of snakes, I

have scen repeatedly pick up cobras and kraits and other snakes by the

tail and hold them out at arm’s length with the greatest sang jroid. :

The only snuke he paid any respect to was the Hchis, and these he was ex-

tremely cautious in handling, He seemed very much taken aback and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 733

alarmed when he attempted to take this snake up by the tail and gotasa

reward a pretty severe bite before he had time te collect himself, and in his

endeavour to shake the reptile off his finger, he threw it eut of the veraudah

some 20 feet where it fell with its back broken in the lewer third of its body.

In spite of this mjury I managed te keep it alive fer about five weeks. It

lived in a ghurrah ef water and was given daily exercise in my bath, It ate

frogs when shut up in the ghwrrah, but it never tackled any of the fish pui

with it in the bath, :

In the bath after stretching itself with a few turns round, it usually sank to

the bettom and there remained quite still, coming up at intervals ef about five

minutes to the surface presumably to breathe, If molested, however gently,

when it appeared te be coming to the surface, it at once drew back and kept

at the bottem fer anether interval, and by a succession of gentle molestings

in this way I kept it on one occasion ata stretch for 30 minutes under the

water, ‘This does not appear se wonderful since I believe a term of an equal

er longer time witheut respiration must eceur frequently with snakes

during deglutition, Where one sees asmall snake, as J have dene a Gongylc-

phis cenicus, swallow a full grown squirrel, the compression of the lungs

must be almost er quite complete and effectua'ly prevent the act of respira-

tion fer some time,

This specimen eventually died in the act of swallowing a fish which did not

appear te me disproportionately large. Qne peculiar habit I neticed en dry

land, that it frequently indulged in, véz,, crouching down on the ground by

means of flattening itself se as to increase its lateral width at the expense of

its ventro-vertebral,

Specimen No. 1—Captured 8th August, 1897, Length, 1 foot 12 inches; tail,

2+ inches,

Head—Height at about 2rds that at oceip we,

Bcdy—Distinctly laterally compressed.

Tail —Distinetly laterally compressed.

Scales—Neck 27-26, smooth, mid-corporeal 29, smooth, extreme part corporeal

20-21, smooth. Imbricate and convex-like bottom of ashallow spoon. A

supra-anal band of small scales encircles the body smaller than post corporeal

or anterior caudal,

Ventrals—Nar:ow, equal in breadth to 5 rows of adjacent scales, beginning

low dewn in throat. The two fore anal divided—155,

Anai—Divided,

Sub-cawdal— Divided, 52,

Rostral —Pentagonal, broad as high.

Nasals—Contigueus, superior, semi-divided by fissures running from trans-

verse slit-like nostrils, downwards and backwards to 1st labial scale,

Internasals—2, cone-shaped, with the bases of the cones in apposition,

Prefrontals—2,

734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

Frontal —Longer than broad.

Parietals —Large and confluent with the ant, temporals and thus coming into

contact with the 6th labial on both sides.

Supraroclars—Single ; less broad than frontal,

Loreals—Present, single,

Autoculars—R 1, L. 1, reaching well on to crown,

Postoculars—BR 2,2.

Labials R 8, L 8, progressively increasing in size from 1 to 6. 7th and

8th very small and separate ; a large labial-like scale from the labial margia

on both sides ; 4th only enters eye R and L.

Temporuls—A bsent,

Eye—Small, as much anterior as lateral, with decided inclination upwards,

Pupil— Round (Sub-elliptical ?).

Ant, Chin Shields—In contact with four labials,

Post Chin Shields—Absent.

Coloration—-Ventrally beautifully mottled with buff and dull olive-green, -

the mottling acquiring a distinct arrangement laterally so that a zig-zag buff

line is formed with duil olive in green spots below the arches, The superior

angles of the zig-zag are produced upwards forming a limb which passes on

to the back, Many of these limbs meet their corresponding fellows of the

opposite side across the back to form complete buff arches ; others end in con-

vex extremities onthe vertebral region, 'The intervening parts are dull olive-

green.

Specimen No,2 differs only in the following points. Captured 7th Nov.,

1898. Length, 2 feet 63 inches; tail, 4g inches. Body only laterally compressed

at back part, (

Scales—Neck, 31-32, smooth ; mid.-corporeal, 29, smooth ; post-corporeal,

20, smooth,

Ventruls—153, no divided pre-anals.

Sub-caudals—48, double.

Coloration—Ventral region same as No.1; the buff arches on dorsum are

replaced bya pale shade of dull olive-green, picked out with an ill-defined

outline of a darker shade of olive-green than rest of body.

Notes worthy of remark on both specimens—Absence of Ant, temporals on

both sides, Very small 7th and 8th labials on both sides,

F. WALL, Surg.-Capt., IMLS,

Agra, February, 1898.

No. IJIL.—A PANTHER WITH 20 TOES,

I write to ask if the above peculiarity has been before brought to notice, as

during a long acquaintance with panthers and tigers I have never observed it

myself, The panther, an average size female, was shot a few days ago, and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 735

has five fully developed toes and claws in each hind foot, My attention was

attracted to this abnormal condition when the claws were counted before

handing over to the skinner. I can find no mention of a similar variation in

Blanford,

§, EARDLEY<WILMOT.

Ounu, February, 1898.

' No, IV—THE GROWTH OF THE GREEN TREE FROG.

Can any of our members inform me whether the life histories of our Indian

frogs have been worked out and, if so, where such particulars can ke found,

as one looks in vain for such interesting details in the latest standard work

on the subject (the “Fauna of British India—Reptilia and Batrachia,” by

G. A. Boulenger, of the British Museum),

I am sending up, for our collection in Bombay, a series of spirit specimens

consisting of the following :—

(a) The male Green Tree Frog (Rhacophorus maiabaricus),

(b) The female Green Tree Frog.

(d) The Tadpole, 3 days old.

(e) The Tadpole, ready to cast its tail ? ? ?

The spawn was laid on the 8th July, 1897, and it hatched out on the 13th

of the same month, The tadpole’s hind legs appeared on the 28th Novem-

ber, 1897, and the fore legs on the 25th January, 1898.

If series, similar to the above, could be collected, showing the develop-

ment of each species of our Indian frogs, they would, I think, forma very

valuable collection, .

JOHN A. GRAHAM,

Hatitery MeErcara,

NortH Coorea, February, 1898,

No. V._SAPPHIRES FOUND IN THE GIZZARD OF A

JUNGLE FOWL,

I am sending you 17 small sapphires which a friend of mine found in the

gizzard of a hen jungle fowl in their neighbourhood. Why the bird should

have chosen these bright blue stones in preference to the others, is an in-

teresting question, and I shall.be glad to know whether similar occurrences

have been recorded. Have any experiments been made with domestic-

fowls which throw any light on the subject ?

S. B. BATES, F.ZS.

CuINDWIN, UPPER BURMA,

February 1898,

735 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

No, VI,—DISTRIBUTION OF THE SLENDER LORIS.

I write to record the finding of a Slender Loris (Loris gracilis), on these

hills at an elevation of about 4,700 feet, A friend wrote the other day to

tell me he had found an animal on his Coffee Estate, which no one in these

parts had ever seen, and that it was something like my wife’s pet Gibbon,

Hylobates lar, so I rode over to see it, but found it had died and was

buried, We bad the hody exhumed, and I at once recognized the Slender

Loris, My friend had tried feeding it on raw meat and fruit, but it would

not eat. According to Jerdon it is common in the forests of the Eastern

Ghats, though I see that Blanford, in his Mammalia of British India, says

it is found “ in lowland forests, not so far as is known, at any consider-

able elevation above the sea.”

ANGUS M. KINLOCH.

Koraagiri, Niteiris, 4th March, 1898.

No. VIL—THE NIDIFICATION OF THE INDIAN LORIKERTS,

Tn the “Fauna of British India, Birds,” Vol. III, p. 262, Mr, Blanford says"

that Loriculus vernalis lays its eggs “ina hole or hollow of a tree without

any nest.” My limited experience has been different from this, Last year

I recorded in the Journal the taking of three nests of Loriculus indicus in

Ceylon, in each of which the eggs were deposited on a thick pad of green

leaves and halves of leaves torn off lengthwise along the midrib, and to-day

I found a nest of Loriculus vernalis,in which the same material was again

used to form a layer half an inch in thickness at the bottom of the hollow.

I enclose for your inspection a sample of these pieces of leaves, bitten into

shape by the birds,

An old convict jemadar here tells me that he has seen lots of nests of

the bird, and that it always makes a nest of green leaves, and as this has been

the case in the four nests of the two Indian species which I have taken, I am

inclined to think that this lining of the nest-hole is the rule and not excep-

tional, as I imagined when I took my first nest of Loriculus indicus.

Lorikeets sit close, and when disturbed on their eggs utter a long-drawn

querulous note like “ chee-ce.” Perhaps other members of the Society will

give their experience of the nesting of these birds ; common as the Lori-

keots are, there is very little on record about their nidification,

A, L, BUTLER,

Pour Briain, 2nd February, 1898,

No, VIII, PIED VARIETY OF HIRUNDO JAVANICA,

I shot a very prettily pied specimen of Hirundo javanica here the other

day. The head and throat were pure white,anda few blue-black feathers

on the crown ; wings with the second, third, fourth and fifth primarics

“SnoTVeULLeS snt.10qng

PEN/BDENNGei Gels setcoay ZUyq}st

“OPO 'T ‘duxt o7oug soszy Ute PUTT '

‘Dr Teh 20 3st EN Lequiog wrnop

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 737

with their coverts, and several of the secondaries, white; shoulders white

with a few black feathers; upper back as usual, a few white feathers

intermingled ; rump and three central pairs of tail feathers white, with

a few black feathers ; the rufous breast band and pale smoke-grey lower

parts mingled with white,and most of the lower tail coverts white,

At first glance the bird looked very unswallow-like ; for a few seconds as

it was flitting over a rather rough sea, I took it for some sort of small stint !

It provided me with a good deal of shooting as a strong wind was whirling

it hither and thither in 2 most erratic way, and shooting from a rocking boat

and avoiding firing at too close a range, it was not until the sixth shot that

I hit it.

A. L, BUTLER,

Porr Buair, January, 1898,

No, 1X.—POLECATS AS PETS.

(With a Plate.)

MNaving had three m dttled polecats (Putorious sarmaticus) in my possession

during the last few months, I have noted down w few observatiors made on

their ways and habits when domesticated, pot may be of interest to some

of the readers of the Society s Journal.

The first polecat was given tome by a sepoy of the regiment (who had

bought it from a fakir) shortly after we arrived at Chaman last Spring, and

a strange little creature she looked with her curious markings of black

yellow and white, In shape she resembled a weasel, having a long narrow

body and arched back, The fur on the legs and underneath the body was

jet-black and very glossy, and the back and tail were spotted with patches

of bright canary-yellow. The large bat-like ears were black, fringed with

pure white, and 2 broad white band ran across the head just above the eyes:

the chin also was white. The fur was very soft and silky, and the bushy

tail could be fluffed out till every hair stood on end.

