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TOURNAL

THE

OF THE

Bombay Naturat History Soctery.

EDITED BY

EH. MI. PHIPSON, C.M.2@.=.,

Conszsting of Five Parts and contarning

VOL,

AND

WwW. S. MILLARD.

Par,

- ] (}

XITI.

Thirty-five Plates and Thirty-five Woodcuts.

Fart I(Pages 10198) ...

» 1 (Pages 199 to 398) ave

» LIT (Pages 399 to 562)...

9» LV (Pages 563 to 721) ane

» V Cnrdea, &c.) ao

Dates of Publication,

Bombay:

ee 15th April, 1900.

ace 29th July, 1900.

exo 20th Jan. 1901.

ow 18th May, 1901.

ee 6th Oct., 1901.

FREINTEDSXAT THE STIMES OF INDIA” STEAM PRESS,

20/704

‘CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIII,

PAGE

LIst OF CONTRIBUTORS ese ae ee ase noe ig sea ERT

List OF PLATES eoe eoo eee eoe gee oon eos ees XV

InpraAn Ducks AND THETR ALLIES. Part iX. (With Plate [X.) By E.

C, Stuart Baker, F.z.s. Nee Se Ae, aoe ee ae |

THe Ferns or NorTH-WESTERN INDIA, INCLUDING ATGHANISTAN, THE

Trans-InpUS PROTECTED STATES, AND KASHMIR : ARRANGED AND

NAMED ON THE BASIS OF Hooker AND BaKkEr’s Syvopszs

FILICUM, AND UTHER WORKS, WITH NEw SPECIES ADDED. Part

ILI (continued). (With Plate XVI.) By C. W. Hope ... boo» BE

Toe Morus or InpIA, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“Tam Fauna or Brivish Inpia.” Series II. Part I. (With

Plate B.) By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., FES. ove oe

Les Formicipes ne L’ Empire DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. Part VI.

Par Auguste Forel ... oe one Sig con

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE Sone OF Genie (With Plates

A, B, C and D.) By HE. Ernest Green, F.u.8., Government

Entomologist — i soc sisi 2e0 at oes see OG

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND Buutan. Part

VII. (With Plate I.) By G. C. Dudgeon, Fz.s, With Notes

by H. J. Hlwes, ¥.z.8,, FES, &¢., and Additions by Sir George

F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S., &¢. os oe onan

Notes on Sou Part I. By Captain P. Z. Pir oa ono 8

Some Hints FoR BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING NaTURAL

History Specimens. Part I. By HE. Comber ... BS .-- 100

FisHine IN Inpran Waters. Pari V, Karachi, By F. 0. Gadsden,

R.LM, 200 a vee s00 eee 250 seep tuliy

THe GREAT INDIAN aun tee Genus Pa@CcILOTHERIA : ITS

Hapits, History, AnD Spucres. (With a Plate). By R. I.

(JG)

Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History... ... 9... 12L——

Yak SHoorine 1n Turpet. By Edgar Phelps ... aa ats nee) Lad

Tue Birps oF THE ANDAMAN AND Nicopar Isuanps. Part IV. By A.

L. Butler, F.z.8., M.B.0.U., &¢., Curator, Selangor State Museum ... 144

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF F7CUS FRoM TRAVANCORE. (With

a Plate). By T. F. Bourdillon, ¥.1.8., Conservator of Forests,

Travancore ... uae oon aes uAe Soe ae sen 1055)

iy CONTENTS,

PAGE,

On New ann Littie-KNowN LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ORIENTAL

Recon. (With Plates CC, DD, and vere By Lionel de Nicéville,

E.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &e. coe ese ee coe ecco eco loka 157

| Miscennanzous Notes—

aay — 1—Account of a remarkable swarming for ireating purposes of

Sphex umbrosus, Christ, with notes on the nests of two

other species of Sphex and of certain of the Pompilide ... 177

9,—A variety of the common Myna, Acridotheres tristis, Linn. ».« 180

3.—Note on the Web-spinning habits of the “ Red Ant,’ Gcophila

SMATAJAINA eee 00 wee ae eae we ed

4,—Hee-blowing and its difficulties. so soe vee 181

5 —Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff-tail Duck at Moree wegles

6.—Parturition of an Hehis carinata oe 505 cod sem LOA

7,.—Kingfishers killmg birds se ae eee aie eee 184

8.—Vespertilio pachypus, 'Temminck. (A correction) ... «. 184

G:—- Birdstofp energetics) auraeso a micas Werccetna mee we 185

10.—The Great Crested Grebe in Burma ... ae .- 186

11.—Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal in Tirhut one =. 186

12.—Megaderma spasma, L. ee 50 see ade ee 186

13.—Occurrence of the Sheldrake (Zadorna cornuta) on the Eheema

River a 50 eee ode anc Seomalte,7/

14,—Curious instance of Heaaphvoatiiens aoe one Seon alisy/

15.—Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma one vee see Loe

16.—Incubation of a brood of Zamenis mucosus .... — ave vee LS

17.—Occurrence of Python molurus in Burma ... B56 so 190

18.—Rhinolophus affinis, Horsf... one eee = 13m

19.—Notes on Casarca rutila (the Brahminy Duck) on ” yroce

Jerruginea (the White-eyed Duck) ... sais aos soe ONE

20.—The Western White-eyed Pochard ... aye ae HOUR

21,—Geographical races of the Banting ; the “ Sapi ” of the Malay

Peninsula. (With a Plate.)... ace 389 aoe coe 192

22.—Occurrence of uncommon Birds in Rajputana... 209 sone

23.—Goat killed by a Porcupine ... ee coo eee coe 194

PROCEEDINGS ..- oe ats 20 aot -. 194

Inpran DUCKS AND THEIR onane: Part X. (With Plate X.) By &.

C. Stuart Baker, F.z.8. iss ees des sas BA sve 199

Tue Morus or Inpia. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“Te Fauna oF British Inpra. ” Series II. Part I. By fir

G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. “55 cor fe eae

CONTENTS.

PAGE,

Tre Ferns or NortH-WEsTeRN INDIA, INCLUDING AFGHANISTAN,

tue Trans-InpuSs PROTECTED STaTES, AND KASHMIR: ARRANGED

AND NAMED ON THE BASIS OF HOOKER AND BAKER’S SYNOPSIS

FILICUM, AND OTHER WORKS, WITH NEw SPECIES ADDED. Part

III (continued). (With Plate XV.) ByC. W. Hope... ae

SupPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE C'OCCID# oF CEYLON. (With Plates

E, F, and G.) By HE. Ernest Green, F.£.8., Government Entomolo-

gist ... son Bee coe see arc eee eee

A CaTALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND ee Part

VIII. (With Plate IIT.) By G. C. Dudgeon, FES. With

Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.z8., F.ES., &¢., and Additions by Sir

George F. Hampson Bart., B.A., F.E.S., &C. -.. eee ae :

Some Hints For BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING NATURAL

History Specimens. Pari Il. By E. Comber ... oe cor

Nores on Somaummanp. Part IT. (With two fae By Captain P.

Z. Cox ae aoe ie eee oe ne vee

Les FormicipEs DE L’ Hume DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, Part VIL.

Par Auguste Forel . BOE ee one acs oss

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW LIZARDS FROM Scans, “(With a Plate.)

By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S. «0. ast aoe soo mee wad

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LizARD FROM THE Batu Caves, SELANGOR,

By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S, ... ae oe aoe ;

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE FROM THE Pia Hits. By G. A.

Boulenger, F.B.S. see oo é

Sport AND NavTuRsL History IN Nonna: Gore By Capt. C.

G. Nurse, 12th Bombay Infantry ... ae oo ae ose

Nores ON OPHIDIA COLLECTED IN BuRMA FROM May To DECEMBER,

1899. By Capt. F. Wall, 1..s., and Vetty. Capt. G. H. Evans,

A.V.D, onc 8c6 ee oe a ase “ad

FisHina IN INDIAN vance Part VI. Open Deep Sea Fishing.

By F. O. Gadsden, R.1.M. ... ais BA vee cee sen

Miscentangous Norrs—

1.—Note on the Whoover Swan (Cygnus musicus) shot on the

River Beas, Punjab ... “e — ots sce oes

2.—Indian Termites se ae a3 me uae ,

3.—The White-breasted eke (Halcyon smyrnensis) in capti-

vity -. see vee wos aes eee ees

4,—On the Mating Tae in Moths ... 6Bc aoe

5.—Notes on two specimens of Lycodon fasciatus ... “ine ae

236

252

vi CONTENTS,

PAGE,

MISCELLANEOUS NorEs—contd.

6.—Notes on the breeding of 7’ropidonotus piscator oa Aon. 8)

7.—Reported occurrence of the Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus

marinus) in Rajputana Soo one Seen 374

8,—Some entomological notes from Ceylon... at ae we O79

9,—The number of Feathers in the tail of the Chestnut Bittern

(Ardetia cinnamomea) ae sae Saat a Mots 376

10.—Can a Cobra eject its poison ... ie és Bee see 316

11.—On a new species of Bhimraj (Dissemurus), with some observa-

tions on the so-called family Dicruride _ te Sa

12.—Further note on the occurrence of the Bronged nee Teal

(Lunetta falcata) in Tirhut ... wen ene . 378

13.—Occurrence of the Black-capped et (Hale yon pitt

in Tirhtt ... ose eae oe 379

14,.—Occurrence of the Water-rail (Rallus ene oy MWR Gag BNI)

15.—Larva of Hublemma amabilis, Moore, as a lac insect destroyer... 379

16,—Occasional notes on Birds’ Nesting round Poona and elsewhere.. 380

17.—A Shooting Expedition on the Pamirs.—I. 385

18,—Land Mollusca Ms aoe ose eee oe wee O94

19.—Land Shells of the genus Ariophanta ... Bae coe see 39D

PROCEEDINGS ... ae vee eae wee 396

THE Birps oF Cine (With Plate H.) By K. ©. Stuart Baker,

¥FZS., 0.3.0.0. ere ce 50 See ee 399

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF Sane AND oe

Part IX. By G. C, Dudgeon, rus. With Notes by H. J. Elwes,

F.Z,8., F.ES., &¢., and Additions a Sir George F. woe. Bart.,

B.A., F.E.S., fa tee soe oc ses see aes

Nore. Poee SERVIR A L’HISTOIRE DES Lanemeraae DE L’Inpz.

(With a Plate.) Par Robert du Buysson... 205 eee noe

THE Frora or Western Inpia. Part VIII. By G. Marshall Wood-

row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona nee 308

THE Ferns or NortH-WEstTerN InpIA, INCLUDING AFGHANISTAN, THE

Trans-Inpus PRoTECTED STaTEs, AND KASHMIR: ARRANGED AND

NAMED ON THE BASIS OF HooKER AND Baxur’s Sywopsis Fiticum,

AND OTHER WORKS, WITH New SPECIES ADDED. Part III (conti-

nued). (With Plate XVII.) ByC. W. Hope... bon 50:

Lus ForMICIDES DU L’ Emprne DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, Part VIII.

Par Auguste Forel ... a: ; eco ae 26

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF : Spee From BrivrisH INDIA.

By Rt. I. Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History see

406

426

427

CONTENTS.

Vil

PAGE.

Tur Motus oF InpiA. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“ Tue Fauna oF Brivisu Inpra.” Series I. Part III. By Sir G. B

Hampson, Bart., 1.2.8., F.E.S. ae ads ove see woe 499 »

Notes ON SOME Katy Pamssanns FROM THE KacHIn HILLS IN THE

POSSESSION OF THE Bompay Natura Hisrory Socrery. By

Captain W. G. Nisbett, and F. haa BA. any Superintendent

of the Indian Museum eae a Bh ao vee 521

MISCELLANEOUS NorEs—

1,.—A Wild Dog’s earth (With a. Plate) ... aie ac an OY)

2.—The Large-barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides, Vigors) cap-

turing Quail on the wing... ase sia oe son RD,

3.—Pleromys imornatus ... vee Se ove w- OSL

4.—Nidification of Rimator malacoptius, Blyth ins aes eee DSL

5.—On the occurrence of the White-winged Wood Duck (Asarcornis _

scutulatus) in Upper Burma ... ao ae eck aos OE

6.—The Golden-eye (Clangula glaucion) ... 50 ee vee 533

7.—Notes on Dipsas multimaculata in captivity ... dee . 534

8,—Occurrence of Podiceps cristatus in Assam os. eee vee 530

9.—Red Ants as an article of food S00 ee aes »-- 536

10.—A new Spider .. vee scA ae ese . 536

11.—Occurrence of Proputniabue innate in Burma .«.. be BENS

12.—On the occurrence of Simotes splendidus in Burma, or a

probable new species... ee 20 ove oa eos DOT

13.—Coccidiphagous larvee of Hublemma o«s -- 538

14.—On Rhinoceros shooting ete ee .. 538

15.—The Eastern Pintailed Sand-grouse (Pterocles ies inne

in India ooh aes Ble nen sae JOO

16.—Butterflies as Weather Prapttets: dis fee ... 540

17.—Late stay and early arrival of Duck in Assam... ne - O41

18.—Birds’ Nesting in the Tons Valley... Bee eae vee 542

19.—A Shooting ae on the Pamirs.—II, ws. cee . 543

20.—Dipsas cyanea . ae a wee eon 2 . 553

21.—Description of a new Snake of the genus Adlabes ee eae 553

PROCEEDINGS — eve obe sae) “lene nee see . 554

THe Birps or Cacwar (With Plate I.) By H.C, Stuart Baker, r.z.s.,

M.B.0.U. «se eee oes ves eee 008

Tae Moras or Inpia. gE Ss PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“Tue Fauna oF Britisn Inpra.” Series II. Part IV. By Sir

G, F, Hampson, Bart., F.28., FES. aes rae eee worl

Vili CONTENTS.

PAGE,

A PLEA FoR THE COLLECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICID®,

WITH SUGGESTIONS AS TO MOOT POINTS FOR ENQUIRY, AND A

PRoDROMUS OF SPECIES KNOWN TO THE AuTHOR. (With Plates A

and B.) By Geo. M. Giles, Lieut.-Col., LMS. + ae Boo es

Burmese Snakes. Noves oN SPECIMENS INCLUDING FORTY-FIVE SPE-

CIES OF OPHIDIAN FAUNA COLLECTED IN BuRMA FROM Ist JAN-

vary TO 30TH JUNE, 1900. By Capt. F. Wall, 1ms., and Vety.-

Capt. Geo. H. Evans, A.V.D. deek-\ Vacs, Sait iseal gees --- 611.

Tar Brrps oF THE MapHUBANI SUBDIVISION OF THE DARBHANGA

District, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES NOTICED ELSEWHERE

IN THE District, Part I. By Chas. M. Inglis... ... wee Oo

“Kris” py Carnivorous ANIMALS. SOME REMARKS ON THE

Mernop oF THEIR IpENTIFICATION. By W. A. Wallinger, Divi-

sional Forest Officer, Dharwar aie car a ode coe 632

Some Hints To BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND PreEsERVING NATU-

RAL History Specimens, Part WI. By EH. Comber ... wo. 641

Nore on Grevy’s Zepra (LQuus GREVII). (Witha Plate). By

Lieut.-Colonel H. D, Olivier, R.E., F.Z.8. os ane wwe wwe GH

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE HYLAKANDY

District, CacuarR. Part VIII. By C. M. Inglis ae woe 654

Tue Ferns or NortH-WESTERN INDIA, INCLUDING AFGHANISTAN, THE

TRANS-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, AND KASHMIR: ARRANGED AND

NAMED ON THE BASIS OF HOOKER AND Baker's Sywopsis FILIcUmM,

AND OTHER WORKS, WITH New Species appep, Part III. The

General Lisi—(continued). (With Plates X VII, , ATX, XX, and

XXI.) By C. W. Hope .. aoe ate oar wos 650

A CATALOGUE OF THE HzrzRoCcERA OF SIKHIM AND T EAAUTAN, Part

X. ByG.C. Dudgeon, F.E.S., &¢. With Notes by H. J. Elwes,

F.Z8., F.ES., &¢., and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart.,

B.A. F.ES., &C. ee wee eos bee oes ove vee 672

THE DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND

Burma. By W. T. Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S. see see eee 675

MisceLLanzous Nores—

1—An Appeal for Assistance in he Gad-flies, Bot-flies, and

Warble-flies ... eo sos oe S06 soe 683

2.—Occasional Notes on Birds’ Nesting in ithe vicinity of Poona... 686

3,—On a new Serow from the Malay Peninsula ... «.- . 689

4,—Notes on Anopheles or the Malaria Mosquito ... cow see OUL

CONTENTS

PAGE.

MiscELLANEOouS Nores—conid,

5.—On the occurrence of Coccystes coromandus (the Red-winged

Crested Cuckoo) in Bombay... ose nae ce woe 696

6.—Birds of Prey .. a00 Bs: pe 0. 696

7.—Notes on trips - Perak and sone ee Ane nee ord

8.—On the Longevity of the Persian Bulbul ... oct --- 698

9.—Musk Rat attacking a Toad... moe ed ewe cop (OG)

10.—Squirrels and Satbhais... 56 oa --. 700

11.—Snaring Owls in Nooses aoe Res - 700

12,—Occurrence of Bonelli’s Hagle and the Golem Duck fi :

Myingyan ... ae sos «ee 700

13.—The Life-history of Mycalesis (Cal tae) subdita, Moore .. 701

14.—A visit to the Null after the Famine ... Boe a ese 702

15.--The Fauna of Amoy .. Abe - 703

16.—Nidification of the Spotted sindiaeee (Pterocles Lies) 704

17,.—The Shoveller as an Article of Food ...

vee we. 105

18.—Occurrence of Macrorhamphus semipalmatus in Assam we» 700

19.—The Nidification of Rimator malacoptilus .» Aor eeeaOG

20.—Notes on Birds collected in South Sylhet ae ARS re COE.

21.—On the occurrence of the Desert Finch ie ks Fea ab

Chaman, Baluchistan ue mae aes OS

22,—Nidification of Rimator ioe Blyth, . aoe «se (08

23.—Indian Sheep Dogs... - ves 109

24,—Harly Breeding of the Geen Tora (Agithina viphici neg (aH

25.—The Flowering Habits of the Violet ... vee eon il

26,.—Nesting of the Black-headed Oriole (Oviolus bialenseehatt) .. 713

27.—Nesting difficulties of the Coppersmith son 00 woof ld

PROCEEDINGS... oe oe oe uA ue ex son) (aU

List oF OFFICE BEARERS 2 i

List OF MEMBERS «we noo) a

ACCOUNTS FOR 1900 ... ae ese XXVil

GENERAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND ace FOR Vous. Ito XIII

INCLUSIVE ese eee wee eee e see eee soe XX1X

InDEX TO VOLUME Xxili ae me mae Ses aA see LXVIi

ek i

Ge Pee at

: oii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

VOLUME =III.

PAGE.

AITKEN, E.H. ; Note on the Whoo-

per Swan (Cygnus musicus) shot

on the River Beas, Punjab -- 362

; Butterflies as Wea-

ther Py ophets ae woe DAO

_— ; Obituary Notice of

the late Mr, W. F, Sinclair sco BSH

ee ee

; Notes on Anopheles

‘or the Malaria Mosquito ... — «.. 691

A. LEM. B.; A Shooting Expedition

on the Pamirs, Parts I and II...385, 543

BAKER, EH, C. STUART, F.ZS.,

M.B.0.U.; Indian Ducks and

their Allies. Parts IX. and X.

(With Plates IX. and X.) Ty t99

-; The Birds of Cachar,

Parts I. and II. (With Plates H.

and I.) “oe 399, 563

3; Occurrence of Podi-

ceps ¢ristatus in Assam

— — ; Occurrence of Ma-

crorhamphus semipalmatus in As-

sam

535

———— ; The Nidification of

Rimator melacoptilus eee 106

BELL, AGNES S.; Birds of Prey ... 696

BETHAM, CAPTAIN R.M.,, HIGHTH

BoMBAY INFANTRY; Occurrence

of the Sheldrake (Tadorna cor-

nuta) on the Bheema River ee 187

—_— — ; Occasional Notes on

Birds’ Nesting round Poona and

elsewhere ere nae eo. 380

; Occasional Notes on

Birds’ Nesting in the vicinity of

POON... - 686

BINGHAM, Conoxen, C. T., Con-

SERVATOR OF FORESTS, BURMA ; =

Account of a Senarbatle Swarm-

ing for Breeding Purposes + of

Sphex -umbrosus, Christ, with

Notes on the Nests ofitwo other

Species of Sphex and of certain of

the Pompilide ae oa ane Lire

eco 705 t

PAGE.

Biscon, W. F.; Kingfishers killing

Birds eoe coe eee 184

BLANFORD, W.T., rid F.R.S

The Distribution of vaneneaace

Animals in India, Ceylon, and

Burma eos cee «- 675

BoaLE, J. &, Q.0, Corrs OF

GuIDES ; The Eastern Pintatled

Sand Grouse Poa alchatus)

Breeding in India .. «- 039

BOULENGER, G. A, Fg. B.S. ; Bip:

criptions faa new Lizards from

Selangor (With a Plate) . . 333

3; Description of a new

Lizard from the Batu Caves, Se-

langor eee coe BOD

; Description of a new

Snake from the Perak Hills -. 336

——; Description of a

new Snoke of the genus Ablabes

From Burma a5 BEB)

eco:

|Bourpinton, T. F., F.L.8,, Con-

SERVATOR OF FORESTS, TRAVAN-

CORE; Description of a New

Species of Ficus from <Travancore.

(With a Plate) coe Ie

BULKLEY, HARRINGTON; Nidifica-

tion of the Spotted Sand-grouse

(Pterocles senegallas) soe osc

BuRTON, CAPTAIN R. G., INDIAN

Starr Corps; Goat killed by a

Porcupine .. 194

BuTtuER, A. L., FS. MB.OU,

et¢., CURATOR, SELANGOR STATE

iy Sa ; The Birds of the An-

daman and Nicobar Islands.

Part IV. ceo

—_—_———_; Geographical Races

of the Banting; the “Sapi”

of the Malay Peninsula. ne a

Plate) eve

704

144

see awe 192

; On a@ new Serow

From the Malay Peninsula cer 489

; Notes on Trigs to

Perak and apna

a 697

PAGE, |.

Buysson, ROBERT DU; Note. Pour

servir a l'histoire des Lampyrides

de U Inde. (With a Plate) . 426

CAREY, B.S.; Lhe Great Crested

Grebe in Burma . 186

CHINNERY, IDA ; On the Longevity

of the Persian Bulbul ahs 698

CLUTTERBUCK, P. H., F.Z.8.; Ptero-

mys inornatus 531

CoMBER, E.; Some Hints for Be-

ginners on Collecting and Pre-

serving Natural History Speci-

mens. Parts I, 11, and III --- 100,

270, 641

——-:—————_; On the Occurrence

of Coccystes coromandus (the Red-

winged Crested Cuckoo) in Bom-

bay ee 696

eee eco eco ene

———— ; On the Occurrence

of the Desert Finch C&hodospiza

obsoleta) at Chaman, Balwchis-

-. 708

Cox, CAPTAIN P. Z.; Notes on So-

maliland. PartsIand II. (With

two Plates) .. bea 86, 281

EAM ane o00 909 mere

DupGEON, G.C., F.ES.,; A Cata-

logue of the Heterocera of Sikhim

and Bhutan, with Notes by H. J.

Elwes, ¥.Z.8., F.E.S., ete, and Ad-

ditions by Sir George F. Hampson,

Bart, B.A. F.ES., ete. Parts

WU Vil, pixsand OX) Wann

Plates II and III) ... 77, 258, 406, 672

—; Larva of Kublem-

ma amabilis, Moore, as a Lac In-

sect Destroyer 900 coe wee B79

——-—— 3 The Large-barred

Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides,

Vigors) capturing Quait on the

TT pope ae eee aE LCD

HVANS, VETY.-CapT.Geo. H., A.V.D.;

Cn the Occurrence of the White-

winged Wood Duck CAsarcornis

scutulatus) in Upper Burma... 532

——; Dipsascyanea .., 583

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE,

Evans, VETy.-Capt. G. H., A.V.D.,

AND Watt, Capr. F., I.M.S. ;

Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in

Burma ic aco eee . 188

—;Incubation of a Brood

of Zamenis mucosus 050 oe 189

———— — _; Occurrence of Py-

thon molurus in Burma . 190

; Wotes on Ophidia col-

lected in Burma from May to

December, 1899 Cars He 58 . 3438

3 Notes on two Speci-

mens of Lycodon fasciatus ooo OUD

——— ; Occurrence of Tropi=

donotus himalayanus in Burma ... 537

——; On the Occurrence of

Simotes splendidus in Burma, or

a probable New Species coe DOU

; Burmese Snakes.

Notes on Specimens including

Forty-five Species of Ophidian

Fauna collected in Burma from 18t

January to 30th June, 1900 . 611

FINN, F., B.A., F.Z.S., DEputy Su-

‘PERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN

MUSEUM; Ona New Species of

Bhimraj (Dissemurus), with sime

Observations on the so-called fa-

mily Dicruridess ... oor Be Witt

; AND CAPTAIN W,G.

NIsBeTT; Votes on some Kalij

Pheasants fromthe Kachin Hills

in the possession of the Bombay

Natural History Society ... eo. O21

FOREL, AUGUSTE; Les Formicides

de lV Empire des Indes et de Ceytan.

Parts VI, VII, VIII aa wee DQ,

303, 462

J. F.G.; Indian Sheep Dogs . 709

GADSDEN, F. 0., R.I.M.; Fishing in

Indian Waters. Parts V, Kara-

chi; and VI, Open Deep Sea

Fishing a 113, 355

GILBERT, REG.; A Visit tothe Null —

after the Famine - a. 008 «oe 102

° LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

GILES, LT.-CoL. Gro. M., I.M.S.;

A Plea for the Collective Investi-

gation of Indian Culicide, with

Suggestions as to moot points for

Enquiry, and a Prodromus of

Species known to the Author.

(With Plates A and B) ose

GLEADOW, F., I.F.S., F.R.M.S.; A

New Spider ...

592

536

GREEN, EH. ERNEST, F.E.S., GOVERN-

MENT HNTOMOLOGIST, R. B.G.

Supplementary Notes on the Coe-

cide of Ceylon. Parts I and II.

(With Plates A, B, C, D, HE, F, and

G) sea’) t pens 66, 252

—— ; Note on the Webd-

spinning Habits of the “ Red

Ant,” Gicophila smaragdina

181

; Coccidiphagous Larve

of Eublemma se che see

HAMPSON, SIR G. F., Bart., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S.; The Moths - Ti ia, Suppies

ieniary Paper to the Volumes in

“The Fauna of British India.”

Series II., Parts I, II, III and IV.

(With Plate B.) »- 37, 223, 499, 571

HARPER, E. W., F.Z.8. ; The White-

breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon

smyrnensis) tn Captivity ... -- 364

Horr, C. W.; The Ferns of North-

Western India, including Afghan-

éstan, the Trans-Indus Protected

States, and Kashmir: Arranged

and Named on the basis of Hooker

and Baker's Synopsis Filicum, and

other Works, with New Species

added. Part III.—The General

List. (With Plates XV, XVI,

XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, and

XXI.) aes w-. 25, 236, 443, 657

Hunt, C. B. HouMAN, B.A., F.E.S. ;

Some Entomological Notes from

Ceylon. A method of Preparing

Specimens of Lepidoptera : for

Identification. Food of the larva

of Daphnis nerii

538

375

INGLIS, CHAS. M.; A Variety of

the Common Hop CAeridothers

tristis, Linn.) . -. 180

Rill

PAGE.

INGLIS, C. M.; Oceurrence of the

Bronze-capped Teal in Tirhut ...

; Notes on Casarca

rutila ¢he Braminy Duck) and

Nyroca ferruginea (the White-eyed

Duck... oes 19D

; Further Note on the

Occurrence of the Bronze-capped

Teal (Kunetta faleata) in Tirhut ..

——-; Occurrence of .the

Black-capped eaaeagae” 9

pileata) in Tirhut .

186

ee ee eee

378

379

c eae RS of . the

Water-rail (Rallus aquaticus) in

Tirhut soc ese coe O19

—-— ———3 Late Stay and Rarly

Arrival of Duce in Assam

54]

——~—; The Birds of the

Madhubani Subdivision of the

Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with

Notes on Species noticed Banas

in the District, Part I . 621

—_— —; Birds collected during

Jive years? tie in the Hylas=

handy District, Cachar. Part VIII

—_——

654

——; Snaring Owls in

eos 700

; The Shoveller as

an Article of Food ... ey oe. 705

INVERARITY, J.D,; A Wild Dogs

Harth. (With a Plate) ... . 529

JONES, CAPT. M. D. GORING, 2ND

DURHAM LIGHT INFANTRY ; Can

a Cobra Hject its Poison ... owe 376

KELSALL, CAPTAIN H. J., R.A. ;

The Number of Feathers in the Tail

of the Chestnut Bittern Sek

cinnamomea) a6 00 eee BUG

Lone, A. M. ; Red Ants as an Arti-

cle of Fuod ... 00K eos 536

MACDONALD, K.C.; Occurrence of

Bonelli’s Eagle and the Golden-

eye Duck at Myingyan coe 700

MACNAB, CAPT. A, J »)H.R.C.S.,1.M.S.,

MEDICAL OFFICER, Q. O. Corps

OF GUIDES ; Occurrence of the

White-faced Stiff-tail Duck at

Mardan soc eoe 182

Nooses

eee rr}

xiv

PAGE: |

MANDERS, Mason N., R.A.M.C.,

F.E.S.; The Life-history of Myca-

lesis (Calysisme) subdita, Moore... 701

Masson, W. P.; Widification of

Rimator malacoptilus, Blyth . 708

Mayer, ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH ;

Onthe Mating Instinct in Moths... 365

MEINERTZHAGEN, R., ROYAL FUSI-

LIERS ; Reported Occurrence of the

Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus

marinus) in Rajputana ... wee OE

NewnuHam, Capt. A, F.Z.S., CAN-

TONMENT MAGISTRATE; Curious

Instance of Hermaphroditism ... 187

—_—_———

; Occurrence of Uncom-

mon Birds in Rajputana ... --. 193

NICEVILLE, LIONEL DE, F.E.S.,

C.M.Z.S., ETC. ; On New and Litile-

known Lepidoptera from the

Oriental Region. (CWith Plates

CO, DD, & HEL) oe wee ae

—— ; Nidéfication of Rimator

malacoptilus, Blyth 206 coe

157

531

; The Fauna of Amoy, 703

NISBETT, CAPTAIN W.G., AND F,

‘Finn, B. A., DEPUTY SUPERIN-

TENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSE-

uM; Notes on some Kalij Phea-

sants from the Kachin Hills in the

possession of the Bombay Naturat

History Society «. 521

Nourse, Capt, C.G., 13TH BOMBAY

oInrantry; Sport and Natural

History in Northern Gujarat ... 337

OutviER, Lizut.-Con. H.D., B.E.,

F.Z.8. ; On Rhinoceros Shooting...

a ; Notes on Grévy’s

Zebra (Equus grevii) (With a

Plate)... eco ; eco ‘ eco ees

OsmasTAn, B. B,, INDIAN FOREST

SERVICE; Birds’ Nesting in the

Tons Valley a.

PEILE, CAPT. A. J.

Mollusca

— —— ; Land Shells of the Genus

~Ariophanta ... + ss. ee eve B95

651

R.A.; Land

coo DOE

538

542 |:

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

PAGE.

PHELPS, EDGAR; Yak: Shooting in’

Thibet ose coe 134

Pocock, R. I., oF THE BRITISH ©

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ;

The Genus Peecilotheria: TJts

Habits, History, and Species.

(With a Plate) Bac eos 121

——; Descriptions of some New

‘ Species of Spiders from British

India nae ace Con 2 craecarte:

PRALL, Magor S. E., 1.M.S.; Musk

Rat attacking a Toad eve 699

—; Squirrels and Satbhais 700

PRIMROSE, A.M.; Notes on Birds.

collected in South Sylhet ... woe 100

PROCEEDINGS eee 194, 396, 564, 715

Birds of

eee 185

. 363

SIncLAIR, W. F. ; The Western

White-eyed Pochard eee LOL

eee ooo

“eee

Ropon, Magor G.&8.;

Prey ee see ace

—— ; Indian Termites

THOMPSON, St. C. ; The Flowering

Habits of tie Violet eee (12

TootH, H. H.; Harly Breeding of

the Common Tora (githina

tiphia) oo 50 oo. 712

; Nesting of the Black-

headed Oviole (Oriolus melanoce-

phalus) eos eee ace coe (13

; Nesting Difficulties

of the Coppersmith ... “on .- 113

WALL, CAPT. F.,1.M.S. ; 2gg-blow-

ing and its Difficulties ee 181

——_—— ; Parturition of an

Kehis carinata coe 184

lS es

; Notes on the

| Breeding of Tropidonotus piseator., 373

; Notes ona Dipsas

multimaculata in Captivity vee OB4

3; AND EVANS, VETY.-

Capt. GEO. H., A.V.D.; Occur-

rence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma... 188

Incubation of a

Brood of Zamenis mucosus. eee 189

——————

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

WALL, CAPT. F., I.M.S. ; Occurrence

of Python molurusin Burma... 190

; Notes on Ophidia

collected in Burma from May to

, December, 1899 woe 343

; Notes on two

Specimens of Lycodon fasciatus ... 372

—_—-

; Occurrence of Tropi-

donotushimalayanus in Burma ... 537

; On the Occurrence of

Simotes splendidus in Burma, or

a probable New Species ... +. 537

—-———_——.; Burmese Snakes.

Notes on Specimens including

Forty-five Species of Ophidian

Fauna collected in Burma from

1st January to 30th June, 1900 ... 611

PAGE,

WALLINGER, W. A., DIVISIONAL

FoREST OFFICER, DHARWAR;

“ Kills” by Carnivorous Animals.

Some remarks on the method of

their Identification...

Wooprow, G. MARSHALL, PROFES-

SOR OF BOTANY, COLLEGE OF

ScIENCE, Poona ; The Flora of

Western India. Part VIII

WrouguTon, R. C., I.F.S.; Vesper-

tilio pachypus, Zemmink. (A Cor-

rectton.) ao. 184

——— +; Megaderma sparsma,L. 186

——-—; Rhinolophus affinis,

Horsf. 208 59 sap tb

YERBURY, Lizvr.-Cou. J. W., R.A. ;

The Golden-eye (Clangula glaucion) 533

; An Appeal for Assist.

ance in Collecting Gad-flies, Bot-

flies, and Warble-flies coe G80

632

427

ooo

EST OE PeevAwe tS:

VOLUME XIiIxti.

To face

The White-headed Duck. Hrismatura leucocephala, Plate IX ... a5 ar

Davatlia Clarkei, Baker, Plate XVI... san Secu eas eo ae sol)

Indian Moths, Plate B ... aor aes coc ooe con ae S06 Seeds |e

The Cocezde of Ceylon, Plate A see ane She coc Peo coc we)

B 554 (ECR Rater |

” ”? ” ” ” ° ove eve

”? ” » ” 2) Cc ece 3 Bas : 6

” 2 ” ” ” D cee eco eee ooc coc 3

New or Little-known Heterocera from Sikhim and Bhutan, Plate II ... CoE nG yf

The Great Indian Spiders, Pecilotheria regalis, Pocock, P. fasciata, Latv.,

and P. metallica, Pocock, Plate A 202 awe rhe ue oes oi

Ficus Rama Varme a. 208 sac ers are aes fel aM aco, UR

Oriental Butterflies, Plate CC ... onc 20c

7 Fe Dien 006 one ere coe coc eee soo { LS

Oriental Lepidoptera , HE ... aa ace seis aoe

enagomnaccts, Malayan) Worm... se. 1) ese | oes eee eee cess | oe, 19D

The Red-breasted Merganser. Merganser serrator, Plate X .., 2ac cea 9D

Cheilanthes Duthiei, Baker, Plate XV Aa Aas wea ae aa see DAD

The Coccide of Ceylon, Plate EH onc tas 600 soe 26¢ oe S06

A Hf ye He dt a0 eee she Ben ees cee 2 252

” PY) ” ” ”? oe ae aa ak

New or Little-known Heterocera from Sikhim and Bhutan, Plate III .., coo) RS

Clarke’s Gazelle (Ammodorcas clarket) ward We a Be a] easy

The Ethiopian Ant-bear (Orycteropus ethiopicus)... eae 20 ae |

New Lizards from Selangor. 1. Gehyra butleri.. 2. Lygosoma surdum fog) 38)

The Squamated Babbler. Curythocichla squamata, Stuart Baker O80 Boo ee)

Diaphanes wroughtoni, Ern. Oliv. @. Diaphanes seminudus, Ern, Oliv. Go e426

Pleris subquinata, Wall., Plate XVIT vse os S26 mae aoe eee 458

Wild Dog Puppies eee ove coc eee 506 soe oo S00 we 529

Cyanops rubescens. The Ruddy Barbet, PlateI ... a8 owe cas eer 563

Indian Culicide, Plate A eee aoc eco ese eee 200

erie ne eat 1

: ” ” : 900 ie

Grévy’s Zebra GQmale) (Haus grevii)... Soc onc on ccc ses «. ©6651

Asplenium Saulii, Hook., Plate XVIII eae vee a a a So5 (RED

fontanum, Bernh., Plate XIX eee GD

varians, Hook. et Grev., Plate XX Ace Br ae is

Me Donelli, Bedd,, Plate XXI ae ses coc abe EGO

”

ERRATA,

Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XITT,

In the List of Errata, stiched up with No. 3 of Vol. XIII, in the last entry

“ coriacrous” should be “ coriaceous.”

On p. 444, “ Wall. (under Chezlanthes), Cat, 72” should:be within parentheses

and “ Hope” should be inserted immediately thereafter.

On p. 446, in 12th line from bottom, for “ v’ read “y” and for “ acrosti-

coides”’ read “ acrostichoides,”’

On p, 446, in 8th line from bottom, for “2,000' ” read “12,000,'”

On p. 448, in 10th line from top, “ ft.’ should be “t,’’, and in 13th line

from top “ Platigloma” should be “ Platyloma.”

On p. 449, in 10th line from:bottom, “ 8,000' ” should be “ 9,000'.”

On p. £50, in the last line, for “ longest ” read “ tallest,”

On p. 453, in the middle of page, the Greek “i” (iota) should be inserted

between “ var” and “ subquinata,”

On p. 458, 18th line from bottom, for “ deltoids”’ read “ deltoid.”

On p. £56, 2nd line from top, strike out the “ period ” between “ Malay’”’

and ‘* Penins.”

On p, £56, in 14th line from bottom, “ 65” should be “ 165,”

On p, 459, in 11th line from top, “ Enwoodwardia” should be “ Euwoodwardia,”

On p, 461, in 4th line from top, insert “Sikkim” between “some” and

“specimens.”

Page 522, line 24th from top, for “ Sangunme ” should be “ Sangmwe.”

Page 523, line 31st from top, for “ quickly” should be “‘ quietly.”

Page 524, line 17th from top, for “ Sigaing” should be “ Tigaing,?

Page 524, line 18th from top, for “ Bhamo” should be ‘‘ Katha.”

On p. 627, last line but one, for “ species” read ‘‘ specimen,”

On p. 628, 16th line from top, for “ on ” read “ do,”

Page 633, Para, III should appear at the end and not in.the middle of the

paper,

On p. 658, 6th line from bottom, insert ’’ after 6000’,

On p. 659, 2nd line, for “ Collet” read “‘ Collett.”

On p. 659, Sth line from top, insert ” after 5000’.

On p. 659, 14th line from bottom, insert ”’ after 8000’.

On p. 660, 15th line from top, for “ Dr, J. S. Stewart” read ‘Dr, J. ZL.

Stewart.”

On p. 661, 16th line from bottom, insert ” after “ Valleys.”

On p, 662, 4th line from bottom, insert “ by’ after “and.”

On p. 663, 9th line from bottom, dele “.”’ after “ ab.”

On p. 6638, 7th line from bottom, for “ tt” read “ ¢,”

On p. 665, 15th line from bottom, for “ Huachuea ” read “ Huachuca.’

On p, 666, 5th line from top, for ‘“‘ Huachuea’’ read “ Huachuca.”

On p. 668, 18th line from bottom, insert ” after “3—4000’, ”

On p. 670, 11th line from bottom, for “ pinnie” read “ pinnz,”

Plate IX.

Mintern Bros.Chromo hth London.

THE WHITE-HEADED DUCK.

Erismatura leucocephala.

Kenlemams del.

he Nat sv

PRINTED AT THE TIMES Of INDIA” pi ees

“CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Jypran Ducks AND THEIR ATLIES. “By E. 0. Stuart Baker, FL, Sa ane

Pari: EX: ° (WapP late TX) s-ceveeegeskceecasy cist sioes foun aecanece eae

THE FERNS OF Nortu-WEsTEeRn Inpa, By Cc. W. fone Part III, 25

Tur Morus or Inpra, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN ~

«oe Fauna oF Brirish Inpra.” By Sir George F, Hampson,

- Bart., RZS., FES, “Series 1. Part I. - (With Plate B) s..-ccs0eses © 37 ~

Lugs ForMIcIDES DE Reta DES a ET. DE Cuyzon. Par ‘

Auguste Forel. Part VI. naae ove Sis suirn ex ee ahace soe case eee se Meiers

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE Conic oF CxryLoyn, By EH. A

Ernest Green, F.E.S., Government Entomologist. (With 7 Plates, A

to G) eorsessoe COO Pet coos dF eer oeseestOLFOSseesen ven DOCK i is SOU EGILIOIC Hs OIOO OCC: te. 66—

A CaraLoGuE oF THE Jeterocera OF SIKHIM, AND Buuran. By =

G. C. Dudgeon, F.E8., with notes by H. J. Hlwes, ¥.2.8., FES, &. |

and additions by Sir George F, oe Bart., B.A. FES. &¢._ ei

Part VII. (With Plate If) . desea iStvedesenes sneesebuen tee a eee nian

NorEs on SOMALILAND. By Captain C. Z. Cox. Patt Ly .scl tee icretat Oe

Some Hints For Beginners ON CoLLECTING AND PRESERVING NATU-

“= RaL HIsToRY SPECIMENS... By H, Comber... sec sccscersteercosseveeveee 100

Fisnine iv Lypran Waters. By F. 0. Gadsden 3 RIM. Part V eS (1138

Tue Great Inpran Sprpers. By R. I. Pocock, of the British Museum.

of Natural History. (With a Dgib) in oon p ass seveveeseveesessonsasses EDT

Yax-sHoorine in THrper. By Edger Phelps .....-sesse--cteereeseseerees 184

Tue Birds OF THE ANDAMAN AND } NicoBar IsLanps, By ‘ L. Butler,

-F.ZS., M.B.0.U., &¢., Curator, Selangor State Museum, Part IV... 144

Duscription or 4 New Specrus or Ficus From Travancore, By T, —

F, Bourdillon, ¥.L.8., Conservator of fot Travancore. (With a

Piie) iwiedceiecemooer Fed sa Rae ace ucaiwoM sow haem ubheee senses stéice slak Seweree eee menenel

On NEW AND “LITTLE-KNOWN Lepidopterd FROM THE Onin, Region: 2°.

Sree By Lionel de Nicéville, F.u.s., C.M.28., &c. (With Plates CC, DD,

he : and HE.) eonvecces teseceee* SEADOO EEOC OS Oe peeserrecvensecess ee ecevnecona (157

MiscELLANzous NorEs—

1, Account of a remarkable Swarming for Breeding Purposes of Sphex i:

umbrosus, Christ, with notes on the Nests of twoother Species of

Sphex and of certain of the Pompilide. By C. T. Bingham, Conser- ~

vator of Forest® “...c.scssnsseascesstce “da datiaunawaiwasongh ercdsantor ocaaande cee 177

2. A Variety of the Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis, Linn. By Cc. M,

TMG] Isc» lage sees ede o-oeauatin sawed endless eat sosdn gag varaseabenee dean as biiviscuies SOU eS

3. Note onthe Web-spinning habits of the “ Red Ant,” Ecophila smarag- i

dina. By E. Ernest Green, Govt. Entomologist ........se.ce00 seeacai enna $850

4, Egg-blowing and its Difficulties. By Captain F. Wall, 1.M.S.......0..-004 po ge

5. Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff-tail Duck at Mardan. By Gapiain

A. J. Macnab, F,R. Cc. S., I. M: 8. Pe eOO Ore ore co s@eoecesesouerseve® CUPORrcoreerer eee 182

(Continued on third page of the cover).

JOURNAL

OF THE

JES) OD aad Dipl oN. Ds A

Hatural History Society,

Vol. XII. BOMBAY. | No. I.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.

By E. C. Sruarrt Baker, F.ZS.

Part IX, wira Piarz IX.

(Continued from page 620 of Vol. XII.)

Genus FULIGULA.

Blanford unites Fuliguia and Vyroca, and the difference between

them is a very slight one, viz., that whereas Nyroca has the sides of

bill practically parallel, Pulégula, as defined by Salvadori and others,

has the end decidedly wider than the base. Hven this is only a matter

of degree, as I have shown ia the measurements of the bills of

NV. beri and N. africana, and, but that I am following Salvadori’s

classification in toto, I should be inclined to take Blanford’s, with

which I agree personally. As restricted, there are only five species

in the genus, and of these only two visit India, and of these again

the Scaup only in a very few instances.

Key to the Species.

Head never crested, back and scapulars in adult not black...marila.

Head always more or less crested, and scapulars in adult

black, more or less sprinkled with whitish................-.fuligu’a.

This key is admittedly a very weak one. In spite of the statement

that F. fuligula is more or less crested always, having such very

powerful support, the fact is that the head is not always cresied,

many young birds having no signs of a crest.

Mr. Finn has, however, pointed out to me a most useful point in

the coloration of F. fuligula, and this is the wonderful silky or satiny

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1#,

whiteness of the lower parts. Hven where the white is not pure,

the satin texture is always most apparent, and serves at once to divide

the Crested Pochard from nearly all other ducks. Adults, of course,

are easy to discriminate, and for them the above key stands good.

(34.) FuLiguLA MARILA,

The Scaup.

Fuligula marila.—Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” ILI, p. 814; Hume,

“ Str. Feath.,” VILL, p. 115 ; cbid., Cat., No. 970 ; Hume and Marshall,

Game Birds, III, p. 272; Hume, “Str. Feath.,” X, pp. 158, 174 ;

Stoker, zbid., p. 424; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay,” p. 413 ; Salvadori,

Cat. British Museum, X XVII, p. 355.

Nyroca marila.—Blanford “ Avifauna of India,” TV, p. 463.

Description: Adult Male.—Head, neck, upper part of the breast and

of the back black ; sides of the head and upper neck glossed with

green; rest of the back and scapulars white, narrowly barred with

black ; rump, upper and under tail coverts black; lower breast,

abdomen and sides white, the vent somewhat greyish, the sides with

black barring ; upper wing coverts blackish, finely vermiculated with

white; secondaries white; forming the speculum whieh is bounded

below by a blackish band, in some specimens more or less freckled

with white, tertials blackish with a green gloss, the larger ones more or

less finely dusted with whitish; primaries greyish-brown, from the

fourth quill with a whitish area on the inner web, the tips black, the

marginal under wing coverts greyish-brown, dusted with white, the

remainder, as well as the avxillaries, white ; tail blackish, bill and legs

light lead-grey, webs and nail of the bill blackish; iris yellow. Total

length about 18 inches, wing 9°25", tail 2:9", culmen 1:8", tarsus 1°4",

(Salvadori).

Male—* Length 20°0" ; expanse 32°0" ; wing 9:0"; tail from insertion

of feathers 2°75"; tarsus 1°42” ; bill along ridge 2:0". The bill is light

greyish-blue, or dull lead-colour, with the nail blackish ; the iris rich

yellow ; the edges of the eyelids dusky; the feet pale greyish-blue,

darker on the joints; the membrane dusky; the claws black. (Mac-

gillivray).

Adult Female.—“ Forehead, lores, and more or less of the chin white

encircling the base of the bill; rest of head, neck, upper back and

upper breast brown, the last mixed with white and passing into the

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 3

white uf the abdomen, not sharply defined as in the male; back and

scapulars vermiculated brown and white, flanks the same but with

more white, rump, upper tail coverts and tail dusky-brown ; wings as

in the male but duller and browner,” (Blanford),

“Length 18:0"; expanse 28°0" ; wing 8°75" ; tail 2°5"; tarsus 1°33! ;

bill along ridge 1°83".”

« Bill as in the male but darker, the feet dull leaden-grey, vith the

webs dusky.” (Macgillivray).

“Young male has the white at the base of the bill like the adult

female, but it is a darker and richer colour.” (Salvadori).

Hume’s young male had the wing only 7:9”, bill straight from base

to tip 1:7", and at its greatest width °87",

“The very young female is equally like the young Nyreca, but it

has the chin, threat, a portion of the lores white, only a little speckled

with rufous-brown (which white is not exhibited in any of my young

White-eyes), besides the characteristic bill so much broader than those .

of young Nyroca of the same age and sex.”” (Hume).

The measurements of a young female were wing 7-1"; bill straight

from base to tip 1°6",and at its widest part -78".

Young in down.—‘“ Crown, nape and upper parts uniform dark olive-

brown ; throat, sides of the head, and forepart of the neck yellowish-

white ;a dull greyish band across the lower neck, rest of the under-

parts dull yellowish, the flanks greyish-yellow; upper mandible blackish,

tooth of the beak yellowish ; under mandible yellow.” (Dresser),

The Scaup is a duck of very northern latitudes, breeding. in the

Palearctic and Nearctic regions in the extreme north of Europe,

Asia and America up to, if not beyond, N.-H. in Asia, lat, 70°,

In the winter it extends south to the basin of the Mediterranean,

Southern Russia and Asia Minor, and Central and South Central Asia

as far south as Northern India, South China and Japan and Formosa,

whilst in America it extends as far south, vide Salvadori, as Guatemala,

In Africa it does not extend south at all, Von Heuglin and, after him,

Seebohn record it from Abyssinia, but Salvadori says in the Catalogue

most emphatically “not (to my knowledge) reaching Abyssinia,’’

Hven here the southern limits given are rarely attained, large num-

bers of birds remaining all the winter north of latitude 40°, The

Scaup is only a very rare winter visitant to Northern India, and I can

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

find no other record of its occurrence outside those noted by Blanford,

viz., “ Isolated occurrences have been recorded from Kashmir, Kulu,

and Nepal in the Himalayas, and in the neighbourhood of Attock,

Gurgaon near Delhi,” and Karachi in the plains of India, and even

Bombay. This last was recorded in our Journal by Mr. J. D. Inverarity,

who shot a female on a small tank near Panwell on January 13th, 1884.

“Col. McMaster is of opinion that, one year, in January, he saw

several birds of this species, on marshes and salt lakes between

Chicacole and Berhampur in the Northern Circars (say, 190 N. Lat.),

and the male is a bird that so experienced a sportsman could hardly

mistake for any other species that could occur there.” I do not know

if Col. McMaster said that they were adulé birds that he saw, if

so, perhaps, probably in fact, he was not mistaken, but if they were the

common form of the young bird found in India asa rule, he might

very well indeed have been mistaken. It seems strange, too, that he

should have seen several birds when they are of such rare occurrence.

On the other hand, I think there is no doubt that a great many young

birds are yearly missed owing to these being mistaken fer young

Pochards of other kinds. Possibly the most likely place for this bird

to be met with in India would be the coast about the Gulf of Cutch

and north to Kurachi, as the Scaup, by preference, is a sea bird. Such

as are met with in India are doubtless ‘ moving on’ in hopes of getting

to some coast eventually. Even in China they wander further south

along the coast, and are far more commonly met with there than they

are inland. When they are met with inland it will be generally

found that they keep to great lakes, such as Lake Baikal, Lake Balkasts,

the Sea of Ural, etc. In these vast extents of water they can live,

according to their wont, on the water altogether, neither taking to

land or air,except in cases of emergency, and spending their time

diving for food or resting asleep on it just as they would were they on

the sea itself, ;

Although once well away on the wing the flight of the Scaup is

fairly fast and strong, they are exceedingly slow and clumsy in getting

off the water, their manner of so doing having been likened by various

observers to that of the coot ; that is to say, they rise very obliquely

Splashing noisily along the surface of the water for some yards before

getting clear of it and, once clear, still taking some time to get up their

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 5

speed. On land they are perhaps even more awkward than on the water

in commencing to fly, and it must be, indeed, severe pressure which can

induce them to change their slow waddle into a quicker shufile. They

have the repute of being not wild birds and of being fairly easy of approach

on the water and, when hard pressed, of frequently preferring to attempt

escape by diving rather than by taking to flight. So great, however,

are their diving powers that they are perhaps as difficult to bring to

bag as are the wilder birds which more quickly take to wing. Wounded

only itis as likely as not that the bird may escape, as it is almost

impossible to follow its movements ; and when it does appear on the

surface it again disappears with such rapidity that it takes a gunner of

some smartness to get a shot at it and finish it off. The food of the

Scaup is everywhere chiefly of an animal character. .Inland doubtless

it feeds to a certain extent on water-weeds, etc., these being mainly

such as grow at some depth and are obtained by diving; but even here

shell-fish, frogs, insects, etc., form the greater part of its diet. When

in its natural element on the sea, in creeks and estuaries or along the

coast, it is almost an entirely animal feeder, subsisting on sheli-fish,

small fish and other marie small life.

Its name is derived from its habit of feeding on mussels, the beds on

which the masses of shell-fish lie being known as mussel scaups or

mussel scalps (Blanford and Newton), and in Norfolk I have heard both

fresh and salt water mussels called scaups, though the term is usually

applied more to the latter than the former. Hume, quoting Montague,

says that “ Both the male and the female have a peculiar habit of tossing

up their heads and opening their bills, which in spring is continued for

a considerable time, while they are swimming and sporting on the

water, and they emit a grunting sort of cry.”

Its flesh, as might be expected, is quite unfit, as a rule, for the table,

and the most flattering terms [ have known applied to it are Macgilliy-

ray’s to the effect that “Itis not thought much of for the table, its

flesh being rather rank.”

The Scaup is one of the most northern breeding of ducks, having

been observed breeding, as already noted, at least as far north as Lat.

70°. As to its breeding within Indian limits, this, in spite of Hume’s

young bird being caught in Kashmir, is most unlikely ever to be

found to be the case.

6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XTII,

The description of the nest, as given by various writers, differs greatly:

one says it is a scanty affair of grasses and weeds, &c., without any

down in it at all—a rare thing this with ducks’ nests—whilst others say

that the nest, though of few materials and very roughly formed, is yet

well lined with down and feathers, not only enough to form the lining

itself, but sufficient to make a bed in which the eggs lie quite

covered,

Its position also seems to vary very much: as a rule, it is placed close

to water in a depression under cover of some sort, or else in amongst

- fairly dense vegetation. At other times—this it appears but rarely—in

a hole in the ground, and sometimes in the open amongst stones where

there is no cover. In the latter case, no doubt, it is in the bleaker parts

where vegetation close to water is scant, and where also there is not

much to interfere with the birds and their breeding arrangements.

According to Dresser, “ Not unfrequently several females deposit their

egos in the same nest ; and Dr. Kruper states that in Iceland he once

found twenty-two eggs in one nest. The eggs are deposited from the

early part of June to the middle of July; and when the female com-

mences to incubate, she sits very close, not leaving the nest until the

intruder is close to it. I possess a nest and seven eggs of this duck,

taken by Mr. Meves in Oland, on the 5th July, 1871. The nest con=

sists only of grasses without any down as lining ; and the eggs are

uniform greyish stone-buff in colour, and vary in size from 2°45 by 1°67

to 2°5 by 1°77 inches.”

The only eggs I have ever seen were taken in Iceland on the 10th

June, these are a dull café-au-lait, with a grey tinge. In shape they

are rather broad, very regular ovals, and the texture of the egg ismuch

like that of Nyroca africana, but not, I think, quite so soft or porous.

There is no gloss. Dr. Paul Leverkhiin informs me that Mr, -Baer,

of Neisse in Silesia, found the Scaup breeding in Germany. Previously

it had only been known to visit Germany in winter. Dr. Leverkhiin

himself obtained many specimens on the coast of the Baltic Sea.

(35.) FULIGULA FULIGULA.

The Crested Pochard or Tufted Pochard.

Fuligula cristata.—Jerdon, “ Birds of India,” IIT, p. 815; Butler,

“Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 31 ; ad., ibed, p. 284; Ball, cbed, VII, p. 232.5

Hume, ‘bid, p. 496 ; zd, Cat., No. 971; Hume and Marshall, Game

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 7

Birds, III, p. 277 ; Hume, “Str. Feath.,” VIII, p. 115; Vidal, iid,

IX, p. 93; Butler, ibid, p. 481; Reid, zbid, X, p. 35; Davidson,

ibid, p. 326; Barnes, Birds of Bombay, p. 414; Hume, “Str.

Feath.,” XI, p. 347. }

Fulix cristata— Hume, “Str. Feath.,” I, p. 265; David and Wen-

don, ébid, VII, p. 93.

Fuligula fuligula.—Salvadori, Cet. British Museum, XXVII,

p. 363.

Nyroca fuliqguia—Blanford, Avifauna of India, IV, p. 463.

Description: Adult Male—Whole head, neck, back, rump, tail,

breast, wing coverts, under tail coverts and innermost flanks black.

On the head there is a certain amount of green gloss on the sides, and

the crest and nape have purple reflections ; the back, scapulars and

more or less of the wing coverts have a very fine powdering of white,

so fine as to often require careful looking for before being found, and

never enough to have any influence on the prevailing tint; primaries

dark brown, the inner web of the first whitish at the base, fading into

brown elsewhere, the white on each quill increasing in extent until in

the innermost only the terminal half inch is dark. In all the quills the

definition between white and brown is gradual, not abrupt, the two

colours gradually blending ; outer secondaries white with black tips,

inner secondaries black glossed with green. Abdomen white sharply

defined from the breast but more or less mottled near the black flanks.

Irides bright yellow ; bill deep slate, tipped black ; legs dull lead-

colour.

“TLeneth about 17"; tail 2°1" to 3:0"; wing 7°6” to 8:5"; tarsus

15"; bill straight from front to tip 1°52" to 1°75" at widest point

0°86" to 0°90" and at narrowest 0°65" to 0°70". Crest from 1°75" to

9°79"

“ Males—Length 16-6" to 17:2" ; expanse 27°5" to 30°35" ; wing 7°8"

to 8:5"; tail from vent 2°5" to 3°25"; tarsus 1°3" to 1-4"; bill from gape

1°85" to 2:0"; weight ilb. 80z. to 2lbs. 402,

“Tn adults the bills vary from dull leaden to light greyish blue, the

nail and extreme tip being black; the irides golden-yellow; the legs

and feet vary like the biil : there is often an olivaceous tinge, especially

on the tarsus, the joints have usually a dusky tinge, the webs vary from

dusky to almost black, and the claws from deep brown to black, Asa

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

rule the colours of the bill, legs and feet are rather duller and duskier

in the female than in the male.” (Hume).

Adult female—Similar to the male but has the black replaced by

brown, and the definition between the brown breast and the abdomen

very much blurred and mottled. A bird given me from the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, has the whole of the lower parts rufescent, and they

are mottled everywhere with pale brown except on the very centre

of the abdomen.

The colours of the soft parts are the same as in the male but general-

ly duller.

“ Length 15:2" to 16°75" ; expanse 26°7" to 28°7" ; wing 76" to 8:0";

tail from vent 2°6" to 3:0"; tarsus 1:2" to 174"; bill from gape 1°81" to

9:0"; weight 1b. 5ozs. to 1b. 12028.” (Hume).

Crest about 1" to nearly 2", rarely more than 1:5",

A very fine young male in my collection is like the adult, but has the

breast weakly defined, has no gloss on the head, and has a white face

extending back fully half an inch from the base of the upper mandible.

In this bird also the white feathers of the outer secondaries have black

shafts, and have also a narrow black margin to the outer webs.

Young in first plumage closely resemble the adult females, but are

paler brown, especially on the chin and throat, and have ‘no metallic

green gloss on the innermost secondaries; there are many white

feathers at the base of the bill.

“Males in first nuptial dress have white margins to the feathezs of

the breast, a shorter crest, no green or purple gloss on the head; a

small white spot on the chin.” (Salvadori).

“ Males in moulting plumage are intermediate in colour between males

in first plumage and males in first nuptial plumage.”

“ Youny in down are dark brown, shading into nearly white on the

belly.” (Seebohm).

Salvadori thus defines the habitat of the Tufted Pochard:—“ Paleearc-

tic Region from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; in the Ethiopean Region it

extends as far south as Shiré, and apparently breeds in the high lakes

of Abyssinia, in winter in South China, Japan and India, but not in

Ceylon or Burma ; accidental in the Malay Archipelago (Philippines

and Borneo), and in the Polynesian Islands (Marianne Isle and Pelew

Islands,” ) .

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 9

As regards its distribution in India Hume gives very full details,

He writes: “‘ Very rarely seen in the Himalayas, the Tufted Pochard is

rather thinly distributed in the cold season in the Punjaub and the

Doab, is scarce in Rajpootana, more common in Rohilkhand and Oudh,.

and less so in the Central Provinces and Bundelkhand.

“Tn Sindh itis not very abundant; in Cutch more ; in Kathiawar

and Gujerat, in the Central India Agency, Khandesh and the Deccan

fairly common. —

“In Bengal, Cis- Srahmaputra, it has been noticed in many districts,.

but I believe it to be rather scarce there, though my information on

the subject is scant. Damant records it, and some of Godwin-Austin’s

people procured it from Manipur ; but I have no information of its

occurrence east of the Brahmaputra, whether in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet,

Tipperah, Chittagong or any portion of British Burmah. I do

not doubt that it straggles into many of these, but the fact has yet to

be ascertained.

“It occurs in places in very large flocks: in Chota Nagpur, the

Northern Circars and the Nizam’s dominions, straggling by the way

at times into the Southern Konkan. It has been shot near Bellary,

and certainly, though rare there, visits Mysore; but south of this 1

have heard of it nowhere in the Peninsula, except in the north of the

Coimbatore district, nor has it yet been recorded from Ceylon. Here

too, however, our information is very imperfect, and stragglers will

probably turn up in many districts whence the species has not yet

been noticed.”

Then ina foot-note he says: ‘This species has not been recorded

from Kashmir.” Lately, however, in the Aséan, in the same bag as that

to which I referred in my last article as having been obtained by

A. H. W. in Kashmir, two tufted ducks are recorded as having formed

part of the bag. There can be little doubt that it occurs constantly

but not in large number in that State. It is not common, but at the

same time may be met with occasionally throughout Assam, Cachar,

Sylhet and Chittagong. Mr. R. 8. Routh, Superintendent of the Hill

Section of the A.-B. Ry., shot two fine specimens on the 21st Novem-

ber, 1898, in a large tank in the station of Haflong, Cachar, and I have-

an immature male in my collection shot by one of my men in Cachar,.

as well as two young females. I have it recorded from Sylhet. and:

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol, XffT.

Assam also. Recently it has been recorded as having been shot in

Burma, near Mandalay, and it will doubtless prove to occur sparingly

throughout the northern half at least of that province.

This Pochard is one which essentially requires open water, and in

preterence it resorts to wide expanses of water of some considerable

depth in the centre, though more or less weed and. rush overgrown

round the shores. Where such pieces of water are to be found the

Tufted Pochard may be obtained in no inconsiderable numbers ; at the

same time it is unusual to find them in any but small parties, and pairs

and single birds are more often to be met with than even such. Some

times, however, they do consort in very large numbers, vide Hume,

who says single birds or small parties may be found on almost any

broad in which the water is tolerably deep in some places, but the

huge flocks in which they love to congregate are only met with on

large lakes, such as I have above referred to.

At the Manchar Lake I saw two enormous flocks. I have repeat-

edly seen similar flocks in old times at the Najjafgarh and other vast

jhils in the Punjab, the North-West Provinces and Oudh, and I

should guess that at the Kunkrowli Lake, in Oodeypore, there must

have been nearly ten thousand, covering the whole centre of the lake.

Such flocks as these are, however, only to be met with in the pro-

vioces mentioned; here, in the Eastern Provinces, a flock of forty is

very large, and about all we may expect to meet with.

Just as expert as are the rest of Pochards on or in the water, it

excels the majority of these—perhaps not WV. baeri—in getting away

from it. It is said to rise with less fluster, noise and splashing than

is caused by the rising of other Pochards, and also to get off the water

more quickly and to get more quickly into its stride, if I may use such

an expression. On land, however, feeble as are other Pochards, this,

according to Finn, is worse still. He says in the Asian: “On land

it moves more awkwardly than any other Pochard I know, hobbling as

if lame in both feet.”

However abundant it may be, the Tufted Pochard does not, as a

rule, form a very large proportion of the bag ina day’s shoot. This

is due to the difficulty, first in approaching the birds—for they are

decidedly wild and shy—and secondly in getting a shot when once

one has got within reach. Ifthe bird does not escape at once by

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 201

diving, swimming, or flight, it is sure to dive before, at any rate, the

sportsman has time to get a shot, and once it has seen him and_ had its

first dive it is very problematical as to whether he will ever get a shot

again. It is worth remembering, should one came across a flock in any

large piece of water, Hume’s maxim that Tufted Pochards will not

leave the water they are on until after dark. He gives one of his

usual graphic descriptions of a shoot in which Tufted Pochards played

the principal part, and describes how, after a fusilade from ten guns, no

more than 5 (!) birds were collected out of a huge flock of ducks diving

about all round them. .

Knowing their habits, however, he waited until he and his fellow-

sportsmen were going over the same beat the next day and then, ex-

tending in a long line, they worked backwards and forwards, and

this time the birds rising in front were, each beat, gradually forced to

the end of the water. After arriving at this they bad to fly back

overhead, and in this way they were accounted for to the tune of over

sixty birds. They are not to be often found on open tanks whose

shores are free of jungle, nor on rivers ; but I have once or twice seen

pairs on the Megna, and at other times have met them on tanks

absolutely free of all vegetation. The pair shot by Mr. Routh in Haf-

long were on an artificial tank with no vestige of water-plant about it,

as it had not then been a year in existence. Their cry is said to be the

typical harsh grating “ kir” or “ kurr ” of the Pochard family, but it is

a silent bird on the whole and seldom indulges in voicifications of any

sort.

Its food is almost entirely animal, much the same in fact as that of

the Scaup, but it is far more a fresh-water bird and far less a sea bird,

than is that duck, though common enough on the coast line, along the

greater portion of its habitat. It is, of course, a poor article of food,

though even here again tastes differ and some people say that it is not

bad. Hume, who was particular about his table ducks, said that he had

found some “ good enough,” and that some sportsmen had told him

that they are eacellent !

They feed principally during the day-time, but migrate and move

from one place to another after sunset. They do not ever appear to

have been found feeding on land, but should they ever do so, the pro-

bability is that they only thus feed during the night.

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1i.

The Tufted Duck breeds, as far as we know, throughout the northern

portion of its range and in some parts very far south. Thus it 1s known

with comparative certainty to breed in some of the upland Lakes of

Abyssinia, in Southern Europe in many countries, and in Central Asia.

The nest is typically rather a slight affair made more of grass and

bents and less of weeds, rushes and water plants than are most ducks’

nests. The lining, which is generally very plentiful, is said by Dresser

to be of “sooty brownish-black down, having dull greyish-white

centres.” The nest may be placed either close to water or actually at

the edge, never, as far as I can learn from anything recorded, actually

in the water itself. The water may be either fresh or salt, an inland

lake, far from the shore, or an estuary or creek of the sea itself. Asa

rule the nest is placed amongst either grass or bushes, but sometimes

quite out in the open, amongst stones, ete. This sort of situation is

not, however, it would seem, as often selected by the Tufted Duck as

it is by the Scaup, nor can I find any mention of its placing its nest in

holes as does the latter bird.

Dr. Leverkhiin sends me an interesting note on the breeding of this

duck. He says, in epistola, “‘ Fuligula fuligula is a very common bird

on the great lakes of Hungaria, Slavonia, Germany and Bulgaria, and

I have taken many of its nests during the month of May. The duck

when frightened and leaving the nest covers the eggs with all the

contents—which there may be at the moment—of her intestinal

tractus ; for the Oologist it is hard work to clean them afterwards.

“One nest I found was covered in, ina very beautiful manner, by

the tips of the grass surrounding the nesting place ; one would have

said that this particular duck had known the art of sewing, so finely

had she joined the grass helms together, probably with her bill.”

The eggs only vary from six to ten in number, less therefore than

many other ducks’ clutches. Dresser says that the eggs are uniform pale

olive,.green or greenish-buff in colour, smooth and polished in texture of

shell, and in size average about 2°3 by 1:65 inch. Wolley’s egg figured

by Hewitson is of exactly the same size. |

Morris figures the ege as exactly like that of the Stan but longer

and proportionately narrower. In colour itis rather a bright pale buff.

As regards their breeding he says: “These birds breed along

the stony shores of the sides of inland waters, among the cover

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 13

of vegetation, more or less thick, with which they are usually

bordered.

“The recepticle for the eggs,—for it can hardly be called a nest,—is

composed of stalks and grasses.

“The eggs vary in number from eight to ten. They are of a pale

buff colour, with a tinge of green.

‘‘ The male bird leaves the female after she has begun to sit.”

Fiinn’s remark on the cross breeding of this bird is worth noting and

remembering by sportsmen who get hold of birds beyond their power

to discriminate.

“Tt breeds more freely in captivity than do Pochards in general, and

in the London Zoologicai Gardens crossed in 1849 with the White-eye,

the resulting hybrids continuing to breed either znter se or with the

origina! parents for more than ten years—a fact to be remembered in

dealing with doubtful Pochards, which should therefore, whenever

possible, be submitted to some authority for identification.”

Genus CLANGULA.

The genus Clangula is a very small one, containing only three species

of birds which range throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Of these

three only one, Clangula glaucion, reaches India, and even this only

occurs with extreme rarity. The most noticeable thing in this genus

and one which at once separates it from all its closest allies is the posi-

tion of the nostrils, which are rather nearer the tip than the base of the

bill, the position being well shewn in the wood-cut in Blanford’s [Vth

Vol. of Birds. In many respects in its anatomy it closely approaches

the Mergansers, and is a sort of link between them and the more

typical ducks.

(86.). CLANGULA GLAUCION.

The Golden-eye.

Clangula glaucion, Hume, “ Str. Feath.,” IV, p. 225 ; id., bid., VII,

pp. 441, 464 and 505 ; ¢d., Cat., No, 961 dzs ; Hume and Marshall,

Game Birds, III, p. 185 ; Reid, “ Str. Feath.,” X, p. 85 ; Stoker, ibid.,

p. 424; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay,”’ p. 413 ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds of

British Museum, XXVII, p. 376; Blanford, * Avifauna of B.

India,” IV, p. 464.

Description: Adult Male.—“Head and upper neck dark glossy

green, the feathers on the crown and nape somewhat elongated ; chin

14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xill,

and throat black ; roundish white patch on the cheeks near the base of

the upper mandible ; lower neck, breast, and underparts white ; on

the sides of the vent the feathers have the bases slatey-grey, shewing

through ; feathers of the flanks edged above with black, the longer ones

on both webs ; back, rump, and upper tail coverts black ; inner scapulars

black, the outer ones white, longer scapulars with a white band along the

middle; wings black, witha large white patch covering the central

wing coverts and the outer secondaries ; the inner secondaries black ;

under wing coverts greyish-black ; tail blackish-grey, bill bluish-black ;

irides golden-yellow ; feet orange-yellow, the webs dusky. Total length

about 18 inches, wing 8°9, tail 4, culmen 1:4, tarsus 1°45". (Salvadori).

‘ Bill black in the male. . . . The eyes are yellow and the feet

yellow with black webs.” (F. Finn.)

‘¢ The irides are bright yellow in the females and young males, reddish

or orange-yellow in old males, white or very pale yellow in the quite

young birds. The naked edges of the eyelids reddish-dusky ; the legs

and feet vary from pale yellow in the young to intense orange in the

old ; the colour is always bright and pure ; the webs (including that of

the hind toe), nails, and a spot on each of the toe joints, black or dusky ;

the bill of the old male is bluish or greenish-black, rather duskier and

duller coloured in the old females and young, and occasionally in these

latter, often in the former, and very rarely in the old males, witha

larger or smaller yellowish-red or orange spot or bar near the tip of

the upper mandible, which in some forms a terminal band at the tips

of both mandibles, never, however, including the nail, which always

remains black or dusky.” (Hume).

Female.—* Head and upper neck hair-brown ; a dull white collar

round the lower neck; upper parts blackish ; manile, scapulars and

upper wing coverts with pale greyish edges; breast greyish with the

edges of the feathers whitish, lower parts white ; sides and flanks dull

corey ; the feathers edged with white ; median wing coverts brown

tipped with whitish, the greater ones white tipped with brown ; outer

secondaries white ; the white on the wing is defined by the brown band

at the tip of the greater coverts ; quills dusky brown ; tail dull greyish ;

bill brownish-black, in some specimens the tip, except the nail, is

yellow; irides and legs and toes as in the male, Total length 17

inches ; wing 7'7 ; culmen 1°35.” (Salvadori).

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 15

¢¢ The bill is blackish in the female and young, sometimes with a

yellow patch at the tip.” (F. Finn).

“Females: Length 15:7 to 16°5; expanse 26°3 to 28; wing 7°5 to 8°25;

tail from vent 3°0 to 3°4; tarsus 1°22 to 1:35; bill from gape 1:12 to

1-19 ; weight 1lb. 7oz. to 1]b. 1402.” (Hume).

“ Young in first plumage resemble adult females, but are duller in

colour ; the pale collar round the neck is much more obscure, the grey

feathers on the breast have white margins.”

“ Males in first nuptial dress have less white on the scapulars, the

white on the hind lower neck is mottled with brown, as is also the

white spot at the base of the bill.”

“* Males in moulting plumage resemble adult females, except that they

retain the white wing of the adult male.”

“< Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts, and paler brown

on the breast and flanks, shading into white on the throat and into pale

grey on the belly.” (Salvadori).

This is a northern form of duck breeding in Northern Hurope and

Asia and in America from Maine and Canada northwards. In winter

it migrates to Southern Europe and, rarely only, into extreme North

Africa, In Asia it occurs as far south as Persia, China and Japan and,

as a straggler, enters Northern India and Southern China. In America

it wanders as far south as Mexico and Cuba.

The occurrence of the Golden-eye in India is only, as I have already

said, asa straggler and a very rare one too, all the notes as to its

occurrence in “ Game Birds,” are that Sir A. Barnes got it on the Indus

in Sindh nearly 60 years ago, and that Dr. Bonavia obtained a fine male

about 1870, which was captured by fowlers near Lucknow.

After “Game Birds” was written, Hume evidently got other speci-

mens, for in the British Museum are two specimens got by R. N, Stoker,

which were presented by Hume with the rest of his collection. These

two birds were obtained one at Hassanpur and one at Ghazi, both in the

month of December. There is so little on record about this duck in

India, and “‘Stray Feathers” is now so hard to get, that I reproduce

the greater part of Stoker’s notes on his specimens.

“T have now to record shooting near Ghazi on the Indus a female

Golden-eye (Changula glaucion). Isaw one drake and four ducks, but

unfortunately only succeeded in getting one of the latter,

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

“This measured : length 15°75 ; expanse 26°35; tail 3°66; bill from

gape 1°66 ; weight 1b. 5oz.”

“The irides were a bright pale yellow; the feet bright yellowish-

orange, with dark blackish webs ; bill black at base and tip witha

medial yellow band about 0°25 in width.”

In the same letter, in a P. S., he continues :—

“ Since this was written I have shot another Golden-eye, a bird of

the year... <A third bird, precisely like this second, was shot by an

officer here, but hitherto the drake has resisted all our attempts to

assassinate him.”

“7 showed the first bird to a very intelligent native at Ghazi and he

assured me that they appeared there every year regularly, and that three

years ago he shot one. Tam certain that I shot a duck of this species

some three years ago. it puzzled meat the time, but now I have

no doubt what it was.”

Then in a second letter Mr. Stoker again writes:—‘“ Since I last

wrote, L have succeeded in obtaining a fine drake Golden-eye, which

I am sending you. .

«There were four of them together in a little stream opposite the

village of Hassanpur.

“The natives call them ‘ Burgee, the ‘bur’ pronounced as in

burrow. Burgee, I believe, only means patches of black and white.

“Myr, Barlow informs me that these ducks come to Ghazi every

winter.

««This drake measured—wing 9°0.

“ We all said what a heavy bird, but it only weighed Ib. 10oz.,

which is 6 oz. less than the lightest weight given by you for an adult

male.

“« .... The stomach contained fish, weeds and sand.”

«¢ With this drake was procured a female, similar to those formerly

sent. It was only wounded and was putin acage and unfortunately

was allowed to escape.

“We may now set down the Garrot or Golden-eye as a regular

winter visitant to the Punjab portion, at any rate, of the Indus, and as

Barnes procured it near the mouth of the Indus, it most probably occurs

throughout the length of that river. But can it be confined to the

Indus? Surely, if properly looked for, it will be discovered in the

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 17

Chenab and other Punjaub rivers. Is it purely a river duck with us ?

Or will it also occur in jheels? Other sportsmen in the Punjaub must

help us to settle these questions.”

“ P.S.—My last Golden-eye is a young female, weight 1]b. 30z.....

It was seen with a number of others ona little pool. There were no

other ducks about.”

Thus Stoker seems to have got no less than five specimens, and a

sixth was got by an officer whom he does not name. Barnes got one

other and these are all we have recorded, none having been since met

with, so that it looks as if Stoker’s queries as to its regular appearance

must be answered in the negative. In its actions and habits the Golden-

eye seems to be very much like the Pochards, Like them, it is a

wonderful bird on the water as well as in it, and what I have said of

the Tufted Pochard and its predeliction for diving and swimming and,

if possible, escaping by these means rather than by flight, would equally

well apply to this bird. Like the Pochard, too, it is slow off the water

and rises at an oblique angle with great splashing and commotion.

Maegillivray says that it is capable of rising off the water at one spring

with the help of a breeze, 2. e., probably witb a strong head wind which

getting under it would lift the bird at once.

Unlike the Pochards, however, it is credited with being fairly active

on land, and the author just quoted says that they sometimes repose on

spits of land.

As are the Pochards, so is this bird found alike on salt and fresh

waters, but there is no doubt that it prefers fresh water to salt. It

would seem that open waters are preferred to small enclosed pieces, and

deep, clear water to shallow vegetation covered pools and swamps.

This, of course, we should expect to be the case with a diving duck

whose food consists, as the Golden-eye’s does, almost entirely of animal

matter procured by diving. It is said to feed on “ testaceous mollusca,

crustacea and fishes,” also on water insects and grubs and, but not often,

ulso on vegetable food, principally deep water weed-roots and similar

articles.

Its flight is swift and strong, and Macgillivray says: “ They fly with

rapidity in a direct manner; their small, stiff, sharp-pointed wings

producing a whistling sound, which in calm weather may be heard a

considerable distance. . .

”

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1i1°

“The cry of this bird isa mere grunting croak and is never heard

to any considerable distance ; the epithet Clangula given to it by the

earlier ornithologists had reference not to its voice but to the whistling

of its wings.”

The number of the flocks seems to vary greatly ; here in India no

large ones are likely to be seen, but it will be noted that, even on the

Indus, Stoker met with small flocks, not pairs and single birds, and where

common it is said sometimes to assemble in flocks of some hundreds.

Normally the Golden-eye breeds in hollows in trees or, less often, in

holes in the ground, in banks or rocks, put sometimes it makes a nest

on the ground in the same manner as most other ducks. In the latter

case the nest is usually rather scanty and ill-formed but with a thick

lining. Dresser’s remarks are the best I can find re the breeding

of the Golden-eye and, though already quoted by Hume, I again re-

produce part of them.

“Tn the north of Finland, in Sweden and in Norway, it nests in

hollow trees, either near to or at some distance from the water, and

very frequently in the nest-boxes which the peasants hang up for water-

fowls to breed in. These are frequently hung up close to the peasants’

huts; and even then the Golden-eye will nest in them. The bottom

of the hollow tree or nest-box is neatly lined by the old bird with down ;

and on this soft bed the eggs, which vary in number from ten or twelve

to seventeen or even nineteen, are deposited. When hatched the young

birds are carried by the female in her beak down to the ground or to the

water, one after another being taken down until the whole brood is taken

in safety from the elevated breeding place, and I have been assured by the

peasants that this always takes place in the dead of the night. The eges

of this duck are dull greyish-green, uniform in tinge and rather glossy

in texture of shell, oval in shape, and in size average about 2°4 by 1°55

inch ; and the down with which the nest is lined is sooty greyish-

white, the tips of the down being rather darker than the central portion.”

It would seem that in the majority of cases the Golden-eye selects

sites by fresh water for breeding purposes, but they also sometimes breed

on or near the coast. |

The British Museum eggs vary in length from 2:1" to 2°4" and im

breadth between 1°55" and 1:75". Oates says that in colour they are a

greyish-creen of different shades.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 19

I have two clutches of eggs of this duck in my collection, both of

which I owe to the generosity of Herr Kuschel of Breslau. The first

clutch, which are marked “ Sarepta Sud Russland, 4th May, 1889,” are

the greenest ducks’ eggs I have ever seen, quite a vivid stone-green,

though the three vary a little, zmier se, in brightness of tint and

intensity of colour. The surface is very fine and close with an extremely

‘smooth surface having a strong gloss. The shape of two of these eggs

are very regular broad ovals, of the third a narrower oval with one end

decidedly compressed and smaller than the other but not at all

pointed.

These three eggs measure 2°21"1°6"; 2:20"%1°72" and 2°12"x

1-62", ,

The other three eggs are similar but less intensely green.

Morris says :—‘ The Golden-eye builds in the vicinity of lakes and

rivers, giving a preference to the’ latter, particularly such as flow over

falls and rapids. The Laplanders place boxes with holes in them in the

irees in these localities, for the birds to build in, and thus procure the

eggs, for the cotes are rare to be resorted to for the purpose of laying

in,

“The nest is made of rushes and other herbage, lined with down.

Mr. Hewitson found one in a hole in a tree, ten or twelve feet from

the ground.

** The eggs are of a greenish hue and from ten to fourteen in num-~

ber.”

The egg depicted by Morris, however, is of a greenish stone-colour,

the green tint by no means very prominent. It is also more pointed

at the smaller end than in any egg I have ever seen.

Subfamily HRismATURINE,

The one great distinctive feature of this subfamily is the remark-

able tail, of which the 18 feathers are stiff and hard, very much as are

the feathers of a Woodpecker’s tail.

The subfamily contains four genera, Thalassiornis confined to Soath

Africa, Nomonyx to Tropical America, Biziwra which is only found in

Australia, and finally Hrismatwra which is almost cosmopolitan.

The first three genera consist of but one species each, but Lrismatura,

the only genus in which we are interested, has no less than seven,

one of which, E. leucocephala, extends into India,

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XifT.

This bird has, in addition to the remarkable tail, another feature

almost equally remarkable, viz., the swollen base to the bill which

extends forward as far as the nostrils. The nail is also very

small and is bent inwards ; the wing very small, and the feet very

large and powerful with the lobe to the hind toe very fully de-

veloped.

(37.) ERIsMATURA LEUCOCEPHALA.

The White-headed or Stiff-tailed Duck.

Erismatura leucocephala.—Hume and Marshall, Game Birds, III,

p- 289 ; Hume, “ Str. Feath.,”’ VIII, p. 456 ; IX, p. 290 ; X, p. 158 ;

Salvadori, Cat. “ Birds of British Museum,” XXVII, p. 442 ; F. Finn,

P. A.S. B., 1896, p. 62; Sherwood, Journal, Bom. N. H. Soc., XI,

p. 150; Blanford, “Avifauna of British India,” IV, p. 466; Oates,

“ Game Birds,” II, p. 374.

Description: Adult Male.—“ Crown black ; forehead, sides of the head

including the space above the eye, chin and nape pure white ; below

this white the neck all round is black ; lower neck and breast chestnut-

red, with narrow blackish bars ; back, scapulars, sides and flanks reddish-

chestnut, more or less buffish and finely and irregularly vermiculated

with blackish ; upper tail coverts deep chestnut; under parts, below

the breast, reddish-butfy-white ; wings brown-grey, the wing coverts

and secondaries finely vermiculated with buffy-white; under wing

coverts grey, the central ones whitish ; axillaries white ; tail blackish ;

bill blue; iris dark brown; feet ashy brown, with the webs black.

Total length about 18°5 inches ; wings 6°5 ; tail 4°50; culmen 1°9;

tarsus 1°3,” (Salvadori.)

— “Tength about 18" ; tail 3°5" (8! to 4:5") ; wings 6°3" ; tarsus 1” ; bill

from gape 19".” (Blanford.)

Females and young males “have only the chin, lower cheeks,

and a stripe from above the gape, running back from under the eye

towards the nape, white, rest of the head black mixed with rufous;

the upper tail coverts are like the rest of the upper parts, and the

breast is dull rufous without black bars; otherwise the plumage

resembles that of adult males. Some specimens are much more

rufous than others.”’ (Blanford.)

“Bill dull plumbeous; iris dark brown; legs plumbeous black. ”

(Salvadori.)

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 21

Young male.—“ Very similar in plumage to the old female, only

somewhat more ruddy on the back. ” (Salvadori.)

Young in down,—* Brown-grey ; upper part of the head and cheeks

dark brown ; a streak below the eye, from the base of the bill to the

nape, throat and sides ot the upper part of the neck dull greyish-

white undulated with dusky; a whitish spot on each side of the

rump, just below the wings; edge of the wing and under wing

coverts whitish. ” (Salvadori. )

The White-headed Duck inhabits the countries surrounding

the Mediterranean and extends thence into Western Central Asia

and, according to Finsch, as far North as Southern Siberia and also,

as a straggler only, into Germany and Holland, being over the

greater portion of its range either resident or only locally

migratory.

In India it is undoubtedly a very rare duck. When Hume and

Marshall published the Game Birds of India, the only record of the

Stiff-tailed Duck was the followmg:—“ On the 20th October, 1879,

Col. O. B. St. John, R. H., at that time Governor, I think, of Kandahar,

shot a couple of ducks, of a type quite unknown to him, in the

Jumeh river near Khelat-i-Ghilzai.”

“These Ducks proved to be an immature pair of the White-headed

Duck.” Since this was written, however, there have been further

rather numerous records of this duck. In Stray Feathers (in loc. cit.)

are the following :—

Mr. Field writes of a bird sent to Mr. Hume, “TI shot this bird

on the 28th of October at the ‘old nullah’ about a mile from the

Civil Station of Ludhiana, Punjaub, It was sitting alone in a pool,

I stalked up close behind some reeds and then shewed myself, expect-

ing to see it fly. All it did was to cock its little stiff, thin-pointed tail,

and swim off in a quiet way for some ten yards. Its appearance,

whilst swimming with its tail up-turned, was most peculiar. I tried

to frighten it into flying, but it would not rise, so I shot it while

swimming.”

Mr. Hume thought records of this bird would soon come to

hand after this was written, and with reason for “ Within a few months of

this prediction, Mr. F’. Field shot an immature bird of this species close

to the Civil Station of Ludhiana. This was on the 28th of October,

22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

1880.” (The bird already recorded.) “On the 21st of January, 1882,

Mr, Chill obtained an immature male of this species near the Najafgarh

jheel (approximately Lat. 29° M. Long. 77’ E.) and now, again,

another near the same locality on the 28th October of the same

year.”

“ Since this was written Mr. Lean of the 5th Bengal Cavalry informs

me that he has just shot a duck of this species in the Philibheet

district.’

Again in the same Vol. of Stray Feathers appears a note by Mr.

Chill, dated 8th February, 1883: “On the 27th of December last, I sent

you in a iin box an Erismatura leucocephala. Since that I have

managed to purchase two more of that species—one a cat took away—

and the other I have got stuffed.” ‘These were apparently got near

Faruknagar near Delhi.

About this time, February, 1883, Mr. Bomford also got a specimen

on the Indus at Multan Keengurh.

From this time none are recorded until Lieut. ‘Buiks shot one

at Halkote in February, 1891.

The next recorded specimen was not met with until almost exactly

two years later, then in the Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal

occurs the following note by Mr. Finn :—

“(Erismatura leucocephala). The present individual was sent to

the Editor of the Asian newspaper by Capt. H. R. Davis, who stated

(Astan, February 14th, 1896) that it was shot by Capt. E. D.

White, 52nd Light Infantry, at Bettiah, near Hardoi, between Lucknow

and Bareilly. It is in heavy moult, and quite incapable of flight, which

considering the time of its occurrence is rather surprising, and almost

looks as if the species might be somewhere resident within our limits.”

It is mentioned in the list of birds in Mr. W. R. Laurence’s recently

published work on the “ Valley of Kashmir,” as having occurred

in that country.

Yet again in 1896, but on December the 27th, Major J. C. P,

Onslow, R. E., shot two, and Mr. H. B. Campbell one, of these

ducks, in the Ganges Kadur, about 20 miles south of Kadur.

Next in the Asian of the 8th February, 1898, A, EH. W. records

having shot three stiff-tailed Ducks in Kashmir, in amongst a vast.

number of other birds shot at the same time.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 23

Finally Finn, again in the columns of the Aséan, says that twice

to his knowledge this duck has been obtained in the Calcutta

bazaar.

There is also a specimen in the British Museum obtained by General

Kinlock in Peshawar. ‘This, to the best of my belief, exhausts the list

of the Stiff-tailed Duck’s appearances within our limits.

Of the birds whose age is recorded only two would appear to have

been adult birds, the male got at Peshawar and the female in Ludhi-

ana.

It will be noted, also, that all the birds were obtained between the

20th October and the 8th February, and that whilst the bird shot at

Hardoi in January was in heavy moult, none of the others, in so far as

we know, appeared to have been moulting atall. Therefore, it is very

doubtful whether this particular specimen had not been indulging in

an abnormal moult. I do not consider it of any weight in reference to

the bird being a resident or otherwise, all that we know at present

pointing strongly to the fact that it is not resident, There is, however,

no reason why this duck should not breed in Kashmir, which is quite far

enough north, and itis to be hoped that any one working the water-

breeding birds of that State will bear this in mind.

As regards its habits, we have very little on record as far as India is

concerned. Finn notes: “In habits the Stitf-tail resembles a grebe

rather than a duck. It is more ready to dive than to fly, swims low

with its tail raised, and is said to be unable to walk, but this I doubt

though I have only had a aripple to study. This bird resembled a

grebe in its remarkable tameness.”

Captain Sherwood writes in this Journal; “ The bird was very little

longer, if any, than a common teal, but much bigger and presented a

stumpy appearance, very ugly and ungainly. The wings were hardly

more than six inches in length. The birds were shot in deep water in

a nullah which they refused to leave after being put up, and after a

short swift flight they settled again.”

These two brief notes agree well with what has been written on the

bird asit shews itself in Europe. From this it would appear that

whilst the bird is a wonderful swimmer and diver, it is almost helpless

on land, and, though of very quick flight, isvery loathe to take to wing,

not rising until absolutely forced to do so, and then only flying for a

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11.

very short distance, after which it resetiles and is then harder than

ever to again get off the water.

It has, according to Maumann, the power of swimming in the water

with only head and neck projecting, in the same manner as birds of the

genus Plotus and the Cormorants do.

Most authors agree that it swims with its tail upright as observed

by Finn, Chill, Field, and others in India, but Chapman and Buck in

their “‘ Wild Spain ” give quite a different description :—

“¢ The most extraordinary wild fowl we ever met with,—gambolling

and splashing about on the water, chasing each other, now above now

beneath its surface like a school of porpoises ; they appeared half birds

half water tortoises.......+. Presently the strangers entered a small reed-

margined bight, swimming very deep, only their turtle-shaped backs

and heavy heads in sight......... with small wing like a grebe, and

long, stiff tails like a cormorant—the latter being carried under water

as a rudder, is not visible when the bird is swimming.”

It isa fresh water species, and, as far as I can ascertain, does not

haunt coasts and salt water.

It breeds also inland on lakes and marshes and also on small eae

placing its nest in amongst dense herbage at the edges and always

well concealed. It is a typical Duck’s nest, containing perhaps more

wet weeds as rotten material in the base than do other ducks’ but like

them well lined with down which, in this case, is said to be pure

white.

The eggs vary from six to ten, are a chalky white in colour, often

much discoloured and stained, very large for the size of the bird and

remarkable for their very rough surface, so rough indeed, is it

that this egg is chosen to represent those having rough surfaces in the

National collection of typical eggs.

A few eggs are said to have a very faint green tinge.

The length varies between 2°6" and 2°8" and the breadth

between 1°95" and 2:05." Most eggs are almost perfect ellipses, a few

having one end rather smaller than the other.

(To be continued.)

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Corrections in third instalment, published in Vol, XII.

On p. 621, line 7—for “ Part ITI,” read “ Part II concluded.”

In 14th line of p. 621, after “pair,” insert “ of segments.”

On p. 622, 3rd line—for “ chesnut, coloured,” read ‘‘ chesnut-coloured.”

On p. 622,.5th line—for “ elliptic, oblong,’’ read ‘elliptic-oblong.”

On p. 622, 8th line, for “x” read “n.”

On p. 622, 12th line, insert a space between “55’’ and “ Plate X’’—Plate X

is mine in this paper, not Beddome’s.

On p. 622, in last line of small print, “ Hopeh” should (I think) be

“ Hupeh,.”

Cn p. 622, 17th line from bottom, after “average,” insert “frond,”

On p. 628, in 2nd line from top, the letter “o” has dropped from the word

“ Beddome,”

On p, 624, in 6th line, at beginning of the parenthesis, insert—‘A, Braun sub

Aspidium.”

On p, 625, 13th line from bottom, insert “(N’. nemorale)” after “species,”

On p, 627, Sth line, the semicolon after “ speak” should be a “comma.”

On p, 628, in 10th line from bottom, “ Subgems” should be “ Subgenus.”

On p, 630, in 9th line from bottom, delete the comma after “ species.”

C, W. HOPE.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA,

Including AFGHANISTAN, the ''rans-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and KasuMir:

atranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicum,

and other works, with New Species added.

By C. W.. Horr

(Continued from Vol. XIT, page 633.)

Parr I1I.—THE GENERAL LIST.

Ord. FILICES.

Sub-Ord. I. GLEICHENIACES, Br.

Genus 1. GLEICHENIA, Sm.

Sub-genus MERTENSIA,

1, G.dichotoma, Willd.; Syn. Fil. 15. G. linearis, C. B. Clarke in

C, BR, 428. G, linearis, Burm., under Polypodium, Bedd. H. B. 4.

N.-W. P. : Kumaun—35-6000', S. and W.; Davidson; Askot, common 4--5000’

Duthie ; 6000’ Trotter ; 7500' MacLeod.

DISTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)--Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhotan 4-7000'. Assam—

Dehing R.; Khasi Hills 5000’, “common.” C. B. Clarke ; Sylhet. Centr. Prov.—

Pachmarhi, Duthie, Centr. Ind., §. Ind. and Ceylon : mountains up to 6000’. Burma :

Tenasserim, S. Andamans. Malay Penins. and Sumatra. HE. Timor, H. 0. Forbes,

‘an erect fern.”

Scandent over other jungle, sometimes for several hundred feet, often

rooting (Clarke). Probably the fern said to form, in Kumaun, jungle

difficult to penetrate ; but see above as to the habit of the plant in Timor.

Sub-Ord, II. HyYMENOPHYLLACES,

Genus 2. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Z.

1, H. exsertum, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 58 ; C. R. 436 ; Bedd. H. B. 30.

N.-W. P.: T. Garh.—7-8000', P. W. Mackinnon; Brit. Gark. 9000’, Duthie ;

Kumaun 6-8000', 8. and W., Hope, Duthie, J. R. Reid, Trotter.

DisTRIB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhotan. 4-9000', very

common eastward. Assam—Khasi Hills 2-5500’, common; Manipur, Clarke, Watt.

Centr. Provs., very common (Bedd.), 8. Ind.: W. Ghats, Madras Presidency. Burma:

Tenasserim. Ceylon. China : Yunnan.

2. H. polyanthos, Sw. ; Syn. Fil. 60 ; C. R. 437 ; Bedd, H. B. 31,

N.-W. P. : Kumaun—Dwali and Namik 8-9000', 8. and W.; Pindar Gorge 7-9000’,

Trotter.

Distris.— Widely diffused throughout the Tropics, and a little beyond them, both

north and south” Amer.: from Cuba and Jamaica southward to Brazil, S. Chili, and

Juan Fernandez. Asia : N, Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim and Bhotan 1006-12,000', abundant

eastward. Assam—3-6000', ‘‘ very common,” Clarke; Kohima 9000’, Clarke. S. Ind.:

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

W. Ghats of Madras Presidency. Burma. Ceylon. Malay Penins. Java. N.-Zealand.

Afr.: W. Trop.; Mase. Isles.

Genus 3. TRICHOMANES, Smith.

1, T. Filicula, Bory ; Syn. Fil. 81. 7. dipunctatum, Poir., C. R. 440 ;

Bedd. H. B. 41. .

PunsaB: Simla Reg.—55-6000', Edgew., Hope, Gamble, Blant., Trotter.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussooree 55-6000’, frequent, Duthie, Mackinnons, Hope

Kumaun.

DistRisp.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan 5000’ and upwards :

common eastward. Assam—Khasi Hills 2-5000'’ and upwards, common ; Manipur,

Watt. S.Ind.—All the W. forests of Madras and Bombay Presidencies up to 8000”

Burma. Nicobar Isles. Ceylon. Malay Penins. Tonkin. Java. Borneo. Fcrmosa.

Japan. China. Polynesia. Af7.: Fernando Po, Natal, Cape Colony, and Mase.

Isles. f :

This fern, in N-W. India at leas, is often slightly white-powdered, when

dried, and generally highly aromatic, the scent being like that of some

umbelliferous piant. My specimens, collected at Simla in 1871, are still

fragrant. It grows in sheets orsods on rocks and tree trunks, just as

Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense does in Europe, the creeping rhizomes and

the roots being matted together. Specimens collected by Mr. G. Mann in

the Khasi Hills of Assam, at 5000’, are large and stiff, up to 5 inches long.

2, T. pyxidiferum, L.; Syn. Fil. 81; C. R. 140; Bedd. H. B. 42.

N..W. P.: Z. Garh.—Bok. Mt: 9-10000’, Duthie ; Kumaun—Pindar 8000’,

Strachey 1856, in Herb. Hort. Calcutta.

DisTR1s.—Amer.: From Mexico and W. Ind. southward to Brazil and Peru. ‘Asia:

N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim. Assam—Khasi Hills and.Cachar. H. Bengal—Chittagong

0-1500’, common. 8. Ind. Forests (Bedd.). Burma. Nicobar Isles. Malay Penine,

(6 in. 1.) Borneo. New Caledonia. Afr.: Angola, Cape Colony, and Mase, Isles.

Mr. Clarke says there is no Himalayan example of this at Kew, except a

scrap from Levinge, said to be from Darjiling. I possess a specimen

collected and given to me by Levinge in 1871. There is a specimen, from

the Victoria Falls, Darjiling, 6500), collected by Levinge, and presented

by me, I think, in the Saharanpur Herbarium ; and in Mr, Gamble’s

herbarium I find a sheet from the Tista Valley, Darjiling district, 1000’,

No. 5052, collected by him in Septr. 1873; another sheet, collected

by him Darjiling 7500., No, 7216, Octr. 1879 ; and a third, No, 8084,

Darjiling, May 1880. There is, therefore, no doubt that this species is

found in the Himalaya, and that it extends to the westward of the Ganges,

for the plant got by Mr. Duthie in Tehri Garhwal has the distinctive

bzoadly winged or bell-mouthed tube enclosing the fruit. Some specimens

from Hastern India are much larger and stiffer than those just mentioned. :

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 27

_ Sub-Ord. ILI. Potypopracez.

Genus 4. ONOCLEA, L , Sw., Mett., Hook.

Sub-genus—STRUTHIOPTERIS, W.

1, O. orientalis, Hook. ; Syn. Fil. 46; C. R. 434. Struthopteris

orientalis, Bedd. H. B. 20.

N.-W. P.: D. D, Dist —Jaunsar—Lokandi Hill, 8-8500', Duthie 30-4-1894, Gamble

6-1894.

DistRIB,—Asia.: N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim, Lachen 12,000’ Hook fil.; 9000’ Elwes ;

Levinge, 12,000’. Assam—Simons ; Khasia—Jerdon, Mann. W. China. Japan—

Hakodadi.

This is new to N.-W. India : the station was discovered first by Mr. Duthie,

who informed me at the time. I have a specimen from Mr. Gamble, collected

by him in tbe same locality, later.

Genus 5. WOODSIA, &r.

Sub-genus—EUWoopsia.

1. W.hyperborea, R. Br. ; Syn. Fil. 46 ; O. R. 434 ; Bedd. H. B. 20,

AFGHAN.: Kuram Valley—Shendtoi Hills 10,500’, Aitch., No, 983, 9-7-1879.

Kasamin: Sind Valley—75-8000’, Levinge, once collected; Masjid Valley :

12-13,000’ ; Zajwas Nala, near Sonamarg 9-10,000’ ; ZLiddar Valley, Sonsal Nala

13-14,000' ; Liddar Valley, above Kainmal, 12,000’, Duthie 1893.

PUNJAB: Kullu—near summit of Rotang Pass, Edgew. 171, in Herb. Hort. Kew

named W. Zivensis, R. Br., on same sheet with Scotch and Norwegian specimens,

N.-W. P.: British Garh.—near Kuari Pass, 11-12,0C0’, Duthie 1885 ; Kumaun—

Kutti Valley 12-13,000’, Kutti Yangti Valley 14,000’, Duthie 1886.

NEPAL W.: Nampa Gadh, 12-14,000', Duthie 1886.

Distris.—V¥. Amer: Canada, in high northern latitudes, to the Saskatchawan

River : not in the U.S. A. Hurope : Norway, Sweden, Russia, frequent ; Brit. Isles—

N. Wales, Scotland, rare; French and Swiss Alps; Tyrol; Spain—Pyrenees ;

Corsica and Sardinia ; Carinthia ; Silesia. Scarce in Central and South Europe ;

though locally abundant in a few spots. Asia: Ural Mts.; the Amur and Manchuria,

Mongolia and China...

Duthie’s specimens from Kashmir, No, 18148 especially, and Nos. 13226

and 14127, are very woolly ; but they do not warrant the rehabilitation of

Hooker’s W. lanosa, because the specimens on which Hooker founded that

species are all undoubtedly Gymnogramme Andersoni, Bedd. Duthie’s specimens

have all distinctly the indusium of Woodsia, and neither the shape nor the

colour is that of G. Andersoni, to which Baker in his Summary of New Ferns,

1891, refers W.lanosa. Duthie’s British Garhwal, and one of his Nepal

specimens are more glabrous than the normal. I have also a glabrous plant,

got by Duthie in Kumaun, with fronds larger than usual, and elongated

pinnatifid }inr2e, which may be a new species,

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Sub-genus—PHYSEMATIUM.

2. W.elongata, Hook. ; Syn. Fil. 47; C. R. 485 ; Bedd. H. B. 22.

PuNJAB: Chamba State—Ravi Valley 11,000’, McDonell ; Siml2 Reg. 8-10,000';

Gamble, Collett, Hope, Bliss ; Kullu, Trotter.

N.-W. P.: 7. Garh. 9-10,000', Lev., Duthie, Herschel, Mackinnons ; Brit. Garh.

7-12,000’ Mrs. Fisher ; Duthie; Kuwmaun 7-10,500'S, and W., Davidson, Duthie, Trotter,

MacLeod. .

DistRIB.— Asia’: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim, 7-12,000’, frequent.

This fern grows to a much larger size than is stated in the books. The

Syn. Fil. gives a span to 1 ft, as the length; Clarke—9 in, |., 1—13 in, br. ;

and Beddome—1 ft. X1-14 in. I have a frond collected by the Mackinnons in

T. Garhwal which, were it complete at the apex, would be about 18 in. |. by 24

in, br., without the stipe ; and I find a note of having seen in their collection

a frond nearly two feet in length.

Genus 6. SPH AZSROPTERIS, Wail.

1. S. barbata, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 49. Peranema cyatheoides, Don,

C, R. 435 ; Bedd. H. B. 22.

N.-W. P.: Brit. Garh.—T-9000', P. W. Mackinnon, April, 1881, Mrs. Fisher.

DISTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan, 6-10,000’, plentiful

eastward. Assam—Khasi Hills, 45-6000, plentiful. Manipur. §. Ind —Annamallay

Hills, 6000’.

This plant is new to the westward of Nepal, and, so faras I know, has

* not been collected in the N.-W. Himalaya by any one bat Mr. Mackinnon ~

and Mrs. Fisher. A specimen of Wallich’s in Kew from Nepdl is named

Aspidium spectabile.

Genus 7. DICKSONIA, L’Herit.

Sub-genus—Patania, Presi,

1, D. scabra, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 54; C. R. 486. Dennstedtia scabra,

Bedd. H. B, 24.

PUNJAB; Simla Reg.—5-6500', Edgew., Gamble, Blanf., Trotter, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—4500’ (and upwards ?), Herschel, P. W. Mackinnon, and

Hope ; 7. Garh. 45-5000’, Hope ; Kwmaun, “ No. 14, 16-6-49,” in Herb. Hort. Saha-

ranpur ; near Naini Tal, Hope, 1861 ; 6500’, MacLeod, 1893,

DISTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim, Bhotan (4-8000, common eastward.

Assam —Khasi Hills 4-6000’, common, Burma and Malay Penins. generally, very

common, Bedd.

New to the westward of Kumaun, I think,

2. D.appendiculata, Wall. ; Syn. Fil. 54; C. R. 486. Dennstedtia

appendiculata, Bedd. H. B. 26.

N.-W. P.: Brit. Garh.—Upper Ganges Valley 5000’, P. W. Mackinnon, April,

1881 ; Kumawn 5-10,000', Edgew., S. and W., Duthie, Trotter, MacLeod,

DIstRIB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 25

New to the westward of Kumaun. British Garhwal specimens were given

to me by Mr, Mackinnon soon after collection.

Genus 8. DAVALLIA, Smith.

Sub-genus—Lervcosrecia, Presi.

1. D. membranulosa, Wall. ; Syn. Fil. 91; C. R. 442. Lewcostegia

membranulosa, Bedd, H. B. 50.

N.-W. P.: Kumaun—Mohargiri Pass 6500’, S. and W., 1848 ; Davidson 1875 ;

Duthie 1884-86 ; 4700’, Hope 1890, “6-10,000'” MacLeod 1893.

Distrip.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan (4-10,000. “ Assam ’’

in Herb, Hort. Sahar (ex Herb. Hort. Cale.) D, Assamica on ticket.

I cannot see the nearness to D. multidentata which Mr, Clarke sees.

D, membr. is bi-pinnatifid to a winged rhachis : D. multident. is tri-pinnatifid

to a winged rhachis in all the specimens I have seen but one ; in other words,

a frond of D. membran. a pinna of D. muitident. The exception is a frond

collected by Levinge, Darjiling, 7000’, 1879, given by me to the Herbarium of

the Imperial Forest School, Dehxa, which is truly lanceolate, and measures only

about 8, X 34”. si. 34”. D. multidentata is, I think, a more coriaceous plant

than is D. membranulosa, and dries of a darker colour. A striking feature of

D, membranutlos is the small glistening involucre, which seems very persistent.

This is not mentioned by any of the authorities I cite. In this respect

D. membranulosa is like D. assamica, Baker.

2. D.immersa, Wall. ; Syn. Fil. 91; C.R. 448. Leucostegia immersa,

Bedd. H. B. 51. |

PunsJAB: Chamba-—Dalhousie, McDonell ; Simla Reg.—Simla, Collett, Bliss, rare.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussooree 6-7900', Herschel, Mackinnons, Hope, A. Camp-

bell; Dehra Dun 2600,’ Hope; Kwmaun, 5. and W., Davidson 5-8000', Duthie

47-5000’, Hove 47-5000’, Trotter 75-8090.’

Distris.—Asia: N. Ind, (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotén 3-6000', plentiful

Assam—Khasi Hills 4-5000', common. Bengal—-Parasnath Mt. (summit), Hook

til., Dr. J. J. Wood, 1880. N. Manipur, C. B. Clarke 5500', Watt 6000’. S. India—

Madras Presidency, W. Mts. “very abundant in Coorg, growing on trees” (Bedd.)

Malay Penins., Java.

The authors of the Synopsis Filicum say this Davailia is peculiar in having

the rhizome developed beneath the surface of the soil, but Beddome says that

in Coorg it grows on trees. Clarke says—“ rhizome much underground, and

there without scales ; the tips above ground with chestnut lanceolate-acute ©

scales,” At Mussooree the fern grows on rocky ground or on rocks, and I have

seen it in Kumaun on rocks. Down in the Dehra Valley (Dun) it grows on

precipitous sandstone rocks, ani I noted—“ rhizome creeping on rocks, but

burying itself in crevices where possible,”

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1/T,

3. D. Glarkei, Baker, in- Hook. Te, t..1625; Syn. Fil. 91. D. darew-

formis, Levinge MS.; C. R. 443. Leucosteyia Hookeri, Moore, under

Acrophorus, Bedd, H. B. 82.

PUNJAB : Chamba 10,300, J. Marten 1898, Simla Reg. —Hattu and Baghi Road,

Bliss, 22nd Sept. 1890; “ Sirmur 9-11,000’", I. T.", in Herb. Hort. Kew. (Another

ticket for same specimen bears—“ Hattu 8/49.”)

N.-W. P. D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, Chachpur, Peak, 10,500,’ Gamble 1898.

Distriz.—Asia: N. Ind, (Him), Simla Reg. 9000', very rare; Sikkim,

Bhotan, 5-12,000', Hovk. fil. et Thoms., Clarke, Levinge, Gamble, rare.

I detected this among Mr. Bliss’s ferns sent to me for inspection by Mr.

Trotter, and pronounced it to be D, Clarkei, Baker, from reading Beddome’s

description of Leucos. Hookeri, Moore, but I had not my Sikkim specimens

(from Levinge) at hand to compare it with. I sent Mr. Bliss’s plant home to

Mr. Levinge, who, in returning it, wrote—*'The Davallia you sent me is cer-

tainly D. Clarkei, identical in all respects, rhizome, scales, indusium, &e., with

iy Sikkim specimens. It is quite different from D. (or Polypodium) darece-

formis. D, Clarkei is very rare in Sikkim, only once or twice found I believe.”

Glarke in the ‘Review’ says that D. darecformis is frequent, both in the

Himalaya and Khasi hills ; but in a subsequent paper (Journ. Linn. Soc, Bet.

Vol. XIX, 291) he says that Levinge united ferns of two different genera in

one spacies. Polypodium darecejorme, Hook., is I believe quite common in the

Khasi Region, and I have never seen an involucre on it. I gather that

Levinge inclined to agree with Beddome that P. darewforme might be a Leu-

costegia nearly allied to D. Clarkei. The indusium of D, Clarke: is very broad,

and quite persistent. In Gamble’s plants, some collected by himself in

Sikkim, and afterwards kept in cultivation at Darjiling, I see large, broad

peautifully orange-red scales scattered over stipe and rhachises. The

locality, variously called “ Sirmur, 9-11,000/” and ““ Hattu,” where Thomsou

got the specimen in the Kew Herbarium, is doubtful ; but, as the hills of the

Sirmur Territory, south of Simla, are not so high as 9-11,000’, 1 think Hattu

Mt., eastward of Simla, the summit of which is 10,500’, must be the real

habitat, and Mr. Bliss’s discovery of the plant at a lower level on that mountain

41 years later, confirms th's view. Anyhow, eleven degrees of longitude

separate the Punjab and the Sikkim habitats. Large specimens of D. Clarke

from N,-E. India are very like Asplenium ternifoliwm, Don, in shape and

cutting. After the above was sent to press Mr, Duthie sent me large and

beautiful specimens collected in Chamba by Mr. J. Marten, in a quite young

state ; and about the same time Mr, Gamble gathered rhizomes of the plant in

Jaunsar from which the young fronds of 1898 had ncé yet sprung up.

PS eed, ,

gle NEON YI Cw y

PSS Wi, wy

wt, FERS

Sf ‘

Oe aera a

A PDEA IAM

Semone

eee

Pips | lk a ee Oo oe

de DAVALLIA CLARKE! Baker. KC. Mukerjer Heh

1. Frond with rhizome, natural size. 6. Rhizorne and hase of stipes from

Z PinnaofNo.I x 3. another frond.

3. Fortion of a large frond, young state. 7. Scale from do, x 5.

4. Scale from stipes of No. 3. 8 Cela of eentral portion of No. 7

5. Cells of ceutral portion of No, 4, eum gs af oe

enlarged eheut 20 dyara

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 31

[I have struck out of this list Davailia pulchra, Don, as I find that the

common low-level, arboreal fern I and other collectors have been

calling by that name is D. psealocystopteris, viz.—No. 4, infra. 1 do

not think D. pulcira grows to the westward of Nepal, though it

seems to be very commion in the N.-E. Himalaya and Assam (in the

Khasi Hills at least), and on the Western Mts..in 8, India, and also in

Tenasserim and Ceylon. |

4, D.pseudo-cystopteris, Kunze Bot. Zeit. 1850, 68. “Fronde

humile, submembranacea, rigidula, olivacea, glabra, — breviter oblonga,

acuminata, tripinnatifida (8, quadripinnata) ; pinnis petiolatis, patentibus,

oblique ovato-oblongis, obtusiusculis, inferioribus remotis ; pinnulis primariis

petiolatis, subrhombeis, obtusis ; secondariis subsessilibus, oblique oblongis,

pinnatisectis, segmentis e basi cuneato falcato-lanceolatis, longe acuminatis,

acubissimis, subbifidis, basi mono-sorophoris ; indusio magno, ovato, acuto,

membranaceo ; stipite brevi, tenero ; rhachi universali subflexuosa, “ersus

apicem marginata, partialibus nts flexuosis ; rhizomate

Cystopteris Davallioides, Kze. in litt. 1842.”

“ Himalaya, ausden Sendungen Fieldings, von Moricand mitgetheilt,”

D. pulchra, Don, var. pseudo-cystopteris (sp.), Kze., C. R. 444. Leucosteyia

pseudocystopteris, Bedd. H, B. 54.

PUNJAB: Chamba—6000' ; Kangra Vy. Dist. 7000’; Mandi State 5500’; Simla

Reg. 5-8000', “ very abundant on trees ” (Blanford).

N.-W.P.: D.D. Dist—Mussooree and Vicinity 5-7000', everywhere eJothing

the branches of the oak trees ;'7. Garh, 5000’; Kumaun 4500—11,000',

Disrrip.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim. and Bhotdén up to 11,000’.

Assam—Khasi Dist. 3-6000', common.

The plant from the localities enumerated above is the common low-level

arboreal Davallia. Specimens differ from each other in texture and cutting,

correspondingly, perhaps, to the age and degree of fertility of the plant; but

I do not think any of them are D. cherophylia, Wall., wnich has been assumed

to be L. pulchra, Don (au older name), and which is common from Nepal east-

ward to Assam and Burma, and in South India and Central Ceylon. I have

had great ditheulty in determining what this plant is, but probably it is

Kunze’s plans, which, there are reasons to believe, was collected in the Simla

Region. His description, which I have quoted above, is defective in that he

could say nothing about the rhizome ; and I cannot see that the indusium (in

my material) is large, as he said it was, bug it appears on young and undamag-

ed specimens “ovate, acute, membranaceous.” As J found that no type speci-

mens of Kunze’s plant Sistedht in the Kew or British Museum Herbaria, I

32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

asked Mr. Gustav Mann to inquire for them in Germany, and his reply, receiv-

ed on the 4th January, 1898, gave me the clue I wanted. Mr. Mann found

that there is a type sheet, of two specimens, in the Botanic Museum, Leipzig,

and he sent me a pen and ink sketch tracing of the larger of the specimens,

and copies of Kunze’s two tickets belonging to it, The older ticket bears—

“ Cystopteris davallioides, Kunze, in litt. ad Moricand, 4/43 ; species insignis

Leucoslegeis affinis, Presl. Himalaya Fielding, Ex herb. Moricand, 4/42.”

The newer ticket bears—“ nunc—Davalha (Leuc.) pseudocystopteris, Kze.—=

chaerophyllum, Hook, Sori et indusia in apire nec in decursu vene ; ita que

Davallia.’ My, Mann has written on the tracing—“ Rhizome there is none,

avd the lower part of the stipe is also wanting. The frond is lanceolate as

shown in this tracing. The sori are not ripe in this specimen, and no sporangia

developed, the indusia are distinctly pomted (A): the ultimate segments very

acute and, as well as the other cutting, just like that on a specimen collected

by Blanford, 16-8-1885, on Summer Hill, Simla, 7000’” ‘The tracing

shows a lanceolate frond 8” 1. by 22” br., the lowest pair of pinne slightly

shorter than the two next pairs, but broader. On getting Mr. Mann’s letter

I recollected that some of my N,-W. Himalayan specimens which I had been

calling D. pulehra had indusia “* ovate, acute,” though very small, and I found

I bad been overlooking Kunze’s description of the indusium. I turned up my

specimens, avd verified my recollection, In immature specimens the ovate,

acute, membranaceous indusium is quite distinct, bui when the sori develop

and ripen the indusium is pushed back and shrivels, and the true shape is nob

seen ; and, als», specimens get damaged in the press. Mr. Mann, in his

letter to me, says that the ultimate segments of Kunze’s type specimen are

perbaps a little longer than those of a Mussooree specimen he has from me,

but that otherwise the cutting is exactly thesame. He also writes—“ The

remark ‘ ==cherophyllum, Hook., on Kunze’s label was written by Kunze, but,

as seems to me, at a later date. There is a second sheet of D. pseudocystop-

feris in the Botanic Museum, | eipzig, which has writven on the label ‘ Davallia

cherophylla, Wall. Herbar. Sprengelianum, 17260, ab ipso !? bub nob written

by Kunze. This specimen is pub together with the above type sheet in the

same wrapper ; ib is the common Indian form of pseudocystopteris, with deltoid

frond.” The usual shape of frond of the plant I identify as D. pseudocystopteris

is certainly deltoid, or at least sub-deltoid, but I have a lanceolate frond on the

same rhizome with deltoid fronds. The rhizome is of course creeping and

branching, and it appears to have broadly ovate scales, peltately attached, not

adpressed, smaller than the similar scales of the next species, D. Beddomer ;

they are, however, rarely present in my material. Underneath the scales the

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 33

rhizome appears to be covered with a detachable skin or bark, somewhat wrin-

kled or striated. It is desirabie that specimens of this plant should be collected at

various stages of growth, to show the rhizome scales and the indusium distinctly.

It will be observed that Kunze at first called this plant Cystopderis daval-

liodes, but finding it was a Lewcostegia in everything but the shape of indusium,

finally named it D. (Leuc.) pseudocystopteris, the name being evidently sug-

gested by the shape of the indusium, which, however, does not seem to have

its base inserted under the sorus as in Cystopteris. Further examination may

show that this plant, from the shape of the indusium, deserves to be put ina

separate genus, or sub-genus, as much as other Davallias do.

5. D. Beddomei, n. sp. Plate I. (see Part IL., p. 527).

PongaB : Chamba—J. Marten, 1898.

Sub-genus Mrcrouepia, Presi.

{Kumaun is given by Clarke, in his ‘Review,’ as a habitat for D. (Micro. )

marginals, Wall., and also for Z). calvescens, Wall., which he places

as a variety of that species ; but as there is a mistake in the citation of

Wallich’s catalogue number by Hooker in the Species Filzcam which he

follows, he thinks the locality ‘‘ Kumaun ” may be a mistake. Beddome

has copied Clarke without any such reservation. Hooker did not give

Kumaun as a habitat for D. villosa, Wall., which is placed as a

synonym of D. marginalis in the Synopsis, but only Nepal : he gave

Kumaun as a habitat for D. calvescens, Wall., which he considered a

dissinet species. On his type sheet of D. villosa, Wall., Cat. 244, in the

Calcutta Herbarium, Wallich wrote—“ Legi in Napalia, 1821.” The

entry in the original catalogue in Calcutta is of thisspecimen only ;

and Dr. Prain has shown me that there was no subsequent entry. I

have seen no specimen of either of these ferns, collected in modern

times in Kumaun, or the westward of it. Mr. Clarke seems to

have been misled by two sheets in the Kew Herbarium without tickets,

but marked on the sheets by Sir W. J. Hooker—“ Davallia calvescens,

Wall., Cat. 2683, Kumaun, Wall.” This is not warranted by the entry

in the catalogue. The distribution of the species, or of both species, is

Asia, Nepal, Waillich ; Assam—Khasi Hills, Griffith, Mann ; Mikir

Hills, Simons, N. Manipur, Clarke. Tonkin, Balansa. Formosa, Wilford. ]

Sub-genus Mrorouepra, Pres.

6. D. Wilfordii, Baker; Syn. Fil. 98. D. rhomboidea, Hook. 2nd

Cent., t. 48, not Wall,

“Caudice gracili elongato repente atro nitidissimo fragili, stipitibus gparsis

3-4 uncias longis stramineis nitidis basi ebeneis, frondibus 6-8 uncias longis

34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOC DEVE Viol eee

oblongo lanceolatis acuminatis tenui-membranaceis pallide viridibus pinnatis,

pinnis patentibus inferioribus remotis subuuciam longis rhombeo-subtriangu-

laribus longe petiolatis profunde pinnatifidis subpinnatisve oblique obovatis

inequaliter lobatis, sterilibus serrulatis, venis subflabellatim dichotomis apice

soriferis, involucris orbiculari-cuneatis membranaceis upice erosa solummodo

libera lobulis fundium marginis conformibus, rhachibus gracilibus

subflexuosis, pinnis supremis sublanccolatis.”

Mr. Baker’s description 1s :—

“53 D. (Micro.) Wilfordti, Baker ; rhizome creeping ; st. 4-6 in. 1., slender,

naked, flexuose; frond 6-9 in. 1., 2-3 in. br., lanceolate, tripinnatifid ; lower

pinnae deltoid, stalked, about 1 in. 1., 4 in. br., cut down to the rhachis below

with broadly ovate-rhomboidal sharply toothed punnules ; texture herbaceous ;

rhachis end both surfaces naked ; sorZ 2-6 to a pinnule, apical in the teeth—D.

rhomboidea, Hook. 2nd Cent., t, 48, not Wallich. ALicrolepia Wilfordi, Moore, ©

Has.—Japan ; gathered by both Messrs. Wilford and Oldham.”

Kasamir: “ Boniar Nala—5,000’; wet place,” J. C. McDonell, Jane, 1897.

DistRIB.— Asia : China—M. Tsien Mts., Paver 1884 ; Manchuria, between Mukden

and Tung-che-Shien, H. L. M. James, 1886; Peking Mts., W. Hancock 1880: “In

shady glens by streams, along with Cystopteris fragilis’; Dr. Bretschneider, “ Flora

Pekinensis, 1880 (?). Korea—Am-nok River, Pbyingan Province, 18&4. Japan—

Hakodadi, C. Wélford, No. 1037, 1859; Yokohama, &. Oldham, 7/61, No. 99, “on rich

moist banks on the hillsides”; Mavimovicz, Iter. Sec., 1862, # V. Dickens 11.

Yokohama and Bukenje, Jas. Bissett, 1887 (2), Yokohama, Maries drom Veitch, 1880),

Hancock, 144, 1885 ; “Japan,” Fawrie, Nos. €12 and 4223; Japan—Mt. Akagi

1888, from Science College, Imperial University, Japan (Jap. Wo renshida).

This plant seems to be more common in Japan anc N.-H. China than was

known when Sir W. Hooker described it. I cannot find that Moore did more

than name it. But there is no record from the westward of the Peking

Mountains except Mr. McDonell’s discovery of it in Kashmir in 1897. The

species seems to be terrestrial, judging from Oldkam’s and Hancock’s remarks

above quoted, as well as from McDonell’s specimens, one of which reached

me with fine micaceous sand adhering to the thin creeping rhizome. The

cutting and texture are like those of D. (Lewco.) smmersa, Wall, but the frond

is narrow, and the sori are much smaller and apical.

In reply to an inquiry as to habitat, and for further material, Mr.

McDonell wrote, in November, 1899, that this is a terrestrial species: he found

it growing in a shady glen, close to running walter. ‘There was very little of it,

and he has not been to the place since.

7. D. platyphylla, Don.; Syn. Fil. 99; C. R. 446, Microlema

platyphylla, Bedd. H, B. 66.

N.-W. P.: LZ. Garh.—Near Mussoorie 4,0.0’, Mackinnons, 1879.

THE FERNS OF NORVH-WESTERN INDIA. 25

Distris.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal to Bhotan 3-5,500’, plentiful in Sikkim.

Assam—Khasi Hills 3-4,00u’. North Manipur, 5,500’, Clarke, 3,000’, Watt. Uppet

Burma, 4,800’, Geni. Gatacre, 1889. S. India—Madras Presy., throughout W. Mts.

up to nearly 6,000’, Ceylon. China—Yunnan, Hancock, 1893.

A specimen gathered in Tehri Garhwal by the Messrs. Mackinnon was

given by them to me in 1880 or 1881. The plant is unmistakeable. That

appears to be the only known gathering west of Nepal. D. lonchitidea, Wall.

Cat. 240, is a synonym.

8. D. hirta, Kaulf. ; Syn. Fil. 100. D. polypodioides, Don. ; C. R. 447.

Microlepia spelunce, var. B. hirta(?) ; Bedd. H, B. 68.

N.-W. P.: Brit. Garh.—5,000', P. W. Mackinnon, 1881; Awmaun—Ramganga R.

2,600’, S.and W,, 1848, Sarju-Ganga Valley 5,100’, MacLeod 1893.

DistRiB.—Trop. Amer. Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim, Bhotan. Assam—Khasi

Hills. Bengal—Chittagong, 3-5,000’, abundant. Manipur, 1,060—4,750’. 3. Ind.—

Madras Presy.—W. Mts. Bombay Presy.—/Herb. Dalzel; N. Canara, 2,400’, W. A.

Talbot. Ceylon. Malayan and Polynesian Isles. China. Japan.

I pass lightly over this subject, being of opinion that the group comprising

D. strigosa, D. hirta, D. spelunce, D. polypodioides, D. flaccida, &c , requires

further study in the field. But I think the specimens from the westward of

Nepal, above cited, come under D. hirta, Kaulf.

Sub-genus—STENOLOMA, Fée.

92. Ds tenuifolia, Sw. 5 Syn. Fil. 102. D. chinensis, Sw., C. R. 449,

Stenoloma chinensis, Sw., Bedd. H. B. 79.

PunsAB : Simla Reg.—Simla, 5,000’, Blanf. Trotter 6,5-5,8(0', Bliss.

N.-W. P.: 7. Garh.—4-5,000', Duthie; Kumaun—Bagesar, 3,000’, S. and W., 1848 ;

Hawalbagh and Dwarahath “1849”; in Herb. Hort. Sahar.; 6-7,000’ Davidson,

Trotter.

DistRis.—Asia : N. Ind. (Aim.)—Sikkim, Bhotan 1-7,000', plentiful eastward.

Assam—Khasi Hills 1-3,000’, common. Cent. Prov., India—Pachmarhi, Duthie.

S. Ind.—Madras Mts. ; The Deccan 3-6,000’. Ceylon. Japan. Polynesia, common.

Afr.—Mascareen Islands.

Genus 10.—CYSTOPTERIS, Zernh.

1. GC. fragilis, Bernh. ; Syn. Fil. 103; C. R.450; Bedd. H. B. 70.

AFGHAN : Griffith. Kurram Valley—Peiwar Kotal 8,000’, Collett ; 13,000’ Aitch,

1879, Harsukh 1894 ; Ishkashin in Badakshan, Dr. Giles 1886.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Baraul—Ziarat—many stations 4,5-11,000’, Harriss ; Mirga

Hills, Gatacre ; Chitrai, F.H. Younghusband 1894; Hindu Kush (or Pamirs), Dr.

Alcock, with the Pamir Boundary Commission, 1895.

KAsuMir: Gilgit, Baltietan, Deosat, Gulmarg and Kildn, Shayuk Valley—

Ladakh 7-14,000', many collectors.

PunsaB: Hazara, Chamba, Kullu, Lahaul, Kangra Valley, Simla Reg. 7-12,000',

N.-W. P.: 7. and Brit. Grah. Kumaun 10-16,000', common,

NEPAL, W,: 10-13,000’, Duthie.

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

DIstRiB.— WV. Amer.: Arctic and Temperate Regions; California and Mexico,

S. Amer.—“ Whole length of Andean Chain.” W.Ind. Hurope: Hverywhere fiom

Teeiand and Novaya Zemlya and Spitzbergen in the Arctic Regions to Spain, Sicily,

Cyprus, and the Caucasus. Asia: Lebanon, Persia, Kurdistan, Siberia, Manchuria,

Kamschatka, Thibet, N. China; N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim. Australasia. N. Zeal.

Sandwich Isles. Afy.—Madeira Fernando Po, Abyssinia, S. Afr.

[ Cystopleris suedelica, A. Br. and Milde : Syn. Fil. 108, bas been found

in the Chumbi Valley, Thibet, by Sir George King’s collectors. |

2. C. montana, Liuk.; Syn. Fil. 104 ; Bedd. H. B., Supp. 15.

KAsHmir : “In woods above Gulmarg, about 9,000’, not higher, August 1877,”

Aitch. in Herb. Hort, Kew; Bangas—Muzafarabad—Inayat, Duthie’s Collr, 21-7-97

(Saharanpur Herb.)

N.-W. P.: Kwmaun—near Ralam Glacier 13,000’, No. 3647; near Rama—Dhauli

Valley 12-13,000’; Byans—Kutti Valley 13-14,000’; above Nabbi 12-13,000’, No.

3647, Duthie 1884.

NEPAL, W. : Opposite Buddhi Village 10-12,000’'; Nampa Gadh 11-12,000’, No.

6247, Duthie 1886.

Distrip.—N. Amer.: Hast side of Rocky Mts.; Labrador; Canada W. Hurope:

Mts. of Scandinavia, Scotland (very rare), and Centr. Europe. Asia: Kamschatka.

This fern was sent to Kew, with other plants, by its discoverer in Kumaun,

Mr. Duthie, but that Indian habitat is not given in Mr. Baker’s paper,

“A Summary of the New Ferns which have been discovered or described

since 1874,’ published in the “ Annals of Botany,” Vol. V. No. XVII,

althouzh new habitats of other old species are mentioned. Beddome,

though he did not include the species in his Handbook, has entered it in

the Supplement to that work, published in 1892, and has quoted the

description givea in the Synopsis Filvcwm, but he has given as the only

Indian locality “Kashmir,” without mentioning the collector’s name. Mr.

Duthie sent me Kumaun and Nepai specimens soon after he collected them,

and I know that he has never found the plant in Kashmir, Beddome has

possibly entered Kashmir as the Indian habitat on the strength of Dr.

Aitchison’s specimen mentioned above.

I may be pardoned for mentioning that I have an old acquaintance with

C. montuna, for, when on an excursion in Perthshire, conducted by the late

Professor J. H. Balfour, in 1856 I think, I discovered a station for the plant

on Ben Lawers, on which mountain, in 1836, it had been found for the first

time in Scotland by Mr. W. Wilson, but where it had not since been gathered

for long, I have read with interest that lately new stations for this

fern have been discovered on the border between Perthshire and Aregylshire,

and even in Dumbartonshire. It is a ‘far cry’ from Central Europe eastward

to Kashmir. (7'o be continued.)

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,”

SERIES II, PART I.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Barv., F.Z.S., F.ES,

(With Plate B.)

The following paper commences the 2nd series of supplementary papers

on India Moths, in which I propose to include an abstract relating to

Indian species taken from the volumes onthe “ Moths of the World,” pub-

lished by the British Museum, where will be found coloured figures of all

species not figured elsewhere ; the Ist volume deals with the Syntomide, the

most specialized family of the Noctuid branch of the Lepidoptera ; the 2nd

volume includes the sub-families Noline and Lithosiane of the Arctiade,

and will be followed by the sub-family Arctiane, then the families A garistide

and Noctuide, 'The genera are placed in the order adopted in thosa volumes,

and the keys to the species will give the order which should be followed, -

the numbers attached to them referring to those in the “ Fauna of India”’

volumes and the supplementary papers, the abstracts thus forming classi-

fications and keys to the families which should, I think,be of use to

Indian collectors now that our knowledge of the subject is considerably

advanced,

; SATURNIADZ,

29a, SALASSA OLIVACEA, Oberth, Et, Ent. xiii, p,44, pl. 10, f. 107

(1890).

&. Head and thorax red-brown ; abdomen black-brown ; pectus and

ventral surface of abdomen olive-brown, some white hair on the tibiz,

Forewing dark brown irrorated with olive-yellow scales ; the ocellus eliptical

with black and thin narrow bluish-white ring ; the sinuous postmedial line

with small hyaline striz, an indistinct dentate subterminal line, with the area

beyond it strongly irrorated with olive-yellow. Hindwing dark brown;

irrorated with olive-yellow, the costal half greyish to the subterminal line ;

a sinuous antemedial line ; the ocellus with narrow black ring beyond the

bluish-white ring ; the postmedial line strongly incurved to costa, then

sinuous ; an indistinct subterminal dentate line with the area beyond it

strongly irrorated with olive-yellow. Underside of both wings irrorated

with white.

Q. Abdomen and wings with the ground-colour red-brown,

Habitat.—Mancbhuria ; Tibet, Yatong, Exp. 120 mill.

EUPTEROTIDA,

Genus CLENORA,

Clenora, Swinh. A.M.N.H, (7), iii, p. 109 (1899),

Type. C, engonata.

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Proboscis absent ; palpi minute ; antenne short, bipectinate, the branches

long, rapidly decreasing to before apex

which is simple ; tibize without spurs ;

the tarsi tufted with hair ; frenulum

present, Forewing elongate, narrow,

the costa strongly arched towards apex

which is much produced, the termen

angled at middle ; vein 2 from middle

Clenora engonata & + of cell ; 3 from long before angle ; 5

from middle of discocellulars ; 6 shortly stalked with 7,8, 9,10; 7 from

beyond 9 ; 11 free. Hindwing with the tornus produced toa long acute

point ; vein 2 from middle of cell ;3, 4, from angle ; 5 from below angle of

discocellulars ; 6, 7 very shortly stalked ; 8 from the cell near base and

strongly arched.

Very close to Gunda, W1k., but with the frenulum present,

47a. Clenora engonata, Swinh. A. M.N. H., (7), iii, p. 109.

&@. Head, thorax and abdomen dark red-brown ; thorax suffused with

deep chocolate and irrorated with grey. Forewing dark red-brown suffused”

with black except towards inner margin and termen and irrorated with

biack; two yellow points on inner margin before middle and one towards

tornus ; two indistinct postmedial lines formed of grey scales angled below

costa and not extending below vein 4; traces of a similar subterminal! line

waved below vein 4; a fine yellow terminal line and points on the veins,

Hindwing dark red-brown with the tornal point yellow.

Habitat—Karwar. Exp. 42 mill.

68, EUPTEROTE UNDATA. Insert (syn.) EZ. crinita, Swinh, A. M,N. H. (7),

i, p. 108.

A form like nigricans but without the yellow collar; hindwing with

some yellowish before the postmedial line and a prominent yellow crenulate

subterminal line,—-Karwar,

SPHINGIDZ,

96a, CYPA KINDERMANNI, Led., Verh, Zool,-Bot. Ges, Wien, II, p. 22

(1852). .

Head, tegule and patagia grey, head tinged with brown; thorax olive-

brown above ; abdomen grey dorsally tinged with brown, Forewing olive-

grey ; a little pink at base of inner margin ; a curved whitish subbasal line ; an

antemedial red-brown line strongly angled outwards below vein 2 and meeting

the medial line which is angled inwards, the area between the two lines being

filled in with red-brown suffusion from cell to inner margin ; a sinuous grey

postmedial line angled inwards on vein 5 and defined on inner side by darker

olive ; a red-brown patch on termen extending down to vein 3 and bounded

above by a white line from apex, dentate on vein 7; a rufous patch at tornus,

Hindwing pale red-brown, usually largely suffused with pink, the inner area

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 39

pale or tinged with pink; a diffused rufous antemedial line and slightly

sinuous grey medial and postmedial lines with a more or less prominent dark

patch with blue-grey. mark on it towards tornus ; the cilia white. Underside

of forewing with the basal half crimson except the costa ; hindwing crimson,

with blackish patch near tornus with two blue-grey lines on it,

Habitat—C, Asia ; Persia ; Kandahar; Chitral, Exp. 80-90 mill,

106a, AmBuLyx PacILUS, Roths, Nov. Zvol., v., p. 604 (1898).

&. Head sap green; antenne anda band between their bases whitish ;

thorax sap green coming to a point on metathorax, the outer parts ochreous-

grey ; abdomen ochreous-grey with dorsa] green bands. Forewing ochreous-

grey, the inner margin tinged with purplish ; traces of an antemedial green

line ; a medial green band diffused on outer side, running out toanacute

angle in submedian fold, where it is connected with tornus by green

suffusion, the area beyond it tinged with fuscous except an ochreous-grey

triangular patch on termen and a wedge-shaped green patch on apical

part of costa, with a curved white line below it from apex to costa beyond

middle, Hindwing ochreous-grey; a crimson patch from base tu beyond

middle not reaching costa or inner margin and emitting a spur towards apex ;

a grey band from vein 3 to tornus traversed by a dark line, with a dark

patch before it on inner area and didused green on its outer side; cilia

of both wings green at base, pale at tips. Underside of forewing suffused

with crimson on basal half except towards costa, the rest of both wings

pale yellow-green with some grey on termen.

Habitat—Murree. Exp. 80 mill.

*117a, AMPELOPHAGA HARTERTI, Roths., Iris, vii, p. 299 (1894),

“ Forewings greenish-ash-grey with a small indistinct stigma in the cell and

an angulated rust-red patch one-fourth from the outer margin. Hindwings

blackish-brown. Head, thorax and abdomen grey. Underside rusty bruwn-

ish-grey with the red patch very pronounced,”

Habitat—Assam, Margharita. Exp. 89 mill,

137, THERETRA VELATA, var. albomarginata, Roths. Nov. Zool,,i, p. 78.

(Pl. B, fig. 14.)

Forewing with more or less strongly developed white costal fascia.

138a, CH#ROCAMPA HYPORHODA, n, sp. (Pl. B, fig. 12.)

@. Head, thorax and abdomen bright red-brown ; shoulders and outer

edge of patagia with grey-white stripe; pectus and ventral surface of

abdomen pinkish ; legs streaked with ochreous-white. Forewing bright red-

brown, the costal edge ochreous-white, the base and basal half of inner

margin grey ; the basal half of subcostal and median nervures streaked with

grey ;a black discal point ; an indistinct oblique grey medial band from cell

to inner margin ; traces of three oblique waved postmedial lines ; a terminal

grey band with waved inner edge attenuated to a point at apex and expand-

ing below apex, Hindwing brown tinged with red towards termen and inner

409 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

margin ; the cilia white towards tornus. Underside bright pink ; wings with

two indistinct curved lines just beyond middle and greyish terminal band

with waved inner edge.

Habitat-——Karwar (Davidson), Ezp. 59 mill. Type in B. M.

184a. MacroGLossa GLAUCOPLAGA, n. sp, (PI. B, fig. 13.)

g. Dark brown tinged with greyish: palpi white below; pectus pale

brown pencilled with dark brown ; abdomen with orange and black lateral

patch on 1st three segments, then orange-brown at sides with lateral black

and white tufts, the ventral surface pale and dark brown with some black

points. Forewing with obliquely curved antemedial dark brown’ band ;

bisinuate medial and two postmedial lines, the last waved towards costa; a

grey patch on costa from lst postmedial line to apex with very irregular

lower edge; traces of a waved subterminal line. Hindwing blackish with

rather natrow orange band from middle of costa to tornus ; cilia orange

towards tornus, Underside greyer brown ; forewing with rufous discal

patch and several indistinct minutely waved lines, Hindwing with three

medial waved lines and orange patch on inner area.

Habitat-—Sikkim 2,000! (Pilcher), Exp. 46 mill. Type in B, M.

187. MaCROGLOSSA BENGALENSIS. Insert (syn.) 185, MW, belia.

NOTODONTID.

912, HAapicia oBLIQua is from Trinidad and Venezuela.

994g. GARGETTA VIRIDIGRISEA. Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xi, p. 626,

(Pl. 1, fig. 3.)

&. Antenne bipectinate with long branches, the apical part simple. Fore-

wing narrow with slight fold at base of vein 1 on underside but without

tuft.

Vertex of head and base of tegule whitish. Forewing suffused with

fuscous and the markings obscured. Hindwing whitish suffused with

brown.

Q, Fuscous-brown, base of antenne and collar black-brown; thorax

suffused with greenish-grey. Forewing suffused with grey-green to beyond

middle ; a short waved black subbasal line followed by a less prominent waved

Jine diffused towards costa ;a slightly waved antemedial line with diffused

waved line onits inner edge; orbicular and reniform rather indistinct, figure-

of-8-shaped, with whitish outline ; an indistinct highly dentate medial line

pent outwards round cell; a more prominent dentate black postmedial line

Dent outwards at vein 5, with some blackish spots beyond it and patch on

inner margin; subterminal and terminal series of small blackish lunulate

spo‘s. Hindwing uniform fuscous-brown.

Habitat.—Sikkim 1,800’; Ceylon. wp. 56 mill.

225b. GARGETTA FERREOPICTA, 0. Sp.

Q. Pale brownish-grey ; head and thorax red-brown, Forewing irrorated

with dark rust-red ; a subbasal black point below the cell; the antemedial

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 41

line acutely angled below costa, then erect and followed by dark rust-red

patches on costa and vein1l, and two dark points on median nervure ;

a medial somewhat oblique series of four black striz ;a diffused rusi-red

patch on discocellulars with black discoidal lunule defined by grey on it and

with traces ofa line from it to costa and inuer margin; two postmedial

series of black points connected by an indistinct highly crenulate line, with

a wedge-shaped, rust-red patch beyond it on costa and a diffused band from

vein 5 to inner margin ; a sinuous sub-terminal series of dark spots on a white

line ;a terminal series of points. Hindwing with darker band on terminal

area, broad at costa, narrowing to torsus,

Habitat—Ceylon, Trincomalee, Exp. 58mm, Type—In B, M.

229c, HUTORNOPERA QUINQUESTRIATA, n. sp, (PI. B, fig. 21.)

&@. Head and thorax ochreous and dark red-brown ; abdomen ochreous

dorsally tinged with brownish, Forewing ochreous suffused with dark red-

brown except a patch on costa near base, the submedial interspace, and streaks

beyond the cell above vein 5 and on apical part of cesta; two short anteme-

dial obliquely-placed white streaks in cell; a short streak in upper angle of

cell, a longer streak beyond the cell on vein 3, and an oblique streak from

beyond upper angle of cell to apex ; a medial red-brown point above vein 1;

au obscure postmedial series of points excurved below costa, then oblique,

and with another series on their inner side; a series of points just inside

termen, those below apex and at middle developed into spots,and the two

points between them on white spots, Hindwing pale yellow.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7,000 feet (Pilcher), Hap. 44mm. Yype—In B. M.

236c, PYDNA ATRIVITTATA, n. sp. (PI. B, fig. 1.)

¢@. Head, thorax and abdomen olive-brown, the last tinged with grey

except at base and extremity. Forewing olive-brown, the terminal half

paler; a black-brown fascia on median nervure from near base to well beyond

middle with a pale ochreous streak above it on vein 4, and a leaden-grey

streak above it in and beyond cell ; a leaden-grey streak on basal part of vein

1; an indistinct ochreous discoidal spot; an indistinct fuscous line from

middle of costa angled beyond celland reaching middle of inner margin;

the postmedial line represented by three indistinct series of points from

costa to the fascia, where they are joined by an oblique streak from

apex, and by an oblique line from the fascia to inner margin ; a terminal

series of points, Hindwing fuscous-brown, the cilia ochreous, Underside

fuscous-brown,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7,000 feet (Pilcher). Ewp.48 mm. Type—In B. M,

257a, FENTONIA DISCOSTICTA, N, sp.

@. Purplish-brown ; palpi and frons black-brown, Forewing with the

base ochreous, with a grey-edged black line reaching to below cell, and

followed by a rufous line reaching vein 1 ; three indistinct waved antemedial

lines; a small prominent black discocellular spot ; a grey and blackish

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1IT.

lunulate postmedial line strongly incurved and with ochreous on its inner

edge from costa to vein 5, two rufous points before it on costa, and with

several obscure lunulate dark lines beyond it. Hindwing uniform red-

brown, . Underside paler, forewing with the costa yellowish with some

rufous points towards apex,

Habitat—Khasis, Exp. 46mm. Zype—In coll. Elwes.

259a, FENTONIA FERRIFUSA, Dudgeon, Journ, Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc.,

1897, p. 634,

&. Head, therax and abdomen black-brown, head and collar mixed with

grey. Forewing grey suffused with dull ferruginous, especially a patch on

costa before apex ;a black streak from base below median nervure to an

obliquely curved line from base of costa expanding into a diffused black

patch on inner margin; a wedge-shaped ferruginous antemedial mark from

costa; an indistinct curved postmedial series of black points; a terminal

series of points, Hindwing grey-brown.

Q. Thorax and abdomen grey.

Habitat.—Sikkim, 1,800 feet. Exp, @ 30, 9 36 mm,

264a, STAUROPUS VIRESCENS, Moore, P, Z.8., 1879, p. 404.

dé. Head and thorax yellow-green ; palpi ochreous, blackish at sides ;

antennz with the branches rufous; pectus and legs below ochreous ; akdo-

men pale ochreous irrorated with fuscous, a large dorsal tuft on first segment

of green and metallic yellow and black scales, some green on dorsum at

extremity, the anal tuft whitish, Forewing yellow-green irrorated with a

few black scales ; 2 brownish patch at base of inner margin ;a series of four

small yellowish and black antemedial spots angled below the cell, then oblique,

two yellowish points beyond them ; a dark discoidal point ; a postmedial

line formed by small yellowish spots with dark edges, oblique from costa to

vein 4, then retracted to below end of cell and again oblique ; a subterminal

series of small blackish and yellow spots bent inwards to costa and a ter-

minal series. Hindwing dark brown ; the costal area yellow-green with

indistinct dark medial, postmedial and subterminal lines, Underside of

forewing pale yellow suffused with dark brown except towards margins,

of hindwing uniform pale yellow.

Habitat—Sikkim, 1,800 feet, Lap, 40 mm.

265. STAUROPUS VIRIDESCENS, del, S. virescens.

293a. NOTODONTA PICTA, n. sp.

@. Head and thorax dark brown ; abdomen paler brown. Forewing dark

red-brown variegated with pinkish, the apical third purplish-fuscous ; traces

of a dark sinuous antemedial line from cell to inner margin ; the reniform

and some marks below angle of cell pinkish, a yellow line with fine black

e dges arising from middle of vein 2, below which it is dentate, excurved below

vein 1, then almost parallel to inner margin to near base; a black postmedial

line excurved from costa to vein 2, where itis bent inwards, followed by a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 43

curved yellow line with fine black edges; some yellow on termen below

middle. Hindwing pale yellow-brown,

Habitat.—Khasis, Evp.46mm. Type—In coll, Elwes.

298a, HYPER #SCHRA TRICHOSTICHA, insert (syn.) Stauropus clothus, Swinh.,

A. M.N. H. (7%), iii, p. 100,

Forewing with some white on orbicular and lower part of reniform.

Habitat —Karwar,

306. APELA DIVISA is from Trinidad.

Nos. 309, Spatalia costalis, and 311, Spatalia albifasciata belong to the 2nd

group with longer branches to the antenne.

3lla. SPATALIA LATICOSTALIS, n. sp. (PI. B, fig. 15).

@. Dark rufous-brown, Forewing with the costal half of wing to median

nervure creamy white with an olive shade in end of cell and pinkish shade on

costa above it ; a purple-brown and reddish apical patch, the veins and inter-

space below it streaked with brown; the inner half of wing purplish-brown

with three obscure waved pale and dark antemedial lines and double post-

medial line ; a highly crenulate subterminal line. Hindwing fuscous-brown,

Habitat—Khdsis, Ezp.50mm. Type—In B. M.

317a, IcHTHYURA TRANSECTA, n. Sp. (PI. B, fig, 20),

@. Fuscous-brown, head and medial part of collar black. Forewing

irrotated with fuscous; a pale oblique subbasal line bent outwards on

median nervure; a pale oblique slightly sinuous antemedial line; a pale

oblique line across apical area angled below vein 4, then inwardly oblique and

sinuous to inner margin ; a dark brown patch on apical area leaving the costa

and margin pale brown and with an irregularly dentate edge, crossed by an

obscure dark sinuous line in continuation of the sinuous part of the post-

medial line and a subterminal series of dark specks.

Habitat —Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon), Hxzp,. 40mm, Type—In B.M.

SESIAD A,

355a, SCIAFTERON TRIZONATA, 0. sp.

&. Black frons and inner side of palpi white ; some white scales on neck ;

tegulze blue-black ; shoulders with orange spots just behind head and in

front of wings; fore tarsi white; abdomen with slight dorsal band on

lst segment, a complete band on 5th segment, and subdorsal bands on

terminal segment, wings hyaline, the veins and margins black, Forewing

with the margins broadly black; a broad oblique band at discocellulars.

Hind wing with discoidal bar,

Habitat—Sikhim, 2,000 feet (Pilcher), Exp. 24 mm. Type—In B. M.

3634, ICHNEVMENOPTERA CERULIPES, n, sp.

6. Head and thorax black, palpi yellow, black above towards tips; frons

white at sides; legs yellow and black, hind tibie and tarsi metallic blue

above; abdomen greenish-black, the 2nd, 4th and 5th segments fringed with

white scales, the ventral surface yellowish ; wings hyaline, the veins and

44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11,

margins black. Forewing with the margins rather broadly black; 4

discoidal bar; the termen rather broadly black, with a slight hyaline streak

projecting into it between veins 7 and 8.

Habitat —Sikhim, 2,000 feet (Pilcher), Ezp.22mm. Type—tIn B. M.

378a. TRICHOCEROTA UNIVITTA, 0. 8p.

&@. Bluish-black; abdomen with a few orange scales ; traces of bands

on 5th and 7th segments, Forewing with the terminal area tinged with

golden cupreous ; a narrow hyaline streak in cell, Hindwing hyaline, the

veins and margins narrowly black. 3

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7,000 feet (Pilcher), Exp.24mm, Type—In B, M.

Genus LEPIDOPODA, nov,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned to above vertex of head,

roughly scaled in front ; antenne of male ciliated, of female simple ; mid-

tibie clothed with rough hair; hind tibie and 1st two joints of tarsi with

thick fringes of hair. Forewing with all the veins present, 78 stalked.

Hindwivg with veins 3°4 stalked ; 5 Bas 6 from close to upper angle of

cell.

383a. LEPIDOPODA HETEROGYNA, 0. Sp.

&. Head, thorax and abdomen black ; frons bronze colour ; palpi in front,

sides of frons and a ring round

neck white; shoulders and ex-

tremities of patagia with some

yellow scales ; coxz white ; the

base of hind tibiz above, the

spurs and underside of tarsi of

all the legs white ; abdomen with

Lepidopoda heterogyna, & 3. some white hair at sides at base,

the segments edged with yellow

and white scales ; wings hyaline, the veins and margins black ; forewing with

fiery orange on outer side of discoidal bar and a few scales near apex; the

subcostal and median nervures orange on underside; hindwing with cilia

of inner margin white,

Q. Palpi and antenne orange, the latter blackish above at tips; the ring

round neck yellow ; fore-legs with the outer side of cox, the tibie and

tarsi fiery orange ; mid and hind legs with the tibiz and tarsi banded orange

and black ; (abdomen wanting) the lateral tufts at base tipped with orange.

Forewing with an orange streak above inner margin, the orange on Ciscocel-

lulars and below apex more prominent, Underside of forewing with the

veins and margins fiery orange except towards termen, the orange helow apex

prominent ; hindwing with the veins near costa and end of cell fiery orange.

Habitat,—Cuddapah, Pullampet, 500 feet (W. H. Campbell), Exp. g 22,

Q@ 24mm, Type.—In B.M,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA,

SYNTOMIDZ,

A, Hindwing with veins 6°7 coincident,

a. Hindwing with vein 4 absent,

a1, Hindwing with veins 3 absent .........scecesees 3.

6’. Hindwing with veins 3 absent.

a?, Hindwing with vein 5 from lower angle

of cell.

a*, Forewing with vein 9 absent....c.c.sccseee 1,

b*, Forewing with vein 9 present,

a*, Forewing with vein 3 from close to

angle of cell; 4°5 stalked... see. 4,

b*, Forewing with vein 3 from well be-

fore angle of cell; 4°5 usually from

cell,

a°, Wings sparsely clothed with hair-

Lise is cales) | tecccceeedensacsees ins Srpnerhee 25,

6°, Wings clothed with scales and

usually with hyaline patches... .. 5.

b?. Hindwing with vein 5 from well above

anvene Orel trersatsrpeesca-usconscsrenateacce sores eG,

6. Hindwing with vein 4 present ...........0. aces sone fi

B. Hindwing with veins 6°7 not coincident............-. 3,

Genus PsicHOTOE.

466. PsICHOTGE DUVAUCELI, Boisd,

Genus CaLLITomis,

A, Abdomen with a yellow band on each segment ... 464,

B, Abdomen with yellow bands on ist and 5th seg-

IPAS) Shacacneeconen SHOE ene excocrescccuss eochooeascascss 462,

C, Abdomen ochreous, without bands.....6....cescceree 463,

Genus CERYX,

Ceryx, Wilgrn,, Wien. Ent. Mon., vii, p. 140 (1863).........

Syntomoides, Hmpsn., Moths, Ind., 1, p. 209 (1892) ......

Section I, Antenne of male, bipectinate,

A. Abdomen of male with yellow bands on

basal and penultimate segments......... 406.

B. Abdomen of male with basal yellow band

Onlliy-creossseacecesus cb esagecene prontome eoeevee A07Q,

CeryX DIPTERA, Fabr, Syst. Ent., p, 555 (1775),

Sphina atereus, Stoll, Pap, Exot. iv., p. 240, pl. 400, fig. A.

Syntomis incipiens, Wik, xxxi, 68.

Ceryx,

Psichotoé,

Tricheta,

Callitomis,

Syntomis,

Eressa,

Dysauzes,

Euchromia.

multifasciata.

syntomoides,

leucosoma.

Type.

anthraciformis,

amaon,

diptera,

ginorea.

Psichotoé brachy pecten, Hmpsn. Ill, Het., ix, p. 61, pl. 157, f, 23,

Section II Antenne of male minutely serrate or simple.

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

A. Abdomen with seven bands in @, six

BID QD eg elise corn aiee cence ae eee sees eemaeee se ease 445, cherra.

B, Abdomen with four bands ............... e- 404, hyalina.

- ©, Abdomen with two bands—_

a, Abdomen with lateral yellow spots.... 403a. semicincta.

6. Abdomen without lateral yellow spots.

a’, Hindwing with narrow terminal

black band ........ eS eae EE ea A402. godarti.

b*, Hindwing with broad terminal black

band extending nearly to cell...... 401. imaon,

CrRYX CHERRA, Moore, Lep, Atk., p. 12 (1879).

Syntomis quisqualis, Swinh,, A. M. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 441 (1894).

CreryxX HYALINA, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 13 (1879),

Syntomis volans, Swinh,, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 173, pl. 6, f. 6.

CreRYX GODARTI, Boisd. Mon. Zyg., p. 115, pl. 7, £, 3 (1829).

Syntomis libera, W1k., xxxi, 78 (1864).

Syntomis fytchei, Moore, P. Z. &§., 1871, p. 246, pl. 18, £. 3.

Syntomis cupreipennis, Butl., Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool., xii, p. 347 (1876),

This may be an extreme form of imaon.

Crryx IMAON, Cram., Pap. Exot,, iii, p. 94, p. 248, E. (1780).

Syntomis fusiformis, Wl1k., vii, 1595 (1856),

» approvimata, W1k., xxxi, 79 (1864),

FA sargania, But], Trans, Ent, Soc., 1879, p. 4.

* artina, But], Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool,, xii, p. 347 (1876),

, . mota, Swinh, Trans. Ent. Soc,, 1891, p. 134.

Genus TRICHATA,

Section I, Hindwing with veins,3 and 5 ona long

Stal Kuso verso easissnsiae sate utetine Selesenstoaentene 436, tegrina.

Section II, Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from cell or

very shortly stalked) c..¢.:+scrar-cneeenssen-ns 465. teneiformis,

Genus SYNTOMIS.

Section I, Antenne of male bipectinate, of female serrate.

| A. Abdomen with crimson basal band.

a, Hindwing hyaline with the veins and

a black,

PL LOMS pWTGC) Meaundssenenseceeecne aeeeree 460. pectoralis.

a) uronsinlack locate tes-eatcatceccu cases a0 Mel TILORELCAC Os

b, Hindwing black ih nen heatine

spots between veins 2 and 5.......0. 461b, phenicozona.

B, Abdomen with orange bands,

a, Wings with the markings pale yellow ;

abdomen with two bands and lateral

SDOUSinccsedsecueecedtsenrs naecbonaans ssevee ADL. ochreipuncta.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 47

6. Wings with the markings hyaline ;

abdomen with seven bands in male,

SIX 1M female ........ccssccsrsesorsensserse 4020, ACLER.

SYNTOMIS PECTORALIS, Wlk, 1. 133 (1854).

Aydrusa basirufa, Swinh, Cat, Het, Mus, Oxon, p. 51 (1892),

Section Il. (Hydrusa) Antenne of male serrate, of female simple.

A, Abdomen with seven orange bands in male, six in female,

a, Forewing with the veins biack with orange streaks

below costa and on inner margin,

a’, Abdomen with the anal segment

black.......0 nonnooageneinococogsooncs « 425, diaphana.

b', Abdomen with the anal segment

Orange ADOVE......00- Sevcscasvit eeu baie:

6b. Forewing with the veins golden

Wallen? =cesndaeqnacboecduesceca Cecsanease 453. era,

e. Forewing without yellow streaks o... 440. huebneri.

B, Abdomen of male with six orange bands, 449. serrata.

425, SYNTOMIS DIAPHANA, insert (syn.) Syntomis vitreata, Herr.—Schaff.

aussereur Schmett., f. 267 (1855).

440, SYNTOMIS HUEBNERI, insert (syns.) Naclia cingulata, Wllgrn. Wien.

' Ent. Mon, iv, p.39 (1860), Buthisia sangaris, Wllgrn. Wien, Ent. Mon.,

vil, p. 139 (1863), Hydrusa pyrrhodera, Meyr, P, Linn, Soc. N. 8. W. (2), i.

p. 777 (1886), Syntomis frustulenta, Swinh, Cat. Het, Mus,, Oxon., p. 44 (1892),

Section III, (Syntomis). Antenne simple in hoth sexes,

A. Abdomen with the bands cupreous-red ......s00....000 - 442, passalis.

B. Abdomen with the bands orange,

a, Wings with the markings orange, not hyaline.

a*, Abdomen with an orange band on each

segment ... .... cesuinwagae ciseneaberccute a ieeraattenatis 441, wimberleyi.

61. Abdomen with orange basal patch and

band on Sth segment soc-..cereessecsssenccsscsesencee 4410, flaviquitata.

b, Wings with the markings mostly hyaline,

a’, Abdomen with an orange band on each

segment,

a?. Abdomen with the extremity orange,

5 Qea PH EOUST WHELChenrsesescaslaeeasedasasisncsrettass exe 434. vitrea,

63, Frons yellow, -

a*, Wings with yellow patches in inter-

spaces of terminal area ........ a eoreee ae 435. submarginalis.

b*, Wings without yellow patches on

terminal area,

a>, Wings yellowish hyaline.........sseves 432, sladeni.

6°, Wings hyaline white....scecseeroreree 433, grote.

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111,

c®, Frons black; antenne yellow............. adece

b?, Abdomen with the extremity black.

a*, Wings yellow hyaline.

a* Forewing with the terminal black band

dentate above vein 5 ; hindwing with

it not dentate at vein 2 ..........0.0:0+00

b* Forewing with the terminal black

band not dentate at vein 5 ; hindwing

with it dentate at vein 2...............00.

b°*, Wings hyaline white.

a* Forewing without black bar across

spbmedian interspace.

a>, Abdomen greenish-black ; forewing

without hyaline streak between

Veins 4 and 5....01...sseccesssssscneee oo

6°, Abdomen purplish-black ; forewing

with hyaline streak bewteen veins 4

HY 1G | Uap Aen sadandnl abba anbaaRcm coo OneCOG

b+ Forewing with black bar across sub-

median interspace.

a°, Frons orange.

a®, The hyaline patches occupying

most of wing; forewing with

elongate patches between veins 2

ENTIGN i) Aaemososocabnanboncenascnooomasadace

b°, The hyaline patches reduced to

spots ; forewing without spots

between veins 2 and 8 ......-.ereesee

B®. Frons black....cccecsecscesceeesocceeeceese

6}, Abdomen with five orange bands.

@?, Froms White ........02 sccseessscevenes ss seoneeniace

6?, Frons orange.

a°. Wings hyaline with the veins and margins

Waele eee weecisen ante sue ciecsoh sace serene oreeeences

b*, Wings black with hyaline patches .........

c!, Abdomen with four orange bands.

' @?, Frons, tegule, patagia, and patches on

LLoyd Ry OAT) aecBeaosoceoentanaoE coaboeD aa sonanncooons °

b?, Frons white ; tegule and patagia black

c?. Frons and patches on tegule and patagia

OVAUOO eaten veicc meee acres cea esasemeccens osecece

d', Abdomen with orange bands on Ist and 5th

segments,

437. chlorocera,

430, newara.

429. fervida.

424, mason.

426. melena.

438. luteifascia.

439, berinda,

443. formosa,

423. divisa.

compta.

peniuzonata,

427, albifrons.

422. quadrifascia-

ta.

421. flavifrons.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA,

a”. Abdomen with lateral orange spots between,

the bands.

a*, Forewing with yellowish hyaline

markings occupying the greater part

UWI Gecicetniee secs wave assctenl dentate teen semanc arr « 417, gelatina.

b*. Forewing with the hyaline markings not

yellowish.

a*, Forewing brown with oblique series of

hyaline markings between base of ;

inner margin and costa beyond middle 418. extensa,

b+, Forewing black with hyaline spots.

between veins 3 and 5,

a>, Tegule and patagia yellow ..........0. 420, khasiana.

5°, Tegule and patagia, black ....... save tO Vlerccia

b2. Abdomen without lateral orange spots.

o®, Neck with an orange ring.

a*. Colour black.

a°, Forewing with hyaline spot above

vein 6, the spots large ... ........+06 412. cyssea.

6°, Forewing without hyaline spot

above vein 6,aijl the spots much

reduced.

a°, Hindwing without spot above-

vein 2, the spot below the cell,

moderate and rounded............... 414. insucta,

6°. Hindwing with specks above vein

2, the spot below the cell narrow

and bar shaped’ ......... verteseceseeeee 416, albapen.

Os Ss Colour PLOW. s.1-c-ceaccccce essecsnsrcoees CLORGALG.

b?, Neck without an orange ring.

@', Metathorax with an orange-patch,

a°, Hindwing with the hyaline patcly

becoming bright orange on inner:

MATQID verveaser secscssenenceecssreesseaee 410; sperdius.

6°, Hindwing without orange on inner

MBLC’ ceccsreccese BRS aren svacenie « 403. hydatina.

b+. Metathorax without orange patch.

a°, Wings with the spots large, size:

WAUS Gece corgosscheenstecnmnecesccsemeh ae 411. bicincta ,

6°, Wings with the spots minute, size

smmalilbeeses SESE EEE ER ARC AA eo veree «413; minor,

e?, Abdomen with ventral yellow band on

HUES C OMA Gb waresoeesu cise eaweusts ccneeccseeeee 409, wunifascéa,

)

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XITEI.

SYNTOMIS FLAVIGUTTATA, Hn, sp. (PI. B, fig. 2.)

é. Blue-black; antennz white at tips; pectus with orange spots; abdo-

men with orange dorsal spot on Ist segment and a band on 5th segment.

Forewing with eliptical orange spot below base of ceil: a quadrate spot in

end of cell ; an oblique eliptical spot below vein 2, and spots above veins 3,

4and 6. Hindwing with orange patch below and beyond the cell extending

to near termen, its outer edge angled above vein 2,

Habitat—Chitral, Jhela Drosh (Capt. 8, W. Harris). : Exp. 28mm.

Type—In British Museum.

442, SYNTOMIS PASSALIS, insert (syn.) Syntomés latreéllii, Boisd., Mon. Zyg.,

p. 117, pl. 7, f. 5 (1829).

434, SyNTOMIS VITREA, insert (syn.) Syntomis polyzonaat, Hmpsn., Trans,

Ent, Soc,, 1895, p. 283.

424, ‘SYN'FOMIS MASONI, insert (syn.) Syntomis davidi, Pouj., Bull. Soc, Ent.

Fr., (6), iv, p. exxxvi (1885).

426, SYNTOMIS MEL&NA, insert (syn.) Syntomis andersoni, Moore, P. Z.S%.,

1871, p. 244, pl. 18, f. 1. Anderson’s researches in W. Yunnan, p. 926, p. 81,f. 4.

423a, SYNTOMIS Compra, Wlk. Char, Undescr, Het., p. 29 (1869), Hmpsn.,

Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., 1, p. 99, pl. v, f. 1.

&. Head and thorax black ; frons, tegulz, patagia and patches on thorax,

\pectus, and legs orange ; abdomen greenish-black with five orange bands ;

wings hyaline, the veins and margins black. Forewing with orange streaks

below costa and above inner margin ; the interspaces between veins 5 and 6

tn ; the terminal band expanding towards apex and slightly above vein 2.

indwing with the costa and inner margin orange; the terminal black

nd expanding towards apex and dentate below vein 2.

> ohiten Senin «ness, Gun 8° mm.

4236. SYNTOMIS PENTAZONATA, Hmpsn,, Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., 1, p. 99,

pl. 3, f. 27 (1898),

Black with a slight purple gloss ; frons, tegule and large spots on patagia

orange ; thorax with lateral orange spots ; antenne white at tips ; tarsi with

the ist joint white; abdomen with five orange bands. Forewing with

quadrate yellowish hyaline spot below base of cell ; an oblique patch below

vein 2, extending nearly to termen ; a spot above vein 6, and small spot above

7; two large spots between veins 3 and 5; cilia white below apex. MHuind-

wing with hyaline spot below the cell becoming orange towards inner margin ;

a postmedial spot between veins 2 and 5,

418a, SYNTOMIS ELONGATA, n. sp.

\ Habitat —Burma, N, Khyen Hills. zp, 39-36 mm,

;\ @. Grey-brown; frons and back of bead orange; antenne white at

tips ; tarsi with the 1st joint white ; abdomen with orange dorsal patch on

ist segment, and band on Sth. Forewing with quadrate hyaline spot in

end of cell; asmali spot below base of cell and bar-shaped spot below the

; Sr GF HAMPSON, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate i)

BC. Knight ad natdith. West, Newman chromo.

INDIAN MOTHS.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 51

middle of it; points above bases of veins 2,3 and 6; an orange spot on

termen just below apex.

Hindwing with small hyaline spot below the cell,

A specimen from Canara is much browner ; the hyaline spots larger,

especially those below the cell and above veins 2,3 and 6; hindwing with

small spot above base of vein 3,

Habitat.Canara (S. N. Ward); Travancore, Pirmdd, 3,500’ ft. (H. G.

Place), Hap.42 mm. TypeIn British Museum.

412, 415, SYNTOMIS CYSSEHA, insert (syns,) Zygena collaris, Fabr., Ent,

Syst. 3. 1, p. 388 (1793).

Syntomis cuprea, Prittw., Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxviii, p. 277 (1867),

410. SyNTOMIS athinsoni, insert Zyycena Sperbias, Fabr., Mant. Ins., II.,

p. 103 (1787).

EXPLANATION oF PLare B,

Pydna aurivittata,

Syntomis flavigutiata.

Ewproctis flavicosta,

Camptochilus furcifera,

Eublemma subangulate.

Ancare, viridipicta,

Agrotis deraiota,

Arbela wetsoni,

Zygene rubricoltis,

Drepana undulifera.

Althea obliquéfascia,

Cherocampa hyporhoda,

Macroglossa glaucoplaga,

Theretra velata, var, albomar=

gindta,

15,

16.

47, 18.

(Lo be vontinued,)

Spatalia laticostalis,

Triorbis aureovitia.

Metanastria fia & Q.

Leetia calamaréa.

Ichthyura transecta,

Evtornopena ran anae.

Artona flavipuncta,

Orgyia senica,

Camptochilus sinuosa,

Plotheia virescens,

Clisiocampa vulpes,

Cucullia poliorhiza,

LES FORMICIDES DE LVEMPIRE DES INDES

ET DE CEYLAN.

Par AvuGUSTE FOREL.

Pare Wil,

3me Sous Famille PONERIN®,

Tableau des Genres (chez l’ouvriere).*

Arétes frontales tres approchées entre elles, presque vertica-

les, ne recouvrant nullement l’insertion des antennes ; corps

plus ou moins cylindrique ; thorax convexe, sans sutures,

Pas de cerci chez le @. Segment post~pédiculaire de labdo-

MeN petit, TEsSeLe ...s.seevesseeecwees-assenneneaeesoewn MO CN@ pea ciizn) —ldat

Arétes frontales écartées ou rapprochées ; dans ce dernier cas

elles se dilatent en avant en une lame oblique ou horizon-

tale, recouvrant en partie linsertion des antenues, Tou-

jours des cerci chez le ¢ ............--.--- Popbicaadeeneostcenpazosedauas 1

i. Pédicule articulé au ler segment de l’abdomen proprement

dit suivant toute sa largeur et sa hauteur, Tibias pos-

térieurs munis de deux éperons.......... See nadsooc (Amblyoponii }—2

Pédicule en forme d’écaille ou de noeud, fortement resscré a

son articulation avec l'abdomen ............... Sactniiees uncanny 4

2, Funicule épaissi en massue vers lextrémité ... G. Myopopone—Roger.

Funicule filiforme. Mandibules allongées et ¢troites beaten eae 3

_ Mandibules plus ou moins élargies en spatule a Vextré-

TMCS Losses eteeoosaeacae nescence SoBANES BREA EAE eEtanG . G. Mystrium—Roger,

Mandibules plus ou moins pointues a Vextrémitée ... G, Amblyepone—

Erichson.

4, Mandibules linéaires, paralléles, articulées pres du milieu du

bord antérieur de la téte, armées a leur extemité parfois

dilatée, de deux ou trois grandes dents ..... (Odontomachi?) 5

Masdibules articulées vers les angles antéro-lateraux de la ~

EUG Sete soe ty. Paes cislsun ae hc etaaine ie wesiou teens sem ebe nul CEXOME Moan) 6

5, Fossettes antennaires confluentes enarricre. Pédicule sur-

monté au sommet d’une longue épine aigué ... G. Odontomachus—

Latr.

* Tout en le modifiant selon mes opinions, j'ai utilisé le tableau géncrique d’Emery(Annal,

ec.ent. belg., XL., 1896, p. 176,) restreint aux genres de l'Inde.

+ Ce groupe est placé par M. Emery dans Jes Dorylin@. Il mest impossible de me

ranger & cette opinion, malgré certaines affinités dont je ne disconviens pas. A mon avis les

caracteres dits biologiques ont autant de valeur que les caracteres dits morphologiques.

En réalité il n’y a pas de différence biologique sans difiérence morphologique correspon-

dante; seulement nous ne voyons ras toujours cette derniere, mais cela ne diminue en rien son

importance. Les Doryline sont un groupe biologique. Du reste leurs Q apteres et aveugle

sont certes un caraclere morphologique assez important.

LES FORMICIDES DE L' EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 53

10.

ile

13.

14,

15.

Fossettes antennaires non confluentes, Pédicule ordinaire-

ment en écaille ou en noeud ............... eee G. Anochetus—Mayr.

Tibias moyens courts, avec deux éperons simples; Tibias

postcrieurs avec un éperon pectiné et un éperon simple;

suture méso-métanotale nulle sur le dos.......... G. Centromyrmex-—

Mayr.

Hperons des tibias moyens conformés comme ceux des tibias

JO GIN EINGUUES 2c socoscocnegonebosornns Basoseeae SSUGOCERBEOSOSER ESHER ESC EREC CEE 7

Mandibules longues et étroites, fortement convergentes des

la base (lorsquelles sont fermées), puis paralleles, armées

en dessous d’une forte dent............... G. Harpegnathos—Jerdon.

Mandibules autrement conformées .............-++00: E ondnenoneeence 8

Ongleis pectinés. Epistome avancé en triangle. Mandibules

linéaires (8. G, Leptogenys s. str.) ou triangulaires (8. G.

Lobopelta, Mayr.) —...... «.- AREER CE BEBE na a . G. Leptogenys—Roger.

Onglets simples, dentés ou fendus....... 3 eeadioas atures sunecnumnasseas 9

EHpistome dentelé, Pronotum avec une proéminence ou dent

Gey chines GOUEY estar aa. te cigs noseeetmetwscs<=a G. Odontoponera—Mayr.

BMS COME VA UGLE MEM iY OMLONMO cde ae ce eeo see ee caee-neacea-eace aseeeee 10

ispistome plat, limité par une suture plus ou moins effacée,

Tegument mat et -couvert d’une pubescence pruineuse

OTISC.setee 5: Side wen eoeeean cateaeneas <i seine seoveeeee G, Plaiythyrea—Mayr,

Epistome limité en arriére par une suture nette .......0. ses « 11

Arétes frontales écartées, divergeant plutéten arritre. Une

épine aux hanches posteérieures ....... G, Ectatomma—Sm., (5. G.

Stictopcnera—Mayr.)

Arétes frontales cenvergeant en arriére et ordinairement trés

rapprochées lune. de l’autre a leur extrémité postérieure,

dilatées en lobe horizontal en avant ............0000 haptewsiuens ee 12

Pédicule armé en arriére de deux épines ou dents. Epistome

avance en avant en triangle ~........-,scccess+-s G. Diacamma—Mayr.