When I first had this polecat she showed no sign of timidity, but allowed

me to handle her freely, and would follow closely at heel when I took her

out, When tired she would attempt to clamber up my dress, and when I put

down my hand she would climb on to it and let me carry her in’ my arms.

Later on, she gained a companion, another female who was much less tame

and tractable. Evil communications had their usual effect on good manners,

and No. i lost much of her trustfulness. No.2 much resented being handled,

and was very ready to use her sharp little teeth in self defence, She was a

dainty little vixen however, and one forgot one’s bleeding fingers and could

_ only admire her as she danced to and fro, every hair erect, the bushy tail

curved bristling over her back, her tiny head flung back, and the white te:th

gleaming as she gave sharp little growls of defiance. The two polecats had

738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

battles royal together, with so much squealing and scuffing that one really

felt surprised at the end of the fray to find that neither seemed a penny the

worse, and that the famous story of the Kilkenny- cats had not been repeated;

but no, bushy tails and all appeared absolutely intact. All, however, was

not war, many were the frolics and gambols in which the two indulged, they

were as lively as kittens, and a dangling string or a fluttering piece of paper

would afford endless amusement to them as well as to the on-lookers. With

leaps and bounds, headlong rushes and much scurrying of pattering feet, the

curving tails arched in the air, they would enact the maddest of revels till,

wearied out, they would curl themselves up and fall asleep from sheer exhaus-

tion. ‘Their greatest enjoyment, however, was in digging burrows for them-

selves in the garden, in and out of which they would play with never-failing

delight. Directly they were let loose from the bungalow they scampered

straight for their holes, which were side by side in a bank about 15 yards from

the verandah, Often both polecats darted into the same hole, whereupon

tremendous scuffing ensued, and the vanquished one would then make a

hasty exit and seek refuge next door. Their digging powers are great, as they

have strong paws with long serviceable claws, and they excavate deep, roomy.

burrows. On hearing any unusual sound, they would rush to the mouth of

the hole and there raise themselves on their hind legs, remaiming erect fora

remarkably long time, turning their heads on every side to discover what was

happening. They were most fearless little animals, and would face a dog or

a man with calm self-possession, even moving close to the stranger to obtain

a better view. Some time later a third polecat,a male, came into my posses-

sion, He was larger than the other two, but the marking and colouring in

each case were almost identical, This last one is exceedingly gentle, and

allows himself to be picked up and petted, and never growls or attempts to

pite, Unfortunately, No. 2 broke her string one night and made her escape,

and all search for her proved fruitless. The two others are still flourishing,

and lead a happy, though uneventful, existence, They each have their own

particular whims, which. it is amusing to watch. No, 1, for instance, insists

on wrapping herself up in a cloth every night, which is put down for her to

sleep on, She will spend 5 or 10 minutes sometimes before she can arrange

it to her satisfaction. She first creeps under it, and then carefully pulls in

all the edges by the aid of her teeth and claws until she has gathered them

round her and completely packed herself into a tight bundle, No.3, the male,

never does this. He, however, has a fancy for an empty basket, into which

he climbs and there goes to sleep contentedly, They are fed on raw meat

chopped finely, and milk, :

They are allowed to run loose in a room for part of the day and enjoy a

romp, playing hide-and-seek with each other or with a little Persian mongoose,

their stable companions. Shoes, or better still, long riding boots, in and

out of which they can dive and chase each other, are among their favourite

a a ia

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 739

playthings, They can climb very little, and have a great objection to

Jumping from a chair or across a gap. No. 2, however, was an expert climber,

and always scrambled to the top ofa high wooden box, on which her

dinner was regularly placed for her. The male polecat weighs 22 ounces, and

is about 21 inches in length, 8 inches of which is tail, When very much

alarmed or exceedingly angry, these polecats, like others of their race, can

emit the most unpleasant smell, but this, am thankful to say, occurs but

seldom.

I hear that a family of mottled polecats (wild) inhabits a garden in Quetta,

Natives of Northern Afghanistan state that they have never seen any of

these animals there, The name the natives give for them is ‘“‘naulai”

ce ), which Raverty translates “ ferret, weasel, mongoose’—a some-

what comprehensive definition,

M, T. YATE (Mrs.).

CHAMAN, October, 1897.

No, X.—PANTHERS AND THEIR WAYS.

The record of an ordinary panther shoot overa goat, or any thing else, is

far too commonplace to receive publicity and take up the space of this valu-

able journal ; but the following account is, so far as my experience goes, not

only of some interest, but from the point of view of wild beasts and their

ways, possibly noteworthy and of general value to the sportsman,

On the afternoon of the 6th instant, I took up a position with my brother

ona ‘“‘machan” close toa small hill, of peculiar shape, composed of large

basaltic boulders. The “ khubber ” that two panthers were located here became.

quickly apparent by the roaring and gurglings that periodically issued from

the hillock in question, In this connection it may be noted that I have never.

known panthers roarin the day time, unless the procreative instinct out-

weighs all consideration of secrecy and silence. We sat on that “machan”™

and listened until it became too cold to remain any longer, and then releasing

the goat repaired to camp. ‘

On returning to the spot on the morning of the 7th, my astonishment was

considerable to find that neither of the panthers had left the hill all night,

They couid not—as a matter of fact—have well done so without the marks of

their pads being seen. Nor did they visit the tank close at hand. I ought

to point out here that three days prior to my arrival, one of the panthers—

probably the female—made the Forest Reserve untenable for the Forest fire

patrols at night, by reason of the terrific row she made. My impression is

that she was calling for the male, and when they were mated, they took up

their abode in what was practically an unassailable position. Not having

drunk water for 48 hours, the presumption was strongly in favour of an early

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI,

departure to the tank. We consequently decided to divide up, I sitting

over the goat and my brother over the water. We took up onr respective

positions at precisely 5-30 pu, Itisan excellent plan, I find, in taking up

one’s position over a goat to accompany a small herd of cattle. The goat

is then casually tied up, while the men and cattle depart, making plenty of

noise.

Shortly after the departure of the cattle, both panthers gave vent to

spasmodic roaring, and their Jair being within 100 yards, the noise they made

was distinctly impressive. At6p.m, one of the panthers came out on toa

rock and, carefully surveying the goat and its surroundings, returned to con-

tinue attentions to its mate, which were, to all appearances, much resented.

By 6-30 p.m. both panthers had gradually worked their way down the

boulders of the hill, roaringand snarling at each other, and when 60 yards off

were perceived by the goat, who promptly sneezed in the vigorous and charac-

teristic manner well known to that quadruped under critical circumstances,

Tt was still daylight, and every now and again I could catch glimpses of both

panthers through the green foliage of my ‘‘ machan”’ well within shot, The

male’s attitude appeared to be all attentive, and the female’s attitude all re-

sentive throughout, and they sat facing each other for quite half an hour,

More or less suddenly a compromise seems to have been arrived at, for one

panitber skulked off to the right, and the other disappeared ina direction

invisible to me. Presently footsteps were audible quite close to the machan

on the side hidden by leaves, towards the hill, andif I were to venture to

make a guess, not only from these footsteps, but from the alarmed manner in

which the goat conducted itself at this stage, I should say that one of the

panthers was stalking within 20 paces, The sequel will show that the object

of this stalk is a trifle obscure. Up to this point neither of the panthers had

made the slightest effort to hide its presence fromthe goat. They stalked

about ina bold and barefaced manner never observed by me before. After

an interval of 10 minutes or so, the panther, assumed to be 20 paces off, ap-

peared to have departed, for the goat now began to display a general in-

difference to its surroundings. The light at this stage was very indifferent,

the moon throwing great slanting shadows towards me, At 7P.M. 1 heard a

rustle of leaves, and the next moment one of the panthers was in mid-air and the

goat pinned down, The neatness with which a panther always kills is

remarkable, and death must be almost instantaneous, The panther had stalked

the goat from the side away from the hill, and that animal like myself must

have been absolutely unaware of its close proximity. The goat uttered no sound

and, owing to the presence of a thick shadow, the panther and the goat were

practically invisible tome. Considering the circumstance the silence was now

profound and was undisturbed for quite a quarter of an hour until an appalling

howling and screeching in the hill told me that the second panther was per-

ambulating about and had disturbed a porcupine. The gradual rise of the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 741

moon enabled me to now discern the outlines of the panther sitting over the

kill, and I was thankful when he presently started to feed, thereby rendering

movement in the “machan” just possible, At 7-28 p.m. precisely (as re-

corded by my brother), I took the best shot offered me. That the panther

was badly hit became at once certain. In an hour's time I left the “ machan,”

using every possible precautions, and we returned to camp, This morning

the panther was recovered dead fifty yards from the hill in the direction of the

caves. Two peculiar events had occurred : (a) The kill had been removed by

the male to the old lair notwithstanding the shot fired, the carcase being

dragged past the dead female ; and (0) from the appearance of slight teeth-

marks on the abdomen and chest of the female, the male had clearly tried

to induce her to rise to the occasion, and this event can moreover only have

taken place after sunrise, as the skin where the male had seized the female

was still damp from saliva, It looked just as if the male, alarmed at the

protracted sleep of its mate, notwithstanding the rise of the sun, had decided

to awaken her and failed. Icannot help giving prominence also to the

chivalzous conduct of the male in apparently relinquishing his right to kill.

A careful examination of the skin revealed recent abrasions of some depth

on both buttocks about 6 inches from the root of the tail, Only one deduc-

tion of their presence in this locality is, I presume, possible.

W, A. WALLINGER,

Divisional Forest Officer..

PancH Manat, 7th January, 1898.

No, XI—REASONING POWER IN BEES.

A friend communicates the following facts, He was out shooting in the

Dehra Dun when his companion disturbed a hive of forest bees which, with

their usual fury, attacked and defeated the enemy. As is generally the case,

it was also here noticed that the bees confined their revenge to the actual de-

stroyers of their peace ; and the incident would have closed without further

remark, save for the fact that the same individual was attacked later on in the

day on two or three other occasions. In fact, whenever he approached the

vicinity of a hive, the bees sallied forth, taking the initiative and confining

their attacks to the same luckless person. My friend informed me that it was

an accepted fact that an onslaught by wild bees is much aggravated if any of

them are killed, and suggested that his companion had in self-defence killed

some bees from the first hive whose corpses carried in the howdah or else-

where occasioned the wrath of other bees in the vicinity. I can only vouch

for the facts without offering any explanations, I was not aware that killing

742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

attacking bees increased the rage of the survivors, though I knew in practice

that bees will not sting a perfectly motionless man or animal, The former

has not the courage to attempt this without the aid of a blanket, but I have

seen an elephant stand quiet in the midst of an angry swarm and not suffer

in consequence, As to the attack by undisturbed hives at a distance from

the first, I see no more difficulty in a bee being attracted tothe corpse of a

friend one hundred yards off, than to a bank of flowers one mile off. But

the unprovoked attack would imply either an offensive ailiance between all

individuals of a species or temporary madness occasioned by the presence of

death. Will some of our members help us in this difficulty ?

S. EARDLEY-WILMOT.

Lucknow, February, 1898,

No. XIL—BAHMEEN FISHING -IN BOMBAY HARBOUR.

The Bahmeen (Polynenus tetradactylus), or Rous Fish, known to our

butlers as the ‘Indian salmon,” used to be fairly common in Bombay

Harbour in the neighbourhood of the Sunk Rock Lighthouse, but of late

years it does not seem to have appeared insuch numbers, although I cannot

find any reason for the fact. They were seen congregating about the rock when

the lighthouse was being built, and for some years afterwards they used to

make their appearance regularly at the beginning of the ebb-tide. The rock

on which the lighthouse is built has short channels on the north and west

sides, which seem to provide shelter to the bummalo, mullet and other small

fish when the tide is running strong, and the Rous take advantage of these

shelters to be in wait for their prey. There may be and I presume there are

other places about the harbour where the Rous might be taken with a rod,

but I have been unable to find them although I have tried several likely

spots without success. The best time for fishing 1 have found to be in the

monsoon months, June to September, and about one hour after the tide has

begun to ebb. Spring tides are the best and the fish cease feeding, or, more

probably, leave the place, about two hours before low water. IJ have never

caught a fish on the incoming tide, although I have taken them exactly at

high water. I first fished forthem in August, 1885, with Mr. J. L. Symons, and

as the Sunk Rock as a fishing place was little known, we had it mostly to

ourselves, with the exception of the lighthouse-keeper, who with his pri-

mitive arrangement of a bamboo, thick string with a bit of tin and a hoe

at the end, used to catch a good many. That year and the following there

were a great many fish about, and as we were both new atthe game we did

not kill as many as we ought to have done. We had plenty of runs and break-

ages Im proportion, but averaged about seven fish during the two ér three

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 743

hours we fished, A large prawn is the most killing bait, but they takea spoon

bait well, and I have also caught them with natural bait ; in fact, they will

take almost anything when properly on the feed. Although the monsoon

monthsare the best, I have caught them each month from May to October,

but during the cold weather they do not come much into the harbour. My

best day alone was ten fish, 51 !bs., all caught with a 13 inch spoon in two

hours, This was on the 14th August, 1888, and on 21st September, 1850, two

rods took fourteen fish, 41 Ibs. The larges+ fish I have heard of caught at

Sunk Rock was 16 lbs., though of course there have been larger ones which

have broken away. Although I have taken notes of the state of tide, wind,

colour of water, &c,,each time I have been out, 1 have always found the

chances of sport most unreliable, One day the fish are about and the next,

‘although the conditions are the save, they are conspicuous by their absence,

and I can only agree with the gilies’ remacks about the salmon that “ the

habits of the fish are no properly kenned.”

H, L. BARTON.

Bompay, February, 1898.

No, X{1I—-THE YOUNG OF THE HUNTING LEOPARD,

Major Rodon in bis interesting article on the young of the hunting Leopard

which appeared in the last number of the Journal, says: “ Possibly, like lion

cubs, they were born with their eyes open.” In 1892, when shooting in

Somali Land, I shot a lioness over a kil!, and afterwards found her three cubs,

All three had their eyes closed, Oa the fcllowirg daytwo of the cubs had

their eyes open, but the other one did not open its eyes till the morning of

the third day. The Somalis with me said that the cubs, when I found them,

were nine or ten days old; but, from the condition of the mother and from

the appearance of the cubs, I did not think they could have been more than

two or three days old.

I wrote to several people to try and ascertain whether there was any de-

finite time for lion cubs’ eyes to remain closed after birth as with dogs, cats,

&c,, but could not obtain any definite infermation, nor was I able to find out

anything from the few books on natural history in my possession, The

general opinion appeared to be that lion cubs’ eyes opened two or three days

after birth, and it would be interesting to know whether this is a recognized

fact,

I presume the period would be the same in wild animals, as in thosa born

in captivity !

H, F. CLEVELAND, Surczon-Capram,

Neemucn, 8th April, 1898. 3rd Bo, Cavalry.

744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

No. XIV.—THE NESTING OF THE MALABAR RUFOUS WOOD-

PECKER (WICROPTERNUS GULARIS).

It may perhaps be of interest to some of the members to record that

recently whilst I was out nesting at Thana in company with two friends,

I found what I consider must be the eggs (2) of the Madras Rufous Wood-

pecker (Micropternus gularisy. Very little is known of the nesting of this bird,

though in Vol. IIL of the “ Fauna of British India” (Blanford), it is stated on

page 57 that Davi(d?) son and Aitken found these eggs in ants’ nests. The

same fact is mentioned in Hume's “Nest and Eggs,” Vol. II, page 308, about the

sister bird(M. pheceps) of Northern India, with measurements and descriptions

of the eggs. I was directed tothe nest in question by some native boys

who were acting as guides, &c,, to my party,and I may mention I had

never seen them before, or did they know I was coming out on that day.

They said that two days before they had noticed a bird (described

by them as the Lal Sutar) pecking at an ant’s nest in a mango tree, We

sent them off to examine the nest, and they returned to say that there were

two eggs. On hearing this, we started off and soon came to the place, where

we found in a mango tree, about 8 feet from the ground, a black ant’s nest

(Cremastogaster ebinis), looking for all the world like a big sponge, with a

circular hole in it about 23 in. wide at the mouth, and descending downwards

into a fairly large cavity containing two perfectly fresh white egos, measuring

respectively 1°15in, and 1°13 x -85 and ‘8in. They were moderately long ovals

without any gloss, and looked extremely fragile, A curious thing noticed

about them was a sort of sparkle, resembling the frosted appearance one sees

ona’*Xmas Card. This has disappeared since blowing the eggs. The nest

(of the ants) was absolutely alive with these insects, and I thought at the time

that it had not been long enough in occupation for them to quit, for in the

note on M, pheceps quoted above, Mr. Gammie states that in three nests out

of four taken in Sikkim, the ants had left the birds in sole possession. This

opinion I must now modify, as writing on this date the 21st, I am able to send

you a black ant’s nest with a woodpecker’s nest and one young birdinit. This

I took to-day in the jungle not far from Thana. I foolishly had the nest cut

down before examining it, and instead of eggs,as I hoped,I found a young bird,

There may be two, but the ants are too thick for examination to be a pleasant

operation, This disposes of the idea that, when the birds take possession,

the ants leave.* My native assures me that they form the young bird’s food,

and to-day when I was looking at the nestling I certainly saw it pecking away

vigorously. I hope it is old enough to survive removal to the Society’s care ;

when all doubt will be set at rest as to the identity of these robbers, who

apparently not only break into the ant’s nest but feed on the original occu-

pants. I am sorry to say that on neither occasion did I see the parent bird,

* This fact has already been noticed by Mr. HE. H. Aitken in the Society’s Journal,

Vol. VII, page 198.—ED.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 745

We waited till nearly dark in the first instance, To-day the afore-mentioned

native assured me it was no use waiting because the parents never returned

to look after their young, as they had all they wanted on the premises.

. N, F. T. WILSON, Lrevr.,

Bompay, April, 1898, R.ILM.S, “ Clive.”

No. XV.—THE HYBERNATING OF INDIAN BEARS, ETC.

With reference to Major Rodon’s note at the head of page 548 in your

last number ( Vol, XI, No. 3 ), it may interest some members to know that

I found a black bear (Ursus torquatus) hybernating in a hollow which the

Kafirs had cut in the stem of a large deodar, about three feet from the

ground, at about 7,000 feet in the Utzan Nullah, near Drosh, on the 20th

January last,and shot him, He had a splendid coat, a half-inch lining of fat

and an empty stomach. The drowsy way in which he twisted his head back-

wards and forwards in the hole when first aroused was distinctly ludicrous, He

is a very small bear, as was also another (a female), which I got last summer.

The Markhor heads up here are very interesting. I have seen the two

largest heads in the same herd, and they are entirely different; one has a

widespread and a fine spiral with the curve at alow angle to the horizontal,

and the other has horns: close together and perfectly straight with a very

high-angled curve. This last is quite unlike the trans-Indus variety in Kin-

loch’s book, and I have not seen a specimen like it in any Mess or Museum,®

F. E, G, SKEY, Caprain, R.E.

Drosu, April, 1898.

No. XVI—THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF SCENT IN ANIMALS.

I confess to a feeling of astonishment when I read Mr, Macleod’s notes

on the protective powers of scent in Animals, for I gathered that he is of

opinion that the deer of Bombay possess these powers to a very limited extent,

This evidence, he admits, is of a negative character, and for the credit of the

animals in that part of India I trust it will be long before it can be proved

that they have so degenerated, There can, of course, be no doubt that pro-

tective powers develope with necessity, but as man possessing no protective

instinct in this form can wind a tiger or a boar at twenty paces, a deer which

with its more delicate organs, cannot do the same at ten times that distance

may, I think, be taken to have merited the term above used. It was only

yesterday that I observed an old cow-buffalo nosing out a six hours’ old tiger

track merely for curiosity, and she had her protective powers of scent

dulled by generations of domesticity. I can speak from experience only of

* From a comparison between the photographs sent by Capt. Skey and the illus-

trations of the different varieties of Markhor given in Blanford’s Mammalia

(CHauna of British India, §¢.), pages 506-7, it is quite evident that the two varieties

referred to in the same herd are the Pir-Panjal var. (Fig. 165) and the Cabul

var. (Hig. 166).—ED,

744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT,

the N.-W. Provinces, and here, all deer, and especially sambhar and chital,

have the power of scenting and of winding developed in a very marked

degree ; itis probable that the former, if placed in similar circumstances

would be found to be no whit behind the red deer of Scotland in this feupect,

and no sportsman who has witaessed the stealthy departure of the sambhar

stag when he has winded his enemy, or the retreat of the chital, would for

the future doubt that in the great majority of cases the success of the stalker

is dependent on the wind, In these parts too the tiger is not incapable of

following up a drag; he will do it if he likes for long distances; and also he

has been observed tracking a sambhar hind whose evident anxiety pointed to

suspicion of danger, Whena tiger returns on a dark night to his kill from

great distances, I believe that in the majority of cases he runs a back trail,

and that he has no better memory than any other jungle animal, As a rule

when the presence of danger is indicated from a distance, the animal

affected removes itself silently, and the hunter generally knows nothing about

it ; but it may notat times suit the convenience of an animal to do this,

A fed stag will often lie low in the hope that he may be overlooked,

although he may have winded, heard,and «ven seen his pursuer. A tiger

which has been much hunted will not follow up a drag if the careless

shikari has permitted a man to walk on the new trail. Those footsteps must,

to any animal possessed of instinct, reveal the agency of man and arouse

suspicion ; a different case surely to that when domestic animals are openly

tied up, and the tiger hopes to elude discovery by dragging the carcase fora

distance. One is open to assume that in the one case the stag had no sense

of hearing or scent, and in the other that the tiger was phenomenally stupid,

but my experience would in the circumstances lead me to conclude that not

only scent but cunning was highly developed. To question in deer the

power of winding and scenting, one must first deny these powers to the

natural enemies, for otherwise the handicap would be too outrageously unfair.