Pédicule inerme...........- necionr ime Gesenisenciueui sac tetesmewasutecsesenee 13

Epistome prolongé en lobe, pointe ou dent en avant, au milieu

G. Belonovelta—Mayr,

Hpistome Nene scercvceasecsaccecsccocere Sabo secboacbononenagbeI00 Sodenice 14

Cotés de la téte comprimés. Episternite des cétés du méso-

thorax séparé de Tépimérite par une suture marquée,

Occiput tronqué derriére...............06 G, Ectomomyrmex~ Mayr.

Cotés de la téte arrondis, non comprimés; épisternite du

méso-thorax non séparé de l’épimérite.........ceceecseesceses cog

Antennes sans massue distincte ....cccosescescsseoeees G. Ponera—Latr,

Antenmes a massue de 4 arbicles si.c..c0.s. sotccesssiecsearsccscersena 16

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1I,

16. Mandibules étroites, 4 bord terminal armé de cing dents... G.Crypea

topone— Emery,

Mandibules livéaires, armées de deux dents séparées 4 leur

bord interne, aigués et courbées 4 l’éxtrémite...... ws G, Myopias—

Roger,

17, Abdomen resséré entre chaque segment; pygidium impres-

sionné ou bifurqué ..........52...G. Sphinctomyrmec-—Mayr., (S. G.

Eusphinctus Em,

Abdomen resséré seulement aprés le segment post-pédiculaire. 18

113.) eAntennes de Olariicles es... +.-2sseesceee eee ad Sapoeners G. Oocerea—Rog,

Amtenneside 9, ilMon M2 canbtcles|cceas- ese eenese-ceeoenemser opeeeeas iL)

15, Pas d’yeux, Antennes de 9 articles, Massue d'un seul

article ......... Se sun aisanonoa¢ yoansensenscoscses hosnoaasaso G. Syscia—Roger,

Des yeux. Antennes de 11 ou de 12 articles. Massue de 2 ou

D ALLICIES © accovscestenaes SonoAESONa HonnBonnaoc Bagpondtanano.nsadcenbon Bag ell)

20, Yeux grandg, situés en avant des cotés de la téte...... G, Lioponera—

Mayr.

Yeux petits, au milieu, ou derricre le milieu des cétés de la

LETC. ...sa-c00e SSSBSEMO PSM ncecmnaric Mn tiedoctcasewueetowss » G, Cerapachys—Sm,

tére Trisu AMBLYOPONII.

ler Genre MyoporponeRoger,

M, castanea—Smith.

= M. rufula—Roger,

0). L. 9a 11 mill,” Jaractéres du genre. Mandibules étroites, dentées,

mais assez courtes, Epistome échancré, bidenté, Antennes de 12 articles,

Yeux trés petits. Mésonotum trés court, Onglets simples,

Luisante, d’un brun rougeatre, lisse avec des points grossiers dispersés,

raves sur abdomen. Quelques stries devant, sur les cétes de la téte, ainsi

que sur les cdtés du thorax et du pédicule,

Var. maculata, Roger, L. 8,5—9 mill. Une tache oblongue, jaune sur les

tibias médians et postérieurs, Couleur chatain, avec les pattes plus claires.

Ceylan (Simon), Ceylan, Nicobares (d’ap. Roger), Birmanie (Fea), ‘Thaung-

yin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham) Di

Q. L.14 mill, Occiput strié en long. Le pronotum dépasse devant le

mésonotum, et forme une partie du dos. Le mésonotum a devant deux sillons

convergents et derriére un sillon médian,;comme chez certains @. Ailes en-

fumées de brun roussdtre. Du reste comme la ie

2me Genre Mysrrium, Roger.

M, camille, Emery.

%. L, (sans les mandibules) 3,34 4,5 mill, Testavé, opaque. Téte et

thorax réticulés—ridés, Une pubescence composée de poils jaundatres,

LES FORMICIDES DE L'EMPIRE DES INDES ET DECEYLAN. 55

courbés et squamiformes est dispersée sur tout le corps, Les quatre derniers

articles des antennes légérement plus épas que les autres. Yeux tres petits,

Mandibules fort épaissies au bout,

Bham6, Birmanie (Fea),

3dme Genre AMBLYOPONE, Hrichson, ‘

Subgen, Stigmatomma, Roger.

Je ue puis trouver les caractéres indiqués par M, Emery (deux rangées de

dents aux mandibules ; téte mate et densément ponctuée) comme suffisants

pour rétablir le genre Stigmatomma, La S. Emeryi, Saunders, du Maroc a la

téte luisante, et les dents des mandibules sont tres variables. Les espéces

connues de l’Inde appartiennent toutes an 8. G. Stigmatomma, ayant deux

rangées de dents aux mandibules.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Yeux ayant plusde 100 facettes, L.8 mill ....... A, Rothneyi nov, sp.

MWeuxsayant deid5 4 A0riacettess. ...t.cstsesadecerosscesvcadevonssesteves 1

1, L. 3,3 mill, Sculpture plus grossiére, Pedicule mat, Angles

antérieurs de la téte non proéminents ............ A, Bellii, nov. sp.

L. 646,5 mill, Pédiculeluisant. Sculpture moins grossiére,

Angles antérieurs de la téte proéminents ......... A. Fee—Emery-

Liste des espéces du genre Amblycpone.

1, A. (Stigmatomma) Bellii, nov. spec.

oO L, 8,3 mill, Mandibules obliquement striées, terminées par une dent

lisse trés recourbée et trés longue. Sur la moitié terminale de leur bord interne

une double rangée de 5 46 dents recourbées en arri' 2, Vers la base des

dents obtuses. Téte presque carrée, aussi large que longue, a cdtés fort con-

vexes, avec les angles antérieurs 4 peine marqués, Palpes de 2 et 3 articles,

Deux dents proéminentes, une de chaque cété du dessous du bord antérieur

de la téte, Bord antérieur de l’épistome sans dentelures, droit, mais

imprimé derriére. Aire frontale trés étroite, élevée. Les yeux, situés en

arriére du milieu des cétés de la téte, ont de 35 a 40 facettes, Les scapes

dépassent a peine les 3/5 de la distance de leur racine au bord occipital, Ce

dernier un peu concave, Funicules lentement épaissis vers l’éxtrémité ; avant

dernier article plus large que long, ceux de la base plus longs que larges, les

auires aussi longs que larges.

Mésonotum petit et court, mais fort distinct, et non recouvert par le prono-

um, Suture méso-métanotale peu distincte. Le thorax fortement rétréci

au mésonotum. Face déclive du métanotum obliquement tronquée ; leg

cotés obtusément bordés ; en haut, elle n’est nullement bordée. Le noeud du

pédicule est distinctement transversal, légérement plus large que long,

Téte, thorax et pédicule mats, densément, irréguliérement et assez grossi-

érement réticulés ridés, avec de fines stries courtes et parfois de fines réticu-

lations au fond, Souvent un point piligére au fond des réticulations, Sur le

56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIT

pédicule et les cétés du thorax, les réticulations s’espacent et forment de

grosses fossettes espacées 4 point piligere au milieu. Premier segment

abdominal (apres le pédicule) mat devant, assez densément et irrégulicrement

ponctué ou réticulé-ponctué ; les autres lisses, luisants, a points piligeres.

Scapes densément ponctues, subopaques. Jambes luisantes, abondamment

ponctuées. Epistome stri¢c en long.

Pilosité dressée courte, fine, roussdtre, assez abondante partout,. plutét

oblique sur les tibias et sur les scapes, Pubescence fine, roussitre, assez

abondante partout, sans former nulle part de duvet,

Noire. Pattes, antennes, mandibules et extremité de VYabdomen brunes.

Extrémité des tarses et des mandibules roussatre.

Kanara (Bell).

2. A. (Stigmatomma) Rothneyi, nov. spec.

oS. L. 8,0 mill. Mandibules et antennes comme chez la Bellii, mais les

scapes sont un peu plus longs et les funicules un peu plus gréles, moins

épaissis vers l’extrémité. Téte rectangulaire, plus longue que large, 4 cétés

moins convexes, avec les angles antérieurs marqués, subdentiformes. Bord

occipital plus tranché, concave, Yeux plats, grands, ayant de 100 a 120

facettes, situés aux 3/5 postérieurs des cotés de la téte. Le bord antérieur de

lépistome est légerement convexe et trés indistinctement crénelé, imprimé

derriére. pote

Thorax comme chez la Bellii, mais la face déclive, tronquée du métanotum

ast distinctement bordée latéralement et subbordée en haut, sauf au milieu.

Vu de dessus, le pédicule est plus rétréeci derricre et aussi long que large ou

méme légerement plus long.

Epistome strié en long, Téte mate, densément et assez finement réticulée-

ridée, avec des fossettes espacces plus grossiéres portant un point piligere au

milieu. Thorax et pédicule subopaques, densément ponctués ou réticulés-

ponctués, un pen luisants dessus, Abdomen luisant, avec des points piligeres

épars, un peu plus abondants sur le ler segment, Scapes et pat:es ponctucs.

Pilosité et pubescence comme chez la Bellii, mais jaundtres, un peu plus

fines et un peu plus longues, Plus de poils aux tibias et aux scapes,

D’un brun noirdtre. Tous les bords artigulaires ou suturaux du corps

dun brun roussitre, Pattes, antennes, mandibules, lobe des arétes frontales

et extrémite de l’abdomen d’un rougeatre terne.

Barrackpore (Rothney).

Cette espéce se distingue surtout par ses grands yeux.

A, (Stigmatomma) Fea, Emery.

oO. Antennes 4 funicule 4 peine renfié. Angles antérieurs de la téte

proéminents, Bord antérieur de ]’épistome muni de 7 4 9 denticules, D’un

brun foncé ; téte et thorax mats, la premiere grossicrement réticulée, le

second densément ponctué. Abdomen ponctué, assez luisant,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DECEYLAN, 57

Je ne connais pas cette espéce, mais elle est plus petite que les précédentes

et differe de la Rothneyt par ses yeux de 35 facettes seulement et de la Bellii

par sa sculpture, sa taille, les angles de la téte, l’épistome, ete,

Carin, Axinii Ghecu, 1,400 41,500 metres, Birmanie (Fea).

Quelques ¢ trés probablement d’ Amblyopone ne peuvent élre honnétement

- w

décrits sans les 9 un les 9 correspondantes,

2gme Tripu ( DONTOMACHII,

4me Genre ODONTOMACHUS, Latr.

Tableau ds ouvriers.

Téte et thorax enticrement, densément et finement striés et

d’un mat soyeux. Bord interne des mandibules sans ou

presque sans denticules ; leurs dents apicales courtes et

fortes, la préapicale largement tronquée. Corps robuste.

Thorax faiblement échancré. Epine du noeud du pédicule

distincte de ce dernier. Occiput échancré, son sillon distinct,

TO alma ees cece ox arenes sensannssnnpencsconersrensccanes O, hematcdes, t,

Au moins locciput Iuisant. Sculpture plus grossiere (auf

chez une variété du monticola) et moins dense, Thorax plus

fortement échancré entre le mésovnotum et le métanotum,

Epine du pédicule sortant d’un rétrécissement insensible du

noeud, sans limite distincte, Bord interne des mandibules

Gen VOM Oy oy crtcsoenes gs tects cnounusseven aah tase sien: SE rno acer) eeaeeaae ell

1, Cdtés de la téte et de locciput luisants, finement chagrinés ; ce

dernier avec quelques rares stries. Derriere de l’occiput lisse,

Bord interne des mandibuies muni de 7 a 8 denticules,

inégaux. Dent préapicale large et largement tronquée, aussi

large que longue: les deux autres assez étroites. Occiput

échaneré, a sillon tres superficiel, Métanotum a stries

transversales trés grossiéres. Pronotum 8 stries circulaires,

D’un brun rougedtre foncé; thorax brun-noir; pattes,

antennes et mandibules d’un jaune rougedtre. L,114 12,5

Ta | eA a a ae sheocncrancendacnene Seo e br icqneddedoackosonos O. monticola,

Occiput lisse et luisant, sans ponctuation. Stries du thorax

faibles et fines, effacées sur la pronotum .......... O. monticola, Em, v

Longi—n, var.

Occiput trés lisse et tres luisant, Sillon occipital plus marque,

mais peu profond ....... Ge osaiancavem ohana aac tenace seen steaspelane ne

2. Plutdt robuste. L, 11412 mill, Occiput assez large, fortement

échancré, formant deux lobes distincts, avec de gros points

enfoncés épars. Mandibules avec 3 ou 4 denticules a leur

bord interne. Dent préapicale tres large et tres largement

tronquée, aussi large que longue; les deux autres assez

58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI/1-

étroites, Cdtés de la téte luisants, ‘avec de faibles réticula-

tions et stries effacées, aussi dans les fossettes laterales.

Thorax grossiérement et transversalement strié, Brunatre.

Pattes, antennes, joues et mandibules rougeatres... O. monticola--

Eny. r. punctulatus nov, st.

Gréle, L, 10 411, 5 mill. Scapes depassant l’occiput. Occiput

allongé, étroit, faiblement échancre, lisse et luisant (parfois

avec quelques stries effacées), Mandibules avec 5 ou 6 denti-

cules au bord interne, 4 dents apicales étroites et longues,

la préapicale tronquée, 2 ou 3 fois plus longue que large,

Gdtés de Ja téte lisses et luisants. Tibias tres amincis a leur

base. Thorax trés échancré. D’un roux jaunatre ; abdomen

jaune brunatre; pattes et antennes testacées,(Couleur Lrune.

VAL, ODSCUPION TOV. VAT.).csccaree-ccncenanree: 10 + coe bareeees .. O. rixosus, Sm.

Liste des espéces du Genre Odontomachus,

1. O.hematodes, L.

Madras (Rothney), Ceylon (Ris, Rothney, Yerbury), Cochin (Rothney),

Travancore (Ferguson),

2. O. monticola, Hmery.

Carin Ghect, Carin Ascinii Cheba, 600 4 1,400 métres (Fea).

Var. Longi, n, var. %. L.10410,5 mill, Couleur du rizosus de Sumatra,

d’un rouge jaundtre, avec abdomen d’un brun jaunatre. Occiput tout a

fait lisse et luisant, sans ponctuation. Mais il différe surtout du type par

es stries faibles et fines du thorax qui est luisant, Surledos du pronotum

les stries sont presqve effacées ; le milieu est luisant et presque lisse.

Assam et Garo Hills, Assam (Long).

O. monticola, Emery, r. punctulatus.

Race punctulatus, nov. st. xo} (voir tableau), Un peu plus petit que le monti-

colu typique, il en differe surtout par sa forte échancrure:occipitale qui divise

occiput en deux lobes fort distincis. Le sillon occipital est plus pro-

fond, La couleur est d’un brun plusfoncé, Du reste les dents des mandibules

et la forme générale, sauf pour l’occiput, sont bien celles du monticola.

Assam (Miss Pennington), .

4, O, rixosus, Sm.

Siam frontier (Fulton), Burmah (BingLam), Bangkok (Sigg).

Les exemplaires de Birmanie et de Siam sont plus foncés que ceux de

Sumatra et de Singapore, bruns et en général aussi plus petits Cv. obscurior, n. v).

5me Genre ANOCHETUS, Mayr.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Mandibules armées de deux longues dents apicales seulement 1

Mandibules armées de deux dents apicales et d’une troisieme

dent intermédiaire subapicale .............+. teereereereereereereeses 2

1, Pédicule conique ou avec une épine un peu obtuse, L, 6, 5

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DECEYLAN. 59

mill, Bord interne des mandibules avec 2 denticules... A. Niet-

neri—Roger.

Pédicule atténué au sommet, mais sans cOne. Bord interne

des mandibules avec 10 413 forts denticules. L.7a7,5

mill. (4 8 d’ap. Emery), Tibias et scapes plus poilus que

chez le Histz ..........0«. Sophosbe “coscbbed se: ogectoce A, princeps—Emery.

Pédicule conique, élevé, prolongé en dent ou épine mousse.

Bord interne des mandibules trés faiblement denticulé,

Dent subapicale des mandibules tres petite et située tres

pres de l’extrémité de la dent inf¢rieure......... A, Risit, nov. spec.

Pédicule squamiforme, sans trace de céne. Métanotum bi-

denté. Epistome convexe devant, non: échancré. Yeux

éloignés de la fossette antennaire. D’un jaune rougedatre.

D4: Shard Semler seweeeedlaeas sence weee A, longifossatus—Mayr.

Comme le précédent, mais les yeux trés petits (20 facettes) et

la téte fortement ponctuce..........2csceerc0c...000 A, myops—Emery,

Pédicule squamiforme sans trace decéne. Métanotuminerme. 3

Premier segment de l’abdomen (apres le pédicule) entiére-

ment lisse et luisant jusqu’d sa base, sauf les fins points

piligéres ordinaires Cispersés . ....cceave.ceerscscecseseeres eoiteceae ee

Premier segment de l’abdomen ayant au moins a sa base de

gros points enfoncés, rapprochés, quisont un peu en fosset-

tes et lui donnent un aspect inégalement sculpté............... 5

L, 5,545, 8 mill. LEcaille assez épaisse, presque aussi épaisse

au sommet qu’ala base. Cdtés de la téte jaundtre avec

une grande tache brune dans la fossette qui sépare l’ceil de

ancle tocetpitall vaccsecsse nacceeee terseceataneeec=- A. Madardszi—Mayr.

L. 646, 5 mill, Ecaille trés épaisse, allanten s’épaississant du —

sommet a la base ce qui luidonne un aspect légérement con-

ique de cété, Téte d’un rouge jaundtre uniforme comme le

thorax ; abdomen brun. A. Sedilloti—Emery, var. indicus, nov, var.

Yeux grands, un peu plus larges que la partie élargie des

Mand Wess cue. a sasecteca-denonses se ievscdduanacicace: coece aca. MO

Yeux plus petits, plus eon que ie partie ane ales mandi-

bules, Hcaille mince...... 7, A, punetiventris—Mayr, et ses races.

L, 7 mill, Téte, thorax, pédicule et premier segment de |’ab-

domen fortement sculptés et mats. LEcaille fort épaisse. A. orien-

talis—André, et var. kanariensis, nov. var.

L. 4,5 mill, Cdtés de la téte, occiput, vertex et écaille (sauf

quelques fines stries sur les cétés de cette derniére) lisses

et luisants, Ecaille mince ....... Bac tetat darcooae A, Yerburyi, nov. sp.

L. 3,6 43,8 mill, Thorax densément ponctué ou réticulé-

ponctue et subopaque, ridé transversalement sur la face

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X/1/.

déclive du métanotum. Abdomen luisant, Base du pre-

mier segment avec degros points enfoncés nombreux. D’un

rouge jaundtre. Pattes, antennes et mandibules testacées,

abdomen brundtre ..........000 ee A, punctiventris, i, sp., Mayr.

[L. 3,844 mill. Un peu plus gréle; métanotum plus étroit,

& face déclive un peu concave et bordée. Hecaille un peu

plus épaisse au sommet. Sculpture plus forte. Thorax

densément réticulé-ponctué et mat, Couleur plus foncée.

Nouvelle Guinée............... A, punctiventris, r. oceanicus—Emery. |

L, 44 4,5 mill, Plus robuste que la race oceanicus. Métano-

tum plus large et moins bordé, Heaille plus large, plus

épaisse en bas et plus mince en haut, ot elle est un peu

eourbée en avant. Sculpture du thorax trés dense et trés

grossiére ; sur le pronotum, devant, les réticulations sont

entremélées de rides arquées, concaves en arriére (c’est aussi

le cas chez Voceanicus). Les yeux sont situés sensiblement

en avant du milieu des cétés de la téte; chez Poceanicus a

DOIMENCreearectocecssene cos vee vere A, punctiventris, r, Taylors, nov. st,

L, 4,8 45,2 mill, Encore plus robuste, thorax plus large,

métanotum bordé ............see0e0 A, punctiveniris, r. rudis, Hmery.

Liste des espéces du Genre Anoghetus.

lL. A. Nietwert, Roger.

Ceylan (Nietner).

2. A, princeps, Emery.

Tcibodas, Java (Beccari); Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea).

3. A, Risii, nov. spec.

oe (voir tableau), Voisine du princeps, cette belle espéce en différe encore

par l’extrémité trés proéminente du bord interne des mandibules (avant les

dents apicales) : cette extrémité porte une forte dent courbée, dirigée en avant

et en dedans. En outre les yeux sont plus grands, l’occiput est moins pro-

fondément excavé et le mésonotum faiblement convexe, sans aréte (chez le

princeps ila devant une aréte transversale élevée). Pilosité dressée assez

éparse sur le corps, les pattes et les scapes. Front strié en long ; métanotum

grossicrement ridé en travers ; quelques vyagues rides sur le dos du mesono-

tum et le cou du pronotum. Tout le reste lisse et luisant, D’un rouge un

peu brunatre ; abdomen d’un jaune brunatre ; pattes, antennes et mandibules

testacces, Mandibules longues comme les ? de la téte.

Récolté par le Dr. F, Ris au Victoria Pic, pres de Hong Kong; nid sous

une pierre.

4, A. myops, Emery.

Palon, Birmanie (Fea).

C’est avec doute que j’ai intercalé dans le tableau cette espece qui m’est

inconnue en nature. Mayr n’en parle pas dans la description si détaillée de

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 61

son longifossatus,et Emery ne parle pas des caracteres de Il’épistome, des

fossettes antennaires et des arétes frontales qui distinguent le longifossatus.

Les differences des yeux et de la sculpture que j’ai cru pouvoir tirer des

descriptions sont peu stirs,

5. A. longifossatus, Mayr.

Filawewa, Ceylan (Madarasz),

6. A, Madardszi, Mayr.

@. L.4 mill. ; longueur d’une antenne 3,5 mill., d’une aile aussi3,5 mill.

Mandibules rudimentaires, sans dents, formant un petit triangle dont la

pointe est dirigée droit en avant, et qui ne peuvent se croiser au milieu,

étant trop courtes, Premier article du funicule globuleux. Les yeux

occupent a peu pres tout lecdté dela téte. Bord postérieur de la téte droit,

Thorax robuste, plus large que la téte, avec deux siJlons couvergents au

mésonotum et un scutellum proéminent. Métanotum formant une seule

convexité médiocre. Le pédicule forme, vu de cdté, un petit cdne bas et

obtus. Valvules génitales extérieures longues et étroites.

Téte et thorax fortement ponctués et subopaques ; métanotum rugueux,

Abdomen et pédicule luisants, 4 points piligéres. Pilosité courte et médio-

cre; pattes et scapes sans poils dressés, D’un noir un peu brundtre sur les

cotés du thorax. Abdomen brun, avec le bord des segments jaundtre,

Patties et antennes d’un jaune brundatre sale. Ailes hyalines, finement

pubescentes,

Orissa (Taylor), Kanara, Q @ (Bell), Kalawewa, Ceylan (Madarisz),

7. A, Sedilloti, Emery.

_ Tunisie, pres de Gabes (Sédillot),

Var. indicus nov. var. 0. Un peu plus grand que le type (6,246, 5 mill.),

Suture méso-métanotale plus obsolete que chez le type. Un peu moins

pubescent que le Sedilloti de Tunisie, et ‘de couleur un peu plus claire,

La sculpture de la téte, en particulier la ponctuation, est aussi encore un peu

plus faible. L’écaille est un peu moins amincie en haut (moins en cOne, vue

de cdté). Toutes ces différences sont trop faibles pour constituer autre chose

qu’une variété locale.

Q. L.7mill. Ocelles trés petits. Pronotum plus long que le mésonotum,

Ce dernier petit, presque plan, bordé de deux carénes qui convergent en

arriére, Métanotum subcubique, ridé en travers. Pronotum en partie strié

et ponctué; mésonotum mat irréguliérement ponctué, Ailes subhyalines,

Du reste comme l’ouvriére.

6. L.4,545 mill, Tout a fait semblable au @ du J/adardszi, mais le

mésonotum n’a pas de sillons convergents, Pédicule un peu plus haut,

Valvules génitales plus grosses. D’un noir brunatre; derriére de l’abdomen

brun, Patties et antennes testacées, Les ailes hyalines et glabres ont les

nervures et la tache marginale assez pales; elles ont deux cellules cubitales

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

et uve cellule radiale fermée (ce quin’est pas visible sur les exemplaires a

ailes chiffonnées du Madaraszz),

Bombay, Poona 2. Q (Wroughton), Coonoor (Daly), Guzerath (Wrough-

ton), Bhavnagar et Vehar Lake, prés de Bombay (Rothney), Ahmedcagar,

roe Q, 3 (Pater Heim), Karwar, Kanara (Aitken).

8. A. orientalis, André.

Cochinchine (d’apres André).

R. A. kanariensis, nov. st.

9. L, 64 6,7 mill, Téte, thorax et pédicule entierement mats (peu

luisants chez Vorientalis), Une pilosité dressée d’un jaune roussatre abondam-

ment et également répartie sur toutle corps, les antennes et les pattes (chez

Vorientalis elle est blanchatre, tres oblique et presque nulle sur la téte et

Pextrvemité de labdomen), Téte densément striée-ridée ; les stries divergent

en arriére et leur intervalle est réticulé-ponctue. Thorax densément, forte-

ment et irrégulitrement réticulé rugueux ainsi que le pédicule etles %

antérieurs du ler segment abdominal. Quelques rides en outre sur la face

déclive et les cdtés du métanotum. Le tiers postérieur du ler segment

abdominal est strié en long chez certains exemplaires (Kanara), plutét ponctué

et luisant chez d’autres (Madras), Le reste de abdomen est lisse, luisant et

ponctué, Chez Vorientalis typique le thorax (sauf le pronotum rugueux) est

ridé, Lr’écaille, fort épaisse, aussi épaisse en haut qu’en bas, est légerement,

mais distinctement avancée (acuminée) ason bord supérieur antérieur ; la

pointe mousse que forme ainsi ce bord est dirigée en avant. (André

n'indique rien de semblable pour Vorientalis).

D’un brun noirdtre ; mandibules, antennes, pattes, joues, épistome et arétes

frontales rougeatres. Hanches et cuisses brunes chez les exemplaires de

Madras. Chez les exemplaires de Kanara, le thorax, Vécaille, les hanches et

les cuisses sont rougedtres.

Les exemplaires de Madras constituent une variéte (obscwrior) un peu

différente et plus grande (6,5 46,7 mill.), tandis que ceux de Kanara n’ont

guere plus de 6 mill.

Kanara (Wroughton) ; Madras (Rothney, var. obscurior).

9. A, Yerburyi, nov. sp.

ion Ressemble beaucoup ala race Taylort du punctiventris, mais en differe

par ses grands yeux, sa taille un peu plus svelte et sa sculpture plus faible.

Chez le Taylori les articles 3 46 du funicules sont a peine plus longs que

larges, chez le Yerburyi 1% fois plus longs que larges. Les scapes atteignent

ou dépassent un peu le bord occipital. Le thorax est rugueux (irréguliére-

ment réticulé), avec quelques rides concaves en arriére, devant le pronotum ;

métanotum ridé en travers. Ucaille mince, lisse et luisante, base du ler

segment abdominal avec de gros points ou fossettes abondantes, mais lisse

dans leurs intervalles. Sur le corps une pilosité courte, médiocrement

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLA N. 63

abondante, d’un jaune roussitre. Tuibias et scapes sans poils dressés.

Mandibules longues comme un peu plus de la moitié de la téte, sans dente-

lures 4 leur bord interne. Dent subapicale moyenne. D’un brun de poix;

thorax parfois d’un brun roussdtre, Téte d’un jaune rougedtre, Antennes,

mandibules et pattes testacées,

Ceylan (Yerbury, Madarasz),

10. A. punctiventris, i, sp., Mayr.

@. L.4 mill. Thorax large. Pronotum aussi long que le mésonotum ; tous

deux luisants et abondamment ponctués. Le mésonotum a deux carénes

latérales convergeant en arricre. Scutellum lisse et Inisant. Métanotum

fortement ridé en travers. Kcaille échancrée au sommet, Ailes manquent,

Calcutta et Nuddea District (Rothney), Calicut (Rothney), Orissa 9

(Taylor), Barrackpore (Rothney), et Ahmednagar (Pater Heim),

Race. A. Taylori, nov. st.

iO, Forme un passage entre le punctiventris et en particulier sa race

oceanicus de Nouvelle Guinée et le rudis. La couleur varie du brun foncé au

rouge jaundtre ou brunatre. Les pattes, les antennes et les mandibules

demeurant d’un jaune sale. Bord interne des mandibules inerme, tranchant,

Taille et aspect du Yerburyi, la téte étant ordinairement plus claire, comme

chez ce dernier. Ecaille souvent un peu échancrée ausommet, Voir du

reste le tableau.

Coonoor {exemplaires foncés), Belgaum et Poona (exemplaires clairs)

récolté aux trois endroits par M. Wroughton,

: Race, A. rudis, Emery.

M. Emery a déji soupgonné avec raison que cette forme pourrait

n’étre qu’vne race du punctiventris. Le fait est maintenant hors de doute, le

Taylori constituant le passage.

Mandalay, Birmanie (Fea).

3me Trisu HARPEGNATHII.

6me Genre HARPEGNATHOS, Jerdon,

é)

= Drepanognathus, Smith.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

L, 18 mill, Téte et abdomen noirdtres, Thorax et pattes

roussAtres (d’apres Jerdon) ................csceees HAZ. salitator—Jerdon.

L. 16418 mill, Entierement d’un noir brunatre, avec les

mandibules, ’épistome (sauf une tache brune au milieu), les

arétes frontales, les funicules, les deux extrémités des scapes,

les segments postérieurs de l’abdomen, les pattes (sauf une

bande ou ligne brune longitudinale de chaque cété des

cuisses et des tibias) d’un testacé plus ou moins jaundtre

ou rougedtre. Abdomen wat, densément et trés finement

réticulé-ponctue, Sur son ler segment, en outre, de

grosses fossettes allongées. Articles 3 A 7 du funicule

moins de 3 fois plus longs que larges.........,,... ff, venator—Smith,

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1I1.

L. 14, 5 a 17 mill. D’un roux ferrugineux clair, avec

VYabdomen brun, les pattes, les antennes et les mandibules

testacées, Abdomen lisse et luisant, avec de gros points

enfoncés sur son ler segment, dont la base est en ontre

finement réticulée. Articles 347 des funicules plus de 3

fOls pluswones quMerlantesmesasas eens eee HZ, cruentatus—Smith,

Chez les trois espéces, la téte, le thorax et le pedicule sont

profondément et grossierement réticulés-ponctués,

Liste des espéces du genre Harpegnathos.

1. 4, saltator, Jerdon,

Malabar, Tellicherry ct Mysore (d’aprés Jerdon), Comme cette espéce

n’a jamais été retrouvée depuis Jerdon et que cette région est précisément

celle d’oti Vou recoit le H. cruentatus, Sm., j’incline fortement 4 penser

que les deux espéces sont synonymes et que Jerdon aura décrit un exemplaire

dont la téte était particvliérement foncée.

I] faut cependant attendre un plus ample matériel pour trancher définitive-

ment la question. Si j’ai raison, l’espéce devra prendre le nom de Jerdon,

2. A. venator, Smith,

= H, rugosus, Mayr (var).

Q. Identique A la description que Mayr donne de son A, rugosus, et

identique A4louvriere. Mais le ler segment abdominal a de longues fossettes

au lieu des rugosités indiquées par Mayr. Ocelles vers le milieu de la téte,

Yeux atteignant les articulations mandibulaires, Pronotum assez grand,

prenant sur le dos du thorax autant de place.que le mésonotum qui est petit,

L, 18 & 20 mill. |

&. Ailes avec 2 & 3 cellules cubitales, deux cellules discoidales et une

cellule radiale fermée, Mandibules assez rudimentaires, Antennes longnes,

filiformes, avec le ler article du funicule court, aussi large que long,

Epistome grand, en trapéze. Aire frontale trés grande, triangulaire, Les

antennes sout insérées derriere l’aire frontale, 4 céte des arétes frontales

qui sont trés courtes, trés rapprochées et situées tout-a-fait derriére I’aire

frontale. Mésonotum avec deux forts sillons convergents, Palpes maxillaires

d’au moins cing longs articles. Pygidium terminé en longue pointe aigué,

Les caractéres précédents sont ceuw du genre et sont tirés en partie du

cruentatus & (pour les ailes spécialement).

L. 10 mill, Mandibules larges 4 la base, puis se terminant en une pointe

assez longue, gréle, étroite, atrophiée, dirigée en avant. Téte en rectangle

arrondi, plus large que longue. Yeux plutét moins gros que chez la Q.

Devant le scutellum, entre lui et le mésonotum, une concavité courte, bordée

de deux arétes et fortement striée au fond, Lisse et luisant, sauf le thorax

qui est grossiérement rugueux, ponctué ou ridé (en long sur le métanotum),

Sur la téte quelques rides trés éparses, surtout derriere les ocelles, ou des

rides plus fortes font deux petites arétes longitudinales. Une pilosité fine

ei jaundtre abondante sur les pattes, moins abondante ailleurs, Peu de

LES FORMICIDES DE L*EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 65

pubescence, Le ler segment de l’abdomen proprement dit est pyriforme

et forme presque comme, un 2me noeud de pédicule ; l’abdomen est un peu

resséré aprés le segmen} suivant! Pris avec les 9 et la Q.

Thorax et pédicule d’un noir brundtre, Téte et ler segment pyriforme

de l’abdomen proprement dit d’un rouge jaundtre. Reste de l’abdomen d’un

jaune un peu rougeatre. Pattes et antennes d’un testacé trés pale,

Dehra Dun, oo &@ (Smythies), Khasia Hills, Assam, or &, 2 (Smyihies),

Assam (Lindgren), Madras (d’aprés Smith),

Var. rugosus, Mayr. Mayr a decrit sous le nom de H, rugosus une Y sans

ailes de Hong Kong dont la description correspond 4 tous égards, méme dans

les plus fins details de couleur, aux Q d’H, venator que je posséde, mais le

premier segment de l’abdomen a des rugosités au lieu de fossettes allongées,

Comme ces deux genres de sculpture passent souvent de l’un 4 l’autre en cet

endroit, je considere le H. rugosus comme simple variété du H, venator.

3. H. cruentatus, Smith,

©. Différe de la Q du venator par les mémes caractéres que l’ouvriere

(voir tableau). L,17 mill, Ailes manquent. Thorax comme chez le venator

©. Une Q de Ceylan a une tache ferrugineuse sur le ler segment de l’abdo-

men proprement dit. L’autre de Travancore est au contraire plus foncée.

&. (caracteres génériques, voir venator @). L. 9,5 mill, Mandibules

tres courtes, rudimentaires, en triangle assez large, sans pointe prolongée,

Téte aussi longue que large, fortement rétrécie derriere les yeux et allant

en se rétrécissant jusju’ & Varticulation occipitale. Concavité devant le

scutellum plus courte et plus large que chez le venator, Face déclive

du métanotum fortement bordée d’une aréte (faiblement chez venator),

Premier segment de l’abdomen proprement dit aprés le pédicule, pyriforme,

allongé, comme chez le venator, mais pas de rétrécissement apres le segment

suivant, Une petite carene médiane derriére l’occiput,

Lisse et luisant. Métanotum, pédicule (A noeud allongé comme chez le

venator et Youvriere) et une partie des cdtés du mésonotum grossiérement

rugueux (réticuiés ou ponctués ), Quelques fossettes ou rides vagues et

éparses sur le reste du thorax. Pilosité comme chez le venator. D’un roux

brimatre ; pédicule plus fonce. Abdomen brun. Patteg et antennes d’un

testace trés pale. Ailes hyalines 4 nervures et tache marginale fort pAles,

Poona (Wroughton), Kanara (Bell, avec une araignée mimétique, le

Salticus plataloides, Cambr.), Travancore (Ferguson), Ceylan, ¢:(Yerbury),

Ceylan Q (Sarrasins freres), Hong Kong (d’apres Smith),

Je ne crois pas faire erreur en rapportant ce @ au cruentatus. Je doute

par contre de la patrie “ Hong Kong” indiquée par Smith qui indique tout a

cété Madras pour le venator. Tous les venator que j’ ai regus venaient du nord

et des régions montagneuses et tous les cruentatus du sudet de louest. Smith

n/aurait-il pas transposé la patrie des deux espéces ?

(To be continued.)

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID 4 OF CHYLON.

By E. Eryest Green, F.E.S., GoverNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST.

WITH PLATES A-—G.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th

January, 1899.)

Since the publication of the first part of my work on the “‘ Coccipm oF

CEYLON,” new species have come to light, belonging to genera already dealt

with in that earlier part. I propose to notice these additions in a series of

supplementary papers to be published, from time to time, in the Journal of

the Bombay Natural History Society.

Before commencing a description of the newly discovered species, I wish

to draw attention to my earlier remarks on the preparation of specimens for

the microscope, (vide “ Coccide of Ceylon,” Part I,p. 11), I have there advocat-

ed the use of glycerine media in the place of canada balsam. Later experience

shows several serious disadvantages attending the use of glycerine in any form.

Slides mounted and sealed in England, when taken to Ceylon, were completely

spoiled. The contents of the cells expanded and burst their bonds ; the

medium exuding over the slide and collecting dust and dirt, from which it is

impossible to free the mount without injury to the specimen, the cover glass

being now quite loose. A further disadvantage is that the stain will not

remain fixed in this medium, but is gradually dissipated, leaving the object

practically colourless. _My present plan, which I have found entirely

satisfactory, is to stain the object deeply, in an aqueous solution of Weigert’s

Fuchsin (acid) : destain to required intensity in alcohol : remove the object to

Oil of Cloves, which arrests any further loss of stain, The object is now

mounted in canada balsam, the colour counteracting the high diffractive

effect of this medium. When once the balsam is dry the slides can be

repeatedly cleaned without fear of shifting either the object or the cover

glass,

A question of etymology may be also briefly noted here, The late

Mr, W. M. Maskell, shortly tefere his regrettable death, remarked to me

that the construction of the terms CoNCHASPIN® and DIaspINZ was wrong,

He held that the roots being CHONCHAsPIs and Diaspis the derivatives should

be CHONCHASPIDINS! and DIAsPIDIN®, respectively. The distinction may

appear to be purely academical, but a proper grammatical formation of the

terms used in nomenclature should always be considered,

Genus ASPIDIOTUS.

ASPIDIOTUS TRILOBITIFORMIS, Green, (PI. A, fig. 1.)

Male puparium smaller and narrower than that of the female. Colour

clear brown to brownish-white: usually situated on upper surface of leaf,

Length 2mm,

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID4 OF CEYLON, 67

Adult male (emerged 26th October) pale creamy white, tinged with lilac :

head fuscous : notal plates fulvous : apodema reddish. Form normal, Ter-

minal joint of antenna with 3 knobbed hairs, 1 at apex and 2 at side, Foo:

with 4 digitules. Genital sheath dilated at extremity (fig. 1).

.The ordinary food plant of the species proves to be MNothopegia

Colebrookiana,

M, D’E. de Charmoy has recently described what I can only consider to

be a variety of trilobitéformis, under the name of Asp. darutyi, (‘Revue Agri-

cole’, July, 1898), It occurs on‘ Mango’ in Mauritius. The only appreciable

difference is in the colour of the female puparium which is almost pure

white,

ASPIDIOTUS THE, Mask,, var, RHODODENDRI, n, var. (PI. A, figs. 2, 3),

Asp, thee Mask, ‘Ind Mus, Notes,’ Vol. II, p. 59,

Asp, thee, ‘“ Trans, N, Z. Instit.” 1891, p. 1.

Asp. thee, Do, Wo, 1892, p. 207,

Female puparium very dark chocolate-‘rown, almost black, but concealed

_ by a greyish coating composed of the tomentose hairs of the leaf upon

which it rests, Form approximately circular, the outline often affected

by a prominent vein of the leaf ; flattish. -Pellicles thin, yellowish, usually

quite concealed. Secretionary part stout, compact and hard, Diameter

2°50mm.

Male puparium whitish, median area tinged with brown. Pellicle yellow.

Form oblong, rather narrow aud elongate. Pellicle close to anterior extre-

mity. Length 1°82 mm, Breadth 0°75mm.,

' Adult female (fig. 2) with a well defined transverse furrow behind the

prothoracic segment, Form oblong : median area (mes - and ineta-thorax)

broadest. Division of segments defined by transverse thickened lines,

Margin rather deeply incised at junction of segments, Body hard, chiti-

nous and polished, retaininy its shape after death, On the cephalic area

are several indefinite irregularly circular translucent patches besides

some thickened bands, Anterior spiracles with conspicuous group of para-

stigmatic glands, Pygidium (fig. 3) with a reticulated median dorsal patch

with clearly defined boundaries, Numerous conspicuous oval dorsal pores,

with thickened rims, in irregular series, Eight,prominent lobes ——as in thee :

the median pair broad, indistinctly notched near the extremity of both

inner and outer edges : other lobes very narrow, spatulate, the fourth pair

notched on the outer edge. Squames narrow : each with three points at

extremity: extending as far aslobes: situated in the space between the

lobes only, none outside the last lobe. Circumgenital glands in four crowded

groups with numerous orifices, the upper groups largest. Anal aperture

' very small, situated at lower extremity of reticulated patch.

Length 1°25 to 1°7i5mm, Breadth 1:0 to 1:°25mm,

Adult male not observed,

68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Habitat.—On leaves of Rhododendron arboreum, Nuwara Eliya. The

male scales forming conspicuous spots on the dark green smooth upper

surface of the leaf. Female scales situated in the angles formed by the

midrib and lateral veins: often completely concealed beneath the tomentose

hairs of the leaf.

The variety rhododendri differs from tipical thee principally in the nature of

the puparium, which, in the present form, is stouter, flatter, and of a deeper

colour, Also in its habitat, thee occurring on the stems and twigs of the

plant, while rhododendri is found only on the leaves. It differs from

trilobitiformis in the much stouter and darker puparium : in the form

of the adult female, (being broader and less pointed posteriorly) : and in

the proportionate size of the lobes, In érilobitiformis the lateral lobes

are not much smaller than the median pair: while, in both typical thee

and var. rhododendri, the median lobes are very broad and the lateral lobes

very rarrow. In all three forms there are normally 8 distinct lobes

(3 lateral lobes on each side of the median pair ). In Prof. Cockerell’s

drawing of trilobitiformis (“San Jose Scale and its nearest Allies,’ U.. 8.

Depart. of Agric., Div. of Entom., Tech, Series, No. 6, p. 11) the outer

lateral lobes are omitted. These particular lobes are rather fragile, and in

many examples are more or less broken,

ASPIDIOTUS DICTYOSPERMI, Morg., var, ARECH, Newst. (PI. A, fig. 4.)

Asp. dictyospermi, Morg., ““ Ent, Mo. Mag.” Aug, 1889, p. 352.

Diasp. pinnulifera, Mask., ‘ Tran, N. Z. Instit.,”” 1890, p. 4.

Asp, dictyospermi, var, arece, Newst., “ Ent. Mo, Mag.,” Aug. 1893, p. 185.

Female puparium pale reddish-brown or orange-brown : circular : almost

flat : exuviee subcentral, first pellicle with a circumscribed raised median

area bearing a central boss and raised ring which, in fresh specimens, are

covered with white waxy matter : ventral scale represented only by a thin

film which remains attached to the plant, Length 1 to 1°87mm.

Adult female pale yellow: of normal form: spiracles without parastig-

matic glands, Pygidium rather pointed; with six lobes, median pair largest,

second and third pairs decreasing in size, all of same form, apex rounded,

inner edge longest, outer edge with a small notch ( fig. 4). Squames small,

with irregularly fimbriate extremities. Immediately beyond the outer lobes

are two (sometimes three ) marginal prominences, each bearing a cons-

picuous narrow lancedlate process serrated on:its outer edge, besides a long

spine-like point : a third marginal prominence usually bears two long serrated

points, There are ten club-shaped incrassations, one from the inner edge of

each lobe, one from the outeredge of the median lobes, and one half-way

between the second and third lobes. Conspicuous oval pores on the dorsal

surface, in definite linear series, two series on each side. Circumgenital

glands in four groups, with few orifices ; upper laterals usually 4, and lower

laterals 2 only. Length about 1 mm,

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID OF CEYLON, 69

Male(either scale or adult insect )not observed in Ceylon. Newstead describes

the male scale as being of the same colour and structure as that of the female.

Habitat.—In Ceylon, on Cycas revoluta ( Kandy ): on stems of cultivated

rose trees, on leaves of ‘ Kina; Calophyllum sp. ( Pundaluoya): and on

Ivy leaves (Watagoda),.

This species can be readily distinguished from all others by the remarkable

lanceolate processes on the margin of the pygidium, which however are not

easily seen except in a stained preparation,

The type was described by Morgan from Demerara, The variety arece

was received by Mr. Newstead from the same locality. The species occurs

also in India, on the Tea plant.

ASPIDIOTUS FICUS.

I am informed that the specific name should be accredited to Ashmead,

( instead of to Comstock, as quoted in Part I of the “Coccide of Ceylon’’),

At the time of publication of my earlier part, the male scale of this species

had not been observed in Ceylon, I have since found it abundantly on leaves

of Rhododendron arboreum in Nuwara Eliya,

ASPIDIOTUS ORIENTALIS, Newstead.

Asp. osbeckie, Green, *‘ Coccide of Ceylon,” Part I,p. 47, pl. VII.

I now believe that the insect to which I gave the name of osbeckie is

identical with A. orientalis, described by Mr. Newstead from Madras ( Indian

Museum Notes, Vol. III, No. 5}.

I have since found the same species on the stems of Atylosia candollii

in Pundaluoya.

ASPIDIOTUS TRANSPARENS, Green,

Asp. transparens, Green ( part ), “ Catalogue of Coccide,” Indian Museum

Notes, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1896. ,

Ex-error, A. latanice, Sign,, ‘‘ Coccide of Ceylon,” 1896, p. 49.

There has unfortunately beena double mistake in my determination of

this insect, which has creatly confused the nomenclature,

Firstly I confused two distinct species (transparens and destructor) under

the one name. And secondly I re-determined the (two) insects as latanie

of Signoret. Ihave since been enabled to examine type specimens of

Signoret’s latanie, which has convinced me that the Ceylonese form is quite

distinct, It will therefore revert to one of its earlier names, The name

transparens was originally applied by me ( ‘‘ Insect Pests of the Tea Plant”)

to the species occurring on Tea, which I now find to be identical with the

destructor of Signoret. But in my “Catalogue of Coccide”’ the insect now

under consideration was included under the name transparens, which name

may therefore be conveniently retained.

The description of the supposed lataniw inmy “ Coccide of Ceylon ”

was drawn up chiefly from the present species : but the yellow variety of

the male, represented on Pl, VIII, is that of destructor,

wt’

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

The following corrections for typical transparens may be noted, -

The median lobes are scarcely tricuspid ; but are usually notched on the

outer edge only, though there is sometimes a slight emargination on the inner

edge close to the extremity, The median are as long as or slightly longer

than the lateral lobes.

There are a few very inconspicuous dorsal pores, communicating with some

of the filiform spinneret ducts, The squames and spines are as in destructor

though the dorsal spine at base of median lobes is not quite so lowe:

as in that species.

Habitat.—On Dalbergia championii, on Mesa indica, and on several un-

identified plants.

ASPIDIOTUS DESTRUCTOR, Signoret, (PI. B, fig. 5.)

Asp, destructor, Sign, “ Essai,’ 1869, p. 129, (94),

Do. wg Tide Museum eee ay Vol. III, No. 1, pp. 7, 67.

Asp. transparens, Green, “ Insect Pests of the Tea Plant,” 1890, p. 20,

Do. ( part ), “ Catalogue of Coccide,’ Indian Museum Notes,

Vol. IV, No. 1, 1896.

Asp, latanice, Sign. (part), “ Coccide of Ceylon,” 1896, p. 49.

Upon a re-examination of the material described in my ‘‘Coccide of

Ceylon,” Part I, uuder the name of Asp. latanie, Sign.,it becomes evident

that two distinct species have been included under the one name. By external

examination alone the two insects are indistinguishable : and even the

microscopical characters do not, at first sight, show any wide divergence.

But the two forms may be separated by the size of the median lobes,

which in destructor aresmall and conspicuously shorter than the first lateral

lobes : while in transparens, (for by this name the second species must

now be known ), the median lobes are larger ani project beyond the

others.

As destructor has not previously been recognised from Ceylon, a detailed

description of the species is appended.

Female puparium very pale yellowish, almost colourless : transparent,

showing the form of the sublying insect and eggs, Pellicles very pale clear

yellow. Form circular: very flat : smooth, or very finely wrinkled in a

radiating direction, Diameter of scale averaging 1°75 mm.

Male puparium similar to that of the female, but smaller and more oval.

Size 1x 0°75 mm.

Adult female rounded in auone tapering and pointed behind. Body

flattish, Colour pale yellow: margin of pygidium tinged with rufous,

Antenna consisting of the usual small tubercle and curved hair, Spiracles

without parastigmatic glands, Pygidinm (fig 5.) with six lobes, the median

pair shortest and dark coloured, All the lobes rather narrow, notched on

the outer edge : the two lateral lobes constricted at base and situated on

the marginal prominences. Squames longer than the lobes, fimbriate : 2

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID4 OF CEYLON, iW

between the median, 2 lateral of the median, 3 lateral of the second, and

about 7 lateral of the third lobe on each side: these last rather broad,

sloping and fimbriate on their outer edge, Spines in the usual positions :

the dorsal spine immediately lateral of the median lobes very long, project-

ing beyond the squames : the others quite small. Spinneret ducts numerous

and conspicuous, both filiform and trumpet-shaped : some opening directly

on to the margin, others by rather inconspicuous oval dorsal pores. Circum-

genital glands in four groups, Examination of a long series, from different

plants, shows the upper laterals to average 9 (with a range of 6 to 14) : lower

laterals 5 (ranging from 3 to 9), The upper laterals have always the larger

number of orifices, In one abnormal example the glands were broken up

into ten distinct groups in Such a manner that it was impossible to assign

them to their normal positions, Occasionally an isolated orifice stands in the

position of a median group, and in one instance a distinct group of 4 was

observed in the median place, Anal aperture distant from margin by about

three times its longer diameter. Total length averaging 0°75 mm, Adult

male of normal form. Bright yellow, with reddish apodema. Foot with 2

digitules (1 onclaw and 1 on tarsus), Terminal joint of antenna with 3

knobbed hairs (1 at apex and 2 at side), Length 0°75 mm.

Habitat.—On numerous shrubs and plants, including Tea, Pepper, Alocasia:

Psychotria : Manihot sp, (Ceara Rubber) : Loranthus: Mesa indica, &e, Alto-

gether a very widespre:d species, almost omnivorous.

ASPIDIOTUS EXCISUS, Green,

Occurs also on a species of Jpomea, in the Rambukkana district,

ASPIDIOTUS AURANTIT, Maskell.

This species seems to me to be distinctly on the increase. I have lately

seen orange and lime trees very badly infested by this pest. It also affects

the stems of cultivated roses, both in Ceylon and India.

ASPIDIOTUS CAMELLIA, Signoret,

Found also commonly on Grevillea and “ Sappoo ” (MVichelia champaca).

ASPIDIOTUS CYDONI&, Comstock,

Iam now, after examination of type specimens from the Vienna Museum,

of opinion that the Ceylonese examples previously assigned by me to cydonic,

are the true latanie of Signoret. Ihave stated my reasons for this opinion

in a recent number of the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ (No, 116,

second series, August, 1859). It is possible that the American examples of

cydonie may also eventually be referred to latanie,

Genus ODONASPIS, Cockerell.

ODONASPIS INUSITATUS, Green.

Taken also on Bamboo in the Udagama district, October, 1898,

Prof. Cockerell has proposed the name Odonaspis,as a subgenus of

Aspidiotus, for several species so far confined to various kinds of bamboo,

usually concealed beneath the leaf-sheaths or actually embedded amongst

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

the tissues of the plant. Iam inclined, with Prof, Cockerell, to consider

that the characters of the group are of a nature to warrant generic rank.

The structure of the puparium conforms to that of Aspidiotus, though the

male scale is usvally rather more elongate, with the pellicle quite at the

anterior extremity. The female has often a horny derm, the margin of the

pygidium being particularly dense, There are no squames and, instead of

the normal lobes, there are usually chitinous expansions of the margin.

The adult male has not yet been observed.

The genus at present contains secretus, Ckll,, inusitatus, Green, and

bambusarum, Ckll. I have now to adda fourth species, also occurring on

bamboo,

ODONASPIS CANALICULATUS, n. sp. (PI. B, figs, 6,7, 8, and Pl. C, fig. 9.)

Female puparium (fig. 6) very dense and compact: irregularly circular:

black : pellicles yellowish, the second often concealed beneath the black

secretionary layer. From the surface proceed numerous curling white

filaments, which give to the scale a slightly hoary appearance. Diameter

1°50 to 1°75 mm.

Male puparium (fig. 7) elongate : outline often sinuous : both pellicle and

secretionary area black, the pellicle situated at anterior margin Length

150 mm, Breadth 0°50 mm.

Adult female of normal form: broadest across metathorax, .

Early adult (fig. 8) pale yellow, with reddish pygidium. Older examples

more uniformly suffused with reddish-fulvous, and strongly chitinised,

Spiracles each with a crowded group of parastigmatic glands. Segments

well defined. Pygidium (fig. 9) without definite lobes, but with a

continuous irregularly serrate or dentate chitinous expansion of the

margin. A broad median cleft, and deep indentations at the junctions of

the suppressed segments, The marginal expansion is marked off from the

body of the pygidium by a narrow denser zone which follows the outline

and extends inwards at the junctions of the segments, Squames absent, A

fine but rather long spine, situated dorsally, on each side of the median cleft,

Other spines at intervals, placed ventrally. From the median cleft proceeds

a conspicuous cylindrical canal, extending upwards almost to the centre of

the pygidium, where it terminates in a brush of small tubular ducts. No

cirsumgenital glands, Both surfaces closely dotted with minute circular

pores with thickened rims. Anal aperture near the base of the pygidium.

Length 1 t0 150mm. Breadth 0°87 to 1mm.

Adult male unknown,

Habitat.—Concealed beneath the sheathing bracts at base of branches of

various kinds of bamboo. Pundaluoya: Nuwara Eliya, This species is well

marked by the median canal opening on to the extremity of the pygidium:

a character which I have not seen in any other member of the subfamily, and

which had suggested the specific name of the insect.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCC{D4 OF CEYLON, 73

Genus AONIDIA.

AONIDIA BULLATA, Green.

In my original description of the female puparium, I suggested that the

first (or larval) pellicle is probably dislodged during the globular development,

of the anterior part of the scale. Examination of further material shows

that this actually takes place. The early female scale is very similar to the

male puparium : but the white secretionary area is more extended behind.

After the moult, the globular expansion of the anterior parts of the insect

raises the larval scale and finally dislodges it completely.

Adult male pale lilac, head darker: meso and meta-notal plates and legs

pale fulvous :apodema reddish-brown. Form broad and depressed: gene

widely expanded : genital sheath nearly half length of body, Antenne 10-

jointed : half length of body : 10th joint with one terminal and one lateral

knobbed hair,

Foot with 4 digitules.

The food-plant of the species proves tobe Nothopegia Colebrookiana,

Since the publication of the first part of the “‘Coccide of Ceylon” five

more species belonging to this section have been discovered: all of them new

to science.

AONIDIA SPATULATA, n,sp. (PI. C, Figs. 10, 11,12, 13.)

Female puparium (fig. 10) hemispherical, consisting chiefly of the enlarged

second pellicle, which completely encloses the adult insect. Median area

exposed, castaneous-brown or blackish-brown, highly polished: marginal

area broadly covered with pale reddish-yellow secretion. First pellicle

usually missing in fully developed examples : in the earlier stages (fig, 11) it

can often be found still partially attached. Diameter 0°75 mm.

Male scale (fig. 12) circular: flattish : pellicle central, Colour reddish-

yellow, pellicle pale clear yellow. Diameter equal to that of female, 0°75 mm,

Adult female much smaller than in previous stage, completely concealed

within the second pellicle. Outline almost circular. Anterior parts rather

dense, Mouth large and conspicuous,

Extremity of pygidium (fig. 13) truncate, as in bullata. Lobes eight : the

median pair represented by narrow chitinous bands on the margin; 2nd,

3rd and 4th pairs bluntly conical, Between the lobes are some remarkable

spatulate processes, dilated at the extremity : 2 betwe n the median lobes, 2

lateral of the median, and 3 lateral of each of the other lobes, the outermost

ones usually bi-capitate. No circumgenital glands, | ength 0°50 mm.

Adult male not observed,

Habitat—On.upper surface of leaves of Psychotria thwait-sii ; Pundaluoya,

A very small and inconspicuous species, but quite unique in the remarkable

marginal characters of the pygidium.

Mr. Newstead has suggested the name Gymnuspis for a new genus to con-

tain his G. echmew and my Aonidia bullatu: founding the separation from

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Aonidia on the absence of the larval pellicle and superposed secretion, I am

not quite convinced of the necessity for this separation. ‘The species discrib-

ed above forms a link between typical Aonidia and Gymnaspis, I consider

that the absence of the larval pellicle is an accident due merely to the hemis-

pherical form of the second pellicle, combined with its highly polished surface,

which offers no hold to the larval skin, The absence of a secretionary area

is no doubt partly due to the same causes. There is originally a complete

layer of the usual secretionary matter, which is subsequently ruptured by the

upward development of the second pellicle, and may gradually fall away. In

the case of spatulatu the secretion persists as a broad marginal zone, The

characters of the several species of Aonidia,—especially as represented in

Ceylon ,—are so varied that a subgenus might almest be created for each one,

At present, as their number is still so small, and as they are undoubtedly

united by general structure, they may be conveniently included in the ori-

ginal genus.

AONIDIA CRENULATA, n. sp. (PI. D, Figs.. 14, 15.)

Female puparium (fig. 14) circular, moderately convex.

Dull pale reddish oc yellowish-brown, with darker zones caused by the

transmitted colour of the sublying pellicle. First pellicle elevated, sub-central ;

yellow, median area blackish. Second pellicle almost completely occupying

the puparium, castaneous-brown, concealed beneath the fulvous secretionary

covering. Above the posterior extremity is a distinct pale semilunar mark,

rendered more conspicuous by a blackish suffusion immediately above it. This

mark might be supposed to define the position of the pygidium of the second

pellicle, but does not in reality correspond with it. A similar false pygidium

is noticeable in the puparium of Parlatoria aonidiformis. Diameter 1 mm.

Male puparium similar in size and colour to that of female, but flatter and

slightly oval.

Adult female creamy white, tinged with lilac in older examples: irregu-

larly circular. The pygidium, in advanced stage, withdrawn into the abdo-

minal region : the extremity without true lobes, but with a series of remark-

able floriated processes, 12 on ‘each side (fig. 15), corresponding to the dilated

processes in spatulata, There are small chitinous thickenings of the margin

at the base of some of the processes (about 3 on each side) that may perhaps

represent the suppressed lobes, Total length of insect about 0°50 mm,

Adult male not known,

The extremity of the second pellicle resembles that of an adult Parlatoria,

with broad fimbriate squames and semilunar pores between the lobes.

Habitat:—On upper surface of leaves of Memecylon umbellatum, in the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, near Kandy.

AONIDIA MESUA, n, sp. (Pl, D, Figs. 16, 17, 18),

Female puparium (fig.16) circular: reddish-brown, with a paler zone

marking the position of the: second pellicle : secretionary area covering and

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII. Plate A.

{ gj Fes

e ) ‘2 » | fi

wy fi"

¢ ‘

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sty

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.

Tig. 4.

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THE COCCIDA OF CEYLON.

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Plate B.

Fig. 7.

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FIG. 6,

Fig. 5.

THE COCCIDA OF CEYLON:

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII. Plate C.

hs 2

wn i /

| AN ws ly

5 a

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THE COCCIDA OF CEYLON.

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

Piate D.

Fig. 18

Fig. 17.

Fic. 14.

Fie. 15.

THE COCCIDA OF CEYLON.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID OF CEYLON, 1%5

extending beyond the second pellicle. First pellicle exposed, blackish, strong-

ly convex, subcentral. Second pellicle completely enclosing the adult insect,

with a median convex area corresponding with the position of the larval pel-

licle. Extremity of second pellicle with six distinct chitinous lobes followed

by about five irregular marginal prominences,and from 3 to 5 stout spiniform

Squames in each interlobular space. Diameter of second pellicle 1 mm.

Diameter of complete puparium 1°25 mm,

Male puparium similar in size and form to that of the female, but without

the pale zone.

Adult female (fig, 17 ) of normal form, somewhat laterally expanded. .An-

tenna consisting of the usual tubercle, with one very small and one longish

stout hair. Mouth parts large and conspicuous, situated close to the anterior

margiv. Spiracles without parastigmatic glands, The body usually contains

two large embryos, Margin of abdominal segments fringed with longish

pointed processes, each bearing on its summit a short tooth-like spine. Pygi-

dium ( fig, 18 ) prominent, rather sharply triangular: margin very irregular,

It is difficult to determine which, if any, of the prominences constitute the -

true lobes, only two of them being constant in form and position, namely a

lareve wedge-shaped process on each side, situated about half-way between the

. apex and the base. The anal aperture, enclosed in a conspicuous chitinous

plate. is situated at a considerable distance above the genital opening.

Length 0°60 mm. Breadth 0°75 mm.

Adult male not observed,

Habitat.—On the upper surface of leaves of the ‘Iron-wood Tree’ (Mesua

ferrea), in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. The puparia of both

sexes are intermingled and placed in a single row along cach side of the mid-

rib of the leaf,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES A, B,C, D.

PLATE A—

Fig. 1. Aspidiotus trilobitiforms ; genital sheath of adult male.

2. Aspidiotus thee, var. rhododendri ; adult female, ventral view,

See aes i af ;pygidium of adult female

dorsal view.

4, Aspidiotus dictyospermi, var. arece ; pygidium of adult female

dorsal view.

? ?

” ?

PLATE B—

Fig. 5. Aspidiotus destructor ; pygidium of adult female, dersal view.

.6, Odonaspis canaliculatus ; female puparium,

Pe o Py ; male puparium,

wd: - Bs ; early adult female, ventral view,

”?

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Prate C—

Fig. 9. Odonaspis canaliculatus ; pygidium of adult female, dorsal view.

10, Aonidia spatulata ; female puparium,

”

Penlilt: in a ; puparium of early adult female, showing first

pellicle,

ele 4 ah ; male puparium, 2

Buel a. ee . ; pygidium of adult female, ventral view.

Piate D—

Fig. 14. Aonidia crenulata ; female puparium.

eel oe i “ ; pygidium of adult female, ventral view.

» 16. <Aonidia mesuce ; female puparium,

Riel 55 » 3 adult female, ventral view.

yy ilter PS » 3Pygidium of adult female.

(To be continued.)

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dupagnon, F.z.s.

Wira Nores sy H. J. Euwas, F.z5s., ¢.n8., &C.,

AND

Appitions By Sir Grorce F. Hameson, Banr., B.a., F.E.S., &C.

Part VII.

With Plate II.

(Continued from page 658 of Volume XII.)

Family THYRIDIDA.

Genus App.#Aa, WIk.

762. <A. trimeronalis, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Two specimens of this curious little species were

taken by me at Punkabaree at light. It has hitherto only been pro-

cured in South India, Ceylon, and ‘New Guinea. My specimens were

obtained in September and December.

Genus STricLina, Guen.

763. S. scetaria, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. A common species. A large

form is found in both localities which has a straight dark brown erect

line from the upper third of the oblique line on the forewing to the

outer angle ; this form is considerably larger than the ordinary one, one

specimen in my collection. measuring 43 mm. It occurs from May to

August,

764. S. glareola, Feld.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 4,000 feet. Equally common, occurring from

May to August. This was named S. decussata, Moore, in the “ Moths of

India,” but Sir George Hampson has recently pointed out that Ase S

name has precedence.

Genus Dixoa, Hmpsn.

705. D. albatalis, Swinh.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. One specimen of this was obtained by me at

light at Fagoo in September ; superficially it is somewhat similar to

A. multipunctata, Moore, but the striations are finer and closer, and the

forewing has veins 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked.

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Genus RHODONEURA, Guen.

766. R. obliqualis, Warr.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000—7,000 feet. Not common. I have seen

it settled on leaves in the day time below Pasheteng and Richila, and

have taken it in September and October. (The female, which is

apparently undescribed, is larger than the male, and has rusty mark-

ings on the hindwing.—H. J. E.)

766a. BR. mollis, Warr.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have one specimen taken in the latter

locality in May.

; 767. R. acactusalis, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. The typical form, which is

ochreous-white with the nervules on the exterior portion of both wings

salmon-coloured and the medial and sub-basal areas irrorated with

velvety black or brown, is rarer than the white and pink form which

has no trace of the dark markings, and has the pink striations on the

underside of the hindwing differently disposed. Of the former I have

only two specimens which I took at light in May and August, one in

Sikhim and the other in Bhutan. The pink form (R. strigatula, Felder)

seems to me to be distinct, and occurs rather more frequently in May,

July, August, and September. Mr, Elwes remarks that the two insects

seem distinct, and that the pink form was separated in his collection by

Snellen. :

768. &. multépunctata, Warr.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-- 3,000 feet. This species is extremely

variable in the position of the markings, especially on the hindwing.

I have one female measuring 46 millim. which has the sub-marginal

row of dots obsolete and the post-medial row of striations double,

forming a chain-like band. I have taken it from May to August.

771. BR. nevina, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,009 feet. Much less common than the last.

I have taken it in September, October, and November. (I took this at

Rissoom, 6,400 feet, in August.—H. J. E.)

773. BR. bastialis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet. A common species attracted

to light. My specimens were obtained in May, June, July, October,

November, and December.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 99

773a. BR. polygraphalis, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 2,500 feet. At the beginning of the

rains this delicate little insect may be seen in numbers sitting on the

upper surface of leaves with its wings outspread and its legs thrown

forward so as to raise its forewings completely off the leaf surface, It

occurs in June and July. Mr. Bell has sent me a specimen from

Kanara, which is exactly like the Sikhim specimens in my collec-

tion.

773b. A. argentalis, W1k.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I obtained one specimen of this distinctly

marked species in September, which I described as a new species, but

which Sir George Hampson recognised as FR. argentalis,

774, R. myrsusalis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. Specimens vary with regard

to the number of hyaline spots on the forewing. I have taken it in

March, May, June, July, and August.

775, R. myrtea, Drury.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800:-—2,500 feet. Rather scarce. Occurs in

June and Septereber. I have not seen the form /enestrata, Moore.

(A specimen in my collection, so named by Sir George Hampson, is

from Kurseong, Charlton.—H. J. E.)

778. R. nitens, Butl.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I obtained one specimen in September at

light. Mr. Bell has sent me one also from Kanara, which is exactly

similar,

779. BR. pallida, Butl. .

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 8,000 feet. I have taken only four speci-

mens of this species in June, July, and September at light.

780. R. glaphyralis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet up. I imagine that the elevation

at which this insect is most prevalent is about 4,000 fee’, but my speci-

mens were obtained at 2,500 feet in Bhutan. It is very distinct, being

of a bronzy colour with pale yellowish patches on both wings. My

specimens I took at light in August and September.

780a. R. atristrigulalis, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. The type of this was taken by me at light, and is

now in the British Museum collection,

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

781. &. exusta, Butl.

Sikhim, I do not know this species. (A single specimen from

Miller’s collection is so named by Sir George Hampson.—Z. J. L.)

782. R. emblicalis, Moore.

Sikhim ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only obtained this on two

occasions. A specimen in my collection was taken at light in July,

Dr. Pilcher obtained it at 2,000 feet in October.

782a. R. furcifer, Ampsn., Jour. Bo. Nat. His. Soc. (ined.)

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Two specimens taken at Punkabaree at light in

June. Sir George Hampson says that the specimen I sent him for

examination is exactly similar to ones from Bhutan, Bali, and Queens-

land, in the British Museum collection.

786. R. reticulata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000--7,000 feet. This is a common species,

especially at the higher elevations. It is extremely variable in the

markings of the forewing. My specimens were obtained at light in

May, June, and August. (I took this at Darjeeling in July. Two

specimens ex. coll, Moller named eatensa, Warr., 2 name which

I do not find in Sir G. Hampson’s catalogue, seem to be differ t.—-

Hed:

787. &. fasciata, Moore.

Sikhim. I do not know this. Notin British Museum. (A single

specimen from Méller in my collection was so identified by Snellen

and agrees fairly well with Moore’s figure.—H. J. E.)

789, FR. alternata, Moore.

Sikhim (Atkinson). I have not seen a specimen. (I have two which

agree with the types in Moore's collection —Z. J. E.)

790. &. oligosticha, Umpsn.

Sikhim. I cannot make out this species, though what I have identi-

fied as Ft. subcostalis may be referable to it. (1 have only one speci-

men of this, the type not in perfect condition. I think it may bea

variety of the last or perhaps of the next which I have only from

the Khasias. Anyhow, these :hree species seem very nearly allied.

Hi. J. H.)

791. A. subcostalis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have one specimen taken in June, which I think may be

this species,

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 81

795. R. striativena, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. I have taken three of this

species at 'eht in April and May.

797a. KR. intimalis, Moore.

Sikhim. I took one specimen ut Punkabaree, 1,800 feet, in January.

Dr. Pilcher’s specimers in the British Museum were taken at 2,000

feet in July and Octoter. The fore and hind wings are strongly excised

below their apices.

798. A. rufareta, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took this species at light

in June and July.

799. BR. hypoxantha, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have never seen this alive, but I believe that it is obtained

in the lower valleys near Singla. Native collectors often bring in a

good many. My specimens were obtained in July and August, (I

have never taken it, but have specimens from Modller’s native collectors,

dated April_— H. J. F.)

800. A. trestis, Hmpsn.

Sikhii . Ido not recognise this. (This species, which, like the last,

has differently shaped wings from typical Rhodoneura, is certainly a

distinct species. It must be fairly common, though probably very local,

as I have seven specimens from Médller’s collection without date or

exact loeality.---H. J. F.)

Genus HypoLtamprus, Hmpsn.

801. H. munda, Warr.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This is placed in the last section of Rhodo-

neura in the “ Moths of India,” but the neuration shows that it belongs

to this genus; vein 8 and 9 of the forewing being stalked. The

antenn of the male are Lipectinate, and the costal margin of the fore-

wing is slightly excised. I have eight specimens taken by me at

Punkabaree at light in July, August, September, and October.

802. HA. striatalis, Swinh.

Bhutan, 2,500—3,000 feet. I took two specimens at light in May

and August at Fagoo.

803. H. ohscuralis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 fect. Three specimens taken at light at Punkabaree

in May, June, and July.

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11,

804. H. lobulatus, Moore.

Sikhim. Ido not know this species. (I have one specimen taken

by myself at Rangiroon, about 5,000 feet, in July, which Snellen has

identified with Moore’s figure and two others from the Khasias, which

agree with it. Hither the figure in Lep. Atk,, pt. 7, fig. 12, is a very

bad one, or I have a different species which is very distinct from any-

thing else in my collection.—Z. J. F).

804a. Hi. fimbriatus, Warr.

Sikhim. I obtained one specimen in August which is now in the

British Museum.

806. H. subrosealis, Leech.

Sikhim, 1,809 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. [took two specimens of

this, one at each of the above localities in June.

807. HH. angulalis, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Hight specimens which |

took at light at both localities in May, June, August, and Sepember. Ii

has the cilia of both wings pure white at the excisions.

Genus CamApDENA, Moore.

809. C. vespertilionts, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet up. I have only taken this species

on two occasions ; one in my ¢oltection, a male, was procured in July at

light. The female is much browner than the male. (Two specimens

from Méller’s collection are dated 26th May, evidently it is a rare msect

in Sikhim.—H. J. LE.) ; :

Genus CamprocuHiLus, I{mpsn.

761. C. reticulatum, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet up. I have taken five specimens at this elevaticn

in April, July, September, and October, and have one specimen from

Dr. Pilcher’s collection taken at 2,000 feet in August.

Genus HerponrA, Wk.

HA. osacesalis, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—4,000 feet. There are two very distinet

forms of this species found in Sikhim, which I can hardly persuade

myself are one species. Sir George Hampson, however, assures me

that intermediate forms occur in China and elsewhere. The typical

form which is not the one figured in “ Moths of India,” acccrding te Sir

George Hampson, is a large insect expanding as much as 55 n.m.,

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUIAN. 89

the forewing has all the brown markings which are present in the

other form replaced by pale buff ones and the apex pure white, the

hindwing with the sub-basal bands parallel to the medial and postmedial

ones, not curved. The other form, which is the one figured, is a smaller

insect (my largest measures 38 mm.) with the forewing distinctly marked

with reddish-brown and the apex darker brown. The hindwing has tho

sub-basal band extending down the anal margin towards the medial

band nearly meeting it, and the postmedial band distinctly curved. The

antenne of the male are pectinated on one side only, and vein 10

of the forewing is present. | have nine of the large form and six of

the small one, all taken at lightin May, June, July, August, and

September.

Genus Dysopra, Clemens.

8il. WD. ignita, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,600—4,000 feet. Occurs commonly trom

April to August. The male has a long erectile white fan-tuft arising

from the origin of the hind tibia and extending the whole length of the

same ; the lower extremity of the tibia hasa short dark brown tuft,

Out of 12 specimens in my collection, this is the only male, apparently,

as none of the others have similar white erectile tufts on the hind tibix.

812. LD. viridatrix, Wik. |

Sikhin. I have only seen this in Dr. Pilcher’s collection. It is

probably rare, (I have two from Sikhim which appear to be quite

distinct trom Bangalore specimens and agree fairly with the description

of Mutelia siccifolta, Moore, the type of which is in Dr, Standinger’s

collection.— A. J. E.)

$13. D. albifurca, Hmpen,

Sikkim, Ido not know this. (A small distinct species of which I

have two only, the types, from Moller’s collection.—/. J. Hi.)

Genus Gianycus, W1k.

$14. G. insolstus, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Rare at low elevations. I have twice taker,

it myself during the day, once at Badamtam and once at Fagoo in

May.

815. G. tricolor, Moore,

Sikhim. I have only one in my collection without date. Nir George

Hampson and Mr, Elwes regard this as the male of G. insolitus, WI1k.,

84 JUURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol Xi1t.

in spite of tieir great difference in appearance. This will probably turn

out t9 be the casa when further observation has been made,

Genus Hvyperruyris, Leech.

816. H. aperta, Leech.

Sikhim. TI have not obtained this. (The only two specimens I have

ever seen from Sikhim were taken by Moller’s native collectors in

May.— ZH. J. FE.)

Genus Herrimpa, Moore.

691. HA. atkinsonii, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. A day-flying insect, occurring in May and

September. (I never took it in Sikhim,where it must be local, but

have specimens from Vernardmyo, in Upper Burma, taken at about

§,000 feet.—~-H. J. E.)

DUD GEON, Journal. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate IL

West, Newman, chromo.

New or little known Heterocera from Sikhim & Bhutan.

THE

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN

EXPLANATION OF Prats II.

Cacyparis prunifera, Swinhoe, g, +.

Leovyma pilchert, Hampson, @, +.

Bryophila excurvata, Hampson, &

Erastria nivenguitata, Dudgeon, @ ,

Bryophila obliquifascia, Hampson, 6,

Perciana fuscobrunnea, Hampson, ¢,

Perciana rectilineata, Hampson, ¢ , +.

Erastria distigmata, Hampson, @ , +.

Eurois chaleochlora, \ampson, +.

5) ae

. .

Lithosia chrysophleps, Hampson, , +.

Nola latiitiata, Moore, @ ,

Thosea nostornata, Dudgeon, +.

Selca ruficosta, Hampson, Q, +.

Miltochrista melanolena, Hampson, @ , 1.

Miltochrista mgriradiata, Hampson, ‘9 , 3.

Mimeusemia basalis, Walker, 9 , var. +.

Macrobrochis metaxantha, Hempsou, @

ELuprottis flavicosta, Hampson, ¢, t.

Selca nigra, Hampson, &, +.

Oreta olivacea, Dudgeon, 4, +.

Nola nyrisparso, Hampson, 9. 3.

Melanographia tympanistis, Hampson, 3,

Prodenia synstictis, Hampson, ¢, +.

Nola tenebrosa, Hampson, @, ;.

Nola junctilineata, Hampson, Q, 2.

Nola microphasma, Butler, g, 2.

Nola marginata, Vampson, 6, 3.

Nola laticincta, Hampson, 2, 3.

Dialithoptera gemmata, Hampson, @, 3.

Pisara semiuyra, Hampson, 6, ;-

Pisara mediozonata, Hampson, g,

Pisara argentescens, Hampson, & , 3.

Pisara argentisparsa, Hampson, @, =.

9 ie

P<) OS od

NOTES ON SOMALILAND.

By Caprain P, Z, Cox.

Part, I,

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th January, 1900.)

“ On y revient toujours ! We come with hearts grown fouder,

‘¢ Back to the life which each of us loves best,”

Thus did the students in ‘“ The Artist’s Model” apostrophize their old

Studio in the Quartier Latin ; and it was with sentiments very much akin

to theirs that I contemplated the pleasant prospect of returning to Somali-

land once more.

It is difficult to say exactly what there is about “ The Horn of Africa,’

as it has been sometimes called, which seems to endow it with such a

peculiar charm for all who have once made its intimate acquaintance, In

the first place, no doubt, a man is generally attracted thither by the glowing

reports of some friend of the Big Game shooting to be had there, but the

mere acquisition of duplicate shikar-trophies is hardly sufficient to account

for sportsmen returning there time after time when they might be equally

well exploring fresh fields. It is not, I think, that Somaliland possesses any

one particalar attribute unshared by other localities ; more probably it is the

sum-total of its qualities as a country to sojourn in, which makes it so attrac-

tive--its perfect climate, once the traveller is quit of the arid maritime plain ;

the undeniable comforts of camel transport ;the cheery character of the

native ; and last but not least, the infinite variety of animal life and scenery

which is ever present to the vision, Kashmir and the Himalayas generally,

T always used to think, were hard to beat ; there you have the scenery and

the climate, but the eyes may have to rest content with scenery un-

adulterated for days together ; animal life is not in evidence to the same

extent and in the same variety as it isin Somaliland.

‘he Natural History of the country was,I imagine, originally held to

lie within the “‘ sphere of influence ” of this Journal, partly because, as an

offshoot of the Aden Agency, the Protectorate appertained to the Bombay

Presidency for administrative purposes, and partly no doubt, as being a

favourite hunting resort for sportsmen from India—many of them members

of our Society. é

The first of these reasons cannot be said to exist any longer, for the

Bombay Presidency and the Somali Protectorate have recently severed

their anomalous official connection, and the political infant, somewhat forlorn

and badly nourished hitherto—the natural result, perhaps, of being put out

to nurse at birth, has now thrown off the cloak of her Cinderella childhood

and has been called upon by the maternal Government in London to figure

among her sister Protectorates of the African Continent as a self-supporting

term in our vast Imperial system.

NOTES GN SOMALILAND. 87

The second, and more sentimertal reason, lam happy to say, still exists,

and so long as Somaliland survives as a hunting-ground for Indian shikaris,

I trust that no apology is needed for presuming that she retains her position

within the pale of the Society’s interest, at any rate by courtesy, if no

longer of right. It is in this belief that I venture to record the following

imoressions dealing with the present conditions of sport and the experiences

of a recent expedition, in the hope that they wili not be unwelcome to

readers of the Journal who have shot in the Protectorate in days gone’ by

or contemplate doing so in the near future,

To one who had known the country and the people intimately a few

years ago, alike in the jungle and at the ports, the return to old haunts

and fa siliar faces had a peculiar interest, and one was naturally quick to

notice the changes which the march of time and civilization and the advent

of a new régime had wrought in the aspect of affairs generally. Changes

there were many, but it is only my province here to touch upon such as

have a!fected the conditions of sport, or the character and habits of the

Somali—more especially the class from which followers for hunting ex-

peditions are usually recruited,

In former days, when the stream of sportsmen was not quite so continuous

‘as it,is now, intending visitors used generally to enlist the good offices of

the British officials on the coast in arranging for the purchase of camels, or

for the disbursement of funds, as required, to the “ chef de caravan”

deputed to undertake it. This form of assistance was readily accorded

in time past, but latterly the ever increasing influx of shikari parties

has made even such friendly help too great a tax upon the officials’ time,

and the Administration has consequently found it necessary to inform

inquirers that it can no longer be afforded. Mahomed Hindi, too, the

worthy old Hindustani merchant at Berbera, who was always ready to

undertake any odd jobs in the way of agency for sportsmen, has recently

joined the majority, and at present the traveller who contemplates an

expedition and has not a reliable man of his own acquaintance on the spot,

must entrust his preliminary bundobast to that enterprising Aden firm,

Messrs. Cowasjee Dinshaw Brothers, who have recently deputed a Parsee

representative to Berbera, especially for buying camels and supplies for

sporting expeditions, on commission, This arrangement has its advantages,

the chief of them being that funds can be lodged with the Agent, and men

paid off in the jungle, or supplies requisitioned from the Coast, by cheque

on Berbera; one is thus saved the great inconvenience of carrying to

the interior a quantity of cash inrupees. On the other hand the system

necessarily entails some increase of expenditure, seeing that the Commission

Agent, not beinga Somali, or a connoisseur of camels, has to employ a

“dilal,” or middleman, to }urchase for him, and thus the commission of each

has to be included in the price eventually charged to the sportsman,

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIITI-

The Berbera “ Travellers’ Bungalow,” for into such has the bungalow

formerly occupied by the Royal Engineer Officer on Military Works duty, now

been converted, is another new departure, and a great boon itis during the

trying day or two necessarily spent at the coast, when travellers are fitting

out for or returning from expeditions to the interior, On disembarking at

Berbera one need no longer be bothered with the pitching of tents or by

anxiety for the welfare of the inner man, but can give undivided attention

to the thousand and one details that have to be seen to, and that with all the

more energy from the comforting knowledge that a spell of punkah anda

cool drink are at any moment within reach.

From the lofty point of view of national principle, it is no doubt a gratify-

ing thought that, as Britons, we do endeavour to maintain an open door

policy as regards hunting grounds in odd corners of the Empire, and that any

accredited sojourner in our territories in search of sport, be he Jew or Gen-

tiie, can look for the same measure of courtesy and assistance from the local

representatives of Fer Majesty as is extended to any of her own subjects.

This fact is, I know from experience, by none more appreciated than by the

Nimrods of divers nationalities who nowadays flock in such numbers to Soma-

liland, But from the less exalted and more personal stand-point from which

Iam writing, that of the sportsman of limited means, to whom money isa __

more or less serious consideration (and I think I may presume thai at all

events the majority of my readers fall within this category)—there is a strik-

ing reverse to the shield, which cannot but force itself upon our notice.

This very open door policy, these praiseworthy efforts to eliminate difficulties

and make everything plain-sailing for the traveller in general, have a some-

what discomforting trend for us in particular. They mean on the one hand

the rapid sophistication of the Somali, and on the other the attraction to the

country of a class of sportsmen which will, in tle inevitable course of things,

eventually elbow us out, and oblige us to seek fresh fields for our energies

elsewhere, ;

As for the native, (I mean the more or less enlightened coast Somali) he

watches each shake of the local kaleidoscope with an appraising and critical

eye; he sees each new creation in turn, the Travellers’ Bungalow, the pro-

fessional Commission Agent, the registered Chef de Caravan, take shape

before him, and hugs himself contentedly as he hastens to the sea-shore to

welcome to his hunting grounds the latest type of the genus Nimrod, more

than ever replete with the almighty dollar, who will pay and ask few ques-

tions and be regally lavish with his baksheesh. In his service the son of the

soil quickly grows wise and waxes fat ; he preserves indeed a lingering regard

for the old master with whom he used to hunt on primitive lines, and even

uses his name affectionately asa peg to hang his shikar yarns upon ; but

change him for the more up-to-date article—Allah forfend ! why should he ?

On the contrary, he greets the new-comer joyously, and runs up prices in the

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 89

local live-stock market to suit his capacious purse, And after all, one cannot

blame the Somali for gathering rosebuds while he may, and, personally, I

grudge him his harvest less than any other Oriental within my ken, for he

has such gentlemanly ideas of disposing of it. Burton calls him “ avaricious ”;

grasping, he may be, but he has none of the hoarding instincts of the

miser, He loves money it is true, but he loves it to spend, and for what it

can give him, and, most of all, for the dignity which it brings him. Dignity

is everything to a Somali. When he has to a certain extent become sophisti-

cated, and has sown the usual crop of wild oats, all his feelings seem to centre

themselves upon this point in his character. His first aim, when he has

reaped plentifully from one or two successful expeditions to the interior, is

to fit himself out with a dignified position in his small social world ; to buy

more camels or perhaps a new wife, so that he may fill his quiver and become

a power in his cian. When he has improved his status to this extent, and

probably augmented his little property by raiding his neighbours, he is ready

again to take a spell of service when it offers, but as he gets older he likes to

do this in a gentlemanly way and ina suitable position, During this middle

phase of his career, 7, ¢., while his family and his flocks are increasing, he

turns his spare attentions to religion, and essays to increase his importance

by the acquisition of a little odour of sanctity. To this end he picks up a

smattering of extracts from the Koran, and prays, with absent-minded glib-

ness, the orthodox five times a day ; believing, I think, that his labours in this

direction work off any little venial sins that he may have committed during

the gleaning of his harvest ; and ashe spreads his prayer-mat or tells his

beads, he strokes his chin with smug complacency, and thanks Allah and

_ the Prophet that he is what he is. If he has no ultimate chance of becoming

a registered “ Headman” (in which case there is no limit to his ambitions)

he retires comparatively early into private life, and reverts to pastoral and

predatory pursuits. I think if a number of Somalis of the better type were

asked what was the Ultima Thule of their ambitions, nine out of ten would

reply that it was to have plenty of live-stock (more especially camels), and a

sufficiently numerous male progeny to constitute a “ Rer”’ or clan of fighting-

men, bearing, and so perpetuating, its own distinctive name. But I am get-

ting off the track and beginning a disquisition on Somalis in general. We

were speaking of the effect of civilization on the coast Somali : let us now

take stock of the modified type of sportsman which the same civilization

attracts. He is a man who does not see why he should not get his sport and

his pleasure with the maximum amount of comfort and the minimum of

trouble to himself, and when he finds that by the mere matter of paying

accordingly he can almost reduce the pastime to a question of “Itouch

the button, you do the rest,” so much the better; he is willing to

pay. How far this latter principle has begun to pervade the sport as

well as the photography of to-day, will be believed when I mention

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

that there was quite recently in Somaliland a shooting party of six

or seven guns organized, it would seem, on the “ personally-conducted

tour” system, by a weil-known caterer for the tastes of the travelling

public.

The members of the party apparently had no further care than to pack up

their carpet-bags and transport themselves and their guns to the rendezvous.

At the end of the sea journey they were met by the contractor’s representa-

tive, who handed to each a ready-made caravan, completely equipped with

stores, camels, followers, and shikarries, and ‘‘every requisite” for a

successful expedition, The several parties were then distributed singly or

in couples about the country, and on getting back to the Coast at the end of

the period contracted for, they simply returned the balance of their

paraphernalia to the contractor’s ‘‘manon the spot,’ and took the first

ship home with their spoils, They were thus saved a good deal of time and

much bother, and I have no doubt paid well and willingly for economy

of the one and immunity from the other. All of them, as far as I know,

were good sportsmen, and had no other wish than to play the game; and one

member of the party, who was on three months’ leave from England, told

me that he had only approached the contractor afew hours before leaving

London and that he could not possibly have carried through the trip at all,

in the short time at his disposal, had he been obliged to make his own

bundobast. As it was, he had had a delightful two months in the country,

during which, by dint of hard work and fortune’s favours, he had made a most

comprehensive little bag, including specimens of nearly all the big game of

the country.

Our own ideas on the subject may not be altogether in harmony with

those of the participators in the enterprise, but there are two ways of looking

at most things, and I have simply mentioned the circumstance asa sign of

the times. The idea, however, opens upa vista of further possibilities in

the same direction, and for us I think it points the moral that when a happy

hunting ground has reached a stage in its existence when the enterprising

but vandal attention of the Tourist Agent is directed to it, it is a hint to us

to think of turning our energies and attentions elsewhere.

But let not my croaking dishearten any reader who may be aidanine an

expedition to Somaliland in the near future. There is yet time before the

débacle, and there is still plenty of game, in spite of reports to the contrary—

but I would urge him to go soon. Large bags of lions cannot be made as of

old, I admit, but they are by no means scarce, and, as regards other game

there seems little diminution ; consequently there is no reason why any

sportsman, who does not aim at making a very long bag, should not pick up

specimens of everything he wants in the way of big game during three o1

four months spent in the country. Only,if he would save himself time and

expense, let him realize the importance of making his arrangements and

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, Hil

getting his camels collected some weeks beforehand, in order that at the last

minute he may not be at the mercy of ‘‘ rings” in the local market.

My present sojourn in the country was undertaken under unusually

pleasant auspices, H.H. The Gaikwar of Baroda had commissioned an old

friend of mine, Dr, Donaldson-Smith, a traveller well known to European

Geographers for an excellent piece of exploration which he carried out in

Central Africa some four years ago, to lead an expedition to Somaliland for

the purpose of making collections in various branches of natural history for

the new State Museum at Baroda, in which the Maharajah takes a lively and

liberal interest, I was fortunate enough to obtain permission to take leave |

and accompany the expedition, and my companion and I accordingly arrang-

ed to rendezvous at Aden, he starting from London andI from India,

Things did not open very well for me, as on arrival at Aden, a few days too

early for the tryst, I was landed unexpectedly with two unfortunate fellow-

travellers of the gentler sex, one of them the partner of my joys and sorrows,

on the quarantine island in the harbour, Only those who have partaken of

the hospitality of Flint Island can form any idea of what it is like, Short

commons on occasion I rather welcome, it corrects the system and reduces

the weight. Absolute discomfort, when there is any reason for it, I can put

up with ; but close confinement under the most unpleasant conditions, and

semi-starvation within hail of plenty, were, I admit, hard to bear with be-

coming composure, and must have been infinitely more soto my fellow-

sufferers, However, the dreary days of quarantine came to an end at last,

and in the meanwhile my shooting companion, accompanied by a taxidermist,

had arrived from England ; but so also had six gallant officers, likewise

bound for Somaliland and burning to get under way, making nine of us all

told. The presence of so many sportsmen almoss reminded me of the rush

for ground in Kashmir at the beginning of the season, and had I been one of

that other six I might have been somewhat exercised thereby, but with the

comforting knowledge that we had plenty of time before us, and that there

was no need to compete for ground with anybody, we took things leisurely

and let them get ahead, for it was no part of our present plans to make a

large bag of big game in general or one species in particular. What we

contemplated was to visit the habitat of each species in turn, according as

seasou or circumstances made convenient, and while obtaining one or two

good specimens of each, to exploit the locality generally for birds, butterflies,

et hoc genus omne, moving on when additions to the collection began to get

too few and far between.

I do not propose to give any continuous narrative of our progress, the

mere itinerary of suck an expedition would differ little from a dozen others

and would have nointerest for the general reader, but I will chronicle such

incidents and unscientific natural history notes as may seem worth recording

under the head of the species to which they refer,

92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. ©

(Elephas africanus.)

The shooting of elephants within the circumscribed area known as the

“ Aden Reserve ”’ is now absolutely prohibited, and as regards the rest. of the

Protectorate, for some time past the imposition of heavy dues on ivory

brought out of it has served in some measure to check their extirpation, but

the stable door was not really shut until the horse had been stolen,— sufficient

steps were not taken in the first instance to put a stop to the indiscriminate

and unsportsmanlike slaughter of them that for some time went on,

Elephants are wanderers at all times, and more than usually so in Somali-

land, where food and water are scarce, and where they have to go long dis-

tances in search of both one and the other ; and in the course of these

wanderings there are still one or two herds, [am glad to say, which ring the

changes at certain well-known water-holes in the Protectorate. I fear, how-

ever, that the Anglo-Abyssinian Demarcation Treaty has, indirectly, num-.

bered their days, and that in another five years there will not be an elephant on

this side of the Shebeyli River. Some of my readers may be aware that the

boundary laid down by that agreement transferred from the British to the

Abyssinian sphere a large slice of the Gadabursi country in the S.-W. corner

of the Protectorate, including the tract known by Somalis as ‘‘ The Barrowa,”

This Harrowa is a long shallow valley, heavily forest clad, running from

west to east and surrounded by hills and broken highlands—an ideal sanc-

tuary for game, and as such all the elephants in the country seemed to look

upon it, either when fleeing from the snare of the hunter or when driven back

by the approaching heat and consequent scarcity of food and water, from

their wanderings towards the Coast. The outskirts of this valley are frequent-

ed by the villages of Ughaz Nur, an old Sultan of the Gadabursi tribe, who

gave the Coast Administration in days gone bya good deal of anxiety owing to

his intrigues with the Abyssinians, whose bands of marauding soldiery he was

supposed to pass surreptitiously over the border, and allow to levy blackmail

upon his weaker brethren, or to shoot down elephants, While his country was

under our influence, however, it was possible, to some extent, to check the

wholesale slaughter of these grand brutes by putting moral pressure upon him,

and by seeing that rifles did not get into his hands, but now that, by the

arrangement of 1897 above mentioned, both he and his countzyg have passea

under the sway of the Lion of Judah, the Harrowa valley must surely soon

cease to be the blessed retreat to the Somali elephant that it has been in the

past. In fact, when in the vicinity, at Jifa Medir, a few weeks ago, I heard

that the same old Chief’s son, Aysa (to whom I remember I took a great

fancy when he piloted myself and a friend during a short sheoting trip in the

Harrowa some five years ago, and whose perfect knowledge of the jungles made -

him an invaluable as he was a pleasant companion), had obtained through the

Abyssinians a large bore elephant gun, of French manufacture ; and that

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 93

accompanied by.a posse of Abyssinian sepoys, he spends his days shooting

down the elephants for their scanty ivory. I did come across one herd on

our present expedition, when ona short excursion by myself to the Marar

Prairie, where I was looking for Harteveest, They were on their way south-

wards from the water-holes of Gebili, in the Protectorate, which they had, I

‘heard, been frequenting for some time past. There was no tusker among

them, so they were spared any attentions from me, but the Somalis, who

used the same water-holes (which at that dry season were frequented by the

flocks of villages for 20 miles round), said that when this herd came to water

they were absolutely defiant of human beings, and that natives had to retire

and wait till it pleased the elephants to depart, as nothing would move

them till they had leisurely finished their “wash and brush up,” Poor

beasts ! long may they maintain their present independent attitude and

immunity from persecution,

THE RHINOCEROS.

‘(Rhinoceros bicornis.)

Rhino are still fairly plentiful as you get well into the Haud—the water-

less belt running right across the Protectorate from west to east, I even

heard of one or two stray beasts near Burao, at the entrance to the Dolba-

hanta country, but I think that is the extreme limit of their distribution to-

wards the N.and E. I have never heard of one in the Reserve, and they do

not seem to cross the Haud northwards, but become more plentiful as you

get further south.

In the case of the elephant his ivory is his ruin,anda fine pair of tusks

must ever be a coveted prize to sportsman and savage alike, but the Rhino,

fortunately for him, is not so valuably furnished, and thus enjoys comparative

immunity from persecution. The non-professional hunter should ordinarily

be content with two or three good specimens, and the Somali does not pay

him much attention, True, he likes the skin for making whips and shields,

but he does not appreciate him as an article of food, and I do not think

the destruction under the former head amounts to anything very con-

siderable, so that in Somaliand at all events the Rhino should survive long

after the elephant has become extinct.

As anitem in the list of big game he sometimes affords sufficient exe

citement, as he habitually charges when wounded, and not infrequently

when unwounded and entirely without provocation ; but on the whole he

would appear to be much less formidable than the elephant, and more easily

brought to bag,if bullets be at all properly placed. On this subject Iam

going to propound a mild heresy. Most authorities recommend the shoulder

shot, or the lung shot, as being the most efficacious for the Rhino, and this

is what one would naturally expect ; but for quickly putting one ‘of the

tribe out of action, try the centre of the belly, the lower down the better.

I should not presume to suggest the experiment from my own limited

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XITJ,

acquaintance with the animal; but Dr. Donaldson-Smith gave me'the hint

as the result of very extended experience with troublesome Rhinos under

divers conditions, and though I was sceptical on the subject at first, my

doubts were ere long removed by asomewhat disastrous encounter ; the

manner of which seems worth recording, whether as demonstrating what to

avoid in one or two details incidental to the quest of Rhinoceros bicornis

or as furnishing a good example of the red-letter days which occasionally,

and generally so unexpectedly, figure in the log-book of a hunting-trip such as

ours, The events of the two days in question were not entirely furnished

by the Rhino, but I may as well give the whole of them : —

On the 8th March, I had tracked up a pair of lions and eventually bagged

one of them, After taking off the skin I left the carcase of the slain where

it fell, and that night tied up a bait hard by, in the shape of an old broken-

down camel, in case the male should haply return to see what had become of

his mate.

March 9, Donaldson-Smith and I were up with the lark, and went

down to see if the camel which we left out last night had been killed, Yes,

good luck to it, it had ; not much, however, of the carcase had been eaten,

only one hind-quarter ; but on the other hand the remains of my lioness of

yesterday had been taken away, and froma cursory examination of the

tracks round the kill more than one lion seemed to have been at work, I had

had my “ day out” yesterday, so we had arranged before starting out that

D. 8. should take the shot to-day, if we came up with a lion together, and we _

now proceeded to take up the track of the animal that had dragged the lio-

ness’s carcase away, D. 8S. taking his gun-bearer, Abdi, with him, and I my

Midgan boy Mahomed. The track led us through patches of high sun-bleach-

ed grass with intervals of bare, sandy ground between, and an occasional

mimosa bush,and we had not gone more than half a mile when Mahomed

suddenly stopped and pointed ahead, and at the same moment I saw the

lion peering at us over a high tussock of grass, with his head and left

shoulder exposed, about 50 yards away. 1 was on the left of the Midgan and

could haye had aneasy shot, but Donaldson-Smith could not see him dis-

tinctly from where he was, and had to shuffle behind Mahomed, who was

between us, towards me, before he could get a clear view of him, He had

just done so, and was raising his rifle to fire, when the Midgan, who had

hitherto remained in a sqatting position, for sume unaccountable reason

stood up r‘ght in front of him, obliging him to bring the rifle down «gain ;

and at the same instant the lion whisked round and vanished like magic

in the grass. Wewere both too disgusted for words, On going up to the

spot where we had seen him, we found no sign of the carcase of my

lioness, but by following up the original trail we soon discovered it under

a dense bush among the high grass, about 100 yards away. The lion had

evidently heard us and had left his gruesome meal to come and see who the

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 95

intruders were. We continued to track for some way but his spoor showed

that he was going ata canter and we came to the conclusion that having

been twice disturbed by human beings within the last 24 hours he wouldin

all probability go for a long distance, especially as the day was yet young

_and the weather cool ; so we decided to try our luck with a fresh lion, and

after delaying a few minutes to extract the “lucky bones’ (which I forgot

yesterday) from the lioness’s carcase, we returned to the kill, intending to

pick up one of the other tracks. There was such a maze of. footprints

round the dead camel that we took some time to unravel it, but in the end

we found to our chagrin that all the tracks had been made by the same lion,

who must have prowled round and round for some hours before he finally

hardened his heart and tackled the camel. Judging from the directiun from

which he had come, the size of his tracks, and his appearance, [ had no doubt

that he was the mate of the lioness I shot yesterday, returned to make a

cannibal meal off the carcase of his late consort, whose flesh he evidently

found more to his taste than that of the emaciated camel that he had first

killed. So much of the latter remained that we thoughi the lion would in

all probability return again to-night for another repast, and so turned our

attentions to a fresh Rhino track which we had come across while tracing

back the spoor of the lion ; but after following it a short distance, D, S., who

was out for the first time, after being laid up for a week with astrained

back, began to feel that he had had enough, and was obliged to return to

camp, leaving me to try my luck with the Rhino, I took his gun-bearer Abdi

and my Midgan boy with me, and told my Arab camelman to follow our

tracks with my ridiny camel, keeping a quarter-of-a-mile or so behind, It

was not long before I came on fresh droppings, and a few minutes later it

became obvious that the Rhino had winded us for he turned down wind, and

the tracks showed that he was going at a trot. Soon after 11 o’clock, Abdi

being then on the track, we heard the cracking of a twig close by, and pulled

up to listen, and a moment later I caught sight of a swaying, yellow mass,

‘showing above a clump of high grass, beneath the shade of a low overhanging

mimosa bush, about 20 yards ahead, It was evidently the upper half of the

Rhino's back, yellow with the sandy soil in which he had been rolling, and I

thought I could make him out, standing almost facing me, with his near

shoulder exposed, and his head, which I could not see, turned away to his

right, Presuming that he must have seen and heard us, as we had him, I

aimed at the point of the shoulder and fired. There was a violent com-

motion in the grass ; he seemed to be trying to spin round, and I gave him

the other barrel in much the same place, thinking that if he charged

I could take my “ Paradox” from Abdi, who was by my side ; but when I

turned to do so, there was no Abdi; hehad done the vavishing trick,

and at, the. same moment out burst the Rhino, puffing like a steem-

engine, and coming stright for me. There was no time to reload,

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

and I felt that I was in for “ beans” of sorts, but providentially the beast

changed his mind atthe last moment, swerved off to the right of me, and

disappeared in the grass. I felt positive about my first shot and fairly so

about my second, and so didnot think he would go far, but it was impossible

to see a dozen yards ahead owing to the height of the grass, and the only

thing to be done, therefore, was to pick up the track again, I accordingly

proceeded to collect the rest of my party and found the two of them hiding

behind a big tussock of grass and endeavouring to squeeze themselves into

mother earth, like acouple of wounded quail. When we had first come in

view of the Rhino, the boy Mahomed was behind me and had no weapon

with him, so that he had every right to make himself scarce, but I thought

Abdi might have waited to give me the “ Paradox,” and altogether I was not

in the best of tempers, but after giving him a piece of my mind, in terms

more forcible than polite, I hastened to resume the trail. But, alas, there was

not a vestige of blood, and the beast had gone clean away. It was two

mortal hours before we got in touch again, and during that time my boys

were continually impressing on me that there was no blood and that we should

never see the Rhino again : but having no doubt whatever in my own mind

about his being wounded, these insinuations only served to nettle me and

put me on my mettle, and made me the more determined not to stop without

another interview ; and so we trudged silently along. It was 2 o'clock

before we came up with him again, Mahomed Midgan being on the trail at

the time and I close on his heels, in the same heavy grass and bush jungle

as before. There had been no sign to show that we were getting near

and the trail apparently went straight forward, when, as we came up level

with a small gap in the grass, to the left of our yeneral direction, we sud-

denly saw the Rhino sianding there, waiting for us, He charged out instant-

ly, passing within afew feet of me and making for the Midgan, who on

seeing him had darted away to the right. Neglecting, from force of habit, I

think, my comrade’s recent counsel about the vulnerability of the Rhino’s

belly, I gave the latter a bullet in the shoulder as he passed me, and this

caused him to pull up and turn his attention to me, but he had just given me

time te dodge behind a friendly sapling, and evidently lost sight of me, for

he began tearing round in circles, as if he knew not whom to devour.

While employed in these gyrations he raised such clouds of dust

from the ioose red loamy soil under foot, that it was impossible to

see him at all distinctly, but during one lucid moment I did manage

to make him out dimly and got in another shot; and then the

devil must have possessed me, for I again aimed at the shoulder.

This time he did stumble, but was up again in a moment,and I lost

sight of him in a whirlwind of blinding dust. Suddenly there was

a report from Mahomed’s direction, and a moment later I heard the

Rhino ratile past through the grass behind me, in the direction from which

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 97

we had come, but I could see nothing, The Midgan had been carrying my

Paradox gun loaded, and presuming that he had fired it in self-defence, ]

thought no more about it, and on hearing the beast pass me, jumped up and

started in pursuit, After going some 20\) yards, ] met Abdi and my camel

man just emerging from cover, and they told me that the Rhino had broken

back in their direction, and had fallen to his knees as he passed, but that he

had quickly recovered himself and gone on again, I fully expected therefore

to find him hors de combat at no great distance, and we were just beginning

to pick up his track when we heard loud groans coming from behind us, and

then I bethought me of Mahomed Midgan and the shot I had heard. We

ran back as quickly as we could in the direction from which the sounds were

coming, and there we found the boy lying on the giound with a heavy

mimosa bush on the top of him, groaning and looking very sorry for himself,

He was soon extricated from the thorns, and on further examination | found

that little or no damage was done; he was bruised and scratched, and

evidently a good deal shaken, but happily no bores were broken, According

to his story, when he first saw the Rhino and darted aside to my right, he had

reached but flimsy cover, and after my second shot he was endeavouring to

better himself by making for a large mimosa bush close by, when the brute

caught sight of him and came for him instantly, He had just reached the

bush when he was overtaken, and the khin) brought him and the mimosa

over together and at the same moment the “ Paradox,” which he was carry-

ingon his shoulder, was knocked up into the air by the animal’s horn

and fell to the ground beside him. From this moment the boy was saved

any further attentions from his assailant, who now proceeded to pound the

gun with his feet, or horn, eventually exploding one barrel. Such was the

boy’s version of what had happened, On picking up the gun out of the sand,

I found with infinite disgust that it was completely out of action. The barrels

had been first bent almost double, close to the fore end; one cartridge had

afterwards been discharged, and the bullet had torn open the barrel at the bend,

But for this, I might somehow have straightened the barrels and used the

gun for shot, but, as it is, it is absolutely useless—a good gun which I could

ill spare, However, it was no time for sad reflections, A few minutes later

I had Mahomed safely mounted upon my riding camel, and telling the c»mel-

syce to bring him along in our wake, I and Abdi hurried after the Rhino,

The travelling was now easy enough ; there was plenty of blood, both on

the track and high up on the grass, and when we got to a little clear ground

we found that his off shoulder must be broken, as he was going on three

legs and dragging the other. One would hardly have expected him to go far

in this condition, but nevertheless on he went, mile after mile, hour after

hour, and showed no signs of stopping. At 4 o clock we were many miles from

camp, and all more or less beat, having been going hard since the early morn-

ing; so I thought it best to knock off for the day. Accordingly we made

Cy,

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

tracks for home, getting in just before dark, tiredand hungry, WhenI told

Donaldson-Smith the events of the day, he at once remarked, ‘‘ Why didn’t

you aim for the belly ? If youhad only done that at the second meeting, you

would have had no more trouble.” I cursed myself for my perversity, and

promising to take his advice on the morrow, I turned in early, after giving

orders for two camels to be ready at daybreak with a couple of days’ food

for myself and four men, Next morning I was up betimes, and started off

with my little lot to the place where we had left off tracking the night before,

Donaldson-Smith lending me his ‘577, taking 7 drams, which he guarantees to

be a “ rhino stopper, ’’ and begging me to take his advice and aim for the mid-

dle of the belly, low down, The sun's hateful majesty was very much in evi-

dence yesterday, and I expect touched me up, as I had a bad head on waking

up, and so determined to ride my camel until the tracks became fresh. I took

Mahomed Midgan up behind me. He was very stiff after his shaking of

yesterday, too much so to walk with us ; but he asked to be allowed to

accompany me on the camel, so as to be in at the finish, a request which IT

thought showed very proper feeling! Ialso took his dog along with me

thinking he wight be of use. It was marvellous how the Rhino had plodded

on, He had come toa standstill once or twice during the night, but had

never lain down, and was still going. One or two checks in the high grass

brought us to noon, It wasthen about time to give the baggage camelsa rest,

as they had been out 5 hours and it was very hot and sultry, so I halted them

for an hour, and had forty winks myself, for which I felt much the better, as it

took away my head trouble which had been very bad ali the morning,

About 1-30 we got on the trail again, It soon led us int» very heavy cover,

high grass w.th clumps of tangled creeper thicket, in which it was impossi-

ble to see a dozen yards ahead—just the place in fact for a wounded Rhino to

take sanctuary in. It was very difficult to keep the track, or move at all quietly,

but Abdi was in form to-day, and we struggled along with as little crashing

of branches as possible. The dog Jenaada tuo came in useful in this

labyrinth ; he did not help us with the tracking, but he kept running

on ahead and returnins to us, and I thought he would very likely

give us warning when we were coming to close quarters, We had been

going thus for about an hour, when a violent sneeze hard by told u; that our

friend was wide awake and had winded us. We could see nothing on

account of the dense cover, and in a moment all was still again, hut Jenaada

heard the sound too, and ran off enquiringly to our left front to see

what it was. He soon returned, however, and from the direction

to which he faced, and the way he sniffed the air, we had little doubt that

the Rhino had broken back. We could not follow directly as it was im-

possible 10 get through the network of undergrowth that intervened. so I -

had to go back about 100 yards on our track, and then work round through

a little clearing to my right, hoping thus to get a view, As a matter of

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 99

fact L met the beast face to face, and he instantly put his head down and

came for me, but a shot from the ‘577 as he came on, made him swerve off

to my left, and then, remembering at last my comrade’s advice, I let him

have the left barrel in the belly, as he presented his broadside. This

seemed to crumple him up altogether ; he slowed down at once, stopped

after a few yards, stood quivering for a moment, and then sank on his

knees and in a minute was hors de combat. Onmy going up to my gallant

quarry, the reason for all the trouble he had given was apparent. The two

shots which I had fired at our first meeting (when, as I say, I felt positive

I was shooting at the point of his near shoulder) were nicely placed in the |

right buttock! The second two bullets, fired at our second interview, when

the Midgan was hurt, were both fairly in shoulder, but a little too far

forward. The shoulderblade was shattered to pieces, but in spite of that

he had travelled at least 15 miles, and had died game at the end of it,

The caravan, which was not far off, came up on hearing my shots, and we

were soon all at work on the carcase, I only wanted the head, but the

boys were bent on taking slabs of skin for whips and shields, so that it was

5 p.m. by the time we had finished—too late to get back to headquarters.

Moreover, I thought the carcase might have feline visitors during the night,

So we made a small zareba close by, and spent the night sub jove.

Thus ended a sufficiently exciting tussle with a plucky foe, and I gathered

one or two useful hints from it, First and foremost—always keep

your second barrel in reserve till you see whether you are to expecta

charge or not, and secondly—if you can get him broadside, the belly shot is

more immediately effective than the shoulder, unless of course yon are

using a very powerful rifle ; the reason probably being that in this part of

the Rhino’s anatomy there is such a number of nerves and blood-vessels

that a bullet planted therein causes him a-violent shock to the system, —

On his 16 months’ journey to Lake Rudolph, a few years ago, Dr. Don-

aldson-Smith found Rhino in many places a perfect pest. They would

frequently rush out at members of his caravan, walking innocently along a

jungle path, and would even charge through the line of camels; a camel on

one occasion, too stupid or too lethargic to get out of the way, being

disembowelled by one. Several of his retainers too were more or less

damaged ‘by them during the expedition ; but it seems difficult for a Rhino

to use the point of his horn with good effect against a fallen man, and the

injuries among his party were invariably limited to a severe bruising and

shaking, The Doctor on these occasions found that the belly shot never

failed to bring up a Rhino, and his encounters with the species became of suck

frequent occurrence that familiarity at length bred contempt, and when the

trusty ‘577 was at hand, a charging Rhino became a matter of little

concern—rather of pleasurable excitement.

( To be continued. )

100

SOME HINTS FOR BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND

PRESERVING NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS.

By E. Comper.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th January, 1900.)

INTRODUCTION.

In offering the following paper to the members of the Society, let me at once

explain that I do not in any way lay claim to originality for the information

contained therein: for, in attempting the task, it has essentially been my

endeavour to gather together in asimple and practical form, the experience

of the best authorities, and which has mostly been published already in some

form or another. In so doing I have tried to supply what I have often felt

to be a want of a very large number of members of the Society, who have not

made a special study of Natural History in any of its various branches, but

yet who take a general interest in the work done, and in the articles published in

our journal, by those who have studied and collected specimens of some group

or special section.

For proof of the valuable additions to Indian Biology by many members of

the Society, one need only refer to the pages of our journal, which continually

contain papers setting before the scientific world the results of their researches

and the additions to our knowledge of the animals and plants that are found

in the country.

Compared, however, with the total number of our members, these “ workers ’

are few indeed, and the field of their investigations must necessarily be-to a

great extent limited to the neighbourhood in which their ordinary vocations

in life place them ; for in a country like India there are not many who can

devote more than a certain portion of their spare time to the study of Natural

History, while still pursuing those duties that provide them with a means of

livelihood. How many others, however, are there who, while taking, as I say,

an interest in the general subject of our work, have never attempted to help

to any practical extent, and yet are often placed in peculiarly favourable

positions for doing so ?

It is to appeal to and assist this section of our members that I have tried to

collect in as small and convenient a space as possible, the advice of practical

naturalists as to the collection and preservation of specimens illustrating the

different branches of Indian Zoology, in the hopes. that by so doing I may

in some degree, encourage those who have the opportunities to add their

quota, however small it may be, to our researches.

T do not think that many of us realize the fields, in almost every branch of

Natural History, that ave still open to practical field workers ; for we are all

inclined to be somewhat overcome by what appear at first sight full and

detailed descriptions of each species that are given in the many works that

have been published, and itis only when one comes to work in detail with

NEOMINE Cas.

Tue attention of members is particularly drawn to the requirements

of the Society with respect to specimens and skulls of small mammals,

preparea in accordance with the directions contained in Mr. Comber’s

paper, and it is hoped that such members, as are in a position to do so,

will respond to this appeal.

H. M. PHIPSON,

Bomsay, March 1900. Honorary Secretary.

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 101

such descriptions of a species and its life history, that the defects and

omissions in it often become apparent.

We have much still to learn of even our commonest animals, both vertebrate

and invertebrate,and plants, not only by the additions of many important

details, concerning those already recognized and described, but also in the

direction of hitherto unknown species, and that something towards filling

these gaps may be contributed by almost any one who will take the trouble

to give a helping hand, has, time after time, been proved by the work of our

members, who,in a number of instances, have only.developed the taste for

such research comparatively late in life, and who had previously had no special

training in the subjects that they turned their attention to,

Nearly every one sometime or other in his life experiences a fascination for

forming a collection of some kind, whether it be butterflies, birds’ eggs, postage-

stamps, or old coins, prints or pottery. Nor is this inclination peculiar to

certain nations, for it is common, | believe, to all the races of the world in

some form or another, and we may too, perhaps, even trace it in the habit of

the Bower-birds of having their little museum of stones, shells, &c., which are .

arranged about the curious ‘bowers’ that they build, apparently, for their

recreation, This desire to make a collection generally attracts the schoolboy

in some form, and, as he has not the facilities for satisfying it in other wa ys,

his collection generally takes the shape of butterflies, birds’ eggs, or stamps. In

many instances it is only a passing phase, especially as regards objects of

Natural History, for his opportunities of pursuing it are often few when he

leaves school and is tied down to work in some large town with only a fort-

night or a month’s holiday a year, When the phase is resuscitated or develop-

ed later in life it more generally takes the form of a collection of objects of

Art, and although these are in most cases obtamed by purchase, a collector

often devotes a large amount of time and trouble in searching for and obtain-

ing his treasures. This devotion of time and trouble is often, it would appear,

wanting in the man who still retains from his boyhood a fancy for the study

of Natural History, and although he may notice anything that strikes him as

peculiar and out of the common among the birds and beasts and insects

around his bungalow or when out on his shooting trips, and occasionally com-

municates the same for publication in the very interesting “ Miscellaneous

Notes” of our journal, he seldom takes the trouble to start a collection of any

kind, even though be may to some extent realize the special opportunities that

surround him,

As the late Sir William Flower wrote: “ The value of all knowledge depends

“a great deal upon the amount of labour and time spent in acquiring it, The

“easy method of which we make too much boast in the present day—hand-

“ books, pictures, lectures, well-arranged public museums, & c.—have their draw-

“ backs and snares as well as their advantages, They are all helps if properly

“used, but they will not supersede, and nothing will ever supersede, the down-

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1I1.

“ right hard personal work by which all solid lasting knowledge must be gained.

“ The value of making a collection of any kind of specimens about which you

“ wish to know something is that you are forced to spend time and thought

“over them, carefully to prepare them and compare them, to arrange and

“ name them,” .

Then again a collection is of special value in that it forms a permanent

record—if properly cared for—of a portion of the knowledge acquired in the

making of it, and further than that, it is more than anything else a means of

encouraging its owner to extend the permanence of that record of his know-

ledge by written notes, either on the labels of his specimens, or in a separate

note-book, which he will probably be able to publish in some form for the

benefit of his fellow-workers, whereas they would otherwise in all likelihood

have been trusted to the tender mercies of his memory alone. Wonderful as

the human mind may be, it can never be thoroughly relied upon to reproduce

_ its recollections in their identically original form, and absolute accuracy of

facts is one thing that science insists on, though unfortunately in only too

many instances it fails to secure it, The very great importance of facts record-

ed on the spot cannot be exaggerated, for they are in many ways of more value

to science than all the rich stores of the most retentive memory, and as a proof

and illustration of recorded facts there is nothing so useful as a collection.

The question of what to collect will possibly present itself in many instances

to those to whom this is addressed and who may be willing to assist in a prac-.

tical way the work of the Society. This of course can only be decided by

personal inclination and surrounding circumstances ; but, as I said before, it is

with a view to helping members to come to a decision on this point that I

have attempted this paper, by putting directly before them in a handy form

a few facts of the present state of our knowledge under the different heads

with which the work of the Society is connected, followed in each instance by

a few simple and practical instructions as to the preparation and preservation

of specimens in their most useful form,

~ In doing so I have had recourse to the advice contained in the most recent

and authoritative publications to which access could be had, but of far more

importance than anything that any book can teach, has been the personal

assistance and advice of Messrs, E, H. Aitken, HE, L. Bartonand H.M, Phipson,

without whose aid—gained by practical experiences in the field and in the

Society's Museum—I could never have carried through, nor would I ever have

attempted, the task that I set myself.

CLASS MAMMALIA,

The first class to which we must direct our attention is that of the Mammals,

they being of course the most highly developed and conspicuous of all

vertebrate animals,

They can for our present purpose be most conveniently divided into two

sections, viz,: the large and the small Mammals : for, as far as the preparation

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 103

of specimens is concerned, this division comes natural, as the forms contained

in each require mostly the same treatment, with the medium-sized ones inter-

mediate in treatment,

On the subject of

Large Mammals there is not very much that comes within the scope of

the present paper ; for, in the first place, they have always attracted a large

share of the attention of naturalists and sportsmen, with the result that our

knowledge of them has reached a state that leaves comparatively little, so far

as concerns those that are indigenous to this country, for the work of the

ordinary field naturalist. In the pursuit of many of them for the purposes

of sport, we shall always have opportunities, and no lack of workers, of adding

to our knowledge of their life history and habits, while the study of their

anatomy and their relationships to one another to be deduced therefrom, must

always be the work of the specialist more than of the field naturalist,

The second reason that prevents my going into details of any length in con-

nection with the larger Mammals is the impossibility of attempting, within the

limits of a paper, even the very roughest sketch of how to skin a large animal

correctly, and in such a way that would enable the specimen to be properly

mounted. No amount of written instructions can ever convey the knowledge

necessary for the successful accomplishment of this, which can only be gained

by actual experience and experiment under the tuition of a practical taxider-

mist, I do not mean to say, of course, that it is impossible for. any one

to acquire from the written advice of others, what will be sufficient to enable

him to take the skin off a bear or a tiger in a way that will allow of its being

dressed subsequently for the purpose of forming a beautiful rug in the proud

sportsman’s bungalow which will be a joy to him for ever; but it is a task

that I cannot attempt. In the first place this is not primarily addressed to

the sportsman, but to the naturalist, and secondly, we are not in the habit of

hunting alone in the jungles of India; and even if we may at times be called

upon to tackle the skinning ourselves of some large animal, the way to go

about the operation will be very much better learned by watching and assist-

ing others performing it on previous occasions, A treatise on the subject of

the proper preparation of skins for mounting purposes fills a book, and has

already done so on many occasions, and to anyone who has a fancy for such

_ works, I cannot do better than refer to such works, That there are men who

take an interest in the artistic, mounting of larger mammals is instanced by

several beautiful cases in the Society’s rooms, which were prepared entirely

by one of our members—Mr. E, L, Barton—whose splendid work in this

direction is too well known to most of us to require any expression of admira-

tion from me,

At the same time there are many ways in which Indian sportsmen can help

the cause of Natural History and also add to their own pleasure in the chase

by taking the trouble, something more than most of them possess, as a rule , of

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII,

properly preserving their trophies, and I am glad to be able to quote a note

written by Mr. Barton, when kindly looking over the draft of this paper.

He writes :—“ A sportsman should always study Natural History and learn a

“few of the ordinary ways of preserving specimens and trophies in the field,

“ By so doing he will find much more pleasure in the sport, and will know that

“ what he kills is not wasted through ignorance, How many beautiful skins

“are spoiled and afterwards thrown away simply through not having a little

“ proper attention paid to them at first? The skinning is probably left to

“be done by the men without any supervision, and there are very few natives

“who, without any instructions, will skin a tiger's head so that it can be set

“up decently. Many aman who shoots his first tiger looks on it with pride

“and would gladly pay down a large sum to have the head set up as a trophy,

“but he has not the least idea how to set about its preparation, so leaves it

“to his men, and the thing turns outa failure, I remember some years ago

“a large tiger skin being sent down to the Natural History Society to be

“eured ; the fresh skin had been laid out flat in a large tin-lined wooden case

- “about 8 feet by 7 feet, no preservative of any sort had beeu put on the skin,

“and the case was about four days on the journey to Bombay, and was a mass

“ of corruption when received, In the letter that came with the box it stated

“that the skin had been putin perfectly fresh and in perfect condition so

“that there could not be any excuse for its not being properly set up! One

“may imagine the sportsman’s feelings when told the state it was in on arrival

“and that it had to be buried, And this was his first tiger !”’

For the benefit of anyone who wishes to follow Mr. Barton’s advice, let

me recommend a book on “Taxidermy” by Mr, W. T. Hornaday, who, for a

number of years, was chief taxidermist of the U.S. National Museum at

Washington, and whose most interesting experiences of field work in India

and other countries are related in his “ Two Years in the Jungle,” The former

of these two books is one that should undoubtedly be in the hands of every

field naturalist, for it will be found to cover in detail a great part of the sub-

ject of this paper, and of course far more besides,

While on the subject of books that deal with the section that we are now

considering, I may here mention two others, v7z., Mr. W. T. Blanford’s lately

published volume on the Mammalia, forming one of the series of the “ Fauna

of British India’’ that he is editing, and secondly Mr. G. P. Sanderson’s

ini, Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India?’ which will for many years

.. yet remain a standard work of its kind,

Apart, however, from the actual operation of removing the skin successfully,

a few notes on its temporary preservation until it can be handed over to the

‘dresser’ or taxidermist, may possibly be of some assistance to those who

have not had the practical experience, and who have not by them some such

book as ‘ Taxidermy’ referred to above, which treats of the subject at length.

Before removing the skin, however, there is one operation to perform, and one

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 105

which is too often overlooked or only carried out in a most careless fashion.

This is the recording of the—

Measurements of the specimen. Until lately, almost every one has gone

about this in his own particular way, with the result that the records are in

many instances utterly valueless for purposes of comparison, The measure-

ments that may be taken can of course be extended to an almost unlimited

extent, but for all practical purposes the following will generally suffice,

arranged in the order of their importance, They should, in the case of large

animals, be recorded in feet and inches, being taken with an ordinary tape-

measure—or better still with a steel-tape, which is not so lable to stretching

or damage—and written down on the spot,

(1), Length of the Head and Body.—¥or taking this measurement the

animal should be laid on its side, and the body, neck and head straightened

out as much as possi le, Then measure in a straight line from the tip of the

nose to the root of the tail. To enable this to be done accurately it will

generally be of assistance to set up perpendiculars with sticks at the two

extreme points of measurement,

(2). Height at the Shoulder, This is always a difficult measurement to take

from a dead animal, but with a little practice it can be done with reasonable

accuracy. With the animal still lying on its side, set up a perpendicular stick

at the highest point of the shoulder and measure in a direct line from this to

the sole of the foot, the latter being. held in the natural position as if the

animal were standing on it, and the leg quite straight.

(3). Length of Vail —With the tail held down, measure from the uugle

below the root of it to the extreme end withvut the hair,

(4). Girth behind Forelegs—Vhis measurement should be taken at the point

where the girth of a saddle touches a horse, and is absolutely necessary if the

skin is going to be pegged out for drying, so that in doing so it may not be

exceeded, It can be supplemented by other similar measurements such as the

girth of the flank and forearm,

(5). Length of Skull.—In the case of: a tiger, if the skull is not going to be pre-

served, measure it along the ridge or ogciput, and also its greatest circumference,

These measurements are generally a good indication of the size of the beast,

In connection with the measurements reference may here be made to the

desirability of also recording the—

Weight of an animal whenever it may be pussible, and though a scale, ca-

pable of doing this in the case of an animal of any considerable size, is not of

course commonly part of the camp equipment—quite apart from the fact that

the same will often be miles away—the result can at times be attained by weigh-

ing it piecemeal on, say, a 50-pound scales, after it kas been skinned and cut up.

Let us now turn our attention for a while to the Treatment of the Shin after

it has been removed from the carcase. The first thing is to carefully clean

the inside as much as possible of all remaining pieces of flesh and fat, That

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1/,

being done, there are two methods of preserving it,each of which may at times

prove the most convenient, These are by drying it with suitable preserva-

tives, or by putting it in ‘ pickle,’

Dry Process,—This is the system most generally adopted, and usually most

convenient from the point of view of easy transport. Firstly, any holes or

cuts that have been made by bullets or knives should be carefully sewn up.

If itis a whole skin, it should then be pegged out either on the ground in the

shade, or on a board, if one of suitable size be available, with the hair side

downwards, using nails or pegs that will damage the skin as little as possible.

In pegging a skin out, care should be taken not to stretch it beyond the

measurements that have been taken, for it is most difficult to bring it back to

its proper dimensions, if it has been overstretched and so dried, It is not

absolutely necessary that the skin be pegged out for drying, but, if time allow,

it is advisable to do so, as it enables the preservative to get at all parts of it

better and dry evenly.

Into every part of it is then rubbed a mixture consisting of four parts

powdered burnt alum and one part of saltpetre, special attention being paid

to the lips, ears, feet and other fleshy parts, When this has been thoroughly

rubbed in, sprinkle the skin regularly all over with the mixture and then leave

it to dry, at the same time watching it carefully, in case any part of it shows

signs of requiring a further application of the alum. It should also be beaten

each day with a stick, as in some places white ants may come up out of the

ground and play havoc with the underneath part of the skin. When

thoroughly dry, the skin will by this means be preserved from decomposition,

but it is further necessary to protect it from the attacks of insects, especially

in tropical climates, the most destructive of which is a small beetle about a

quarter of an inch long, whose generic name is Dermestes, This is best done

by a free application of spirits of turpentine to the hair side of the skin,

with which too the inside should be sprinkled, We have now only to fold

up the skin carefully, hair outwards, to a convenient size for packing, when

it only requires inspecting occasionally to see that no parts become tainted.

The second or

‘ Pickle ’ Process is sometimes useful owing to its simplicity and the avoid-

ance of any such delay as waiting for the skin to dry, which may at times be .

inconvenient, ‘his naturally applies mostly to the rainy season when it may

be almost impossible occasionally to dry a skin properly. Many taxidermists,

too, prefer a ‘ wet’ skin for purposes of mounting.

The ‘liquor’ or ‘ brine’ is made as follows, quoting Mr, Hornaday: “ For

“ every gallon of water put in 2lb, of alum (1 pint) and 1$lbs, of salt (about

“ 1 quart), and heat the liquid to the boiling point, stirring occasionally, so that

“the salt and alum will dissolve Then pour it into a wooden, earthen, or

“ glass vessel, or a tank lined with lead (for zinc or galvanized iron will not

“ answer), and when it is cool, or even milk warm, it is ready for use,”

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECiMENS. 107

The * brine’ can most conveniently be contained in tubs or barrels with air-

tight tops and the skin has then to be simply immersed in this ‘ bath) care

being taken to keep it spread out as much as possible, so that the liquor can

get at all parts and folds, and for the first few days it should be moved about

to ensure this, It can then be folded up tight and packed away at the bottom

of the bath so as to leave room for the treatment of other skins,

It must be remembered that the bath will gradually lose its strength and

more salt must be added after a time to keep it up to the proper standard,

At the same time it will of course get dirty with grease and blood, when a

fresh mixture must be made. Skins can fe kept for years in this pickle if the

mouth of the receptacle be kept properly closed, but for the purpose of pre-

servation a few days will suffice. Whenever the tim comes to remove speci-

mens from the bath, they should be thoroughly cleansed in fresh cold

water, ; ‘

But it is not only the skins of large mammals that form the trophies of the

sportsman and naturalist, for the—

Skulls and Skeletons, or at any rate the former, are worthy >f his care, and

may even on some occasions be the only part that he can attempt to preserve,

So far as the skull is concerned the process is not a difficult one. Having

separated the head at the first cervical vertebra, the skull should be roughly

cleaned of the flesh and sft parts, and then soaked, washed, and rubbed in

cold water so as to remove as much blood as possible. It can then be dressed

with thin arsenical soap, or better sprinkled with dry arsenic as the former

may prevent its coming absolutely white when it is eventually cleaned, but

remember that alum should never be put on a skull or skeleton, It should

then be hung up in the shade and wind so that it will dry quickly.

A skull may also at times be conveniently cleaned by immersing it in a tank

or running stream whin one is handy, not forgetting at the same time to

secure it to the shore in some way. What Hesh, &c., is not removed by the

inhabitants of the water, willina few days bs sufficiently decomposed to

allow of its being easily scraped off, and the arsenic can then be applied.

It is of course hardly necessary for me to mention that if boiling is resorted

to as a means of cleaning a skull it is impossible to ever make the specimen

white, as the greases of the flesh permeate the bone and can never be removed.

Of the preparation of rough skeletons, I can hardly attempt to treat with

any dezree of success in the space at my disposal, and the subject is so fully

dealt with in ‘'‘laxidermy’ already mentioned, that any one wishing to take

up their preparation cannot do better than refer to it for the information,

Before leaving the large mammals, I think it only right to specially mention

the order—

Cetacea or Whales, dolphins and porpoises, which Mr, Blanford describes in

the preface to his ‘ Mammalia’ as “the order with which, at the present time,

our acquaintance is most imperfect.”

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111.

The opportunities for the study of such marine animals are, of course, j

not given to many of us, but still there may be some of our members

who ‘ go down to the sea in ships? who may be able to help in this direc-

tion,

SMALL MAMMALS,

When we come to the smaller animals of the great class Mammalia—

chiefly comprising the orders Jnsectivora, Chiroptera and Rodentia—we

have at once a far greater scope for the attentions cf the ordinary

collector. Although many of our most eminent Indian naturalists have in

days gone by done a vast amount of work on them, it is only of comparatively

recent years that a really systematic and complete investigation of the

representatives of these orders in all parts of the world has been undertaken

by zoologists at home.

They have in this been ably backed up by many collectorsin different

countries, but their efforts have not as yet received the support that they

deserve from India.

One thing that has been found to be absolutely essential for the success-

fully study of these orders is the necessity of large ranges of specimens

from different localities, without which itis impossible to arrive at any

satisfactory conclusions as to the distinctions of species and their varie-

ties.

Now a very large number of our members can help in this work with the

expenditure of a comparatively small amount of time and trouble to them-

selves, and with a view to encouraging this help, the Society has now arranged

to seriously undertake a collection of skins, and of course skulls of the smaller

mammals inhabiting this country, confining it for the present to those say not

larger than a squirrel. The reason for limiting it to this is the difficulty of

properly storing and taking care of larger specimens,

Under the circumstances, I think the best thing that I can do is to quote in

full, the directions that have been drawn up by Mr. Oldfield Thomas of the

British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for Preparing Small Mammal Shins, for, even

with these simple instructions, almost ‘ any schoolboy’ or, with very little

tuition, the ‘ cook’s mate’ can skin a rat with sufficient skill to make a

presentable specimen after a little practice.

[I]. With the freshly killed carcase before you, write the label, This

should bear a number, locality, altitude above sea, sex, date, and the following

measurements in inches taken in the flesh: (1), length of head and body ;

(2), of tail without end hairs ; (3), hind-foot without claws ; and (4), ear from

notch at base to tip. In the case of the first two measurements, the body should

be straightened out as much as possible, and the tail bent upwards at a sharp

angle, and the measurements should then be taken from a point in the angle,

The label should also have on its back any notes that may strike you about

the place where the specimen was caught.

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 109

It is important that the positions of the different items and the direction of

the writing (away from the thread) should be exactly as in the example, so

that skins from different sources may all ‘be similarly labelled.

FRONT.

(CIDE) a Ie SN Weimer Weer (Sex)

| (Name) |

(LB COYC) WIS A MeAt ape eae ace, um AMIR Galt Meaty eat ‘

(AMGIGOe) ieee ere (Collection): eee) akin nies

BACK,

(Measurements). (Notes.)

Wsicere| arael laomhy a me allalelinasss

| SDT ait Wo Men, iN) s

ome rind Woot es :

Ear

A supply of these lables can be had on application to tke Honorary Secretary of

the Society.

AME Open the skin by cutting down the helly from the breast-bone to the

anus; first push one and then the other knee through the opening, and cut

through the legs at the knee joints ; clear off the chief muscles of the leg-

bones, and separate away the skin from the body all round the tail ; then

holding the skin at the base of the tail firmly between the finger and thumb

nails, or in the fork of a cleft stick, pull out the vertebra from inside with tht

forceps ; then gradually turning the skin inside out, skin it up over the body,

shoulders, and head, separating the fore-limbs at the elbow joint, and taking

great care not to cut it in passing over the eyes; skin it entirely off over the

mouth, cutting carefully round the lips. Throughout the operation plenty of

fine sawdust will be found of great assistance in keeping the hands, and con-

sequently the fur, dry and unsoiled.

[III). Clean the inside of the skin from blood, fat, &c., and then brush it

all over with arsenical soap, being especially careful that the insides of the

limbs get some put on them, Do not put any poison, and, especially, no

powdered arsenic on the outer, furry side of the skins, But pepper, naphtha-

line, or camphor may be used to keep off moth from the skins when travelling.

[IV]. Turn the skin back right side out and fill the cavity of the body with

cotton wool, putting it in as far as possible in one piece, or the skin may be

reversed over the wool by putting the forceps up the furry side of the skin

from the tail end, and grasping the wool-body through the mouth, (In tropical

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

climates a few drops of carbolic acid or other disinfectant may be put on

the wool to keep off insects.) Take care just to fill out the skin without over-

stretching it, and try to get all your skins filled out to about the same degree.

Take a piece of straight wire long enough to extend from the front end of the

belly opening to the tip of the tail, sharpen, if necessary, one end of it, and

wind round it enough cotton wool to fill out the skin of the tail, then brush it

with arsenical soap and push the pointed end down to the extreme tip of the

tail skin, and fit the near end into the belly, packing it round with the wool of

the body. Puta small piece of wool into the empty skin of the arms and legs.

Then stitch up the opening down the belly.

[V]. If at all oily or greasy, the fur may be cleaned by being wiped with a

rag dipped in benzine, and then having fine sawdust gently rubbed into it, this

being afterwards brushed out when dry,

[VI]. Lay the skin on a board or piece of cork, draw out the fore paws

forward and pin them down to the board by a pin passed boldly through the

middle of the paw. Take care that they are pinned as close into the sides of

the neck or head as they possibly can be, in order to prevent their claws

catching in other skins when all are packed together in boxes. Similarly pin

back soles downwards, the hind feet by the sides of the tail. It is of con-

siderable importance that neither fore nor hind feet should project laterally

outwards, nor should curl up in drying, and that the fingers and toes should

be kept close together and parallel, not spread out sideways. :

[VII]. As the skin dries, try to get the face to assume as natural a shape

as possible, and the ears to stand up in an erect position, ‘Tie the label on to

the ankle before pinning the skin down,

[VIII]. Disarticulate the skull from the trunk, label it with a correspond-

ing number to that on the skin, and then let it dry, In a dry climate this

may be done almost without any cleaning, and even in a wet one, if the skull

be dropped into some sawdust artificially dried, little cleaning need be done ;

ab most the eyes, brain, and tongue may be taken out, but, in cutting out the

last, great care must be taken that the delicate bones behind the palate are not

injured, In a general way, try and do as little to the skull as the climate will

admit of, although, of course, it must not be allowed to become rotten, Dry-

ing naturally or artificially is the best, and arsenic or other chemicals should

not be put on it, insects being kept off by well-fitting tin boxes, and the use of -

a little naphthaline or other disinfectant in the box. Fly-blown skulls should

not be dropped in the same box with drying skulls.

[IX]. Pack the skins up carefully in small boxes when they are dry, with

enough wool rolled round them to prevent their shaking about; do not roll

them up separately in paper unless the exigencies of travel make this course

absolutely necessary. It is a good plan to have with you an ordinary cork-

lined insect box,in which the pieces of cork can be pinned for travelling,

When the skins are partly dry they can be taken off the separate pieces of

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 111

cork, and pinned close together in the box, where they can safely travel and

dry at the same time,

[X]. Bats should be pinned out just like other animals with their wings

closely folded up on each side of the body, in such a way as not to hide the

fur of the belly. The thumbs should be made to point inwards or backwards,

not outwards, One or two specimens of each species should also, if possible,

be preserved in spirits,

These directions Mr, Thomas follows with a note as to what are specially

wanted, which he describes as “ Generally all small mammals, however common,

“so long as they are not domesticated, or inhabitants of houses, é.e., squirrels,

“ yats, mice, shrews, moles, bats, weasels, stoats, &c. &c, Do not be afraid of

“sending too many of the same sort, if carefully prepared and labelled

“as above described, ; : : Series of skins representing

“the different seasons are always of interest.”

The skins can of course be treated in other ways just as those of larger

animals are, and the “ pickle’ bath already described will sometimes in their

ease be found the most convenient when the time cannot be spared to prepare

them as nice specimens by the dry process, Then, when the collector has

more time on his hands, they can be gone through carefully and made up into

specimens. In this way, too,a certain amount of time and trouble may be

saved by only selecting a good series of each of the commoner species for

making into specimens, The procedure as regards the “setting” &c., will be

just the same as described above for a fresh skin,

A third way of treating small mammals is by preserving them, as alluded

to by Mr, Thomas in the case of bats, in <pirit, and the advantage of this is

of course that there is no skinning to be done, This in some instances must

be a consideration to the busy collector who can only give a very limited

amount of time to such work, but, on the other hand, it has the disadvantage

that, if so preserved, they can never be turned subsequently into dried speci-

mens, and for the purposes of scientific investigation, the latter are found to

be much the most reliable so far as the smaller mammals are concerned, How-

ever, in the case of rare species at any rate, it is always advisable to preserve

one or two specimens in spirits. The process is simple in the extreme, The

spirit is simply ordinary methylated spirits, such as is used for burning in

small lamps. A few incisions must be made in the abdominal region, so that

the spirit may be able to thoroughly penetrate those parts. Then the whole

animal is immersed in the spirit, which can be contained in any suitable re-

ceptacle, and the mouth of course kept tightly closed to prevent evaporation,

The specimen must be given plenty of room at first, so that it may become

thoroughly impregnated,

For the purpose of labelling it is as well to note that the usual paper label

can be used, only the entries thereon must, if it is going into spirits, be made

with an ordinary icad pencil instead of with ink,

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1/1.

On the subject of the capture of small mammals, | need not say very much,

for individual circumstances will mostly indicate the best means, Traps will,

of course, generally be the most successful, especially in the case of nocturnal

terrestrial animals, and there are any number of suitable patterns obtainable.

Those that do not injure the skin with powerful rows of jagged teeth will

naturally serve the purpose best, and pitfall traps, made out of a glass, or

metal jar or a common “chatty” sunk in flush with the ground, are not only

simple but often very successful,

In the case of bats, however, the circumstances are somewhat different, and

as there is a large field for the advancement of our knowledge of them, they

are worthy of a special line, In spite of the ninety odd Indian species includ-

ed in Blanford’s ‘ Mammalia’ our knowledge of their geographical ranges is by

no means complete, and there are evidently still a large number of species with

which we are not yet acquainted,as instanced in Mr, Wroughton’s recent

paper in our Journal, Andif thisis so inthe case of the neighbourhood

of Bombay, how much more likely is it to be of the more out-of-the-way

districts,

Their nocturnal aérial habits preclude their capture by trapping, and have at

the same time prevented the extension of our knowledge of their life history

in comparison with terrestrial mammals, One has consequently to resort to

shooting them after they leave their resting places, and come out to procure

their breakfast as the shades of evening fall, This in itself isa form of

‘shikar’ that can provide a lot of amusement even if itis not ‘sport, for a

pat is by no means an easy mark, for even the man whose friends relate that

he is prantically never known to miss a snipe ; and then, again, when the bat

is “downed, there is the little job before you of finding him, A bat, that

with its wings extended in flight, appears a fine big beast, is like a very

insignificant screw of brown paper or dirty rag when on the ground.

Bats can also be caught very successfully with a large butterfly net, when

they are hawking near the ground, If the first sweep of the net misses, the

bat will generally turn and follow it, attracted by the eddy it makes in the

air; or they may be caught in their sleeping places. Caves, deserted temples,

cellars and powder magazines in cold Maratha forts, are favourite haunts, Rare

specimens might sometimes be secured by the simple expedient of shutting

the doors and windows whenever a bat comes into the house at night,

(To be continued.)

113

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS.

Part V.—KARACHI,

By F, O, Gapspen, R. 1. M.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th January, 1900).

I have repeatedly heard it stated that few places exercise a more depressing

influence upon the new-comer than does Karachi; but as yet I have never

been able to find out the real reason for this. Partly, I think, it must be

that the new arrival expects too much inthe way of scenery; he has heen

picturing to himself the gorgeous beauty of the sub-tropical foliage, and here

he arrives upon India’s strand at a place where there is little or no vegetation,

and where everything looks dry, dusty, and parched, hence his disappoint-

ment ; but, at the same time, few places that I know of grow upon one so

rapidly, and so strongly, as does this self-same arid desert-looking town, and

were I condemned to live out here altogether in the plains or on the coast,

I think I should choose Karachi, Karachi itself has no harbour proper ; one

part, or rather suburb, of the town extends down towards the seashore, but

the seaport for Karachi consists of two small hamlets, called respectively,

Manora and Keamari.,

The harbour is nothing more than a narrow arm of the sea, which in the

course of time (aided by the effects of a small stream which runs in at the

head) has been cut out of the soft sandy ooze by tidal effect, and which of

late years has been enlarged and the efforts of nature materially assisted by

constant dredging and by judicious banking in of the sea tidal water, so as to

confine it to the deeper parts,

Manora is but a small collection of houses on the left as you enter, and

consists only of the forts, lines for the garrison and officers’ houses, a few

small houses for the pilots, and, lastly, the Indian Government Telegraph

workshops and quarters for the employés, with church and school, These

all stand upon a narrow spit of sandy deposit which runs out to sea, and

which gradually rises seaward, until where the lighthouse stands, it assumes

a fairly respectable appearance, about 150 ft. high, and this eminence,

which is of soft sandstone, which has here cropped up is curiously like a

miniature Gibraltar,and is crowned by the lighthouse. Going on past

Manora, and still on your left, you come to a series of tidal creeks where

the sand and mud are present in about equal quantities, and where there is

a rough growth of mangrove, and where the ground, from being so low and

so often under water, is little else than a permanent swamp; but there

isa beautiful sandy ridge on its sea face which slopes down to the shore in

a perfectly lovely beach,

This swamp and the creeks which run through it are the resort of quanti-

ties of curlew, large and small, of the flamingo, and numbers of plover,

godwits and waterfowl generally are to be found here, more especially in the

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111.

cold weather. On the other side of the sand ridge, as I have said, there is a

beautiful beach, one that would make the fortune of any sea-side town in

England; and here, on a silvery moonlight night, it used to bea favourite

custom, when I was much younger, for a few of us to ask the girls to come

out for a ramble after dinner, and going along the beach we used to look for

and try and turn turtle, In those good old days, and I am referring now to

some twenty years ago, the turtle were fairly numerous and many and many

amerry evening have I spent after them ; but the fortifications have since

then been extended, the turtle have been somewhat disturbed, or are, per-

haps, better educated, and I am told that there are nothing like the number

seen now that there used to be. Harking back now tothe entrance of the

harbour, to the right or south side, as the vessel enters, one sees three or four

ragged islets standing half-a-mile or so away from the channel,and these

were our happiest hunting grounds, But of this more later on. Then, as

you go up the harbour you come to the groin, which has only been built in

comparatively late years to influence the set of the tides, and to help the

scour from silting up the harbour, The end of this groin also marks another

first class fishing spot, to which I will also refer later on; while the groin

itself runs right up to Keamari, where the wharves have been built, and

where all the large cargo steamers go alongside to discharge. The harbour

is nowhere more than three-quarters of a mile broad, and it is about three

to three and-a-half miles in length, but in the season (and the season some-

how or other seems to stretch into nearly all the year round) there is most

excellent sport to be had with one or other of the numerous species of fish

which inhabit this harbour.

I have mentioned that Karachi at first appears to have a depressing effect,

and that the cause of this is, ina measure, due to the fact that there is not

much vegetation, and, consequently, very few forms of bird life were ordi-

narily to be seen ; in fact if one excepted the common crow and a few fish

hawks and terns there were hardly any. Yet one had only to go a short dis-

tance inland and in the cold weather first rate shooting was to be had among

black partridge, florican, bustard, hare, snipe and teal and duck innumerable,

and then it was that one realized what a wonderful land this really is.

Bleak and barren with a stunted vegetation and a very limited rainfall, you

could never expect leafy Devonshire-like lanes with high moss-covered banks

for your pedestrian rambles, nor did you ever come across wayside inns

with honey-suckled arbours, kept by a jolly-looking host and his buxom

dame in which to refresh the inner man ; but wild stretches of sandy moor- —

land, covered with prickly thorn ates are from a sporting point oe view

a not altogether disagreeable substitute,

These are some of the charms and advantages of Karachi; and when all

this shooting is there for you, absolutely free, one can readily understand

how, to a poor man fond of this sort of thing, Karachi would naturally be a

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 13

pleasant place, Out here many men, in fact nearly everyone, shoots, and

not many men fish ; and so it was in those days, If you had asked ninety-

nine men out of a hundred what fishing there was to be had about Karachi,

they would probably have replied in that cocksure manner peculiar to Eng-

lishmen—“ Fishing? Why none!” And yet if they had only taken the

trouble to think a little about it, that same common sense which distin-

guishes our countrymen would probably soon have convinced them that

they had made a mistake,

Tt is altogether against nature to suppose that this land, which teems with

life throughout, from the very highest forms down to the lower grades of

reptiles, should contain waters barren of fish life, nor, in fact, is itso. The

Indian waters everywhere are just as prolific as the Jands, and wherever the

lower forms of fish life abound there will be found also the higher forms,

in the shape of the more voracious and piscivorous species, which live and

thrive upon their weaker brethren, and which, to the angler and the sports-

man, are the objects of continual solicitude, Karachi is no exception to

this general rule. Its placid and sheltered waters are the home of many of

the smaller species of fish and crustaceans, and,as a natural consequence,

are, in due season, the haunt and resort of many of the more predacious

varieties. The one oftenest met with, and the one with which [intend to

associate this place, is a fish well known out here under numerous names,

Locally it is known as ‘“‘dangara;” in Bengal it is called “begti,” better

known to Europeans perhaps as “‘nair” or “cock up;” and recognised by

science as Lates calcarifer.

Tt hath been said by them of old time that the “bahmin” and the “ dan-

gara” are inseparable, and that where you find the one, you will most

assuredly find the other. Since they are both estuary fish, I am not pre-

pared to deny that there may be places where both are found together, but

my own experience does not lead me to think that itis necessarily, or aven

often so. In Bombay, where the bahmin at certain times love to congregate,

it is rarely that one catches a “ dangara”’ when hahmin fishing ; and per con-

tra, in Karachi and in Cochin, which are the two best places I know of for

“ dangara,” bahmin are certainly not common. I do not know that I have

ever caught a bahmin in Karachi, though I have caught most fish there, and

the reason for this, in my opinion, is that the tidal stream in Karachi Har-

bour is never strong enough to suit the dashing “Indian salmon,” nor is the

bottom of a sufficiently rugged and rocky nature to induce this fish to haunt

the spot. But to return to the “dangara.’ He isa large and powerful fish

of the family Percide. Deep in the body, and with large scales of a handsome

dark golden bronze colour, he is the personification of strength combined

with pertinacity ; he loves the entrance to back-waters and creeks, and is

generally found feeding on a rising tide. On nearly all the muddy banks of

the creeks about here, also in the upper waters of Bombay Harbour, and

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIII.

again down on the creeks and back-waters about Cochin, and, in fact, wher-

ever a tidal creek has long sloping muddy banks, there is to be found often-

times in incredible numbers, a curious looking little creature, or rather a

newt-like little fish (Periopthalmus kelreuteri), which is amphibious, and

which lives more than half its time out of the water basking on the slimy

muddy banks, When disturbed it wriggles along, flopping its eel-like tail,

and with the aid of its pectoral fins hops back down into the water. You

will see them sometimes in thousands lying on the mud just at the water line

with a rising tide, or swimming about with only just their curious prominent

eyes above water, and as the water rises, so do they creep further and further

up the bank and at times they are found quite inland among the grass and

roots of trees. These appear to be the favourite food of the “ dangara, ” and

though a shy fish they will venture into the very shallowest water in search

of them.

Continuing my remarks on that curious little creature or rather a newt-

like little fish (Periopthalmus kelreuteri) they appear to be the favourite

food of the dangara and are the very best and deadliest bait that can be

used, but your success with dangara will depend entirely upon your hitting

off the time of tide and choosing the localities known to be affected by both

the dangara itself and by the small mud fish that it is so fond of. Right

opposite the pier at Keamari on the swamp before mentioned, and near the

old Quarantine Hospital for small-pox, several of these creeks debouch, and

right in the eddies and backwaters caused by the rising tide at the very

entrance to these creeks is, I think, the best place I know. The dangara is a

curious fish, He takes the bait in a very quiet manner, No rush, no fuss, but

at the same time no nonsense ; he just gulps it in and lies quiet, and manya -

time you will think that you are fast in the bottom instead of fast in a fish,

Then, as likely «s not, he will begin to move quietly away, and the bigger the

fish the quieter will be the whole proceeding ; but if you think that you are

going to have matters all your own way, you will very soon and very sudden-

ly be undeceived. As he moves away you tighten up your line for a minute

or so to see if the hook be home, and as likely as not you will rouse his anger

by this proceeding, and then he is off, not a lightning-like rush like the

bahmin’s, but an absolutely irresistible movement through the water which

you had better not try to stop or else a smash-up is inevitable. They also

make much longer runs at a time, when once started, than do most large fish,

and I have had very moderate-sized fish go out with 200 yards without a

stoppage, and then had to follow them, but they seldom make more than one

long run, and if you can keep on terms with them until that is finished the

chances then are distinctly in your favour. I one evening caught eight fish,

the largest about 183 lbs., and every fish ran well at first and took not less

than 100 yards of line, but I got every fish that night, though it was dark

and I seldom saw anything of the fish until 1t was near enough to net,

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 117

Dangara run very large at times, I personally have never caught one over

27 Ibs., but I have seen them repeatedly much larger, One that was brought

for sale by some natives on to the ship I was then Serving in weighed

843 lbs., and another that by some mistake found its way into one of the

dry docks in the Government Dockyard, Bombay, only last year, when a

vessel of the Indian Marine was being undocked, and which was eventually

caught and killed when next the dock was pumped out, weighed 61 lbs.

Both these were extremely handsome fish. Dangara, I have come to the

conclusion, feed best by night,and a clear moonlight night, with a quickly

rising tide rushing into the narrow creeks and stirring up the mud, is the

best, Onsucha night, if you are ina boat, and keep quiet, you will hear

them all around you, breaking the surface of the water with a sullen sound-

ing plunge, and simply wallowing along in the mud, chasing the small mud

fish, and throwing themselves up on to the mud in a frantic endeavour to

Seize some particularly active member. They feed, of course, in the day

too, but the water must be thick, They have a very large, round, and

powerful eye, and must be able to see better in the thicker water than most

fish, and being able to see so well themselves, they use the thick and dirty

water as a screen by means of which they can approach their prey without

being seen, Though they live im thick and dirty water, and as a rule prey

upon mud fish, they have no muddy flavour about themselves, and are, when

well cooked and quite fresh, a most delicious fish for the table, Their flesh

lies in thick, flaky strips, and is very rich, Taken all round, they are one of

‘the best fish we have out here, both for the table and for sport, but they

must be eaten quite fresh ; their flesh soon decomposes, and then, besides

being soft and unpalatable, is positively unwholesome, When fishing for

them I have at different times tried many baits—prawn, hermit crab, and

smal] mullet—but where { could get the small mud fish, I found nothing else

would come up to it. One need never be at a loss for them ; they are nearly

ubiquitous, very easily caught and easily baited, and if properly put on to

the hook they live along time. They remind one somewhat of an English

gudgeon and their antics on the bank, as they go about on the mud with a

curious hop, skip and a jump sort of wriggling motion, is very comical.

Further back I have mentioned two places in the harbour as being good

spots, The one was at the end of the groin and the other was near some

rocky islets near the southern end of the harbour, At the first mentioned

place (and the stranger will easily recognise it by looking for the last of the

stone pillars which run out from the end of the groin, and which has partial-

ly collapsed) there is some excellent sport to be had with a grey sea perch

(Chrysophrys berda), These fish run from ? Ib, to 3 lbs, in weight, and it ig

extraordinary at times how many can be caught in a very short time, They

are a very decent-looking silvery-scaled fish, with a purplish hue in their -

scales, very fair for the table, except that they have a tremendous lot of bones,

118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

The principal fun in catching these fish consists in the fact that they

are provided with an excellent set of teeth, that they generally manage

to bite through any ordinary tackle, and even when you get them into

the boat it is quite an open question, by the time you have the hook clear

of the fish, which of the two of you has come off best, what with his

spiky dorsal and ventral fins and his particularly sharp teeth, which he

will certainly embed in your fingers on the slightest provocation, I have

at different times caught hundreds and have hardly been able to use

my fingers, some times for days afterwards, and have enjoyed myself

immensely at seeing my chums green at this game being taken in in the

same way.

You want for this sport a medium light rod, fine line, and best of all

a very fine single wire trace with a long fine shanked hook. Bait the

best I know is a piece of the body of ashrimp, The fish are naturally shy,

and as they are in clear water see everything, so that the wire must be

fine if you wish to succeed, On the other hand, their jaws are so powerful

and their teeths are so sharp that it must be something tough and strong,

Guts would be of no use, and I have many a time lost my fish before

I could get him into a net simply by his biting through the wire, Natives

get very excited over this fishing, and think no end of themselves if they

have managed to get a good haul. One peculiarity of this fishing is that

you can see nearly every fish as he comes up to your bait and so far you

are never taken by surprise.

While on the subject of this fish, I would note that there is another

place where they can be got, and where the average size of the fish is

generally larger. About three-quarters of a mile straight out to sea

from the light-house there is a bank with about 6 fathoms of water, and

here, sometimes, the fish are to be had in great numbers. The local fisher-

men all know the places and a stranger cannot help noticing the different

fishing boats at anchor, and their occupants busily engaged. He has

only to join this merry throng and take his chances along with the rest,

Sometimes it happens that the perch is not at home, and then one is very

likely to catch nothing but young sharks or dog fish, The native fisherman

almost invariably uses shrimp and whitebait, They take a handful of the

latter, squash it all up, and put this paste round a piece of coral or rough

stone, fix it with a slippery hitch just above their baited hook, and lower

the whole carefully into the water, When the line has reachd the

bottom, they give it a jerk, the hitch that they have made comes adrift,

the stone falls away with the ground-bait, and they are all clear with their

baited hooks for whatever may come. It isa very effective way of ground-

baiting, and they seem never to do much without it. I have had many

good days in both places, but if one goes to the outer ground you should

goin a larger boat as being safer, I, personally, often went in a fisherman’s

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 119

boat with him, but one disadvantage lies in this, the boats are ancient and

for years have been used for fishing purposes, and every crevice and corner

is stuffed with the accumulations of years of fisherman’s garbage, and the

odour that exudes is awful, This, added to a bit of a jump or swell, is

very often the last straw, and I have suffered from mal de mer in these

boats, when otherwise I should never have had even a suspicion of

a head,

Down by the rocky islets afore-mentioned there is in the hot weather

some of the prettiest fly fishing to be had that I have ever come across out

here. On the southernmost of the islets is a broad, flat, rocky ledge, and

we used in the old days to go down there, take a small tent, or sometimes

only a piece of canvas to rig up fora shelter, have our servants with us

to get breakfast ready, and then and there begin to fish, The most favourite

flies were a March Brown and a very large Red Spinner, Our takes consisted

of mullet, some garfish, a curious looking fish, which I have long since

recognised as Megalops cyprinoides, and which has a good deal of the

look of a herring about it ; and occasionally a deeper thinner looking fish,

something like a perch, which I have never been able to identify ; and on

one or two occasions we have had, as a great piece of luck, a small “ hilsa”’

(Clupea ilisha). The majority of the fish we caught were either mullet

or the Megalops, and many a dozen have I had of these. Sometimes a shoal

of them would be swimming past slowly, and as long as they remained

within reach they would take. No amount of hooking fish would disturb

the others, they simply held on the even tenour of their way, and as long

as they were within reach it was all right. This fishing was best in the

latter part of the hot weather, and, as far as I know can only be had in the

hot weather, A friend of mine, now a Major R. E., was out one day, and

laying down his rod for a few minutes, with the flies in the water , was surpris=

ed when he came to recover his line to find that he had something quite out

of the way on; after a short time of careful playing, during which, what-

ever he had on would only move in a sluggish manner, he managed to reel

up and eventually land a very beautifully marked and exceptionally

large crayfish, while his line had been left in the water the flies

had sunk to the bottom, and the crayfish prowling around had

probably been struck with the novelty of a red spinner in such a

situation, and had promptly annexed it. The fish had fairly taken the fly

and gorged it, and could not possibly have got away except by a break,

Talking of hilsa, it is hardly fair to pass over this fish altogether, although

from an angler’s point of view, it is almost worthless, being very seldom

taken on a hook at all, but the hilsa is such a well known fish out here, that

afew words concerning it may not be out of place. It is a seafish, which,

annually, like the British Salmonidew, ascends the rivers for spawning

purposes. In appearance it is like the chad, never attaining any great size,

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

an adult averages, I believe, under 13lbs. They assemble in the early part of

the rains at the mouths of the larger rivers, and when the floods come down

they run up extraordinary distances inland for spawning purposes. It is as

an article of food that it is so highly prized. Far and away the most

delicious fish we have, its flesh resembles that of a herring with a flavour

of salmon thrown in and is very rich and satisfying, Its only draw-.

back is that you cannot put the smallest morsel into your mouth without

being almost choked with bones, It is marvellous where the bones

come from, and though very small and as flexible as hairs, it is impossible

to swallow them. Itis said, but Ido not believe it, that itis possible to

carve a hilsa in such a way that the flesh can be got without bones, though I

have never seen it done; but in spite of this it isa treat to get one fresh.

At the mouths of the larger rivers the netting of hilsa is a regular industry,

and they are picked and salted and put up with tamarind, and preserved in

many ways, and there is an enormous sale for them. Modern civilisations,

however, in the shape of engineering works, such as dams, dykes, etc., built

across rivers for the sake of utilising the water for irrigation, has interfered

largely with this fish, They can no longer get the same run up the rivers

for spawning, and as they cannot spawn in the sea water, the consequence Is

that they are decreasing in numbers rapidly, and,if this goes on,in some

rivers it is only a question of a few years and they will be extinct. I believe

that attention has been drawn to this lately and that steps are being taken

to assist the fish in their migration up-stream.

The case of the hilsa out here and the case of the salmon in the British

Isles is very similar.

It is time for me to wind up. Iam afraid, as itis, that I have taken up

too much of your valuable space, but the fact is that it is nearly impossible

to deal curtly with the capabilities of a fishing station like Karachi, and to

confine oneself to a single species of fish. Old memories come back of good

days and heavy baskets amongst different sorts of fish, and as the object of

these papers is to put before your readers what they might look forward

to and expect if ever their lines were cast out here, I must perforce be for-

given if I have entered rather fully into details,

121

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS,

The Genus Poecilotheria : its Habits, History, and Species,

By R. 1. POCOCK, of the British Museum of Natural History.

WirH A PLATE.

Part 1.—Observations on the Habits and History of the Genus.

Tue Genus Peeilotheria is a representative of that great and almost

cosmopolitan group of spiders which was formerly included under the

comprehensive title Mygale—a term which is stillto be found in many cecent

text-books of zoology and also in popular works on natural history, where

special reference to them is made on account of their size and alleged pro-

pensity for killing and eating small birds, The truth on this point appears

to be as follows :—

Madame Merian, who was one of the first to make known the existence of

these large spiders, although stating that the species she observed in Surinam

feeds mostly on ants, asserted that they also take young humming-birds from

their nests when the supply of insects runs short ; and this description is

accompanied by a coloured figure of a spider devouring one of these birds.

The accuracy of this observation was subsequently confirmed by Mr. Bates,

and who also gave illustration of the destruction of a small bird by one of

these great spiders, A similar story accompanied by another figure is told in

‘The Illustrated Natural History’ by the late Rev, J. G. Wood. Thus from

the small substratum of fact established by Madame Merian arse the wide-

spread and -ensational belief that the staple article of food of these spiders

consists of small birds. Asa matter of fact, there is nv doubt that they feed

almost entirely upon insects; but they will certainly also kill and devour

any living animal they are powerful enough to overcome, In support of this

statement aud of those made by Madame Merian and Mr. Bates it may be

added that during his stay in Borneo Mr, A, Everett captured a specimen of

the species I have described as Phormingochilus tigrinus ina bird’s nest,

where it had killed the young bird ; and that the specimen of Pecilotheria

described below as P. regalis and figured in the accompanying plate was

when captured, devouring a small rat which presumably it had killed.

Apart from diet, these large spiders differ somewhat in mode of life. Most

of them live on the groun] beneath stones or in deep burrows which are

excavated in the soil and lined with a layer of silk, to prevent the in‘all of

loose particles of earth or sand, Others, again, are found in trees, where they

Spin a light silken downicile either between forked branches, or in the hollow

trunk, or in leaves rolled up for the purpose, The species of Pecilotheria

are now known to be tr e-living forms. Colonel Yerbury, for instance, tells

me that in Ceylon he discovered P. fusciata on trunks of trees, where they

spin a light web in the angle formed by a projecting branch ; and a specimen

of a species closely allied to P. regales that ‘was sent from the Thana

district in the Bombay Presideucy by Mr, A. G. :Edie fell off a tree when 1

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

was struck with an axe ; lastly, the specimens of the three S, Indian species

recorded below were captured inthe stakes of timber cut in the forests

for fuel.

In addition to their great size, a feature in which they are scarcely surpas-

sed by any spider in any country, the species of Pecilotherta are remarkable for

their varied colouring. The upperside of the body and limbs is ornamented

with blotches and stripes of brown and grey ; and since itis now known that

the spiders live on trees, there can be no doubt that this type of coloration

subserves the purpose of concealment, since it must harmonize very closely

with the pattern of a tree-trunk overgrown with patches of grey lichen and

moss, Bui the colouring of the lower side is startlingly different from that

of the upper, and is quite unlike anything that is to be met with in the

spiders allied to Pacilotheria, though coloration of a similar kind is known to

occur in many species of the families Lycosidw, Heteropodide, &c. This

ecloration in most species is of a deep chocolate-brown or black tint

on the lower side of the thorax, abdomen, and coxz, while the legs are nearly

white or lemon-yellow, beautifully slashed with black bands and tipped with

hairy pads of iridescent hue. It isat first sight puzzling to account for the

existence of such colours on the lower surface of a spider, where under

ordinary circumstances they cannot possibly be seen, But it is known that

when molested these animals rear themselves on their hind legs and brandish

the fore pairs and palpi in the air, adopting, in fact,a position in which the

colours are plainly displayed to.iew. Some of the other spideis mentioned

_ above belonging, e. g., to the Heteropodide, which, although small as com-

pared with Pwecilotheriu, are yet of considerable dimensions, are known

actually to turn on their tacks when molested. Taking these facts int» con-

sideration, and remembering that black and white or black and yellow stripes

constitute the badge with which Nature, for purposes of protection, has

endowed poisonous inedible animals, so that they may be at once recognized

by their foes and let alone—remembering, too, that these spiders possess

poison-glands of large size and are armed with irritating bristles, I have no

hesitation in ascribing the unusual coloration of the under surface to the

category of warning characters. They also possess a method of self-advertise-

ment, which no doubt subserves the same end, in the form of a stridulating-

organ lodged between the mandible and the palp, and consisting of vibratile

club-shaped rods and of bristles which set them a-sounding.

During 1898 the British Museum received from Mr. H. R. P. Carter*

representatives of three new species of Pwcilotheria; and since the British

Museum has examples of all the known species of this genus, I hasten

* I gladly take this opportunity of expressing my great obligation to Mr. Carter,

who, upon Jearning that the National Collection was in wen' of these sp‘ders, kudly |

wrote to his friends in S. I: dia, and used his influence to such giod purpose that 1 am

now able to add three fresh s; ecies of this genus to the faunistic lists of India,

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS. 123

to describe these three new forms, together with one from Ceylon, and

to give a brief recapitulation of the history of the genus and of the

habits of the species, so that those willing to avail themselves of the

opportunity of collecting material of this group may know where to search

for specimens, and may learn what has been ascertained up to the present

time of the species. It is hoped, too, that they may be able to determine

the specimens they procure, and, particularly, may be brought to realize that

in all probability many more specific representatives of this genus exist than

have hitherto been discovered, so that the trouble of collecting even in

localities where these spiders have already been found will be well repaid

by results,

Apart from the chance that it offers of bringing new species to light, the

acquisition of fresh material will teach usa great deal about such matters

as the variations to which these spiders ave subject as they, pass from ihe

young to the adult condition, and of the differences that obtain between the

two sexes both before and after maturity.

For example, out of the four species that are here recorded from S$, India,

we only know the two sexes in one instance, that is to say, in the case of

P. regalis, Of the others, P. vittata is represented in the British Museum

collection by a single male, P. metallica by a single female, and P. formosa

by several females but no male. Again, the alleged Penang species

P. striata is also only known from the female sex. This is true as well of the

Ceylon species P. ornata, although fortunately in the case of the remaining

two species from this island, namely, P. fasciata and P. subfusca, we possess

examples of both sexes, And since, owing to the great sexual differences

that spiders present, our knowledge of a species is very incomplete until both

male and female have been captured, itis clear that much still remains to

be accomplished in the case of more than half the species that have been

established.

Judging of the species of Pwcilotheria of which the malesand females are.

known, it may be asserted with regard to specimens of the former sex that

they resemble the females in the coloration of the lower surface of the body

and limbs, but that the wpper surface is much more uniformly tinted, the

pale bands and patches being far less clearly defined. They also resemble

the females in the development of the femoral fringes on the legs ; but they

differ strikingly from them in the much smaller size of the body and the

relatively much greater length of the limbs, and also, as in the case of all

spiders, by the presence of the so-called palpal organ on the tarsal segment of

the palpus or short limbs of the first pair. This is the intromittent organ of

the male, and in Pecilotheria takes the form of a horny pear-shaped structure

w:th three sharp crests running spirally round its narrow apical portion,

The earliest known species of the genus Pecilotheria was described by

Latreille as Mygale fasctata, and was based upon the figure of a large spider

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII,

named Aranea maxima ceilonica, published in Seba’s ‘ Thesaurus,’ vol. i.,

pl. Ixvii. The true fasczata, therefore, is a Ceylonese species,

C. Koch, who was practically the first to dismember the old genus Mygale

of Latreille and Walckenaer, in 1850 gave to this Ceylon spider the generic

name Scurria, Unfortunately this name had three years earlier been applied

toa mollusk, and since it is against the rules of zoological nomenclature for

the same name to be used for two distinct animals, Simon in 1885 proposed

Pecilotheria to replace Scurria of C, Koch.

Up to 1885 the genus Pecilotheria, with its supposed single species fasciata,

was considered to be peculiar to the island of Ceylon. In that year, how-

ever, Simon recorded the occurrence of the species from Ramnad, in the

Madura district of S. India (Bull. Soc, Zool, France, 1885, p. 58. Touching

the accuracy of this determination, it is permissible to have doubts; never-

theless the discovery that the genus is not confined to Ceylon was important,

No one, however, seems to have suspected the existenc2 of more than one

species of Pecilotheria uy to 1895. Early in that year I worked out the

material of this genus contained inthe British Museum, with the result

that two well-marked, sharply defined species of the genus were found to

occur in Ceylon, another in 8. India, and a third in the island of Penang*,

These species were briefly described in the February number of the ‘ Annals, ’

The discovery of two species in Ceylon of course raised the whole question

as to which of the two was the genuine fasciata, The two species seem to be

equally common in the island, and it was quite certain that specimens

of both species were preserved in the various collections in Europe and were

passing under the name fasciata.

Reference, however, to Seba’s original figure, imperfect in many respects

though it be, shows that the pattern of the upperside of the abdomen in the

original fasciata consists of a pale longitudinal band surrounded by a narrow

dark brown border, whence narrow stripes of the same colour run on to the sides

of the abdomen very much as is shown in the case of P, regalis in the accom-

-panying plate. This type of coloration is very noticeable in one of the Cey-

lonese species, but not so in the other, To the former, therefore, I restricted

the name fasciata, and described the latter as a new species subfusca. The

most striking differences between the two, however, do not consist so much in

the pattern of the abdomen and carapace, as in that of the underside of the

legs, the femoral segments of which are beautifully banded black and yelluw

in fasciata, which in subfusca they are of a uniform chocolate-brown tint.

The other two species that were described in that paper, namely, the one

from Penang and the one from S, India, have the femora banded some-

what as in fasciata, and two out of three from $, India and the one from

Ceylon established in the following pages are similarly coloured, while the

fourth more nearly apprcaches subfusca in having the femora unstriped.

————

* For correction of this locality see note on p. 132,

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS. 125

Part 2.—Descriptions of the Species.

(1) Pecilotheria faseiata (Latreille), (Pl. A, fig. 2.)

Maygale fasciata, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xv. p. 304 (1803); also Hist.

Nat. Crust. et Ins., vii. p. 160 C1804), &c.; Walckenaer. Hist. Nat. des Arandides

iv. I, with fig. (1806); Hahn, Monographie der Spinnen, pl. i. (1820) ; id. Die

Arachniden, ii. p. 65, fig. 157 (1834) ; C. Koch, Die Arachniden, ix. p. 41. fig,

717 (1842).

Scurria fasciata, C. Koch, Uebersicht des Arachnidensyst, pt. v. p 74 (1850).

Peeilotheria fasciata, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 1885, p. 38 ; Pocock, Ann, &

Mag. Nas. Hist. (6) iv. p. 171.

Loe. Ceylon (frincomali, Kandy).

The Museum has specimens of this species merely ticketed “Ceylon,”

The only example with exact localities are an adult male anda young female

from Kandy (Col. Yerbury), and an adult male from Trincomali (P. Bassett

Smith).

For the sake of comparison I append measurements}; of an adult female

and male example of this species :—

Q. Total length 46 ; length of carapace 24, width 20 ; length of first lee

77, of second 67, of third 55, of fourth 67; patella and tibia of first 28 of

fourth 23 ; protarsus of fourth 17,

6. (from Kandy), Total length 35 ; length of carapace 16°5, width 13'8;

length of first leg 66, of second 57, of third 47, of fourth 60, of palp 315 ;

tibia of fourth 13°8 ; protarsus of fourth 16°5, of first 15,

* In the above list no attempt has been made to give a complete quotation of the references

to this spe-ies. The works that are cited are those that contain the original references to

the name, those that contain figures of the species towhich the name “fasciata” haa been

applied and those that ontain changesin the nomenclature of the genus. Nor must the

inclusion of these references under one hearing be taken as evidence that I consider as

cospecifie all the spiders that have been referre! to fasciata by the various authors cited

above. They may all belong t» the same species, but the published figures and cescriptions

are not safficiently accura'e and detailed to carry conviction on the point,

+ In this and all cases the length of the legis taken from the base of the femur to the

tip of the tarsal claws, and does not include the trochanter and coxa,

The leg measurements must, however, in certain cases be used with caution, for, as

compared with the carapace, these appendages are longer in smaller (younger) than in larger

specimens; in other words, with increase of szethe carapace increases in length more

rapidly than the legs. The total length in the table of measurements includes the carapace

and abdomen, but not th> jaws (mandibles). The length of the abdomen, however, is of little

importance, since in living specimens it varies greatly in size in accordance with the full-

fed or fas ing condition of the spider, and in Museum specimens in accordance with the

method of preservation whether in a dry state or in alcohol. Since the carapace is not

subject to these alterations, ‘he !elative size of two spiders may be estimated by the length

of this plate, which may be taken as the standard in Arachnoid mensuration,

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11.

(2) Pecilotheria subfusca, Poc.

Scurria fasciata, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. -199, & (not fasciata )

Latr., C. Koch, &¢.),

Pecilotheria subfusca, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xv. p. 171 (1895).

Loc. Ceylon (Peradenia, Pundaloya),

As ia the case of 7’. fasciata the British Museum has many specimens of .

this species from Ceylon, but only four of these have a definite locality.

These are an adult male (type) and female from Pundaloya (ZH. E. Green),

and a pair of females from Peradenia (freeman coll).

Ausserer failed to identify this species from want of material wherewith to

check the constancy of the differences between it aud P. fascata, Vhe latter

was known to him oniy from the female, and his example of this specie. was

amale, The colour variation Letween the two he regarded to be of a sexual

nature,

The following ave the measurements in millimetres of the adult female col-

lected by Mr. Freeman at Peradenia, and of the adult male obtained by Mr,

Green at Pundaloya:—

@. Total length 48 ; length of carapace 25, width 21; length of second leg

67, of third 58, of fourth 69; patella and tibia of second 25, of fourth 25 ;

protarsus of fourth 17.

@. ‘Total length 31; length of carapace 15, width 13 ; length of first

leg 61,ofsecond 56, of third 48, of fourth 60; tibia of fourth 14,

protarsus of fourth 16, of first 13:3,

(3) Pecilotheria vittata, Poe.

Peecilotheria vittata, Poc., Ann. & Mag, Nat, Hist, (6) xv. p.172 (1895),

Loe. S. India or Ceylon (Mr. Fanshawe’s coll.)