Let a strong breeze be blowing through the forest in the spring when the deer

are lying in the undergrowth and can hear or see nothing but the rush of

falling leaves and sweeping boughs ; or take a foggy winter morning when all

sound is. deadened on the sodden leaves and reeking grass, without the

power of winding a danger, the deer would have absolutely no protection

against either man or carnivora ; and this they know full well, for they will

change their forest quarters with each change in wind direction and will

always feed up wind in cases of doubt. With regard to alarm calls I have

seen stags callas well as hinds, but I have never known a note to be sounded

when danger is winded. This leads to an undemonstrative departure ; but

danger seen, heard or suspected will be advertised by repeated cries if at a

safe distance ; if inconveniently close however, one sharp ery is followed

by headlong flight. Many animals will stand and gaze at the sportsmen if

they are not observed ; the serow is a past master at this trick, the panther

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 747

runs in a good second, and the tiger does not disdain to follow the lead, When

detected, they rush wildly away, or even towards you if it happens to be a tiger

in a bad temper and possessed of sufficient courage. I have already replied to

some of Mr, Macleod’s remarks on the practice of alarm calls by writing in our

magazine on the persistent way deer remain in the vicinity of a known danger,

But my first difficulty still remains, and I more than ever want to know why

in a country where deer can smell, they do not notice a man in a tree, and

why, when that man can smell a tiger, the tiger cannot or will not return the

compliment. I believe that the explanation is simply referable to the rising

of scent, for I have proved that the same resulis would not follow if one

were posted behind a tree instead of on it,

$. HARDLEY-WILMOT.

Lucknow, April, 1898,

No, XVII.—THE “ KOL-BHALU.”

I think it may be taken as proved by what Messrs, Eardley-Wilmot and

Wallinger have written in their papers published.in No, 3 of the Society's

Journal, Vol. XI, that one of the animals that makes the cry of the Kol-Bhalu

is a jackal, But my experience leads me to believe that there are other

animals that make a similar cry, and it would be interesting to, know if this

can be confirmed by any one else! One morning some years ago in the wet

weather I was climbing the hills at a place called Ubliada-Mogra in the

Igatpuri Taluka of the Nasik District. I had left my camp before it was

light and reached the foot of the ridge running up to the high hill of

Pimpalgaon, [had three dogs with me, two greyhounds and a fox terrier, when

suddenly about half way up the ridge I heard the cry of the Kol-Bhalu. I a;

once set my dogs offand they started three animals, ran them abouta

quarter of a mile, and then disappeared with them in the jungle. After some

little time my dogs came back, but they had not tackled the animals, although

accustomed to running jackals and killing them. Iam sure they did not

tackle for they were not bitten at all, nor were their mouths blood-stained,

I had a very good view of these animals, for they were not fifty yards off

when the dogs brought them into view, Although dark when I left my

camp, it was quite light by the time I got to the foot of the hill, and I could

see quite distinctly. They were in a dip the other side of the small ridge

I was climbing when I heard the cry, and though not in sight when the cry

was uttered, still one of them must have been responsible for it, They

were reddish animals, not so red asa wild dog, and they had reddish bushy

tails, They were not unlike jackals in shape, but appeared to me to be much

larger, and they were decidedly not jackals.

Karwar, April, 1898, W. G. BETHAM,

Indian Forest Service,

748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI.

With regard to the various Miscellaneous Notes on the “ Kol-Bhalu,”

which have appeared of late in the Society’s Journal, an experience which

happened to me some little time ago will, I think, help to support Mr. Hardley-

Wilmot’s contention that the cry is, asarule, the jackal’s warning note of

danger. One afternoon out stalking I got a snap-shot at a tiger as he bounded

away through some long grass, and on following up to see if I had wounded

him I came across a doe sambhar which the tiger had been eating when I

disturbed him. As J had missed the tiger, I thought it highly probable that

he would return to the kill very soon, and so I determined to wait for him.

I had, however, only one man with me and no means at hand for making a

‘‘machan,” I therefore sent this man back to my camp, some two miles away,

for the necessary help, and in the meantime I climbed up into a tree near the

dead sambhar, In a very short time a jackal appeared, which I had excellent

Opportunities of observing, a3 he was quite unconscious of my presence, and

passed me time after time within a few yards. There was nothing in any

way peculiar about him, and judging from his condition and the glossiness of

his coat he was evidently im excellent health. He was, however, with

that curious instinct which these animals seem to possess, fully aware

that the tiger had not finished his meal and that he might be expected back

shortly. He therefore would not touch the carcase, but contented himself

with wandering round and round it, sometimes coming quite near, at other

times making circles of about 100 yards radius, In one of these peregrina-

tions he came suddenly on to the tiger, who had evidently not been much

alarmed at my shot,and was creeping back to the kill through some low bushes.

The jackal seemed much startled, bounded back a few yards, and then eave

vent to the peculiar “ Kol-Bhalu” cry.

T, MACPHERSON, Lirzvut.-CoLonet.

Poona, April, 1898.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 281TH OF FEBRUARY, 1898.

A meeting of the members took place on Monday last, the 28th February,

when Mr, J. D. Inverarity presided,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr. R, M.

Thompson (Banda); Colonel St. G. O, Gore, R.E. (Dehra Dun) ; Mr. John A,

Graham (Mercara); Mr. W. W. B, Warner (Mozambique); Mr. Charles

S. F, Crofton, I.C.8. (Ahmednugger); Captain T, Jermyn (Kohat) ;

Lieutenant R. E. Roome (Jacobabad) ; ie R, C. Brown, I.C.S8. (Ahmednug-

ger) ; Mr, Mitchell Hall (Jalpaiguri) ; Mr. 8, J, Stone (Mussoorie) ; Mr, W. E,

Copleston, LF.S. (Yellapur); Mr, Vinayak N, Hate (Bombay); Mr, Langford

PROCEEDINGS. 749

Whitehouse (Upper Burma) ; Sir Edward Buck, K.C$.J. (London); Lieut-

enant P. Watson (Cawnpore); Colonel George D. Stawell (Deesa) ; Mr. H.J.

Elwes, F.R.S. (London); and Mr. Rowland Ward (London).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Mr, H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society's Museum since last meeting :—

Contribution. Description, Contributor.

1 Crested Lapwing ......... Ivanelius Cristatus......c00.04... sure -Major F. W. Jones.

1 Green Tree Snake .........!Dryophis mycterizans......... Mr. A. Simkins.

Tohaduinedee eileen seed! | coher Mr. F, J. Ede.

Aopespecies, of Kerns) from|-.) 9) ....-- Mr, G. M,. Woodrow.

Western India.

BEOMAlkes CAlVE)) acccascessees Cerberus rhynchops......... -eo(Mr. F. Spencer.

1 Sand Lizard .......... padecoee Lygosoma punctatum .........\Mr. Scott Elliott.

2 SQA epcasspootocen Goo woe Simotes arnensis. Trop./Mr. C. Hudson, 1.0.5.

piscator.

1 Red-billed Curlew ......... Ibidorhynchus struthersii ...'\Capt. F. J. B. Barton.

2 Wild Cats (alive) ....... oo Melis ChAUS....0.000000++-+--00e0e.| Mrs, J. Counsel.

1 Hawk-Cuckso (alive) ...... Hierococ¢yX VaTIUS ....cce0.e-- Mrs. F. A. Little.

1 Albino Jack Snipe ......... Gallinago gallinula ............ Mr. M. C. Gibb, 1.C.8.

2 Red-crested Pochards ......'Netta PUFA ............s0ceeeeee Mr. H. C. Wright.

1 Gadwall ........ poodensea9006 ‘Chaulelasmus StrepeTUS ...... Lo

1 Skull of Wart Hog ...... ..|Phacocherus cethiopicus...... Capt. A. Swayne, R.E.

2 Snakes Glive) .-....0.-..-.-/PTOP. PISCAtOL s-...-.>..--.0.--.| Mir, C. Merrony.

il fSimalie. (G@UWIEDY) Saadoroncsn6o ....[Psammophis longifrons ...... Do.

2 Jackals ......... -+-CaDiS BULCUS csecoeses. nogte Do.

6 Black Partr idges ‘(Galive).. .|Francolinus vulgaris . «+-veeee.| Lon ble W, O'Brien.

1 Bustard’s skin ...se-+.s00e .|Hupodotus edwardsi .........,| Lieut. G. Knowles.

A collection of Snakes, Lose Mr. J. A. Betham.

Bats, etc.

1 Panther @live) ..... seoeeee{! ClIS PATAUS soseeeee ddoanass059e: Mrs. F. LL. Simpson.

i Painted Bat ..... ndnadescacede Cerivoula picta..........0....-.|Mr. J. Gidney.

3 Weaver Birds Glive) 500004 Ploceus baya.....----cc-ecseee--| Mrs, H. Pearson.

1 Snake (alive) ....... Docda008 J Dyesyas TOMA Gocouclasconosa4o00N0n 0.

1 Head of Chinkara ......... Gazella bennetti ...............,Maj. J. B, Butler.

] Malabar Civet Cat (@live)|Viverra civettina ............... Mr. C. R. Brendon.

1 Chameleon (alive) ....... ..\Chameeleo calcaratus .........,Mr. H. M. Page.

2 W ater Tortoises aetnee coc gaged Capt. Whitehead.

Freshwater shells .20.. s0100e) 8 ewnow ; Mr. D. George.

IDO sgh on. tuted Veutneg) >’ [targa le aBeacese Mr. W. Mahon Daly.

1 Snake Glive) .............0. Lycodon strigatus......---c-.-- Surg.-Capt. &. Harold

Brown.

I) Snake Gilive) ....-.s0-2-c.0- Zamenis fasciolatus ......... ..,|Purchased.

A series showing the deve-,Rhacophorus malabaricus ...'Mr, J. Graham.

lopmeat of “the Green|

Tree Frog.

A Snakes ....ccccceceseeereeeeeesf 1 TOP. Monticolor. Callophis Do,

bibronii. Mel. wynadense.

17 Sapphires out. of the acta Mr. S. B. Bates.

gizzard of a Jungle Fowl.

Land and Freshwater shells edgo0¢ Do.