A single male example only is known,

This specimen presents the following measurements in millimetres :—

Total length 34; length of carapace 17, width 15:2; length of first

leg 72, of second 63,of third 57, of foirth 66 ; protarsus of fourth 18,

of first 17°8 ; tibia of fourth 15,

(4) Pecilotheria striata, Poe,

Pecilotheria striata, Poc,, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist, (5) xv. p, 172 (1895).

Loc, Penang (Hardwicke coll.).

One specime: only of this species is known. The Iccality assigned to

it is, perhaps, erroneous, since no spider resembling a Peecilotheria has

been taken in Penang by any collectors of recent years. Nevertheless,

until this particular species is discovered elsewhere, which up to the

present time has not taken place*, there are no conclusive reasons for

rejectirg the authenticity of the label on the type specimen.

The measurements of the type specimen are as follow =

Total length 45; length of carapace 25, width 21°5 ; length of first

* For correction on this statement, see note on p. 132,

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS, 127

leg 85, of second 72,of third 59, of fourth 74; patella and tibia of first

31, of fourth 26 ; protarsus of fourth 19,

(5) Pecilotheria regalis,sp.n. ( Pl. A, figs. 1-1 0.)

Colour :—Head-shield or carapace covered above at the sides with

grey hairs, tinged here and there with yellow, its middle third occupied

by a pair of sinuous longitudinal bands which start on each side of the

ocular tubercle and pass backwards to the posterior margin, uniting with

each other for a short distance midway hetween the ocular tubercle and the

thoracic fovea. Abdomen ornamented above with a broad whitish-yellow

band, with its sinuous lateral edges bordered with deep blackish-brown,

sides of the upper surface pale mouse-browr, and furnished with chocolate-

brown obliquely transverse stripes, which pass from the black edging of the

median band to the deep chocolate-brown colouring of the lower surface :

lower surface of abdomen and the epigastric area in \front of the generative

fold deep chocclate-brown or black, but behind the epigastric fold there is a

broad transverse yellowish-red band passing right across the abdomen from

side to side and embracing the posterior breathing-organs. Mandibles dirty

greyish-brown above, black below towards the tip. Palpi greyish-white

above, brownish on the upperside of the femur and tarsus, with black lines

on the tibia aud patella ; lower and inner sides of femur deep velvety black ;

patella white below, witha brown spot on each side ; tibia whitish below,

tinted with brown in the middle, with a large brown patch on each

side,

Legs brown, variegated with grey ; the extremities of the segments greyish-

white,a pair of lines of white spots on the tibie ; tarsi with two pairs of

reddish-brown spots—one pairat base, one at apex ;coxe and trochanters

pale above ; lower avd under sides of femora, patelle, and tibie of first and

second legs bright lemon-yellow, of third and fourth pairs bluish-white ; the

femora and tibiz ornamented with a bread blackish-brown band in the distal

half, but with only a very small brownish spot or stripe at the base of the

inner side ; these bandsare narrower than the pale area at the base of the

femora, but thicker than that at the tip; patella also with a brown stripe or

spot at the tip, the stripe on patella of third and fourth very narrow ; base of

protarsus of third and fourth bluish-grey,

Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of first leg, almost equal to those

of second, exceeding those of fourth; patella and tibia of fourth less than

of second.

Femora of palp fringed externally and internally ; femora of first and

second leg also fringed externally and internally at the apex ; the trochanters

of the first and second legs also fringed in front,

Measurements in millimetres——Total length 53 ; length ef carapace 25, width

21 ; length of first leg 75, of seccnd 65, of third 55, of fourth 67 ; patella and

tibia of first 28, of fourth 23°5 ; protarsus of fourth 15°8.

128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Loc, Arkonam in the North Arcot District of the Madras Presidency,

Taken in timber brought from the Eastern Ghats (A. R. P. Carter),

The type of this species is a fine adult female example which Mr, Carter

brought alive from India and deposited in the Zoological Gardens at Regent's

Park, Unfortunately the animal did not long survive the journey to London,

I am much indebted to Mr, Arthur Thomson, the head keeper, for the pains

he took in the preservation of the specimen and for bringing it to the Bri-

tish Museum, at Mr, Carter’s request, when it was thoroughly dried.

The species much resembles the Ceylonese P. fasciata in the colouring of

the body and limbs, but may be at once distinguished as from all the other

known species of the genus by the presence of the broad reddish band on the

lower side of the abdomen. It further differs from fasciata in the breadth

of the bands on the lower side of the legs and the presence of the fringes of

hairs on the femora of the palpi and front legs. In both of these respects it

approaches the Penang species P. striata. P. striata, however, is a longer-

legged form, having the carapace shorter than the patella and tibia of the

fourth leg, &c. (Compare measurements of the types.)

The British Museum possesses a dry example of what appears to be a male,

specimen of this species from Koorg (Jr. Macgilligan’s coll.), It presents

the following measurements :—

Total length 32; length of carapace 17°5, width 15°5 ; length of first leg 73,

of second 63, of third 52°5, of fourth 65; protarsus of first 16°3, of fourth

17-2; tibia of fourth 14°5, .

We also have an immature and badly preserved female specimen from the

Nilgiri Hills (£, W. Oates), and a very much rubbed adult female from Daha-

nee in the Thana district, North Konkan (4. G. Edie).

(6) Paecilotheria formosa, sp. n.

Colouring of the upperside of trunk and limbs much like that of

P. regalis; the brown bands on the thorax much wider and spreading more

over towards the margins ; the pale band on the upperside cf the abdomen

less noticeably lobate posteriorly, with the brawn band that circumscribes

it and the brown stripes that radiate from it less clearly defined ; there

is also a larger pale area of the extremities of the tibie and protarsi

of the legs, and the upper sides of the tarsi of the legs are not distinctly

spotted ; the lower sides of the legs and palpi are strongly striped, but

the tibia of the palp is entirely brown beneath, and the legs are much

more of a uniform dirty white, the anterior pairs being only tinted

with yellow, andthe posterior pairs without the bluish tinge ; the dark

stripes, too, are blacker and narrower ; there is, moreover, a largish black

patch on the inner side of the anterior femora at the base, and there

is no white distal band on the lower sideof the femora of the third and

fourth legs, or, at all events, at most a very narrow one spreading down from

the dorsal side ; and the bands on the patella of the third and fourth legs are

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS. 129

broader than in P. regalis, Finally the lower side of the abdomen is entirely

chocolate-brown, without a pale band.

Legs of first and second pairs shorter than in P, regalis, the carapace being

as long as the patella and tibia of the first leg and longer than those of the

second by the grey spot on the protarsus ; patella aud tibia of fourth a little

longer than of second ; femora and trochanters of palpi and anterior legs not,

~ or at all events only very slightly, fringed.

Stridulating-organ on maxilla consisting of a short cluster of two rows

of longer and shorter clavate bristles, with usually two or three strong black

tooth-like ridges removed a little distance from the distal end of the

cluster,

Measurements in millimetres of type spectmen.—Total length 54; length of

carapace 26, width 21; length of first leg 69, of second 61, of third 54, of

fourth 65; patella and tibia of first 26, of fourth 23; protarsus

fourth 16,

Loc, Kadiampatti and Mullaptram, in the Salem District, Sheveroy Hills

(H.R. P. Carter and 4.C, West), Taken in

firewood.

stacks of locomotive

This species differs from P. regalis in the characters pointed out in the

diagnosis. It resembles P. fasciata in the absence of the femoral fringes of

hair, these being the only species with banded legs in which these fringes are

not developed. It, however, differs entirely from P. fasciata in the much

whiter colour of the lower side of the legs; the much greater width of the

black femoral bands, and the uniform chocolate colour of the lower side of

the tibia of the palp. It is also a much shorter-legged species than P, fasciata,

a species in which the carapace is considerably shorter than the patella and

tibia of the first leg.

That this species is zot based upon females of the §.-Indian species already

described as FP, vitiata, which might perhaps be suspected from the

fact that the two somewhat resemble each other in the whitish colour

of the underside of the anterior femora, is shown by the absence of the

femoral fringes, which are highly developed in P, vitiata, by the pale colour

of the under surface of the tibia of the palp in P, vitiata, this seg-

ment being uniformly chocolate-brown in P. formosa, by the presence in

P. formosa and the absence in P, vittata of a dark basal patch on the inner

side of the anterior femora, and by the darker colour of the underside of the

femora of the third and fourth legs in P, vitiata,

(7) Pecilotheria metallica, sp. n. (Pl. A, fig. 3.)

Colour of carapace and abdomen much as in the other species, but the dark

bands on the carapace more widely separated mesially and the pale band on

the abdomen much less distinct and traversed by a darker stripe ; upperside

of legs and palpi tolerably uniformly coloured and becoming darker towards

the extremities, showing faint metallic lustre ; tarsi not spotted above ;

130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

protarsi with a thin brown stripe ; tibiee with very indistinct lines of yellow

spots; lower side of palpi entirely deep brown, with faint metallic blue

lustre ; lower side of anterior legs blackish-brown, with strong metallic blue

lustre, and a large orange-yellow patch on the under and inner sides of the

base of the tibia; third’ and fourth legs uniformly coloured below, with a

similar but smaller tibial spot‘and much less metallic blue tint ; lower side

of abdomen uniformly chocolate-brown.

Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of first leg, a little longer than

those of second and fourth leg ; patella and tibia of fourth a little longer

than of second.

Measurements in millimetres—Total length 52; length of carapace 23°5,

width 20; length of palp 37, of: first leg 65, of second 59, of third 52, of

fourth 64 (all measured from base of femur); ‘patella and tibia of first 25,

of second 22, of fourth 23; protarsus of fourth 15,

Loc. Near Gooty, 257 miles from Madras, A single female specimen

taken in the engineer’s bungalow on the north-west line of the Madras

Railway; and sent to Mr, H, R. P. Carter by Mr. H, C. West, chief engineer,

This species may be easily recognized by the uniformity of the colouring

of both the upper and under sides of the legs and body, by the metallic

lustre of the under surface of the legs, and the single orange-yellow patch on

the tibiz.

(8) Pecilotheria ornata, sp. u.

Colour very like that of P. fasciata; femora of anterior legs yellow,

with a black basal internal patch as in fasciata, but with the stripe in

the distal half of the segment much broader; femora of third and

fourth legs whitish below, as in fasciata, but with the distal black stripe

very broad on the third leg, and broader than the pale basal portion, and

on the fourth leg as broad as the basal pale portion. In fasciata the

black stripes on these femora are narrow, much narrower than the pale basal

portion. ;

Further differing from P. fasciata in possessing, like the Indian species, a

thick fringe of hairs along the onter side of the femora of the first and

second leg, and in a lesser degree of the third leg. In the examples of

fasciata known to me these fringes are not present.

Measurements in millimetres —Total length 46 ; length of carapace 19, of

first leg 64, of second 58, of third 49, of fourth 61°; patella and tibia of first

24, of fourth 21 ; protarsus of fourth 15.

Loc, Ratnapura, 8. Ceylon (Rev. J. Burrows).

The differences between this species and P. fasciata have been sufficiently

dealt with in the description, In most of the characters in which it differs

from P. fasciaia it approaches P. striata, but has the femoral stripes much

narrower, and possesses a black patch on the inner side at the base of the

anterior femora, which is absent in P, striata, ;

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS, 131

Table for the Determination of the known Species of Pececilotheria, based

upon Females,

a. Femora* oflegsa uniform dark colour beneath and on the

inner side, not striped black.and white or black and yellow ;

(anterior femora not. fringed).

a’, Legs and palpi conspicuously banded on their upper sides,

the lower and inner sides of the palpus and. of the first and

second legs showing a conspicuous yellow spot on the apex

of the femur, the basal half of the, patella, and at both ends

of the tibie, the spot on the base of. the tibia occupying

barely one-third of the length of the segment; third and

fourth legs similarly banded, but with smaller spots ; legs

without strong metallic blue reflections below.ee..-ssse0000 SUbfusca, Pos.

b*. Legs and palpiscarcely noticeably banded above, the lower

side of palpi uniformly dark coloured ; lower side of legs

similarly dark coloured, but with a large orange-yellow

spot at the base of the tibia and extending over nearly

half its length; legs (especially the anterior two pairs)

with strong metallic blue reflection Delow......sce-s-ess-0. Metallica, Sp. 0.

6. Femora of legs whitish or yellow beneath and on the inner

side, the first and second pairs, and usually the third and

fourth also, with a conspicuous black stripe on the distal half

beneath ; (femora fringed or not), ;

a”. Lower side of abdomen with a broad reddish transverse

band behind the genital fold ; femora of palpi and anterior

legs fringed; anterior legs lemon-yellow beneath, with

broad black stripes ; posterior legs bluish-white, with broad

stripes ; no internal basal spot on anterior femora)........... 7égalis, Sp. 0.

b?. Lower side of abdomen a uniform chocolate-brown or black,

without a broad reddish band behind the genital fold.

a*, Tibia of palpus a uniform deep. chocolate-brown

beneath; (lower side of legs whitish; the anterior

femora with inner basal patch and broad distal stripe ;

femur of third leg at most weakly banded, of fourth not

banded below ; their segments on the anterior legs with-

OULPELINO CH) sve eararretecrnuakccsrsecsercarescscsseccrecasesccosseces JOTMUOSA, SD. 1,

b, Tibia of palpus:pale beneath, with at most traces of black

patches extending inwards from the sides of the

segments.

a*, Femora of legs without well-developed fringes; black

stripes on the lower side of anterior femora narrow,

also very narrow on femur of third leg, and absent on

* The legs of spiders consist of seven segments, named as follows from base to apex :—

coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, protarsus, tarsus. In the palpus (the small front.

leg) the protarsus is absent,

132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII1.

lower side of femur of fourth (with a basal spot .on

inner side of anterior femora; anterior legs lemon-

yellow, posterior bluish-white) ...ccc.cccccccccccssseeceese. Ja8CIuta, Latr.

b+. Femora of legs with well-developed fringes; black

stripes on lower side of femora of all the legs very

broad as compared with fasciata.

a*, With a distinct black basal spot on inner side of

femora of first and second pairs; black band on

inner side of anterior femur only about half the

width of the lemon-yellow basal portionersccccsscsseroees UTRALA, SP, D

6°, Without a distinct internal basal patch on the an-

terior femora ; black band on lower side of anterior

femur almost as wide as brownish-yellow basal por-

tion OF SEGMENE: \l.srcccccsccescncccatsscctsecceseccoscserscees SLISQLA, LOC,

The males may be determined as follows, neglecting for the present certain

differences in the structure of the palpal organ, which are easy to detect and

figure, but difficult to describe :—

a. Lower side of femora brown, not banded ; Gemora of palpi and

of first and second legs not fringed either externally or at

the apex internally) ...sciesurseesessssccevssecs acts seve’ oi ccteesvansnce i SSO) SCIMBOM

b. Lower side of femora of ee and. second legs yellow or white,

with a conspicuous black stripe near the distal extremity.

a’, Femora of palpi and of first and second legs with at most

: a small external fringe; black stripe on femora of legs

narrow ; a black patch at the base of these segments on the

inner side; (anterior femora lemon-yellow; posterior

femora chalky or bluish-white) c..ccccoccsscssrccerereeesecsecseees [U8CIALG, Latr.

ob’. Femora of palpi and anterior legs with well-developed

external fringe; bands on femora broader; no basal

internal black patch on these segments.

a7, Abdomen uniformly brown below, as in fasetata ; femora

of anteror two pairs of legs nearly white, of third and

fourth pairs uniformly greyish-brown, not distinctly

DANE, «.cccccccccsccevensacscarsnccercccsncseceactersccsstincetscccerens DNLGLE, FOC,

b?, Abdomen with broad transverse pale band behind genital

fold ; anterior legs lemon-yellow beneath ; posterior legs

bluish-white, and very distinctly banded with black...... Tegalis, sp. ne

Noite on the Locality of Poecilotheria striata.

During the passage of this paper through the press, I have received from

the Bombay Natural History Society a specimen of Pecilotheria ticketed S.

India, and apparently specifically identical with the type and hitherto only

known representative of P. striata, Thus the suspicions that I have always

held that the alleged locality for this species, namely Penang, would prove

tc be more than doubtful, and that the species itself would turn up either in

India or Ceylon, are amply confirmed. In view of this discovery, I think we

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.Soc.

7) 5 ‘

J.Green del.et lith. Mantern Bros. ump. Lonacr

THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS. 133

may confidently regard Pwcilotheria as peculiar to $, Iudia and Ceylon, where

it is now known to be represented by eight species.

In the same consignment of spiders from Bombay is a specimen of P, regalis

from Matheran, which shows that this species has a wide range in 8, India.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.

Fig. 1. Pecilotheria regalis, sp. n., nat. size, drawn from photograph of a female

example, from Arkonam.

Fig. 1 a. Ditto. Lower side of abdomen of same specimen, showing pale yellowish-

’ red band (@) behind genital fold.

Fig. 1 6, Ditto. Front leg from inner aspect, showing black band (@) and fringe

(0) on femur. ©

Fig. 2. Pecilotheria fasciata, Latr. Inner view of front leg for comparison with

1 6, showing thin stripe (@) and basal black patch (0) on femur; also the

absence of femoral fringe.

Fig. 3. Paecilotheria metallica, sp. u. Inner view of front leg, showing uniform

dark colour with exception of orange-yellow tibial spot.

(The above appeared in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser.7, Vol.

II, January, 1899.)

134

YAK SHOOTING IN THIBET.

By EpGark PHELPS,

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th January, 1900.)

What is a Yak ?—is a very reasonable question to be asked. The answer

is—the wild Ox of Thibet, Bos grunnéens. To find Yak in any numbers the

sportsman must journey as far Hast as the great, Salt Lake plateau of Thibet,

and it is to some of the incidents, and accidents, of an expedition there and

back that I now propose to shortly introduce. our readers, | Air,

Those who cross the Thibetan frontier solely for purposes of sport have, or

should have, one main object in view, namely, to get intoand out of the coun- .

try as quietly and peaceably as possible, and to avoid contact with the natives

altogether ; for the very good reason that the Thibetans, ‘acting under the

influence of the Buddhist hierarchy, which governs the country with the

scourge of superstition from the City of Lhassa, resent vi et armis any

attempt of the foreigner to enter and explore.their inhospitable, barren and»

wind-swept steppes.

To effect its purpose, therefore, an expedition must be practically self-

supporting, and to render it so a great deal of calculation, combined with

experience, is necessary as to the nature and amount of grain and other food

supplies for man and beast which have to be carried.

The nominal starting point of our expedition,as of almost every recent

expedition, whether to the Pamirs, Turkestan, or Northern Kashmir, was

Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir ; but our real base of operation was Leh,

the capital of Ladak, about 14 marches south-east of Srinagar,

My companion, Gerry Milne, had come all the way from Australia to join

me, and I feel that I was particularly fortunate in having such a genial

companion on an expedition, during which one’s temper was often put to

the severest of tests.

We spent a fortnight in Srinagar, buying ponies, and fitting out generally.

The experience of two journeys into Chinese Turkestan,and onto the

Pamirs, have taught me that the Kashmir hill pony is by far the best animal

to trust to for transport purposes in high altitudes, where grass is generally

scarce, and dry grain the staple diet. These little beggars stand about 12

hands, and willcarry a load of 200 Ibs. There is considerable amusement,

not to say annoyance, to be got out of the purchases. The owner will gene-

rally begin by asking 100 rupees, whereupon one prompily offers 75 rupees,

and perhaps, after two or three days’ patient bargaining, the purchase will be

completed at an average of about 40 rupees, As to saddles, I find that the

Yarkandi pack saddles are by far the best to use. They are made of reeds

covered with felt, and can be procured to order in Leh for about 7 rupees

each.

Another most important point to look to is'shoeing, and in choosing caravan

drivers I am always careful to get men who thoroughly understand the job.

YAK SHOOTING IN THIBET. 135

On the present occasion I had not much difficulty in this, for having had so

many in my previous caravans in Central Asia, I easily picked some of them

up again, and was most fortunate in getting an Argoon, Bussool Gullwan

who was with me twice before, to again come as headman. His accomplish-

ments, over and above the general superintendence of the outfit, included

rifle cleaning, skinning, and waiting at table,

One word as to our battery. Gerry shot throughout with a Mannlicher, and

found it most satisfactory in every way. My battery consisted of a double-

' barrelled 12-bore paradox,a double-barrelled °450 express, anda double-

barrelled ‘303 rifle, all built by Holland and Holland, I practically

did all my shooting with the -303, using a cartridge loaded with 37 grains of

refleite powder, and a split bullet of 215 grains, The ‘303 has a great ad-

vantage over the “450 express on account of its flat trajectory, an advantage

which is greatly emphasised in a country like Thibet where, owing to the ex-

treme clearness of the atmosphere, distances are very hard to judge accurate-

ly. Ifound the cartridge I have described to be quite good enough for

_ Yak, except upon one occasion, which I will mention later,and perhaps even

‘then it was not altogether the fault ofthe cartridge. Thereis one other

very necessary addendum to one’s battery, and that isa really good tele-

‘scope. Itis extremely hard sometimes to distinguish a Cow from a Bull-

Yak even at a comparatively short distance, and a good telescope will often

“save one a long weary stalk ending in disappointment,

Well, to begin with, we left Srinagar for Leh on the evening of June 27th.

Of our journey to Leh I need say little, except that, owing to the unusually

- swollen state of the rivers, we found several of the bridges carried away, and

were therefore compelled to make long detours, which delayed us nearly

four days. We had one nasty experience on July 6th at the Soroo river,

which was crossed by a Jhula or rope bridge, made of twisted birch twigs,

the larger bridge designed for pony traffic having been carried away by the

recent floods. Three Baltis entirely against our wishes had joined our

caravan in Srinagar, and when we reached the Jhula, which, owing to the

flood, was in the middle nearly two feet under water, two of them got over

safely with their loads, while the third funked it, One of his compatriots, a

brother I believe, thereupon recrossed, and taking the load got half-way

over on his return journey, when he was washed off his legs, and after

hanging by his hands for a moment, disappeared into the raging torrent

before we hada chance of helping him, All that his brother did was to

‘loudly curse him for losing his load, Four or five days later the expedition,

_ as far as I was concerned, very nearly came to anend. I had the bad luck

to give my anklea severe sprain, and you can imagine my feelings and

expressions when I at first imagined that it was a case of good-bye to Thibet,

_ Gerry, however, started in massaging it, and so effective was his treatment

' that it gave me litile or no pain after leaving Leh.

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

We arrived there on July 13th, and immediately commenced to organise

our caravan, In this we were given every assistance by our good friends, the

Wazir of Leh and Captain G——,the British Joint Commissioner, the

most kind and hospitable of men, being universally regarded as a sincere

friend by the traders and people of Ladak.

Among others I came across seven caravan drivers who had served with

me before,so I promptly re-engaged them. These men are half-bred Ladakis,

and are called Argoons. If you treat them properly they are the best

servants in the world. They put up with any hardship, and are always

cheery and ready to turn their hands to anything, Their pay is 10 rupees

per month, with an allowance of 2 lbs, of flour or rice per diem, which is

reduced to 1 1b. when fresh meat is plentiful, But perhaps the most

marvellous personality in Ladak or Kashmir, is a cook, Any of our

readers who are householders will know what it means tobe told that

the kitchen rangeis out of order, cook in bad humour—and as a

result, a bad and half-cooked dinner, How different in a lLadaki camp !

The kitchen consists of the lee side of atent: the rangeis a hole

in the ground, The cook is never out of humour or in a fuss, but

patiently cooking, and serving adinner of four or more courses in a

blinding snow orrain storm, with no fuel but wet roots and Yak

droppings, which he keeps ata red glow by an ingenious arrangement of

flanking shelter cloths, and this within half an hour of pitching camp. And

what a dinner a Thibetan antelope saddle can make! Far better than the

primest Welsh mutton. A surfeit of Antelope, however; is apt to be disas-

trous at times: witness the case of one of our drivers, who very nearly died

from over-eating himself, and wasin fact only saved by a prodigious dose

of pills of a well known brand,which were certainly worth the proverbial

guinea to that patient.

Our principal amusement in Leh was Polo, We played in the bazaar,

which consists of an open space about 200 yards long and 30 yards wide,

with a row of shops on each side, which fortunately do not boast of plate

glass windows. The game was most exciting, not to say dangerous at times,

Of rules there were none, the teams sometimes consisting of as many as ten

or even fifteen players on each side, the ponies being of all sorts and sizes.

One did not mind the crowd of playersso much as some of the modes of

attack. One of the most favourite tricks was for a player to ambush himself

in a shop, pony and all, and then, when an opportunity of a successful flank

attack presented itself, to charge out on an unsuspecting player and fire him

across the bazaar. Gerry greatly distinguished himself in the more author-

ised aspects of the game, and quite upheld his Hurlingham reputation,

Having completed our arrangements and escorted by various friends,

Gerry and I shook the dust of Leh off our feet on July 28th, leaving an

American friend named Morse, who had decided to join our caravan, to

YAK SHOOTING IN THIBET. 137

we found easy going and free from snow. For a wonder I did not suffer

from mountain sickness, to which I am rather a martyr, I had taken a large

dose of chlorate of potash as an experiment, and certainly found it most

effective asa preventative. Gerry opened the ball by potting a marmot at

about 100 yards with his Mannlicker, which was tidy shooting, The next

day we dropped down to 13,000 feet, and found it very hot at a place called

Tanksi, where Morse joined us in the evening with bis caravan, During the

march we had a good view through the glasses of a peculiar beast in the

shape of a purely black wolf, We watched him fora long time, but could

not get ashotat him. Much to our disgust we had to wait two days at

Tanksi before we could collect what grain we required, Gerry and I

had a long day’s prospecting, but only bagged a small Burrhel. Cultivation

we found very scare, and what little there was of it was carried on

by means of irrigation, while the vegetation consisted of afew stunted

willows and patches of poplars, the rest of the country being rocks and

sand,

Having collected our supply of grain, we started for good and all on August

Ist, and it may be as well now to describe our caravan. It was made up of

Gerry and myself with 19 engaged caravan drivers, and our cook, We had 42

ponies, of which 12 were hired at 12 annas per march of 15 miles ; 50 trans-

port Yaks, hired at 8 annas per march with 15 drivers ; 10 goats for milk,

10 sheep, and last but not least, my Pamir dog, Of the 50 Yaks, 20 carried

grain for the ponies, the remainder were brought by the contractor to

supply the places of lame or sick beasts. Hach Yak was loaded with 240 lbs,

I may say here that at every camp after crossing the Thibetan frontier we

buried grain and other supplies; so that on our return journey we had

only personal baggage and trophies to carry. Our object in doing so

was two-fold : firstly, to enable us to travel light, and secondly, to secure

for ourselves a line of retreat in the event of any opposition from

the natives. We found on digging it up that, owing to the dryness

of the soil, the grain had not suffered in the slightest degree. Our first

march was to Chucker Talow lake, over a good road, and the following

day, from the ridge overlooking the village of Proprang, we had a magnifi-

cent view of the Pangong lake. We were many miles away from it, but on

account of the elevation and the remarkably clear atmosphere we could see

it stretching away for about 50 miles, making a glorious picture with the

deep sea-green colour of the water, in which the snow-capped mountains

were reflected, contrasting with the dull red of the cliffs and the hills

surrounding it, We were anxious to procure some fresh meat for the

caravan drivers, and on the next day, after crossing the Marmuchla Pass,

we saw a herd of Kyang or wild asses, one of which I shot, The idea

of eating an ass is not nice. I have had to do so on one occasion, and found

138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIT1,

it to be like inferior beef witha sour taste. The drivers, however, seemed to

think it most appetising, In spite of the heat during the day we determined

to make our marches as long as possible, and after two days, on one of which

we ercessed the Mosikla, a nasty pass of 16,300 feet, we reached the junction

of the Changchimo and Panlong rivers, We found them in high flood, and

were forced to make a detour of 14 miles, and even then had great difficulty

in finding a ford. We were now at 17,000 feet, and the view we got of the

country before us was far from encouraging. We could see a long series of

low, undulating sand hills, with no vegetation and scarcely any grass, very

similar to the Red ‘Sea littoral, with the one redeeming feature of a certain

amount of water, and a background of snow-capped mountains, Morse, in

spite of our persuasions, made up his.mind to leave us, with the intention

of striking north to Yarkand,and then south to the Tagdumbash Pamir,

As he had no Chinese passports, I strongly advised him not to attempt the

journey : but without success. I subsequently learned that he got through

safely by dint of palavering the Chinese officials, and after shooting Ovis

pols on the Pamir, returned to Kashmir vid Gilgit. Having bidden

good-bye to Morse and bis caravan we left the river, and crossing two passes

of about 17,500 feet, on the top of one of which we saw a Hoopoo, we

travelled down a gocd road to Lumkang, and at Zaloom, 11 miles further

east, we found a fair amount of grass, and plenty of boortza, or fuel

composed of wormwocd and Yak droppings. Furthermore Gerry shot

the first antelope, which had a 22-inch horn, Signs of Yak were plentiful,

though not very fresh, but stiil sufficently so to raise hopes of soon falling in

with the heast itself. The weather was fair enough with a little snow and a

cold pevetrating wind in the evening,

The following day we marched on to Lungon Koma, which means “ the

green highest valley,” and certainly itis well christened. The elevation is

18,000 fect, and though grass was scarce, there were plenty of antelope about,

at which I got three nice successful stalks, The first one I only wounded,

but Goodga, my Pamir dog, at once took up the hunt, and after a beautiful

course of nearly a mile pulled him down in the open,

Our next march took us over the Thibetan frontier, and for three days we

kept moving Hast through a desert of a country, at an elevation of about

18,000 feet. Antelope continued to be fairly plentiful, and we had no

difficulty in keeping’ ourselves supplied with fresh meat. We thoroughly

expected to fall in with Champas, or natives, at Tobo Maru, which is always

a favourite camping ground for them, owing to the presence of good grass

and plenty of fuel. We were glad, however, to find the place untenanted by

anything more formidable than antelope, and rats—I wonder what these

latter feed on !—there are two kinds of hairy fellows very similar to, and

nearly as big as, a guinea-pig: as far as I could see they thrived and multi-

plied on sand and stones.

YAK SHOOTING iN THiBET, 139

In the evening I sawa Lynx stalking a young Antelope, but although

successful in saving the youngster’s life, I failed to get a shot at its enemy,

The Yak drivers now wanted to leave us, but by threats and bribes we

succeeded in keeping them, and after a day’s rest and good grass both ponies

and Yaks appeared to have taken a new lease of life. The weather became

simply awful ; gales of wind with hail and sleet, while the glare from

the white sand made our eyes terribly sore, an additional trouble to our

poor faces which had cracks in them nearly an eighth of an inch deep,

On August 13th we fell in with Yak at last. Russool saw two of them in a

nullah, and after along tiresome stalk we got within 400 yards of them,

when the wind changed, and away they went. I fired and hit one of them,

and as there were copious blood tracks, a Ladaki was sent to follow him up,

He found him a long way off lying down on the top of a ridge, but dark-

ness came on, and we never got him, It had been snowing and hailing all

day, and having had to ford two rivers, we were fairly done up by the time

we reached camp. During the evening two Champas came spying round the

camp, and as we were afraid that they might have gone off to collect a

crowd, there was nothing for it but to press on, paying off the hired Yaks,

which owing to sore feet and saddle galls had become useless, and only a

source of delay. Our route brought us to a fresh-water lake round which

Antelope were plentiful, but much as we should have liked to have halted

we decided that it wis better to push on as far as Mangtza Cho, a salt-water

lake lying at 17,300 feet. The shores of this lake are a mass of pure salt,

which the Ladakis dig up and pack for transport onsheep. It is a peculiar

sight to see large flocks of these little beggars trotting along with their loads

of 30 lbs, in pack saddles ; their daily march being about 10 miles, The

water of the lake is quite bitter, the only fresh-water procurable being in

little streams of snow water flowing intermittently into it. A fact that

puzzled us greatly was the presence of fish in some of these small streams,

Gerry and I caught several stone loach in a small stream flowing into a salt

marsh about 17,500 feet above sea-level. I should like to know how they

got there, Further than that,on our return journey, in the Probrong,

a stream that flows into the Pangong lake, which is far too salt for fish to

live in, our drivers caught a quantity of fish of the carp tribe about 1 Ib, or

so in weight, The natives told me that the stream is full of fish, but what

happens to them in the winter, when the stream is often frozen solid, it is

hard to say.

We felt disappointed at seeing no more Yak, and for three days kept

moving east, our only sport being Antelope for the pot. Some of the stalks

were exciting enough, and onone occasion Gerry fairly established his

reputation asa Dr, Carver by knocking over a galloping Antelope from the

saddle betore the whole caravan, Our camps were averaging 17,900 Leet.

and Imay say that for the whole time during which we were living at

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

over 16,000 feet, we suffered more or less from mountain sickness. Some

people seem to be under the impression that mountain sickness is more or

less of a myth, but after a long experience of it at elevations varying from

16,000 to 19,000 feet, I sincerely wish that I could indorse that impression,

I know of no more miserable or enervating sensation than the awful headache,

giddiness and nausea, which are its characteristicsymptoms. It commences

to affect me at about 16,000 feet, and though it does not absolutely dis-

appear, still one does get in some degree seasoned to it, and after a time

can even sleep, with comfort. Of course any violent exercise, such as

running, will bring it on at once and then the only cure is to sit down and rest,

Averaging about 14 miles per diem we still kept moving east, the country

being of a sandy undulating nature with a sprinkling of salt lakes. These

lakes are fed by snow water from arange of hills lying to the north, and

must at some time have been much more extensive than at present, because

for miles back from the present high-water mark there are a series of water-

washed ridges, which ‘undoubtedly were formed by the lapping of waves,

The elevation at one time reached 18,400 feet, and there the Antelope be-

came scarce and far harder to stalk, We saw occasional marks of Yak,

and as we had now come over 100 miles east of the Thibetan frontier

without shooting one, we began to feel anxious about our prospect of sport.

On August 19th with our camp on the shore of Horpu Cho,a fine fresh-

water lake at about 17,300 feet, Gerry and I started off in a piercing wind

with occasional hail showers, to spy the adjoining nullahs, I found a solitary

bull, and after an easy stalk got my first shot at about 150 yards, and

promptly missed, but was lucky enough to knock him over stone dead with

the second barrel. Iwas disappointed at finding him to be a smail beast ;

but never having been close to one before, I had utterly misjudged his size,

We hada lovely view of the lake from one of the hills, It must be quite

60 miles round, and is studded with islands around which there were

quantities of geese and duck, evidently breeding, while the whole of the

southern shore was clothed ina luxuriant crop of grass, which was a great

treat for our poor half-starved ponies, We had a high pass to-negotiate

next day, 18,500 feet, before coming on to a place where a friend of mine

had shot two Yak the year before.

This was August 2lst,and was the red-letter day of our expedition, and

very nearly ended in disaster. Gerry and I started very early, leaving the

caravan to follow us, ard after going about seven miles saw two Yak graz-

ing a long way off. It was hailing and bitterly cold ; but we managed to

stalk up to about 200 yards of the bulls, when, having won the toss for first

shot, I let drive with my ‘303, and broke my beast’s foreleg, hitting him again

in the body with the left barrel, Off he went like a flask of lightning, so I

YAK SHOOTING IN THIBET, 141

van for my pony, mounted, and galloped for all I was worthin pursuit. The

gallop, however, very soon developed into a walk, as at 17,000 feet a pony

can only gallop about 200 yards, owing to the difficulty of breathing. After

going about 3 miles over a fearful country I got within about 150 yards of

him and then our respective positions in the matter of hunter and hunted

were unexpectedly reversed, for my friend, wheeling round suddenly

came charging straight for me like an avalanche, I gave him the contents

of both barrels in the head, but might just as well have flung sand

at him for all the effect ithad. The hollow nosed bullet merely broke up on

his skull, and it was only after a most exciting five minutes of dodging like

a Toreador in a Spanish bull-fight that I got a chance of putting an express

bullet into his heart, which finished him off, He proved to be a fine beast of

183 hands, with ahorn measurement of 29inches, The excitement and exercise

brought «n an appalling headache, and I was right glad to get into camp,

having failed in a stalk on the way owing to a shift of wind. The last I had

seen of Gerry was following up his Yak, which he had wounded badly with

his first shot. Iwas surprised at not finding him in camp, and when it came

to 11 p.m. and there was no sign of him I became really anxious ;- more par-

ticularly as it was now blowing a regular blizzard with hail and snow, I

spent an hour firing shots, and sent men out in every direction to fire shots

and blow bugles, but with no result; so I turned in, feeling practically

certain that I should not see him alive again, Harly in the morning we

were all delighted to see Gerry making for the camp. The poor chap had

had a terrible time of it. He had followed up and got his Yak, and then

made for where he thought the camp should be. He lost his bearings, and

spent the whole night wandering about in that awful blizzard, How

he stood it I don’t know, but as we had got him back, half frozen and

famished with hunger, we stowed him away in bed and kept him there all

day.

The next morning broke fine, and right glad it made us, as it is bad

enough to be living at an altitude where it takes one’s breath away to talk or

even eat without having perpetual rain and hail to face outside the tent,

Soon after daybreak Rassool saw a Yak about two miles from camp. I got to

within 300 yards and put two ‘303 bullets into him ; but even then he carried

on for quite 200 yards before he dropped dead. In the evening we rode on

over a pass of 18,600 feet very nearly as far as Charal Cho, or rotten-water

lake. Isaw nothing but Antelope, one of which I got with a 24-inch horn,

Gerry saw seven Yak, but failed in hisstalk, and we turned in with great

expectations for tue morrow, We moved the camp about five miles up a side

nullah,and riding a long way up the main valley we saw a crowd of Yak, with

one very fine bullamong them, We waited allday for them to shift into some

place where we could stalk them, but without success, so we determined to

have it out with them in the morning. In this we were again disappointed, as

142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XITI.

although we saw eight or nine bulls, we could not get nearer than 600 yards,

T only saved it from being a totally blank day by knocking over a hare with

a stone on our way back to camp. There wasa lovely fresh-water lake at

the head of the nullah, so we moved the camp up to it to get the benefit of

the grass forthe ponies. The elevation was 18,200 feet, and we found our

heads and breathing apparatus giving us a lot of trouble.

Soon after breakfast we sawa Yak from camp, There was no way of

stalking him but right across the open. I took the job on,and by dint of

crawling and creeping got to within 300 yards. My first shot was wild and

only broke his hind leg, but he turned to charge and the second bullet

catching him full in the chest finished him off at once,

The day turned out so hot that we both indulged in a bath, which by

this time was becoming a necessity after a three weeks’ interval, and we sat

down to our dinner of most excellent Yak-steaks feeling very proud of our

personal appearance, although I hardly think that Gerry's sporting friends

would have quite recognised him in the bearded-looking ruffan with a face

like a ploughed tield who faced me across the table,

On August 27th we began to retrace our steps. We moved off west, and

recrossing the pass of 18,500 feet came 22 miles to Horpu Cho lake again.

Just after crossing the pass we found four Yak, two of them being fine bulls,

ina lovely place for a staik. Gerry after an easy stalk shot the biggest fellow

stone dead, while the others got away out of range before I could get a

chance of a shot, Next day Rassool and I explored the nullahs on the

gouth side of the Jake. We cameacross a herd of quite 200 Yak, but there

were only four bulls inthe lot. Istalked up to within 50 yards of them—

a bit too close to be pleasant I thought after my recent experience. ‘There

was only one good beast, and him I killed stone dead with a -303 bullet, On

the way home I shot three Antelope, one head being 25 inckes, This was

the last Yak that we shot, and I need but shortly describe our journey

back, We retraced our steps camp by camp finding our grain and supplies

which we had buried all safe and sound, We met but four Champas,

and they seemed not to take much notice of us as we were onthe way

west.

Thad a yarn with one of them with the aid of Rassool as interpreter,

He wasa fine handsome fellow, but [ failed to get any information of

interest from him. The piercing wind was what troubled us most : it seemed

to cut one to the bone,no matter how many coats one put on, The tem-

perature at night was often below zero, and it certainly was surprising to see

how cheerfully our poor drivers stood it, without even the comfort ofa

camp fire for want of fuel to make one. We kept ourselves well supplied

with Antelope meat, on which, with occasional Yak beef, we had subsisted

for five weeks. In fact we had not killed a sheep the whole time we were in

Thibet, Some of.the men at one time began to show signs of having eaten

YAK SHOOTING IN THIBET., 143

too much meat,so we promptly put them aJl on fixed rations, fearing an

outbreak of scurvy.

On September 12th we recrossed the Marmichla Pass, and right glad we

were to get down to 13,500 feet, where one felt more like oneself after such

a long spell of rarefied air and high altitudes. The nights also became warm,

and we were at last able to get a good night’s sleep. Crossing the Changla

on September 17th, which by the way we found very bad going, we reached

Len on the 19th, receiving a hearty welcome from all our friends.

Our bag consisted of 7 Yak, 27 Antelope, and 2 Burrhel. To anyone who

may follow in our footsteps let mesay one word. The game is worth

the candle to a sound man ; but take care you are sound, as a weak heart or

lungs would never stand the high altitude and the biting wind of Horpu Cho

and its surroundings,

144

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR

ISLANDS.

ByvAy Ly BUriERs mz...) M,B:0.U.sHECs

Curator, Selangor State Museum.

(Continued from Vol, XII, page 696.)

Parr IV.

1401, AMAURORNIS PH@NICURUS, Penn, Blanf., IV, p. 173 ; “Str, Feath.,”

WE, fe axut0)

Extremely common throughout both groups, breeding, J think, throughout

the year, Speaking of the difference between Andaman and Nicobar birds

and Indian ones Mr. Hume says :—‘ Jn the full breeding plumage the whole

head in some birds, as far back as the occiput, becomes perfectly white, while

in some even the feathers of the nape are mingled with white.’ This descrip-

tion applies to the Nicobar birds exactly, but personally I did not see a single

Andamanese specimen anywhere approaching the Nicobar birds in this respect,

And I examined a great number—over 150—as they would go and strangle

themselves wholesale in the snares I intended for the Andamanese Rail.

On Car Nicobar I saw one beautiful specimen of this bird which certainly

appeared to have the whole head and neck white ; it walked past me within a

few feet in thick cover, too close to shoot, and ee it was far enough off.

to kill, I Jost sight of 1t and failed to find it again.

This water-hen, a bird lke Homer’s sea ln “ many-sounding,’’

has, in the Andamans, amonga large and varied répertoire of uncouth and

objectionable noises, an extraordinary duck-like quack. I never heard it

utter this note in Ceylon, and am unaware whether it is usual with Indian

birds, The quacking is very loud and can be heard a long way ; the first time

I heard it I certainly thought I was coming upon a piece of water hidden in

the forest and tenanteca by some remarkably noisy species of duck,

Car Nicobarese, “ takoor.”

1403. GALLICREX CINEREA,Gm. Blanf., IV, p.176 ;“‘Str, Feath.,” II, p. 300,

Fairly common, I think, in the Andamans, but very seldom seen, Mr, Davi-

son remarks:—‘ The watercock found at the Andamans belies its name by never,

as far as I have observed, being found near water ; the only places in which

T have observed it are the sugar-cane fields.’ The two or three that I met with

did not belic their name, and were flushed from the reeds and grass surround-

ing small pools of water.

1420. Esacts magnrrostRis, Geoffr, Blanf., IV, p. 207; “ Str. Feath,””

I, p. 290.

This fine Australian form is apparently rare, but resident in the Andamans

and Cocos, Mr. Hume obtained a couple of specimens, and took an egg on

the Little Coco on March 24th, Previously Mr. Mason had obtained an egg

at Corbyn’s Cove, Port Blair, on April 15th.

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, 145

I never met with it,

1421. Dromas arproua, Paykull, Blanf., IV, p. 208; “Str, Feath.,”

pp. 58 and 293,

The Crab Plover is a winter visitant, occurring in both groups. Though

far from common it is generally in large numbers when one does meet with it.

Mr, Hume gives a humorous account of the difficulties he had in getting four

specimens from a large flock at Macpherson’s Straits, the only locality in

which he met with it, Davison never saw it in the islands at all. They are

as a rule extremely wild, but Wardlaw Ramsay must have come across some

unusually confiding individuals, as Mr. Hume says he met with a small party

at Haddo, Port Blair, and shot the whole of them,

- Mr, Hume found them feeding on the coral reefs at low tide, the flock col-

lecting in a closely packed crowd at high water on an isolated rock rising only,

just above sea level,

-T only met with these birds once, on August 6th, at Car Nicobar, where a

flock of sixty or seventy were feeding on along low reef exposed by the low

tide, Never having shot the bird before I went after them at once, though I

bad only No, 8 shot and was by no means hopeful of getting a specimen as they

were so wild, Directly I was within 200 yards they rose, and flying along the

surf-fringed edge of the rocks, alighted again half a mile further on, This

was repeated three or four times, and the chances of getting even a long shot

seemed hopeless, when I caught sight of another large flock approaching from

behind me, I crouched down flat—in about 8 inches of water—and as they

passed i in a densely packed crowd at about 89 yards fired the choke barrel into

the thick of them, One dropped at once, winged, (and a lively runner he

proved), another dropped into the surf 200 yards further on and was recover-

ed,and a third remained unable to rise when I put the flock up again further

on, I got another long shot and killed a fourth specimen. Car Nicobarese

“ cummermelmova,”

1425, GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS, Leach. Blanf., IV, p, 214 ; “Str, Feath.,”

II, p. 284.

A migrant to the islands, but apparently far from common. Davison

obtained them inthe Andamans, Nicobars, and Cocos during March and April,

frequenting gardens, ploughed fields, hill-sides, etc, He adds that they are

said to breed in the Andamans,

I never saw this bird in the islands at all, but then I was not

there during March and April, the only months in which Davison met

with it,

1430, SrREPSILAS INTERPRES, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 223; “ Str. Feath,,”

II, p, 292.

Very common on all the islands of the Bay of Bengal in winter, Mr,

Hume says ii was, during his visit, ‘nowhere numerically abundant, It

certainly was so in the Nicobars in September ; along the coasts of Car

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Nicobar good sized flocks were to be met with at every few hundred yards.

T am not sure whether any remain through the year; in May they were still

abundant at Port Blair, and in the Nicobars they were numerous at the end

of August. During June and July I did not see them, but I was very little

on the coast in those months,

. 1434, Microsarcors cCINEREUS, Blyth, Blanf., IV, p. 228.

. The Grey-headed Lapwing has, according to Blanford, been obtained in

the Andamans,

1439. CHARADBIUS FULVUS, Gm. Blanf., IV, p. 234; “Str. Feath.,”

II, p. 287,

The Golden Plover is common in winter throughout the Andamans, Nico-

bars, and Cocos, frequenting the seashore at low tide, paddy-fields, hill-

sides, etc.

Though very common they are not met with in such large flights as in

India, parties of four or five to twenty or thirty being the rule. As with so

many of the waders that visit the islands in winter, a small number—probably

immature birds—remain throughout the year. Mr, Hume received specimens

shot in June and July; he remarks that none of these were in full breeding

plumage. I shot two or three in June, but these showed no traces of black

on the under parts, and were doubtless immature birds remaining in the

islands, These were quite distinct from the migrating birds which began

to arrive by August 8th (in the Nicobars), nearly all retaining traces of the

breeding plumage. ~

I believe a straggling migration of these birds between India and the islands

goes on during the whole winter season, as I saw individuals at sea between

the Andamans and Cocos and between the Cocos and Calcutta during

November,

1441. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, Linn, Blanf,, IV, p. 236; “Str. Feath.,”

IT, p. 287.

The Grey Plover isa winter visitant to the Andamans, apparently rather

scarce, I did not meet with it during my stay.

1442, ANGIALITIS GEOFFROYI, Wagl. Blanf., IV, p. 237; “Str. Feath.,” IT,

p. 288,

Common in both groups during the winter, though not so numerous as the

next species. It remains in some numbers throughout the year, but, like the

other waders remaining in the islands, of course does not breed, Specimens

shot on the coast in May showed traces of the rufous breeding dress ; after

these disappeared flocks were to be met with frequenting newly-ploughed paddy

fields in June and July, in company with Al, mongolica, but these birds showed

no traces of summer plumage. By September the migrants were back again

along the coast, many still retaining a good deal of rufous on the breast.

1443, AUGIALITIS MONGOLICA, Pall, Blanf.,1V, p. 238; “Str, Feath,.” II,

p. 289,

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 147

Pallas’s Shore-plover is one of the commonest waders about the coast in both

groups. I found large numbers frequenting the paddy fields in June and

July, all in winter plumage and probably immature,

1445, ANGIALITIS VEREDA, Gould. Blanf., IV, p. 240; “Str. Feath.,” IT,

p. 288.

Mr, Hume mentions a specimen obtained at the Andamans by Dr. Vobson’s

collectors in May, 1872,

1447, AMerauiTis DuBIA Scop., Blanf., IV, p. 241; “Str. Feath.,” I,

p. 289.

Comparatively rare in the islands, Mr. Hume shot iton Preparis and the

Cocos, and Davison gotasingle bird at Port Blair, I met witha few near

Port Blair in December.

1454. Numenius arquata, Linn, Blanf., 1V,p. 252; “Str. Feath.,”’ IL,

p. 296.

Curlew are common along the coasts of the Andamans and Nicobars

(Davison does not seem to have observed them at the latter) after the middle of

August, but an odd bird or two may be met with at any time of the year, as

Isaw single birds in May and June, They are extremely wary and difficult

to procure owing to the absence of cover on the mud flats they frequent,

I only managed to shoot a single specimen,

Car Nicobarese “ Sakayok,”

1455. Numenrus pH#orus, Linn, Blanf,, IV, p. 253 ; “Str. Feath.,” IT,

p. 297.

The Whimbrel is very common in both groups, Stragglers remain through-

out the year ; single birds were not uncommon along the coast at the end of

June, and the main body of the migrants was back by the end of August.

1459, TEREKIA CINEREA, Giildenst. Blanf., IV, p. 258; “ Str. Feath.,” II,

p. 296.

Davison only met with the Avocet Sandpiper in the Andamans at Port

Blair. He found it in large flocks about the creeks, settling at high water

on the mangroves, and feeding at low tide on the bare mud banks, I never saw

it at all, and doubt if there were any about during the season I was at Port

Blair,

1460. ToTanus HYPoLEUcUs, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 260; “Str, Feath.,”

IT, p. 299,

The ubiquitous little Common Sandpiper is in the autumn and winter months

met with everywhere in the islands—on the beach, up the creeks, on little

Jungle streams, running along the roads in front of you, perching on the roofs

of barracks and buildings, toddling about the tennis courts on Ross—it is

difficult to go anywhere outside of dense jungle without seeing it,

In the day it is generally met with alone or in pairs, but at evening it col-

lects in small parties, which fly up and down the creeks with shrill little pip-

ing notes before going to roost in the mangroves,

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

It is very pretty to see them on the shores of the Nicobars following out

each receding wave to see if it has left them anything edible, and then trip-

ping away in front of the returning surge as it comes creaming up the snowy

coral beach again, keeping only an inch or two in front of the water, and yet

most daintily avoiding wetting their little feet.

One that I shot on Car Nicobar fell into a large clear pool in the coral rock,

and being only slightly wounded, dived repeatedly on my approach, In the

crystal clear water I could see it most distinctly, swimming hither and thither

about two feet below the surface with quick strokes of its wings, It remained

under water for 8 or 10 seconds together, and dived again immediately on com-

ing to the top. I had no idea they were such capital divers, having two or

three times seen them fall into water only slightly shot, and never before hay-

ing seen one dive as this one did.

I saw stragglers along the coast in the middle of July.

1461, ToTANUS GLAREOLA, Gm, Blanf., IV, p. 261; “Str. Feath,,)’ IT,

p. 298,

Not uncommon about the swamps and paddy-fields at Port Blair.

1462, Toranus ocHRopus, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 262.

The Green Sandpiper seemed to me scarce about Port Blair, I shot one or

two during the season,

1464. ToTANUS CALIDRIS, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 264; ‘Str, Feath,,” II,

ioe, ek) :

The Redshank is common in the Andamans from September to May. Mr,

Hume had a specimen from Port Blair killed in June,

1466, Toranus GLottis, Linn, Blanf,, IV, p. 266; “Str. Feath.,” IT, p.

299,

The ‘‘ Novara ” expedition obtained a male on the north coast of the Great

Nicobar on March 22nd. Mr, Hume thinks it must be an excessively rare

straggler to the island.

1471. TRInGA RUFICOLLIS, Pall, Blanf., 1V, p. 274; “ Str. Feath,,” II,

p. 298.

The Eastern Little Stint is fairly common along the Andaman and Nicobar

coasts in winter. I saw it up to about the end of May.

1473. TRINGA suBMINUTA, Middend, Blanf., IV, p. 275.

I believe I shot the Long-toed Stint at Port Blair, but cannot find it among

my notes.

1476. TRINGA CRASSIROSTRIS, Temm, and Schl. Blanf., 1V; p. 277; “Str.

Feath.,” IV, p, 294.

‘The Eastern Knot was obtained on the 8, Andaman by Wardlaw Ramsay,

1477, TRInGA suBARQUATA, Giildenst. Blanf., 1V,p. 278; “ Str. Feath.,”

II, p. 297.

The Curlew Sandpiper, though not rare, is by no means common in the

islands,

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, 149

I only met with one small party of six on Car Nicobar in September,

These obligingly ranged themselves in a row which enabled me to get the

whole of them at one shot, All but one still showed a lot of red on the

breast,

With this species too, stragglers remain throughout the year, as Mr, Hume

had specimens shot in June and July.

Car Nicobarese “ Suit.”

1479, Trinca PLATyRHYNcHA, Temm, Blanf., IV, p. 279; ‘Str, Feath.,”

II, p. 298. .

The Broad-billed Stint appears to be rare in the islands, Davison only met

with one small party in the Andamans, and did not see it in the Nicobars.

I kept a look out for it but never saw any,

1484, GALLINAGO C@LEsTIS, Frenzel. Blanf., 1V, p. 286; “Str, Feath,,”’

II, p. 295.

The Common Snipe is extremely scarce in the Andamans, A very few are

- shot yearly, but I doubt if they are one to a hundred of the Pintails, There

was not one among 300 odd birds that I shot during the season.

1485, GALLINAGO STENURA, Kuhl, Blanf., IV, p. 289 ; “ Str, Feath,,” II,

p. 294, ;

Snipe arrive in the Andamans in September, and remain till May; the best

of the shooting, however,is over by December asarule, Fifty couple is, I

believe, about the best bag that has been obtained at Port Blair by a single

gun, but the limited amount of ground is so much shot over that one is very

lucky to get 20 or 30 couple once or twice in a season,

The latest date on which I saw a snipe was May 12th, but odd birds have

been killed in June and July. Mr, Hume thought that the few couples

that remain might possibly breed, but I think this is extremely improbable,

A year or two ago I was told of the taking of an undoubted snipe’s nest

in Ceylon ; the finder, not an ornithologist, flushed a snipe in May and

shot it, and looking down found a nest with four eggs exactly where the bird

rose, I saw the eggs, which were those of Excalfactoria chinensis, but nothing

would persuade their owner that they were not the eggs of the snipe! An

instance of how mistakes arise,

In the Nicobars, where there is no paddy cultivation, snipe are not numer

ous, a few occurring here and there round fresh water ponds,

1487, Gauttnaco cattinota, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 292 ; Finn,, Jour, A, 8, B,

Vol, LXVI, Part II, No. 2, p. 525, ‘

Only a single specimen of the Jack Snipe has been recorded from the

Andamans, shot on November 25th, 1896, by Lieut, H. Turner of the Suffolk

Regiment, Iam told it was the first snipe he shot in the Settlement !

1497, HyDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA, Meisner and Schinz, Blanf., IV,

p. 308,

Obtained at the South Andaman by Mr, de Roepstorff,

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

1499, SrerNA aNnGuica, Mont, Blanf,, IV, p. 311; “Str. Feath.,” IV,

p. 294,

Obtained by Captain Wimberley at Port Blair in November.

1501, Srerna mep1A, Horsf, Blanf., IV, p.313 ; “ Str, Feath.,” II, p. 318.

Rare in the Andamans. Davison obtained three at Camorta in the Nicobars,

1508. STERNA DOUGALLI, Mont, Blanf., IV, p. 319; “Str. Feath,,” II,

p. 317.

This beautiful little tern is not nearly as numerous as S, melanauchen,

Immediately after breeding it seems to disappear from. Port Blair entirely,

1512, SreRNA MELANAUCHEN, Temm, Blanf,, IV, p. 322; “Str, Feath,,”

TI, p. 319.

The Black-naped Tern arrives at Port Blair in numbers at the end of April,

and is common till September, after which hardly any are to be seen,

I have given an account of the breeding of this and the last species on the

islet at Corbyu’s Cove in the note on the Reef Heron (Demiegretia sacra),

Car Nicobarese ‘‘ Sannayéna,”

1513. STERNA ANAHSTHETA, Scop. Blanf., IV, p. 323; “Str, Feath.,” I,

p. 320.

A straggler to the island in the winter months, I only noticed a few which

hung about Port Blair harbour for a few days after some rough weather in

November.

1515, ANous sToLipus, Linn, Blanf., IV, p. 325; “ Str, Feath.,’ II, p. 320.

Has been obtained at Port Blair,

1516, ANoUS LEUCOCAPILLUS, Gould, Blanf., IV, p. 326; “Str, Feath.,””

II, p. 321.

Like the last a straggler to the islands, Once obtained at Port Blair,

1523, PELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS, Gm, Blanf, IV, p. 335; “ Str, Feath,” if;

p. 324,

Mr, Hume rather doubtfully includes this bird in his list on the strength

of a specimen sent to Blyth said to have been obtained in the Nicobars, Mr,

Tuson, one of the Settlement Officers, informed me that he saw a Pelican at

Port Blair some years ago after a cyclone,

1533, PHAETHON InDIcUSs, Hume, Blanf., IV, p. 349; “Str, Feath..” II,

p. 323,

According to Mr. Hume this Tropic Bird is often seen in the Bay of Bengal

in the neighbourhood of the Andamans and Cocos,

1534, PHAETHON FLAVIROSTRIS, Brandt. Blanf., IV,p.350; “Str, Feath.,”

AT, 323,

A specimen was once shot on Ross Island by Col, Tytler, which had hovered

round his bungalow for some days apparently attracted by his white pigeons,

1535, PHarTHon RuBRICAUDA, Bodd, Blanf., IV, p, 350; “Str, Feath.,”

II, p. 322.

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 151

Said to occur in the Bay of Bengal, but I cannot find a record of its being

procured in the islands since the specimen sent to Blyth from the Nicobars,

Prion,sp.? Blanf., 1V. p. 358 ; “Str, Feath.,”” IT, p, 317,

Mr, Hume mentions meeting with some blue and white petrels at sea

between Preparis and the Cocos on the 4th of March,

1536, OcEANITES OCEANICUS, Kuht.? Blanf., IV, p. 354; “Str. Feath.,”

EE, S17.

Some small dusky petrels were seen:by Mr. Hume on the same day. Pro-

bably this species.

1554, ARDEA MANILLENSIS, Sharpe. Blanf,, IV, p. 381; “Str. Feath.,”

II, p. 303.

The Purple Heron occurs in both groups, but is rather scarce everywhere,

1560, HrRopiAs INTERMEDIA, Wagl. Blanf., 1V, p. 386; “Str. Feath,.”

II, p. 303.

Occurs in both groups, but is not so numerous as the next, I generally

met with them in small parties sitting on the mangroves up the harbour

beyond Viper.

1561. Heropras carzerra, Linn, Blanf., ITV, p. 387 ; “Str. Feath.,” IT,

p. 304.

Common about paddy fields and marshes in the Andamans ; probably occurs

in the Nicobars,

1562. Busuxcus cornomanpDus, Bodd. Blanf., IV,p. 389; “Str, Feath.,”

II, p. 309.

The Cattle Egret is fairly common in the Andamans,

1564, LEPTERODIUs SACER, Gm, Blanf., IV, p. 391; “Str. Feath.,’ IT, p. 304.

The Reef Heron is common along rocky portions of the coasts of the Cocos ,

Andamans and Nicobars,

The Port Blair birds all breed on Snake Island, Corbyn’s Cove Ze at the

same time as the terns which also breed there,

Snake Island is a tiny rocky islet a few hundred yards from the shore,

about three miles outside Port Blair harbour. I paid a visit to this breeding

place on the 14th of May. In the centre of this island the rocks form a

craggy mound some twenty feet high, covered with a few stunted trees—a

Hibiscus and a Ficus of sorts—and here and there about the island were grow-

ing a few scrubby bushes (Pemphis acidula), The rest of the islet was bare

rock strewn with coral débris.

As I landed a crowd of terns rose and wheeled about me with startled cries,

while with croaks of disgust the Reef Herons left their nests among the rocks

and trees and betook themselves to a neighbouring reef, Wishing to make

the most of this opportunity of observing the birds I immediately sent my boat

away with orders to lie off at a distance until I fired a shot, and ensconced

myself in a crevice in the rocks, where I was almost completely concealed by

the foliage of the Ficus,

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

All round me were numerous nests of the Reef Herons, some in the hollows

and crevices of the rocks and some among the branches of the trees in which

I lay hid. Most of the nests contained two or three fresh eggs, the birds

having only just commenced to lay. Fifteen yards in front of me were a few

scattered eggs of the terns which were wheeling in scores overhead, Fora

few minutes some of these terns having seen me get into my hiding place

hovered over me ‘mobbing’ me vociferously ; then, as the boat left the island

and I remained perfectly still, the startled birds settled down again ; the terns

descended to their eggs, and the Herons came back from the reef and settled

fearlessly about their nests on the rocks and branches within a few feet of me

One of the white birds, usually so shy, perched so close to me that I could

almost have touched it with a stick, and remained during the whole hour that

I lay concealed, The Reef Herons seemed very apathetic, sitting quite motion-

less, and now and again yawning sleepily. One or two of the laziest squatted

down on their tarsi—not a graceful attitude! Although they seemed to keep

a sharp look-out seaward, they were quite unsuspicious of my presence in their

midst ; once or twice I whistled sharply, but though they turned and stared

towards me, they seemed quite unable to make me out as long as I remained

motionless. I noticed some of them breaking off the green twigs. of the

Pemphis acidula to line their nests with.

The terns seemed rather restless sitters ; there were seven of Sterna melan-

auchen on their eggs close to me, and each of them would rise every ten

minutes or so, wheel round and perhaps catch a small fish, and then return to

its egg. They sat with the head very upright and the wings drooped low,

These Black-naped Terns eggs were laid on the rock with a few small fragments

of coral carefully collected under each; the eggs were in each case single, and

placed some yards apart from each other,

A little further off a small colony of Sterna dougalli were sitting ; their eggs

differing from those of S, melanauchen in their olive instead of stone-grey

_ ground-colour, and also in each case single, being laid in very close company

ou a patch of sand which thinly overlaid the rock, A large red hermit crab

was walking off with one partly sucked egg, but whether he made the hole

in it originally 1 can’t say. For the sake of the terns it is to be hoped not, as

the whole island was crawling with hermit crabs of every size and colour in

tens of thousands,

The birds were only commencing to lay when I visited the island ; I pro-

cured about a dozen eggs of each of the terns and as many as I wanted of

those of the Reef Herons. There seemed to be about five and twenty pairs

of these latter breeding on the island, only one pair of white birds among

them. Quite a hundred and fifty pairs of terns were about the island, but

only a small proportion of these were S. dougalli.

I never passed a pleasanter hour watching bird life: with a pair of binoculars

I could examine every bird on the islet as well as if it had been in my hands,

ee ee ee ee

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, 153

1565, ARDEOLA GRAYI, Sykes, Blanf,, IV, p. 393; “ Str, Feath,,” II, p. 309.

Common at Port Blair in the winter months, I saw a few in June, but they

showed no signs of breeding.

1566, ARDEOLA BACCHUS, Bonap. Blanf., IV, p. 394.

Has been obtained in the Andamans,

1567. Butorives gavanica, Horsf, Blanf., IV, p. 395 ; “Str. Feath.,” II,

p. 310,

The Green Bittern is extremely common in both groups. In the Anda-

mans its chief stronghold is the dense growth of mangroves which fringes

the numerous salt water creeks, In the Nicobars I found it extraordinarily

abundant, frequenting the rocks exposed at low tide in such numbers that

twenty or thirty could often be counted at the same time,

1568, Nycricorax Griseus, Linn, Blanf., 1V,p. 397; “Str. Feath,,” IT,

p. 315,

Davison appears to have met with the Night Heron only on Trinkut in the

Nicobars. I did not notice it anywhere in the island,

1569, GORSAHICUS MELANOLOPHUS, Raffles, Blanf., IV, p. 398; “Str,

Feath.,” IT, p. 312.

Mr, Hume obtained three specimens of the Malay Bittern in the Nicobars,

I failed to get or see a single specimen, but it is probably not really uncommon

in suitable spots, being one of the most skulking and retiring birds of its family,

1571. ARDErTA sINEnsIs, Gm, Blanf., IV, p. 401; “Str. Feath.,” II, p.

311,

The Little Bittern seems to be more numerous in the Andamans now than

in Mr, Hume’s time, I saw it quite a score of times altogether, and procured

half a dozen specimens—three in one morning, It also occurs in the Nicobars,

1572, ARDETIA CINNAMOMEA, Gm, Blanf,, IV, p. 402; “Str, Feath.,’ II

p. 311.

The Little Chesnut Bittern is very common in the Andamans, It has pro-

bably increased in numbers with the increase of paddy cultivation since Mr.

Hume visited the islands, as he seems only to have met with it twice, In the

Andamans it breeds chiefly, I think, in May, June and July. I took a clutch

of three eggs, very hard set, on July 3rd, the nest was a mere platform of

rushes in the centre of a tussock of coarse grass, The bird either sits with its

neck stretched upwards and its bill pointing straight into the air, or else

assumes this position on hearing one approach its nest,

The appetite of the Little Bitternis nearly insatiable. One that I shot—

still fishing !—had just swallowed one fish 5 in, long, nearly 2 in, in cireum-

ference, and with the skull ? in, across; one eel 53 in. long,and 2 eels each

3% in, in length, When fired at and winged its behaviour is typically Bittern-

like ; falling to the shot it runs into the nearest grass and squats with its bill

pointed as usual straight into the air. When one proceeds to catch it, it de-

fends itself most pluckily, uttering harsh croaking cries and stabbing upwards

»)

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIU.

savagely with its stiletto-like bill, jumping up with a flap of its wings to add

force to the strokes,

Tt is less common in the Nicokars, where no rice is grown.

1581, DENDRocyG@NA JAVANICA, Horsf. Blanf., IV, p. 430; “Str, Feath,,”

II, p. 315 ; Stuart Baker, Journ. B. N. H. 8., XI, p. 562,

The common teal of the islands, numerous ane resident near Port Blair, and

very abundant on some of the Nicobars, One that I shot on June 26th was

just about to lay.

1591, NETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS, Gmn, Blanf., IV, p. 433; “ Str.

Feath.,” II, p. 315 ; Stuart Baker, Journ, B. N. H.S., XI, p, 191.

The Cotton Teal is only a straggler to the Andamans. Wardlaw Ramsay

procured a single specimen at Port Blair, and Captain Wimberley shot a pair,

but Mr, Hume’s party never met with it, though he subsequently had some

more specimens sent him. I did not see it during my nine months in the

Settlement.

1597. Nerrium crecca, Linn. Blanf., IV, p. 443; Stuart Baker, Journ,

iB No BOS; XIE op. 247.

Mr, Stuart Baker has recorded this Teal from the Andamans and Nicobars,

having received information, which he considers reliable, of its being seen,

though not obtained, in both groups,

1598. NETTIUM ALBIGULARE, Hume., Blanf., 1V; p. 444; Stuart Baker,

Journ, B.N, H.8., XII, p.257; “Str. Feath,” II, p. 316; Butler, Journ,

Bomb, N, H. 8., Vol. XT, p. 332.

Resident in the Andamans, but not nearly as plentiful as the Whistling

Teal. I found a brood of young ones on Dec, 2nd. My notes on this teal

have already appeared in this Journal,

The following species should have been included among the Willow-wrens,

enumerated in the first part of this article :-—

420, ACANTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS, Blas. Walden, Jbis, 1874, p. 140; Oates |

I, p. 412.

Lord Walden recorded a specimen from the §, Andaman, and Mr, Oates says

he has examined two specimens from the same locality.

Aa Te ee

ae ee

cna i a Ri

‘

155

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF FICUS

FROM TRAVANCORE.

By T. F, Bourpibion, F.1.8., CONSERVATOR OF ForEsTs, TRAVANCORE,

(With a Plate.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society

on 16th January, 1900.)

URTICACEA.

Ficus Rama VARMA, sp. nov.

A fast-growing tree of immense size, wholly glabrous, with irregularly

shaped trunk and wide-spreading branches. Leaves erect, shining, dark

green when old, very pale when young, broad ovate, acuminate, 6 ms.

to 1 ft. long by 4-6 ins. broad, coriaceous, edge straight or undulate :

base cordate or rounded: basal nerves 3: distinctly penniveined :

nerves prominent 10-16 pairs, anastomosing at the edge of the

leaf. Petiole moderately stout 1-4 in. long. Stipules in pairs

from 1-6 in. in length. Receptacles in pairs in the axils of the

leaves, subglobose or somewhat 3-sided on one inch peduncles, each

from #-1 inch diameter, green, smooth. Base of the receptacle

supported by 3 triangular bracts. Male and female flowers inter-

mixed with many lanceolate bracteoles in the same receptacles. Male

flowers numerous, scattered, pedicelled, monandrous, sepals 4 broad,

anther large ovoid, almost sessile. Female flowers sessile or shortly

pedicelled, naked, but with bracteoles often adhering, style elongate,

stigma simple. Fruit 1 inch diameter, green when ripe, dotted with

yellow spots.

A very handsome forest tree growing toa height of 100 ft. with a

diameter of stem of 4 ft. or more, inclined to branch, and occurring

on the hills of Travancore at elevations between 1,000 and 4,000 ft.,

in evergreen forest, I have not noticed it in the low country. It is

fairly abundant throughout Travancore. In general appearance it

resembles, when growing among smaller trees, the Banyan (7. Benga-

lensis), but it is at once distinguished from that tree by the absence of

aerial roots, by the brighter appearance of its leaves, and by its enor-

mous “ stipules.” Botanically, this tree is nearest to J. callosa, from

which it differs in habit and appearance, in ts binate and not solitary

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

fruit, its larger stipules, its brighter many-nerved leaves, and in the

structure of its flowers.

Nothing is known of its timber, which is not however likely to be

in any way useful. It yields a copious supply of milk, which may

possibly prove of some commercial value.

I have, with permission, called this handsome tree after H. H. the

Maharajah of Travancore, G.C.S.1., a well-known patron of science.

Description of Plate.—

1, Branch of tree, natural size.

Fruit in section, natural size.

Male flowers x 4.

Female flowers x 4.

ge be

L. de NICEVILLE, Journ. Bomb. Nat.Hist. Soo Vol. XIII Plate CC.

L.. de NICKVILLE, Journ Bomb. Nat: Hist. Soc. Vol. XIII. Hive DUD:

West Newman chromo.

ORIEN EAI) TT RRP Ist h Sy.

Plate Fi E.

marae)

Les XI 5

L.de NICEVILLE, Journ. Bomb. Nat.Hist.Soc.Vo

West, Newman chromo

RRA

iL. LEPIDO

LEN

ORIEN

157

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA

FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION.

By LionEL DE NICEVILLE, EES, C.M.Z.8., &C.

[Wire Pirates CC, DD, & HE.]

Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th January, 1900.

y )

Suborder RHOPALOCERA,

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily Danarwa.

1. Hustta (Nectaria) sua, n. sp.

Papilio idea, Cramer (nec Clerck), Pap. Ex,, vol, iv, p. 141, pl, ecclxii, fig. D, female (1781),

Hasirat: Sula-Mangoli.

Expanse: @, 5°6; 9, 5°4 inches.

Description: Nearest to H. aza, Boisduval, which I have from

Ternate, Halmaheira (Gilolo or Jilolo), and Batjan, all in the Moluccas,

MALE and FEMALE, both wings much narrower aud less rounded, the

apex of the forewing in the male truncated instead of evenly rounded,

Forewing with the black spot in the middle of the discoidal cell ending

anteriorly on the subcostal nervure, not reaching to the costa as it

does in H. aza; the discal series of six black streaks all distinct from

the outer marginal black border and twice as large, in H. aza the

two anterior ones become merged in a somewhat broad continuous

subapical black fascia from the costa to the upper discoidal interspace,

beyond which are in H. aza seven white spots, six of which are

placed in pairs between the veins, these being absent in Z. sula.

Hindwing differs in the five discal black streaks between the veins

being much longer, reaching nearer to the base of each interspace

bearing them, the three posterior ones quite separated from the

marginal black border, in Z. aza all the streaks run into it; the inner

edge of the marginal border is also much more irregular than in

H. aza, From H. idea, Clerck, it is at once distinguished by the wings

being more transparent and less cretaceous, by the character of the

markings at the apex of the forewing, and in many other details.

Cramer’s figure of this species under the name of Papilio idea

(which is distinct from the Papilio cdea, Clerck, from Ceram, Amboina

and Saparoea in my collection) is a very good one. Mr. Moore

in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 216, n. 2, places Cramer’s

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

P. idea as a synonym of Nectaria aza, which he gives from Bouru and

the Sula Islands. I may note also that the Idea agelia of Godart as

figured by Lucas agrees with the species I identify as H. aza,

while Mr. Moore (I. c¢.,n. 3) gives itfull specific rank, recording it

from Batchian. Cramer records Papilio idea from Amboina.

Described from two males and a female captured in November, 1897,

by Mr. W. Doherty in the island of Mangoli, one of the Sula Archipe-

lago, which lies to the east of the central portion of the island of Celebes.

2, Ipxopsis 14, Fruhstorfer. Plate OC, Fig, 1 ¢ 9.

ZL. inuncta iza, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent., vol, xiii, (1898); idem, id,, Stet. But. Zeit., vol.

lix, pp» 268, 262, n. 13 (1898),

Hasrrat: Sula-Mangoli (Fruhstorfer and coll. de Nice'ville). —

ExpansE: @, 3°3 ; 9, 3'l and 3:4 inches.

Description: Allied to “ Danais” inuneta, Butler (= Ideopsis

pheestis, Felder), from Waigiou. Mate and FEMALE, forewing differs

from that species in the outer marginal black border being much

broader, enclosing two series of spots of the white ground-colour,

the inner consisting of seven increasing spots, the outer. of ten or

twelve placed in pairs ; the inner edge of this black border is strongly

produced into festoons between the veins. Hindwing also has the

outer black border much broader, its inner edge strongly produced

into points between the veins instead of being nearly straight ; the

paired marginal spots more than twice as large. From Jdeopsis

ribbei, Rober (Iris, vol. i, p. 186, pi. vii, fig. 4, male (1888), from

Bangkei Island, the mALE differs in the forewing having three

elongated costal spots of the ground-colour, these being apparently

wanting in that species; the two discal white streaks beyond the

discoidal cell are much larger ; the white area in the cell is also twice

as large; the submarginal spots are larger; in the hindwing the cell is

immaculate, in J. ribbed it bears two longitudinal fine lines ; and in both

wings the marginal paired spots are much larger.

The opposite sexes of this species do not differ in markings, but

only in outline as in other species of the genus. It is described

from one male and two females taken in Mangoli Island by

Mr. W. Doherty in November, 1897. '

Since the above was written Herr H. Fruhstorfer has described

the same species as a local race of J. inuncta, so I have suppressed

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 159

the name I had given it and employ the one he has proposed for it.

In his first description Herr Fruhstorfer makes no mention of J. rzbbez,

its nearest ally, though he does so in the second.

3. Danas (Lintorata) KUBKENTHALI, Pagenstecher. Plate CC,

— Fig.2 2.

D, hiikenthali, Pagenstecher, Ent. Nach., vol. xxii, p. 49, n. 1 (1896); D. kuekenthali, id., in

Kiikenthal’s Erg. einer zool. Forsch. Molukken und Borneo, p. 384, n. 85, pl. xx, fig. 5, male

-(1897) ; Mangalisa albata kiikenthali, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xliv, p. 77 (1899),

Hasrrat: Rurukan, 3,000 ft., Minahassa, Celebes (Pagenstecher);

Rurukan and Minahassa, Celebes (Fruhstorfer) ; Mount ‘londano,

N.-E. Celebes (Hose in coll. de Nice'ville).

Expanse: @, 3°5 inches,

Description: Mate. UPppsrsipE, both wings brownish-fuscous,

with pale yellowish-green translucent markings of a very unusual

shade. Forewing with the base and anterior half of the discoidal

cell dusted with fuscous scales; two small oval spots on the costa

divided by the second subcostal nervule; a short outwardly clavate

streak at the base of the subcostal interspace, a much longer one in the

upper discoidal interspace, and a shorter and broader one in the lower

discoidal interspace, the base of which it does not reach; a large

quadrate patch at the base of the second median interspace, a still

jarger one at the base of the first median interspace, and a still larger

one again occupying the basal two-thirds of the submedian interspace ;

a narrow streak occupying the basal two-thirds of the sutural area; a

sinuous series of six submarginal spots, the anteriormost is cordate, the

second a mere dot, the third linear placed obliquely inwardly, the fourth

and fifth are round, the sixth the largest of all, linear, and placed

obliquely outwardly. Hindweng has the whole of the discoidal cell and

a series of streaks completely encircling it of the pale yellowish-green

translucent colour divided only by the brownish-fuscous veins; there

is a submarginal series of five pairs of spots placed between the veins

and in the middle of the broad brownish-fuscous outer area, the two

anterior pairs of spots are inwardly conjoined, the three posterior

pairs are well separated. UNDERSIDE, both wings have the ground-

colour pale brown. Forewing differs only from the upperside in hav-

ing a long subcostal streak between the costal and subcostal nervures,

Hindwing differs from the upperside in having the outer dark area

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIT

much larger, extending slightly into the cell, thereby reducing the

extent of the translucent markings, and there are traces of a submar-

ginal series of dots.

Hitherto there has been only one known species in the genus

Inntorata of Moore, the Z. menadensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe.,

Lond., 1883, p. 229, from Menado in South Celebes, with the

description of which JD. kuekenthali did not appear to agree, so I

sent the drawing here reproduced to Professor Edward B. Poulton,

F. R. 8., who has compared it with the unique type of L. menadensis

in the Hope Museum at Oxford, and has very kindly sent me the

following note regarding it :—“ Upperside, both wings have the pale

markings far paler in D, kuekenthali than in D. menadensis, in the latter

they are buff, even deep buff colour, and the pale markings on the

inner part are much more developed and continuous, they are broken

up by dark bars along the veins, and the subapical spots of the

forewing are separated from the rest of the buff colour by a wide

band of the dark ground-colour ; moreover, the outer row of marginal

spots on both wings are absent in the former, but are very distinct

and numerous in the latter. The discoidal cell of the forewing

in D. menadensis is almost all dark, with only faint linear traces of

buff; in D. kuekenthali the cell is about equally divided between

pale yellowish-green and black.” I may note that D. menadensis

has been described by the Hon. Walter Rothschild in Iris, vol. y,

p. 480, pl. iv, fig. 8, male (1892), from Southern Celebes, as

Chlorochropsis doherty.

Professor J. O. Westwood in Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 471,

pn. 19, refers to a Danais (Ravadeba) luciptena, Butler, from Talisse and

Kalelonda, small islands lying off the coast of Northern Celebes, and

the Hon. Walter Rothschild in Iris, vol, v, p. 431 (1892), refers to

Ravadebra [sic] luciplena, Butler, from Southern Celebes. Herr

H. Fruhstorfer in Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xliv, p. 78 (1899), also

refers to Parantica cleona luciplena, Butler, from North and South

Celebes. Iam unable to trace this species (spelt in two ways by the

authors cited), but as Ravadeba has “Two ‘sexual marks’ or scent-

producing organs on the hindwing,” while Lintorata has only one

placed on the submedian nervure, it is unlikely that the species

described above is the same. The name Juetptena or luciptena may he

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 161

a MS. one in the British Museum—vide Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent.

Zeitsch., vol. xliv, p. 158 (1899), .

4, HUPL@A (Nacamsa) CLORINDE, Staudinger. Plate CC,

Bae.) 3d.

E. (Zsamia) clorinde, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 33 (1889); Salpina clorinde, Semper,

Schmett. Philipp., p. 324, n. 495 (1892).

Hasirar : Palawan Island, Philippines.

HXPANsE: @, 3°5 inches.

Description: Mate. UPppErsiDE, both wings shinmg dark brown

with no violet gloss, the outer margins broadly pale brown, Forewing

with a submarginal series of six or seven small sullied white spots, the

anteriormost just behind the costa wanting in one specimen, the

four posterior spots small and rounded, the others larger and elongated ;

a marginal series of rounded white dots becoming obsolete towards the

apex. Hindwing with the usual large chalky subcostal sexual patch

of whitish scales; a submarginal series of seven sullied white spots, the

three anterior ones, one in each interspace, rounded, the four posterior

spots, placed in pairs in the median interspaces, lengthened; a complete

marginal series of white dots. UNDERSIDE, both wings paler than on

the upperside. Forewing in one specimen with a costal pale violet spot

placed anterior to the apex of the discoidal cell; a similar spot at the

posterior outer end of the eell, large in one specimen, small in the

other ; an oval similar spot towards the base of the second median inter-

space, a much larger rhomboid spot in the first median interspace ; the

submarginal and marginal spots as on the upperside, except that all

the spots are small instead of the anterior spots of the inner series being

large as they are above ; the inner margin broadly whitish. Hindwing

with the pale streaks characteristic of the subgenus between the veins,

but very obscure; the submarginal series of spots smaller than on the

upperside, the marginal series similar to those above.

Two species of the subgenus, Nacamsa simillima and N. meldole,

both of Moore, and both from the more northern islands of the

Philippine Archipelago, were hitherto known until the publication of

the description of the present species under a different subgeneric

name, and have been figured by Semper, from both of which

NN. clorinde differs in the spots of the submarginal series in both

surfaces being very much smaller, and sullied instead of pura

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII

white. It is a beautiful instance of mimicry in the mullerian sense

(two distasteful species mimicking each other for mutual protec-

tion) of EZ. (Andasena) butra, Staudinger, also of course from Palawan

Island, while EH. (Andasena) lucasi, Moore, is a similar mimic of

E. (Nacamsa) meldole, Moore, in the’ more northern islands of the

Archipelago.

Described from two males in my collection collected by Mr. W.

Doherty. E. clorinde has been kindly identified for. me by Herr

Georg Semper.

: Subfamily Saryrina,

o. ZLETHERA MUSA, Felder. Plate CC, Fig. 4 9.

” Z, mixta, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol, xliv,p. 99 (1899),

Hasirat: Mindanao and Basilan Islands, Philippines.

EixpansE: Dimorphic 2, 3*2 inches.

Description: Dimorruic Femaue. UPppErsipE, doth wings differ

from the female figured by Herr Georg Semper in Schmett. Philipp.,

p. 38, n. 37, pl. vii, fig. 10, female (1886), from N., E., 8.-E. and

S.-W. Mindanao, in having the ground-colour black instead of brown,

-heavily marked with pale greenish-white. Forewing has the discoidal

cell almost entiraly greenish-white, consisting of a broad and lengthened

streak posteriorly, with two narrow streaks anteriorly ; a subapical

macular fascia, consisting of five spots between the veins, the two

anterior ones very narrow; a large patch at the base of the second

median interspace, a still larger one in the first median interspace

reaching beyond the submarginal round white spot in that space,

and a still larger one reaching to the base of the wing and bisected

by a narrow black streak in the submedian interspace; the whole

of the sutural area, except at the extreme outer angle, all greenish-

white ; between the submarginal and marginal series of white

spots is a series of greenish-white spots placed in pairs between

the veins anterior io the third median nervule. Hindwing, has the

whole of the basal two-thirds of the wing greenish-white slightly

sprinkled with black scales except the veins which are rather broadly

black, and an outwardly-bifurcated streak in the cell and a single

streak in the submedian interspace. UnpsrsipE, both wings marked

very similarly to the upperside, but the greewish-white markings

‘are replaced by pure white ones, and the twinned spots between

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 163

the veins placed between the submarginal and marginal series of

spots are far more prominent than above, and reach the anal angle.

This interesting dimorphic form appears to be the only one present

in Basilan Island, trom whence I have four specimens and many

males captured by Mr. W. Doherty. It is evidently a mimic of

_ Danais (Radena) juventa, Cramer, which occurs commonly with it.

Herr Fruhstorfer appears to have described it as an entirely new

species.

6. LETHE (Zophoessa) SURA, Doubleday and Hewitson. Plate

CC, Figs. 5, 6, gynandromorphous example.

Zophoessa sura, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. ii, p. 362, un, 1, pl. 1x1,

fig. 1, female (1851) ; id., Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt, Ind., vol. i, p, 164, n. 154 (1888) ;

id., Scudder, Mem, Am. Ass. Adv. Science, vol. i, Fossil Buiterflies, pl. ii, figs. 1, 3, 11, female

(1875); id., Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 291, pl. xci, figs. 1, male; la, female (1892).

Hasirar: Probably Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Upper

Burma,

The specimen here figured is in the collection of Mr. F, A,

Moller, who has kindly lent it to me, and was obtained by his

native collectors at or near Buxa in Bhutan. It is three parts

male and one part female, the left-hand side being entirely

masculine, as is also the right-hand forewing, while the right-

hand hindwing is entirely feminine. The markings are quite

normal for both sexes, and as usual the single feminine wing

is much larger than the corresponding wing on the opposite side.

The feminine character in the markings which immediately

attracts attention is the disc of the hindwing on the underside

which is marked with bright ochreous instead of violet as in

the male. This is the only Asiatic monster known to me which

is only one-fourth gynandromorphous, though bilateral and com-

mingled specimens are occasionally found, the latter much less

commonly than the former. 7

7. ACROPTHALMIA CHIONIDES, n. sp. Plate DD, Fig.

Tin,

Hasrrat: Sula-Mangoli.

Expanse: $, 1°40 to 1:50; 9, 1:45 inches,

Description: Mate and Fumae. Closely allied to A. chione,

Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 486, n. 839, pl. Ixviii, figs,

12, 13, female (1867), deseribed from Halmaheira, in my collection

164 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

from that island and from Batjan, recorded by Kirby from

Ternate also; from which it differs in being smaller, and on the

UPPERSIDE and UNDERSIDE of both wings in the broad discal pure

white band of that species being obsolete and barely traceable.

Described from four males and cne female captured by Mr.

W. Doherty in November, 1897. Mr. Hewitson in Journ. Linn,

Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. viii, p. 147 (1865), records A. artemis,

Felder, described originally from Luzon, and apparently confined to

that island of the Philippine Arehipelago, from “Sulla,” (as

well as from Batchian, Gilolo, Morty and Menado), which is pro-

bably a variant in spelling of the Sula Archipelago, though at

page 148 of the same paper he speaks of “Sula.” There is, however,

the Sulu Archipelago between the Philippines and Borneo, as well as

the Sula Archipelago, of which Mangoli is one of the islands, to the

east of Celebes. _Hewitson probably refers to the latter.

Subfamily ELymyiwaz,

8. ELYMNIAS ( Melynias) SAUERI, Distant. Plate DD,

igen 2

E, saiieri, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p.65,n. 7, pl. ix, fig. 8, male (1882); Melynias sauert

(part), Moore, Lep, Ind., vol. ii, p. 161, pl. exl, fig. 2, male (1894),

Hasirat: Province Wellesley ; Tenasserim (Distant) ; Tenasserim;

Province Wellesley, Malay Peninsula ( Moore); Daunat Range,

Tenasserim, Burma, March; Perak, Malay Peninsula (coll. de Nicéville),

EXxpanse: 2, 3°6 inches.

DescrieTioN: FEMALE. UPpsrsIpe, forewing with the base and

the apex reddish-brown, the disc black; costa irregularly spotted

with white; the disc crossed by six bluish-white streaks, the anterior

streak short and oval, the second long, the third still longer than

She second, inwardly widened out into an oval portion, the fourth,

fifth and sixth increasing in length, inwardly becoming ochreous-

whitish ; the sutural area bearing posteriorly a narrow ochreous-whitish

Tine. Aindwing reddish-brown, with lengthened ochreous-whitish

streaks between all the veins, these streaks being all more or

less irrorated with blackish. UNpsrstpx, both wings marbled with

black as in the male, but the ground-colour much paler, being

achreous-whitish,

Dr. Moore (l.c.) says that the female of /. sauerz is the H. humstleri,

Honrath, I have no idea from whence Dr. Moore got this idea,

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 165

which seems to be a very far-fetched one; at any rate the female

described above from Perak came to me with typical males of

EF. saueri, and it presents exactly analogous sexual differences as

does the allied Indian species H. (Melynias) malelas, Hewitson, to

which Ff, saueri is most closely allied. Itis true that the male of

E. kunstleri* has still to be discovered, but so fara single female of

that species is alone known, so it is evidently an extraordinarily rare

species. J. gauroides, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxxix,

p- 248, pl. xviii, fig. 4 (1894), from W. Java, is allied to E. kunstleri,

The describer does not state the sex of the type specimen, from the

figure it would appear to be a female. The female of £. saueri here

described is remarkably close to the female of L. lazsidis, de Nicéville,

from N.-E. Sumatra—vide Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xii,

p. 187, pl. Y, fig. 7, female (1898), the chief difference being that

EE. saueri has the forewing broader and shorter than EL. lazsidis.

Subfamily AMATHUSIINA.

9. CLEROME SULANA, Fruhstorfer. Plate DD, Fig. 9 @.

C. menado sulana, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xliv, pp. 49, 50 (1899),

Hapirat: Sula-Mangoli (Fruhstorfer and coll. de Niceville.)

HXpansE: @, 3°3 ; 2, 3°6 inches,

Descrietion: Matz. UPppersipe, both wings as in the same sex

of C. chitone, Hewitson, from Celebes, except that the ground-

colour is ferruginous instead of rufous-orange. UNDERSIDE, fore-

wing has the disc&l fuscous line very much more regular, and

the white or pale violet band against it outwardly is reduced to

a small patch behind the costa, instead of being broad and reaching

the outer margin ; there is a small round white-pupilled black ocellus

in the upper discoidal interspace which in C. chitone is much

larger, and is outwardly surrounded by an ochreous ring ; otherwise

similar. indwing has the two discal fuscous fascize much closer

together, owmg to the two ocelli beyond the outer fascia being much

larger, thisis especially noticeable at the anterior end of each fascia,

as they are at this point half the distance apart than they are in

C. chitone ; the apical ocellus is twice as large, larger than the subanal

one, in C. chitone the anterior is the smaller ; the submarginal fuscous

* This name should not be written /iinsileri, though so given originally. (See Honsath )

Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol, xxxi, p. 853 (1887)

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIT.

fascia is much more regular. Frmaue. UPpErstpe, both wings of a

deep ferruginous colour, in the same sex of C. chitone they are

rufous-orange ; none of the markings showing through by transparency.

UNDERSIDE, both wings hair-brown, in C. chitone it is “ pale rufous-

orange”; markings similar to those in the male. Ii is also near to

C. menado, Hewitson, from Celebes, but the absence of the narrow

band of white behind the apex of the forewing on the underside

will distinguish the present species.

Described from one male and three females captured in Mangoli

Island by Mr. W. Doherty in November, 1897. Herr Fruhstorfer’s

description of the species having appeared before mine, I suppress the

name IJ had proposed for it.

Subfamily NymMPHaLiné.

10, HESTINA NAMOIDES, n. sp. Plate DD, Fig. 10 @.

Hasirar: Tse Kou, Western China (R. P. Dubernard).

EXPANsE: 6, 3°3 inches.

Descerprion: Maus. Differs from H. nama, Doubleday, which

is found in Northern India all along the Himalayas from Kashmir

(Moore) on the west to Assam on the east, in Burma, the Malay

Peninsula, Indo-China, Chia-kou-ho, Omei-shan and Wa-shan—

the three latter places in Western China, in N.-B. Sumatra

and Hastern Java (Pagyenstecher), in being smaller. Forewing has

the entire discoidal cell and five streaks beyond it entire and

amalgamating with the innermost of the three marginal series of

spots which are found in HA. nama, as is also the streak in the

submedian interspace, which is. moreover entire instead of being

bifurcated. Hindwing has all the bluish streaks very much broader ;

the outer margin is of a much brighter and paler castaneous,

bearing anteriorly three large black spots not found in A. nama ;

the outer margin also is much more rounded and less produced at the

anal angle. UnpsrsibDs, both wings present much the same differences

as above, besides which on the hindwing the submarginal and marginal

series of whitish spots are almost obsolete. .

Monsieur Charles Oberthiir in Htudes d’Hntomologie, vol. xx,

p- 80, pl. x, fig. 177 (1896), has described and figured a melanic

aberration of A. nama from Tumlong, Sikkim, calling it melanina.

In my collection there is a still more remarkable melanic aberration

—_— . =a

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 167

of H. nama, and in the late Mr. Otto Moller’s collection,

now in the possession of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, there are

two other remarkable aberrations of the same species, all three are

males from Sikkim. It appears to the present writer that the nam-

ing of aberrations is to be deprecated, especially so such as

these which are purely individual, it being extremely improbable

that second specimens of any one of them identical with the first will

be found. I weuld not have ventured to describe the present species

as new, more especially as I possess but a single specimen of it

received from M. Oberthtir, were it not for the fact that it

differs markedly in the outline of the hindwing from AH. nama,

which is not likely to be an aberrational character.

_ 11. NEPTIS (Phedyma) NERIO, n. sp. Plate DD, Fig. 11. 9.

N. (Phedyma) heliodora, de Niceville (nec Cramer), Journ. A. S.B., vol. lxvii, pt. 2,

p. 312, n, 34 (1898).

Hasirat: Kayeli in Buru, one of the Moluccas.

EXpPANsE: 9, 2°8 inches.

_ Description: Femaie. UPppursipn, both wings with all the white

markings larger and more prominent than those in IV. amphion,

Linneus, = NV. helrodora, Cramer,= Papilio pellucidus, Goeze,= Athyma

cerne, Butler, from Amboyna.* Forewing has two subapica] white spots

only, the third anteriormost in N. amphion being absent in the present

species, they are larger also, and rhomboid ; the two discal spots in the

median interspaces are also larger, and divided only by the black second

median nervule ; there are two spots on the sutural area against one in

NN. amphion, the anterior placed above the submedian nervure is of the

same size as is the solitary spot in that species, while the posterior |

is twice as large ; the inner of the two submarginal series

of white spots is also more prominent. Hindwing has the discal

white fascia of quite a different character : its anterior edge is

quite straight and even instead of being highly irregular and

uneven, its posterior edge is also much more regular, the band

is also wider, tapering to both ends and divided into spots

only by the black veins, in NV. amphion all the spots are well

separated from the veins; the two submarginal series of white

a Papilio amphionis perhups a Neptis” (Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1870, p. 147, n,

205), Aurivillius, Kong). Svenska Vet-Akad. Handle., vol. xix, n, 5, p. 103, n, 122 a (1882),

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

spots are also more prominent. UNpeErsiDE, both wings with

much the same differences as on the upperside.

Having now obtained both sexes of NV. amphion from Amboyna

I am able to satisfactorily describe the present species, which is

represented in my collection by a single example captured by

Mr. William Doherty.

12, CIRRHOCHROA AORIS, Doubleday and Hewitson. Plate

DD, Figs, 12,138, gynandromorphous example.

Cirrochroa aoris, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen, Diurn, Lep,, vol.i, p. 158, n. 1, pl. xxi,

fig. 2, male (1848) ; id., Westwood, Trans. Wnt. Soc. Lond., 1880, p, 113, pl. ii, gynandromor-

phous examples.

Hasitat: Probably Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, teoue not Assam, and

the Northern Shan States of Upper Burma.

The gynandromorphous specimen here figured is in the collec-

tion of Mr. Paul Mowis, who has kindly lent it to me for

description, and was obtained in Sikkim by his native collectors.

It is absolutely bilateral, the left-hand side and left fore-leg

being male, while the right-hand side and right fore-leg are

female, Professor Westwood having figured and described a

specimen in which the opposite sexes are reversed, the feminine

side being on the left, the masculine on the right. He also

figures and deseribes a second specimen of this species in which

the coloration of the two sexes is strangely commingled in the

right-hand pair of wings, while the left-hand pair is entirely male,

the body and fore-legs being masculine. Professor Westwood

did not record the exact locality from whence his specimens came,

but said they are in the collection of the British Museum.

Family LYCANIDA. :

13. THYSONITIS ILLUSTRIS, Rober. Plate HE, Figs. 14 ¢,

15) Qe

ed illustris, Rober, Iris, vol. i, p. 53, pl. iv, fig. 6, female (1886) ; Thysonitis alustris,

H.H. Druce and Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 552; id., de Nicéville and

Kiihn, Journ. A.S. B., vol. Ixvii, pt. 2, p. 266, n. 56 (1898).

Hapitat: Ké Isles.

Expanse: @, 1°4 to 1°5; 9, 1°5 inches.

Description: Mane. Uppsrston, both wings non-iridescent rather

dull blue, with a very narrow black marginal line, rather broader towards

the anal angle and on the posterior portion of the abdominal margin of

the hindwing. Forewing with the costa narrowly black ; an obscure

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 169

irrorated white patch on the centre of the disc. Hindwing with the

broad discal white band of the underside showing through but more

or less irrorated with blue scales, the portion anterior to the first

subcostal nervule pure white ; a rather short black white-tipped tail from

the termination of the first median nervule not shown in Herr Rober’s

figure. Unperstnn, both wings white. Forewing with a broad black

costal band occupying the anterior half of the discoidal cell and

extending along the outer margin where it is broadest posteriorly

and bisected by a narrow white line, with another anteciliary thin

white line, both these lines ending anteriorly at the lower discoidal

nervule. Hindwing with a broad basal black band not reaching the

costa, being sharply bounded by the costal nervure ; the posterior third

of the wing also black, bearing in its middle a broad band of spots

of beautiful metallic green divided only by the black veins, each of

these spots is again centred by a round black spot ; a thin anteciliary

white line cut by the veins. Cilia black throughout. FEMALE.

UprersipE, loth wings black, the base irrorated with brilliant

metallic green scales. Forewing with a broad discal white area

reaching into the cell but well separated from the outer margin, and

occupying the basal two-thirds of the inner margin; a submarginal

thin metallic green line from the submedian nervure to the second

median nervule. Aindwing with a broad discal white band, broadest

in the middle, narrowest on the costa, its anterior edge straight, its

posterior edge irregular in one specimen but regular in another ;

a submarginal series of five metallic green lunules between the veins.

Unpersipg, forewing as in the male, except that the outer black

border is considerably broader. Aindwing as inthe male. Cilza

white on the hindwing and at the anal angle of the forewing,

anteriorly black.

The type specimen described from Tual inthe Key Islands is a

female, not a male as stated by Messrs. Druce and Bethune-Baker.

Herr Réber’s specimen appears from its photographic representations

to have been mended and to have lost its tails,as correctly pointed

out: by the above-mentioned writers. 5

14. THYSONITIS KORION, H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker.

Plate HE, Fig. 16 9.

T. korion, H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 547, pl. xlvi,

fig, 8, male; id., de Nieéville and Kiithn, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. Ixvii, pt, 2, p. 266, n. 55 (1898),

22 2

170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Hasitat: Ké Isles.

I take the opportunity of figuring the female of this species, described

by me in the Journ. A. 8. B., the maie having previously been figured

by Messrs. Druce and Bethune-Baker. :

15. THYSONITIS TRIOPUS, de Nicéville. Plate EE, Fig 179.

T. triopus, de Nicéville, Journ A. S. B., vol. Ixvii, pt. 2, p. 265, n, 54 (1898).

Hasirat: Keé Isles.

The female type specimen is here figured, the species being based

on that sex. The male is indistinguishable from the same sex of

T. apollonius, Felder. |

16. ARRHOPALA COMICA, n. sp. Plate EE, Fig. 18 @.

Hasitar: Lwe Long, near Bhamo, Upper Burma, 5,000 ft.

WxpansE: @, 1°7 inches.

Desorption: Femate. UPppErstbE, forewing black ; the whole of

the disc from the base of the wing to one-fourth from the outer margin,

and trom the subcostal nervure to the inner margin shining purple,

the end of the discoidal cell marked with a wedge-shaped teoth of the

black ground-colour. Hindwing reddish-brown, the basal area occupy-

ing about one-third of the total area of the wing shining purple ; the

anal lobe reddish ; the tail very broad at the base, thence tapering to

a fine point, reddish without a white tip. UNDERSIDE, loth wings light

reddish-brown ; all the markings black, of a curious character and

unlike any species of the genus known to me. Forewing with the

three usual increasing markings in the cell, the two outer ones with

a spot each anterior to them on the costa; two spots below the cell

divided by the first median nervule ; a discal highly irregular macular

band, which is broadest on the costa, tapering to a mere dot behind

the first median uervule ; a very obscure macular submarginal fascia.

Hindwing with the six usual basal spots; a prominent discal macular

~ fascia commencing behind the costal nervure towards the apex of the

wing, terminating on the middle of the abdominal margin in front of

the internal nervure ; beyond this is another fascia on the disc, each

spot of which is represented by several black dots in a ring ; the sub-

marginal fascia as on the forewing, but even more obscure; no anal

metallic markings whatever. , /

This very comical-looking species may be an aberration or “ sport,” but

J am at a loss to conjecture of what species it can be an aberration,

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 171

more especially as the shape of the tail with its broad base is

very aberrant. On the upperside it is coloured and marked as in the

same sex of A, alemon, mihi, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi,

p- 371, n. 20, pl. F, figs. 20, male, 21, female (1891), which flies

with it.

Described from a single example taken by Major F. B. Longe,

R.E., on 12th March, 1898.

Family PAPILIONIDA.

Subfamily Prerinz.

17. METAPORIA PARACRAVA, n. sp. Plate EH, Fig. 19 é.

Hapitat: se Kou, Western China (R. P. Dubernard).

EXPANSE: ¢, 3°25 and 3°40 inches.

Description: Matz. Upprrsipe, both wings differ from those of

“ Pieris” acrea, Oberthiir, in having all the black markings of a

very much deeper shade, dsep black imstead of dull black (judging

from Oberthiir’s figure), and many of the broadly-bordered-with-black

veins themselves defined with pure white; the veins in P. acrea

appear to be entirely black. Forewing has the curved discal series of

five white spots very much smaller and al] well isolated, in P. acrcea

the three anterior ones would touch each other were they not divided

by the black veins ; the marginal short white streaks between the

veins much smaller and quite narrow instead of being almost quadrate.

Hindwing has the five spots beyond the discoidal cell very much

narrower; and the marginal spots are also smaller. Unpersipz,

both wings as on the upperside, except that all the white markings are

tinted with yellow, and that the hindwing on the outer margin

has a pair of elongated whitish streaks in each nervular inter-

space. Also near to Metaporia lotis, Leech, described from Wa-shan,

Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong and Moupin, all in Western China, in my

collection from Pa Tse Fang and Tien-Tsuen, in Western China,

received from M. Charles Oberthiir and named by him “ Pieris

acreea,’ but differing therefrom in many salient characters as will

at once be evident by comparing Mr. Leech’s figure of WM. lotis with

mine of MM. paracrea, M. oberthuri, Leech, from Chang-yang in

Central China, and Onei-shan in Western China, is another allied

species, but is altogether a much whiter insect.

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Described from two exampies kindly sent to me by M. Charles

Oberthiir. I may note that M. Oberthiir does not record the exact

habitat of P. acreea, recording it from Thibet only, and that neither

Mr. Leech nor I have seen a specimen of it. The figure gives one the

impression of having been taken from an abnormal specimen, which

impression is heightened by the curious shape of the abdominal

margin of the hindwing as figured.

Subfamily PAapPintoniné.

18. PAPILIO PANOPANA, n. sp. Plate EH, Fig. 202.

Hasirat: Tse Kou, Western China (R. P. Dubernard).

EXpaAnsE: @, 2°7 and 3°2 inches.

Description: Matz, Differs from P. eurous, Leech,* from Chang-

yang, Central China, and Moupin, Western China (Leech), and from

Ta-tsien-lu, Western China (coll. de Nicéville ), in the forewing being

slightly broader, as are also all the black bands, thereby reducing the

width of the bands of the white ground-colour between them, and the

hindwing lacking altogether on the UpPpsRsIDE the median black

band seen in P. ewrous; the innermost of the three marginal bands of

P. eurous which extends from the anal black area to the costa is

incomplete in P. panopea as it does nut reach anteriorly beyond the

second subcostal nervule, consequently the hindwing of P. panopea

is much whiter than the corresponding wing of P. eurous.

Described from two specimens which I owe to the kindness of M.

Charles Oberthiir.

19. PAPILIO PARUS, n. sp. Plate HH, Fig. 21¢.

Haprtat: Tse Kou, Western China (R. P. Dubernard).

Expanse: @, 3'2 inches.

Description: Mate. Differs from P. tamerlanus, Oberthiir,t from

Moupin, Western China (Oderthir), Moupin, Wa-ssu-kow and Chow-

pin-sa, Western China (Leech); Western China (Rothschild), Meenia,

Thibet (coll. de Necévelle), in the forewing having the fourth black band

from the base of the wing abbreviated, reaching only to the middle

* Papilio eurous, Leech, Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, vol. ii, p. 521, pl. xxxii, fig.3,

male (1893) ; id., Rothschild, Nov. Zool., vol. ii, p. 408, n. 166 (1895).

+ Papilio tamerlanus, Oberthiir, Et. d’Ent., vol. ii, p. 13, n. 1, pl. ii, fig. 1, male (1876) ; id.,

Leech, Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, vol. ii, p. 521 (1893) ; id., Rothschild, Nov. Zool., vol. ii,

p. 409, n. 169 (1895).

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA, 173.

of the discoidal cell instead of extending completely across it and

invading the base of the second median nervule, it is also much

narrower; the submarginal white fascia is also half the width, thus

giving the outer area of the wing a much blacker appearance,

Described ‘from a single example received from M, Charles Oberthiir.

Suborder HETEROCERA.

Family SPHINGID AN. |

20. SATASPHS HAUXWELLIT, n. sp. Plate EH, Fig. 22 9.

HapitatT: Taungoo, Upper Tenasserim, Burma.

Expanse: &, 2°6 inches (66 millim.).

Description: Femate. Uppersip#, both wings deep indigo-blue,

Forewing. with a rather broad violet-grey band at the extreme base :

then a rather broader deep black band ; then another violet-grey band,

as broad as the basal band, but bisected by a narrow black line ; then a

V-shaped black marking, the area enclosed by it of a shining golden

bronze colour; then a broad oblique discal shinmg golden bronze

area crossed by the indigo-blue veins; the outer margin broadly of

the ground-colour. Hindwing with the costa white ; the base of the

wing and on the projection of the outer margin of the wing near the

abdomen deep indigo-blue : the rest of the wing shining golden bronze

crossed by the indigo-blue veins. UNDERSIDE, both wings deep indigo-

blue ; a narrow basal white line. Vorewing with the basal half of the

wing glossed with golden bronze. Hindwing glossed almost throughout

with golden bronze. Antenne black, the tip ochreous. Thorax above

deep indigo-blue, but bearing a large shining paler area with a few scat-

tered yellow scales on it. Abdomen above deep indigo-blue, at the sides

bearing four prominent paler segmental spots, the dorsal area paler

than the lateral areas, shining ; the lateral and anal tufts of hairs—which

are large—deep indigo-blue ; beneath the abdomen is dull ferruginous

along the middle line, and the lateral and anal tufts are of the same

colour.

Allied to S. infernalis, Westwood, but nearer to S. ventralis, Butler,

froma single specimen of which in the collection of the Indiaw

Museum, Calcutta, from Sikkim, it differs in having fewer yellow scales

on the upperside of the thorax, no yellow collar, the coloration of

the wings much richer, and all the markings more prominent;

174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

on the underside of both wings there is a white basal line; and the

abdomen beneath has the last four segments obscurely marked with»

dull ferruginous, in S. ventralis these markings are very much larger,

very prominent, and pale gamboge-yellow.

I have named this handsome moth ( which is unique) after Mr.

T. A. Hauxwell, Deputy Conservator of Forests, who is an enthusiastic

collector of birds and Lepidoptera. It is a beautiful mimic of the

very commen large blue carpenter bee, Xylocopa uuripennis, Lepeletier,

a male of which I have figured—for the first time—for comparison, on

Plate BE, Fig. 23. Colonel Bingham tells me that he has also

obtained this new moth in the Ataran Valley, Central Tenasserim. ©

Family SESIIDA.

21. MELITTIA BINGHAMII, n. sp. Plate EH, Fig. 24g.

Hasrrat: Thandaung, 4,000 ft., Tenasserim, Burma.

Expanse: @, 1'4 inches (35 millim.).

Dsscrirtion: Mane. Upperstpe, both wings hyaline, colourless,

the veins and the markings black ;.ciléa fuscous, with a slight dull

ferruginous tinge. vrewing with all the margins narrowly black,

the apex and outer margin rather broader than the costa and inner

margin ; a narrow black bar from the costa to the inner margin at the

end of the discoidal cell, giving off a short tooth into the cell; the

basal two-thirds of the wing with two hyaline interspaces; the outer

third of the wing with six, the second from the costa small. Hénd-

wing unmarked. Antenne black above, dull ochreous below. Palpi

pale yellow mixed with black hairs. Thoraw above clothed with

shining “old gold” sete, beneath pale yellow. Abdomen above

deep black, with narrow yellowish segmental bands, beneath pale

yellow. Foreleg yellow. Midleg has the femur yellow, the tibia black

with a few iridescent hairs, white in some lights, amethystine in others,

tarsi black. Hindleg greatly developed, with very long hairs, the

femur above black, with a thick outer mane of yellow hairs,

the tibia and tarsi deep black, the leg beneath black, with three

tufts of differently-coloured hairs, the anterior one is entirely

iridescent opaline, the middle one is yellow with a few opaline

scales, the posterior one entirely yellow.

‘Apparently nearest to M. kulluana (the M. kulwana of Hampson)

from Kullu (the Kulu Valley in the Western Himalayas), from which

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN LEPIDOPTERA. 175

it differs in its larger size (1°4 as against 1-2 inches in alar expanse),

the transparent apical area of the forewing is traversed by five instead

of four veins, the abdomen beneath is pale yellow not bluish-white, and

the femur and tibia of the hindleg are not clothed with dull chestnut-

red and yellow hairs, the hairs being entirely yellow. From the

ficure of the type specimen of M. hulluana in Ul. Lep. Het. B. M.,

vol. vii, p. 98, pl. exxxv, fig. 12 (1889), it chiefly differs in the

apex of the forewing being much more produced and the hindleg

being much longer.

Described from a single specimen, which I have named in honour

of Colonel C. T. Bingham, so well known in many branches of

Natural History, who captured it and presented it to me.

176

HXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. -

Pirate COC,

[deopsis iza, Fruhstorfer ‘ Meee p. 158

Danais (Lintorata) kuekenthali, Pains cece ved ey Ose Da log,

Eupleea (Nacamsa) clorinde, Staudinger é,p. 161

Zethera musa, Felder . ofc) Gy eeow

Lethe (Zophoessa) sura, Doubleday and reel

Upperside. Gynandromorphous example. p. 168

», Underside 35 33 p- 165

Prare DD.

Acropthalmia chionides, n. sp. 2, p. 163

Elymnias (Melynias) sauert, Distant 2, p. 164

Clerome sulana, Frubstorter 2, p. 165

Alestina namoides, nN. Sp... 6, p. 166

Neptis (Phedyma) nerio, n. sp. eB: wa, 25 Demon

Cirrhochroa aoris, Doubleday and Hewitson—

Upperside. Gynandromorphous example. p. 168

» Underside p- 168

Prate HE.

Thysonitis illustris, ober 3, p. 168

i 5 0: - 2 ios

jy) OM LOR led hic piedaane edhe Bae Q..p. 169

,» triopus, de Nicéville 2, p. 170

Arrhopala comica, 1. sp... 95 pe Le

Melaporia paracreea, 0. sp. Fohem Woes

Papilio panopwea, B. 3)..+. 6, p. 172

» parus, O. Sp. 3, p. 172

Sataspes hauawellit, n. sp. 2, p. 173

Xylocopa auripennis, Lepeletier 6, p. 174

Melittia binghamz, n. sp. 6, p. 174

177

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

NO. I—ACCOUNT OF A REMARKABLE SWARMING FOR

BREEDING PURPOSES OF SPHEX UMBROSUS, CHRIST,

WITH NOTES ON THE NESTS OF TWO OTHER SPECIES

OF SPHEX AND OF CERTAIN OF THE POMPILIDA.

All the species of wasps belonging to the genus Sphex, known to me, are

eminently fossorial in their habits. Diggers of the earth, I have never found

them taking advantage of odd holes in trees wherein to make their nests, as

many of the Pompilide,a family also belonging to the Fossores, do. Nor

does one ever see Sphea becoming a mason and building herself a mud nest as

her near cousin Sceliphron does, Honest hard digging and delving and a nest

in the warm earth are good enough for her, To those who have paid any

heed to the ways of insects I need not say that it is only the female that does

the work, The gentleman of the family takes no part in the house-building,

In digging Sphes has much the action of a dog, scraping and scratching

away with her powerfully spined forelegs and, when the loosened earth

accumulates behind her, flicking it to a distance with a rapid kick or two of

her long hindlegs.

Up to last week I was under the impression that Sphew never bred in large

companies. ‘I'wo or three nests excavated close together is the most I have

found. However, one day last week Major Birch, R.A., Commanding the

Mountain Battery stationed at Mandalay, told me that an extraordinary

swarm of brilliantly metallic “ flies” had suddenly made an appearance near

the Artillery Lines, and had commenced vigorously digging holes in the

ground round the end of one of the barracks,

It was late in the evening when I heard this, but, accompanied by Major

Birch, I at once went off to inspect the swarm. I found that for about forty

or fifty yards round the west end of the barrack the ground had been literally

riddled with holes, It was getting dark and the insects had evidently retired

for the night, possibly into their nest holes, but I caught a glimpse of two

belated individuals and recognised them as unmistakeably Sphex of some kind,

Next morning having a lot of office work I was unable to go collecting, but

Major Birch was good enough to catch and send me over a botileful of the

insects, They were all females of one species and, as I had half guessed from

the glimpse I had had the night before, belonged to a variety of the widely-

spread Sphex umbrosus, Christ. They differed, however, from all varieties of

that insect that I have seen in a few particulars, Resembling Sphex umbrosus.

var. argentifrons, Lepel.,in having the base and apex of the wings stained

with dark fuscous, unlike that variety, these had, instead of all black legs,

the basal three-fourths of the tibie and the whole of the femora of the

intermediate and posterior legs blood red,

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1I.

I may note here that in my volume on the bees and wasps of India in the

Fauna of India series only the typical Sphex umbrosus, Christ, is described. i

’ To-day I went down in the morning to see the swarm by daylight, and

a marvellous sight it is.

The site of the barrack, round which the Sphex was swarming, was ona

slope. To get a level space for the building the ground had been cut away

to the west, leaving a perpendicular bank, extending along three sides of

the end of the barrack at a distance from the edge of the lower verandah, of

from twelve to fifteen feet. This space for a length, as I have said, of forty

or fifty yards, as also the perpendicular face of the bank itself, was one mass

of the wasps’ burrows. There must be some thousands of the insects about,

and the loud buzzing, with the incessant motion of the brilliant little creatures

flying, digging, walking around, is most astonishing, When disturbed they

rose in clouds and flew about one’s legs, but did not attempt to attack, as the

true wasps (Vespide) or the honey bees (Apis) would have done,

A noticeable thing was that the openings to the burrows al] faced the

verandah, the direction of the burrows radiating outwards from the barrack,

One or two that I dug up showed that they had been tunnelled obliquely

into the ground for about a foot or so and then, turning at an ang’e upwards,

ended in a slightly enlarged oval chamber, If one stood still the wasps took

no notice but continued their work unconcernedly. Some walking about with

the alert jerky air and quivering of the wings peculiar to fossorial wasps,

others dug on industriously, paw over paw like any terrier, while others con-

tinued bringing in their captures of green grasshoppers stung into a state

of unconsciousness. These they stuffed, and pulled and pushed into their

burrows always head downwards, The grasshoppers I found belonged to the

family Locustide, and all that I saw were in the immature stage, unable to fly.

Of other species of Sphez, I have found and dug up at various times the

nests of Sphex aurulentus, Fabr,,var. ferrugineus, Lepel.,and Sphex nigripes,

Smith, The latter I found provisioning its nest like S. wmbrosus, with immature

Locustide ; while in the nests of Sphex aurulentus 1 found only the immature

forms of some large species of Acridid@. Itis probable that the species of

Sphex keep to Orthoptera as their prey ; each species confining itself to some

one species of locust or grasshopper, for the captures { found in the nests of

S. nigripes belonged to a different and larger species of the Locustidg from

the species I found Sphex umbrosus bringing in a3 noted above.

The majority of the species of the Pompilide, members of the genera Pom=

pilus, Psendagenia, Paragenia, Salius, etc., provision their nests with spiders,

again each species of wasp selecting and keeping to one species of spider, A

few, ¢.g., Pompilus bracatus, and Salius verticalis, I have found hunting and

carrying off cockroaches, but spiders are par excellence their prey. I once

saw aud timed a fight between the huge fossorial wasp Sualius sycophanta,

Gyebodo, and a very large species of spider (Galeodes) which is common in

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 179

the forests of Tenasserim, living in holes at the roots of trees and clumps of

bamboo. I give a copy of the note I made at the time :—:

Camp Ataran, 16th October, 1891. Found the nest of a large hairy spider,

a Galeodes, behind my tent among the roots of a clump of bamboos, The

animal was outside and I tried to catch it,repulsive looking as it was, with

a pair of forceps, but he, or she rather, escaped and ran down a hole. On

digging it up I found the hole ran obliquely into the ground for about two

feet and ended in a slightly enlarged chamber, I had dug gently and carefully

to avoid injuring the spider and thus came on her crouching inside, I tried

to pick her up with the forceps, but with a sudden leap she sprang on to my

sleeve and began running up my arm. This was too much for me and I gave

a violent jerk to my arm, sending spider and forceps flying. The spider feli

close to the side of my tent on a rather bare space and then, to my astonish-

meni, scuttled for its life. I followed and caught sight of the cause of its

alarm, <A beautiful large Salius with black body and tawny red wings which

I recognised as S. sycophanta was flying in an excited way round and round,

Looking for the spider, after a hunt, I spied her crouching between a tuft of

grass and a bundle of wooden tent pegs that had been thrown down, She

had tucked in her legs and made herself as small as she could, ani I was

struck by the resemblance of her reddish-brown furry body to the colour of

the ground. Quite a long time the Salius kept quartering the ground and it

seemed to me quite evident she was hunting by sight, for as long as the spider

remained motionless, although the wasp passed two or three times within an

inch or so, she never seemed to find it out, At last, why I don’t know, the

spider made a rnsh trying to get to the shelter of a biggish clump of thatch-

ing grass about a yard away. Like a flash the Saliws swooped down on her

and then commenced a rough and tumble fight on the ground, both combatants

rolling over and over so fast that I was quite unable to see whether the wasp

managed to sting the spider or the spider managed to bite the wasp. How-

ever, the spider in a few seconds shook herself free and again tried to reach

shelter, but in vain, the Salius with a loud buzz flew right over and alighting

on the ground beyond faced round and intercepted her, Then commenced .a

curious scene : the spider stood on the defensive, turning and facing the wasp,

as the latter with quivering wings and abdomen paced round and round,

evidently watching an opportunity to close again, and the spider quite on its

guard, standing up and keeping a vigilant eye on her enemy. This went on, I

should thimk for fully ten minutes until, perhaps, tired out and taking advan-

tage of the wasp’s stopping still for a second, the Galeodes made a second

rush only to find herself grappled by her enemy. This time the hand-to-

hand or rather sting-to-jaws fight did not last so long, when the spider shook

herself clear of her antagonist she was evidently injured. Her rush for

shelter was a crippled run and it was clear she was nearly done for. The

Wasp, apparently as fresh as ever, leisurely flew after her, caught her up and

180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

this time I distinctly saw the sting go in once, twice, three times, the poor

spider making but feeble resisiance and, unable to bite her enemy, lay still at

Jength writhing a little. Then for a minute or so Salius danced her dance of

triumph, parading round her prey ina quick jerky sort of walk, flirting her

Wings and quivering her antenne, Finally,she approached the comatose, if

not dead, spider and deliberately bit off the long strong legs. Then, half

flying with it and anon dragging it along the ground, she conveyed her

shikar to her nest, which was excavated at the foot of a large padouk tree

(Pterocarpus indicus) about fifty yards from my tent. Here she disappeared,

and I had little difficulty in finding the entrance to her burrow. Placing my

butterfly net over its mouth, I waited. In about five minutes out she came and

I bottled her, Then I dug up her nest and found the bodies of no less than

five Galeodes, all deprived of their legs and all with a single egg attached to

the fur on the underside of their stomachs. So far as I could make out all

the spiders were quite dead, except the last caught which still moved feebly

when touched. As I said above, I timed the fight I have described. From

the time I saw the wasp looking for the spider to the time the latter He

moribund, having its legs sawed off, was exactly thirty-five minutes,

C. T. BINGHAM,

Manpanay, 19th October, 1899. Conservator of Forests.

NO, 1.—A VARIETY OF THE COMMON MYNA, ACRIDOTHERES

TRISTIS, LINN.

To-day my man brought me in a variety of this species in peculiar plumage.

i append a description :—Head, neck and upper breast white, slightly tinged

with pale primrose yellow, one or two blackish feathers on lores, round the

eye, on the ear coverts ; lower plumage vinous brown as in the usual form ;

abdomen and lower tail coverts white ; the thighs and their coverts mixed with

white ; upper plumage mixed brown and white ; rectrices black tipped white ;

median pair white with a hard terminal band black and also tipped with

white ; primaries blackish with the bases white, secondaries and inner secon-

daries vinous brown; primary and median coverts white, Colours of soft parts,

bill, orbital skin, eyelids, legs, feet and claws, yellow ; inside mouth fleshy,

The irides were damaged with shot, so it was impossible to state their colour,

There is also a sooty band below the white of the upper breast. The

inner secondaries are both brown and white, the abdomen is white tinged

with vinous, On dissection the specimen proved to be female,

Unfortunately this bird was still moulting and so the plumage is not yery

good, It was shot in company with another of the usual form. My man

had seen it here for several days, but whenever he brought out his gun it

used to disappear ; other people it did not seem to mind, feeding close to their

houses on the grain spread out to dry. C. M. INGLIS.

JAINAGAR Factory, MapHuUBANI, 28th September, 1899,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 18%

No. IIL—NOTE ON THE WEB-SPINNING HABITS OF THE

“RED ANT,’ G@COPHILA SMARAGDINA,

In 1896 I had the honour to read before the Entomological Society of

London (Proceedings, Ent, Soc. of London, 1896, p. IX,)) a note on the web-

spinning habit of the ant Qicophila smaragdina, Fabr., in which I quoted the

observations of Mr. W. D, Helland of Balangoda, Ceylon, who informed me

that he had actually seen the parent ants holding their larve in their jaws and

utilizing them as spinning machines, A similar observation had, I believe, been

previously recorded from India. I have just now been able to corroborate this.

supposed fact from my own personal observation, Having found some

Jeaves newly fastened together by the ants, separated them and set myself

to watch the proceedings of the occupants. The edges of the leaves. were

quickly re-drawn together in the usual manner, the ants stretching acress the

gap and seizing the opposite edge with their jaws. After the two edges had

been approximated, a row of ants still held them firmly in position and so

matters remained fora long time without the formation of any web-like

matter. I should mention that there were no larve amongst the occupants of

these particular enclosures. After watching for nearly an hour, during

which time no further progress had been made, I went in to “ tiffin?’ On my

return, an hour later, I found the spinning process actively progressing, and

there, sure enough, were the small white grubs being passed backwards and

forwards across the sutures and gaps in the walls of the shelter, Each

grub (there were apparently only two of them) was held in the jaws of one

of the worker ants and its movements directed as required, A continuous.

thread of silk was proceeding from the mouth of the larva, It is probable

that only fully grown larve, ready to construct their cocoons, are employed

for the work. On looking about for the nests from which the web-spinners

must have been procured, none could be found nearer than the top of an

adjacent “jack-tree,’ which doubtless accounts for the considerable time

that elapsed before the rent was repaired. Messengers had to be despatched

to headquarters for the weaving members of the community.

E. ERNEST GREEN,

Govt. Entomologist.

R. B. GARDENS, PARADENIYA,

- CryLon ; 25th October, 1899.

No, IV.—EGG-BLOWING AND ITS DIFFICULTIES,

. All birds’-egg collectors must on many occasions have experienced the

vexation, amounting not rarely to actual grief, caused by finding a valued

clutch of eggs so hard set, as to render blowing difficult, if not impossible ;

and I think from my own experience the following procedure, which I am

not aware of anyone but myself having practised, worthy of publication, and

trial by others. It occurred to me after taking my 5th clutch of Brachypternus

aurantius, all endeavours to blow the eggs on every occasion having proved

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

equally futile. On this occasion I had spent about half an hour using every

endeavour to rid the first egg of its contents, and finally, in spite of a large

disfiguring hole from which all else had been evacuated, I found that the head

refused to budge. I filled the egg with water and placed it hole uppermost on

my table, intending to try the results of maceration, this at about 6 p.m. one

evening, On the following morning with no effort the head came out. The

other eggs of the same clutch I treated similarly, making een moderate

holes, and I found no difficulty in blowing all,

I have since tried this method on many occasions and with wonderful

success, Of course there must be a limit to its effects, but I find in those

cases where after some trouble most of the contents have been liberated

and where a limb protrudes, portion of which may be got away, it is wisest

to go no further but to try maceration, and I think I may venture to say -

that an egg is blowable in this way perhaps three days later on in the

incubation (of moderate sized birds) than the usual methods adopted can

render it so,

In the hills no doubt the period of maceration would require to be more

lengthy.

The egg is left with an odour of putrefaction which I overcome by blowing

in weak Condy’s fluid,

-F, WALL, Capt., I.M.S.

RanGoon, 20th October, 1899.

No. V.—OCCURRENCE OF THE WHITE-FACED STIFF-TAIL

DUCK AT MARDAN.

On November 12th, 1899, on a favourite haunt of Duck some three miles

from Mardan, known as the Long Pond, I shot an extraordinary looking bird,

which, directly I had it in my han4, I knew to be a specimen of the White-

faced Stiff-tail Duck (Hrismatura leucocephala),

T was riding in the morning along the side of the nullah (for this so-called

Long Pond is in reality a nullah some 600 yards long of varying width and

winding course, with groups of rushes here and there at its bends) and had

just drawn a favourite corner blank, when I saw a solitary bird in the middle

of the pond that looked in the distance more like a pochard than anything

else, On getting closer, however, though its head and the carriage of its

neck gave it the appearance of a duck, its tail, which it carried cocked at a

right angle to its body, and its habit of constantly diving and remaining under

the surface for a considerable time, led me to doubt whether it was a duck at

all, Without dismounting for a nearer inspection I rode off to tie up my

pony, determined to return and shoot it for the sake of identification,

On coming back I found the bird very much in the same place ; but as I

approached a hawk came on the scene and hovered over it evidently imagining

that it had found its breakfast, and I sat down to see what would happen and

| MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 183

in order to watch the bird more intently before shooting it, What did

happen was that whenever the hawk poised itself in air preparatory to

striking, the duck dived incontinently, and on re-appearing after some 20 to 30

seconds immediately disappeared again, keeping all the time very much in

the same place.

After some five minutes of this the hawk went off disappointed, and I now

approached nearer still. I was more than ever struck by the very peculiar

appearance of the bird ; it was swimming very low in the water, was of a dusky

brown, almost blackish colour with white bars above and below the bill, the

lower broader than the upper one ; its tail was carried when swimming always

at a right angle to the body and was thin, stiff, and wedge-shaped with the

angles rounded off; when it dived the tail was straightened out, and then

appeared much longer and was the last thing to disappear under water.

After watching it for some time, and since it would not rise as I came nearer,

but merely swam away from me diving every now and then, I ran up after

one of these disappearances and shot it as it rose,

Its measurements were as follow :—

Length 163 inches, wing 63 inches, tail from vent 33 inches. Tarsus 12

inches, hind toe and claw 23 inches, Bill at front 12 inches, Bill from gape

1Z inches. Breadth across back between wings 43 inches. The tail consisted

of 19 (these were carefully counted two or three times over) narrow linear

feathers, with fine, narrow, short, and separate webs, bare at the tips, stiff and

spinous ; it reminded one, when it was first seen and still wet, not a little of

the fin of a fish.’

The bill was blackish-plumbeous, curiously swollen at the base ; the irides

brown, the legs dark plumbeous, The description given on pp, 436-437 of the

Appendix to the 3rd Volume of Hume and Marshall’s Game Birds of India,

Burma and Ceylon is so closely applicable to the present specimen in most

of its details that I merely give the following slight variations :—

“ A narrow white stripe lightly streaked with brown runs from the base of

the upper mandible on each side to the base of the occiput, both stripes

nearly meeting in the middle line behind, and broader behind than in front.

Below these, from the gape, runs a brown stripe, the feathers edged with

yellowish-brown, broader behind than in front. On the breast the tips of the

feathers are of an almost chestnut tinge as far as the upper part of the breast

is concerned, passing to a less rufous and a lighter yellowish-brown lower

down in the middle and to a darker and less distinct pencilling on the sides of

the lower chest and abdomen. About the vent isa little dull white, by no

means a pure white, The bird was a female,”

A, J. MACNAB, F.R.CS., Carr., LMS.,

Medical Officer, Q. O, Corps of Guides,

MarDAN, PesHawar District, November, 1899,

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1I1.

No. VI—PARTURITION OF AN ECHIS CARINATA.

With reference toa question raised by Mr. E. ©. Cholmondeley in his

note in the last number of this Journal, concerning the parturition of vivi-

parous snakes, 1 may mention that while I was stationed at Trichinopoly,

an Echis carinata that I had had in my possession for some weeks (sus—

pecting pregnancy) gave birth to 12 young, This happened on the night

of the 7th August, 1896, but unhappily as I was ignorant of the event until

the morning of the 8th, I could not attend the accouchement, :

The mother did not add to her original brood, for I kept her for some time

afterwards, In spite of the fact that there was no possible means of escape

from their prison box, the brood decreased in numbers without any dead

bodies being found and for which a search was instituted, and this suggested

to me that the mother might have preyed on her offspring. She had live

frogs put in daily to tempt her should she have felt hungry,so there was no

excuse for such behaviour which indeed I failed to verify,

Bach of the young cast a slough shortly after birth (before the next night).

One specimen I measured was 42” in length,

F, WALL, Capr., LMS. *

RANGOON, 21st December, 1899.

No. VIJ.—KINGFISHERS KILLING BIRDS.

Tf it is not generally known that kingfishers occasionally kill small birds,

possibly the following instance of their doing so may be of interest,

Water is terribly scarce in these parts, most of the rivers and tanks being

long since dry, and perhaps these kingfishers were compelled by stern necessity

to change their diet, My camp was pitched under a huge Banyan tree

recently (where, by the way, I noticed no less than 23 specimens of birds

within a few yards of my tent) and one afternoon a kingfisher, Halcyon

fuscus, made a determined attack on a bird which escaped with the loss

of a cloud of feathers, Next day, however, the kingfisher was more success-

ful, for I saw it accompanied by its mate fly past me carrying a small bird

in its bill. They flew into a big tamarind tree where, I presume, they dis-

cussed their breakfast, Three magpies also mobbed and killed and carried

away a‘full-grown bulbul from below the same tree the previous day, but

I believe their carnivorous habits are well known.

W. F. BISCOE,

HypzrapaD, DEccAN, 30th December, 1899.

No, VIIL—VESPERTILIO PACHYPUS, TEMMINCK.

(A CORRECTION.) :

In the last number of the Journal (XII-4) I recorded the receipt of a pair

of bats from Mr, Fry which I identified as Vespertilio pachyotis, Dobson.

I have recently taken a series of more than a dozen in the same locality, wiz.,

Londa, on the Southern Mahratta Railway, and there can be no doubt that

ae a ee ee

7 + a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 185

the species is Vespertilio pachypus, Temminck (No, 180), and not V, pachyotis,

Dobson (No, 179), so that the latter is still only represented by the type

specimens in the Calcutta Museum, V pachypus, too, is an Assam-Malay ~

form, and it is interesting to find it plentifulin Kanara. That in these days of

stress my natural history work has to be done in short snatches of leisure, is

the explanation of my mistake, but is, I humbly recognise, ro excuse for it.

The measurements of 11 specimens which I took immediately after death

compare as follows with those recorded by Blanford and Dobson :—

Head and Body. Tail. Forearm,

Blanford (9 ) aes eee ree, Billed 26°25 26°25

Dobson... aus nce is AGED 32°5 275

Average of 49 ... ccc -. 40 31 29°

Average o£ 7. ... aac eeu el . dl 29

Several of my specimens gave 42 for head and body and one or two 33 for

tail, but not one had a forearm of less than 28, and two or three had 30,

Blanford’s measurements were probably from a spirit specimen, but evidently

the Kanara form has a rather longer forearm than those from Assam, &c,

In the same Journal I recorded a doubtful specimen of Haiptiocephalus

tubinaris, Scully, taken by Colonel Fulton at Dharmsala, This specimen has

since been kindly compared with the type by the Superintendent, Indian

Museum, who declares it to be distinct, so that it is in all probability a new

species. The rules of that institution require that specimens sent for com-

parison with the type must be given to the Museum, an arrangement which

handicaps any worker who cannot personally visit Calcutta,

R. C. WROUGHTON,

Poona, 6th January, 1900.

No, IX BIRDS OF PREY.

Will any member who hes had opportunities of observirg hawks ana

eagles after they have struck down their geme, kindly inform me whether,

when the feathers of the victim have been plucked out on the ground, the

body is carried elsewhere to be eaten ? While wandering about the higher

ranges of the. Himalayas, I have frequently come across the whole of the

feathers of large birds, such as those of Mornal pheasants and Snow Cocks on

the open hillside, which have, I conclude, been killed by ezgles. In no single

instance have I been able to find any bones, or even the least irace of blood.

On pointing this out to my shikari, he said that’ the bones had been eaten up,

or carried off, by foxes ; this may be so no doubt, or what is more likely been

taken off by vultures ——supposing the remains of the bird were left when it

was struck down ; but I can scarcely believe that in every single instance

I have come across the entire feathers of large birds, the absence of all other

parts can be so accounted for,

G.5. RODON, Masor,

Duarwar, 12th January, 1900.

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII*

; No. X.—THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE IN BURMA.

It is, I think, worth recording that I shot a specimen of the Great Crested

Grebe (Podicipes cristatus) in a jheel, about 6 miles from Myingyan, on the

17th of last month, This is about 50 miles south of Mandalay, and is below

Latitude 22° N,

According to the Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. IV., Mr. Oates obtained

a specimen of this bird at Myitkyina in the extreme north of Burma, but

hitherto it has never been recorded so far south in this country.

B. 8, CAREY.

Myineyan, Burma, January, 1900, « |

No, XI.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BRONZE-CAPPED

TEAL IN TIRHUT.

Two days ago a fowler brought me a male of this rare species ( Munetta

falcata ), It was snared on a large chur lying to the W. of this Sub-

division, This chur, I believe, extends for several miles, and during the cold

weather teems with wild fowl, I have never been able to visit it myself,

and think were it worked thoroughly many rare species would be obtained.

I now think a female was also among the duck brought me, but I sent it

away taking it to be a female gadwail, I had not Mr, Baker’s able article on

this species by me, else I would not have made a mistake, I can only hope

that I may secure another. The fowler telis me there are others at the

same place, but the one he brought me was the only one snared, If I do

secure fresh specimens, I will record them in the Journal. My bird is

evidently a young bird, the sickle-shaped tertiaries only just sprouting and

the mane as yet imperfect, There are some brown feathers on the upper

back and scapulars and there is no black band formed by the tips of

some of the outer scapulars ; the speculum too is more a dead black than

at all glossed with green.

Unfortunately some of the primaries of one wing were pulled out by the

malla who snared it, the tips of those on the other wing have got broken ;

it having been brought to me in a basket with some other ducks, The

tail also has got a bit damaged, I give the measurements and colours of

the soft parts taken in the flesh, Total length 19”; tail 2°”; it would

probably have measured 3” had it not been frayed : tarsus 1°5” ; bill at front

3°62” ; bill from gape 2°1”. The wing measurements were rot taken as

both were damaged. Bill black ; iris brown ; legs and feet dusky

olive-grey.

CHAS. M. INGLIS,

Mapuurani, Tinwut, 20th January, 1900.

No. XIL—MWEGADERMA SPASMA, L.

The Society has received four specimens of a vampire taken by Col.

Kirtikar, I.M.S.,at Ratnagiri (N. Lat. 17°, E. Long. 73°), which prove to be

Megaderma spasma, L. The length of the forearm in these specimens

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 187

corresponds with the measurement given by Blanford, Blanford gives 85

mm. as length of head and body, which is also the size he gives for MW, lyra,

yet he describes WM. spasma as rather smaller than WM. lyra, The two larger

of the Ratnagiri specimens are 60 and 62, while the two smaller are 55 and 56,

the largest being a & and the others 9. Blanford however notes that the

specimens from Ceylon are specially small. MM. spasma is a Malay form, and

except a doubtful specimen recorded from Travancore, Ceylon is the nearest

locality to Ratnagiri at which J, spasma has been found. I have recorded in

“Some Konkan Bats” that the vampire North of Bombay Harbour is

M. lyra, and it would be interesting to know exactly where the two

Species meet,

Poona, 27th January, 1900, R. C, WROUGHTON.

No. XIII—OCCURRENCE OF THE SHELDRAKE (TADORNA

CORNUTA) ON THE BHEEMA RIVER.

Although it is unsatisfactory to record having seen one of our rare cold

weather visitants, without bringing it to bag, still I feel convinced that I saw

the Sheldrake (Tadorna cornuta) some ten days ago on the Bheema, about ten

miles below Pandharpur.

Mr, Stuart Baker, in his excellent work on “ Indian Ducks and their Allies,”

pages 572—73, Vol. XI (No. 4) of our Journal, states that this duck is “ con-

fined to the northern portion’’ of India, but that probably it would be found

along our sea coast, if its lonely parts were more frequently visited.

I was moving down the banks of the Baeema, where I saw many Ruddy

Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck (Casarca rutila), mostly in pairs, resting on

sandy banks and stretches. At one spot, several ducks were basking, viz.,

Brahminies, Gadwall, Pintai!, Pochards, &¢. On my approach they rose.

My attention was immediately attracted to a Sheldrake, its white colour and

smaller size marking it, for it was in the company of two Brahminies. Short

of shooting the bird I am as certain as I can be that I was not deceived, for

I am a very close observer of bird-life,

I marked the bird, but unfortunately it went up stream, Had it come

anywhere within range, I sbould bave fired at it, no matter how longa shot,

in preference to any nearer shot at other duck, in the hope of bringing it

down, I only noticed one bird,

R. M. BETHAM, Capr.,,

Poona, 27th January, 1900, 8th Bombay Infantry.

No, XIV.—CURIOUS INSTANCE OF HERMAPHRODITISM.

This morning, when visiting a Dharmsala for cattle, I was shewn a very

curious specimen of hermaphroditism. The animal which had the general

appearance of a rather stumpy cow was peculiar in that it had no sexual

organs whatever, at least outwardly. It had, however, slightly developed

188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11.

teats, and between them was an aperture through which it urinated, The

animal appeared about 4 or 5 years old and was in good condition, I

was informed that it had been sent in from a village to be preserved in the

Dharmsala, an institution for starving cattle kept up by the Hindus of this

A, NEWNHAM, Capt., F.z.s.,

Cantonment Magistrate.

place.

NAstraBaD, lst February, 1900,

No, XV.—OCCURRENCE OF DIPSAS CYANEA IN BURMA.

As far as we are aware, this snake has never been recorded from Burma,

and our specimen was captured within eight miles of the heart of this city,

and in close proximity to a large suburban town, Its rarity is also suggested

from the fact that we have from time to time received a large number and

many species of snakes from this particular locality, and also from all parts

of the Province, including the Chin, Kachin, and Arrakan Hills, yet this is

the sole specimen of this species that has so far reached us. We think the

fact of its occurrence in Burma worthy of being placed on record.

Though native testimony is rarely of any value in such matters, we may

observe that a Karen shikari, known to one of us for some ten years, and

who is very intelligent about jungle creatures, while looking through our col-

lection, asserted that he recognized this snake, and mentioned that he had

occasionally come across it in the jungle ; that it was a true tree snake, and

lived on Geckos and Lizards. He further was able to recognize other speci-

mens, which we happen to know come from his locality.

A detailed description of our specimen is unnecessary, as with one or two

exceptions it aecords with that so well given in Boulanger’s work. We, how-

ever, note the following differences :—

(1) Frontal—Equals distance to rostral only.

(2) Ventrals—254.

(3) Colour—Above, almost uniform light blue-clay, what is, we under-

stand, termed Goblin-blue. A few scales are irregularly and

thinly outlined blackish,

Under parts, uniform buff on chin, throat, and anterior part of body,

becoming mottled with blue later, the blue prevailing more and

more on hinder part to become uniform beneath tail.

(4) Apical pits—Capricious, both single and double on dorsals, continu-

ed to supra-caudals, on the broadest of which were three or four

pits.

Length—Four feet, 'Tail—Thirteen inches.

F. WALL, Capr., I. M.S.,

GEO. H, EVANS, A.V.D.

RANGOON, January, 1900.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. wae 189°

No, XVI.—INCUBATION OF A BROOD OF ZAMENIS MUCOSUS.

- About 7 a. m. on the 9th of December, 1899, we received a clutch of

thirteen eggs (two already hatched) of Zamenis mucosus. We placed the:

eggs in a prune bottle, so that the Hatching process might be minutely

observed.

During the course of the day (December 9th) four more eggs hatched, and

some two or three others showed cracks at one pole. The remainder hatched

on the i0th December, and it would appear that daylight provided a necessary

stimulus to their activity, since no egg was hatched between 5 p.m, on the

9th and 7-30 a.m, on the 10th, Immediately after an egg was cracked, air

bubbles were observed to escape, and the rostral of the young snake present-

ed, but the creature appeared to be in no hurry to emerge, remaining in this

position sometimes fora quarter ofanhour, In from # to # hour the head

and neck were protruded, and then some gradually worked their way out,

while others withdrew for a time wholly into their prison,

The time occupied in emerging thus varied, the quickest exit took two hours,

and the longest eight hours, One egg, sound at 3 p.m, on the 9th, was

observed cracked at one pole at 3-25 p.m., the head and two or three inches

of the snake was clear at 4-30 p.m., but at 5-30 p.m, the hatchling had

withdrawn, and did not make its exit until 7-30 a.m. on the morning of

the 10th,

The eggs were pure glossy enamel white, and were cemented into a cluster,

the adhesive points being inconstant in situation (either lateral or polar),

The length varied from 13” to 12”; the breadth from 1” to 13”,

The openings were stellate or linear, were in a sub-polar situation, and

varied in the former shape in size from 2” to 3”, and in the latter were about

3", Unlike the eggs of most birds, the two poles were alike, being domed to

an equal width and shape,

The young were very lively after birth, and prettily marked, and when

three or four had collected were removed and put into spirit, These were

individually examined later, and the departures they exhibited from Boulan-

ger’s description, with other remarks may be of interest,

Length—143” to 153”,

The Temporals—In one specimen were 2+1, (R. & L.)

The Labials—In one specimen 9,(5 and 6 touching the eye), (R. & Lp)

The Ant, Chins—In one case on one side came into contact with six lower

labials,

Colour—Bluish or greenish-olive, some scales edged whitish, others darkish ;

the former arranged in such a way as to form fairly clear light transverse

bands or semi-bands,

Each band is formed by a Tae thrown upwards from the belly ; these limbs

usually meet their fellows to form complete bands, but sometimes fail to

meet and then end in bulbous extremities on the vertebral region.

190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Pol. XITI.

The bands are thinner than the intervals, and are conspicuous anteriorly, but

less so posteriorly where they become dirty yellowish, sometimes disappearing

as such altogether.

Belly uniform diriy white.

The pigmented margins of labials, chin, and throat shields and streaks on

ventrals are much less pronounced than in adult specimens.

We also noted that in all the specimens examimed, in which we searched for

it (4) the umbilical fissure was patent at one spot. A bristle was thrust into

the fissure, and the specimen dissected, This fissure implicated usually two

ventrals (rarely three), and from 21 to 24 perfect ventrals intervened

between it and the anal scale,

We have received since this, on 2nd January, 1900, and 6th January, 1900,

two other small Zamenis mucosus apparently recently hatched, since they

both have very evident umbilical scars, and measure 163” and 163”; so it

would appear that thisis the regular season of incubation for this species

here,

Gero, H. EVANS, Carrt., A, V. D.

RANGoon, 30th January, 1909. F, WALL, Carr., I. M.S.

No. XVII.—OCCURRENCE OF PYTHON MOLURUS IN BURMA,

On reference to Boulanger’s work we observe that Burma is not mentioned

as a habitat of the Python molurus, and since that author remarks that the

snake is rare in the Malay Peninsula, we venture to record that we have seen

at least four specimens obtained in this Province, and we would further add

that on questioning some Burmans, living in a jungle tract in the Pegu district,

on the subject of Pythons, we elicited the following information, viz., that

they recognized two species, one which they called Sa-ba-ohn, was described as

having six labial pits; Having a fresh specimen of P. molurus before us, we

enquired how many pits they would count on this snake, which they describ-

ed as Sa-ba-ohn, they counted six, inclusive of the rostral pits, The other

Python is known as the Sa-ba-gyi, which they recognize as having nine or ten

pits, counted in a similar manner (probably P. reticulatus), They asserted that,

as far as their particular locality was concerned, the P. molurus was the more

common of the two. Their method of recognizing the two varieties at least

points to their being moderately observant, hence we were surprised to find

no mention of Burma as a habitat in the above-named work, Another thing

which suggests to us that it is not so rare is, that at the present time there

are 3 caged Pythons in the gardens of the Agri-Horticultural Society, all

specimens of P, molurus, and obtained in this Province, and Mr, Noble, the

Custodian, tells me that whereas P. molurus is commonly brought to him, he

can only remember 6 specimens of P. reticulatus during his 18 years

tenure of this appointment,

S oh Seated

see

UISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 191

In the Rev. Dr. F, Mason’s work, “ Burma, its People and Productions,”

re-written and enlarged by W. Theobald, we find that in Vol. II, page 308

Burma is included as a habitat of this snake,

The flesh of the Python, as is the case of some other snakes, is eaten by

many Burmans, and is esteemed a delicacy amongst the Karens, The gall

bladder is much valued by the latter people for medicine, Karens and

Burmans assert that the female incubates her eggs; that the female and male

make a kind of nest of leaves, &c., the female coiling herself over the eggs,

while the male keeps guard in the neighbourhood,

F, WALL, Carr.,, I. M.S.

Gro, H. EVANS, A. V. D.

Rancoon, 30th December, 1899.

No, XVIJI—RHINOLOPHUS AFFINIS, HORSF.,

The Society has received a specimen of this handsome bat, which was

taken by Mr, E, H, Aitker,

The specimen is of the “ golden-orange-brown” variety. The measure-

ments are head and body 60 mm., tail 22 mm., forearm 47 mm., ear from base

of inner margin 18 mm., which agree very closely with those given by

Blanford, except, curiously enough, that of the forearm, which is 5 mm, shorter,

Blanford writes that the species is one chiefly frequenting areas of heavy

rainfall, nevertheless it is worth while to record its actual capture near

iBombay.

Rosr, C. WROUGHTON, I. F.S.

Bombay, February, 1900.

No, XTX.—NOTES ON CASARCA RUTILA (THE BRAMINY DUCK) .

AND NYROCA FERRUGINEA (THE WHITE-EYED DUCK).

C. rutila :—A malé shot on the 3rd instant, was still undergoing a moult.

The old, frayed feathers are very pale buff, but the new ones which are

sprouting out on the upper breast are very deep orange-brown,

Another snared on the 4th instant, in Nepal, has already assumed a beauti-

ful black collar on the lower neck ; it is most distinct, This must surely be

abnormally early, as Blanford says it is only assumed about March.

Nyroca ferruginea :—A female procured on the 2nd instant, has got a few

white feathers, forming a spot on the foreneck. It has also a large white

spot on the chin, much larger than my only female specimen of Nyroca baeri

has got. It reaches right down to the base of the lower mandible.

Cuas, M, INGLIS.

JAINAGAR, MApHuBANI, TirHuT, 8th February, 1900.

No, XX.—THE WESTERN WHITE-EYED POCHARD.

Tn looking over Mr, Oates’s Manual of the Game Birds of India (Bombay,

1899), I find it stated that the Western White-eyed Pochard, which he calls

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11,

Nyroca nyroca, is “entirely a fresh-water bird” (Vol. II, p. 321), Mr.

Blanford, (Fauna of British India, Vol. IV, Birds, p. 461, mentions it

as met with “in places on the sea coast,”

It is a thing certain to me that this is the sea-duck of the Alibag Coast, just

south of Bombay, where flocks not exceeding fifty in number were con-

stantly to be observed every winter, during my long service on that coast,

They generally rode just outside the surf, where they were safe from

disturbance by passing boats, which keep further out, and I have no reason

to suppose that they fed there, Sometimes they came into shallower water,

and passed my boats, which were less shy of the surf than others, at very

short distances, evidently thinking themselves pretty safe at sea, I shot few,

as they are seldom good to eat.

It is likely that they used the sea as a refuge during the day, and fed inland

at night ; but I cannot be sure of this.

I have mentioned this before in your Journal, I think, but perhaps not in

a quotable form.

W. F. SINCLAIR,

Lonpon, January, 1900.

No, XXI.—GEOGRAPHICAL RACES OF THE BANTING ; THE

“SAPI” OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

(With a Plate.)

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1898 (p. 276) Mr. Lydek-

ker, summing up the available information on the subject, showed the

Burmese Banting to be quite distinct from the Javan animal, and proposed

for the former race the name of Bos. sondaicus birmanicus,

Mr. Lydekker adds : “ Whether it is this or the typical race that occurs in

the Malay Perinsula I have at present no information,”

Unlikely as it may seem, I cannot but think that it is possible that a

third—as yet unnamed —variety inhabits the Peninsula. The evidence on the

subject is very scanty, but all points to this conclusion, |

A constant characteristic of both the Burmese and Javan Banting is that

both sexes have a conspicuous white rump patch, and dirty white or yellowish-

white “stockings”’ The peninsular race appears to have no white rump patch,

and to show far more variation (probably dependant on age and sex) in the

colour of the legs than is usual in animals of this group.

The information relating to the colour of the Malayan “Sapi” which I

have been able to collect is as follows :—

Firstly —a description in“A Trip to Moar,” Logan’s Journal, Vol. IV, 1858,

p. 354, by T. O. (Thomas Oxley) :

“Tt was a young cow killed at Bukit Kupong out of a herd of nine, The

‘Sapi’ has much the appearance of Bali cattle [domesticated Bos sondaicus,

A.L,B.] but has not the white patch on the buttocks, The horns are small

A.C. Chowdhary ith.

ae BOS SONDAICUS, MALAYAN FORM

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 193

and curved inwards, tipped with black. The forehead is flat with a tuft of

long hairs on it, particularly on the bulls, The back is curved, the highest

point being about the centre, The total height of the animal killed from

hoof to spine of dorsal vertebre was 6 feet 2 inches, The hair was smooth

and silky, of a brown colour, except on the feet which were dirty white.

A mane about 2 inches long ran along the spine. There was no dewlap.”’

The words “ particularly on the bulls” are important, implying that the

writer, who says the “Sapi” has no white rump patch, had shot or seen

bulls as well as cows,

Secondly ,—according to Mr, Lydekker (Royal Natural History, Vol. II, p.

181,) the Malays describe the “Sapi’” as having ferruginous-red instead of

white on the legs. I believe that years ago Mr. Davison described such an

animal in the P.Z.S., though I have been unable to look up this reference,

Thirdly —about two months ago in Perak, Captain J. C. Lamprey, of the

Malay States Guides, fired at a “ Sapi” in the dusk of an evening and appar-

ently missed, Two days later, while following its tracks, he came upon the

carcase of the animal, which had in the meantime been killed by a tiger, Cap-

tain Lamprey described this animal to me shortly afterwards as being entirely

of a rich, reddish-chestnut colour, with no white rump patch and with blackish

“ stockings” and muzzle, On these points he was absolutely positive. As

to the sex he was uncertain, the tiger having commenced its meal between

the thighs,

Unfortunately Captain Lamprey preserved nothing but the skull of this

specimen, which he kindly let me have for the Museum, It appears to me

to be that of a cow. I enclose two photographs of it which show the

slightly convex forehead very distinctly.

If the above evidence proves nothing, it at least serves to show the want of

further information about the ‘Sapi’ or Banting of the Malay Peninsula, It

seems to me difficult to identify Captain Lamprey’s beast with either Bos

sondaicus, Miller and Schlegel, or Bos Sondaicus birmanicus, Liydekker,

A. L. BUTLER,

Curator, Selangor State Museum,

No, XXIT—OCCURRENCE OF UNCOMMON BIRDS

2 IN RAJPUTANA.,

The occurrence in this district of the birds mentioned below is, I think,

worthy of note,

Vultur monachus,—The Cinereous Vulture, For the first time during my

stay in India I set eyes on this magnificent bird, when I came on one last

year as it was feeding on the carcase of a dead bullock, It was in company

with a number of other vultures, but the way in which it dwarfed all others

194 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HIS fORy SOCIETY, Vol. XiII,

made it conspicuous from some distance, I was able to approach quite close

and secure it, This year about the same time (January) and at precisely the

same spot I saw a second specimen,

Salpornis spilonotus,—I have come across this rare creeper twice within the

last few weeks. In its habits it more resembles a nuthatch than a creeper,

as it works the branches backwards and forwards instead of ascending the

tree in the jerky spiral so characteri-tic of Certhia. It had rather a feeble

flight, and its note was a thin whistle.

Merula atrogularis —I saw a single specimen of this during the short spell

of cold weather, It had probably lost its bearings to get so far South, for I

see Delhi is given in Oates’ book as its southernmest limit,

A. NEWNHAM, Capt,

NastRapaD, February, 1900,

No. XXIII—GOAT KILLED BY A PORCUPINE.

On the night of the 26th instant I had some goats tied up along a nullah

near wy camp as bait for a panther,

Next morning [ found that one of them had been killed by a porcupine,

evidently early in the night, for the body was stiff and cold, One large quill

had pierced the heart, and remained there, whilst another was imbedded in

the stomach, Three smaller quills were lying on the ground close by. The

foot-marks showed that the porcupine had made a rush at the goat, but

whether it had purposely attacked it or not, it is impossible to say.

R. G. BURTON, Capr.,

Indian Staff Corps.

JALNA, 28th February, 1900.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 16Trae JANUARY, 1900.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society’s rooms on the 16th

of January 1900, Dr. D. MacDonald presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Capt.

F. BR. E, Loch, L8.C. (Bombay); Mr. H. 8, H. Pilkington (Bombay) ;

Lieut, J. Stewart (Lucknow) ; Mr, D. E, W, Leighton (Madras); Mr. EH. S.

Mumford (Burma); Mr. D, Hardinge (Burma); Dr. Cuthbert Christy

(Bombay); Dr. A. M. Elliot (Bombay); Mr. C. W, Allan, I, F, S.

(Burma) ; Mr, J.8, Scot, I, C. 8. (Cuddapah) ; Lieut. A. H, E, Mosse,

1,8. C.(Mhow) ; Lieut. E. R, Wethrall (Jalna) ; Major F. V. Whitall (Jalna):

Dr. T, H. Aquino (Bombay) ; Mr. 8. G. Velinker (Bombay) ; Mr, D, 0. Witt,

J. F. 8. (Damoh, ©. P.); Captain E. C. Ogilvie, R. E. (Quetta); Major H.

‘

ll ti ai

iii

PROCEEDINGS, 195

Lestock Reid (Rangoon); Mr. John H. Lace, I. F. 8., F. L. 8. (Dalhousie);

Mr, M. V. Woods, C. E. (Haflong, Assam) ; Mr. G. O, Ranger (Calcutta); Mr.

Dunbar-Brander, I, F. 8. (Jabalpur); Lieut, T. D. Broughton, R. E.

(Rangoon) ; Mr. H. Gill (Bombay) ; The Mess President, Officers’ Mess, Q. 0:

Corps of Guides (Mardan) ; Mr. Merwanjee P. Talati (Bombay) ; Colonel R. H.

Kellie (Deolali) ;

Major J. M. Jones, R, A. M. C. (Deolali) ; Colonel H. C. Fox

(Dharwar) ; and Captain George Lamb, I. M. 8. (Bombay).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum :—

Contribution.

1 Cobra (alive) ..

1 Green Tree Viper (alive).

2 Young Poreupines (alive)

Gold-fish from China ......

1 Painted Stork ...=.... a eeeas

A number of Scorpions and

Spiders ......+- spanconooacnes06

2 Bar-tailed Cuckoo Doves.

A number of Butterflies ...|

1 Pin-tail Duck Gn eae

J Python (alive) .

2 Skins and 1 Eeg. ‘of “the

Andamanese Banded

ed Banded Rail....... Recene 1

A collection of Moths ......|

2 Chameleens (alive) ......

1 Tuckto Gecko (alive) ..

] Spotted Hagle ..........sc006

1 Crested Serpent-Hagle ...

1 Chameleon (alive) .........

1 Night-Jar'Glive) seco.

1 Paradise Flycatcher ......

} Orange Minivet............

1 Small Minivet ....0.......

1 Indian Bosh-Chat ..

1 Purple Honeysucker ......

1 Racket-tailed Drongo ...

2 Palm Civets (alive).........

1 Do. Give) ...:...

1 Dobson’s Wrinkle-Lipped

Bat.

1 Marbled Teal...s.sses.sse0e

AMEN CDG AN sadesecsseacansoe re

1 White-bellied. ae 54

Fresh Water Shells.........

Do. de chataiénis

Description.

coduocosooade ! Nata EV EPUAIANS ». 2.00000. veer

Trimeresurus gramineus eee

Hyst rite lEUeurG ceccessceree

averse

Macropygia tusalia ......... |

Dafila BCUtA oececcovcsveceeee

eeoccoe

Gecko cenieabatas’

Spizaetus nepalensis ......-.

Spilornss ChEelG ..0...,-. 200000

Chameleon calcaratus ......

Caprimulgus asiaticus ....0.

Ter psipho ne paradiss...ccr0-.

Pervecrocotus flammeus......

PErecrocotus Peregrinus o..

oe] Pratincola MAUTGA co.ceccocsss

Arachnechthra asiatica ..

Dissemurus paradiseus......

Paradoxurus niger

Do. Ho008

Nyctinomus tragatus. sonogadee

pesceocees

Marmaronetta sngustiro-

SPAS. Goachcactoesce

Caprimalgus ‘mahyr attensis.

Dicrurus cerulescens ses.

e@eoececsse

Contributor.

Mr. W. F. Jardine.

Mr, Paul Girhardt.

Mr. H. Bulkley.

Lieut. Fitzroy, P. and Q.

8.S. Pekin.

| Mr. Paul Girhardt,.

Col. H: J. W. Barrow, B.A.

M. C. :

Lieut. W. G. Nisbett.

Do.

« Sol. W. B. Ferris.

o-| Python MulUrus....cceeeee -| Mr, J. Brand.

| Major H, C. Hudson, I.

M. 38.

Do.

Mr, Paul Girhardt.

Mr. C. Merrony.

; Liect. N. Wilson, R. 1, M.

Mr. C. Donald.

Do.

My. C. P. George.

Mr. 8. D. Navalkar.

Mr. W. Plunket. .

Mr. T. B. Fry.

Mr. 8. Armstrong.

Mr, A, Lowrie.

Mr. H. C. Wright.

| Mr. A .M, Simcox, L.G.s

My. F. J. Ede.

Shee

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X/JTI.

eee

Contribution. Description. Contributor,

1 Pintail Green Pigeon a Spenocercus apicicauda mi Lt. W. G. Nisbett.

1 PIOOLSA ccorsecscscecvereevee CNIS CATINGLA +0... e000 saerecne Capt. Ff. W. Townsend.

1 Night-Jar...ccc...-so00 cece. Caprimulyus asiaticus 0 Mr, J.G. Counsell,

1 Wild Cat (alive) .c....0e Melis CRAUS ...+006 acognoorcace -- Dr, 8. G. Ranaday.

2 White-faced Stiff-tailed Hrismatura leucucephala... Capt. C. D. Lester.

Ducks.

1 White-eyed Tit ........00. | Zosterops pal pebrosG ce. ul Mrs. L. Burns.

1 Grey Hornbill.,....-........ Ocyceris DITVStTIS....00006 -. Mrs. Duff.

1 White-breasted Water--- Amaurornis phenicurus ... Lieut. Fitzroy.

Hen. | P. & O. 8.8, Pekin.

UL (Oilaytnees REN Gosscesocosogog) 1 Concene | Do. .

1 Water Cock .........00. we) Gallicrex cinered ay ee Do.

1 Mr. J. D. Inverarity,

Oyster Catcher ......... we) Hemaropus ostralegus...... JD ;

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Mrs. Bourdilion, Mr, G. W. Taylor, Mr. Littlewood, Mr. A. Spillines

Mr, F. G, Hutchinson, Mr. G. H, Laxton, Mr, J. Stiven, Mr, W. F. Jardine,

Mrs, Hawks, Mr, W. Brady, Mr. R. V, Marathe, and Mr. H. W, Beveridge,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.—

The Student's Flora of New Island, by Thomas Kirk bod ..-Hrom the Autbor

A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. Vol.1. (Bowdler

Sharpe) ... oe coe ove 250 ono 500 -.-From the Author.

Catalogue of'the Lepidoptera (Phalenz) i in the AuK Museum ...In exchange.

The Fishes of North and Middle America (Jordon, Evermann).

Vols, II. and III. soc 20 Bde In exchange.

The Geology of Baroda State, by Rh ne uce bees ae see ..-From the Author.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. I. Part I1.... «1 exchange.

Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de St, Petersbourg, 1899, Nos, i

and 2 200 sco con ons ..1m eXchange.

Major H. G. C. Swayne, R. E, ena a black buck’s ney which was

struck obliqvely by a bullet, pneu half way up, and torn completely off the

core, The animal was so stunned that 1t was unable tomove, and remained

for some time standing on the spot, i

Colonel T, Freeman exhibited the !arve of a beetle which attacks the wild

almond trees (Prunus eburnea) on the hills round Ziarat,40 miles north-east of

Quetta, §,000 feet above the sea, A specinen of the beautiful gum exuded

by this tree was also shown,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were read and discussed :—(1) Description of two new

lizards from Selangor, by G.A, Boulenger, F, R. 8.; (2) The Coccide of Ceylon,

by E. Ernest Green, F. E. 8, ; (8) Yak shooting in Thibet, by Edgar Phelps ; (4)

Notes on Somaliland, by Captain P, Z.C x ; (5) Fishing in Indian waters, Part

V., by F. O. Gadsden, R. I, M. ; (6) Hints to beginn+rs on collecting specimens

of Natural History, Part I., by E. Comber ; (7) Geographical races of the

Banting, the ‘“*Sapi ” of the Malay Peninsula, by A. L, Butler, F. Z, 8.

PROCEEDINGS. 197

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

(a) Account of a remarkable swarming, for breeding purposes, of the wasp,

Sphex umbrosus, &e., by Col, C, T. Bingham, I. F, S.; (b) A variety of the

common Myna, by C. M. Inglis ; (c) Note on the web-spinning habits of the

red ant, by EB. Ernest Green ; (/) Notes on the habits of some Indian bats, by

BE. H, Aitken ; (e) Occurrence of the white-faced stiff-tail duck at Mardan, by

Capt. A. J. Macnab, 1. M.S. ;(f) A wild dog’s earth, by J. D. Inverarity ;

(9) Vespertilio pachylus—A correction, by R. C, Wroughton, I. F.S8. ; (h)

Kinefishers killing birds, by W. F. Biscoe.

ACCOUNTS FOR 1899.

Captain A.J. Peile, R, A., the Honorary Treasurer submitted the accounts

for the year ending 31st December, 1899, showing a cash balance at credit, of

Rs, 851-3, besides Rs, 4,800 invested in Government Paper.

It was resolved that the accounts be passed subject to the usual audit,

ELECTION OF COMMITTEE.

The President, Vice President, and members of the Managing Commitice

for 1899 were elected for the present year.

——=OS——

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—Ccondla.),

eles PAGE,

~ MiscenLannous Notes—coneld,

6. Parturition of an Hehis carinata. By Captain F. Wall, 1.M8............ 184

7. Kingfishers killing Birds. By W.F. Biscoe ....... iinactyaxubea i taeia Gi PO

8. Vespertilio pachypus, Temminck. (A Correction), oe R.C. Wroughton 184

9. :Birds of Prey. By Major G. 8. Rodomecs.ccscenarenconececverosscascacnectivecsae” LOO

10. The Great Crested Grebe in Burma. By B.S. Carey Sates che paves LOO

11. Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal in Tirhut. By Chas, M. Inglis ... 186

12, : Megaderma Spasma, L. By BR. C, Wroughton ....0..64: SCO REES Dh ae Ue ws “186

> 13. Occurrence of the Sheldrake (Zadorna cornuta) on the Bheema River,

: By Captain R. M. Betham, 8th Bombay Infantry. ......ccsscesseeees saecey LOW

14. Curious instance of Hermaphroditism. By Oaptain A. N aii: F.ZS8.,

Cantonment Magietrate ....va.-c, <osscecesscedeouavacnpales Celaes ee eaaa oe a

15. Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma. a Captain . “Wall,: I.M.S.,

SATA GG AGE EL, c MVS CAVA Deve anv eivadicssecewseasceececverscncteescdciedacceudedasne SESS

16, Incubation of a Brood of Zamenis mucosus. By Captain Geo. He rane

‘AV.D,, and Captain F. Wall, 1.M.S.........006 pee enevaner tuecietatvees puodesee Ore

17. berecuuh of Python molurus in Burma, By coe R, Wall, 1.M.S.,

and Geo, H. Evans, A.V.D.... forte teen, BRE ete eres he ope Me ds)

18, _Rhinolophus affinis, Forse: By Robt: C. Wroushton: ites pa 8k

19. Notes on Casarca rutila (the Braminy Duck) and Nyroca Veigire

(the White-eyed Duck). By Chas. M. Inglis...c1. iscccscsessssee-cecsseeree LOI

20, The Western White-eyed Pochard. By W. F. Sinclair. ...cccccscsccsereasee Lod

21.. Geographical races of the Banting: the ‘“‘Sapi” of the Malay Peninsula.

By A. L. Butler, Curator, Selangor State Museum (With a Plate.) ... 192

22. Occurrence of URE AOD birds in : Rajputana. By Captain A. Newn-

ETN oreo eeaak wats avakcraneg toes acc oan obs fesaenes neers vec eo

.23. Goat killed by a Poreupine, By Captain R. G. “Burton, “Indian. Stati :

Pee hee conte ae cc aati cen teh van lee oo ao casos date BR ee caSe Sie teceraves Reese ee

PROCEEDINGS. «...++ ce... Kes ome toed Sonn eens Heer ee eter ia at gow’ 194

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‘ PRINTED at THE “ TIMES OF INDJA” PRESS, ‘

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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PAG)

InpIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. By E. ©. ge Baker, F.Z.S.,

Part xX: (With Plate Xx) COCHCHHEOA IES OSC OCOSS EGO, CHOSE? S5e BOLeBESOEE ssa 19

Tar Morus oF Inpria, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN i

‘“pHe Fauna OF British Inpia.” By Sir George F. a

Bart., F.2S., FES, Series IJ, Part II. .....-... sebeysauiecsva tena

Tae Ferns oF NorTH-WESTERN InDia. By C. W. Hope. Part TH.

(With Plate XV,) coos CROSS Cho OO COCOEC Cec OFe ROE Geos EteoetOrees SOs GOGLorses OES 93

SuPPLEMENTARY NoTES ON THE Coccide or Cryton. By EL

Ernest Green, F.E.S., Government Entomologist. (With Plates E

to G) OOO Se COCKE COS OHOSHHHSHOHHCH SE HHHHSS BHOKTTSESCOKHHSHSs LOK OHSeFeeseBSeHER EEE 255

A CaTALOGUE OF THE Hotwire or Sikuim anp Buuran. By

G. C, Dudgeon, F.E.8., with notes by H. J. Elwes, 7.258, F.ES.,

&c., and additions by ‘Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., BA; FES.)

&C.- Part VIII. (With Plate IIT) CORSO EOFH Lee SBES4e GOt GOT LOLECOLOESEE |

Some Hints For Becrnners oN CoLLEcTING AND PRESERVING Wes

RaL History SPECIMENS. By E. Comber. Part 1]. ...c0.c..seeceeeee 27C

Nores on SomaLtLaND. By Captain P. Z, Cox. Part II. (With 2 Plates) 28)

Les Formicipes bE L’Emprre DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. Par

Auguste Fore]. Part VII. .s....cocsos-s-escescescevecsseeceseceen:aneads 308

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEw Lizards FROM SeELaNncor. By G. A,

Boulenger, F.B.S., (With & Plate) sscrer osccsssstscceresceeescserscsees SOR

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LizaRD FRoM THE Batu Caves, SELANGOR:

By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S. ECV) at ih) cor eee ts Fe oes e0eols ces CO0see SEE 335

DESCRIPTION OF ANEW SNAKE FROMTHE PERAK Hits. ByG.A.

BOULENGER, F.B.S. S22 2H Bee HSHSlo HOHE Ge OOKOOL CFE COCHOKTUSEOSHAEo 260 CCeeeesecoes 336)

Seort AnD NaTuRAL History 1n NortHern Gusarat. By Captain C.

G. Nurse, 13th Bombay Infantry. ...cceccsscsssscceneaesescdevcesescrovens BOF

Notes ON OPHIDIA COLLECTED IN Burma FROM May To DerceEm:

BER, 1899. By Captain F, Wall, 1. uM. 8. and Vety.-Captain G. H.

Evans, A.V.D. POOHSSOE™ pos ASet ECOSOC SHESHOTH HSS HOH CCH HOOSSAS Stooge 'SHSea Gdoces 843 ;

Fisurne rm Inpran Waters, Pert VI, Open Deep Sea Fisuine, By F. 0. ~

Gadsden, RLM, .-.cecccscesersovsscsscecscees soccer tenecces, essence: svscce Bae

MiscELLANEOUS NoTES—

1. Note on a Whooper Swan (Cygnus musicus} shot on the River Beas. By ‘

EK. H. Aitken @ececaes de eocereeeeoeesees déceve MececCOGlee Odadee COO T ore oer OEE asseees 362

Indian Termites. By Major G. S. Rodon ccssesesses eceessereeecesene seeestere GOR

Ds)

Pe)

The White-Breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon ery anenas) in Captivity.

By E. W. Harper, F, ZS Re @eoeeroeeccs @eovevcecodes Cveceececern seadeooe ee ereee0 364.

4, On the Mating Instinct in Moths. By Alfred Goldsborough Mayet 865

( Continued on third race of the cover.)

ee)

Journ. bombay Na

‘MinternBros. Chromo li

BREASTED MERGANSER.

ans del.

J.G.Keulem

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Lil

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CORRECTION.

Vol XII, page 186, 13th and 14th lines from top, for “ chur” read

“ chaur,’”

EDITOR.

ee es ee ee

wes =

ae racial

—

JOURNAL

OF THE

eG N/A Se

Aatural History Society,

Vol. Xill. BOMBAY. i No. i.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES,

By E. C. Sruart Baker, F.ZS.

Part X, with PLate X,

(Continued from page 24 of this Volume.)

Subfamily—Mercin a.

This subfamily is at once distinguishable from all others by its

bill, which differs very greatly from the shape most generally con-

sidered as being typical of a duck. Instead of being considerably

depressed in the ordinary manner, it is actually compressed, and in-

stead of having the usual lamellee along the sides, having regular

tooth-like serrations on the edges of both upper and lower mandible.

This last characteristic suffices to distinguish the Mergine from

the Merganettine, a subfamily which has neither teeth nor serra-

tions, but which is not represented in India.

The Mergine consist of two genera only, as represented in India,

with one other, Lophodytes, confined to North America.

Key to the Genera.

(4) Culmen shorter than tarsus, under 1°5''; wing about

7" to 8" ¥3; ee

(5) Culmen longer than tarsus, over 1°9" ; wing about 9" :

po) te. os a wy weg Avena, Wengansers

Genus MERGUS.

The genus Mergus contains but a single species, the well-known

Smew, Mergus albellus. Its curious narrow beak and its much smaller

Mergus.

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

size than either of the Mergansers, will at once serve to distinguish it

from all other species of duck found in India.

MERGUS ALBELLUS.

The Smew.

Mergus albellus.—Salvadori, “ Cat., Birds of British Museum,” Vol.

XXVII, p. 464; Blanford, “ Avifauna of British India,” IV, p. 467 ;

Oates, “ Game Birds of India,’ II, p. 413.

Mergellus albellus.—Jerdon, “ Birds of India,’ III, p. 818; Hume,

“ Str. Feath.” I, p. 265 ; Butler, Hume, zbid, LV, p. 31 ; Butler, bid,

VII, p. 188; Ball, eb¢d, p. 235; Hume, Cat. No. 973; Hume and

Marshall, Game Birds, III, p. 293 ; Reid, “ Str. Feath.’ X, p. 95 ce

Barnes, ‘‘ Birds of Bombay,” p. 417.

Description : Adult Male—A large patch from base of both mandi-

bles to back of eye and including base of ear-coverts black, with green

reflections ; subordinate and lateral feathers of the crest the same, the

black extending in a narrow line, more or less, on to the sides of

the head ;a crescentic black band above the upper back descending

down on either side of the breast ; back black, duller on the lower

back and changing to brown-grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts,

where the feathers are dark centred ; rest of head and whole lower

surface white ; under aspect of tail pale grey, the feathers white-

shafted except at the tips ; primaries brown, dark shafted above, white

shafted below ; outer secondaries black with white tips, the next two

or three white, the innermost silver grey with dark shafts and white

outer edges ; greater coverts black, those over the secondaries tipped

with white ; median white, the remainder black; scapulars white,

the outer webs edged with black, giving them a barred appearance,

and with a black bar across the base, from the centre of the upper

back, past the shoulder of the wing and on to the sides of the body ;

these and the flanks are white, very finely barred with black.