1 Snake ...........0s-seceeeee--(aungylophis conicus .........|Mrs. H. Pearson.

Freshwater shells qacsescees me coanot Mr. C. Q. Tanner

750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY®

The Cambridge Natural History, 2 Vols,, from Mr, W, F, Sinclair; Annals

of the Queensland Museum, in exchange ; Der Tibethund (Siber), Mr, A,

Corrodi,

THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1897,

The Honorary Treasurer submitted the accounts for the year ending 31st

December, 1897, showing a credit balance of Rs, 870-5-8 in cash and Rs, 4,800

invested in Government Paper. The expenditure during the year amounted

to Rs. 14,180-0-6, It was resolved that the accounts be passed subject to the

usual audit,

ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE. -

The President, Vice=-Presidents, and members of the Managing Committee

for 1897 were duly re-elected for the present year. ;

PAPERS READ, ~

The following papers were read and discussed :—1, The Birds of North

Canara, by J. Davidson, I.C.S. 2. On some new Species of Indian Hymenop-

tera, by Lt.-Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S8. Miscellaneous Notes :—(a) The

Large Pied Wagtail in Captivity, by Captain A. Newnham ; (4) Notes on Man-

Haters and other things, by J. Straker, F.Z.8.; (c) Snakes at Trincomalee, by

Doctor P, W. Bassett Smith, R.N. ;(d) The Young of the Hunting Leopard,

by Major G. S. Rodon ; (e) Seedling Orange Trees, by G. Marshall Woodrow ;

(f) The Comb Duck or Nukhta, by Major J. H. Sewell ; (g) Does the Brown

Bear hybernate ?, by MajorG.S, Rodon; (hk) The“ Kol Bhalu” and the

Instinct of Fear in Wild Animals, by 8. Eardley-Wilmot; (2) The Breeding of

the Comb Duck, by HK. H. Aitken ; (/) The “ Kol Bhalu,” by W. A. Wallinger ;

(4) On the Distribution of the Black-capped Kingfisher, by G. W. Vidal;

(J) Extract from Pedro Teixeira, by W, F. Sinclair ; (m) : Occurrences of the

Lesser Flamingo near Bombay, by J. M. Mason. .

Mottled Polecat (Putorius sarmaticus) in captivity, illustrating her remarks by

means of photographs taken in Chaman,

Imade>=x to Volume XI.

Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

Specific Names are written with a small initial letter ; Generic,

Sub-family, Family,

initial letter.

Abaratha ou

abdimii ... ace

abercrombiei ...

Abisara ... “A

abramus ao

*absimilis dee

abysinnica ...

abyssinicus ...

Acacia ...

Acanthacee ...

*acantharta,

Acanthodrilus

Acantholepis ...

Acarthopneuste

Acanthopsyche

Acca

Accipeter

Accipiter

Accipitres

accipitrinus ...

acciptzinus ...

Acer

Achalarus

Acherontia

Acherontiine ..

Achillides

Achyranthes ...

Aclis ...

aconthea 8

Acontiins

Acosmeryx

Acreea ... p00

Acreine

Acridium

Acridotheres ...

and Order Names are written with a capital

377, 381, 603

PAGE

B56

512, 514

2a3ns

ba Oh

wee 704

cia

91, 596, 604

163, 223

ener

1. 246

.. 596

..- 406

.-» 406

s. 595

..91, 597, 604

509, 510. 514

jog BOS

241, 445

... 409

w-. 208

we) OE

oe ED

. 666

Acrocephalus ...

actea ... eco

Actias 66

Actinor ane

Actozpyramis

ACUta ss. soc

acutaria 006

acuticaida ive

acuticostita ...

*acygonia 200

Adeorbis

Adolias

adrastus eae

BACUS oo aes

ABidemos; ne

edo oe. 500

ZE cialitis

A@#vithaliseus ...

Aigithina eee

segocephala

Aivocera one

wgyptius 006

/Eluropus ove

fimene.., o00

enapthe cor

acnea ...

ZED ae as

Aéromachus

/Birua 20. 200

Adisculus ood

Aihiopsar...

Aithopyga a

affiniS ws. he

airicanus ae

* Afridia 500

PAGE

Bh TSA yes Cae

Fe CREO ane ne

xo BEY,

w. 599

we. 510

sort Meese ale

: LOTS

Leet Si SE

ay GID

a, BAS

509, 514

Bee ied ONG

sae HDT

168, 321

ne ooo £42

a 93, 94

are oe woe 438

ae ise ae

661, 662

oe 475

55, 995

ae das Soon eue

nae 388, 591, 603

... 666

cconOMte mot, OTD

69, 75,76, 77, 480, 674

doo. 1D)

696, 697

Agamide

Agaristide

agathon

Ageratum

agestor ...

Alle sc.

agilis ...

aglea

aglea ...

agnicula

*agrapta

aidoneus

Aina = eee

*aitkeni

Alemon

alatum...

Alauda ...

alaudarius

eilloey can

Albara ...

albiceps

albicila

albicincta

*albicincta

albicollis

albicosta

albifrons

albifronta

albifrontata

albigena

albigularis

*albilineata

albimacula

albimaculata

albipennis

albipuncta

albirostris

*albiscripta

*albisparsa

*albistigma

*albistriata

albistriga

Albizzia

alboceruleus

albonotata

albonotatus

alborosea

albovittata

album ...

album-plenum

cee

INDEX,

PAGE

aoe eo 684 | Alcedinidze

ew 241,442 | Alcedinins

soc eee 590 | Alcedo ...

Ba e.. 89 | Alcippe

207, 594, 605 | alcippoides

ee 146,159 | alcippus

684, 687 | alemeone

cee «. 33 | alecto «..

«. 213 | alemola

ee .. 375 | alexis ...

cos -. 449 | Allophylus

con eos 592 | almana...

ad6 --- 600 | alpina ...

«» 431,436 | Alseonax

500 ee. 75 | Alsocomus

592, 594, 604 | alteratus

00 --. 4 | Alternanthera...

oe 75,404 | alternata

o275, 76, 89, 90,673 | alternus

is a «. 298 | Alysicarpus

156 | alyses ...

25 ee (7 | amada ...

ee «es 66 | amandava

206 eee 447 | amantes...

“es -- 78 | Amarantacee ...

eco eve 439 Amarantug

347, 355, 357 | Amathusia

Bes --- 317 | ambareesa

tee 669 | ambica ...

- 76 | ambigua

«. 68, 656 | Ambulycine

- 448 | Ambulyx

eee 281 | americanus

cos - 626 | amethystina

oe ee. 191 | Ammania

mae eee (L9 | ammon ...

eve woe 449 Ampelidez

aes «- 439 | ampelinus

a «- 457 | Ampelophaga

w» 461,462 | Ampittia

-- eee 629 | amplectans

-» 34%, 603 | Ampullariiae ...

vs eve 379: | amurensis

eve e- 288 | amyntas...

S00 eee 479 | anadi ..-

eee --. 296 | anzstheta

vce --- 281 | ananta ...

cus coo 205 | AnaS ovo

.-. 254 | Anatidaze

we 464

Mer 3)

soe oe. 382

91, 597, 604

aegis, OG

sis) BY, BBuGS

209, 369, 603, 605

Beall

nee

: we 408

ty Sine

: sarao

Peter O

w. 482

un 76

Migr As CG)

neh

409, 410

. 52, 54, 55, 56, 63

2. oes

wee 262

wee 395, 408

Petites 5 DY

w 602

seater ate meng

Ee nab 71)

. 76, 180, 181, 185

eos 10

Anatidse Aon

Anatine ... Fon

Anecara ... a6

BNCEA eee sea

andamanensis ...

andersoni pac

andersonii Bee

Andraca ... aa

androcles s00

anglica ... 506

Angulata eve

angustifolia ...

angustifrons ...

anna

annada ... fas

PANOLIB) fene aee

anomala eae

Anonychia ve

Anorthura eee

Anosia ... Se

Anotis ... nae

Anser

Anseres ...

Anserins

antelia ... BOG

Amiberet: | cx.

Anth3ua

Anthracoceros ...

Anthus ...

antiquorum ....

antomedon sss

Apatura ae

Apha 3

Aphnzus C06

*Aphorisma

*apicalis

apicalis...219, 247, 58

apicaudus noc

Apocalypsis

Apocynacez

Apona eee

Aporia ... 668

Appias ...

Apterygogenea

aquaticus doc

Aquila ... onc

arabica, ... coe

@aTaDS 0. sce

Arachnechthra...

Arachnognatha

INDEX,

PAGE

ww. 585, 582

ara eet (0

Lae) aes

sy ereeeg

sul baa

tee Bas

Re Piet

BS ieee aces

Seah RIOR

GT ene a6

63, 882, 598, 717

Sy ens cas

w. 596, 604

SETA Peel

2) OO

..» 687, 688, 689

ee 208

stay Weal

woh) Wane

wee 212, 218

Bin Coy

... 169, 347

a 2,10

10, 347, 555

. 511, 514

ea JAB, O46

we 628, 629

Pedeie ss 481

ee ae!

eS ae ay

208, 209, 369, 603, 604

es Be O50

Tay Pate B86

tats Gl

MN ee aint Ait)

7, 628, 630, 631, 632

aes) peeeatins

RT Rees

Phere eo)

Le. eee 0

589, 604, 605

See EON

ARC ESD

SEG

75, 398

Cue Gs

Soa Ny ee einG

sas) SBNGNG

PR |

ee,

SN ee ee

Arachnothera ...

Arachnotherinz

Arogyia bcc

Arbela ... ae

Arhelidz

arboreum bon

Arboricola See

archimedea ...

Archisometrus

Arctiidee een

arcturus 5c

arctus ... 200

*arcuata ae

arcuata, eee

ardates ...

Ardea

Ardeola... one

ardeola... 206

Ardetta ... coe

arenaria coc

AYgZas ... co9

argentea seo

argentifascia ...

argentifera ...

*arcentistriga...

argiades ane

argiilaceus ...

Argya ... 260

Argynnis o00

eye, 1 iaae c00

AYIANA eo a0

AYIASPA ... oo

Ariophanta ...

aristata... ae

Aristolochiz ...

aristolochia ...

arja

arnearia O46

ATT eae eas

ATOR ove oes

aroides ... 600

aromatica 500

Arrhopala oo

aTSinoé ... aoe

Artamus sod

Artemia coo

arquata ... coe

Arum ... soc

Arundinaces ...

Arundinaria ...

lil

PAGE

ee et ie i676

MO See ad. igh

Be lepeaehe ees 208

shal, RANE ORG

Phen dopcye hes mets

x . 384, 603

Renee nie 5)

in . 513, 514

ie se eO

ae . 241, 296

see) | acai 2098595

ey w.. BAG

auslis | cent bane

ssa | etal BOQEI09

seat: seed IED

4 SOaG

we eyok7

) Pa

A Mer (3

i, eae

=. ged BERD

<2o ) EeEEGH|

east at oe

628, 629, 681

fel ae

sas) > eed UOTE A

wo, seo ROARS

ai sua MEMGSD

ws ae, 2OBOTD

wor! “sae LO} 48M BQ

30) «neo

vos), | Gee ERRNO

132, 133, 134

Ps er) is

ira E'S;

“sa, Bee Spann

situ) ae eA te

12 Bes TA

2 we 149

sr) OR aera

ee eit

a5) Sn een ae

--.207, 382, 603, 605

see ee 75

BAe ects. ee aT

al whats boleh s0s, 27 6

oh ce ee SN

ep see 4B

215, 216, 600, 603, 604

Arundinax «s.

AsarcorniS «ee

Asclepiadacez...

Asclepiadve . 212,

Asclepias 200

asiatica ... B00

aplaticus

ASIO — wee con

Agion ide ee

asoka ... on0

aspera ... sue

asperrima 23

asphodelus

" assa soe a00

ASSAMA «.. wale

assamensis Sus

assamica

asterie ... 500

asterope..- 260

asthala

astigmata bes

Astilbe ...

astola ... a

Astur

ASUTA ewe ae

ASWA ose

ataphus ....

ataxus ... 900

‘Atella ... bas

atemeles

ater 500 aoe

athamas alste

Athene ...

athertoni Ba

Athyma...

atlas ...

atlites ...

atomaria

FUER on5 o0¢

*atrescens cam

*atrescens 500

atricapilla

atriceps

atriclathrata

*atrifusa

atrigularis eae

*atripuncta

atrogularis ...

atropurpurea a.

atrostipata . «.

INDEX,

PAGE

Loon (alae es

oe ese eco

213, 602, 606, 612,

... 610, 612, 619,

202, 231, 408, 675,

Ma 75, 163,

ee see

€63

181

622

613

622

676

592

223

. 222

207

604

_ 587

601, 604,

208,

sometime. 50a

Eo polit.

MaRS ah

297,

Lia eat aes

e208) 3788

eco eee

eee eco eco

«- 9388,

294

243

600

370

- 219

376

604

370

-- 406

5 Ble

221

605

383

368

514

661

603

480

603

242

. 370

715

. 382

-. 294

. 444

656

. 291

. 282

«. 295

603

72)

*atrostriatus ...

Attacus...

attenuata = ...

atticus ...

atymnus 500

Augiades “00

Aularches aos

Aulocera a

*aurantiaca ...

aurantius ae

AULATA we aus

aurifera

DULIETA peste ees

auritus ... ces

australasiz ...

australis 500

Authroceros «5

Auzata ... 200

AVADLA ceo nee

Avocetta

awsuree...

axillaris... Spe

Azanus ... Sais

*bababudensis ...

babylonica ...

baccifera Bod

bada

Badamia

badius ... sits

badra se sac

baicea ... age

bajadera

bakhamoea vas

baladeva ae

baldus ... ae

Bambusa

bambusee.

Banisia ... a3

banksia... ea

Baoris ...

Bapta ...

Baracus... ate

Baradesa abe

Barasa ... de

barbata ... aisle

*barbipennis ...

basistriga 208

PAGE

ol > PeaaTls

dees! eee OND

Ps meee |

38, 39, 598, 604

w. 207, 388

wea ol Reem)

149, 150

... 208, 209, 217, 603

meee

nig () ReSOTE

ese

ane 442) 628

412, 413, 414

AeA eae

wah 0 es IG

PET Eilry

... 369, 371, 375, 603

woe oh eRSLO

heb SAREE

yee oes

.c68

poor Se Be

eo ee GOMOE

wa B80

.. 222, 400

eo aS

hs 284

mgs

‘ 2. 236

2h EG

e308

ei angie 3

... £9, 51, 600

229021

209

7, 56, 68, 210, 600, 604

THe

ws. SBIRGB

oo 15 TE

we 448

ose: «. 628

Batrachostomus

baya ... eos

Baza cee 500

beavalieee

Beguma

bela a3

Belenois

belerica...

belis ... eee

belladonna ...

belluaria eo

*benyalensis ...

bengalensis

bengalia

Benhamia

benjaminii

Berberidex

Berberis

bergii ... ese

bernardus

bevani ... SO5

bewicki... ove

bewickii ae

bhaga es. ao

Bibasis ... onc

biealyculata ...

bicaudata see

bicineta ae

*bicolor ... 108,

bicornis 3

*bidentata a0

bifasciata ses

bifimbriata ...

bifurcatus aA

*bilineata a0

binotata eS

bipunctata

Birthama

birupa... oe

biteolus... ace

Bittium... coe

*biundulans

bivitta ... ae

Blanaida es

blasius ... son

Blepharis soc

' Bleptina ese

Blumea... oe

INDEX,

PAGE

we 479

Set eeON

we 401

aia

He ea pel

ae see aa

ecu NVMELEIB9D

28, 40

oak Dae NAS

w. 207, 585, 604, 605

eee i

ere 5 EG, SIP

81, 91, 114, 115, 135,

162, 262, 393, 477

saan. Seppe sed

we 431, 436, 437

.. 211, 602, 604, 605

...874, 589, 603, 604

68, 374, 589, 603, 604

Bee ic 1G

eee 08

gy wanted a0. 01)

soil, Ni, Ve, I BOG

So onan

ear bags Nie RANG

Bie cen DSR Sire RUD

saaslt St eee EOD

EN Re TO

ee aaa yas

109, 221, 299, 304, 371,

375, 376, 387, 603

-». 142, 307, 308, 480

e296

wee 398

SUR Green MR RR DOT

csept) coat ala Dy

bee 408, 446, 645

Epes a een OL

« 249

wo. 298

ihe 384, 603, 605

ae eae 2-316

Me kee SOONG

Seay’ a seepy eee

Dias w 297

5.) oP aRDIG

eahh essen

eee ese eee 34.

was Mee OME 6OR

wor ee) 8B,/90L 193

blythiz ... coo 208

Boarmia ee

boarmiaria

bochus ... wae

betica ... coo

beeticus... 6

boisduvali see eae

bolavi ... BS Ae

bolina ...

bombayana

bombayanum ...

bombayanus ...

bombifrons a0G

Bombycide ... 200

bonhami 500

Bonisia

bodtes ...

Boraginez

borealis Ba ane

Bos

boseas

bothrops

boulboul

brabira

brachiata ~ ...

Brachypternus soc

brachyrhynchus onc

bracbyura

brahma wee eee

Brahmexea

Brabmeidz ..- ven

brahminus 00 ale

brama ... ong

Brassica wee Bee

brassicz aoe ee

Brenthis

brodei ... a0 o

brodizel ... 500 500

brodiei ... wee 506

brunnea...

brunneata B00 soo

branneicephalus nae

brunneus eats

Bryophila oo

Bubo ... s05

Buboninze Ago a

Bubulcus 500 300

bubulcus eta ee

Bucerotes Ane sas

Bucerotidz ... tei

PAGE

w.. 666

ee 19

seen cis 720

a Pe ele B80

ane 207

Luh 2OTBSL

Sen BUN

Neb peeaoee

ents

w B06

$5264

. 300

Be Phase Ge:

se EY

Lepue

w. 290

w BB

sacha een

149, 304

wes $16, 191

: Tae!

woe yt ieee OF)

A dae ereg6

aes NiO

EONS!

we B48, 359

ood, VOTE

we BOD

sengey

ve DAT

Adi) ede

227, 228

91, 590, 604

we 590, 604

svar BTA BS

er ee PL

see) ON fear

wee) ix TOG 2AO

71, 468, 629, 631, 657, 715

ee ese 718

WNT weer

Pcie ed

iy) aah

sll pedo 204

Fava hate DA

pare S17

pene ase 76

Co atgeree ct

ae aK

buckleyi woe

Buliminus 406

bulis ... 566

bullifera coe

Burgara 36

Bungarus coe

Burnesia 500

DUSITIS es oC

Butastur 440

Buteo ... “00

Butheolus ono

Buthides 500

Buthus coe

Butorides 06

putus os. sos

Byasa ... coe

Caberodes =

Caccabis oa

Caduga coo

Cadugoides ...

exlestis so6

cxenopicta S60

caerulescens es.

cxeruleus oon

*cerulilineata

Cesulia...

eafier ... onc

Calamus

calandra Sere

Calandrella ...

c-album

Calidris

ealidris

Callartona

Callerebia

callidice

Callidryas

Calliope

callista soe

Callosune 500

callosus... =00

Calotermes 200

Calotes ...

Calotropis

calvus... ee

calycina cao

Calymnia

Calysisme soe

INDEX,

PAGE

san dled OI

ie 134, 135

eae ial eet POOR OS

Se) ees289

Sian . 525

Den ire Oni Ie

oe eee ees

Be ee ie iach LO

seeker 4 teeehOOB

ose reSeE RNG

Ay Be

2a GE

a. 410

SES A uh eRe ERT

we 592

LCS Geet

ser eae aC

213, 606

Spee i) cee, BOOANGOD

Bl g ea" Cee eRTG

5 ee ays

w. 661

eco eco

73, T4, 15°

a. 700

90, 94

ws 149

sit 43, 47

- 251.

wee 674

375, 376

sae 0B

WAG

ee ve 284

209, 210, 220, 608, 604

Sabai ceaay MeeegagO

e207

wa» 68, 80, 470

Loni eetOOL

Pu co

ssi. oad ASSES

w. 684, 686, 689

. 606

perth fe) eos 2)

acu t, \Gade Int eee 50

visu?

ece eco 214

cama Se

cambaiensis ...

Camena

campanulata ...

campbelli eee

campestris

Campophaga ...

*camptobasis «+.

camtschatkensis

CaDace ... son

canaraica

canarensis ane

candida

candidus 600

canente...

Cania 2

canicapillus ...

canidia ..

caniiusa

canigula s06

CANOTUS... c0C

cantans... sco

cantiana 500

cantillans coo

canum ...

capensis c00

caphusa 08

capitata

Capitonidee 5

Capnodes ene

Capotena con

Capparidez ec.

caprata .. eee

Caprimulgide ...

Caprimulgine ...

Caprimulgus ...

Caprona 0

Caradrina S00

Cardium

cardui

Carica ... cae

carinata ace

carinatus

Carine ae

carneum soc

CAaTNOSa ... coe

Carpodacus oe

Carpophaga

Carpophagine ...

Carun .... eee

PAGE

ase Weieacagerapeaet

aos (1 cee ng

«». 385, 387, 603, 605

Pena (eT

.. eed

590, 604, 674

te lee) Ia

gad 14). aol anneal

bee), bee UE

2s DOS KEE

ee) CORES

SW eatery

ah ee ieee

eco eee eee 76

Pete oe ey 1h PAO)

wie aisesuene

Pen es ON)

w. 207, 590, 605

sie, seth IER

was lesden

68, 75, 472, 476, 655

aie’) ee aL

BP ek ae

sos” | vane ARO

ese, ones nO SNe

ot | OS

589, 604, 605

Ba Te 88, 94

Pee epee sh D0

veo) aah (eee

bets Aaek Wieiaee eas

wot a (rate SS

5 a. —-78, 669

ts oe ore ABD

epee wae 479

wel. cele) Dae,

ww. 80, 82, 68, 598

acy Oooasneaele

we), cada eS

aes ede MAB ERRG

od ncaa OM

263, 686, 681, 688, 689

sr dge ieee . 74

oft) teeters

sae o. 255

set. ekg aera

ode, | oe SA ROME

ete, ji) levee pace

Ey ey CE

te) ees, gone

earunculata ...

carunculatus ...

caryophyllacea

Caryophyllez ...

Caryota

Casarea o..

Casarea ... one

INDEX,

PAGE

nos Aol wend)

aa ROOTS

een Soa) altel

s55 or be exe)

cao 43, 47

76, 180, 181, 183, 576

-. 576

caschmirensis 208, 375, 376, 595, 603, 605

cashapa ...

cashmiriensis ...

Cassia ... 0

CASta wen on

Castalius ono

castanea one

castaneicoronata

castor ..

CASYAPA,..

Catada ... vee

cataphractus

catechu...

cathia ... 00

catilla ... 250

Catochrysops ...