Bill bluish lead-colour ; nail generally brown, often paler ; irides

brown ; legs and feet lavender-grey ” (Blanford).

‘ Bill ofa bluish lead-colour ; irides bluish-white, legs and feet

bluish-lead, webs darker ”’ (Salvadori).

“In fourteen specimens I have recorded the irides as brown or

deep brown, in ene as red-brown, and I have observed no other colour.

Macgillivray records it from fresh specimens examined by himself

ee es

if ae

ee eee

FOTN KS eee ee ee ee

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 201

as red and bright red. Naumann says that in the young itis dark-

brown—then nut-brown, in males of the second year brownish-grey,

later light ash-grey, and in very old males a pure pearl colour or

bluish- white.

“ The bill is, as a rule, a delicate pale plumbeous, sometimes a clearer

and bluer tint, sometimes duskier, and, in some specimens, young

of both sexes and old females, it has been almost black.

“The nail is generally brownish, horny whitish at the extreme

tip, but in some it has been bluish-white throughout, and in some

almost black throughout.

“ The legs and feet vary from pale blue-grey to plumbeous and

dark lavender ; the webs, except just where they join the toes, being

dusky to black, and the claws brownish-black. Often there is an

olive tinye on the tarsi, and occasionally, inthe young only I think,

both these and the toes exhibit small dusky spots and patches”

(Hume).

4°1"; tarsus 1'2" to 1:31"; bill from gape 1°63" to 1°72"; weight 1 Ib.

4 ozs. to 1 lb. 12 oz.” (Hume),

Female.—The black lorial patch in the male is replaced by rich

dark brown, almost black in very old females; whole upper head,

crest and nape ferruginous-brown, richest and reddest at the end of

the crest. Upper back grey-brown, changing te blackish-brown on

the lower back and again to dark grey-brown on the rump, upper

tail coverts and tail ; wings like those of-the male, but the inner gecon-

daries darker and browner and the lesser coverts brown instead of

black ; breast mottled grey ; rest of lower plumage white, the flanks

more or less mettled with dark brown, axillaries white.

The colour of the soft parts would seem to be the same in the females

as im the males, but the irides are always brown.

* Length 15°5" to 16°75" ; wing 7:01" to 7°38"; tail from ‘vert 3°3"

to 3°9" ; tarsus 1:11" to 1' 19"; bill from gape 1° 49! to 1:6"; weight 1 Ih,

to 1 ib, 64 ozs.” (Hume),

Male in post-nuptial plumage assumes the sities of the female,

but appears to have the white wing bar larger and the lesser wing

coverts darker. They also “ shew the two dark crescentic bands on the

breast” (Salvadori).

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

‘

“ Males in first nuptial dress have brown streaks on the hind neck

and scapulars” (Seebohm),

The young resemble the adult female, but have no dark defined

lorial patch, and the crest is darker and rather duller. The white wing

patch is suffused more or less with brown, and the breast is more

spotted.

“Young in down—Upper parts, including the sides of the head

below the eye, but only the back of the neck, dark brown; below the

eye a very small white spot ; white spots on the posterior edge of the

wing, on the sides of the back, just near the joint of the wing, the

sides of the rump and on the flanks ; throat and sides of the upper

part of the neck conspicuously white; crop region dusky, flanks

brown ; breast and abdomen white” (Salvadori).

The habitat of the Smew, during the summer and breeding season, i3

practically the Palearctic region throughout Europe and Asia, whence

it descends south into Southern Huropean countries, the basin of the

Mediterranean, Northern India and adjoining countries, China and

Japan, and very rarely also it has been recorded from North

America,

As regards its occurrence in India, Blanford writes: —“ Within our

limits the Smew is fairly common in winter in the Punjab, and it is

found in Sind, Northern Guzerat, the North-West Provinces and Oudh.

Jerdon records it from Cuttack, and I met withit more than once near

Raniganj in Bengal, but it has not been observed further east nor in

Southern India.” To this I can add no absolutely certain record, but

I think that once in 1882 I saw a flock of these birds, five of them,

near Hazaribagh in Chota Nagpur. It is very unlikely that I could

have made a mistake in my identification, and I have no doubt myself

about what they were, still I failed to shoot one, so that the record is

not a perfect one.

I can find nothing further re this bird being obtained in India

beyond the fact that in the British Museum Catalogue there are three

birds @ Q ad. et @ jur. stn.” obtained, by Falconer in Bengal. As

Oates remarks, there is no reason why it should not be obtained in

Northern Burma as it extends further east and south in China.

Even in Northern India it can nowhere be called a common bird,

though there are some few places to which they resort with compara-

ae SL

ee:

INDIAN DUCKS AND TITEIR ALLIES. 9)

tive regularity, though never, it would seem, in large numbers. In

Bengal it is nowhere anything but a rare straggler, and Cuttack would

appear to be its extreme limit south.

In its northern homes the Smew generally congregates in

flocks, numbering anything from a dozen or so to nearly a

couple of hundred, flocks of over fifty being the exception,

Here, in India, even the latter number is very exceptional indecd,

and most birds are seen in comparatively small parties of a dozen

to twenty. Hume mentions as few as seven, and I saw five together,

but there seems to be no record of single birds or pairs having been

obtained.

They are as much salt as fresh-water birds, though they do not seem

to have been noticed on our Indian sea coasts. As might be expected

of sea-haunting ducks, failing salt-water they keep almost entirely to

Jarge open rivers and lakes ; but Hume notes :—“ I have, in unfrequent-

ed lucalities, occasionally seen them on ordinary good-sized jhils

covering, perhaps, barely a square mile.” They are essentially diving

ducks, and as such naturally prefer water unencumbered by vegetation,

and which is of considerable depth. They are wonderfully quick;

active little birds in almost every way. On the wing they are very

fast and strong, though they always prefer water to air when possible ;

they get up very straight and quickly in spite of their short wings,

rising lightly and at once getting into full flight. As swimmers and

divers few birds can approach them, probably none can excel them,

Hume gives them the reputation of being even better divers than

Grebes and Cormorants and, as he watched them diving after fish and

again when diving in clear water after being slightly wounded, he

ought to know. Few of us have been as fortunate as Hume in this

respect, but many people have doubtless seen the Cormorants and Snake-

birds being fed at the Zoo and other places, so that we can appreciate

what a compliment Hume pays the Smew when he declares it to be

smarter even than these.

ft swims very fast indeed and generally seeks escape by swimming

and diving rather than by flight, and as it is a very wide-awake and

extremely shy bird, it is no easy matter to get within shot. On foot,

except perhaps rarely when it is found on rivers, it is almost impossible

to get a shot, as they always keep well away from the shores and from

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI/1.

vegetation, so that the sportsman has but few opportunities of stalking

them. Hume, however, tells us that they may sometimes be approached

in a boat by sailing past at a distance of about forty yards ; in an

ordinary native boat it is no use attempting to circumvent the Smew,

for he can swim and dive almost as fast, if not faster, than the boat

can travel.

Like the genera Phalacrocoraz and Plotus it seems that the Smew

makes use of its wings to assist it in diving, and like these birds it can

swim at will with only its head and neck out of water, though nor-

mally it swims with its whole upper parts out of water.

Its food is practically entirely animal and consists of crustacea,

molluses, water insects, larvee, small fishes, etc. The Smew itself is

quite unfit for food; even Mr, Finn who considers that my remarks on

the edible qualities of many ducks are rather unflattering, only remarks

of this bird, “ The flesh is said to be very bad indeed, it being, accord-

ing to Pallas, pesculentissima.”

Mr. Finn also notes (Asian) ‘‘ It * * * * gets about nimbly enough on

land where, however, it seems to be very rarely seen in a wild state.

I judge from captives in the London Zoo.” Other authors have given

ita very bad reputation for walking powers, but it is noticeable that

most ducks have been very much underrated in this respect, and

Mr. Finn has set right a goodly number of antiquated mistakes on

this subject.

As regards the breeding of the Smew there is not very much on

record, and what little has been recorded by various authors is with re-

ference to eggs got from other people.

Weire says he took what he believed to be eggs of this species near

Griefswald in Germany, but there was little by which he could identity

them beyond the size and colour of the eggs and the fact that they were

taken from a hojlow tree. He did not obtain or see the parents ; and

though he was very likely right in his identification, they cannot be

accepted as authentic without doubt.

Mr. J. Wolley in the Jbis for 1859, pp. 69-76, describes at con-

siderable length how he obtained eggs of the Smew through a certain

Carl Lepparjervifrom Sodankyla. After trying for a long time to

obtain eggs, without the slightest success, he received a small wooden

box addressed to ‘‘ The English Gentleman, Joh Wolley in Mueniovaara,”

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 205

In this box, amongst other things, there was the head of a female

Smew and three eggs, part of a clutch of seven. These three eggs

were described by Wolley as follows :—

“On comparing them with aseries of something like fifty Wigeon’s

_ eges, I found they were pretty nearly of the same size, though rather

below the average. They were flattened at the small end more than

any of the Wigeons’, and they had less of the yellow tinge about

‘them, so that persons not much used to eggs could pick them out of

the lot; but all these peculiarities might be accidental, though

it seemed remarkable that any woodman trying to pass off Wigeons’

eges for Smews’ should have been able to find so abnormal a nest.

But it was not so very long before I satisfied myself that there was

a decided difference of texture. This could be perceived on ordinary

examination ; but it became very striking on exposing the eggs to

direct sunshine and examining the penumbra, or space between full

light and full shadow, with a magnifying glass—the sharp mountainous

character of the Wigeon’s egg was strongly contrasted with the

lower and more rounded character of the elevations in the Smew’s.

* * * * * * Murther I tried the sense of touch ; scratching the egg

with the most sensitive of my finger nails I could at once’ perceive

the greater roughness of the Wigeon’s egg * *** The ivory-like

texture if the goosanders’ egg was a pretty parallel to the character

of the Smew’s.”

Afterwards Wolley received from the priest Liljebad the other four

eggs of the sect, and with them the rest of the remains of the duck

Smew, the head of which had been sent to him with the first three.

The dimensions of these eggs he gives as 2°04" to 2°05" in length

and from 1°42" to 1°52" in breadth.

They are described by Wolley at great length, but briefly may be

said to have been broad ovals, one end very much smaller than the

other, yet decidedly obtuse.

Seebohm and Harvie Brown obtained the eggs from the peasants

in North-Hast Russia; these were obtained from hollows in trees,

lined thickly with the usual pale grey down.

According to Oates, “ Some of these eges brought by Mr. Seebohm

from Petchora are now in the British Museum. They are nearly

elliptical in shape, very smooth and glossy. They are of a pale cream

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

colour, and measure from 1:6" to 2°05" in length and 1:42" to 1:52" in

length.”

“ The Smew generally breeds in the month of July, and lays seven

or eight eggs, which are placed in a hollow of a tree or in one of the

boxes hung up by the villagers for the use of the Golden-eye.”

Morris in “ British Birds ”’ says :—“‘ The nest of the Smew is made

of dry grass, and lined with the down of the bird itself. It is placed

on the ground, upon the banks of lakes and rivers, not far from the

water, or in a hollow in a tree.

“ The eggs are said to be eight or ten, or from that to fourteen in

number, and of a yellowish white colour.”

The eggs, as shown by him in the plate, is a bright deep buff.

The only egg of this species in my collection I owe, as I do most

of my rarer ducks’ eggs, to the generosity of Herr Kuschel.

In general description my egg agrees very well with those obtained

by Seebohm and described by Oates. It is much stained, but where

the original colour shews it is an extremely pale, rather clear cream. It

measures 1°95" by 1:47", and was taken in Finland on the 6th of

June, 1895. It appears tome to have been considerably incubated at

the time it was taken, so they must, sometimes at least, breed long before

duly, which is the month in which the greater number are said to

breed.

Genus MERGANSER.

The differences. between Merganser and Mergus have already been

defined, and there is no other genus found, or likely to be found, in

India with which it can possibly be associated.

According to Salvadori, there are seven species in the genus, but he

divides Merganser castor into two species, the Indian form, which he

designates Verganser comatus and distinguishes as being “ Somewhat

smaller, the feathers of the crest thinner, narrower and longer; the

bill usually shorter; the male has the black edges of the tertials

broader, the lower back and rump paler grey and usually much freckled

with white.’ As regards these differences, both forms vary znter se

inevery respect, and i cannot understand how they can be made

specific so, in this case, I have suppressed Merganser comatus, and think

our birds should be known as castor together with the European

form,

es ee ee eee

PL Pe ee, ee

ee eee ee See ae ee ee

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 207

No simpler key to the two Indian species ean be found than Blan-

ford’s, which I give below :—

a. Head and upper neck black, glossed with green (adult males).

a’. Lower parts white throughout ...............castor.

b'. Upper breast rufous with black marks ...serrator.

b, Head and upper neck rufous (females and non-adult males),

¢! ae white, back grey . saa mo daeeat sosCQStors

', Chin streaked with nafone ee re .serrator.

MERGANSER CASTOR.

The Goosander.

Mergus merganser—Hume, Cat., No. $72; Scully, Str. Feath.,

VIII, p. 364; Hume and Marshall, Game Birds, IT, p. 299 ; Hume

and Cripps, ébid, XI, p, 847 ; Aitken, Jour. B. N. H.S., II, p. 56.

Mergus castor.— Jerdon, Birds of india, II], p. 817; Hume, Str.

Feath., I, p. 423 ; Parker, bed, II, p. 386 ; Ball, cbd, p. 489 ; Hume,

ibid, VII, p. 149, Ball, zbid, p. 238.

Merganser castor.—Salvadori, Cat. British Museum, X XVII, p. 472 ;

Blanford, Avifauna B. 1.,1V, p. 469; Oates, Game Birds of India,

ep. 125.

Merganser comatus.—Salvadori, Cat. British Museum, XX VII, p.475.

Description: Adult Male.—Whole head, upper neck and crest black,

glossed with metallic green, shewing purple in some lights, the centre

of chin and throat unglossed ; lower neck and under parts pure white;

upper back glossy black ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts

grey, more or less vermiculated with white on the outer feathers, and

the tail coverts also dark-shafted and sometimes with paler edges; tail

silvery brown, paler and more grey on the lower surface ; primaries

and outer secondaries very dark brown, inner secondaries white with

a narrow edging of black on the outer'webs; large secondary coyerts

white with black bases; primary coverts and edge of wing, black ;

remaining coverts white; outer scapulars white, with narrow black

margins ; the inner all black; one or two, next the white ones, tipped

or with narrow, irregular white edgings.

“The bill is, according to age, abrighter or duller, lighter or deeper

red, almost vermilion in some, a cinnibar or deep blood-red in others,

The nail and a broader or narrower stripe along the culmen, from the

nail to the forehead, brownish-black, dusky, or black. In some, this

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

stripe is only indicated. There is often more or less of dusky on the

lower mandible, which, in some, is entirely of this colour, but in others

almost wholly orange.”

‘¢ The irides, brown in the young, grow redder with age, and in old

males become a deep red, with scarcely a tinge of brown.”

“The legs and feet, including the webs, are bright vermilion in the

old of both sexes, perhaps rather duller in the females, and reddish-

orange in younger birds. The claws greyish or horny white, brownish

or reddish towards their bases” (Hume).

“ Length about 25; tail 4:25"; wing 9°5"; tarsus 2-0"; bill from

gave 27" (Blanford). .

“Wing 10°95" to 11°8"; tail from vent 4°80"-5°9" ; culmen 1:90'-

9°10"; tarsus 1°68’-1'80"”’ (Salvadori),

3 Wing 10°95" to 12°1"; tarsus 1°86" to 2°03" ; bill from gape 2°25"

to 2°6"; weight 2 lbs. 12 oz. to 3 lbs. 5 oz.” (Hume).

It will be seen from the above that the wing varies from 9° 5! to

12°1" according to different authorities,

Description ; Adult female —Chin and throat white and lores somewhat

albescent ; rest of head and neck dull rufous, the crown more brown ;

sides of neck and whole lower surface white, the flanks striped with

grey ; primaries and first few secondaries dark brown, the next few

white, and the innermost grey with dark margins; upper parts grey,

rather mottled in appearance and the upper tail coverts with dark

shafts ; tail grey-brown with darker shafts; some of the scapulars

very dark brown, the lesser and median wing coverts mottled grey

and greyish-white.

The colour of the soft parts seem to resemble those of the male, but

are, on an average, somewhat darker and more dull.

In size it is considerably smaller. Blanford gives the wing at about

9", and Hume as 6°8" to 10°95". The weight as being 2 Ibs. to 2 lbs. 10 oz.

“ Young in first plumage, closely tesemble adult females, but have

shorter crests, and brown instead of grey warkings on the breast and

flanks ; males may be distinguished by paler feathers on the median

wing-coverts and outer scapulars and darker feathers on the inner

scapulars ’’ (Seebohm).

“ Males in moulting plumage, closely resemble adult females, but

have traces ofa black ring round the neck and are darker on the back

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 209

and shoulders and show the whitish wing of the immature bird”

(Seebohm).

“ Males in first nuptial dress have more grey on the shoulders

than adults.”’

“© Young in down, similar to that of Mf. serrator, but perhaps not so

dark on the upper parts ” (Salvadori).

A very young unsoxed bird in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

has the upper parts of the head and neck dull rufous, the lower parts

white, and the upper parts and tail grey ; the back very rufuscent, and

the wing and tail feathers dark-shafted.

The Goosander is found at different times throughout the whole of

Hurope and all Asia above the 20th latitude, below which it only occurs

as a straggler.

In America it is replaced by a very closely allied species.

In regard to Indian limits, Hume goes so fully into details that

I cannot do better than quote him fuily. THe writes: —

“Tn the larger rivers of the Himalayas, though nowhere numerically

very abundant, they are so universally distributed high up in summer,

low down in winter, that it is needless to specify the particular

localities, over 70 in number, whence I have received them, or where

they have been reported to have been obtained.”

“ Outside the Himalayas, I have received then:, or know for certain

of their having been obtained from the Peshawar Vailey on the Cabul

River ; near Attock, Kalabagh, and just above Dehra Ismail Khan

on the Indus; near Sealkot on the Chenab and smaller streams; the

Kangra Valley ; below Roopur on the Sutlej ; Dehra Dun, not only

on the Ganges from Rukikes to below Hurdwar, but in the interior;

Pilibhit on the Sardeh; tho Sandi Jhil, near Hardui (Jrby); the Kosi

river towards the north of the Purneah district ; the Western Doars

(where they appear to be extremely numerous) ; the Monas in the

Kamrup district ; some streams north of Lakhimpur ; close to Sadiya;

numerous localities near the bases of the Garo and Khasi Hilis on both

their northern and southern faces and wellinside them ; near Jamtara,

about 156 miles from Calcutta on the Hast Indian line of railway

(Brooks) ; at a large lake seven miles from Barrakur ; on the Grand

Trunk Road where there were some hundreds (Parker); on the

Damuda in Bankurah and Bardwan;in Manbhum and Dhalbhum

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

on the Subanrika ; Lohardugga (Ball); Singhbhum (Chyebassa,

Tickell) ; the Rer River, Sirguja (Ball); the Mahanadi, near

Arung (Raipur), and further down almost to Sambalpur (Blewit#) ;

this latter district north of the Mahanadi (Ball); Palamow (Money);

and the Sone River near Dehree-on-Sone (£. Stewart, C. S—

W. Forsyth) ; lastly Ajmere, near which place Major O’Moore Creagh,

_V.C., shot a fine male in a large tank.”

In addition to these places in Stray Feathers, Vol. XJ, Hume gives

Sylhet and Cachar, though I have never seen or heard of them my-

self in either of these districts,

The next record isa most important one by E. H. Aitken and was

noted in this Journal : “I shot a Goosander (Mergus merganser) at

Shewa just across the Bombay Harbour on the 2nd instant (Decem-

ber), It was a female or immature male, and was playing along in

a shallow sheet of water which formed the reservoir of one of the salt

works. I believe this is the most southern point in India from which

this bird has been recorded yet.”

Oates, merely because it was found in salt-water, does not accept

Mr, Aitken’s identification, and says it must have been J. serrator. I

can see no reason for thinking Mr. Aitken was wrong, and accept, fully,

Bombay as the most southern point in India in which the Goosander

has been obtained.

The next record I can find is that of a Merganser shot by R. F. B.

at Myitkyina, Burma, and sent with a note to the Aszan, dated Ist

March, 1897, the bird having been shot the previous day. This bird

was identified by Mr. F. Finn, who kindly notified me of its occurrence.

Oates in his ‘‘ Game Birds” says that “* The Goosander is a common

bird in the Upper Irrawaddy, and occurs in small parties of from two

or three to six. Owing to my being obliged to travel about in

steamers, I never succeeded in shooting one of these birds, but Com-

munder A. ©. Yorstoun kindly precured me one and sent me the

skin for identification.”

_ The Goosander isa permanent resident in India, but during the

summer is confined to the Himalayas at various heights about 10,000

feet, whence it descends in the end of October and early November

to the foot-hills and into the plains. The limits of their local migra-

tions have been already noted.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. D1

In most countries the Goosander is nearly as much a salt-water as

a fresh-water frequenter, but here in India it seems to be essentially

a fresh-water species, and the only record of its having been shot in the

sea, within our limits, that I can find is that of Mr, Aitken. In

the Persian Gulf, however, it has been frequently obtained, and

possibly closer search on our extreme north-western coasts might

produce more birds.

lt haunts the larger streams and rivers, keeping to such as have a

distinct current and clear water, avoiding the more sluggish dirty

rivers with muddy bottoms. From what observers have noted the

Goosander likes, rather than dislikes, a rough current, and in the same

way they do not appear to be at all troubled by a rough sea; thus

Dresser notes meeting a flock in the sea near Guernsey which was in

water rough enough to make the steamer he was in, dip its paddle boxes

alternately into the water.

Lakes and still water are not frequented when clear running rivers

are adjacent, but sometimes the Goosander may be found on such,

though in these cases the water will invariably be found to be free of

much vegetation and fairly clean and clear.

It is quite at home in the rough tumbling hill streams which it

frequents in its summer home and will there be found swimming and

diving at its ease with or against the roughest and quickest of rapids or

floating idly in some deep pool.

In such places as these the Goosander may be sometimes surprised,

the well-wooded banks allowing of a near approach and screening the

stalker, until he actually debouches on the edge of the bank itself. As

a rule, however, the Goosander is one of the wariest and wildest of birds,

and this whether on salt or fresh water. Should he consider that

danger is coming too near, his wonderful powers of swimming are at

once called into action to place him out of danger ; if hard pressed he

resorts to diving, at which very few birds can surpass him, though he

is said not to equal the Smew in this respect. It is, however, only as

a last resource that he takes to wing, for, though once wel] up and

away, his flight is strong and comparatively swift, he takes long to rise

off the water, and a long time to get properly under weigh. They rise

very obliquely, spattering along the top of the water some yards before

clearing it, and even then going some further distance before mounting

212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

well into the air and into full flight. Their mode of starting is very

similar to that of Cormorants and Divers, but once fairly started their

flight is then swifter than that of either of these birds. Swimming about

undisturbed and with no particular object in view, they float with about

one-third to half their bodies exposed, but they can sink themseives at

will, and Hume says that, especially when swimming against stream,

they sink very deep, as do Cormorants, and that when wounded and

pursued they never show more than their heads and necks out of

water.

As a rule, all over their wide habitat, it is more common to meet

the Goosander in quite small flocks of a dozen or so, or varying from

half a dozen to a couple of dozen, whilst single birds and pairs are

often seen. Sometimes, however, they go in far larger flocks. Cripps

writes: ‘‘ In the Western Dooars I have seen numbers of the species

in flocks of from 50 to 200.’ One or two other authors have noted

large flocks, but, except Cripps, all Indian observers seem to concur in

considering very small flocks to be the rule in India. On the Irrawaddy

Oates speaks of meeting them in small parties numbering six or fewer

individuals. A note sent me by Mr, S—— ofthe Civil Service from

Darbhanga mentions only seeing comparatively small flocks.

The food of-the Goosander is as purely an animal diet as that of any

duck in existence, and the greater portion of it consists of fish, in

the diving after which it is wonderfully expert. Very often flocks

work in concert in their fishing ; sometimes they will gradualiy work

the fish into some narrow inlet, and when driven into it almost exter-—

minate a shoal before the surviving members of it break through the

living cordon of greedy birds and make good their escape.

Ball says: ‘‘ In the Subanrika they may be seen in parties swimming

against the stream, and all diving together apparently to catch fish.

The sudden disappearance of the whole flock at the same moment gives

the idea that they work in concert in hunting the fish which are

coming down with the stream, Their flight is very rapid.”

They are most voracious birds and do a great deal of damage in fish-

ing rivers. Mr. E. T. Booth in “ Rough Notes ” writes: “ Goosanders

are blest with strong, healthy appetites . . . . . When wounded

or alar ned, I have occasionally remarked that an immense quantity of

fish was thrownup. Aftera shot . . . . . atanumber of these

ee ee ee ee ee ee

ee ae

ne Ns eee

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 213

birds . . . ~ scores of small rudd and roach were discovered

lying on the surface where the flock had been resting.”

Again to quote Mr. Finn from the Aszan:—* A captive bird I

had under observation devoured no less than forty fish, about two

inches long, at a meal. No castings were found, but bones and all

were digested as by a Cormorant, and the excreta were semi-fluid and

very fcetid. The stomach of this bird proved to be soft throughout,

not hard and muscular like a duck’s gizzard.’ Some time after this

was written Mr, Finn was talking to me about this same Goosander,

and he observed to me that the attitude of the bird on the completion

of his meal was undoubtedly rather pensive, and he wore a rather

strained look about his face as if he knew he had reached the limit of

his carrying capacity.

The cry with which the Goosander is generally credited is a croak

by no means musical or soft, but Booth describes the note of the female

and young as being a soft plaintive whistle.

For the table the Goosander is quite worthless, and I advise no

one to try it as long as any other food is obtainable, the only

thing to be said in its favour is that two courses, fish and game (both

nasty), may be combined in one. However, Hume says that they

are eatable if skinned, soaked several times, and then stewed with

onions and Worcester sauce. He remarks that it will form then

“an abundant meal for a hungry man;” probably it would, or for

several hungry men.

This Merganser undoubtedly breeds freely throughout a great

portion of the higher and weli-watered Himalayas from 10,000 feet up-

wards, but so far no one has, I believe, ever taken nest or eggs though

the young have been captured.

A very careful search through every book on the subject available

in the Asiatic Society’s fine library has brought to light nothing that

has not been freely quoted already with regard to the nidification of

this bird, so 1 must again make use of the previously much used

remarks of Dresser, Seebohm and others.

The Goosander breeds throughout most of Northern Europe and

Asia. Its nest has been taken frequently in the British Isles, though

the bird is more common in winter than in the breeding season:

it is found at that season throughout Denmark, Norway and Sweden,

214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

North Germany and North and Hast Russia, and thence through North

Central Asia, descending to far lower latitudes,-—z.e., the Himalayas,

the Pamirs, Thibet, Persia, etc., etc.,—in the West than in the Nast.

Normally the Goosander makes a rough nest in a hollow of a tree,

lining the same very copiously with down. This tree is,as a rule,

close to water, or at all events within a hundred yards or so of some

stream or lake, but sometimes it is placed in a tree well away from all

water. Thus Mr. Booth in “ Rough Notes” observes : “ Throughout

the districts in which I met with Goosanders during the breeding

season, the females appeared in some instances to resort to situations

for nesting purposes at a considerable elevation on the hills. A

cavity in a large and partially decayed birch was pointed out by a keeper

as the spot from which some eggs had been taken, the old and weather-

beaten stump was on the outskirts of a thicket of birch, fir, and alder

stretching from a swamp up a steep brae, and within a mile of a loch”

(the italics are mine).

Dresser in his “ Birds of Hurope” notes “In Denmark it. ....

remains to breed, nesting in hollow trees.”

Acerbi, quoted by Yarrel, Hume, etc., etc., writes of Lapland :

“The Mergus merganser, instead of building a small nest, like the ducks

. . . chooses to lay her eggs in the trunk of an old tree, in which time

or the hand of man has made such an excavation as she can con-

veniently enter. The person that waylays the bird for her eges, places

against a fir or pine tree, somewhere near the bank of a river, a decayed

trunk, with a hole in its middle ; the bird enters and lays her eggs in it ;

presently the peasant comes and takes away the eggs, leaving,

however, one er two, the bird returis and, finding buta single egg,

lays two or three more, which the man purloins in the same manner ;

the bird still returnsand..... proceeds once more to complete the

number she intended. She is defrauded of her eggs as before and

continues the same process four or five times. .... As soon as the

eggs are hatched, ihe mother takes the chicks gently in her bill and lays

them down at the foot of the tree, whence she teaches them the way

to the river, in which they instantly swim with astonishing facility.”

It also often makes use of the nest boxes which are hung up in so

many countries for the use of ducks generally, the habit being recorded

from Scandanavia, Russia, Finland, North Germany, Lapland and

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 215

Greenland. Seebohm remarks: “ The Goosander immediately avails

itself of the wooden boxes which the Finns fasten up in the trees to

tempt them. These boxes are made with a trapdoor behind, so that the

peasant may daily rob the nest and thus make the too-confiding

bird lay a score or more eggs,”

Sometimes, however, the nest is made on the ground. Thus Dresser:

“In Uleaborg I obtained eggs from nests on the ground, in a hollow

scratched out and filled with down.” Again Dybowski, writing of its

nidification in Southern Siberia, says: ‘It nests on the ground

amongst the grass, building witk dry grass and lining the interior

thoroughly with down.”

The bird isa very close sitter and most affectionate mother. Dr.

Leverkiihn writes to me: “ Merganser castor,—Four times I found this

beautiful bird breeding in North Germany and Finland; the nests

were placed in holes in old trees, once in a public garden in the

vicinity of a small town. The female bird was on the eggs and

did not like to relinquish them, although we made much

noise by siriking with cur sticks against the tree. In the

end I climbed up to the hole and attempted to capture the

bird with my hand, covered by a stout glove, bat the bird attacked me

so energetically that she made the blood run from my hand and I was

forced to retire. I returned the following day with two friends and

a complicated machine for taking the bird, but on our approach, we

were very much disappointed to find the hole empty, without bird or

egos. The whole hollow was filled by a mass of downy feathers, quite

sufficient to make a pillow.”

¢ On a melancholy lake, in the midst of Finland, I once observed a

female with 13 chicks who climbed about on the back, and even on

the head, of their mother, probably being tired by the, as yet little

used, art of swimming.”

Several other observers have seen the female Goosander carrying her

ducklings in this manner.

Booth notes one thing which I should not pass over ; he says, “ From

time to time a portion of the brood turn over on their backs, remain-

ing often in this position for several seconds.” Most of us know

the unhappy result if'atame duckling has the misfortune to tumble

over on its back,

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11,

The eggs are said by various writers to number from six to twelve,

though the bird will continue to lay on being robbed, and in such cases

will lay over a score of eggs.

Yarrell describes the eggs as being of a ‘“‘ uniform buff-coloured white,

measuring two inches-and-a-half in length by one inch and eight

lines in breadth. Six or seven young are considered a large brood ; the

careful mother has been seen . . . . to carry some of her

offsprings . . . . on her back when in the water.’ Dresser says

that the eggs are, or are said to be by his correspondents, ‘‘ warm,

” and “ rich cream or creamy white, very smooth in

yellowish-white

‘texture of shell, and insize average about 226 by 132. The down in

which they are deposited is greyish-white.”’

Hume writes: “ The eggs are said to vary in number from seven to

twelve. They are broad, regular ovals, with very fine, smooth, satiny

shells of a uniform buffy-white or creamy-yellow. They vary from

2°5" to 2°9" in length and from 1:66" to 1:9" in breadth, but the average

of eleven is 2:7" by 1°8" nearly.

I have only two eggs of this species in my collection which were.

taken in Lapland on the 20th April, 1886. This seems to be about

the normal time for them to commence to lay, but as these two egos

were considerably incubated they had probably been laid early in the

month, They are found well on into June.

My two eggs are rather long, very regular ovals, though in both

there is an appreciable difference between the two ends. The texture

is extremely smooth and close and has the satiny feel to the touch

that some passerine birds’ eges have.

{he colour isa very pale dull buff, with a decided gloss. They

measure 2°75" % 1°82" and 2°62" x 1°72",

I had nearly forgotten to quote Humes’ note about this birds’ man-

ner of progression ; he says: “ On land one only sees them resting

on the water’s edge, and when disturbed, they shuffle on their breasts

into the river. I do not think that they can walk at all. Anyhow,

T have always seen them just half glide, half wriggle, breast foremost,

and I think touching the rocks, into the water.’ Now this may

have been due to Hume having only seen the birds on the very edge

of the water, and even tame ducks when close to the water and on a

shelving bank or stone often seem to wriggle and glide into the water,

Le ee

——a =. _

Boer: i

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 217

their breasts practically touching the ground en route. Mr. Finn,

in his article on ducks, which appeared in the Asian, has shewn

that the Mergansers can walk all right. “On shore they move about

very little, and are clumsy walkers, although they get about better

than one would expect from the published accounts of their gait.”

MERGANSER SERRATOR.

The Red-breasted Merganser.

Mergus serrator—Hume and Marshall, ‘“‘ Game Birds, THI,” p. 305 ;

Hume, “Str. Feath., 1X,” p. 268 ; Barnes, “ Birds of Bombay, ” p. 416.

- Mergus castor—Hume, “ Str, Feath.,’ IV, p. 496; Butler, sid, pp.

291, 393.

Merganser serrator.—Salvadori, Cat. British Museum, XXVII, p.

479 ; Blanford, “ Avifauna of B. India, IV, ’’ p. 472; Oates, “ Game

Birds of India, IT,” p. 124.

Description: Adult Male-—Whole head, crest and a narrow black

line down the nape of the neck, black, the posterior part of the head

and the crest glossed green ; neck white ; back black ; lower back,

rump and upper tail coverts white and very dark brown in fine wavy

lines, the bases of the feathers on the lower back brown and shewing

a good deal, tail dark grey, edged paler. The primaries, three outer

and innermost secondaries dark brown, the next white with black

bases and from these,to the longest white with narrow black margins ;

greater and median coverts white ; edge of tre wing and smaller coverts

brown, breast rather rich rufous-brown, the feathers more or less centred

black, side of the breast, under the shoulder of the wing, black with a

patch of feathers white, merely margined with black ; outer scapulars

white, inner black.

“© Males.—Length, 24:0" to 26:0"; expanse, 29-0" to 32°5" ; wing, 9°0"

to 10:0”; tail, from insertion of feathers, 3°1" to 4°2"; tarsus, 1°8"

to 2°05"; bill at front, along calmen, 2° 4" to 2°5" ; weight (Naumann) a

little over 2 lbs.

“In the male the bill varies from orange-red to deep vermilion, is

more or less dusky on the ridge, and has the nail varying from pale

yellowish-grey to almost black ; the feet vary similarly to the bill, and

are brighter externally, paler internally, and duller on the webs; the

claws are light grey, duller, and browner or redder towards their

_ bases” (Hume).

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT11.

The above dimensions and colours of the soft parts are compiled by

Hume from different authors.

Salvadori gives the total length as 21 inches, and the culmen 2°15’,

whilst ne states the tarsus to be only 1:5".

Blanford gives the bill from gape as 2°75".

Adult Female-—Lores and upper part of head and neck pale rufes-

cent-grey, with darker centres to the feathers, a faint supercilium dull

rufescent-white ; a dark eye-streak like the lores; chin and throat

rufescent-white ; remainder of head and neck dull rufous ; upper parts

ashy-brown, most of the feathers edgel paler, lower parts white ;

flanks mottled brown and white; primaries and innermost secondaries

dark brown ; outer secondaries and their coyerts white, the latter with

brown bases; remainder of wing coverts vine ; under wing

coverts grey and white.

“ Length, 22:0" to 23:5"; expanse, 28°0"” to 31:0"; wing, 8'5”

to 9°3"; tail from insertion of feathers 2°7" to 3°6"; tarsus, 1°66"

(OMliGo swore asmbomene lato 2 a.

“Inthe young and females there is more dusky on the upper

mandible, where the red is often ouly a lateral band, and the feet are

duller coloured than in the adult male’? (Hume).

“ Adult male in Summer—tIn the plumage that the male of this

species assumes for a short time during the summer it resembles the

female, hut is distinguishable by its larger size, the different colour of

the abdomen and of the scapulars” (Dresser).

‘“ Young male closely resembles the female, especially whe the latter

is in fresh plumage with a greyish tinge, but can usually be distin-

guished by its larger size and shorter crest ” (Dresser).

“ Mules in first nuptial dress have the lower back brown, and the

white round the neck streaked with brown” (Salvadori).

“Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts, shading

into reddish-brown on the head, and into reddish-brown on the

sides of the neck; a white patch on each wing, one on each side

of the upper back, and one on each side of the rump ; underparts pure

white, and lores white, margined above and below with dark brown”

(Seebohm).

The Red-breasted Merganser is found practically throughout the

Northern Hemisphere, breeding to the north and extending south to

. ee

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 219

the Mediterranean basin, Central Asia to Persia, Northern India, China

and Japan, and in America to the United States.

On the whole it is a more northern bird than the Goosander and is

circumpolar, whereas the latter is an eastern or old-world form.

In India there is no doubt that it occurs only as the most rare of

stragelers.

The first specimen quoted as being an Indian one, and which was the

only one known to Hume at the time “Game Birds ” was written, was

erroneously so recorded, Blanford corrects this mistake ; he says

*¢ The bird stated in ‘ Stray Feathers’ (b.s. c.) and the British Museum

Jatalogue to have been shot by Captain Bishop at Manora, Karachi

Harbour, was really obtained by him at Chakbar in Persian Baluchis-

tan. This correction is founded on a letter from Captain Bishop to

Mr. Cumming, which I have seen.”

In “Stray Feathers” (V, p. 323), Captain (then) H. A. Butler notes :

“There isa fine specimen, a 9, of this species in the Frere Hall

Museum, shot by Capt. Bishop, at the Manora point off the Karachi

Harbour, another specimen has just now been captured, at the end

of June.” Both these birds are referred to as M. castor, but the first was

the M. serrator obtained by Capt, Bishop at Chakbar as already noted.

Whether the second bird was MZ. casior or M. serrator I cannot ascertain.

Beyond this there are only two recorded instances of the actual

occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser within our limits. Of these

the first was that obtained by Major Yerbury at Karachi, and which

may be the second noted by Capt. Butler. Jhe wings of this are in

the British Museum.

The other Indian specimen is that in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

an unsexed specimen obtained in the Calcutta bazaar on December

17th, 1889.

The habits of this bird vary little from those of the last, the main

thing about it mereiy being the fact that it is more essentially a sea

bird. Like the Goosander it generally associates in rather small flocks,

but may occasionally be seen in parties numbering as many as two

hundred or even more.

Dresser, writing of this bird, observes: “In the Gulf of Bothnia,

where the sea is fresh-water, 1 found it extremely common in the

summer season, frequenting the coasts and less often the inland lakes,

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

but usually in places where the forests extended down to the shores,

and frequently in localities where there are reeds or dense herbage, as

is frequently the case on portions of the coast. Itis a wary and shy

bird, soon taking alarm and not easy to approach within range; but I

often obtained them when out very early in the morning about

sunrise, when they appeared less shy than otherwise. It is a very

expert diver; and on the coast of New Brunswick I observed them

fishing in flocks at the entrance of a small bay,.and evidently driving

the fish before them, as they formed a gort of cordon round the

entrance to the bay, some diving, whilst the others remained on the

surface. When pursued or threatened with any danger, it usually

seeks safety by diving in preference to trusting to its powers of flight.

It flies with great swiftness ; and 1 observed, when one passed at full

speed near my hiding place in the rocks, that it made a whistling

sound with its wings, easily heard even at some little distance. It

feeds on fish of various kinds ; larvee of water insects, worms, and it

is also said to some extent frogs, form its staple food.”

Naumann describes their cry as “A loud, resounding guttural

keer-r-r or ger-r-r,” heard chiefly during flight, sometimes on rising,

and the females and young are said tv be more noisy than the adult

males,

Like the Goosander the Red-breasted Merganser can at will either

float fairly high on the surface of the water, deep down in the water,

or entirely submerge its body leaving only its head and neck visible.

As regards its breeding habits, it is remarkable that, whereas ib is

the exception for the Goosander to breed, building its nest on the

ground, it would appear to be the rule for this bird to do so and the

exception for it to build on trees.

Saxby, describing its nesting in the Shetlands, says that ‘‘ Although

they often lay amongst long grass, they seem to prefer the shelter of

a roof of some kind, and thusitis that the eggs are most com-

_monly found under rocks, in rabbit burrows, and even in crevices im

old walls.” :

In Yarrel’s “ History of British Birds,” III, p. 288, there are the

following remarks :—-“‘ This species, Mr. Thompson says, . . . .

is indigenous to Iceland, nesting in islets both of marine and fresh-

water loughs. Pennant has recorded its oreeding in the Isle of Islay.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 221

Sir W, Jardine and Mr. Selby found nests of this species when on a

fishing excursion upon Loch Awein Argyleshire. One of these nests

was upon a small wooded island, placed among thick brushwood, under

the covert of a projecting rock, and completely surrounded with nettles,

Jong grasses and ferns. It was carefully made of moss, plucked from

the adjoining rocks, mixed with the down of the bird, both in structure

and materials resembling that of the Hider Duck. It contained nine

egos of a rich reddish-yellow or fawn-colour. The bird was remarkably

tame, sitting until nearly taken with a small hand net. Sir W. Jardine

very kindly sent me one of these eggs for my collection ; it measured

two inches-and-a-half in length and one inch-and-three-quarters in

breadth.”

Dresser also says that “ it usually places its nest upon the ground, in

quiet, unfrequented places amongst the low bushes or rank herbage ;

occasionally it is found in the hollow of a tree. I possess a nest, which

is now before me, and which is composed of moss, fine grass bents, and

a few small pieces of twigs well felted together and mixed with down.”

The eggs, from eight to twelve in number, are usually deposited late

in June or somewhat earlier than that.’

He describes the eggs as being “ A dull stone drab or creamy buff

with a greenish grey tinge, and measuring approximately from 2°55" to

2°80" in length and 1°70" to 1°85" in breadth.”

Morris, who gives a longer note on the nidification of the Red-

breasted Merganser than on most ducks, observes: ‘‘ These birds build,

it seems, on the borders of, and small islands in, lakes, whether of fresh

or salt-water, and rivers, preferring such as have a growth of wood,

the nest being placed a few yards from the edge, at the foot of the

tree, or under the shelter of brushwood, in the midst of grass, fern,

nettles, or other wild vegetation. Also in divers other situations,

among stones in a hollow, on the bare ground, at the top of a tall tree,

or in the deserted nest of some other bird, or in the end of a deep

recess. It has been known, moreover, in a bleak and unsbeltered

situation, on an island in the sea, atsome distance from the main

land. The materials of its composition are moss, flags, stalks,

grass, small roots and feathers, placed careiessly together, and inter-

mixed with the down of the bird, added to, it appears, as incubation

advances,”

222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

“The egos are from six or seven, to nine, ten or eleven in number,

of a rich reddish-yellow, or brownish fawn-colour. As soon as the

females begin to sit, the males quit them for the season. ‘The species

appears to be late in its nidification, scarcely beginning to build before

the end of May, or the early part of June. The bird sits very close,

and will almost allow herself to be trodden on before she will leave the

nest.”

With this summary of Morris’ most writers agree, but the eges are

said to vary from five to fifteen in number, and many authors remark

on the fact that the nest of this Merganser is, comparatively perhaps,

unusually well put together and compact, All note the curious way

the down is felted in with the rest of the materials into the body

of the nest as well as being used as a copious lining.

It should be noted that, in Holstein, Boje found it breeding in old

crows’ nests.

The eges in my own collection vary in length between 2°39" and

2°65" and in breadth only between 1:7” and 1°76".

They are very similar to the eggs of the Goosander, but are, on the

whole, rather broader ovals, all are somewhat darker in colour and two

have a well-defined greenish tint. One clutch was taken on the 29th

April, 1899, another on the 10th June, 1880, and the third on the

2nd July, 1898.

ERRATA.

1. Mr. W.T. Blanford has shewn that Cygnus bewick: (Bewick’s

Swan) must be expunged from our list, and that C. musicus (The

Whooper) must be included. This correction may be taken as absolutely

final, and is based on Mr, Blanford’s personal examination of the skull

and foot of Hoedgson’s bird in the British Museum. (Bom. N. His.

Jour., XI, No. 2, p. 306).

In the Asan of the 27th February, 1900, there is a notice of a

young male and female Cygnus olor being shot, many others seen, and

a third shot by a native shikari near Dera Ismail Khan.

2. The Flamingo does breed in India. I most unfortunately over-

looked the Miscellaneous Note in Vol, VIII of this Journal, p. 553.

Mr. C. D. Lester draws attention to this in Vol. XI, p. 321.

[Tae Enp. |

an |

cf es EE a

Tarsus about sat

Bill more or less depre|

lum. Tail feathers normal. Tail f

SUB-FAMILY FULIGULINA. SUB-F

ile

Primaries without Primaries with

any white on base. more or less

GENUS CLANGULA. white on base.

C. glaucion.

The Golden Eye.

A full, ine crest. No crest,

Lamelle very long a long

and prominent. Lamella

Bill tapering. well apart

Genus NETTA. very pr¢

N. rujina. GENUS FI

The Red-erested Nyk

Pochard. ;

‘ (>

No white speculum,

Nyroca ferina.

The Red-headed

Pochard.

Back and scapulars Lowi

unmarked with barr

white. |!

Head and neck Head and aa more)

rufous-brown, never or less mixed with |

crested. blackish at sides and,

Nyroca africanaQ darker than black,

Lhe Dun-bird or never crested.

Common Pochard. Nyroca baeri®.

White-eycd Baers Pochard. |

Poshard. {

June, 190

‘ 1

g. Ta

per par

iSERIN

f bill

+ or

ish.

Feet :

AP br,

"he Pu

Journal, Bombay Natural History Society,

Tarsus § times length of femur ; bill bent,

Vol. XTUT,

Sus-ORDER PHGNICOPTERI,

ible overlapping lower ;

Upper maa naked. :

jpxus PHENICOPTERUS,

Phasiptorus roxous. Lhe Flamingo,

Upper mandible not overlapping

lower ; throat feathered,

GENUS PH@NICONAIAS.

Pheniconaias minor. The Lesser

Flamingo.

Hind toe not lobed.

SS ee Ee

k as long 48 or longer

os than body.

Sop-FaMiLy OYGNIN AZ,

Genus CYGNUS,

Neck not as long as body.

ee ee a

Hind toe and tail rather Jong,

Upper parts glossy.

rather short,

| es, x

| F

Hind toe not long. ‘Ta ‘il

Upper par ‘8

i | SuB-FAminy PLECTROPTORINE, not glossy.

Lores yellow. Lores black. | SuB-Famity Ansrrin ©:

Cygnus mustous, §— Cygnus olor, ats | ; | |

yf Whonpor. The Mute Swan, Wing over 10, Wing under 7”. GENUS ANSER,

j | GENUS NEerropus |

| | AV. coramandelianus.

Head pink. Head black and The Cotton Teat, lA

Gexus RHODON ESSA, white. Head with 2 Head with «10

Ti oaryophyllacea, dark bands. dark ban

Mo Pink-headed Duch, A, indicus.

The Bar-headed

Goose.

| | ara

Upper back black. Upper plumage i} ieee

Lower plumage nearly dark olive-brown: Nail of bill Nail of bill

white, lower plumage dark white or black or

GENUS SARCIDIORNIS, —_ chestnut-brown or nearly so, blackish.

8S. melanonotus,

The Comb Duck,

blackish,

GENUS ASARCORNIS.

Asarcornis soutulata.

Feet yellow to Feet

The Wood Duch. orange,

‘ A. fabilis. A. b:

No white on fore-

head ; rump grey,

A, rubrirostris,

Lhe Grey Lag Goose.

| Zhe Bean Goose. The PB

White on forehead ;

Tump dark greyish-

brown.

Wing over 15" ;

culmen 2:9!"

A, albifrons,

The White-fronted

Goose,

* Anas zonorhyncha.

Northern India, It can be disting

Ted spots on the bill.

tT have in this key brought the genera Wyreoa and Puligula together.

articles on Ducks were written an examination of Jarge series of birds

finite line between the two by means of their

me that I can draw no de

Witiquta has the Vill broader

equal throughout,

This duck has lately been obtained in British erritory in

uished from Anas Pavilorhynoha by its having no

at the tip than the base and Wyroca has it almost

Wing under 15";

culmen; 2:3."

A. erythropus. -

The Dwarf" Goose, - =

Since my

has shewn

bills, though

always tinged

gi KEY TO THE INDIAN DUCKS.

: ‘ ORDER DEES OMGREEU

Hind toe very narrowly lobed.

Bill short and goose-like. Bill rather broad an

SUB-FAMILY CHENONETTIN®. SUB-FPAMILY ANAT

Wing over 10”.

| reall

Wing ae 10”. Wing under 10", Wing with

Wing witho

Abdomen black Abdomen reddish. Under parts rufescent. speculum, GENUS Mai

and white. GENUS CasaRcA. GENUS DENDROCYCNA. a, angus

Gunus TADORNA, Casarca rutila. ' The Mati

Ladorna cornuta. The Ruddy Sheldrake. | é ——_

The Sheldrake. | |

Bill not Bill spatulate.

Upper tail coverts whitish, Upper tail coverts spatulate. GuNUS SPATULA.

Dendrocyona fulva.

chestnut.

The Larger Whistling Teat.

D. javanica,

The Whistling Zeal,

S. clypeata.

The Shovoller.

Upper wing coverts

not blue-grey,

blue-grey.

| GENUS QUERQUEDULA,

| Y. circia.

| The Blue-winged Teal,

Median rectrices

lengthened and

Median rectrices

not lengthened or

pointed, pointed.

vith pink. GENUS DAFIDA.

achyrynohus. D, acuta,

nh-footed Goose.

The Pintail.

Lamell fine.

Speculum black and

white.

GuNUS CHAULELASMUS,

C. streperus.

The Gadwat.

Lamelle moderate.

Speculum green or

purple.

Tail of 14 to

16 feathers.

Tail of 18 to

20 feathers.

Grnus ANAS.

Nail less than +

the width of bill,

White on outer

web of inner

No white on outer

Nail equal to about

web of inner

4 the width of bill.

beulum, Tail feathers normal.

ONETT A, SUB-FAMILY FULIGULIN«,

stris,

Teal,

Nail more than 4

the width of bill. .

Secondaries, secondarics, GENUS NErTion. Guryus EUNErrA. GENUS MARECA,

Anas boscas, A. pecilorhyncia, 2. falcata. M. penelope.

the Wild Duck The Spotted-billea The Bronze-capped The Wigeon,

Mallard. Duck.* . Teal.

Speculum. Secondaries bronze-

green at base, then black and

tipped white and with their

coverts tipped rufous.

Nettion furmosum,

The Baihat or Cluching Zeal.

Speculum.

black with white tips. Those next

them brilliant metallic green, next

to them one black, the remainder

like black.

Wettion crecea,

Lhe Common Teat.

are bronze-green.

Wettion albigulare.

The Andaman Teal.

Outermost seccndaries Speculum. Outer secondaries

black, except two or three in

the centre (7-9) which

Bill more or less depressed.

Tarsus about same length as femur; wil not bent.

EMILY ANATID&,

5 |

Hind toe very broadly lobe

Sub-ORDER ANEERES,

ee es

Primaries without Primaries with

more or less

white on base,

any white on base.

GENUS CLANGULA.

CG, qlaucion.

Lhe Golden Bye.

Tail feathers narrow and stiff,

SUB-PAMILY KRISMATURINAS,

GENUS ERISMATURA,

FB. lewoooephata,

The Stif-tailed Duch.

A full, thick crest.

Lamelli very long

and prominent.

Bill tapering.

Gmnus Netra,

N, ruyina.

The Red-crested

Pochard.

{

No white speculum,

Nyroca forina.

The Red-headed

‘ Pochard,

No crest or only

a long tuft .

Lamelle short,

well apart and not

very prominent.

Genus Funiguuat

Nyroca.,

Lower parts white

throughout,

M, castor,

The Goosander,

rutou

Wing ateut 7” tog

Culmen 1:2.”

Gunus MERGus.

M.-albellus,

The Smevw.

Upper breast

4 white speculum,

: |

Bill more or less compressed,

Never depressed,

SUB-FAMILY Murqina,

With about 9” to 11°

Cnlmen over 1:9”

Head and

upper neck

Head and upper

neck blagk glossed

With green, rufous.

Males, Females and

| |

‘ Chin white, Chin styveaked

is with black back grey. with tufous,

marks, M, castor, back brown.

M, sorratoy, Goosander, Red-bveasted

The Red-breasted Mergaiisor.

Mergansalr,

Back and scapulars

unmarked with

white.

}

Head and neck Head and el more

rufous-brown, never or less mixed with

blackish at sides and

darker than black,

never crested.

Nyroca bacri9.

Bacr's Pochard.

crested

Nyroca africana Q

Lhe Dun-bird or

Common Pochard.

White-eycd

Poshard.

Lower back and scapulars

barred black-and-white or

brown-and-white,

Nyroca Marita.

{ Luligula, The Scaup,

| |

Head and neck Head and neck

ars ppelleg or faintly powdered

te.

h whi

Hemid and neck Head and neck

blackish-brown, same dull chestnut or n@parly black, black, lower sur-

as back, Nearly bay. Never glomised more or face of & very

always crested with crested. losis with green, satiny texture,

long tuffion nape. _). afvivana a. Nedver crested. Nearly always

| Vyroca fuliguia?. The Whitesoyod NUMoca baeri®, crestax with org

) Fuligula, Pochara, Bas Pochavd. tuft on nape.

The Tufted Pochard, J Myroca faligula &

| Puliguias

TRE Tissto

Pochard.

EK, C. STUART BAKDR, IWZ.8s;

June, 1901.

M,b,0,U,

KEY TO THE INDIAN DUCKS.

EXPLANATIONS,

Tarsus = the shank of the leg, from the (so-called) knee joint to the

base of the hind toe.

Femur -—S- = the thigh, or the part of the leg from the body to the knee,

Lores § = the three-cornered portion of the face between the eye and

the base of the bill.

Nail == the triangularshaped hard patnied at the tip of the upper

mandible,

Culmen == the upper margin of ie upper mandible,

Taileoverts == the soft feathers which overlie the quill feathers of the tail, .

Primaies , = the outermost quill feathers of the oe in ducks 11 in

tes number,

Secondaries. = the remaining quill feathers of the wing, ~

Wing-coverts = the soft feathers of the wing from the shoulder to the quills,

Speculum | == the pattern usually found on the outer secondaries formed by

-_-yarious colours,

Rectrices == the quill feathers of the tail. ]

Lamelle = the tooth-like projections in the bill of the duck,

Scupulars = — the Feathers of the outer back or shoulders.

Compressed = Pressed laterally as if pinched at the sides,

Depressed == Pressed vertically as if held above and below and flattened

out.

Spatulate | = Shovel or spoon-shaped.

é = Male.

Q == Female.

ILLUSTRATIONS,

A Duck’s hind toe not lobed asin the Swans, Geese, Cotton-teal, ete.

Hh Cae

A narrowly lobed toe as in the Pintail, Gadwal, Teal, etc.

A broad lobed toe as in the Pochards, Mergansers, etc.

223

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

SERIES II. PART II.

By Sir G, F. Hampson, Bakt., F.Z.S., F.E.S,

(Continued from page 51 of this Volume.)

Genus ERmESSsA,

Type.

ressa, Wilk. 1, 149 (1854) .c.-n0...s.c 008s. weaeia cist tse ssiteneise me COMES:

Trianeura, Butl. Journ, Linn, Soc, Zool,, xii, p. é 353 (1876)... subawrata

Proboscis small or well developed ; palpi a and porrect, cmet hairy ;

Eressaconfinis & +.

mid and hind tibiz with small terminal

pairs of spurs. Forewing usually broad ;

vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 4, 5

from angle; 6 from below upper angle ;

7,8,9,10, 11 stalked. Hindwing with vein

2 from well before angle of cell; 3°5 well

separated at origin ; 4 absent ; 7 absent.

Sect. 1. Antenne of male bipectinate.

A, Abdomen with dorsal and lateral series of

orange- yellow spots.

Hindwing with large hyaline patch below

Forewing broad, with the elongate hyaline

patch below vein 2 commencing below

middle of cell ........

Forewing narrow, with the hyaline patch

below the cell commencing near base of

Ue eisaiiectsl tide oldleacier tia warbleitaiseasceaee seen) SO Os0l SOC TCbi,

Hindwing with hyaline spots between veins

2 and 5 and in end of cell... .,....

Sallcoueeenetonceterereee ee OOM IGORIUS:

ccngarsnwnecesh) Ou meyers

B, Abdomen with six orange bands,

domen pale-yellow

Abdomen with short dorsal yellow bands on

Abdomen with one basal yellow band .....

Abdomen with lateral series of white spots

Frons black ; markings of thorax and abdo-

Frons and eee of tend thorax and ab-

Abdomen with two orange-red bands and lat-

ot 8 sdnémgopocceebeaen HPOASOn 444, erressoides.

bebepcons Cgecknn sucrecerveree 4070. vespa.

each segment, ventral surface yellow ......... 408. microchilus,

eral spots on intermediate segments ........... 459, erythrosomu,

eae 450. aperiens,

Law 4580, annosa,

994 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XIII,

455, ERESSA CUNFINIS, insert (syn.) 454, Hressa musa.

457, EXRESSA AFFINIs, insert (syn.) Hressa politula, Swinh,, Cat. Het,

Mus. Oxon., p. 52 (1892).

457a, ERESSA VESPA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal., B. M.,1., p. 128, pl. iv, f, 27

(1898).

Black ; frons, tegule, patagia and stripes on thorax yellow; thorax at

sides and fore coxx yellow ; abdomen with six yellow bands ; wings yellowish,

hyaline, Forewing with the veins black ; the margins rather broadly

black ; the base of cell, a discocellular band and projections from the

terminal band along vein 5 and between veins 2 and 3 black, Hindwing with

the terminal band narrowing from costa to vein 2.

Habitat—Burma, Karen Hills. Hup, & 22, 2 26 mm.

408, ERESSA MICROCHILUS, insert (syn.) 458a, Syntomis plumalis.

458), ERRESSA ANNOSA, insert (syn.) Syntomes marcescens, Feld., Reise, Nov.,

pl. 102, f. 12 (1874), and Syntomis lasara, Pag., Jahrb, Nass. Verh,, xxxvill,

pelapipl 254.18) (88a):

Sect. II, Antennie of male serrate, of female simple.

A. Abdomen crimson, with a series of blue-black spots.

a. Wings hyaline yellow ; forewing with small

PVOWGEN! IOIENGIE jORHIELM seoraheoe ecco soteos Pecwchee 446, multigutia,

b, Wings hyaline white ; forewing with the

hyaline patch extending to vein 4 ......... 431, lepcha.

B. Abdomen with each segment slightly fringed

with yellow; forewing with the apical patch

exten dina Onell 3.0.0: tse urdoumsnestcanenioe I) oC On mong nae

446, ERbESSA MULTIGUTTA, insert (syn,) 447. Syntomis blanchardi.

Sect EEL Antenne (ciliated 2. 2xse\.c se scenes ONCE enantio a eitio. USE IOIa:

Genus DYSAUXES,

457. DYSAUXES PUNCTATA, insert (syns.) Bombyx serva, Hibn., Eur.

Schmeté., IIT, £115 (1827), and Bombyx confamula, Hibn., Hur, Schmetti,

III, ££. 226, 227.

Genus HUCHROMIA,

A, Wings with the markings yellow........... ees: seeeane 469, polymena.,

B. Wings with the marking hyaline ...........:...:06 we. 468. magna.

469, KUCHROMIA POLYMENA, 470. Huchromia orientalis, with the three

crimson bands on abdomen, is a sub-species from Lower Burma, Siam and

Philippines, of which 471. H. laura is an aberration,

46la. SYNTOMIS PENANGA isa Zygeenid of the genus THYRASSIA,

472 Euchromia amena, Moschl, is from S, Africa.

ZYGANID AS,

4744. ZYGHNA RUBRICOLLIS, n. sp, (Pl. B,f. 9).

2. Blue-black ; tegule crimson; abdomen with crimson band on 6th

segment. Forewing with broad subbasal crimson band, its outer edge ex-

alee Stet ligt

;

THE MOTHS OF INDIA,

curved below costa and cell, then incurved; a spot in middle of cell and

larger spot below the middle ; a rounded spot in end of cell, and a subter-

minal spot between veins 3 and 5, Hindwing crimson, the termen black at

apex and vein 2, the cilia black,

Habitat—Chitral, Shishi Kuh Valley (G. H. Colomb). Ewp. 38 mm.

Type.—in British Museum,

Genus ZYGHNOPROCRIS, nov,

Type.—Z. chalcochlora,

Palpi short porrect ; antenne of male bipectinate, of female simple, the

extremity in both sexes dilated into a large hollowed-out knob; tibise with-

out spurs ; wings with all the veins present and from cell.

475a, ZYGHNOPROCRIS CHALCOCHLORA, n, sp.

Head and thorax metallic cupre-

ous-red ; antenne and abdomen blue-

black. Forewing metallic golden-

green suffused with briiliant coppery

red. Hindwing black-brown with a

slight reddish tinge,

Zygenoprocris chaleochlora, & $.

Habitat.—Chitral, Jhela Drosh (Capt. 8. W. Harris). ap. 20 mm,

Type —Iin British Museum.

481. CALLARTONA PURPURASCENS and 48la. SCAPTESYLIX HEMICHRYSEIS

belong to the Tineide.

483a. ARTONA ALBICILIA, 0, sp.

6. Uniform dark-brown with a sight purplish tinge ; underside of heat

white ; tarsi tinged with white ; cilia white.

Habitat —Naiga Hills; Pulo Laut (Doherty), Exp, 10 mm,

483b, ARTONA FLAVIPUNCTA, n, sp., (Pl. B, f. 22.)

6. Black-browu; palpi, a line above eyes, upper edge of patagia and

coxe yellow ; abdomen with faint traces of dorsal yellow band and more

prominent ventral bands. Forewing with yellow streak below basal third of

costa and short subbasal streak on inner margin ; a rounded spot below end

of ceil, and an oblique postmedial bar between veins tand 8. Hind wing with

short yellow streak below middle of cell, and an elliptical spot beyond the

cell,

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp,.24mm, TYype.—In Coll, Elwes,

503. PHACUSA PROPERTA, insert (syn.) Northia dohertyi, Oberth., Et, Ent, ,

mixep. ol, pl: 5, £36 (1894).

504, PHACUSA TENEBROSA, insert (syn.) Northia birmana, Oberth., Et, Ent,,

mip ol, pl. 0,11, 22, 3%,

505. PHACUSA CYANOCERA, insert (syn.) Northia ignea, Oberth., Kt, Ent.,

xix, p. 29, pl. 5, f. 35 (1894).

517, CALLIZYGHNA AURICINCTA™=AURATA,Cram., Pap, Exot,, iii, pl. 264, f, A,

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Genus LAMPROCHLOE, nov.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi minute ; antennz of female bipectinate,

somewhat flabellate at the extremity ; hind tibize with the medial spurs absent,

Forewing long and narrow ; the cell constricted towards base ; all the veins

from the cell except 10-11 which are stalked. Hindwing with the termen

excised towards tornus; vein 3 from angle of cell; 4-5 stalked; 6-7 at

intervals from long below angle of cell,

518a, LAMPROCHLOE ALBIPUNCTA, 0. Sp.

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen brilliant metallic blue-green, the extremity

of tegule and patagia bright coppery.

Forewing black, suffused with dark-

green ; a yellowish hyaline subbasal

spot below the cell ; two spots in end

ot cell, an oblique transverse spot

below the end, and a band beyond

Lamprochlo? albipuncta, & +. the cell formed of five small con-

joined spots, Hindwing semihyaline black witha slight green tinge; the

costal area ochreous, :

Habitat——Ceylon, Pundaloya (Green). Hxp. 30mm, Zype—In British

Museum,

523. PHLEROMECTA FLAVICOSTA, insert (syn.) Soritia lithosia, Oberth, Et.

lint,, xix, p, 26, pl. 5, f. 25) (1894).

Genus PHAUDOPSIS, nov.

Proboscis minute ; palpi upturned, slender, reaching vertex of head;

antenne bipectinate with long branches ; hind tibie with the medial spurs

absent. Forewing elongate elliptical, all the veins from cell; 9 absent.

Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 from well above angle ; 6 from

below upper angle,

612a, PHANDOPSIS IGNEOLA, 0, Sp.

@. Head brown; thorax fiery

red; abdomen brown, Forewing

fiery red, with broad purplish-fuscous

streaks in submedian interspace

and on inner margin tapering to

; base and termen ; a wedge-shaped

Phaudopsis igneola, & +. fuscous patch from median nervure

to apex and vein 2. Hindwing

brown, Q. Forewing with only slight streak in submedian interspace and

none on inner margin ; the postmedial patch not reaching termen.

Habitat-—Khisis. Exp.26 mm. Type—-In British Meseum.

PSYCHIDA.

621a, ACANTHOPSYCHE (4ceticotdes) MINIMA, N. Sp.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 227

6. Uniform black-brown ; wings rather sparsely clothed with black hair, —

rather more thickly on basal half of inner area of forewing,

Larva case covered with small land-shells, bits of the pupa of a large

moth, &c¢, One specimen bred from about 200 similar cases by J. Pole, who

says it is preyed on by a small wasp to an almost exterminating extent.

Habitat—Ceylon, Puttalam (Pole), Huep. 12 mm, Type—In British

Museum.

631b, ACANTHOPSYCHE (Metisa) GIGANTEA, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc.,

xii, p. 644, pl, I, f.14 (1899),

@. ¥rons and thorax pale reddish-brown, vertex of head and collar grey-

brown; abdomen reddish-brown, forewing grey-brown, the inner area

pale yellowish-brown up to cell and from middle of vein 2 narrowing to

tornus, Hindwing grey-brown, the area below the cell and vein 2 yellowish-

brown. Forewing with veins 4-5 stalked; 7, 8,9, 10 stalked. Hindwing

with veins 4-5 from point, and a spur from middle of vein 8 towards costa.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,800’. Hap. 54 mm,

COSSIDA,

Genus DUDGEONEA, noy,

Type-—D, LEvucosticra, Hmpsn,

Range-—Sikhim ; W. Africa.

Palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head ; antenne of male bipectinate to

apex with very short branches; tibiae with the spurs well developed.

Forewing somewhat broad and quadrate, the apex rounded, the inner

margin arched near base : veins 3,4, 5 separate at origin ; 6 from well below

angle of cell, 7 from just below; 8, 9, 10 arising separately from areole ;

11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3, 4,5 separate at origin; 6 from well

below angle of cell ; no bar between veins 7 and 8 ; both wings with forked

veinlet in cell.

656a. DUDGEONEA LEUCOSTICTA, n. sp.

6. Ferruginous; thorax dark rufous-brown, with the patagia white

except at base; palpi in front

and coxe whitish, Forewing

with numerous silvery white

spots on basal half, tinged with

yellow below costa, and small and

yellowish towards iheir outer

region; the apical area with

large silvery white spots mixed

Dudgeonea leucosticta, @ 1.

with small yellowish ones. Hindwing whitish, tinged with ferruginous,

especially towards medial part of termen,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1,500’ (Dudgeon). Hzp. 32mm, Type—In British

Museum,

298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Subsp. Forewing with the outer edge of the spotted basal area more

erect, the spots on costa and on apical area smaller, Hindwing dark rufous,

Habitat,—Sierra Leone, W. Africa (Clements),

657a, DUOMITUS PARDALIS, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N.H. Soc, xii,p. 645, pl.1,f.17.

_@. White ; frons and tips of antenne black; tegule, patagia, pro-meso

and metathorax with paired black spots; legs banded black and white ;

abdomen with lateral black bands on each segment. Forewing with the veins

and inner area yellowish ; numerous black spots, of which the more prominent

are a spot in cell, a round spot beyond cell, and a subterminal spot between

veins 5 and 6. Hindwing with greyish-black streaks in the interspaces broken

up into spots near termen.

Habitat —Sikhim, 1,800’. Hap. 44mm.

ARBELIDA,

675a, ARBELA WATSON, 0. Sp.

Gg. Grey ; tegule, metathorax and the tufts at base of abdomen dark at

tips ; the anal tuft with the spatulate end of scales dark, Forewing with fine

dark striz and suffused with darker grey, leaving a somewhat triangular

medial whiter patch ; a subbasal blackish triangular patch below median

nervure ; a diffused oblique blackish postmedial band, with the black discoidal

spot with white point beyond it on its inner edge ; traces of a subterminal

line, Hindwing with numerous fine dark strize, YQ. Paler,

Habitat,—Madras (B, Y. Watson), Exp. g 26—34, 9 36mm, Pype—

In British Museum.

DREPANID,

696a. EUCHERA DICTYARIA, Swinh,, A. M,N. H. (7), i, p. 111.

&. Nearly pure white ; head black; legs largely marked with black,

Forewing with fuscous lunule above inner margin towards tornus ; both

' wings with a subterminal series of black spots, withtwo minute points between

each nearer termen; hindwing with discoidal black spot. Underside with

large round discoidal back spots on each wing.

Habitat.—Canara, xp, 66 mm,

709a, DREPANA UNDULIFERA, n, sp. (PI, B, f. 10).

&@. Whitish suffused with very pale ferruginous; head dark ferruginous,

Forewing with crenulate ferruginous ante and postmedial lines, the latter

very acutely angled below costa, then oblique ; dark points at angles of cell,

Hindwing with scarcely a trace cf ferruginous tinge; a fine postmedial line

from submedian fold to inner margin,

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong 10,500’ (Hobson), Hap, 32mm. Type—In

British Museum.

712a, DrePANA FULVICosta, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc, xii, p. 652

(1899).

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 229

Almost pure white; frons brown; antenne, tibie, and tarsi tinged with

fulvous ; wings irrorated with silvery scales, Forewing with the costal edge

pale fulvous; a very indistinct oblique waved medial line from cell to inner

margin, and similar postmedial and subterminal lines, Hindwing with

indistinct waved postmedial and two subterminal lines,

Habitat—Punjab ;Mynpuri ; Bhutan, Exp. 34-38 mm.

79c, ORBTA OLivacEA, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N.H., xii, p. 657, pl. II,

f, 20 (1899).

g. Olive-brown ; head and base of tegule purplish ; palpi scarlet ; legs

scarlet above, greyish below; hind tibie with prominent black stripe ; abdomen

purplish towards extremity, Forewing finely irrorated with silvery grey ;

a rufous medial line strongly angled below costa and slightly on median

nervure and vein 1, some purplish suffusion beyond its costal portion ; two

fuscous and grey points on discocellulars; a line across apical area very

acutely toothed at middle, incurved below costa and near termen, the area

beyond it irrorated with white ; a black poimt near tornus and another on

vein 2, Hinéwing irrorated with silvery, and a few black scales, Underside

red irrorated with black; a postmedial black line on forewing angled below

apex, then oblique, on hindwing curved.

Habitat,—Sikhim, 1,800.’ Exp, 40 mm.

THYRIDIDZ,

76la, CAMPTOCHILUS sINUosuS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p.342 (Pl. B, f. 24),

Forewing with the costa lobed at base, excised at middle and greatly

arched towards apex. @. Head, thorax and abdomen ferruginous ; wings

with the basal area pale pinkish-ferruginous, with dark ferruginous

spots forming oblique series, the margin of this area oblique on forewing

from costa to vein 2, below which there is some diffused ferruginous on

inner area, on hindwing it shades off into olive-green, the rest of wings olive-

yellow, becoming whitish on costal area of forewiug and towards tornus of

hindwing ; forewing with triangular pale rufous patch on costa beyond

middle, with a white spot on it.

. Habitat,—Mao, Manipur, Lap. 32 mm.

7616. CAMPTOCHILUS FURCIFERA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 5. (Pl. B, f. 4).

Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow ; wings yellow, very closely

reticulated with fine orange stiri. Forewing with pinkish suffusion on inner

margin from base to beyond the middle ; fine brown subbasal and antemedial

lines, oblique from costa to median nervure, then recurved, the latter obsolete

below submedian fold ; a brown-pink lunulate patch on costal sinus, with

an oblique brown band from it to inner margin, less prominent below sub-

median fold ; a fine slightly sinuous line to tornus, and a line from its outer

edge to middle of termen ; four fine oblique striz on costal half of terminal

area, Hindwing with subbasal line from cell to vein 1 ; a stronger straight

930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

brown antemedial line, a fine line from the same point on costa to tornus

near which it forks ; a fine line from costa beyond middle to near middle of

termen where it forks..

Habitat —Khasis. Exp. 38 mm. .

771. RHODONEURA N&VINA, insert VAR. carnata, Warr., Nov. Zool. v, p. 8.

778. RHODONEURA NITENS, del. Microsca marginipuncalis,

790b. RHopDONEURA scRiPTA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 7 (1898).

Q. Red-brown ; abdomen paler, Forewing with dark stria and waved

dark lines, defining obscure bands ; a series of short black streaks on costa

with three points between each ; a subcostal series of dark-edged ochreous

spots ;a pale elliptical medial patch from below costa to inner margin

conjoined at middle to a large diffused patch on terminal area strongly

jrzorated with black ; a black-edged whitish subapical spot with some black

points round it, Hindwing pale suffused with rufous and striated with

black ; a quadrate rufous discoidal spot, with a short black streak below it

in submedian fold, and quadrate black spot on inner margin. Underside of

forewing wit series of whitish patches with black strige on them; a

subcostal ferruginous streak ; black and white streaks on subcostal nervure

in cell and on the veins beyond upper angle,

Habitat,—Khasis. Hup. 26 mm.

796a. RHODONEURA FURCIFER, nN, Sp.

Q. Very pale red-brown ; head and collar slightly darker ; wings closely

reticulated with brown. Forewing with traces of subbasal lines; an

antemedial line slightly excurved below costa; a straight postmedial line

giving off a fork below costa to tornus ; a slightly curved line across apical

area. Hindwing with antemedial line ; traces of a sinuous postmedial line ;

a line across apical area.

Habitat—Bhutan (Dudgeon), Ceylon; Australia, Gayndah. “xp, 20 mm,

Type—In British Museum.

801. Hhodoneura MUNDA belongs to the genus Hypolamprus.

806a, HyYPOLAMPRUS MARGINEPUNCTALIS, Leech, Entom, 1889, p. 66, pl.

UVapta aC)

Fe Pallescens, Hmpsv., P, Z, S., 1897, p. 64.

Pharambara quadrovata, Warr., Nov. Zool,, iv, p. 343.

Q. White, almost wholly suffused with pale reddish-brown. Forewing

with a slightly mottled appearance especially below middle of cell. Hind-

wing with traces of whitish bands, Underside of forewing striated with

black, forming an oblique band from below apex to above middle of inner

margin ; a white subapical spot with a black speck on it, Hindwing

thickly striated with black.

Habitat,—China ; Ceylon ; Mysol ; W. Australia. Hap, 28 mm,

8060, HyPoLAMPRUS RUPINA, Swinh,, A.M. N. H, (7), iii, p. 116 (1899).:

;

‘ THE MOTHS OF INDIA, » 2a0

Q. Grey-brown ; legs thickly irrorated with white, wings closely reticu-

lated with brown ; forewing with obscure dark discoidal spot. Underside of

forewing irrorated with white scales; hindwing white reticulated with

brown.

Habitat—Tarimpur, xp, 32 mm,

208b, HyPoLAMPRUS PRAELONGATA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 6.

@. Brownish-grey ; abdomen with pale segmental lines ; wings evenly

striated with black, Forewing with some of the stiri forming very obscure

subbasal, antemedial, medial, postmedial and terminal bands filled in with

. slightly darker brown, the 2nd and 3rd obtusely angled on median nervure,

the 4th fine, curved, and ending at vein 4 ; an obscure browner apical patch,

Hindwing with blackish medial band from cell to inner margin, and traces of

a terminal band.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp, 56 mm,

LIMACODID,

835a, THOSEA POSTORNATA, 0, NOY,

Setora sinensis, Moore, A. M,N. H. (4), xx, p. 93 (1877), nec WIk,

Q. Dull brown; head and thorax tinged with pink. Forewing with pink

suffusion ; irrorated with a few black scales on basal costal area to below cell

between the two lines, and on terminal area from below apex to vein 3; an

obliquely curved line from costa beyond middle to inner margin before

middle ; a velvety hlack-brown outwardly oblique postmedial line expanding

into a large patch on termen from vein 3 to tornus.

The type from Shanghai has no pink suffusion, and the postmeuial line ae

patch are much less conspicuous.

Habitat,—Shanghai ; Sikhim 1,800’ (Dedgeon), Exp, 40 mm,

856a. MIRESA £COTOPEPLA, 2, sp.

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown mixed with silvery scales.

Forewing silky black-brown mixed with silvery scales, the median nervure

and basal half of vein 2 reddish ; a black discoidal bar ;the terminal are a

rather browner, Hindwing fuscous, with the terminal area brownish.

Hubitat—Ssikhim, 5,000’ (Pilcher), Exp. 28 mm, Type—In British Museum,

860a, PARASA METAPH#A, n, sp,

@. Head and thorax green ; palpi, frons,a fascia on vertex of head and

thorax, pectus, legs, and abdomen dark brown, the last with the dorsum

yellowish. Forewing yellow-green ; the costa brown ;a small oblique brown

patch from base of costa to above inner margin; a terminal brown band, with

a curyed darker line on its inner edge. Hindwing uniform dark red-brown,

Habitat.—Travancore, Pirmad, 2,500’ (H.G, Place). Exp. 34:um, Typc—

In British Museum.

871. PARASA HERBIFERA, WIk,

é. Dark checolate brown, with the patagia and part of tegule apple

232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

green, G, Paler chocolate ; forewing with broad curved apple green band

from middle of costa to base of inner area, its outer edge waved.

Habitat—Simla, Murree, Nepal, Sikhim, Eap, $ 26-30, 2 36 mm,

87Ja, PARASA FUMOSA, Swinh.

&. Vertex of head and whole of thorax above apple green,

Habitat.—Nilgiris. Eup, ¢ 30 mm,

_878b, CERATONEMA JASEA, Swinh., A. M.N, H, (7), i, p. 111.

@. Uniform dark brown thickly irrorated with grey. Hindwing black

brown. Forewing with vein 10 shortly stalked with 8-9,

Habitat—N, Canara. Lop, 28 mm,

877a, ORTHOCRASPEDA NEMACERA, ©. Sp.

&. Dark brown mixed with grey, Forewing irrorated with black scales ;

an oblique, very ill-defined, black fascia from costa beyond middle to middle

of inner margin ; a minutely dentate dark postmedial line defined by grey

on outer side, Hindwing uniform fuscous; both wines with fine pale terminal

line, the cilia chequered pale and dark,

Habitat.—Khiasis. Exp. 34 mm, Type—In British Museum,

879b, CERATONEMA ALBIDIVISUM, 0, sp.

Q. Head and thorax pale ferruginous ; abdomen brown. Forewing with

the basal area pale rufous, extending on costa to three-fourths of wing, on

inner margin to middle, its outer edge with white point at upper angle of

cell, and white line from lower angle to inner margin; terminal area dark

brown. Hindwing brown.

Habitat—Sikhim, 1,800’ (Dudgeon), Eup, 24 mm, Yype—In_ British

Museum,

890a. ALTHA OBLIQUIFASCIA, n, sp. (PI, B, f. 11).

&. Silky whitish ; head and collar tinged with fulvous-orange ; abdomen

with dorsal orange bands. Forewing slightly suffused with orange; the costa

orange; a diffused orange-red band from beyond the cell to middle of inner

margin ; a curved postmedial line. Hindwing slightly tinged with orange,

Habitat,—Madras (E. Y. Watson); Trichinopoly ; Calicut (J. Fellowes

Wilson) ; Ceylon. Lxp. 24mm. Vype-—in British Museum,

892a, NaRrosa ARGENTIPUNCTA, insert (syn.) Narosa narcha, Swinh,,

A.M.N.H. (7), iii,’p. 110, Karwar.

892¢. NARoSA HOLOXANTHIA, n. Sp.

g. Bright orange-fulvous. Forewing slightly irrorated with redder

scales, Hindwing paler. :

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp,24mm, Type—In British Museum,

892d. NAROSA PROPOLIA, n, Sp.

&. Forewing with veins 4° shortly stalked ; vein 10 stalked with 7:8-9,

Head whitish; palpi blackish at sides; antenne fulvous ; thorax and

abdomen golden yellow with a reddish tings, thorax mixed with white; legs

fringed with white, Forewing yellow suffused with cupreous-red ; the costal

;

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 233

area broadly suffused with white ; some white on basal area ; an indistinct

pale line from lower angle of cell excurved, then dentate to inner margin; a

pale line from costa beyond middle, defined by fulvous on inner side on white

area, oblique to vein 4, then subterminal and minutely dentate ; a terminal

series of dark points, Hindwing golden yellow.

Habitat—Sikhim, 2,800' (Pilcher), Exp, 24 mm,

LASIOCAMPID&, *

905a. Meranastria FIA, Swinh,, A, M,N. H. (7), iii, p. 113. (PL. B, ff, 17-18),

6. Head brownish-white ; antenn rufous ; thorax reddish-brown tinged

with grey ; abdomen orange-brown, the extremity of anal tuft dark. Fore-

wing red-brown, with subterminal series of small black spots in the inter-

spaces. Hindwing red-brown, thinly scaled.

2. Dark brown. Forewing with two oblique grey antemedial lines not

reaching inner margin; two similar postmedial lines with grey suffusion

between them and incurved below vein 6 ;a subterminal series of dark spots

in the interspaces,

fHabitat—Kashmir. Erp, @ 40, 2 50 mm,

928a, CLISIOCAMPA VULPzS, n, sp. (PI. B, f. 26).

Q. Hindwing with two or three accessory costal veinlets. Colour uniform

bright rufous, baat

Haoitat.—Chitral, Shishi Kuh Valley, 10,000 (G. H, Colomb). Exp. 40 mm.

Type—Iin British Museum.

938a,. LENODORA CRENATA, 0. sp.

. Dull yellow-brown, Forewing suffused in parts with yellowish-white ;

a diffused whitish fascia on subcostal nervure ; an obscure crenulate, slightly

curved, dark line from below apex to middle of inner margin ; veins 6-7 from

angle of cell, Hindwing with slight whitish patch on disk,

Habitat—Ceylon (Green), Exp. 60mm, Type—In British Muscum,

945a. ODONESTIS LIDDERDALI, Druce, A. M. N, H. (7), iii, p. 471.

@. Head and thorax dark red-brown irrorated with grey ; abdomen dark

red-brown. Forewing dark red-brown irrorated with grey ; two indistinct

wayed antemedial lines, the outer defined by grey on inner side, a greyish

discoidal spot ; the postmedial line oblique from costa to vein 6, where it is

angled, then inwardly oblique, crenulate and slightly defined by grey,

and with traces of a curved crenulate line beyond it ; a subterminal series

of points, diffused and bent inwards towards costa, the points just below

yeins 2 and 4 placed rather further from termen ; the apex chocolate with

some grey suffusion. Hindwing dark red-brown, with traces of a pale

curved postmedial line ; the costa highly lobed at base.

Habitat.—Siknim (Lidderdale), Eup, 50 mm,

953a, STENOPHYLLOIDES ENCAUSTA, 0. Sp.

&@. Palpi and forewing short; both wings with the outer margin

evenly curved. Head dull ochreous; palpi and antenne brown ; thorax

934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

dull red; abdomen grey-brown dorsally tinged with red, Forewing fuscous,

the costal area and cell suffused with grey, running obliquely from lower

angle to apex; the inner area bright brick red with a dull ochreous mark at

middle; the terminal area slightly tinged with red ; a black discoidal point..

Hindwing fuscous, slightly tinged with purplish-red, the inner area greyish ;

cilia tipped with ochreous,

Habitat—Sinla (Pilcher), Lup. 46mm, Type—In British Museum,

LYMANTRIAD,

961a, ORGYIA SENICA, n, sp. (Pl. B, f, 23).

_@. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown strongly tinged with grey. Fore-

wing dark red-brown ; a curved grey antemedial line ; a rounded grey-edged

discoidal spot with dark lunule on its inner edge, with grey patch from it to

costa, and traces of a line from it to inner margin ; the postmedial line bent

outwards below costa and strongly incurved below vein 4; ihe terminal area

very strongly suffused with grey, defining an irregular subterminal line which

emits projections at veins 6 and 4, and is connected with termen by a white

patch below vein 2, Hindwing bright rufous.

Habitat—Chitral, Shishi Kuh Valley 10,000’ (G. H. Colomb), Lup,

B4mm, TZype—-In British Museum. n

979a, LmLIA CALAMARIA, n, sp. (PI. B, f. 19).

Pale mouse brown; palpi fulvous-yellow, the second joint black at sides ;

antenne with the basal joint fulvous. Forewing with curved series of small

black spots from below costa towards apex to below base of vein 2, the spot

above vein 6 displaced outwards, above 4 displaced inwards. Hindwing

fuscous-brown.

Habitat.---Nilgiris, Coonoor, 6,000’ (A.G. Cardew). Eup, 6 42, 9 54 mm,

Larva pale red-brown with sparse long hairs; head brighter red; long

lateral tufts of brown hair projecting forward from 1st somite, thick dorsal

rufous pencils of hair on somites 2-5,and dorsal tufts of long hair on termi-

nal somites projecting backwards. Food-plant Calamus huegelianus, Mart,

Pupated Aug, Ist, emerged 22d,

1051a. TcroMEsaA DISCOLOR, insert (syn.) 7. lerwa, Swinh., A, M,N, H.-

(7), iii, p. 111, Karwar,

1074a, HUPROCTIS PHA, 0, Sp.

Black-brown. forewing with indistinct obliquely curved antemedial pale

line ; a diffused black discoidal spot; an indistinct whitish postmedial line

incurved below vein 3; au obscure subterminal series of white lunules,

double in places, and with some blackish marks near them towards apex, and

somo olive on their inner side at middle and towards inner margin,

Habitat—Khisis, Exp, 22 mm. Type—In British Museum,

1074b. Evuprocris FLAvicosra, n. sp. (PI. &, f. 3).

&. Head, thorax and base of abdomen fulvous-yellow ; legs whitish ; anal

tuft orange. Forewing olive-brown mixed with orange scales; the costal

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 235

area yellow ; indistinct orange ante- and postmedial lines angled at middle,

and the dark colour extending to costa on outer edge of former and inner

edge of latter ; cilia yellow. Windwing black-brown, the cilia yellow,

Habitat.—Sikhim 1,800’ (Dudgeon), ep. 28mm, Type—In British

Museum,

1125a. CispIa CHARMA, Swinh., A, M.N. H. (7), iii, p. 112.

Differs from C. punctifascia in the forewing not having the orange medial

band edged by dark points; a whitish patch sometimes developed at lower

angle of cell.

Habitat—Karwar, Exp, g 50, 9 76mm,

(To be continued.)

236

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the TRans-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and Kasu yin:

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicum, and

other works, with New Species added,

By C. W. Hore.

(Continued from Vol. XILI, page 36.)

Part IIL—THE GENERAL LIST.-—(continued).

Ord. FILICES.

Sub-Ord. I1].—Potypopiacea.— (continued).

Genus 11.—ADIANTUM, L.

1. A. Iunulatum, Burm; Syn, Fil. 114; C. RB. 452; Beda,

H. B. 82.

PuNJAB: Chamba ; McDonell Cin list); Kangra Valley W. 2800’, Trotter ; Mandi

State 4000’, Trotter ; Simla Reg. 2-4500', Hope, Blantf., Bliss.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist.; common from the valley up to 4500’ in the Himalaya ;

Kumaun 1800'—58u0.

DistRip.—Zyrop. Amer: from Mexico southward to the Organ Mts. in Brazil,

Asia : N. Ind. (Sub-Him. and Him.) up to 4500’, very common. Bengal—Chutia

Nagpur. Cent. Prov. Cent.Ind. S.Ind, Very general on the western side, in

the plains and lower slopes of the hills Beddome). Burma. Ceylon. Malay Penins.— ~

Perak. Cochin China. China—Hongkong. Polynesia. Trop. Australia. Afr.: Cape

Verde Isles, Angola, Guinea, Zambesi Land, Madagascar.

This is one of those ferrs that are so common along the foot of the Himalaya

that one neglects or postpones collecting them. It grows even by the road-

side in the heart of the town of Dehra, and onwards to Rajpur on the way up

to Mussoorie, Far to the southward I gathered it in 1860, in Bagelkhand,

Centr. Ind., alt. about 800’. Mr. Gamble got it in Bengal—Lohdardaga Dist.,

Mr. Clarke in Centr. Ind., and Mr. Duthie in the Centr. Provs. Mr. Clarke

says it is plentiful in ditches in Calcutta.

The cutting of the pinnee of this species varies much, The largest fronds

I have from Darjiling, collected by Zevinge, have entire pinnze, with only the

marginal row of sori broken. Smaller fronds of the same gathering have pinne

cut down 4 to 3-way to the lower edges, with one, two, or three lengths of

sorus to each of the 5 or 6 lobes. In the Syn. Ful., the pinnz are said to be

subdimidiate ; but I should say that the costa, or main vein, of a pinna

forms the lower edge: the veins radiate from the attachment of the petiolate

secondary rhachis, or from the costa near it, and may be said to be about 12

in number at the base of the pinna. They form dichotomous groups stretch-

ing to the lobes, and sub-lobes if any, and they continually fork or branch

up to close to the edge of the pinna, until there must be from two to three

Pa a

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THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA,

Corrections in fourth instalment, published in No, 1 of Vol. XIII,

On p. 26, 14th line from bottom, in parenthesis, “1” should be “1”’.

On p. 29, 8th line from top, the comma after “1890” should be a semicolon.

On p. 29, 14th line from top, insert “of D, multident” at end of line, after

“frond,”

On p. 29, 11th line from bottom, insert “‘ Assam—”* before “ N, Manipur.”

On p, 80, add to 3rd line “ Plate XV.” j

On p. 30, 8th line, strike out “Simla Reg. 9000’, very rare.”

On p. 30, 5th line from bottom, for “ ternifolium”’ read “ tenuifolium,”

On p. 35, 10th line from top, “ var, B” should be “var, 8,”

Kew, 4th June, 1990, ©. W. HOPE,

OxLiret

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Shia tok

ENR =

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 237

hundred veinlets at the row of sori, ina large pinna. This of course gives

the required stiffness to the pinna, the lamina of which is membranous in

texture.

2. A. caudatum, L. ; Syn. Fil. 115; C. R. 453 ; Bedd. H. B. 83.

KASHMIR: Jhelam Vy.; from Uri downward, MacLeod ; Tawt Vy. 5000’, Trotter ;

3000’, very common,’ Gammie.

PuNJAB : Hazara—35-4000, Trotter. Chamba, McDonell Gin list) 3000’, Trotter A

Kangra Vy., W. 3000’, H. 4520’, Trotter ; Salt Range, Aitch.; Kullu 5500’, Trotter ;

Simla Reg., below Simla 35-4500’, Hope, Gamble, Blanf.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist., common, up to nearly 5000’ in the Himalaya; 7. Garh.

4.5000’, Duthie; Kwmaun 6500’ S. & W., Davidson, Hope 2000’, common.

DistRis.—Asia: Arabia Felix. N. India (Himalaya and other Mts.) 0.3000!

very common. Centr. Provs., Ind. Centr. Ind. Bengal—“Jn Mont. Behar, Calc. to

Agra,” Jacquem., Dhakka. Bombay Presy.—Poona Jacquem. Burma—Tenasserim,

S. Ind. and Malay Penins., plains and lower slopes oz hills (Beda,), Ceylon, Java,

Borneo, Philippines, China. Afy,, Cape Verde Isles., Banks of the Niger, Angola,

Zambesi Land, Cape Colony, Mauritius.

This species, the last preceding, and the next following, belong to the

“radicantes group,” the rhachis being often prolonged and rooted at the

point. A specimen gathered in the Dehra Dun has fronds about three feet

long, perhaps one-half consisting of secondary growth. The fronds hung

down from the bank of a rtream, and kad rooted and grown in the air, like

Savifraga sarmentosa.

3, A. Edgeworthii, Hook., Sp. Fil I., 14 ; Syn. Fil. 2nd Ed, 472,

A, caudatum, Li. var. g. rhizophorum, Wall, C. R., 453, A. caudatum, L. var.

e, Edgeworthii, Bedd. H. B. 84. A. Edgeworthii, Hook. Bedd. Supp. H.

B. 17.

PuNJAB: Adah Valley near Multan, M. P. Edgew., Sept., 1888; Simla Req.—

Bhajji State 5-6000’, Trotter ; Simla 5-6250', Hope, Blant., Bliss. :

N.-W. P.: D, D. Dist.—&-6000', Mackinnons, Hope, Duthie, rare; 7. Garh. 4500,

Hope; Suarna-ka-ser, 6000’, Gamble, 1898, “ Garhwal, Edgew., A. Hume”

' (Clarke) Mrs, Fisher; Awmaun, 3-6000'S. and W., A. Hume, Hope, Davidson,

Duthie, Trotter, MacLeod.

DISTRIB.—Amer.: W. Ind. Sieber, in Herb, Hort. Sahar. (7 pair of pinnae only»,

Asia: N. Ind. (Him.). Nepal, Wallich. Assam—Khasi Hills 4500’, Mann. Mani-

pur, Clarke, Watt. Burma—Fort Stedman, Abdul Hak, 1893. China— Peking, Dr.

Williams, Dr. Bushell, Hancock (largest I have seen), Malay Isles. Timor, Z. O.

Forbes, 1882-83.

Since gathering it in Kumaun, in 1861, I have always considered this a

distinct, species. It has been long in obtaining general recognition. Published

by Hooker in 2858, in the Sp. Fil., it was reduced in the Syn. Fil. to the

place of a synonym of A, caudatum, g, A. rhizrphorum, Sw., and but doubt-

fully raised in the 2nd Kd, to the rank of species, Clarke in his “ Review ”

938 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

adhered to the view taken in the first edition of the Synopsis Filicum. In his

Hand-book of 1883, Beddome placed A. Hdgeworthi as var. Edgeworth of

A. caudatum, but in the Supplement of 1892 gave it full rank. The only habitat

Hooker cited (knew of ?) was near Multan, where originally it was discovered

by Mr. Edgeworth. Hooker says :—“ Mr. Edgeworth, in his notes, observes of

this, ‘it is not A. rhizophorum’ (for indeed the texture of the frond and vena-

tion are totally different), “nor A, caudatum, Sw., nor flagelliferum, Roxb. n.

76’ (for in those varieties of one and the same plant the fronds, and especially

the stipes, are more or less clothed with fulvous hairs or chaff) : ° (it differs

from all in the integrity of the pinne).’ On these grounds I give it as distinct,

though we need more copious specimens to see that if does not pass into cau-

datum.” Sir W. Hooker goes on to remark that “‘the nerves are the same” ;...

« the fertile pinnae scarcely exhibit an appearance of lobes ; and the contiguous

sori form a pretty even line at the edge.” From this it appears that the first

parenthesis, in the quotation from the Species Filicwm given above, is a version

of Edgewerth’s original note, and, from a careful examination of the numerous

specimens of both species in my collection, I think I can say that as regards

the venation Edgeworth was right, and Hooker wrong; and the venation

shown in the enlarged figures of the two species, Plates LXXX and LXXXI,

Sp. Fil. seems to bear me out. In A. caudatum (A. rhizophorum, Sw.), so far

as I can see, the system of venation is flabellate, 7.¢., the veins all radiate direct-

ly from the petiole, whereas in A. Hdyewortiwi a branch of the petiole, corres-

ponding to the costa of a dimidiate pinna, runs along the inferior, straight

edge of the pinna, giving off branches inwards all along its length. It is not

always clear whether this branch, or costa, itself forms the thickened, or stiffened,

margin of the pinna, or whether the thickened margin is outside of it; but

this inferior vein, or costa, gives off no branches on the outer, or inferior, side.

The inferior vein of a pinna of A. caudatwm seems to me to branch towards the

inferior margin, as well as upwards. But the venation of A. cavdatum, shown ~

in Beddome’s enlarged figure, t, 44 of the Hand-book, is as I have described it

for A. Edgeworthit.

I must, with regret, impeach the integrity of the pinnee of A, Edyeworthu,

certified to by Edgeworth, and partly doubted by Hooker and Beddome, for the

lobes are always more or less distinct and deeply separated, especially in barren

fronds, though the divisions are never so deep as they often are in A, cau-

datum ; when they are shallow, they are sometimes obscured by the involucres

overlapping them, and even each other. The imvolucres are often deeper

(broader ? ) than in A. caudatum, and they are membranous, transparent, and

larger than the ripe sori are, When turnel back, and the sporangia scraped

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 239

off, they show the prolongations of the veinlets in them very distinctly ; but

the veinlets appear to break connection between the lamina and involucre at,

or ab a stage prior to, the maturity of the sorus. The involucres of A. cau-

datum are coriaceous, and. narrower I think.

The differences of venation and involucre, taken together with the now-

known wide range of habitat—from Sind to China and Timor, and perhaps

the West Indies—and the yet rarity of the plant, besides the differences of

texture, quite justify the tardy elevation of A, Hdgewortha to a species.

A. Hdgeworthii seems generally to have longer stipes than A. caudatwm has,

sometimes almost as long as the fronds are. -A. caudatwm has very short

stipes, unless the fronds have had to struggle out from between rocks or loose

stones.

4. A. Capillus-Veneris, L.; Syn. Fil. 123; C. R. 458; Bedd.

H. B, 84.

AFGHAN.: Kurram Valley—Aitch, 1879, 3200’, Aitch. 1884-85.

TRANS-InD. STATES: Kafiristan and Badghis 5000’, Aitch. 1885; Kaghuni (7)

5500’, Giles, 1886; Swat and Baraul 6-8500' (5 stations), Harriss, 1895, 4-6000' (3

stations), Gatacre, 1895.

KASHMIR: 35-8000’, Trotter, Duthie, MacLeod; “common in Kashmir in moist

places” (MacLeod).

PUNJAB : Hazara—Gatacre, Oertel, Trotter. Chamba—McDonell (tripinnate) ;

Rawal Pindi, Aitch.; Kangra Valley Dist. W.—25-3000', 38-4000’ Trotter ; Kullu—

5-6200', Trotter, Simla Reg. 35-6000’, Hope, Gamble ; Bisahir—7000', Lace.

NW. P.: D. D. Dist —Jaunsar 3000’, Gamble, Mussoorie and below it 47-6000’,

Hope; in the Dun 1-3000’—very common by running or trickling water and within

reach of spray : on banks of canal cuttings, in Dehra ; 7. Garh. 3-4000', Duthie ; Saha-

ranpur Dist.—Dolkhand, Gamble; Awmawn—Sarju Valley 3600’, Jagthana 5200’

8. and W.; below Naini Tal, in the Gola Valley, 5-6000', Hope, 1861: station

long ago swept away in landslips; Gola Valley, 2500’, Hope, 1890 ; Kali Valley

7-8000’, Duthie ; Ramganga Valley 4-5000’, Trotter.

DIsTRIB.—Amer, : Florida, southward to Venezuela and Amazon Valley. Hurope ;

United Kingdom (ireland, Isle of Man and S. W. Eng.}, Central and Southern Europe,

Caucasus. Asia: Syria (Jerusalem, Sinai, Galilee), Siberia, Arabia, Belu-

chistan, common all over N. Ind. ; Sind, Dr. Stokes ; Bengal—in the Ganges Valley

(Arrah, Dinapur, and Caleutta); Himalaya and valleys at foot of the range, common

up to near 6000’; Assam—Khasi Hills. Centr. Provs., India. §S.Ind.—Bombay and

Madras Presidencies, common on west side up to 5000’. §. E. China, Japan.

Polynesia. Afr.—Canary Islands and in many parts of the Continent, both North

and South.

The distribution of this species in India is nos fully indicated in the three

books to which I restrict my references. I have specimens from walls in

the Entally suburb of Calcutta, and I have taken it (a small size) from wells

in Dinapore and Arrah; and Mr. Duthie got it at Pachmarhi in the Central

940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Provinces. It appears to be found all over India, where circumstances are

favourable. Shade and permanent moisture are essentials ; and limestone is,

I think, preferred.

5. A Wattii, Baker, in Joun. L. Soc, XVIII, 281, t. 14 a, figs.

land 2. A. Levingei, Baker, Ann. Boi, Vel. V. No. XVIII. A. Capillus-

Veneris, L., var. Watti, Bedd, Suppl. H. B. 18.

PuNJAB: Chamba— Pangi, G. Watt, Chenab Valley, Pangi 8000’, McDonell, 1882 ;

Kuilu—75-10000', Trotter, 1887.

Distris.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.); Sikkim—Chingtam (or Chintang, or Ching-

tang) alt. 3,000’, Levinge and his collectors; S. Ind.—(Nilgiris), Leech Falls,

Conoor R., Lev.

Baker’s description under A. Watti is the more detailed, but when analysed

it does not seem to differ much from his later and shorter description of

A. Levingei, of which plant I have seen and also possess very good specimens.

I must have long ago seen McDonell’s and Trotter’s specimens from Chamba,

but I can find no notes of them. A. Wattii is the oider name, and, therefore,

as I think there is only one species here, I put all the specimens, whether from

the Punjab, Sikkim, or the Nilgiris, under this. The Nilgiri specimens

I found in Gamble’s collection, in the A. Cap-Ven. bundle. Colonel

Beddome, in his Suppt. of 1892, says that Mr. Baker described A. Wattio

from some small poor specimens, and he gives both that name and A. Levingei,

Baker, as synonyms of his A. Cap.—Veneris, var. Wattii, saying that copious

specimens from both Sikkim and Chamba prove that Mr. Baker’s (two)

supposed species belong to the same plant, I add the Nilgiris as a habitat for

one or other. Beddome gives a very detailed description of his var.

Wattii of A, Capillus-Veneris, with which I find no fault ; but I may remark that

ibis remarkable that a “ slight variety,” as he calls it, of acommon fern should

require so minute and lengthy a description. According to this the variety

seems to differ in every particular from the type. I see no grounds for reducing

this fern to a variety of A. Cap.-Veneris, The superior pinnules on

all the pinnee of A. Levingei seem the larger. Dr. G. King has recorded on a

sheet of A. Levingei, from Sikkim, in the Calcutta Herbarium, that the scales

of the rhizome are broader than the corresponding scales on A. Cap-

Veneris.

6. A. ethiopicum, L. ; Syn. Fil. 123 ; Bedd. H. B. 83.

ArGgHaN.: Kurram Valley—Aitch., 1879, No. 1265 in Herb. Hort. Saharanpur.

DistrRIB.—A mer: from Texas and California southward to Valparaiso and Monte

Video. Europe: Spain, G. McLeavy, 1860. Asia: S.Ind—Nilgiri and Pulney

Mts, at the higher elevations; Ceylon. Australia—Temp. and Trop ; N. Zeal.

Afr.: Cameroon Mts, at 7000’, Abyssinia, Zambesi Land, Natal, Cape Colony, Bour.

bon, Madagascar.

‘

;

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‘

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 241

This species seems very difficult to preserve : the pinnee drop off.

7. A. venustum, Don. ; Syn. Fil. 125 ;C. R. 453 ; Bedd. H. B. 86.

AFGHAN: Kafiristhan, Griffith; Aabul, Clarke Gn Rev.); Kurram Valley, Aitch.,

May, 1879, No, 1264, Major (mow Sir Henry) Collett, July, 1879.

TRANS-IND. States: Baraul, 5000’, Harriss ; 8000’, Gatacre.

Kasur: Clarke (in Rey.), 4-8500’, Trotter ; 6000’ Gammie, “common at all

altitudes from 8000’ to 10,000’,” MacLeod.

PunJAB: Huzara Dist—Black Mt., Gatacre, 1888, Oertel, 1891 ; Kalap4ni 6,500’,

Trotter, 1890; Kagan Vy. 4-8000’, Inayat, 1896-7 Chamba—MeDonell ; Kullu 10,000,

Trotter; Mandi State 5-6000, Trotter; Simla Rog. 7-10,400’, common.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist —Jaunsar 65-8000’, Sundar Lal, C. G. Rogers, Gamble;

Mussoorie 5-7,000’, not uncommon, Mackinnons, Hope; 7. Garh. 8-12,000', Duthie ;

Kumaun 6-10,000', S. and W., Hope, Davidson, Duthie, Trotter, MacLeod.

DistRis.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal, Wallich.

Trotter, in his privately printed List of the Ferns of the Punjab, has pointed

out that Clarke, in saying that this is one of the commonest ferns of the

N.-E. Himalaya, musi have written North-East by mistake for North-West, and

that Beddome has copied the mistake. I do not know of any specimen having

been found in the N.-E. Himalaya. I have been told that a species of

“ Maiden Hair” is exported in cartloads from Jaunsar, along the cart-road to

Saharanpur, for some purpose, perhaps medicinal : this is probably A. venustum.

Of the stipes and rhachises of a species of Adiantum, probably A, monochlamys,

Raton, the Japanese make brushes, or miniature brooms, for dusting china

with. Blanford says this is ““ One of the commonest und most abundant ferns

of Simla, covering banks and sloping ground in shady places, and ranging

from 4500’ up to the top of Hattu at 10,500'.”’ A. venustum grows in the

soil in forest : I have never seen ib by running water like A. Cap—Veneris ;

buf in 1361 I] used to see it in the forest on the west side of the Naini Tal

Lake, near the level of the water.

8. A. pedatum, L.; Syn, Fil. 125; C. R. 453; Bedd, H. B. 86, and

Suppl. 19.

KASHMIR: Ring Nala 8000’, MacLeod, 1891; Kishenganga fValley— Kajliban

7-8000’, Duthie, 1892.

PuNJAB: Hazara Dist.—Siran and Kagan Vys. 12,000, Inayat, 1896 ; Chan ba—

“Upper Chenab Valley,” Pangi 7000’, R. Ellis, 1878, in Herb. Gamble; 10,000’ (per-

haps in Kashmir) Baden-Powell, 1879 ; Ravi Valley—Tunda Valley 8000’, McDonell,

1882; Simla Reg.—Hattu Mt. and vicinity 85-10,000’, Gamble,- Blanf., Hope

Trotter, Bliss: in forest ; Raiengarh forest 8000’; Gamble, 1898. i

N.-W. P.: “ Garhwal”—Sinjari, 8. & W.; 7. Garh. 9-10,000', 6 stations, Duthie, Dr.

Cantor; Brit. Garh—Mrs. Fisher ; Dombitia Gadh 9-10,000’ Duthie; Aumaun—

Wallich; ‘ Dusali, near Pindree 8000',” Major Madden ; Pinsara 8000’, Davidson ;

Dhauli Valley 8-9000’, Duthie,

NEPAL W,; Opposite Budhi Village 9-10,000’, Duthie, 1886,

942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1/1.

DistRis.—A mer. Unalashka and Canada, southward to Virginia and California,

Asia : N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim, scattered, not plentiful. China—Manchuria. Japan,

Both Clarke and Beddome give Garhwal as the Western limit of this species

in India, but it will be seen above that it was long ago obtained in Chamba, and

perhaps in Kashmir, by Hillis and Baden-Powell ; and more lately Macleod

and Duthie have found it in the West of Kashmir. Macleod says -—‘ Only

on northern slopes of dividing ridge between Kishenganga and Jhelam valleys»

7-10,000'; not uncommon; grows to great perfection.” It was on this

ridge and in the adjacent valleys that McLeod collected in 1891. Quite

lately it has been, found in the west of the Hazara District by Mr, Duthie’s

collector, Inayat, Seeing much of these ferns exhibited at shows in London,

I once asked an exhibitor, Mr, Birkenhead, whence he got his supplies, and

he said from N. America, never from India.

Genus 12—CHEILANTHES Sw.

Sub-genus—ADIANTOPSIS, Fee.

1. GC. Duthiei, Baker, in Ann. Bot. Vol. V. No, XVIII; Bedd.

Suppt. H. B. 20.

“ Stipes densely tufted, castaneous, glabrous, 1—13in. long, with a few pale

towards the base. Frond oblong-deltoid, membranous, glabrous, 2 in. long.

ereen on both surfaces. Penne oblong-deltoid, sessile, lowest the longest,

produced on the lower side. Pinnules oblong, 4 — } in. broad, Sor? placed

all around the edge of the pinnules, usually orbicular, rarely confluent.

Indusium grey, glabrous, orbicular-reniform, persistent. British Garhwal,

Duthie, 5,144. Cutting of C. subvillosa, but indusium of this subgenus.”

N.-W. P.: Brit. Garh., near Kuari Pass, 12-13,000’, Duthie 5144, 8-9.85; rocks

east of Dhakwani, 11-12,000', Duthie 5196, 11-9-85.

The name of this fern, and the above notes of hahitat, were entered in the

Catalogue of the Ferns in the Saharanpur Herbarium), published in 1890, in

advance of publication by Mr. Baker,—I having seen it, and the entry in

Mr. Baker’s MS. list of new Ferns at Kew, im 1888. It is one of the rarest of

Indian Ferns. The stipes reach 34 inches in length,

Sub-genus—HUCHEILANTHES, Sw.

2. G. fragrans, Webb. and Berth. (non Sw.) ; Syn. Fil. 134. C. fra-

grans (Swartz, Syn. Fil.) Webb. and Berth., Phyt. Canar. m., 452; C. R.

454. (C. fragrans, Sw., Bedd. H. B. 88.

AFGHAN.: Landikhana—Griffith ; Kabul, (Clarke in Rev.).

TPRANS-IND. STATES : Chitral—F. H. Younghusband, 1894; Baraul 45005 (6

stations) Harriss 4-5000', Gatacre.

PuNJAB: Cherat 4000’, Collett 8-92: Hazara—Black Mt. 6000’, Oertel, 1891 ;

between Murree and Kohala 4000’, Lev., 1875; Dhamtaur Hill, and hill opposite to

it 4,000’! and upwards, Oertel, 1890-91, Trotter, 1890-92, ‘“ Punjab—Turki,” Common

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THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 243

Aitoh 6-78. Chamba—Ravi Valley 5-7000’, McDonell, 1882; Chenab Valley 5000’,

T. T. 1848, J. Marten 1898.

KASHMIR: Jhelum Valley—near Pirni 5-6000', Duthie, 1892. Kishtwar 35-5000’,

C. R. Clarke, 1877.

DistRIB.—S, Amer.? CC. andina, Hook.) Europe : Centr. France, Switzerland,

Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey. Asia: Syria (Jerusalem, Lycia, Ciliciaj ;

Baluchistan. Afr. : Canaries, Madeira, Morocco, Algeria.

Clarke argues against Baker’s dictum that this fern is not C. fragrans of

Swartz ; but all three authorities seem to agree that it is Polypodium fragrans

of Linneeus. Beddome does not mention Webb. and Berth. in the matter, and

there seems no doubt that there is here only one species. The Himalayan

plant is exactly the same as a specimen I have from the Canary Islands,

Teneriffe near Oratava, collected by my friend Mr. P. Neill Fraser, except that

the latter seems to have white powder on the involuceres.

8. GC. subvillosa, Hook. ; Syn. Fil. 187 ; C. R. 456 ; Bedd. H. B. 93.

KASHMIR: Chittapani Valley, 9000’, Rattan Pir 8000’, Trotter.

PunJAB: Hazara Dist.—Mian Jani Mt. 9000’, the Gullies near Kalabagh 7000,

Kalabagh 7500’, Trotter ; Chamba—Kalatop Forest 7500’, Ravi Valley near Alwas,

6800’, McDonell ; J. Marten, 1898 ; Ku?Ju—Jalori Pass, N. 9-10,000’, Trotter ; Simla Reg,

—Great Thibet Road : Mahasu to Hattu Mt. 7-10,450', Edgew., Gamble, Blanf., Hope,

Trotter, Bliss; Pabar Valley and Kotgarh, Edgew.

NRW ses Garh.—Ganges Valley 9-10,000’, and above Suki 9-10,000’ (Duthie) ;

Deota 6000’, Dhamti 8000’, Gamble; Kwmawn—Kali and Dhauli Valleys §-9000’,

Duthie,

DisTRIB.— Asia: Sikkim—Darjiling 7500’, Levinge, 1880,

This fern is not so rare as was thought up to 1880 and 1883, when Clarke’s

and Beddome’s books were published ; but Beddome says nothing more about

it in his Suppl. of 1892. There is now no break in its known range from the

Indus to Kumaun, unless for the Kangra Valley and the Jaunsar Hill-tract of

the Dehra Dun District.

4. ©, Dalhousiz, Hook.; Syn. Fil. 187. ©. farinosa, Kaulf., var,

Dalhousie (sp.), Hook. C. R. 457. OC. farinosa, Kaulf., var. g. Dalhousie,

Bedd. H. B. 93.

KASHMIR : 6-9000', frequent (Clarke in “ Rev.”).

PuNJAB : Hazadra—The Gullies—5 stations 75-9000’, Trotter ; Chamba—Dalhousie

and Kajiar, Clarke ; Kalatop Forest, McDonell 7000—7500' ; Mandi State—-9-10,000',

Trotter; Kullu 8-9000', Trotter; Simla Reg.—From Simla to Hattu Mt. 65-10,500',

Hope, Gamble, Blanf., Trotter, Bliss.

N.-W P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussoorie 7000’, Hope, 1890; Jaunsar, Kanjatra 8500,

Gamble, 1898; 7. Garh.—Surkunda Mt. 8-9000’, Lev. (Levinge), 1872 ; Jamnotri

10-11,000', Duthie, 1883 ; Dhamti, 8000’, Gamble ; Brit. Garh.—Dombitia Gadh 9000’,

Duthie, 1885 ; Kwmaun—Naini Tal, Hope, 1861 ; 8-10,000/, 4 stations, Duthie ; Pindar

Gorge 9-10,060’, Trotter; Sarju Ganga Valley 6,000’, MacLeod.

244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

NEPAL—W.: Opposite Buddhi Village 9-10,000', Duthie, 1886,

DistRIB.—S. Amer.: “Gathered also lately by Mr. White in New Grenada, and

doubtless only a denudate variety of farinosa.” (Syn. Fil.). Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)

Sikkim—-Lachen Valley 10,000’, Sinchal, 8000’,

I feel sure that the habitat given in the Synopsis—* North of Hindustan,”—

so far as it may mean that the fern is got below the Himalaya, is a mistake :

this is eminently a high-level fem. The remark in the Synopsis quoted above

is, I presume, Mr. Baker’s. I consider that Hooker was quite right in setting

up this fern as a species. Whether in shape of frond, appearance, or habitat

it is quite unlike C. farinosa, and there is no passage between them either

physical or topographical. The specimens of C. Dalhousie got by: me in

Mussoorie in 1890 were growing among C’. albo-marginata, dealbate fronds of

which are rather like it. I have not heard of C. Dalhousie having ever been

found elsewhere, or by anyone else, in Mussoorie. Since Mr, Clarke’s “ Review ”

was published, Colonel Beddome seems to have given up C. Dalhousiae asa

South Indian plant. |

Blanford says—‘ Quite distinct from C. farinosa, and subject to little

variation. Its range”? (in the Simla Region) “is from 7800’ to the highest

visited (10,500'). It appears to be restricted to the Himalaya, and is most

abundant in the N.-W. Himalaya. In Sikkim it appears to be rare, but

Sir J. D, Hooker gathered it ab 10,000’ on Lachely ? (Lachen Vy. ?), “and

Mr. Levinge found it growing plentifully on Sinchal close to Darjiling at

8060’, He agrees with me as to its specific value. The following is a

description of its distinctive characters :—

“ Stipes 2 to 4 ins. long, shorter than the frond, naked or with a few

lax spreading scales near the base. Fronds 6 to 9 ins. long, 2 to 4 ins,

broad, acute lanceolate, without white powder at any stage of growth.

Lower two pairs of pimne subequal. Segments narrow. lines of

sori interrupted at the sinus. Involucres even, crenate or toothed on

the margin, hardly lacerate.”

Some of Mr. Duthie’s specimens from Kumaun are the largest I have seen—

15 in. 1. by Tin. br., without stretching, besides the stipe. His No. 3,644,

Kumaun—Forest above Sosa, 9-10,000’, mounted in the Kew Herbarium on

the same sheet with Beddome’s C. farinosa, Kaulf., var. flaccida, from the

Annamallay Hills, Madras Presidency, is said to have—“ fronds meally on

both surfaces,” but as mounted the upper surface is not visible. The mealiness

of Cheilanthes in Kew has generally been washed off in the process of poisoning:

I would separate, as perhaps a new species, Dr. King’s No. 90 from Chumbi

in Thibet, Ling-moo-tong, 27-7-84, in the Calcutta Herbarium. The

frond is deltoid and tripinnate,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 245

5. C. albomarginata, C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc., Bot. Ser. 2,

I. 456, t. 52; Baker in Ann. Bot., Vol. V., No. XVIII. Bedd. H. B, 94.

C. farinosa, var. albo-marginata, Bedd, Suppl. H. B. 22.

The localities given by Clarke are :—

N.-W. HimanAyA—KASHMIR, Falconer ; Basaoli 5000’, C. B. Clarke. Dalhousie

6000’, C. B. Clarke. Simla 7000’, T. Thomson. Garhwal 2-9000’, H.C. Levinge.

Distrib. Nilgiris, fide Major Henderson. ;

The habitats in the Lists, and of the specimens, I have examined are :—

PunsaB: Hazéra Dist.—65-8000', Trotter; Chamba—Ravi Valley, “common”

4.5000', McDonell ; Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala, Trotter ; Kul lw—7-9000', Trotter,

Coventry ; Simla Reg.—6-8500', Hope, Gamble, Blanf,, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussoorie 7000’ and down to about 4000’, very common;

T. Garh.—above Sahlra 7500’, Gamble ; Kumaun 4500—5000', S. and W. Naini Tal

-—Hope, Levinge, Davidson, Duthie, near Sosa 8-9000', Duthie.

DistRiB,—Asia : Eastern Him. (Bakerin Ann, Bot,, Vol. V,.)., 8. Ind. Madras

Presidency—Ganjam and Nilgiris, Gamble, 1884.

* Hastern Himalayas,” in the Annals of Botany, is probably merely an

addition to the habitats given by Clarke ; but, if albo-marginata scales be the

distinguishing character of the species, C. albo-marginata was found long before

Clarke’s “ Review ” was published. Gamble’s No. 5200, July, 1873, “ Old

walls, Kurseong, 4500’ (below Darjiling),” must be placed here, though, were

it whiter on the under-surface, it might perhaps be put under Blanford’s

C. anceps. Gamble’s No. 13,886, from Mahendragiri, Ganjam District,

Madras Presidency, 4500’, March, 1884, and his No. 14,389, from Naduvatam,

Nilgiris, 6000’, June, 1884, have perhaps the most characteristic scales of any

I have seen, though the shape of the former number is rather that of

C. anceps.

The name albo-marginata I have always thought a somewhat misleading one :

the character which seems to have suggested it is merely—‘ white margined

scales.”” And even this is hardly correct : the scales are brown in colour—dark in

the centre, and paler at the edges—bicolorous, in fact. Blanford’s C. anceps also

has bicolorous scales, as opposed to the self-coloured ssales of C. Dalhousie and

C. farinosa ; but no one seeing these four plants growing, as I have, would think

of uniting them, or even of making three of them varieties of the fourth. The

four ferns are distinct and easily distinguishable each from the other.

Cheilanthes albo-marginata is undoubtedly a good species, though it has

hardly been adequately described by itsauthor. I will not intrude with a revised

description: Blanford has given one, and Beddome another ; but I may indicate

where revision seems necessary. Olarke’s plate gives the shape of certain fronds

of the plant, but the frond is not, as he says, lanceolate, the lowest pinne: being

much the. largest. The sequence in growth of the fronds is rather complex :

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

small, very coriaceous fronds, very dark-green above, whitish and densely scaly

beneath, remain expanded or curled up through the winter and succeeding hot

dry weather,—uncurling when the rainy season sets in. Then, much larger,

herbaceous, fronds spring up, the cutting and colour of which is at first very

beautiful ; and in the Autumn very large fronds are found, with a coarser

cutting, which wither light-brown or yellow, and seem to have a greater

proportion of lamina, and are almost membranous in texture. Fronds quite

similar to these last, though smaller, are found in C. rufa. Ido not know when

the small coriaceous persistent fronds (described above) found remaining the

next season spring up. I have never seen powder approaching to yellow on this

fern, but always pure white, though not very dense. Fronds, especially the late,

large, ones, are often found without powder ; but Mr. Baker is wrong in de-

scribing the fern as ‘‘ denuded,” —if he means denuded of white powder.

Of this species Blanford says—“ very abundant in and around Simla, cover-

ing the roadside banks and old stone retaining walls. Range from 4800‘

(my lowest) up to 8500/, above which it is replaced by C. Dalhousiw. The

following is a description of C. albo-marginata, which is well represented in the

figure, Plate 52, of Clarke’s Review, except that the scaliness of the coste and

veins is not fully shown.

“Stipes 4 to 10 ins. long, generally shorter than the frond, bearing

throughout dark linear lanceolate scales with pale translucent margins,

Similar scales extend to the primary and secondary rhachises and costee.

Fronds up to 11 inches long, acute deltoid, under-surface naked, or in

the young state and in the small fronds that persist through the dry

season, thinly coated with yellowish-white powder. Lowest pair of

pinnee generally the longest. Segments oblong. Lines of sori scarcely

interrupted at the sinus. Margins of involucres highly lacerate,

*« Tt is always readily distinguishable from the other allied forms by the

presence of scales on the veins and coste, and by the highly lacerate

involucres,”’

6. C. dubia, nu. sp—Plate H. (see Part IT, p. 528.)

Sub-genus—PHysaPreris, Presi.

7. OC. Szovitzii, Fisch. and Meyer ; Syn. Fil, 189; C. R. 454: Bedd,

Jal, Ibe, SS

AFGHAN. : Kabul (Clarke ia “ Rev.”).

TRANS-IND, STATES: Chitral—4500', Harriss ; ‘‘ near Baraul, 5500’, Griffith.”

KASHMIR: Baltisthan—5-7000', frequent ; Gilgit Dist.—7000', Col. Tanner,

1880 ; Kishtwar, 5000’, Clarke, 31,336, 17-9-°76 ; Shagartang Valley 9-10,000', Duthie,

1892; Srinagar—5-6000', Levinge, 1875 ; Martand Ruins, Levinge, 1875, McDonell,

1891 ; Takht-i-Suliman Hill, near Srinagar, 63-6500’, Trotter, 1888, Gammie, 1891.

i ee

2) ee ee eee

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 247

PungAB: Peshawar Hills, Major Vicary, in Herb. Hort. Kew. Chamba—“common

at 5000’,” McDonell ; Péngi—McDonell ; Kudiu, Edgew. ; Lahaul—10,000’, Watt.

Distrisn —Hurope: Italy and Dalmatia. The Caucasus. Asia: Asia Minor

Persia, Afyhan., Baluchistan, N. Ind.—Sind. Thibet 7-8000’ Afr. Algeria.

Clarke says of this species—‘ Exceedingly like C. fragrans, and only to be

distinguished by the indusial hairs. The hairs are really confined to the sori,

which occupy a very large portion of the very small segments, so that the lower

surface of the frond appears densely matted.” Bubtin the Synopsis C. frayrans

is No. 16, and put under the subgenus Hucheilanthes, while C. Szovitzii is

No. 39, and placed in Physapteris, which has smaller segments.

Sub-genus—ALEURITOPTERIS, [ée.

8. C. rufa, Don; Syn. Fil. 141; 0. R. 457; Bedd. H. B, 94,

PUNJAB: Chanba—3500', McVonell.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—In the Dun, andon the Himalaya 25-5000’; common

low down; 7. Garh,.—Mussoorie and Chakrata Road 4500’, Hope ; Kwmawn--near.

Phurka 6500’, S. and W., Kali Valley—2-4000', Duthie ; Gola Valley, about 4000’

Hope.

DistRIB.— Asia: N. Ind, (Him.), Sikkim, 5,000’, “rare, as is limestone,’ Clarke.

Assam—Khasia 4000’, “ plentiful wherever there is limestone.” Clarke. Burma—

Mergui. China—Yiinnan 5400’, “ very rare,” W. Hancock, 1893. *

Clarke days—“ I have collected much of this fern, but only on limestone ;

is is geaevally closely procumbent, curling up on the rock, and easily recognised

by its woolly hairiness. Scales often none, or undistinguishable fromthe hairs ;

scales, when present on the stipe mixed with the hairs, are narrow-linear,

uniform-coloured. Fronds above laxly flocculose or woolly, or almost tomen-

tose.” I find that the scales, near the base of the stipe at least, though

narrower and longer than those of C. albo-marginata, are quite as bi-coloured,

The plan’ curls up only if withered, or in diy weather ; when growing, or in

damp weather, its fronds are patent. I think that like some other ferns it is

hygroscopic, and unsurls again in wet weather. The lowest pair of pinne are

always shorser than ths next superior pair ave, and on them the lowest pinnules

are produced, and sometimes pinnatifid ; and sometimes the frond diminishes

in width gradually from the middle. The upper surface cannot be said to be

tomentose, but there ars scatsered hairs on it : the stipe and rhachises and under

surface are notably tomentose, and the involucres also, I think. The involucres

are as rufous as is the tomentum. In the Dehra Dun the plant grows on sand-

Stone, of Siwalik formation, and, on the slope of the Himalaya, on shale :

higher up—perhaps on magnesian limestone. The dimorphism I have alluded

to unter C. dubia. On again going over my specimens—the description of

C. dubia having been written four or five years ago—I think that CG. dudia

inclines rather to @, rufaé than to C. albo-marginata ; but if the two first.

248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII1,

mentioned plants are to be considered as one there is no gain, in beauty at least,

to CO. rufa, a8 the dubia form is very rough and coarse,—late in the season

at least: some specimens almost wholly cover my sheets—1 SC EE

Taking large, whole plants of each species, they are all three distinct ; but

individual fronds might be culled to match from all three,

9, CG. farinosa, Kaulf. ; Syn. Fil. 142 ; C. R. 457 ; Bedd. H. B. 92.

Kasumirn: Jhelam Valley—“between Chakota ‘and Domel, not common,”

Macleod, 1891; Kaman Goshi 3000', Tawi Valley 4000’, Gammie, 1891.

PuNJAB: Hazdéra Dist.; (Trotter in M.S. List). Salt Range—Tilla Mt., Aitch., 1870,

Chamba—Ravi Valley 8000’, McDonell; Kangra Valley District, W. 2500’, H. 4500’,

Trotter ; Simla Reg., near Simla 6500’, Kotgarh Road, 45 miles H, of Simla, 9000,

Gamble ; Simla—Samal Valley 5000’, Blanf.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Siwalik Range 1-3000', abundant along road through

Mohand Pass, and probably everywhere else ; in the Din, and up to above 4000’, on

the Himalaya, abundant; Saharanpur Dist.—Siwalik Range; 7. Garh.—Ganges

and Jumna Valleys ; Kumawn—common 2-4500', near Pitoragarh 5-6000', Kali Valley

9-10,000', and between Gini and Munshiari 7000’, Duthie.

DISTRIB.—Amer. : Mexico (up to 8000’, Guatemala, New Grenada, Brazil. Asia ;

Arabia; N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim, Bhotan ; Assam—Khasia ; Bengal—Chittagong and

Chutia Nagpur ; Centr. Provs., Pachmarhi 3060’; Centr. Ind.—Bagelkhand to Raj-

putana. S. Ind.—whole Deccan and Madras Presidency in the plains, and up to 8000

on tke hills. Burma—Moulmein. Ceylon. Malay Penin. Java. Philippines, Afr. :

Cameroon Mts,, Angola, Zambesi Land, Abyssinia, Bourbons.

: The texture of this fern varies from almost membranous to ceriaceous and

very heavy. I agree with Mr. Clarke, that it is easily separable from C. rufa

and C.:albo-marginata ; but he might have gone furthur and have said that

it has no resemblance to either, beyond being of the same genus,

. In his “ Summary of New Feres” (Ann. Bot., Vol. V.) Mr. Baker refers to

the late H. F. Blanford’s paper on “ Silver Ferns of Simla?’ read before the

Simla Natural History Society, June 25th, 1886, for an account of the Indian

forms of (. farinosa, and says he cannot separate specifically C. anceps and

(. grisea therein described as species. But Mr. Blanford modified his views

afterwards, and in his “ List of the Ferns of Simla,” Journ. Asiatic Soe.

Bengal, Vol. LVII, Part IL, No. 4, 1888, gave those plants as merely

varieties of C’. farinosa. 'This is what. he said of the type plant in the latter

mentioned paper :—

“This is very abundant in the Siwaliks and Doons, and in the deeper

valleys of the outer Himalaya up to 4000’, In the neighbourhood

— of Simla it may be found as hi:h as 5000’, above which I have nob

met with it. The following characters distinguish i from other allied

‘forms. Stipes up to 12 ins. long, generally longer than the frond,

deep red-brown, naked or with a few linear scales near the base only.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 249

Frond deltoidly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, up to 8 ins. long and

5 ins. broad, always thickly coated beneath with white powder, Lowest

pair of pinnee always the largest. Segments narrow. Sori continuous

round the simus. Margims of involucres entire, uneven, or toothed, not

lacerate.

“ This form ranges all over India. I have collected it at Pachmarhi at

3000’, and I have specimens from the Khasi Hills ab 3-5000’ and

from the Nilgiris up to 6000/.”

I found this fern abundant in the Rewa State of Central India, in 1860- Bil,

It seemed to be common along the norsh edge of the plateau, at the heads of

the valleys running down thence northwards. And I have a sheet on which is a

tickei of Mr. Clarke’s—‘ Cheilanthes farinosa, Central India?” One plant

of this is exactly small C. anceps, Blanf.

10. ©. anceps, Blanf., in “The Silver Ferns (Cheilanthes) of Simla

and their Allies,” read before the Simla Natural History Society, 25th June,

1886. Cheilanthes farinosa, var. anceps, Blanf. in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,

Vol, LVIT, Pt. IL, No. iv, 1888 ; Cl. and Baker, in Journ Linn. Soe. XXV.

411; Bedd. Suppl Joly }o35 74ale ae C. farinosa.

“Stipes thick, up to 8 ins. long, little longer or shorter than the

frond, dark chesnut to almost black, bearing, generally throughout, dark

linear-lanceolate scales, with pale margins, which often extend to

the pringipal rhachis but nob beyond. Frond lanceolate to oblong-

lanceolate. Under surface always thickly coated with white powder.

Lowest two or more pairs of pinne subequal, rather distant,

Involucres narrow, with toothed or lacerate margins.

“ Readily distinguished from the typical form by the shortness of

the lowest pair of pinnee, and the greater extension of the scales. In

large well grown fronds the lower three or four pairs are nearly

equal, and the form” (shape?) “of the frond approaches that of

C. subvillosa, Spesimens collected by Mr. Clarke in the Khasi Hills

present the same characters as those of the N..W. Himalaya. 1

have specimens also from Mt, Abu (Rajputana), collected by Di.

King, and from the Nilgiris at 4000’ and 6000’, collected by Mr,

Gamble.”

The above is Mr. Blanford’s description cf var. anceps in the Journal of the

Asiatic Society Bengal. As to habitat, he said :—

“Inthe North-West Himalaya it has a well defined, but restricted

range of elevation, vz., from 3500 to 6000 ft., and is common

below Simla between 4500 and 5000 ft,

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11

Other records are :-—

PuNJAB : Kud/w—Inner Seoraj, 5000’, Trotter.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, near Lokhwa, 4000', Blanf, 1886 ; near, Rajpur

28-4000‘, plentiful, Hope ; Landour, 6500’, Miss Parrott.—Mussoorie-Chakrata Road,

4500’, Hope; Kumaun—7000', Duthie ; 4500’ Hope, Trotter, Gori Ganga Valley—

Bugdiar 8500', MacLeod.

DIstR1B.—Asia : N. Ind, (Him.) Sikkim—Pankabari 3000’, Clarke, 1884 ; Assam—

Khasi Hills 5000’, frequent, Clarke ; Rajputéna—Mt, Abu, King, Duthie. S. Ind.—

Madras Presy,, Nilgiris 4-6000’, Gamble. “So common on all the mountain ranges

in India,” Bedd., Supp. H.B.

I feel obliged to set up this fern as a species (though the late Mr. Blanford,

its author, latterly degraded it to the rank of a variety of (. farinosa), because

I think it very distinct, though the specimens I group here, following

Blanford, differ considerably from each other. My specimens collected

near Simla, in Blanford’s company, are small and not stout, and seem

nearer his var, grisea than tc the large, stout fern which is got on the lower

Slopes of the Mussoorie range of the outer Himalaya and in Kumaun, and

which in thickness and blackness of stipe resembles specimens from other parts

of India ticketed C. bullosa, the stipe, however, being much more scaly than the

stipe of that fern, and the frond longer and narrower. The scales on the large

form are bi-coloured, but those on some specimens of the small form are not so,

The involucres on Miss Parrott’s Landour fern, gathered in September, are of

reddish-brown colour ; and in that respect, and in general habit the plant is

almost the same asa plant of C. grisea gathered by Blanford in the Simla

Region in the same month.

On the way up the Himalaya from Rajpur to Mussoorie farinosa is the only

Cheilanthes seen for the first few hundred feet of elevation : then anceps begins

to appear, and very soon entirely supersedes farinosa and is alone until, with a

little of rufa, it meets the lower limit of albo-marginata. The large form of C.

anceps is, however, met with also considerably lower down, in the Raspana Valley.

The marked difference of anceps from farinosa at once catches the eye: it is

stiffer, and much darker in colour, and the frond is narrowly lanceolate. The

coat of farina on the under side is much thicker, and therefore looks much

whiter than that on farinosa, and it presents a marked contrast to the dark-

coloured rhachises. The colour of the frond is a dark-green. If the large

stout form is to be put with C’. dullosa, Kze., it seems to me to be all the more

necessary to make a distinct species of them ; but the shape of the frond seems

different in the two plants. JI am inclined to transfer Blanford’s Simla, high-

level type, and the similar small plants from elsewhere, to C. grisea.

11. GC. grisea, Blanford in “The Silver Ferns”? (Cheilanthes) “ of

Simla and their Allies,” read before the Simla Nat. Hist. Soc., 25th June, 1886;

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 251

C. farinosa, Kaulf., var. grisea, Blanford in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol.

LXVITI, Pt. I, No. 4, 1888 ; C. furinosa, forma minor, Ol. and Bak. in Journ.

Linn, Soc., Vol. XXV, p, 411; Bedd. Suppl. H. B. 21.

“Stipes slender, 2-6 ins. long, light-brown, naked, or bearing a few thin

brown and translucent lanceolate scales (not white-margined) near the

base. Fronds dimorphous :—one form narrow lanceolate 4-5 ins. long

1}-2 ims. broad, thin papyraceous: lower 38-4 pairs of pinne

subequal distant : under surface thickly coated, upper surface sprinkled

with white powder: segments narrow oblong. The other form

ovate-lanceolate ; pinnz close, triangular ; lower two pairs equal.

Both forms fertile. Involucres as in typical variety’?

PuNJAB: Chamba ; Ravi Valley, 8500’, McDonell. Simla Reg.—Gt. Thibet Rd.

from Nazkanda to Bagi, and Hattu Mt., $3-940u’, Blanf., Trotter, Bliss; Simla-—The

Waterfalls, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussoorie, about 6200’, Hope, {881; Brit. Garh,—

Dombitia Gadk, 9-10,900’, Duthie; Awmawn—above Sosa, 9-10,000' ; Byans—Kali

Valley, above Chalek, 11-12,000’, Duthie.

DistRis.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim—Darjiling, Sinchal, 8,090’, Gamble.

Assam—Khasia Hills, Nunklow 2500’, Clarke No. 45686.

MeDonell’s plant from Chamba is very elegant ; stipe twice as long as the

frond, which is very white beneath ; involucres light-brown. Bliss’s speci-

men from Bagi, No. 243, is similar but smaller, and stipe not so long ; and

mine from Mussoorie is the same, but with numerous sharp-pointed scales

extending half-way up the stipe : it, as well as Trotter’s from the Simla Region,

has a little of the white powder on the upper surface, but in such cases the

“ nowder? may have fallen from the under surface of other fronds. Blan-

ford’s and Bliss’s specimen from the low elevation, as well as Duthie’s from

B, Garhwal, have yellow-brown involucres. The powder in all cases is white.

(To be continued.)

252

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID or Cryton.

By H. Ernest Green, I. E.S., Government ENTOMOLOGIST,

WITH PLATES A—G.

(Continued from page 76 of this Volume.)

AONIDIA PERPLEXA,n. sp. (PI. E, figs. 19, 20.)

Female puparium (fig, 19) oval, flat. Secretionary area greenish-grey,

semi-transparent, completely covering the pellicles except over a circular spot

in the centre of the first, where the surface of the pellicle is exposed. The

first pellicle is really almost colourless and transparent ; but appears black,

the colour of the second pellicle showing through it, Second pellicle black,

the colour partially concealed by the thin layer of greyish secretion which

extends as a moderately broad border beyond it, Extremity of second pel-

licle with six prominent wedge-shaped lobes and some stout squames between

them, Size of second pellicle 1:20 by 075mm, Length of complete pupa-

rium 1°75 mm. Breadth 1°25 mm,

Male puparinm greyish, semi-transparent, Pellicle very pale yellow : a cir-

cular spot in the centre exposed, Length 150 mm, Breadth 1 mm.

Aduit female broadly rounded in front, with two minute indentations on

the anterior margin, immediately in front of the rostrum, Antenne, each

consisting of a tubercle with one longish and one very short hair, placed a

little within the margin. Rostrum large and conspicuous. Spiracles without

parastigmatic glands. Margin of abdominal segments not fringed, but with

one or two longish spines, Pygidium (fig. 20) rounded, with a conspicuous

truncate median prominence bearing three small spines. Two conical promi-

nences at intervals on each side, each with one longish and two very small

spines. Immediately lateral of the several prominences are the six lobes

which are rather inconspicuous on account of their pale colour and trans-

parency. Without careful adjustment of the light the true lobes may be

overlooked and the five prominences mistaken for them, Hach lobe is short

bat very broad, sloping downwards from the side of the adjacent prominence

to the margin : the free edge minutely serrate, Analand genital apertures

situate about the centre of the pygidium, on the dorsal and ventral surfaces,

respectively. Length 075 mm, Breadth 0°75 mm.

Adult male not observed.

Habitat :—On the under surface of leaves of Messua ferrea, in the Botanic

Gardens, Peradeniya. Placed singly by the side of the midrib.

This insect occurs on the same leaves as the preceding one, ( A. mesue ) ;

put the two species, are confined to the opposite surfaces of the leaves,

Their structural characters are quite distinct.

AoNIDIA PLANCHONIOIDES, n. sp. (PI. E, figs. 21, 22, 23.)

———

—

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID4 OF CEYLON, 253

Female puparium (fig. 21) oval: very pale yellow, transparent, revealing

the adult insect enclosed within the large second pellicle.

The second pellicle has an opaque yellowish-white margin, and beyond this

the secretionary are. forms a narrow frilled border, Towards the posterior-

extremity is a circumscribed concave patch, immediately followed by a rounded

ridge. Both the pellicles are quite transparent ; their appearance being that .

of a celluloid covering, through which the sublying insect is clearly dis-

cernable, The second pellicle, removed from the puparium, (fig. 22), is pear-

shaped, a circumscribed triangular patch at the extremity quite colourless

and glassy. Size of second pellicle |mm. by 07) mm. Total length of

puparium 1:12 mm,

Male puparium of same size and form as female, but without the

marginal zones, Pale transparent yellow: the single pellicle subcentrally

situated,

Adult female, after oviposition semi-circular, the abdominal segments re-

tracted. Colour yellow. Pygidium (fig. 23) with a marginal series of large

irregular pointed processes, their extremities often deeply cieft. The shape

and number of these processes is variable: but one is always medially situat-

ed, and there are usually five on each side. The lobes are represented by

four (sometimes six) narrow chitinous bands in the spaces between the mar-

ginal processes. There is a longish slender spine in the space on each side

of the median process. The anal is situated considerably below the genital

_ aperture. Length about 050mm, Breadth 0°62 mm,

Adult male of normal form : genital sheath pointed, Feet with two-knob-

bed hairs on tarsus and one on claw, Length, including genital sheath, 1 mm,

Habitat :—On both surfaces of leaves of a species of Ficus, in the Botanic

Gardens, Peradeniya.

This little insect bears a remarkable resemblance to some species of Astero-

lecanium, (or Planchonia), s0 much so, that I provisionally determined it as a

member of that genus: and it was only after a microscopical examination

that I discovered my mistake, The transparent scale, revealing the sublying

insect occupying the anterior half, together with the submarginal zone and

the frilled border, all aid in the deception : though one can conceive no pos-

sible use for the resemblance.

Genus MYTILASPIS.

MYTILASPIS LASIANTHI, n.sp. (PI. F, fig. 24.)

Female puparium elongate, broadest across the middle and tapering to

either end ; moderately convex above ; margin not abruptly flattened ; with

a cylindrical median channel and broad border below, as in gloverd and pallida,

Hees disposed in two rows. Colour brownish-yellow to bright orange ; ex-

amples on upper surface of leaf with the biighter tint ; margin paler, Pellicles

straw-co:our, Length 2°50 mm, Greatest breadth slightly under 1 mm,

Male puparium, pale straw-colour, with colourless margin, Length 1°50 mm,

054 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Adult female of normal form: segments well defined, with prominent

margins dotted with numerous oval pores, A prominent rounded tubercle

on each side of the head, marking the position of rudimentary

eyes, Anterior spiracles with parastigmatic glands consisting of two or

three pores only. Pygidium (fig. 24) rounded. Median lobes conical,

with a minute notch luw down on each side. Second lobes duplex: the

‘mesal lobule largest, with rounded extremity, slightly narrowed at

base: lateral lobule narrow, inner edge longest. Other lobes obsolete,

Spines, squames and dorsal pores as in gloverti, Circum-genital glands in five

groups, the three upper groups sometimes almost confluent : the number of

orifices unusually constant: median group with 4, upper laterals with 10,

and lower laterals with 8. Length of extended insect about 0.75 mm,

Adult male not observed.

Habitat.—On both surfaces of leaves of Lasianthus strigosus ; Pundaluoya 5

November. Also on croton leaves ; Colombo.

As with many members of this genus, it is extremely difficult to convey

a clear idea of the differences between this species and its nearest allies, It

belengs to the group containing gloveri and pallida, with the distinct

median channel and divided ventral scale. It is perhaps nearest to pallida:

but may be distinguished by the lanceolate form of the puparium, tapering

to eitherend: by its brighter colour : and by the more evenly convex dorsal

surface of the scale, the margin not being flattened otfabove, The adult

female may be distinguished from pallida by the much greater number of

marginal pores, which are crowded along the sides of the’ segments from

the meso-thorax downwards, and by the rather more prominent lobes on the

pygidium. The abdominal segments ave also much more strongly produced.

MytiLASPIS PALLIDA, Green.

M, gloverii, Packard, var. pallida, Green, ‘Coccide of Ceylon, Part I, p. 85,

After examination of a large amount of material,I have come to the

conclusion that pallida should rank as a good species, Prof. Cockerell, of

New Mexico, is also of the same opinion. It may be separated from

gloverii by the much paler colour of the scale, and by the broadly expanded

margin. The division in the ventral scale of pallida is quite broad, while

in gloverit it is merely a narrow slit.

Genus DIASPIS.

DraSPIs AMYGDALI, Tryon,

This specics has lately appeared in considerable numbers on the stems of

the ‘Dadap’ tree (EZrythrina sp.), in Pundaluoya, It does not appear to

cause these very succulent trees any appreciable harm,

DEASPIS LORANTHI, n. sp. (PI. }, figs. 25, 26.)

Female puparium greyish-white, semi-trans; arent : but both colour and

transparency obscured by the tomentose covering of the leaf, which is con-

tinuous over the surfaceof the scale. Pellicles small, pale yellow, some-

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDZA OF CEYLON. 255

times subcentral, sometimes close to the margin, concealed beneath the

tomentose covering, visible only on the inner surface of the scale. Form

approximately circular ; flat ; very thin and delicate in texture. Ventral

scale remaining attached to the leaf.

Diameter about 3°50 mm.

Male puparium of normal form, elongate, narrow, sides almost parallel,

strongly tricarinate : snowy-white, the pale yellow pellicle situate at the

anterior extremity. Ventral scale well developed, completely closing the

puparium below.

Length 1:15 mm.

Adult female (fig. 25) bright yellow ; elongate, narrow ; EA aioe and

meso-thorax slightly broader than the remaining parts, Segments well

defined, the second abdominal moderately produced at the sides, the third

abdominal merged in the pygidium, Antenne at some little distance within

the margin, each consisting of a small tubercle and a long curved hair.

Mouth parts large and conspicuous, close to the anterior extremity. Spira-

cles small ; both pairs accompanied by parastigmatic glands ; the anterior

pair one on each side of and close to the mentum ; the second pair just with-

in the anterior border of the meta-thorax. There is a pair (sometimes two

pairs) of conspicuous depressed spots on the dorsal surface of each segment,

besides a number of scar-like spots above the cephalic segment. There isa

group of about 7 spiniform squames on the margins of the second abdominal

segment, The pygidium, which in this section of the genus includes the 3rd

abdominal segment, may otherwise be subdivided as in typical Chionaspis

(vide ‘Coccide of Ceylon, Part II, p. 106, Pl. XXXI), Median. lobes large

and diverging, partly sunk in a conspicuous median cleft (fig, 26), their free

edges minutely serrate, their bases united, Second lobe duplex ; the mesal

lobule prominent, elongate and narrow ; the lateral lobule, short and sloping

away to the margin ; rather difficult to define, being more or less confused

with the adjacent spine and squame; both lobules entire, Third lobe duplex ;

the mesal lobule rather prominent, slightly dilated at extremity, the inner

edge longest, the free edge serrate ; lateral lobule short, outer edge sloping

to the margin, Single spiniform squames on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lateral

spaces : three or four on the 5th space : and from seven to ten on the base

(the 3rd abdominal segment), The marginal dorsal pore on the 2nd space is

situated on a prominent point, There are two marginal pores on the 3rd

space, the mesal one on a prominent rounded process that may be

mistaken for one of the true lobes : the second pore in a cleft between

the lobules. Marginal spines rather long, particularly that between the

lobules on the second space. Series of conspicuous oval dorsal pores at the

junctions of the suppressed segments. Circumgenital glands in five groups

with numerous orifices: median 8 to 16: upper latterals 14 to 25: ieee

laterials 11 to 26, Anal and genital apertures superimposed,

try

256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

Length 1°50 mm. Breadth 0°62 mm,

Adult male red; of normal form: genital sheath almost as long’as the body.

Antenne with a knobbed hair at the apex and another from the side of the

terminal joint, Foot with 1 ungual and? tarsal digitules, Length about

0°75 mm,

Habitat,—On under surface of leaves of Loranthus tomentosus ; sometimes

also on the young stems; Pundaluoya ; Banderawella.

In general form this species closely resembles D. rose : but the colour of

the adult female, (rose being red), and the much more prominent pygidial

lobes will serve to distinguish it,

Genus FLORINIA.

FIORINIA FIORINIZ, Targ.

In Part I of the ‘ Coccide of Ceylon’ I stated that I had not yet observ-

ed thisinsect upon the tea-plant. Ihave now to record that it is by no

means uncommon on tea in several of the up-country districts. Fortunately

the pest seems to affect the small-leaved (China) jats only - and is subject toa

fungal disease which keeps it in check. The diseased insects are easily re-

cognised by a fringe of bright orange-coloured matter projecting from be-

neath the scale,

FIORINIA SAPROSM, Green, (PI. G, fig. 27.)

Subsequent examination, of better preparations, shows that the inter-an-

tennal tubercle of the adult female is not tricuspid, but bears a number of

small spine-like points (fig. 27).

FIORINIA SAPROSMA, var. GELONII, n.var. (PI. G, fig, 28.)

A form from Gelonium lanceolatum has the median lobes more prominent

and distinctly serrate (fig. 28). The first lateral lobe is sometimes developed

in this variety. The position of antenne and inter-antennal tubercle are as in

the type. This form may be distinguished as var. geloniz.

FIORINIA PROBOSCIDARIA, n. sp. (PI. G, figs. 29, 30, 31, 32.)

Female puparium (fig. 29) elongate lanceolate, with a distinct median carina.

Colour golden brown, shining. First pellicle pale yellow, projecting from

the anterior extremity, The rest of the pupariam consisting of the enlarged

second pellicle. Length 2°25mm, Breadth 0° 40 mm.

Male puparium undetermined, As this species occurred in company with

F. saprosme, and the males of closely allied species being almost indistin-

guishable, it was impossible to separate with any certainty the male scales of

the two insects,

Adult female (fig. 30) elongate, tapering at both ends. At the anterior

extremity is a remarkable proboscis-like organ (fig. 31), which has suggested

the specific name of the insect, It is an extension of the inter-antennal tuber-

cle found in saprosme and some other forms, The antenne are situated at

the base of it, Accompanying this excessive growth the anterior part

of the body has become twisted io one side. Parastigmatic glands represent-

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII. Plate E.

THE COCCIDZ OF CEYLON,

Plate F.

QQ —p lw ee See

(o] Oe o oe Cee eee

NCO a a oe ze

Oss

Fig, 26,

Fic. 24,

“BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

THE COUCIDE OF CEYLON,

MAF caV LENGE

5 matey eee e

came honnete Atm ng ioe

Pier eiactonnh Se Scein as Neniey ANB em Ae

igheea anise i Z

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIIT. Plate G.

Fig. 32,

Fig. 31.

THE COCCIDA OF CEYLON.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID4: OF CEYLON, 257

ed by a single pore at each of the first pair of spiracles, The lateral margins

of the metathorax are set with small blunt tubercles. Pygidium bluntly

triangular, Median lobes moderately large, widely diverging, coarsely ser-

rate, Two serrated chitinous prominences on each side represent the lobules

of the first lateral lobes (fig. 32). Spines well developed; two between the

median lobes: others in the usual positions: There isa single large, stout

squame near the extremity on each side, Anal aperture close to base of

pygidium. Circumgenital glands in five groups, sometimes in a continuous

arch: median 6to7: upper laterals 12 to 16: lower laterals 20 to 24,

Length 1 to 1°12 mm,

Adult male not observed.

Habitat,—On leaves of Gelonium lanceolatum : Pundaluoya: August,

This species is remarkable for, and may easily distinguished by, the ex-

traordinary development of the usually small interantennal tubercle. The

organ exists in saprosme as a minute spinous tubercle, In F. thee (Green,

MS ), from India, it appears as a prominent spatulate process, It is difficult

fo imagine any use for the elephantine proboscis of the present species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES HE, F, & G.

PLhaTE E—

Fig, 19. Aonidia perplexa ; female puparium.

jopeenle - Pe ; pygidium of adult female.

eal a planchonioides ; female puparium.

eka i a - Qud pellicle of female puparium,

eto, ty s ; pygidium of adult female, ventral view.

PLATE F--

Fig. 24, Mytilaspis lasianthi ; pygidium of adult female, dorsal view.

25. Diaspis loranthi; adult female, ventral view.

20, a ey ; pygidium of adult female.

PLaTE G— ;

Fig, 27, Fiorinia saprosme ; inter-antennal tubercle of adult female.

ee 28, P i ; var. gelonéi ; pygidium of adult female.

Da eeu a proboscidaria ; female puparium,

Po: :, ve ; adult female, ventral view.

Sirol, Be i ; anterior extremity of acult female.

32, sr i ; pygidium of adult female.

258

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dupazon, F.E.s.

Wire Notas sy H. J. Enwes, F.z.s:;, FES. &C.,

| AND |

Appitions By Sir Grorce F. Hameson, Bart, B.A., FES, &0.

Part VIII.

With Plate II.

(Contimued from page 84 of this Volume.)

Family LIMACODIDZ.

Genus ScopELoDEs, Westw.

817. 8S. venosa, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 5,000 feet. A very common species

attracted to light. It is found in April, May, August, September and

October, but I have no females in my collection. (The forms wrszna,

Butl., and testacea, Butl., both of which occur in Sikhim, seem to me to

be sufficiently distinct—H. J. £.)

818. 3S. sericea, Buitl.

Sikhim, 3,000 feet. I have only one which isa female. The wings

are uniform ochreous and of a silky transversely ribbed form. (The

silky corrugation of the forewings is either not constant, or [ have two

species under this name.—Z. J. EL.)

819. S. unzcolor, Westw.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. Ihave no doubt that this occurs in

Bhutan also, but all my specimens are from Sikhim, It is easily recog-

nizable from the last two species in being smaller, with the forewing,

thorax, and palpi red-brown, and the hindwing yellow. It has a habit

of sitting on twigs with the head and thorax elevated and the wings

folded, and in this position it resembles a velvety brown leaf bud and is

very inconspicuous. My specimens were obtained in May, August

and September. (My specimens named by Hampson average as large

as those of S, sericea and 8. venosa.—H. J. E.)

820. S. contracta, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. The male has both wings

grey-brown with the inner margin of the hindwing yellowish. The

female which Ihave taken with the male has the forewing pale reddish-

- HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 259

brown minutely irrorated with black scales, and the hindwing dark

grey. Itoccursin May and June, and is not common. (My male

specimen has the hindwings of uniform colour with the forewing.

It may be that Mr. Dudgeon has another species.—H, J. EF.)

Genus HypHorma, WIk.

821. HA. minax, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. My only specimen I took at Fagoo

in May sitting on a branch in the same position as I have mentioned

S. unicolor, oes adopts.

Genus Sustca, WIk.

824, S. pallida, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 6,000 feet. Males are extremely common

at low elevations, but I have never seen the female. Fresh specimens

have a high tuft or crest on the thorax.

Genus THosEa, WIK.

820. £3 cana, WIk. :

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000 feet. I have taken it in May and

August, (Commoner in the Khasias, where I took it at 6,000 feet in

September.—H. J. E.)

$27. T. tripartita, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. Lasily recognised from

the last by the basal portion of the forewing being dark brown, and the

pale line bounding it being more erect, also by the postmedial line

meeting the margin above the outer angle. Occurs in May, July,

August and September. (Only once taken at light in Darjeeling, on

August 26th—H. J. E.)

| 829. 7. fasciata, Moore.

Bhutan 2,500 feet. One specimen, a female taken in August.

832. T. cervina, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 4,000 feet, at least. Twenty-two

specimens in my collection fall under four forms. Two of which

seem to me to be sufficiently distinct, and may possibly be found to

belong to another species.

A. Dark brown irrorated with black, disco-cellular speck minute,

postmedial line pale edged, slightly incurved, arising from

costa just before the apex, ending near outer angle, Exp.

& 36-38, 9 39-46 millim.

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1IT,

B, Postmedial line straight, not pale edged, arising from costa

long before the apex and ending just beyond the middle of

the inner margin.

a. Disco-cellular spot round and distinct. Ground-

colour grey.

a’. Grey suffused with brownish on the basal

portion as far as just before the origin

of the postmedial line at the costa, and

just before the middle of the inner

margin. Hwp. @ 31-39, @ 40-43

millim.

b', Pale grey, with a suffused indistinct darker

irregular fascia from before the middle

of the inner margin, angled outwards

below vein 2, and bent in towards the

origin of the vein ; a dark cloudy mark

beyond the postmedial line between

veins 2 and 5. Lap. @ only, 48-50

millim,

6. Disco-cellular spot minute or absent. Red-brown

throughout, with a diffused fuscous fascia from

before the middle of the inner margin to beyond

the middle of the costa. Huxp. g only, 40-42

millim.

The form A seems to be the typical one, and was bred from a

quantity of cocoons sent me by Mr. Geo. Murray, late of Rungamutiee

Estate in the Western Dooars. The larva had done a considerable

amount of harm to the tea, and many thousands of larve and pupe

were destroyed on this garden alone in 1894. The cocoon, which

was found in the ground, was dark brown in colour and nearly

round, and was so much like a tea seed in appearance that it

might easily be overlooked in searching for it. The specimens

sent me all emerged in August. I have three males and two females

in my collection. Form B. a.a'. | have taken in Sikhim and Bhutan

from 1,800 to 3,009 feet. I have four males and four females showing

no variation ; this was identified as T. cervina, Moore, by Hampson, it

occurs in May, August and September, Form B. a.b. Ihave three

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 261

males from Bhutan, 2,500 feet, and two males from Sikhim, 1,800 feet ;

it isa much larger insect than the others, and I have taken it in

August only. Of form B. 6.1 have four specimens, all males taken

at 1,800 feet in June and September at Punkabaree.

834. T. cotest, Swinh.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 3,000 feet. Occurs commonly in

March, April, May, August, September and October.

835. T. divergens, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan 1,800 and 3,000 feet. The common form is

pale red, almost pink, the forewing, thorax and abdomen being all the

same tint, I have three specimens in which this colour is everywhere

replaced by brown, and the pectinations on the basal half of the antennze

are shorter. This brown form 1 have only taken in Bhutan at 2,500

feet in May and September. The typical form occurs in the same

months in Sikhim and Bhutan.

835a. T. postornata, n. . (PLATE II, Fie. 29, 9).

Setora sinensis, Moore, A.M.N.H., (4) xx. p. 93, 1877, nec, W1k.

2. Dull brown ; head and thorax tinged with pink. Forewing

with pink suffusion irrorated with a few black scales on basal costal

area to below cell, between the two lines, and on terminal area from

below apex to vein 3; an obliquely curved line from costa beyond

the middle to inner margin before middle, a velvety black-brown out-

wardly oblique postmedial line expanding into a large subquadrate

brown patch below vein 3.

Sir Geo. Hampson remarks that the type from Shanghai has no

pink suffusion, and the postmedial line and patch much less conspicuous,

Hab. Shanghai; Sikhim, 1,800 feet. July (Dudgeon). Exp. 40

millim.

Genus NATADA, WIk.

838. NV. conjuncta, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have taken this species at Singla, 1,200

feet, Badamtam, 3,000 feet, and Fagoo, 2,500 feet, in August. It is not

common. (I havea single female Natada which Sir Geo. Hampson

considered not in good enough condition to describe, but which is

certainly distinct. It may be known by a iarge chocolate ocellus-like

patch on the outer half of the forewing. It was from Moller’s collection

taken in October.—H. J. E.)

262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111,

843. LV. ocellata, Moore. ‘

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 6,000 feet, Two males from Bhutan

have each a tuft of long hairs on the thorax pointed forwards over the

head, the forewing is lightly longer and with less fuscous suffusion

towards its base. Some of the Sikhim specimens have black dorsal

tufts on the second and third abdominal segments. It is a very com-

mon insect at Tukvar at 5,000 feet, and occurs in May and June.

(I took this at light at Darjeeling in July. My Naga specimens have

no black hair tufts on the abdomen and thorax like those from Sikhim,

the Khasias and Upper Burma.—Z. J. E.)

844, LV. velutina, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Perhaps the commonest of the genus, occur-

ring along the Himalayas westward as far as the Punjab certainly.

I have specimens taken at 1,000 feet up to 5,000 feet in May, June,

August and September.

: Genus TeTRAPHLEPS, Hmpsn.

é 845. T. brevilinea, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Ihave never taken this myself, but I have

several specimens which I believe were taken at about 6,000 feet in

June and September by my collectors. (I found this common at

Dar nealing and on the top of Tongloo at light in July.—H. J. E.)

846. 7. crispa, Swinh.

Sikhim, 9,000 feet. I havea specimen from Dr. Pilcher taken in

June and labelled thus. (Ihave several specimens from Modller’s

collection, but never took it myself. I believe it is a low-level species,

and probably local.—H. J. E.)

Genus BirtHama, WIk.

848. B. junctura, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet, Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took one male in Bhutan

at light in September, 1895, which measures 38 millimetres, and one

female at Punkabaree, also at light in September, 1898, which measures

50 millimetres. I have seen no others. |

Genus Miresa, WI1k.

856. M. bracteata, Buil. |

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000 feet up to 7,000 feet. A common

species at light at the higher elevation in July and August. (Very

common from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. A form of this or. perhaps

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 263

a good species, named in my collection MM. argentifera, W1k., by Sir

G. Hampson, has the silvery band much fainter and no triangular silvor

patch as in M. bracteata. I took this in August at Darjeeling. Col.

Swinhoe has marked a specimen “notin B, M.” The hindwing of

this is much darker than in WM. bracteata.—H. J. E.)

857. iM. decedens, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 5,000 feet. A common species.

Vein 10 of the forewing arises from the end of the cell in most of

my specimens, in one from Bhutan it is stalked with 7, 8 and 9 dis-

tinctly, and runs close along the latter vein. In M. nzvaha, Moore,

which I have from Kanara, Western India, vein 10 is distinetly

stalked with 7,8 and 9. M. decedens occurs in August and September.

Genus Parasa, Moore,

860. P. repanda, WIk.

Sikhim (Hampson). I have never seen a specimen. (I also have

never seen a specimen from Sikhim but it occurs in the Nagas.— A.J. L.)

862. P. argeniilinea, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. I have only eight speci-

mens in my Gollection taken by me at light in June, August and

September.

863. P. hilaris, Westw.

Sikhir and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. A very common species

occurring in n April, May, July, August and September.

864. P. pastoralis, Butl.

Sikhim, 1,800; Bhutan, 2,500 to 3,000 feet Occurs, attracted to

light, in May and September.

868. P. bicolor, Wk.

Sikhim, 1800 ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Five specimens taken at light in

April, July, August and September. One specimen has no trace of

the brown marks on the forewing.

871. P. herbifera, Wik. (PLATE I, Fics. 8, 3 3 9, 9).

Sikhim 1,800 feet. Under this species in the ‘“ Moths of India”

Sir George Hampson has given the description of the male of

P. fumosa, Swinh,; a specimen of which has been kindly given me by

‘Mr, Bell taken in Kanara. Sir George Hampson, after receiving

specimens of the males and females of P. herbifera, Wlk., from me

informs me that P.- fumosa should be removed from the synonymy.

264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

The two sexes of P. herbifera are very different, and it remains to

be seen whether the same is the case with regard to P. fumosa. I

give descriptions of both sexes taken from my specimens.

&. Head and thorax dark brown, the latter with a pea-green patch

on each side. Forewing dark maroon-brown, with the basal two-thirds

reddish. Abdomen and hindwing dark brown. zp. 21-23 millim.

Q. Head and thorax pale brown, the former with an indistinct

green line from the base of the antennee over the eyes, the latter with

a pea-green patch on each side. Forewing pea-green with an oval

brown patch from the base along the costa to just before the middle,

a postmedial waved brown line becoming medial at the inner margin,

beyond which the area is purplish grey-brown suffused with silvery

scales; a submarginal patch of brown between veins 4 and 5, and

another at the outer angle. Abdomen and hindwing pale brown, the

latter slightly paler towards the base. wp. 27-34 millim.

I reared two batches of Jarvee, which emerged in February-March

and August-Sepsember. I also took a male at light in May.

The larve feed gregariously ona plant which is parasitic to Shorea

robusta and other trees, the Nepalese name for the plant is “ Aijhal.”

Larva. Two distinct forms are found together. The first is greenish,

with three pale yellow dorsal lines throughout, a sub-dorsal row of

short spiny tubercles on a yellow line, those on the érd, 4th, 10th

and lith somites longer and with black points ; three lateral yellow

lines followed by a sub-lateral row of yellow-brown tipped tubercles

longer than the sub-dorsa] ones ; 1st somite with a pair of black spots,

- followed by a bright blue band which is generally hidden; 12th

somite with a pair of large velvety black spots, and terminating in two

tubercles similar to the sub-lateral ones. Head brownish, under-

surface yellowish-green. The second form, which is assumed by some

of the larvee two moults before pupating, by others not until the

last moult, and still not atall by others, differs from the first form

in the central dorsal and central lateral lines being blue-green, and

all the tubercles orange or scarlet on lines of the same colour.

Pupa is formed in a cocoon of brownish silk of the ordinary ‘Lima-

codid form beneath a protecting outer web onthe under-surface of

dead leaves of the food-plant. Four or five cocoons are often joined

together. Iyeared 22 specimens from larve taken.

Rah pdt bee toga

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 265

872. P. dentata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. 1 have never seen a specimen of this species. (The type

of this is from Moller’s collection, and is very like a Parasa in colour

and pattern. I havetwo ¢ from the Naga hills—H. J. £.)

Genus TrirLoPHLePs, Hmpsn.

876. T. inferma, Swinh.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one specimen at light at Punkakaree in

September. The hindlegs have enormous tufts of long hairs with

flattened spade-like tips. My specimen measures 25 millimetres in

expanse,

Genus CERATONEMA, Hmpsn.

878. C. albifusum, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 8,000 feet. Taken at light by me

at Badamtam and Fagoo in May and June.

878a. C. ferrugineum, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took four specimens of this species in May

and October at light. My specimens, one of which I sent to Sir Geo.

Hampson, who remarks that it is more suffused than the type, differ

from the description in having the head, thorax, and base of the wings

only yellow-brown ; the thorax with a black tuft posteriorly.

Abdomen brown, suffused with fuscous ; forewing leaden fuscous, with

a distinct lobe of dark flattened scales on the inner margin before the

middle, and a postmedial curved line ; hindwing fuscous.

879. C. retractum, WIk.

Sikhin:, 7,000 feet ; Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I have specimens taken

in July and August. The neuration of the forewing, in that the veins

2 and 3 are much bent down, islike that of Trichogyia semifascia

Hmpsn. (Taken at Darjeeling at light in August.—Z, J. FE.)

880. HH. fasciatum, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. One specimen taken in August, which exactly

corresponds to the description, has the hindwing with 6 and 7 stalked.

880a. C. pallidinota, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen this species.

C. albidivisum, Hmpsn. ined. (Puats I, Fic. 10.)

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have five specimens, one of which was indenti-

fied by Sir Geo. Hampson as C. albtdivisum. I took them in May,

June and July at light at Punkabaree. They seem to me to belong

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

to the genus Trichogyia, if the latter genus is really separable from

Ceratonema. ‘Lhe only difference between the two genera appears to

be that Trichogyia has veins 3 and 4 of the hindwing stalked or

arising from a point, whereas in Ceratonema their origin is separate.

C. albidivisum has these two veins distinctly stalked. Both genera have

veins 2 and 3 of the forewing more or less bent downwards, and

vein lc more or less diverted from vein 1); veins 6 and 7 of the

hindwing arising separately (except in C. fasciatum where they are

stalked). 7. semifascia has veins 38 and 4 arising from a point, but

there is no perceptible stalk in my specimens.

Genus TrrcHogy1a, Hmpsn.

1413. T. semifascea, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I took two males of this species at Fagoo in

July, 1894.

880a. 7. metameleena, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet.. Six males which I took at light at Punka-

baree in May and June, Veins 3 and 4 of the hindwing are dis-

tincily stalked but the stalk is short. This species and C. pallzdinota,

Hmpsn., bear the same number, vz. 880a. in Moths of India,

Hmpsn.

Genus Ar#ogy1a, Hmpsn.

This genus seems to be separated by Sir Geo. Hampson from

Ceratonema by vein 7 being from below the angle of the cell in the

forewing, vein 10 not stalked with veins 8 and 9, and the legs naked.

Vein 7 is from below the angle in C. ferrugineum and C. albidivisum as

also in 7’. semifascia and T. metamaleena; so that vein 10 of the fore-

wing being from the cell and the legs being naked, are the only points

on which to separate it.

881. A. spatulata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (This was not rare: at

Darjeeling in 1886. I find five specimens in my collection, three of

which I took at light myself on June 21st. It is a small dull coloured

species which probably gets overlooked.— HZ. J. L..)

882. <A. castanea, Hmpsn. ;

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one 9 in August, which expands 20

millimetres. The palpi are not longer than those of C. albifusum

(Only one specimen, the type is in my collection.—H, J. E.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 267 |.

Genus Canta, WI1k.

; 883. C. bilinea, Wk. :

Sikhim and Bhutan, a ,900 to 6,000 feet. A common peenies occur-

ring in April, May, June, August and,October.

Genus AtrHa, WIk.

886. _ A. castaneipars, Moore. —

Sikhim and Bhutan 2,500—7,000 feet. Occurs in May, June,

August and September. Very common at light.

887. A. nivea, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. The higher elevation forms -

have the olive markings forming regular patches on the forewing, Low

elevation specimens correspond to one I have received from Caleutta

and those taken in the Punjab. (I have no specimen from Sikhim, and

there were none in Moller’s collection, so I presume it is very eels —

Je bel koe OS) aad

$90. A. rufotessallata, Moore.

‘Sikhim. I do not know this species. (I also have never seen a_

opie specimen.—Z7. J. E.) .

Genus Narosa, WI1k.

89la. N. uniformis, Swinh.

Bhutan, 2,500 to 3,000 feet. I have three specimens of a pale rufous

species of this genus which are entirely without markings. I took them

at Fagoo in July, August and September, the smallest expands 21

millimetres and the largest 26 millimetres, They correspond to no

other of the species described, so they are probably slight varieties of

this one.

892. LV. conspersa, W1k.

“Sikhim and Bhutan up to 3,000 feet. A common but variable

species, chiefly in the extent of white on the forewing, and

the absence or presence of brown specks on the nervures below

the cell. Occurs in May, June, July, September and Octo-

ber.

“ 893. LV. danza, Moore,

“Sie and Bhutan up to 5,000 feet. <A fairly common species

occurring in May, June, July, August and September. Hxpanse of my

specimens ranges from 19—27 millimetres,

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11I.

Genus Monrema, WIk.

893a. M. coralina, Dudgn. (Puate I, Fie. 20.)

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I obtained three males, including the type

which is in my collection at Fagoo, in September, 1694, attracted to

light.

Genus Betippa, WIk.

894. B. laleana Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 ft. A common species. The

description given by Sir Geo. Hampson was evidently taken from a

female. The male has the forewing narrower and of a‘ dark brown,

in some specimens chestnut, colour with a waved antemedial indistinct

line, a black speck at the lower angle of the cell and a black apical

patch ; pale creamy patches below the lower angle of the cell, and

from below the apical patch to vein 3 oa the outer margin. Hindwing

fuscous with the costa and outer margins more or less fulvous ; a black

subapical spot and another at the anal angle. Some specimens have

the inner margin of the hindwing as far as vein 2 fulvous. The

larva is found on tea, but cannot be considered as doing any serious

damage. I have taken both sexes of the perfect insect in May, June,

July and September.

895. B. thoracica, Moore.

Sikhim 7,000—10,000 feet. Ihave a specimen taken at Gnatong

in July. (Taken at Darjeeling at light in July.—Z. J. E.)

896. B. apicata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this, but it seems close to B. laleana,

Moore. ‘The male of this latter species has the outer margin of the

hindwing straight in 4 of my specimens and the apex acute, whereas

other 4 males have it rounded. A specimen of 8,-lohor, Moore, from

Kanara in my collection has the outer margin of the hindwing rather

deeply excised.

Genus Mananta, Moore.

899. M. quadrilinea, Moore.

Sikhim, 6,000 feet. I have only one specimen taken near Darjeel-

ing in June, (L took one at lightat Darjeeling in July, another

from Moller’s collection in May. It seems quite a rare species.—

H. J. E.)

(To be continued.)

=—es

DUD GEON, Journal Bombay Nat. Mist. Soc. "Diarealli.

West,Newman chromo.

New or little known Heterocera from Sikhim & Bhutan.

~~ Ss

THE

SANS oP ow SO

OD i ole

269

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN.

EXPLANATION oF Prats III,

Zurobata plagiostola, Hampson, Q, :

Eublemma coccidiphaga, Hampson, +.

Eublemma ruiginea, Hampson, 2, =.

Corgatha costincia, Hampson, Q , 3.

Plothea stigmatophora, Hampson, 6, 3.

Carea rectimarginata, Hampson, @, i

Brevipecter cosmoides, Hampson, 9

Euteha viridinota, Hampson, 9, t.

Eutelia stictoprocta, Hampson, 9, 2.

Westermannia calisigna, Hampson, Q, t.

Risoba flavipennis, Hampson, 9, +-

Catephia lichenea, Hampson, ¥, 4.

Trisula didgeom, Hampson, 9, :.

Xanthoptera nigridia, Swinhoe, ?, 1.

Aanthoptera magna, Swinhoe, F ,

Mimoruza rosealis, Hampson, 9,

Barasa floccifera, Hampson, 2, t.

Plotheia nigralba, Hampson, 2, +.

Sarrothripa chlorana, Hampson, 4, +.

Barasa alopha, Hampson, 4, 1.

Barasa metalophota, Hampson, 2, t.

Calephia intrahens, Walker, +.

Callyna, chalceola, Hampson, @, +.

Xanthoptera combusta, Hampson, @, 1.

Callopistria variegata, Swinhoe, g, +.

Dendrothripa verna, Hampson, 4, ?.

EHuplecia niverfascia, Walker, 8, t.

Eublemma rubra, Hampson, 4, 2.

Barasa costalis, Dudgeon, 9, 7.

t]2 polc0

“I

aye

2! o

270

SOME HINTS FOR BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND

PRESERVING NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS.

By HK. Comper.

Part II.

(Continued from page 112 of this Volume.)

After the first part of this paper went to press, I received the following

useful hints from Mr, R, C. Wroughton about the preservation of small

mammals :—

1, Inskinning bats the limb should not be cut at the knee or elbow, but

the hip or shoulder joint. It is most difficult to make a decent skin with only

- the fore arm and lower leg left in.

2. The measurement “ Hind foot is no use in bats. “ Fore arm” should

be substituted,

3. The rule to pin the fore feet close to the head is not to be taken too

literally, or the specimens will be too cylindrical and will not ‘‘lie”’ in the

cabinet, It is much better to pin the fore paws with about an inch between

them (é.¢., with ordinary bats and mice) and the hind feet the same. This

gives the specimen a flat base to lie on, and it does not roll about when one

opens and shuts the drawer.

4. Take out the brain before macerating a skull. It seems to ferment

and sometimes blows up the skull, i

Followimg on the Mammals that were dealt with in the first part of this

paper, we can now turn our attention to the great class Aves which com-

prises all the feathered fowl of the world,

Birds, as a class, are a particularly well-defined group, being separated from

all other forms of animal life by so many distinctive characters, and are

besides so universally distributed over almost every portion of the earth’s

surface, that, go where we may, some species are around us almost every day

of our lives. This companionship and familiarity with birds does not, how-

ever, in any way tend to Jessen our respect for our friends, and it is difficult |

to imagine any man’s natural feelings being so depraved as to fail in apprecia-

tion of a bird’s beauty. There certainly is something in the appearance

or character of every species of bird that is attractive to our humble minds.