Catopeecilma ...

Catopsilia 205

*catorhoda

caudata...

CAaUTUgINOSUS ...

*caustipennis ...

Celenorrhinus...

celeno ... doc

celerio ...

Celosia ...

Celtis

cenehris S00

*centristicta

Centrococcyx ...

Centropus

Cephnodes

ceramas...

Cereotrichas ...

Cerithiide ...

Cerithiopsis ...

Certhia ...

Cerura ...

CeTVINA ... coo

cerviniceps ...

Ceryle ... sos

Cethosia 500

ceylanica ene

1. 210

0 BasG

ws 586, 604

se eons

dec OAS T

2 TAS

un eters

411, 413

w 596

we 702

Pepe tae)

ial) STVMEOS

ay Eo

; w. 586

we 207, 380

MELA

207, 586, 604

... 296

eet TD BE

.. 899

Pa eure

36, 63, 596, 604

A OY BRO

eee eLanIG

Btn beee CC

...369, 371, 875, 603

Bet Pad day

282, 634

wee £05

..75, 162, 477

w. 419

Aa! Bak

Pee sroutt)S

... 507, 614

saetp, Cae ed

deepal

Bs had PL

sel aang

eae if)

208, 368

bak soe 230

ceylonensis ...

ceylonica 560

Cay xielecs apc

chabrona

Chadisra ono

Cheerocampa .e.

Chzerocampinz

Cheetoprocta ...

Chetura aoe

Cheturine ...

Chalcoparia

Chalcophaps

- Chaleosiinz

chalybeata

Chama ...

chandrana

Chapra ...

Chaptia...

Charadrius

Charaxes

charltonius

charonia

Charus ...

cheela

cheena .. #

Chelidon oO

Chelidorynx

Chenomorphe ...

Chenonettine ...

Chenopodiacez

Chenopsis

Chiasmia

Chiasmiodes ...

Chibia ...

chiela ...

Chilades

Chilasa

childreni -50

chinensis

Chliaria cae

Chloris ... wae

chloris ... wae

chlorogaster ...

ehlorolophus ...

Chloropsis ...

Chortobius

chromus... soc

Chrycophlegma

chrysaétus eos

chryszus ooo

Vil

PAGE

77, 78, 165,473, 668

ot Opera, 449

en wae 478

BARD aarbsreaol3

aoe one os. 202

w+ 256, 281, 410, 411

ate ooo 409

ws 884, 603

500 .. 479

Soo owe 479

chs eee 80

ante ooo 475

co0 eae 204

ate bon TAG!

wee soo Ble!

cad «oe BOD

60, 210, 601

661, 662

208, 377, 608

eae coo DENS

=v. 208

oo! sO

ooo eae OU

eae - 218

500 eee Ollie,

70, 470

“al! espe tense

900 ceo dt)

cag eos OY

aoe ato LD)

oon T14

son aoe CLL

O06 eo. 662

oo BID

208, 379

500 oe 594

<> 208/372

eos DOL

387, 608, 605

sc0 con OR

we 148, 552

200 os. 677

re 200. 20

ese rere OO’

wes 260 o. 218

«26, 27, 28, 63, 602

e's asa oe. 200

set aD

«oe 66

PAGE

ee. 410

oe vee 93

eee fod Ce)

ene cos 1D

eee ove AT4

wes ooo 474

eas coe O11

te ere

fe Vide d6G

24, 25, 28, 40

... 601

76, 91, 94, 368, 608

vill INDEX,

PAGE

chrysippus «.. eee 212, 213, 372, 602 | Colocasia nes

*chrysochlora ... onc cao «- 445 | colonum

*chrysochloris ong 200 .-- 283 | coloratus

Chrysocolaptes... oon «» 201,678 | Columba

Chrysophanus ... ota 207, 385, 603 | Columbze

Chrysorabdia ... “oo oe eo. 297 | columbide ...

*chrysorrhea ... eos e- 452, 453 | columella pee

chrysorrheeum... son : 86 | columena

chukar... ae one «. 76 | cokandica ons

Chusaris see --- 709 | Combretum ..

Cichloides ... « $81 | comma cae

Ciconia ... oon nae : e- 76 | communis Coe

Cifuna... one ee sn +. 294 | Composite

Ciliareessi40) ices 93 | compressus

Cinchona «-- 415 | conchini

cinclornyncha... ... 671 } concolor coc

cineracea 50c cos 20 --- 721 | conferta Boe

cineraceus o0e 5 ... 398 | *confluens

cinerea ,.. 6 eee 176, 89, 409, 715 | conicus 200

cinereus... 169, 348, 349, 350, 351, 361 | conifera

cineria ... oon ons .. 76 | conjuncta

Cingulina oc 513, 514 | conjunctiva

CITCIA «6 76, 333 | *conservuloides

Circus... ces 500 one 75, 398 | consimilis

cirrhatus 590 080 ... 894 | conspersa

Ciss2 axe 201 | conspureata

Cissea ecco oon ses) 412 constellata ae

Cisticola : 75,663 | contrayerva

cisticola * 75 | contubernalis ...

citreola... 200 - 673 | convergens

CitLina ese 600 5 81, 251 | Convolvulaces

Citrullus - 891} convolyuli ...

Cittocinela 80,670 | Conyolvulus

claraiiyeese 372 | conyzoides

clathrata 206 aa . 710 | Copsychus ...

cleobis ... cee .. 386, 387 | copticum

cloanthus 207, 211, 595,604, 605 | Coracize s0e

clypeata G0 ... 76 | Coracias

clytia ... ... 207, 209, 594, 604 | Coraciids = «

CRE TUS Vicari hex ins 207, 381 | coramandelianus

cobbe ... os o- ves 32 | coramandelicus

Coceystes soc wee 76, 317,477 | coramandus ...

Cocomantis ... BS cnc - 476 | coras

Cocos .. 43,47 | corax ae

celestina 379, 603, 605 | Cerdia ... ves

coeruleus , a aoe ee 398 | core ... 208, 210, 21

colaca ... ane Pe 200 59, 63 | coremiaTia ..

Coladenia ...30, 32, 84, 35, 597 | coreoides eve

Colias ... 207, 465, 554, 588, 604 | coreta ... ae

collurio ... yee yoo see) less VuiDiN | COLtaria poe

89, 287, 691

we 264

51 110

317, 672, 676

wc) BOTGEBS

wee 705

wold oy eae Be

w.. 508

... 57, 58, 600

uc age

w+ 368

ay Cah

be) eee

291, 392

Zara nik

PAU a, Ses

712, 714, 715

90, 414

ws 416

res 20

vio, Lmanianed

80, 317, 670

89, 94

Be es

... 75, 480

5 cS UaRO

Poy eT

eos jpaeee Loe

soci

eas peeve

Pee a ky Os

4, 886, 337, 588, 602

eau eenwen

vey Mie aOR

coo, guetevobs

387, 388, 603

Coriarieze as

cornuta ... ese

cornuti ... mee

coromandelicus

coromandus. ...

Corvus ...

Corymica

costalis

costigera ee

Costileicec 5) ess

*costiplagata ...

costistrigata

Coturnix

crassicauda- _..

*crassimanus ...

crastia ce. we

Crateropus

Crecea ... cco

Cremastogaster

Creon ... cos

Cressa .o. cen

cretica ... aaa

Crex ...

Cricula cee

cristata ... S06

eristatellus wes

cristatus me

erocale ... C00

Croeallis

Crocodilus

Crotolaria aor

Crucifere

eruentatum ...

crumenata

crystallina

erythropygia

Ctenoctenucha...

Cuculi ...

Cuculida

Cuculinsz

cucullata o05

cuculoides

Cuculus... S08

Cucumis ace

Cucurbites ...

Culicicapa “oe

Cullicicapa ...

Cupha 0. aa

Cupitha eae

*cupreata oe

INDEX,

PAGE

887, 388, 603

wi Gay are

eve eve 612

eco eee 964

224, 317

. 75, 567, 570, 654

Be GEL aah

ras (S205

soe) Hist BST

aac see OG

BO ig Cis

Be Piety all:

ee RTT

De IC:

68, 655

sean ey nG

Se Giada

we 386, 387

<2) OE OS

ven DAT

. 75, 91, 94

we 684, 689

321, 401, 663

207, 586

ie Ae,

we 152

wee 615

w» 590, 604

86, 467

692, 693

seein tl

By kee 11

Pie sneer al)

... 476

w 476

227, 230

75, 472, 476

A Ge

PSS

Ne ATS

em IeGES

sation S68

cee AOU AY

eon 298 -

Cupulifere ...

Curcuma Se

Curetis ... aes

cursitans Hae

Carsorius one

curta

curvaria,

curvilinea

Cyana ... Se

cyane

cyanea ... no0

Cyanecula :

cyaneus... 500

Cyaniris awe

cyanonotus 4

cyanophrys ..

Cyanopis eee

Cyanops oe

cyanotis

cyanus ... ete

Cyclophoridz ...

Cygnine

Cygnus... 0

Cymatophorida

Cymatophoridee

CY MOSS woe

Cynanchum

Cynodon

cynthia ...

Cyornis ...

CyDa ase

Cyperacez 500

Cyperus... mae

Cyphotopsyche

Cypselidze co8

Cy pselinss co

Cy pselus

Cyrestis...

cyttarrosticta ...

Daboia oe fa

Dacelininz :

dactylon 000

dahuricus coo

Dalbergia

Dalchina Bee

dalhousiz eee

Dalima ... oe

Dallacha aes

PAGE

369, 374, 382, 888, 603

ws. 62, £63, 464, 554

eco

Be SURI

we 663

Sp eeeenG

Wak Me eage

Mena tey GHG

oes ean eo)

Peat 2 Oi

w. 208, 368

sede eG

... 80, 669

el ap EEE)

210, 379, 603, 605

we 670

Sasha | it

fee) IBD

202, 231, 405

208, 232

a eOgE

Pee MEA ae

Raye ait

we LIE 806

ses BS

pe DUE

213, 602

92, 94

4: Ue

.. 67, 77, 666

w= 407

BP Habe ib:

ust Ge

se Daal

sate eS

ae SATS

Brady silly. Sere

.-. 208, 376, 603, 605

Tana of 321

. B25, 546

sedlitie ect dS

98, 94

... 589, 604

ww. 36, 336

we 595, 605

199, 213, 603

eee. 19

Bee sey ng

Damata...

dan Ke

Danaine

Danais ...

Danaus ...

danava ...

Daphnis

Daphnusa

dara sor

Darpa «e.

dasahara

Datura ...

dauma ce

*dealbatus

Debregeasia

deceptrix

Decetia ...

*decipiens

decipiens

decisissima

decolor ...

decorata

decussata

delectabile

delegorguei

delesserti

Delias ...

Deltoidins

Degmaptera

demoleus

Dendrocitta

Dendrocopus

Dendrocycna ...