Some, of course, are beautiful in every way, but even those that have least

claim to such a designation, possess some redeeming character ; even the vul-

tures, whose habits are in many ways repulsive, cause one to forget all that

by raising a feeling of admiration for the grandeur and grace of their flight

as they soar across the sky, And so with all others that I ever knew.

From the point of view of the Naturalist, birds have always claimed a

large share of attention, and in India there has been no exception to this

general rule. The long list of the names of Indian ornithologists would fill

apage of our journal, and this is perhaps most forcibly instanced by the

fact that no other section of Natural History has ever found workers in

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 271

this country sufficient to support such a publication as the eleven volumes of

“ Stray Feathers” published during the years 1873—88. The great number

and variety of species, of course, accounts for this to some extent.

In spite, however, of the amount of time that has been,expended and the

extent of the literature on the study of Indian birds, we are very far still

from having anything like a complete knowledge of many species. Besides

the birds themselves and the record of the geographical range and habits

of each species, there are also their nests and eggs to study and collect,

We can, therefore, best divide the subject under these various heads,

There are not many who care to undertake a collection of birds’ skins for

themselves, for they are difficult to prepare originally, they take up a con-

siderable space, and they require constant care to keep them in good order,

being specially liable to the attacks of insects. Our museum, however,

contains a very fair collection of skins, available always for reference of

members, and although there are many gaps amongst even the commoner

species, with a little help from members in different parts of the country,

this could easily be improved, Witha view to assisting in this, the list

of species that are not represented in the collection, which accompanies

the present copy of the journal, has been prepared, This will probably,

for the present, prove of more genera! assistance, for easy reference of

members who are in a position to contribute, than a catalogue of the

specimens in the collection, and for the sake of convenience of collectors

it has been drawn up into sections that represent, as far as possible, the main

geographical divisions of the country, so far asconcerns the distribution and

ranges of species. It is a formidable list at first sight, but with a little

general help could, as I say, be easily reduced.

As regards the actual collecting of specimens, there is not much that I need

say, as local surrounding circumstances must chiefly guide the collector,

But one most important item in the equipment of an ornithologist isa

good pair of field-glasses: without them he will never get along well, and will

waste a lot of time by failing to discriminate between the birds worth follow-

ing and those which are not. One hint with regard to them—get a case made

that will hold them at your focus, Then you have only to take them out and

get them ‘on’ the bird, instead of having to vigorously screw them out and

find the focus, during which operation it probably pops off behind the next

bush, very likely to be seen no more.

Nearly every one in this country is possessed of a gun, and it is on shooting

his specimens that every collector will have to mainly rely. An ordinary

12 or 16 bore gun can be made available for shooting even the smallest

Species by means of a few specially loaded cartridges with reduced charges

and suitable size of shot, In loading cases with reduced charges, they should

be kept ihe same length as with full charges by filling up with clean sawdust

between the powder and the shot, There must, of course, be a tight-fitting

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111.

wad above and below the sawdust, and the whole rammed down well to -

form one thick wad, For small birds a special small-bore collecting gun

is of course better, and for this a °28 or ‘410 bore is most suitable.

The “ walking-stick guns ” of the latter gauge are cheap and handy,

One thing I may mention in connection with the shooting of birds that

are destined to be prepared as specimens, and that is the advantage of always

using the smallest quantity of the smallest size of shot that will serve the

purpose. The great point is to injure the bird as little as possible in killing

it. A pellet must necessarily at times strike and shatter the beak or tarsus,

but the smaller the shot and the fewer there are of them the better chance

there is of avoiding such accidents, The disadvantage, of course, is that the

bird willmore often not be killed outright when shot, but, with a little

care and practice, it can be quickly and effectively despatched without

injury to it as a specimen, I cannot do better, I think, than quote the

following instructive paragraph from Mr. Hume’s useful little “ Ornithological

Vade Mecum ”’ on this subject, which unfortunately is now out of print :—

“The moment a bird is shot, it should be carefully picked up by the feet

or beak, and if still alive not allowed to flutter and bedaub itself with sand

or blood, ‘The feet, beak, and wings should be firmly held,and, if it isa

small bird, it can be killed by pressing firmly with the thumb under one

wing and the fore or middle finger under the other

Where the bird is very large,it should, if possible, be killed eae prussic neta

or cyanide of potassium, But these are dangerous things to carry about,

and very often cannot be kept in hand onthe march, In such cases the

wings, beak, and feet being firmly held, the bird should be laid on its breast

on a piece of cloth stretched on a smooth stone or piece of ground, and

strong pressure exerted on the upper back, If the bird is only the size of a

kite or large duck, this can be done with the hands; buat inthe case of

eagles, vultures, geese and the like,a man must stand on the bird throwing

all his weight on to the one foot he stands on, Whether hands or feet are

used, a cloth or handkerchief should first be placed on the back to prevent

injury to the plumage,”

On the subject, too, of the treatment and bringing home of dead birds,

Mr. Hume’s instructions, as the result of his great experience, are worthy of

the attention of all collectors, He writes :—

“The bird dead, all the feathers should be at once carefully smoothed,

any shot-holes plugged, well washed, sand (not dust) sprinkled on any place

from which blood seems oozing, shaken off when saturated, again sprinkled,

and so on, until the issue seems stopped. In the case of blood issuing

from mouth, nostrils, ears or eyes, these should be firmly plugged with

cotton wool, after having been dried, as much as possible, with sand,

‘For carrying all small birds I take a rod about three feet long, and, at

distances of three or four inches apart, tie on pieces of string each with two

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, — 273

ends loose; to one end I tie a good-sized pin by the head,to the other a

slice of common cork about 3 inch thick, so that the cork hangs about two

inches; below the rod, and tie pin, when held horizontally, is just opposite

the centre of the cork, The pinisrun through the nostrils of any small

bird we have to carry,and the point pushed firmly into the cork. Thus

suspended, 10 or 20 small birds’can be carried by any cooly in one hand

without any injury to the plumage being possible. Larger birds cannot be

thus treated ; their weight insome cases might break the nostrils, in all

would unduly stretch the neck. These should be hung by the feet by

loops attached to a rather stouter rod, a strip or two of rag or cloth, abeut

three inches wide, being pinned close round them, so as to keep the wings

closed tight against the body, : a i:

“Tt sometimes happens that the satiinaliat ee no companion, eat ba

perforce carry his birds himself. In this case, after most carefully plugging

mouth, nostrils, and shot-holes, and placing sand ora piece of cotton over

any bloody place, he should makea cone of paper (which a single pin put in

the proper place will suffice todo), and then drop the bird carefully into

the cone head foremost; the broad portion of the cone is then to be care-

fully folded in round the hinder part of the bird, and the folds secured

with a second (or, if necessary, a third or fourth) pin, Thus packed, the

bird will travel uninjured in game bag or pocket, but the plugging is an

essential part of the business, as otherwise water or blood is sure to run out

of the mouth, &c., and greatly injure the plumage.”

The necessity for prompt and careful labelling, referred to in the previous

part of this paper, «f course, applies equally to birds as to all other

Specimens, and in the case of any doubtful or rare species it is always

advisable to note thereon the colours of the ‘ soft parts ’—viz., the legs, beak,

iris, bare skin about the face or head, &c, Measurements are not of such

importance, for, with the exception of the length, which is taken in a

straight line between the tip of the bill and the end of the longest taii feather,

the others that are usually taken remain constant in the dried specimen,

and can be referred to at any time. These are the lengths of wing, tail, bill

from.gape to tip of upper mandible, tarsus, and possibly of toes and claws.

The label should be after the same style as that described for small mam-

mals, only of somewhat smaller size—say 23 inches by 1 inch—made of thin

but tough ‘hand-made’ paper, so that it will not injure the feathers. In the

corner should be gummed a small disc of thin card or ‘cartridge paper,

‘with a small hole punched in its centre afterwards, to take the attaching

thread. The best material for this is thick crochet-cotton tied as follows :-—

After passing the thread through the hole in the label, knot it close in to the

edge and then knot it again } to 3 inch further up, Jt is then ready for

tying on to the specimen’s legs, and will lie nicely and be easy to read on both

sides, Supplies of such labels are always available at the Society’s rooms,

274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

The record of the sex is all important, and, for convenience, is usually

noted by the sign 4 for male and Q for female, these being the astronomical

signs for the planets Mars and Venus, In the case of birds the sex can only

be determined by dissection, for the colouration of plumage and other

external distinctions are utterly unreliable, for the reason that, where the

sexes differ, instances of male birds assuming the female plumage and vice

versa are by no means rare, It is better not to note the sex at all unless

carefully ascertained by dissection, for it is only likely to be misleading,

and any external distinctions will be retained by the specimen.

Of the process of skinning and the preparation of specimens as dry skins, I

feel that it is useless my attempting a description. Both are delicate opera-

tions that require considerable practice and skill to perform really success-

fully. Written explanations are of very little practical assistance, and any-

one wishing to attain the requisite knowledge of its accomplishment can

learn more in an hour from someone who knows ‘how it is done? witha

fresh specimen to work on, than from all the published descriptions that

have ever been written, The turning out of really perfect specimens is an

art just asis the mounting of ‘stuffed ’’ specimens in natural attitudes, or

the skill of an artist in any kind of work. Practice of course will do much,

and anyone who can use his fingers can learn enough with a little

trouble to prepare specimens of a practical value. In this country, where

we are constantly attended by a number of servants, there is generally some

‘boy’ in the establishment—more often than not the ‘ cook’s-mate ’—

who can learn enough ina week or twoto make him useful as a ‘ skinner,

and the Society is always ready to help members by training skinners in the

rudiments of such work if sent to our head-quarters in Bombay.

For preserving bird skins Arsenical soap is generally used, and it is cer-

tainly the best preservative for all ordinary occasions, I quote the recipe

for making it from Mr. Hornaday’s book already mentioned :—

White bar Soap, soft rather than hard................ce:ee.0e0-+ 2 pounds

Powdered! arsenic ve: assess ee uenesne cee meee a eteece clare eselserea-ete Deity

(Chnimny nbs Aba uae dac hae mans obtnanctinesavodsoooaduendese Oxsauoaae oyadee. a9 5 ounces

Sub-Carbonate Of potas... ....2..cccceseeceeseesessearserreren es GY

Alcohol ....... Seu ddcbbaetoodechsadeatunds Oy Lar Se SU tak Sean Sipais

Directions: Slice the soap and melt it in a small quantity of water over

a slow fire, stirring sufficiently to prevent its burning. When melted add

the potash and stir in the powdered arsenic. Next add the camphor, which

should be dissolved in the alcohol at the beginning of the operation. Stir

the mass thoroughly, boil it down to the consistency of thick molasses, and

pour it into an earthen or wooden jar to cool and harden, Stir it occasionally,

while cooling, to prevent the arsenic from settling at the bottom, When

cold it should be like lard or butter. For use mix a small quantity with

water until it resembles butter-milk, and apply with a common paint brush,

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 275

Bird skins should never be cured with alum, like mammal skins, as this

would make them too hard and brittle, but in the case of large birds the

application of the arsenical soap can, at times with advantage, be suppli-

mented by an immediate sprinkling of powdered alum.

When skinning a bird the liberal use of plenty of Plaster-of-Paris or

fine dry sawdust or even clean wood ashes, which are always at hand, is

most essential, to absorb all the blood and grease and keep them off the

feathers, If the plumage does get soiled it can be cleaned by washing

with clean turpentine applied with a soft brush. This is then absorbed by

the application of plenty of Plaster-of-Paris, which should be rubbed gently

into the feathers, and at once shaken or knocked out, The application of

the plaster should be repeated until it comes away quite dry, and then all

the remaining plaster must be gently whipped out.

Many birds, particularly the ducks and their allies, are very fat, and the

removal of this layer of fat from the inside of the skin is too often neglect-

ed. There are two reasons for the necessity of this. In the first place the

fat will entirely prevent any of the preservative that you apply from getting

at the skin and doing the work it was intended to; and secondly, unless

you carefully scrape off all this oily grease, it will gradually find its way

through the opening cut when the skin is made up into a specimen, and the

feathers of the whole breast will become one solid mass of nasty yellow

grease.

Sufficient attention is not, as a rule, paid to the attitude of bird specimens,

and I wish to make a special appeal to collectors on this point, for a very

litt}e care in this direction would enormously increase the value of many

specimens received by the Society. Native skinners, as a rule, have a very

vague idea of ‘ making up’ a skin nicely, and I have always found it advisable

to superintend this part of their operations myself, The main points to

bear in mind are the following :—When it comes to putting in the cotton or

tow to fill the body, see that there is just enough to give the skin a plump

appearance without its being ‘ over-stuffed’ ‘The head and neck should be

drawn out in a straight line with the body to the natural length, with the

closed beak too in the same line, and noé set at right angles to the line of the

body and neck. The wings should lie naturally close into the sides of the

body, with the scapulars adjusted over the shoulder of the wings: this can

easily be done with the aid of a pair of small forceps, or even a penknife,

by lifting small bunches of the feathers and letting them fall back into

position, when they will drop into their natural order. The tail should, of

course, carry out the line of the back, being slightly spread if possible, and

the legs should be crossed—tied with a thread just above the feet—lying

close down Over the base of the tail, the feet being arranged as well as possi-

ble so that the claws will not injure the tail or catch on to everything that

comes near them,

276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XITI.

In the case of all long-necked birds—including the ducks—the neck, into

which no stick is put, should be bent round so that the head lies alongside

one of the wings, and in the same way, with very long-legged birds, the legs

should be bent upwards from the joints so that the feet rest upon the lower

part of the belly. In this case be careful to wrap up the feet in brown

paper, with a pad of it between them and the feathers, to prevent the

grease, which will ooze out in drying, from soiling the feathers,

Bird skins are best put up carefully in paper cones for drying, and then

pinned on to a string across the verandah. Care must necessarily be taken

in putting them up in the cones, for what appears a nice skin when finished

will come out very differently after drying if put up carelessly, And, what

is more, it will be a difficult job, even if possible, to get it into shape again

after it is dry.

The length of time it will take askin to dry thoroughly depends of

course upon the climate and on the size of the specimen, but under ordi-

nary circumstances it should not take more than a week, and often two or

three days will suffice, When you think it should be dry, take it out of its

cone to see that it isallin proper order; and, if so, it can be put away

again either in its cone, or, if it has not to travel, in a suitably-sized tube

made of brown paper, The latter is the more convenient for ready reference

at any time, and such tubes can easily be made of various sizes in long lengths

and cut as required to suit the length of each specimen. A size should be

selected that is just large enough to allow the bird to slide in with a little

gentle pressure and coaxing, and the name can be written on the outside for

convenience, However packed, skins can best be stored in tin boxes with

close-fitting lids, but in any case be sure you put with them plenty of cam-

phor, naphthaline, or something to protect them from theatiacks of insects—

the best being naphthaline, which can be had from any chemist made up in

small balls the size of marbles—and do not forget that they require constant

renewal owing to evaporation, .

Preserving birds without skinning them. Although birds are best preserved

by skinning, there is, fortunately for many of our members who cannot

undertake the skinning themselves, and do not find it worth their while to

keep a special skinner, an eminently simple process by which birds can be

preserved whole and, with a little care, can be turned out as excellent

specimens. The process is known as ‘carbolizing,’ and if it were more

widely understood it would, Iam sure, be far more often availed cf by

members who could pick up really valuable specimens, It cannot be applied

with success to very large birds, and, although it may be resorted to in

emergency, it cannot be recommended for anything lerger than a common

mynah, I quote Mr. Hume’s instructions with regard to this carbolic process.

“Tn carbolizing birds......three or four points have te be borne in mind

in every case, First, when the bird dries and the flesh shrinks, the keel

SOME HiNTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 207

of the sternum would be left standing up in a knife-like ridge, which will

soon become bare of feathers by taking the specimen in and out of its case.

The first thing, therefore, to do before carbolizing the bird is to break the

sternum in thoroughly, as cooks do who wish to make a skinny fowl

look plump upon the table. Secondly the eyeballs will fall in and shrink

and give the head, when dry, a very miserable appearance ; two days after

the bird has been carbolized it will be found quite easy to turn the eyeball

out of the sockets, and then, brushing the inside of the sockets with a little

carbolic acid, wool can be filled in to the proper size, and the eyelids drawn

over it in the usual manner. Thirdly, the feet will dry harsh and hard, with

agreat tendency to interfere with the tail; they will often also become

greasy in drying. The best plan is to cross the legs and feet, and wrap them

both up in alittle piece of blotting paper. This will insure their drying

without soiling the tail, and in such a position as not thereafter to interfere

with the tail, Fourthly it is difficult to open and measure. the wings on

carbolized specimens, To doit properly one has to break the bones of the

wings ; this can be safely done when the bird is fresh, but not quite so well

when it is dry ; therefore, before a carbolized specimen is dry, always break

the wing-bone close to the body,

_If the bird to be carbolized is not bigger than a sparrow, all that is really

necessary, after firmly plugging the vent with cotton, is (the four points above

noted being borne in mind) to hold the bird up by the bill, open the mouth,

push a pencil down the throat, as faras it cango, to open the gullet, and

drop in carbolic acid, 5, 10, 15, 20,30 drops, as muchas will go, due regard being

had to the size of the bird, and great care being taken not to allow any to

run over the edge of the mouth on to the feathers, as it bleaches some

feathers and injures all, A plug of cotton should then be put into ihe

throat, and the bird hung up for a little while by a pin run through the

nostrils to allow of the acid being absorbed. A couple of hours later, the bird

may be placed in a cone or tube in the usual way, and left to dry as usual.

With care the most superb specimens of humming birds, sunbirds, fire-

crests and the like, may be preserved at the rate of about 12 per hour by

this process,

If the bird is larger than a sparrow it is better, though not absolutely

essential, to open the abdomen, extract all the entrails, clean out the cavity

of the body, and then fill in the cavity with a good lump of cotton wool

well coated exteriorly with carbolicacid. The abdomen is then sewn up again,

a plug of cotton wool saturated in carbolic acid is put into the throat, and

from inside the mouth a small hole is bored into the brain-pan, a little

carbolic acid syringed through this, cotton wvol soaked in carbolic acid

placed in the mouth, and the bird hung up as before, and later put up

to dry. Be the bird big or little, the four points first noted must be attended

to if a good specimen is wanted,

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

It may be well again to draw prominent attention to the fact that carbolic

acid destroys the eyesight, and that the greatest care must be taken not to

allow the smallest splash of the acid te get into the eye.

In connection with the preservation of birds without skinning them, I

lately came across,in Mr, Montagu Browne’s most useful book “ Practical

Vaxidermy,” an allusion to a successful experiment by him of keeping a bird

in the flesh for some weeks by immersing it in benzoline. He explains how

the preservation was complete, and, after drying it with Plaster-of-Paris, how

it was skinned as if it was a freshly-killed specimen. This would on many

occasions be most useful, both to the collector when he gets more specimens

than his skinner has time to tackle, and more particularly to the member who

kills a bird that he wishes to send to the Society, but cannot do so because he

is unable to skin it and is too far away to send it down in the flesh. But

unfortunately there is the difficulty that benzoline is not obtainable in this

country, and I consequently set about to find a substitute for it, This, I am

pleased to say, has turned up in Formalin—a solution that has proved a

wonderful disinfectant as well as a preservative for minnows and prawns to

be used as baits,or for surgical specimens for subsequent dissection. It is ob-

tainable as a 35 per cent. solution, and for the purpose of preserving a bird —

or for the matter of that any other specimen—this can be reduced by the ad-

dition of from ten to fifteen parts of water to one part of Formalin solution.

The specimen is then to be simply immersed in this reduced solution, after an

insertion has been made under the wing to allow of its thoroughly impreg-

nating it, though it is probably advisable to entirely remove the intestines,

For keeping a specimen any length of time a stronger solution would no

doubt be found necessary, but one part to fifteen of water was perfectly

successful in the experiment I made with a Rose-coloured Pastor that was

immersed for five days. On removing it the bird was dusted all over with

Plaster-of-Paris, and then allowed to lie for three hours to dry, when

the plaster was removed and the bird then skinned in the ordinary way

making a perfect specimen. I hope that our up-country members will bear

this in wind, and keep a bottle of Formalin by them to make use of as

occasion occurs, instead of sending down specimens that strike them as

valuable, or that they wish to be identified, only to arrive in a putrid and —

useless state of decomposition.

T will only add that birds so preserved dry as one solid mass, and it is very

necessary, in order to make a good specimen, to be careful that everything

is arranged nicely, as there isno making any alterations or improvements

afterwards,

Nests and eggs.—It it is true that we have a lot still to learn about many

of the birds that are found in the countries within our area, how much more

is it true of their nests and eggs—and particularly the former? ‘The difh-

culty with nests is that when anyone goes collecting and comes across a rare

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 279

nest, he, asa rule, contents himself with taking the eggs it contains, and

perhaps jotting down in his note-book a scanty description of the nest and

its situation. The reason, no doubt, is that the formation of a collection of

nests themselves is a formidable undertaking ; they are difficult to keep in

a state that will retain their value, and take up alot more space than the

ordinary field naturalist can afford them ; whereas those of many of the

larger species, and of practically ali that make loosely constructed or under-

_ ground nests, are almost impossible to preserve. At the same time it is to be

hoped that we shall still find members who will help with work in this

direction, and to those who may I wish strongly to recommend the assistance

of a hand camera, Written descriptions of the materials, form and

situation of nests can be enormously increased in value if supplemented by

pictures of them taken while im situ; and now that the means for talking

snap-shots is so simplified and brought to such perfection, every field natura-

list should provide himself with one, Every one must naturally please

himself of course as to the camera he selects, but, to those who have not

already formed opinions, I can recommend the Eastman “ No. 4 Bullseye,”

which takes pictures 5 by 4 inches. Besides being cheap (cost between

£2 and £3) it is a great advantage to be able to change the spool of films

in broad daylight. Films of course must be fresh, and I myself find the

best plan is to send a postal order for 25s,to Lastman’s in London as fresh

supplies are wanted; this covers the cost and postage of six spools of one

dozen exposures each,

The eggs of birds have always proved an attractive form of collection,

and as a means of becoming acquainted with the birds themselves and

their little ways, there is nothing to equal a ramble in search of their eggs,

One cannot make a collection of eggs without making the acquaintance of

the original owners, for the reason that it is all important to identify for

certain who those owners are, otherwise the eggs are of no value what-

ever, This, unfortunately, on many occasions can only be accomplished by

the destruction of either or both of the parent birds, though, with many

conspicuous species at any rate, patient watching with field-glass in hand for

the reappearance of the birds will often enable them to be recognised beyond

doubt.

For the purposes of a scientific collection, the whole ‘ clutch’ of eggs laid

for one brood should be collected and kept separate from others of the same

Species. I feel that it is hardly necessary to describe the apparatus used for

blowing eges, consisting of the drill to form a round hole and a blow-pipe,

The eggs should of course invariably be blown with one small round hole in

the middle of one side only, and besides care not to burst the egg with too

great pressure of air, there are no difficulties, except when the egg contains a

well-developed embryo, which we will come to presently. Having emptied

the egg of its contents it is important to wash the inside quite clean by

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

blowing a little fresh water in through the hole with the blow-pipe. Then it

can be laid aside on a clean cloth or cotton wadding, with the hole down-

wards, to drain and get dry,and then, after the removal of stains and dirt

from the outside «ith soap and warm water, it will be ready for the cabinet,

When an egg is‘ hard-set,’ howcver, the process is not so simple, and often

considerable patience is required to clear it of its contents. The great thing

is not to try and hurry the job inany way. Having removed as much of the

liquid contents as possible with the blow-pipe, prick the embryo with a

needle in various directions and fill up the egg with water. This will

hasten the decomposition of the contents and it can be laid aside, in a warm

place for choice, for a couple of days, when it can again be‘ worked’ a bit,

and perhaps a few pieces removed before being ; ut aside again—of course

filled up with water as before.

By this means the largest embryo can, with care and patience, be success-

fully extracted, and after a little practice an egg, even on the point of

hatching, can be cleared through a wonderfully small hole, but, until con-

fidence is gained by actual experience, it is a mistake to try with too small

a hole, as it will probably only end in the destruction of the egg.

With eggs, to which of course it is impossible to attach a label, the date

must necessarily be written on the underside of the egg itself. This is best

done with Indian ink, or in the case of dark coloured eggs with a solution

- of white paint, applied with a fine etching pen or with a very fine red sable

brush, the latter for choice. The necessary data consist of—

(1) Name of species, with Text Book No,

(2) Collectors’ number which belongs to every egg of a clutch,

(8) Number of eggs in the clutch.

(4) Date in full.

(To be continued.)

281

NOTES ON SOMALILAND.

By Caprain P, Z, Cox.

EArt.) Ui.

(With 2 Plates.)

(Continued from page 99 of this Volume.)

THE LION,

(Felis leo).

Time was when 12 or 15 lions would not uncommonly fall to the rifle of

a single sportsman during a four or five months’ expedition, and I think once

or twice the number has even exceeded 20 ; but these very big bags always

meant that the sportsman had had an exceptional deal of luck in hitting off

the lions, apart from good management in bagging them when met with.

Granted the best of luck, however, the days of such big bags of lions are a

thing of the past, though, as I have mentioned before, they are still fairly plen-

tiful, and seven or eight would not be an extraordinary bag fora four months’

trip, if the sportsman laid himself out for them, One Englishman whom I met

during my recent sojournin the country, had bagged five intwo months, with-

out giving up other shooting, but he was exceptionally fortunate in coming

across them, and made the most of his opportunities when he did,

Generally speaking, if you want to make a big bag of lions, you must

make that your principal object, and let other shooting be subservient to it,

and I think that on a first visit to the country, when all the game is new to

them, most men find that to do this would considerably lessen their total

enjoyment of the expedition as a whole. In myown opinion it is tedious

work, twiddling one’s thumbs for two or three days together, waiting for a

kill or for news of fresh tracks ; on the other hand, if you want lions, and

are perhaps tying up baits to attract and locate them, you cannot be

shooting at antelope or shikarring small game for the larder round the camp,

without marring your chances of the greater quarry.

Here I should like to say a word or two regarding the several ways of

hunting lions, Just as the lion varies in type according to his surroundings,

so must the method of hunting him be adapted to changing circumstances.

There are three methods usually employed. The first is to walk him up

quietly with a couple of good trackers—one of them carrying a spare rifle;

this can always be done where the character of the ground renders tracking

possible, and is by far the most sporting and enjoyable method of tackling

him, and a lion bagged in this way is,in my opinion, a much more valued

trophy than one obtained by any other method. The second is to bring

him to bay with the aid of Somali horsemen, the sportsman himself being

on foot. Four cavaliers are enoungh—more are a nuisance. On arrival at a

new camp the four horsemen are sent out to scour the country for tracks,

and at all times where the ground is rideable are very useful in thig

respect. as they can cover a large area of country in a morning’s ride, As

982 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

goon as any sufficiently recent spoor is found, two of the men remain

on the spot, or follow the track for some distance, if necessary, while the

other two return to the camp to report to “ Master.” The latter rides down

to the place where the messengers left the track, taking with him his usual

shikari or gun-bearer, and then the business of the day commences, The four

horsemen divide themselves up, two going on each side of the track,

and keeping about 200 yards away and 100 yards ahead of the sportsman.

Being mounted, they naturally get the first view of the lion, and we will

presume that the quarry has also seen or heard them, It is at this point that

their experience and efficiency come in, the object being not te ride the lion

down or tire him out, but to manceuvre him to a standstill, whilst keeping at

a safe distance themselves, and good men do it very cleverly, working together

and regulating their pace by that of the lionand always endeavouring to

keep a little ahead of him and if necessary guide him in any required direction.

As a rule, the lion finding he cannot elude them, and seeing himself con-

stantly headed, pulls up, and awaits developments. Meanwhile the horsemen

have been gradually lessening the distance between themselves and the sports-

man, and the latter advances quietly along the track, being guided by their

gesticulations as to where the lion is, Finally when he gets within 30 or 40

yards, the lion usually breaks, and the hunter then gets his chance. As may

be expected, it is almost invariably a snap shot, and lions rounded up in this

way will generally charge, Fairly open country is necessary for this method of

hunting, and it is chiefly in vogue in the “ Haud”’ after rain has fallen, when

there are nomad villages about, from which horsemen can be readily obtained,

Somalis always endeavour to conduct lion shikar in this way if they can, In

the first place they enjoy it themselves, it being akin to their own method of

hunting lions and elephants, and enabling them to show off their equestrian

accomplishments ; and secondly, it is for them the most lucrative method, as

they expect to be fed like fighting cocks while riding for you, and to be

liberally rewarded for each lion bagged.

We now come to the third method—sitting up at night over a natural kill

ora bait. From the number of zareebas one now sees all over Somaliland, it

is evidently a practice pretty generally resorted to, but this isa pity, and I

think it should be reserved for occasions :when other methods are not

feasible.

To the Indian sportsmen, uninitiated in the mysteries of Somaii shikar, the

idea of shooting lions at night out of a thorn shelter savours prima facie of

poaching, but there issomething more in it than the mere fluky pot shot at the

lion, and, taking all things into consideration, I do not see that, except when

unnecessarily resorted to, it is any more poaching than sitting in a safe machan

or other coign of vantage fora driven tiger, In either case the chances are

you do not kill him dead, and eventually have to track him up and finish him,

At times the zareeba, asit is called, is the only way of getting at the lion at

ee ee

ae ee

——— ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

——

SS ee oe ae

—

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 283

all, On our present trip, for instance, we arrived at a place where there were

a good many villages, of which the inhabitants possessed large herds of

cattle, Three or four lions had taken up their abode in the neighbourhood,

and levied almost nightly toll on their cattle, We looked forward to get-

ting good sport there, but on arrival we soon perceived the reason both for

the presence of these blackmailers and for their immunity from reprisals on

the part of the villagers, The chief feature of the locality was a big dry

“Tue” or watercourse, fringed with long strips of dense reeds 8 or 9 feet

high, The lions used to come out at night, usually in couples, obtain their

dinner by fair means or foul, and then return to their fastness, from which it

was impossible to dislodge them, We tried burning the reeds without success,

they were too green and moist to burn; next we endeavoured to get our herd

of camelsin, but they altogether refused to come to the scratch, and the

patches were too big to beat with a few men,

Here then there was no way of getting at them except by sitting over a

bait, and we did account for one in this way, but not without a good deal of

trouble. Wehadalong morning’s work the next day, ending with a very

businesslike charge at my companion, before the lion was finally brought to

bag. The place in question was the exact counterpart of the tiger-beat so

often met with in our Indian Terais,—one of those that provide a fresh tiger,

season after season—and it is sure to hold a lion or two for along time to

come, What one would have given worlds for was a line of Indian elephants,

but unfortunately the education of the African species has been entirely

neglected in this as in all respects.

At present, I should say there were as many lions in the area known as

“The Aden Garrison Reserve” as anywhere else in tle Protectorate, and I

really think the said Reserve might well be thrown open to all Brilish officers

on leave, as the Aden garrison would appear of late to have made very little

use of their privilege, and consequently there are many parts of it that have

not been shot for years. Moreover now that the Administration of the Pro-

tectorate has been transferred from the Indian Government to the Foreign

Office in London, the special claims of Aden’s very migratory garrison seem no

Jonger to exist,

Lions in Somaliland are of two very distinct types, There is first the

bold, bad variety that lurks about in the vicinity of nomad villages, and

follows their movements from one grazing-ground to another, His physiog-

nomy and the size and shape of his “ pugs”’ are familiar to every mother’s son

of the community, and time after time he levies tribute upon their livestock,

and only resorts to stalking antelopes when the more convenient source of

supply temporarily fails him, The annual mortality among Somali cattle from

this cause must be enormous, but the people are so used to the visitation, and

jb is such an ever-present form of excitement and theme of conversation, that

I really think they would miss it if they did not get it, At any rate it ig

284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

quite certain they could put a stop to it almost entirely if they chose, simply

by building their thorn zareebas double the height at present in vogue: but

no, they prefer to go on from generation to generation building them of just

such a height thata lion or an active leopard can conveniently jump in

and out of them.

The second type is the game-hunting lion, You find him in the most iso-

lated and unlikely places, many miles from water ; and he seems to adhere to

a certain locality ora particular beat, although game is at times so scarce there

that he must often be at his wits’ end for a square meal, This class of lion

is very difficult to bag, except in a thoroughly good tracking country. Un-

like the village lion, who is at once attracted to a newly-arrived Kurria, or a

sportsman’s encampment, and to whom the voice of man is a thing of joy,

associated in his mind with the presence of fat kine and other delights, the

game hunter seems .to shun one’s zareeba like a pestilence ; to fight shy of

baits, and to prefer spending whole nights on the run, now after an Oryx,

now a Gerenuk, to feeding himself more sumptuously and with much less

trouble, at your expense,

After having heard a lion calling all round camp during the early eae

of the night, I have been out at daybreak to visit the “ties” and have

found tracks within a few yards of the bait, and within sight of our camp

fires and have then followed them away for miles, and found that the lion

had proceeded to hunt other game for the rest of the night.

Some long hours tracking of this kind with my trusty little Midgan tracker

boy, Mahomed, have been among the pleasantest of my experiences of So-

mali shikar,

The portrait of this young specimen of “jungle produce” is worth sketch-

ing, though I fear1I can do scant justice to it, We picked him up in this

wise. My companion was out one morning after Oryx—our first day in a

new locality—and was tracking up a large herd, when he overtook two Midgans

(of whom Mahomed was one) bent on the same errand, They were armed

with the usual Midgan bow and quiver of arrows, and were leading three

pariah dogs. They accompanied the Doctor for the rest cf the morning, in

the course of which he wounded an Oryx, and they proved themselves so

expert in the tracking of it that my companion brought them back to camp,

and we offered to take one of them and one dog permanently into our service.

Domestic difficulties presented the elder from accepting, but the younger,

Mahomed, a slight short youth of about 15, was willing to come, so we took

him on, tozether with the best of the three dogs, which, however, we had to

buy. The Doctor already had one Midgan gun-bearer, and asI was short of

aman at the time Mahomed was told off to follow my fortunes, and most

invaluable I found him. I can only call to mind one man in my experience

who could touch him as a tracker and natural shikari; that was a young

Gond in the Central Proyinces. Both possessed those invaluable attributes

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 285

for a tracker, silent coolness and self-reliance. They went about their work

in a perfectly quiet and confident way, whether on the trail or in the pre-

sence of game, It was the greatest pleasure to me to follow a trail with this

boy—the spoor and the jungle were to him an open book, “who runs may

read,” and the ease and accuracy with which he did it were an education.

When I came to anything I didnot understand, I would give him a nudge,

and he would stop and explain the situation to me ina whisper. On one

occasion I remember, when we were following the trail of a lion throughout

his previous night’s wanderings in search of a meal, we came to a point where

the tracks of a leopard and a Gerenuk (Gazella walleri) became mingled with

his ; a little further on there was some dry blood, and the signs of a struggle,

I should have taken a month of Sundays to make out the puzzle, but

Mahomed had very soon deciphered it, and taking me back a little way

along the track he demonstrated to me how the leopard had overtaken and

killed the Gerenuk early in the night, and how the lion, having hit off their

track quite recently, had surprised the leopard at his meal and fought with

him for it. He seemed to be right, for the leopard had taken his departure

at this juncture and had gone empty away,and there was no longer any

trace of the Gerenuk being dragged as before. Making a cast round this

spot we soon picked up the tracks of the lion going in the opposite direction,

and we had scarcely gone another half-mile when we put him up out of a

clump of grass, where he was devouring the scanty remains of the Gerenuk.

This was evidently not his “kill’’ but the leopard’s, as Mahomed had

rightly surmised, for the state of it showed that it had been killed early in

the night, and a good deal of it eaten then,

The boy never boasted of his accurate expositions on such occasions ; he

would simply give a quiet smile of satisfaction when the sequel proved his

deductions to have been right,

The pair of lions which I mentioned when discussing the Rhino, furnish

a good instance of the precarious existence which these game-hunting gentle-

men often lead. At the time we met with them we were encamped on the

southern edge of the Haud, whither we had gone especially to hunt Rhino,

It was the driest and hottest season of the year—March—when all the water

pools are exhausted, and remain so till the coming rains refill them.

There were consequently no human beings about, and antelopes at the

time were very scarce, so much so that we had the greatest difficulty in

getting anything in the shape of meat to eat; yet there were lion tracks

about in abundance and more or less recent. We haa been encamped in

the same spot for three days, and two nights out of three had heard the

roaring of a lion quite close to camp, as it seemed to us. Hach morning I had

gone out expecting to find a kill, or at any rate to pick up the tracks of a lion

at no great distance, but without success; our “ties” were never touched,

and the animal that we had heard calling seemed to be a spirit, for each day,

986 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11t.

though I took a different point of the compass and went for a long tramp,

I could fine no traces of him.

My companion was at this time on the sick-list, but by the fourth day I

had got very tired of seeing nothing, and as he felt just well enough to get

along on his riding-camel, we decided to make a short 12-mile march, I had

fairly scoured the country by this time so did not go out on my own account,

but I walked along quietly a few yards ahead of my companion, hoping to

pick up a Digdig for the larder, We had been marching thus about an hour

and-a-half,in a bee-line southwards, and must have covered quite 4 miles,

when we hit off the previous night’s tracks of two lions, crossing our path at

right-angles. It was hard to kelieve that the owners of these footprints

had been responsible for the roars we heard, but it was impossible to come

to any other conclusion, This morning, and in fact every morning since

our arrival at our last camp, eight men had started out in pairsat dawn to

the four points of the compass to search the ground for lion tracks,

arranging their several beats in such a way that between them they made a

complete circuit, with a radius of a couple of miles, round our camp ; and J

myself was wont t; await their return before making my plans for the day.

This morning there was no doubt that the southern segment of the circle

had been completed, because the scouts had all returned before we started,

and we had in fact taken the tracks of the couple which had gone southwards

to save ourselves the trouble of picking a new path through the bush, and

these tracks we had long ago left at the point where the men had finished their

2-mile radius and had turned of to the right along the circumference. As these

scouts had reported having seen no lion tracks, it was practically certain that

the lions had n:t come within the 2-mile circle, and here was their fresh

spoor, travelling in a general direction of west to east four miles south of last

night’s zareeba! Cur trackers expressed no doubt whatever that these were

the two lions that we had heard calling, and seemed to think that it was quite

natural for their roars to have been heard distinctly at this distance, and even

at a greater distance still. ‘The country in question was perfectly level plain,

covered with fairly close bush jungle and patches of grass, and the nights

had been perfectly clear and still. I admit that four miles seems to me an

unconscionable distance for a lion’s roar to penetrate even under the most

favourable conditions of windand ground, but I do not remember ever having

seen the question discussed before,or any approximate distance mentioned,

and as it is a point upon which it is obviously useful for a shikari to have

accurate knowledge, I should be much interested to hear the opinions of

others on the subject, which is after all simply a question of acoustics,

But this by the way. The hill under which our next camp was to be was

in sight, and the lion tracks led right away from it, so I left my invalid com-

panion and the caravan, and leaving orders for my riding camel to come on

behind, started off with my trusty little Midgan to follow the spoor,

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 287

The soil was soft and sandy—excellent for tracking—but the going was

slow owing to the vagaries of the lions, who behaved in the most erratic and

frivolous way. It almost seemed as if they knew they were being tracked

and were laying themselves out to confound us, They would walk in com-

pany for a few yards, then they would separate and describe mazy circles to

the flanks ; then they would join forces again and have a gambol together,

and then perhaps take a short siesta as shown by the imprint of their forms

in the bare sand, After regaining their breath and composure they would

wander on once more, sedately but aimiessly, till some feckless Digdig or

Gerenuk discovered itself, when one of the pair would try his luck with a

short burst in pursuit, On these occasions, like the Hunting Cheetahs of

our Indian Rajahs, they seemed to give up the chase at once if their bolt was

shot without immediate success 3 in spite of the fact,in this case, that they

were apparently very hungry, and were finally driven to make the best of

what I should think was very unusual fare for them.

About an hour before coming into view, which we did after three hours

walking, the track of a small leopard struck the path, and the lions had

apparently changed direction and followed it, The “pugs’’ soon led into

thick grass and bushes, and presently the footprints of the leopard ceased

altogether, the lions reverting to their old track, We had not gone much

further, however, when the trail took us into the shade of a dense laurel bush,

and there the story of poor little “Spot's” disappearance was unfolded

to us, The couple had caught and eaten him, and not a morsel remained ex-

cept the part of the jaws containing the teeth, and the four paws! They had

evidently caught him just before daybreak, as the rejected scraps just men-

tioned were still damp with the moisture of their mouthings, and moreover

within the next half-mile I put them both up together, bagging the lioness

who broke towards me, but missing the lon, who unfortunately bounded

away in the opposite direction. She proved to be a fine lioness in the prime

of life, and her intestines were full of the skin and meat of the leopard_

The male, which Dr, Donaldson-Smith subsequently bagged, was the same

which I have previously spoken of as having returned and feasted on the dead

body of his wife. They must have been an odd couple with strangely

cannibal tastes,

THE LEOPARD,

(Felis pardus),

Leopards are very common all over Somaliland ; there is scarcely a village

that does not involuntarily maintain one or more of these expensive “ hangers-

on,” but one hardly ever gets an opportunity of trying conclusions with them

in the daytime, and the only other way of getting at them, sitting in a village

zareeba over a live goat, is an amusement that very soon palls upon me, and

Tf have nothing interesting to chronicle on the subject of this animal.

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11.

THE CHEETAH, OR HUNTING LEOPARD.

(Cynelurus jubatus).

Although the Cheetah is not one of the Felide, it seems natural to consider

him after the Leopard, Like the latter he is very common, much more so

than would ordinarily be believed, as the sportsman in Somaliland so seldom

meets with the species in the flesh ; but the number of cubs (or kittens, as one

would like to call them), that used to be brought into Berbera and Bulhar a

few years back, afforded sufficient evidence of the fact that they were by no

means scarce, Since then, the export of live animals from the country has,

I think, been put a stop to, and consequently the supply has ceased with the

demand, but I remember when the recognized price for a pair of cheetah cubs

was 3 rupees, They make the most charming pets as readers of the

Journal must have gathered from Major Rodon’s interesting note on the sub-

ject. I had two of them for nearlya year, and they were great favourites with

everyone, but their digestions suddenly went wrong without any apparent

reason, and both died of the same symptoms within a few days of each other,

They were most good tempered creatures and never did any harm, but

could never resist stalking the family milch-goat in a playful way when

opportunity offered. She seemed to realize too that they did not mean busi-

ness, and allowed them to take great liberties before she thought of using her

horns. At the same time that we had the two cheetahs, a friend of ours,

Lieut, Stafford, R.H,, was bringing up a young lioness, and very often brought

her over for a visit to our pets ; the meetings between them were most edify-

ing. Directly they were confronted, the cheetahs would fly into a violent

rage, and endeavour to get at her, evidently spoiling for a fight: the lioness

on the other hand, though she was much bigger and heavier than they were,

and had she wished could have given them a thrashing in no time, seemed to

be utterly cowed by them, and used to endeavour to slink away directly she

caught sight of them, Unlike the leopard, the Cheetah is a very inoffensive

animal as far as human beings and their flocks are concerned, and seems to

confine himself to the legitimate chase of wild game. |

ANTELOPE.

THE Besa (Ory beisa).

Oryx are still plentiful in suitable localities throughout the Protectorate,

once you get beyond the Maritime Range ; but in close country, though

the ground may be- a mass of tracks, they are very difficult to find,

They hear you before you see them, and have a tantalising habit of

waiting and watching for you behind a thick bush, and then galloping

off without your knowing it until the tracks reveal the fact, I remember one

day when we were very hard up for fresh meat, I got on tothe track of an

Oryx which began behaving in this way, and J was determined to persevere to

the utmost, as unless I bagged him I knew I should have to face the prospec;

of dispensing with a square meal that day, as wellas of the aggrieved

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 289

lamentations of the cook, who, simple being, used to state his morning wants

as regards meat as if it only had to be ordered from the bazaar round the

corner. In spite of my good intentions, however, I had eventually to give up

the chase. The buck stopped every half-mile or so, and seemed to be simply

fooling me, As soon as I had tracked up to within 200 yards of him, I was

informed of his proximity by a clatter of hoofs ahead of the thickest bush in

front of me: the same thing was repeated time after time, but I could never

get a view of him, and eventually had to give up the pursuit as a bad job,

My experience is that they are much easier approached collectively than

singly, and that if you want to make sure of a good head or two, you must

hunt them on the Marar Prairie, or other open expanse of country, where

you can see them in large herds, and pick your animals—a much easier matter

with the Mannlichers and Lee-Metfords of to-day than it was with the

-“ Expresses’’ of old,

SWAYNE’S HARTEBEEST.

(Bubalus swaynei).

These ungainly antelope are still plentiful in one or two places, but are

very locally distributed, In the dry season, before the rains, which begin

in April or May, all the hartebeest in the country seem to migrate westwards

towards the Harrar highlands, where the grass has still some life and nourish-

men left in it, At this time unless you havea “permit” for shooting in

Abyssinian territory, it is useless looking for them ; but directly rain has

fallen, and from then until the grass once more loses its moisture, they may

be found in great numbers allover the belt of open prairie stretching east-

wards from Jifu to Toyo. There are none in the Reserve, and I do not

know of any other ground within the present boundaries of the Protector-

ate, which they frequent, except the above, while at no great distance

further south the Somali form (B. swaynei) is replaced by Coke’s Hartebeest,

so that the distribution of the former is very limited.

While scouring the Marar Prairie, on the present occasion, in the hope of

picking up a stray specimen of B. swaynei, I had acuriously interesting morn-

ing, falling in with some old acquaintances out on the open “ban” in the

most unexpected manner possible. I had left the head-quarters of the ex-

pedition for a fortnight on the lightest “ field-service scale,’ with the object

of obtaining a Hartebeest, It was very dry at the time, and water being 20

miles or more away I was encamped near a zareeba of herd-camels, in order

to get the benefit of their milk. I could not remain on the “ban” or grass

belt, itself, as it was about 10 miles further still from water, and it would

have been too great a strain for my already hard-worked baggage-camels, to

be going frequently such a long tramp to the wellsand back. To compensate

for this I had’ to be up very early in the mornings and to trot down to the

plain on my riding-camel, before the work of the day began. On the morn-

ing in question I had been tramping the mirage-girt plain for two or three

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XI1I/.

hours without seeing the vestige of any Hartebeest, when I eame across &

confiding herd of Aoul(Soemmering’s gazelle), and being short of food in camp

shot a buck for the common larder, As I was walking up to him I saw in the

dancing haze of the distance the figure of a Somali running towards me,

evidently having heard the shot. A few minutes later, while the necessary

“ Bismillah” was being muttered over the dead buck, he came panting up,

and in spite of his unkempt locks and altered, jungly attire, the unique and

aggressive squint with which his eyes greeted me told me instantly that he

eould be none other than my old camel-syce, Adan, who had been in my

service up to the time I left the country four years before. He was equally

quick to recognize me, and while he assisted to skin the gazelle we had a talk

over old times, He told me that when I had left the Somali Coast he had

gone back to his tribe in the interior and had never visited the Ports since,

but had been: doing a little trade on his own account, and thet when he heard

my shot he was hurrying across the “ ban’’ to catch up his caravan which

was then en route to Harrar with trade-goods, When he gave me the direc-

tion I could just make out aseries of tiny black specks on the trembling

horizon, representing his string of camels. It would have been death to

him to lose his party on this thirsty prairie, so as soon as the buck was cut

up I presented him with my blessing and as much meat as he could carry,

and we went our several ways, each thinking, I expect, of the unlooked for

coincidence of our meeting.

But yet another surprise was in store for me that morning. I must

have been walking for quite three hours after parting with Adan, and

was beginning to feel inclined for some lunch, (in this case a stick of

chocolate,) when I descried with my glasses, far away on the

open ban, a small black object which puzzled usa good deal. We knew

there were no village encampments for many miles around, and it could

not be a halting caravan, because the spot was nowhere near any of the

camel-tracks crossing the Haud, and yet, after another good look, we came

to the conclusion that it could be nothing else than a Somali hut ; but what

was it doing in such a place at this inhospitable season? Another half-

hour’s walk would decide, so we trudged on towards it. —

As we got nearer it became evident that it wasa rough shelter of sorts,

and must be inhabited, for after going a little further we put upa Spotted

Hyena out of the grass, and he was not likely to be in such close proximity

for nothing. Sure enough when we got up to within 20 or 30 yards we

made out two Somalis asleep beneath a rough awing consisting of

two or three camel-mats stretched over four upright sticks, and as,

awoken by our approaching footsteps, they got up and peered around, what

was my surprise to be greeted with ‘‘ Good morning, Sir,” in excellent

English, and to recognize in the speakers two Midgan shikaris who had

been formerly well known tome One of them had been severely mauled

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 291

by a lion four years before when in the company of an English sportsman

and had been for months under my eye in the Berbera Hospital, recovering

from his wounds. The other, who was the brother-in-law of the first, had

also been a shikari, and as such had been one of the best trackers among his

eraft, but having been reported by more than one sportsman for funking

in’ the presence of dangerous game, he was not subsequently allowed to serve

as “first shikari.” Being too proud, I presume, to go in a humbler capacity,

as he might have done, he and his crippled kinsman had joined forces, and

having reverted to the primitive habits of their tribe, were hunting and

trapping for their livelihood, in the Haud, Atthe present time they were

engaged in the doubtful pastime of killing ostriches by snare and poison,

as they had to confess, Just beyond their little shelter, ina slight dip in

the surface of the plain, they had put up a tiny zareeba, wherein were their

grass vessels of water and the other scanty necessities of their frugal

existence ; there too were the results of their labours,a number of Ostrich

eggs, in rows beneath the thorn fence, and a few strips of the meat of the

great bird,in the form of “ biltong,” (which was their only food) spitted

to dry on the thorns thereof, The two camels which completed their ménage,

and which they seat for water every ten days or so, were now away with

their women at the wells, a day and-a-half’s journey distant,

' I remonstrated with them regarding the. poaching character of their

present occupation, but after all, as they ventured to point out, they must

live, and this was the only life they knew, a precarious one enough in all

conscience ; moreover they were in Abyssinian territory, where some one

else would poach the ostriches if they did not; so I did not feel able to say

much, The following were their methods, and I confess to being much

interested in the details of them.

No.1. When one of the party, in the course of his rambles over the

prairie, alights on the nest of a pair of ostriches, (which, except for

the absence of water in close proximity, is very similar in appearance

to that of Gus antigone, the Indian Sarus) he entwines the coarse stalks of

the nearest tussock of grass, so as to form a small screen or lair, wherein he

squats with his bow and poisoned arrows and awaits the return of the old

birds. Then if all goes welland nothing awakens the suspicions of these

wariest of bipeds, the insidious poison of a single arrow fairly planted any-

where in the flesh, slowly but surely does its work, and the unlucky bira is

eventually brought to bag.

No.2. This is the more scientific device if more unscrupulous in its

ingenuity. A number of bright yellowish-green berries or pods are collected,

of which ostriches are very fond, and which in size and appearance very

‘much resemble the outer green shell of the horse-chestnut; these are

filled with the same “ Wabai”’ or poison that is used for the arrows, and

of which prussic acid is, I imagine, the chief element, as it is obtained by

292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

boiling down the leaves of a laurel. growing on the Golis Range and other

high altitudes, Its efficaciousness depends entirely upon its freshness and the

care with which it is prepared, The plan of action is then as follows:

filling their pockets with the poisoned berries the Midgans start out at dawn,

each leading a camel. As soon as an ostrich is sighted (they are almost invari-

ably feeding at this early hour),a bare patch of ground is selected, near

which the unsuspecting quarry is likely to pass, and the shikaris then

separate, and by keeping ata sufficient distance and driving their camels

judiciously but naturally along, themselves concealed on the off side of them,

they endeavour to head the birds imperceptibly towards the berry-strewn

patch, Ostriches,as is well known, are very long and quick-sighted birds,

and once they descry the bright berries, they make at once towards them,’

The effect of the poison is narcotic ; after swallowing one or more of the

berries the bird soon becomes drowsy, and in the course of time gets the

staggers and sinks to the ground, when the Midgans come up and either find

it dead or put an end to it, They told me that once a berry had been swal-

lowed they seldom lost a bird, but that they sometimes had to follow for

many hours before the final collapse.

I endeavoured to take a photo of the deeply scored and shrunken shoulder

of the individual who, as before mentioned, had been mauled by a lion, but I

am sorry to say it was a failure. I got a very good picture, however, of their

characteristic little zareeba and its quaint contents, By the time I had taken

my photos and they had cooked a repast from my venison for my followers

and themselves, the day was far gone, so after a short but unsuccessful

attempt to stalk a herd of Oryx which had meanwhile grazed into view, I said

goodbye to my hosts and set out again across the “ ban” towards home, The

day’s work had been very unproductive as far as Hartebeest were concerned,

but I would not have missed it for a great deal. As for the latter, the

Midgans, who knew the ground thoroughly, assured me that I might search

the Haud over and over, but should not see a Hartebeest again till the next

rains fell; they had all migrated westwards to the Abyssinian highlands

where grass and water still existed, Ihad been under the impression that

Hartebeest, like most other African antelope, did not require water, but ac-

cording to the Midgans an occasional drink is a necessity to this species, when

the grass gets too dry. He at ee

THE GREATER KOODOO.

(Strepsiceros koodoo),

This grand beast is, and always will be,so long as the race survives, the

finest trophy to be obtained in Somaliland, They are still numerous on the’

slopes of the Golis Range, and are to be found, less plentifully, in ‘suitable:

hill country all over the Reserve, Out of this circumscribed tract, and:

supposing that the latter is intended to embrace both the northern and

aouthern slopes of the Golis—(this point is not made clear in “The Rules.

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 293

for Sportsmen” as at present worded),—I know of no locality where one can

any longer count on meeting with them, so that without special permission

to shoot in the said Reserve the sportsman has little chance of obtaining a

specimen, Beaaieat's

_ Even granted the “special permission,” the old buck Koodoo, like his

parallel the Markhor of the Himalayas, is at all times a very difficult beast

to circumvent, He lies up all day in the thickest cedar forest he can find, and

only comes out at night to feed, returning to his shady retreat by sunrise,

Tracking him up, except in rainy weather, is excessively difficult and fluky,

as the crackling of your footsteps on the dry leaves and undergrowth warns

him of your presence long before you can see him, and time after time your

labour is only rewarded by the sound of his horns crashing through the

brushwood as he gallops away out of sight. Ihave been out morning and

evening for a week together, putting up two or three in this way every day,

without ever setting eyeson one. On the other hand, the females and small

bucks that you do not want to see constantly appear in the open at all hours

_ of the day.

LESSER KOODOO,

(Strepsiceros imberbis).

The Lesser Koodoo are, I think, on the whole less plentiful now than

their bigger brethren, As with the latter there are very few in the present

Protectorate except in the Reserve, where, however, in one or two localities

they are still fairly common,

Captain H. G. Swayne, I see, speaking of the Lesser Koodoo in his

“Seventeen Trips through Somaliland,” mentions that the finest buck that

he has seen or heard of carried horns measuring between 27 and 28 inches,

and that “the average length of a good buck’s horns is about 25 inches,”

I hesitate to differ from him, but cannot help thinking that in this latter

remark he rather over estimates the average. What with the trophies brought

in by numerous shikar-parties, and other horns passing through the Customs

Houses at the Ports, I have seen a large number of Lesser Koodoo heads,

but with the exception of the pair mentioned by Captain Swayne I know

of no others touching 27 inches, and anything over 24 I should consider

very rare now-a-days, An average head I should put as low as 21 inches,

Hitherto I had always associated the Lesser Koodoo with scenery forming

a fitting background to his handsome presence ;~green, shady glades, and

fresh pastures ; but recently I met with them in such unlikely spots that I

could hardly believe my eyes when I saw them. On both occasions it was

far into the Haud, and at a season when. there was not a drop of water for

thirty or forty miles, nor an atom of verdure—nothing as far as the eye could

reach but a boundless expanse of parched prairie, studded here and there

with a patch of mimosa trees or umbrella-shaped bushes, innocent of a single

green leaf, and thirsting like the soil on which they grew, for the rain that

294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

seemed to be never coming, Truly the graceful buck, as he waded through

that undulating sea of sun-bleached grass, appeared utterly out of keeping

with his surroundings, .

There seems to be a good deal of confusion among travellers in Somaliland

as to the distinctive names for Koodoo and Lesser Koodoo, and this is not to

be wondered at, for Somalis themselves often confound the two in the most

aggravating and ignorant way. The reason, 1 think, is that the haunts of

both species in many places overlap ; that is to say, the Lesser Koodoo fre-

quents the shady tree-jungle fringing the bases of the same hills whose

heights are tenanted by his greater congener, and the latter again, especially

the herd bucks and females, come down at night into the low country to feed,

Thus I have myself come upon a buck of the larger species when in search of

the smaller on the flat below the range of hills from which the venturesome

individual had probably strayed.

When living in Somaliland I took a good deal of pains to clear up the

confusion of names abovementioned, and my endeavours brought me to the

following conclusions :-—

(1) “ Gopir” applies to the Greater Koodoo in general, both male and

female,

(2) “ GortaLEH”’ or “ GORIALEH GopDIR” are the terms used to :parti-

cularise a fully furnished buck of the larger species,

(3) “ ApreR yu “ or’ ANDERIO” is generally used for the Lesser Koodoo,

but:is frequently applied to the females and small fry of both species.

(4) “ ArReH.” Finally, if you wish to make a Somali understand that you

want a Lesser Koodoo buck with good horns, you must employ yet another

term“ Arreh,’ pronounced with a strong roll of the “r” s,

THE GAZELLES.

I will take these in the order given in the latest authoritative work on the

subject, Sclater and Thomas’s “ Book of Antelopes,” still in course of publicas

tion in parts. This is a work which an intending visitor to Somaliland should

lose no opportunity of studying, He will find therein the most recent infor-

mation regarding the various Somali antelopes, and will learn at the same time

in what way he can be useful to science without much extra trouble to himself,

THE BOTTLE-NOSED GAZELLE (Gazella spekei)

and

THE LOWLAND GAZELLE (Gazella pelzelni).

With regard to these two varieties there is likely to be some perplexity im

the minds of those familiar with Mr. Inverarity’s note on the Mammalia of

Somaliland in Vol. V. of this Journal. At that time the Gazelle found in the

maritime plain was known as G. spekei, later on, however, on the subject

being gone into afresh, the type of Speke’s discovery was found to be of the —

“ bottle-nosed’ kind, and so the names had to be changed akout, being now

accepted as ahove,

{

;

WOTES ON SOMALILAND, 495

I shall vefer to them here by the names by which they seem familiarly

known among sportsmen, viz., the “ Bottle-nosed” and the ‘“ Lowland,”

respectively, Lafarook, about “40 miles from Berbara, on the way to the

Jerato Pass, is approximately the point at which the Lowland variety ceases

to be met with and the range of the other begins; in fact, while encamped

near the wells of that name we found the two kinds indiscriminately. On

the isolated plateaux in the neighbourhood, I saw the Bottle-nosed in great

numbers when hunting Baira, while at the foot the Lowland species was

predominant, On one occasion, when stalking some Baira,I came across a

herd of at least 40 of the former, including some very fine heads, and they

allowed me to come quite close up to them, but I was too anxious about the

rarer antelope at the time to fire at any of them. -

The marked difference in the appearance of females of the two varieties

has not, I think, been sufficiently explained and drawn attention to in

books on the subject. Their horns are altogether unlike. In the case

of the Lowland Gazelle the does’ horns are very thin and smooth

and much straighter than the bucks’, and asa rule hardly show at all

in life, being hidden by the ears ; whereas, in the case of the Bottle-nosed,

the females’ horns are exactly like the males, only slightly less massive ;

in fact, among a herd in the field, I defy anybody, without a prolonged

use of the field-glasses, to sistinguish a buck with medium-sized horns, from

a doe.

SOEMMERING’S GAZELLE (Gazella soemmeringiz).

“ Aoul,” as they are commonly called, are still plentiful in the Bulhar

Plain, and in flat country throughout the Protectorate.

CLARKE’S GAZELLE or Dipatac (Ammordorcas clarke).

WALLER’S GAZELLE or GERENUK (Lithocranius walleri),

Barra ANTELOPE or BalRA (Dorcotragus megalotis).

It so happens that Messrs, Sclater and Thomas ‘complete their monograph

of all the known Gazelles with these three species of the Somali Fauna, and

oddly enough each has been considered to constitute a distinct Genus.

In this connection I take the liherty of quoting in eatenso the interesting

remarks with which the Authors of this - delightful work preface their

account of the Baira Antelope, They write :—

“We will conclude the long series of Gazelles with three abnormal forms,

“each constituting a genus of itself, which, curiously enough, are all restrict-

‘‘ed to N.-E,. Africa, As regards the first two of them, there can be no

“ question, we believe, of their close alliance to the Gazelles, Ammordorcas

“being in several respeets intermediate between Gazella and Lithceranius,

“and leading on to that most specialized form of the group. About the

“correct position of the Baira, however, there is considerable doubt, and

‘it is quite possible that a more natural place for it in the Antelopine series

“may be hereafter discovered.”

2996 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

About the Dibatag and the Gerenuk I have little to tell that has not

_iready been told by others. The latter seem to be ubiquitous throughout

the country, excepting the summits of the mountain ranges. In the “ Book

of Antelopes” there are beautiful plates of both animals in the most life-

like attitudes, but the colouring of the Dibatag therein lacks a little the

distinct bluish-grey tint which pervades the animal as one sees it in life

but which is in a great measure lost in the made-up skin, .

The known range of this antelope has extended considerably since the

Australian sportsman after whom it was named first obtained specimens of

it in 1890, On our present expedition we beganto meet with it about 20

miles north of Darror, on the southern edge of the Haud, and continued to

find it westwards as far as Awaré, near Milmil. South of that line it has

been traced almost to the River Shebeyli, and now Messrs. Sclater and

Thomas tell us that it has turned up again near Mount Kilimanjaro in

German East Africa, so that we may reasonably expect that some intermedi-

ate habitat exists and will be brought to light before long,

The high grass prairie, studded with open tree jungle and mimosa bushes,

which, in Somaliland at all events, forms the usual haunt of the Dibatag,

is just the sort of country through which the Rhino, too, delights to

wander; and I have little doubt that when the distribution of this

interesting antelope has been fully ascertained, it will be found that where

the Dibatag is, there is the Rhino also.

In such ground as I have mentioned as being the favourite resort of the

Dibatag, it is naturally very difficult to see them on foot, and one may easily

pass or put up animals, quite close at hand, without knowing it. I would

accordingly recommend any sportsman who treats himself to the luxury of a

riding-camel, to bring the latter into requisition when hunting Clarke’s

Gazelle. You will certainly see many more of them from the back of

your camel than you would from the ground, and so far as my own

experience goes, you will find it much easier to get shots, for the chances

are that instead of putting up the animal at very close quarters and

getting a difficult. “ flying” shot, as he bounds away through the long

grass, you will see him with your glasses before he sees you, You can then

quietly slip down from the back of your camel and doa careful stalk Gn

the course of which an occasional ant-hill ofthe obelisk pattern will very

often assist you much in keeping your direction) and the result will be a

much more steady and satisfactory shot than would otherwise have been the

case. f

On an emergency you may even try ashot from your perch, as the ordinary

viding-camel is quite indifferent to the report of a rifle fired from his back.

The only objection is that when you slacken the rein to take the shot, the

faithful “‘ummin-bird” has an aggravating knack of squirming his neck

round to watch the interesting operation.

( Teytepo Seo ropounny)

SWE N79) Seba 3 Q

a0pue T chuar-oqoyg soigwmrea qu, : 9 x07 7 4 '4de9 Ag peydersojoyg

—_ ~~ ; x is \ 7 / : eo f ~~ <

Se Js de eh :

- 2) Ae = yr Ete Pe -

306 4ST ‘qen AeQuiog wano0P

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 297

The Dibatag is, I think, the only important Somali antelope which has.

not been represented in this Journal, so a photograph of it accompanies

these notes,

As regards the size of its horns, 12 inches on the curve, without following:

the crenulations, seems to be the outside measurement ; in fact, I have seen

nothing longer than a pairof horns which I sent to the Society’s Museum

some years back,and which,if I remember right, just taped that amount.

The female carries no horns,

The Baira.—Soon afier our expedition left the coast we were passing

through that part of the Guban, or low country, where I had met with the

Baira in 1895, and I made a point of spending a couple of days on the top of

one of those inhospitable-looking tablelands, whereon it has elected to dwell,

in the hope of extending my slight acquaintance with this puzzling little

antelope. Iam glad to say I was not disappointed.

The plateau selected was a large one, and game was. more plentiful than I

expected ; in fact during the two days I spent there, I must have seen quite

40 animals altogether, They were as wild as hawks, however, and I only

succeeded in obtaining a single specimen, but chiefly owing to my bad shoot-

ing, I was using a Mannlicher that I had only just received from England,

and though I afterwards got to like it exceedingly, at this time I was quite

at sea with it and could not hit a haystack; but my second introduction to

the Baira, if not very successful from a marksman’s point of view, was other-

wise most interesting, and I was able to learn a good deal of their habits

They seemed to be always in families of 5, 6 or 7, and to graze, for choice,

_out upon the rock-strewn surface of the tableland. When disturbed, they.

invariably kept to the flat as long as possible, only taking to the steep side®

when finally driven to it. On-such occasions, onee over the crest and out of

sight of their pursuers, they would lie up in the most artful manner, unde1

any rock or shrub that came in their way, and if no such haven was available’

they would stand or crouch perfectly motionless, in the open; even then it

was almost impossible to detect them, so exactly does their eolouring match

the general tint of their surroundings. One of them tried to pursue these

tactics on the open plateau, in ful] view of me, I had been stalking a family

of them which I had seen grazing out on the crest, but they had descried

me almost as quickly, and at once galloped away towards the end of the

plateau ; there, however, they apparently found the scarp too precipitous,

for they pulled up stddenly and streamed away to my left, The crest at

this point was very narrow, and I did a sprint at my best pace in the

hope of cutting them off before they disappeared down the slope, but

they all eluded me except one, which, evidently thinking it had not

sufficient time to make the edge before me, stopped and crouched like

a frightened hare behind a boulder, hoping, I suppose, to escape observa-

tion. She proved to be a doe, and let me watch her for two or three

298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII1.

minutes and finally walk right up to her, before she made up her

mind to jump to her feet and scamper off for dear life after her com-

panion.

Baira are to my mind the most difficult to approach of all the Somali .

antelope, racing away for all they are worth the moment they are disturbed

by man or beast—so different from the Bottle-nosed Gazelles which haunt

the same plateaux, and which on this occasion I found in greater numbers

and more confiding than I have ever seen them before: owing no doubt to

the fact that on these barren-looking expanses of black shingle, they are

very seldom disturbed by the hunter,

The Plate of the Baira or “ Beira,’ (as the authors spell te word) in the

the “ Book of SOD ” seems to me to be quite perfect, both in shape and

colouring.

Two more forms complete the Antelopine group, as represented in Somali-

land, namely the Klipspringer ; and the Digdig, in three varieties.

OREOTRAGUS SALTATOR (The Klipspringer).

I have litile to add to what has already been recorded about this beautiful

little creature—“ Alakud,’ as the Somalis call him. He is not much shot,

and therefore has not perceptibly decreased in numbers. Wherever you find

the Larger Koodoo, there you may expect the Klipspringer ; he also inhabits

the precipitous sides of the same tablelands which form the favourite

haunt of the Baira ; but, unlike that species, confines himself entirely to the

ateepest slopes, whereon he loves to skip from crag to crag in the most

break-neck fashion possible : I have never seen him take to the flat under

any circumstances,

MADOQUA PHILLIPSI,

MADOQUA SWAYNEI.,

Mapoqua GUNTHERI.

Thus are the three varieties of the Sand Antelope or Digdig designated by

zoologists ; Somalis distinguish them by the names “ Goyu,” “ Golass,” and

“ Gussli,” respectively. Captain Swayne has given an accurate description

of them all, upon which I cannot improve, They are excellent eating and

very plentiful, and consequently nearly every sportsman shoots a goodly

number of them, but to the majority they are all ‘‘ Digdig” simply, and as

such are only looked upon as pleasant additions to the often monotonous bill-

of-fare, There is still, however, a good deal to be done in the way of deter-

mining the limits of the distribution of each of the three varieties, and in this

travellers could materially assist by keeping the skins and skulls of those

shot, and carefully ticketing them with a brief note of the sex, date and

locality, We obtained specimens of all three varieties between Berbera

and Milmil, the first and second overlapping in one locality and the

second and third in another, = cannot recall the name of the camping-

place in the former case, and have not present access to the skins for

NOTES ON SOMALILAND. 299

reference, but I find from my diary that a small isolated hill called “ Sugul,”’

a few miles N.-E, of Milmil, was the most northerly point at which we met

with Madoqua guntheri, and there its presence was confined to the slopes

and immediate vicinity of the hill itself, whereas M. swaynei was the com-

moner form in the surrounding neighbourhood. The first two varieties are

not always easy to be distinguished, without specimens or skins for com-

parison, but the “ Gussli” is at once recognizable by its abnormally long

snout, its larger proportions, and by the rattling “ guss-guss-guss ” (giving

rise to its vernacular name) which it utters when disturbed, and which is

quite different from the shrill whistle of the other two,

MISCELLANEOUS,

In the foregoing pages I have touched upon all the larger Mammals usually

included in the collections of expeditions that do not penetrate further than

the River Shebeyli, but there are still a few more interesting animals,

that the traveller in Somaliland hears little about, because so rarely met

with by human beings; though not necessarily rare in themselves, they are

worth passing mention,

(1) The Lynx (Felis caracal), the “Gududonneh ” of the Somalis, Dr.

Donaldson-Smith and I saw one specimen of this species whilst riding one day

ahead of the caravan to a new camp, but by the time we had dismounted it

had disappeared in some grass where tracking was impossible,

(2) The Serval Cat (Felis serval), The Somalis have given the name“ Sheb-

eyl Adari” (another form of “‘Harrari’’) to one of the cat-tribe with which they

are acquainted, and I think it must be this species, whichis known in Abyssinia

also, but I have never been able to make quite sure, only having hada skin

to illustrate my inquiries by ; I think there is little doubt, however, that the

animal is fairly common in the Protectorate, and although none of us

actually saw one on our recent expedition, one of our number, Mr, Carlyle

Fraser, who was familiar with it further south, on several occasions, told

us that he had come on its tracks,

(3) The Aard-wolf (Proteles cristatus), Here again I am in uncertainty as

to the Somali name, Theanimal frequents open ravine-country, similar to

that in which one finds the Chinkara in India, I have never obtained a

specimen but have twice seen them ; they are not unlike a Striped Hyena in

miniature,

(4) The Ant-Bear (Orycteropus wthiopicus) or “ Kharendi”’ of the Somalis,

This curious animal, the subject of one of the Plates, is very common indeed

in many localities, but being entirely a night-feeder it is hardly ever seen.

Before I met with the creature I had often come across numbers of deep, round,

and apparently purposeless holes, sometimes dug right along a camel-track

at almost regular intervals, but from the explanations of my followers I had

come to the conclusion that they referred the pitfalls to the Badger, which

last exists in the country, and it was only when this specimen came into our

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

hands that I discovered with certainty what the “ Kharendi’’ was. We obtain-

edit in acurious way, Dr. Donaldson-Smith was sitting outside his tent

one day, waiting for me to return to breakfast, when some Midgans passed,

driving and dragging this poor beast along. On being stopped and questioned,

they told him that it had got caught in a snare which they had set for Oryx,

and that they were going to take it into Berbera to sell, They appeared to

be very rough with it but it did not bear any outward marks of injury, and

seemed to be only paralysed with fright and exhaustion, so we negotiated for

the purchase of it, and finally obtained it on the understanding that we would

pay double the price now settled, if we succeeded in transporting it to the

Coast alive. The poor beast never rallied, however, and died a few hours

later, and on skinning it we found that it had been injured internally, and

was badly bruised about the back and hind-quarters as well.

The Ant-Bear is classed by the faculty among the “ Edentata”’ or tooth-

less mammals, but this adjective is not altogether applicable to him, for

although he is not furnished with canine teeth or incisors he does possess a

set of back teeth of sorts, and is not therefore under the necessity of swal-

lowing his food whole ; not that it would necessarily give him indigestion if

he did, for his food consists almost entirely of termites, for the collection of

which nature has provided him with a long thin slavery tongue, which, like

the lizard, he can extend to a great distance and can penetrate with it the holes

and crevasses into which the ants take refuge. His skin is thick and coarse,

resembling a pig’s, and covered sparsely with grey hairs, which get darker and

thicker on the thighs and legs, in fact he has been sometimes called the Harth-

pig or Ant-pig for this reason, Altogether, with his abnormally long snout and

ears, and extraordinarily massive tail he is an uncanny object to look at, The

tail, as may be imagined from its thickness at the root, is almost rigid, and the

animal cannot apparently cail upon it to perform the usual offices of a long

tail, such as flicking off flies or actingas a punkah, He could hardly have

been endowed with such a peculiar appendage except for some special purpose,

and the extraordinary development of muscle on the underneath part of the

root leads to the conclusion that he extends it straight out behind him and

rests his whole weight on it, in order to steady himself while engaged

in digging, with those powerful curved claws of his, for the ants whieh

form his staple food. Of these claws he has four on each foot in front

and five behind, and they are either very uncomfortable to walk upon,

or else the owner is afraid of getting them blunted unnecessarily, for he

walks only on the outside of the sole, turning the claws inwards and

upwards so that only the digit corresponding to our little toe touches

the ground, As might be expected the Ant-bear livesin a burrow which

he excavates for himself, but it is said that he is not always allowed

to enjoy the fruits of his labours, for the Hunting Dog sometimes annexes

it, and in South Africa the Steinbok, according to one writer, takes refuge

Nintern. Bros Photoamp. London.

Sc ip

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Journ. Bombay Nat.this

Photographed by Capt PZ "Coe.

NOTES ON SOMALILAND, 301

therein when pursued, These facts bring one’s thoughts to the question of

self-protection, How is the Ant-Bear endowed in this respect ? I confess it

is rather a puzzle, The thought exercised us much when the subject of the

photograph was alive in our possession ; he seemed so harmless and helpless

in every way and yet looked so fat and succulent withal, that one would

expect him to be an easy and desirable prey to any carnivorous animal strong-

er than himself, including man, He hasno teeth which he could use for

biting purposes, nor scales to preserve his own skin, like others of his

persuasion, and, during life at all events, there was no unpleasant smell

attached to him ; we found however when we began to skin him and prepare

his skeleton, that the flesh did give off a very pungent and sickening smell, and

if the flavour of it is at all in proportion, the creature’s apparent immunity

from the attentions of other better-armed animals is partly, though insuffi-

ciently, explained,

The Ant-Bear is found from the Cape to Abyssinia, the southern form

being known a8 Orycteropus capensis and the northern as (QO, eethiopicus,

the differences between them are however very slight, I believe, and when

more specimens are available for comparison, they will probably resolve

themselves into mere local variations. The one obtained by us is presumably

the form ethiopicus., s

I have said nothing about the Hyznas and Foxes or the Wild Dog, nor

is there much to be said, With the Hyznas, Striped and Spotted, most

people are familiar as they are to be seen in every Zoo ; the latter variety

is much the most common in Somaliland, and is a more or less constant

nuisance to travellers, ever ready as he is to prey upon any unwary camel or

other animal straying from the caravan, The Wild Dog of Somaliland I have

never seen alive, and I do not think that in this part of Africa, at all events,

he exists in such numbers as his Indian cousin does with us, If he does

he certainly lives a much more retired life, and does not scare game to the

same extent, As regards Foxes, sportsmen might help a good deal, asin

the case of the Digdig, by shooting a specimen occasionally and making a

note Of the locality, Unless there is an unusual margin of difference in the

colour and texture of the coats of individual specimens dependent on

season or locality, I am inclined to think the country is responsible

for more species than is generally supposed. We were under the impres-

sion that we obtained three varieties, exclusive of the pretty little black

species, which always hunts in couples, and is known by Somalis as the

“ Gol-waraba,” the word “ Waraba” being used by itself for the Spotted

Hyena. Our collections of skins, however, are still under examination, so I

cannot say anything authoritative on the subject,

About the small mammals, Birds and Insects, which we collected I can say

little or nothing for the same reason, namely, that the collections are still under

examination, Among the former the Hares and Conies (* Bowna” in Somali)

302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

are each ‘represented in two or three varieties, and are interesting to the

collector ; and of the second of these two families, besides what we actually

obtained, I saw a single specimen of another variety which I have never heard

of before in Somaliland, and which I believe to be that known further South

as Burchell’s Hieraz. I put it up at my feet on the same solitary hill,

“Sugul ” by name, which I mentioned as being the spot where we first

met with Giinther’s Digdig: I had an Express rifle with me at the time, so

the funny little creature escaped destruction, and though I revisited the place

two or three days in succession, in the hope of meeting with him again, or

one of his relations, I was never successful.

Excepting the Eagles and Vultures, which seem to travel the world over,

the Ornithology of Somaliland possesses so little in common with that of this

continent that it could have no interest for any but specialists in that branch

of Natural History, and moreover any observations from me would be prema-

ture, pending the classification of our collections by competent authority.

The same remarks apply to the results of our labours in the collection of

Reptiles, Insects, etc., in dealing with which I should be very soon out of my

depth. Even were it not so, these notes have already reached such alarming

proportions that I should fear to trespass longer on the patience and

indulgence of my readers,

303

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES

HT DE CEY¥LAN.

PaR AUGUSTE FOREL.

Parr VII.

(Continued from page 65 of this Volume.)

4me Trisu PONERII.

7me Genre CENTROMYRMEX, Mayr.

= Spaleomyrmex, Emery,

C. fee, Emery.

@. Fourmi de 4545 mill. (forme typique) oude 434 46 mill, (var.

ceylonicus), reconnaissable facilement 4 son métanotum, dont la face basale

est profondément creusée en selle, 4 son pédicule pétiolé devant et surmonté

derriere d’une écaille trés épaisse (var. ceylonicus) ou d’un noeud (forme

typique), 4 son abdomen proprement dit sans resserement appréciable aprés

le ler segment, 4 ses funicules épais, dont les articles, plus larges que longs,

ne forment pas de massue distincte et 4 ses mandibules encore triangulaires,

mais étroites, allongées et faiblement ou a peine denticulées 4 leur bord

interne, Antennes de 12 articles, Pas d’yeux. he

Roussdtre, médiocrement poilue, Luisante, Téte et thorax assez forte-

ment ponctues, Abdomen lisse sauf les points piligéres,

d. (De la var. ceylonicus). L, 4°3 mill, Mandibules trés courtes, triangulaires,

sans dents, Antennes courtes, Téte arrondie, Yeux médiocres, Epistome trés

convexe, Thorax court et large, Mésonotum grand, a sillons convergents,

Le métanotum forme une forte convexité. Pédicule avec un pétiole déprimé

et, derriére, avec une écaille assez mince, échancrée en haut, Abdomen &

peine rétréci apres le ler segment, Valvules génitales extérieures triangu-

laires, larges, dirigées en bas, Pygidium sans pointe, Ailes courtes, n’atteig-

nant pas l’extrémité de l’abdomen, hyalines, pubescentes, 4 tache marginale

et nervures brunes, ayant deux cellules cubitales, une cellule radiale fermée

et une discoidale, :

Téte et thorax assez luisants, irréguliérement sculptés; abdomen lisse.

Pilosité brundtre, assez abondante, Noir, Pattes et antennes brunes.

Pris avec les © par M. Yerbury 4 Ceylan. Sans cela on douterait presque

de Videntité générique,

Bhamé, Schwegoo, Prome, Palon en Birmanie (Fea) (forme typique).

Ceylan, Q et ¢ (Yerbury, Simon) : var. ceylomicus nov. var, Cette variété se

distingue par sa taille plus petite, par ses mandibules presque sans trace de

denticulations 4 leur bord terminal, par ses antennes d’une idée plus courtes

et plus épaisses,et par le noeud du pédicule qui est bien plus transversal

ou squami forme (deux fois plus large que long; 1} fois 4 peine chez le

Fee).

304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI/2.

8me Genre LEPTOGENYS, Roger.

== Lobopelta, Mayr (Subgenus).

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Mandibules linéaires, sans bord terminal, trés longues, laissant,

méme fermées, un fort espace entre elles et le bord de I’épis-

PONV ei eaaseerae eee eee 1, (S. &. Leptogenys, sens, strict—Roger.}

Mandibules plus ou moins étroites, tout 2u plus sublinéaires,

ayant au moins un bord terminal court, plus ou moins dis-

tinct, et s’appliquant assez exactement contre le bord de

lépistome, lorsqu’elles sont fermées... 2. (S. G. Lobopelta—Mayr.}

1, Téte bien plus large que longue, élargie devani, rétrécie

derricre. Mandibules courbées sur toute leur longueur,

quoique moins fortement au milieu, Deux dents courbées

sous le bord antérieur dela téte, devant, Epistome triangu-

laire devant, avec un rebord membraneux tres ¢troit. Une

grosse ponctuation espacée, assez superficielle, mais fort

distincte sur le thorax, moins sur la téte et le pédicule. L,

Shc are gi spr dN | Dap ea re Cot scaata Pati Aaa . L, faleigera—Roger.

Téte aussi longue que large, 4 peine plus large devant que

derricre, Mandibules courbées vers leur base et vers leur

extrémité, mais pas dans leur partie moyenne. le bord

antérieur inférieur de la téte n’a que deux trés petites dents

droites et fort latérales. Lobe antérieur de l’épistome assez

arrondi, faiblement festoné et portant un assez large rebord

membraneux jaundire, Tout le corps mat, tres finement

sculpté, sans aucune grosse ponctuation espacce, Les yeux

sont presque aussi éloignés de l’angle antérieur de la téte

que leur diamétre (moins chez la falcigera), Hnticrement

eouverte d’une fine pubescence grise, pruineuse, lL, 6°84

Pimill: esvetaa nee dcscastecrse sstsescaccascossee” 7, DTUILOSH). TOVn SUCGH

2, Articles 3 4 6 des funicules beaucoup plus larges que longs.

Long. 4:5—4:7 mill. Roussdtre, Trés luisante, lisse,

poilue. Mandibules assezcourtes, 4 bord terminal tridenté.

Yeux trés petits, Téte rectangulaire. Dos du thorax a

peine convexe, sans échancrure. LHcaille tres épaisse, nodi-

forme, atrondie en Haut c.c.0:ssesceseneresee L. crassicornis—Emery.

Articles 3 a 6 des funicules au moins aussi longs que larges... 3

3. Pédicule surmonté d'une écaille large, tout-a-fait comprimée,

n’ayant qu’un seul bord obtus. Tételarge. Corpsrobuste. 4

Pédicule surmonté d’un noeud ou d’une écaille tres épaisse,

nodiforme, ayant un bord antérieur et un bord postérieur.

Téte en général étroite ; corps plus ou moins étroit et

allongé PORTO APETHAE HEHEHE OLE THE REO SOE CTEDO CHE AHOOHAGHORTSEHORre TREAD eSUGEDOe 6

LES FORMICIDES DE L} EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 305

"Lobe antérieur de l’épistome terminé devant, au ‘milieu, par

trois dents. 'Téte luisante, abondamment et fortement

ponctuée, Articles 346 des funicules aussi larges ou presque

aussi larges que longs. L, 5°545-8 mill... L, dentilobis, nov. spec.

Lobe antérieur de l’épistome sans dents, Téte n’ayant que

des points épars. Poilues, luisantes ..... aheuneioncmevseneenen “Ona ati

5, Articles 3 4 8 des funicules beaucoup plus longs que larges,

Epistome terminé devant par un angle obtus et arrondi,

sans rebord distinct, D’un brun de poix foncé, L, 75a

S) TUT ceagsnceepacecasonsoepene dar sosuA- ene Riese sameeren L, ocellifera—Roger,

Articles 4 4 8 des funicules aussi larges ou plus larges que

longs. Epistome terminé devant par une portion médiane

subtronquée qui forme un rebord lamelliforme d’un roux

transparent. Couleur roussdtre. L.6°3475 mill... JL. birmana,,

nov, spec.

Premier segment de l’abdomen (apres le pedicule) sculpté, tout

au moins abondamment fourni de gros points enfoneés ou

HOSS CLUES HH elanelseiavanesansicnciacwaauacricivesnesadaves\icc en ssorciese as eieaoreces 7

Premier segment de l’abdomen lisse et trés luissant......... coeece 8

L, 9°44 9°6 mill, Téte rugueuse et mate, sans rides trans-

versales, avec des rides longitudinales devant... L, binghamié,

Nov, spec.

L. 6°75. mill. Téte transversalement ridée derriere. Thorax,

pédicule et premier segment de abdomen grossicrement

PE UOMONR | ieee esla By etines seebeec be aso cooasnseate See eeesietste es L, aspera—André,

L. 5:5 mill, Enticrement ponctucée, sauf quelques rides sur la

face déclive du métanotum. Lobe antérieur de lépistome

triangulaire, arrondi a son angle antérieur......... L. punctiventris—

Mayr.

L,444'4 mill, Méme sculpture, & peu pres, que la précé-

dente. Lobe antérieur de lepistome avec une portion

médiane fort rétrécie, fort avancée et tronquée A l’extrémité. L. hys-

terica, NOV. spec,

Pédicule surmonrté d’une écaille trés épaisse, plus ou moins

tronquée devant et derriére, mais toujours plus large ou au

moins aussi large que longue (sauf chez une race de la

L, diminuta).........0064 Bi ccaiey csucs cds esciec deacon Bole os Brocceo ens.)

Pédicule surmonté d’un noeud comprimé latéralement, tou-

jours plus long que large, tronqué et élargi derriére, lente-

ment rétréci et abaissé d’arriére en avant, Epistome avee

une caréne aigué. Lisses, luisantes, noires ............... veovee 16

Téte entiérement lisse et Iuisante comme le reste du corps ; a

peine quelques stries effacées tout prés de l’articulation des

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

antennes, Relativement assez robuste. Avant derniers ~

articles des funicules un peu épaissis, presque aussi larges

que longs, Mandibules assez larges, avec 4 dents plus fortes

vers lextrémité du bord terminal et 6 trés petites vers sa

base. Brundtre, finement poilue. L. 4:5 mill. LZ. luctdula—Hmery.

Téte lisse et luisante, mais avec une ponctuation assez grossi-

ére, réguliére, fort abondante qui manque 4 la lucidula.

Reste du corps lisse et luisant. Petites espéces .......c0-.-. 10

Téte densément striée en long,au moins devant, Lorsquw’ elle

est lisse derriére, la ponctuation réguliére et abondante du

groupe 10 fait défaut. Poilues ....cccoccsces-eseesees BERN alee ee tel 2

10. Lobe de lPépistome trés court et arrondi, prolongé en avant

par une membrane jaundtre, transparente, obtusément tri-

ay ate Ee aa hee apse secadsecc Bote emer clecesaste ssn anee L. roberti, nov. spec.

(a) L. 3°54 3°6 mill.; téte & angles plus arrondis, JL. roberit,

i. spec,

(b) L. 3°9 mill, ; téte plus rectangulaire, plus allongée. L, roberta,

r, caonoorensis, NOV, St.

Lobe de l’ épistome triangulaire, de forme ordinaire ............ 11

11. Mandibules ayant six dents trés distinctes 4 leur bord terminal

‘et environ cing denticules plus ou moins distincts a leur

bord interne qui n’est pas fort bien délimité du premier.

L, 4°3 44:7 mill. Heaille plus mince que chez ses voisines, L. dalyi,

nov. Sp.

Mandibules ayant 3 ou 4 dents trés obliques et peu distinctes

Xleur bord terminal et le bord interne inerme. L. 4:44

ASP Tall, Hic ee Nahe. weal eae taatea ences cmee coe ares: L. yerburyi, Nov. sp.

12, Epistome sans caréne, “Taille plus robuste et plus forte.

Téte et thorax densément striés avec un éclat soyeux.

Mandibules tranchantes. Sutures distinctes, Thorax

échancré entre le mésonotum et lemétanotum .. L, kitteli—Mayr,

(a) L. 9 mill. Une incisure forte et distincte entre le

pronotum et le mésonotum, Ce dernier fort con-

vexe, le métanotum aussi, Hcaille trés élevée, dépas-

sant le métanotum, aussi longue que large, Un re-

flet metallique a V’abdomen. Lobe de l’épistome

subtronqué devant, au milieu. Funicules rouge-

Atres, avec les articles pénultiémes plus longs que chez

la suivante...... sosees

(b) L, 84 8°5 mill, L’écaille ne dépasse pas le thorax ;

elle est plus large que longue et pourtant plus épaisse

en haut que chez la précédente. Incisure pro-méso-

notale faible; mésonotum et métanotum moins

LES FORMICIDES DE L'EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 307

convexes, Pas de reflet, Lobe de Ilépistome

arrondi. Funicules brundtres ...... L, kitteli—Mayr, i. sp.

noy. var,

Epistome caréné ou sub-caréné. Sculpture variable, mais le

devant de la téte toujours strié en long, Plus gréle... 13 L. dimi-

nuta—Smith,

13. Taille plus robuste, Les scapes ne dépassent Vocciput que

d’i’ peine un tiers de leur longueur. Téte aussi large

derriére que devant, sauf tout-a-fait en arriére, 4 Vocciput,

oulelle se.rétrécit tapidement "J. .cs.-.cess--<eccers sceseescrsa nes “pea dle

Taille gréle, Les scapes dépassent l’occiput de plus des 2/5 (prés

de la moitié) de leur longueur, Téte lentement, mais dis-

tinctement rétrécie d’avant en arricre, surtout depuis les

yeux (du moins chez la ZL. hodgsoni) ..... eeccvenrereccrseseeere 15

14. L.6:2 46°38 mill, EHpistome distinctement caréné. Ecaille

aussi longue que large. Téte entiérement striée; stries

transversales sur Vocciput. Des rugosités ou rides éparses,

irrégulieres sur le thorax et souvent sur l’écaille r, ZL.

diminuta, i, sp, Smith,

(a) L. 6 & 66 mill, Derriére de la téte et vertex

lisses et luisants, Thorax et écaille plus lisses,

var, leviceps—Smith,

(6) L.7475 mill, Sculpture de la leviceps, mais un

peu plus robuste ....... Sonosnon var, sarasinorum, nov, var.

comme le type ......... wales sido vi var, opacinodis—Emery,

L.70a 76 mill, Epistome sub-caréné ou indistinctement

caréné (passant un peu a celui de la kétteli, sans y arriver),

Taille un peu plus robuste que chez la diminuta typique.

Sutures autour du mésonotum fortement imprimées. Du

reste comme la diménuta,i. sp. ...-.-....-+ r, L, palliseri, nov. stirps,

L. 50 & 5°56 mill, Thorax plus robuste ‘et bien moins-

échancré que chez la diminuta,i.sp. Les sutures autour

du mésonotum sont plus nettes, Ecaille plutét plus large

que longue. Sculpture striée a la téte et en partie au

thorax. Stries un peu irréguliéres et entremélées de points

MUGEOSCO MIC MES) atesedacseasssc-<cos---00 teers 0, L, striatula—Emery,

15. L. 6&2 mill, D’un brun jaundtre ou rougedtre, Téte

ovale, Pilosité trés éparse. Pubescence nulle. Lobe de

Pépistome tres avancé en triangle, presque aquminé ;

carene trés aigué, Devant et cdtés de la téte striés; face

basale du métanotum ridée transversalement (comme chez

808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

toutes les races). Quelques rugosités sur les cétés du méso-

notum et du métanotum, Tout le reste lisse et luisant,

Thorax trés fortement et largement éechancré, r.L. wood-masoni—

Forel

L.62 aT wmill. Noire, patteset antennes brunes, Pilosité ;

abondante. Lobe de l’épistome avancé, mais nullement

acuminé 4 son extrémité qui est arrondie et un peu translu-

cide, Caréne trés distincte, Téte striée comme chez la

diminuta, i. sp., mais plus fortement. Thorax et écaille

fortement rugueux ou striés, Thorax tres fortement

échancré et rétréci au milieu; mésonotum bas et mal

délimité. Ecaille un peu plus longue que large... r. L. hodgsoné,

nov, stirps.

16. Noeud du pédicule trés allongé, environ 15 fois plus long que

sa hauteur postérievre et trois fois plus long que large

derriére. Corps extrémement gréle et étroit, Second

article du funicle plus de deux fois plus long que le pre-

mier ; articles pénultiemes presque trois fois plus longs que

larges. Téte trés étroite, distinctement rétrecie d’avant

enarriere. Lobe de l’épistome triangulaire, sans dents,

1b BS) Gh, We?/ all eS oends ecco scocacosdconec conan L, assamensis, nov. spec.

Noeud du pédicule plus court et plus élevé tout au plus dj

plus long que haut derriére et deux fois plus long que

large. Plus robustes, Poilules .c.cerccosesscsescsercccssesenseonse 17

17, L.849:5 mill, Le lobe antérieur, triangulaire de l’épistome

ade chaque coté deux crénaux ou festons de forme assez

variable et se termine au milieu'par une figure rectangulaire

qui, parfois, se transforme en deux dents. Un reflet-

métallique un peu blewdtre ........seccceseeeeee.s. L, chinensis—Mayr,

Bien plus petites. Lobe de l’épistome sans dents, ni cré-

naux, triangulaire, assez pointu au milieu. Articles pénul-

tiemes du funicule seulement deux fois plus longs que

larges ..... 5 (5pooe Gondunscncane Soscorabed Aosasonyooneercane pseosendsO- BRAD, \ ier

18, Un reflet métallique bleudtre, comme chez la chinensis. Mandi-

bules relativement grandes et assez larges, avec un bord

terminal assez long et sinueux. Lobe de l’épistome grand.

Le noeud du pédicule, & peine plus long que haut derriére,

forme devant un pan assez manifestement distinct de sa

surface supérieure inclinée. Scapes plus longs et téte plus

allongée que chez l’espéce suivante, L,646°8 mill, L. minehiniz,

nov. spec.

Pas de reflet métallique. Mandibules trés étroites, 4 bord

terminal trés court. Lobe de l’épistome plus petit aussi.

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN., 309

La surface supérieure du noeud s’abaisse, et se courbe sans

former de pan antérieur manifeste. Les scapes ne dépas-

sent pas trés fortement l’occiput ...... cianbaaal ... ZL. peuqueti—André,

(a) L. 6 mill. Noeud du pédicule 4 peine plus long que

ga hauteur postérieure et moins de deux fois plus

long que large, Yeux situés aux 2/5 antérieurs,

Téte seulement un peu plus longue que large

(sans le lobe de Yépistome)... L. peuqueti, i. sp—André.

(0) L. 5 mill, Noeud du pédicule d’un quart plus long

que haut derriére et 23 fois plus long que large.

Yeux situés au milieu des cétés. Téte beaucoup

plus longue que large (sans le lobe de l’épis-

COMME) seeeaeewaciaetacemee L. peuqueti, rv. watsoni, nov, stirps,

Liste des espéces du genre Leptogenys.

I. Subgen. LEPTOGENYS, Sens strict., Roger.

1, L. falcigera, Roger.

Ceylan (Nietner). Roger a décrit Vespéce sur ce type de Ceylan. Dalla

Torre indique Ceylan aussi comme une patrie de la L. mazillosa. Mais je ne

sais d’ot vient cette donnée qui me parait sujette a caution.

2. L. pruinosa, nov. spec,

Ceylan (Yerbury). Voir tableau.

II. Subgen. Losorrexta, Mayr.

3. JL. crassicornis, Hmery.

Carin Cheba, 900 4 1100 métres (Fea).

A, JL. dentilobis, nov. spec.

Coonoor (Daly); Kanara (Wroughton); Travancore (Ferguson) ; Thana

(Gleadow). Voir le tableau,

io, La téte est plus large que Jongue, plus large devant que derricre.

Les mandibules n’ont,a part la pointe, que deux dents distantes au bord

terminal, Thorax avec quelques grosses fossettes ou points épars, du reste

lisse et luisant ainsi que l’écaille et abdomen. Médiocrement poilue. Brune,

souvent mélée de roussdtre. Derriére de Yabdomen plus clair. Pattes et

antennes rougedtres,

5. L. ocellifera, Roger.

==L, distinguenda, Emery, var. andrei, Kmery,

Kanara (Aitken, Palliser, Wroughton, Bell) ; Poona (Wroughton) ; Pooree

(Walsh) ; Raipur (Betham) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Trevandrum (Ferguson) ;

Ceylan (Yerbury, Simon); Calcutta (Rothney) ; Himalaya (Smythies) ;

Travancore (Rothney, Ferguson) ; Belgaum et S$, Konkan (Wroughton) ;

Bangalore et Mysore (Rothney),

@. L. 75410 mill. Les mandibules étroites et terminées par une pointe

tres acérée, se touchent lorsqu’elles sont fermées, Téte rétrécie devant,

élargie derriére, Les scapes atteignent les ocelles postérieurs. Antennes

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

longues, Le pronotum dépasse 4 peine le mésonotum qui n’a pas de sillons

convergents. Face basale du métanotum fortement inclinée, légérement

concave vue de profil. Hcaille cunéiforme, ayant lair d’un céne lorsqu’on

Ja voit de profil, Ailes brunes, pubescentes, atteignent le 4me segment abdo-

minal.

6. L. birmana, nov. spec.

—=L, distinguenda, Emery, Ann, Mus, Civ, Genova, Vol. XX VII, 1889, p. 498,

nec Emery, Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova, Vol. XXV, 1887, p. 430.

La téte est bien plus large, que chez la L. ocellifera, v. distinguenda, Emery,

de Borneo et n’est pas rétrécie derriére. Les scapes sont bien plus courts

dépassant 4 peine l’occiput. La téte est au moins aussi large que longue.

Les yeux soxnt plus plats. Voir du reste le tableau.

M. Emery a reconnu que sa L, distinguenda, v. andrei était synonyme de

Vocellifera de Roger, Mais sa véritable distinguenda de Borneo ne differe

guere de locellifera que par la couleur et ses antennes un peu plus gréles.

Elle est par contre entiérement différente des types de Birmanie rapportés

par Nea et que M. Emery a rapportés a sa distinguenda. Il faut donc faire de

ces derniers une nouvelle espéce (birmana), dont nous avons indiqué les carac-

téres. La ZL. mutabilis, Sm., est beaucoup plus petite (5°54 6°5 mill.), plus

gréle, a le bord interne des mandibules denticulé, et le bord antérieur de

l'épistome festoné.

La L, birmana a été trouvée & Assam (Long), et en Birmanie (Bingham et

Watson); Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham); Bhamo, Palon, Carin, ete., Birmanie

vers 1200 métres (Fea),

7. L. binghamii, nov. spec.

Birmanie (Bingham),

gq. (Voir tableau). Mandibules densément et finement striées, sans dents,

de largeur & peu pres égale d’un bout Alautre, Lobe de l’épistome triangu-

laire et caréné. Thorax assez robuste, presque pas échancré. Suture meso-

métanotale presque nulle, Noeud du pédicule cubique arrondi, distinctement

plus long que large, tronqué devant et derriére. Téte extrémement mate,

tres densément, irréguliérement, et assez grossiérement, rugueuse, Les rugosités

sont plutdt transversales. Thorax mat, plutdt ridé strié (une ponctuation

microscopique au fond), Face déclive du métanotum 4 grosses rides trans-

versales, Pédicule grossiérement rugueux et mat, Premier segment de

Vabdomen densément ridé en long, mat, avec de grosses fossettes espacées.

Le reste de abdomen lisse et luisant, avec une ponctuation espacée assez

abondante, Pilosité courte, fine, jaundtre, assez abondante partout. Noire ;

antennes, pattes (sauf les hanches), mandibules ct bord postérieur des segments

abdominaux d’un brun roussaire.

Cette espéce est fort remarquable.

8. L. aspera, André,

Annam (d’aprés, André),

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 311

9. L. punctiventris, Mayr.

Calcutta (Rothney),

10, L, hysterica, nov, spec,

_, Ceylan (Yerbury) ; Belgaum (Wroughton) ; Kanara (Wroughton),

Q. (Voir tableau). La téte est encore plus densément et plus finement

réticulée que chez la punctiventris. Le thorax est trés densément et finement

réticulé ponctué avec des rugosités trés irréguliéres au lieu des gros points

ronds, espacés de la punctiventris, Poilue. Brune, avec les pattes (sauf les

hanches), les mandibules et les antennes rougedtres, Extrémité de l’abdomen

jaunatre ou roussatre.

11, JL, lucidula, Emery,

Carin Cheba, 900 4 1100 métres (Fea).

12, JL. roberti, nov. spec,

Khasia Hills, Assam (Smythies),

g. (Voir tableau), Les mandibules ont environ 5 petites dents sur leur

bord terminal, jusque sur le bord interne. Yeux au tiers antérieur, Téte

étroite, allongée, rectangulaire, 4 angles arrondis, Les scapes dépassent A peine

le bord postérieur de la téte, Dos du thorax presque droit, Suture méso-

métanotale obsoléte, Hcaille fort arrondie en dessus, un peu moins épaisse et

bien moins cubique que chez le groupe diminuta.

Médiocrement poilue, D’un noir ou d’un brun de poix; abdomen souvent

plus clair, Pattes, antennes,et mandibules, sauf le milieu des scapes, des

hanches et des cuisses plus ou moins roussdtres.

FR. coonoorensts, nov. st, Coonoor (M. Robert Wroughton, auquel je

dédie l’espéce),

13. L. dalyi, nov. spec.

Coonoor (Daly, Wroughton) ; Kanara (Wroughton) ; Cochin (Ferguson),

9. (Voir tableau), L’écaille est si peu épaisse au sommet, qu'elle sort

presque du groupe 6 de notre tableau. Mais l’espéce n’a d’ailleurs aucune

affinité avec le groupe 4, dont l’écaille est du reste encore bien plus mince,

La téte est rectangulaire arrondie ; Ja face déclive du métanotum a une

gouttiére médiane, longitudinale, Suture méso-métanotale peu distincte

Trés lisse et trés luisante , mandibules assez faiblement striées, Pilosité,

peu abondante, oblique sur les tibias et les scapes. Dun noir de poix.

Funicules et tarses roussdtres ; articulations et mandibules brunAtres,

14, LZ, yerburyi, nov. spec,

Ceylan (Yerbury) ; Kanara (Aitken) ; Travancore (Ferguson),

@, (Voir tableau.) La gouttiére de la face déclive se prolonge plus ou

moins nettement sur la face basale tout deson long, Téte rectangulaire,

allongée, Suture méso-métanotale distincte. Moins lisse que la dalyi

Ecaille plus épaisse. Pilosité dressée assez abondante, aussi sur les pattes

et les scapes qui sout en outre ponctués et pubescents. Couleur de la

dalyi,

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1l.

15, L., kitteli, Mayr.

(a). xr. ZL, kitteli, i. sp.; Barrakpore (Rothney); Birmanie (Bingham) ;

Assam (Smythies et Lindgren) ; Tenasserim (Fea); Himalaya (Schlag-

intweit),

(b). var. minor, nov. var, ; Calcutta (Rothney). (Voir tableau.)

(c). x. altisquamis, nov, st. ; Thaungyin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham),

€Voir tableau).

16. LZ, diminuta, Smith,

(a). rv. L. diminuta,i.sp, ; Coonoor (Daly, Wroughton) ; Darjeeling, Thana,

Nilgiris (Wroughton); Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson); Orissa (Taylor);

Assam (Smythies).

©. Malgré le nombre considérable d’especes de Leptogenys répandues

dans le monde entier, c’est en vain qu’on a jusqu’ici cherché leur 9. On

dirait qu'elle n’existe pas, comme I’a supposé M. Emery, et que les roy la,

remplacent. Sur ma demande, M, Wroughton a ouvert trés profondément

une immense fourmiliére de L. diminuta et cherché en vain parmi des milliers

et des milliers de io: Tout ce quil a pu découvrir a été une 9, dont labdo-

men était assez considérablement distendu par les ovaires. Cette roy ne

différe du reste absolument en rien des autres, et son abdomen n’a rien

méme de fort extraordinaire. Ce résultat semble parler pour l’opinion

d’Emery. Cependant des recherches ultérieures sont absolument nécessaires,

Je rappelle que la 9 du genre Eciton, femelle aveugle et aptére, est restée

bien longtemps inconnue, et que ce n’est que cette année (1899) que je l’ai

découverte dans le nid, avec les os chez IE. carolinense,

@. UL. 5456 mill, Mandibules courtes, obtuses, fort loin de s’atteindre

lune l'autre. Scapes courts, guere plus de deux fois plus longs que larges.

Téte arrondie, Hecaille plus atténuée et plus arrondie en haut que chez

l’ouvriére, du reste de méme type. D’un brun noiratre, Ailes pubescentes,

enfumées de brun, avec deux cellules cubitales une radiale fermée et une

discoidale. Téte et thorax irregulierement sculptés; écaille et abdomen

lisses et luisants,

(b). Var. L. leviceps, Smith ; Dehra Dun (Smythies); Himalaya (Smy-

thies) ; Poona (Wroughton) ; Sivaliks (Rogers) ; Palon, Birmanie (Fea).

&. Identique a celui de la forme typique.

(c). L. diminuto-leviceps (passages de la diminuta,i. sp. & la leviceps) ;

Poona (Wroughton) ; Orissa (Taylor).

(d). Var. sarasinorum, nov, var.; Ceylan (Yerbury et fréres Sarasin).

(Voir tableau,)

(e). War. opacinodis, Emery ; Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea).

(f). ¥. pallisert, nov. stirps ; Kanara (Palliser, Wroughton). (Voir

tableau.)

g. L.64 63 mill. Scapes trois fois plus longs que larges, Lobe de

épistome plus grand, Du reste comme la diminuta, i. sp.

LES FORMICIDES DE L}EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 313

(g). x. ZL. striatula, Emery ; Carin Ghécu, 1300 a 1400 métres (Fea) ;

Birmanie (Watson),

(A). xv. L. wood-masoni, Forel ; Sibsagar, Assam (Wocd-Mason). Malheu-

reusement j’ai di, en son temps, renvoyer le seul exemplaire de cette forme a

V’Indian Museum de Calcutta, de sorte que je ne l’ai plus pour comparaison,

En comparant la description aux formes voisines, je crois devoir en faire

une race de la diminuta (provisoirement du moins) ; la forme suivante semble

justifier cette opinion.

(¢). rv. Z. hodgsoni, nov, stirps (voir tableau) ; Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodg-

son); Birmanie et Thaungyin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham),

17. JL, assamensis, nov. spec.

Garo Hills, Assam (Long).

oF (Voir tableau), Mandibules fort étroites, lisses et luisantes, avec

quelques gros points allongés, Epistome un peu chagriné; le reste trés

juisant et lisse. Médiocrement et finement poilue. Poils des scapes et des

tibias obliques. Noire; extrémité de labdomen jaunatre, Scapes, mandi-

bules et pattes brunes. Funicules, tarses, articulations, extrémité des scapes

et des mandibules rougeatres.

18. DL. chinensis, Mayr.

Poona, Belgaum (Wroughton); Orissa (Taylor) ; Thana (Gleadow); Calcutta

Barrackpore, Madras, Travancore, Bangalore, Bombay (Rothney) ; Cochin,

Travancore (Ferguson) ; Ceylan (Yerbury, Simon); Inde centrale (Betham) ;

Kanara (Aitken) ; Mysore (Lee).

@. L. 85a 9'5 mill, Mandibules étroites, trés minces, loin de s’atteindre

Pune l'autre, obtuses au bout, Téte allongée et fortement rétrécie derriére

les yeux; la collerette articulaire forme son bord occipital. Hille est bien

plus longue que large et a les bords paralléles devant les yeux. Les scapes

assez longs, atteignent presque le bord occipital. Le mésonotum a deux sillons

convergents ; i] est dépassé devant par le pronotum, Métanotum allongé,

a face déclive 4 peine distincte. Noeud analogue a celui de l’ouvriére,

mais plus arrondi et un peu plus large. Reflet metallique 4 peine visible ici

et 14, Pattes et antennes longues. Corps étroit et alongé. Fort poilu, Trés

luisant et assez lisse. Noir; pattes et scapes bruns ; funicules, mandibules,.

tarses, articulations et extrémité de abdomen roussdires, Ailes pubescentes,

enfumées de brun, n’atteignant, fermées, que le 4me segment abdominal,

Nervures et tache marginale brundtres,

Des @ bien plus petits, d’environ 7 mill., aux ailes presque subhyalines, 4

peine pubescentes, 4 téte bien moins allongée, du reste fort semblables,

provenant des mémes parages, mais pris sans les 9, se rapportent sans doute

a quelque forme trés voisine.

19. LZ. minchinii, nov. spec.

Calicut (Rothney); Barrackpore (Rothney); Burmah (Minchin), (Voir

tableau.)

314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII2,

g. L.6463 mill, Scapes n’atteignant pas les ocelles postérieurs, Téte

moins allongée et plus rapidement rétrécie par une courbe derriére les yeux.

Métanotum plus court que chez la chinensis, avec ses deux faces assez

distinctes. Noeud du pédicule bien plus court, 4 peine plus long que haut,

arrondi dessus. Ailes 4 peine teintées de jaundtre, avec la tache et les

nervures brunes. Cdtés de la téte paralléles et assez longs devant les yeux.

Les @ isolés cités 4 propos de la chinensis ont le noeud assez allongé et les

cétés de la téte trés courts devant les yeux,

26. L. peuqueti, André.

Hué, Annam (Peuquet) ; Bhamo, Birmanie (Fea) ; Ceylan (Simon).

t. Watsoni, nov. stirps.; Birmanie supérieure (Watson), (Voir tableau.)

Est-ce bien une race de la Peuqueti? Je n’ai pas voulu risquer une espéce

sur un seul individu, dans ce groupe difficile,

Ime Genre ODONTOPONERA, Mayr.

1 O. transversa,. Smith.

= O. denticulata, Smith.

io Caractéres du genre, LL. 8°5 4 10 mill, Téte grande, avee de

grosses stries divergentes ; thorax avec de grosses stries transversales-

Les stries sont trés reguliéres et ont un aspect soyeux, Métanotum avec

deux arétes dentelées 4 sa face déclive. Ecaille mince, tranchante, profondé-

ment échancrée au sommet, avec des rides transversales, Abdomen ponctné.

Poilue et pubescente. Noire; mandibules, antennes, pattes et pygidium

bruns, Espéce robuste.

Myingin, Birmanie supérieure (Watson) ; Dehra Dun (Smythies) ; Himalaya

(Smythies) ; Thaungyin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham); Assam (Smythies,

Long, Lindgren); Siwaliks (Rogers}; Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson) ;

Minhla, Birmanie (Komotto), Birmanie partout, de la plaine 4 1500 metres

(Fea) ; Siam (Sigg), Annam (Musée de Lyon). .

10me Genre PLATYTHYREA, Mayr.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Noeud armé derriére de deux fortes protubérances, échancré

au milieu, Métanotum fortement bidenté, lL, 65 a 6°9

TDI Abe nabonnapaddacasosbb soddeodpseodaacouacabansencaoacees Pl. sagei, nov, spec,

Noeud inerme, ou avec une apparence de trois festons. Beau-

COUP Pls OUIbCS ee cencnenehseecscwerh section cece aeitecieselenernncee eee erer 1

1. L.35 mill. Portion médiane de l’épistome étroite, aussi

longue que large, mal délimitée derriere; arétes frontales

étroites, ne recouvrant pas entiérement l’articulation des

antennes, Au bord postérieur du noeud, ou reconnait trois

Waterers) SAC IOLIIET eS See Baoar cudonancoaccoqac actin Pl, wroughtoniz, nov. spec,

L, 4:2 44°5 mill, Portion médiane de l’épistome large, plus

large que longue, nettement délimitée derriére, Les arétes

frontales recouvrent entiérement l’articulation des antennes,

a ee

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 315

Vud'en haut, le bord postérieur du noeud est arrondi, 4 peine

avancé au milieu:............ Pl, wroughtonii, xv, victoria, nov, stirps,

Liste des especes du genre Platythyrea.

1, Pl. saget, nov. spec,

Dharmsala (Sage et Fulton); Belgaum (Wroughton),

2). (Voir tableau), Mandibules larges, densément ridées et réticulées-

ponctuées, armées de 5 fortes dents et de 5 petites, situées entre les grosses,

Epistome assez convexe, avancé devant en lobe subacuminé, assez nettement

délimité derriére. Yeux gros, situés un peu en avant du milieu des cétés,

Téte ovale-rectangulaire, 4 cdtés trés convexes, échancrée derriére, ot elle est

rétrécie, comme devant, Les scapes dépassent beaucoup occiput et les

articles des funicules sont tous beaucoup plus longs que larges, Suture pro-

mésonotale trés forte; la place de la suture meso-métanotale obsoléte est

marqucée par une dépression transversale du dos du thorax, Le métanotum

a deux fortes dents obtuses, nullement lamelliformes ; sa face déclive n’est

pas bordée. Hanches postérieures sans dent. Le noeud du pédicule est

long et étroit, plus d’une fois et demie plus long que large, subtronqué devant,

tronqué derriére obliquement de telle fagon que la surface tronquée est sur-

plombée et dirigée d’en haut derriéreen bas en avant, [lest fortement échancré

att milieu de son bord posterieur avec une forte protubérance de chaque céié

de l’échancrure. Abdomen court, pas on & peine échancré aprés son premier

segment, L’aire frontale est lonque, étroite et distincte,

Tout linsecte mat, densément et finement ponctué sauf l’abdomen qui est

finement réticulé et subopaque ou assez Iuisant. Quelques points épars un

peu plus gros a peine visibles sur la téte, Pilosité dressée nulle ; une pubes-

cence pruineuse pas tres fine, roussdtre, abondante partout. D’un noir

brunatre. Hanches et cuisses brunes. Mandibules, antennes, tibias, tarses

et extrémité de l’abdomen roussatres,

2. Pl. wroughtonii, nov, spec.

Travancore (Ferguson), Mysore (Lee),

Q. (Voir tableau). Mandibules trés densément et presque microsco-

piquement réticulées ridces, a4 éclat un peu soyeux, finement denticulées a leur

bord terminal, Epistome arrondi devant, Yeux situésen avant du milieu

des cotés. la téte est allongée, rétrécie devant, du reste rectangulaire et

échancrée derriére. Scapes atteignant 4 peine le bord occipital. Articles

moyens du funicule bien plus larges que longs. Suture pro-mésonotale dis-

tincte, Suture méso-métanotale obsoléte. Face déclive du métanotum bordée

en dessus et de cdte d’une petite aréte qui forme de chaque cété un angle

subdentiforme ; cette surface est lisse et luisante. Le noeud du pédicule, un

peu plus long que large, “forme, 4 son bord supérieur, trois festons faibles,

mais assez distincts. Abdomen fortement rétréci apres le ler segment.

Sculpture densément ponctuée et & peu pres mate; sur la téte des points

espacés plus gros, mais encore assez fins, irréguliers, distincts,

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11T.

Pilosité nulle. Pubescence pruineuse extrémement fine et jaundire,

Noire ; épistome brunatre, ainsi que les arétes frontales, Pattes, antennes,

mandibules, et éxtremité de l’abdomen roussatres,.

r, Pl. victorie, nov. stirps. Differe par sa taille plus grande, Le bord

postérieur du noeud montre bien une apparence de festons latéraux, mais

ils sont repoussés sur les cétés, et ne se voient pas de dessus, Les articles

moyens des funicules sont 4 peine plus larges que longs. L’aréte du bord

dela face déclive subopaque et finement réticulée ne forme pas d’angle

subdentiforme ; elle est seulement plus grande decdté. Pubescence pruineuse

un peu plus forte, Cuisses et hanches brunes. Voir du reste le tableau.

Bangalore et Barrackpore (Rothney). Inde septentrionale (Wroughton).

i1me Genre EcraTomMa, Smith.

Sous Genre Stictoponera, Mayr.

Tableau des ouvriéres.

Second segment de abdomen proprement dit (aprés le pédicule)

avec de fortes stries ou cdtes longitudinales trés-grossiéres,

TMG Opaademmll Verena ee. shows c-nseuesene eencas eke kc a oe aimee ae 1

Second segment de l’abdomen lisse et luisant, avec quelques

DOWD ORES, SLORS OSUIITES” Ri aaseacecnareenbeoncsoeos vadooaaseonenedh 2

1. Sculpture plus fine ; les fossettes en partie confluentes sur

le thorax, Art. 5 a 8 des antennes un peu plus longs

queasy dieG 6vGr4 nail hs et eve sevecctecetacenedeensche E, cozale, Rog.

Sculpture plus grossiere, les fosettes du thorax non conflu-

entes. Art.5 48 des antennes plus épais que longs, L, 6°5 4

(oul, stecncea Y consee sooaceace secoscSs seeeaoseseeecses eee E, costatum, Em.

Yeux situés au milieu des cétés de la téte. Noeud du pédi-

cule un peu plus large que long, Funicules assez épais ;

leurs articles 345 plus larges que longs, L. 41 mill, ... EH, bin-

ghamu, nov. sp.

Yeux situés assez en arriére du milieu des cétés de la téte.

Noeud du pédicule aussi long que large, rétréci devant,

Funicules plus gréles ; leurs articles 3 4 5 un peu plus longs

que larges. Téte rougedtre. L, 5°546'3 mill. ...... ££. bicolor, Em.

Téte d’un noir brun, sauf ’épistome, L. 47 mill. Métano-

{UM IMELFME.......-crerrerseeeee LH. bicolor, Em, var. minor, nov. var,

Liste des espéces du genre Ectatomma (S. G. Stictoponera.,)

1, £. costatum, Emery.

Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea), Se trouve en outre aux files de la Sonde.

2. £. cowale, Rog. Ceylan (Nietner.)

3. E, bicolor, Hmery.

Ectatomma rugosum, Smith, est une espéce douteuse,

(a) bicolor, i. sp, H. Emery ; Bhamd, Teinzo, Shegoo,en Birmanie (Fea) ;

Meetan, Tenasserim (Fea), Assam, Cherrapunji et Khasia Hills (Smythies) ;

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DECEYLAN, 317

Hong Kong, Victoria Pit (Dr. Ris). Ces derniers exemplaires ont le vertex

et occiput a’un brun noiratre,

(6) Var. minor, nov, var. Non seulement sa petite taille et sa téte dun

noir brundtre (rouge, comme le thorax, chez le type), mais le manque total de

denticules au métanotum rend cette variété assez caractéristique.

Birmanie (Bingham).

4, £, binghamii, nov. spec.

Birmanie (Bingham),

G. (Voir tableau), Différe encore du bicolor parles caractéres suivants,

Sillon central de l’épistome court, mat au fond. Téte rétrécie derriére, moins

profondément échancrée, ne formant pas deux cornes occipitales, La sculpture

est moins grossiére et forme sur la téte et le thorax de gros points trés rappro-

chés, avec quelques rides, plutét que des réticulations. Une portion lisse et

luisante au milieu du pronotum (au milieu du mésonotum chez le menadense),

Les angles antérieurs du pronotum sont droits et ne proéminent pas.

Un petit denticule lamelliforme de chaque cété de la face déclive du méta-

notum, Les funicules plus épais et le noeud plus court et plus large du

pédicule sont caractéristiques. Du reste forme et sculpture comme le

bicolor.

Pilosité plus fine, du reste identique 4 celle du bicolor, D’un brun rouge-

Atre sombre ; abdomen d’un brun de poix, Mandibules, antennes et pattes

d’un brun roussatre,

Peut étre rapproché du menadense, Mayr, de Sumatra, mais plus petit,

et avec les gros points du ler segment de l’abdomen dessus et de cédté

(seulement de cété chez le menadense), Le menadense n’a pas non plus de

dents au métanotum ; ila la téte élargie derriére et la sculpture plus gros-

siére.

12me Genre D1acamMA, Mayr,

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Pédicule fortement comprimé, 4 peu prés tectiforme, beaucoup

plus long que large. Premier segment de |’abdomen pro-

prement dit sans stries, L, 14416 mill, Téte, thorax et

pédicule fortement et réguliérement striés; stries du

pronotum transversales et circulaires. Epines de I’écaille

trés rapprochées et longues .........se0.-see0e D. scalpratum, Smith,

(a) Tout le corps avec un reflet métallique violacé ou pourpre ... var’, vio-

laceum, nov. var.

Pédicule beaucoup moins comprimé, non tectiforme, a stries

exactement longitudinales (un peu obliques chez le scalpra-

tum). Stries du pronotum longitudinales. Pas de stries

sur le 1& segment de l’abdomen, L,13 mill, D, longitudinale—Emery,

Premier segment de l’abdomen avec de fortes stries, effacées

devant chez le cyaniventre, Pédicule peu ou pas comprimé, 1

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIIT.

1. Noeud du pédicule un peu plus long que large, un peu com-

primé latéralement, peu convexe, s abaissant rapidement

d’arriére en avant, muni de deux longues épines trés

écartées et divergentes qui continuent directement ses

cétés, Pronotum strié i ania 1 Open a aap vel)

PAU ewe senniee vous Scroaneoodeenedsor ACE sce cwaraenes D. bere ere

Noeud du pédicule plus ee ou aussi large que long,

nullement comprimé latéralement, plus ou moins. convexe,

avec deux épines beaucoup plus courtes, moins. écartées,

toujours dépassées latéralement par les cétés du bord

postérieur dunoeud, Longueur ne dépassant guére 11°5

mill, au plus ......... ogtaest weeeeeed D. rugosum—Le Guillou et races,

2, Premier segment de I’abdomen proprement dit luisant, avec

un reflet bleu métallique, avec des rides superficielles

qui s’accentuent seulement sur la _ partie pos-

COTIOUIE © scenes-can: se eiee see nese errcsceeveareoveol, D. cyaniventre—André..

Premier segment de l’abdomen avec des stries longitudinales.

divergentes, entourées en avant de stries transverses

arquées, Pubescence abondante; 2me segment de

TYabdomen proprement dit strié en long, au moins sur

[EOI ice seace caretranssascascscAnceer mop ccrencee ... t. D. ceylonense—Emery,

Premier segment de Tabdewmen avec de fortes stries arquées... 3

5. La sculpture du thorax, du pédicule et de l‘abdomen consiste

en rides plus irréguliéres ou contournées, trés grossieres et

rabotenses. Les épines sont minces des leur basa et for-

ment un angle avec la surface dorsale du noeud. Pubescence

abondante, L,10 411°5 mill...... r, D. rugosum—i, sp. Le Guillou,

(a) Pubescence et pilosité entrémement éparses,. pres-

que nulles. D’un beau noir, Téte assez luisante ;

thorax et abdomen plutét mats. L. 10

HID beam Ae co R MCG NA ASS RSD OSC UAT Mae area v. rothneyi—novy, var.

Sculpture régulisrement striée partout, ‘Les épines, larges a la

base et aigués 4 l’éxtrémité, continuent directement le plan

de la surface dorsale postérieure du noeud. Pubescence

un peu moins abondante que chez le rugosum typique ...... 4

4, Stries du vertex plus faiblement convergentes en avant.

Celle qui est tangente A Voeil se rend en général a la

fossette antennaire, Stature plus forte et plus robuste.

L. 93 & 11 mill, Pubescence plus faible, couleur plus

noire, stries plus fortes, plus profondes que chez le sculp-

tum. Second segment de Labdomen lisse...... r, D, geometricum—

: Smith, var. anceps, Emery.

——

taf oe

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 319

(a) Epines trés courtes; noeud large et court. L, 8'5

mill ......D, geometricum—Hm., var. brevispinum, nov. vat.

L, 85 410 mill. Stries du vertex fortement convergentes ;

celle qui est tangente a l’oeil rejoint Varéte frontale

derriére la fossette antennaire, Stature gréle. Pubescence

forte. Couleur bronzée plutét claire, Stries moins pro-

fondes. que chez le geometricum, Second segment de 1’ab-

Gomien) LSESO>. oe. ce.sackecsscsseece ocospocet nase veel. D, sculptum—Jerdon.

(a) Sculpture wilt forte, Des stries ou rides longitu-

dinales sur le second segment de l’abdomen pro-

premier t) Git oe. -camceccsece Ssacacneens -var, birmanum—Emery,

Liste des espéces du genre Diacamma.,

1, D. scalpratum, Smith.

Sikkim (Musée de Munich) ; Assam (Long) ; Khasia Hills, Assam (Jewett) ;

Assam (Ind, Museum); Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea); Rangoon, Palon,

Tikekee, Birmanie (Fea).

Var. violaceum, nov. var: Moulmein, Birmanie (Hodgson) ; Thaungyin

Valley, Birmanie (Bingham),

2. D. longitudinale, Emery.

Cochinchine (Emery).

3. D.assamense, Forel.

= D. tritschlert, r. assamense, Forel,

Nissor, Assam (Smythies),

La faille beaucoup plus robuste, la téte bien moins allongée, plus large,

A cétés plus convexes, surtout derriere les yeux, la pilosité et surtout la pubes-

cence bien plus forte, jointes au noeud plus court et plus élevé ainsi qu’au

pronotum strié grossiérement en long et non en travers m’engagent 4

élever cette forme au rang d’espéce, si dangereux que cela. puisse paraitre

dans le genre Diacamma. Le 2me article du funicule est au moins deux

fois plus long que le premier (1% fois plus long seulement chez la

tritschleri). :

4, D. rugosum, Le Guillou.

La révision du genre Diacamma par Hmery a produit une synonymie fort

complexe, mais c’est avec raison que Vauteur réunit tant de formes comme

races au rugosum. J’y ajoute encore le cyaniventre d’André.

(a) r. D. eyaniventre, André. Koimbetore prés de Cochin (d’aprés André),

(0) vr. D. ceylonense, Emery, (—D. geometricum, Roger, nec Smith), Ceylan

(Nietner).

rv, versicolor, Emery).

Travancore (Ferguson); Ceylan (Simon, ma coll.); Cochin, Barrakpore,

Bangalore (Rothney) ; Inde Centrale (Betham).

Var, rothneyi, nov. var., Cochin (Rothney),

320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIif

(d) vr. D, geometricum, Smith (= javanum, Emery)..

La forme typique, venant des iles de la Sonde, n’a pas encore été prise em

Inde ; chezelle la strie tangente 4 lceil va. vraiment tout a fait en dehors.

de la fossette antennaire,

Var. anceps, Emery: Carin, Birmanie (Fea); Pic Victoria, Hong Kong.

(Dr. Ris),

Var, brevisipnum, nov. var. Moulmain, Birmanie (Hedgson),

(ce) rv. D. sculptum, JSerdon (= D, vagans, Emery, Forel, nec Smith),

Quoique Ja description de Jerdon ne permette pas de savoir s'il s’agissait

de cette race ou de la rugosum,i. sp., qui toutes deux se trouvent dans les

regions dontil décrit la faune, on peut, avec M. Emery, adjuger son

nom 4 la forme la. plus commune de I’Inde, qui est sans contredit celleci.

Ceylan (Yerbury) ; Kanara.(Aitken, Wroughton, Bell); Calcutta, Calicut,

Barrackpore, Bombay (Rothney) ; Orissa (Taylor); Assam (Smythies, Long);

Pooree (Walsh) ; Birmanie (Bingham, Watson, etc.), Bangkok (Sigg).

Q. M. le Colonel Bingham, l’éminent hyménopterologiste auquel nous.

sommes redevables. de fourmis si intéressantes, a capturé deux Q du

D. sculptum, dont Pune s’est malheureusement perdue. Elles étaient ailées, un

peu plus grandes que les ‘S, et leur étaient tres semblables. Nous-ne pouvons-

donc plus douter de l’existence de 9 ailées chez les Diacamma. Jusquwici la

seule 9 , décrite par Smith, paraissait douteuse,

(a) var, D. birmanum, Emery, @ différe de la forme typique par le 2me:

segment de l’abdomen proprement dit qui est strié, '

Minhla, Birmanie (Comotto),

13m¢ Genre BELONOPELTA, Mayr:

1, Belonopelta amblyops, Emery.

==Trapeziopelta amblyops, Emery.

Assam 9 (Smythies) ; Ye Valley, Birmanie Q (Bingham); Bhamé, Palon

Carin Cheba, Birmanie (Kea); Singapore (Haviland).

oS. L. 6 mill, d'un jaune rougeatre. Ponctuée; subopaque, abdomen

luisant, L’épistome a un lobe en trapéze, plus court que celui des Yrapesio~

pelta, mais analogue,

©. L. T:mill; ailes temtées de jaune. Du reste comme l’ouvritre. M. Emery

avait placé cette espéce dans le geure Trapeziopelta, Mais il est évident

quelle ne différe pas. génériquement des Belonopelta, M. Hmery ayant

recu la Trapeztopelia maligna qui est complétement différente, ce dernier

genre doit étre maintenu et seulement l’espéce amblyops rapportée au genre

Belonopelta.

2. B, darwinii, Forel.

Var. indica, nov. var. 9. L. 45446 mill, Une courte pointe au milieu

de l'épistome, D’un jaune un peu rougedtre, Densément ponctuée, mate ;

abdomen subopaque, Les yeux touchent presque le bord antérieur de la téte,

Ne differe de la. darwinit typique de Fort Darwin au N, Ouest de I’ Australie:

LES FORMICIDES DE LEMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 324

que par sa téte plus courte, presque carrée, légerement rétrécie derriére,

Chez la B. darwinii, elle est plus rectangulaire, plus allongée, plutdt d’une

idée rétrécie-devant. Je, ne puis trouver d’autre différence et ne puis en-

faire qu’une variéié, malgré la difference de patrie.

Peona et Kanara, 9 (Wroughton),

14me Genre EcromMomyRMEX. Mayr.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Ecaille trés épaisse, simplement tronquée devant et derriére,

arrondie en haut, Epistome caréné et subacuminé au milieu

de son bord antérieur. Téte réticulée-ponctuéce, LHcaiile

grossicrement rugueuse, Premier segment de labdomen

fortement sculpté (strié et réticulé-ponctué), L. 7 a 7:8

MELVL iopin apt caates reereeroarecees Hap Rocerisodaee ance oduaaones .L, leeuwenheki, Forel,

Heaille, verticalement tronquée et horizontalement convexe

devant, avec un bord presque tranchant et une surface

postérieure courbée de haut en bas (comme chez Pachy-

condyla). Epistome échancré et fortement imprimé au

milieu, devant, Tétie Stri€e cesrescssceccosewecerewsnevesresrevsccson 1

1 DL. 123 413 mill, Abdomen mat, trés densément ponctué ou

TétICUlE-PONCHUE ...s.cererae siversesteerensescsorwe coves LH, sundaicus, Mayr,

~, 9 & 11 mill. Abdomen trés luisant, faiblement poin-

Gill Gs ccaleatelecaes cass Aenaces peguecceseasccsrassared-wonasreeassenet’, Javanus, Mayr,

(a) Pronotum convexe, avec de faibles rides plus ou moins

transversales, Mandibules avee environ 11 dents

assez égales, Téte tres large, a cdtés trés con-

WEEGE) (cagnecess pecser cece ane secucnresveeeee TC. E. javanus, 1. sp., Mayr.

{b) Pronotum subdéprimé, avec des rides arquées, dis-

posées concentriquement autour du milieu du bord

postérieur. Mandibules avec environ 7 grosses dents

et 40u 5 petites entre deux, Téte moins large, a

COLES MOINS CONVEXES .......00.eeneeee- LC, LH, maternus, nov, stirps,

Wye) saa) besa S arcing secanorea sep sosooacbene cacrcscccesreee Iu, annamitus, André,

Liste des especes du genre Ectomomyrmex.

1, L£..leewwenhoeki, Forel,

il cat assez curieux que ni moi-méme, ni aucun myrmécologiste n’ayons

jusqwici remarqué que ma Ponera:lecuwenheki, baptisée il ya 14 ans, est

mon pas une Ponera, mais un Hctomomyrmex pur sang !

Sibsagar, Assam (Wood-Mason) ; Assam (Smythies); Rangoon, Teinzé,

Malewoon, Birmanie (Fea); Calicut et Cochin (Rothney),

2. EE, sundaicus, Mayr.

Assam (Smythies); Plapoo, Tenasserim (Fea); Mte. Mooleyit; Carin

Cheba 900—1100 métres ; Carin Ascizii Ghect 1400 a 1500 m, (Fea) ; Assam

(Shillong).

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

3. E. javanus, Mayr.

Carin Cheba, Carin Ghect, Carin Ascinii Ghect: (Fea)—d’aprés M, Emery

(est-ce la forme typique de Java ? ).

r. maternus, nov. st, Nissor, Assam (Smythies); i honin Hills, Assam (Smy-

thies). (Voir tableau).

4, EE. annamitus, André.

—Ponera annamita, André, Revue @’ Entomologie, Février, 1892, p. 48.

Hué Annam (d’aprés André). ;

Je crois pouvoir rapporter cette espéce au genre Ketomomyrmex, en

admettant qu’ André n’ a pas fait attention aux troncatures de la téte qui

se voient chez la varié'é suivante, laquelle est un Hctomomyrmex pur, Sinon

la var. arcuatus serait une espéce nouvelle,

Var. arcuatus, nov. var, 9. LL. 63 mill. Téte tronquée derriére et sur la

motié postérieure de ses cétés, Dos du thorax déprimé, formé presque

dans son tiers antérieur (un peu moins) par le -pronotum, Ecaille

comme chez Dannamitus ©. Face déclive du métanotum avec de belles stries

arquées, concaves en haut, tres réguliéres et fortes, Face postérieure de

Vécaille striée.de méme, mais les striés sout convexes en haut. Le pourtour

de Vécaille est transversalement ridé, Sa face antérieure est fortement

striée ; les stries sont arquées et convexes en haut, comme 4 la face posté-

rieure. Téte et thorax, ainsi que les 3 antérieurs du ler segment de

Vabdomen densément réticulés-ponctués et mats. Ailes légerement teintées

de brundtre, 4 nervures et tache marginale brunes, Pilosité et pubescence

courtes et roussdtres, médiocres, assez abondantes sur abdomen. Du reste

comme l’ouvriére annamitus, Noire ; avec les antennes, les mandibules, les ©

pattes, et l’extrémité de l’abdomen roussdatres.

Calicut (Rothney).

Ce n’est pas sans certains doutes que je rattache cette forme comme variété

a Pannamitus.

15me Genre PoNERA, Latr.

Tableau des ouvriéres,

Suture méso-métanotale nulle ou obsolete ; pédicule sur-

monté d’un noeud ou d'une écaille fort épaisse, plus ou

MOINS NOGIFOTME.........0eseeeeersereeroeree 1, 8. G. Bothroponera, Mayr,

Suture méso-métanotale distincte. Pédicule surmonté d’une

ecaillemserce SPpSeS spessoes tponeaccocees 6. §.G, Ponera, sens’strict,, Latr,

1. Aveugle. L, 2°6 mill, Mésonotum formant un enfoncement.

Noeud du pédicule presque aussi épais que long, D’un rouge

jaundtre ou brunatre. Assez luisante, ponctuée. P. ceylonensis, Mayr.

Wespyeuxe wlplusierandessesse de hsereeieaccessomsarsecrecee saeeesees Sooo

2. Les mandibules ont 4 leur cété externe un sillon qui part du

devant de leur base et se dirige en dehors, obliquement

vers lout @xbLCWILLC :--heccecronssssiasseclanceetedeeacsayersanreaneerenie 1

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 323

Mandibules sans sillon oblique 4 leur cdté externe ...res-eccses

3, L.654 7 mill, Pilosité éparse. Plus densément ponctuée,

Face déclive du métanotum en général plus nettement

bordée, Noire ; mandibules, funicules et tarses rougeatres,

P. tesserinoda,

L, 8 a 11°5 mill. Pilosité abondante. Moins densément

ponctuée, abdomen plus luisant, Face déclive moins nette-

Mayr.

ment bordée en général. Meme couleur....... wD, suleata, Mayr,

(a) L. Environ 8 mill. Caractéres intermédiaires...

var, P, sulcato-tesserinoda, nov. var.

(6) L.10 mill, Moitié postérieure de la téte parsemée

de grosses fossettes espacées fort distinctes

(vares et effacées chez la forme typique et la

tesserinoda), Sur le pronotum, des fossettes plus

petites, moins nettes........ soceveves Val, fossulata, NOV, Var,

L.5 mill, Abdomen finement et densément ponctué, sans

cotes élovées, Face déclive obliquement tronquée, Brunatre;

pattes, antennes, mandibules, extrémité de l’abdomen et

souvent la téte et meme une partie du thorax rougeatres,

Eeaille trés épaisse, tronquée devant et derriére...............

P, rubiginosa, Emery.

L.13415 mill, Rugueuses, Premier et second segments de

Yabdomen proprement dit couverts de fortes cdtes longi-

tudinales, élevées et paralléles, L’écaille, irés large, tronquée

devant et derriére,a asa face postérieure un fort rebord

multispineux ou multidenté en haut, Entre ce rebord, la

face postérieure concave est lisse et luisante, souvent avec

un fort reflet bleudtre ............. snpogcae mnephocanne gectatiseecianectciases

Métanotum armé de deux fortes épines émoussées a l’extré-

mité, un peu lamelliformes........ =osoncasegbone «-- P. bispinosa, Smith,

Métanotum inerme ; sa face déclive nettement bordée en haut

et de (CLO ROBE CELDELOCCOMER EERE CREL ET ee eeovesscosce Ie. rujipes, Jerdon,

L.7 a8 mill, Premier article du funicule plus court que le

second, Mandibules trés longues et trés étroites, 4 bord

terminal armé de 12414 dents. Yeux relativement assez

grands, plats, Métanotum subtectiforme, a face déclive

élargie et obtusément bordée, EHcaille & bord tranchant,

mais épaissie en bas, convexe devant, tronquée derriére,

Abdomen sans rétrécissement. Pilosité dressée nulle. D’un

noir brunatre ; pattes, antennes, mandibules, et extrémité

de ’abdomen roussatres, Pruineuse -c.....0.--.-P. melanaria,

Bien plus petites, Premier article du funicule plus long que

le second, Mandibules plus GOUTLES, .teejaecenssanseireeniaees

Emery,

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

7. Thorax fortement étranglé aprés le mésonotum. la face

basale du métanotum subtectiforme est située beaucoup

plus bas que le mésonotum et le pronotum, Yeux relative-

ment grands, ayant au moins une quarantaine de facettes,

Heaille convexe devant et un peu concave derriére, Abdo-

men 4 peine rétréci aprés le ler segment.......... dae cudnt taieeets §

La face basale du métanotum n’est pas située plus bas que

le mésonotum ; thorax non étranglé. Yeux petits ou trés

TO GUUS) setnesteeteoceu see caieu sees ieaslewettetrass Hoptotigonpsobcd ssliece ceca) 10

8. L.5a 5°5 mill. Tous les articles des funicules bien plus longs

que larges (d’3). Scapes dépassant l’occiput d’ un quart de

sa longueur, Luisante, neire, Yeux plus grands...P. nigrita, Wmery,

Plus petits, Les articles pénultiémes du funicule aussi larges

ou plus larges que longs, Scapes ne dépassant pas beau-

COMPO CCI all etevsoss-nsecesonsenser cee SEER REN cote aac hanemineaeisancoch nc)

9. 1,354 4 mill, Pronotum épaulé, et subdéprimé, large,

Yeux encore grands, ayant environ 90 facettes, Scapes

dépassant lecciput de prés d’ un sixieme de leur longueur,

Articles pénultiémes des funicules aussi larges que longs.

Face basale du métanotum aussi longue que la face déclive.

Ponctuation plus dense et plus forte .......... o..--L. lutetpes, Mayr,

LL. 3:0 & 3:2 mill, Pronotum convexe, ni épaulé, ni subdé-

primé, plus étroit, Yeux bien plus petits, ayant une quaran-

taine de facettes. Scapes dépassant 4 peine un peu l’occiput,

Téte 4 cdtés un peu moins convexes, Articles pénultieémes

des funicules un peu plus larges ue longs, Face basale du

métanotum un peu plus courte que la face déclive. Ponc-

tuation plus faible; un peu plus luisante........ .P. jerdonii—nov, spec,

10. L.343°5 mill, Yeux plus grands que dans le groupe coarc-

tata, Ecaille grande et fort mince, Caréne de l’épistome

bifurquée devant. Densément ponctuée, Brune ou d’un

brun noirdtre, (d’apres Mayr et Hmery)............P. truncata, Smith,

Pas plus de 3 mill, Heaille plus épaisse. Yeux ayant au plus

5 ou @)facetties esse ccseeates Si Ses bia cewcclesaes Seman eoneesaeEeeenereeeee ilu

11, Eecaille trés épaisse, peu élevée. L. 2°2 & 2°5 mill. Face

basale du métanotum large, presque carrée, passant par

une courbe rapide 4 la face déclive qui est un peu plus |

courte, Les scapes sont loin d’atteindre le bord occipital. .

Les articles médians du funicule trés transversaux, 2 43

foit plus larges que longs; les quatre derniers forment |

une épaisse massue, Téte rectangulaire, fort allongée. q

Pronotum plus large que long; mésonotum subdéprimé.

D’un. jaune un peu roussdtre. Une bande transversale

LES FORMICIDES DE:L'EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 825

diffuse, souvent tres indistincte, assez étroite, prés du bord

-postérieur de chaque segment de l’abdomen...... P, gleadowii, Forel,

Licaille moins épaisse (un peu moins que chez la punctatissima).

L. 2°55 a3mill. Yeux de 5a 6 facettes, un peu plus en

arriére que chez la punctatissima, au cinquiéme ou au quart

antérieur de la téte, Le scape atteint le bord occipital,

Métanotum bien plus étroit que chez la punctatissima, pres-

que subtectiforme, ou au moins 4 face basale fort étroite.

Luisante, bien plus faiblement ponctuée que la punctatissima,

Sculpture, forme du thorax et taille plus svelte comme

chez la frigona, Mayr, mais la téte est bien plus rectangulaire,

4 cétés moins convexes, les scapes sont plus courts, et les

mandibules moins longues, Ecaille et face basale du métano-

tum tres luisantes ; cette dernicre assez bordée de cédté et

subtriangulaire. Finement pubescente, Presque pas de

pilosité dressée, D’un roux ferrugineux, avec les pattes et

les antennes testacées ........ P. confinis, Rog., v. aitkenii—n., var.

(a) D’un brun de poix. Pattes, antennes, mandibules et

extrémité de ’abdomen d’un jaune brundtre, Face

basale du métanotum plus convexe d’avant en

arriere et un peu plus longue que chez la var. ait-

EC iith en Satante asses DP, confinis, Rog., v. wroughtonii—n, var,

Heaille plus épaisse que chez la var. aitkenti, L.3 mill, Méta-

notum plus large, comme chez la punciatissima. Densément

ponctuée comme cette dernicre ; téte subopaque. Tazille

plus robuste, moins svelte, Yeux situés encore plus en

arriére que chez la var. aitkent?, avec 5-6 facettes...... P. confinis,

i. sp., Rog,

Liste des espéces du genre Ponera.

ler subgen, BoTHROPONERA, Mayr.

1. P. ceylonensis, Mayr,

Ceylon (Madar:sz),

2. LP. tesserinoda, Mayr.

Kanara (Aitken et Wroughton) ; Pooree (Walsh) ; Orissa.(Taylor); Calcutta,

Madras, Calicut, Barrackpore, Bangalore, Bombay (Rothney) ; Bombay,

Thana, Belgaum (Wroughton); Mysore (Lee); Cochin (Ferguson) ; Assam

(Long) ; Dehra Dun (Smythies); Ceylan (Madarasz),

G. L, 58 46 mill, Téte un peu plus allongée et .yeux un peu plus

basale du que chez la suleata, Pubescence moins forte, Plus Iuisant, Face

petites métanotum un peu plus accentuée, Ailes 4 peine un peu teintées

de jaundtre. Le pronotum dépasse un peu le mésonotum devant, Sil-

fons convergents indistincts, Hypopygium non échancré, Du-reste comme

suleata.

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

3. WP. sulcata, Mayr.

Poona, Thana (Wroughton); Calcutta, Madras, Delhi (Rothney); Pooree

(Walsh); Orissa (Taylor) ; Dehra Dun, Himalaya (Smythies) ; Inde centrale

(Betham).

&. &.10410'5 mill, Palpes maxillaires de 6, labiaux de 4articles, Man-

dibules rudimentaires, rectangulaires, minces, plates, tres loin de se rencontrer

au milieu, Antennes longues; scapes tres courts, 14 fois plus longs que

larges ; ler article du funicule plus large que long, Téte ovale, large ; yeux

et ocelles grands, Pronotum vertical, ne dépassant pas le mésonotum devant.

Ce dernier avec deux sillons convergents. Pédicule surmonté d’une écaille

haute, trés épaisse, un peu plus large que longue, subtronquée devant et

derriere, arrondie en haut, Abdomen allongé et étroit, rétréci apres le ler

seoment. Pygidium en longue pointe courbée. Hypopygium échancré a

Vextrémité, presque en plaque, Valvules génitales extérieures arrondies,

plutét petites, Thorax assez robuste.

Tout le corps subopaque, finement ponctué, Ailes faiblement teintées de

jaune. Pubescent,

(a) var. sulcato-tesserinoda, ‘nov. var, : Madura et Calicut (Rothney),

(6) var. fossulata nov, var. : Madras (Rothney). :

4, P. rubiginosa, Emery.

Poona (Wroughton) ; Birmanie, Moulmein (Fea.)

5, P. bispinosa, Smith,

Dehra Dun (Wood-Mason); Sibsagar, Assam (Wood-Mason); Bhaméd

Thigyaux, Metanja, Birmanie (Fea).

6. WP. rufipes, Jerdon,

Thana (Wroughton) ; Siwaliks (Rogers) ; Singhboom, Bengale (Stebbing) ;

Ceylan (Yerbury); Kanara (Aitken); Orissa (Taylor); Dehra Dun, Assam

(Smythies) ; Thaungyin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham) ; Teinzd, Metanja, Palon,

Malewoon, Carin Ghecii 1300-1400 métres (Fea).

2me Sub-genus PonzERA, sens, strict., Latr.

7. £. melanaria, Emery.

Kanara (Wroughton); Ceylon (Madarasz, Simon),

8. P. nigrita, Emery.

Darjeeling (Wroughton) ; Carin Cheba, Carin Gheci 500-1,500 métres (Fea).

9. P. luteipes, Mayr.

N.-W. Himalaya (Rogers) ; Dharmsala (Sage) ; Coonoor (Daly) ; Mussoorie,

Barrackpore, Pachmarhi, Delhi, Bombay (Rothney); Kanara, Belgaum,

Bombay (Wroughton) ; Dehra Dun, Assam (Smythies) ; Travancore, Cochin

(Ferguson) ; Birmanie (Bingham et Hodgson) ; Travancore (Ingleby) ; Ceylan

(Yerbury, Madarasz, Simon), Carin Gheci, Carin Ascinii Ghect, 1300-1500

métres ; Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea).

&. L.4 mill, environ, D’un testacé jaundtre, sale. Mandibules tres rud-

mentaires. Thorax assez fort et convexe; le mésonotum, sans sillons conver-

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN 327

gents, n’est pas dépassé par le pronotum, Métanotum court, convexe. LHcaille

mince et large. Abdomen non rétréci aprés le ler segment, Le pygidium

a une pointe assez courte et peu aigué. Ailes longues, légérement jaunatres ;

nervures et tache marginale d’un jaune brundtre. Assez glabre ; subopaque ;

faiblement pubescent, Funicules bruns,

Pris avec les 9 par le Dr. Ris 4 Hong Kong.

10. P. jerdonii, nov. spec.

Poona {Wroughton) ; Calcutta, Calicut, Barrackpore (Rothney) ; Assam

(Smythies).

@. (Voir tableau). Couleur noire de la luteipes ; avec les funicules, les

pattes, les mandibules-et l’extrémité de abdomen roussatres, Distincte par

la forme du pronotum, sa petite taille et ses petits yeux,

11, P. truncata, Smith,

Carin Cheba, Carin Ghecu, Carin Ascinii Gheci, 900 4 1500 métres (Fea),

12, P, gleadowii, Forel,

Poona (Wroughton) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Dehra Dun 2 et ¢ (Gamble); Ran-

goon (Fea) ; Matale, Ceylan (Simon),

@. (Voir tableau.)

®. L.2°2 mill. Les scapes atteignent presque Vocciput. Le dos dy

thorax est déprimé et formé devant par une partie du pronotum, KEcaille

plus mince que chez l’ouvriere ; du reste méme conformation et méme couleur,

Ailes hyalines ; nervures et tache pale,

&. L.2°3 mill, Scapes tres courts, Mandibules courtes et pointues,

yeux assez gros, mais tout a fait en avant, touchant le bord antérieur de la

téte. Derriere les yeux, la téte est a peu prés semicirculaire, Pronotum

dépassant un peu le mésonotum devant, Heaille assez mince, 4 bord supérieur

rectiligne, Pygidium sans pointe, Ailes comme chez la 9. D’un jaune

d’ocre pale,

13> P. confinis, Roger.

(a) Var.Taithentt, nov, var. “e

Kanara 2 (Aitken); Pooree @ (Walsh); Barrakpore ¢ (Rothney). Q.

(voir tableau). af

@, L.3%5 mill, Le pronotum forme une bonne partie du dos du thorax,

Absolument semblable 4 Pouvriére, téte aussi luisante, Ailes légérement

brundtres, avec les nervures et la tache plutét pales, Quoique prise isolée dans

de toute autres provinces, je crois pouvoir rattacher cette Q 4 coup sir 4

louvriére, be,

(b) Var. wroughtonii, nov. var.; Kanara @ (Wroughton), Les yeux ont

6 a 7 facettes,

Madarasz),.

Une petite 9 de Kanara (Wroughton) me parait se rattacher 4 cette forme,

mais la téte est assez faihlement ponctuée,

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XI1I.

Les espéces processionalis, pumila, affinis et stenocheilos, Jerdon, sont indé-

chiffrables, étant absolument insuffisamment décrites. Il en est de méme des

g décrits par Smith sous les noms de pallida, iridipennis et reticulata. Cela

peut étre tout au monde, :

16me. Genre CRYPTOPONE, Emery.

C. testacea, Moisch.

Nawalapitya, Ceylan (Simon).

2. L. 23 mill, Mandibules étroites, longues, sans bord terminal distinct»

avec 5 dents. Aveugle. Epistome caréné, argué, inerme, Arétes frontales

rapprochées, Antennes de 12 articles. Sutures du thorax distinctes, Pétiole

inséré vers le tiers inférieur du ler segment abdominal, nodiforme, Pattes

courtes, épaisses,

Testacée, pubescente, subopaque, densément ponctuée.

17me Genre Myopras, Roger.

M., amblyops, Roger.

Ceylan (coll. Roger).

oS.” L. 4-45 mill, Ferrugineux, ou d’un brun rouge; scapes et pattes

rouss4tres, Luisante, poilue, fortement ponctuée, Arétes frontales petites,

assez épaisses et proéminentes.

Antennes de 12 articles. Yeux petits, prés du bord antérieur de la téte qui

ést carrée. Ecaille épaisse, cubique-arrondie, séparée du ler segment de

abdomen, Abdomen tronqué devant, rétréci apres le ler segment, Crochets

des tarses simples,

5me Trisu CERAPACHII,

18me Genre SPHINCTOMYRMEX, Mayr.

Sous genre EUSPHINCTUS, Hmery.

1, S. furcatus, Emery.

Palon, Birmanie (Fea)..

io: L.6°5 4 7 mill, Ferrugineux foncé, luisant. Téte seulement légére-

‘ment plus. longue que large. Pas d’yeux. Arétes latérales de la téte

fortement concaves en dedans, convergeant en arriére vers les arétes frontales.

Face déclive du métanotum bordée en haut et de coté d’une aréte. Noeud du

pédicule plus long que large. Pygidium concave dessus, bordé, bifurqué in

Vextrémité. Antennes de 11 articles, :

De grosses fossettes ombiliquées, espacées sur la téte. Des points épare

moins gros, sur le reste du corps.

2. 8S. taylori, nov. spec,

Orissa (Tayler).

9, L.5 mill, Outre sa taille bien plus petite et plus étroite que celle

du furcatus, il en différe encore par les caracteres suivants. Mandibules plus ~

courtes, plus faiblement ponctuées, Tubercule latéral de Vépistome trés

comprimé de haut en bas. Arétes latérales faiblement concaves en dedans,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 329

presque paralléles aux arétes frontales, Téte beaucoup plus longue que large,

assez rectangulaire, Vers le milieu du cété dela téte, une trés petite tache

pigmentée, sans facette, marque la place des yeux. La face déclive du meta-

notum n’est bordée d’une arcte que latéralement, vers le bas. En haut, elle

passe & la face basale par une courbe rapide. Noeud du pédicule aussi large

ou un peu plus large que long, L’extrémité du pygidium est bien moins

profondément échancrée, D’un brun roussatre uniforme et luisant.

Les antennes ont 11 articles, ce qui parait étre le seul caractére distinctif du

S. G. Husphinctus.

19me Genre Syscia, Roger,

S. typhla, Roger.

Ceylan (d’aprés Roger).

Q. Mandibules triangulaires. EHcaille épaisse, nodiforme, cubique arron-

die, Pédicule inséré au milieu du ler article de abdomen. Thorax sans

sutures, Premier segment de l’abdomen tronqué, subexcavé,

L, 2°75 mill, D’un brun rougedtre obscur. Antennes, mandibules et pattes

d’un rouge testacé. Subopaque, densément ponctuée, poilue,

20me Genre OocEeRzA, Roger.

O. fragosa, Roger.

@. L.2°8 mill. Ferrugineuse—obscure, avec les pattes et les mandibules

testacées, Mate; téte et thorax fortement ponctués ; abdomen et noeud un

peu plus finement ponctués, Poilue, Téte oblongue rectangulaire, déprimée.

Pattes courtes. Yeux situés un peuen avant des cétés de la téte, Face dé-

clive du métonotum bordée.

Ceylan (d’aprés Roger).

O. ceca, Mayr.

@. L. 2:7 mill, Pas d’yeux, Téte plus fortement excavée derriére que

chez lO, fragosa. Du reste semblable,

Ceylan (Madarasz.)

2lme Genre LiorponpRA, Mayr.

L, longitarsus, Mayr.

Calcutta, Travancore (Rothney) ; Poona, Thana, Belgaum (Wroughton).

9.1.35 44 mill, Téte seulement un feu plus longue que large. Thorax,

pédicule et premier segment de labdomen proprement dit rouges, Téte et

reste de abdomen noirs. Mandibules, pattes et antennes d’un brun rougeatre,

Distinctement ponctuce, Premier article des tarses postérieurs (métatarse)

aussi long que le. tibia,

G. Présde 4 mill. Trés semblable 4 l’ouvriére. Mandibules triangu-

laires, larges. Yeux relativement petits et scapes relativement longs, Arétes

frontales comme chez louvriére ; de petites arétes latérales entre les yeux

et les fossettes antennaires, Téte plus ou moins carrée-arrondie, un peu

rétrécie derriére. Pronotum dépassant un peu le mésonotum, Pas de sillons

convergents. Face basale du métanotum bordée d’une aréte, comme chez

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT11.

Youvriére, Noeud du pédicule cubique-arrondi. Premier segment de l’abdo-

men proprement dit extrémement étroit et resséré, carré-arrondi, formant

méme plus que chez l’ouvriére comme le 2™¢ noeud d’un pédicule. Couleur

comme chez l’ouvriére, de méme que la longueur des tarses. Ailes subhyalines,

avec les nervures trés pales et une grande tache marginale brune, arrondie,

Pygidium sans pointe. Hypopygium profondément échancré en incision

étroite et anguleuse,

La structure du g@ des Lioponera et des autres formes dela tribu des

Cerapachii, (Acanthostichus et Cerapachys, voir plus bas) est 4 mon avis une

preuve anatomique décisive de ce que ce groupe se rattache aux Ponerine

et non aux Doryline, Chez ces derniers, le g et la Q ont un, pédicule

uniarticulé, de forme trés caractéristique, des mandibules fort spéciales, etc.,

dont nous ne retrouvons rien ici. Le fait que les 9 des -dinictus et des

Eciton ont deux articles trés ressérés au pédicule n’a aucun effet correlatif

chez le @, ni chezla 9. Chezles Cerapachii, nous voyons au contraire les

particularités du 2™¢ segment abdominal vrai qui fait le passage d’un 2™-

article de pédicule 4 un ler article d’abdomen proprement dit, sans étre

nil’un ni Vautre, se répéter chezle f,la Q et Pouvriére également, avec

une corrélation parfaite, J’en conclus que l’analogie des Q Cerapachii avec

les Doryline nest pas suffisante pour justifier une fusion. I] est fort

probable que les Doryline sont dérivés du groupe Cerapachyi, des Ponerine,

J’accorde cecia M, Emery, qui me semble bien l’avoir démontré, mais je

ne puis aller plus loin, Du reste les Cerapachii rom ont encore des yeux a

acettes ordinaires, tandis que les vrais. Doryline 7) ont & leur place des ocelles

souvent de fort grande taille et entiérement differents des facettes atrophiées

de divers Ponering. C’est encore un fait trés caractéristique de ce singulier

groupe,

R. L, parva, nov, stirps,

Calcutta (Rothney); Orissa (Taylor); Barrackpore, Madras (Rothney} ;

Dehra Dun (Smythies) ; Poona (Wroughton) ; Belgaum (Wroughton),

oF L, 2-4 42°76 mill, Téte sensiblement plus étroite et plus allongée que

chez la forme typique. Les 3 derniers articles du funicule sont plus forte-

ment renflés et aussi longs (ensemble) que le reste du funicule (plus courts et

moins renflés chez la forme typique), Premier segment de I’abdomen propre-

ment dit (2me du pédicule!) bien plus large et plus grand que le pédicule

{seulement d’une idée plus large chez la forme typique).

D’un brun roussatre ;abdomen proprement dit, moins son 1& segment,

noiratre. Pattes, antennes et mandibules testacées, Ponctuation plus fine

et plus espacée que chez la longitarsus typique. Les couleurs sont plus ternes

et moins tranchées,

@. L. 2°34 3 mill, Mémes différences que chez Youvriére. Brunatre,

Iu'sant. Abdomen proprement dit, moins son 1* segment, d’un brun foncé ou

d’ un brun noiratre.

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 331

Les différences me paraissent d’une valeur et d’une constance assez relatives

‘pour justitier une race.

22me Genre CERAPACHYS, Smith,

Tableau des owvriéres,

Téte et thorax lisses et luisants (4 part les points épars),

Ai OMIMeN EOL AF AEbIGlOS: s1<25.06css orckcesswencacd sev oudouseerselencdlene 1

Téte avec de grosses fossettes ou de grossiéres réticulations ... 2

1. Dernier article de ’antenne peu renflé, un peu moins long

que les trois précédents réunis, L. 6°7 4 9 mill, Noeud

du pédicule avec des rides ou stries longitudinales gros-

siéres. Face déclive du métanotum bordée latéralement

seulement d’une aréte distincte. Mandibules fortement

t _ striées, Abdomen lisse et luisant. Noir ; patties, antennes

_ et mandibules rougedtres ; cuisses brunies, Extrémité et

lisiére postérieure des segments abdominaux roussiires,

Médiocrement poilu....... Ewaciows ccateebn ee eenpvicie cise C. sulcinodis, Emery,

Dernier article de l’antenne renflé, notablement plus long que

les trois précédents réunis, L, 5°8 mill. Face déclive

du métanotum bordée sur tout son pourtour (donc en haut

aussi) d’une aréte distincte. Mandibules sans stries,

faiblement chagrinées, avec quelques points, Plus poilu

que le sulcinodis ; du reste tout-i-fait identique...... C. risit, Forel,

2. L. 6847 mill. Entiérement luisant. Antennes de 11 articles,

Téte, thorax, pédicule et ler segment de l’abdomen

luisants, couverts de grosses fossettes rondes, rapprochées,

peu profondes, comme coupées a l’emporte piéce, ca et 14

réticulaires, D’un rouge‘un peu brunatre ou jaundtre. Ab-

domen, sauf le ler segment, noiratre, avec le bord des seg-

ments jaundtre, Pattes et antennes d’un brun foncé,

Tarses, front et vertex d’un brun rougeatre, Pédicule

cubique-arrondi, Face déclive du métanotum entiérement

bordée d’une aréte en demi-cercle, Pilosité assez abon-

; dante, Yeux vers le milieu des cétés............... C. fossulatus, Forel.

ity 4 4 47 mill, Téte subopaque ; le reste luisant, Antennes

de 12 articles; les articles 2 4 6 des funicules extrém-

ement courts te transversaux. Sculpture analogue au

précédent, mais la téte est en partie plutdt réticulée-

ponctuée et subopaque, surtout devant, Sur le thorax

et le ler segment de abdomen au contraire, les grosses

fossettes sont remplacées par une forte ponctuation espacée,

ordinaire. Abdomen proprement dit, sauf le ler segment,

le front et vertex d’un noir brundtre. Tout le reste rouge-

atre; extrémité de l’abdomen et le bord des segments

332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

roussdtres. Pilosité fine, longue, jaundtre et abondante’

C.aitheniti, nov, spec.

Liste des espéces du genre Cerapachys.

1. C. sulcinodis, Emery.

Mte. Mooleyit, Tenasserim ; Carin Cheba, 900 4 1100 métres (Fea).

0. C. risit, Forel.

iste Pic, Hong: Kong (Dr. Ris) ; Carin Cheba, 900 4 1000 metres (ewe

3. C. fossulatus, Forel.

Ceylan (Nietner, Musée de Berlin),

4, C. aitkenii, nov. spec.

Kanara 9 (Aitken) ; Kanara fo) & (Bell).

(©. Voir tableau.)

G. L. 4645 mill. Mandibules luisantes, lisses, triangulaires, a bord

terminal tranchant, assez long, légérement concave. Antennes de 13 articles,

trés semblables 4 celles de l’ouvriere. Comme chez elle, le funicule aa la

base un article arrondi, assez épais, plus long que le 2me, et comme enchdssé

dans les deux pans de l’articulation du scape. Les deux articles suivants sont

aussi extrémement courts et transversaux, Yeux médiocres. Téte, arétes

frontales, etc., conformées tout-a-fait comme chez l’ouvriére. Mésonotum peu

convexe, un peu dépassé par le pronotum, sans sillons convergents. Face

déclive du métanotum tronquée, bordée d’une aréte, comme chez l’ouvriére.

Pédicule comme chez l’ouvriére. Premier segment de l’abdomen proprement

dit rétréci et étroit comme chez l’ouvriére, et au moins autant que chez - elle,

ressemblant 4 un 2me noeud de pédicule, Pygidium arrondi. Hypopygium

profondément échancré, terminé de chaque cété par une longue épine, gréle

dés sa base, et fort écartée de l’autre,

Fort luisant ; sculpture de l’ouvriere, mais bien plus faible ; de forts points

espacés au lieu de fossettes, Abdomen 4 points épars. Pilosité comme chez

Youvriére, Ales plutét courtes, hyalines, avec les nervures brunes, une grande

tache marginale ovale d’un brun foncé et une seule cellule cubitale, Organes

génitaux cachés,

Entierement noir, Funicules, mandibules et tarses brunatres, Premier

article des funicules et bord postérieur des segments abdominaux roussatres.

Dans la 1ére partie de la description, j'ai donné les caractéres génériques du

&, autant que j’ai pu le faire.

i i i sy

333

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW LIZARDS FROM SELANGOR.

By G. A. Boutencer, F. R. 8.

[ With a Plate. |

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th Jan., 1900.)

Among some Reptiles submitted to me by Mr. A. L, Butler, Curator

of the Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpur, I had the pleasure of finding

examples of two undescribed Lizards, viz.,a Gecko and a Skink, which

that gentleman has kindly handed over to me for publication. I have

great satisfaction in connecting his name with one of the new species.

GEHYRA BUTLERI, 0. sp.

_ Body elongate, limbs short. Head oviform ; snout a little longer

than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, which is rather

large and suboval ; head covered with finely granular scales, which are

larger on the snout ; rostral twice as broad as deep, with a short

median cleft above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first upper

labial, and two or three nasals, the upper of which is large and in

contact with its fellow behind the rostral ; 8 upper and 6 or 7 lower

labials ; two pairs of elongate chin-shields, the inner nearly twice as

long as the symphysial. Scales uniformly granulate on the back,

limbs, and throat, larger, flat, and imbricate on the belly. Digits

with a rudiment of web, the basal part granulate beneath, the distal

part strongly dilated, with curved or angular lamellz, the two or three

- Jast of which are divided by a median groove ; 5 lamelle under the first

toe, 7 under the fourth. Taii depressed, with angular, finely serrated

lateral edge ; a ventral series of enlarged scutes. Reddish-brown

above, with whitish dots and three longitudinal series of dark brown

spots ;a dark brown streak on each side of the head, passing through

the eye.

Total length 57 millim.; from snout to vent 32 ; head 9; width of

head 55 ; fore limb 9 ; hind limb 11.

I have examined three specimens from Kuala Lumpur.

LYGosoMA SURDUM, 0. sp.

Section Siaphos. Body much elongate ; limbs well developed,

pentadactyle, widely separated when pressed against the body ; the

distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb is contained

nearly twice in the distance between axilla and groin.. Snout short,

pointed ; lower eyelid with an undivided semitransparent disk ; nostril

334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

pierced in the centre of asingle nasal; no supranasal ; frontonasal.

broadly in contact with the rostral and with the frontal; preefrontals

small ; frontal narrow ; a little longer than the frontoparietal, which is

single ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; three pairs

of nuchals ; fourth and fifth upper labials below the eye. Har hidden

under scales, indicated by a mere depression. 20 smooth scales round

the body, the two dorsal rows largest. Preeanals scarcely enlarged. The

length of the hind limb equals the distance between the nostril and the |

fore limb. Fourth toe longest, with 15 lamellee inferiorly. Uniform

dark brown above, greyish beneath.

Total length 117 millim. ; from snout to vent 50; head 10, fore limb

10 ; hind limb 14.

Two specimens were obtained by Mr. Butler. The first in October,

1898, on the Sungsi Buloh River, among the roots of a large epiphytic

plant ; the second in August, 1899, at Kuala Lumpur, under the dead

fibre round a Palm tree.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE,

Fig. 1. Gehyra butleri, natural size.

hase » Upper view of head, & 3.

LE) Oe us Side view of head, x 3.

er Berks, i Chin, x 35.

MU ates » . Lower view of foot, x 6.

2. Lygosoma surdum, natural size.

2a. a », Upper view of head, x 3.

20. 4 a Side view of head, x 3.

Se ee ee eee eee

Journ. Bombay Nat .Hist.Soc.

Mintern Bros. imp.Londo

2.LYGOSOMA SURDUM.

New Lizards trom Selangor.

J.Greendel.et lth.

I.GEHYRA BUTLERI.

335

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LIZARD FROM THE BATU

CAVES, SELANGOR.

By G. A. Boutencer, F. B.S.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 10th July, 1900.)

; LyYGosoOMA SCOTOPHILUMY, n. sp.

Section Hinulia. Habit lacertiform ; the distance between the end

of the snout and the fore limb not much less than that between

axilla and groin, Snout mcderate, obtusely pointed ; eye large ; lower

eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal ; no supranasal ;

rostral forming a broad suture with the frontonasal, which is broader

than long; prefrontals just meeting in the middle ; frontal very

narrow behind, as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together,

in contact with the first, second, and third supraoculars ; five supra-

oculars, first longest ; ine supraciliaries ; frontoparietals and inter-

parietal distinct, subequal in size ; parietals forming a short suture

behind the interparietal; no nuchals; fifth and sixth labials

largest and below the eye. ar-opening oval, tympanwn feebly sunk,

smaller than the eye-opening ; no auricular lobules. 30 smooth,

scales round the body, dorsals largest. A pair of feebly enlarged

preanals. Limbs slender ; hind limb reaching the shoulder; digits

long and slender, feebly compressed ; subdigital Jamelle smooth,

23 under the fourth toe, Dark brown above, with darker and lighter

spots ; a dorso-lateral series of round whitish spots ; sides and limbs

blackish, with small whitish spots ; lips white, spotted with black ;

white beneath.

Total length ... 90 millim. Fore limb... -. 14 millim.

Head... Gna aaa Hind limb EES OO) aa

Widthofhead. 5 ,, Tail (reproduced)... 54

Body ... Rar] Pee

The unique specimen, caught by Mr, A. L. Butler under a limestone

rock in the Batu Caves, is preserved in the Selangor Museum at Kuala

Lumpur.

336

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE FROM THE PERAK

HILLS.

By G. A. Bourenerr, F. R. 8.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 10th July, 1900.)

LycoDON BUTLERI, n. sp.

Closely allied to Z. fascatus, Anderson, but with a larger eye and

more strongly angulate ventral and subcaudal shields. Body slightly

compressed. Rostral twice as broad as deep, hardly visible from above ;

internasals three-fifths the length of the preefrontals ; frontal a little

longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,

shorter than the parietals ; loreal more than twice as long as deep,

bordering the eye below the single preocular ; two postoculars ; temporals

2 + 2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ;

five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which

are as long asthe posterior. Scales in 17 rows, dorsals very feebly

keeled. Ventrals 228, strongly angulate laterally ; anal entire; sub-

caudals 88 pairs. Blackish-brown above and beneath, with 43 rather

‘irregular annuli of whitish spots or light edges to the scales.

Total length 540 millim. ; tail 115.

_ A single female specimen from the Perak hills, at an altitude of

5,000 feet. Preserved in the Selangor Museum, after whose Curator

the species is named.

337

SPORT AND NATURAL HISTORY IN NORTHERN GUJARAT.

By Carr, C, G. Nursz, 13rH Bompay Inrantry.

During the past three years, with the exception of.some eight months spent

in the Panjab during the Tirah expedition, my head-quarters have been at

Deesa, and it may, perhaps, interest others if I give a short account of the

sport and natural history of this delightfully sunny spot, During the months

of December, January and February only is the climate pleasant; in the

hot weather, i.e., from March to June, and again in October and November,

one is baked, and during the rains one is boiled. But, hotas it is,I personal-

ly much prefer the dry heat, which rises sometimes during the hot weather

to 120°, to the moist and enervating climate of Bombay. The life has some

compensations, There issmall game shooting of some kind or other during

most of the year, the country round is admirable for riding, and there is

big game shooting to be obtained within reasonable distance.

I will begin with the Mammalia, The only monkey we see in a wild state

isthe common Langur, and it is not nearly so numerous here as it is near

Ahmedabad, where it is a perfect nuisance, The Lion has of course long aco

disappeared from this neighbourhood ; the last was, I believe, killed in 1878

near the village of Bhoyen, about two miles from Deesa, The larger Felidae

bave been more than usually numerous this year ; the famine has driven all

the animals, both wild and domesticated, towards the streams, there being

no grazing elsewhere, and Tigers and Panthers have naturally followed them,

Of the smaller Felide, the Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) is common, I have

Several times set a trap in the hope of getting the Indian Desert Cat (Felis:

ornaia) but without success, as the specimens caught have always belonged

to the former species, The Mungoose is, of course, abundant, I fancy there

are two kinds, but I never killed one for identification.

Tke Wolf is common, and I have seen them within three miles of Canton-

ments, Jackals of course swarm, and, thanks to a sporting Colonel of Native

Cavalry, who imported several foxhounds and beagles, have shown

us good sport. Two kinds of Foxes occur, one with a black tip

to its tail (Vulpes bengalensis), and one with a white tip (Vulpes leucopus), and.

both have given good runs occasionally, The Otter is fairly common ; I once

saw a whole family at Malana tank, about 18 miles from Deesa; there were

seven or eight altogether, and they jumped into the water one after the other,

so I had a good view of them. The Indian Sloth Bear of course occurs in

the wooded country towards Mount Abu, Hedgehogs are common, but I

faney they all belong to one species. I once caught a specimen, and wanted

to identify it. He, however, refused to unroll, so I chloroformed him, and

finding him to be the common Erinaceus pictus, gave him his freedom as soon

as he got over the effects of the anxsthetic,

Mr. Wroughton’s recent interesting paper on Bats in the Society’s Journal

makes me wish that I had paid some attention to these interesting mammals.

338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

I only once tried to identify a specimen, which proved to be the common

Nycticejus kuhli, Flying foxes are not usually numerous, but in October and

November, 1898, there seemed to an extraordinary quantity about, I presume

that some fruit must have attracted large numbers from elsewhere, as I have

never seen so many anywhere as I saw then, The common Squirrel (Sciurus

palmarum) is a perfect nuisance to anyone having a garden, as it does con-

siderable damage by eating off young shoots, The article in the Fauna of

India Series on this species seems to leave it doubtful whetherit destroys

birds’ eggs or not, Ihave not the least doubt that it doesso whenever it

finds them unprotected, and on one occasion I purposely left an egg on the

ground where it could be seen by a squirrel, with the result that it was sucked

dry before my eyes in a few minutes, Ratsand Mice are of course common

enough, but I never tried to identify any of them. A Gerbdillus, but whether

G. indicus or G. hurriane Iam not sure, is extremely common, I often

wonder how they fare in the present famine year, but they seem as numerous

as ever, |

The Porcupine is apparently common, but owing to its nocturnal habits,

seldom seen. Hares are very numerous in some places; they all seem to

belong to one species, the common Lepus ruflcaudatus. On one occasion

two guns shot twenty-five, besides other game, in a day’s sport, but this was

of course exceptional. Nilgai are extremely common and very tame, but are

not allowed to be shot. During the past cold weather they have always seemed

in good condition, although nearly all the cattle in the country have died of

starvation, I have several times seen them feeding at night in jowari fields,

notwithstanding the fact that the latter are fenced all round and generally

watched day and night. This is probabty the reason that they appear so fat

and well, as there is little or nothing for them to eat in the jungle.

Black buck are scarce in the immediate vicinity of Deesa, but Chinkara

are common enough, though somewhat wild. Sambar are numerous in the

hills round Abu; I am told that many of them have died of famine during

the past year, and the shooting, which had become more easy than usual,

owing to the thinness of the jungles, has consequently been stopped. Chital

I have not personally come across, but I believe that they are not uncommon

in suitable localities near the foot of the hills, The “ Mighty Boar’’ is not

nearly so numerous as many of us could wish, and pigsticking, which once

flourished in this neighbourhood, is at present at a somewhat low ebb.

As regards Birds, Butler’s list in “Stray Feathers” of the avsfauna of this

neighbourhood is pretty exhaustive, and I made no attempt to add to it.

Birds, in fact, appealed to me more asa sportsman than as a naturalist.

Though I had heard of Bustard on several previous occasions, I did not

come across them until the past cold weather, when I saw two and shot one.

Houbara were also numerous this season, though they had hitherto been very

scarce, Icame across a shikari who was a perfect artist in driving both

SPORT AND NATURAL HISTORY IN NORTHERN GUJARAT. 339

these species in whatever direction he wished. Leading a camel,and walking in

a circle, he would leave the guns behind any convenient bush, and then pro-

ceed till he got to the far side of the game. He would then begin to walk in

a zigzag direction towards the guns, driving the birds, which would almost in-

variably fly overhead well within shot, Imuch preferred this way of shoot-

ing them to the usual method of shooting from the back of acamel, Florican

are fairly numerous at the beginning of the rains. I always have some

qualms of conscience about shooting both Florican and Rain Quail at this

season, but one is glad of a change from inferior mutton and bazaar murghi,

and I fear that it is with me as with many others a case of—

“Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor,”’

Of Sandgrouse we usually get only two kinds in the immediate vicinity of

Deesa, viz., the Common and the Painted, But during the past cold weather,

the large Sandgrouse appeared in considerable numbers, and a good many

were shot, Peafowl of course swarm, but are considered sacred, Jungle and

Spur Fowl are pretty common at the foot of the hills. The Grey and

Painted Partridge are both fairly abundant, and six kinds of Quail may be

obtained, though, from the sportsman’s point of view, only the Grey and

Rain Quail are worth taking mto consideration. The former appear in

countless thousands in September ; large numbers remain till the end of

October, when most of them apparently go south ; they reappear about the

end of December, and from that time to the middle of March one can gene-

rally succeed in obtaining a fair bag. The Rain Quail appear from about the

middle of June, and are plentiful enough till the end of July. After this

time they are not so much en evidence, as the grass has become fairly high by

the beginning of August, and they are thus able to breed unmolested, so far

as their human enemies are concerned.

Deesa can scarcely be considered a good locality for Duck, as there is no

large tank within fifteen miles. I have, however, seen or shot fifteen different

kinds of Duck and Teal in the neighbourhood, chiefly during the past season,

As regards Snipe, the best ground is some distance from Deesa, and here, two

seasons ago, a sporting and popular doctor shot over a hundred couple to

his own gun in a day. Such a day’s sport is of course exceptional, but

it shows what may be done under favourable circumstances.

A few Rails, which I have not taken the trouble to identify, complete the

list of game birds.

The cold weather of 1899-1900 has, owing to the famine, been an

abnormal one on this side of India, Most of the usual migratory birds

bave scarcely appeared at all, or have come in greatly diminished

numbers, and birds of prey have consequently been much fewer than

usual. I have not seen a dozen Grey Quail during the whole of the cold

weather. Duck and Snipe, however, which in ordinary seasons are few and

far between in the immediate neighbourhood of Deesa, have frequented

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

every likely and unlikely spot in the river Banas, although the latter is in

most places only a few yards wide and a few inches deep. Demoiselle Crane,

too, appeared in large flocks in October, flying up and down the river seek-

ing food, but after about a month they disappeared, and I have not seen

them since.

The non-migratory birds must have had a very poor time, and it appears

marvellous that thousands of them have not perished of hunger, The

struggle for existence during such a year as the present one must be terrible,

and I often wonder how some species find any food at all. Except in Canton-

ments, and along the bed of the river, where there isa little cultivation,

thereis scarcely a green leaf ora blade of grass or corn for miles, and

yet every morning shortly after sunrise, and every evening about sunset,

enormous flocks of the common Rose-ringed Paroquet may be seen, lesving

or returning to the trees where they pass the night. Where do they all

obtain food? There are no wild fruits, and the little grain that is

being cultivated with the help of irrigation is carefully watched and

guarded.

Among the Reptiles, I need hardly say that the common “ Mugger”

(Crocodilus palustris) is fairly abundant. Ofthe Chelonia I have only come

across J'estudo elegans, which is very numerous during the rains in the grass

bhirs. The commonest house Gecko appears to be Hemidactylus leschenaulti,

On one occasion I saw one make a dash at a feather, which was blowing

along the floor, mistaking it foran insect, Another time I was setting

insects, and I accidentally dropped one on to the floor ; before I could pick

it up it was swallowed by a gecko, I then purposely dropped a small bee,

with a short entomological pin through its thorax, This was also swallowed

and the gecko seemed much astonished at the pin, and made several

unsuccessful attempts to get rid of the insect. He probably had severe

indigestion for some time afterwards.

Among the Lizards, a species of Varanus is common, The lowest caste

natives eat its flesh, and make drumheads of its skin. The so-called

‘¢ Blood-sucker,” (Calotes versicolor), is extremely common, but I have

scarcely ever seen one in the cold weather. I presume they hybernate in

holes in the ground. The commonest Lizards are Sitana pondiceriane and

Charasia ornata; the latter may generally be seen sitting cutside its holes.

in the evenings during the hot weather.

Snakes are fairly numerous ; the Cobra swarms in the grass bhirs in the

rains. The Russell’s Viper is common, and also Echis carinata, One of the

most abundant snakes here is Dipsas trigonata, which, as Boulenger says,

bears an extraordinary superficial resemblance to Echis carinata, I have

frequently seen Dipsas trigonata curled up on the top of cactus hedges..

The elegant Psammophis leith is also common, as are two, if not three,

species of Zamenis. The plebeiar-looking Eryx johnii occurs, and I obtained

SPORT AND NATURAL HISTORY IN NORTHERN GUJARAT. 341

a specimen of some species of Typhlops from beneath some rubbish in my

garden,

Frogs and Toads I have not attempted to identify, and the same may

be said as regards the few species of Fish that are obtainable in the neighbour-

hood, We get Murreland Mahseer occasionally, but they generally have

a muddy taste, and the only local Fish which is, in my opinion, worth eating

is a so-called “ country whitebait,” but Ihave not the least idea to what

species this belongs.

About 50 species of Butterflies occur, chiefly in the rains, The most

interesting are, perhaps, the various species of Teracolus, which is chiefly, if not

exclusively, a desert genus. Some half a dozen species occur here, and some

of them positively swarm during the rains. Moths are fairly numerous,

‘but I have not yet attempted to identify those I collected, though I obtained

a fair number, .

One amusing incident I recall ; one evening at the beginning of the rains

several death’s-head moths flew into the room, ana settled on the ceiling,

There were a sreat many geckos about, most of them with their abdomens

considerably distended from the number of small insects they had consumed.

A gecko, bolder than the rest, rushed up to one of the death’s-head moths

and seized it by a leg; another rushed up from the opposite side, and seized

another leg. Then commenced a tug of war, which ended in the moth flying

away,and both geckos falling on the floor. I could not see whether the

moth got off without the loss of a leg or not.

When I first arrived at Deesa, I noticed that there seemed to be more

flymenoptera than any other order of insects, and though I had _ hitherto

paid little or no attention to this branch of Entomology, I determined to

collect and identify as many species as possible, Bingham’s volume dealing

with a portion of the Hymenoptera in the Fauna of India Series had just

been published, and the author kindly assisted me when I was in doubt, and

described in this Journal some new species obtained by me, Since then I

have found the study of this order of absorbing interest, and have devoted a

considerable part of my spare time to the collection and identification of

specimens, Hven in this barren locality I have succeeded in obtaining well

over 150 species, not including Ants or Hymenoptera parasitica, A large pro-

portion of these are apparently new species, and have yet to be described,

The parasitic Hymenoptera are not numerous, except the Evanide, This

genus is supposed to be parasitic on Blattidea, (Cockroaches, &c.), but I once

bred a species of Evania from a larva of Teracolus pleione at Aden, so some

of them are evidently parasitic on Lepidoptera, !

I collested a fair number of Diptera, which I sent to England to be identi-

fied. One of the most interesting was the Horse Bot-fly, which I bred from

larve passed by a horse. I do not yet know if it is the same species that

oecurs in Europe

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Among the Orthoptera two species of Locusts are fa'rly common: a reddish

and a yellowish kind. The latter sometimes arrives in small swarms at the

beginning of the rains ; but fortunately we have not had any large swarms

in addition to our famine troubles. The so-called “ milk-bush” (Calotropis

gigantea), which is extremely abundant here, is frequently stripped quite bare

by a species of locust, but this does not appear to be migratory, and so far as

I am aware, does little or no damage to other plants.

White ants are only too numerous, Dragonflies are plentiful, and it has

always been a puzzle to me where they can all come from in such a dry

locality. They breed, of courre,in water, and, though there is cnly one

small stream here, and a few wells, yet at whatever time of the year I go

into my garden, I can always see several species, Ant-lions are plentiful,

and their pitfalls may be seen almost anywhere. I notice that the Cambridge

Natural History states that “'The imago is considered to be carnivorous, ”

This I can confirm, as I have frequently seen a species of Myrmeleon

common at Deesa catching small moths and beetles round a lamp at night.

Spiders do not seem to be very abundant, especially the larger kinds, The

little red velvety species which appears at the beginning of the 1aius is one

of the most striking. I have been told that a decoction of these is used by

natives in Kathiawar, and possibly elsewhere, as an aphrodisiac,

In conclusion I may say that I have been able, thanks to a taste for Natural

History to pass many a “ Long, long, Indian day” without boredom, even in

the hot weather. I hope, later on, when I have had an opportunity of com-

paring my Hymenoptera with those in the British Museum and other collec-

tions, to supplement this somewhat discursive paper by a more scientific one,

in which the new species collected will be described.

343

NOTES ON OPHIDIA COLLECTED IN BURMA FROM MAY

TO DECEMBER, 1899.

By Capt, F, Watt, I.MS., and Very, Carr, G. H, Evans, A. V. D..

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 10th July, 1900.Y

The following is a list of the Ophidian Fauna collected by us in this

Province, from 15th May to 31st December, 1899,

Following the methods of description used by Boulenger in his work on

this subject, we venture to record only departures from his text, which we

have observed in specimens that have come before us, in preference to

writing full descriptions, which would necessitate useless repetition. It will

be noticed that many of these departures represent peculiarities found in

abnormal specimens, We append to these, various other matters of interest

concerning habits, breeding, &c.

1, Ablabes porphyraceus :—One specimen, obtained from Tiddim in the

North Chin Hills, Upper Burma,

Length—37 inches ; tail 63 inches.

2, Bungarus ceruleus :—Two specimens, obtained from Insein, L.B.", and

Monywa, U. B.t

Anterior Chin Shields :—Larger than posterior, and in contact with four

labials (2).

Colour.—In one there are pure white cross bands, implicating two or

three scales in the length of the snake. These bands are therefore much

wider than in the usual Indian type, and this is without doubt the “ semz-

fasciatus” of Ginther.

In the second the colour is widely different from any description we have

seen, and is as follows :—

The snake is surrounded with broad uniformly light bands,in which the

lateral margins of the scales are edged white, so that each band is streaked

longitudinally black and white. The broadest streak is white and occupies

about the middle third of the vertebral row. These light bands involve

six to eight scales vertebrally in the length of the snake, and increase towards

the flanks, so as to join at the edges of the ventrals, thus enclosing large oval

black islets, These oval spots or islets are eight to twelve scales broad

vertebrally. There are eleven light bands on the body, and two on the

tail.

' Belly—Uniform white,

Upper lips, and lore white,

Tail—Mottled slatish beneath.

The black colouring exhibits the usual cerulean blue on reflected light.

Since the beginning of this year, we have received two more specimens

identical in colour to this second variety, one from the Southern Shan States,

with fourteen light bands on kody, and two on tail: and one from Meikitila,

I I SE ET

* Lower Burma. + Upper Burma.

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

U..B,+ with twelve light bands on body, and two on tail. We have examined

and compared these very closely with the usual Indian type.

One noticeable feature is the early enlargement of the vertebral row, as

compared with the common Indian type, and this is constant in all three

specimens, where the breadth of the vertebrals exceeds the length in the

ighth scale twice, and in the ninth scale once. On the other hand, re-

ference to our only three Indian specimens shows that the 19th and 22nd

vertebral in two partial specimens are not broader than long, and that the

29th is about the first scale broader than long in the third specimen,

The snake, at first sight, appears so entirely distinct, as to suggest a

separate species, however, it accords so exactly in the arrangement, and size

of its head and body scales with B, ceruleus that we do not think the

one difference referred to above, sufficient to justify it being considered a

new species, especially as we have so few specimens of the usual Indian

_type with which to compare it,

3. Bungarus fasciatus :—Nineteen specimens, obtained from Rangoon,

Maulmein, and other Districts L.B.,* also from U.B.+

Anterior Chin Shel eeoniac: with four lower labials (6). Three

labials (13),

Subcaudals (30).

A very common snake, frequently haunting the dwellings and precincts of

man, Burmans generally believe that its bite is not fatal, and we think

credence may be permitted in this particular instance, owing to the dis-

tinctive coloration of the snake, whereby it could not be mistaken for any- —

thing else. Being as common as it is, it seems more than likely that people

are bitten by it frequently ; and were its effects fatal, the Burmans would

have a very different conception of its danger,

It would appear to be of a pacific disposition, as one of us met with one

whilst riding on a“ maidan’’ in the district one evening by moonlight, and

having no weapon at hand, called to his servants in the rear to bring a stick,

and proceeded to “‘ head ” the creature, walking in a circle, and continually

turning its direction, till a servant after some interval, at least five minutes,

arrived, and it was despatched, The creature could have undoubtedly has-

tened away, by displaying very little more energy, but was content to move

in a leisurely way to and fro,and even without offering menace, and we can

recall other instances where under considerable provocation, this species has

failed to menace, We have only had two specimens over four feet

long.

4, Callopkis maculiceps :—Two specimens, obtained in Beneourt

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout (1).

Ventrals—201.

Colour—Subcaudals are jet black, or grey, with no special arrangement of

the two colours, belly coral-pink during life.

* Lower Burma, + Upper Burma.

? NOTES ON OPHIDIA. 345

5. Cerberus rhyncops:—Nine specimens, obtained in the Rangoon river

and neighbouring creeks, and the Hlaing river.

Labials—11R and L (1), 11 R (1), 11 LQ), 12R(). 5th. touches the

eye, R(1).

Ingesta-——one caught swallowing an eel.

Much the commonest Homalopsid about here.

6. Chrysopelea ornata:—EHleven specimens, obtained from Rangoon, and

Districts of L. B.,* and Mandalay, U.B.t

Frontal—equals distance to end of snout (6), greater (2).

Labials—nine, with the 5th and 6th touching the eye (7),

Temporals—1+2 L (1).

Ventrals—The last is invariably bifid like the anal,

Subcaudals—i00.,

Scales—At first sight, the black median line on the scale conveys the idea

of keels being present ; but a more careful scfutiny shows this keeling to be

indistinct, in fact it is a difficult matter in some specimens to decide

whether keels are present or not. We, however, decided that keels were

present in seven out of eight specimens specially examined,

Colour—All our specimens correspond to type B, except two, m which

orange vertebral spots were fairly distinet (type C). In adult specimens, there

is often a tendency for the black and gold to distribute themselves in such a

way as to form alternate transverse bars, butthese are very indistinet, In

the young, however, there are very distinct alternate bars in the eniire length,

the black are broader than the golden, and the golden vary so that each

alternate one is slightly thicker, and more distinct.

It has been captured several time on trellis work round tennis courts, and

in verandahs, and sometimes in the grass, We have seen one perched ona

thick naked limb of a tree, about thirty or forty feet from the ground, which

rose almost perpendicularly. Here it lay apparently watching some prey,

with its head downwards, and its body thrown into abroad 8, whereby it

obtained a remarkable grasp on the trunk,

Ingesta—gecko (1).

7. Coluber radiatus :—Seven specimens, obtained in Rangoon, and Dis-

tricts L, B.,* and Myingyan U.B.+

Length 5! 2”,

Temporals—1 + 3R (1),2+31L(2),2+4R (1).

Ventrals—246.

Subcaudals—51 to 106,

Ingesta—A fall grown rat (1).

Ova,one killed on 15th July,1899,contained nine eggs with no trace of embryo,

8. Cylindrophis rufus :—One specimen, obtained from Wuntho, U.B. +

9, Dendrophis pictus:—Three specimens, obtained in Rangoon, and Dis-

tricts of L, B,*

* Lower Burma. + Upper Burma,

346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Length—4' 3”.

Internasal suture —less than prefrontal suture, (3)

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, (3).

Temporals—2+3, R, and L, (1).

Labials—8, with the 4th and 5th touching the eye, R. (1).

It is not nearly the common snake here that it is in parts of Southern

India, (i.e. Trichinopoly).

10. Dipsas cyanea:—One specimen, obtained from Insein, Rangoon

District, Already recorded in this Society's Journal, on page 188 (No. 1)

of this Volume (XIII).

11. Dipsas hexagonotus:—One specimen obtained in Rangoon,

Ingesta—A large lizard, probably Calotes mystaceus.

12. Dipsas multimaculata :—Sixteen specimens, obtained from Rangoon,

and Districts, L. B.®

Length—3/ 33", tail 82”.

Frontal—less than distance to end of snout (2).

_Antoculars—2 L, (1).

Postoculars—3 R, and L, (1).

Temporals—1+3 R.(1). 1+2 L. (1).

Labials—9, with 3rd, 4th and 5th, touching the eye, R, and L, (aby 9 with

4th, 5th and 6th touching the eye L. (1).

Anterior chin shields—contact with three labials (1); 5 labials (7),

6 labials (8).

Ventrals—256.

Subcaudals—109,

Ingesta —Lizards (3), all appeared to be Calotes mystaceus,

‘One of the commonest snakes we have in Rangoon, frequenting the com-

pounds in Cantonments, Sometimes it climbs the trellis work in verandahs,

at least on one occasion with a view to facilitating the sloughing process,

since the cast slough was found wound in and out of the fenestrations,

We have known it come into the ‘house, upper and ground floors, and

stables,

13. Distira cyanocincta:—Two specimens, obtained from Myaungmya

L. B., about fifty miles from the sea ; and Watiya, Hlaing river, forty miles

from the sea, ; he

14. Distira lapemidoides:—Three specimens, obtained from Watiya, forty

miles from the sea, and Rangoon river, twenty miles from the sea.

15. Dryophis fronticinctus:—Eight specimens, obtained from Watiya,

L. B.* and Rangoon river and creeks.

Frontal—less than distance to end of snout (2); greater (2); less than

parietals (4).

Labials—usually eight, with the 6th only touching the eye, frequently

seven, with the 5th only touching the eye.

* Lower Burma,

ire

NOTES ON OPHIDIA. 347

-Chin shields—usually three pairs, the middle and posterior are often

confluent, on one or both sides ; anterior in contact with five lower labials

(1).

Ventrals—181 to 196.

‘Ova—One killed between 24th and 28th November, contained seven eggs,

varying from 4” to 3” in length, and with no trace of embryo.

For most of our specimens, we are indebted to Mr, Lidderdale, who took

much trouble on our behalf. Living on the river, and having many coolies

under his supervision, he organized beats with a view to driving these

creatures from the bushes bordering the river bank, but found that they

usually escaped into the water when flushed, and got away. Subsequent

beats however undertaken at very low tide, caused the creatures when

making a bid for the water, to throw themselves into the soft mud, which

so hampered their movements, as to permit of their easy capture,

16, Dryophis mycterizans:—Two specimens, obtained in Rangoon, and

Toungoo, L. B. *

Frontal—less than distance to rostral, (2).

Loreal—one R, and L, (1).

Ventrals—201,

Subcaudals—92.

Not nearly the common snake about Rangoon that it is in many parts of

India,

17. Enhydrina valakadien:—One specimen, obtained from Watiya on

_ the Hlaing river, forty miles from the sea,

Temporals—anterior 2R. and L. (1). (four labials are large, the fifth

very small with a scale above it, which does not touch the parietal, and we

therefore regard it as a lower temporal),

Ventrals—270,

18. Fordonia leucobalia :—Four specimens, obtained from Watiya, Hla-

ing river.

Postoculars—one (L), (1).

Temporals—2-+3 L, (1).

19. Hipistes hydrinus :—three specimens obtained from Watiya, Hlaing

river,

Anterior chin shields—contact with six lower labials, L, (1).

Scales—43 rows (1).

Ventrals—168,

-Subcaudals—21,

Colour—alternate yellow and black dorsal bars of equal width extending

to tail, 36 on body (3), 5 to 7 tail. Flanks and belly uniform dull buff.

Head uniform greyish, with small punctiform spots on temporals, and parie-

tals, and for some way behind these. The colours onthe back are bright,

and scales glazed liked enamel. ;

a eS ST I RR EE EPS RT

* Lower Barma,

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS/ORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

The scales are peculiar in that the interstitial skin is visible for a consider

able interval between the apex of one scale and the base of the next in the

same series, and these intervals being depressed, produce a honey-combed'

effect most marked in the flanks.

Two specimens obtained in September were discovered to be pregnant,

one containing four, and the other three embryos apparently perfect. Hach,

embryo by two kinks was folded into three, the folds. being firmly compress-

ed upon one another, and a scanty dryish smegma (spirit specimens) partially

covered them, more abundant in the folds,

Of four measured, two taped 6”, and two 52”.

They differed from the parents in lacking the wonderful glazing of scales,

and in having the canary bars replaced by buff.

20. Homalopsis buccata:—One specimen obtained from Rangoon river.

Loreals—3 R.

Labials—14 R., sixth just touching the eye,

Subcaudals—65.

21. Hypsirkina enhydris:—Two specimens obtained from Hmawbi, L. B.®

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout (1).

Antoculars—2 R, (1).

Temporals—2+2 L. (1).

Labials—seven, 4th touching the eye L. (1).

Anterior chin shields—in contact with three labials R, and L, (2).

These were discovered “in copula” on the 16th November, and unfor-

tunately killed, They were in swampy ground, some distance (about a.

quarter mile) from a creek, and three miles from the Hlaing river,

(tidal),

22, Hydrophis spiralis :—Two specimens, obtained from Myaungmya.

river, L. B.* about fifty miles from the sea,

23, Lycodon aulicus:—seventeen specimens, obtained in Rangoon, and

Districts, L. B., * and Magwe, U. B.T

Temporals—2+4 B.(1), 2+4 L. (1).

Ventrals—181. [

Subcaudals—53.

Ingesta—mouse (2), gecko tail (1). It would appear that in the latter

case, the quarry had escaped, leaving its tail in possession of its would-be

captor.

As common in this locality as it is in India.

Ova—One killed on the 20th December was found to contain five eggs,

with opaque contents, and no trace of embryo.

24, Naia bungarus :—One specimen, obtained from a juggler, said to have

been caught in this Province.

25, Naia tripudians :—(monocellus)—eleven specimens, obtained from

Rangoon, and Districts, L, B.*

* Lower Bar na. + Upper Burma.

NOTES ON OPHIDIA., ° 349

Whree of these were dug out of the same hole, where one had been

“seen to take refuge on the 8th July, Two of them were males,

and one a female with her ovarian follicles enlarged to a length of

“about 3",

One, containing twelve eggs with no trace of embryo, was killed on the 5th

August.

26, Naia tripudians (binocellus):—One specimen obtained in Myaungm-

tyas ole

The Cobra is not nearly such a common snake here (Rangoon) as we have

known it in India, especially in the south ; and most of the specimens we get

are of the monocellate variety: still in certain localities, such as on the

‘Sittang plains, cobras are extremely common, one of us having on two or

three occasions, killed as many as five in a day.

27. Psammodynastes pulverulentus:—One specimen, obtained from Wum-

bezat, L. B. *

Temporals—2 + 4Rand L.

28. Python molurus:—One specimen, obtained from Pyinbongyi, L, B, *

Antoculars—3 L,

Venitrals—269,

Lower labials—-19 R. 20 L.

We have already published notes concerning this species, in the Society’s

Journal, on page 190 (No. 1) of this Volume (XIII).

29. Simotes cruentatus:—ten specimens, Rangoon, and districts, L. B. *

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, (6).

Anterior chin shields—in contact with five labials, (5).

Ventrals—171,

Subcaudals—27 (1) ; less than 30 (6). ‘

Colour—Olive-brown above, with four dark linear longitudinal lines. The

two median are separated by three rows of scales, and extend to end of tail.

The lateral run two and a half rows above the ventrals, and end at the vent.

In a well-marked specimen, there is a dark transverse band before the eyes

continued below them as a subocular streak, a dark collar incomplete below,

which throws forward a median process to the frontal and a lateral obliquely

to the parietals, In many specimens these marks are indistinct, or modified

to ‘a mottling. Belly canary-yellow in life, with large black squarish

spots often confluent behind, where they are more numerous. A post-

anal black mark 3-4 subcaudals wide, and often another black band at or

near tip, these two sometimes connected laterally by a black line ; subcaudals

otherwise yew-berry crimson, or sealing-wax red. Anal often tinged the same

colour,

_ On two occasions we have been present when this snake was flushed, and

the degree of “animus” it displayed in trying to avoid capture was

remarkable, and for so small a snake almost laughable. One, however, in

* Lower Burma.

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

spite of its few inches, succeeded in scaring a party of Burmans, whose

womankind seized their children and fled, the men declaring from its vehe-

mence, that it must be a young cobra, On the other hand, one we had

sent into us, alive, and apparently unhurt, when loosed behaved with great

timidity, hiding its head beneath its coils, and refusing to strike or menace

on the greatest provocation. This had however been imprisoned in a bottle

for some hours previously.

30. Simotes cyclurus:—thirteen specimens, obtained from Rangoon, and

Districts, L. B.*

Post-nasals—divided into two superposed scales, R. (2) ; L. (1).

- Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, (8).

Antoculars—one R. and L, (1), (ie., the subocular of Boulenger is

absent.)

Temporals—1-+1 (3), 1+2 (5).

Labials—seven with 3rd, and 4th touching the eye L. (1).

Anterior chin shields—in contact with five labials R. and L, (1).

Subcaudals—a4 (2).

_ Colour—Very variable, from light cocoatina to dark café-au-lait, and at

least two specimens were exactly the colour ofa boiled shrimp ; others

the dusky variety of shrimp.

31. Simotes theobaldi :—One specimen, obtained from Myingyan, U. B. +

Ventrals—167.

Subcaudals—-40.

32. Simotes violaceus :~—Four specimens, from Rangoon, and Districts, and

Arakan Hills, 4,000 feet, L. B. *

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, (4).

Antoculars—1 KR and L (1), (.e., the subocular of Boulenger is absent),

3L (4).

Temporals—2 +2, R and L (2).

Labials—Seven, with 3rd and 4th, touching the eye Rand L (1), This

last feature has been already recorded in the Society’s Journal, Vol, XII,

No. 4, page 766.

33. Trimeresurus gramineus :—Ten specimens, obtained from Rangoon,

and Districts, L. B, *

Temporals with modified keels, ¢.¢., tectiform ; or shaped like the carapaee

of a tortoise (8) not recorded (2).

Subcaudals—44,

Length—3’ 8”; tail 63”.

We have seen this species strike, and its methodis remarkable, It fixes

itself by its caudal extremity firmly toa branch, leaving most of its body

free, which it suddenly throws forward in its endeavour to reach an offending

agent, This failing, by some extraordinary muscular power itis able to

sustain itself without support in a more or less horizontal position; the body

* Lower Burma, + Upper Burma.

NOTES ON OPHIDIA. 351

is thrown into an 8.shape, thereby causing a retraction of the head, and

the creature poises so, preparatory to another lunge forward.

We have known two cases of bites, both of which recovered after much

Jocal pain, and swelling, and some constitutional disturbance,

Its favourite haunt is undoubtedly bamboo, with whicb its colour

harmonises so perfectly as almost to defy detection. Itis not uncommon

in the bamboo hedges surrounding gardens in Cantonments, One was killed

on a beam in a native hut, having swallowed a small rat.

34, Tropidonotus stolatus:—Twenty-three specimens, ebtained from

Rangoon, and Districts L. B.*

Frontal.—Less than parietals (18), no record (5),

Loreals—,T wo superposed, R and L (1).

Posteculars,—4 R (5), 4 L (2).

Temporals,—_1+3 R and L (1), 143 L (1).

Labials.—Seven, with 3rd and 4th, touching the eye, L (2); eight, with

4th and 5th, touching the eye R (2),

Subcaudals,_86,

Ingesta.—Small frogs (2).

Ova.—July 7th, one killed contained seven eggs,

August 11th, one:in captivity laid nine eggs, one of which hatched

on 10th, September, six others on 11th September, the remaining

two did not hatch.

October 8th, one killed contained six eggs,

November 22nd, two eggs found in grass in the compound, and kept,

hatched out.

Measurement,— 32” x 33”, rent made by one 3°”,

Hatchlings measured from 53” to 62”.

As common here as it is elsewhere in India, It not infrequently haunts the

dark and damp recesses about flowerpots in verandahs, and porches, where

it meets with the food it fancies in abundance. From here it sometimes

finds its way into the bungalow, It is a very active little snake,and when

flushed, vigorous and hasty in its attempts at escape.

35. Trepidonotus subminiatus :—Three specimens, obtained from Rangoon.

Temporals—1 f 2 R. (1).

Labials—Nine, with 4th, 5th and 6th touching the eye L, (1).

36. Tropidonotws punctulatus:—One specimen, obtained from Watiya,

L.BS

Temporals,—1 + 2 R. (1).

37, Tropidonetus piscator:—Thirty-six specimens, obtained in Rangoon,

and Districts, L.B.*

Labials.—Hight, with 3rd and 4th touching the eye R. (1); nine with 4th

only touching the eye R. and L. (2), R. (4).

As common here as it is elsewhere in India.

er ameenemennenameen

* Lower Burma,

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIF

We recognize three colour varieties :—

(a) Olive-brown with large sub-equal quincuncial spots in six rows,

(the median two often confluent) all equally distinct and con-

tinued on to tail, diminishing from before backwards, Ventrals

uniform white or with faint, or distinct, black transverse streaks,

A black chevron collar, or not, —

(b) Olive-brown, with one or two lateral rows of black spots, large and

distinct in neck, and anterior part of body, becoming indistinct

or lost, ventrals with black transverse streaks, or not,

wax red blotches. (more pronounced in flanks), sometimes only

in neck, in others for nearly or whole body length, a chevron

collar, below which the neck is ochraceous or canary-yellow.

Head sage green, or bright olive-green. Ventrals with transverse

black streaks.

All three types with characteristic subocular oblique streak between oth

and 7th labials, and oblique streak from eye to behind gape.

(a) And (6) are the commonest types. Some specimens tend to com-

bine the characters of two types more or less.

Ingesta.—Usually frogs, for which it shows a great partiality. We have

seen it swallowing a mud fish once.

It is very active, and strong, moving rapidly on land, and in water,

Excepting Echis carinata, we think it is perhaps the quickest and fiercest

snake we know. It will strike an offending object with great malice, dilating

its neck, and rearing its head and front part of the body off the ground, for

some distance, In one case a snake measuring 2’-10” raised its head 9” at

least,

38. Typhlops diardi:—Four specimens obtained in Rangoon,

39. Xenopeltis unicolor :—Highteen specimens obtained in Rangoon, and

Districts, L. B.*

Prefrontals—Asymmetrical, left invariably larger,

Frontal.—Equals distance to end of snout (4).

Subcaudals—Invariably a pair, succeeded by an entire seale, behind which

25 to 27 pairs.

Length,—3’-53" ; tail 33”.

Pupil.—Difficult to distinguish in fresh state, owing to the very deep blackisk-

brown colour of the iris,

Body.—Ventro-vertebrally compressed.

Ingesta.—Mouse (1), field rat (1), snake 7’ sfolatus (1). This last was 18”

long, of which 113” had been swallowed.

We procured most of our specimens in the rains, July (5), August (5),

September (2). No doubt, owing to the water-logged condition of the soil

compelling retirement from their usual subterranean abodes.

= ~ - a I I NET

* Lower Burma,

;

‘I

NOTES ON OPHIDIA., 353

40, Zamenis korros:—Nine specimens obtained in Rangoon, and Districts,

dae.

Frontal.—Less than parictals (4).

Temporals.—2+3 R. and L, (1), BR (2).

Anterior chin shields.—In contact with four labials, (1).

Ventrals.—186,:

Length, —7’-23”, tail 2-32”!

Ova,—One killed 3rd June, contained nine eggs with no trace of embryo,

Colour,— One small one 123” long, was so different to the adult in colour, as

to mislead us at first sicht. It was blackish, with thin white transverse bands,

in the anterior two-thirds of the body ; (25 im all), and a white collar. Under

parts dirty white. Upper labials, antoculars, and postoculars dull white.

41, Zamenis mucosus:—Twenty-six specimens, (including thirteen young

hatched from a cluster of eggs already recorded by us in the Society's

Journal, page 189 (No. 1) of this Volume (XIII), obtained in Rangoon, and

Districts, L. B.*

Frontal.—Less than distance to end of snout, (8 of 10 adults),

Loreals.—5 R, 4 L, (1)) 4 L. or R. (8).

Antoculars—3 L (1), (including the so called subocular of Boulanger).

Temporals,—2+3 RB (2) ; 2+1 Rand L (1).

Labials.—Nine, with 5th, and 6th touching the eye R and L (1); R (1).

Anterior chin shields.—In contact with four labials R and L (1) ; six labials

one side (1). .

Ova.—Thirteen hatched, December 9th, 1899,

42. Vipera russellit :—eleven specimens obtained in Rangoon, and Dis-

tricts, L, B.,* and Yamethin, U. B.t

Ventrals.—153.

Subcaudals.—41,

Supraoculars.—4 to 6 scales intervene in front, 8 to 10 behind.

Nostril— We do not concur with the remark that the nostril is situated

between three shields, The invariable arrangement is as follows :—It is

contained in a single, large, irregularly-formed scale. The anterior two-fifths

is extranaral, and forms a bold vertical pillar, bifid above, where the anterior

part of a crescentic scale dips down, The anterior limb of this pillar ends

abruptly behind the upper part of the rostral, the posterior limb passes

obliquely backwards and upwards to become lost in the roof of the nostril,

and is bounded below for a short distance by a fissure, which is itself

lost in the roof, At the base of the pillar, a limb passes backwards and up-

wards to become lost at the back of the nostril, and is skirted above by a

fissure which also becomes lost inthe scale. The nostril is placed behind the

pillar,and between the two oblique limbs just referred to, It is large and

roughly funnel-shaped,

* Lower Burma, + Upper Burma,

354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X27.

We append a figure :

(Vipera russell, X 3, to show peculiarity of nostril and nasal scale.)

This snake is very common, especially so in certain parts of the Province,

notably Mahlaing, Magwe, and Myo-thit, all in U.B.,+ where it is so abundant

that the Burmans in these localities make themselves shoes with grass or mat

uppers when busy in the crops, for the sole purpose of protecting their feet

from this dreaded creature, We have known them come into the bungalow,

and out-houses even in thickly populated parts,

In the aggregate, we have had 302 specimens,and these include forty-two

species, A very large number of these reached us fresh, some freshly pre-

served in spirit, and a few were old specimens, which had been in spirit for

an uncertain period, Comparatively few were sent in, or procured by us alive.

The comparative measurements of scales referred to above, were determined

with pin point compasses and lens,

t Upper. Burma,

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS.

Part VI,

OpeN DeErp SEA FisHING.

By F. O. Gapspen, R. I. M.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 10th July, 1900.)

In this, which I propose shall be the concluding article of this series, I

intend drawing the attention of my readers to some fishing which can only

be indulged in on the deep sea,away from land, and generally speaking

must be carried on when the vessel is travelling at a fair speed. Although

numbers of large fish inhabit the open ocean, still often times in travelling,

you may go for days and see no sign of life, unless it be an occasional

flying fish or a lone whale blowing ; while on the other hand, if the weather

be propitious, very often in some latitudes andin some seas not a day

passes, but what numbers of the larger ocean mackarels, such as albicore,

benito, tunny and dolphins and porpoises, are seen sometimes in considerable

numbers, and occasionaliy they will come round and play quite close to the

ship. In the good old days of sailing ships, when things were taken easier

all round, men on the ships used to lay themselves out to catch them, but

nowadays when steamers so largely predominate, and when the tendency

is to rush and scurry, to get from one port to another as quickly as possible,

these quiet chances do not so often occur ; and however willing the master

of a mail steamer might be to indulge in the pastime himself, or give his

passengers a chance of doing so, still the fact of his vessel being a steamer

and expected to do the voyage in a given time is greatly against him, The

noise caused by a steamer, the thud, thud, thud, caused by the screw, with the

accompanying vibration transmitted to the surrounding water, as she goes

at full speed, tends to frighten away any fish that may be near, who cannot

understand what all this commotion may mean, so different isit to the

quite lapping kissing noise caused by the stately sailing ship as she lazily

rolls on her way, dipping every now and again her bows into the sparkling

sea, and shaking off the feathery spray as she rises, behaving in many ways

as if she were a light hearted gambolling leviathan herself. It has been my ©

fate in life to have had experiences of both steam and sailing ships, Asa

boy I served some time in a crack sailing ship belonging to a Northern Line

and running in the Colonial trade, and many years later, after having been

for years in steamers of all sizes, I was appointed to and served for about

two years ina small paddle steamer, and our sole duty there was marine

surveying, and in these two ships more than in any others I had several

and varied opportunities of seeing this deep sea fishing carried out and made

acquaintance with many wonders of the deep.

I do not know that anybody has dealt at all in detail with this class of

fishing, and it is impossible for me here to go very fully into the matter,

In the sea-fishing volume of the Badminton Library there is described very

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1t,

plainly and clearly the principles of the ship’s “sea rod,” and [ am told

that there is alsoa description of the ship’s “sea rod” in the “ Practical

Letters to Young Sea Fishers ” by John Bickerdyke. However, as the above-

mentioned author was principally responsible for the greater part of the

first mentioned book, I have no doubt that the two descriptions are very

much alike. Those sailor men who do fish at sea have each and every one

of them their own rigs-up and each thinks his own the best, I have seen

and tried several, and I do not know that there was a great dea! of difference

among them, While Iam on this subject of authorities, there comes into

my mind the name of one man, pre-eminently fitted by his early training,

who I am sure could deal with this subject in a manner that would fascinate

his readers if only he would. I refer here to the talented author of the

“Cruise of the Cachelot, ” “ The Ways of a Ship,” and other articles, all

dealing with life at sea, and I hope that if this should meet his eye that he

will seriously consider it, I read the “ Cruise of the Cachelot” shortly

after it was published, and was perfectly fascinated and entranced, and I

hope sincerely that some day or other he may be induced to give us a

companion volume dealing with this subject. The principle underlying

this deep sea-fishing is, however, in all cases the same. The larger ocean

fish are all piscivorous, and the only way to induce them to take a bait is

to offer them a decent imitation of some small sea fish,

Many and wondrous are the imitations that are made, and yet they nearly

always consist of bunting, red or white, or perhaps both, One of the best

and most successful baits I have ever come across was originally shewn to

me by Lieut. E , R.N., who concocted it himself and who I believed

seldom used anything else, and he is one of the most successful of our deep

sea-fishers.. It was a weird and wonderful tout ensemble. A hook about

six Inches in length, with the body wrapped and dressed with cotton stufting

till it assumed the shape of a large cigar, the whole was then covered with

silver paper or tin foil, and finally wings were added of white bunting with

a dash of red underneath, When completed it looked something like a huge

‘* Alexandria,” only with the wings, red and white, instead of the blue-

green of the orthodox fly, I passed on this dressing afterwards to one or

two special chums, who are still at sea,and who had the chance occasion-

ally of testing its merits, and the photographs of some of the fish they

have from time to time caught, will give some idea of what can be

done when fishing under these circumstances. I cannot definitely state

whether they were all taken with this particular lure, but it may be taken

for granted that the bait did not differ very materially from that describ-

ed above, except. that occasionally, instead of the red and white wings,

blue bunting was used for the upper pair and white for the lower, and

in this case the wings were brought down along the body and tied together

at the bend of the hook, to give it a more fish-like appearance.

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. B57

The following photographs will be found in the album of this Society, as

it was impossible to reproduce them here :—

Nos. 1 and 2 are those of the so-called ‘‘Sea Pike ” ( Sphyrena Se ee

caught above Socotra near Zeila, Weights 103 and 33 lbs, respectively.

Speed of vessel from 54 to 7 knots, Taken with the bunting bait,

No. 3 represents a take of eight fish, caught on the run between Berbera

and Bulhar, on the Somali Coast, and were all caught inside of three hours,

The weight of the fish counting from the left of the picture are, first, two

bonito ( Uhynnus pilamys ) of 7 and 91bs, ; then two dolphin ( Coryphena

hippurus ) of 10 lbs, each ; one seer fish (Cybium guttatum) of 15 lbs. ; and

again bonito of 8$,8 and 74lbs, respectively, These were all caught with

this bait towing astern, the speed of the ship varying from 8 to 10 knots,

No, 4 represents four out of a total catch of nine fish (dolphin) which

were caught in five hours in the Gulf of Aden. The total weight of the

whole catch was 95 lbs. These were the four largest, and scaled from

11 to 12lbs, apiece. Speed of the vessel between 8 and 9 knots,

No. 5 is the picture of an exceptionally fine dolphin (Coryphena hippurus),

caught in the Gulf of Aden near Zeila, Weight 28 lbs.

No. 6 is that of a much larger fish, a bonito weighing 69 lbs., caught in

the Gulf of Aden, Speed of vessel about 9 knots. In one of my former

articles, viz., in that dealing with “ Aden and the adjacent Waters,” I related

the incident of my capture of a 73 1b. bonito in Aden Harbour. The

photograph of that fish was never taken, but the fish here pictured might

have been the same fish, so that you can form a very fair idea from this what

the former one was like, and may also be able to realise to some extent the

sport to be obtained when such a fish has fastened.

In all the six cases above referred to, the bait which was taken was being

towed astern with a good long line, and in every case was taken from a

screw steamer, This is the usual practice on steamers, but in the old days

in the sailing ship almost invariably was the line put over the bows, A

much shorter drift of line was used, in fact only just sufficient to keep the

bait bobbing on the water, and all our fish were caught in this manner, and

hardly ever did one put out the line astern. Probably the fact that most

steamers are straight stemmed and have no overhanging bow from which

the line can depend, has a great deal to do with the practice of towing the

bait, but the fact remains, that asa generalrule sailing ships fish from the

bow, while steamboats tow their lines,

Under these conditions the better sport is very often to be looked for

when fishing from a steamer ; but on the other hand there is one bit of fish-

ing which is rarely if ever obtained in the normal manner from a steam boat,

but which is often enough to be had from a sailing ship,

1 refer to shark fishing at sea, Sharks are very seldom seen from a ship

exceptin calm weather, and it is just then, when a sailing ship is lying almost

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

becalmed, with hardly enough wind to fill her sails and give her steerage way,

that the best chances occur, It is in weather of this sort that these brutes.

come up to the surface and bask in the sun or roam about leisurely in search

of food. Generally the first intimation of their presence is the sight of the

black triangular dorsal fin moving through the water, and thereafter if it be

kept steadily in sight, the fish will be found roaming about in irregular

courses, Gradually his curiosity or hunger will bring him nearer and nearer

to the ship, until eventually, when he sees there is nothing very dreadful or

terrifying about her, he will take up a station under her quarter, and often-

times if not caught, will remain there for hours, or, if the calm weather

continues, for days. But no sooner does.a shark take up this position than

an intense desire and longing pervades the whole ship’s company to catch him,

and at once the line or rope is got ready, the short length of chain which

connects, the hook to the rope is bent on, and the hook sharpened and baited..

There is unfortunately on board a. sailing ship no great variety of baits to

choose from, The bunting bait is here useless, Fresh meat is much too pre-

cious, even if it were there, so that we are forced to go to the “ harness cask ”

for a chunk of either salt beef or pork, The Jatter is perhaps the better,

so choosing a nice square fat chunk, we put.it on to the hook, and making it

a bit extra secure witha twine lashing, we lower it carefully over to our

friend and await results,

There are occasions of course (and I remember one well when a school of

vatber small-sized sharks came alongside, and when we caught nine out of

twelve or thirteen fish one after another) when they are really ravenous, and

when no sooner is the bait well in the water than it is taken, and at once the

fun commences, but such occasions are the exception rather than the rule,

and also the fish on these occasions when they appear in schools are never

so large as the lone fish, The real excitement begins when a large fish, say

from 18 feet to 22 feet in length, takes up the position described, attended

by four pilot fish. Such a fish is by nature and experience cautious and

wary, and in addition to his natural cunning, he has the intelligence of his

smaller friends to fall back upon, and he will give you many an anxious

moment, before he finally succumbs to temptation, The procedure on a

favourable occasion is somewhat as follows: on the bait being lowered, it may

for some time be left severely alone, or it may at once attract the attention

of the pilot fish. In the latter case they will come up and prospect it, at first.

from a distance, then circle round and round, until finally one bolder than.

the rest will make a dash at it and rip out a mouthful. This the others can

no longer stand, and together they will assault the bait until you will begin

to think that shortly there will be very little left for the principal guest.

‘In time, however, they will retire to their patron and inform him that there

is something toothsome not far away and he, who has probably been watch-

ing the whole performance, and has been waiting patiently for their report

will begin to show some signs that he intends taking a hand in the next deal.

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS, 359

Ymperceptibly he will fall back, untilhe is a few yards away, and then

Sradually he will sink out of your sight, and you may think that he has gone.

Well perhaps he has; peradventure thete has suddenly flashed through his

dull brain some faint reminiscence which has come back to him at the very

last moment of another fine fat piece of pork very similar to the present one

Which he once upon a time in the long gone days before had tried to sample,

and which had brought him nothing but labour and sorrow, and which, when

he had got rid of it, had left him curiously enough (as he thinks) with a sore

jaw. If such has ever been the case, then indeed will he have gone, but it

may be otherwise. If he has made up his mind, upon the reports of his

small friends, to try his luck, his behaviour would be such as I have attempted

_ to describe. As his mouth is so to speak placed under his chin, he requires

to get quietly underneath whatever it may be that he may wish to seize, and

then with an upward dart, during which time he turns half round upon his

back, he is in full sight open-mouthed, and if in earnest, has closed his terri-

ble jaws upon the bait before you have had time to realise what has

happened, The subsequent proceedings interest the pilot fish no more,

There is a firm belief among sailors that if a shark is once hooked and gets

off, that he metes out condign punishment upon them for having misled him ;

they are therefore off and you will never see them again. Once hooked, it

is purely a matter of brute strength ; you hang on to your fish, getting in the

rope little by little in spite of his struggles, until his head is hove up out of

the water, when either a running bowline is put on the line and lowered down

over his head until in position near the tail, then tightened up as soon as it is

possible, then heave away on both lines and drag him struggling on board ;

or else before attempting to lift him, you quiet him once for all with a rifle

bullet through his brain. I give the above asa typical instance of howa

large fish of this sort is usually caught and killed, but often enough instead

of taking the bait offhand as described he will play around, make false

rushes, and dally and toy with it in a most aggravating manner, pushing it

with his nose,and sometimes turning round and lashing out at it with his

tail until your patience is well nigh exhausted; and then when you have

almost given up all hope of seducing him into committing the desired

indiscretion, he makes up his mind, makes his rush, and with a thrill of

excitement you realise that after all you have really got him, But even in

this fishing, there is still often the proverbial “slip between the cup and the

lip” and in his struggles he may break loose, and you cannot count upon

your fish until he is landed.

Once in board he is triced down as soon as possible, and if still alive a

coup de grace is given him by cutting off his tail with an axe, and until this

is done, he is a most awkward customer to go anywhere near. Sailors seem

to have an inborn hatred of sharks, and nothing pleases them so much as

the death of sucha one as I have described. Once dead, his head and tail

360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XILI,

are generally cut off and kept (the former for the sake of the jaws and teeth)

as trophies, and sometimes you will find some one energetic enough to take

out the backbone, part of which, when dried and cleaned, is made into a

walking stick, by threading the various joints upon a stout piece of iron or

steel wire. The rest of the body is generally thrown overboard,

Having dealt with the above different modes of catching the ocean fish, I

come now to quite a different class of fishing which is never to be obtained

in Indian waters, and which perhaps on that account I ought not to include

here, but as this paper is intended to deal with open sea fishing, I must be

excused for touching cn it, I mention it here, but at the same time I should

like to say, that I do not approve of it, and deprecate the practice on every

possible occasion, I refer to the practice s0 common among passengers and

seamen alike of fishing for the ocean birds. Sailing ships bound from the

United Kingdom for the Australian Colonies and New Zealand generally

go out by the Cape of Good Hope route and return via Cape Horn. This

is done in order to take advantage of the prevailing winds, When you get

away south into the “ roaring forties,” you experience a strong westerly wind,

which is nearly always blowing pretty hard. Down in these southerly

regions, hundreds of miles from any Jand, you come upon the home of many

of the finest and most beautiful of the sea-birds—gulls large and small,

frigate-birds, boobies, molly-hawks, and last but certainly not least the

noble albatross. All these birds congregate near the ship, and wheel and

soar and scream about her from day’s end to day’s end, and nothing is thrown

overboard that is not at once taken if fit for food.

‘Hence it is that as a rule it is so easy to catch these creatures. I

always maintain that it is a useless and cruel practice, as they are not

wanted, in fact are not fit for food, and unless it be that an occasional

specimen may be required for some scientific purpose, there is no excuse for

the practice, There is no more beautiful sight to be seen than these wild

sea-birds, wheeling and turning and soaring above the foam-crested waves

in dark and gloomy weather, and I have watched them for hours with the

keenest delight, Perfectly at home amid the tumultuous elements, alighting

at times on the breakers, and floating as easily as a fragment of cork or as

lightly as a bubble, they sport in and out of the tempest-tossed seas, and give

one the impression ef being as much ocean-born creatures as the very fish

themselves, All of them from the smallest to the greatest can be caught.

A small piece of pork put upon the hook, and let out with a good long length

of line will nearly always be all that is required. No sooner is it over than

the birds make a swoop, several perhaps at a time, and fight over it until the

strongest prevails, seizes the morsel and pays the penalty. They are quickly

hauled on board, the hook taken out, rebaited, and the same thing goes on

again. Very few of these ocean birds when put down on deck are able to

rise and fly away, on account of the length of their wings and the shortness

‘

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 36%

of their legs; and nearly all suffer severely from sea sickness when firs’

caught and put down, It is not every day, however, that an albatross can be

caught, but still they are hooked at times and in the same way. Sailors

generally keep the breast feathers, the wing bones, and the feet and beaks of

these birds, The breast feathers make a handsome boa or muff; the wing

bones are supposed to make the best of pipe stems; the feet when skinned

and stretched out are converted into fancy tobacco pouches, and the beak

is sometimes turned into an ornamental handle for a walking stick. An

albatross in size and weight is not much if any larger than a good-sized

turkey, but he has an enormous spread of wing. Very ordinary birds

measure from. 7 to 9 feet across, and there are records of much larger ones

measuring from 12 to 14 ft..across from tip to tip.

When once on board the albatross is very nearly as awkward a customer

to deal with as the shark, and he can keep several men at bay with his power-

ful wings and beak, I shall never forget one day many years ago, when I

was guite a boy, one had heen caught, and was sitting quietly tied up.by the

leg to the ship’s rail. I ventured a little too close to the prisoner, and ha

apparently not relishing my appearance on the scene, let out with his wings,

and caught me full on the legs, knocking the feet from under me, and

landing me on my back, At the same time, he made a Vicious dig at me with

his. beak, and very nearly took the piece clean out of the calf of my leg, I

left him alone after that,

I had intended when I began this paper to deal not only with open sea-

fishing, but also to dwell for a little while upon some wonders of the deep,

with which F made acquaintance during my time in tle marine survey ship,

but space will not admit of this justnow, and I must reserve that for

some future occasion, Sailors, I know, are said to be very apt to draw the

“long bow,” but there are so many wonderful things continually to be seen

at sea, that a sailor man in relating his experiences may appear to the

innocent landsman to be exaggerating when in reality he is certainly keeping

strictly to the truth.

I always thiok that King David, who is said to have employed a large fleet

of merchantmen, must have been fond of sending for his ship’s Captains,

and listening to their sea tales, and it was probably after some more than

usually stiff “ yarn” had been spun to him by some hoary-headed old “shell-

back,” that the proud monarch of Israel exclaimed ‘‘ They that go down to

the sea in ships, that do business in great waters, these men see the works of

the Lord and His wonders in the deep.”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. 1.—_NOTE ON A WHOOPER SWAN (CYGNUS MUSICUS)

SHOT ON THE RIVER BEAS, PUNJAB,

The Society’s Museum has been enriched by a gift from General W. Osborn,

I, S. C., which is almost unique, namely, the well-preserved head and feet of

a Whooper Swan shot by himself on the river Beas in the Hoshiarpur district

of the Punjab, The Common Swan (Cygnus olor) is not uncommonly seen

in the Punjab, but until now there was only one instance on record of any

other species occurring within the limits of British India, This was a bird

obtained by Hodgson in the Nepal valley in the year 1829, Hodgson pre-

served the skull and a. foot of this bird, which are now in the British

Museum, and also executed a drawing, from which Mr, A.O. Hume identified

it as Bewick’s Swan (C. bewicki), under which name an account of it and

a coloured plate appeared in Vol, XI of our Journal, This, however, called

forth a letter from Mr, W. T. Blanford, printed at page 306 of the same

volume, in which he said that a careful examination of the skull and foot

in the British Museum had convinced him that Major Hodgson’s bird was

not Bewick’s, but the Whooper (or Hooper) Swan (C. musicus), The relics

presented to us by General Osborn therefore represent the second specimen

of this fine bird which has been obtained within the limits of British India.

General Osborn contributed to The Asian the following account of the way

in which he obtained it :-—

“‘ ‘While duck shooting with a friend on the river Beas, on the 6th of Janu-

ary last, at a point just opposite Tulwara in the Hoshiarpur district, we saw

four wild swans on the opposite side of the river, As there was no means

of crossing, and the swans were too far and too wary to be reached even by

my 4-bore duck gun, we sent back to camp for our °303 rifles, and with

these weapons we managed to secure one of the four. When we secured the

bird we found it to be undoubtedly a Whooper (Cygnus musicus), and its

weight and measurements were as follows :—Weight 20 lbs. ; length from tip

of bill to end of tail 4 feet 82 inches; spread of wings 7 feet 5 inches,”

To these measurements may be added here that the length of the bill from

gape is exactly 4 inches, and of the tarsus 43 inches, In a letter to our Ornitho-

logical Secretary, General Osborn has given some further particulars which are

interesting in connection with the well-known legend that the swan, so silent

all its life, sings like a siren in the hourof death, “ The bird,’ he says, “was

only winged and swam about on the river for a considerable time before

I could get a man to secure it, and as long as its three companions remained

in sight, it continued to utter its long, loud, musical, trumpet-like call,”

That this was not the Mute Swan doesnot make much difference in the

poetry of the situation, for the ancients probably confounded the two.

BH. H, AITKEN.

Bompay, April 1900.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 363

No. IL—INDIAN TERMITES.

Will any member of the Society, who may have made a study of the Indiar

Termites, kindly inform me whether there are varieties of these pests, and if

all construct a dome-shaped nest above the ground? I suffer a good deal

from the depredations of these restless creatures, both in my bungalow and

garden; but although I have looked everywhere Iam unable to discover

any nest belonging to them above ground, either in my garden or compound.

From consulting certain books on the life-history of Termites, I have been

led to believe that a Termitarium was constructed altogether above ground,

and that it was divided into four stories ; that nearest the point of the cone

being empty; then came the Royal Nursery, followed below by a large Hall

supported by pillars, supposed to be used as a sort of Gymkhana Station Club,

without a liquor bar ; below this again, on the ground-floor of the building,

was constructed the King and Queen’s apartment surrounded by various

rooms for the attendants, and Commissariat Godowns. Now having duly

written and obtained permission from a friend, whose large grass com-

pound is dotted over with a number of fine residences belonging to the

termite community, which, however, he professed no special interest in

preserving, I started early one hot morning accompanied by two gardeners

to dissect a Termite detached villa of moderate size, rising some three feet

nine inches above the ground. My attendants duly informed me, that H, H.

the Ranee’s room was built below the ground ; but I stoutly maintained that

according to authority—“The Industries of Animals,” by Houssay, (Contem-

porary Science Series), the Royal apartment must be above the ground, or

just on a level with it,and to prove all this, I showed them a beautiful

picture of the interior of a termite’s home, but which picture I rather doubt

if they understood, although they left thumb marks on the margin of the

page. We then set to work, first cutting the house down from the

top to the ground floor, very carefully with a hatchet, so as to obtain a good

section, The top story in this villa proved to be solid earth with very narrow

passages running here and there vertically through it. Very few termites at

first appeared, and these judging from their “nippers”’ were of the soldier

caste, It was not until we had chopped two feet three inches from the top, that

the Royal Nursery was reached ; and this proved only a detached room. Like

all other rooms lower down, it was fitted up with a beautifully formed comb, of

the shape and texture of a fine sponge; this was constructed of brown earth;

all its small cells were the same size, and it felt cold and damp to the touch,

The comb was dotted over with small white specks which I supposed to be

eggs ; there were a number of white attendacts about, with a few soldiers

just to keep good order, We then passed through some more solid earth

and narrow passages, and close to the level of the ground came on a number

of closely-connected Nurseries full of attendants and soldiers. No sign as

yet of the Club Hall or Royal Bed-room, So we started to dig a trench, and

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1iT.

reached two and a half feet below ground without, however, finding any sign

of Her Majesty. We passed a large number of nurseries, and close to some

of these turned out several young queens or kings, these wore a creamy-

white costume, and had very small non-perfected wings on the back. As the

morning by this time had become very hot, I decided to defer further work

till next day, covering over what I had already done with matting, Next

morning I found all the exposed combs of the nurseries under the matting

had been covered over with fresh earth by the Termites, I started work on

the opposite side of the cone, which, as this proceeded, became gradually

demolished ; at last, when digging some two feet below the surface of the

ground, and immediately adjoiming a large nursery, we came on the long

looked-for White Queen in her small room, No king could be found, but Her

Majesty was surrounded by a large number of subjects, mostly workers.

She had quite a bright and happy expression, Her body was of enormous

size, and appeared in a constant movement of expansion and contraction,

After a little while I had Her Majesty carefully put back in her apart-

ment, and again covered all over with matting, On the following morning

I found the Queen’s room was completely roofed over and not one of her

people to be seen, Ihad the two trenches filled in, as my friend is very

particular as to the appearance of his compound, and finally left Her Majesty

with her most faithful and ever attentive subjectsin peace. From what I

saw throughout this experiment in termite house-breaking, the great mass of

the nurseries would appear to be under the level of the ground covered by

the cone ; and except for narrow passages here and there, there were no large

empty halls in this particular house, either as air reservoirs or Gymkhana

Clubs, I regret to add that one of my attendants showed no respect or

reverence towards the White Queen, but coolly remarked that the “ Ranee” was

often “eaten” by natives as a strengthening tonic.

G. S$. RODON, Masor,

Dharwar, April, 1900. :

No, IIJ—THE WHITE-BREASTED KINGFISHER

(HALCYON SMYRNENSIS) IN CAPTIVITY.

Although in no part of the world can the Kingfisher be said to be a com-

mon cage-bird, on account of the difficulty in catering for its appetite, yet

anyone who really values gorgeous colours in a bird can, with very little

more trouble than is ordinarily bestowed upon an insectivorous bird, keep

the Kingfisher in perfect health and plumage.

The first two White-breasted Kingfishers which I reared were fed entirely

upon pieces of fish, cut up to about half the size of a hazel-nut ; also, on smalt

whole fish, when procurable, alive or dead. These birds were procured when

just ready to leave the nest, and kept in good health for four months, when

I presented them to the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, That was in 1897,

and they were the first specimens the Zoological Gardens had ever had,

EE er ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 365

_ The London Zoological Gardens, however, purchased a single specimen as

long ago as 1884, Unfortunately a civet cat killed the two birds at the

Calcutta Zoo a few days after their arrival.

Last summer, having obtained another White-breasted Kingfisher, I deter-

mined to adopt a different method of feeding it. Small pieces of raw lean

meat were pushed down the bird’s throat, until, in a day or two, it took the

meat of its own accord, This meat diet was varied with pieces of fish, the

bird always striking its food (as it would have done a live fish) upon its

perch three or four times before swallowing it, This was done with a jerking

movement of the whole body. Lizards, shrimps and grasshoppers are

greedily accepted as dainty morsels by this bird, Although I have had the

bird about nine months, yet I have never seen it drink, Its meat and fish are

always placed in a jar containing three or four inches of water, into which

it plunges its massive beak to take out its food, I might also add that the

bird sometimes immerses its beak in the water, instantly withdrawing it

with a shake of the head, even when not feeding,

For some weeks the Kingfisher was kept in an aviary containing a number

of other birds, such as minivets, white-bellied drongos, black-headed orioles,

golden-backed wood-peckers, &c., with all of whom it agreed perfectly,

but owing to the fact that other birds used to eat any meat or fish scattered

by the Kingfisher, and as this upset their digestions, I had to remove the

latter bird to a separate cage,

Tt greets me with a faint cry accompanied by other signs of pleasure when

I offer it any food, It is tame enough to sit upon my finger; but in the

presence of strangers at close quarters, evinces a certain amount of fear,

The bird’s plumage is perfect, and quite as bright as that of a wild bird,

Mr, F, Finn, B, A,, F. Z,S., Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum,

who saw the bird, said, “itis a distinct triumph,” The bird is extremely

fond of bathing as might be expected. When I think it requires a bath, I

stand the cage in a tub of water a foot deep, removing the lower perch of the

cage, It plunges in head first, sometimes a dozen times in as many minutes,

The ejection of pellets of fish-bones and other indigestible matter is proceeded

by a few minutes gaping and straining, The average weight of food eaten in

one day is 12 ounces, or equivalent to about 21 minnows,

E. W. HARPER, F. Z.8.

CaucuTta, April, 1900.

No. IV—ON THE MATING INSTINCT IN MOTHS,

By ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH MAYER,

During the past summer the author carried out a series of experiments to

determine the nature of the mating instincts of Collosamia promethia.

A large number of cocoons of this moth were kindly collected for the author

by W. L. Tower, Esq,, in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts,

366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XT1L1,

and others were found by the writer at Maplewood, New Jersey. Alto-

gether 449 cocoons were obtained during the winter of 1898-99. These were

allowed to remain out of doors in Cambridge (Mass.), where they were

exposed to the winter’s cold, and then on May 5th they were taken to Logger-

head Key, one of the Dry Tortugas Islands, Florida.

This situation was most favourable for the prosecution of the experiments,

for this insect does not extend south of the Carolinas, and thus the moths

were separated many hundreds of miles from others of their species, More-

over, Loggerhead Key is a small sandy island surrounded by many miles of

ocean, and thus no interference with the experiments could come from the

outside.

‘The cocoons were hung under the shade of some trees, where they were

protected from the direct rays of the sun, It was remarkable that all but

five of the moths (three females and two males) issued from the cocoons

during the early morning hours between sunrise and 11 o'clock,

The following table will show the rate at which the moths issued from

their cocoons :==

Date, Number Number

of males, of females, Total

May 18... Sor oes 2

19.0%

20...

21sec wh a

20ers se dco

23s.

DAs.

Deas shi a

26... Yet 16

see see eee

28... wae eae

BOE

aba dee thle

Sie. act eee

June 1...

MAAntnndort#yonw end ep SC =m we WW w

aoamorwrFrpwoatocondr OrForrHre Fe

Rone sa ee Shae Co te

Om me wWNe ow wOnwmoNnorerorccrRococowW WF

Ooqhnh oe

—

S&S

—_

ee)

—_

ee ee ee ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. : 967

Daie, Number Number

of males. of females. ‘Total.

2 yet ot Lt i Re ae 10 Ruka! 11

12), he ae 7 3 10

unto ae 5 3 gS

BAW este ne ova LON 2 12

ie 8 5 13

16... 2° 9 li

ily 3 3 6

SS ie alata el 4 7 5

PO hisses ak Dy 1 3

20... 2 1 3

ORNS cat oe, ta 1 1 2

Ds ARS ig 1 2 3

DRen tal id 0 0 0

Bas Wad. 0 1 1

ORAM atone oa aes 0 0 0°

DG Ln eee Te 0 0 0

DUES sees 0 1 1

Motes ey 111 65 176

Tt will be seen that 63 per cent, of the moths were males, and 37 per cent,

were females. Ty

As is well known, in this moth the wings of the female are reddish-brown

in colour, while in the male they are black ; also the antennz of the males gre

large and bushy, and of the females small and slender,

The male possesses the ability to seek out the female even though she be at

a considerable distance.

The males usually fly towards the females in the afternoon hours between

2 o’clock and sunset, and it is a common thing to observe several dozen males

fluttering about the place where the female is resting,

In seeking the female the male flies up against the wind until he comes into

her near presence ; then he often flutters to and froina bungling manner

that for want of better words we might designate as “ stupid ” and “ aimless,”

Often he may fly into the immediate neighbourhood of the female, and

even then he will often flutter away without attempting to mate with

her, At other times, however, he will fly at once to her and mate imme-

diately.

After issuing from the cocoon, the female generally remains quiescent for

some hours, until she is fertilized, after which she flies actively about and

deposits her eggs,

During her period of rest the female remains with wings closed over her

back ; but when a male moth, or indeed any large object, comes near her

368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIIf.

within range of her vision she slowly and majestically opens and closes her

wings several times,

The males when resting act in a similar manner, but are by no means so

sensitive as the females,

In captivity the moths lived from three to five days,

Observations and Experiments.

The first experiments. were directed to determine whether the male was

attracted by the sight of the female, or whether he merely perceived an odour

emanating from her,

Five females were placed in a clear glass battery-jar, having a wide open

mouth ; the mouth was covered witha coarse-meshed mosquito-netting, to

allow a free circulation of air between the interior of the jar and the outside,

Five males were liberated about 100 feet away from the jar; they imme-

diately flew to it and fluttered about the mouth,

The jar was then inverted (placed mouth downward) and sand packed

around the open end, so as to prevent the air escaping from the interior,

Thus the females remained visible through the glass, but no scent could

eome from them, Under these circumstances all the males flew away at once

and some disappeared from sight,

When, however, the jar was turned open-end up again all the males

reappeared, flying excitedly round the mouth.

This experiment was often repeated, and always with the same result, The

males never pay the least attention to females which are enclosed ina her-

metically sealed preserving jar of clear glass,

Assuming that the males are able to see through glass which appears

transparent to us, we may conclude that sight alone is not sufficient to attract.

the male towards the female, or even to retain him in her presence when he

is. within a few inches of her,

Another experiment, which seems to show that the male depends solely

upon scent in seeking the female, may be performed as follows :—A female is

wrapped in loose raw cotton, so as to be invisible and yet allow a scent to

emanate fromher, The males then fly tothe cotton and, crawling all over

it, flutter their wings excitedly and grasp the cotton repeatedly with their

abdominal claspers.

In another series of experiments, the females were enclosed in a wooden.

box having a paper chimney rising from one end, the other end being open

and covered with mosquito-netting,

This box was so arranged that a current of air blew in through the open end

and out of the chimney, The females were invisible from the outside, and

yet any scent from them would be carried up the chimney into the outer air.

When the males were liberated they flew to the mouth of the chimney and

fluttered about in its neighbourhood, None came to the large open end of

the box, into which the air was blowing.

;

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 369

i then poured some CS? in to a large, flat, evaporating-dish, and placed it

meat the open end of the box, in such a manner tbat the fumes passed up the

chimney and mingled with the scent from the female moths. The males,

however, paid no attention to the new odour, and still fluttered around the

chimney ; nor did they seem to be disturbed by the fumes of ethyl mercaptan,

which possesses a2 most nauseating and putrid odour, Evidently the scent

arising from the females is sufficient to overpower the fumes of CS? or ethyl

mercaptan, if, indeed, the males have any perception of the latter odours,

The entire abdomens of five females were cut off and placed upon a table,

while the males were placed ina large mosquito-net cage about 5 feet away,

Two males were liberated within five minutes of the time when the abdomens

were cut off. They both flew to the recently severed abdomens and paid no

attention to the abdomenless females in an adjacent cage.

I repeated this experiment many times, but in all subsequent trials the

males paid no attention either to the severed abdomens or to the mutilated

females. So far as positive results go, however, it appears that the scent

which attracts the males emanates from the abdomen of the females,

When the eggs are cut out of the female she no longer attracts the

males, nor do the detached eggs attract them,

Dead or dying females have no attraction, nor do the males come to the

empty cocoon from which a female has issued,

When a female remains for some time in any place she seems to impart

an odour to the locality, for males will continue to come to it for about two

hours after she has left,

It is interesting to notice that the females inctease in attractiveness as

they grow older, This was repeatedly demonstrated as follows :—

Several females, all of which were about six hours old, were confined ina

large cage made of mosquito-netting, thus allowing a free circulation of air,

The same number of females about thirty hours old were placed in another

similar cage about six feet away from the younger females, Out of thirty-

seven males thirty-five came exclusively to the cage containing the older

females, Of the two remaining males one came to the younger females and one

divided his attention between both cages, When the females are made to

exchange cages the males will still go to the cage containing the older females.

Upon testing females thirty hours old against females fifty-five hours old,

it appeared that they were equally attractive. Of seven males three came to

the females thirty hours old, one divided his attention between both cages,

and three came to the fifty-five hour females, It thus appears that females

about six hours old are not so attractive as are females one or two days old, -

Virgin females are somewhat more attractive than fertilized ones of the

same age. When the virgins are placed in a cage five feet away from a cage

containing an equal number of fertilized females the majority of the

tnales fly to the virgins. Thus out of eleven males eight came to the virgin

females, two to the fertilized ones, and one to both cages,

370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Fertilized females are still quite attractive to males, however, and the males

will readily mate with them. This last was first observed by Miss Caroline

G. Soule in 1894. She had two female promethia moths, each one of which

was mated with four males, and still remained attractive to other males, In

fact, as long as the female remained alive and in good health she held attrac-

tions for the male,

One of my males mated four times with three females, and three others

mated three times each, The males will make frantic efforts to mate with 4

female which is at the time coupling with another male,

The male will fly towards the female with normal eagerness even though his

entire abdomen be cut off, and he will still seek the female when, in addition

to this, the sides of his thorax are covered with impervicus glue, Ii is there-

fore evident that the spiracles are not the seat of the organs by which the

male perceives the female scent,

If, on the other hand, the antenne of the male be covered with shellac,

glue paraffin, Canada balsam, celloidin, or photographic paste,* he no longer

seeks the female, and displays no excitement even though within an inch of

her, In five instances I removed the paste by dissolving it in water, and in

four of these cases the males readily mated with the females. Upon again

covering the antenne with the paste the malesagain failed to notice the

females when in close proximity to them,

There can be but little doubt that the organs by which the male

perceives the female are situated in the antenne ; indeed it has long been

recognized that the olfactory organs of insects are found chiefly upon the

antenne, Hauser (1880) and Kraepelin (1883) have given excellent des-

criptions of the minute anatomy of these organs, Hauser having carried out

an elaborate series of physiological experiments to determine their functions.

He cut off the antennz of several species of insects and found that their

sense of smell was then either greatly impaired or totally lost ; covering

their antennze with melted paraffin gave the same results, |

Hauser also found that when the antenne of the male (Saturnia pavonia)

were removed the moth never makes any attempt to mate.

- Packard (1898) gives an excellent review of all researches relating to the

anatomy and physiology of the olfactory organs in insects,

If the eye of a male (Callosamia promethia) be covered thickly with aien

or Brunswick black ;f so as to preclude the possibility of sight remaining,

the male will still mate in a normal manner when placed near the female.

It will be remembered that in this moth the male is black while the female

is reddish-brown ; in accordance with the well-known theory of Darwin, the

peculiar coloration of the male might be due to sexual selection on the part

of the female, We might suppose, indeed, that the female preferred dark-

coloured males, and thus under the influence of sexual selection the males

* The photographic paste mentioned was “ Stafferd’s white paste” ; probably any im-

pervious paste would serve as well.

+ This substance is commonly used ag microscopic cement, andisofa piteby consist-

ency and a dense brown-black colour.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 371

became darker and darker, until the present melanic colour has been

attained,

In 1897 the author showed that the melanie colour of the male of this

moth is phylogenetically newer than the colour-pattern of the female,

aud this fact, so far as it goes, lends support to this theory of

Darwin’s,

In order to test this hypothesis I cut off the wings of a number of females,

leaving only short stumps, from which all the scales were carefully brushed,

Male wings were then neatly glued to the stumps, and thus the female

presented the appearance of amale. Under these circumstances the males

mated with the female quite as readily as they would have done under

normal conditions.

- [then tried the experiment of gluing female wings upon the male. Here

again the mating seemed to occur with normal frequency, and I was unable

to detect that the females displayed any unusual aversion toward their

effeminate looking consorts.

Ti is also interesting to note that normal males pay no attention to males

with female wings.

In another series of experiments the wings were cut entirely off of males

and females and the scales brushed off of their bodies ; and yet these shabby

males were readily accepted by normal females, nor could I see that normal

males displayed any aversion to mating with wingless females,

We are therefore forced to conclude that the melanic coloration of the

male has not been brought about through the agency of sexual selection on

the part of the female, In this connexion it is interesting to votice that

Plateau (1897) concludes that insects are atiracted only by the odours of

flowers, and not at all by their colour,

In conclusion, it gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude to Miss

Caroline G. Soule for advice and aid ; to W. L. Tower, Esq., for his kindness

in collecting many cocoons of the moth ; and to Dr. Robert W. Fuller, who

provided me with the re-agents used in the manufacture of ethyl mercaptan,

Summary of Conclusions.

The male is positively chemotactic toward some substance which emanates

from the abdomen of the female, and which he perceives through olfactory

organs situated upon his antennz,

Females thirty to sixty hours old are much more attractive to males than

are young females five to ten hours old,

Virgin females are somewhat more attractive than are fertilized ones of the

fame age.

The male will mate at least four times either with the same or with

different females,

Neither males nor females pay any attention to the appearance of their

partners,

372 JOURNAL, ROMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIth.

The melanic colour of the male has not been brought about by sexual

selection on the part of the female.

Literature quoted,

Hauser, G, (1880),—Zeitschrift fiir wissen, Zool, Bd, xxxv. pp. 367-403,

Taf, ili,

KRaEPeE.in, K. (1883).—Ueber des Geruchsorgane der Gliedertiere, 48 pp.,

3 Taf. Hamburg.

Mayer, A. G, (1897).—Bulletin Museum Comp, Zool. at Harvard College,

vol, xxx, pp, 178-180, pl. iii, figs, 24-41, \

PackarD, A, 8, (1898),—A Text-book of Entomology. pp. vi. 729; 654

figs, Macmillan & Co,

PuaTxAu, F, (1897).—Bull. Acad, Roy, Sci, Belgique, tom, xxxiv. pp. 601-

644, 847-880.

Sov.e, Canotine G, (1894),—‘Psyche’: the Journal of the Cambridge

Entomological Club, vol, vii. p, 155,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

(From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.)

No, V.—NOTES ON TWO SPECIMENS OF LYCODON FASCIATUS,

We have lately been fortunate in obtaining two specimens of Lycodon

fasciatus, a snake hitherto rarely met with, since Boulenger in his work

mentions that it has only been twice recorded,

The first we received was obtained at Haka, in the Lower Chindwin Hills

in this Province at an altitude of about 6,700 feet. The second was one

ofa lot collected in the Southern Shan States at an altitude of from 3,000 to

7,000 feet.

- The first was badly mutilated about the head, but not so much as to defeat

a fairly accurate investigation being made, The second was an abnormal

specimen in that the upper preocular (the preocular of Boulenger) was

absent, and the prefrontals thus entered the eyes on both sides.

They both accord well with the description given in Boulenger’s text except

in a few details which we enumerate :—

No.1, Length—24” ; tail—4}”. Anterior chins subequal to posterior,

Ventrals—210. Subcaudals? tail docked, 69 counted.

No.2. Upper prxocular—absent. Anterior chins subequal to posterior,

Ventrals—209. Subcaudils—83. Colour is the same in both,

and as follows :—

The snake is girt with siesta black and yellow bands in its entire length

completely encircling its girth, with the exception of the first yellow one

which fails to meet on the nape. These bands are well defined, and remark-

able in the jaggedness of their outlines, Anteriorly the black bands involve

six to eight scales in the length of the snake, and decreased to involve three to

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 373

four scales in the posterior part of the body, The yellow bands involve from

two to four scales in the whole length,

There are 33 yellow bands on the body in one specimen, and 14 on the tail ;

32 on the body of the other, and 16 on the tail.

Head black, with some yellow mottling on the upper labials,

Chin and throat yellow.

F, WALL, Capt., I. M.S.,

Gro. H,. EVANS, Very. Caprt., A.V.D,

Rancoon, March, 1900.

No, VI.—NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF TROPIDONOTUS

PISCATOR.

On January 3rd, this year, I had a Tropidonotus piscator brought me alive

by some coolies, said to have been caught “in copula.”

Investigation regarding this statement evoked conflicting accounts, How-

ever, though I did not know the sex, [ resolved to keep it in ease of

possible developments, and was rewarded formy trouble on the 9th of

March (fifty-five days later), when the sex was made evident by the creature

depositing fourteen eggs, all of which were laid between 9 a.m, and 11 a.m.

Subsequently ten more eggs were laid at various intervals as follows: —

1 [15th] during night of 9th,

[16th] 5-55 p. m. on 10th.

[\7th] during night of 10th.

[18th] 10-10 a, m. on 11th,

[19th] 8-15 a. m. on 12th,

[20th] 4-15 p. m, on 12th.

[21st] during night of 19th,

3 during night of 23rd, making twenty-four in all.

These eggs were soft-shelled, white, not glossy, had no attachment to one

another, and were frequently soiled with the cloacal contents. They varied

a good deal in size, viz., from 1,3,” to 142” in length, by 23” to 1” in breadth.

The tension too varied considerably, a few being very flaccid, and others

nearly or quite as firm as the human eyeball. In weight tco the difference

was remarkable, varying from one drachm twenty-eight grains, to two

drachms thirty-seven grains, The poles were alike, The creature lay

coiled in a gumlah of water, and all the eggs were discharged into, and sunk

in this element.

Se top

The eggs were numbered, and stowed away in various places, to await

incubation, some on dry saw-dust, some on damp saw-dust, and some left in

water, but unhappily no single one hatched, Those on damp and dry saw-

dust became shrunken, and dessicated, and those left in the water swelled

and became vapid, Some osmosis must have occurred in the latter case, as

the water soon acquired a milky opacity, and prior to decomposition assert-

ing itself,

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XTIT,

The parent kept good health during her captivity, and partook of frogs,

which were supplied her frequently. She was almost always to be seen coil-

ed up in her gumlah of water, and when molested withdrew her head beneath

the surface, She sloughed on February 2nd and again on March 13th,

Ranqoon, April, 1900. F, WALL, Carr. I. M.S,

No, VII—REPORTED OCCURRENCE OF THE GREATER

BLACK-BACKED GULL (LARUS MARINUS) IN RAJPUTANA,

While shooting on a tank at Deoli (about 56 miles south of this station),

I wounded a goose which fell in the middle of the tank. On procuring a

boat and starting off to pick up my goose, I noticed a large bird hovering

a few feet above it, and who pitched in the water and started eating my bird ;

once or twice he actually sat’'on the goose (who by this time was dead) and

pecked at it most vigorously and seemed very hungry. He never left the

goose till my boat was some twenty yards off when he flew round. I recog-

nised him at once asa Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). I shot

him and got him into the boat with the goose, in whose back was a large hole

where the gull had evidently started his meal. Not knowing whai a rarity I

had got I never perserved the gull and he was thrown away. There can be no ©

doubtas to his identity ,for I remember laying him out besides the goose (Anser

ferus) and there was only one or two inches to choose between them. Besides

this I am well acquainted with the species in England, The only other Black-

backed Gull in India seems to be Larus affinis, whose length Blanford gives

as 24 inches, Now the length of Larus marinus is 30 inches, and of the Grey

Lag Goose, male 35 inches and female 30, The measurements of these last

two birds are from Howard Saunder’s “ Manual of British Birds,” About

Larus marinus, Mr, Howard Saunders gives its most eastern range as the

Mediterranean and Black Seas, and its most Western limits (from the British

Isles) as Baffin Bay, Labrador and Florida; “ but,’ says the same author,

‘Mr. Seebohm has given me a bird from Hakodadi in the North Island of

“ Japan, which I identified some years ago asa Great Black-backed Gull; and

even now, in spite of the discovery of Larus schistisagus (a new and little-known

species roughly described as intermediate between Larus marinus and Larus

affinis) so near, and the apparent gap in the distribution of Larus marinus, I

cannot refer this example to any other species, Attention is specially called to

the range of this Gull, respecting which we are rather more than usually igno-

rant.’ Blanford in his “ Fauna of British India” does not mention the species.

The bird I shot was fully adult with a fine dark mantle, - The date I shot it

was November the 16th, 1899. I never realized till the other day that the species

was as yet unrecorded from India, when I found out through looking the

bird up in Blanford’s book, What seems to me so extraordinary is not that

the bird should be found in India but that it should be found so far inland,

R, MEINERTZHAGEN,

NasiraBaD, RaJPuTANA, April, 1900. (ROYAL FUSILIERS).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. AP Sao

No, VIII.—SOME ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CEYLON,

A METHOD FOR PREPARING SPECIMENS OF Lepidoptera FOR IDENTIFICATION,

Modern classifiers of Lepidoptera lay great stress on the neuration of the wings,

and yet the method that they usually suggest for cleaning the scales from

the wings is the extremely tedious and unsatisfactory one of removing them

with a damp paint brush, or of rendering them temporarily transparent with

benzine, Now, in my opinion, benzine does not leave the wing transparent long

enough, especially when one catches a moth and does not know even in what

family to classify it, SirG, F, Hampson’s book has so very few figures com-

paratively, that unless one has access to a large collection or to some of the

expensive books with coloured plates, several hours are often wasted before

one finds the name of one’s capture. In the Cambridge Natural History,

Insecta, Part IT, p. 368, there isa passing reference made to Hau de Javelle,

but as the method of application is not given in full, I venture to give a way

that I have found satisfactory : it was suggested to me at the South Kensing-

ton Natural History Museum, I first set the moth or butterfly of which I

wish to study the neuration and then I pin it on to the side of a piece of cork

or card board with the body parallel to the plane of the cork, I then damp

both wings on the right side with spirits of wine so as to make the scales

pervious to water. Then intoa small gallipot filled with Eau de Javelle,a

strong bleaching and corrosing solution which any good chemist can make up

(I believe it is composed of Hypochlorite of Potash in water) I put the

insect with the spirit-damped wings immersed right to the body.

Ina few seconds the colouring matter of the scales is seen dissolving out

and after a few minutes the scales themselves are dissolved, at this point the

specimen must be taken out of the Haude Javelle and rinsed in water, as

otherwise the solution corrodes the substance of the wing itself.

Before removing the wings from the water used for rinsing them, a piece

of clean blotting paper should be inserted under the wings which are now

very limp, this will prevent the edges of the wing from bending over and

crumpling.

A gentle heat may now be used to dry the wings, perhaps the best plan is

to apply hot dry blotting paper until the surplus water is removed ; then the

- wings must be carefully raised off the blotting paper and the moth must be

be re-set and left on the boards fer a few days. One specimen of each species

might be dealt with in this way, when the collection would be of great value

as showing the affinities of the groups. Amongst other things in a cleared

wing, it is interesting to note the difference in structure of different parts

underlying especial patterns as, for instance, the white spots of some of the

Papilionide and the white bars of Neptis, As the neuration of the costal

margin of the hindwing is important in taxonomy, the forewings of spec'-

mens. devoted to the process should be set well forward. By leaving one side

untreated the relations of the markings to the neuration are well emphasised.

23:

376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Perhaps it would be advisable to keep specimens with the wings on one side

denuded in a cabinet by themselves, as they have a bizarre appearance,

FooD oF THE LARVA OF Daphnis nerit.

I found a larva of Daphnis nerii nearly full grown feeding on Vinca rosea,

although its more usual food plants, Oleander and Cinchona, were near at

hand, The larva in question refused to eat Oleander when it was removed

from the Vinca.

x bad ae a ae ae ae a BSS

I have found a modification of the American Moth trap, made locally, very

successful, especially on close thundery nights.

C,B. HOLMAN HUNT, B.A., F.E.8.

Waracopa, Cryton, April, 1900.

No. IX —THE NUMBER OF FEATHERS IN THE TAIL OF THE

CHESTNUT BITTERN (ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA),

Tenclose a tail of Avrdetia cinnamomea which is interesting as having

eleven feathers instead of ten. There are six feathers on the right and five

on the left, The bird was shot near Rangoon some time last year, and I only

noticed this peculiarity when looking through some old skins to-day, and

comparing them with Blanford’s descriptions and key. I was puzzled by

finding eleven feathers in the tail, and thinking I had madea mistake in

identifying it as Ardetta cinnamomea and that it really was a twelve-feathered

tail with one feather missing, I tried to find something in that group to fit it,

but, failing, I examined the tail more closely, clearing away the tail coverts,

and found that there never had been more than eleven feathers,

I do not remember to have heard of such variations, and it may be worth

while recording this,

H. J. KELSALL, Oapr,, R.A.

Rancoon, April, 1900.

No, X—CAN A COBRA EJECT ITS POISON.

'. Yesterday evening as Lieut. Gibson of our regiment was going to his

quarters to dress for Mess he saw a snake at which he proceeded to throw a

stone, He then called for a light and a stick, and as he was bending down with

the light to look for the snake it made a dart at him but fortunately missed

its aim. Some of the poison or saliva, however, was ejected into Lieut. Gib-

son’s eye, causing instant and great pain, and the eyelids and parts round

swelled up quickly to the size of a large hen’s egg. The snake was killed, and

was found to be a small black cobra about 3 feet 4 inches in length, Lieut.

Gibson went to hospital and after a painful night recovered his eyesight,

M. D. GORING JONES, Capr,,

2nd Durham Light Infantry.

Manpatay, 8th March, 1900.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 377

No. XI—ON A NEW SPECIES OF BHIMRAJ (DISSEMURUS),

WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SO-CALLED _

FAMILY DICRURIDA.—

By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.8., DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF THE

InpDIaAN Museum,

About three years ago I saw at the establishment of Mr, W. Rutledge, of

Entally, a living specimen of a Bhimraj or Racket-tailed Drongo, which at

once attracted my attention by its pied plumage, and I purchased it for the

Museum, Unfortunately the bird did not long survive, being in poor

condition when received, and its skin was transferred to the Museum collec-

tion, Atthe time I regarded it merely as a curious variety, but, taking

into consideration the extreme rarity of symmetrical albinism (except in the

case of albinoid or pallid varieties), and the fact that the appearance of this

specimen is not suggestive of ordinary albinism, but rather of specific differ-

ence, I venture to characterize it as new, and shali name it after Major

Alcock, I.M.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, in recognition of the

kind encouragement he has always extended to my ornithological studies.

Dissemurus alcocki, sp. nov.

Habit and size of an ordinary example of Dissemurus paradiseus with a

moderate crest; colour also as in that species; black glossed with steel-blue,

‘with the following exceptions: the upper and lower wing-coverts except

the primary-coverts, inner scapulars, axillaries, upper tail-coverts and the

lower plumage from the breast downwards, which are white edged with

black, and the rump and under tail-coverts, which are entirely white. There

_ are also some white streaks on the lower breast, and a shadmg of white on

the inner webs of the tail-feathers and innermost secondaries, and on the

‘outer webs of the outer secondaries, The black edging of the white feathers

is best developed on the greater wing-coverts, where it extends right round

the tip of the feather. Soft parts asin D. paradiseus of the same age. Bill

from gape 15 inches; wing 6 ; shank 1°1, ©

The tail is unfortunately broken, so that its length, and that.of the whole

bird, is not worth giving. The resemblance of this individual in all essential

structural characters to the ordinary Bhimraj is, however, so great, that I

do not doubt that the tail will prove to have a similar form with long

racket-tipped outermost feathers,

The bird was a young hand-reared one, like all Bhimrajs I have seen for

sale. Whether it would have lost any of the white on its first moult is of

course doubtful, but D. paradiseus, unlike many other Dronges, is not much

marked with white below in its youth, so that it is quite possible that the

white lower parts are permanent in this form.

Mr, Rutledge tells me that he has had three similar specimens to that

described, and that they all came from Segowli in the Gorakhpur district,

Whe Natives, he says, consider the form distinct, and call it the “King

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Bhimraj.” Even should it, however, prove to he only a very marked aber-

ration or sport, like the black-winged Pea-fowl (Pavo nigripennis) or the

Ringed Guillemot (Uria ringvia), it is well worthy of note and of the

attention of ornithologists, to say nothing of its remarkable beauty of

marking, which should recommend it to fanciers, with whom in India the

common Bhimraj is so popular.* —(Eutract from the Journal, Asiatic

Society of Bengal.) .

No, XII.—FURTHER NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE

BRONZED CAPPED THAI (HUNETTA FALCATA) IN TIRHUT.

I have now received seven specimens of this teal, only two of which are

males. The first one received, as stated in my first note, is:not in full plumage,

but the second one is a beautiful bird, It is in full plumage, and has the long,

narrow, sickle-shaped tertians complete. It was brought me on the 17th of

February by the same man who brought all the others, and from the same

jheel, Fortunately this one bad not been damaged by the fowler, all the wing-

tail feathers are in perfect condition, The following are the measurements,

taken in the flesh:—length, 18:4” ; wing, 9'7”; tail, 2°55”; tarsus, 1°4” ; bill at

front 1°75” ; bill from gape 2”; expanse 32”. The colours of the soft parts

were as follows:—bill,black ; iris, dark-brown ; legs and feet, olive-grey; webs,

brownish. Out of the five females, only two are perfect specimens, the

others having their primaries missing,

It appears that in this cold weather this species has not been rare, as, out of

the small number of 275 ducks and teals brought me, 7 have been of this

species, Considering the jheel contained thousands of birds, I think this is a

large percentage to be obtained of a rare species,

I was in error calling this species Kunta sarroo, this name not being

given to this species. )

The fowlers say the birds were snared at the same time as common teal

and gadwall, and may have been in the same flock,

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

Bacguownie Factory, DaRBHANGA,

April, 1900.

* This popularity is well deserved, for the Bhimraj is probably the most accomplished

mimic known. Its powers in this respect have been alluded to by Jerdon (Birds ot India,

Vol. I, p.49) and I myself have heard a very fine specimen once in Mr. Rutledge’s posses-

sion imitate the mewing of a cat and the song of a canary to perfection. Mr, R. D, Oldham,

of the Geological Survey, told me. of one which he heard talk with a perfectly human voice ;

and the bird used by myself in bionomical experiments (see J.A.8.B., 1897), after a

sojourn of a year or two at the Zoo learnt to imitate, in addition to other sounds, the babbling

of a Cockatoo in which one word at least, “ Baba,’ was quite distinctly audible.

When I kept several together, before IL began experimenting, they displayed a marked

partiality fcr the leaves of Bougainvillea, and as the identical bird alluded to above,

which was one of them, ate plantain readily, Iam inclined to think that the Corvine bill

of this form is connected with a Corvine omnivorousness of habits, The Bhimraj is also very

affectionate and fond of notice, and, were it not that it needs (though too generally it does

not ae ») a very large gage and a good supply of living food, would make an ideal

cag-b ra.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 379

No, XIII—OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER

(HALCYON PILEATA) IN TIRHUT.

“Mr, G. Dalgliesh has very kindly sent mea beautiful specimen of this

species, shot by himself on the 25th of last February in the neighbourhood of

Dalsingh Sarai, in this district, He has also kindly furnished me with some

interesting notes on the specimen obtained, It was a solitary bird, and was

shot whilst sitting on a bamboo in the open, This is the only one he has seen,

and I myself have not seen it here. The stomach contained the remains of

some fish and also some beetles, the latter being undigested. The finding of

beetles in the stomach is, I think, interesting, showing that its food is similar

to that of H, smyrnensis,

I think this is the first record of the occurrence of this species in this dis-

trict, but it has been found at Monghyr,

CHAS, M, INGLIS.

BaGHOWNIE Factory, DARBHANGA,

April, 1900,

No, XIV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE WATER-RAIL (RALLUS

AQUATICUS) IN TIRHUT,

A male of this species was shot by Mr. G, Dalgleish on the 12th February,

1898, at Hatauri Fty., which is four miles from here. Never having examined

an Indian specimen, I was anxious to do so,and I asked Mr. Dalgleish to

_ kindly let me see this one. He forwarded it to me a few days ago, and I

compared it with Blanford’s description in Vol. IV, Birds (Fauna, British

India), I should certainly say it was this species and not Rallus indicus ;

there being no sign of a brown streak behind the eye. The specimen has

been mounted but, unfortunately, is not in very good condition.

I may mention that both Mr. Dalgleish and Mr, Jesse have recorded this

specimen in the “ Field,” but the latter has given a wrong locality.

CHAS, M. INGLIS.

BacHownie Facrory, DARBHANGA,

May, 1900.

No. av —LARVA OF EUBLEMMA AMABILIS, MOORE, AS

A LAC INSECT DESTROYER, :

This very interesting discovery was made by Mr, D, O. Witt, of the Forest

Service, in the Damoh District, Central Provinces, with whom, through the

courtesy of the Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society,

YT was put into communication, It adds a second species to the genus

Eublemma, known to feed on a species of Coccide, The other described one

is E, coccidiphaga, Hampson, which is said to feed on the bodies of certain

Species of Lecanium and Pulvenaria forming a case of their empty skins,

Mr, Wilt kindly furnished me with all the information he was able, based

on his own observations of the lac insect and its attacker. He was also good

380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

enough to send me specimens of larve in spirit,a specimen branch showing

the lac incrustations infected with the larve of LE, amabilis and a few

specimens of the perfect insects. A summary of his remarks forms a fairly

complete history of the insect. He informs me that there are two crops of

lac in the Damoh District formed by the young larve of Tachardia lacca;

the first brood swarming out in July and the second in November. The lac

jn which the larve of E. amabilis were found, was that produced by the

July brood. The lac incrustation of the first brood begins to appear early

in August, and Mr, Witt first noticed the attacks on the 26th September,

although the larve, from which the moths that he procured were formed,

were collected in November. Lac is propagated on Zizyphus xylophyra

(vernac : Ghaunt or Katber) and Butea frondosa (vernac: Chula) in Damoh, but

the attacked incrustations were only found on the former tree, Mr, Witt,

however, had had little opportunity of examining the other tree for it,

The larva of E. amabilis is white and apparently unmarked, the head only

being dark, It appears to feed upon the soft bodies of the lac larve, taking

up its abode with them beneath their resinous coating, and forming a webbed

covering connected with the outer air by a silk tube woven together with an

admixture of reddish excreta, Whether the tube is formed just previous to

pupation, asa tunnel of escape for the perfect insect, I am not aware; but

it seems probable that this is so, asthe tubes attached to the specimen of

incrustation sent me were all of the same size and were, therefore, presumably ~

formed by larve in the same stage of development, Mr, Witt was unable to

inform me about the pupation, but I have found portions of pupa-shell inside

the resinous coating, and just beneath the tubes referred to, The perfect

insects sent are slightly darker than specimens of the same species which I

took in Sikhim, their colouring is rather richer, and.their size slightly smaller,

Eublemma amabilis is only recorded by Sir George Hampson from Ceylon,

but, as it occurs in Sikhim and Damoh also, it would appear to have rather

a wide distribution.

G. C. DUDGHON, F, E. 8.

PALAMPUR, PUNJAB,

May, 1900.

No, XVI.—OCCASIONAL NOTES ON BIRDS’ NESTING ROUND

POONA AND ELSEWHERE.

The undermentioned notes are sent in continuation of those which appeared

in Part 4, Vol, XII of the Society’s Journal,

Tue YELLOW-THROATED SPARROW, (Gymmnorhis flavicola), wherever found

is breeding. It is not an easy matter to obtain eggs, for one never knows

exactly when to open its nest ; as a rule, it builds in holes in trees ; the usual

luck is to find that the bird either has not laid or has young. This is the

case with all birds which nest ina similar manner, The nesting hole is

not difficult to discover, as the cock generally takes up a position in close

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 281

proximity and betrays it by keeping up an incessant twitter, It is amusing

to watch the passages at arms which take place between this little bird and

the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker and Coppersmith: the latter exca-

vate their own nest-holes, which the sparrow promptly endeavours to appro-

priate : my experience has been that the lawful owners usually manage to rear’

their own brood, but that as soon as they vacate, master sparrow steps in and

fills the hole up with feathers, Their nests seem to consist of hands full of

feathers of all descriptions,and are very soft and snug buta trifle warm, I have

found the hen a very close sitter ; on cutting open nests, she will not move but

crouches down and sulks away, A pair of these birds diddled me completely

the other day. I happened to be stopping at a Dak Bungalow a short time

back, and noticed a pair carrying feathers toa nest in the roof, As soon as I

thought the eggs had been laid (about a week after), I opened the nest by

removing the tiles, when [ found there was a chick and two hard-set eggs.

THE Inpian Biack Rosin: (Thamnobia fulicata),—My little friend, men-

tioned at page 778, Part 4, Vol. XII of this Journal, returned to his kero-

sine tin again this year, I found the old nest repaired, with two eggs in it

on the 8rd March. Though the young were hatched, they came to an untimely

end. I hope they will have another try.

THe Common Piep Busy Cuat (Pratincola caprata) more or less replaces

the Indian Black Robin, a near ally, in the Southern Mahratta Country , where

I have obtained several clutches of eggs this year. The nest is placed on the

ground in a crevice, in a hole, under a rock, or concealed in the roots of a tree.

The cock usually does sentry duty in close proximity to the nest, perched ona

shrub or rock, On seeing you approach, he uttersa warning whistle to his

mate, and very soon she puts in anappearance looking most unconcerned. The

pair will then hop about or fly from one shrub to another or pretend to feed :

if you will have a little patience and watch her from some coign of vantage,

she will soon diselose the whereabouts of her nest by returning to it, Four

would seem to be the full complement of eggs.

THE Inpian RED Muwnia (Sporeginthus amandava).—In my last notes

I spoke about the breeding of this little bird near Poona, I continued

my observations after they were written. The colony of 20 odd pairs seemed

to gradually dwindle away till finally only two or tbree were left, these

persevered with their domestic duties and deserved success; they seem to

possess any quantity of enemies as is testified by the casualties among them.

I found the birds fairly common round here, and that they were nesting in

Sugarcane and grass along the canal, Six eggs seem to be the complement,

THe Larce Piep Wactait (Motacilla maderasapatensis) is very common

on the river, He is a cheerful little fellow and jerks and runs about catching

flies and insects along the water’s edge, stopping every now and then to pipe

his little lay, On the 5th March, I saw a pair building, and, on watching

others, very soon discovered that the whole community were marrying and

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

giving in marriage, consequently I have secured several clutches of eggs.

They are not over particular as to site. So long as water is handy, most of

the nests have been placed on the ground in tussocks of grass, very well

concealed. Very favourite places are the little islands which stud the river

below the Bund; to obtain the nests one has to wade out, The nests are

very massive structures, usually having large foundations of all sorts of

rubbish, on which the nest:proper is built: the latter is a deep cup well lined

with soft material, such as goat’s hair, hare’s fur, roots, or any other handy

article suited for the purpose. They are pugnacious little birds, and will

allow nothing within a considerable radius of their home, I have found

some nests in clefts of rocks, but they are not.nearly such nice abodes as those

on the little islands, which latter must be very jolly places to be reared in,

Four eggs is the full complement, though three are very often found;

they are very like larks’ eggs in appearance,

BoNnELLI’s EAGLE (Nisaetus fasciatus) is sparingly distributed throughout

the Dekhan. Last January, while on tour in the Sholapur District, I noticed

an eagle on the top of avery high Pipal tree,on which there was a nest.

The next morning I returned with a climber, whom I directed to go up and

see whether the nest contained anything. From below I could see nothing,

When the man was within a few feet of the nest, he said that a bird was on

it ; as he continued to climb she flew off, I fired at. and missed her. The

- nest contained one egg which I told the man to take. Before he had

reached the ground, the bird tried to return to the nest, but I shot her

for purposes of identification, The nest was composed of sticks. but not

very big, though sufficiently large to conceal her when she was sitting.

THE YELLOW-FRONTED PieD Wooprecker (Liopicus mahrattensis) is

fairly common, but the eggs are difficult to obtain as it nests in tree holes,

I have found 4 nests this year, three of which contained young ; from the

fourth I hoped to obtain eggs, as the bird flew off on my approach, but on

opening the nest I found eggs had not been laid, rather disappointing !

The favourite place seems to be about from 34 to 6 feet from the ground in

a Babul tree. From my experience, the best time for eggs would appear

to be from late in February to about the middle of March, after which nests

seem to contain young.

THE RUFOUS-TAILED Finch LARK (Ammomanes phenicura) is common

throughout the Dekhan, Ii is distinguishable by its rufous tail, and its habit

of frequenting the roads and dusting itself, Though so widely distributed,

it is a clever nester, for Ihave only found one nest, which was deserted after

a single egg had been laid. This nest was placed in a crack in cotton soil, well

sunk into the ground, and only visible from one side, being practically in a.

hole. It was well finished off and carefully lined with roots and hair.

THE SOUTHERN RED-WHISKERED BULBUL (Otocompsa fuscicaudata) is

common along the Sahyadri Range, where :it practically replaces the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ‘383

wommon or Madras Bulbul, It is rather a shy bird, but makes itself notice-

able by its resonant voice, which one cannot help hearing. Its breeding

season isnow in full swing. The nest is not difficult to find. The bird

usually selects a small, thick shrub, in a fork of which, some 4 to 6 feet from

the ground, it fixes its nest. The latter has usually a foundation of dry

leaves, on which a nice compact cup-like structure is built; in this twe

pretty eggs, smudged and thickly spotted and freckled with carmine, are

daid: they do lay three eggs on occasions, but two are more generally found.

THe Grey JUNGLE Fown (Gallus sonnerati) is found all along the

Sahyadris. The present being the breeding season, the cock is to be heard

crowing lustily at all heurs of the day.

Tt is always a matter of difficulty to catch a glimpse of:a jungle fowl ;

they can always hear you approach, when they scuttle off at their best pace.

J found a nest containing five eggs in my last wanderings. The nest was

situated in virgin forest, not very far from the edge, against the trunks of

three small trees: it was a mere depression, filled with dried yellow leaves

and a few feathers. The eggs were very much like those of an ordinary

fowl; but it was interesting to notice how nearly their colour assimilated

with the dry, yellow leaves,

THE SouTHERN ScrmiTaR- BaBeLeR. (Pomatorhinous horsfieldii)—While

walking through some heavy forest, south of Satara, a bird flew away

from almost under my feet. I immediately instituted a search, when I found

a nest of this bird containing three eggs. I am sorry to say I had to

sacrifice her for the purpose of identification, The nest was a perfect work

of art, being a demed affair, placed against a stone on the ground, not far

from a stream in deep jungle; an ideal spot. The exterior was composed

almost entirely of dry skeleton leaves, corresponding with the surroundings,

in fact it looked like a mass of leaves ; had not the bird betrayed herself, I

should never have feund her home: the interior was neatly finished off and

lined. The eggs were a pretty ivory white, with a thin shell,

Tue Juneue Nicut Jar ({Caprimulgus indicus ).—The finding of this

nest occurred in a curious way. I was out, with a friend, on the Sahyadris ;

we had a beat for some bears, which were supposed to be lying up in the

jungle, but of course did not show, On the conclusion of the beat, I joined

my friend, who was lying on the ground, in his position: he informed me that

after he had made himself comfortable, a sort of hawk came and settled close

to his feet, advanced a foot or so, and squatted: after remaining in this

position a short time, it flew away: to his surprise, he found, im the interim,

two eggs had been laid! of course I laughed at him, He sbowed me the eggs

in the nest, which was within a yard of his feet. I at once recognized them

as those of a Night Jar. I shot the female, which I found to he one of this

species. On taking the eggs, there were two, I was sorry to find them on the

point of hatching, in fact they were chipped, so that they were of not much

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11.

use to me, On referring to Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs,” I find the eggs of

this bird have not been often found, so it was a disappointment. On seeing

the condition of the eggs, my friend was more or less convinced that they

must have been laid some time! They were deposited on the ground, there

being no attempt ata nest, under a shrub, in scrub jungle,and were ofa

salmon-pink colour, speckled with lilac and brownish spots, The measurements

of one egg were 1°08 x 83.

Tue InpiaN Hoopor (Upupa ceylonensis)—Although a common bird, its

eggs are not often obtained. I was fortunate enough on the 12th April

to obtain a nest containing five fresh eggs, which was placed in a hole ina

building at Poona, The nest was just a little coir and odds and ends,

nothing much for the bird to be proud of; a sickly odour pervaded it, and the

eggs, although fresh, had a disagreeable smell, which disappeared on their

being cleaned and disinfected. It is curious that this clean-looking bird

should have such a dirty house. be

Tur Common Woop SuHrikxe (Tephrodornis pondicerianus) is to be met

with pretty generally. It commences nesting towards the end of February.

Its nest is not difficult to find during construction, as the birds, (they usually

move in pairs), draw attention to themselves by their funny little call, They

usually select afork of a tree and wedge their nest in ; the outside is composed

of twigs covered with bark and cobweb to assimilate it with the tree, and it

is lined with thread and such like material, Itis‘a very pretty little nest, but

not big enough for the bird. It is wonderful how well the tree, nest, and bird

harmonize: the tree usually selected is a babul; the bird isa kind of olive-

brown and grey, with a white eyebrow. It is amusing to watch the bird

trying to deceive you as you approach the nest ; when she is sitting, she sits

absolutely motionless, with her head stuck up in the air. On several occa-

sions I have all but been deceived, taking her and her nest for a stump that

had been cut away, the resemblance has been so near. This may seem

incredible to those who have not seen it, but itis nevertheless true. I find

two or three is the full complement of eggs,

While wandering about the Sahyadris, a nest of some bird of prey was

spotted in the chief fork of a tree, On sending a man up the bird flew off ;

owing to the denseness of the jungle, I was unable to shoot. The nest

contained two eggs. I left them intending to return next day to shoot the

bird and take the eggs. On coming again, I found the nest deserted, the

bird absent, and the eggs broken on the ground below. They appeared to be

of a bluish-white colour, speckled with yellowish-brown, I think the bird

was the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela), but of course cannot be

sure: she was of a lightish brown, but the glimpse I got of her was very

transitory. It was a disappointment as the bird was new to me,

R. M. BETHAM, Caprain,

Poona, April, 1900. . 8th Bombay Infantry.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 385

No. XVIIL—A SHOOTING EXPEDITION ON THE PAMIRS.—I,

Ten years ago, when ibex shooting in Kashmir, I came across a trader

from Central Asia, who was bringing down among other things two Ovis poli

heads, the first I had ever seen. Ever since then I have longed to bag one or

two of these splendid trophies, but it was not until the spring of 1899 that I

at last got an opportunity to do so.

I managed to get the necessary leave and passports, and about the end of

April I arrived at a Tarjik encampment on the Pamirs, not far from the place’

where I first proposed to try my luck with the O. poli, We were announced by

a deafening chorus from half a dozen rather formidable_looking dogs, and a

man, who looked out of the biggest yourt to see what was the matter, came up

to us,and invited us to enter, A fine looking old man, who was evidently the

head of the family, received us at the door with the usual “ Khushamed,’

literally “ Welcome,” while the other occupants began to get tea and other

luxuries ready for us. Inashort time I had placed before me China dishes

containing tea, hot milk, cream, and a sort of biscuit, while they pressed on

my shikari an enormous wooden bowl full of curds, While doing justice to

this fare I looked around and examined the yourt, which was the first one

I had been inside,

From the outside these yourts look very grimy and uninviting, and one is

surprised on entering them to find how comfortable and comparatively clean

they are, They are bell-shape, consisting of a framework of wooden laths,

the lower part of which is made on the principle of the “ lazy tongs ” and

folds up into a small space, the whole covered with large pieces of felt. The

yourt is absolutely impervious to the icy wind which howls ontside, and the

first thing which strikes one on entering is the warmth and silence, for the

large circular opening in the top of the dome, while admitting plenty of air

and light, lets in none of the wind and noise. This opening serves indifferently

well as an escape hole for the smoke, but the latter, if the fire is at all big,

is generally rather trying, The cooking place is in the middle, while one side

is always carpeted with bright-coloured numdahs, I noticed, among other —

odds-and-ends hanging on the lattice work, half a dozen firearms of sorts,

These I was told belonged to the old man’s eldest son, Dhe Khan, a great

shikati, who had been out since daybreak after a bear which one of his

brothers had seen, I had heard of this man before, and had been recommend-

ed to get hold of him ; so was glad when the old man said that Dhe Khan

would be delighted to go after the O, voli with me. —

The other occupants of the yourt were three young women, daughters.

or daughters-in-law of the old man. These attended to the cooking and

moved sbout laughing and talking in a natural, unembarrassed way, to the

great astonishment of Rakhmat, my shikari, who, I knew, thought it extra-

ordinary behavior in Mahomedans, While I was there several visitors

dropped in, and the ladies again produced the great bowl of curds, Two or

386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XTIT..

three very-good-looking children were playing about, and soon a squall from

a cloth-covered box, which IT had been making use of to lean against,

proclaimed it a cradle containing a baby. Before long noises outside:

announced the arrival of the flocks and herds, and two sons of the old man,

the shepherds of the family, entered, and at once tackled the bowl of curds,

At last Dhe Khan himself turned up, bringing, rather to my surprise and to»

Rakhmat’s great disgust, his two dogs in with him. As soon as he had had

something to eat I questioned him on the subject of shikar, It was am

excellent time of the year, he said, and O. polz were plentiful. Asto whether F

was likely to see any big heads, that, of course, was entirely a matter of

“kismet.” My baggage at last arrived, and Rakhmat and the young men

went out to pitch my tents, while my other servants and the yak drivers-

were brought inside and fed.

Next morning, accompanied by Dhe Khan,we did a short march up the

valley and encamped at the junction of two nullas, both of which I was:

informed generally held O, poli. On the way we found numbers of old heads-

lying about, and I dismounted and measured any that looked big, Fifty-seven

inches was the size of the largest I saw, and I may mention that among the

hundreds of old heads I inspected during my stay on the Pamirs very few of:

them measured much more than this, the best being 63in.. Most of these heads

were evidently those of beasts which had been killed by wolves, or had been

carried off by one of the epidemics of disease, which, I believe, occasionally

visit the Pamirs, Those shot by natives could be easily recognised by the part.

of the skull below the eyes having been chopped off, and these heads were

generally quite small ones, I do-not think that the local shikaris shoot many

big rams: all those I talked to told me that they shot very many more females:

than males,

Dhe Khan had insisted on bringing his three dogs with him, and as he

said they were perfectly trained and would. not be in the way, while they

wouldsave us a.lot of trouble if any beast went off wounded,.I had allowed:

him to do so;

It was terribly cold when I was called next morning, but, with the prospect.

before me of sighting my first O. poli, it did not take me long. to get out of my

sleeping bag and into my clothes. I found Dhe Khan and Rakhmat waiting

for me, both looking like immense bundles of cloth and sheepskin, They had

three riding yaks. ready, but, heavily clothed. as I was, I felt that I should

never get warm unless I walked, so handed my yak over to’ Rakhmat to lead.

After going for four or five miles up the nulla onthe left, and seeing nothing

but a couple of herds of ibex, Dhe Khan called a halt, and said that there

Was no use going on, as there was no more 0. poli ground beyond what we could

see, I believed him at the time, but now, after some experience of the Pamir

shixaris, I imagine that the real objection to going further up the nulla was.

the deep snow, which.would have necessitated a good deal of hard work.,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 387

However, we turned back, and on reaching camp I had breakfast while the

tents were being struck, After breakfast we started up the other nulla

followed by the baggage. The sky had now begun to look rather threaten-

ing, and before we had marched an hour we were caught’ in a heavy snow-

storm, ‘The going was also very bad; the yaks could scarcely struggle

through the deep snow ; so on arriving at a likely looking place for a camp,

a small island of bare ground in the middle of an ocean of snow, I gave

orders to unload and pitch the tents,

In the afternoon it cleared up slightly, and Dhe Kian, strolling casually

into my tent, said “ Gulga” (O. poli), and asked fort htelee scope. OutI bolted

and, looking where Dhe Khan pointed, saw five black dots against. the snow

on the other side of the valley about half a mile off, O, pols they were without

a doubt, and I was soon eagerly examining their horns with the telescope, One

of them looked a big fellow, with horns curling down slightly at the tips,

which I took to be a good sign. The ground they were on reminded me very

much of Ovis ammon country ; in fact, without the telescope, one might have

imagined one was looking at O, ammon. They did not appear to notice our

camp, which must have been visible, but continued walking slowly in our

direction until they were hidden by a ridge. Meanwhile we had been

hurriedly getting on our foot-gear, and, now that the: way was clear, started

off at once across the snow-covered valley, It was pretty hard work, as the

snow was deep and soft, and occasionally one went right through into an icy

stream which was flowing underneath, Once across the valley the going was

better, and we soon reached the ridge which had hidden the O, poli from us,

On looking cautiously over nothing was to be seen, and Dhe Khan shook his

head and pointed to some fresh tracks in the snow leading away from us,

This looked bad, and I was very much afraid we had made a mess of our

stalk, when suddenly my eye fell on a brown back which came into view for a

moment down below. Motioning to Dhe Khan to follow me, I took the rifle

and managed to get within about 400 yards of the O. pold, Four of them were

laying down on a bate patch of ground, and the one I had seen was moving

down to join them, A nearer approach was clearly impossible.’ Moreover,

even if the rams got up, they would not be likely to retrace their steps and come

towards us, and the further they moved away the worse matters would get, as

the ground beyond them was absolutely level for a long way. Dhe Khan

now began to make some suggestions, My knowledge of Persian was extreme-

ly limited, and I could hardly understand a word he said ; but shikaris all

the world over can understand one another, and I saw very well that what he

proposed was a drive, The mere word “ drive,’ when applied to mountain

game, sounds terribly unsportsmanlike, but I think a drive when there are no

stops, and the beaters consist of one man only, is just as sporting as a stalk,

requires a perfect knowledge of the habits of the animals, and, as far as my

experience goes, is very rarely successful. In this case it really seemed to

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

be our only chance of getting a shot that day ; so I told Dhe Khan to start, .

Tt was bitterly cold and the icy wind seemed to cut through us, warmly clad as

we were, but the O, poli seemed as happy as if they were basking in the sun, Off

went Dhe Khan, and in about half an hour we saw him ploughing through the

snow on the other side of the valley, He was plainly visible to us,so should

have been to the O, poli ; but it was some time before they spotted him, At last

first one and then another pair of horns turned in his direction, and the big

ram got on his feet, Dhe Khan had now passed the O, poli and began to work

back towards us ; then soon they were all on their legs, and it was only a

question as to which direction they would move, Handing the binoculars to

Rakhmat with instructions to keep his eye on the big ram,I got ready with the

rifle, The O. poli, having now come to the conclusion that Dhe Khan was up to

no good, turned round and started off at a good pace up-hill and in our direc-

tion, Had it not been for the snow, I should only have got a running shot, but

before long the big ram plunged in up to his belly, Now was my chance, and,

drawing a careful bead, I fired, “ Missed’’ said Rakhmat, and the rams dashed

on through the snow, making nothing of it. Another shot was also fruit-

less of results, and they were hidden by an undulation of the ground, Rakh-

mat and I ran to cut them off, We had about 100 yards of snow to cover,

all up-hill,-and by the time we caught sight of them again we were both

absolutely beat. Two rams were standing looking at us about 150-yards off,

but I was shaking so terribly that I was quite incapable of using the rifle,

They soon disappeared, and when next we saw them they were going over a

ridge down below us about 600 yards off.

Rakhmat, who had the glasses, said that the big one was bringing up the

rear, Assoonas they had disappeared we ran down after them, but we did

not see them again, There was.no blood in the tracks; it was a palpable

miss, a bad beginning to my shoot,

We both lay down in the srow and were trying tc get our breath again,

for we were still suffering from the effects of our run up-hill, when a shout

from above made us look up, It was Dhe Khan, who evidently wanted to

know the result of my shot, We signalled to him to come down, but he

continued shouting and waving his arms,so I sent the unwilling Rakhmat

up thehill again to see what he wanted. After exchanging a few words

with Dhe Khan he also shouted and waved to me, What was the

matter? Perhaps the O. poli was wounded after all and they could see

him, so I slowly climbed up the snow slope. Rakhmat and Dhe Khan had

disappeared when they saw me start, and what was my astonishment on

reaching the top of the ridge to see them both sitting over a dead O. poli

within a few hundred yards of the place where I had fired, It was the big

ram ; my second shot had hit him, and he had only moved about twenty

yards after it. He had fallen when hidden by an undulation of the ground,

and we had just missed him when we ran to cut the rams off. Dhe Khan

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 389

‘had seen the beast fall and had made straight for it, wondering what we

were up to, The horns measured 564 in., a very fair head, and a good

beginning to my shoot. Leaving the shikaris to skin the beast, I returned

to camp and sent off some yaks for the meat, The men got in just before

dark, and brought news of another flock of “ gulga’”’ with two good rams,

which they had seen on their way back,

Next morning I was up early, and, opening the fly of my tent to see what

the weather was like, I spotted a very big red bear walking along on the

other side of the valley. Of course,a bear was very small game when one

had “ khubber ” of two big O. poli rams ; still, he looked such a fine fellow

that I wished he had turned up when I had been ai liberty to attend to him,

Rakhmat was up on a ridge behind the camp with the telescope, and Dhe

Khan told me that O. poli were visible from there, On getting up there I

turned the telescope on them, and made out two of the flock to be as big or

bigger than the one I had shot. They were lying down, but soon after the

sun touched them they gut up and began grazing down hill. For some

hours we watched them until at last they crossed a ridge, and our

way was clear. We quickly followed, and on arriving on the same ridge

Dhe Khan spotted a small ram just below us, At the same time the flock

must have got our wind, as they rushed out of a little nullah they were in

and:made off up-hill, It wasan easy shot if [ had been able to distinguish

the big heads, but Rakhmat was behind holding the dogs, which Dhe Khan

had insisted on bringing out. Putting down the rifle and taking a hasty

look with the glasses, I made out one of the big ones. He stood for a second

to the shot, and, though he went on with the others, I knew I had hit him.

At the next shot he fell, and I turned my attention to the other big ram

which I made out bringing up the rear. Two shots at about 300 yards were

misses, but the last was more successful. He was evidently hit, and the rest

of the flock soon left him behind. Dhe Khan now ran back for his precious

dogs, and, though I saw that the 0. poli would be easily bagged without them,

I was rather anxious to see them work, Kneeling in the snow with the three

dogs held ina leash by his side, Dhe Khan whispered strange noises and

pointed steadily at the wounded ram, who was now moving slowly up-hill,

and hard to distinguish against the grey earth. At last a little red dog

catches sight of him ; Dhe Khan at once sees this and slips him, and the

little dog goes off as hard as he can lay legs to the ground straight for the

ram. On the way, however, he comes right on to the dead one, but, stopping

only an instant to sniff it, goes straight on, and reaching the wounded O. pols

rushes round it barking furiously, and brings it to bay. The poor beast was

unable to go any further even if the dog had let him, so I sent Rakhmat off

with a knife to finish him while I went to look at the dead one, The latter

measured 58 inches and Rakhmat when ke came back said that the other was

as large. Dhe Khan now rather astonished me. After I had taken several

390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiSTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

yhetos of the dead ram: he pulled out his knife and asked me how I wanted its

throat cut. The beast had been dead half an hour, but, to Rakhmait’s horror,

the meat was quite “ halal” in the opinion of Dhe Khan and the yak-drivers.

It now struck me that there was still time to look after my friend the bear—

so, taking Rakhmat with me, I started off across the valley. We could find

no trace of him, however, and before long another snowstorm sent us back

to camp.

Next day one of Dhe Khan’s dogs distinguished itself by killing a marmot,

We were riding along when suddenly Dhe Khan kicked his yak into a

canter, at the same time leaning over and slipping one of his dogs. I then

saw in the distance a marmot, evidently travelling from one hole to another.

It was a close thing, The poor little beast had all but reached his home

when the dog ran into it and killed it, By the way, I noticed on three

occasions on the Pamirs acurious habit of the marmot which I do not

remember to have seen recorded anywhere—that is, that if one suddenly

comes upon one of these beasts away from its hole it does not attempt to

escape by running, but shams dead. The first time I came across one doing

this I was completely taken in, and could hardly believe the Kirghiz who

told me it was shamming. It did not stir as we stood over and examined

it until the Kirghiz, putting his stick under it, chucked it up in the air, —

when, on coming to its feet again, it scuttled off as hard as it could.

After this I had no luck for several days, seeing plenty of O, poli but nothing

worth shooting, so, paying off Dhe Khan and his men, I started for another

part of the Pamirs, Here on one of my marches I had rather a curious

accident, I was riding a camel which we had taken with us to ford us over

several streams we had to cross. The road led across a valley covered with

hard snow orice. This was good enough going, but I noticed in several

places wet-looking streaks on the snow, which I did not much like the look

of. The Kirghiz who was leading the camel now made straight across one

of these streaks, Thiaking he knew more about it than I did, I said nothing

but prepared for a jump, as I expected that if the ice broke the camel could

go down perhaps a foot or so. Notking happened as the Kirghiz crossed the

place, but when the camel got onit there wasacrash like thunder, and I

found myself lying on my back on the ice, with the camel disappearing into

a yawning chasm in front of me, A crack about 4ft. wide now extended for

20 or 30 yards. The camel was in the middle of it, complaining loudly, jam-

med by his hump, with his forequarters above the surface, while his hinder

parts were dangling in the gulf below. The place was nine or ten fect deep,

with a shallow river flowing at the bottom, Luckily our baggage was close

by, and, with the help of the yak-drivers and all the loading ropes, we at last

managed to extricate the unfortunate beast. Ifit had not been as quiet as a

lamb it would never have got out at all, as any struggling would have sent it

into the chasm altogether. It seemed to know this, for it never stirred till

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 391

we hauled it out. This spill was rather amusing at the time, but the bruises

I got from it bothered me for some days after,

Two or three days after this I got another O. poli, We were on the march

when we came on a large flock of between fifty and sixty rams, They were

moving slowly up the hill, having seen our little caravan. Directing the

servants with the baggage to goon fora couple of miles, and then pitch the

tents, I and the shikaris dropped behind and watched the O, polit. The

latter stood gazing at the baggage animals till out of sight, and then lay

down, They evidently had not noticed that we had stopped behind, It was

two or three hours before they got up again, and, though I had had the tele-

scope on them the wholetime, I could hardly make up my mind as to whether

there was a shootable ram in the lot or not. It is extremely difficult te

judge the size of O.:poli horns, almost impossible unless one gets a straight

front or back view, so that to carefully examine every one of the sixty rams

took some time. At last I made out a good head, but how to get at the owner

of it was the question, The rams were now grazing and covered a large extent

of ground, the fellow I wanted being somewhere near the middle of the flock.

However, they settled the matter for us by suddenly taking the alarm. What

frightened them I cannot think, but they made off up the hill again

They started off in a mass like a flock of sheep, but they soon settled into

single file, and having kept the telescope on the big one the whole time I saw

that he was leading. They were going quite slowly and coming slightly in

our direction, and at last were hidden bya ridge. If they would only give me

time to get to that ridge 1 might get a shot, but it was a long way off, and it

seemed very hopeless. However, I thought I would havea try,so started

off with Rakhmat and the Kirghiz. It was a steep pull up, and it had to be

done as quickly as possible. I noticed that Rakhmat was feeling the rarefied

air a great deal, and that, though he could always leave me standing on the

hills in his own country, he seemed to have a good deal of difficulty in keep-

ing up here. However, I may mention that long before we left the Pamirs

he got accustomed to the air, and soon showed me the way again.

On arriving at last at the ridge there were the O. poli on the opposite side of

the ravine, still moving slowly up-hill in single file. It wasa long shot, but a

O.polt ram is a big mark,and they showed up very well against the yellow earth

they were on. Putting the Lynam at 400 yards, and, taking every advantage

of a comfortable position and a rest, I fired at the leader. “Just under his

belly” called out Rakhmat, who had the glasseson him, The rams now

stood still, unable, I suppose, to localise the report, To the next shot, which

ITaimed higher up on the beast, Rakhmat called “Hit!’’ The flock now

started off at a good pace, and Rakhmat told me that the big one was still

leading. Another shot was also a hit according to Rakhmat, and the rams

topped a ridge and were out of sight. To me the big one had shown no signs

af being touched, but Rakhmat, who I knew was uncommonly sharp at mark-

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X ITT.

ing the shots, assured me that two bullets had hit, It was getting late, so,

sending the Kirghiz down for the yaks, Rakhmat and I started off immediately.

There was a good deal of blood in the tracks, but no signs of the ram, till on

turning a corner we came suddenly on the whole flock standing crowded

together about thirty yards off. On seeing us they dashed off,and then we

saw the big one, who had been lying down. He got on his feet and tried to

follow the rest, but was stopped by a bullet in the neck. While helping to

skin him I noticed the rest of the flock right down in the middle of the valley

below. They stood foralong time closed up in a bunch; evidently, their

leader being gone, none of the others would iake the responsibility of show-

ing the way. Ihave seen Oorial behave exactly in the same way under

similar conditions, After measuring the horns (58in,) Rakhmat and I made

off for camp, leaving the yak drivers, who we saw arriving, to look after

the meat, After this I had no sport fora long time. We saw plenty of CO. poli,

but only once shootable heads, One is more inclined to dwell on one’s lucky

days than the failures, though perhaps the latter are as interesting and more

instructive than the former, so I will give an account of my unsuccessful

attempt after these rams.

One day, after riding a Jong way up a snow-covered valley, we found

a large flock of O, poli rams under a glacier at the head. There were, perhaps,

fifty of them grazing over a large extent of ground. One or two of them

appeared to be good heads, and we started to stalk them, Now, up to this

time I had been rather lucky with the O, poli I had stalked, and had come to

have rather a poor opinion of their sharpness of sight and general wariness.

I suppose I was careless, for we were spotted almost as soon as we began the

stalk, and the rams bolted up-hill, When they got up into the snow, and

had settled down into single file, we had a good opportunity to examine the

horns. The biggest looked a good head, perhaps 58in.orso. One of the

horns was curiously broken or malformed, so I felt certain of recognising

him again ; another head was very nearly as big. A blinding snowstorm

came on as we were watching them, so we left them till next day, and got

back to camp as quickly as we could,

Next day it was still snowing hard, and did notclear up tillevening. The

day after, however, it was fine, and going up the nullah early in the morning

we soon sighted the same flock. They were all lying down on the hillside,

but some got up and began to graze their way down-hill, When they had

gone some distance down, a ridge hid them from us, and before long all

except one ram had got behind this ridge. This one was still lyingdown, and

blocked our way. We waited for an hour, but he showed no signs of moving,

and then we began to get impatient, and decided to try astalk in spite of

him, ‘ The flock might graze their way over the ridge towards us and quite

spoil our prospect of astalk.’ That was the excuse I made to myself, but

the real reason was that I was sick of sitting still We had to go about 600

MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES, 393

yards, tle ground for the first 200 yards or so being in full view of the ram,

We had almost got over this dangerous bit when the ram slightly turned his

head and we were spotted, Up he jumped and started up-hill, followed at

ence by the rest of the flock, They were about 400 yards off, and going

up a steep slope. I ought to have left them alone, and waited for a better

opportunity another day, but, incited by Rakhmat and encouraged by the

thought of the lucky flukes of shotsI had bagged my last O, poli with, I

opened fire at the broken-horned one which was leading, Four long shots

and the flock disappeared over the hill, and I knew I had made a mess of

it, Even then,if Ihad left them alone, I might have found them again

another day, but I now insisted on following them, A couple of hours stiff

climb brought us to the top of the hill; There on the opposite side of

the nullah were ten rams Standing in deep snow. These we made out with

the telescope to be the big ones; the remainder of the flock, we saw by

@ great track in the snow, had taken a road lower down. After standing still

for a long time, the ten rams went on toa small bare patch of ground,

from wkich the snow had melted, and lay down. They were about 700 yards

off, and I foolishly again attempted a very difficult stalk—twenty yards

or so of this had to be done in view of the herd. We were of course seen by

them, and this time they eVidently made up their minds not to give us

another chance. They managed with difficulty to find a way through the

snow to the hill-tops, and there, after trying several places, they at the last

found a pass, and disappeared over it into another nullah, or, rather, into

another empire, for that line of hill-tops was the border between Russian and

Chinese territory.

Shortly after this a Kirghiz volunteered to take me over a pass toa place

where he said we were certain to find big rams, As my yak drivers protested

that the pass woild not be practicable for laden yaks, I determined to spend

a day in reconnoitring the ground first myself. Taking a load of dried yak

dung for fuel, we camped one evening high up just under the pass. It began

to snow hard as we arrived, and by morning there was nearly a foot of fresh

snow allround. It had cleared up slightly, so taking Rakhmat and the

Kirghiz and three riding yaks, we started for the pass. It was a very stiff

pull up and the snow was deep, so I preferred walking to flogging a broken-

winded yak up the hill ; Rakhmait and the Kirghiz, however, went on riding

until their yaks refused to go on and they had to dismount, Leading the

three yaks, we reached the top of the pass,and were there met by such an icy

hurricane that it was as much as we could do to stagger on against it. My

Balaclava cap was frozen as hard as a board, and my face felt as if it was

being cut to ribbons, Luckily the wind was only bad on the pass itself, and

after descending a little we got out of the worst of it, The snow down the

other side was deep, the yaks every now and then going in up to their bellies,

However, after ploughing on for about a hour we got on to hard snow, and

394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

were able to mountand push on, About five miles down we found a good

camping ground—that is to say, a place where there was plenty of the

invaluable product of the yak lying about, without which existence on most

part of the Pamirs would be impossible. Pushing on further down the

valley we dismounted and searched for game, and it was not long before

Rakhmat had found 2 flock of fifty rams, while I spotted a lot of twelve in

another direction, Unfortunately there was such a mirage that the telescope

was almost useless, and it was impossible to judge the size of the horns,

However, the place seemed well worth trying, and the pass was practicable

enough with a little hard work ; so we returned to camp, intending to cross

again with the baggage next morning, We had more snow during the night,

and it was still snowing when we started next morning. Luckily there was

no wind this time on the pass, and after a good deal of trouble, having to

reload each yak two or three times, we got them all through the deep snow

on to the good going below. Snow was now falling thick, and, when we

arrived at the camping ground we had selected, the yak dung I had been so

pleased to see the day before was completely buried. The amount of fuel

we were able to collect that evening did not run to more cooking than a cup

of tea apiece, and after this and a piece of cold mutton I was glad to turn

into my sleeping bag.

Next day it cleared up, and we went after the O, poli, but were much disap-

pointed to find, after spending a day stalking them; that the large flock did

not contain a head over 50in, That evening we had more bad weather, and it

was nearly a week before I wasable to examine the smaller flock, which I

found also no good. After searching the rest of the nullahs round about and

finding nothing shootable, I recrossed the pass A. Le M.B. in “ The Field.”

(To be continued),

No, XVIIL—LAND MOLLUSCA.

The following extract from the President's address to the Malsscleaia

Society, delivered by Lieut-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austin, F.R.S., &c.,

the 10th February, 1899, throws more light on the peculiarities of two oe

species which are referred to in Mr. Blanford’s “ Note on the Land Mollusca

of Bombay,” published on page 326 in Vol. XII of the Society’s Journal :—

“Thave failed to find among any Macrochlamys- like shells of Penin:

sular India the exact similarity of anatomical detail so typical of the

genus; there are many shells in this part of India which, up to the present;

are included in it, among them being M. pedina and M, platychlamys

from Bombay. The first-named I include in section D of Macrochlamys, Tt

has both the right and left shell lobes, but the former is extremely rudiment-

ary, and, judging from analogy and its reduced size in spirit, it cannot

be largely protrusible in life. The male organ has become altered in form,

its most interesting feature being the replacement of the many-coiled dis¢ |

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 395

by a simple short bend in a coecum-like process, the retractor muscle rising

beyond and above this.” |

“The other species, Platychlamys, presents far greater diversity when

compared with species of Macrochlamys. The broad shell-lobes cover the

shell almost completely in life, and the generative organs are on a very

different plan, and comparatively simple in detail, The examination of the

Ceylon shell regulata presented anatomical characters of the same type, and

I have therefore placed these two species ina new subgenus, Eurychlamys.

The most interesting fact in connection with this particular development

is the discovery that a Sikkim and Bhutan species, pianospira, must be

included with them, I previously placed planospira, on account of its

shell-lobes and shell (besides not taking into sufficient consideration

all the details of its internal anatomy), in Austenia, butit will

be seen that its anatomy does not at all resemble that of the latter

genus,”

A. J, PEILE, Capt., R. A.

BomBay, June, 1900.

No. XIX.—LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS ARIOPHANTA.

_ In the proceedings of the Malacological Society for July, 1899, Mr, W. T.

Blanford, after describing anew sub-species, A. dalyi (A, cysis var.), gives

Y tp

S AN WS Z

Ariophanta Dalyi (A, cysis var.)

the following list of, and remarks on, the Genus Ariophanta :—

“1, <A. levipes, Mill. Syn. Helix trifasciata, Chem. Bombay and its neigh-

bourhood ; Eastern Guzerat. Type of the genus Ariophanta,

DEP Ais laidlayana, Bens, Western and South-Western Bengal.

3. A. cadapaensis, nev. Syn. Helix nicobarica, Mart,and Chem. Cnud-

dapah (not Nicobars),

4, A. interrupta, Bens. Syn. Helix himalayana, Lea, Bengal, Behar,

Orissa, Vizagapatam (not Himalayas).

5, A.immerita, Blf. South Canara. Doubtfully separable from the

last,

6. A. bajadera, Pfr. Syn. Helix ummonea; Val. Bombay and neighbour-

hood,

396 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11.

7, A. intumescens, Blf, Mahableshwar.

8. A. cysis, Bens, Syn. Helix auris, Pfr ; H. cystis, Rve.; H. ampullara

oides, Rve., and var, A, dalyi, BIf. Southern Sahyadri from

Mysore to the Nilgiris,

9. A. thyreus, Bens, Syn. Helix rhyssolemma#, Alb, Balarangum, Nil-

giri and Anamalai Hills, 8. India,

“ No species is known from either the Himalayas ot Ceylon. For this reason

the name himalayana, applied to a species by Lea, is misleading, and Benson’s

name interrupta, given a year later, should be preferred. For similar reasons

the name nicobarica is objecticnable.””

“Theobald, in his Catalogue of the Land and Fresh Water Shells of British

India, page 22, includes a species, A. cyclotrema from the Sumeysur (Somesh=

war) Hills at the base of the Himalayas, north of Tirhoot, I have

atypical specimen given to me by Mr, Theobald, and I have no doubt

that the species belongs to Planispira or Trachia, a section of Helix

proper.” .

“Colonel Godwin-Austen has lately shown reasons for removing the Moulmein

H, retrorsa from Ariophania, and uniting it to Hemiplecta, or some similar

generic group. It thus appears probable that Ariophanta proper is confined

absolutely to the Peninsula of India.”

The species represented in the Society’s collection are Nos, 1, 6, 7,8 and 9

of the above list, so that specimens are still required to complete the series

of this interesting Indian genus,

A. J. PEILE, Capi., R. A.

Bompay, June, 1900.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 24ru APRIL, 1900.

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday, the 24th of April, 1900;

when Mr, John Wallace, C.E., presided.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Life Member

—Sir Sidi Ahmedkhan, Nawab Saheb of Janjira,

Members—Major J. Lloyd Jones, I.M.S. (Bombay) ; Major D. C. Phillott

(Kohat) ; H.E. Lord Northcote (Bombay) ; Lieutenant J. Bogle (Mardan) :

Captain A. G, Stuart, A.-D.-C. (Rangoon) ; Mr, Sorab P, N. Wadia (Bombay) ;

Mr, Bernard Holyoak (Bombay); Mr. D. G. Hatchell (Vizianagram) ; Mr.

John A. Balfour (Bombay) ; Mr. Norman Davidson (Shenkottah, P. 0.) ; Mr.

M. Innes-Ker (Bombay) ; General W. Osborn, 1.8.C. (Hoshiarpur); The

Principal, Presidency College (Madras),

PROCEEDINGS. 397

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-

tions +o the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Description, Contributor.

1 Striated Bunting .,,......| Hmberiza striolata......00....| Mr. P, R. Allen,

1 Grey-necked Bunting ...| Lmberiza buchanani-es, 000. Do.

1 Great Crested Grebe......| Podicipes cristatus ...e.....| Mr. B. 8. Carey.

1 Bronze-capped Teal .,....| Hunetta falcata .......0. ees-re| Colonel H. Keary.

A case containing Wild epaconon Mr. Chas. Maries.

Ducks, &c., mounted for

the Society.

1 Kestrel (alive) ....s-.....-| Tinnunculus alaudarius ...| My. W. Shipp.

A number of large Mygales My gale 8p svecsccessoesssee---| Mr. W, Copleston.,

(alive).

1 Small Indian Civet)| Viverricula malaccensis ..,. Mr. W. Murray.

(alive).

2 Grey Jungle Fowl ......... Gallus ferrugineus 00.0... Mr, R. W. Hanson.

Some Spiders from Khan-| —...... on Rey. Fr. Dreckmann, S.J,

dalla. ;

1 Short-toed Hagle.......,....| Circaétus gallicus ............) Mr. J. Brand.

1 Mute Swan ....... sencenseoes |LOG UG IUUSHOLOMetem ees secsicrcnec tase Mr. F. Field, I.C.8.

1 Owl (alive).. Usasuseceevennen Stria flamMed ences aaeadeeee Mr. F. Williams.

1 Large Pintailed Sand| Péeroclurus alchata .........| Mr. H. P. Close.

Grouse.

1 Indian Tawny Taste, vee] AQuila ViNAhIGNG ..scve-esese Mr, C. Donald.

1 Saker or Cherry Falcon, | Falco cherriug........-:eceeces. Do.

1 Shahin Falcon ............ HGlCo peregrinator ...-,.cece0- Do.

1 Green Imperial Pigeon. | Carpophaga aenea. .......... ..| Mr. A. C. Hankin,

i Flying Squirrel .,..........| Pteromys cineraceus,.......,, Mr. F. D, Whiffin.

1 Bear’s Skull .......,000--0.| U1sws C0TQUATUS...c0cecereeces Capt. H. C, Ogilvie, R.E,

1 Brown Fish Owl and 2] Ketwpa zeylonensis.,,.....0.- Mr. W. F. Jardine.

Eggs.

1 Bronze-capped Teal. .,....| Hunetta falcattaercorcrcecess .-| Major Strickland, I.M.S,

1 White-eyed Duck ......... NYTOCH FETT UGiNCDe..coceeesee Do.

fle Aontis Nest. cct-soks see Cremastogaster Sp sor. .-e.| Mr, A. H. Simeox, L.C.8,

1 Common Wood Shrike... Tephrodornis pondicerianus.| Mr. W, F. Biscoe.

1 Jerhoa (alive)..........0-... Alactaga in7ica..,...0... | Capt. Rickett, I.M,8.

Head and Feet of Whooper| Cygnus musicus ..,...000+..05.| Genl. W. Osborn, I.8.C.

Swan. ;

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Mr, J. McNeill, 1.C.8., Mr, H. 8. Lawrence, I.C.S., and Mrs, Travers,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Guide to the Collection of Fishes in the Indian Museum, “Irish Naturale

ist,” Vol, 1X, No, 3. “Nature,” Vol, 61, Nos. 1582 to 1587. ‘ Canadian

Entomologist,” Vol. 32, No, 3. “ Indian Forester,’ Vol. 26, No. 3, “ Annals of

the South African Museum,” Vol, I, Part 3, “ Thirtieth Annual Report of

the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1899.” “ Bulletin de la Société Zoolo-

gique de France, 1899,”

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIE,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :—

1. Note on a Whooper Swan (Cygnus musicus) shot by General W. Osborn,

I.S.C., on the River Beas, Hoshiarpur District, Punjab, by E. H. Aitken,

2. The White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) in captivity, by

E. W. Harper, F.Z.S8.

3. Indian Termites, by Major G, S. Rodon.

4. Can a Cobra eject its poison? by Captain M, D, Goring Jones,

Mr, Aitken gave some notes on birds, not usually found in or near Bombay,

which have appeared this year, owing no dqubt to the want of water and

food in Guzerat and the Deccan, and on others, which have been unusually

abundant for the same reason. The following species were mentioned :

—The Indian Roller (“ Blue Jay”); The European Roller ; The Indian

Magpie; The Indian Wheatear ; The White-breasted Kingfisher; The

Bank Myna; The Ringdove; The Little Brown Dove ; The Sociable

Lapwing ; The Sarus Crane ; The Demoiselle Crane (Kullu) ; and several]

Ducks, ¢.g., the Mallard and Spotted balled Duck,

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—coneld.).

——D Oe =

. PAGE,

~ Miscetuanetous Nores—coneld.

5. Notes on two Specimens of Lycodm fasciatus. By Captain F. Wall,

I.M.S:, and Vety=Capt. Geo, H. Evans, A.V.D. — cccsccsoosscsisaccescescsseces OUD

6. Notes on the breeding of Zr Spidenpties piscator. By Captain F. Wall |

IK M. 8. 20000ceb ores c000e 50h 000 00 ccegseseriesccce COO coco cose scoseccvccsescroeccscccee tO O08 373

7. Reported occurrence of the Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)

in Rajputana. By R. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers. ...-...--sse- 374

8. Some Entomological Notes ftom Ceylon. By C. B. Holman Hunt,

B.A. FES. coc... bscccccccdecteccerdtcvecive6cc000icccesseccccvoctvcsccncccvesccccsssoces 375

9, The number of feathers in the tail of the Chestnut Bittern( Ardetta

Cinnamomea). By Captain H. J. Kelsall, RAsss.siee s.ces0 seteeressseree O00

10. Can a Cobra eject its Poison. By Captain M.D. Goring Jones,2nd _

Durham Light Infantry ee vcrcceeebeseecea® POOSPoccce oveseoce Care cveerecevesesseaese 376

11, On a New Species of Bhimraj (Dissemurws), with some Observations

on the so-called Family Dicruride, By F. Finn, B.a., F.z.8., Deputy

Superintendent of the Intlian Museum ss.co-csssectessssssesscseeees Senses 377

12. Further Note on the Occurrence of the Bronzed- ae Teal (Hunetta

falcata) in Tirhut. By Chas. M Inglis’... eR Me Se ONO

13. Occurrence of the Black=Capped Singtisher Caleyon alae in

Pithinty =By: Ohias, Moo Inglis geass ssaptcsy toes aba delty 4s coven sack: accesned> 379

14. Occurrence of the Water-rail (Rallus scuicealy in Tirbut. By Chas.

M Inglis.. bee beveccccceces 0000 c00e 001+ 0200 ee0cer Ses cvercbocccescvcescoveccereccess 379

15. Larva of Tiago amabil, ey as a Lac Insect destroyer. a G.

C. Dudgeon, F.ES. Reads Anuaten cautees ersesbanory at coredaet cova ee OOD

- 16. Occasional Notes on “Birds pate ee Poona au alana By

Captain R. M. Betham, 8th Bombay Infantry ........s.scisesecevecsecseces OOO

‘17. A Shooting Expedition on the Pamirs =I. By A. Le M.B. ...sccicceeeseeeee B85

18. Land Mollusca. By Captain A.J. Peile; RA.sssvetecectssserssrcssesrenseseers O94

19. Land Shells of the Genus Ariophanta. By Captain A, J. Peile, R.A...... 395

PROCEEDINGS O205re9000560000064 100900006008 noe

FF o es OOH COKER COe DOOgeccartioeesecs 396

3 —

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Date of publication, 20th January, 1901.

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PRINTED AT THE “ TIMES OF INDIA?” PRESS,

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CONTENTS OF: THTS “NUMBER

PAGE.

Tue Birps or Cacnar. By HE. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s,, 3.0.0,

(With Plate H) ...ccscovecseorscsovsncccerseveecen, sosssssestensensessenen,

A CaraLoGuUE OF THE Aeterocera OF SIKHIM AND Buuran. By

G, U, Dudgeon, F.ES., with notes by H. J. Elwes, rzs., rus.,

&c., and additions by Sir George I. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S.,

Rig Papi AMG Cn aiteks Semen aes eee

NorE, POUR SERVIR A L’HISTOIRE DES Lampyrides pp LIxpp. Par

Robert du Buysson. (With a Plate) ...sccecraccecreess.-sccsectoscerees

‘Tau Fiona or Western Inpra. By G. Marshall W Witoak Professor

of Botany, College of Science, Poona. Part VIII.

o8U reese emp -\sise cng

Tun Ferns or Norru-Wesrern Inpia. By C. W. Hope. Part. vrs io

continued. (With a Plate)......... Bed tower neh ehioy Mah sien sdegpcene

Lugs Formicipes pe L’Emprre DES InpEs ET DE CrYLAN. Par

Auguste Vorel. Part VIL. wee ees COOH ceo eereeeeubcrravecess e©cce-ecceee

DzsorrPrions oF some New Species or Sprpers FROM British Inpra.

By R. I. Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History .........

Tar Morus or INvDIA, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

«vue Fauna oF British Inpra.” By Sir George F. Hampson,

Bart., F.2S., FES. Series IT, Part WUD. 2.0... .sec cee eeee Seeseeee

Nores oN soME Katisy PHEASANTS FROM THE Kacain HILLS IN THE

POSSESSION oF THE Bompay Narurat History SociEery. By Cap-

tain W. G. Nisbett, and F. ee BA, , Dep supdé. of the Indian

WISCMM Mesto yn ebcn on Wscisce ve gees cdesieawanes

reer. eceee @0- 20s G8oeesoereo1e8

MISCELLANEOUS Norres—

A Wild Dog's Earth, (with a Plate) By J.D. Inverarity suse eee eee

9, The Largesbarred Owlet (Glaucidiwm cuculoides, Vigors) capturing

Quail onthe Wing. By G.C. Dudgeon, F.E:S.

3, Pteromys inornatus. By P. H, Clutterbuck, F.z.s,

4, Nidification of Rémator malaccptilus, Blyth. By Lionel ae Niesville,

F, ES., Cc. M, Z. Se erocoseee Geoevcecce @Oaccacecebovescen Oe eeee + OO eras 000 POL ee cee eserercce

Qn: the: occurrence of the White-winged . Wood Duck ‘ CAsarcornis

scutulatus) in Upper Burma. By Vety.-Capt. G. H. Evans,

A.V. D.

6, The Gélaen Eye (Clangula EID) By Lieut. -Col. J. W. a

R. A. @necce wwe ee accacccscccce Peoreocacscoserssovves Poccceeeoeeeeseesroscre « cvesceces es

7. Notes on a Dipsas multimaculata in COpELViby By Capt. EF. Wan,

LMS. apeaee Secoscosepepaes cossveicengepocscr tis eooee opeccee

Cee ee eee ree ceeceececsccaece

eeevorccsvce @eelercsccesreseose @acesseorccecse @ecccree @ecvercccsae

eeccecsce

8, Occurrence of Poudiceps cristatus in Nesetett “By E. C. cies iene

nS Zed. eoscce 00080 CTR OCOOF® Ceasers ceBOCOETG EDEL Ole GOeesOHievesesivasce Cececcecccccce

9, Red Ants as an article of Food. “By A.M, Long .

10. Anew Spider, By F, Gleadow, I. FS, F RMS, --

( Continued on third page of the cover ae

399

aisiatraiapei<s Vaasa e meh eee - 406

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529

530

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532

533

. 534

535

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Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate H

E.C.Stuart Baker del. Mintern Bros.Chromo hth. London.

CORYTHOCICHLA SQUAMATA(NOB!S)

The Squamated Babbler.

ERRATA,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDI4, &c,

JOURNAL, Bompay NatTurAL History SOCIETY,

List of errata in instalment published on 29th July, 1900.

On p. 236, in 27th line from top, “ Lohdardaga ” should be “ Lohardaga,”

On p. 241, in 9th line from top, insert a semi-colon after 1896-7,

On p. 241, in 17th line from bottom, “ Cap-Veneris’’ should be joined by

a hyphen, not by a dash.

On p. 242, in 11th line from top, “ these ferns” should be “this fern,”

On p. 245, 13th line from top, insert a comma after S. and W.

On p, 248, in 23rd line from top, “ Bourbons ” should be “ Bourbon.”

On p. 248, in the next line, “ceriaceous” should be “ coriacrous.”

Kew, 20th September, 1900, Cc. W, HOPE,

ee ee a

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

NOTICE TO MEMBERS.

Ow1ne to the popularity of the subject, the Committee have resolved

to publish further illustrations of the Indian Ducks in connection with

the paper by Mr. E.C. Stuart Baker on “ Indian Ducks and their

Allies ” which was concluded in No. 2, Vol. XIII, of the Journal.

The following have been put in hand :—

Plate No. X1—The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus).

9 95. AXLI—The Pintail (Dajila acuta).

» » ALII—The Garganey or Blue-wing Teal (Querquedula

circle)»

» » AXLV—The Pochard or Dun-Bird (Myroca ferina).

and they will appear in subsequent numbers of the Journal. The drake

and duck will both be figured in these plates.

The coloured drawings have been done by Mr. G.E. Lodge from

Indian specimens in the Hume collection at the British Museum,

South Kensington. Mr. Ogilvie Grant, of the British Museum, and

Mr. H. Comber, the Secretary of our ‘ Bird and Mammal’ section,

have kindly supervised the sketches,

The expense of the coloured illustrations is so heavy that the Com-

mittee hope that members wiil try and induce their friends to join

the Society, and so enable them to continue publishing these plates

which are so greatly appreciated.

W. 8. MILLARD,

Honorary Secretary.

SEPTEMBER, 1900.

ee oe

JOURNAL

OF THE

toe Goi AA. YW:

dlatural History Soviety.

Vol. XIll. BOMBAY. No. Ill.

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR.

By KE. C. Stuart Baker, F.2.S., M.B.0.U.

Wirs Prats H.

(Continued from page 510 of Volume XII.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 9th Oct., 1900.)

When the first of these articles was commenced I intended merely to

compile a catalogue of those birds which inhabited only the hill

portion of the district of Cachar known as the North Cachar Hills,

but, as time has gone on, and one number after another was written

and printed, I found that, with the exception of the aquatic birds and the

Raptores, there were but few birds found in the plains portion that

were not also found in the hills. I have, therefore, incorporatedin my

articles all and every bird found in the district, whether found in N.

Cachar or not, and the title of my articles should therefore stand as

the “ Birds of Cachar,”’ not of N. Cachar only.

Again, it was not my intention originally to have dealt with the

larger birds, such as Raptores, Waders, &c., but working on and on

these too have been taken in with the rest, and I hope that now the

catalogue will prove an almost exhaustive list of what is to be obtained

in Cachar.

The work has occupied avery large portion of my spare time

(furlough and other leave) during the last thirteen years, and it will, at

least, serve to show how much there yet remains to be done in field

ornithology, even in country worked by such men as Hume, Godwin

Austen and others. The final result of my work has been the addition

of the following new species, Hlachura haplonota, Corythocichia

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11-

squamata, Cyanops rubescens, and C. robustirostris, and a knowledge of

the nidification of nearly a hundred species about which nothing was

previously on record.

In this final number I have added a few birds not previously record-

ed, and a few more notes on nidification and other matters which I

have obtained since my first articles were written.

The total number of species now enumerated is 695—a very large

advance on the species formerly recorded. ‘The area of the whole

district of Cachar is 4,200 square miles, and when one compares it with

other areas of the same size, or vastly greater, the large number

obtained in it is truly astonishing.

In my first introduction I gave a rough description of the country in

N. Cachar. In the plains portion the major part is flat ground about

70' to 100! above sea level, much of it under water during the rains, and

containing at all times huge sheets of water and lakes which afford

quarters for many birds which could obtain no suitable country in N.

Cachar. Here and there grass lands, sometimes very extensive, form

breeding haunts for certain owls, quail, warblers, etc., found in the hills

only as rare stragglers.

Where the hills and plains meet the ground is generally very

much broken up, and consists, first, of rolling “ tilas,” or small rounded

hills, running up to a hundred feet or so, and then of more rugged hills,

which may reach three or even five hundred feet above sea level.

After these the hill ranges are generally decidedly abrupt in the way

they abut on the lower hills, and the first main range consists of a

series of peaks from 3,000 to 5,000 feet.

(14) PARADOXORNIS GUTTATICOLLIS.—Austen’s Crow-Tit.

On the 21st of April, 1895, I was fortunate enough to obtain a nest

with two eggs of this bird, trapping a female on the nest. This was

the same kind of structure as that of P. favirostris, viz.,a deep cup

_ composed of shreds of bark from a yellow grass, equally yellow shreds

of bamboo leaves, all extremely neatly and compactly bound together,

and lined with very fine dark coloured grasses. The nest only differed,

as far as I could see, from those of others of the genus in not being

quite so tidy.

The dimensions were, externally 3°60" in diameter by 3°40" deep,

and internally 2°2"% 1:9".

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR, 401

The eggs, which were two in number and very hard set, were of a

dead glossless white sparsely speckled with tiny spots of light brown

and pale neutral tint. The shell was extremely fragile.

The nest was placed on the side of a grass-covered hill in an

upright three-pronged fork of a stout weed.

(10) SvurHoRA ATRISUPERCILIARIS.—The Black-browed OCrow-Tit.

A nest was found of this little Crow-Tit on the 7th July, 1893, at Guil-

ang. It wasa typical Crow-Tit’s nest, but the one egg it contained

was of an uniform hedge-sparrow’s egg blue. It measured °77"> -6",

(33) TRrocHaLopreRuM squamatumM.—The Blue-winged Laughing-

Thrush,

I find that what I originally said about there being no_ birds here of

the T. melanurum type was wrong. Since then I have obtained numer-

ous examples, and on three occasions pairs, in each of these cases the

males having black tails and the females bronze. This showed me

that the birds were one and the same, but as, including these three,

IT now had five males with black tails against three with bronze, I

began to think that the difference was sexual and the bronze tails in

the males merely a sign of immaturity. Now, however, I have a

female with a black tail, so that the difference can hardly be

sexual, and, as all my other breeding females have bronze tails,

it cannot well be that the black tail is assumed by mature birds

only.

44 (1) PomatorHinus Rusiconiis—The Rufous-necked Scimitar

Babbler.

Hume, No. 400 ; Blanford, No. 125,

This Scimitar Babbler is scattered almost throughout the whole of N.

Cachar, but is not common anywhere, and in most parts is very rare.

In the Khasia Hills it is common, as it is in parts of the Naga Hills, and

where N. Cachar adjoins these districts a good many birds may be

met with in some years. I have obtained it at about 2,000 feet eleva-

tion, and again at nearly 6,000.

44(2) PomatToRHINUS STENORHYNcHUS.—The Rusty-cheeked

Scimitar Babbler.

Hume, No. 405 ; Blanford, No. 128.

Amongst a collection of birds I took home for the Hon’ble W. Roths-

child and which I handed over to Mr. Hartert, were a large number

402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

of P. phayrii, and amongst these was placed by mistake a specimen

of this bird. Mr. Hartert pointed this out to me, and on my return to

India I at last succeeded in getting one more specimen, a female, which

I shot off its nest, but which was so greatly knocked about as to render

preservation impossible. The nest was exactly like that of any

other Scimitar Babbler, and the eggs might have been mistaken for

those of P. phayrit.

(3) PoMATORHINUS AUSTENI, = Neen s Scimitar Babbler.

Blanford, No. 127.

On the 25th of June, 1899, I found a Scimitar Babbler’s nest contain-

ing five fresh eggs. I at once set nooses about it, or rather had them

set for me by a Naga, and awaited events. Before anything was

caught, however, the heavy, persistent rain drove us away, and when he

returned the next morning all the Naga found was the remnants

of a female, the ants having eaten nearly all the under parts

from vent to throat. Fortunately tufts of feathers here and there

remained to show me, beyond all doubt, to what species the

Babbler belonged, and I had the pleasure of iin my first -

P. ausient.

The nest, which was found on the extreme summit of Hungrum

Peak, over 6,000 feet high, was placed on the ground at the foot of a

bush growing in mixed tree and scrub jungle.

It was principally composed of very coarse grass-stems, roots and

bents, lined with finer and darker-coloured materials of the same kind,

and massed all about outside with dead bamboo leaves, broad grass blades,

and a few dead leaves of other kinds. The materials were not badly

put together, the nest, in fact, being rather stouter than most Scimitar

Babblers are; but there was absolutely no finish to the nest, all the

ends of the material, both lining and outer part, sticking straight into

the air. In shape it wasa very deep cup, measuring—not including

the more stragoling pieces—about 82" deep by about 6" wide near

the base, whence it gradually, but very slightly, narrowed towards

the top. Internally the cup was about 7” deep and about 4” in

diameter.

The eggs are like all other Scimitar Babbler’s eggs, white and very

smooth, though not very glossy ; rather broad ovals with the smaller

ends obtuse, though distinctly compressed.

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR. ita 403°

(47) Pomatorninus HypoLeucus.—The Arrakan Scimitar Babbler.

One of these birds,a female, with its nest was brought to me at

Guilang, close on 4,000 feet high, so that this Babbler sometimes, at

all events, ascends to a good height. |

(50) GAMSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS. .

I have now taken the eggs of this Babbler and they shew that Oates

was right in the place he selected for it; the eggs are very distinctly

Timeliine in character andare nearer to those of the Pellorneum man-

delli type than of any other Babbler, except perhaps Drymocataphus

which they closely resemble in colour.

In colour they area pale greyish-green, profusely marked with

reddish-brown all over their surface.

They were extremely hard set, and in consequence very fragile.

CORYTHOCICHLA SQUAMATA.—Spec. nov.—The Squamated Babbler.

Description.—Above rich brown, more rufescent on upper tail coverts,

the feathers of head, back and scapulars edged with dark brown or

black, the centres paler and inclined to greyish, and the shafts paler

still; lores grey ; ear coverts brown with grey centres ; supercileum and

patch under ear coverts rich rufous, the feathers of the latter with black

specks on the tzps ; chin and throat pure white, with black specks forming

three distinct lines from the chin to the breast as in Accipiter virgatus ;

breast brown with pale centres and suffused with rufous; flanks the

same with the centres forming more distinct strize ; centre of abdomen

almost white with faint rufous edges, under tail coverts the same but

darker. Wing brown, the outer webs of the quills suftused with dark.

rufous, the greater and median coverts and secondaries with distinet

white tips.

Upper mandible dark plumbeovs, tip and lower mandible paler, tip

of lower mandible almost white ; irides red ; legs pale fleshy-brown, the

front of the tarsus a little darker, and the claws still paler.

Length rather less than 4"; wing 2"; tuil 75”; tarsus: 75"; bill at front

52" and from gape 65", |

The tail was measured from a single central tail feather, the others

appeared to have been just moulted. )

- The bird was caught on its nest on the Hangmai Peak at an altitude

of some 6,000 feet. i

404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Nest and eggs exactly resembled those of C. striata, but the latter

were smaller.

This new form of Corythocichla is most nearly allied to C. brevicau-

data, but differs from that bird in being very much smaller, It is also

much lighter on the lower plumage and has a bright rufous supecilium,

not an ashy one,-and has a distinct rufous patch under the ear coverts.

The chin and throat also are pure white, not ashy white.

The bird was discovered on the 26th May, 1898.

72 (5) Rimator maLacopritus.—The Long-billed Babbler.

Hume, No. 335 ; Blanford, No. 185.

Much to my pleasure and also to my surprise I came across this rare

Babbler in June this year, 1899. .

In the dusk of the evening a Naga brought in a small bird, together

with a nest and eggs, which taking from him and just glancing at, I

thought were the nest and eggs together with a specimen of Corytho-

cichla striata. In the light inside the house, however, I soon found I had

something else than a Corythocichla, the long bill at once attracting

my attention, and it proved to be a fine female of the above

species.

The colours of the soft parts I noted as follows, and it will be seen

they do not agree with Jerdon as quoted by Blanford. |

Iris light red-brown ; upper mandible very dark horny, blackish at

the base, paler towards the tip ; gape and edge of lower mandible blackish-

horny, remainder pale plumbeous ; legs pale livid fleshy with no tinge

of red, but the tarsi tinted brown; the soles, claws and joints very

pale.

The lax plumage and general colouring of the bird is wonderfully

like that of Corythocichla striata, and the nest and eggs help to carry out

the general likeness.

The nest is an ill-formed globe of dead leaves, grasses, a few old

fern fronds and bents very loosely interwoven, and lined with more

dead leaves, the colour of all of the materials being of a dark or blackish-

brown. In height the nest was about 84”,-and at its widest part, close

to the base, about 6" across. The entrance, high up near the top, was

about 2" in diameter.

The eggs were four in number and very hard set, but just blowable.

The ground-colour is a very faint pinky-white, the pink being of a

ee Foe :

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR. 405

sienna-pink tinge. The markings, rather profuse at the larger end,

though sparse elsewhere, consist of small dots and blotches of reddish-

brown, mostly surrounded by a pale washed-out shade of the same,

looking as if the colour had run. Here and there also a few scriggly

and entangled lines of very deep red-brown, The markings form

ill-defined caps, or rings, at the larger ends.

In shape the eggs are a very regular oval, neither particularly long

nor broad in proportion to their size. The surface is not very smooth,

but has a very faint gloss, and the texture is fine and close, and the

shell exceptionally stout.

The nest was placed on the ground in amongst the dead leaves and

other rubbish at the foot of a large tree standing in forest composed

principally of small ones and having a dense undergowth of Bigonias,

bracken, and miscellaneous green bushes. It was taken on the 24th

June on a peak near Hungrum at about 6,000 feet elevation.

The bird has a sweet chirping whistle, which it uttered repeatedly

as it lay in my hand.

(To be continued.)

. 406

_A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEZROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dupexon, F.u.s.

Witu Notss sy H. J. ELwes, §.2.8., F.E.S., &C.,

, AND .

Appitions By Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., B-A., F.E.S., &C.

Part IX.

( Continued from page 268 of this Volume. )

Family LASIOCAMPIDA,.

Genus Burma, Moore.

| 900. B. undulosa, W1k.

_ Sikhim, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. I took a mass of cocoons of this

species at Tukvar and obtained several males from them. I subsequent-

ly took one female and another male ; the latter attracted to light at

Punkabaree. It is not 2 common species ; the larvee, however, feed gre-

gariously, and the cocoons are formed of a light network in masses of

ten or twelve together. The moth emerges in September and

October.

Genus TARAGAMA, Moore.

$01. T. dorsalis, Wk.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one male of this species at Punkabaree

in August. Ihave not seen another. (I have never got it in Sikhim,

and look on it rather as a plains species in Bengal, though in the North-

West it goes into the hills.—Z. J. £.)

Genus Suana, W1k.

903. SS. concolor, Wlk. —

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. Occurs rather commonly at

2,000—3,000 feet ; the males are often attracted to light. They vary

considerably in markings, some having a pale brown subbasal spot

on the forewing, others a white spot at the end of the cell on the

same wing. I have taken it in April.

Genus Lzszpa, WIk.

904, L,. nobilis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. Occurs in October and Novem-

ber. I have taken it in the Kangra Valley, Punjab, in September.

Bhutan specimens are rather darker than Sikhim and Kangra Valley

ones.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BAUTAN, 407

Genus Meranasrria, Hiibn.

905. M. aconyta, Cram.

Sikhim, Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have seen a specimen from the

locality. Specimens inthe British Museum are marked N. Bengal.

906. MW. nanda, Moore.

Sikhim. Ihave two specimens which I think were taken at Badam-

tam in September. |

907. M. latipennis, Wlk.

Sikhim, 1,830 feet. Ihave taken this at light at Punkabaree in

March and May. It is marked similarly to some forms of df. ampla,

WI1k., but the lines on the forewing are more equi-distant.

908. MM. fulgens, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took two specimens of this on

Rissoom in April and September. Both are males. I have not seen

afemale. (I took it rarely at Darjeeling in July —ZH. J. E.)

909. M. lidderdalu, Butl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet up. I have two males and one female

taken in September and October. (According to Knyvett, one of these

two, Nos. 909 or 910, feeds on hemp, but I am not sure which, and I

am strongly inclined to think they are the same species.—H7. J. £.)

910. MM. ampla, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. The larva, which is

covered with red hairs, makes an elongate cocoon studded with them

among the leaves of Artemisza sp. on which it feeds at 5,000 feet at

Tukvar. The perfect insects appear in September, October and

November. I have specimens from the Kangra Valley, Punjab, which

I took in August and September.

912. M. hyrtaca, Cram.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I have one male of this species taken in

September. (Bred at Kalimpong, 4,500 feet, from larve which were

gregarious on the Schima wallichit [fide Knyvett|-—H. J. EF.)

913. MM. repanda, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have four males of a species which may be

this. The forewing is narrower than that of M. hyrtaca, Cram., two

pale waved antemedial parallel lines, the exterior greyish-blue, the

interspace between them filled in with slate colour as far as vein 2;a

large medial sub-quadrate chocolate patch from the costa to just below

408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

vein 2, the veins crossing it slightly marked with slatey, bounded

outwardly by a greyish-blue postmedial line converging slightly to the

inner margin with another pale brown line running parallel to it, the

interspace filled with slate colour from the costa to vein 2; a

lunulate submarginal dark line. Hindwing dark brown, reddish at

the base. ‘This is very unlike my specimen of WM. hyrtaca.

914. M. recta, W1k.

Sikhim. I have two females of 2 species which corresponds with

Butler’s igure of M. repanda 9, but are paler. Both have vein §

stalked with 6 and 7 in the forewing. These are probably females of

the insect I have described above under M. repanda, W1k.

915. M. obliquifascia, Swinh.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. (It was really described by Sir G.

Hampson from my collection, and the type named by himis from

Méller’s collectors, without date or locality —H. J. £.)

949, MM, lineata, Moore.

Sikhim, 6,800 feet. Apparently a rare species. Occursin June.

Genus Ar@upa, Moore.

916. A. flavovitiata, Moore.

Bhutan (Hampson). 1 have not procured a specimen. Mr, Elwes

remarks that it is a distinct species ; his specimen was taken in Bhutan

in September, 1888.

917. A. bheroba, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. I have four typical males with the post-

medial lines on the forewing nearly straight and erect, and one -male

with the line much waved ana followed by a regular waved sub-

marginal line. I have taken it in June and September.

919. <A. vinata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs in July. (I took a single female at

light at Darjeeling on July 20th.—H. J. £.)

921. <A. decurtata, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one male at Punkabaree in February

at light. The two forewings have the lines dissimilar in my specimen.

Genus SyrRastRENA, Moore,

923. S. minor, Moore. :

Sikhim. Ihave not taken this. (I have two males from Modller’s

collection taken at low elevations—H. J, E.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 409

Genus Busrerra, Moore.

924. B. cinnamomea, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 to 8,000 feet. A common species, occur-

ring in May and June in Darjeeling. (The female of this species is un-

known to me, though the males come freely to light at Darjeeling.—

HH, J. E.)

Genus Atompra, Moore.

929. A. ferruginea, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. One male and one female.

The latter sex has the head, thorax, abdomen and hindwing bright

ferruginous-red ; the forewing fuscous, with a large bright ferruginous

patch at the base crossed by a row of six or seven black dots, a simi-

larly coloured patch at the end of the cell, a darker red patch in the

cell, and streaks between the nervures as far as a waved red postmedial

line, beyond which the veins themselves are red. It seems a rare

species, occurring in September. (I have never seen this, which

must be a very rare or local species—. J. E.)

Genus Kosata, Moore.

930. K, sanguinea, Moore.

Sikhim. I have notseen this. (The only one I have isa female

from the Atkinson collection labelled Darjeeling. The male, which

I have oon the Khasias, is very unlike it—H. J. E.)

933. K,. flavosignata, Moore.

Sikhim. (A. single ae taken by Knyvett on 25th June, 1889,

without indication of locality, is the only one I have-—H. J. £.)

Genus Tricutura, Steph.

934. T. khasiana, Moore.

Sikhim. Ihave never procured a specimen. (This was not rare

in 1886 at Darjeeling at hght in July and August; there were also

plenty in Moller’s collection, but I have never seen a female, which is,

I think, undeseribed.— HZ. J. £.)

Genus CRINocRASPEDA, Hmpsn.

935. C. torrida, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have a specimen from the latter locality

taken in September. (The only one I have from Sikhim, a male, is

smaller and probably distinct from that found in the Khasias and

Manipur, but is not fresh or perfect enough for description.—A. J. £.)

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIf1I

Genus Trapana, Wlk.

936. T. vishnu, Lef.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 6,000 feet. ‘This species occurs at the

higher elevation in the larva state feeding on Polygonum orientale,

and all the females I have reared from these high-elevation larve

have been pale green with a sub-basal purplish blotch. I have re-

peatedly taken males and females at low elevations nm copula, but here

the female is invariably bright chrome-yellow with a reddish sub-

basal patch, and with greenish antemedial and medial lines on the

forewing. The males of both forms are pale green, the margins of

both wings of the lower elevation form being more crenulate, and with

the cilia purplish-brown. It occurs in February, May, July and

August. A female, recently taken in the Kangra Valley, Punjab, at

4,500 feet, is of the bright yellow form.

Genus Hsticens, Moore.

941. £. pardalis, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet up. Common in May, July and

September.

Genus OpoNnESTIS, Germar.

942. O. leta, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. The larva feeds on grasses and forms

an oval cocoon. The perfect insect emerges in August. Itis not

common. (I have only once taken this at light on Tongloo at 10,000

feet, so it must have a very wide range of elevation. [ have a distinct

species which agrees with the type (?) of O. decisa, W1k., in B, M.

It has a grey patch in centre of forewing above, and no oblique band

on forewing.—H. J. E.)

943. O. divisa, Moore.

Sikhim. (Both sexes were in Moller’s collection, but I have never

taken it myself. Sir G. Hampson’s remark as to a Sikhim specimen

differing in having the inner area of the forewing suffused with yellow

only applies to one of my two males.—H. J, Z.)

944. 0. castanea, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I do not know this species. (1 also have never seen it.—

Ai, Js)

(S$ @, Darjeeling, in B. M—G. F, H.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 4il

945. O. signata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000 feet. This occurs rarely in May. (I

found it in Mr. Gammie’s collection which was mostly made at

Mongpoo.—H, J. LE.)

945a, O. lidderdalit, Druce.

A. M.N.H. (7), 3, p. 471 (1899).

Sikhim (Hampson).

947. O. pyriform’s, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I have taken this at light in August. (Not

rare on Tongloo at 10,000 feet in July. I have never seen thefemale,

however.—H. J. E.)

948. O. plagifera, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. A rather common species,

occurring in May, July and October.

Genus GasrrRopacHa, Ochs.

951. G. stnuata, Moore.

Sikhim, Ihave not seen a specimen.

952. G. divaricata, Moore.

Sikhim. Not procured by me. (A male taken by Knyvett on

1st April, 1890, which Sir G. Hampson has put with my female, from

Moller’s collection, is very unlike it in size, shape and colour, and I think

must belong to another species, but there is still much to be done in

this family of moths, of which the existing descriptions and figures are

very incomplete.—H. J. H.)

Gents STENOPHYLLOIDES, Hmpsn.

953. SS. stkhima, Moore.

Sikhim. (1 have never seen this rare species—H. J. E.)

(2 8,2 9%, Darjeeling, in B. M.—G. PF. #2.)

Family PTEROTHYSANIDA.

Genus Prmroruysanus, WIk.

954, P. latécilia, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 2,000 feet. A very common insect in

the lower valleys, occurring in May and June. The females are with-

out the long fringe of hairs to the hindwing, but have both wings

sprinkled with isolated long white hairs similar to the male ; the hind-

wing of the female is much rounder and broader, and the black mark-

ings on both wings are more pronounced, leaving generally only a few

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1I1.

white spots. It flies by day in thick jungle, and numbers may be seen

at the proper season flitting in and out of paar on the banks of the

Ché Chhu and other Daling streams.

Family LYMANTRIDA,

Genus Oreyra, Ochs.

960. O. postica, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. I have taken the male

commonly at low elevations in February, June, July and September.

The larva feeds, among other plants, on rose trees.

960a. O. nucula, Swinh.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. 1 took one male of this at Punkabaree in -

November. Itis probably a rare species, as I have not seen another,

Genus Aroa, WIk.

971. A. pyrrhochroma, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I have three males taken in

August. The width of the border of the hindwing is variable. (I

have taken this at 3,000 feet below Mongpoo in May.—Z. J. FE.)

973. A. atrella, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 3,000 feet. Occurs rarely in July and

August, —

, Genus Lax, Steph.

982. L. exclamationis, Koll.

Sikhim. I have not seen this from this locality. It is a common |

species in the Kangra Valley, Punjab. (Ihave it from Méller’s -and

Gammie’s collections.—H. J. E.)

984. L, litura, Wik.

Sikhim (Hampson) ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have a male of a.species

which has a narrower forewing than L. exclamationis, Koll. The palpi,

head and thorax are fiery orange, the legs pale yellow ; the forewing

is dark brown and the hindwing black, both unmarked. It may be a

new species. I took itin September. It resembles Hampson’s figure

of Creatonotus ( Phragmatobia ) fumipennis, Hmpsn., even in the ‘shape

of the wings, but vein 8 of the hindwing does not rise out of 7 but is .

conver ged towards it before the middle of the cell.

985. L. venosa, Moore. —

ahi: I have not seen this. (Neither have I from: Sikbim.— .

Ht Ea a

ean ——

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 413

(Khdsis, Andamans, Singapore, in B. M. I believe many species re-

corded from Sikhim in Lep. Atk. really came from the Khdsis.—- @./’..)

986. L. atestacea, Hmpsn. i

Sikhim. I have two females, one named Procodeca testacea, Moore,

by Mr. Moore and another(?) Lelia testacea, 2,‘ very large,’ by

Sir George Hampson. The former measures 48 millimetres, and the latter

70 millimetres. I took them in May, 1889, and June, 1890, respectively.

(This I feel sure refers to L. testacea, WIk.—G. F. A.)

Genus Panrana, Wlk.

988. P. becolor, WIk.

_Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 feet. Occurs in April, June, July and

August, and flies during the day. Females are scarce. Numbers of

males may be seen in June at Tukvar.

i 991. P. interjecta, Swinh.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs rather rarely in May.

992. P. albsfascia, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Commoner than the last, occurring in Febru-

ary, May, June and September. Intermediate forms between true

P, albifascza and var. subfascza are found. ;

Genus Turactpas, WIk.