Dendrocygna

denscolubri

dentata

dentatus

denticulata

denticulosa

dentifascia

dentilinea,

derma

deroepstorffi

Derris ...

deserti ...

desertorum

Dessemusus

determinata

Deudorix

INDEX,

PAGE

wee 633

we 88, 34, 35, 597

oe he DUI MBBS

208, 209, 212, 221, 337,

369, 372, 602, 604

SL Me ee mu)

SoS AUG oRS

vee 415

Pe bea | eer

vee vee 48, 53, 600

Eee aN ee) MA SREnO

Sent Shag Ug MISAaNBOT

Rea ia ee ek nO)

= 81

... 299, 300, 301, 305

221, 371, 375, 376, 603

Gor hem areenel

we 709

wa» 464

wee 445

Bias SR

UME emanate Oy

262, 289

.. 508

wee 655

. 207, 585, 604, 605

241, 461

.-. 407

bee OOo MDO?

SS Puede’ eeObe

Poem nee TOIT

ere ae Sica

... 198, 555, 556, 562

509, 514

ie teens

es ger hh a eaG

.-. 700

Ce ean)

we 724

Lap Seid PeaO08

ak flsatayesane

~y bo

ov Or

ws» 200, 201

oot Mande ae ea

es 888, 889, 603

deva a. 568

dhanada

dharma... noe

diadema oor

dius ay

Diczeidee

Diceum

Dichoceros

Dichorrhagia ...

dichotoma s

dichroa te

dichrous se

Dicrurus 600

didda ... ese

Diduga, S08

dieckmanni ...

*diffusa coe

Dilephila

Dilipa ... ace

*Dilophothripa

Dilophus

diluta,

dimila ...

diocippus ove

Diomea ..s soc

Dioscorea aoe

Dioscoreace ...

Diospyros =e

Diphthera, toe

*diphtheroides

Diphurodes ..

Diplachne

dipoeaz ...

Dipriodonta

Dipterocarpez...

Dipterygia

Dirades... coc

*discipuncta

discistriga aoe

*discosticta

disrupta coe

Dissemurus ee

dissimilis soc

*dissimulans ...

Dissura... doc

distichum

distor ta... cO7

divers ilinea ee.

diversilinea ta .-

CiViSA eco Sac

PAGE

385, 608, 695

wes 596

we 249

we BOT

387, 603

ke Vives SER

a 86, 467, 676

... 142, 307, 308, 480

i mee:

: 212, 602

208, 211, 369, 603, 604

nc Sepa ices Stas

317, 476, 661

wea) jee SNUNBE DRONE

woh! Colas BO

coe) pea

see vee 298

wee 415

wed tase gh nee

aco d eeeaneibe

soc! eer

wat WIS Tae

secs 1 deck ear

as we B72

wie. Woake ep ee

ah 39, 598, 604

Sos lees. oS Oona

Pn OL CE

ace pote lp eeLeaeites

Sane Nae

+ | aad? pRUUS ERS

ste eS BRO

oh rae ORF

rape 1838 3%

sie sys oe RIL

ses sea tae eae ee

wien fede NS ME

nar 28307)

ose oi sae seen

o) AE SR

aol Spee eae

eae, leiden Wales

209, 262, 280, 594

dejo ae OOo

2 Ty nest aS

waa \ ake! OR

cob UR: eed EAI

ae ate woe TB

scares Pei)

ea ese eee 629

docilis ... nae

Dodona... aaa

dodonza wes

dohertyi

dolabriformis ...

dolichoides ..

dolichus sees

dolioides

dolon ...

domesticus ...

Dophla ... eae

Dorcotragus ...

doriz 5

dormeri... eae

*dorsoviridis ...

Dorstenia =o

dosua ... 50

Drapetopsis ...

Drepana ose

Drepanulide ...

Dromas... oes

drona ... SoC

dubius ... a00

dudgeoni so

Dudusa ... sos

dukhunensis ...

dulcis

dumetorum ...

Dummetia

duplicifimbria...

durga ... :

diymas i... aes

dyrta... co:

KH benaceze noo

ebinis ...

eburnivena

echinatus ian

Hehis ... aa

Helipta... ooo

edgarii ... 208

edule ... ane

edwardsi 0

eedii ... one

Henasia “ne

egy ptius eee

Hlanos ... aoe

eldi ao0 “06

elegans ... aoe

Hlephas... one

ese

INDEX.

PAGE

se 629

208, 211, 378, 608, 605

382, 383, 608

291, 384, 597

cco 83)

coe 410

«- 415

coe 262

ods BIT

1.2 75, 82, 672

374, 605

eToE

104, 105

ae eye

ve 297

ws. BIO

588, 604

ny 719

551987

241, 286

weal 16

.. 580

21108

ws 296

vee 624

673, 674

90, 336

389, 604, 662

eco

we 656

ws 289

208, 378

ws 406

vee 215

we 692

eid

Sey

sefi'89

74, 732

512, 514

w. 236

wee B42

wee B05

we 459

we 156

75, 398

we 304

we B88

wee 322

Eleusine

EKlibia ...

elima ...

*elongata

elpenor ...

elphinstonei

eltola ...

elwesi

Elymnias

Hlymniine

emarginatus

Emberiza

Emberizins

emiliz ...

emittens

ace

Emydosauria .

Enautioides

*endodonta

*endoplagia

entellus

e0a

eogene ...

eolarius

epentroma

epicharis

Epicopiids

epijarbas

Hpinephele

Epiplema

Hpiplemide

episcopa

GUUS tose

epops

Kranthemum ...

Hrastria

Hrastroides

erate ...

Erebia ...

Ergolis...

Ericaceze

evichthonius

Eriochloa

Erionota

erippus

Hrismatura

Hrismaturine ...

Erismotura

erithonius

erithronius

errecta ...

ee0

- x1

PAGE

Geers

wee 415

we 386

we 451

w- 410

w-. 800

600, 604

wee 408

EA oaT

woe 221

Aone

88, 672

ae 83

518, 514

wa 407

we 151

719, 730

wee 295

HIE EC

509, 514

465, 466

Pera)

508, 514

207, 586

a 2c

388, 603

we B18

.-. 709

241, 709

L178

= 209

75, 208

oar

wee 442

we 445

207, 588

we 209

368, 603

384, 603

we 592

92, 94

599, 604

ws 219

146, 150

ot 1G

... 169

vee 592

04 584

Bary

INDEX,

xii

PAGE

erymanthis eee BOS

Hrynnis aac coo coc . 601

Hrythrina ore sxe see 89, 335

erythrinus 82, 671

erythrocephalus we O04 ATL

erythronetus cor «.. 663

erythroptera ... cas . 674

Hrythropus - 403

erythropus 847, 355, 356, 357

erythropygia ... pee ove 673

erythrorhynchus woe eee 676

esculentum ... 45.1 SX)

eson eae woe 410

Estrelda TD

etrida ... 906 cee re pean ou

Euanotis ie Boe wiraes wee 237

Huaspa 2 one oe BOE

EHublemma ... 290 - 449

eucharis 207, 586

euchlorus 75

Hudrilus . 431

Hudynamis ... £00 ~ ATT

eugenes «ee 211, 378, 603, 605

Eugenia . 235

eugeniz - 431

Hugoa ... . 439

Hulabeia «re 362

EHulabes eee 660, 666

Hulepis a0 eel

Eulima ee DOO ON:

eulimoides ... a) Bill

eupatagia See 907 mae eee 628

Euphalaecra ee con iste

Euphorbiacez ... 200 91, 368, 603

Huplexia coc 200 . 442

Huploea 208, 210, “214, 256, 336, 337,

533, 602

Eupodotis 200 76

CUPOMA..- 284

Huprepocnemis . 150

Euproctis . 2. 295

EHupterote ve eo)

EHupterotide ... noc 241, 249, 279

Huripus... G00 coe 308

EULOPA vee cog PAD IL)

Kurylemi = - 199

Burylemide 5 IS

Hurystomus - coe --- 480

Eurytaphria ... ese le vee 116

Kutelia ... soe see coe 458

Kuteliine

Kuthalia

Hutornopera

Everes ...

evippe .-.

excavata,

*@XCISA oo.

feecce

exclamationis ...

*excurvata

extensum

externalis

e€xustus ...

PAGE

aes ee aos

208, 211, 374, 603, 605

. 627

207, 380

1 OR ABI

ws. 587, 688

wee 289, 459

sca) 187602

w. 445, 638

. 24, 25, 28

. 698

eas ere ee

fabia se. ee 250, 251

fabilis ... a ae 359

fabius . 377

Fairbankia ah - 506

falcata ... 216, 216, 600, 603, 604

falcifera ce ce 554 era Tbs

Faleimala es ee .-- 700

falcipennis coe ere «oe 248

Falco 75, 402

Falconidse ae ss a56 «=. oo

Falconinze oes oa oo SUB

Fascellina eae a0 cog Tilt)

*fasciata 633, 703, 721

fasciatus 00 see eoe 481

fastuosa be mere ea sso A

THEVA | Sac dee eee OO O04:

feisthamelii ... 62, 211, 599, 604, 605

feldeggi short! To abTS

fenestrata oe bao te coo 200

Fentonia on 628, 629, 634

fer-de-lance ... 500 soe OLD

fergusonii sec 24, 25, 26, 63

ferina cad one eee 169

ferrea, see sede

ferrifera ase coc coe eos 629

ferrifusa oa er 634

*ferrilineata . 461

ferrugata co Ce)

ferus : - Il, 14, 349

festivus... oto Arc soe 678

fiber 76

Ficoidez con Pape)

Ficus ... 91, 202, O14, “034, 308, 309, 376,

381, 602, 603

fidoniata ake nad ere Ll

fieldii ... 207, 588, 604

*figurata one coe cece 698

fimbriata

fimbriatus

*finitimus

*fissistigma

fistulosus

flammea...

flammeus

flava ...

flavalba,

flavescens

*flavibasalis

flaviceps

flavicollis

flavidior

flavigula

flavigutta

flavinucha

flavipes ...

*flavisecta

flavolivaceus

flegyas ...

*flexilineata

flexuosa

floralis ...

fluvicola

fo ae

Focillinz

Foenicalum

Foeniculum

fola vee

folus es.

Franklinia

fraterna...

Fringillide

Fringilline

frithi ...

frontalis

fruticosa

fulicata ...

fuliginosa

Fuligula...

fulya ...

fulvata ...

fulvipes ...

fulvus ...

fumosa ...

fusca

fuscicaudata

fuscifrons

eee

see

*fusciterminata

eco

INDEX.

PAGE

Padang SS Sys)

i . 502

Wei! OS

SO ahaa

Ae Nee AC)

Lp 2 Fay 229

. 664

Soe eet

8 . 585

2.110, 254, 255, 439

eS lets

ee Tas

2671

Sian (eaten

. 497

. 709

.. 200, 201

Se PPE Behl

rs . 724

Be ef

coe vee O18

a. 440

. 518

250, 407

... 673

Fae iu LG

a. 241, 456

€1, 599, 604

POET R GER

Agi ae aR

pe}

one y

304, 471, 661

91, 98

we 670

See ea TG

eg TESS

1 BBS, 556, 566, 570

. 710

114, 116

soc 75 BUM