, 993. T. postica, WIk.

Throughout India (Hampson). I have never seen a Sikhim

specimen. Itis common inthe Kangra Valley, Punjab. (A single speci- ;

men from Knyvett is in my collection, which must have been taken in

Sikhim or the Duars.—H. J. E.) ag!

Genus Crruna, WIk.

995. C. locuples, W1k.

Sikhim. I took one male in September, 1888, at Tukvar, but have

never received another.

; 996. C. cervina, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 5,000 feet. I have taken this in

April, May and June. It is not common. | ‘

Genus Matacurris, Hmpsn.

_ 996a. MW. melanochlora, Hmpsn. (Pate I, 10, Gy Pie) :

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. I obtained three males of

this specis at Fagoo at light in March and May, 1895, and one female

in September at Punkabaree, also at light, The latter sex differs in

414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

having the wings broader and rounder, the pectinations of the antennz

smaller, the forewing with a prominent waved white line from the

apex to the posterior angle and beyond the postmedial line. The hind-

wing bears traces of a pale submarginal band nearer the anal angle.

The type male is in the British Museum and the female in my own

collection.

Genus Dasycutra, Steph.

997. D. complicata, W1k.

Sikhim, 6,000 to 8,000 feet. This occurs in Darjeeling, but females

are considerably more scarce than males. I have taken it at light.

(Common on Tongloo at 10,000 feet in July.—H. J. E.)

998. D. lineata, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Common in May, June and July

at Fagoo, The male differs only in being smaller, and having

the postmedial, and sometimes the submarginal waved lines more

distinct,

999. D. horsfieldi, Saund.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 7,000 feet. The larva, a bright yellow

insect with a dorsal black band between the 4th and 5th somites, and

with five tufts of yellow hair on the 4th to 7th and 11th, somites, is

often seen on tea bushes, the leaves of which it eats. The moth

appears in March. (I have a Q from Miller taken in February.

—H. J. E.)

1001. D. albescens, Moore.

Sikhim. I do not recognise this species. (I found it at light at

Darjeeling in July and August.—H. J. E.)

1002. D. cinctata, Moore.

Sikhim. (Also taken at Darjeeling at light, and well distinguished

from the last by its larger size and black-ringed abdomen.—Z. J. £.)

1003. D. strigata, Moore.

Sikhim. (I have only two from Moller’s collection —H. J. E.)

1004. D. varia, W1k.

Sikhim, 6,000 feet. The larva feeds on Leucosceptrum canum, and

is pale green covered with green hairs. I have only once reared a

female insect from it, which emerged in February.

1006. D. brunnescens, Moore.

Sikhim. I do not know this species,

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 415

1008. DD. virescens, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,900 feet. I believe this is common about Darjeoling,

though I haveonly one specimen in my collection. (I never took

it at Darjeeling ; my specimens from Moller are dated March, in which

month I never collected there —H. J. £.)

1009. D. flavimacula, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000 to 8,000 feet. I took three males at

light at Rissoom on the 30th April, 1894, another in Darjeeling in

August, 1898, and have one female from somewhere below Lingitu.

1011. D. bhana, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet to 7,000 feet. I have taken this

in May, July, August, September, October and November. It isa

common species. The larva is dark brown covered with black hairs,

and feeds on several herbaceous plants. I have taken a male in the

Kangra Valley, Punjab, in June. (Very abundant at light at Darjee-

ling.—H. J. E.)

1013. D. mendosa, Hibn.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. I have four well-marked forms of the

male : var. fusiformis, W1k., with a pale round patch beyond the sub-

basal line ; var. basalis, W1k., with a dark brown or black patch in the

same place ; var. divisa, W1k., with the whole costal half of the forewing,

except a small patch on the costa near the apex, white ; and another

variety having these white markings replaced by red-brown ones.

They occur in June, July, August and October. My females bear the

dates of January, February and October.

1014. D. inclusa, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. D. dalbergzc, Moore, seems

to me to be distinct from D. znclusa, W1k., as also does an insect in my

collection marked D. znclusa, W1k., var. asrata, by Sir George Hampson.

I have specimens taken in March, June, July and August.

10146. D. angulata, Hmpsn. ( Puate I, ria. 13.)

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000 feet. A rare species, of which I only

obtained one other beside the type, which is in the British Museum.

The specimen in my collection was taken in August.

D. sp. near inclusa.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took six males of a species named thus by

Sir George Hampson. The forewing is brown, with a paler subbasal

416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

spot bounded by a black line, and followed by a slightly metallic green

or blue suffusion nearly as far as the waved postmedial line, which i

inwardly oblique, the inner and outer margins of the wing are in an

almost continuous curve. My specimens were all taken at Punka-

baree in June, July, August and December.

(1 @ doubtfully distinct from D. melusa in B. M—G. F. 4.)

1550b. D. nigra, Hmpsn. ( Puate II, ria. 19. )

Sikhim and Bhutan. Described as Selea nigra under the Subfamily

Noline. Occurs in June, July and August at Punkabaree.

Genus Marpara, Wk.

1016. MM. plagidotata, W1k.

Sikhim. Ihave never taken this species. (Though I have never

taken this myself, I have it from Méller’s collection dated 19th

May, 1888, and from Knyvett. In the Naga Hills it occurs at about

6,000 feet.—H.. J. £.)

1017. JM. zrrorata, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. A rare species, occurring in September.

Euproctis flavimacula, Hmpsn., is a synonym of this.

1018. MM. caligramma, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Frésh specimens have

‘the markings on the forewing pale green. The female is similar to

the male. Occurs in April, May and September.

1018. M. ruficeps, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took one female at light, and have not seen

another. This specimen is the type in the British Museum.

Genus Numenrs, WIK.

1020. WV. siletti, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 7,000 feet. I have seen miales only at

the higher elevation. The female is much more often taken, and is

quite common at from 1,800 feet to 2,500 feet in June and July, I

have males from Bhutan taken in the same months. (The differences

in size, shape, pattern and colour between the sexes in this and the next

spedies ate extiaordinary.—H. J. LE.)

1021. NV. patrana, Moore,

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 7,000 feet. Rarer than the last. I have a

male taken in Darjeeling station, and a male-and female taken at 2,500

feet.ia Bhutan, (I should have said much commoner than the last, of

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 417

which neither Moller nor I have ever taken the male, and the female

very rarely.—-H, J. E.)

Genus Pipa, WIk.

1022. P. apicalis, W1k.

Sikhim. I have only one taken in June. (I have never seen the

female, which seems to be undescribed.---H, J. £.)

1023. P. strigipennis, Moore.

Sikhim, 3,000 feet. I have a pair, the female of which I took

at Badamtam in February, 1890. The male has the whole inner

half of the hindwing thickly striated with fuscous. (My only pair were

taken in March,—H. J. E£.)

P. decolorats, W1k., Char. Undes. Het., 1869, p. 96. (L havea 9

of this from Moller’s collection taken in June which agrees witha

pair of Cyclidia decolorata, W1k., from the Khasias.—H. J. E.)

Genus Dariasa, Moore.

1024. JL. variegata, Moore.

Sikhim, 9,900 feet. I have never taken this myself, but have a’

specimen from Colonel Pilcher dated July, 1895, and marked with the

above elevation. (A single g only from Méiler.—A. J. EL.)

1025. D. irrorata, Moore.

Sikhim. JI have not seen this. (I know it only from the Khasias, and

doubt its being congenerie with the lasti—Z. J. £.)

Genus Heracuta, Moore,

1026, H. discivitta, Moore.

Sikhim (Gnatong), 10,000 feet ; Bhutan. I have six specimens in my

collection which were obtained at high elevations in June and July ;

they are all apparevtly males, but have the antenne minutely ciliated.

The patch at the base of the forewing is umber-brown edged with

white, and there is only an edging of the same colour to the white-

curved postmedial line. (Taken at Darjeeling and Tongloo by me in

July and August, but I do not knowthe 9.—Z. J. E.)

Genus LymantriA, Hiibn.

1030. ZL. rhodina, W\k.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. One male taken in August. I am not sure

whether some of the insects I have included as females of the next

species may not belong to this, or possibly this may be another variety

of the variable Z, obsoleta, Wlk. (I think it most likely that what 1

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII

have as L. rhodina and ZL. obsoleta are the same species, but the genus

is very hard to understand without breeding. —H. J. E.)

1031. JZ. obsoleta, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. My specimens were taken

in March, June and July.

1033. L. concolor, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. I once came upon a quantity

of wings of this insect scattered on a shady road between Labah and

Rissoom. The insects had been captured by bats and brought to one

place to be eaten. I have specimens in my collection taken in May,

June, August and September.

1034, L. semalis, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 5,000 feet. Ihave four males and one

female taken at light in May and July.

1036. ZH. deatrix, Stoll.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet, and Bhutan. Occurs in October and Decem-

ber.

1037, L. grisea, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. (I have two males and a female

from Sikhim which agree with Moore’s plate.—H. J. E.)

1038. L. mathura, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. Common at 1,800 feet from

June to October. The variety aurora, Butl., is also common, but I have

only males of it.

1042. L. lepcha, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have three males only which I took at Punka-

baree in July, August and October. I have never seen the

female.

1043. L. bevittata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (I have two females which

are so named from Moller’s collection, they are very unlike any other

species I know. The male seems undescribed.—H, J. LE.)

1044. ~L. semicincta, W1k.

Sikhim, Ihave only two females, one of which was taken in

August. ( A rare species, of which I only know the male. I do not

believe it is congeneric with Lymaniria, the abdomen being very

different.—H, J. E.)

)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 419

Genus Imaus, Moore,

1045. I. mundus, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 3,000 feet. A common species in the

low valleys of Daling. Occurs in April, May and July.

I. albus, Moore,

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. Not so common as the last. Taken

settled on trunks of trees in June, also at light inthe same month.

Genus Himata, Moore.

1047. A. argentea, W1k.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (1 also have never seen it

from Sikhim.—Z. J. E.)

(Darjeeling, from H. India Museum in B, M.—G. F. 7.)

Genus GazALina, Wlk.

1048. G. apsara, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet up. I have specimens of the form vexosata,

WIk., taken in June. (Common in May and June at light at Darjeeling.

The form G. venosata as figured by Butler seems distinct from the Naga

Hill form, and many specimens have distinct transverse black lines on

the forewing as in G. chrysolopha. I am not sure whether the two

species in Sikhim can be separated, though in the Nagas they are very

different.—H. J. E. )

1049. G. chrysolopha, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 7,000 feet. I took a single pair at

light at Punkabaree in May. It is extremely common in the station

at Darjeeling in August, September and October.

1050. G. transversa, Moore.

Sikhim. A single male taken in May. It seems to be scarce.

(A rare species, of which I have a pair only from Méller.—Z. J. EF.)

Genus Hurroctis, Hibn.

1053. E. negrita, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. (The type is the only one I have

seen, but there were several males in Miller’s collection, some of

which were dated in June.—H. J. E.)

1055. E. divisa, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 6,500 feet. I have taken it in March,

June, September, October and November. (Common at Darjeeling

in June.—Z. J. FE.)

420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XITI,

1056. EH. latifascia, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs at moderate elevations from March to

October. The larva has appeared lately in large numbers on tea in

Darjeeling, completely stripping the old leaves off the bushes in the

spring, feeding chiefly at night and hiding under clods of earth during

the day.

1057. EE. subfasciata, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. Found everywhere from

May to October. I do not think it is separable from some forms

included in the last species, and the two species may eventually be

found to represent one variable one.

1058. #. bimaculata, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to4,000 feet. Rather scarce. Ihave

both varieties, E. bimaculata, W1k., and E. immaculata, Moore. It is

found in May and June.

1061. E. venosa, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have one male taken by me at Punkabaree

in April. It is a well-marked species and easily recognisable,

1062. £. rhoda, Swinh.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. One male taken in March. I have not seen

another. |

1063. <£. inconcisa, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 6,000 feet. May and July. Rather

scarce at the lower elevations.

1066. £. postinetsa, Moore.

Sikhim. Ihave no specimens of this. (A single pair from Méller’s

collection dated 7th November, 1888, are all I have seen.—AH. J. E.)

1070. HH. varians, WIk.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have one male taken in June. It is rather

an insect of the plains I think.

1074, L. arenacea, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Six males of this well-marked

species were taken by me at light at the latter locality in May and

August.

10746. E. flavicosta, Hmpsn. ( Puate II, rie. 18.)

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. 1 have taken only four

specimens at light at Punkabaree and Fagoo in June, August and

HETEROCERA OF SIKHiM AND BHUTAN. 421

December. It is asmall fuscous-brown insect, with the costa and sub-

apical portion of the outer margin yellow.

1075. £, vitellina, Koll.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have specimens taken in

June, August and September. They differ from Punjab specimens

in having the medial band yellow, widened towards the inner margin,

and powdered with dark scales on either side of the submedian nervure

only, with no submarginal black spots.

1076. £. digramma, Guér.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,000 feet. A common species, occurring

in May, July, August and November. There may be one, two or three

subapical black spots on the forewing.

1077. E. guttata, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 to 3,000 feet, Rarer than the last ; taken by me in

March and August only.

1680. E. antiphates, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. 1 took one female at Punkabaree in April, 1898,

and have not seen another.

1083. . plana, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. Not common, Taken at

light in June and July.

1086. ££. madana, Moore.

Sikhim. Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have seen this.

; 1087. £. varia, W1k,

Sikhim, 6,000 feet. I have only one specimen in my collection. I

believe it is not uncommon in the station of Darjeeling.

1089. E. marginata, Moore.

Sikhim, 6,800 feet. Only one male taken in June.

1090. £. albopunctata, Hmpsn.

‘ Sikhim, 3,000 feet. I have two females of a large Huproctis which

I take to be this species. They were taken in June, 1890, and expand

68 millimetres each.

1091. E. albodentata, Moore.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. I took a fine specimen of what I believe to be

this species at Fagoo in August. The forewing is olive-brown with

the veins whitish ; a white antemedial line from the costal to the inner

margin angled inwardly on the subcostal and outwardly on the median

422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII

nervures ; a discocellular white line connected to the antemedial line

by a white line along the median nervure; a curved postmedial

white line, and a complete marginal series of triangular white

marks,

1092. LE. latzvittata, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. A pair taken at light in July, differing from

E. albodentata, Moore, in the marginal series of triangular marks being

incomplete and reduced to two subapical and two posterior white

marks ; a black spot on the discocellulars ; antemedial pale line further

from the base, and angled only once on the median nervure; a dusky

lunule on the discocellulars of the hindwing.

1093. EH. variegata, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have three specimens takenin July, August

and September which correspond with Hampson’s figure, except that

the orange mark is replaced by an indistinct fuscous one.

1094. EF. negripennis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took a single female in April at Punkabaree.

1097. E. bipartita, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not taken this. (A single pair were taken by

Knyvett in March and April—Z. J. E.)

1099. E. wniformis, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have three males and a female taken at light

at Punkabaree in July and September. The hindwing varies in the

width of the yellow band, which sometimes covers the whole outer

area of the wing.

1101. Z£. scintellans, Wk.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500—3,000 feet. Common in Febru-

ary, March, June, July, August, September and November. ‘he

insect is a variable one, both in the form of the outer edge of the brown

portion of the forewing and the colour of the hindwing. The outer

edge of the brown patch is more or less marked with silvery

scales.

1102. . basalts, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this.

1102a. £. bidentata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. Sir George Hampson remarks that

it is quite distinct from others of the genus.

;

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 423

1103. E. bipunctapex, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have six specimens in my

collection taken at light in January, February, May, June, August, and

October. One specimen hasa single black spot at the apex of the

forewing.

Genus PortueEsta, Steph.

1106a. P. stigmatifera, Hmpsn. (PLare 1, ric. 23.)

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Ihave one female in my collection taken at

Fagoo in August.

| 1107. P. aurantiaca, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen this.

Genus Leucoma, Steph.

1110. JZ. comma, Hutton.

Sikhim, 1,80) feet. I took two males at Punkabaree attracted to

light in September and October. The forewings are slightly tinted

with yellowish, and on the underside the hindwings have a small black

mark on the discocellulars.

1111. ZL. submarginata, Wik.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500-—3,000 feet. I have taken this

in August, September, October and November. The pupa is green,

with black patches on each side of the thorax, rather flattened and

curved, suspended in a few light webs.

1113. ZL. divisa, WI1k.

Sikhim; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only taken this in July and

November. At Fagoo in 1894, I reared several males from pupz.

(I have taken this, or a species very close to it, on Tongloo and up to

12,000 feet; but I must confess that I think there are more Species in

the genus than are admitted by Sir G. Hampson.—=Z. J. £3

1114, 2. diaphana, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Occurs rarely in June

and July. Ihave not seen a female. (Males were taken at Darjeeling

in July and August. What f take to be the 9 I only have from the

Naga hills—H. J. E.)

1115. L. thyridophora, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 3,000 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. J have only two females,

which I took at each locality in July. It seems a rare species.

L. diaphana, Moore, although unlike it, may possibly be the male of it,

424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATULAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

(This appears to be a very distinct species, but we only know the 9, and

it must certainly have its male under some other name.— ZH. J. EL.)

1117. L, subvitrea, W1k.

Bhutan, 3,000 feet. Ihave only one female taken in May, My

specimen is an abnormal one in neuration, having a bar between

veins 6 and 7 on the right-hand forewing. The costa is slightly folded

over as in Cavirza costalis, Moore.

Genus Caviria, WIK.

1118. C.cygna, Moore.

Bhutan, 1,000—3,000 feet. Ihave a species which I identify as

C. eygna, Moore. It differs from C. clara, WIk., in having three crenu-

late silvery bands more erect than the two in the latter species. My

specimens, both females, were taken in March and August.

1119. C. clara, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 7,000—8,000 feet. I have seen numerous

wings of this insect, the bodies of which had been eaten by bats at 7,000

feet on the road from Labah to Rissoom. I have taken it in August

and September at Pasheteng.

1120. C. sericea, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet to 10,000 feet. I havea male from Punka-

baree taken in March, and a female from Yatung with no date. These

I take to be opposite sexes of the same species. I have some doubt

about the correctness of the locality of the female. (This and the last

were both common at light at Darjeeling.—Z. J. FE.)

1121. C. ochripes, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Itook afemale in June at Punkabaree, but

have not seen another.

1123. C. costalis, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. One male of this distinct species

taken in June.

Both the genera, Leucoma and Caviria, seem. to me to require more

study ; the form of palpi and neuration are both often irregular.

Genus DrnprorHLers, Hmpsn.

D, semihyalina, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took a single female in August at Fagoo.

Both wings, the thorax and the abdomen are white ; there isa row of

six black spots on the abdomen, and three black spots on the thorax,

€

ares

x ci.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 425

Neuration similar to the male, cell not so long in the hindwing, and

veins 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 on shorter stalks. Two veinlets only between

la and the inner margin. zp. 68 millim. ;

Genus Cispra, W1k.

1125. C. punctefascia, Wk.

Sikhim ; Bhutan, 2,000 feet. A pair taken at the latter locality

in May. (I am not at all confident that this species is distinct from

the next, of which some of my specimems seem intermediate,—

Al. J. E.)

1126. C. venosa, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000—6,0090 feet. Occurs in April and May.

I have taken the pupx, which resemble those of Lymantria, being

formed in a light web cocoon, and having the body rather curved, and

the dorsal part of the thorax and abdomen tufted into short tufts

of hair.

1129. C. flavipes, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, I have not seen a specimen. (Of this curious insect, which

to my mind hardly comes into thesame genus as C. venosa, I have

only a single specimen, which I found in an old collection at Darjeeling.

—H. J, E.)

Family RATARDIDA,

_ Genus Ratarpa, Moore.

1130. &. marmorata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen 2 specimen in any collection, but I once

suw what I believed to be the species flying by day at Potong. It

resembled a species of Chalcostine, and I may have mistaken some

species of the latter subfamily for this. (A very rare and curious

species, of which I have a single female from Moller’s collection.

This has the antennz short and simple, quite unlike those of the ¢ as

ficured by Sir J. Hampson.—Z. J. £.)

( To be continued.)

426

NOTE,

PoUR SERVIER A L’HISTOIRE Des LAMPYRIDES ve lV Inve,

Par ROBERT DU BUYSSON.

(With a Plate.)

Monsieur R.C, Wroughton, du service des Foréts aux Indes Anglaises,

m’a envoyé trois especes de Lampyrides, venant du North Konkan. Mon ami,

M. Ernest Olivier, qui connait spécialement ce groupe de Coléoptéres, a bien

voulu les déterminer,

L’une est la Luctola chinensis, Linné ¢ (Syst. Nat. I, 2, p. 649) que Linné

indique de Chine et que Fabricius et Dejean ont décrite provenant de

PInde {(Fabr., Syst. Ent, II, p. 103, et Dej. Cat. 1 ed., p. 36). Je crois que cette

Luciola habite également le Japon, d’aprés ce qui j’ai lu dans les Catalogues.

Les deux autres Lampyrides envoyés par M. R. ©. Wroughton étaient

encore inconnus, Ce sont des males. M. E. Olivier les a décrits récemment

dans le Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (14 Fevrier 1900,

p. 47 et 48). Voici leur description.

Diaphanes seminudus, Ern, Olivier.—@. “ Elongatus, parallelus ; piceus ;

antennis brevioribus, flavis; prothorace flavo, marginato, antice rotundato,

in medio longitudinaliter vix suleatulo, angulis posticis acutis et profunde

foveolatis ; scutello triangulari, flavo; elytris nigris, costulatis, punctulatis,

sutura tenuissime picea, intus dehiscentibus, brevibus, tertio abdominis seg-

mento haud longioribus ; abdomine piceo, in medio infuscato, ultimis segmentis

cereis, ultimo leviter emarvinato, Long. 10-13 mill. ; lat. 3-4 mill._— Qignota,”

Cette espece est trés remarquable par la conformation de son pronotum et

de ses élytres ; elle represente un type tout particulier.

Diaphanes wroughtoni, Ern, .Olivier.—@. ‘ Oblongo-elongatus, niger ;

antennis pilosis, brunneis, ultimo et duobus articulis primis piceis ; pro-

thorace flavo, basi recte truncato, margine antica erecta, macula basali

quadrata, nigra, et duabus plagis anticis vitreis, in medio longitudinaliter

costato, crebre punctato, angulis posticis fere rectis ; scutello flavo, triangulari;

elytris prothorace latioribus, oblongis, rugosulis, tri-costulatis, fuscis, flavo

tenuiter limbatis; pectore, femoribus, pygidio et tribus ultimis ventris seg-

mentis flavis. Long. 15-16 mill; lat. 5°5—6 mill—Q ignota.”

“ Cette jolie espéce,” ajoute le descripteur, “est voisine du D. plagiator, B.

Oliv. Elles’en distingue nettement par sa forme plus allongée, par le pro-

thorax taché de noir et dont les angles basilaires sont beaucoup moins obtus,

presque droits, par la couleur des élytres, bruns entourés d’une fine bordure

flave, par les cétés des élytres et celle du prothorax plus saillantes,” Je

suis heureux que M.f. Olivier l’ait dédicé 4 M. Wroughton, La Planche

la représente ainsi que le D, seminudus.

I] est & supposer que l’Hindoustan doit posséder bien d’autres nouveautés

dans cette famille qui est une des plus curieuses parmis les Coléoptéres

lumineux, - J’espére que cette simple note invitera les Entomologistes de la

colonie Anglaise & en poursuiyvre l'étude,

UNO Ula ‘sapmimuas sauDyderug ANO ‘Ul uonOnosy sounydorug

‘af 8101 § ASSOLL) ; ‘8204 6 ASSOLD

006 QSUfT ‘7A ADguiog “uinop

a i —— Se _ ~ : ple

427

- THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. MarsHaLt Wooprow, Professor of Botany,

CoLLEGE oF ScrEncr, Poona.

Part VIII.

(Continued from page 526 of Vol, XII.)

CLXIII,—Patme £—(conid.)

33. Borassus.

B. flabellifer, Linn,, ¢.B.1.—VI-482. Tad. ’ Konkan. Planted.

34, Cocos.

C, nucifara, Linn,, F.b.1.—VI-482. Narel. Cocoanut Tree. Konkan Planted.

CLXIV.—PanDANES,

1. Pandanus,

P, furcatus, Hoxbd., ¥.B.1.—VI1-484,

P. fascicularis, Lam., F.8.1.—VI-485. Keura, N. Kanara, Planted widely.

CUYCLANTHACE,

Carludovica. (Tropical America, )

C. palmata, Ruiz. and Pav, Syst, 291. Nich, Dic. Gard. 268, Gardens. Nov.-Feb.

CLXV.—TyYPHACEs,

1. Typha.

T. elephantina, Rovb., ¥.b.1.--VI-489. Mota pan-kanis. Planted, Bombay.

T. angustata, Chaub. and Berry., ¥.B1.—VI-489. Pan-kanis, Poona, Aug.

CLXVI.—AROIDE#,

Cryptocoryne.

C. retrospiralis, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—VI1-493, Penn River. Dalzell. Nov.

C. spiralis, Fisch., ¥.B.1.—V1-494. Deccan. Nov.

C. cognata, Schott., F.B.1.—V 1-494. Konkan. Mr, Law.

C, Roxburghii, Schott., F.B.1.—V 1-494. Poona, Nov,

_C. Dalzellii, Schott., ¥.B.1.—VI-495, This remarkable plant is represented at

Kew by halfa sheet of fruits in various stages, and a drawing ofa

leaf, evidently sessile, having measures about 2% by 1 inch, lanceolate,

with serrulate margin and three nerved. The fruit is ovate, about

3 inch by 4 inchona solitary stalk 2—3 inches in length. The

specimen is marked Dalzeli, Bombay, and the plant probeely grows

in tee bed of a river. ‘

2, Lagenandra, E

L. toxiearia, SEN F,B,1.— VI-495, Vutsunab, Konkan, Belgaum. Dalzell,

ibe (Coessi, N. oe Talbot, March.)

Aaa os

P. Soy Lae F.B,I —VI-49T.: Poona, widely, July-Noy.

eee * 4, ‘apesats BH Ae peihs

A: siithionti ‘Sehott., RB=-VIE502, ee ‘Panchgani. - July,

A, Leschenaultii, Bl., F,.B.1.—VI-504, “oo = > = - Western-Ghats,

428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111.

A, Murrayi, Hook, F,b.1.—V1-508. Shinvaghad, July-Sept.

A, caudatum, Engler., F.B.1.—VI-508, Konkan, Stocks,

5, Sauromatum,

S. guttatum, Schoit,, r,B.1.—VI-508, Nurki. Mawal. April,

7. Typhonium.

T. bulbiferum, Dalz,, ¥,.8.1.—VI-511. S. Konkan, Stocks,

8. Thertphonum.

T. Dalzellii, Schott., F.B.1.—VI-513, Kalyan, Konkan, Karwar. Aug.

9. Amorphophallus.

A, campanulatus, B7., F.B.1.—VI-513. Suran. Cult.

A, bulbifer, Bl., ¥.B.1.—VI-515. Londa. In flower April. (In loaf June-

July.)

A commutatus, Engler, ¥.B.1.—VI-515. Shewla. Sooringudell. Marmagao.

(Shewdi, nr. Bombay, Aug.-Sept.)

10. Synantherias.

S. syloaticus, Schott., ¥.B.1.—VI-518, Marmagoa. May.

13. Ariopsis.

A, peltata, Nimmo., F.B.1.—VI-519. Narel. Sept.

16. Remusatia.

R. vivipara, Schott., F.B.I.— VI-521. Lanoli, July-Aug.

_ 18. Colocasia.

C, Antiquorum, Schott., F.B.1e—VI1-523, Gardens.

19. Alocasia.

A. indica, Schott., ¥.B.1.—VI1-526. Gardens.

_A. macrorrhiza, Schott., F.B.1.—VI-526, Gardens.

A, portia, N.E.B. Gardens.

25. Rhaphidophora.

R. pertusa, Schoit., ¥.B.1.—VI-546. Gardens.

31. Pothos.

P. scandens, Linn., ¥.B.I.—VI-551. Kadgul, N. Kanara, Noy.

32. Acorus.

A. Calamus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VI-555. Vehkand. . Gardens.

CLXVII.—LEemnacez,

1. Lemna.

L. gibba, Linn., ¥.B.1.—V1-556. Nil. Boshri, nr. Poona, Sept.

L. polyrrhiza, Linn., ¥.B.1.—V1-557, Poona, Sept.

; | 2. Wolffa.

W. arrhiza, Wimm., ¥.8.1.—VI-557. Tanks, Konkan. Deccan.

CLXIX.—ALISMACES,

1, Alisma.

There is 2 good specimen. of . A. renforme, Don,, in Dalzell’s Bombay

Herbarium at Kew, without locality. Its occurrence in Western India as an

indigenous plant is questionable.

}

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 429

2. Limmphyton,

L, obtusifolium, Mig., r.B.1—VI-560. Nulkoot. Ankleshwar. Guzerat. Feb.

3. Sagittaria,

S. sagittifolia, Linn., F.B.1.—VI-561. Malwan. Sept,

4, Wisnerias

W. iriandra, Mich., ¥.B.1.—VI-562, Malwan, Dalzell, Aug,

6. Butomopsis.

B, lanceolata, Kunth,, ¥.B.1.—V1-562. Godra, Nov.

CLXITI,—NatlADACcEa,

2, Aponogeton.

A, monostachyon, Linn,, F.B.1.—VI-564, Godra, Samasgi, Dharwar, July-Dec,

3. Potamogeton,

P, indicus, Ruxb., F.B.1.— V1-566, Poona, Dee,

P, perfoliatus, Linn., F.B.1.—VI1-566. Poona, Dec.

P, crispus, Linn., F.B.1.—VI-566, Poona.

P, pectinatus, Linn,, F.B.1.—VI1-566. Poona, Sind, Aug,

4, Ruppia.

R. rostellaata, Koch., F.B.1,—VI-568, Mahim, Dee.

5, Zannichellia,

Z, palustris, Linn., ¥.B.1.—V1-568. Moola River, Poona, March.

6. Naias,

N, minor, All F, Pedem. Poona, March,

CLXXI.—ERIOCAULEZ,

1. Eriocaulon,

_ The following list is compiled from specimens at Kew:—

E, capillus-naiadis, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—V1I-572. Konkan. Oct, Dec,

BE, odloratum, Dalz., F.B.1.—VI-574. Konkan, widely. Kulgi, Supa, Aug.

E. breviscapum, Koern,, ¥.B.1.—VI-575, Anmode,N. Kanara. Talbot, Novy.

E. Wightianum, Mart,, F.B.1.— V1-576, Konkan, Dalzell, Gairsoppa, Talbot, Nov.

E. lanceolatum, Mig., F.B.1.—VI-577. Supa, N, Kanara. Talbot. Novy.

E. Sieboldianum, Sieb. & Zucc., ¥.B.1.— VI-577. Karwar, Talbot, Sept,

H, stellulatum, Koern., F.B.1.—V1-579, Konkan, Stocks.

HK, sexangulare, Z., F.B,1.—VI-580. Konkan & Western Ghats, Sept,

EB. minutum, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—VI-579. Konkan, Mr, Law.

E. Dalzellii, Koern,, ¥.B.1.— VI-580, Konkan, Stocks, Oct, Dec.

E, cuspidatum Daiz., F.p.1—VI-581, Siddapore, Talbot, Nov,

E. luzulifolium, Mart, ¥.B.1.— V1-582, Konkan, Stocks,

E. trilobum, Ham., ¥.B.1.—VI-583. | Konkan, Stocks.

E, xeranthemum, Mart., r,B,1.—VI-584. Karwar, Talbot, Sept,

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11,

CLXXII, Cyprrracez.

I, Kyllingia,

K, triceps, Rotid,, F.B.1.—VI-587, Poona, Sept.

K, monocephala, Rottd., r.B.1.—VI-589,

2. Pycreus.

P, latispicatus, C.B.C., ¥.B.1.—VI-590. Mawal. Poona. Sept.

P. malabaricus, C.B.C., Linn, Soc, Jour, XXXIV-12, Khandala. Lanoli, Sept.

P. sanguinolentus, Nees., F.B.1.—VI-590. Khandala. Sept.

P, nitens, Nees,, F.B.1.—VI-591, Kanara, Lanoli, Mawal, Sept.

P, pumilus, Nees,, F.B.1.—VI-591. Sion. Bombay. Sept,

P. globosus, Retchb., F.B.1.—VI1-591. Poona. Novy. Jan.

P, globosus,.var, Nilagirica, C.B.C.

Pp A » stricta,

P. polystachyus, Beawv., F.B.1.—VI-592. ? Malwan, Surat. Dec.

P, Baocha, Nees., F.B.1.—VI-593,

P, albomarginatus, Nees., F.B.1I.— VI-594. Londa. Sept.

yeh 3. Jduncellus,

J. alopecuroides, C.B.C., F.8.1.—VI-596, Jalodh. §Panch Mahals, Deccan,

Sind, Dec,

J. pygmeus, C.B.C., ¥.B.1.—VI-596, Surat. Poona, Oct,

J. levigatus, C.B.C., F.8.1.—VI-596. Kathiawad. Sind. Bombay. Salt

marshes, Oct,

4, Cyperus.

C. cephalotus, Vahl., F.B.1.—V1-597. :

C. castaneus, Willd., F.B.1.-—V1-589. Bombay. Oct.-Dec.

C. cuspidatus, H. and K., ¥.B.1.—V1-598. Lanoli.

C. difformis, Linn,, F.B.1.—VI-599. Khandala. Chinchwad. Oct.-Jan.

C. haspan, Linn., F.B.1.—VI-600. Rutnagiri. Lanoli. Oct.-Dec.

C. teneriffe, Poiret., ¥.B.1.—VI-601. Poona. Sept.

C. niveus, Reéz., F.B.1.—VI-601. Hyderabad. Sind, Nov.

C. leucocephalus, etz., ¥.B.1.—VI-602. Konkan, Mr. Law.

C. arenarius, Retz., ¥.B.1.-—VI-602. Karwar. Talbot, Karachi. Ahmedabad.

| Domus. Noy.

C. conglomeratus, Retz., ¥.B.1.—VI-602. Sibi. Lace. Ahmedabad, Nov.-Feb .

C. pachyrhizus, Boeca., F.B.1.—V1-603, Porebander. Verawal. Nov,.-Dec.

C. Atkinsoni, C.B.C., ¥.B.1.—VI1-603, Jamader. Kallanda near Karachi,

C. compressus, Linn,, F.B.1.—V1-605. -y Poona, Stocks. Sept.

C. aristatus, Rottd., r.B.1.—VI-606. Poona. Sept.

C. Iria, Linn, F.B.1.—VI1-606. Khandala. Dec.

C. Iria, Linn., var. paniciformis, F.B.1.—V1-606, Khandala, Sept.

C. nutans, Vahl., F.B.1.—V1-607. Khandala. Sept.

C. eleusinoides, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—V 1-608, Mawal, Sept.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 431

C. malaccensis, Lam., F.B.1.— VI1-608. Goa. Sind, Kalyan, Dec.

C. procerus, Rotib., r.B.1.—VI-610. Goa. Dec.

C. bulbosus, VaAl., r.B.1.—VI-612. Hyderabad, Sind. Dec.

C. tegetiformis, Roxb., F.B.1.—VI-612., Kalyan, Sept.

C. corymbosus, fottb., ¥.B.1.—VI1-612, Kalyan. Sept,

C. tegetum, Rozb., r.B.1.— VI-613. Konkan, Mr. Law. Lanoli. Sept,

C. rotundus, Linn., F.B.1.—VI-614, Poona, Lanoli, Bhubak, Sind. Sept,

C. tuberosus, Rottb., F.B.1.—VI1-616, Poona, Thana. Sept

C. esculentus, Linn., F.B.1.— VI-616. Poona. Jacquemont.

C. exultatus, Retz., F.B.1.—VI-617. Kurjat. Lanoli, Sept.

C. digitatus, Roxb., F.B.1.—VI-618, Lanoli. Poona, Sept,

C. Papyrus, Linn,, Sp. Pl. 47, Gard. Chron, 1875, 78, Gardens, Sept,

C. alternifolius, Zinn., Mant. 28. Flor de serre. 1851. 233. Gardens.

5. Mariscus.

M. bulbosus, C.B.C., F.B.1.—VI-619. _Badami. Dharwar. Oct.

M. paniceus, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—V1-620. Konkan. Mr. Law,

M. Sieberianus, Nees,, F.B.1.— VI-622. Western Ghats, Oct,

M. albescens, Gand., ¥.B.1. — VI-624, Mhad, Konkan. Oct,

6. Courtoisia.

C. cyperoides, Nees., F.B.I.— VI-625.

7. Eleocharis.

H. plantaginea, Br., r.p.1, -VI-625. Baroda, Sept.

E. fistulosa, Link., F.B.1.—VI-626.

E. spiralis, Br., F.B.1.—VI-627, Goa. Dec. Salsette. Jacquemont. .

K. atropurpurea, Kunth,, F.B.1.—V1-627. Godhra. Sept.

EH. capitata, Br., ¥.B.1.—VI-627. Poona. Sind. Stocks. Sept.

HK. palustris, Br., F.B.1.—VI1-628 7%. Hyderabad. Sind. Dec.

EK. chetaria, Roem. & Sch., F.B.1.— V1-629. Londa. Dharwar. Dec.

8. Fimbristylis.

F. tetragona, Br, F.B.1.—VI1-631. Hirdosi, Mawal. Oct.

F, polytrichoides, Vahl. , ¥.B.1.—VI-632. Sion, Bombay. Oct.

F. schcenoides, Vahl., ¥.B.1.-—VI-634. Konkan. Sept.

F. dichotoma, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—V1-635. Bodeli, Guzerat. Khandala. Oct,-Apl.

F, diphylla, VaAl., ¥.B.1.—VI1-636. Shelarwadi, Konkan, Aug.

F. estivalis, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—VI-637. Mawal, Matheran, Sept.-Dec,

F, ferruginea, Vahl., ¥.B.1.—VI1-638. Poona. Hyderabad, Sind. Khandala,

Sept.-Oct,

F, spathacea, Roth, I.,F.B.1.—VI-640, Karachi, Dee,

F, monticola, Steud., ¥.B.1.—VI-642. Shelarwadi. Poona. Aug,

F, quinquangularis, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—V1-644. Baroda, Sept,

F. miliaceze, Vahl., F.B.I.—VI1-644. Kalyan, Sept,

F. complanata, Link., ¥.B.1.—VI1-646,

F, Pe var, microcarpa, Hewra, Poona, Dalzell,

F, Woodrowi, C.B. Clark,, Ex, Jour, Linn, Soc, XXXIV. 68, Khandala,

5 Malwan. Oct,

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1II,

F, junciformis, Kunth., F.B.1—V 1-647. Karli, Nov.

F, digitata, Boech., F.B.1.—VI-648. Poona, Marmagoa. Talbot. Lanoli,

Bilckerry, N. Kanara, Oct,

F, monostachya, Hassk., ¥.B.1.—V1-649. Badami, Poona, Jacquemont, July.

9, Bulbostylis.

B. barbata, Dalz., F.B.1.—VI-651, Badami. July,

10, Scirpus,

S. supinus, Law, F.B.1.—VI1-655. Bansda. Kalyan, Sind, Oct.-Feb,

S. articulatus, Linn,, ¥.B.1—VI-656, Konkan. Sind. Oct-Feb-

S. quinquefarius, Boeck., F.B.1.—V1I-657, Bhubak, Sind, Umrat, Guzerat.

Nov.-Dec,

S. corymbosus, Heyne., F.B.1.—VI-657. Goa. Sind. Dec,

S. maritimus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VI1-658, Miraj. Karachi, Bombay. Nov.

S. littoralis, Schrad., ¥.B.1.—VI-659. Sind. Dalzell,

S. grossus, Linn., F.B.1.—VI-659, Kalyan, Sept.

SF swiss var., Kysoor, C.B.C., ¥.8.1.—V1-660, Kachara, Bombay, cult. Sept.

S. kyllingioides, Boech., ¥.B.1.—V1-662. Kanara. Young,

S. Michelianus, Linn., F.B.1.— V 1-662. Palee, Konkan, Sind, Bhubak, Oct,

S. squarzosus, Linn., F.B.1.—VI1-663, Widely. Oct.-Dec,

11. Eriophorum,

E. comosum, Waill., F.8.1.— V1-664. Junir, Champaner, Oct,

12, Fuirena,

F. Wallichiana, Kunth., F.B.1.— VI-665. Poona, Sept.

F, glomerata, Lam., F.B,1.—V1-666. Godhra. Sawantwadi, Nov,

F, uncinata, Kunth., F.B.1.—VI-666, Kanara. Dr. Thomson. Dec.

F, umbellata, Rottb., ¥.B.1.—VI-666,. Londa, Alandi. Nov.

14, Rhynchospora,

R, Wallichiana, Kunth,, ¥.B.1.—VI-668. Kalyan. Aug.

R. Wightiana, C.B.C., F.B.1— VI-669, Poona, Khandala, Aug,

R, aurea, Vahi., F.B.1.—V1-670, Southern Maratha Country. Young.

20, Remirea,

R, maritima, Audl., .B.1.—VI1-677. Seashore, Kanara. Dr. Thomson,

21, Hypolytrim.

H. Wightianum, Boeck., F.B.1.—VI-678,. Bhimlo. Castle Rock, Kaitgul.

N. Kanara. Feb.

26. Scleria,

S. lithosperma, Swartz., F.B.1.—VI-685, Matheran. Dec.

S. biflora, Roxb., F.B.1.—VI-687. Matheran, Dec.

S. tesselata, Willd., ¥.B.1.—V 1-687. Between Poona and Pannaola. (Pan-

wel). Jacquemont,

8. Stocksiana, Boeck., F,B.1.—VI-687. Talegaon. Bombay. Dec.

S. annularis, Kunth,, F.B.1.— V1-687, Konkan. Mr. Law,

S, hebecarpa, Nees., ¥.B,1.— V1-689, N, Kanara. Talbot.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 433

28. Carex,

C. mercarensis, Steud., ¥.B.1.—VI-719, Mahableshwar. Londa. Hulgi. N.

Kanara, Talbot. Oct.

C. speciosa, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—V1-729. Hulgi, N. Kanara. Talbot, Oct.

CLXXIII. GRamIneas.

1, Paspalum.

P, scrobiculatum, Linn,, ¥.6.1—VII. Harika. Cult, widely. Oct,

P, compactum, Roth.,¥.B.1.—VII-12. Kuri. Kanara. Mahableshwar.

Lanoli, Sept.

P. distichum, Linn,, F.B.1.—VII-12. Seashore, Bombay. Malwan. Oct.

P. sanguinale, Zamk., F.B.1.—VII-13. Roega. Dinohi, Sind, Parel. Oct.

P, pennatum, Hook. f., F.B.1.—VII-16. Karachi, Stocks. Morvi. J. Beck, Oct.

P, ternatum, Hook. f., ¥.B.1.—VII-17. Belgaum, Ritchie.

P. longiflorum, Reéz., F.B.1. —VII-17.

P, Royleanum, Nees, F.B.1.—VII-18, Suwasni Ghat. Dec.

P, pedicellare, Trin. ex. Steud., F.B.1.—VII-19. Konkan. Stocks,

2. EHriochloa,

EH. polystachya, H. B. & K., ¥.8.1—VII-20. Mahim, Bombay. Oct,

3. Isachne.

I. Lisbox, Hook. f., Bombay Grasses, Lisboa, 6. Mahableshwar. Oct.

I, elegans, Dailz., F.B.1.—VII-23. Lanoli, Poona. Sept.

I, australis, Br., ¥.B.1.-- VII-24, Mahableshwar. Oct.

I, miliacea, Roth., ¥.B.1.—VII-25, Konkan, Oct.

4, Panicum.

P. Isachne, Roth,, F.B.1.—V 11-28. Poona, Sept. Jan,

P, flavidum, Retz,, ¥.B.1.—VII-28, Khandala, Morvi. Porbunder, Oct,

P, punctatum, Burm., ¥.B.1I—VII-29, Ahmednagar, Poona. Nov.

P. paspaloides, Pers,, F.B.1.—VII-29. Munchar Lake, Sind, Stocks.

P. crusgalli, Linn., #.B.1.—VII-30. Poona. Bombay. Morvi. Oct.

Py Hs var, frumentaceum. :

P. colonum, Linn., ¥.8.1.—VII-32,. Savri. Sind. Pakor, Londa. Morvi.,

Shikarpur. Oct.

. prostratum, Lamé., ¥.8.i.—VII-33, Poot, Sind. Chimanchara, Poona.

Kathiawad. Sept.

. muticum, Forsk., ¥.B..—VII-35, Water Grass of Mauritius. Cult, Kir-

kee, Surat.

P, javavicum, Poir., ¥.8.1.—VII-35. Phadya, Gonalya, E. Khandesh, Poona.

Badami. Aug.-Nov.

P, ramosum, Linn, ¥.B.1.—VII-36. Poona, Badami, Aug.-Nov,

P., setigerum, Reiz., r.B.1.—VII-37, Poona, Rajkot. Sept.-Dec,

P. auritum, Presi., ¥.B.1.—VII-40.

ac)

interruptum, Willd., ¥.B.1.—VII-40. Sind. Panwel, Verigurla, Oct.-Feb,

434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

P, indicum, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—VII-41,

P, myosuroides, Br,, F.B.1.—VII-42. Sawantwadi, Noy. 3

P. nodosum, Kunth., ¥.8.1.—VII-43, “

P. turgidum, Forsk., 7.8.1.—VI=44, Rajkot, Deesa, Nov. :

P, miliaceum, Linn., ¥.B.1. —VII-45. Vari, Cult, 4

P, miliare, Lamk., ¥..1.—VII-46, Cult, ¢

P. psilopodium, 7rin., F.B,1.—VII.-46, Kalyan, Parel. Sept. .

P. trypheron, Schult., ¥.B.1.--VII-47, Bhatur. Jeur, Sholapur. Mulhargad. Y

Poona. Sepi. ,

P, maximum, Jacq., ¥.B.1.—VII-49, Guinea Grass, : Cult, ‘

P., proliferum, Zann., r.B.1—VII-50.

P. obscurans, Stapf. Tan Sawa. Bhatur. Jeur. Sholapur Dist, Dec,

P, subeglume, Trin., ¥.B.1.—VII-557. Badami. Sept.

-P, antidotale, Retz, r.B.1.—VII-52. Kathiawad, Sukar, Sind.: Londa. Mar,

P, montanum, Aozb., ¥.8.1.—VII-53. Tokarbund. Bansda, Dang, Jan.

P, plicatum, Lamk., ¥.B.1.—VII-55, Cult. Nov.

P. rhachitrichum, Hochst,, ¥.3.1.—VII-56, Londa,‘‘on a tree”’ G.A. Gammie.

Oct,

P, trigonum, Reitz., ¥.B.1.—VII-56.

P., patens, Linn., ¥.B.1.— VII-57. Kadgul, N. Kanara, Dec.

6. Thysanolena,

T. agrostis, Nees, F.B.1,—VII-61, Barucha. Dang. Bansda, Feb.

7. Chameraphis.

C. spinescens, Poir., F.B.1.—VII-62, Wangni, Konkan. Sept.

8. Spinifex.

8. squarrosus, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VII-63, Kumta, Shriwardhan, Nov.

9. Axonopus,

A, cimicinus, Beawv., ¥.B.1.—VII-64. Badami, Dharwar. Oct.

10. Tricholena.

T, Teneriffe, Parlat., ¥.B.1.—VII-65. Thano Bulo Khan, Sind. Aug.

T, Wightii, Nees, #..1—VII-65, Chota Kagli. Mulhargad. Poona. Sept,

11- Oplismenus,

O. compositus, Beauv., ¥.B.1.—VIT-66. Kadgal. Matheran. Novy.-Dec.

O. Burmannii, Beauwy., F.B.1.— VII-68. Panchgani, Parel. Oct.-Sept.

12, Arundinella.

A. avenacea, Munro, F.B.1.— VII-69. Ratnagiri, Castle Rock. Oct.

A. tuberculata, Munro, ¥.B.1—VII-69. Poona, Oct,

A. setosa, Trin., F.B.1.— VII-70. Near Bombay. iichie

A, agrosoides, Trin., ¥.B.1.—VII-71,

A. tenella, Nees., ¥.8..—VII-71. Lanoli. Mahableshwar, Nov.

A. pygmea, Hook, f., F.B.1.—VII-72, Crest of W. Ghats. Sept.

A. metzii, Hochst., F.B.1.—VII-72. Lanoli, Oct.

eee Saeed a

aS a I te |

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 435

brasiliensis, Raddi,, ¥.B.1.—VII-73. Panchgani. Radjouri. Oct. Near,

Poona. Jacquemont.

A, capillaris, Hook. f., F.B1.—VII-74. Kotir, Parel. Kalanuddee, Oct.

A, fuscata, Nees, ¥.B.1.—VII-74.

A, gigantea, Dalz., ¥.B.1.—VII=76, Castle Rock. Konkan. Oct.

A, spicata, Dalz., Bombay Flora, 293. Mahableshwar. Nov.

A, Lawii, Hook, f., Ceylon Flora.

13, Setaria,

S. italica, Beauv., ¥.B.1.—VII-78, Rala, Cult. widely.

S. glanca, Beawv., ¥.B.1.—VII-79. Kolara. Kolada, Mahableshwar, Oct,

S. intermedia, Roem. and Sch., ¥.8.1.—VII-79. Pander. Konkan, Mr. Law.

Poona, Belgaum. Ritchie, Aug.-Oct.

S. verticillata, Beauv., ¥.b.1—VII-80, Pandar, Dungunee, Baroda. Morvi. Dec,

14, Pennisetum.

P. typhoideum, Rich., ¥.8.1.—VIIT-82, Bajri. Cult,

P, alopecuros, Stewd., ¥.B1.—VII-84, Mohl. Poona, Belgaum, Sind. Oct.

P, dichotomum, Delile,, ¥.u.1,—VII-85, Sind, . Stocks.

P. orientale, Rich., ¥.B.1.—VII-86, Abu, Sir G. King, July.

P. pedicullatum, 7rin,, ¥.3.1.—VII-86, Rajkot. Oct.

P. setosum, Rich., F.B.1.— VII-87. Hyderabad. Sind. Dec.

P. cenchroides, Rich., F.B.1.—VI1I-88. Rajkot. Near Karachi, Dec,

15. Cenchrus,

C. biflorus, Rowb., F.8.1.—VII-89. Karachi, Morvi, J. Beck. Dee.

18, Oryza.

O. sativa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VII-92. Nawar, Bhat, Cult, widely.

O. coarctata, Roxb., ¥.B.1.—VI1-93,

19. Leersia.

L. hexandra, Sw., F.B.1.—VII-94. Londa, G. A. Gammie. Oct.

20. Hygrorhiza.

H, aristata, Nees, ¥.B,1.— VII-95. Devabhata, Chickhle, Guzerat. April.

22. Trachys.

T, mucronata, Pers., F.B.1.—VII-96. Badami, Dharwar. Aug.

23. Tragus.

T. racemosus, Scop,, F.B.1.— VII-97. Badami. Bijapur. Rajkot. Poona,

Jacquemont, Sind. Stocks, Sept,

24. Laidpes,

L. senegalensis, Kunth,, F.B.1.—VII-97. 20 miles N, of Karachi. Aug.

26. Perotis.

P. latifolia, A7t., F.B.1.—- VII-98, Kuras, Badami, Malwan, Oct.-Aug.

27, Zoysia,

. pungens, Willd., v.p.1.—VI11-99. Damaun, Lisboa,

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

28. Coin,

C. Lachryma, Job:. Linn, ¥.8.1—VII-100. Ran-jondhala, Kaseda, Lanoli,

Oct.

29, Polytoca,

P. Cookii, Stapf., ¥.8.1.—VII-101. Kurisal, Mahableshwar. Sept.

P. barbata, Stapf., ¥.B.1.—VII-102. Eanta, Karwel. Poona, Sept.

29. Zea.

Z. Mays, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VII-102, Maka, Maize. Cult.

30, Dimeria.

D. ornithopoda, Trin., r.B.1.—VII-104, Khap Kurd, Khandala, Panchgani, Oct,

D. Woodrowii, Stapf., ¥.B.1.—VII-104, Ratnagiri. Oct.

D, gracilis, Nees, F.B.I.—VII-105. Lanoli, Dec,

31, IJmperata.

I, arundinacea, Cyrill., F.B.1.—VII-106, Londa, Sind. Stocks. Aug.

33. Spodiopogon,

S. albidus, Benth., F.8.1.—VII-108. Khandala. Salsette. Oct.

34. Pollinia,

P, argentea, Trin., F.B,1.—VII-111. Lanoli, Ratnagiri. Oct.-Dec.

P. fimbriata, Hack., ¥.B.1.—VII-112, Lanoli. Oct,

35, Saccharum.

S. officinarum, Linn, 7.B.1,—VII-118, Us. Usa Gunderi. Cult.

S. spontanum, Linn., ¥.B.1.—VII-118. Bagberi. Kamis. Khair. Poona, Karjat.

Shikarpur, Nov.

S. arundinaceum, Aeiz., F.B.1.—VII-119, Planted.

S. fuscum, Rozb., r.B.1.—VI1I-120.

36. Hrianthus.

BE. ravenne, Beauv., F.B.1.-—VII-121. Karachi. Dec.

E. fastigiatus, Nees, F.B.1.,—VII-125. Belgaum, Ritchie.

37, Ischemum.

I. aristatum, Zinn., ¥.B.1.—VII-126, Bherdi. u'ue. Salsette, Konkan, Belgaum,

Ritchie, Oct.-Dec.

I, rugosum, Salisb., F.B.1.—VII-127. Poona. Oct.

I, molle, Hook. f., ¥.B.1I—VII-126. Lanoli, Oct.-Dec.

I. diplopogon, Hook,, ¥.B.1.—VII-129. Borkus nr, Poona. Matheran,

Mahableshwar. Oct.-Dec.

I. angustifolium, Hack., ¥.B.1.—VII-129, Sabai, Rajkot. Cult. at Poona, Dec.-

Feb.

I, pilosum, Hact., ¥.B.1.—VII-130, Koonda. Nuth, Widely in black soil, Oct.-

Mar.

I, semisagitatum, Rowb., F.B.1.—VII-139. Yellapore, Parel, Lanoli. Sept.-Oct.

I. Conjugatum, Aozd., F.B.1.—VII-131. Divimana, Konkan, Dec.

I. Lisbow, Hook., 1., F.B.1.—VII-133. N. Kanara, Lisboa.

re he ee eg OS et

RS er ee

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 437

I, ciliare, Reta, F.B.1.—VII-133, Putena, Parel. Karti, N, Kanara, Mr. Y oung,

Oct,

I. Birdwoodii,

I, laxum, Br., F.B.1.—VII-136, Sheda, Chopda, Paunat, Poona, Sept,

I. sulcatum, Hack., ¥.B.1.—VII1-137, Gotud, Mr, Young. Oct, 30th, 1884,

I. spathiflorum,Hook, f., F.B.1.— VII-138, Baeer. Ber, Palasdari, Khandala, Sept.

39, Pogonetherum,

P, saccharoideum, Beauy., F.B.1.—VII-141. Bamboo Grass, Gardens, cult,

Matheran ?

P, crinitum, Trin., F.B.1.—VII-141, Sumpkund ; N. Kanara, July,

40, Apocopis,

A, vaginatus, Hackel in Osterr, Bot, Zeitschr, Vol, 4, page 8. Kalyan, N,

Kanara, Talbot,

41, Arthraxon,

A. lanceolatus, Hochst. F.B.1.—VII-143, Harjala, Govindair, Lanoli, Jam-

jodhhapur, Morvi, Kathiawad, Oct,

A, inermis, Hook. if., F.B1—VII-145. 1 quarins Guz. Matheran. Maha-

bleshwar. Oct,

A. ciliaris, Beawv., ¥.B.1.—VII-145. Vanguarin, Chamargaon. Guz. Oct.

A. microphyllus, Hochst., F.B. IL—V 11-147. Parel. Sept.

A. jubatus, Hack., F.B.1.-—-VII-147. Koriacha Kila, Ambowni, Western

Ghats. Oct,

42. Thelokogon.

T. elegans, Roth., F.B.1.--VII-148, Poona, Bombay. Belgaum, Sept.

43, Lokhopogon,

L, tridentatus, Hack., ¥.B.1.--VII-149. Poona. Belgaum. Oct,-Dec.

44, Apluda,

A, varia, Hack,, ¥.B.1--VII-150, Ghagara, Konkan, Deccan, Guzerat, Oct,-

46. Rottbellia. Dee,

R. compressa, Linn,, F.B.1.—VII-153, Baikah, Sind, Godra,. Shikarpur, Nov,

R, acuminata, Hack., F.B.1——VII-155, Marmagoa, Malwan. Oct,

R. divergens, Hack, f., ¥.B.1—VII-155, Marel. Khandala, Mahableshwar. Sept.

R. Talboti, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—VII-155, Goa, W. A, Talbot, Oct,

R. exaltata, Linn, f,, ¥.B.1.—VII-156, Bursali. Poona. Nov.

R. clarkei, Hack, ¥.8,1.—VII-156 Birchy. N, Kanara, W. A. Talbot, Nov.

47, Manisuris,

M. granularis, Linn, f., ¥.B.1.--VII-159, Khandala, Poona. Dharwar, Oct.

48, - Ophiurus,

O. corymbosus, Gaerin., ¥.B.1.—VII-160. Hootia,Guzerat. Poona, Jeur. Dec,

50. Elionurus.

E. Royleanus, Nees, F.B.1.—VII-161. Rajkot, Sind,

E, hirsutus, Munro, F.B.1,—VII-162, Sain, Sind, Stocks,

438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

A. foveolatus, Del., r.B.1.—VII-168. Ghandel. _ Poona, Widely, Oct,

A. pumilus, Rowb., 7.B..—VII-170. Gondwal, Baerki, Diwas-Ghat, Surat, Dec,

A. compressus, Mook. f., F.B.1.—VII-172, Mawal. Poona. Dec.

A. Woodrowii, Hook. f., ¥.B.1.—VII-173. Khorbarsa, Mawal. Dec.

A, pertusus, Willd., ¥.B.1.—VII-173. Lanoli, Sept.

A. concanensis, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—VII-174. “Matheran. Oct.

A. ensiformis, Hook. f., F.B.1.,—VII-175, Lanoli. Sept.

A, Kuntzeanus, Hackel., F.B.1.—VII-175, var. pseudointermediata, Mawal,

Konkan, Oct.

A. intermedius, Br., F.B.1.—VII-175. Poona. Mawal. Dec.

A. montanus, Rozb., F.8.1.—VII-176. Suvasni-Ghat. Dec.

A. odoratus, Dna, Lisboa,, ¥.8.1.—VI1-177. Mawal. Poona, Oct,

A. micranthus, Kunth., ¥.B.1.—VII-178,

A, assimilis, Stewd., ¥.B.1.—VII-179. Suvasni-Ghat. Dec.

A. Hugelii, Hack., F,B.I.—VII-180. Poona. Belgaum. Sept.

A, filiculmis, Hook. f., .B.1.—VII-181. Sirsi, Dhonshi, Poona, Nov.-Dec.

A, halepensis, Brot., ¥.B.1.—VIUI-182, Boru, Poona, Konkan. Dang. Dec,

A, Sorghum, Brot., F.B.1.—VI-183. Cult.

A, purpureo-sericus, Z ochst., F.B.1.—VII-185, N. Kanara, Young. Poona, Koh-

lapur. Noy,

A, squarrosus, Linn, f., ¥.B.1.——VII-186, Wala. The Kuskus Root Grass.

Planted widely. Indigenous? Jan,

A. aciculatus, Retz, F.B.1.——VII-188, Karwar. Oct.

A, lancearius, Hook. f., ¥.B.1.--VII-190, Castle Rock, Oct.

A, monticola, Schult., ¥.B.1.—VII-192. Ajiva, Guz. Poona, Khandala.

Kohlapur, Oct.

A, montanus, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—VII, Dharwar, Talbot.

A. Aucheri, Boiss,, ¥.B.1.--VII-195, Near Karachi, Stocks.

A. caricosus, Linn., §.B.1.—VII-196, Belgaum, Mawal. Poona. Dec.

A. annulatus, Forsk., ¥.B.1.—VII-196, Poona, Sind, Stocks, Oct.

A. armatus, Hook. f., F.B.1.—VII-197, Konkan. Stocks,

A. contortus, Linn, f., ¥.B.1.——VIT-199, Kursali. Voona. Guzerat. Nov.

A. Cookei, Stapf., MSS., New species, Sukkar, Pathar, Lanoli, Oct, 98.

A. triticeus, Br., F.B.1.——VII-200. Mawal, Poona, Dec,

A. Ritchiei, Hook. f., ¥.B.1.—VII-201. Belgaum, Poona, Mahableshwar, Oct.-

Dec.

A. polystachyos, Roxb., F.B.1.-—-VII-202. Khandala. Nov.

A. Iwarancusa, Jones, F.B.1.——VII-203, Karachi, Dec.

A. * var. Laniger, Sind, Widely, July-Dee,

A, Scheenanthus, Linn., #.B.1.—VII-204. Surwai. Poona. Konkan. Sept. Dec.

A, Nardus, Linn., F.B.1.— VII-205, Probably occurs within our limits,

53. Andropogon,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 43%

54, Anthistiria,

A, imberbis, Rotz., r.p.1.—VII-211,

A, ciliata, Linn,, ¥.B.1.—VII-213. Bhatada-Bati, Peint. Poona, Konkan,

Deccan, Sept.-Jan.

A, tremila, Nees, F.B..—VII-214. Poona, Oct,

5d. Isetlema,

I, Wightii, Anders., v.u.1.—VII-218, Belgaum, Poona, Morvi, Kathiawad, Nov.

I, laxum, Hack., ¥.8.1.—VII1-218. Poona, Belgaum, Noy.-Dec,

58, Pseudanthistiria,

P, hispida, Hook., ¥.B.1.—VII-2i9. Pokalya, Panchgani, Kalyan, Londa.

Oct,-Nov.

59. Aristada.

A, Ascentionis, Linn., ¥.8.1.—VII-224. Poona, Jetalsar, Kathiawad. Oct.-May.

A, setacea, Retz,, F.B.1.— VII-225, Rajkot,

A, Hystrix, Linn,, ¥.3B.1.— VII-225. Badami, Oct.

A, funiculata, Trin. and Rupr., F.8.1.—VII-226, Belgaum, Jam, Sind, Oct,

A, hystricula, Edgw., ¥.B.1.—VI1-227, Near Karachi, Stocks.

A. redacta, Stapf., F.B.1.—VI1-227, Dharwar, Talot. Lanoli, Junir., Oct,

A, hirtigluma, Steud,, F.B.1. -VII-227, Bulo Khan Sind. Aug.

63, Heleochloa.,

H, schoenoides, Host,, ¥.B,1.—VII-235, Ihubak, Sind. Dec.

H, dura, Boiss., ¥.B,1,— VII-236, Dwarku, Dec,

67. Woodrowia.

W. diandra, Stap/., ¥.B.1.—VII-241, Kotir. Lanoli, Sept.-Oct,

68. Garnotia.

G, arborum, Stapf., Crest of Ghats S. of Lanoli. Nandgaon, Sept.

G. stricta, Brongn., #.B.1.—VII-243, Narel to Kurjat road. Sept.

G, patens, Stapf. Nandgaon, on trees, Oct.

69. Polypogon.

P. monspeliensis, Desf., ¥.B.1. —VII-245.

71. Sporobolus,

§, diander, Beauv., F.B.1.—VII-247. Poona, Jacquemont,

S. indicus, Br., F.B.1.— VII-247, Kolhapur. Oct,

S. minutiflorus, Lénk., r.B.1.— V1I-248. Parel, Oct.

S$, ioclados, Nees, r.B.1—VII-249. Sind. Stocks.

S. glaucifolius, Hochst., 7.B.1.--VII-250. Porebunder. Karachi. Nov.

S. sindicus, Stapf,, Kew Bull. 20 miles from Karachi, Nov.

S. orientalis, Kunth,, F.B.1.—V 11-251. Umrat, Guz. salt land. Nov.

S. piliferus, Kunth,, v.8,—VI-251, Belyaum. ‘Ritchie,

440 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

S. arabicus, Boiss,, F.B.1.—VII-252. Karachi.

S. coromandelianus, Kunth., ¥.B.1,—VII-252. Sind, Nagpur Dist. Jan.

79. Tristachya.

T. barbata, Nees, ¥.B.1.—VII-272. Sind. Stocks.

82. Avena.

A. sativa, Linn., ¥.B.1.—WII-275. Cult. Hyderabad. Sind.

84. Microchloa.

M. setacea, Br., F.B.1.—VII-283. Dharwar. Aug.

85. Gracilea.

G. Royleana, Hook, f., ¥.B.1.—~VII-284. Konkan. Sind.

87. Tripogon.

T. capillatus, Jaub. and Spach., F.B.1.—VII-285, On trees, Matheran. Sept.

T, pauperculus, Stapf. , F.8.1.—VII-285, On rocks near Karli, Sept.

T. Lisbox, Stapf., F.B.1.—VIl-286. Chirana. Matheran, Oct.

T. Jacquemontil, Stapf., ¥.B.1.—VII-287. Poona, Matheran. Sept,

88. Cynodon.

C. clactylon, Pers., ¥.B1.—VII-288, Herail, Durva. Throughout India,

89. Chloris,

C. incompleta, Roth,, ¥.B.1.—VII-290. N. Kanara, Feb.

©, tenella, Rozd., ¥.b..—VII-290, Surat, Bijapur,in shade only. Oct.

C. villosa, Pers,, F.B.1.—VII-291. Sind. Stocks,

C, barbata, Sw., F.B.I,~VIL-292, Gondwail. Sind. Deccan, Widely. Nov.

90, Lleusine,

E, indica, Gaertw., ¥.8.1—VII-293. Mahar-nachani, Poona, Jan,

K, flagellifera, Nees, F.B.1.—VII-294. Sind, Stocks,

H, verticillata, Roxb., ¥.B.1.-- VII-295,

HK, egyptiaca, Desf., ¥.B,1.—VII-295. Rutnagiri, Badami, Sharanpoor Dist.

Sept.-Nov.

E, aristata, Ehrenb., v.8.1.—VII-296, Rutnagiri, Ahmedabad,

91. Dinebra.

D, arabica, Jacq., ¥.B.1.—VII-297, Poona, Morvi. Surat, Aug,

92, Leptochloa.

L,, chinensis, ees, F.B.I.—VII-299, Dr, Lisboa records that he has

seen specimens from Parel, and from: Guzerat, There are no specimens

from Western India in the Herbarium at Poona or at Kew.

95. Pappaphorum.

P. elegans, Nees, ¥.B.1.— VII-30). Khajuri, Karachi Dist. Aug.

96. <Arundo,

A. Donax, Linn, ; - Gardens,

97. Phragmites.

P. communis, Zrin., F.B..—VII-303, Gardener's garter. Variegated form,

Gardens,

P, Karka, Trin, F,B.1.—VII-304, Dhond, Lisboa,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA, 44]

99. Elitrophorus.

E, articulatus, Beawv., r.B.1.—VII-306, Jungli Rala, Kalyan, Londa, Godhra,

Noy.-Feb,

104, Eragrostis.

E, aspera, Nees,, F.B.1.—VII-314, N, Kanara, Lisboa,

E. ciliaris, Link., ¥.B.1—VII-314. Baroda, Nov.

i, tenella, Roem, & Sch., ¥.B1.—VI1I-315. Woya, Buchraloo, Sind. Surat,

Poona. Noy,

E, interrupta, Beauv., ¥.8.1—VII-316, Surat. Bhowden, near Poona. Noy,

EK, amabilis, Wot. & Arn., F.B.1.—VII-317. Parel. Bassein, Poona. Sept.-Noy.

E, interrupta, var. Koenigii, Stapf, F.B.1.—VII-316,

EK. stenophylla, Hochst., F.b.1.—VII-318. Bhorkus. Mawal. Dec,

EK, elegantula, Steud., ¥.B,.1.—VI1-398, Bhorkus, Mawal. Dec.-Apr,

KE, tremula, Hochst,, F.B.1.—VI1-320. Guzerat, Deesa, Palanpur, Noy,

KE, major, Host., ¥.B.1.—VII-320. Sind, Poona, Morvi. Nov.-Jan.

BE, minor, Host., r.B.1.—VII-321. Godhra. Panchmahals. Nov,

E, tenuifolia, Hochst., ¥.8.1.—VII-322, Belgaum.

HK. pilosa, Beauy., F.B.1.—VII-323. Sind, Dharwar, Waghoti, Poona. Sept.-

Oct.

HE, cynosuroides, Beauv., ¥.B.1.—VII-324. Darbha, Kusha, Mandvi. Hyder-

abad, Sind. Dec.

E, bifaria, Wgt., ¥.B.1.—VII-325, Belgaum. Ritchie. Khandala, Aug,

106. Halopyrum.

H, micronatum, Sfapf., ¥.8.1—VII-328. Porebundar. Sind, Stocks, Novy.

108. Diplachne.

D. fusca, Beawy., ¥.B.1—VII-329. Rice fields, Matunga near Bombay, Nov.

111. Centotheca,

C. lappacea, Desv,, F.B.1.—VII-352. Kadgal, Kanara Dist. Oct,

113, £luropus.

A, villosus, Trin., ¥.B.1.—VII-334. Umrat, Guz, Karachi, Nov.-Dec,

127. Oropetium,

O, Thomeaum, Trin.,, F.8.1.—VII-366, Junir. Poona, July-Sept,

121. Triticum.

T. Speltum, var. Khap'i. Jod, Pumban, Covered grain wheat, Cult, widely,

T, Vulgare, Vill., ¥.8.1.—VII-367. Ghui. Cult. widely,

T. pilosum, Dalz. & (ibs. Bakshi, Kala Kusali, Kahno, Cult, wicely,

T. monococcum, Linn. Guzerat.

130. Hordeum.

H. vulgare, var, Hexastichon, Linn., r.p.1.—VII-371, Satu. Jau, Cult, widely.

13 Lae var, distichon, Jau, Sind. cult,

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

H. vulgare, var, nudum, Ua, Ujan., Naked or loose grained Barley, Guzerat,

Sind,

Bambusa,

B, nana, Rowb., F.B.1.—VII-390. Barik. Bamboo. Jap. Bamboo, Gardens.

B. Vulgaris, Schrad., ¥.B.1.—VI'-391. Oodha. Bans. Planted.

B, », Var, straita, Bot. Mag. 6079. Goid and green striped Bamboo,

Gardens,

B, arundinacea, Willd,, ¥,B,.1.—VII-395, Kulluk. Dang, Widely planted.

138. Ozxytenanthera,

O. monostigma, Bedd., v.B.1.—VII-402. N. Kanara. Sukkar-Pathar. Widely

W. Ghats.

O, Stocksii, Munro, ¥,B.1.—VII-403. Chiwari, N. Kanara, Talbot, Panch-

gani, Planted, Nov.

138. Dendrocalamus,

D, strictus, Nees, ¥.B,1.—VII-404. Kania Wans, Panch Mahals, Planted,

in Konkan.

1), gigantens, J/unro, F.B.1,— VII-406, Gardens,

146, Ochlandra,

O, stridula, Munro, F.B1—VIII-419, Hooda, N, Kanara, Talbot.

443

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the TRANSs-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and Kasumir:

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker's Synopsis Filicum, and

other works, with New Species added.

By C. W. Hops.

(Continued from Vol. XIII, page 251.)

Parr IIL—THE GENERAL LIST.—(continued.)

Ord. FILICES.

Sub-Ord. I1].—Potypop1act#.—(continued.)

Genus 13.—-ONYCHIUM, Kauif.

1. O. auratum, Kaulf, ; Syn. Fil, 145; C. R. 458 ; Bedd. H. B. 96.

PungaB: Simla Reg.; in Herb. Brit. Mus. a sheet marked—‘‘ Simla, Griffith,”

& pair of fronds, barren and fertile, without stipes : no ticket.

N.-W. P.: D. D, Dist. —Jaunsar—near Road from Jumna R. to Chakrata, Mrs. J.

Sladen 1880; “The Attic Farm” 1500? Mackinnons 1878 ; near bridge over Tons

R. 1800? Mackinnons; Rajpur—above Tollbar 8400’, V. A. Mackinnon 1886,

Hope 1887; Rajpur below 3000’, Gamble, V. A Mackinnon, Hope; Kwmaun—Griffith,

jide Sir W. J. Hooker’s writing on sheet in Herb. Hort. Kew: there is also a small

ticket with the single word ““Kumaon™ in ink and ‘?” in pencil: one plant,

all infertile ; Gorakhpur Dist., in a well in forest, Angus Campbell 1887.

DisTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim and, Bhotan; Assam

“common”; H. Bengal 0-4000', sometimes far from the hills, Chittagong; Burma ;

_ Malay Penins. and Isles; N. Guinea, Pitzgerald 1895; Formosa, Henry; China

Ytinnan, Hancock 1893.

The Gorakhpur Station seems to be the only known one between the Dehra

Dun and East Nepal or Sikkim, unless Griffith got the plant in Kumaun. A

plant named O. auratum, in the Calcutta Herbarium, got in Kumaun by

Mr. A. O. Hume, is O. japonicum, Kze. In the Dun O. auratum grows of

various sizes, depending upon situation. The situation above Rajpur was dry,

shaly rock exposed to the sun ; and a plant I gathered there has perfect tripin-

nate, fertile fronds, though the whole plant is only 23” % 33”. Mr. Mackinnon

afterwards found larger plants near that station, but in soil. Mrs. Sladen’s

Jaunsar specimens also are small.

2. O. japonicum, Kze. ; Syn. Fil. 148 ; C. R. 459 ; Bedd. H, B. 96.

PUNJAB: Chamba—near Dalhousie, McDonell, Bianf.; between Chamba town and

Kajidr 6000’, “ abundant on a bank,” Trotter ; Mandi State 5-7800', Trotter; Kullu

5-T000', Trotter ; Simla Reg.—Simla; the Glen, Bliss 1890 “very rare”: “ It has

been found near Mashobra, at about 6000” (Blanf. in List),

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussooree and Landour, 5-6000’, not common, Mackinnons,

Duthie, Hope, J. R. Reid ; * Garkwal,” T. T. 1845; 7. Garh.—Thadiadr 3000’, Gamble,

Kumaun—Phurka and Karim 6300’, S.and W.; Davidson, A. O. Hume, near Ackot

4-5000' Duthie, near Pithoragarh 5000’, Trotter, Ramganga Valley 5-9000’, Mcleod :

“ crows in dense grassy undergrowth.”

444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol, XIII,

Distrais.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal ; Sikkim 9-10,000', common ; Assam—Mishmi

aud Khasia 3-6000'; Burma—Ava. Java. Japan. China. TimoriH. O. Forbes.

Clarke says—“ Tufted,” but his own specimens in Kew have a creeping

rhizome, with distant stipes, and I have never seen the plant otherwise furnished.

The mistake was corrected in Clarke and Baker’s paper, Jour. Linn, Soc., 8th

Aug., 1888, where the authors say—“ Rhizoma semper longe-repens, mediocre

nec crassum, frondibus remotis ; in var. multisecta rhizoma omnino idem.”

In Kew there is a specimen, on the same sheet with others from Nepal and

Japan, marked by Mr. Baker—‘‘ Wild at Bott Head, Salcombe, Devon, John

Luscombe, Alvington, Torquay, recd. 1-72.” This of course must bea case of

introduction. ©

3. O. contiguum, Wall. (under Chilanthes), Cat. 72. O. japonicum,

Kze., var. muitisecta (sp.), F. Henderson, MS., (Cheilanthes contigua, Wall. Cat.,

72, Leptosteyia lucida, Don., Prod. Fl. Nepal, 14), C. R. 459.

KASHMIR: Rattan Pir 8000’, Trotter 1888; Pir Panjal 8000’, Gammie 1891 :

marked O. japonicum var.

PoNnJAB: Hazara Dist., Black Mt., between Sambalpat and Nimmal 7-8009,’ Duthie,

1888, Machpuri Mt. 9000’, Changla Gali 8000’, Trotter 1890. Chamba—Dalhousie

7000', Clarke 1874, McDonell; Aangra Valley Dist.—Dharms4la 8000’, Trotter;

Mandi State 6-10,000', Trotter; Aullu Edgew., Trotter 7000’; Lahawl—Capt, Hay

1856, inHerb. Hort. Saharanpur; Simla Reg.—Simia, Griffith, T. T., Col. Bates,

Dr. Bacon, Lady Dalhousie, Gamble, Hope, Bliss and Blanf., who says—“one of the

cormmonest Simla ferns, growing abundantly, on the ground, both in forest and on

the open hill-side, It has a creeping root-stock. The range at Simla is from 6000’

to 9000’.”

N-W.P.: D, D. Dist—Jaunsar—Rupin Valley 4500’, C. G. Rogers, Mussooree,

6-7000’, common; 7. Garh.—Aglar Valley, Duthie ; Kumaun—Jacquem., Wallick (R.

Blink.), Edgew., 8. and W., Davidson, Trotter, MacLeod.

Distrip.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikhim, Hook-fil, China: Yimnan, Delavay.

Colonel Henderson does not appear to have written a description of this

species, but he defended it in a letter preserved in the Kew Herbarium. The

description in Clarke’s “ Review ’ is as follows :—

“ Fertile frond very finely cut, often 5-pinnate; ripe capsules straw-

coloured, not numerous; involucre remaining closed over the ripe

capsules.”

And the remarks are :—

“Frond herbaceous, hardly shining, not coriaceous. This is more

easily separated from O. japonicum type than is U. awratum, and has

been estimated a species both by Wallich and F. Henderson, to

whose opinion the area lends support. But if it is estimated a

species, I da not know to which the next variety should be attached.”

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 445

This next variety Clarke calls intermedia, and describes thus :—

“ Frond lax, more coarsely cut, involucres often + inch—O. lucidum?

Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind., t. 21.”

A specimen, got by Strachey and Winterbottom in Kumaun, at 7500’ alt-,

marked by Clarke as var. intermedia, anda few others so marked—among

them one got in Sikkim—Lachen 9-10,000', by J. D. Hooker—are, for me,

typical multisectum, Mr, Clarke says—“ This form, exactly figured by Colonel

Beddome, seems half-way between O. japonicum, Kze., and O. multisectum,

EF, Henderson. And he adds—“ After going through the Kew material with

me, F’, Henderson would still prefer to make O. multisectum a species.” After

reading this, Beddome, in his Handbook, said that his t, 21 was taken from

muléisectum, and that the two varieties of O. japonicum differ very slightly, if

at all. A variety which, its author says, is exactly figured by another author,

but which that other author says he figured from a specimen of another variety,

may safely be said to be non-existent. I have collected specimens of U. muilti-

sectum from uncongenial localities, comparatively small and narrow, and even

with brown instead of straw-coloured involucres, but I have attributed their

differences fyom the full-sized plant grown in good soil solely to circumstances,

There is really no passage from multisectuim to japonicum, and if there were, I

should prefer to make the latter a variety of the former, because—in the North-

West Himalaya at least—it is much the rarer, That O. multisectum has been

the later recognised plant is no reason for holding that it is a variety of

O. japonicum, Clarke and Baker may be right in saying, in their joint paper

of 1888, that the rhizomes of the two ferns are altogether the same ;

but I think that the fronds of O. multisectum generally spring up closer

together than those of 0. japonicwm do, as they often form dense bushes,

or even beds,—as in Simla, where this fern carpets the ground under the

Deodars, and even in the open. I have a tuft, from Tehri Garhwal, collected

by Duthie, with 5 or 6 fronds in a mass, mounted on one sheet, And it is

generally impossible to spread out even a single frond, in pressing it, so that all

the pinn shall be separate and distinct. U. japonicum, in N-W. India, is a

shy, solitary plant: O. multisectwm is bold and gregarious. In one of the few

stations for it I have seen in Mussooree O. japonicum was growing inside a

thorny bush; and Major MacLeod writes that in the Ramganga Valley,

Kumaun, it grows in dense grassy undergrowth. Barren fronds are, perhaps,

the more numerous, but Ido not think there is any dimorphism. Nor do

I find any dimorphism in 0. multisectum, though Clarke begins his description

with—“ Fertile frond very finely cut.”

Clarke says of 0. multisectum—“ Ripe capsules not numerous.”’ I should

say that the capsules generally ripen, and that most fertile fronds are very

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

fertile, and that all the pinnee bear capsules on every segment, except at their

apices, and at the apices of each pinnule. Taking one pinnule of the lowest

pinna of a less than usually crowded frond, 6-pinnate, I count on it 125

capsules. There must be about 500 capsules on that pinna, and probably

4,000 on the whole frond ; and I dare say that number is doubled on large

fronds. .

On a sheet in the Kew Herbarium, from the Himalaya, “ Lady Dalhousie ”

(no ticket), Mr. Baker has written —“a much larger plant than typical japoni-

cum.

O. melanolepis, Decaisne, got in Arabia, Persia, and Abyssinia, is very like

O. multisectum, but it is smaller and more delicate.

Genus 14, CRYPTOGRAMME, 2. Zr.

1, C. ecrispa, R. Br.; Syn. Fil. 144; C. R. 459. Bedd. H. B. 98, and

Suppl. 23.

AFGHAN. : fide Beddome in Suppl. H. B.

KASHMIR: Marbul Pass 11,200’ Clarke; 11-12,000’ Aitch.; McDonell, Duthie,

Macleod.

PongaB: Hazara—Makra Mt. 10-10,500' Trotter ; Chamba 9-10,000' Baden- Powell,

McDonell; Kangra Valley List.—Dharmsala, 11,000’ Clarke ; Lahaul—Rohtang Pass,

_ 12-13,000' Trotter ; Simla Reg.—near Phagu, Vicary 1831,—“ above Simla,’ Col. Bates.

The Chur Mt., Edgew., 1886 (very long); Hattu Mt., and vicinity, &,500-10,000’,

Gamble, Blanf., Hope, Bliss ; Bisahir—Kunawar, 9000’, Lace.

N.-W. P.: 2. Garh.—Chachpur Peak, 10,000’, Gamble; 11-12,000’, Herschel, Duthie ;

Brit. Garh.—12-14,000', Duthie; Kwmauwn—“In Alpibus summis Kumaun, legit

Rob, Blinkworth, 1826” (Wallich’s writing on ticket on sheet of C. Brunoniana,

Wall., in Herb. Hort. Kew); near Ralam 12,000’, 8. and W. 10-11,000', Trotter,

MacLeod.

NEPAL—W. 11-12,000', Duthie.

DistRis.—The “Synopsis Filicum,” following Hooker in the “Species Filicum ™

recognises three forms— «. C. crispa, Huropean: distributed from Arctic Europe to

Lake Baikal, Mt. Olympus in Bithynia, Etruria, and the Sierra Nevada ; 8. C. Bruno-

niana, Wall,, Asiatic ; Himalayas at 10-16,000'; and v, C. acrosticoides, R. Br.— Worth

American: from Sitka and Arctic Regions southward to Lake Superior, Oregon and

California.

The DISTRIBUTION in Asia is Sikkim—head of Lachen Valley, Hook-fil., Dankera

2,000’, King’s Collector. China—Hupeh Prov. Henry, Szechwan Prov.—Mt. Omei

' Gummit) Faber. Japan—Fawriec.

Beddome, in Suppl. H. B., says—“ Gathered by Prain in the Crater on

Barren Island, Andamans,” ‘This is a remarkable instance of isolation, and of

an Arctic and Temperate Region fern growing in the Tropics, below 12°

N. lat.

I do not make out the differences between forms * and ® pointed out by

Hooker and Baker ; but in the one locality where I have seen the Himalayan

TIE FERNS OF NORTA-WESTERN INDIA, 447

plant growing there were only isolated plants among the herbage and forest

undergrowth ; and Indian plants seem never to equal British in size, In

England and Scotland (. crispa generally grows in the open, amongst boulders,

or in the stony talus at the foot of cliffs,—sometimes in such beds as to be

distinguishable at a distance because of their bright green colour. In the

* Species Filicum ” will be found descriptions of all three forms which Hooker

unites under (. crispa, and a discussion of the differences between them. After

naming the specimen of Blinkworth’s gathering, mentioned above (under

Kumaun), Wallich went on— Dedicarn speciem conditori generis immortale,

animo cestumatissimo.”

“N.B.—R. Blinkworth is one of the plant collectors in the employ of the

H, C. Bot. Garden at Calcutta under Dr. W. You may translate this into

classical latin if you like.” On the paper on which this is written isa

““frauk,” by John Wood, London, February 4th, 1829, to Dr, Hooker,

University of Glasgow,

Genus 15. PELLASA, Link., Hooker,

Sub-genus—CuHEILOPLEcton, Fée,

1. P. gracilis, Hook.; Syn, Fil. 145 (Pieris Stelleri, Gmel., oldest

name); C. R. 460. Pellea Stellert, Gmel. (ander Pteris), Bedd., H. B. 100.

KasuMirn: T. Thomson; Pir Panja!, Dr. Stewart; Baden-Powell ; Karakoram,

12,500’, Clarke, 1876 ; above Kilan, 12,500’, Aitchison, 1877 ; MacLeod ; Duthie.

PungaB: Hazara Dist.; Makra Mt, 10-10,500', Trotter; Chamba 9-9500!

McDonell.

N-W. P.: 7. Garh, 11-12,000’, Duthie ; Brit. Garh. 11-12,000’, Duthie ; Aumaun—

Champwa 10-13,000’, 5. and W.; 10,000’ Stewart; 11-13,000', Duthie ; Trotter ;

Lessar Pass 16,500’, MacLeod.

NEPAL—W. 10-15,000', Duthie.

DistrRiB: WV. Amer.; Canada to Wisconsin, rare. Asia: Lake Baikal Region;

Siberia; N.-W. Thibet—Balti 9000’, 7. 7. China—Peking Mts. 8000’, “ very rare,”

Hancock, 1874.

Sub-genus—ALtosorus, Resi.

2. P. nitidula, Baker; Syn. Fil. 149; C0. R. 460; P. nitidula, Wall.

(under Péervs) Bedd., H. B. 101.

TRANS-IND. STATES: Swat.—Laram Pass., 7000’, Gataere; Kohistan, 6-9000',

Duthie, 1888 Gwhile with the Black Mt. Hxpedition).

KASHMIR : Poonch; Chittapani Valley 6000’, Lev.; 3-6000’, “frequent and plenti-

ful to Chamba,” Cl. in Rev.; Kishtwar 5000’, Clarke, 1876; Pir. Panjal and Rattan

Pir 6000 and 8000’, Gammie (very large).

PuNJAB: Hazara Dist.—Black Mt. 7000’, Oertel 1891; the Gullies 6-7000', and

near Kalabagh, Trotter—Chamba—Ravi Valley and elsewhere 3500-7000’, common,

MeDonell ; Kullu, 5-€000’, Trotter ; Simla Reg.—“ rocks, Simla,” T. T,

7 :

1448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar—Rupin Valley 4500’, C. G. Rogers; 7. Garh,.

5-8000’, Duthie, Gamble; Brit. Garh. 5-6000', P. W. Mackinnon; Kwmaun—

Wallich (R. Blink.).

DIstRis.—Asia : Kohistan. China—Henry, Faber.

T have not gathered this fern, but I possess and have seen numerous specimens,

and I have no difficulty in distinguishing it at a glance from Cryptogramme

erespa and Pellea gracilis, with both of which Mr. Clarke says it has been

much confounded : cutting, texture, habit, and colour are quite different. Large

plants somewhat suggest Cheilanthes subvillosa in cutting ; but the texture

and other characters are quite different. Beddome’s drawing, F. B. 1., ft. 222,

does not adequately represent the plant, the fronds being very short and deltoid,

and all infertile.

Sub-genus—PLATIGLOMA, Jsm.

3. P.calamelanos, Link ; Syn. Fil. 152 ; C.R, 461 ; Bedd., H.B. 104,

PUNJAB: Sirmur State—Tikri, Kdgew., 1835.

N.-W. P.: D. D, Dist.—Jaunsar 4000’, Gamble; 7. Garh. 2000’, Mackinnons,

4-5,000’ Duthie, 4,000’Gamble ; AKwmaun—Almora 4000',S.and W.; near Naini Tal,

on old Almora Road, Mr. Wilmer, 90th Regt. 1861 (given to Hope on day of collection);

near Khairna, below Almora, 4-5000’, Duthie, J. R. Reid, Mackinnons; Karan, Ramsukh

(Duthie’s collector) 1888.

Distris.—Afr.: Angola; Abyssinia; Somali Land; Ruenzori Mt. ; Zambesi

Land ; Mashona Land—ur. Salisbury, Boyce 1896 ; Natal; Cape Colony ; Bourbon.

Himalayan specimens are only bipinnate, so far as I have seen; but African

specimens are markedly tripinnate, the ultimate segments being distant and

petiolate.

Genus 16.—PTERIS, Linn.

Sub-genus—EHUPTERIS.

1. P. longifolia, L.; Syn. Fil. 153 ; C. R. 461; Bedd,, H. B. 106.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Baraul and Swat ; 4-6500', Harriss, 8000’, Gatacre.

KASHMIR: Jhelam Valley—4000' downwards, “common,” MacLeod.

PunJAB: Hazara Dist.—Dhamtaur 4500’, Trotter; Rawalpindi, Aitch.

Chamba, McDonell; near Dalhousie. 4000’, Trotter; Mandi State 4500’, Trotter ;

Kullu 6-8000', Coventry ; Simla Reg.—-3-5000', Gamble, Collett, Bliss.

N-W.P.: D. D. Dist —Jaunsar—Dharmigadh 4000’, Gamble ; in the Din 2500’,

and upward ; on the Himalaya to above 6000’ in Mussooree, Hope; 7. Garh.—

8-5000' Duthie ; Kumawn 1800’ to nearly 6000’, S. and W., Ramsukh, Davidson, Hope.

DISTRIB.—Amer.: Florida, Mexico, W. Ind. and Venezuela. Zurope : Spain, Italy,

Sicily, Dalmatia, Greece, Ionian Isles. Asia : Lycia, Syria, Lebanon ; N, Ind.—from

Trans-Indus, the Punjéb and Kashmir to Assam and Chittagong, 90-5000’, general

and abundant on and near the hills; plains of Bengal, Chutia Nagpur, and streets

of Calcutta. Centr. Provs., Ind.—Pachmarhi. §S. Ind.—Madras Presidency, in many

localities, Bedd. H. B, Malay Archipelago, Java, Pacific Isles, “China southwards

to Australia.” Afr.: Algiers, Egypt, Abyssinia, Socotra ; Cape de Verde Islands

southward through Trop, Afr, to Angola, Macalisberg, and Marcaren Isles,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 449

Clarke says—“ Perhaps the commonest fern of North India, extending over

the plains to every village.” I suspect he means this to apply to the Lower

Provinces of Benyal. I doubt if this fern can be found in many villages in the

dry parts of the North-Western Provinces, though I think I used to see it in

Rohilkhand. There is a specimen at Saharanpur from Calcutta, collected by

Clarke, and I have seen it growing on the .walls of houses there. The fern

likes water, and in swampy ground grows to a much larger size than is stated

in the Synopsis. In Kumaun I have gathered it with fronds 8 feet long : this

was by the bed of a stream, on limestone tufa. But P. longifolia will grow on

dry cliffs, as it does in Mussooree, at over 6,000’ elevation. Baker says— veins

close and fine, usually once-branched.”” A second branching is very frequent,

and in two of my specimens, from Rawalpindi and Kumaun, both infertile,

I see that the ultimate veinlets frequently unite before they reach the edge—

_ forming loops.

2. P. cretica, L.; Syn. Fil. 154; ©. R. 462; Bedd., H. B. 106.

P, leta, Wall., Cat. 95.

TRANS.-IND. STATES: Baraul and Swat, 4-6500’, Harriss, Gatacre.

KASHMIR : Clarketin “ Rey.”; “common Jhelam Valley 4000’ down,” MacLeod in

List ; Rattan Pir 6000’, Gammie.

PUNJAB— Hazara Dist. : Black Mt.—Machai Peak, Gatacre, Trotter (in List of

Punjab Ferns). Chamba; MeDonell Gin List); Kajiar 6500’, Trotter; Mandi State

5-6000', Trotter ; KulZw 6-8000', Trotter, Coventry ; Simla Reg.— very abundant

in certain parts of Simla, especially on the Sutlej] side of the spur, between 5500,

and 6500’. It disappears above 8000’,” Blanf. 3500’ Gamble, Collett, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar—Deoban Mt., Duthie’s Collector; Rupin Valley

4500’, C. G. Rogers; Mussooree 6-7000’, very abundant in places; 7. Garh.—Phedi

4-5000’, Duthie; Brit. Garh. 4-5000', Duthie; Kwumaun 3000’—8000', S. and W.

Hope, Davidson, Duthie.

DISstTRIB.—Amer. : Florida, Mexico and Guatemala. urope : Corsica and Sardi-

nia, Italy, Crete, Tyrol, Caucasus. Asia: Ural, Arabia, Persia; N. Ind. (Him.)

Sikkim, Hook.-fil. 8-9000'; Assam—Kohima 5500’, Clarke ; Bengal—0-6000', com-

mon, extending far into the Plains, as at Dhaka and Chittagong, Clarke.

S. Ind.— Deccan ; Madras Presy.—very common, from sea level up to 8000’. Ceylon.

Burma. Malay Penins. Philippines. Fiji and Sandwich Isles. Afr.: Abyssinia,

Natal, Cape Colony, Bourbon,

Clarke says the species is very variable, and he gives an amended description,

intended to separate this species from P. pellacida, Presl., and P. crenata, Sw. I

have not seen P. pellawida growing, but I can see no resemblance to P. cretica in

herbarium specimens of it. And P. digitata, Wall. (P. stenophylla, Hk. and

Gr.), which Mr. Baker places as a variety of P. cretica, and Clarke as a variety

af P. pellucida (which does not grow in N.-W. India) is quite - distinct. from

both. J have seen no variation in JP, cretica except that rarely a fertile frond

450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIiT

has broad pinnee, and, as rarely, a sterile frond, which normally has broad serrated-

edged pinnee, has some patches of sori on it. The rhizome is creeping : stipes

approximate, but in progressive order, not tufted ; and the plant forms large

beds.

3. P. digitata, Wall. Cat. No. 91. P. stenophylla, Hk. and Gt., Ic.

Fil., t. 130. Peris cretica, L, @, P. stenophylla, Ak. and Gr., Syn. Fil. 154.

Pteris pellucida, Presl., var. stenophylla (sp.), Hk. and Gr., CO. R. 463 : Bedd ,

A. B. 107 (as Clarke).

PUNJAB : Chamba ; MeDonell in MS. List of Chamba Ferns identified at Kew ;

Simla Reg.—Mashobra, 7000’, below Sipi (Sibpur) 5500’, Bliss, 1890, 1891, 1892.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussooree, not uncommon, 5-6000°; near Jharipani 4800’

in quantity, Hope ; inthe Dfn in several places from below 2,500’ to 3,000’, Hope,

Gamble; 7. Garh., Lev. 1872 (named by him P. dactylina, Hook.) ; Mussooree and

Chakrata Road, Hope; Kumaun—Bageswar 3000', S.and W. 1848, Trotter 1891 ;

Sarju Valley and elsewhere, “grows in dense shade,” MacLeod 1893.

DIstRIB.— 4sia : N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal.

As I have already stated, under P. eretica, I consider this fern quite distinct

from that species, and also from P. pellucida. I therefore give it as a separate

species, and Wallich’s name, P. diyitata, being the older, must hold good.

Wallich’s lithographed catalogue, which, on account of the wide distribution

made of the plants enumerated in it with lithographed tickets cut out of it, is

held by the Kew and other authorities to be equivalent to publication, is dated

(the Preface) Ist December, 1828. The “ Zcones Filicum ” of Hooker and Gre-

ville, in which the plant was described and exactly figured, waspublished in 1831.

Synonyms therein given are—Pteris stenophylia, Wallich MSS., 1829, and 7.

angusta, Wall. MSS. 1825 (non Bory). The habitat cited is. “in Napalia,

Wallich, 1818,” and it is remarked—“ Nearly allied to Pz. /eta of Wallich’s

MSS. (from Nepal) and the European Pt. cretica; but it may be known

in both by its quite simple pinne and the entire margins.” The entry in

Wallich’s catalogue is “ Pteris digitata, Wall. in Herb. 1823, Napalia, 1820.”

Some specimens in the Kew Herbarium are named “P. digitata,

Wall.” in Wallich’s own handwriting, and 2 sheets have tickets of Wallich’s

P. angusta, Wall. 1818, but none are marked P. stenophylla, The name

adhered to in the catalogue, P. digitata, must be accepted. P. w/a, Wall., is

P. cretica,

Mussooree—unless some still unknown place in Nepal is—appears to be the

headquarters of the species, and in several localities there and in the neighbout-

hood it is plentiful. It often grows at the foot of and under rocks and clifts,

in shady places, but in single plants, and never in dense clumps and beds as

E. cretica often does. The longest and most upstanding plants 1 have seen

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 451

- were in the forest behind (east of) Jharipani, the half-way halting place on

the road up to Mussooree, alt. nearly 5000’, growing in clayey soil away from

rocks. I have kept only one of these plants, and find it has abont 20 stipes

springing in a tuft not so thick as a finger. The stipes of some of the sterile

fronds are 15” long, and of the fertile ones 20", Some of the fronds are 1 ft.

in length. I havea plant wholly a-pinnate, 7. ¢, all the 12 fronds (there are

numerous broken stipes besides) are perfectly simple. The sterile fronds of

this plant have stipes up to 5in. long, and fronds up to 9 in. ‘There are only

two fertile fronds : one has stipes 9 in. and frond 93 in. long. A specimen of

P, pellucida, Presl., from the Nambur Forest, Mann, is subdimorphous, like

P, digitata : the fertile frond much the longer, with one pair of side pinne,

4, P. dactylina, Hook,, Syn. Fil. 155 ; C. R. 463 ; Bedd., H. B. 107.

N.-W. P.; D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, near Deoban 8000’, Herschell 1879, 9000’,

Mackinnons, “between Bodyar and Deoban, Mrs. J.Sladen, coll. for Hope, 1880,

Lokandi 8-8500’, Gamble 1892 and 1894 ; Kumaun—Pindar Gorge, near Dwali 8000’,

Trotter 1891.

DISTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Nepdl-Hast ; Sikkim up to 12,000’; Assam—

Khasi Hills, 4260’. China—Szechwan Prov., Faber and Henry, Yiinnan, Delavay.

Clarke doubts the East Nepal locality, which is that given for a specimen in

the Kew Herbarium If that is not an authentic record—though it is not an

improbable one—there isa gap in the distribution between Kumaun and

Sikkim, The shorter gap between Jaunsar and Kumaun ought to be filled up.

This fern need never be confused with P. cretica and P. digitata, It has a

long though rather slowly creeping rhizome like that of P. eretica, though not

so thick ; but the stipes are like thin stalks of grass, whereas those of P. cretica

are comparatively thick and very wiry. I have not seen P. dactylina growing,

but I possess what Mr. Baker on seeing it pronounced to be a “‘ champion ”

specimen : it was collected in Jaunsar by the Messrs. Mackinnon, This has a

bit of rhizome 43 inches long, with about 36 fronds springing from all along it,

presumably of one and the same year’s growth, very few of which are soriferous.

This plant is 16—17 in, high: longest stipe 14’’, with a frond of only 4 in.,

fertile. Most of these fronds have a central terminal pinna, on a prolongation

of the stipe, and a pinna springing from the stipe on each side, which side

pinne immediately divide eash into two, making apparently five pinne, which

spread out. These fronds are really tripartite, the two side parts forking, A

frond collected by Mrs, Sladen, has apparently 7 pinnee, the lowest pair forked,

making apparently 4, and 3 pinne taking off together from the main rhachis,

which is prolonged for nearly half an inch beyond the springing of the lowest

pair. I find the same, apparently 7 pinne, in some of Mr. Gamble’s Specimens,

but also some fronds having apparently 9 pinnz, as the lowest pair Split each

452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

into 3, aud there are the triplets above. I had, long before seeing this, noted

the number of pinnee of this fern as being sometimes 9, but I cannot now find

such specimens.

5. P. quadriaurita, Retz.; Syn. Fil. 158 ; C. R.465 ; Bedd. H. B., 110.

KASHMIR: Trotter Gn list of Punjab Ferns)—Rattan Pir 8000', Gammie : small

and sterile: may be young P. excelsa, Gaud.

PuNJAB : Chamba (McDonell in List) ; Dalhousie 5000’, Trotter ; Kangra Vy. Dist.

—Dharmsala 8000, Trotter; Mandi State 6500-7000’, Trotter ; Kud/u 6-8000', Trotter,

Coventry ; Simla Reg. 4-8600', common.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar 7600', Gamble ; Mussooree and Landour 6-7000’,

common; 7. Garh. 3-8000'; Kumaun 4-10,000', in many places.

DistRIB.—“ All round the world within the Tropics, and a little beyond them,”

(Syn. Fil.). Amer. from Cuba and Mexico, southward to Brazil. Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)

Sikkim, Assam and Bengal (Chittagong) 0-7000' ‘‘ very common, but not found far

from the hills” (Clarke in “ Rev.”). Kohima and N. Manipur, Clarke. Centr. Provs,

Ind.—Pachmarhi, Duthie. §. Ind.—up to 8000’ “ very common.” S. China. Japan.

Ceylon. Malay Penins.andIsles. Polynesia. Trop. Australia—Rockingham Bay.

Afr.: Angola, Zambesi Land, Natal, Madagascar.

The Synopsis Filicum gives no varieties of this protean species, but mentions,

as synonyms, a number of forms got in various parts of the world. Mr. Clarke

has given an “‘ expanded” diagnosis to include what he calls trifling varieties,

namely P. nemoralis, Hk, and Bauer, P. aspericaulis, Wall., P. pectinata, Don,

P. pyrophylla, Bl,, P. spinescens, Presl., and P. subgunata, Wall., and has made

interesting remarks about some of them. And besides these he makes three

varieties— major ; khasiana (completely bipinnate but graduating into the type) ;

and Blumeana (sp.) Agardh, which are not recorded from N.-W. India, and

are therefore here disregarded. I may mention, however, that Beddome says

Clarke’s var. major has arched (inarched ?) veins and is, therefore, Campiteria

biaurita. According to Clarke, P. subguinata, Wall., with 7-5 pinne only, is

not worthy a separate name ; but Beddome in the Supplement to his Hand-

book gives it a prominent place as var. . subguinata, Wall., with a full

description. Specimens so named in Gamble’s collection, from Sikkim, except

that they are of much thinner texture, and have rather shorter and broader

pinnules, are practically the same as the fern got in Kumaun, which I identify

as Wallich’s plant. Forms of P. quadriaurita with sete on the upper side of

the rhachises and coste are got in the N-W. Himalaya; and another has an

asperous stipes, with stipes and rhachises red-coloured. But there is another

form beautifully red, with quite smooth stipes. Ido not think any separate

species could be set up from the N.-W. Indian material ; but more in that way

might be done with North-Eastern plants, judging from some specimens in

Mr. Gamble’s collection: one has a stiff spine ab the point of each segment.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 453

A Mussooree specimen of the type plant, I got long agos has 9 ears—3 on each

side of the two lowest pinnee, 1 on each of the two next above, and the $th on

one of the third pair, And I have another frond which has a remarkable

development : it has deflexed ears on the three lower pairs of pinne, and

abnormally developed inferior lower segments up to the seventh pair ; but it

has also ears pointing upwards on the superior side of the lowest pair of pinne,

two on each of them. These are not so large as the ears on the inferior side,

but yet are about two inches in length, deeply pinnatified, and fertile like the

rest, I have seen a frond collected by Mr. J. Marten, in Chamba, of which the

fifth lowest pinna on the left side is prolonged, and as compound (bipinnate) as

the frond itself,—the pinnules equalling in size the pinnee of the main frond.

I have not seen on N.-W. Indian specimens of this fern the adventitious buds

which are found on specimens from elsewhere, and are mentioned in books.

Thinking these to be parasitical growths, I referred the question to Mr. G.

Massee, F.L.8., of the Royai Herbarium, Kew, and he kindly looked up the

subject, and showed me that Giesenhagen, in “‘ Flora,” 1892, says the abnormal

growth is due to the presence of Taphrina Laurencia, Giesh. A similar growth

on Asyidium arzstatum, Sw., is caused by Taphrina cornucervi, Giesh.

6. P. subquinata, Wall. Cat. 104. P. guadriaurita, Retz., Syn. Fil.

158 ;C. R.465. P. quadriaurita, Retz., var. subguinata (Wall.), Bedd. -

Suppl. H. B. 23. Plate XVII.

The following is Beddome’s description :—

“* A small form, 8-10 inches high ; stipes stramineous ; fronds short deltoide

lateral pinne, often only 1—2, rarely 8—4 pair, with a large terminal central

pinna, segments long, nearly equally broad throughout, spreading at right

angles from the midrib, lower basal segments of the lower pinnee only slightly

enlarged and pinnatified, or quite entire and uniform with the others.

Nepal (Wallich), Kumaun 2000, at Bagasar (Strachey and Winterbottom).

Lachen Valley, “Sikkim,” (Levinge). Mr. Levinge’s specimens are more

slender than Wallich’s type, more papyraceous in texture, and furnished with

a broad, white band down the centre of each pinna; it would be a very pretty

plant for cultivation.”

N.-W. P. : Brit. Garhk.; (Found among the Mackinnons’ ferns, without ticket: they

think it was got by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon in B. Garhwal in 1881—38 small fronds

stipes incomplete) ; Awmaun—Sarju Vy,, Bagesar 3000’, S. and W. 1848, (named P.

subgquinata by them) ; Mandal 6000’, Davidson ; between Takala and Bagesar, Duthie

1884, No, 3704 ; Chipla, Ramsukh (Duthie’s collector)-1888, No. 8024 ; Sarju Vy., near

Kupkota, 12 miles north of Bagesar 3-4000’, Col, EH, Swetenham, comm. to Hope

1890; Gori Ganga and Sarju Valleys, 3-7000’, Macleod, 1893.

DistR1B.— Asia: N, Ind. (Him.) Nepal, Sikkim.

454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

In the British Museum in a wrapper—“ 22, gquadriaurita— quinata, India”

—are two old sheets (1829 watermark), without tickets, but enfaced—* Pteris

quinata, Wall, in Herb.” : also a sheet from Duthie, No. 3704 (see above)

with 2 fronds which have only 1 pair and a terminal pinna each. And there

is a sheet with a ticket--“ Pieris qainata, Wall., H. Napalia, January, 1818,

Goalmulia, Looh.” A sheet from J. Smith’s herbarium—“* Pteris subguinata,

Wall. Ag. mon, 25 Syn. P. quadriaurita, Hk., Nepal, Wallich, Sp. Fil. 2, p.

179,” suggests Clarke’s P. subindivisa from a low level in Sikkim,

The stipes and rhachises of this fern are pale straw-coloured to yellowish-

brown. All the specimens I have seen have, I think, one large ear on each

pinna of the lower pair. The pinne are exactly opposite, and the lowest pair,

with its ears, forms a flattened, unequally armed, Si. Andrew’s Cross,

All the Kumaun specimens, from Strachey and Winterbottom’s time, 1848,

to Mac Leod’s, 1898, agree with Wallich’s type, and are identical in every

respect, and seem to me quite unlike P. guadriaurita.

7. P.excelsa, Gaud.; Syn. Fil. 159 ; C. R. 467 ; Bedd, H. B. 114.

KASHMIR.—? see under P. guadriaurita.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Dalhousie 6000’, Ciarke, Ravi Vy. 7000’, McDonell, “common ” ;

Kullu 6-8000', Coventry 1894 ; Simla Reg.—Simla 5-6000', Edgew., Bates, Gamble,

Collett, Blanf. Trotter, Bliss ; Mahasu 7-8000', T. T.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist. —Jaunsar—Harianta 8000’, Gamble ; Mussooree 5-6500’, not

common, Herschel, Mackinnons, Hone; 7. Garh.—Dhakara 5000’, T.T., Herschel ;

Kumaun—Wallich ; near Naini Tal 6000’, Hope 1861, Lev. 1874, Pindar Gorge

7500-8000’ Trotter ; Gori Ganga Vy. 7000’, MacLeod 1893—“ only one plant seen.”

DIstRiB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim 8-9000', Sir J. D. Hooker ; Assam—Khasi

Hills, Jerdon, Godwin Austen; North Cachar Hills 2500’, Mann; Burma, Wallich.

China—Szechwan Prov., Henry, Faber. Philippines. Sandwich Isles. Hildebrand,

Heller 1895.

Blanford says :—‘‘ Very rare” (in the Simla Region). “ Apparently

restricted to well-shaded spots by the margin of streams. I have collected it in

wo places ab 5500’ and 5800’, but I have not met with it during the last

few years, the original sites having been devastated by wood-cutters and cattle,

or exhausted by collectors.” But Mr. Bliss has found the plant since then in

several localities.

Clarke thinks the Philippine station an error, and the Burma (Ava) one doubt-

ful; but China must now be added as a habitat. I can confirm Clarke’s

observation that the veins are not rarely 8—4 branched, 7. ¢., a vein is like a

tuning fork, each fork forking again, and occasionally these secondary forks

unite with each other. Inthe decurrent bases of the pimnules or segments

some veins spring from the rhachis and not from the costa, as occurs in many

other ferns. On the upper side of a frond I see a short seta or gland at the

wees

CEGEL LL,

SSSR

RSS

LUT

ELLA hl

SAS

(a 7

"LE

A i

Fats

Syne

JN. Fitch del.

a se

SEAN Dah

PLATE XVIL

eae

a oe }

LES |}

‘ A .C.Chowdhary lith:

FIERIS SUBOQUINATA Walk

Portion of a frond, natural size.

Segments from a pinna x 2c.

. Rhizome and stipes of another frond.

co 8D Re

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, _ 455

base of each costa. The involucres are olive-green or olive-brown. The

pinnee in large fronds are sometimes almost completely pinnate, but the pinnules

are sessile with a broad base. In a frond from the Mackinnons [ find the

terminal pinna 13 in. |. by 54 in. br., and a pair of side pinnee 13 in, by 6 in.

The fern loves water.

Sub-genus Paisra, St. Hilaire..

8. P. aquilina, L. ; Syn. Fil. 115; C. R. 468 ; Bedd., H. B. 115..

TRANS-IND. STATES : Baraul 7000’, Harriss, Gatacre.

KasHMirn: Gilgit —Shankargarh (?) Dr. Giles ; Gulmarg, syaeriann Sonamarg.

PunsAB: Hazara.—Black Mt,, Duthie, near Thandiana 8000', Trotter. Chamba ;

Kuliu; Simla Reg.: common.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist. ; common in the Himalaya, and once seen in the Dun near

foot of hills below 8000’, Hope; 7. Garh. ; Kumaun.

DistRis.—*“ All round the world, both within the Tropics, and in the North and

South Temperate Zones, unless it be absent from South Temperate America, from which

there are no specimens in Kew Herbarium (Syn. Fil.), 8. Amer, Brazil, var. esculenta.

Europe: universal, except in the extreme north, and never an Alpine plant: range in

the British Isles said to agree closely with that of corn cultivation, and in the Scottish

Highlands never above 2000'” (Britten, in “European Ferns”). Asia: N..Ind.

(Him.) very common ; Assam—Khasi Hills 2-8000’, common. 8S. Ind.—Decean;

Madras Presidency. Burma-—Tenasserim. Malay Penins.,and Hastward to Australia

and N. Zeal. Afr,: Cameroon Mts. ; Abyssinia.

This fern is so common in the Himalaya that few specimens ate to be found

in herbariums in the North-West. Bat I have never seen such thickets and

fields of it as are common in the United Kingdom.

Sub-genus Campreria, Presi.

9. P. biaurita, L. ; Syn. Fil, 164; C.R. 469. Campteria biaurita, L.

(under Péeris), Bedd., H. B. 116.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—In the; Din 2000’ and upwards, by streams or springs,

Mackinnons, Hope; Garhwal—Clarke ; Kumaun—Barmdeo, 900’, 8, and W.; Gola

Valley 3-4000’, Hope.

DIsTRIB.—The following is the entry in Wallich’s Catalogue, under 106, Pteris

nemoralzs, Willd., which is given as a synonym by Clarke, though not by Willdenow

himself, who says they are different :—“ Pterts nemoralis, Wild. species admodum

varians.

I. Napalia, 1820, ‘ est Pt. biawrita’

(in Hook’s writing).

2, Penang, 1822, ‘est Pt. biaurita ’ Kumaun, R. B.

Cin Hook’s writing), Pi. biaurita and Pt. quadriaurita:

3. Hurdwar et Dehra Din, 1825. Herb. Hegra.”’

The plant seems to be found in almost all the warm parts of the globe :—Amer.—

Trop.: from the W. Ind. southward to Brazil. Asia: N. Ind. (Him. and Sub-Him,

Valleys)—Sikkim and Bhotan,. up to 6000’; Assam—Dharang, Khasia 0-6000’

Bengal—extending over the plains to Dhaka, Pubna, &c., Parasnfth Mt. 4400+.

Montes Ave, 1826..

Montes ad Sylhet, De Silva.

ND om me

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

S. Ind.—The Deccan and Western parts of Madras Presy. up to 6000’, not common.

Ceylon. N. Burma and Andaman Islands, Kwrz., Malay. Penins. and Isles,

Tonkin. §. China. Australia.

Baker, Clarke, and Beddome all say this species differs from P. quadriaurita

only in the venation ; but I must maintain that, apart from the difference in

venation, the two species are abundantly unlike, and that no one knowing

the two in growth, in N.-W. India at least, could ever mistake the one for the

other. The form P. nemoralis, Willd., or a form which has both free and

inarched venation on the same frond, is got in the Dehra Dain; and I have

one small plant, less than 18 inches in height, altogether without inarched

venation, but with forked veins, springing from the rhachis between the seg-

ments, which sometimes unite with the lowest costal veins. A large plant from

the Dun has stipes 26 in., and frond 34 in, in length. These are 143 pairs of

pinne, of which the lowest pair is over 12 in. 1. by almost 3 in. br.: these

are bipartite, the secondary pinne being 10 in, 1. The terminal pinna is

nearly 9 in. by 14 in. The lowest pinnee of P. biaurita are, I should say,

always bipartite ; but I have never seen more than one descending pinnule or

ear on each side : Clarke says there are sometimes two or three.

From Selim, below Darjiling, at altitudes of 1,200 and 1,500 feet, respective-

ly, Gamble has two very different-looking plants, both of which he names

P. biaurita, and both of which are Campteria : one has dark-coloured rhachises,

8-10 pairs of pinne, and broad, blunt, approximate segments: the other is

much paler in colour, with straw-coloured rhachises, 8-15 pairs of pinne, with

long narrow far-apart segments. This latter is what is supposed to be P. nemo-

valis, Willd., as the veins of contiguous segments often miss connection below

the sinus ; but it is quite different in cutting, colour, and appearance from my

Dehra Dim specimens above described : the venation only is similar.

10. P. Wallichiana, Agardh ; Syn. Fil. 65; C. R. 469. Campteria

Wallichana, Agardh, Bedd., H. B. 118.

PUNJAB: Chamba—Clarke, McDonell; Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala, Edew.,

Clarke ; Kullu 6-8000', Trotter, Coventry ; Mandi State 5-6000', Trotter.

N.-W. P.: “ Garhwal,” T.T.; 7. Garh., 5-7000', Mackinnons, Ganges Vy. 5-6000’,

Duthie ; Kumaun—Wallich, R. Blink. (Pt. wmbrosa, Wall.), S. and W. (Pt. wmbrosa)

Davidson, Trotter.

DisTRiB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim, Bhotan 3-8000’; Assam—Khasi Hills

3-6000’, common ; Manipur, Clarke. Java. Japan. Philippines. Samoa,

Sub-genus Doryorreris, J, Smith,

11, P. ludens, Wall. ; Syn. Fil. 166; C. R. 470. Daryopteris ludens,

Wall., Bedd., H. B. 120.

TRANS-IND, STaTES: Barawl—Ziarat Valley 5000’ and 8000', General W. Gatacre,

June 1895.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 457

DistRip.—Asia : N.-H. Ind.—Assam, Naga Hills, Nichugardh 750’, Clarke; E.

Manipur, Chattick 5000’, Watt, “ very abundant.’? Bengal—Orissa, Balasore Hills

Blanf. ; Chitagong Hills up to 1000’, Roxburgh, Clarke, King. Burma, on the Irrawa-

dy, Wallich, “Burma,” Kurz; Maulmein, Lobb, Parish. Malay Penins. Philip-

pines.

Collected by Brig.-General (now Sir W.) Gatacre, when with the Chitral Fort

Relief Expedition :—2 sterile fronds only, without rhizome (which should be creep-

ing) ; one—from 8000’ alt., about 24 in. 1. by barely 1 in. br., entire, cordate-

lanceolate, and the other—from 5000’, about 4 in. |. by 44 br., with two pairs

of lateral, oblong, rather bluntly-pointed lobes, the lowest of which has a pair of

subsidiary lobes, deflexed. ‘The stipes, main and secondary rhachises are gia-

brous, and almost black: the veins are hidden in the coriaceous lamina. (See

my paper on the “ Ferns of the Chitral Relief Expedition,” in “‘ The Journal

of Botany,’ March, 1896, p. 122). I compared these specimens with sterile

fronds of P. ludens from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in Mr. Gamble’s collection,

and found them identical, though the cutting varies ; and Mr. Gamble agreed.

The most westerly extension of this species before known is in Orissa, in the

Indian Peninsula, in about 214° N. lat., and 86° E. long., up to 1000 ft. alt.

Other known habitats are (in India) the Naga Hills in Assam, at about 750 ft.

alt. ; the East of Manipur, in about 23° N, lat. and 94° BH, long., at an altitude

of 5000 ft. The Ziarat Valley, where General Gatacre got the plant, lies to

the south of Chitral, north of the Lowari (or Lowarai) Pass, in about 35° 25/

N. lat., and 71° 50’ K. long. Snow musi lie in the Valley for many months

in the year at the altitude of 8000 and perhaps even down to 5000’.

In “the Botany of the Chitral Relief Expedition,” No. 9, Vol. I. of ‘‘ The

Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1898,” I find the follow-

ing note by Mr, Duthie regarding this fern :-—

“Tn reply to a letter to General (now Sir William) Gatacre asking for

further particulars regarding the localities of this very interesting

fern, I received the following information :—‘ This fern was found

growing in many places in the Zidrat Valley at 5000 feet, near

the Kaffir Rock (about 33 miles north of Lowari Pass,-on the road),

a well known spot by reason of the Kafhrs from Kafiristan select-

ing this wild spot to set upon and murder caravans passing through

the country. The valley hereabouts is a very sheltered spot, a

beautiful stream running down the centre, the hills clothed with

flowering shrubs, and the valley filled with the white peony.

Undoubtedly snow lies here during the winter, even down to 5000

feet, but the place is warm and sheltered from wind ; the soil is

very rich, and streams from the summits of the hills are always

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

pouring through fissures into the valley below. This fem was

also seen growing in several places on the hill above on the west

side of the valley, where water runs out of rocks at 8000 feet,

The ground here must be under snow for certainly four months, if

not more. ‘There is close by here a crater, apparently of volcanic

origin, which may account for the fern being found here, but no

difference was perceptible in the temperature of the water.”’

Another remarkable westerly and northerly extension of a tropical fern is the

case of Lygodium microphyllum, A. Br., which ane was found by General Gatacre

in the Zidrat Valley, at 5000’ alt.

Genus 17 _CERATOPTERIS, Brong.

1, .C. thalictroides, Brong.; Syn. Fil. 174; C. R. 471; Bedd., H.

16% weak

PUNJAB.: “in rice fields *—EHdgew. in Herb., Saharanpur. Chamba—Raipur 3000’,

Clarke; Kangra Vy. Dist.“in rice fields” in Herb. Caleutta; ‘‘ Mundi” (Mandi

State ?) Jacquem.; Karnal District, J. R. Drummond (fide Trotter); Sirmur State—

Kiarda Din (seen‘by J. R. Drummond, fide Trotter),

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.; Jaunsar—near Kalsi 1500’, Gamble; D. Dun West,

Mackinnons; D. Dtin Hast—Nakraunda 1900’, Hope 1886; Raspana R. below 2001’,

Angus Campbell 1889; Awmaun, Wallich (or R. Blink.) in Herb. Hort. Kew.

DistRis.—‘ Throughout the Tropics in quiet waters,” (Syn. Fil.), Amer. :

S. Florida, Mexico, and W. Indies southward to Brazil. Asia: ‘ Arabia Felix” and

§.-E. Arabia. N. India—Nepal, Walizch ; Sikkim Bhotan; Assam—Goalpara, Mann ;

N. Manipur ; 3000’, Clarke; Bengal—Shahabad Dist. Lev.; Chutia-Nagpur, Rev. A.

Campbell. Centr. Provs. Ind.—6 stations, Duthie. Centre Ind., Clarke. 8S. Ind.

common (fide Beddome). Burma—Great Coco Island, Dy. Prain; Nicobar Islands,

Kurz. Singapore, Wallich. Java. Philippines. Japanese China. Hongkong. Afr. :—

W. Trop.; Angola ; Madagascar.

Beddome’s description amends -that in the Synopsis Filicum as regards the

veins, which anastomose distantly in the fertile fronds, and closely in the sterile

ones. But I would add that in pressed and dried specimens the whole fertile

frond—stipes, rhachises, and lamina—appears homogeneous, and the stipes even

is veined. Living plants should be examined as to this.

T have seen this fern in its natural state only in the Dehra Din. Mr. Angus

Campbell and I were on an elephant, picking out a line for the proposed railway

from Hardwar to Dehra (since constructed and lately opened for traffic), and on

seeing water draining froma swamp I said—this looks like a place where

Ceratopteris would grow.” I had hardly spoken when I saw bright green patches

in the water, and told the “ Mahaut” to get down and hand up a sample: it

proved to be this fern. Both here and at Mr. Campbell’s station,-a few miles

westward, the plant was of course rooted, as there was a considerable current.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 459

Genus 183.—BLECHNUM, Linn.

1. B. orientale, L.; Syn. Fil. 186 ; C. R. 474; Bedd., H. B. 182.

N.-W. P: 7. Garh.—4000’, Mackinnons 1879; Worth Oudh, in forests, R.

Thompson 1870.

DISTRIB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him,) Nepal, Sikkim; Assam—Khasi Hills up to 4000’,

Garo Hills. Bengal—North and Hast, near the Hills; Chutia-Nagpur—Palamow,

Dr. J. J. Woot. Centre Provs. Ind.—Pachmarhi 3,000’, Mrs. 2. Morris. Centr. Ind. ?

Clarke. §S. Ind, up to 6030’,common. Burma—Maulmain, Parish. Ceylon. Malay

Penins, and Isles. S. China—Hainan, Hancock. Polynesia. Australia: Queensland.

Genus 1.9—WOODWARDIA, Sim.

Sub-genus EnwooDwaRD1a.

1. W. radicans, Smith ; Syn. Fil. 188; C. R. 475 ; Bedd. H. B. 135,

KASHMIR : Basaoli 5500’, Clarke.

PungAB: Chamba; McDonell (in List). Mandi State 7500’, Trotter; Kullu

5-8000’, Trotter, Coventry; Simla Reg. 5-6000' “common on steep, well-shaded

banks, close to streams, below 5500’” (Blanf.) ; Bisahir, Lace.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar—Thadyar 5000’, Gamble ; Mussooree 6-6500’, not

uncommon ; Kumaun—4-8000', commen,

DistRIB.—Amer.: California, Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. Hurope: Spain ,

Portugal, Italy, Sicily. Asia: N. Ind. (Him) Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, Bhotan,

3-8060'. Assam—Khasi Hills 4-5000’, not plentiful; Garo Hills, Day, Sumatra

and Java, Philippines. China: Szechwan Prov.—Mt. Omei, Faber ; Ichang Prov.,

Hancock. Afr. : Azores, Madeira, and Canaries; Congo; Abyssinia.

The description of the genus in the Synopsis Filicum is incorrect as to the

position of the sori, in W. radscans at least: they are not “placed in rows

parallel with and contiguous to the midribs of the pinnee and pinnules?? The

fern is not bipinnate, and there are no rows of sori parallel with and contiguous to

the midribs of the pinnee. The sori are placed in the segments of the pinnee,

only one sorus on the lower side of a segment being below the sinus, The

description in Beddome’s Handbook of the species is correct in this respect.

‘In the Historia Filicum Smith says of the genus—“ Sori oblong, contiguous,

forming a sub-costal, medial, row.”

Clarke says the Indian form is erect, and not so fine as the pendent plant in

Madeira and the Canaries. When it grows toa fair size W. radicans cannot

stand upright, and if it did it could not root from the buds (one and sometimes

two) which are found near the point on almost every frond. In India it often

grows on steep banks, as Blanford says, and there is pendent, I have seen

fronds up to 8 feet in height, and bending over running water,

Genus 20.-ASPLENIUM, Linn.

Sub-genus THAMNOPTERIS, Pres.

1. A. Nidus, L.; Syn. Fil. 190; 0. R.475. Thamnopteris Nidus, lee

Bedd., H. B. 137.

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111,

N.-W. P.: Kumaun.—Radmganga Vy., 2500’, 8. and W.; Gori Valley, near Askot

8-4000’, Duthie’s collector ; Gori Valley 2-3000', on trees, Duthie.

DIsTR1B.—Asia : N. Ind, (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim; Assam, and through the plains of

Bengal to the southward of Calcutta, and to Chittagong. Malabaria. “Typical Nidus

has not yet been found in the Madras Presidency ” (Beddome in Handbook.) Burma—

Rangoon. Ceylon, Penang. Tonkin. Borneo. China—Kow Loon, Chusan. Japan—Bonin

Islands, Formosa, Polynesia—Samoa, Society Islands, New Caledonia. Australia :—

Norfolk Island, Lord Howe’s Island, Queensland. Af7.: Mascaren and Seychelle Isles.

A frond in the Kew Herbarium, got by Hooker fil. in Sikkim, is remark-

able by having a lobe projecting 25 inches beyond the margin of the frond,

towards the apex, witha midrib of its own, 4 inches long from the main

rhachis, with veins and sori normal to it. ‘There isa similar frond in the

British Museum, marked “ Khasya (?). H. and T.”

Sub-genus HUASPLENIUM.

2. A.ensiforme, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 191; C. R. 476 ; Bedd., H.B. 141.

PuNJAB: Simla Reg.—Simla 6000’, Edgew., Col. Cruikshank, Bliss ; Hatu Mt.

Dr. Cuttell 1875, Bagi 9200’, Bliss 1891 ; Bisdhir 5000’, Lace 1891. Karnal District

(in the plains) below 1000‘, Drummond (Cjide Trotter).

N.-W. P.: D, D. Dist.—Jaunsar 5500’, C. G. Rogers ; Mussooree, Mackinnons, Hope,

T. Garh. Vicary 1832, No. 11, in Herb. Hort, Saharanpur ; Kedar Kaénta Mt. 7-5000,

Herschel ; Brit. Garh. 7-8000' Duthie ; Kumaun 6-8000'; apparently not uncommon.

DistR1B.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Wallich, J. Scully ; Sikkim and Bhotan,

4.9000’, common. Assam—Grifith, Mann. Burma—Tenasserim. 8. Ind-—W. Forests of

Madras Presidency. Ceylon. Afi.: Madagascar, Mrs. F. Gregory, in Herb. Hort. Kew.

J. Smith noted on a sheet of Wallich’s from Nepal—* Stains paper pink in

drying,” and Clarke and Beddome have noted this property of the plant ; but it

does not always do so. I imagine this depends on the age of the fronds, which

remain on the plant, I think, for at least two years. The dye penetrates through

several sheets of thick paper, and does so for years after the plant has been dried.

Gymnogramme elliptica, Baker, from the Dehra Dén District at least, also has

this property. Blanford says A. enstforme is very rare in the Simla Region,

3. A. alternans, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 194; C. R. 475; Bedd., H. B. 142.

AFGHAN. : ~“Alipore,” Griffith in Herb. Kew.

TRANS-IND, STATES: Chitral 4500’; Baraul 5500’, Harris; Swat 4000’, Gatacre.

KAsHMIR : Jacquem., Winterbottom ; 7500-8000’, Trotter, 7000’ Gammie ; “common

below 4000’,” Macleod.

PunsgAB: Salt Range; Mt. Tilla, Aitchison, * protuse” ; Hasdra—Black Mt.,

Duthie, Oertel 5000’, near Kalapani 7000’, Trotter, Murree, Dr. Fleming. Chamba,

T. Thomson, McDonell (in List) ; Dalhousie—Dyas (fide Clarke) ; Jalandhar Gn the

plains ?) in a well with Adiantum Cupillus-Veneris and Nephrodium molle, Aitch.

1876; Kangra Vy. Dist. 3-8000', Trotter ; Mandi State 5000’, Trotter ; Kullu 5-6000',

Trotter, Coventry; Simla Reg.—‘‘ very common from 4-5000’ up to about 8000’ a

(Blanf. in List), Sirmur State, Jacquem.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—In the Din 2-3000', and probably lower, common; Mus-

sooree 5-6500’ common; Jaunsar—Gamble; “ Garhwal,” Jacquemont; TZ. Garh.

4.5000’; Kumaun 2-7000'.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN IND/A. 461

DistTRiB.— Asia: Afghan.; N. Ind.(Him.)Sikkim, rare. Assam—Khbasi Hills 3-4000’,

Mann ; Manipur, Watt. Rajputana—Mt. Abu, King. Afr. : Abyssinia—Schimper.

In the north-east of India, where it is rare, this fern grows larger than in the

north-west. Some specimens I have, or have seen, collected by Gamble and

Levinge, are so different from others, and from the north-west plant that

a variety-monger might make one here. One plant has fronds 11

inches long by 24 inches broad, with hardly any stipe. A frond on

another sheet is 1 foot long by 2 inches broad, and stipe 2 inches, The cutting

of these is very coarse, the segments being broader and blunter than usual, and

sometimes sub-crenulated or sub-lobed round the ends of the veins. There is a

distinct hyaline: (or cartilaginous) margin, which is rarely distinguished in my

North-Western specimens. And on some small plants with similar cutting the

sori are very short and broad. The large specimens seem to bear the same

relation to the N.-W. India form that A. awrewm of the Canary Islands bears to

A, ceterach of North Europe ; but intermediate forms might perhaps be picked

out, Assam plants of A. alternans, in the Calcutta Herbarium, are like those

from Sikkim, and the sori are more apical than those of N.-W. Indian plants.

Colonel Beddome says—of the venation and fructification—“ veins sub-flabel-

late, all free ; sori copious on all the lobes in two rows, linear-oblong, erect-

patent, the superior basal one parallel with the costa ”— parallel with the rhachis

of the frond, I presume he means : but his enlarged drawing, while showing the

venation fairly, does not show the basal sori he mentions ; and it seems to show

that the veins in the decurrent base of the segments spring from the rhachis of

the frond and not from the costa of the segment or lobe. This they sometimes

appear to do; but the substance of the frond is thick and opaque, and it is net:

always easy to trace the basal veins to their origin, The position of the sori

depends of course upon the direction of the veins. The segments or lobes are

more gradually decurrent on the rhachis on the superior side than on the

inferior, and a main branch from the costa runs off, on the superior side,

parallel to the rhachis from near the base of the costa, so near in some cases

that the off-take is obscure ; and it gives off veinlets towards the margin.

This branch and its veinlets are not generally soriferous, and in the lower half

of the frond perhaps never so, and then all the sori appear to lie in the seg-

ments, and at an angle with the costa of the segment, Higher up the frond

basal sori appear, both on the parallel branch vein and on the veinlets which

spring from it, and towards the apex of the frond the involucres of the long

parallel basal sori open towards the rhachis of the frond, instead of towards

the costa of the segment as the segmental sori do, At the apex of the frond,

as the segments become confluent, the rhachis becomes the costa of the apex,

and the involucres open inwards towards it.

462

LES FORMICIDES DE L’/EMPIRE DES INDES

HT DE CEYLAN.

PaR AUGUSTE FOREL,

Part VIII.

(Continued from page 332 of this Volume.)

4me Sous Famille DORYLINZ,

TABLEAU DES GENRES (chez l’ouvriére),

Pédicule d’un seul article. Suture pro-mésonotale distincte ; suture

méso-métanotale obsolete (Doryliz) ....... Scrune CoO eeeneerst Sesns we!

Pédicule de deux articles, Suture pro-mésonotale obsoléte ;

suture méso-métanotale distincte (Ecitomit) so. ..ssoacscccssecccnses 2

i. Un'seul gemre......ccs.-...0-.- Bennoees dedceereastentuneee ecoeeee Ge, Dorylus—Fab.

(a) Antennes de toutes les oe de 9 articles......S. G. Alaopone—Emery.

(6) Antennes des tS) major de 11 articles, celles des xo} minima

de 10. Mandibules pointues, avec deux dents au bord

UMNO Gee re sseenontiansnventcienceucicerteste S. G. Typhlopone—Westw.

minima de 10. Mandibules longues, étroites, en forme

de sabre, sans bord terminal avec une dent au tiers

apical (peu distincte chez la ¢ major)...6.4. Dichthadia—Gerst.

DI NIGAUIGGENEC taearcecssceesonece époeuaadsed Soocatodes ve G, Ainictus—Shuckard.

TABLEAU DES GENRES (chez le @).

Grande taille, au moins 1? 4 20 mill. Cuisses toujours com-

primées, Pédicule convexe, d’un article, Le métanotum

dépasse Péeusson €N AITiere ..........0..eee00e Saeed (Dorylit) 1

Petite taille, au plus 10 mill. Cuisses cylindriques, exception-

nellement clavées ou comprimées. Pédicule d’un seul

article, concave, plus ou moins bilobe en dessus. Thorax

tronqué derriére, 4 partir du bord postérieur de l’écusson

(Eeitonii) 2

1. Un seul genre ............ eeemen ones Secs anetaseteueereeeae eee G. Dorylus~-Fab,

(a) Mandibules larges, obtuses, a bord interne sinueux

S. G, Alaopone—Emery,.

(b) Mandibules trés longues, au moins trois fois plus lon-

gues que larges, étroites, arquées... S. G. Typhlopone-- Westw..

subitement et trés fortement rétrécies, acuminées

en pointe étroite et assez longue.........S. G, Dichthadia—Gerst..

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 463

lere TRisu DORYLII.

ler Genre Doryuus, Fab.

1 S. G, ALAopongE, Emery.

Dorylus ( Alaopone) orientalis, Westw.

=Dorylus (Typhlopone) curtisiz, Shuckard.

iS): Comme l’a déja fait remarquer M. Emery lui-méme, 1!’ Alaopone ober-

thiiri, Hm,, ne peut guere étre que louvriére du Dorylus orientalis. Je vais

méme plus loin et je dis que par exclusion il ne peut en étre autrement. En

effet, dans lIndostan proprement dit on ne rencontre que deux espéces dis-

tinctes de Dorylus, toutes deux communes, Or, l’ouvriére lisse, de grande

taille (i. 3°5 411 mill.), plus lisse et plus luisante encore que le D. fulvus, sans

sillon frontal imprimé au milieu et en arriere sur la téte, avec 11 articles

aux antennes, ne differant du reste du D. fulvus que par sa téte encore plus

allongée, sa taille encore plus grande, ses arétes frontales qui forment devant

deux proéminences encore plus dentiformes, enfin var sa teinte plus terne, avec

. Pabdomen plus jaunatre, le thorax et surtout la téte plus brundtres ; cette

ouvriere, dis-je, ayant ét¢ prise avec le @ (D, labiatus, Shuckard) dans un

seul et méme nid par M, Bell ne peut appartenir qu’au D, labiatus, Shuckard

dont M, Emery n’a fait qu'une variété du D. fulvus, mais que je dois, tout bien

considéré, maintenir comme espéce. Donec, par exclusion, l’ouvriére fortement

ponctuée, de 2475 mill. de long, avec un sillon frontal fortement imprimé

tout du long et 9 articles aux antennes ne peut étre que celle de Vorientalis.

Comme I!’ A, oberthiiri—A. curtisii, il s’en suit que curtise, oberthiiri et orien-

tals ne sont qu'une seule et méme espece qui doit porter le nom d’orientalis

comme le plus ancien,

&. Mais le ¢ correspondant a cette Q forme trois races assez distinctes,

Si Pon tient compte du fait que, chez les Dorylus, les @ sont bien plus différ-

enciés que les ©. on ne s’étonnera pas de ce que ces races n’aient pas pu etre

distinguées chez l’ouvricre. Ce sont les suivantes :—

r, D. orientalis, i.sp., Westw. L. 24425 mill; téte rougedtre ou roussatre.

Thorax tomenteux ; corps en général non seulement pubescent, mais poilu ;

du reste assez variable. Couleur du corps jaune testacé plusou moins rous-

satre ou brunatre.

r, D. fuscus, Emery, Corps entierement d'un brun noirdtre. Un: peu

plus court et surtout plus robuste.

r. D, longicornis, Shuckard, L. 17 a 20 mill, Téte noire. Corps d’un

jaune testacé terne, Pubescent, mais presque sans poils dressés.

Ces trois races ne sont pas constantes ; on trouve des formes intermédiaires.

Lar. D, fuscus @ a été prise 4 Rangoon, Birmanie (Fea,3, Dehra Dun,

Himalaya (Smythies),

La vr. D. longicornis @ a été prise au Bengale (Shuckard), a Tenasserim

Kowkareet, Moulmein (Fea), Poona et Kanara (Wroughton), Ceylan

- (Yerbury).

464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11

La r. D. orientalis,i.sp., ga été prise au Bengale (Saunders, d’apres

Shuckard), 1 Tenasserim, Kowkareet, Moulmein (Fea), 4 Orissa (Taylor), a

Calcutta (Rothney, Wood-Mason), i Barrackpore (Rothney).

Un ¢ faisant passage d’orientalis i fuscus a été récolté au Bengale par M.

Wood-Mason.

L'ouvriére a été récoltée dans toute 1’Inde, & Calcutta (Rothney, ma collec-

tion); en Birmanie, Bhamé; Tenasserim, Kowkareet, Pegu, Palon, Carin

Cheba; i Barrackpore (Rothney) ; 4 Coonoor (Wroughton); au Siwaliks

(Rogers) ; dans la Prov. d’Assam et 4 Dehra Dun (Smythies); 4 Ceylan (d’apres

Shuckard) ; i Darjeeling oe ; 4 Orissa (Taylor), etc.

2. &. G., TypPHLOPONE, Westw.

ae (Typhlepone) labiatus, Shuck.

= D. hindostanus, Smith=D. leviceps, Smith.

Le pédicule bien plus étroit, la base plus atténuée de l’abdomen, le corps

plus gréle, moins pubescent, les cétés plus paralleles du thorax, chez le @, dont

la longueur atteint de 30 4 32 mill., distinguent cette forme indienne spéci-

fiquement du fulcus, Westw (=ijuvenculus, Shuck.) d’ Algérie. J’ai indiqué a

propos de Vorientalis les différences entre Vouvriére du fulvus et celle du

labiatus, Ces 9 sont faciles 4 distinguer de Voréentalis par leur grande

taille. leur corps lisse et absence de sillon frontal sur le milieu et le derricre

de la téte,

Poona (Sykes, $ Shuckard, Wroughton); Kanara (Bell), oO et i ensemble ;

Ceara, Inde mérid. (9 et g ensemble); Calcutta (Wood-Mason), On Dharm-

sala (Sage) ; Kanara (Wroughton) ; South Konkan (Wrcoughton) ; Dehra Dun

(Gleadow).

3. §. G. DicuTHapia, Gerst.

: Dorylus (Dichthadia) lcevigatus, Smith.

8 5) reir fy tenes Klugi, Emery ( @) ?=Dichtadia glaberrima, Gerst,

Le @, si c'est bien lui, est long de 20 a 21 mill, environ, et brunatre,

L’ouvricre est facile 4 distinguer des autres par ses mandibules (voir tableau

des 8S. G.) et par son pédicule bien plus large que long, ainsi que par sa téte

assez courte. Elle est encore plus lisse que celle du labzatus, mais de la taille

de Vorientalis,

Le type est de Borneo. A mon avis, la forme oC) breviceps, d’Emery,

qui se trouve 4 Tenassérim, differe du type par ses mandibules plus courtes

et moins courbées, et mérite d’étre conservée comme vari¢té,

Tenassérim, Kowkareet, Palong (Fea), Cette espece n’a pas été trouvée

dans le reste de l’Inde. - ie

2me Trreu EcITonNiI,

2me Genre Ainictus, Shuckard,

Tubleau des ouvrieres,

Un tubercule longitudinal, ovale, allongé, jaundtre, de chaque

cdté de Voceiput aux angles duquel son extrémité postérieure

proémine, Noir; stature gréle....scccesee .. 2, martini, noy. spec,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 465

Pas de tubercule longitudinal de chaque cété de Vocciput ...... 1

1, Noirs ou brunatres, avec une grande tache latérale, ovale,

. jaunatre de chaque cété de la moitié postériare de la téte.

Mote nissaretnlWisA nie sosvs avqds sadéekocnsacnesaecoelouede: sat lean tans 2

Bruns, sans tache latérale. Téte au meins en grande partie

sculptée, mate ou subopaque ....... Se cbapnaoiecaasenccvetonemcee Rhone’:

Jaundtres ou d’un jaune roussdtre, sans taches, Téte lisse et

uisante 22 /s..+.m-«! PS ih Save ineevaoh aveeich ave “Penkoon 23 sewaen D

2. Téte ovale-rectangulaire, 4 cétés peu convexes et avec un

bord postérieur distinct, aussi large que le bord antérieur.

4. fergusoni, nov. spec,

(a) Face basale du métanotum distinctement convexe,

enticrement sculptee, Noeuds du pédicule aussi larges

que longs, lisses et luisants ......... .... sicledets 4, fergusoni, 1, Sp.

(b) Face basale du métanotumn en plan incliné d’arriére

en avant, avec ses % antérieurs lisses et. luisanis,

Noeuds comme le précédent ... .. ..... var, 4, hodgsoni, n, var,

var. A, pilizi, n. var

(d) Un peu plus grand que le type. Premier noeud du

pédicule densément réticulé, légérement plus long

Quicwlarmenesn 25:2 Ure eet Mens erc cand Spesbeoe var, 4, montanus,n, var,

Téte ovale, 4 cotés trés convexes, n’ayant comme bord pos-

t4rieur que le bord articulaire, bien plus étroit que le bord

EUMUGMUMUT scprace ast eectal ote aM sash tate a ca acuse SrtEG One SaReeC ee Beeeee 3

3, Ll, 4446 mill, Second article du funicule aussi long que

le premier, Pronotum sculpte ..................... 4. binghamii—Forel.

L, 3°5 4 3°8 mill, Second article du funicule plus court que

le premier,

(a) Face basale du métanotum faiblement convexe,

passant par un angle obtus a la face déclive qui est

COUWETC eo. cell =) cal-emninwcldvasene) “i slaisrcissesnanjeaVill.) 2. LOPVECEPS, In 8.

(b) Face basale du métanotum rectiligne, passant par

un angle aigu ala face déclive qui est fort concave,

eboplusMongue <.::-.<d.cs>-= gaian-orsss var, 2. smythiesii, n, var.

4. L,4444-7 mill, Tous les articles dv funicule beaucoup

plus longs qu’épais. Thorax avec des rides longitudinales

PINUS ISEICES| anvcatae ee naseer ee oor eerees seserereeescetenrcsves 2, Cithenti, NOV, Sp.

[Deore emeores) saint Aiaise 1a5 aa fase au moins aussi

épais que longx, Thorax seulement avec une sculpture fine,

4. bengalensis—Mayr,

‘a) Téte et pronotum en grande partie lisses et luisants,

Devant de la téte rougedtre.......0....V. LH, continuus, nov, var,

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

5, Mandibules triangulaires, 4 bord terminal large et tranchant,. 6

Mandibules étroites, 4 bord terminal court, armé de trois

dents plus ou moins distinctes........

6. Gréle. Thorax fortement échancré entre le mésonotum et

le métanotum, Entierement lisse ef luisant, L, 2:5 mill,

4G, wroughtonii—F or,

(a) Plus gréle; d’un jaune pale ou brundtre; téte

14 fois plus longue que large (étroite et allongée)

v. 4, wroughtonii, i. sp.

(b) Plus robuste; d’un ‘rouge jaundtre ; téte plus large

et plus courte, 1} fois plus longue que large—

v. 4. sagei, n, var,

Robuste. Thorax tres faiblement et largement imprimé au mi-

lieu, Métanotum mat, sculpté. L. 3a 3°5 mill, Z, punensis, nov, sp,

7, Antennes tres courtes, 4 forte massue, La face basale du

métanotum passe par une courbe arrondie et sans aréte

ila face déclive. Mandibules distinctement tridentées,

4, brevicornis—Mayr.

Antennes plus longues, 4 massue plus gréle. La face basale du

metanotum est séparée de la face déclive par une petite

aréte transversale distincte qui se recourbe de chaque cété

de la face déclive. Mandibules peu distinctement tri-

CONTECH... ce. se0e caress papers snqedosduacBogece . A. ceylonicus*—Mayr,

(a) Métanotum sang ane ni aes ee réticulé-

ponctué, 4 face déclive presque aussi longue que la

face basale, et séparée delle par un angle dis-

tinct, Noeuds du pédicule mats, réticulés-ponctués.

Te 250 sal Gees eeeenae rabatiacvates Beene Lae aa r, A, pequensis—Em,

* (b) Métanotum strié-ridé irréguliérement, 4 face déclive

a peine longue comme la moitié de la face basale et

séparée delle par un angle obtus, arrondi, Noeuds

lisses et luisants en dessus ..... fasched Melee kic uate eae atiet sas (c)

plutdt plus épais que longs. Face postérieure du

2me noeud du pédicule obtuse, un peu inelinée.

v. 4, ceylonicus, 1. sp

L. 2:8.a3°1 mill, Articles 24 4 des funicules un peu plus

longs qu’épais. Face postérieure du 2me noeud du

pédicule verticale, 4 sommet sub-acuminé...v. Z, latro,n, Var.

* Tf, tiirnert d’Australie que j’ai décrit dernierement a 2°7 mill de longueur (et pas

seulement 2°4 & 2°5, comme je l’ai éerit). Ses mandibules ont un bord terminal bien plus

large et sont bien plus triangulaires que celles du ceylonicus,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 467

Tableau des mdles,

Tibias énormément renflés sur leurs 24 apicaux, minces sur

leur tiers basal. Cuisses et scapes énoimément dilatés et

comprimés (foliacés)... se.csseceeesereoee sors sseeeee- dl, Clavitibia, nov, spec.

Tibias médiocrement ou nullement r:enflés sur leur portion api-

GE Bcopooenmacdondauenddor Soe OSpEeSe ns cebiinasiieiislelt satin oemaeeie Beans oueneoes 1

1, Scapes et cuisses énormément dilatés et comprimés (foliacés)

de leur base a leur extrémité... ........ . ...... @. latiscapus, nov. spec.

Scapes et cuisses autrement CONfOrMES.......c.scesescecrscees ovsceces 2

2, Cuisses fortement clavées (renflées) sur leur moitié ou leurs

24 apicaux, minces vers leur base. Hypopygium large-

ment échancré 4 son bord postérieur, L,545°5 mill...... 3

Cuisses médiocrement, mais fort nettement comprimées,

fortement dilatées sur leur moitié apicale seulement. Py-

gidium convexe, entier, L.9410°5 mill. bq cunhosoocs Cl

Cuisses et scapes médiocrement et peu A peu elasie de Ta

base 4 l’extrémité, Pygidium avec une impression longi-

tudinale médiane et une échancrure assez forte au milieu

de son bord postérieur, L. 7 mill ..........0000-. Z. longé, nov, spec,

Cuisses médiocrement dilatées et comprimées sur toute leur

oragareiins WG ashen Bas) rary lh) 9 Ge Soacncpcoosesseapdasenbese gnecannc aes O

Cuisses, tibias et scapes cylindriques (cuisses 4 peine com-

primées), L, 8 mill. Une longue pubescence argentée, dont

les extrémités s’unissent en. raies....... scoosuedead 4. ambiguus—Shuck,

(a) Pubescence jaundatre, plus courte, de forme ordinaire,

MOINS CONSE) sececesccccececcccrassvccson . var, #. westwoodi, n, var,

3, L.5°5 mill. Pédicule fortement concave transversalement,

Ailes distinctement teintées de brundtre ; corps d’un brun

foncé; téte noire, moitié apicale des cuisses_renflée,

4#, shuckardi, nov, spec,

L. 5 mill. Pédicule non concave transversalement, fort con-

vexe longitudinalement, Ailes subhyalines, 4 peine tein-

tées de jaundtre ; corps d’un jaune testacé un peu brunatre,

avec la téte noirdtre. Les 24 apicaux des cuisses renflés,

(GIEWHES) Saneoode Saepso8 SogopneobLe TasOospeoeseoca cays .. H, clavatus, nov, spec,

(a) Corps assez luisant, médiocrement pubescent et ponc-

GUL CREEP eee nedaies coteo Gans wocsoageenet ahonteerurenouees v. 4. clavatus, i, sp.

(b) Corps subopaque ou ae densément pubescent et

DOMCENE ssenor-ones: siindaiasy Fe suaeae cles Routine v. 4, kanariensis, n, var,

4, Robuste, large ; mésonotum et scutellum fortement convexes,

Abdomen mat, assez grossiérement réticulé ponctué et en ‘

outre finement réticulé-ponctué, L, 9°54 105 mill, ... #, fee —Em,

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11,

Etroit, allongé ; téte plus large que le thorax. Mésonotum et

scutellum faiblement convexes. Abdomen luisant, seule-

ment avec une ponctuation fine, L,9 mill. ...... 4, gleadowii, n. sp.

+5, Téte avec un bord postérieur distinct du bord latéral, Les

yeux ntoccupent que les 74 antérieurs de la téte, Ocelles

petits, Pygidium sans concavité, ni tubercule, entier.

Ailes dépassant l'abdomen, Couleur d’un noir brunatre, :

Se ee BSB ert |e Saacoaenne eaten case dee newiae . 4, wroughtonii—F orel, i, sp.

Téte n’ayant entre Jes yeux, derricre, qu’un bord faiblement

eonvexe, Les yeux occupent tout le céte de la téte. Ocelles

trés gros, Pygidium avec une impression longitudinale

médiane, formant de chaque cété de cette impression comme

un large tubercule mousse, peu apparent, mais assez dis-

tinct et poilu, Les ailes n’atteignent pas Vextrémité de

_Yabdomen, Couleur d’un brun jaunatre avec la téte brune,

ae Simaalle a «eee esceseceresy MERE tant veer eescnee Zi, arya, NOY, spec.

N.B.—Dans ce tableau je n’ai pas fait figurer les Z. certus, Westw., et

pubescens, Smith, qui me sont inconnus, parce que leur description incomplete

ne permet pas de les y placer. L’#. pubescens, 4 en juger d’aprés Smith, doit

étre tout voisin de l’ambiguus, mais en différer par le pronotum échancré au

milieu et le pédicule moins large. Or la forme du pédicuie varie passable-

ment chez l’ambiguus. Quant a la longue pubescence soyeuse qui est sensée

le distinguer de Vambiguus, elle est précisément carctéristique pour ce

dernier, de sorte que je me demande qu’elle confusion se cache 1a dessous,

LZ, certus est encore plus incertain peut-¢tre. Westwood ne nous donnant

guére que des détails sans importance, sa longueur (la méme que celle de

Vambiguus) et sa couleur (idem), en ajoutant pedunculo antice angustiori disco

subplano—et mandibulis sub-brevibus, Chez V4, gleadowii, la seule de nos

espéces A laquelle cette description pourrait 4 la rigueur s’appliquer, sans du

reste prouver par li le moins du monde une identité réelle, le pédicule n’est

pas plus étroit devant que derriére. En outre Westwood ne sait de quel

pays provient son espéce quwil trouve si “certaine!” La forme qu'il indique

pour le pédicule se retrouve chez des varictés de l’ambiguus ; seules les man-

dibules courtes en distinguent nettement le certus.

Les Q des Hnectus sont inconnues. Mais aprés la découverte que j’ai faite

en juillet, 1899, de la Q de I’ Eciton carolinense (Annales soc, ent, belgique, tome

XLIII, 1899) il ne peut étre douteux qu’elle ne soit tout-d-fait voisine de celle

de ce genre si rapproché, c’est 4 dire aptére, aveugle, avec un seul segment au

pédicule, comme chez le ¢, et de forme analogue.

L’ AL. wroughtonii est la seule espéce dont le ¢ et louyriere soient connus,

Mais, par certaines analogies il est permis de soupgonner que I’, binghamii

soit Pouvriére du few (ou le fergusoni, ou le leviceps ?), tous deux étant

de trés grande taille, de couleur foncée et habitant la méme region. On peut

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CRYLAN., 469

aussi, et pour des raisons analogues, supposer que l’_Z, nunensis soit louvriere

de ambiguus, Quant aux autres, on en est réduit 4 de pures conjectures,

Il faut attendre des observations ultérieures, faites sur des fourmiliéres avec

le soin et & l’époque nécessaires, 5

LISTE DES ESPECES DU GENRE ictus,

1, 2. wroughtoni, Forel,

Thana ps Bombay, © et @ sortant ensemble du nid (M, Gleadow) ; 3

Travancore To) Cngleby) ; Inde centrale i (Betham) ; Poona, ¢ (Wroughton),

Var. sagei, nov. var, ie (Voir tableau.) Cette variétéa en outre sur le

vertex une tache brune distincte, grande, triangulaire, avec la base derriére et

la pointe devant, mais a contours un peu nuageux,

Dharmsala (Sage).

2. At. ambiguus, Shuckard.

Poona (Sykes, d’apres Shuckard, @; Wroughton, @); Guzerath, ¢@

(Wroughton) ; Inde septentrionale (Wroughton), @.

. Cette espéce, trés fréquente dans la région de Poona ou elle vole le soir a la

lumiére, varie & divers régards, Le pédicule, plus:ou:moins concave, est tantot

plus large et plus court, tantét aussi long et étroit que le dessin que Smith

donne de son &, pubescens, Parfois il est fortement rétréci devant et trape-

ziforme, Le scutellum est parfois presque entier et parfois fortement échan-

cré derriere, méme presque obtusément bidenté chez un @. es mandibules

varient un peu de longueur et sont tantdt plus, tantét moins courbées. La

pubescence est parfois plus courte, moins couchée en raies et moins angers

passant (exemplaires de Poona) 3 la variété suivante.

Var. westwoodi, nov. var. @ (Voir tableau.) Inde septentrionale

CWroughton), mélange 4 la forme typique, mais provenant probablement de

fourmiliéres différentes, le tout volant le soir a la lampe. Pédicule un

peu plus rétréci devant que derriére, 4 cétes fort convexes, i

3, 4. pubescens, Smith,

Inde septentrionale, d’aprés Smith; @¢. Cette espece m’a tout lair d’étre

une variété de l’ambiguus.

4, dh. fee, Emery.

Maggio, Teinzo, Birmanie (Fea), @.

5, A, gleadowii, nov, spec.

&@. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules lisses, luisantes, pilosité dressée médiocre,

un peu plus courtes et surtout plus larges que chez I’ ambiguus, cultriformes,

faiblement courbées, Téte fortement transverse, bien plus large que longue

sans les yeux, rapidement rétrécie derriére les yeux, le bord articulaire faisant

bord postérieur, comme chez l’ambiguus. Ocelles tres gros, situés sur une

éminence. Devant de la téte fortement concave; son bord antérieur large-

ment échancré d’un cil A Pautre, La téte est noire, lisse, luisante ét entiére-

ment glabre, sauf quelques poils sur le front, Scapes foliacés, trés larges. et

470. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

trés comprimés vers l'extrémité, atténués vers leur base, Funicules médio-

crement renflés vers leur premier tiers, avec tous les articles plus longs

qu’épais, Thorax un peu plus convexe que chez lambiguus;le mésonotum

recouvre plusle pronotum, Scutellum entier, Face basale du métanotum

courte, mais trés distincte. Pédicule en rectangle transversal 4 cétés convexes

a peine concave transversalement, tres faiblement échancré devant et derriére,

convexe longitudinalement. Hypopygium échancré aumilieu, Pattes comme

chez i’ 4. fee, mais la dilatation apicale est plus progressive et moins

accentuée,

Thorax, pédicule et abdomen ponctués et couverts d’une pubescence d'un

jaune grisdtre, longue, abondante, entierement couchée (dense, courte et

relevée sur le dernier segment). Le thorax, le pédicule et le pygidium sont

subopaques, plus densément ponctués; abdomen est luisant, Pattes lisses,

luisantes, avec de longs poils dressés jaunes.

‘Brun foncé ; téte noire ; bord des articulations du thorax, post-scutellum,

cotés du métanotum, bord du pédicule et des segments abdominaux d’un roux

brunatre, Pygidium, valvules génitales, pattes, antennes et mandibules d’un

jaune testacé, Ailes teintées d’un brun pale, avec les nervures ct la tache

brunes,

Kanara (Wroughton), Je dédie cette espece a M, Gleadow qui a découvert

le premier les ¢ d’Znictus avec les 9, et les a fournis 4 M. Wroughton.

6. 4. longi, nov. spec.

&. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules longues, plus courbées que chez le précédent,

plus larges vers 1 ’extrémité, avec l’extrémité plus obtuse, lisses, luisantes, avec

des points piligéres et une pilosité abondante, plutdt courte. Les articles

24a9dufunicule sont plus épais que longs, Les yeux v’atteignent pas le

bord postérieur de la téte qui est faiblement convexe et distinct du bord

articulaire, Les ocelles, assez gros, ne sont pas situés sur une éminence,

Téte, sans les yeux, aussi longue que large. Pédicule concave en dessus, avec

les bords relevés, plus large que long, un peu plus large derriere que devant

avec un gros: tubercule en dessous, Ailes assez courtes, ne dépassant pas

le corps. Face basale du métanotum indistincte, 4 peu pres obsoléte.

Front densément ponctué et subopaque. Le reste lisse, luisant, 4 ponctua-

tion fine et espacée, Une pilosité dressée un peu oblique, jaunatre, plutdt

courte, abonde sur les pattes et les antennes, tandis qu'elle est trés rare,

presque nulle, sur le corps. En revanche ce dernier est recouvert d’un bout

4 autre d’une pubescence jaunatre assez longue qui forme un duvet assez

fort pour cacher presque entiérement la sculpture (il faut le gratter pour

voir cette derniére), Pygidium relativement glabre.

D’un brun jaunatre sale. Téte brune; mandibules et pattes jaunatres.

Ailes finement :pubescentes, teintées de brun, avec la tache et les nervures

d’un brun foncé.

Garo Hills (Long).

cess

Leh

ee | ae ‘ee Ae elles

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 471

7. 4. shuckardi, nov. spec.

&. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules assez larges, assez courtes, fortement

courbées, pointues au bout, lisses, luisantes médiocrement poilues, Téte con-

formée comme chez!’ . longi, ainsi que les yeux et les ocelles, Scapes assez

courts, atténués 4 la base, fortement dilatés (foliacés) sur leurs 24 apicaux

qui sont aussi larges que longs, Funicules atténués i leur base, renflés vers

leur milieu, surtout 4 leur premier tiers ; leurs articles 4 4 6 plus de deux fois

plus larges que longs, Mésonotum fort convexe devant, Face basale du

métanotum courte, assez horizontale, fort distincte dela face déclive qui

est verticale, Abdomen assez allongé, pas ou Xpeine courbé ; ailes de longueur

moyenne,

Lisse, luisant, trés finement et éparsément ponctué, Pilosité et pubescence

comme chez |’ 4, longi, mais la pubescence est moins dense et ne cache pas

la sculpture et la pilosité est plutot un peu plus longue et moins abondante ;

sur la téte la pubescence est faible,

Brun; téte noire; pattes, antennes et mandibules d’un bron jaunitre.

Ailes distinctement teintées de brun, avec la tache et les nervures brun foncé,

Barrackpore (Rothney).

8. #. clavatus, nov. spec.

@. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules fortement courbées, assez courtes, plus

étroites que chez le précédent, lisses, luisantes, avec une pilosité trés

courte. Téte, sans les yeux, plus large derriére que longue, Les yeux diver-

gent fortement en arriere et n’atteignent pas le bord postérieur de la téte,

qui est fort convexe. Ocelles assez distanits l’un de l’autre. Devant, la téte

est subtronquée et concave ; les yeux proéminent devant de chaque cété.

Moitié apicale des scapes fortement clavée, un peu comprimée, presque aussi

large que longue, Antennes courtes et petites ; funicules atténués 4 leur base

puis renflés ; leurs articles 446 moins de deux fois plus larges que longs.

Mésonotum moins conyexe que chez le shuckardi ; métanotum comme chez

cette espéce ; scutellum proéminent en arriére, Abdomen plus courbé que

chez le précédent. Pygidium entier, Ailes plutdt courtes, 4 tache marginale

arrondie,

Sculpture du shuckardi, Pubescence un peu plus abondante, surtout sur

la téte et le thorax, mais moins que chez le longi, Pilosité dressée courte et

peu abondante sur les pattes et les antennes, presque nulle ailleurs,

Nervures et tache marginale brunes,

Poona (Wroughton} ; Inde septentrionale (Wroughton) ; Guzerath (Wrough-

ton) ; var. #, kanariensis, nov. var. @ (voir tableau); Kanara (Wroughton),

’ 9. Z. latiscapus, nov. spec.

@- (Voir tableau.) L.5°445°6 mill, Mandibules bien plus longues et

moins courbées que chez les deux précédents, tres larges 4 leur base et relative-

ment atténuées vers l’extrémité (un peu comme chez le Dorylus helvolus), lisses,

luisantes, un peu ponctuées, avec une pilosité longue et courbée, Téte con-

472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

formée comme chez |’ . gleadowii, transverse, beaucoup plus large que

longue sans les yeux, largement et fortement concave devant, le bord

articulaire formant le bord postérieur, les ocelles placés sur une éminence,

la téte fort convexe derriére d’un ceil 3 l’autre, tandis que les yeux proéminent

devant, Les arétes frontales, petites et trés rapprochées, confluent en

arriére, au fond de la concavité faciale. Les scapes dilatés et minces, comme

deux feuilles, sont presque translucides et un peu contournés, Les funicules

ne sont pas renflés ; tous leurs articles sont plus longs que larges, Mésono-

tum tres fortement convexe devant. Thorax du reste comme chez I#.

clavatus, avec le scutellum tres convexe et proéminent, mais la face basale

du métanotum est plus courte—extrémement courte--convexe, passant par

une courbe 4 la face déclive qui est un peu concave. Abdomen courbé, assez

étroit; pygidium entier. Cuisses et anneaux fémoraux foliacés comme les

scapes, Tibias 4 peine un peu renflés sur leurs 24 apicaux, Pédicule forte-

ment échancré devant et derriére, deux fois plus large que long, assez concave

en dessus. Il aen dessous une protubérance armée d’une forte dent dirigée

en arriere, Ailes un peu plus courtes que chez 4, clavatus.

Lisse, luisant, & ponctuation fort distincte, mais espacée. Pygidium trés

lisse, presque sans ponctuation, Pattes et antennes avec de longs poils jaunes,

courbés; le reste du corps presque sans poils dressés, Pubescence jaune,

médiocre, ne cachant pas la sculpture.

D’un jaune un peu brundtre, y compris les mandibules. Téte brundtre,

Ailes hyalines, n’ayant qu’une pubescence presque microscopique ; nervures

pales ; tache marginale d’un jaune brundatre.

Poona (Wroughton).

10. 4, clavitibia, nov. spec,

@. (Voir tableau.) L,. 6°4 mill, Extrémement voisin du précédent, dont

il différe par ses tibias tres fortement renflés (clavés) sur leurs 24 apicaux,

Les mandibules sont plus courtes et plus fortement atténuées (trés pointues)

a Pextrémité. La concavité dela face est bien plus faible et n’a pas l’appa-

rence tronquée d’, latiscapus. Les ocelles sont bien moins éminents, La face

basale du métanotum est a peu pres obsoléte; le métanotum est vertical,

continuant le plan du postscutellum. Sculpture, pilosité, pubescence et

ailes, comme chez |Z, latiscapus, mais la pubescence est plus faible et les ailes

sont plus courtes. La protubérance inférieure du pédicule ne se prolonge

pas ep dent en arriére.

Dessus du corps brunatre, dessous d’un jaune brunatre, Pattes, an-

tennes et mandibules jaunatres, Téte d’un noir brundtre. Les nervures et

la tache marginale d’un brun clair.

Barrackpore (Rothney).

11. 4. arya, nov, spec.

&. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules courtes, de largeur médiocre, presque aussi

larges vers lextrémité qu’a la base, ayant 4 leur bord interne, prés de la base,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 473

une dent triangulaire, large et courte; leur extrémité est fort obtuse ; elles

sont lisses, luisantes et poilues, Téte, sans les yeux, aussi longue que large.

Les yeux proéminent devant, de chaque cété, et la face est concave, mais

moins que chez le latiscapus, » peu prés comme chez le clavitibia. Scapes

sensiblement dilatés sur leurs ? apicaux, mais peu 4 peu, et beaucoup moins

_ que chez le latiscapus et le clavitibia ; ils sont un peu comprimés, mais nulle-

ment foliacés. Funicules longs, tous leurs articles beaucoup plus longs

qu’épais, Thorax, en particulier le métanotum, comme chez le latiscapus, mais

le mésonotum est moins convexe et le scutellum bien plus petit et moins

proéminent, Pédicule plus étroit que chez le latiscapus, avec la protubérance

inférieure limitée 4 ses 3 antérieurs et dirigée droit en bas, Ailes courtes,

pubescentes,

‘Ponctuation faible sur la téte et le thorax, Du reste (sauf le pygidium, voir

tableau) sculpture, pubescence et pilosité comme chez le latiscapus, mais la

pilosité des membres est plus courte et la pubescence est plus soulevée (passant

& une pilosité oblique).

D’un brun jaunatre avec le dessous plus clair, les pattes, les antennes et les

mandibules d’un jaune sale et la téte brune, Ailes teintées de brunatre, avec

les nervures et la tache d’un brun fonce, 5

Kanara (Wroughton),

Cette petite espéce est fort distincte par la forme de ses mandibules, par

ses pattes non dilatées et son pygidium & tubercules poilus,

12, Z, martini, nov. spec.

%. (Voir tableau.) L, 3.4 3:2 mill, HExtrémement voisin de 2, gracilis,

Emery, mais plus robuste, Les scapes ne dépassent pas le bord occipital (le

dépassent trés sensiblement chez 4. gracilis). Les articles 5 4 7 du funicule

sont au moins aussi épais que longs, souvent plus épais que longs, et les

funicules sont bien moins gréles. Chez I’. gracilis tous les articles du

funicule sont plus longs qu’épais. Le thorax, les noeuds du pédicule, les

pattes sont moins allongés. Les tubercules latéraux de l’occiput sont rous-

satres (d’un blanc jaunatre chez le gracilis), La sculpture du métathorax et

du peédicule est aussi un peu plus forte.

Pahang et Perak, Malacca (Dr. R. Martin) ; Moulmain, Birmanie(Hodgson),

Ce n’est peut-étre qu’une race de 2. gracilis (Em.) de Bornéo,

13. 4, fergusoni, nov. spec.

iD: (Voir tableau.) Tu, 3°4 a 3°6 mill, Le bord terminal des mandibules

a derriére la dent terminale 4 ou 5 denticules trés petits, mais assez distincts,

De méme que chez le précédent et les deux suivants, les arétes latérales des

joues sont trés courtes et se confondent avec le bord latéral de la fossette arti-

culaire de l’antenne, Le scape n’atteint pas le bord occipital. Les articles du

funicule sont tous bien plus longs que larges, Le bord postérieur de la téte

est trés distinct, méme presque un peu concave. Thorax plus court que chez

474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

les deux suivants, avec la convexité pro-mésonotale plus forte. La face

basale du métanotum est aussi un peu plus convexe et la face déclive, plus

haute, est bordée d’une aréte plus distincte, L’échancrure thoracique est un

peu moins évasée, Les noeuds du pédicule sont plus arrondis en dessus et ne

sont pas subverticalement tronqués derriére comme chez le deviceps, Sculp-

ture et pilosité identiques a celles du deviceps, sauf le premier article du

pédicule quiest 4 peu prés entierement lisse et luisant (réticulé chez le

leviceps).

D’un brun de poix, plus clair que le /eviceps. Antennes, mandibules, tarses,

et articulations des pattes d’un jaune plus ou moins roussdtre. La tache

latérale de la téte est d’un jaune roussatre et atteint derriére l’angle occipital ;

devant elle n’atteint pas le milieu du cété de la téte.

Travancore (Ferguson, Rothney).

Cette espéce est trés distincte par la forme de sa téte qui la place entre

le martini et le leviceps.

Var. piltzi, nov. var, Cvoir tableau). Differe encore du type par son échan-

crure thoracique bien plus profonde,

Kanara et Surat Distr. (Wroughton),

Var. hodgsoni, nov. var, (voir tableau). Différe encore du type par la tache

latérale de la téte qui est bien plus petite et n’atteint pas langle occipital. La

couleur est aussi bien plus foncée, presque noire, avec les pattes, les antennes

et les mandibules brunes.

Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson).

Var. montanus, nov. var. Légerement plus grand que le type. Le premier

noeud du pédicule est densément réticulé, comme chez le leviceps. La tache

latérale de la téte, un peu plus petite que chez le type, est roussatre et n’atteint

pas langle occipital, Couleur du type, mais un peu plus foncée.

Darjeeling, 3,000’ 4 8,000’ (Wroughton).

Malgré ses variétés, l’#, fergusoni constitue une espéce fort distincte, Du

reste ses variétées habitent des parties fort cloignées de ]’inde.

14, 4, binghamii, Forel.

9. (Voir tableau.) Trés voisin du Jeviceps, mais plus grand, avec les cotés

de la téte un peu plus convexes et les caractéres indiqués au tableau. Métano-

tum 4 peine convexe, Epine du premier noeud du pédicule plus longue, Pre-

mier segment de l’abdomen plus attenué a sa base qui est colliforme, Thorax,

premier noeud du pédicule, et cou de l’abdomen entiérement réticulés ; le

pronotum subopaque; le reste du thorax et le premier noeud mats, Thorax

avec quelques rides sur les cétés, Poils des tibias plus obliques. Le bord

terminal des mandibules est trés distinctement denticulé, ce qui n’est pas

le cas du leviceps.

Birmanie ( Bingham, Fea.); Moulmain, Birmanie ( Hodgson); Assam

(Long).

;

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 475

15, 4. leviceps, Sm,

. on (Voir tableau.) Tenasserim, Thagata (Fea).

Var. ZX. smythiesit, nov. var. e (voir tableau) ; Assam (Smythies) ; Mount

Tapah, Perak (Dr. R, Martin),

16. Z. aitkenii, nov. spec.

1S) (Voir tableau.) Mandibules armées d’une dent distincte derriére la

grande dent apicale ; le reste du bord terminal, qui est fort long, est extréme-

ment finement et assez indistinctement denticulé, Les mandibules sont

mates, densément réticulées-ponctuces, avec des points épars, Les arétes

' latérales des joues sont trés élevées, perpendiculaires 4 ’extrémité antérieure

recourbée des arétes frontales qui borne devant I’articulation de l’antenne.

Les arétes latérales s’étendent presque du bord antérieur de ’épistome aux 2

de la longueur de la téte, en convergeant médiocrement en arriére ; elles for-

ment une dent élevée a leur tiers antérieur, Sillon frontal trés distinct,

depassant les arétes, latérales et allant jusqu’au vertex (place de l’ocelle

antérieur), Téte ovale, a cdtés fort convexes, sans bord postérieur distinct

autre que le bord ariiculaire. Les scapes dépassent sensiblement le bord

occipital (articulaire), Thorax allongé, trés distinctement, quoique trés

largement et faiblement échancré ou plutét évasé entre Je mésonotum et le

métanotum, Face basale du métanotum étroite, presque subbordée, ter-

minée par une aréte étroite trés élevée, un peu inclinée en arriére, et

dont le pan postérieur se continue dans la face déclive, tout en la surplom-

bant (elle rappelle en plus court et plus vertical celle de 1'Eciton rogeri, D. T.)

Les noeuds du pédicule sont plus longs que larges; le premier a en dessous

une protubérance obtuse ou un gros tubercule, le second a deux stigmates

latéraux proéminents, Abdomen atténué devant, mais nullement colliforme,

Pattes longues.

Abdomen lisse et luisant. Tout le reste, y compris les patties et les antennes

(méme les funicules), entiérement réticulé-ponctué et mat, sauf les joues qui

sont subopaques. le thorax et le premier noeud du pédicule ont en outre des

rides longitudinales grossiéres, irréguliéres, espacées, parfois interrompues,

Pilosité dressée roussatre, assez longue et assez abondante partout, y compris

les pattes et les antennes, Pubescence quasi nulle.

Milieu du front, vertex, occiput, thorax, abdomen, milieu des cuisses et des

tibias d’un brun plus ou moins foncé selon les individus. Le reste d’un roux

ferrugineux plus ou moins brundtre selon les individusy, Bord des segments

abdominaux jaunatre,

Kanara (Aitken, Wroughton); Thana (Gleadow) ; Travancore (Ferguson,

Ingleby). Le manque de bord postérieur a la téte, les antennes et les noeuds

du pédicule bien plus gréles distinguent nettement cette espéce de ses

voisines les 4, aratus et 4. bengalensis.

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

17. 4. bengalensis, Mayr.

ie), (Voir tableau,) Les arétes latérales des joues forment deux petites

dents, une devant, ‘autre derriére, L’4,aratus, Forel, d’ Australie, n’a que

la dent de devant et l’a trés faible. L’Z. bengalensis a le thorax a peine

échancré et & peine pourvu de quelques rides ou sillons derriére ; chez l’aratus

il est tres distinctement échaneré et fortement sillonné, Ces deux espéces

sont du reste tres voisines l’une de l'autre et bien distinctes de l’aitkeniz.

Kanara (Wroughton) ; Madras, Travancore, Calcutta (Rothney) ; Dehra Dun

(Smythies),

Var. df, continuus, n, var, io Dos du thorax absolument continu, sane

échancrure, Sculpture plus faible ; thorax en partie luisant,

Ceylan, Calcutta (Rothney).

18. 4. punensis, nov. spec.

%. (Voir tableau.) Mandibules densément et finement strices, dentees

comme chez Daithenti, Arétes latérales comme chez les précédents, mais

n’ayant qu’un faible denticule devant, comme chez l’aratus, Le sillon frontal

n’est qu’une continuation élevée des arétes frontales soudées derriére; il se

termine avant les arétes latérales (chez Vaithenié il se continue distinctement

en sillon en arriére, chez le bengalensis moins distinctement). La téte, bien

plus longue que large, 4 cétés peu convexes, a un bord postérieur distinct du

bord articulaire, comme chez le bengalensis, mais plus droit; la téte est

moins convexe que chez cette espéce. Les scapes sont loin d’atteindre le bord

occipital, Les articles du funicule sont tous plus longs qu’épais. Le prono-

tum avec le mésonotum forme une convexité distincte de celle de la face

basale du métanotum, L’échancrure qui sépare ces deux convexités resemble

a celle de Vattkeni?, du leviceps, etc., mais elle est plus faible que chez le

leeviceps. La face déclive du métanotum est fort petite et entourée d’une

petite aréte circulaire, comme chez le ceylonicus, Les noeuds du pédicule

sont arrondis, environ aussi larges que longs. Le premier n’a en dessous

qu’une faible aréte longitudinale (ni épine, ni tubercule) ; le second a de

chaque cété un stigmate proéminent, Abdomen ovale, Cuisses assez ren-

flées vers leur tiers périférique.

Mésonotum, métanotum et premier noeud du pédicule densément réticulés

ponctués et mats, Téte et abdomen lisses et luisants. Bord occipital de la

téte, pronotum, pattes, antennes et second noeud du peédicule assez luisants

et plus ou moins distinctement réticulés,

Pilosité dressée fine, jaunatre, assez longue, médiocrement repandue partout,

aussi sur les pattes et les antennes. Pubescence presque nulle,

Téte et thorax roussatres ou d’un rouge jaundtre. Abdomen et mandibules

d’un brun jaunatre. Le reste d’un jaune roussatre,

Poona (Wroughton),

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DECEYLAN,Ai7

Au premier abord, cette espéce ressemble a un grand ceylonicus, Mais un

examen plus s¢rieux montre qu'elle est bien plus parente du bengalensis,

19, 4, brevicornis, Mayr,

@. (Voir tableau.) Calicut, Calcutta, Bangalore (Rothney); N.-W. Prov.

(Smythies) ; Assam (Smythies),

20. 4, ceylonicus, Mayr,

v. 4, ceylonicus, i. sp. (voir tablean), Ceylon (d’aprés Mayr); Kanara (Bell);

N.-W, Prov. (Smythies) ; Calcutta (Rothney) ; Raipur (Betham) ; Barrackpore

(Minchin).

v, 4, latro, nov, var, (voir tableau), Poona (Wroughton), Certains indi-

vidus de Poona font passage au ceylonicus,i, sp. Cependant les articles plus

allongés du funicule et la face déclive plus haute du métanotum distinguent

encore cette variété du type de l’éspéce,

r. 4, peguensis, Emery (voir tableau), Palon, Pegu (Fea.).

Le nombre total des espéces connues du genre 4inictus se monte aujourd’h ui

a 40, dont 20 habitent ’Inde, Les autres se trouvent en Afrique, aux ‘les de

la Sonde, en Australieet en Amérique, C’est le seul genre de Doryline qui se

trouve 4 la fois dans l’ancien et le nouveau monde, L’#. wroughtonii est,

nous l’avons vu, la seule espéce dont le ¢ et l’ouvriere soient connus, Mais il

est probable que la connaissance de ces deux sexes trouvés dans la méme

fourmiliére aménera 4 la synthése de plusieurs autres espéces,

Dans le présent travail nons avons décrit 11 espéces nouvelles d’nictus de

VInde, Précédemment nous en avions déja décrit deux autres découverte

par M.M, Wroughton et Bingham,

478

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS

FROM BRITISH INDIA.

By R. I. Pococs, or tax British Museum or Natura History.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 9th October, 1900.)

THE descriptions contained in the following pages are based toa

large extent upon materials kindly forwarded to me through Messrs.

H. M. Phipson and R. C. Wroughton, by various members of the Indian

Forest Service and of the Bombay Natural History Society. The

descriptions were drawn up for publication in a volume upon the

Arachnida of India, forming part of the Fauna of India Series, But,

unfortunately, exigencies of space compelled me to omit them from

the volume, together with the diagnoses of many previously established

species.

I hope at some future time to be allowed to publish in this Journal

illustrations of the essential characters of the species here described.

Family ARGIOPIDA.

Tetragnatha ceelestis, sp. n.

Colour of carapace and limbs yellowish-brown, sternum infuseate ;

abdomen with the dorsal area ashy yellow above, bordered with black ;

a broad sinuous superior lateral white band on each side; median

ventral line black with a pale band at the sides.

Head much shorter than in T. mandibulata ; eyes of posterior line

slightly recurved, subequal, subequally spaced; of anterior line strongly

recurved, the laterals separated from the posterior lateral by about the

diameter of the Jatter ; median quadrangle about as wide as long, a little

narrowed in front. Basal segment of mandzble about as long as carapace,

lower border of fang-groove armed with 9 teeth, one close to the fang-

socket, one some little distance behind it, and a row of 6 close set ; there

is in addition 1 largish tooth projecting downwards and inwards beneath

the base of the fang ; upper edge of groove armed with a row of 7

close set teeth and 1 larger tooth close to the fang-socket, also 1

small tooth above close to the joint of the fang ; fang bent at right

angles in its basal portion, armed externally on the angle with a single

forwardly directed tooth, the rest of the fang unarmed but slightly

sinuous. Abdomen abruptly narrowed behind the middle, the posterior

half cylindrical, genital aperture only a short distance behind the

pulmonary opercula,

Serer

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, | 479

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 11 ; length of carapace 3°3,

width 2; length of abdomen 8, width 3 ; length of basal segment of

mandible 3.

Loe. Shillong in Assam (Heaven).

Tetragnatha paradisea, sp. n.

Q. Carapace with a broad median fuscous band covering the cephalic

area and the median dorsal area of the thoracig portion ; yellow at

the sides but with a narrow black rim, legs obscurely banded ; abdomen

covered above with « wide dark and black-bordered but mesially paler

band, sides with broad white upper stripe and a corresponding black

stripe below, lower surface black along the middle line, pale at the sides,

Carapace with cephalic region shorter than in T. mandibulata ; eyes

almost as in that species. Mandibles about as long as carapace, their

armature almost as in 7. gracilis, except that there is a small tooth pro-

jecting beneath the base of the fang ; fang strongly sinuous as in

T. mandibulata, when viewed from the outer side, armed basally

beneath witha strong tooth.

Abdomen not so long, a little more than iwice as long as broad,

broadest in the middle and narrowing forwards and behind, genital

aperture about one-third of the distance from the anterior end.

Measurements in millimetres—TYotal length 9; carapace 4 ;

length of abdomen 7, width 2°5; basal segment of mandible

about 3.

Loc. Shillong in Assam (Heaven),

Genus Orsinomg, Thorell.

Orsinome marmorea, sp. 0.

2. Colour of sides of thoracic and cephalic portion of carapace yellow,

middle line and margin as well as the entire upper surface of the

head black or deep brown; mandibles yellowish-brown ; sternum

and mouth parts black, palpi yellow, apically black ; coxz of legs yellow ;

femora pale at base, infuscate distally with subapical yellow ring ;

basal half of patella yellow ; tibize coloured like femora ; upper surface of

abdomen grey with small white spots, the grey area divided bya

median lanceolate dark line and bordered with a broad black band

which extends on to the sides and is broken up by pale stripes and

spots; ventral surface black with a pair of narrow white bands extending

from the pulmonary opercula to the spinning mammille,

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111.

. Carapace about half the length of the anterior tibia and about equal

to that of the fourth leg ; eyes of posterior line nearly straight, medians

about a diameter apart and at least a diameter and a half from the

laterals ; ocular quadrangle square ; eyes of anterior line straight when

viewed from the front, the medians about a diameter from the laterals,

less than that from each other. Legs strongly spiny : the first about

eight times as long as the carapace. Abdomen about twice as long as

wide, convex above, rounded in front ; obtusely angular above the

spinners. Vulva consisting of 2 smooth shining heart-shaped sclerite,

the apex of which is directed posteriorly. |

&. About as large as the Y which it resemblesin colour. _ Mandibles

longer, divergent, upper margin of fang-groove armed with a distal

and a basal tooth with some smaller granuliform teeth between them ;

lower margin armed, with 5 subequally spaced teeth, of which the

basal is large and quadrate: fang strong, sinuous but not toothed.

Palpi with short patella, this segment only about twice as long as broad

and about one-third shorter than the tibia ; the two together scarcely as

long as the tarsus and palpal organ, the spiniform process of the tarsus

short, curved ; tip of organ ending in a short slender black spine.

Measurements in millimetres.— @. Total length 10°5; length of carapace

A: of first leg 31. ¢. Total length 10; length of carapace 4°5, of first leg 39.

~ Loc. S. India: Ootacamund (G. F. Hampson), and Ponmudi in

Travancore (H. Ferguson).

The genus Orsinome is allied to’ Argyroépeira, but has no serially

arranged bristles on the femora of the posterior legs. It ranges as far

to the east as Celebes, but has not been previously recorded from India,

Orsinome armata, sp. 0.

~6.. Colear like that of O. marmorea, but legs yellower with black

spots at the bases of the spines, upper side of abdomen blackish with

a median posteriorly lanceolate white mark which gives off a pair of

short branches on each side, sides of upper surface and upper portion

of lateral surface with a chalky yellow stripe ornamental with red spots.

Eyes very much as in O. marmorea, but the anterior medians not

larger than posterior medians and about two diameters from the

laterals, Mandibles with external prominence above the base of the

fang ; fang-groove armed above in front with 3 teeth and below (behind)

with 4, fang shorter than in O. marmorea, bent nearly at right-angles

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA. 481

in its basal half, sinuous, with its lower edge finely serrulate. Palpz

with trochanter shorter than in O. marmorea and armed inferiorly at the

apex with astrong spike, femur long, nearly straight, patella very short,

scarcely longer than wide; tibia long, slender, straight, about two-thirds

the length of the femur, lightly incrassate, nearly or quite four times

as long as patella, palpus a little shorter than tibia, much less inflated

than in O. marmorea, and with its upper spiniform process reduced to a

more pointed tubercle.

_ Measurements in millimetres. —Total length 7 ; length of carapace 3, of

first leg 24.

_ Loc. Shillong in Assam (Heaven).

The males of the two Indian species of this genus may be cscugiised

as follows :—

a. Tip of trochanter of palp unarmed beneath ; tibia a . little lange

than patella, shorter than tarsus and oy about one quarter the length

Sethe femur, 6bG.) 6 6 ee - . marmorea.

6. Tip of trochanter of palp i Bales with a spike ; tibia at

least four times as long as the patella, longer than tarsus and more than

half the length of the femur, etc. . . . . . . armata.

Genus Arcyrozpsira, Emerton.

Argyroépetra beata, sp. n.

With a close general resemblance to A. celebesiana, but easily “die

tinguishable by the following features :—The sternum and labium are

black ; the dorsal side of the abdomen is adorned with a pair of silvery

bands converging in front and behind and separated: by a narrow olive-

green stripe narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly ; externally the silvery

bands are limited by a biack line which expands posteriorly and unites

upon the extremity of the abdomen ; lateral surface reddish-yellow above,

sometimes showing a yellow band on a darker field, black below ; ventral

surface black, with a pair of parallel yellow bands passing from the ex-

ternal ends of the epigastric fold to a point on each side of the spinners,

The akdomen further differs from that of A. celebestanain being more

rounded and without shoulder prominences in front, and widely round-

ed, without caudal process posteriorly. Wala ae

Measurements in millimetres.—T otal length 9 ; length of carapace 2,

of abdomen 6°5, of first leg 21.

Loc. Shillong in Assam (Heaven).

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIJ11,

Family OX YOPID AN.

Genus Oxyorss, Latr.

Oxyopes hindostanicus, sp. n.

Closely allied to O. b&manicus in colour and structural features ;

but quite different in the form of the generative organs. In the

Q the vulva somewhat approaches that of O. javanus, the excavation be-

ing divided into two by a distinct partition, but the partition is shorter,

and the posterior border of the excavation is not mesially produced

into a smooth black rounded tubercle but in transversely truncate ;

behind this black border there is a subpellucid transversely arched

horny plate, which is more conspicuous than in the majority of

species. Inthe ¢ the patella of the palp is armed externally with

two horny teeth, the distal longer, sharp, and directed forwards, the

basal blunt, cylindrical and directed outwards ; tibia furnished below

with a great downwardly directed subquadrate precess, the posterior

angle of which projects below the anterior; marked with two black

crests.

Measurements in millimetres.— 9. Total length 9; carapace 3, first

leg 14:5, second 33, third 11, fourth 13; patella and tibia of fourth 4.

&. Total length § ; carapace 3; first leg 13°5, fourth 12°5, patella and

tibia of fourth 4.

Toc. Widely distributed throughout India and Ceylon, and possibly

identical with O. semilaris of Stoliczka.

Oxyopes ryvesi2, sp. n.

'@. Closely allied to all the species of the genus ; colour of abdomen

slightly different, this region of the body being mostly of a

yellowish-white hue clothed with silvery white hairs, but ornamented

with a median dorsal brownish band clothed with red hairs, a median

ventral black band, and the lateral surface ornamented in front with

two short longitudinal reddish lines, in the middle with a pair of short

black lines, united in front and just before the apex with a similar

pair of narrowly separated black lines—these dark lines might perhaps

be described as corresponding to the two lateral black stripes seen in

QO. lagarus, broken up into three pairs.

-fegs very long, first nearly 53 times as long as carapace, patella of

fourth a little longer than carapace.

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 483

The abdomen differs also in shape from that of the other species, its

anterior half being broader and parallel-sided, its posterior half. from

a point just behind the fused median lateral black lines abruptly

narrowed and cylindrical. The vulva impressed with a nearly circular

excavation, the border of which is evenly thick and high throughout,

except in the middle of the sides where there is an apparent infolding

emphasised by a double thickening.

Measurements in millimetres—Total length 11 ; carapace 3°5, first

leg 19, second 18, third 15, fourth 18 ; patella and tibia of fourth 5-8.

Loc. Allahabad (A. EL. Ryves).

Oxyopes rujisternis, sp. D.

Colour : carapace deep mahogany brown, clothed with white hairs

at least at the sides and in part above; sternum and coxz yellowish-red,

clothed with rusty-red hairs, legs nearly black, varied with white hairs ;

abdomen olive-yellow above varied with white and reddish hairs, a

broad ventral black band bordered with white ; sides blackish varied

with white streaks, or blotches and patches of red.

Carapace about as long as patella and tibia of fourth leg ; clypeus

about twice the height of the anterior portion of ocular quadrangle; cly-

peus more than half the length of the mandibles ; anterior median eyes

about a diameter apart. Legs 1, 2, 4, 3, in length, the fourth and third

subequal and much shorter than the first, the first a little more than’

four times as long as the carapace. Tibia of palp armed below ait its

distal end with a pair of subequal parallel processes projecting

downwards and forwards, the posterior of these hairy, pale coloured,

the anterior black, smooth and clavate at the apex.

Measurements in millimetres—Total length 9 ; carapace 3°5, first

leg 15, second 14, third 11, fourth 11°*5.

Loe. Ceylon : Trincomali ( Col. Yerbury.)

Oxyopes wroughtont, sp. n. ait

Colcur and other characters as in OU. birmanicus, ete., but

distinguishable by the form of the generative organs. The plate of the

vulva is transverse, its posterior border truncate, the depression divided

into two by a median partition which is much broader than in:

O. javanus, the two resulting pits being oval. Inthe ¢ the tibia of the

palpus is furnished below with a large subconical process some-

what resembling that of O. birmanicus but much blacker and more:

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

corneous, its posterior border lightly convex, directed downwards, not

obliquely downwards and forwards asin QO. birmanicus ; the process

is deeply excavated, the posterior borders of the excavation being

strongly raised and bidentate, the anterior border being armed with one

tooth, and the superior with two teeth close to the base of the tarsus.

» Measurements in millimetres.— @ . Total length 11; carapace 3°7, first

leg 15, second 14, third 12, fourth 14; patella and tibia of fourth

4°5,. &. Total length 10 ; carapace 3°7, first leg 17, second 15, third

13, fourth 15 ; patella and tibia of fourth 4°5.

Loc. Bulsar in 8. Guzerat (R. C..Wroughton).

- Family LYCOSIDA.

' Genus Lycosa, Latr.

eat Lycosa goliathus, sp. n.

=Q, Allied to Z. phipsoni, Poc., but much larger, the median

bat of the carapace covered with golden yellow hairs; mandibles

witha patch of fiery red hairs in the upper half; sternum, coxe and

lower side of abdomen jet black ; legs black, clothed with golden-grey

hairs above, grey hairs below, with some white hairs on the under-

side of the patellee and of the middle of the tibia of the fourth leg,

Eyes of the anterior line slightly procurved, their lower edges in a.

straight line, the medians a little larger than the laterals. Vulva with

pit much longer than broad, narrowed in front, the median crest thick,

expanded in the middle, with short posterior transverse bar.

- Measurements in millimetres.—Total jeaethe 30 ; carapace 15, first

lag 39, fourth leg 44.

Loc. Helvak in Satara (2. C. Wroughton).

corre, Lycosa masteri, sp. n.

9. “About the same size as L, phipsoni, but with the carapace and

abdomen more conspicuously banded with greyish-white ; cox and

sternum not black, clear yellowish-brown, clouded with fuscous, the

sternum’ with a broad median fuscous band, anterior legs infuscate

below, the femora darker than the coxe, the tibiee scarcely distinctly

banded, posterior legs redder below, tibia of fourth distinctly, of

third ‘less distinctly, banded ; lower side of abdomen yellowish-brown,

paler'than the “lateral surface: mandibles clothed externally and

above with yellow hairs. yes of anterior line slightly procurved,

less “so ‘than in LZ. phipsoni and subequal in size. *-Pit of vulva larger

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 486:

than in that species, with thinner, more elevated edges, inversely

cordate, the median crest angularly expanded in the middle, -

Measurements in millimetres—Total lenath 22 ; carapace 11, first leg:

31, fourth leg 35.

Loc. Jaoli in Satara (Master),

Lycosa tranii, sp. n.

Q@. Coloured much as in LZ. phinson?, but the nestenen hia not!

banded, and the hairy clothing on the front of the mandible scanty .

and grey in tint, not yellow. Posterior median eyes .very large,

ahout half a diameter apart and about their own diameter. above: the’

edge of the clypeus; eyes of anterior line slightly procurved, the

medians much larger than the- laterals. Pit of vulva transversely

elliptical, wider than long, the median crest distinct in front, expanding

into a broad irregularly quadrate plate, which posteriorly intervenes.

between the extremities of the right and left edges of the pit. . |

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 15 ; carapace. § D,° first:

leg 20, fourth leg 24.

Loc, Eastern District of Poona (Jran?).

Lycosa prolifica, sp. n. a}

@. Smaller than L. phipsoni, but much resembling thos _species in

colour, except that the sternum is noticeably redder than. the coxe, :

Posterior median eyes very large, less than their diameter above

the edge of the clypeus ; eyes of anterior line strongly procurved,

the medians larger, their inferior edges above the level of the

centres of the laterals. Vulva with its pit wider than. that. of Ls

phipsoni, with its edges thinner, the cross-bar uf the median crest eee

Measurements in millimetres.—T otal length 15 ; carapace 7°5, first leg.-:;

18°5, fourth leg 22.

Loc. Hastern District of Poona, very abundant eae

Lycosa fuscana, sp. 0. Hie,

Q. Allied to ZL. prolifica, but less distinctly: banded sata the ef

integument of the legs dark, the femora scarcely paler: beneath than

the coxe, sides of abdomen not whitish inferiorly, the tint blending

with that of the inferior surface. Vulva with pit ani oval, much

narrower than in ZL. prolifica. - ' 4 Ree

Measurements in millimetres—Total length 14 5; carapace 8, ‘first, emi

20, fourth leg 25, ee ee

Loc. astern District of Poona (Jrani).

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X7II,

Lycosa pictula, sp. 0.

Q. Much smaller than the preceding species, ventral surface pale,

legs yellowish, banded with black, upper side of abdomen blackish

with pale spots. Posterior median eyes very large, less than a diameter

above the clypeus ; eyes of anterior line strongly procurved, medians

much larger, their inferior edges about as high as the centres of the

laterals. Pit of vulva longer than wide, rounded in front, the median

crest longer than the cross-bar, lightly incrassate in front.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 11; carapace 5, first leg

13, fourth leg 18.

Loc, Chopda in Eastern Khandesh (Madan).

Lycosa madanz, sp. n.

Q@. A little larger than L. pictula and more robust, ventral surface

pale, legs pale, not banded, dorsal surface normally coloured, mandibles

without yellow or red hairs in front. Posterior median eyes of

medium size, more than their diameter above the edge of the clypeus ;

eyes of anterior line straight, medians larger, the four as wide as the

posterior medians. Pit of vulva nearly parallel-sided, concayely

truncate in front, the median keel longer than the cross-bar.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 13; carapace 5°5, first

leg 12°5, fourth leg 16.

Loe. Chopda in Eastern Khandesh (Madan).

Lycosa yerbury?, sp. u.

-@. Colour very like that of L. phipsoni; tibie of third and fourth

legs distinctly banded below, patella and tibia of paipus clothed in front

with yellow hairs like the upper half of the mandible. yes of anterior

line slightly procurved, medians larger than laterals, posterior medians

about their diameter above the edge of the clypeus. Vulva very

different from that of the previously-described species, the cross-bar

of the median crest curving forwards on each side to form a distinet

horseshoe-shaped sclerite.

Measurements in millimetres——Total length 15 ; carapace 9, first leg

2, fourth leg 22°5.

Loc. Ceylon: Trincomali (Col, Yerbury).

The females of the foregoing species of Zycosa from Western India

may be tabulated as follows :—

A. Ventral surface of abdomen yellowish-brown, paler

than the sides, .

SQGME NEW SPEC{ES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 48%

a, Small, carapace 5-6 mm., integument of legs yel-

le wish.

@”, Hyes of anterior line strongly procurved,

much narrower than the posterior medians pictula,

b?, Byes of anterior line straight, as wide as

. the posterior TSU LARS eCceeeesest seb. s bake - madani,

61, Large, carapace 1-11 mm., integument deep red-

dish-brown ..... Seeeeabeae eee pee aaneateasicaeste Sees mastert,

B, Ventral surface of abdomen black, darker than the

sides,

a1, Eyes of anterior line strongly procurved, the

lower edge of the medians standing as high as

the centres of the laterals or higher,

a2. Black of ventral surface sharply defined

from the pale of the femora and of the

sides of the abdomen .........--.200-c sean cece prolifica,

b2. Black of ventral surface not sharply defined, '

femora and sides of abdomen dark ........ - fuscana,

bt, Eyes of anterior line very slightly procurved.

a”, Integument of legs black above and below... goliathus.

b?, Integument of legs yellowish-brown.

a°. Mandibles clothed with yellow hair in

BBO Tbe osonnsnocon sc ene 00> soegonoremnas ec see phipsoni,

8°. Mandibles clothed with grey hair in

LOUllivcecestees som panoeognccesoe Meneses ancesiaacs sranit.

Family HETEROPODIDA.

Genus THELCTICOPIS.

Thelcticopis hercules, sp. n.

Colour black ; carapace, legs and abdomen clothed with bright

yellowish-green hairs, lower side of abdomen black. Eyes widely

separated, distance between anterior median and anterior lateral

about three times as great as that between the two anterior medians,

distance between posterior median and posterior lateral only a little

less than twice as great as distance between the posterior medians.

Tibiee of anterior two pairs of legs armed with 5 anterior and 4 posterior

short and overlapping spines. Fang-groove of mandible armed

below with 5 teeth. Cleft between lobes of vulva about half as wide

behind as in the middle and in front, tips of the lobes compressed

and pointed behind, the posterior end of the median skeletal piece

bilobed.

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIIt-

Measurements in millimetres. —Total length 24 ; carapace 10.

Loc. Ceylon: Peradenia in the botanical garden (Freeman).

Thelcticopis ajax, sp. n.

Colour of carapace and legs deep blackish-brown ; clothed like

the abdomen with greyish-brown hairs, Anterior median eyes about

half as far from each other as from the laterals ; posterior eyes un-

equally spaced, the medians nearer each other than to the laterals.

Fang-groove of mandible armed with 7 or 8 teeth behind. Tibice of

anterior legs furnished with 5 pairs of long spines, with sometimes

an additional spine at the apex in front. Vulva consisting of a

convex black horny plate of which only the posterior third 1s cleft ;

the space is broader in front than behind, is bounded laterally by a pair

of smooth posteriorly converging lobes, is divided throughout its length

by a median longitudinal crest at the base.of which on each side there

is a rounded prominence.

- Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 23 ; carapace 10.

Zioc. Ootacamund, 8. India (Hampson).

Thelcticopis virescens, sp. N.

&. Colour of integument deep brownish-red, clothed with yellowish-

green pubescence, abdomen covered above with greenish-grey pubes-

cence, median area of lower surface black, pulmonary opercula yellow.

Carapace as long as patella and tibia of third leg ; eyes of posterior

line slightly procurved, miedians four diameters apart and six

diameters from the laterals; anterior medians less thana diameter

apart and more than twice as far from the laterals. Fang-groove armed

behind with 5 teeth. Tibie of first and second legs with 5 pairs of

short inferior spines. Apophysis of tibia of palp short, divided distally

into three short subequal processes.

Measurements in millimetres. —Total length 17 ; carapace 8, first leg

29, second 28, third 22, fourth 27.

Loc, Trivandrum in Travancore, 8S. India (Ferguson).

Theleticopis rufulus, sp. 0.

&. Colour of carapace and mandibles castaneous ; legs, sternum

and coxz ochre-yellow, the hairs covering these parts apparently

yellowish or greyish-white ; abdomen dirty yellowish-grey, variegat-

ad at the sides with black spots, and with a median dorsal band

consisting of a series of black spots.

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 489

Carapace about as long as patella and tibia of third leg ; posterior

median eyes nearer to each other than either is to the lateral; eyes

of anterior line subequally spaced. Fang-groove of mandible armed

behind with 5 teeth. Tibia of first and second legs with 6 pairs of

inferior spines ; of third and fourth with 3 pairs, Tibia of palp armed

externally with a double process, the upper branch short, thinner

and pointed, the lower much larger, stouter and bent downwards ;

tarsus of palp large, oval, with a conspicuous external basal angular

prominence which fits into the space between the two branches 0°

the tibial process.

Measuremenis in millimetres.—Total length 12; length of carapace

6, width 5 ; of second leg 19, of third leg 15, of fourth leg 19.

Loc. Nilgiri Hills (#. W. Oates).

Theleticopis bicornutus, sp. 0.

&. Colour nearly black, clothed with yellowish-grey hairs; abdomen

ornamented above—especially behind—with narrow transverse darker

stripes ; its ventral surface not noticeably darker in the middle.

Structurally nearly allied to 7. virescens, but with the anterior

line of eyes straighter, the superior edge of the laterals on a level

with the centres of the medians, the medians less than a diameter

apart, and a little more than a diameter from the laterals. Mandibles

armed below with 4 irregularly-spaced teeth ; spine-armature of tibix

as in 7’. virescens. Tibial apophysis of palp very large, rising from

the whole of the external side of the segment and ending distally in two

branches, the upper broad at the base, striate and running out into

a tolerably straight almost thread-like termination, the lower short,

blunt, and forming a nearly semi-circularly incurved hook.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 17 ; length of carapace

9; length of first leg 27, of second 28, of third 23, of fourth 28,

Toc. Assam: Naga Hills.

Genus Srarassus, Latr.

Sparassus xerwes, Sp. 0.

Q. Allied to S. walckenaerii. Colour of carapace and legs mahogany

brown above and below, clothed with whitish-yellow hairs, mandibles

black, clothed with white hair at base; under side of tibic with a

subapical fuscous band in the distal half ; abdomen olive-yellow above,

whitish at the sides, black in the middle line below, or atall events with

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

a transverse black stripe behind the epigastric fold,a large clear yellow

spot on each side of the epigastric area. Carapace longer than wide, head

region narrow, its width about one-half the length of the carapace ;the eyes

compact, those of anterior line sub-equal, the anterior medians almost

touching the anterior laterals, about a radius from each other and

a diameter above the edge of the clypeus. Legs not very unequal,

2,4,1,3in length. Lateral lobes of vulva in contact throughout

their length, a pellucid heart-shaped area in front of them.

6. Like 9 in colouring. Palpus with its tibia and patella armed

externally with spines ; tibial spur long and broad at base, apically sub-

filiform ; directed downwards so that its axis forms an obtuse angle of

about 100° with the axis of the tibia; tarsus evenly oval, about twice as

long as wide.

Measurements in millimetres.— 9. Total length:30, carapace 11°5, of

first leg 45, of second 47, of third 41, of fourth 46. @. Total length 24,

carapace 11, of first leg 53, of second leg 56, of third leg 44, of fourth 48,

Loc. Omara on the Mekran coast, 130 miles west of Karachi

(F. W. Townsend) ; also Bushire on the Persian Gulf,

Sparassus maynardi, sp. D.

Q. Nearly allied tothe 9 of S. zerres but smaller and of a tolerably

uniform flavous or ochreous colour above and below, tibize of legs not

banded. yes of anterior line slightly recurved, the medians a little

larger than the laterals. Vulva with its two plates longer and meeting

in a longer suture than in S, weraes.

&. Resembling the @ incolour. Tibial spine of palpus and palpal

organ much like those of S. xerzes.

Measurements in millimetres.— Q . Total length 21 ; length of carapace

9, of first leg 37, of second 40, of third 35, of fourth 38. g. Length of

carapace 7 ; second leg 39, of fourth 38.

Loc. Jacobabad (7. M. Phipson), Northern Baluchistan (Maynard

and Macmahon).

Sparassus pyrozonis, sp. 0.

g. Colour of carapace, sternum, coxze, and upper and under sides of

abdomen asin S. senilis, S. punctipes, var. sordidatus, and apparently

S. hirtus; but differing in the colouring of the legs, The basal black —

band on the femora extends over nearly one-third of the segment,

there is also a black band at the tip, but the hairs on the rest of the

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 491

segment below and in front are not white but a beautiful orange-red,

becoming greyer above and spotted with black; the tibize are

white with a basal black band extending on to the patella, a distal

narrow black band and a black spot at the base of each spine, the

dorsal side being irregularly spotted.

Carapace longer than wide ; a little shorter than tibia of second leg

and pateila and tibia of third ; its width about equal to first tibia ;

eyes of posterior line slightly procurved ; of anterior line sub-equal and

sub-equally spaced, about a diameter apart.

Legs much the same on as in S. lamarcki.

Cleft of vulva sub-ellyptical, narrower in front, not so triangular

as in S. lamarchi.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 25 ; length of carapace 11,

width 10; length of first leg 44, of second 48°5, of third 35, of fourth 39.

Loc. Sylhet in Assam. |

Sparassus hampsoni, sp. n.

9. Colour mostly resembling that of S. lamarckiz, but with the

femora of the legs uniformly yellowish-white below, not spotted; a

narrow mesial black band on the tibiz, the ecoxz black like the

sternum, the black of the lower side of the abdomen extending all over

the epigastric area, and the whole of the upper side of the abdomen

beautifully variegated with symmetrically arranged yellow spots and

black stripes. Carapace about equal to tibia of second leg and to patella

and tibia of third. Legs of first and second pair nearly equal in length.

Vulva larger than in S. lamarcki ; its lateral lobes widely separated,

diverging, not converging anteriorly, the intervening space occupied

by a smooth amber-coloured median sclerite.

Measurements in millimetres. —Total length 16 ; length of carapace 7°5,

width 7 ; length of first leg 28, of second 29, of third 22, of fourth 24.

Loc. Nilgiri Hills (G. &. Hampson).

Sparassus fuligineus, sp. n.

Q@. Nearly allied to S. lamarckzi and S. hampsoni, and especially to

the latter in the form of the vulva, but at once recognisable from both

by having the legs a uniform olive-black above and below and no

distinct pattern on the abdomen, which like the carapace and limbs

is covered with olive-black hairs. The median ventral surface of the

abdomen is black as in S. lamarckiz and S. hampson, the black area

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1I,

defined by a narrow pale line. Vulva practically identical with being

that of S. hampsoni. Total length 20 millimetres.

Loc. Jaoli in Satara (Master),

Sparassus admiratus, sp. 0.

@. Colour of carapace yellowish-red, darker on the head, covered

with greyish-yellow hairs, the facial area, mandibles, palpi, mouth parts,

sternum and coxe jet black, legs bright yellowish-red, covered with

golden yellow hairs, a black band at the extremity of the femora and the

base of the tibie ; protarsi and tarsus black ; abdomen olive-yellow,

covered with golden hair, the middle ventral line marked with a narrow

lanceolate longitudinal black band ; dorsal surface with a pair of black

patches in front and a Y-shaped median black stripe behind ; the

elliptical area between the forks of the Y and the two black patches

pale yellow. Carapace as wide as long ; eyes like those of S. lamarchi

but smaller, and hence appearing to be further apart. Lateral lobes of

vulva diverging behind, the area between them occupied by a pellucid

anteriorly-bilobed sclerite. Total length 20 millimetres ; carapace 10.

Loc. Bombay (H. M. Phipson).

Sparassus iranii, sp. D.

Q. Colour of carapace reddish, blackish on the head, thickly clothed

like the legs, abdomen, mouth parts and sternum with a coating of

tolerably uniformly greyish hairs, face and mandibles black, labiam and

maxilla deep brown; legs uniformly pale, with base of tibia and adjacent

area of patella black ; abdomen without distinct pattern, no black on its

median ventral area. Carapace longer than wide, head broad, its width

much greater than half the length of carapace ; eyes as in S. lamarcki,

but further apart and smaller. Vulva very large, its lateral lobes united

in front, separated throughout their length behind, the two together

forming a somewhat horseshoe-shaped curve, the area between them

occupied by an anteriorly clavate sclerite, Total length 22; carapace 12,

its width 10°5.

Loc. Khost in Baluchistan (Smeth) ; Poona District (Irani type) ;

Nagpur.

Sparassus pearson, sp. D.

2. Colour of head reddish-brown, legs, coxze and sternum yellowish-

brown, abdomen greyish-olive, mandible black, the whole (except the

lower end of the mandibles) covered with a coating of-tolerably uniform

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA. 493

greyish-white or greyish-yellow hairs; no black markings on body or

limbs. Carapace longer than wide; anterior median eyes longer than

anterior laterals, about a radius from each other and rather less than a

radius from the laterals, clypeus equal to the diameter of the anterior

median eyes. Legs short and not very unequal in length, 2, 4, 1, 3,

the third reaching almost to the tip of the protarsus of the second when

extended. Lobes of vulva in contact posteriorly and forming a long

median suture, anteriorly their edges diverge and circumscribe a space

which is occupied by a heart-shaped skeletal jet black piece. Total

Jength 21 ; carapace 9°5, first leg 31, second: 34, third 30, fourth 33.

Loc. Poona Ghats ; Hastern Khandesh (Madan) ; Pimpalner in

W. Khandesh (Pearson).

Sparassus obesulus, sp. 0.

Q. Colour of carapace yellowish-red marked with radiating patches

and clothed with silky golden hairs ; face and mandibles black, legs and

palpi deep reddish-brown, femora paler, sternum yellow, labium and

maxillee infuscate; abdomen clothed with silky yellow hairs, mottled

with dark spots above, and marked with a median fuscous laterally den-

tate stripe. Carapace short, as wide as long ; eyes of anterior line

straight by their centres, medians much larger, nearly a diameter apart,

and about a radius from the laterals and from the edge of the clypeus,

laterals about a diameter above the edge of the clypeus. Legs 2, 1, 4,

3, first longer than fourth by its tarsus ; third not reaching middle of

protarsus of second. Vulva with its lateral lobes smooth, shining, in

contact throughout, broader behind than in front, piriform, passing

anteriorly into a black horny rugose area.

Measurements in millimetres—Total length 13°5 ; length of carapace

5°5, first leg 21, second leg 24, third leg 18, fourth leg 20.

Loc. HE. Poona (Wroughton and Irani).

Sparassus rotundiceps, sp. 0.

Q. Colour of integument pale castaneous, covered with yellow hairs ;

clypeus, sternum and mandibles dark brown; protarsus and tarsi infuscate.

Carapace about as broad as long, as long as tibia of first leg ; eyes of

anterior line straight by their centres, medians larger, about a diameter

apart, and lessthan that from the laterals, which are about their own

diameter above the clypeus. Legs 2,1, 4, 3, third only a little sur-

passing tibia of second. Vulva with its right and left halves divided by

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI1?,

a median transverse slit into an anterior semi-circular striate portion

which along its convex edge is nearly in contact with its fellow of the

opposite side and of a posterior piece which meets its fellow behind, but

isin front separated by a wide heart-shaped space.

&. Like the 9 in colour ; legs longer. Tibia of palpus armed with

two apophysis, a basal and an apical, the latter is pointed, lightly sinuous,

directed downwards and outwards from the base, with its upper edge

serrate in its basal half; the basal is directed forwards and slightly

upwards, and gradually tapers to a simple bluntly-rounded tip.

Measurements in millimetres—¢%. Total length 11, carapace 4°5, of

first leg 18°5, of second 21, of third 15, of fourth 16. @. Total length

10, carapace 4°5, of first leg 24, of second 27, of third 19, of fourth 20,

Loc. Ootacamund, S. India (Zampson).

Sparassus millett, sp. ne.

&. Colour uniformly pale, above, below, and on the appendages ; cloth-

ed with yellowish hair. Carapace longer than broad, its cephalic region

narrowed, less than half the length of the whole carapace, ocular quad-

rangle square ; eyes of posterior line straight, subequal, the medians

about three diameters apart and two diametres from the laterals ; eves

of anterior line almost straight by their centres, medians much larger

than laterals, a diameter apart and barely half a diameter from the

laterals, Palgus with patella and tibia not spined ; tibial apophysis

small, hooked, its basal portion directed outwards almost at right-angles

to the axis of the tibia, its apical third pointed, curving straight

forwards. Legs very long and slender (see measurements).

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 8 ; carapace 4°5, first leg

29, second 36, third 21, fourth 24.

Loc, Nasik (Millet).

Sparassus greeni, sp. n.

Allied to S. ¢mpudicus. Colour of carapace, mandibles, sternum, coxe

and legs uniformly yellowish-brown, carapace covered with silky yellow

hairs, protarsi and tarsi infuscate ; abdomen pale above and below and

covered with yellow hairs, its sides and posterior extremity above

spinners ornamented with a broad blackish-green band. Carapace as wide

as long, shorter than tibia of second leg. Legs of third pair very short,

not overlapping ax of tibia of second. Vulva with median skeletal

Tag anh are —

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA. 495

piece horny, blackish, and completely filling up the space between

the lobes; near the middle of its area there is a large wide

depression, which is furnished anteriorly with a pair of horny ridges.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 15 ; carapace 8, first

leg 28, second 32, third 21, fourth 24,

Loc. Ceylon ; Punduloya (Green).

Genus Hermropopa, Latr.

Heteropoda hampsont, sp. n.

Q. Colour: Darker and more variegated than in H. venatoria ;

the yellow band on clypeus extending on to the sides of the head,

and with fine radiating pale lines on the upper side of the carapace ;

upper side of legs banded, especially on the femora, tibize with two

bands below, abdomen mottled with black above and at the sides,

the upper side with a pair of pale median sigilla spots, and three

indistinct pale patches forming a transverse band in the posterior half,

lower side of abdomen uniformly blackish-brown, the pulmonary

opercula yellow, and two fine paie lines running backwards from the

genital fold and defining the dark median area. Carapace longer

in proportion to its width than in H. venatoria, considerably longer

than wide ; the length exceeding that of tibia of third leg; equal to

that of first and to protarsus of second leg ; width almost equal to length

of tibia of third leg ; eyes practically the same as in HZ. venatoria.

Mandibles and palp: armed as in H. venatorza. Legs shorter and

relatively stouter than in H. venatoria, with the same spine armature ;

third leg as long as the fourth, and surpassing the middle of the

protarsus of the second.

Vulva larger than in H. venatoria, the lateral lobes separated by a

narrow median sclerite.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 29; length of cara-

pace 13, width 10°5; width of head 6°5 ; length of first leg 49, of

second 53, of third 44, of fourth 44, tibia of third 11.

Loc. Ootacamund (G. Ff. Hampson).

FHeteropoda nilgirina, sp. n.

Colour : Much resembling that of H. venatoria, but the sternum

darker ; the white clypeal band much less distinct, the mandibles deep-

shining black ; abdomen mottled above and at the sides with rusty-

brown spots.

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111.

Curapace of about the same form as in H. venatoria, but with the

head a little narrower, the width a little less than the total length

of the carapace ; eyes of anterior line closer together, more procurved,

the quadrangle narrower in front; the anterior medians only about

half the diameter of the anterior laterals, the lower edges about on

a level with the centre of the laterals.

Legs with spine armature as in H. venatoréa, but with a spine on the

distal half of the upper side of the third tibia ; third leg relatively longer

than in HZ. venatorza, surpassing the middle of the protarsus of the

second, the fourth not surpassing it by the length of its tarsus.

Vulva larger than in H. venatoria; the lobes widely separated.

by a broad median sclerite, which is posteriorly marked by a median

elliptical excavation.

Measurements in millimetres.— 9 . Total length 27 ; length of carapace

11:5, width 10°5 ; width of head 5:5 ; length of first leg 49, of second

54, of third 44°5, of fourth 46°5, tibia of third leg 12.

a. Much resembling the $ of H. venatoria in colour and structural

characters, but with the anterior median eyes only about half the

diameter of the laterals, a much less noticeable white band upon the

clypeus, and the legs considerably longer, the first being about

51 times the length of the carapace ; carapace about three-quarters the

length of the tibia of third leg. Tibia of first, second and third with two _

superior spines, of fourth with one distal superior spine ; patella of

fourth unspined. Tibial apophysis of palpus longer, clavate and trun-

cate apically, with the lower border concave, and the inferior distal

angle subacute ; tarsus of palpus more voluminous, externally angular

at base.

Measurements in millimetres.— 8. Total length 16 ; length of carapace

8, width 7; length of first leg 45, of second 51, of third 39, of fourth

40°5 ; tibia of third 10°5.

Loc. Nilgiri Hills (Z. W. Oates) ; Coonoor (W. Davison) ; Ootaca-

mund (G. fF. Hampson); Kotagiri (J. R. Henderson).

Heteropoda lentula, sp. n.

@. Much resembling H. nilgirina in the form of the vulva, but

smaller, with the carapace higher, the mandibles not black but pale,

with two fuscous bands, and the legs considerably shorter ; the

carapace being longer than the tibia of the second leg, while the

latter is only about three and-a-half times the length of the carapace-

SOME NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM BRITISH INDIA, 497

6. Differing from that of . nilgirina in being smaller, in having

pale and striped mandibles, and in the form of the tibial apophysis,

the lower edge of which is more abruptly emarginate, with the inferior

distal angle produced into a distinct tooth-like prominence.

Measurements in muallimeires.—Total length 15; carapace 6°5 ;

first leg 21, second 24, third 19, fourth 21. @. Total length 12;

carapace 5°5 ; first leg 27, second 31, third 25, fourth 26°5.

Loe. §S. India: Ponmudiin Travancore ( Ferguson ), Tinnevelly

(Barber).

Family THOMISID i.

Genus Angus, Thorell.

Angeus pentagonalis, sp. n.

Colour of carapace reddish-brown with two darker bands, clothed

with a thick coating of yellowish-grey hairs, clypeus and mandibles

nearly black, much more scantily clothed with pale hairs, anterior legs

deep reddish-brown, posterior paler, banded with brown, clothed with

pale hairs, dark at the base of the spines ; abdomen testaceous, marbled

with black, clothed with silky-yellow hairs above and below. Carapace

a little longer than broad, moderately high, flat above longitudinally be-

hind the posterior eyes ; eyes of posterior line subequally spaced, medians

smaller than laterals and about four diameters apart; crest above anterior

eyes prominent and furnished with a tuft of hair at the angles ; eyes of

anterior line subequally spaced, laterals standing much higher, so that

a line touching their inferior edges would just cut the upper half

of the laterals ; height of clypeus in middle about equal to distance

between anterior median eyes, height at sides about equal to twice

the diameter of the lateral eye. Fang-groove of mandible armed

with 3 strong teeth behind and 8 in front. Legs 1, 2, 4, 3, first

and second sub-equal, first leg nearly four times as long as carapace ;

tibia of first and second armed beneath with 4 pairs, protarsi with 2

pairs of long spines, tibize and protarsi with 2 anterior and 2 posterior

spines as well, tibiee and protarsi of third and fourth armed with a few

spines in front and behind: legs, especially the femora, more or less

tubercular and tufted above. Abdomen pentagonal, widest behind

the middle, as wide as long, furnished above with two rows of tufts in

its posterior half and others at the sides. Vulva consisting of a pair

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HI870RY SOCIETY, Vol, X1II,

of lobes or ridges, inclined posteriorly at an angle and enclosing a

small sclerite shaped like an arrow-head.

Measurements in millimetres.— Total length 9 ; length of carapace 3°5 ;

length and width of abdomen 5 ; length of first leg 13.

Loc. 8. India, Nilgiri Hills (G. F. Hampson).

Family CRYPTOTHELIDA.

Cryptothele collina, sp. 1.

Colour of a uniform yellowish or muddy-brown above and _ below.

Carapace high, much higher behind than in front, abruptly sloped

away behind and at the sides, ocular region distinctly elevated, a deep

depression behind the posterior eyes ; eyes of anterior pair the largest,

considerably more than a diameter apart, the median quadrangle

more than twice as long as wide, parallel-sided. Abdomen as wide

as long. Vulva wider than long, consisting posteriorly of a pair

of horny lobes meeting in the middle line and enclosing a space

occupied by a small median heart-shaped sclerite. Legs short.

subequal.

Measurements in millémetres.—Total length 10 ; length of carapace 4°5,

Loc. 8S. India: Ootacamund (G. F. Hampson).

According to the description Cryptothele ceylonica, O. P. Cam-

bridge (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 563, pl. Lv1, fig. 4) differs from

the preceding in the following particulars :—Size very much smaller,

carapace not noticeably elevated bekind ; ocular tubercle low, no

depression behind it : eyes of anterior pair a diameter apart, median

ocular quadrangle not twice as wide as long. Total length 4 mm,

499

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

SERIES II. PART III.

By Sir G. F, Hampson, Bart., F.z.5., F.E.3.

(Continued from page 235 of this Volume).

ARCTIADZ,

ARCTIANZ,

1175a. SPILOSOMA ALBICORNIS, n, sp.

@. Head and thorax bright red-brown, tinged with crimson, especially on

frons ; antenne with the shaft and branches white above; palpi black at

tips, crimson at base ; pectus and legs crimson, the tibiz and tarsi black ;

abdomen crimson, with dorsal, subdorsal, sublateral and ventral series of

black spots, Forewing bright red-brown; a black spot at upper angle of cell ;

the postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 4, then strongly incurved,

below vein 2 reduced to a spot above vein 1; small double spots on veins

2and 5, Hindwing crimson, slightly tinged with fuscous towards costa; a

discoidal black spot; a subterminal series of spots, the two towards tornus

larger.

Habitat.—Ceylon (Mackwood), Exp. 54 mill, Type—In B, M.

1197. THYRGORINA SIKKIMENSIS,

&. Head and thorax greyish-fuscous ; antenne and greater part of legs

black ; neck with some crimson ; abdomen crimson above, the base brownish;

dorsal and lateral series of black spots, the ventral surface whitish. Fore-

wing greyish-fuscous, the veins pale; an obscure, curved, dark, antemedial

line ; a similar postmedial line bent inwards below vein 3; three obscure

subterminal spots. Hindwing blackish-fuscous, with traces of a sinuous

postmedial line and of seme subterminal spots.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Khasis. Exp. @ 32,92 44 mill,

LITHOSIAN A,

KEY TO THE GENERA,

A. Forewing with vein 5 absent,

a, Hindwing with vein 5 absent.

aj. Forewing with vein 4 absent......... sobdeisidcstes Neoblavia,

b*, Forewing with vein 4 present.

a”, Hindwing with vein 2 stalked with 3......... Rhanghana.

b’, Hindwing with vein 2 from the cell.

a*, Forewing with vein 7 stalked with 8,

a*, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9.

a’. Forewing with vein 2 curved at base.

a®°, Forewing with vein 10 stalked with

Ciaene HaneeBnbsn Boaacescasnctee ee Peianens eoveee Siculifer,

b°. Forewing with vein 10 from thecell esis,

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1/.

6°. Forewing with vein 2 oblique.

a°, Hindwing with vein 4 absent in @,

PLRekeNT Wy Diese t Me a sates. Nishada.

6°. Hindwing with vein 4 present in @ Gampola.

b*. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9,

or 9 absent,

a°, Hindwing with vein 4 absent,

a°, Forewing with vein 11 anastomos-

a giwalb hile eee csree ees. sAccadacapane ss Poliosia.

b®. Forewing with vein 11 free ......... Lobobasis.

6°, Hindwing with vein 4 present,

a°®, Forewing with vein 2 from towards

end of cell oblique ....2.......0.c0s Phryganopsis.

6°. Forewing with vein 2 from middle

of cell, curved at base.

a", Hindwing with the cell open, a re-

current vein in cell ............... Chrysorhabdia,

b’, Hindwing with the cell closed, no

recurrent vein in cell,

a*, Forewing with vein 10 stalked

WUC ISO Maect eeaweneee. aoe Mithuna.

b®. Forewing with vein 10 from

thiencelll occa: cecstiseern cacweccecust mLLETIZGS

b8, Forewing with vein 7 stalked with 6 ...... Conosia.

6. Hindwing with vein 5 present.

at, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with12. Neasura.

b1, Forewing with vein 11 free.

a?, Forewing with vein 10 stalked with 7°8,

OQ absent: 5. coat. scuteeosdemeveenceceeaeesecane =: ... Pseudoblabes.

b2, Forewing with vein 10 from the cell.

a°*, Forewing with vein 6 stalked with 78... Padenia( 3).

b*, Forewing with vein 6 from the cell........ Garudinia,

B. Forewing with vein 5 present,

a. Hindwing with vein 5 absent, coincident with 4.

at, Forewing with vein 7 stalked with 8, or 89

absent,

a", Forewing with vein 9 stalked with 7:8, or

absent,

a’, Forewing with vein 5 stalked with 4 ...... Tortricosia,

b®. Forewing with vein 5 from the cell.

a*. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9, Pachycerosia,

b*, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9,

a®, Hindwing with veins 3°4 stalked.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 501

a®, Proboscis aborted; frons with

rounded prominence............sses. Doheriya.

6°, Proboscis fully developed; frons

not prominent ..... easpennnrionsococe ee Adrepsa,

bs. Hindwing with vein 3 from the cell, Chrysceglia.

b?, Forewing with vein 9 from 10 anastomosing

with 8 to form the areole .......ccccc-...-0... Lithosia,

b', Forewing with veins 6°7 and 8°9 stalked,

a*. Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with12 Eugoa.

b?, Forewing with vein11 free .......cc..ssc0.cres Cyclosiella,

ct, Forewing with veins 6:7 stalked, 8°9 from cell. Hemonia.

b, Hindwing with vein 5 present,

a’, Forewing without an areole.

a’, Forewing with vein 9 stalked with 7°8 or

8°9 absent,

a*, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9 ...

a*, Forewing with vein 10 stalked with

Uo pater acaonen oconsbeedobne SacndenSsesnoos6 Cyclomilta.

o*. Forewing with vein 10 from the cell.

a°, Proboscis aborted .........+ Snoncnoobenae Nephelomitlia,

6°, Proboscis present,

a°, Hindwing with vein 5 obsolescent

from just below angle of disco-

cellulars ..... Belcse secede déslacleseeaus cess Chionema,

b*, Hindwing with vein 5 fully deve-

loped from well below angle of

disco-cellulars,

a", Hindwing with veins 3°4 stalked

or coincident,

a*, Forewing with veins 4°5 stalked Scaptezyle.

b°. Forewing with vein 5 from the

cell.

a°, Palpi upturned.

a'°, Hindwing with veins 3:4

coincident,

a11, Hindwing with vein 5

from angle of cell.

a1?, Forewing thinly

the costa scaled,

strongly arched at

Dane) ceesesawonwerocs ve Costarcha,

612, Forewing thickly

SCAled sessecceeseeess SICCIG,

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

611, Hindwing with vein 5

from well above

angle of cell ©...:00.

61°, Hindwing with veins 3:4

Stalled: fuasrenccasmescerss

6°. Palpi porrect,

a’°, Forewing with the costa

excised towards apex,

the termen above and

below middle ....... aac

61°, Forewing with the shape

normal,

a11, Hindwing with vein 2

near angle of cell

611, Hindwing with vein 2

from long before angle

of cell

b%. Hindwing with vein 3 from the cell,

a*, Forewing with vein 10 from close

b*, Forewing with vein 10 from towards

CNG OUrCOll qeerecssncestecracestrensereese

6*, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9, or 9

absent,

a*, Hindwing with vein 3:4 stalked or coincident,

a®, Forewing with vein 9 absent.

a*, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with 12

b*, Forewing with vein 11 free,

a’, Forewing with veins 3°4'5 stalked.........

6’. Forewing with veins 4°5 stalked, 3 from

c7. Forewing with veins 3°4°5 from the

Celle etecette eee ae Sametecteisa wale oviseiectemeieea

b°®. Forewing with vein 9 present,

a°, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing

with 12,

a’, Forewing with veins 10°11 stalked ......

b7, Forewing with veins 10°11 from cell......

b®, Forewing with vein 11 free.................0066

b*, Hindwing with vein 3 from, or from close to,

angle of cell.

a®, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with 12.

a*, Forewing with veins 10°11 stalked ........

6°. Forewing with veins 19°11 from cell.

Halone,

Macaduma,

Oxacme.

Utriculiferae

Eurosia,

Ovipennis.

Stictane,

Pareugoas

Eucyclopera.

Padenia (9).

Narasodes.

Machairophora.

Thumatha.

Golosia.

Asuridia,

‘v THE MOTHS OF INDIA,

a’. Palpi upturned

Dusemea i POMLOCH csadecek accesories earenacidseves ian

6°, Forewing with vein 11 free.

a°*, Forewing with veins 10°11 from a, point

Gm snortly stalked) i 05. .<co-dwascnsoetecen a0

Forewing with veins 10°11 well separated.

Forewing with vein 2 strongly curved

at base

6’, Forewing with vein 2 oblique.

EAPO U UCM G lena. tcccc.n ere crencossces ance ens

Bea WOLLOCUse cree teens sscescsuce<-cbecas eae

Hindwing with vein 3 from well before angle

of cell.

Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with 12,

Forewing with vein 11 becoming coinci-

dent with 10....... Dec paaibaneee Bee Men ee ecauuceece

e°, Forewing with vein 11 free.

a’,

b®. Antenne with the basal joint moderate.

a’. Forewing with vein 6 stalked with 7°8...

b’. Forewing with vein 6 from the cell......

Forewing with veins 9°10 stalked.

Hindwing with veins 6°7 coincident...............068

Hindwing with veins 6°7 stalked.

Forewing with veinlets between vein 12 and

the costa .........

Peed eceaesssaessosessoeesessesoed

6°,

a’,

€*.

a>,

Antenne with the basal joint very long ...

b?.

a‘,

b*. Forewing without veinlets between vein 12

and. the costa.

a°®, Palpi oblique ; frons with large tuft....... senek

6°. Palpi porrect ; frons without tuft...............

c?. Forewing with veins 6°7 and 8°9 stalked.

a*, Forewing with veins 4°5 stalked ............08 eeeeee

b®. Forewing with veins 4°5 from the cell.............+.

d?. Forewing with veins 6°7 from the cell .0.......2-0.04-+

e*. Forewing with vein 9 from the cell.

a*. Forewing with veins 6'7 stalked, 8 absent ......,..

b’, Forewing with vein 6 from the cell, 7'8 stalked...

Forewing with an areole.

Palpi upturned.

Forewing with veins 9°10 anastomosing with

8 from the arecole ......06. cesses ssuanteeecsrecseroesen

Forewing with vein 9 from 10 anastomosing

with 8 from the areole...... “eaneecearec sean

al DINPORECCE co: .scaaceccescssat Recencoscin reaneeisemaeen “aisocinns

a’.

a®

b?,

503

Hyposiccia.

Asura.

Idopterum.

Monistis.

Parasiccia.

Miitochrista,

Xanthocraspeda,

Hemipsilia,

Chamaita.

Nudaria.

Paleopsis.

Meteugoa,

Schistophleps,

Holocruspedum,

Sceodora,

Trischalis,

Philenora.

Tropacme.

Gymnochromae

Diduga.

A grisius,

Agylla.

Paraona.

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII-

Genus NEOBLAVIA, Type.

Neoblavia, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep, Phal, B. M, II., p. 105 (1900) ......... scoteola.

Proboscis fully developed; palpi porrect, hardly reaching beyond the

, trons ; antenne of male with bristles and

cilia; tibiz with the spurs moderate,

Forewing narrow; veins 2'3 stalked ; 4°5

absent ; 6 shortly stalked with 7°8°9; 10

free ; 11 given off at right angles to cell

and becoming coincident with 12; male

Neoblavia scoteola & +. with a large eliptical patch of androconia

in cell, Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of cell; 3-4 coincident; 5

absent ; 6°7 stalked; 8 from middle of cell; a large patch of androcania in

beyond, and below the cell.

’

1379a, NEOBLAVIA SCOTEOLA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. II., p. 105.

@. Black-brown. Forewing with a few grey scales in the patch of

androconia in cell. Hindwing with the patch of androconia rather redder-

brown ; the terminal area somewhat greyish, the cilia yellowish.

Habitat.—Sikhim 2,600' (Pilcher), Hap. 18 mill,

Genus RHANGHANA. Type.

Rhanghana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p, 22 ......-.e.ccceeseas aonoceoccs vee §=spunctata,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ;

antenne of female ciliated; tibice

with the spurs short, Forewing long

and narrow ; the cell less than half

the length of wing; vein 2 from

g angle, eurved at base ; 3°4 ona long

‘Rhanghana punctata 9 +. stalk ; 5 absent ; 6°7°8°9°10°11 stalked,

11 anastomosing with 12. Hindwing with the cell short ; veins 23 stalked ;

4°5 absent ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from towards angle of cell.

1490, RHANGHANA PUNCTATA,

Genus Po.iosia, Type.

Poliosia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. iI., p. 106 (1800)...... muricolor.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, hardly reaching as far.as frons ;

f antenne of male with bristles and cilia ;

tibiz with the spurs moderate; abdomen

clothed with rough hair, Forewing long

‘and narrow ; vein 2 from well before angle.

of cell, curved at base; 3°4 stalked; 5

Poliosia muricolor & 3. absent ; 6 from well below upper angle ;

78:9 stalked; 10 free; 11 anastomosing with 12, Hindwing with vein 2

from well before angle of cell; 34 coincident; 5 absent; 6:7 stalked, 8

from middle of cell,

‘

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 505

A, Forewing dark-grey; with yellow costal fascia... 1381¢. muricolor,

B, Forewing grey-brown, without costal fascia.

a. Head and tegule yellow; forewing with

black point below end of cell ...........cscesceeee 13816. punctivena,

6. Head and tegule dark.

a}, Forewing with black points in and below

eEndsok, Gell sot Scsccceescdcaeeeccs wenehae aae@encecte 1381, binotata,

bt, Forewing without black points...............00 1347. brunnea.

C. pen es yellow-brown, with dark ee

ING cedsotesnestioachockdeysaeeaeacear eevee 1356. cubitifero.

1381c, PoLrostA MURICOLOR, See ica) Cee parva, Moore, P. Z. &.,

1878, p:; 16, pl. 1, £. 13.

1347, Po1osiA BRUNNEA, insert (syn.) 1381a. Gampola normalis,

Genus NisHapA,

1378, NISHADA FLABRIFERA,

1379, Nishada roiundipennis does not occur within Indian limits, and the

figure represents NV. flabrifera:

Genus GAMPOLA.

1380, GAMPOLA FASCIATA,

Genus LEXxIs,

Lexis, Wligrn., Vet. Akad. Hand]. (2) 5 (4) p. 41 Type.

(GUSTO) geedepesereneyneeseeasenenes enorecediicoaceneasubeogeasbanades - bipunctigera.

Tigrioides, Buti. teins: Ent. Soc,, 1877, p. 339 ..i.....5. adéerna,

Preboscis fully developed’ ; palpi Se pereet: tibie with the spurs short;

abdomen clothed. with rough hair,

Forewing with vein 2 from middle

NS of cell, curved at base ; 3°4 stalked ;

5 absent; 6 stalked with 7°39, or

from below angle of cell; 7 from

beyond 9; 11 anastomosing with 12,

Lexis leucanioides é 1. Hindwing with vein 2 from long be-

fore angle of cell; 3°4 ona long stalk ;5 absent ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from middle

of cell,

Sect. I. Antenne of male bipectinate,

13676, LExis saBULOSALIS, Wlk., xxxiv, 1219 (1865).

Lithosia brevipennis, Snell., Veth’s Midden Sumatra, Lep. p. 36 (1886),

Dull brownish-ochreous ; forewing sometimes mottled with slightly darker

scales and with discoidal point, hindwing paler,

Forewing rather short and broad ; veins 6°7'8°9 stalked.

Habitat.—Burma, Rangoon ; Sumatra; Sarawak, Exp, 22 mill,

Sect, II. Antenne of male with bristles and cilia,

A, Palpi reaching just beyond the frons,

a. Fore cox of male with thick tufts of black hair,

506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11.

1367@¢, LExIS LEUCANIOIDES, Wlk., Journ., Linn, Soc. Zool., vi, p. 103

(1862). Swinhoe, Cat. Het, Mus. Oxon., p. 124, pl. 3, £, 7.

Head and tegule dull orange-yellow; palpi, frons, and antenne blackish ;

thorax yellowish, with black spots on patagia,meso- and meta-thorax ; abdo-

men orange, greyish towards base. Forewing yellowish, with diffused black

streaks on all the veins except the costal and subcostal nervures, Hindwing

pale-yellow,

Habitat,—Tenasserim, Daunat Hills; Penang; Singapore ; Borneo, Ezp.

3 32, 2 40 mill.

b, Fore cox of male without tufts of hair,

1367, Lexis EUCHANA,

B. Palpi not reaching as far as the frons,

a. Forewing uniform fulvous-yellow below.........secze..s» fulveola,

b. Forewing uniform fuscous-brOwN....cccseses c.ceseeces «. pheola.

1367c,. Lexis FULYEOLA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B.M.,IT., p. 119, pl. xxif.10,

Fulvous-orange. Hindwing pale-yellow. Forewing with yein 6 very

shortly stalked with 7°8°9,

Habitat.—Calcutta, Barrackpore, Fzxp, 22 mill,

1367d. Lexis PHHOLA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL., p. 119, pl. xxi, f. 7.

Q. Uniform fuscous-brown, hindwing paler.

Habitat.—Bombay ; Ceylon, Exp. 26 mill.

Genus PHRYGANOPSIS,

Phry psis, Felder, Reise Nov., p. 8 (1874) ; non descr, Hmpsn. Type.

Cat eps Phal. 3. MF; 9.120 F900) ceecst-e-.-bascascese asperatella.

Proboscis aborted, minute, or well developed; palpi short, porrect, not

reaching beyond the frons; antennz

of male serrate and ciliated, or with

cilia and bristles ; tibiee with the spurs

moderate; abdomen clothed with

rough hair, Forewing short and

rather broad ; vein 2 from towards

Phryganopsis chota Q =. angle of cell, oblique ; 3°4 strongly

stalked, 5 absent ; 6 from before angle of cell or stalked with 7°89 ; 10

free ; 11 anastomosing with 12, Hindwing with vein 2 from before angle of

cell ; 3°4 stalked ; 5 absent ; 6°7 stalked with 8 from middle of cell.

1346. PHRYGANOPSIS CHOTA.

Genus MITHUNA.

Sect, I, Forewing with vein 6 stalked with 789°10, 10 from

before 7 ; antennz of male bipectinate,

1372a. MiTHUNA FUSCIVENA, Ceylon ; Borneo,

Sect, II. Forewing with vein 6 from long below angle of cell;

antennz of male with bristles and cilia,

A. Forewing with vein 7 from before 10,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 507

1372, Mrrnuna QuapRIPLaGa,

8B. Forewing with vein 7 from after 10,

13726, MriTHUNA sTRIGIFERA, Hmpsn., Oat, Lep. Phal. B. M.,IT., p. 123(1900).

@. Grey-brown. Forewing pale-grey suffused with red-brown except on

costal and terminal areas ; a postmedial black spot on costa with obscure line

from it, acutely angled at vein 6, then retracted to middle of vein 1; a dark

streak in cell ; three black points on costa towards apex, with an oblique

streak from the last almost to the angle of the postmedial line ; a terminal

series of black points, Hindwing fuscous,

Habitat,—Sikhim, yp, 28 mill.

x Genus ILEMA,

Lithosia, Hmpsn., Moths, Ind, II., p. 79, nec Fabr, .

I also include now the genera Teulisna, Tegulatu, Corcura, Simarea,

Zadadra, Prabhasa, Thysanoptyx and Lophoneura as sections of it,

Sect. I. Forewing of male witha fold in cell and the subcostal and

median nervures closely approximated,

A. Forewing of male with a fringe of long scales in cell.

a, (Macotasa), Forewing of male with vein 3 bent down-

wards and becoming coincident with 2 ;

a bar across end of Cell .....:.........0c01e:5.51363; tortricotdes,

B, Forewing of male with vein 3 not becoming

coincident with 2,

a', Hindwing of male with fringes of scales on

basal part of inner area on upperside ;

the anal tufts very large.

Forewing with the tornus hooked ;

hindwing of male with a small pouch

below the base of cell.

a®, (Tegulaia), Forewing with the costa

strongly lobed at middle,

a*, Forewing of male with unulate spot

at end of cell ; female with elongate

costal spot ; hindwing fuscous...... 1373, tttnida,

b*, Forewing of male with round sopt at

end ofcell; female with rounded

spot on costa ; bindwing yellow...1374, protuberangs

e*, Forewing of male with black point at

lower angle of cell nearly joined by

an oblique striga from costa,........ 1375, obliquistria,

b%, (Teulisna), Forewing without costal

swelling ; hindwing of male with tuft

of hair on middle of costa on upper-

a”

SIMO’ ss ccossers aucune Menu deaste a enee Lage tuniplaga,

8 08 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

62, Forewing with the tornus not hooked ;

hindwing of male without pouch below

tha: Cell... simse ines Pegninen sae Ubba Sie Seo aramnd gece: 1376; induetd;

1373, IteMA TUMIDA, del, Ityca humeralis,

bt, (Zadadra), Hindwing of male with large

patch of androconia below medial part

of costa; forewing with the inner margin

highly arched and fringed with hair

towards base ..... ab congas Bappenetneeteine sma euee sae 1366. déstorta,

c', (Prabhasa), Hindwing of male without

sécondary sexual characters,

a2, Forewing with large quadrate post-

medial black patch from cell to inner

TPA TUM a dai acseeseeseneapaneenteiese ase 1329, zetragona,

b?, Forewing without postmedial black

mark below the cell,

a*®, Forewing with postmedial black spot

on costa,

a*, Hindwing fuscous-brown.

a°, Forewing dark-brown, with

prominent pale costal fascia.. 1333; flavicosta,

8°, Forewing paler-brown, with in- .

distinct costal fascia.......00.. 1331. venosa,

6+. Hindwing pale-yellowish.

a°; Forewing dark-fuscous, with

prominent pale fasciz on

costa and inner margin ...... 1334, plimbeomicans,

b°, Forewing whitish streaked and

suffused with fuscous ......2... 1332. costalis,

}3, Forewing without postmedial black

spot on costa,

a‘, Forewing grey-brown,

a°, Forewing of male with leaden-

fuscous streak below termi-

na part of fold in cell ......... 1335, fuscisiriga.

b°, Forewing of male without fus«

cous streak in cell.....:sese008 Ldd4a. cana,

b*, Forewing purplishsblack-brown... 1334). brunnea.

1332, IneMa fimbriata, insert Prabhasa cosTauis, Moore, P, Z. 8., 1878, p.

‘92, which has priority, and 1361. Lithosia nebecula, N. China ; Borneo,

1334b, ILEMA BRUNNEA, Moore, P.ZS., 1878, p, 22, pl, 2, £. 11,

Q. Head,thorax and abdomen dark-brown, Forewing brown suffused with

purplish-black and irrorated with black scales, Hindwing fuscous-brown,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 509

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7000’, Eazp. 32 mill.

B. (Lophoneura), Forewing of male with a radiat-

ing tuft of scales in cell just beyond middle,

and a fringe of scales on costa beyond middle ;

hindwing with the inner area clothed with

MOL HS Get LG Suet eal are nls tu niseo ve cores cw cwewasennece 1337. wniformis.

C. Forewing of male with slight fringe of scales

above terminal part of fold in cell,

1349, ILEMA sIMPLEX, Wlk., Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. VI, p. 105 (1862),

Lithosia microxantha, Hmpsn., Moths Ind, II, p. 81 (1900).

D. Forewing of male without fringe of scales in

. cell.

1348. ILBMA AURIFLUA, insert (syn,) 1370a. Lithosia

sthenoptera, and Systropha dorsalis, Moore, P.Z.8., 1878,

p. 18 (nec W1k.),

- Sect, II. (Capissa). Forewing of male with a furrow

just below median nervure from near base

end of cell, with to streaks of androconia

above and below it ; hindwing with very

large patch of manoebais OMEGHSC ieee ssoesciese 1371. vagesa.

Sect. IIT, (Katha). Forewing of male with a slight

ridge of rough scales in basal part of cell

and a furrow below the cell.

A, Forewing with fuscous postmedial line

angled outwards at middle............. ,--- 4304. angulifera.

B. Forewing without postmedial line .........1358. conformis.

1358. ILEMA CONFORMIS, insert (syn.) 1365. Lithosia nigri=

frons.

Sect. IV. (Llema), Wings of male without secondary

sexual characters.

A, Forewing with dark postmedial line .....1352, veticulata.

B, Forewing without postmedial line.

a, Forewing with postmedial black spot on

COSAtse dese. enune. 3 Seuhesces Jetdo Abs naeo Ue DOS aHBHE 1360. pallida.

6. Forewing with ante- and post- medial black

spots on a whitish costal fascia.......,.....1362, quadrisige=

nata.

c. Forewing with black basal patch on whitish

COSU GLAS Clay terete se enmcecadcamasensiseaiaecreeas 1359. basigera.

d. Forewing without black spots on costa in

male,

a’. Forewing of male with black band

Ony terminal alvOdesesrescansevereedees re sseores LOGO, terminalis.

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

b', Forewing with diffused fuscous on

HORM P APOd vevans atencenateneesn secure 1366. cuculata.

ec}. Forewing of male with broad obli-

que fuscous shade from below

apex to middle of inner margin ;

female uniform orange............... 1369. fasciata,

d’, Forewing of male without fuscous

terminal band or patch.

a’. Forewing with well defined yellow

or orange fascia on costal area.

a®, Forewing with the veins

streaked with orange......... 1348a, chrysophleps.

6°, Forewing with the veins not

streaked with orange.

a*, Forewing with more or less

broad costal fascia.

a>. Forewing dark-brown ...... 1342. fumidisca.

b°, Forewing grey ....... accel S41, vicaria.

b+. Forewing with the costal

edge only yellow.

a°, Hindwing yellow............ 1343. greseola.

6°, Hindwing white...... 1350. sxanthocraspis.

6°, Forewing without costal fascia.

a®, Forewing dark fuscous-brown

irrorated with grey scales...1382. basinota.

b?, Forewing orange or yellow.

a‘. Forewing suffused with

grey-brown.

a°, Forewing with discoidal

dark pOIMt.-.ccscsaeeee = 1357. punctifera,

b>, Forewing without discoidal

dark point ......s00--sr000013096. brevinennis.

b*. Forewing without grey-

brown suffusion.

a®. Forewing deep orange ...1356a, nigripes.

b°. Forewing pale orange-

WeMIG Wat rcatenecevetmreneeren 1340. calamaria,

c*, Forewing white.

a*, Hindwing pale-yellow ; fore-

wing with the termen

tinged with yellow ......1370. mnigripars.

bt, Hindwing white .¢.c0c--+...000 1338. varang.

1341. InemA antica, insert Lithosia vicarta, W1k., II, 500 (1854) which

has priority, also Lithosia imitans, Mab., Bull, Soc. Zool, Fr., III, p. 87 (4878).

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 511

1343. ILEMA GRISBOLA, insert (syn,) 1344, Lithosia fusctcilia,

1350, Inema xanrHooRastis, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B, M., IL, p. 169, pl.

xxii, f, 30 (1900).

Lithosia nigripars, Hmpsn., Moths, Ind. II., p. 81 (nee W1k.).

1356, ILEMA BREVIPENNIS, insert (syns.), 1364. Lithosia intermiata and

Systropha fuscipes, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 80, pl, 158, f. 23,

1356a. ILEMA NIGRIPES, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., II. p, 175, pl.

xxili, f. 6 (1900).

@. Fulvous-orange ; palpi with the 3rd joint black ; antenne and greater

part of legs black ; ventral surface of abdomen with iiaie bands. Forewing

with the basal part of costa black ; underside with black suffusion in cell

extending as. streaks. beyond its angles, 9. Forewing without the black on

. costa or underside.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Khasis, Exp, g 42, 9 46 mill,

1340. ILuMA CALAMARIA, insert (syn.) Katha aprica, Butl., Cist. Ent, III.,

p. 115(1885), Japan, China,

1370. Inema pallens insert Lithosia nigripars, W1k., vii, 1779 (1856), which

has priority,

1338, ILEMA VARANA, insert (Syn.) 1339. Lithosia nivea, which is its

female.

Genus CHRYSORABDIA,

Sect, I. Forewing of male with an oblique patch of androcenia om

vein 1, almost met by an oblique streak from end of cell ;,

hindwing with veins 3°4 stalked.

A. Thorax black ....0....0 Raed ees eeeridedisestiasc ens 1327. wiridata,

Be Thorax yerlow: ..cccssscareosares eecckedetenserwst aco OLMZcie:

Sect. II. Forewing of male without streak of androconia.; hindwing with

veins 3°4 from cell,.

WY Patagia black s2.csse. ia eaege cach weds seveseree, 1328G, aurantiaca.

B. Patagia yellowish .......... Soest ascoseas Oboe CANES 13280, alpina.

13286. CHRYSORABDIA ALPINA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., II., p. 184,

pl. xxiii, f. 17 (1900),

Brownish-ochreous ; palpi, frons and thorax black ; legs black and ochreous;

abdomen tinged with greyish. Forewing with the. basal half of costaliedge.

black ; a diffused greenish-black subcostal fascia from base to beyond middle.

or to termen; asimilar broader fascia from inner margin near base to middle.

of termen. Hindwing somewhat yellower in male, and with the costal area

tinged with fuscous.

Habitat —Tibet, Yatong, 10,500! (Hobson). Exp, 45 mill,

Genus CHRYSMGLIA,

1325, CHRYSEHGLIA MAGNIFICA,

Genus. CLONISTIS,

1324, CHONISTIS ENTELUA.

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Genus AGYLLA.

Type,

Agylia, Wik., IT., 552 (1854) ....-esecseceee Shopseeoe tee Rrescnue fasciculata.

Sidyma, Wlk., VII., 1686 (1856) ....... aerisdapst-saueperenlenaraens (CUO g/UUER:

Tripura, Moore, Lep, E, I. C., p. 298 (1858) ........ Re eattors . prasena,

Salanola, Wik., XOX VINES 250C 183) ecescctesseeewucetereessss monoleuca,

Crambomorpha, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. 106, f. 9 (1874),

non desc.,nec Mac. L. Neur., 1867 ..........cssceseeees, secs Umbrifera,

Churninga, Moore, PZ19), UGS, apst0) cectecesesodecs-nnteesaevss rufif? ons,

Vumuna, Moore P57, 8: 1878) pe lO sc-vscrsapece<aeeestecencae ramelana,

Ghoria, Moore, P. Z.8., 1878, p. 12 .........ccssecseccee wateccese albocinerea.

Hesuara, Moore, ©. 2; Ss, Late, De lia wectescdasesesncmecese eseccee GiviSA,

Sect. I. Antenne of male bipectinate,

. A. (Sidyma), Antenne of male bipectinate, with

moderate branches to apex.

a. Colour black-brown ; hindwing without

White 'atimpex sctcceec-cocere seers rane teases 1312. apicalis,

6. Colour grey-brown; hindwing with

Vylabh eye Bi olep< pea oanasaseSacacno nae aacn aco. 1311. albifinis.-

B. (Hesudra), Antenne of male bipectinate, with

short branches, the apical part serrate and

fasciculate.

a. Forewing with the costal half yellowish,

the inner half fuscous........0.0..0 eceeeeeeeL 320, divisa,

b, Forewing brown.

a’, Hindwing brown with the costal and

terminal areas yellow ..............-s08--- 1313, beema,

bt, Hindwing orange with terminal fus-

cous band narrowing to tornus............ 13086. metaxan-

tha

c!, Hindwing wholly orange,

a’, Head and tegule orange..........-cseer 1321. rufifrons,

b?, Head and tegule dark...............s0++ 1308. semirufa.

Sect. II. (Tripura), Antenne of male ciliated.

A. Forewing white, with the inner area fusc-

ODS y-ssereseevcorae:sdseerecrenrnetee Peauecies erecceeseeveel SLO, Albocinerea,

B. Forewing white or yellowish, the inner area

not fuscous,.

a, Forewing with the ground-colour white.

a’, Tegule orange.

a®, Thorax dark ; forewing with pro-

mineni dark purple-black streaks

ON th VEINS sicrecscocsece ssivesncccocessL oe. | PYASENE,

———— ee

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 513

b?, Thorax white ; forewing with the

veins hardly darker............ sareoersel 310. pallens,

b', Tegule not orange.

a?. Forewing with postmedial black

STO <Scraveccccscteson Sondeanceenscdesenita= 1315, rumelana,

b*, Forewing with the terminal half

blaelks yeereo<---. assdeatesels saeeesslsciee eee 1316, bdipars.

b. Forewing pale-yellow ...cce..secsreecesseeeeesL3l4, maculata,

C. Forewing fuscous with yellow costal fascia......1322. postfusca,

1319, AGYLLA ALBOCINEREA, insert (syn.), 1318. Gnophria sericetpennis,

1322. AGYLLA POSTFUSCA, insert (syn.), 1317a. Gnophria collitoides,

Hmpsn, (nec Butl.). Genus LirHosia

1326, Lrraosta GUADRA—The single female from Sikhim with abnormal

venation still remains unique,

Genus DOHERTYA.

1304. DoHERTYA CYMATOPHOROIDES.

i Genus ADREPSA,

Adrepsa stilboides Q 1,

Genus PARAONA.

1323, PARAONA SPLENDENS,

Genus AGRISIUS,

1306, AGRISIUS GUTTIVITTA,

1307, AGRISIUS FULIGINOSUS is probably not found in India,

Genus STICTANE. Type.

Stictane, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., I1., p. 258 (1900). fractilinea,

Proboscis well developed ; palpi upturned, slender and reaching vertex of

1305, ADREPSA STILBOIDES.

head ; antenne of male serrate and fasci-

culate ; tibie with the spurs moderate.

GS Forewing rather short and broad, the

costa arched ; vein 2 from middle of cell,

curved at base ; 3 from long before angle ;

Stictane fractilinea @ 3. 5 from well above angle ; 6 from below

upper angle ; 7°8°9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9; 10 and 11 free. Hindwing

with vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from well before angle ; 5 from well above

angle ; 6 and 7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.

" 514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

A. Forewing with the medial line very oblique ............ obliquilinea.

B. Forewing with the medial line excurved from below

costa to submedian fold ...... pacauakecna sn sreceantneecee a Fractilinea,

1390a, STICTANE OBLIQILINEA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M., II., p. 258,

pl. xxv, f. 5 (1900),

9. White; palpi, lower part of frons and antenne brownish ; tarsi tinged

with ochreous, Forewing with subbasal black point on median nervure and

antemedial points on subcostal nervure and vein 1; a nearly straight, very

oblique medial band from below the cell to inner margin ; two discoidal

points ; diffused fuscous patches on costa before apex and on middle of

termen ; a terminal dark line. Hindwing pale-fuscous.

Habitat.—Ceylon, Hambantota, zap, 14 mill.

1390, STICTANE FRACTILINEA, Snell., Veth’s Midden Sumatra, Lep., p. 38

(1880).

Eugoa multipuncta, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., 1X, p.81, pl. 158, f. 3 (1893),

Moths Ind., II., p. 93.

Genus LOBOBASIS.

1398a¢. LOBOBASIS NIVEIMACULATA,

Genus PSEUDOBLABES,

1399, PSEUDOBLABES OOPHORA,

Genus GARUDINIA,

Sect. I, Forewing of male with the cell very long ; a fringe of long hair

on subcostal nervure ; vein 1 bent upwards beyond middle and vein 2 bent

downwards so as almost to meet; 3°4 from cell; 8 absent. Hindwing

with patches of androconia on upperside near lower angle of cell and below

costa towards apex ; the subcostal nervure fringed with scales below ; the cell

long, and veins 3°4 from angle of cell.

1400a. GARUDINIA BIPLAGIATA.

Sect. Il. Forewing of male with the cell of moderate length ; a patch of

short hair in end of cell ; veins 1 and 2 not bent ; 3:4 stalked ; 78 stalked.

Hindwing without patches of androconia ; the cell of moderate length,

and veins 3°4 stalked.

1400, GARUDINIA LATANA,

Genus EHUCYCLOPERA.

1394q@. HUCYCLOPERA PLAGIDISCA,

Genus PADFNIA,

A. Forewing with the bands purplish-black, the ante-

medial band slightly angled im Cell ecc...ces-cereeee: wee 1401. transversa.

B. Forewing with the bands cupreous-fuscous, the ante-

medial band straight, oblique ........ssecsecceesenreene- 1401a. duplicana.

1401a. PADENIA DUPLICANA, WIk,, xxvutr, p. 429 (1863).

Pure white ; patagia and thorax with cupreous-fuscous patches ; palpi and

legs tinged with orange-yellow. Forewing with oblique cupreous-fuscous

antemedial band expanding at inner margin; a similar band from costa

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 515

beyond middle, oblique and slightly sinuous to vein 3, where it is angled and

becomes subterminal. Underside of forewing with the costal fold tinged

with orange ; the fringe of hair on hindwing brown,

Habitat.—Burma, Rangoon ; Borneo, Sandakan, Sarawak ; Sumatra ; Java,

Arjuno, Exp, 24 mill,

Genus NARASODES,

1295, NaRASODES PUNCTANA.

Genus Macapuma,

' 1383a, MacaDUMA TORTRICELLA,

Genus PACHYCEROSIA, Type.

Pachycerosia, Hwpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., II, p.270 (1900). bipuneta,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head ; frons

somewhat prominent; antenne of male

es ‘ laminate and serrate; tibiz with the

&£ spurs long, Forewing narrow, the costa

£ strongly arched at base, then nearly

. straight; vein 2 from middle of cell,

a curved at base; 3. from near angle; 4°5

Pachycerosia bipuncta & 3. from angle; 6 from below upper angle ;

789 stalked, 7 from beyond 9; 10°11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from

beyond middle of cell; 3°4 stalked; 5 absent; 6°7 stalked; 8 from middle of cell.

PACHYCEROSIA RIPUNCTA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., II., p. 270 (1900).

6. Grey-brown. Forewing with slight subbasal dark mark below the

cell, and black points in middle of cell and on disco-cellulars,

Habitat—Andamans, LEzp, 18 mill,

Genus HALONE, Type.

Halone, Wik., 540: (1854), ..02..- coor veereee eg ecbugacenncs choniam Copied eae a BOD IEG:

Mosoda, Wik. XRG IO) (LS BO) eat ece ap ccm dew cloeeee -hawes <cceeciaonieic sinuata.

Proboscis fully darcloned: alps upturned, not reaching vertex of head;

’ tibiz with the spurs long ; forewing with

vein 2 from beyond middle of cell ; 3 well

before angle ; 5 from well above angle;

6 from below upper angle ; 7°8-9 stalked ;

7 from beyond 9; 10 and 11 free. Hind-

Halone flavescens & 3. wing with vein 2 from towards angle of

cell ; 8°4 coincident ; 5 from well above angle; 67 stalked ; 8 from middle

of cell,

Sect. I. Antenne of male bipectinate,

13886, HALONE FLAVESCENS,

Sect. If, Antenne of male ciliated.

13866. HALONE DIFFUSIFASCIA,

Genus SCAPTESYLE,

A. Forewing with cupreous-red patch on the terminal band... 1418. tricolor,

516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

B, Forewing without red patch on the terminal band.......0«0. 1419. bicolor.

Genus UTRICULIFERA,

1394, UTRICULIFERA FUSCAPEX,

Genus SICULIFER,

13936, SICULIFER BILINEATUS,

Genus TORTRICOSIA,

Type.

Tortricosia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., IL., p. 291 (1900). —eacisa.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ;

antennee of male ciliated ; tibie with the spurs long, Forewing with the

costa strongly lobed near base, excised at middle, lobed beyond middle

and excised at apex ; the termen excised towards apex and strongly excurved

at middle; vein 2 from middle of cell, somewhat curved at base ;3

from near angle; 4:5 stalked; 6 from below upper angle ; 7:89 stalked ;

7 from beyond 9; 10°11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from towards angle of

cell; 3°4 stalked ; 5 absent; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell,

_ 1393¢, ToRTRICOSIA EXCISA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B, M.,IT., p. 291 (1900).

@. Head and thorax grey-white irrorated with black; abdomen fuscous-

black, the anal tuft ochreous, Forewing

grey-white irrorated with dark red-

brown ; subbasal, antemedial, medial,

postmedial and subterminal small black

spots on costa ; indistinct ante- and post-

medial punctiform lines, the former

Tortricosia excisa @ 3. excurved from below costa to submedian

fold, the latter waved, and with stronger irroration on its inner side on

inner area; an apical patch of dark red-brown suftusion ; cilia black at

middle, red-brown and ochreous towards apex, white towards tornus.

Hindwing fuscous-brown ; cilia whitish from middle to tornus.

Habitat—Mergui, Perak, Exp. 20 mill.

Genus OXACME. Type.

As Wings white ............000. “OB SeRCLSBe Gea pencAnInosoboCc eeo1393a. marginata,

B. Wings fuscous — ............s0006 aicotescher eae seucececsme acts 1393. dissimilis,

Genus CosraRCHA.

1392. CosSTARCHA INDISTINCTA.

Genus CHIONZMA.

Chioneema, Herr.-Schaff., austereur Schmett; p. 20 |

(CUSID)) Gononctentedecae Raceeae na iiaavececsuncesastacwace podeens6o8s puella,

Cyana, Wik,, IT., 528 (1854) .....00..eeeseeee echoes Vesna eeeaatete detrita,

Sect. I. Forewing of female with veins 4°5 stalked

A. Hindwing of male with a large eliptical patch

of brown androconia on upperside below

middle of costa, which is highly arched ;

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 517:

forewing with elongate patch of - andro.

conia in end of cellon underside ; the

fringe on costa well developed ; the lobe

large and single ; female with vein 6

stalked with 7°8.

a. Forewing with black edges to the ante-

and postmedial lines .............00 a» L281. peregrina.

6. Forewing without black edges to the

ante- and post-medial lines ............ 12815, catorhoda,:

B. Hindwing of male without patch of

androconia ; forewing with the fringe on

costa. well developed, the lobe large

and single.

a. Forewing of female with vein 6 stalk-

ed with 7°8 ; 9 absent.

a’, Forewing with the spots in end of

cell black,

a”, Forewing with black edges to.

the ante- and post-medial lines.1282, puelia.

6”. Forewing without black edges to

the ante- and post-medial lines.

a*, Forewing with the post-

medial line nearly erect...1281a. alborosea,

6°, Forewing with the _ post-

medial line extremely ob-

WM GUG Hote enna tacnanassvelcnane 12822. obliquilineata,

b1, Forewing with the spots in end

Of cell] Ted 2.0... ....co-scueneeosseeeL200, amavilis.

b. Forewing of female with vein 6

from the cell ; 9 from 7 .........0.0000 1284. effracta,

Sect. II. Forewing of female with veins 4°5 from

cell,

A, Forewing of male with the lobe trifid,

the costal fringe moderately developed.

a, Forewing with the lines scarlet,

@', Forewing of male with the two

discoidal spots conjoined into a

bar ; female with the postmedial

line not bent outwards to costa......1289,

b', Forewing of male with the two dis-

coidal spots separate; female with the

postmedial line bent outwards to costa,1289a, adita,

b, Forewing with the lines yellow.

signa,

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

a1, Hindwing yellow cs-scveeree.-- SRC ercacomiscet aeneenee 1291. guttifera,

61. Hindwing white.

a®, Forewing with subterminal yellow line...... 1294, molleri.

b?, Forewing without subterminal line ......... 1289b. khasiana,

B, Forewing of male with the lobe bifid.

uw, Forewing of male with the inner part of lobe

large and elongate, the fringe long and strongly

developed.

a1, Forewing with. the postmedial band angled

inwards in submedian fold ............s00.-4-« 1285a, javanica.

bi, Forewing with the postmedial band not angled

in submedian fold .......00+. sladecaseatesaneadeey WBOs MPErOnumler

db. Forewing of male with the lobes small and

closely attached, the fringe much slighter.

a’, Forewing in both sexes with three black

spots at end of cell,

a’, Forewing with orange bands.

a*®. Forewing with subterminal orange band.

a*, Abdomen with the terminal half of

dorsum crimson ......... (ooscosoNgnne esoes 1301. arama.

6*, Abdomen wholly white.

a®, Forewing with the ante- and post-

medial bands conjoined below the

COUPE ccoesenceasehceencaetoniece manne) craseill AU oem G Aen cara

65. Forewing with the bands separate... 1302. dohertyi.

6°, Forewing without subterminal band...... 1292, sikkimensis,

6? Forewing without bands ... .c..cceccecscercsseesee 1288, candida,

b', Forewing of male with three black spots

at end of cell; female with two............ 1290, puer,

c1, Forewing with three fuscous annuli at

end of cell...... separ soareenoane: assteenecees ssc 1295. detrita.

C. Forewing with the lobe single.

a. Forewing in both sexes with three black spots.

at end of cell.

a1. Forewing with orange subterminal band ........ - 1297, bellissima,

bi. Forewing with scarlet subterminal band.

a*, Forewing with the postmedial line not angled

below costa......... senemasteenel: Sesinceesieigyens ee... 1284a, dudgeoné.

b?. Forewing with the postmedial line angled

inwards below costa ......cccsscecs manasa esac 1287. subornata.

b, Forewing of male with three black spots in end

of cell, of female with two.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

a‘, Forewing of female with the black edge of

poeanedial band age é@ yellow and

ReaGl eG teecckenasavecueess<Wechecsesures wdstcetan secesuens 1298. ‘coccinea,

1, Forewing ath tte black edge of pdst-medial

band sinuous ; & white with scarlet bands ... 1286, bianca,

c. Forewing with two black spots in cell in both

SEXES. i.ciecees Gaaeeccmemettes Reason BGA cae Lecteteecteveess 1299; harterii.

@, Forewing with three obscure fuscous

annuli in end of cell...,.....00....... sevice 1296. gelida.

e. Forewing without spots in end of cell. 1300. gazella,

12824, CHIONEMA OBLIQUILINEATA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep,, Phal. B, M. II, p.

299, pl. xxvi, f, 24 (1900),

&. Forewing with the costal tuft forming a large flap ; the veins very

much curved. White ; antenne crimsén., tegule and paiagia edged with

crimson, meso= and metathorax with crimson spots; abdomen with the

terminal half crimson above, Forewing with sinuous sub-basal crimson line

not reaching inner margin ; very oblique crimson ante- and postmedial lines ;

a black spot in lower end of cell and two on disco-cellulars; a diffused obli-

quely-placed fuscous patch beyond the postmedial line below costa; a sub-

terminal crimson line bént tound below apex to above fuscous patch. Hind-

wing crimsdén, with the costal area white,

Habitdt.—Sikhim, 1,800’ (Dudgeon), zp, 32 mill,

1289a, CuronaMa avira, Moore, Lep, E,1.€., p. 306, pl. 7a, f, 11 (1859).

Bizonre bifasciata, Pouj., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr, (6), VI. p. CXXIV (1886),

a. Pure white 5 palpi black above ; antenna blackish ; tegule edged with

scarlet, thé front part of patagia Solon: ; fore and sail legs banded with

black, Foréwing with scarlet spot on costa near base ; the costal edge

scatlet to thé antemedial line, which is obliquely curved; a black spot in

end of cell, and two on disco-cellulars ; the postmedial scarlet line oblique

ftom costa to vein 3, and with black spot on its outer edge bélow costa,

Q. Sometimes without red on tegule, patagia, and costal edge of fore«

wing; the spot at upper angle of cell placed further from the base than

the lower spot ; the postmedial line bent outwards to costa,

Habitat—Tibet, Moupin; N.-W. Himalayas, Simla, Dalhousie, Kangra;

Sikhim, Exp, & 36, Q 42 mill.

1294, CHIONEMA MOLLERI, insert (syn.), 1289a. Cyana watsoni,

Genus Evrosia, Type.

Eisrosia, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B. M., II. p. 330 (1900). érémaculata,

Proboscis well developed; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons, which

is rounded, forewing narrow, the costa slightly arched, the termen obliquely

rounded ; vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 5 from or from well above angle 5

6 from or from below upper angle ; 7 from 8 beyond 9; 10°11 free, Hind-

wing with vein 2 from long before angle of cell; 34 coincident, rarely

520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII1,

strongly stalked ; 5 from well above angle; 6°7 strongly stalked; 8 from

beyond middle of cell,

Sect. I. Intenne of male pectinate,

1479, Burosia TRIMACTLATA,

Eurosia trimaculata & 4,

Sect, II, Antenne of male ciliated.

A, Forewing with black discoidal spot.......... Bees 1384. grisea,

B. Forewing with fuscous discoidal annulus ......... 1384a, annulata,

1384a¢, HuRosIA ANNULATA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal, B, M.II., p. 332, pl.

xxvili, f, 11 (1900).

Q. Grey tinged with fuscous and brown; abdomen fuscous. Forewing

with dark antemedial line oblique towards costa, then erect and sinuous ;

a minute annulus in middle of cell and a larger one on disco-cellulars; a

dentate subterminal line strongly bent inwards to costa and angled outwards

nearly to termen on veins 6 and 4, Hindwing fuscous,

Habitat—Calcutta, Lup, 14 mill,

(To be continued.)

521

NOTES ON SOME KALIJ PHEASANTS FROM THE

KACHIN HILLS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

By Caprain W. G. Nispett, anp F.. Finn, 3.A., Deputy

SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN Musrum.

Locality in which obtained —Kachin Hills, north of Bhamo and east

of Myitkyina. Western limit, Irrawaddy river ; eastern limit, the hill

ranges on the Chinese frontier; northern and southern limits, not

known.

Local Names.—Yit (Burmese); Wuri (Kachin).—(W. G. 1.)

Description of Spectmens.—No, I. *(Skin).—Colouration as in the

Black-breasted Kalij (Genneus horsfeldi)—purple-black, with white

bars terminating the fzathers of the lower back, rump and upper tail-

coverts ; but these bars are narrower than in that species, and the two

central tail-feathers show some clear, but fine and broken, white pencil-

ling, occurring on both webs, but dying out before the tip of the feather.

The legs are still red even in the dry skin. .

Length, about 2ft. Gin. ; Wing, about 10in.; Tail, about 144in. to

end of longest feather (on left side); Bull (from gape), about 1}in.;

Shank (from top of hock to underside of hind toe), about 3°8 in.

No. II. (Skin, in poor condition).—Colouration as in preceding,

but with much more white pencilling, this occurring generally over

the upper surface and tail, with the exception of most of the head,

neck, upper mantle, some of the wing-coverts and two outer pairs

of tail-feathers. The cheeks and mantle show a little white pencil-

ling, in the latter along the shafts. Legs also red.

Length, about 2ft. 4in. ; Wing, about 9gin.; Tail, about 14}in. to

end of longest feather (on left side) ; Bill, broken ; Shank, about 3°5 in,

measured as above.

No. IIT. (Skin).— Colowration, very like No. II., but mantle and neck

with a good deal of broken white pencilling ; more white pencilling

also on rump. The wing-coverts, however, are. nearly all black,

and only the right centre tail-feather, which is the longest, is penciiled

throughout ; some of the other feathers show more or less pencilling,

Now transferred by exchange to Indian Museum, where it is registered 23705.

522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XILf.

but not alike on both sides of tail. Legs dull whitish-yellow im

skin.

Length, about 2ft. 3in.; Wing, about, 10in. ; Tail, to end of

longest feather, about 14in. ; Bill, 1*4in. ; Shank, about 3°5in.

No. IV. (Skin),—Agrees generally with the description given by

Mr. Oates in the “ Game Birds of India” (Pt. I., p. 341), of what he

ealls.in that work Genneus. andersoni, which is. the Genneeus. davisoné

of the “ British Museum Catalogue of Birds’* (Vol, XXII., p, 304).

That isto say, the present bird is black below and on the. flanks,

and has.a black crest, while the upper plumage, wings, and tail are

marked with bold zig-zag pencillings of white, fading out on the three

outer. pairs of tail-feathers. The. lower back and: rump, have the.

feathers broadly tipped with white, with a broad black zone some-

times preceding the white. The specimen shows, however, some

few points of difference. Some of the wing-coverts are almost alk

black, showing merely a little white. along the shafts, ard this, is,

much more the case on the right wing than the left.

Moreover, the dimensions differ slightly. The length is about 27

inches as.against 24.; the wing is only:9 inches long as.against nearly:

94; while the tail is about 14 inches instead of 11. The legs. in the.

skin are. horny-brown.

No. V. (Wing, three long tail-feathers, and skin, of rump, with,

note from,Captain Nisbett to the foliowing effect) :—“One wing, patch,

of feathers of back, and tail of Genneus Pheasant. Shot at Sangunme,

east of N’Maikha river, This is. the first of this species shot by me.

and was. reported in my letter dated 6th January, 1900 ; it is the.

nearest to the Silver Pheasant of: any I shot. Soft parts of cheek,

bright crimson, legs of a yellowish-white.” In this. bird the wing

is. like that of the last specimen, 2.¢., black with white. zig-zag pencilling.

nearly obsolete on a few coverts ; the rump feathering is also,similar,

but the white terminal fringe is reduced and faint—indeed, nearly-

obsolete, and only a few ot the feathers, low down, show a tendency to

exhibit the black subterminal zone.

The tail-feathers, which are the. two. central ones and: one. of the

next pair, agree generally with those. of the. last specimen, in the case

of the latter absolutely ; but in the former there is.so much, white on

the inner webs that the marking becomes there black on white

SOME KALIJ PHEASANTS FROM THE KACHIN HILLS. 523

instead of vice-vers@ as in No. IV., where the white pencilling is

evenly distributed all over the feather. The wing is a little over 9

inches, and the longest of the tail-feathers about 14 inches.

No. VI. (Pair of Legs [male] with note from Captain Nisbett as

follows): —“ Specimen of legs of Gennwus Pheasant (one variety). The

colour has altered ; in life the legs should be a dark greenish-blue, like

the legs of a Jungle-fowl.” From top of hock to under hind-toe they

measure 3°6 inches. The colour is now horny-grey.—(/. F.)

Colouration of Soft Parts.—The colour of soft skin of heads and the

colour of legs of specimens sent has altered a good deal. The naked

skin of head should be bright crimson. In the specimens with red legs

(1. and IT.) the red should be a bright vivid colour. In those with white

legs the colour should be a yellowish-white. In those with dark legs

(specimen V1.) the colour should be a dark greenish-blue (a slate), like

the legs of a Jungle-fowl.

Weight.—The average weicht of the male is 3]bs., and that of the

female 23lbs, The above averages have been obtained by weighing

some twenty specimens,

Hfabits.—-These birds are found at an altitude of between 3,000 and

5,000ft, They are generally found in parties of three to seven, though

the males often wander about by themselves. They generally keep in

the nullahs near the water during the heat of the day, and in the early

morning and towards evening feed along the hill sides and on high

ground, being especially fond of long, flattish spurs or knolls covered

with open evergreen forest. They are intensely shy, and one rarely

has an opportunity of seeg them, as they make off very quickly on

hearing any one coming, and then rarely take to flight, unless run

down by dogs, when they fly up into the trees, They are confirmed

runners, and it is often hard to make them take flight even with dogs,

‘Their food consists entirely of jungle seeds, insects and acorns, My

usual way of obtaining them was to walk very quickly along a jungle

path until I heard the sound of their scratching up the dry leaves

in search of food. I would then send a coolie, who always accompanied

me, to take 9 circuitin the jungle and get round them; and on his

advancing toward them, they nearly always came within shot. This

sounds like poaching, but it is the only way of getting them: shooting

them ina fair way is impossible. On my first acquaintance with them

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

it took me over a fortnight to get asingle specimen, though I met

them every day.

The breeding season begins about April, when the cocks can be heard

challenging one another in the early morning. When breeding, they

appear to leave their usual haunts in the open jungle and disappear al-

together, probably in the thick undergrowth. Since the end of April

I have hardly come acrossa bird, though I constantly met them. before.

Ihave not been successful in obtaining any eggs, theugh I have

asked Kachins to try and get me some.

General Remarks—The lower in altitude, and the nearer the

Irrawady one finds them, they partake more of the Black-breasted Kalij

in character ; and the higher one gets towards the Chinese frontier, the

more they partake of the appearance of the Silver Pheasant. Near the

Mongwan Valley, on the Chinese frontier east of Bhamo (some 45 miles),

I have shot a large number of Silver Pheasant (Crawfurd’s) atan altitude

of between 4,500 and 7,000ft, The Black-breasted Kalij I have

obtained in the Irrawady at Sigaing, which is only a little south of

Bhamo. The Black-breasted Kalij is also common in the Wuntho

District. Unfortunately, I have not been able to secure any pure Silver

Pheasant (Crawfurd’s) up here, but from information received they

are apparently found at altitudes of about 5,000ft. and over on the

Chinese frontier. What has puzzled me is the three varieties with

different coloured legs. Up to date, all specimens obtained by me have

each so differed from the other that it is not possible to Jay down which

are the. distinct species. The dark-lezged birds seem to favour the

Kalij in character, and the light-legged birds the Silver Pheasant ;

those having red legs may favour either type equally.—(W. G. IV.)

General Notes onthe Series and Conclusions—There can be no doubt

that the very interesting series of forms of Gennceus forwarded by Captain

Nisbett, and described above, are hybrids of various grades between the

common Black, or Black-breasted, Kalij (Genneeus horsfield?) and

Crawfurd’s or Anderson’s Silver Pheasant (Genneeus andersoni). With

the latter species I unite Mr. Oates’s G. rufipes from the Kuby Mines,

a fine male specimen of which is in the Society’s collection (marked,

however, simply “ Burma ”) and M. Oustalet’s G. beli from Annam.

I had the privilege, when at home on leave this year, of inspecting a

stuffed male of G. bel? inthe Paris Museum, and four adult living speci-

SOME KALIJ PHEASANTS FROM THE KACHIN HILLS. 5%5

mens, three males and a female, in the Jardin des Plantes, and I con-

sider that the species cannot posssibly be separated from G. andersoni,

with the type of which, as it is exhibited in the Indian Museum, Iam

very familiar. This type, however, is itself, I think, rather tainted

with alien blood, as shown by its rather too short tail, some plain black

on the wing-coverts, and light-coloured legs. With regard to Dr.

Blanford’s suggestion in the Fauna of British India series, that

G. andersoni may be merely a hybrid between G. nycthemerus (the well

known Chinese Silver Pheasant of aviaries) and the common Lineated

Kalij of Burmah(G. lineatus), I may mention that in the Paris Museum

there is exhibited such a hybrid, and it comes so close to G. andersoné

in appearance that, had not its origin been indicated on the stand of the

specimen, I should have referred it to that species, as the only perceptible

difference was that the pencilling on the back was finer and less regular.

The pencilling of these parts is also undoubtedly finer and shows no

perceptible white terminal band in the Burmese and Annam birds;

which also have red legs ; but in view of the great amount of interbreed-

ing that undoubtedly goes on in this group, one would not be justified

in separating them from G. anderson on this account. I do not think

G. andersoni is a hybrid, because of the close resemblance of the male

specimens I have seen, and because the female differs strikingly

from those of the possible parents, G. nycthemerus and G. lineatus,

in having a plain brown tail with no pencilling on any of the

feathers.

The hybrid nature of Captain Nisbett’s specimens, above discussed, is,

however, quite obvious : no two of them are alike, and in some cases

the two sides of the same bird differ in amount of pencilling and

length of tail-feathers (about an inch)—a thing I have never seen or

heard of in a natural or true-bred species. As to the variable colour

of the legs, this is not astonishing in a set of mongrels, the parents of

which had legs of different colours. The normal Jungle-fowl (Gailus

Jerrugineus) has, as Captain Nisbett says, slate-coloured legs ; but

domestic fowls show legs of various colours in addition to pale- and

dark-slate—white, yellow and olive-green, so that variation in this

point might be expected under the circumstances.

The most pure-bred-looking bird of the lot is No, IV, which is

practically G, davisonz, but I should not like to put this form down as

826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisTORY SOCIETY, Voi, X1Ii,

a pure species without seeing more specimens. In a recent paper in

J. A. 8. B., (LXIX, Pt. I, p. 144), I identified, with some hesitation,

a pair of birds from the Chin Hills With this sub-species} and on

inspecting a dead male specimen und a living pair in the Bombay

Natural Society's collection ftom the same place I find they agree —

closely with the specimen I described. Moreover, a photograph of

three males from the Chin Hills, submitted to me by the Soviety, shows

all of them with the same character. A pair in the Indian Museum,

lately received from Colonel C. T. Bingham, also agree, and thus the

type seems a quite definite one. I find it differs from the true

G. davison: in its much finer pencilling and shorter tail, as I can now

perceive from specimen IV above mentioned. Mr. Oates calls this

form G. williams, and describes it as having buff pencilling ; but I do

not attach much importance to the colour of this marking, as a young

male Silver Pheasant (very near G. andersont) in the Indian Museum

collection, changing from female to male plumage, actually sometimes

shows fine irregular buff and bold white penciliing on the same

feather. It is possible, therefore, that this buff pencilling might get

white as the bird got older, or seme bitds may tan or get rusty, as

some white domestic fowls do. It seems most unlikely that there

should be two forms of finely pencilled Kalij in the Chin Hills,

differing only in celour of pencilling ; if, however, this should prove

to be the case, the white-pencilled one will not bear my suggested

name, G. turnezri, but should be identified with Temminck’s Lophophorus

cuvieri, described from an unknown locality ; I have looked at the

coloured figare of this, and it agrees so closely with the Chin Hills

Genneus Pheasant that I think it must be the same bird.

Four of Blyth’s eld specimens from Arrakan, which he referred to

G. cuvieri, are still existing in the Asiatic Society’s collection ;

two of them (a pair) agree so closely with Gennwws oatesi that they

must be referred to that species if it be such.* But the other two are

obviously hybrids between G. Aorsfieddiand G. lineatus, which was the

* A living male whieh has been for years in the Caléytta Zoological Garden is also refer-

able to this form, having the ganeral structure and colour of G, horsfieldi, but the upper eur=

face, wings, and tail finely, irregularly, and brokenly pencilled with white, the last white

line on each feather best defined. The white of the inner web of central tail-feathers is

pencilled with black. The legs of this specimen are lead-eoloured, Its exact place of origin

is unknown. 1 ee Ope Eile sy)

SOME KALIJ PHEASANTS FROM THE KACHIN HILLS, 527

origin he ascribed to the series as a whole. As a matter of fact, all the

short-tailed forms with narrow sub-erect crests and non-lanceolate lower

plumage, agreeing in structure with G. horsfield’, might very well be

treated as sub-species of that form, even including G. lineatus, and

all probably interbreed freely.

But when we come to G. andersoni, we get a structural distinction

in the long arched tail, which is seen in a much fuller development

in the Chinese G. nycthemerus ; and both of these have full pendent

crests and red legs ; the legs of the others vary from lead-colour to

fleshy. The pencilled forms of Gennes, then, fall into these types :—

A. With structure of G. horsfeldi, tail not much longer than

wing and narrow suberect crest.

a, With fine clear white or buff pencilling

on black, and white rump-bars ; all tail-

feathers equally pencilled —... we Ge cuvieri.

}. With very scanty, broken white pencilling

on black, white rump-bars ; inner webs

of middle tail-feathers white or nearly

so a sie tie 40 ves Gre OGLESI.

e, With a pepper-and-salt mixture of black-

and-white above, formed by close irre-

cular pencilling, no white rmap-bars ;

inner webs of centre tail-feathers white G. lineatus.

B. With tail much longer than wing and full drooping crest.

a. With bold, regular, subequal black and

white pencilling ss a ..- G. andersoni.

b, With very fine black peneilling on a white

ground, invisible at a short distance on

most parts of the upper surface ; tail

very long He ae ve we G. nycthemerus.

These two species evidently interbreed also, for in the Indian Museum

are two tails of males intermediate in type.

The hens of these species will he easily distinguished, thus :—

a. Very like female of G. horsfieldi, but with

most of tail-feathers outside central pair

finely pencilled with white .,. we G, cuvieri.

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X/II,

b. Very like G. horsfield’, but with outer tail-

feathers more or less mottled black and

chestnut ; centre tail-feathers very pale,

or even whitish, on inner web _....._ G. oatesi.

c. Upper plumage marked with white ; outer

tail-feathers mottled black and white

and chestnut ... a ves we» G. lineatus.

iB.

a. Lower plumage with white “ V ’-shaped

marks ; tail plain-brown throughout ... G. andersoni.

b. Nearly uniform brown, with no light

markings or edgings to the feathers ;

outer tail-feathers black, strongly pen-

cilled with white oe aoe we G. nycthemerus,

The fact that all the hens of these species can be so readily distin-

guished would seem to militate against the hybrid origin of any of them ;

but some of them may be the offspring of hybrids in the first place,

which have ultimately by inter-breeding “

into definite types. That such a possibility exists is, I think, indicated

shaken down,” as it were

by some remarks made by Messrs. Stevenson in “The Birds of |

Norfolk ” and Ogilvie-Grant in the British Museum Catalogue, in

speaking of the English hybrids between Phasianus colchicus and

P. torquatus, The former says: “The most marked feature of all, the

white ring on the neck, descends from one generation to another,

and the hybrid origin of the bird is thus apparent long after every

other trace of its mixed parentage has passed away.” The latter

(B. M. C., XXII, p. 321) notes: “It is very rarely now that any-

thing approaching a pure bred male of P. colchtcus can be found in

England ; even in specimens which appear to be pure bred at the first

glance (that is, in those which have no trace of a white ring), the

subterminal green bar of P. torquatus is usually more or less developed

on the feathers of the lower back, and the basal part of the central

tail-feathers is rather widely barred with black.” We see, therefore,

that these undoubted hybrids are tending by inter-breeding to fall into

two distinct types or sub-species, and it is quite possible that, given

G. horsfieldi and G. lineatus to start with, the forms G. oatesc and

G, cuviert have been thus produced, (F. /.)

529

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, L—A WILD DOG’S EARTH.

( With a Plate. )

At the end ‘of December, 1898, I found myself in the Gagamul Forest in

the Berars, and onthe 27th of that month I was stalking along the slopes

of the lower hills, looking for Samber, J had just ascended the steep side

of a ravine, and, as we topped the ridge, my shikari said he saw a tiger on

the opposite side of the next nullah. About 80 yards off, just below the

sky line of the next ridge, there was certainly a yellow animal sitting in

the grass. The rising sun was in my eyes, and the: long grass prevented me

from being sure what it was, though J could see it was not a deer; I fired,

the smoke hung in the morning air, and when it cleared away, nothing was

visible. I crossed the nullah higher up and came down the ridge so as to

have the advantage of being on higher ground, When I had got within

15 yards of the place, a wild dog bolted out of the ground at my feet and

was out of sight, down the ravine,ina moment. I found a patch of blood

where the animal I had fired at had been sitting, and as the grass there was

laid flat in a large circle, there seemed to be every chance of it being a tiger,

The ground was too hard to show any footprints, Following the blood,

of which there was plenty, for about 100 yards, I walked on toa wild deg

lying dead shot through the middle of the body. I found that he had not

eaten anything for several days, as his stomach was empty, A handful of

Samber hair in the intestine showed that his last meal was Samber, “The

dog was amale, Ue measured in length 513 inches, of . which the tail was

17 inches, height 213 inches, The teeth were worn with age. I then

returned to the spot where the other dog had come out of the ground, and

found a large hole. Isuspected that there might be young ones, but could

not hear them or see any signs of such being the case. Three days after-

wards, on the 20th, I returned with pickaxes and spades, and walked very

quietly up to thehole. AsI gotin front of it, the dog appeared at the

bottom of the hole and at once went back out of sight. I called to one of

my men to throw his blanket over the hole, but immediately the dog shot

out and got a bullet in the chest, falling dead just clear of the mouth of

the hole. She was in milk, but did not appear to have had puppies recently.

We then turned our attention to the hole, and found it descended at an

angle of 45° into the hill for about 4 feetand then turned at right-angles

sharp tothe right, Wedug down about 6 feet from the turn, and reached

the bottom of the tunnel, 3 feet 6 inches from the surface, without hearing

or seeing anything of the pupyzies. In the meanwhile, I discovered a small

hole, of 4 inches only in diameter, about 16 feet from the big hole. On open-

ing this up it descended at an angle of 60°,and communicated with the tun-

nel ; in fact, at the bottom of it there was an enlarged space at the end of the

tunnel, in which were lying 5 puppies. The small hole was evidently for

530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11.

ventilation. There was then a large entrance hole, a tunnel, about 16 feet

long, running quite straight at right-angles to the entrance at a depth of

3 feet & inches, and an enlarged space at the end from which the tunnel

extended upwards again, narrowing at the surface to a small orifice. The

earth was an old one, and the mound at the entrance, made by the excavated

earth, was grown over with old grass, The tunnel was only 14 inches high,

and must have been made, I think, by wild dogs. It was too low for a

hyena and not at all like a porcupine’s hole, The puppies (3 males and 2

females) were at least a week old. Three had ticks on them. They were of

a uniform dark brown colour, s'ightly yellow abcut the neck, and were

exactly like pointer puppies, as will be seen from the photograph, When

handled, they whined like a domestic pup, and when put down on the ground,

went to sleep. I tried to keep them alive, but could not get a foster-mother.

They did not thrive on tinned milk, which was all I had to give them.

After five days I destroyed them, as they were slowly starving, They had

not opened their eyes. The bitch measured 543 inches, of which the tail

was 17 inches, height 183 inches. She was younger thau the dog, and there

were a few white hairs at the end of her tail, A small quantity of Samber

hair in her intestines was the only trace of food. I have long been of

opinion that carnivorous animals can go many days without eating, and this

seems to prove it, for these two dogs had no doubt killed a Samber together.

Between the 27th and 30th it is certain the female had eaten nothing, and it

must have been seveval days before the 27th that the Samber was killed. I

had left the carcase of the male, with the skin on, lying 100 yards from the

earth on the 27th. It was still there on the 30th untouched, and quite

fresh as. the weather was cold. A small hawk or two had been picking the

flesh off the ribs, but the vultures hed not found it, nor had the female wild

dog touched it. My men sai@ wild dogs would not eat one of their own

kind, Another matter of interest is that the male was with the female

when she was lying up with the puppies. I had been walking over these

hills for some days without seeing Samber, but no sooner had I left the

earth and walked a quarter of a mile than a good stag jumped up within

30 yards of me and cantered up some open ground in front, an easy shot,

My rifle was unloaded, as I never thought of seeing deer in such close

proximity to wild dogs.

ar eee J. D. INVERARITY.

_ Bompay, January, 1900,

No, IL—THE LARGE-BARRED OWLET (GLAUCIDIUM

CUCULOIDES, VIGORS) CAPTURING QUAIL ON THE WING,

In January last,during the two or three days when the whole of the

‘Kangra Valley as far south as the Beas River at Dehra was covered with

“snow, Standing in the verandah of my house with two or three friends, we

“SAlddNd 90G GIIM

“UOpiLo T | durt-03.04 Sor Uta PUryy

* =

r ASOQULOG UdnNor

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. : 531

were surprised to see a common guail (Coturnix communis, Linn,) Hy past.

Almost immediately after we first caught sight of it, an owlet swooped down

upon it, and tried to carry it off. Weran to the place where the pair had

fallen upon the snow, the quail having proved too heavy for the owlet,

when the latter flew off, leaving its quarry with but slight remains of life

in its body. I found upon examination that the neck had been torn

open at the back, and one eye was damaged, The owlet must have caught

the quail by the head in one of its feet and driven its claws tome, The

day was a bright, clear one, and the incident occurred at about 12 o’clock, I

have seen G. cuculoides catch large crickets, and since late in the afternoon,

but have never before known it act the part of a hawk, or observed it capture

a creature on the wing at midday.

G. C.. DUDGEON, F.ES.

PaLampur, Pungan, May, 1900. ah

No. IIL—PTEROMYS INORNATUS.

lt is worth recording that I came across the large red Flying-Squirrel

(Pteromys inornatus) on January 2nd, 1900, at 3,000 feet elevation inthe Tons

Valley. These squirrels are said by Blanford to be found at 6—10,000 feet,

and are supposed to hibernate in winter. I was making a valuation survey

on the day mentioned in a chir (Pinus longifolia) forest, and just as one of the

men proceeded to measure a tree in which there was a hole about 12 feet

from the ground, out jumped a squirrel. In the hole were some fresh

chir ‘needles, but whether it had taken them to eat or to sleep on, I was

unable to determine,

This occurrence at 3,000 feet shows that, at any 1ate, some of this species

retire to a lower elevation in winter, and do not hibernate,

P, H, CLUTTERBUCK, F., Z, 8.

Deosan, May, 1900.

No, IV.—NIDIFICATION OF RIMATOR MALACOPTILUS, BLYTH,

Mins Wee: Masson, of Darjeeling, has been so fortunate as to esones the

nest and eggs of Rimator malacoptilus, Blyth, the Long-billed Babbler,

No, 185 of Blanford’s Birds, Fauna of British India. It is recorded only

from Sikkim and Manipur, and isa very rare species; its nidification has

not been described. The nest contained three eggs, is the same shape and

size as that of Rhipidura albicollis, Vieill., the White- throated Fantail Fly-

catcher, Blanford’s No, 605, and was made entirely of fine grass, without any

lining ; it was fixed inthe fork of the branch of a shrub,.;"The eggs are

small, light blue, and without spots.

LIONEL DE ‘NICEVILLE, ¥, E. S, OM, Z, 8.

Catcurra, June 5th, 1900,

532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

No. V.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WHITE-WINGED WOOD

DUCK (ASARCORNIS SCUTULATUS) IN UPPER BURMA.

On a recent visit to Bhamo I was, through the kindness of Capt. Barnard,

fortunate in obtaining a specimen of this rare duck which was shot by a

sepoy of the Military Police.

On reference to the description given by Oates in the ‘‘Game Birds of

India,” Part II, I find that Mr. Oates has never met with, or even heard of,

this duck in Upper Burma, or Pegu, though he conjectures it occurs through-

out the whole eastern part of the Empire, from Assam to Tennasserim.

The duck was brought to me on the morning of the 10th February,

having been shot the evening previous on a swamp or jheel, about one and-

a-half miles distant from the townof Bhamo. Capt, Barnard informed me

that the sepoy had two days previously shot another specimen of this duck,

The jheel is an ordinary one, with some wet cultivation near by and

jungle not far distant, The sepoy stated that during the day no ducks

were to be found, but that towards evening a variety of duck flighted in,

evidently from the Irrawaddy, to feed. Onone of his evening visits, he

observed two strange ducks ; owing, however, to their extreme shyness he

failed to get near them.

The ducks visited the swamp every evening, and he at last succeeded in

getting an easy flying shot, and dropped one bird, the other flew away; two

days iater he was lucky enough to bag the other one, This was the specimen

brought to me.

Description :—The head sparsely mottled with black, except on crown,

where black predominates. The sides of the body are chestnut-brown, but

on the abdomen the colour is dusky-rufous. In other respects the plumage

accords with the description given in the work referred to, This is the first

specimen of this duck I have met with—a fine bird, as large asa goose. I

showed the bird to several Burmans, but not one of them had ever seen one

before, and could not give me a specific name for it. |

Though the bird was somewhat damaged, I skinned it as well as I could

and forwarded the skin to Mr, Oates, J thought I should like to try the

flesh, so, after I skinned the bird, I had him hung for twelve hours or so, and

then roasted, The flesh, though not as good as that of some of the smaller

ducks, was very palatable.

Total length 55 As on ats bat!

Length of wing ... a aA al es

Do. tail xe se carr On

Do. mandible oe mo ka

Worht!) 1.05) se Seay cee ell nee

MANDIBLE :—Orange-yellow, black at the base ; the nail and anterior portion

including tomium, blackish,

+ AR

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 533

MaxiLLa :—Orange-yellow, blackish anteriorly.

Legs :—Orange-yellow.

IR1IDES :—Golden-yellow, not crimson.

G, H. EVANS, Very.-Capr,, A.V.D,

RANGOON, 21sé May, 1900,

No. VI.—THE GOLDEN-EYE (CLANGULA GLAUCION),.

Mr. Blanford (in Birds, Vol. IV, p, 465, “ Fauna of British India ” ) men-

tions my name as one of the few who have met with the Golden-eye within

Indian limits; having regard, therefore, to Mr. Baker’s remarks on pages 15

and 17 of this Volume of the Society’s Journal, it seems incumbent on me to

send to the Journal a note regarding my acquaintance with this duck, Ta

the Chach Plain, on the banks of the Indus above Attock, the Golden-eye is

a regular and by no means rare cold-weather visitant,

On referring to my old shikar diary I find the following records regarding it,

I, Azgar, 26th December, 1885—2 specimens 9 9.

II. Azgar, 27th December, 1885—1 specimen @,immature. The skin of

this specimen is now in the British Museum collection, vide Cat.

Birds, Vol. XXVII, p. 382, and this record has apparently been

overlooked by Mr, Baker.

III. Azgar, 8th February, 1886—2 specimens, unsexed,

IV. River Indus, between Attock and Azgar, 24th Vebruary, 1886—

1 specimen, unsexed,

On the latter date I was in company with Dr, Stoker, and we shot up stream

from Attock along the banks of the river to Gaziabad, returning the next day

to Attock by boat.

I can find no record of shooting any specimens during the cold weather

of 1886-87, but I think that was probably due to my haviag refrained from

shooting them, the duck being useless for the table.

A brief description regarding the locality affected by this species may be

of interest. The River Indus, after having been much narrowed about Tor-

bela by the near approach of the mountains on each side, widens out in the

Chach Plain to a considerable breadth (possibly 6 or 7 miles in places) to be

again constricted at Attock. In the Chach Plain, where the river is widest,

there are numerous islands in the bed of the stream, and it is in the channels

between these islands and the banks of the river that the Golden-eye lies,

A similar widening of the river takes place further south below Kalabagh,

and probably there, too, the species will turn up.

I never met with this species away from the river, and, like Dr, Stoker,

usually found it in flocks of four or five individuals. According to the notes

in my copy of Hume and Marshall’s ‘“‘ Game Birds of India,’ the name given

to me for this duck by the local shikarries does not agree with that given to

Dr, Stoker. The most interesting piece of information given me by my

534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII

informants was the short period they considered the species to be away from

the neighbourhood, They said it was absent only during three months—Apri]

May and June—but I had no opportunity of verifying this statement, and, as

with the name given to me for the species, do not place much faith in the

information,

From Mr. Baker’s remarks I gather that he considers the Golden-eye to be

a chance visitor to the Indus Valley, and that he looks on Dr. Stoker’s sug-

gestion of its being a regular cold-weather visitant as incorrect. In this I

cannot agree with him, and in my opinion it is a regular and by no means

uncommon cold-weather visitor to the River Indus above Attock.

The Chach Plain is easy of access from Campbellpore, Attock and Rawal

Pindi, and I suspect that anybody visiting it (during the cold weather) in

search of the Golden-eye will find his quest as near a certainty as any piece

of shikar can be.

J. W. YERBURY, Lieot,-Co., R.A.

Army AND Navy Cuus,

Lonvon, May, 1900,

No, VIIL—NOTES ON A DIPSAS MULTIMACULATA

IN CAPTIVITY.

On the 10th April, I had two live specimens of Dipsas multimaculata

brought to me, full-grown and unscathed.

They were found together—one coiled in a depression of the ground

beneath a small lime bush ; the other in the lower branches of the same

bush, a few inches away, probably courting. On examination, I found the

larger of the two palpably gravid in the hinder parts. Both were put

together in the same cage, but on the morning only one was to be seen. 1

examined the cage most carefully, and satisfied myself that there was no

possible means of escape [and since this event I have kept several snakes,

and smaller ones, in the same cage with no similar occurrence], The only

inference was that one had devoured the other, and, as luck would have it,

the pregnant specimen remained.

Her interesting condition forbade my investigating the truth of my

suspicions, - :

She lay coiled on the floor in one corner of her box for several days, and,

on the 19th April, deposited the first of a total of seven eggs which were

laid as follows :—

Ist, between 9-30 a.m, and 4-30 p.m., 19th April.

2nd, 3 10-15 a.m. ard 2 p.m., 20th .

3rd and 4th, between 2 p.m, and 4-30 p.m,, 20th April,

5th, night of 20th April.

6th, between 7 a.m. and 8-30 a.m., 21st April,

7th, night of 21st April.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 535

The eggs were white, with isomorphous poles, One was opened, and

contained a small pinkish, gelatinous embryo, occupying a chamber embedded

in the yolk substance, and lying in contact with the soft shell,

The rest were placed under variable conditions to await incubation, but

unfortunately all putrified,

The parent during captivity occupied her time coiled on the floor, and

never climbed into the branch given her for that purpose.

She was most intrepid, hurling herself boldly with little or no hesitation

at an aggressor, as I repeatedly elicited when putting my face near to the

glass of the cage, or in any way molesting her ; nevertheless, she lives

amicably now with several other snakes, ¢2z., Chrysopelea ornata, Dendrophis

pictus, and Tropidonotus stolatus,

Her method of striking is very remarkable, The anterior part of the body

is thrown into transverse figure-of-eight loops, which overlap one another,

causing a considerable retraction of the head which les centrally. The

whole of the body sharing in this contortion is raised off the ground, and the

snake poises thus, awaiting its opportunity, when the head is suddenly

thrown vehemently forward as far as the loops by their straightening will

permit, the jaws being widely opened in the act,

By this means, this snake which measured three feet one inch, could

strike at a distance of at least six or even eight inches,

The first loop is sometimes thrown to the right and sometimes to the

left,

She is stiii in captivity, but, like all imprisoned animals, her incarceration,

though only of one month’s duration, has subdued her spirit considerably,

and I now have some difficulty in provoking her to adopt the attitude of

menace.

F, WALL, Carrt., IMS.

RanGoon, May, 1900.

No, VIII—-OCCURRENCE OF PODICEPS CRISTATUS IN ASSAM.

On the 2Ist April, on the Juttiani jheel,a small piece of water between

the Moran and Pathalipam Tea Estate in Dibrugarh, Mr, L. Ilbert shota

fine specimen of a male Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), It was first seen

floating about on a comparatively open piece of water, off a small island of

stunted trees, I have also heard of asecond bird having been shot close

by ; of this I could get no further particulars than that “it was eaten by

the cook!”’ This is the first record of the Crested Grebe in Assam proper,

though Hume met with it in Manipur,

E,C, STUART BAKER, F.Z.S8,

DIBRUGARH, ASSAM,

June, 1900.

536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1II

No, IX.—RED ANTS AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD.

That there is any economic value attached to the red ants (Gcophylla

smaragdina) is, I think, so little known that the following note may be of

interest. Mr. Hunt, the Forest Officer of Bastar, has supplied me with the

details. The Murries of Bastar—the southernmost Native State in the

Central Provinces—use the red ants as a regular article of diet.

Throughout the year, but more especially during the dry season, the

Purjas—a sub-class of the Murries—collect nests of the red ants, and after

tearing them open, shake out the contents into a cloth, and beat the insects—

mature and immature—into a pulpy mass with a stone, and when all are

dead, enclose them in a packet, about the size of a Goose’s egg made of sal

leaves. In this condition the article is taken to the bazaar and sold, abcut

16 being sold for a pice, or 4 cowries each. To prepare the squashed ants

for food, they are mixed with salt, turmeric and chillies, and ground down

between stones, and are then eaten raw with boiled rice. They are some-

times cooked up with rice flour, salt, chillies, &c., into a thick paste, and in

this condition the food is said to give the eater of it great power of resist-

ance against fatigue and the sun’s heat.

A. M. LONG,

Raipur, C. P., September, 1900,

No. X.—A NEW SPIDER,

Mr. Pocock’s valuable note on the genus Pecilotheria enables me to

announce what I expect will prove to be a new species of this genus, If so,

the range of Pecilotheria will have to be extended to cover probably the

greater part of India, for my specimen was taken in a house at Dehra Dun.

It isa male, The lower side is entirely black, or very dark brown about the

thorax and mouth, The legs are entirely black above and below, except the

patella joint of each leg (palpi included), which is flesh-coloured above and

darker below. The upper surface of the cephalo-thorax is flesh-coloured,

The abdomen is also flesh-coloured above, as regards the skin, which shows

through a velvety coating of black hairs with brown tips, but its general

effect is dark brown, When the spider sits still with his legs bunched up

he bears an odd resemblance toa black flower with a fleshy centre anda

flesh-coloured ring round the corolla. It has been sent to the British

Museum, Iam sorry I did not measure the animal, but itis now stiff, The

size, however, is about that of the one in the plate accompanying Mr,

Pocock’s paper.

F. GLEADOVW, 1.F.8., F.B.M.S,

DenRA Dun, August, 1900,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, DST

No, XI.—OCCURRENCE OF TROPIDONOTUS HIMALAYANUS

IN BURMA,

We have lately received from the North Chin Hills, altitude 5,250’, a

Specimen of this snake, which we observe, on a reference to Boulenger’s

“ Reptilia,’’ has not been recorded from this Province,

Tt requires no description, being a normal specimen,

The ventrals numbered 175, and there are two anterior temporals on eack

side,

It is worthy of remark that the black nuchal spot and orange colour charac-

teristics noted to differentiate this snake from 7, swbminiatus were absent in

this specimen,

F. WALL, Caprr,, 1.M.s,

G. H, EVANS, a.v.p,

RANGOON, August, 1900.

No, XII.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SIMOTES SPLENDIDUS

IN BURMA, OR A PROBABLE NEW SPECIES,

This specimen came to us from Sagaing, in the dry zone of Upper Burma,

on the 3rd July, Unfortunately, only the head and two or three inches of

the neck and a few inches out of the middle of the body were sent, The

portions received were quite perfect, and doubtless:the whole specimen had

not been preserved, as the Burman had not at hand a bottle of sufficient size

to accommodate the whole snake, which, from the size of the head and girth

of body, we suppose would measure about two feet, judging by other species

of Simotis (violaceus and cyclurus) with which we are familiar,

Tt accords closely with the description of S, splendidus in Boulenger’s work,.

but differs in the following points :—-

Rostral—the portion seen from above is slightly greater than distance

from frontal,

Internasals—of which there are four, are peculiar, the median pair are

smaller, and project backwards to the middle of the prefrontals,

Prefrontals—are four in number, a small median pair only half the length

of the larger outer pair,

Frontal—distinctly less than distance to end of snout ; equals parietals,

Postoculars—three, right and left.

Ventrals—are very distinctly angulate.

It appears to us that there is little doubt that this is a new species, but we

are chary of pronouncing it so decisively, seeing that we have only one

specimen, and that not complete, also that it possibly may be an abnormal

“* snlendidus.”

F, WALL, Capr., I.u.s.

: G, H. EVANS, a.v.p,

RANGOON, August, 1900.

538 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

No, XIII.—COCCIDIPHAGOUS LARVA OF EUBLEMMA,

Mr. G. C, Dudgeon, in the last number of the Journal (Vol. XTII., No. 2),

gives an interesting note on the life-history of Hublemma amabilis, and

mentions that this is the second species that has been reported as preying

upon Coccide, I can add two more to the list, Ihave bred Eublemma

cretacea, Hmpsn., from the Coccid Ceroplastodes cajani, Mask., and Eublemma

subangulata, Hmpsn., from a species of Antonina, HEublemma amabilis occurs

very commonly in Ceylon, feeding upon a local species of Lac insect,

Tachardia albizzie, Green.

It is probable that very many—if not all—of the species of this genus

will eventually be found to have the same habit,

A closely allied insect—Thalpocharis coccidiphaga—does good service in

Australia, in reducing the numbers of several injurious species of Coccide,

e.g., Eriococcus coriaceus, Mask,, and Lecanium olew.

E, ERNEST GREEN, F.5.5,,

| Government Entomologist, R.B.G.

PERADENIA, CryLon, August, 1900.

No, XIV.—ON RHINOCEROS SHOOTING,

IT have read with much interest Captain P, Z, Cox’s notes on Somaliland,

and I know he will excuse me if I venture to criticise his advice to sportsmen

to shoot Rhinoceroses in the belly. Every good sportsman will agree that

shooting at large ‘“‘into the brown” of any beast is a practise much to be

deprecated, and the advice given in his notes is only too likely to lead to

this, Perhaps I may be excusedif I give a few instances of my small

experience with the Rhinos. The first one lever fired at I had followed

for several hours, and it was standing, facing away from me, with its head

turned half round towards me, at about 70 yards; I may remark that I was

extremely badly equipped for this style of shikar, as I had only a double-

barrel 12-bore rifle. I thought to myself this is a fine opportunity for the

head shot, and let drive behind the ear, The Rhinoceros fell on to its knees

and stumbled forward for about ten yards, when it got up, and out of a cloud

of dust charged straight down on me like an avalanche. I had just time

to dodge it, and it passed on, and I never saw it again ; probably it hada

headache, but nothing worse. The next chance we had, my friend was with

me, (he had a double-barrel ‘500 express, magnum charge, and bullets with

a steel core,)two Rhinos, which we had been following for some time, charged

at our wind and passed within about five yards, I was behind a bush and

could not see them. He dropped the first one stone-dead in its tracks with

a shot behind the shoulder, It was a nearly full-grown calf, and he gave the

other one the second barrel, in the same place, 1 ran after it as it went off,

The going was very bad,I lost my hat,a large portion of my nose, and I

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 539

nearly broke my leg, but I presently came up to it, with the blood pouring

from its mouth, it having been hit through the lungs, I killed it with my

12-bore with a shot in the neck, Some days afterwards we saw a couple of

large Rhinos going up a hill, and following them up came upto them in

some thick scrub-jungle. They were feeding, and the first thing I saw was

the horn of the big male coming bobbing along straight towards me about

forty yards off. Having, after my first experience, no faith in head shots, I

was rather in a dilemma, but taking advantage of a slight change of direction,

when I saw apiece of his neck and shoulder, I let fly, andas he wheeled

round and bolted gave him the other barrel, which so damaged his hind leg

that we came up to him about half a-mile further on. My friend put ina

couple of bullets from his *5(00, and as he charged I broke his shoulder with

the 12-bore, We had a lively five minutes or so with him in the bushes, and

then I got close up and finished him off with a shot in the neck, As we did

not want to kill an unnecessary number of these fine beasts we only went

after one more, We stalked him together in some grass jungle, and fired

together at him at eighty yards, The ‘500 express took him in the neck, the

12-bore just behind the shoulder, and he sank down on his knees as dead as 2

stone. It would appear from the above that though the head shot, except

with very heavy artillery, is not of much use, a shot behind the shoulder, as

was proved in three of the cases mentioned, is pretty fatal, and that it is quite

possible to give a good account of Rhino without hitting below the belt,

H, D. OLIVIER, Lrevr,-Co1., R.E., F.zs.

Bomeay, August, 1900.

No, XV.—THE EASTERN PINTAILED SAND GROUSE (PTERO-

CLES ALCH ATUS) BREEDING IN INDIA,

I cannot see either in Oates, Jerdon, or Hume and Marshall any record of

the Hastern Pintailed Sand Grouse (Péerocles alchatus) breeding in India,

which I think I may claim to have proved breeds in the Peshawar Valley,

Two days ago, eggs were brought me by a man, who declared one was that

of the Common and the other that of the Pintailed Sand Grouse, Doubting

his word I made arrangements to go out this morning with him and see if

I could gather any information for myself. I first went to the place where

these Sand Grouse water, where I found, close to a village called “ Kasim,” the

Common Sand Grouse flighting in in packs and a very few pairs, while to my

surprise the Pintails all came in in pairs (I saw 5 or 6 pairs), I shot one pair

of the latter, and then proceeded to search a few miles further on in a vast

open plain for nests. J only found two nests, each containing three eggs of

the Common Sand Grouse ; in each case I approached so close to the bird on

the nest that there was no necessity to shoot it in order to identify it, On

my return I dissected the female Pintail Sand Grouse, and found an egg inside

540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIU,

quite ready for laying, and I have no doubt that it would have been laid

to-day in the same plain I was searching in had the bird lived.

I regret to say the egg was broken badly, first pierced by shot and again

broken in extraction, I have kept the remains of the shell, and should this

prove to be unique I should be pleased to send it for identification, I

hope in a few days to have collected a few more eggs of this bird, and am

sending a man out to the same place, but asitis some twelve miles from

here I should not go again myself unless absolutely necessary as the weather

is too hot.

I should be much obliged if you would let me know what former records

there are, if any, of Pterocles alchatus breeding in this part of India, and

whether you consider the above sufficient proof of its doing so.

J.S. BOGLE,

Marpan, Ponsas, 10th June, 1900. Q. O. Corps of Guides,

No. XVI—BUTTERFLIES AS WEATHER PROPHETS,

I daresay some of you have already heard of the remarkable intimation

of the approach of that timely rain which saved this Presidency three months

ago, which was given by one of our commonest butterflies, Huplea core ;

but it has been suggested to me that so curious a phenomenon ought to find

a place in our proceedings, so I have drawn up a short note of the facts,

The migration of Euplea core northwards at the beginning of the monsoon

has been noticed in our Journal several times, It is a languid, slow-flying

butterfly which is found throughout India and appears at all seasons. For

one day each year in the beginning of June the whole community is seized

with an impulse to go north, and from morning till night they may be seen

passing, in hundreds or thousands, slowly and irresolutely, but all in one

direction, Sometimes this movement continues for two days, and among the

hosts of Euplea core may be seen a few travellers of two allied species,

Danais aglea and D, limniace. Ihave been told by an observant native that

this phenomenon takes place three days before the monsoon bursts, I have

not found this to be invariably the case, but there can be no reasonable

doubt that the object of the northward movement is to escape from the

coming rain, It is very observable in the Canara district, where the rainfall,

as you know, is much heavier than it is further north, For the last ten

years I have kept notes of the dates on which I observed the migration, and

I find that it ranges from the first to about the tenth of June, and is always

closely connected with the coming of the regular rain. This year I did not

notice it, and do not think it occurred at the usualtime. As you will remem-

ber, the season was a very peculiar one, There were no storms in May, nor

even distant thunder and lightning. Our first shower was on the 8th of June,

HRRATA,

Page 541, Heading of Miscellaneous Note No, XVIT, for Assam

read Tirhut.

Same page, in same note, last line but one for a month later read for

two months later.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 541

I think ; then followed some very ambiguous weather till the 25th, when

heavy but irregular rain set inand continued for nearly a week, Again squal-

ly weather set in on the 12th of July, and continued a few days, after

which the weather set fine, A land breeze blew in the morning, and the wea-

ther altogether was like what we expect in October, There had been little

regular monsoon so far and now there seemed to be little hope of any, The

prospect, in fact, was as gloomy as it could be. On the 22nd of July, how-

ever, crossing the Hsplanade at 9 o’clock in the morning, I noticed Euplea

core on all sides, flying northwards ; and meeting a friend soon after, I said,

“* Tt is all right—the monsoon is coming in three days,” This was repeated,

and I was subjected to some chaff ; but on the following evening there was a

remarkably heavy shower, then for four evenings we had thunder and light-

ning, the first we had in Bombay since the previous October, till on the 28th

the monsoon broke properly, with S.-W. wind and heavy rain. The next

day, I think, we had 9 inches, and from that time there was never again any

apprehension of a failure of the monsoon. In view of these facts I think we

are forced to the conclusion that butterflies know something which is not

revealed to the Meteorological Reporter to Government,

RK. H. AITKEN,

Bomsay, September, 1900.

No. XVII—LATE STAY AND EARLY ARRIVAL OF

DUCK IN ASSAM.

Garganey (@. circia) were noticed here up to the 10th May. I had several]

brought me before that date. They were all exceedingly fat, On the 20th

of the same month a male Red-crested Pochard (NV. rujina) was brought

me, It was snared by bird lime in an old bed of a river near here, It did

not appear to be a wounded bird and was very fat, The plumage of the

body was similar to that.of the female,except that the feathers on the

breast were of a dark brown colour. The head was a dull browny-yellow

colour. The colours of the soft parts were :—bill dullish red, iris bright

crimson, legs orange-yellow tinged with brown, webs blackish-brown,

The earliest arrival noted, was on the 19th of last month, On that date a

male Gadwall (C. streperus) in female garb was brought me by a fowler.

The earliest date of arrival of this species according to Baker is the 15th

October or a month later than that noted by me. Garganey ( @. cireia) and

White-eye (NV. ferruginea) have also made an appearance in several places,

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

BaGHOWNIE Factory,

DARBHANGA, 29th September, 1900,

542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11I,

No. XVIII._BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE TONS VALLEY,

(1) No authentic account of the nest and eggs of Microcichla scouleré

(the Little Forktail) having apparently yet been published, I write to describe

a nest with eggs which I came across this year,

On the 12th May I observed a pair of Little Forktails feeding by a small

_ mountain torrent (in thick forest)—a tributary of the Tons (Jumna) at an

elevation of nearly 7,000 feet,

After watching the pair for sometime, I saw one of the birds fly under-

neath a rock, over which a small cascade was falling. With some difficulty

one of my men succeeded in gate | the spot, and he announced the presence

of a nest, with eggs.

The nest was placed ina niche in the side ofa rock, underneath a larger

rock, It was ina dark, damp recess, constantly splashed by the falling

water, and quite invisible from outside,

The nest isa neat but rather massive cup-shaped structure composed of

green moss, and lined entirely with brown leaf skeletons, It contained 3

nearly fresh eggs, which are white, rather sparingly spotted with pale

reddish, and which measured as follows :—

80" "58", "85" °59", “79 x57".

Mean °81” x°58”.

(2) The eggs of Lophophanes dichrous (the Brown Crested Tit) have

never been obtained, I believe, so far, The nest of this bird was found by

me on three previous occasions described on page 192, Vol. IX, and page 468,

Vol. XII of the Society’s Journal—these nests, however, all contained

young.

On the 14th April, 1899, while riding along the Chakrata-Simla road above

Mundali, at an elevation of about 9,300 feet, I heard the characteristic call

of this tit from a neighbouring tree, I dismounted and sending my pony on

a short distance, awaited possible developments, sitting quietly on the bank.

I soon saw the birds, a pair,in a wild pear tree (Pyrus aria) and had not

long to wait before one of them disappeared into asmall round hole ina

dead branch near the top of the tree. I waited no longer, but having climbed

the tree investigated the hole, out of which the bird now flew. The branch

was quite rotten so that I easily obtained access to the nest by enlarging the

hole with my fingers. The nest was made of moss, lined with the fur of rats

and flying squirrels, and contained 5 fresh eggs, white, spotted and blotched

fairly thickly all over with chestnut markings.

They measured as follows :—

“2 Xr OSes 10! Oo 63", 00" bo) “and tol x O8)e

Mean °51"x’67”.

Cuakrata, N.-W. P., B. B. OSMASTON,

August, 1900. Indian Forest Service,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 543

No. XIX,.—A SHOOTING EXPEDITION ON THE PAMIRS.—II,

(Concluded from page 394 of this Volume,)

Tt was ten days after this that I fired the next shot, and then it was

an ibex, not a poli, that I bagged. We found the herd grazing down in the

bed of a nulla as we were going up to look for poli; on inspecting them,

and, finding the best head to be certainly under 45in,, I decided to leave

them alone, as I hoped there might be poli further on. As we advanced up

the nulla they of course saw us and went up the hill. After having searched

the head of the nulla and found no poli, I thonght we might have a try

for the ibex in the evening on the way back, There they were down in

the bed of the nulla grazing on the green grass again, It seems to be the

rule on the Pamirs for the wind to blow all day long down the valleys.

On that occasion it was so, and a stalk seemed impossible. By a great stroke

of luck, however, the wind changed and blew up stream in our faces as

we looked, and about the same time the herd was hidden by an undulation

of the ground. Knowing that the change of wind was probably only

temporary, I ran down the valley as quickly as I could. Just as I was

getting within shot the wind changed again, and immediately the herd

appeared making up hill. My first shot at the big buck wasa miss, but the

second one knocked him over, The horns were well shaped and slightly

over 43in, This was the biggest ibex I saw on the Pamirs, but, judging

from some of the old heads lying about, the horns run very big there. I

measured heads of 5lin., 50in., and 48in,, and found a very big head on one

occasion when I had not got my tape with me. ‘he skull and what I

estimated to be about din. or 5in, of the horns were embedded in the ice

of a frozen river,and the remainder of the horns, as spanned by myself

and my shikari, were 5(0in, to 5lin., making the total length from 54in, to

56in, The horns were absolutely rotten and useless for a museum, otherwise

I would have had this head cut out of the ice and taken it back with me.

To have a chance of getting one of these big ibex, I think one should give

up three weeks or so entirely to them, and try nullas some distance from

the encampments and places which are difficult to get at, The natives

shoot a good many ibex. Itisa very much more valuable beast to them

than the Ovis poli, as the skin of the latter is practically useless, while the

ibex skins make the only leather that is any good for the pubbo or sock-

like boot worn in those parts.

Next day I came across the only lot of female poli saw during my trip,

The yak I was riding discovered their presence long before I did, as

he scented them while they were hidden from me by an undulation of the

ground, Except during the ratting season, I believe the rams and ewes

are never found together, and while I was on the Pamirs almost all the

ewes had left the higher nullas and had gone down to a more suitable

climate for the expected lambs, It now looked as if I was not to obtain

544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

another poli, I searched nulla after nulla ; some I drew blank, others

contained only smail rams, At last one day I came to the mouth of a branch

nulla near the foot of a pass leading into Afghan territory. The first

four miles or so of this nulla were visible from where we stood, and the

telescope revealed no signs of game, The local shikari now swore that

there was no more grazing ground in the nulla than what we could see;

beyond was only snow and stones. However,I had by this time acquired

a thorough distrust of any information of this sort, so announced my

intention of going on and seeing for myself, It turned out lucky for me

that I did so, After goig a few miles up the nulla a lot of likely looking

ground came into view, and before long Rakhmat had found a flock of ten

poli lying down high up on one of the shale slopes. They were too far

off to judge the size of the horns with any certainty, but one or two of

them seemed good. Atabout three o’clock they got up, and, descending

the hillside, began to graze their way towards us. Soon all but two were

hidden by a piece of rising ground, and in a first rate position for a stalk ;

these two had gone right down into the bed of the nulla, and, grazing there,

quite commanded our line of approach. After waiting for about an hour

in the vain hopes that they would join the rest, Rakhmat persuaded me

to try and crawl over the hundred yards or so for which we would be in

their sight, We managed this most successfully ; the two rams were so

engaged on the young grass, which was just beginning to come up, that

they never raised their heads. Once under cover, we lost no time in getting

to the ridge behind which the remainder of the flock were, but I was rather

disappointed to find that they were not quite so close as I had expected.

Getting out the binoculars, I had a good look at them. One of them carried

a magnificent head, out and away better than anything I had secured ; except

for his back, which was light-grey, he was almost snow white, Another

of the flock had a very fair head, the remainder being small. These two

big ones were slightly apart from the rest of the flock. They were about

250 yards off, and grazing among some boulders of exactly the same colour

as themselves. The sun was in our eyes, and it was difficult to make out

the rams. Rakhmat wanted me to shoot, but at the moment I had first put

the glasses on the big head I had determined on no account to draw a trigger

on him until I felt certain of hitting him effectively. I was explaining this

in a whisper to Rakhmat, when suddenly the poli threw up their heads and

dashed off up hill. Evidently we had nothing to do with their alarm, as

they kept looking straight below them. Rakhmat, who was searching the

ground below with the glasses, whispered “ wolf ” to me, and shortly after

I made out the brute slinking away acrossa patch of snow. The poli were

evidently very thoroughly alarmed, as, led by the old white ram, they made

steadily up the hill without stopping until they crossed a ridge high up

above us,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, B45

From where we lay a lot more ground was visible, and I took out my glasses

to have a good look at it, The instant I put them tomy eyesI found an

old bear waddling across their field. The poli were now out of sight, and the

bear was a long way off, so I did not think there would be any harm in having

a shot at him ; the only drawback was that it was getting very late. We sig-

nalled up the Kirghiz and the yaks,and were soon all three riding up the

nulla at a trot. We did not dismount until we were well within 500 yards of

the bear, and then, as we had a broad sheet of snow to cross, I thought we

could trust to his blindness no longer. The sun was going down, and time

was short. We raced across the hard snow (in ful] view), then into a nulla

and up on to a ridge, by which time it was distinctly a case of “ bellows to

mend” with the three of us. The bear was slowly walking up a snow slope

about 100 yards off us, and I was afraid I would not have time to pull myself

together before he crossed the ridge, There was no time to lose,so, as he

topped the slope, I fired. He fell, and spun round and round biting at his

hind quarters, where I had evidently hit him, My next four rounds missed

fire, and by that time the bear had got on his legs again and disappeared over

the ridge. It was rather a question what to do,as there was evidently some-

thing very wrong with either the rifle or cartridges. The Kirghiz, however,

gave me no time to consider, but dashed off in pursuit, so I was bound to

‘follow. Luckily, the bear was not just round the corner, where I quite ex-

pected to find him, The next we saw of him he was going very strong on the

other side of the main valley, Throwing myself down and using a rest, 1

aimed again. That round went off, and Rakhmat marked the shot under,

I screwed up the Lyman another hundred yards and had another try,

Another misfire, and then round after round refused to go off, The bear was

getting further and further off, and in a short time would be covered by a

ridge, Blessings were being plentifully bestowed in three different languages

on rifle, cartridges, and bear, when suddenly a round went off, and, by an

extraordinary fluke, stretched the animal dead. No time was lost in getting

off the skin, but it was long after dark before we reached camp.

Next day I devoted to examining the rifle, cleaning the bear skin, and hav-

ing a bath, for in the spring on the ! amirs, one’s only chance of a tub is when

one happens to be in camp in the middle of the day. It would require a good

deal wore hardihood than I possess to try a tub in the early morning or even-

ing, I soon found out what was wrong with the rifle ; some dirt had got into

the hole in the head of the bolt in which the striker works, thus preventing

the latter from projecting far enough to detonate the cartridge. No doubt

my best plan would have been to have gone on hammering away at each round

until it went off, and not to have ejected it and tried a new one after each

misfire, These things, however, often fail to strike one just at the right time.

The following day we went off to the same place to look for the big ram,

for I was quite determined to add that grand pair of horns to my bag.

546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIT1I.

While the bear was being skinned, I had carefully noted a sheltered grassy

spot as a most likely place for them to resort to when they came down again

from the hill-tops,. I had kept this to myself, and hoped to astonish the shika-

ris by sighting the poli here at a very long range. However, I was disap-

pointed, and by midday we had covered almost every bit of ground with the

glasses and found nothing. Sitting down, we had a consultation as to where

they could have got to, I could hardly think that they had been so terribly

frightened as to cross the hill-tops. ‘‘ Khoda janta,’’ said Rakhmat mourn-

fully, “ you, however, would fire at that bear.’’ After a few hours’ rest we got

out the glasses again ; no traces of the poli could we find, and it became time

to start for camp. On our way down the nulla we stopped every few minutes

to use the glasses as some fresh bit of ground revealed itself, I was feeling

heartily sick of this work, which seemed quite hopeless, when I heard a

whistle from Rakhmat, who had taken a line of his own, some distance off.

Running up to him, I found him propping up the telescope on stones, and lay-

ing it as one lays a field gun, ‘“ I’ve found them,” said he, beaming all over

and evidently very proud of himself ; and very good reason he had to be so,

The rams were lying down among boulders high up on a hill, behind which

the sun was setting, The light was atrocious, they were so far off as to be

mere specks even through the telescope, and it was only after a most care-

ful examination that one could see that they were beasts at all. My spirits,

which had gone down below zero, rose again, and even a blizzard which we

had to face the whole way home failed to damp them.

This snow storm was the beginning of some very bad weather. For seven

days we were shut up in our camp. Sometimes it stopped snowing for a few

hours, and the sun shining through the thick fog melted the snow which had

fallen, The usual thing, however, was a howling icy wind and a storm of

snow which more resemble fine white dust than anything else. My very small

stock of literature had been exhausted long before, and time hung very

heavily on my hands, I wrote, I played “ patience,” I tried to read the same

book over for the third time, I sewed buttons on my clothes, and patched

holes in them. «I even went so far as to cut all the buttons off one coat so as to

have the pleasure of putting them on again, There is nothing more wearying

than being snowed up for several days in a small tent ; but it is an experience

that any man that shoots hill game must expect to go through. However,

all things come to an end some time or other, and at last one morning I

woke to find it a beautiful day. Off we started at once to look up the big

ram, and we sighted the flock almost as soon as we entered their nulla, They

were on ground which at first sight looked very favourable for a stalk. It

was easy to approach under cover, and the wind was blowing steadily in our

faces, There was one thing I did not like about the place at all however. Tt

was just at the junction of two branch nullas, each of which terminated a

short distance up in big glacier. I have noticed that in such places there are

Ae,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 547

very often erratic little currents of air, quite independent of the general

direction of the wind, My misgivings turned out to be only too well founded ;

just as we were finishing the stalk I felt a puff of wind on my back, and the

poli immediately appeared cantering up hill, I had a chance of taking a long

shot at the big ram as he stopped for an instant, but refused it.

** Nothing under a certainty,” was my fixed resolve. After this we gave

the big poli what Rakhmat called ‘‘ three days’ leave’’ and employed the time

in searching other ground, but without finding anything shootable, though I

picked up and measured an old ibex head of 5lin,

On the fourth day we went otf to look for our poli again, expecting to find

them almost immediately, After a few minutes’ work with the glasses

I found a single beast grazing below one of the glaciers: this, however, on

closer inspection, turned out to be only an ibex, and we searched all the usual

places for the poli without finding them, Thinking they might be up at the

head of one of the branch nullas, we were proceeding up it when suddenly I

caught sight of a suspicious-looking speck high upon the sky line on the

other side of the nulla. One look through the glasses was enough, and I

sank to the ground, the shikaris at once following my example. It was the

big ram. Though a long way off, his horns showed up splendidly against the

sky and looked magnificent. Luckily, he was not looking etraight down

below, and had not spotted us. He was soon joined by the rest of the flock

and after standing, looking in all directions fora long time, they lay down

where they were. We were in rather an awkward position, as the place we

were on was in full view of the poli, and there was a good 100 yards to go

before we could get to the nearest cover. True, we were a long way off, but

they were evidently on the alert,and I had learnt from experience how

keen-sighted they could be. There was no good stopping where we were, as

the rams were almost certain to come further in our direction on getting up,

and we should then be hopelessly stuck. Putting the glasses on the

flock, of which only the heads of three rams were now visible, I started

Rakhmat off, with instructions to crawl for the cover, to avoid crossing any

patches of snow, and to stop instantly ona whistle from me, Off he went,

and managed to reach cover without the poli stirring, As soon as he got

there I started off the Kirghiz, but before he had covered 20 yards a ram got

up and stared in our direction, anda whistle from me stopped him, After

looking towards us for some time, the ram lay down again with his back

towards us, and on a sign from me the Kirghiz re-commenced his crawl, At last

he, too, was safely under cover, and, signing to Rakhmat to watch the flock

with his telescope, I started off, The going was most laborious, over

sharp stones most of the way, varied by occasional patches of freshly-thawed

mud, Iwas halted by Rakhmat three or four times, but managed to join

the shikaris without alarming the poli. Shortly afterwards they got up and,

as I had expected, began to come down in our direction, If only the wind

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

had been all right we should have had a capital chance of a successful stalk,

Unfortunately, the sky, which had looked so favourable when we started,

had clouded over, and a gale blew, now in our faces, now on our backs, The

sooner we got further away the better, I thought, and ordered a retreat.

When we had gone about half a mile, I sent Rakhmat up a ridge which

commanded the nulla, and he brought back the information that the poli

were now down on the grass, After waiting for an hour or so in the vain

hope that the wind would settle, it began to snow, and I returned to camp,

The next day the poli were on the same ground, but the wind was so unsetti-

ed that I resisted the temptation to goatter them, The following day,

however, it was fine and the poli in the same place, I trieda stalk which

would have been successful but for the old ram, whose white face I suddenly

discovered staring at us overa rock as we were covering the last couple

of hundred yards. We gave the poli another three days’ leave and then went

after them again, This time we only found eight, two of the flock, the

second biggest and another, being missing. We again made a mess of the

stalk, being defeated by the old ram, and the flock bolted up into the snow

perilously near the crest-line, over which we were much afraid they would

go. After standing there for a long time, however, they lay down, and

we returned to camp, finding on our way with the telescope the two missing

rams high up a branch nulla.

Early in the morning we rode up again to the poli ground and carefully

searched the usual places, finding nothing. We then went off to the place

where we had last seen the rams ;not a trace of them could we find though

Rakhmat and I examined every yard of the ground with the glasses. The

flock was not there, and I now set to work to examine the snows above to

see from the tracks if they had left that part of the country or not. As I

feared, there was a great road leading up to a pass, and it seemed now

certain that the poli had crossed in the night. Very sick, we sat down and

held a consultation, I was quite determined to find the big ram again ; the

only question was, What was the best way to get the camp there? The

Kirghis at first said he did not know what country was on the other side,

but when I announced my intentions of following the tracks over the hill-

tops, and seeing for myself, he said he thought he knew of a pass on which

we could take the baggage. After breakfast, Rakhmat proposed that we

should look up the other two rams, which would probably be somewhere

about where we bad last seen them, This I agreed to do, though I felt

that I should not be a bit consoled for the loss of the big head, even if I

accounted for the pair of them. We now advanced cautiously up the branch

nulla where we had last seen them. The lower half we drew blank, as we

had expected, as the ground had been visible from below with the telescope.

On going higher up still, we found nothing, and it looked as if we had come

to the end of the grazing ground. Only a few hundred yards further

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 54

on was a great glacier, completely blocking up the nulla, After advancing a

yard or two, Rakhmat, who was leading, dropped as if shot, the Kirghiz and

I followed suit, and Rakhmat told us that he had caught sight of a single

ram lying just under the glacier. A hasty look with the glasses revealed two

rams, without doubt the two we were after, and if they moved a few yards

in our direction a stalk looked easy. This at last they cid, and telling the

Kirghiz to stop where he was and go to sleep—a thing he was a great adept

at—and on no account to show his head, Rakhmat and I started off. A long

and troublesome detour had to be made up a hill, over great boulders, and

occasional patches of deep soft snow, in one of which Rakhmat managed to

go up to his armpits. Then an equally tiresome descent, and we arrived

about 200 yards off the glacier under which and below us the two

rams ought to be. On the way, I could not help thinking what a capital

place we had caught them in, On two sides of them was a great wall of ice

making their only road of retreat in our direction, for I calculated that even

if they made off down hill, the Kirghiz would be sure to show himself

and turn them, Taking the rifle and peering over, I made ont two rams graz-

ing well within shot, and was taking out the glasses to see which was the

better head, when, to my astonishment, my eye fell on a third and fourth

poli a little lower down, My delight may be imagined. This could only

mean that the whole flock was before me, and the big ram somewhere within

shot, and with the odds heavily in my favour, I soon made him out,

his white coat making an excellent target against the dark ground. ‘aking

careful aim, I fired. “ Lugga” from Rakhmat, though the ram showed

no signs of it, as together with the rest of the flock, he raced up the slope,

They were now on a level with us, and not more than a 100 yards off, As

the big ram stood for a second, I put the sight on him, but just as I was

about to fire, he staggered and fell.

The rest disappeared over the ridge, and, leaving the fallen one, I rushed

forward to get ashot at the second biggest, A run of 50 yards and the flock

was in sight again, going in single file up a steep slope. “The leader is the

one,” cried Rakhmat, who had the glasses on them, My first shot was a

miss, but the second broke the ram’s shoulder, though it failed to stop it.

My next shot was another miss, and then Rakhmat calied out that there

were no more cartridges, He said he thought he must have dropped them

allin the snow drift he had fallen into, There was one more cartridge in the

magazine, but I was not going to risk that at a long shot, Telling Rakhmat

to go and try and find the cartidges, and to keep his eye on the wounded

ram, I ran back to inspect the big one, He was a magnificent fellow, and no

mistake, “ A o0-incher at the very least,” I thought, as I pulled the tape out

of my pocket and began to run it over the horns, ‘Sixty-five inches, by

jove, with a fraction of an inch to spare.” <A trophy in.itself well worth a

journey to the Pamirs, Calling up the Kirghiz, who had my camera, I took a

550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111,

couple of photos of the beast as it lay, and went up to look after the wound-

ed one. I met Rakhmat, who had not managed to find the cartridges, and

he pointed out with the telescope the wounded ram, lying down under a big

stone high up on the hillside. He was immensely delighted when he heard

what the big head measured, and when I told him that it was one of the big-

gest poli that had ever been shot by a sahib.

The wounded ram had now to be brought to bag and as I had only

one cartridge, it was necessary to go to work carefully, Rakhmat’s idea

was that if it was disturbed again, it would go steadily up-hill and perhaps

manage to cross the range. The Kirghiz thought that its lying down was

a sign that it was very hard hit, and that it probably would not re-

quire another bullet, Finally I decided to make a detour and advance

on it from above, and leaving Rakhmat behind with the telescope to

signal if the ram moved, the Kirghizand I started up the hill, It was

a regular grind getting up that steep slope, not that one would have

thought anything of it at ordinary altitudes, but as we were close toa

pass whose height I knew, I calculated that we were at something

over 17,000 feet and every step made me blow like a_ broken-winded

horse. However, at last cur climb was over, and I could see Rakhmat down

below signalling for us to cross the spur. On doing so nothing could be seen.

I could not recognise the spot I had marked from below, and the Kirghiz

was equally at aloss. I knew we must be very close and had the rifle ready,

when suddenly up jumped the ram from under a stone about 20 yards below

us, and darted down hill, It went at such a paca, I did not care to risk my

only cartridge on it ; but fortunately, before it had gone 100 yards; it came

on a patch of snow, trying to cross which it stuck for a second or two,

giving me an excellent chance, 1 luckily bowled it over, and we ran down

to inspect number two. The horns turned out to be 57 in., a good head,

but not much by the side of our big one. We were not long in getting the

skin off, and buried the meat under stones, It was getting late, and there

was no time to bring up the yaks, which we had left grazing about six miles

down the valley. The heads must have weighed 60lb. a piece—no light load

over bad ground and at that altitude. The two shikaris, however, volunteered

to carry them down, while I lenta back to a load consisting of rifle, tiffin

basket, and two poshteens, I found this quite as heavy as I cared about, and

was uncommonly glad when we got to the yaks. It took us some time to

get them ready and load the heads on them, and then, by the light of

the moon, which was just appearing, we started for camp. The yaks seemed

as keen to get back as we were, and did the ten miles or so of grassy plain

mostly at a trot, with not more than the usual chorus of grunts and

whines.

On skinning the heads the next morning, we found that the big one had

been hit at least twice before, which no doubt accounted for his excessive

—

MISCELLANEVUS NOTES, 561

wariness. A bullet from a small bore had made a neat little hole in one

of the horns, and we found what seemed to be fragments of an Express

bullet about the base of one of the ears, These pieces were all coated with

tissue or muscle and looked as if they had been there some time. Perhaps

an examination of the body might have revealed other scars. We made

him out to be thirteen years old, Next day, to the great delight of my

servants, who had had quite enough of the Pamirs, we started back for India,

Perhaps a few remarks on the best time for visiting the Pamir, shikaris,

equipment, &c,, may be useful to any one who is thinking of making an

expedition after the big sheep.

In April and the beginning of May the shooting is comparatively easy ; the

poli are then on bare patches of grass surrounded by snow, When alarmed

they bolt up-hill, get more or less stuck in the deep snow, and give a succes-

sion of easy shots. By the middle of May the snow has cleared off toa

great extent ; the shooting is then not so easy, but it is certainly better sport

and the climate is pleasanter, I should say that May and June are pro-

bably the two best months in the year for poli, though no doubt any one who

doesnot mind hard work would get shooting all through the summer nd

autumn. Winter shooting is, I think, out of the question.

Poli seem to be very much the same in their habits as ammon, and although

small ones may perhaps he stalked without much trouble, big old rams know

very well how to take care of themselves, None of the local shikaris I

employed on the Pamirs were any good with the glasses, and only one of

them knew anything about stalking, They one and all denied the existence

of game in any place where the shooting entailed going into much snow or

extra hard work.

f found the Mannlicher a perfect weapon for poli. Its flat trajectory

gives it an immense advantage over the Express in an open country like the

Pamirs, where it is often very difficult to get close to one’s game, It is

quite powerful enough for any hill game I have come across, I never lost

or had any trouble with a wounded poli, though they have the reputation

of taking a lot of killing.

As regards clothes, tents, &c. The ordinary kit for Himalayan shooting

is good enough with a few additions. A long poshteen (sheepskin coat)

reaching down to one’s feet is wanted to wear in camp, or when riding or

sitting about, The Yarkandi poshteen is preferable to the better known

Peshawar one, being much lighter and I think more comfortable to wear,

They can be got in Srinagar or Leh, The long felt boots, which most sports-

men wear in camp when shooting in the Himalayas, should be lined with

lambskin for the Pamirs. Boots should be soft, well-greased, and big enough

to wear several pairs of warm socks with. Personally, I discarded boots

in favour of chuplies, With these I wore two pairs of woollen and one pair

of thick quilted putto socks, I found this foot gear excellent, and always

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

managed to keep my feet warm. On the Pamirs, in the spring at any rate,

one is constantly in snow or water, and one’s feet are wet all day long ; while

at the sume time the cold is often intense. The chvplies I wore were

Peshawar made, Kashmir ones would be quite useless, they stretch very

badly when wet.

Really good warm gloves are a necessity, A sun hat should be taken, as

the sun is sometimes rather trying, In the spring the nights are terribly

cold and something more than ordinary bedding is necessary, Besides a good

warm sleeping bag, I recommend taking thick putto sleeping suits to be

worn over flannel ones,

One’s servants should be treated liberally in the way of clothes ; in fact

they require very much the same sort of outfit as one does oneself,

Flaps of tents should be made so that they can be laced tightly up, and

an extra strip of cloth should be sewn all round the bottom: of the tent.

Servants’ tents should be big enough to hold three or four extra men, as

yak drivers, shikaris, etc., all want shelter, Yourts, the tents of the Kirghiz,

can be hired, but they are generally big enough to hold twenty or thirty

men, and would, I should think, be a nuisance, taking a long time to pitch

and strike, Fora standing camp, however, they would be excellent. Had

I known that I was going to take three weeks over the shooting of my big

poli, I would certainly have sent for one from the nearest encampment.

A liberal allowance of stores, tinned vegetables, &c., should be taken, as a

diet of nothing but mutton is apt to pall on one, It is astonishing, also,

what a quantity of jam, butter, and bacon will be consumed in a very cold

climate, even by a man who generally would not touch these things. Tea

will be found the best thing to drink, though a little hot whisky and water

will not come amiss after a hard day’s work, A liberal supply of tea and

sugar should also be taken for one’s servants.

Most people will find the rarified air on the Pamirs rather trying. I am

certain that the great secret of being able to stand this is never to work on

an empty stomach. Besides a well-filled tiffin basket, which should always

be strapped on to the saddle of one of the riding yaks, it is not at all a bad

thing to have a few biscuits or a piece of chocolate in one’s pocket. Natives

when crossing a high pass often carry about them a few dried apricots, one

of which they eat occasionally. This, they will tell one, is an antidote against

the bad air, but anything eatable would do equally well, the great thing

being to put something in one’s stomach,

Riding yaks can be hired anywhere. The Kirghiz never walk if they can

help it, and I think it is well not to be too proud to follow their example,

At first one is rather inclinzd to try and show the natives what a fine walker

a sahib is, and to refuse to ride, I think this is rather foolish, There is

no great pleasure about walking on the Pamirs ; one generally has quite as

much of it as one wants when actually stalking game, Of course, one should

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 553

frequently dismount to use the telescope, and when once game is sighted the

yaks are left to graze in some sheltered spot.

A. Le M. B,

(From “ The Field,” Vol. 94.)

No, XX,—DIPSAS CYANEA.

With reference to our note on the occurrence of Diépsas cyanea in

Burma, I have lately been informed by Mr, H. Hampton that, since the

publication of the volume on ‘‘ Reptilia,” in 1890, Boulanger reported in the

Ann, Mus, Civ. Genova, Serie 2nd, Vol, XIII., 1893, that Dipsas cyanea was

recorded from Tavoy by W. L. Sclater.

G. H. EVANS, Vety.-Major.

RanGoon, 14th October, 1900.

No, XXI.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE OF THE GENUS

ABLABES FROM BURMA.

By G. A. BoutanGer, F.RS.

ABLABES HAMPTONT,

Snout short, convex, profile curved from the frontal region to the lip;

eye three-fourths the length of the snout; rostral once and-a-half as broad

as deep, just visible from above; nasal divided ; inter-nasals a little longer

than broad, alittle shorter than the pre-frontals; frontal once and two-

thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,

shorter than the parietals ; loreal small, longer than deep ; a large pre-ocular,

with a second very small shield below it ; two post-oculars, temporals 142;

eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in

contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much longer than the

posterior, Scales smooth, in 15 rows, Ventrals, 194, and undivided; sub-

caudals,76. Uniform greenish-grey above (in spirit), white beneath and on

the upper lip.

Total length, 1,050 millim. ; tail, 220. ;

This species, which is closely allied to A, dorie, Blgr., differing in the

broader rostral shield, was discovered by Mr, Herbert Hampton at Magok,

on the Irrawady, about twelve miles north of Mandalay, Together with the

snake, which I have the pleasure of naming, Mr, Hampton has presented to

the British Museum examples of the following reptiles obtained by him at the

same place, which are interesting from the point of view of the geographical

distribution :—G'ymnodactylus khasiensis, Jerdon; Trirhinopholis nuchalis,

Blgr.; Lycodon fasciatus, And,; Simotes violaceus, var. multifasciatus, Jan, p

Naaa tripudians, var, ceca, Gmel._—(From the Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, seventh series, vol. 6, p. 409, 1900).

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 101Tn JULY, 1900.

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday, the 10th of July, 1900,

when Colonel H, D. Olivier, R.E., presided.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—-

Mr, G. M. Morris (Secunderabad), Mr. J. H. Robertson, 1.C.8. (Madras),

Mr. H. H, Jellett (Seoni-Chapara, C.P.) Mr. C.S, Horny (Seoni-Chapaza, C, P.),

Mr, L, G, Ibert (Sibsagar, Assam ), Lieutenant R. E, Salkeld (Ferozepur), Mr,

E, Fountonkli (Ahmednagar), Captain H. H. Harington (Bhamo, Burma),

Risaldar 5S, K,. Bapat (Surat), Mr. W.J. Reid, 1.C. S$. (Dibrugarh, Assam),

Mr, C, Rose (Dibrugarh, Assam), Lieutenant F, W. Iles (Dibrugarh, Assam),

Dr. H. N. Coltart (Dibrugarh, Assam), and Mr, T, Burness (Dibrugarh,

Assam),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

The Honorary Secretary acknowledge receipt of the following contributions

to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting:—

Jontribution. Description. Contributor.

1 Rose Finch,............ss0eeeee Fihodospiza obsoleta serr--

WB ahvecaseeeeartanarcernsseccendsis||CCT#OOLUUG MNCL tedereshos ot

1 Bronze-winged Jacana. Metopidius indicus

Lieut. S. K. Douglas, I.M.S.

Mr. H. H. Forteath, LF-.S.

fe snete AH. H. the Rao of Cuteh.

1 Pheasant Tailed Jacana. | ydrophasianus chirurgus,| H. H. the Rao of Cuteh,

A quantity of Specimensof| =e. ssa Lieut.-Col. A. 8. G. Jayakar,

Lizards, Reptiles, Fishes, I.M.S.

Birds, and Mammals, &e.,

trom Muscat and Omar

Provinec, Persian Gulf.

1 Cobra, juve (alive) sss.) Vaed tr ipwdtans.......s.+0.+-.| Capt. H. M. Moore, I.M.S.

1 Bustard’s egg, from the] Ofis herd cecccssccccorscosovcees Major R. H. Nicholson

Orange HFrec State, 5. A. R.A.M.C.

1 ea Hill Par-| Arboricola atrogularis. Capt. W. G. Nisbett,

tridge.

1 Western Bamboo Par-| Bambusicola fytchti sce. 7}

tridge. |

1 Ashy-headed Green| Osmotroeron phayrei seco + Capt. W.G. Nisbett.

Pigeon. |

1 Red-headed Trogon. Harpactes erythrocephalus.| }

Some Bats from Thana Dis-| _—S_—........ Mr. J. Dodgson, I.F.S,

trict.

2 Skinsof the Narcondam) Rhytidoceros narcondamés.

Mr. R. F. Lowis.

Hornbill.

3 Pied-crested C uc k 0 0s|Coccystes jacobinws....0.--00- My. I’. A, Reddie.

(alive).

1 Harth Snake (alive) ...... Gongylophis comics ¢-. sere Capt. J. K. Kendall, M.A.

1 Suake (alive) ........cc0000.| L709. SEOLATUS seerecoreereens Mr. C. Glover-Wright.

Di MAS wetmseeeaden seh ensesect Bungarus ceruleus, Lyco-|Major F, J. Jenkins, R.A,

don jara, and Lycodon| M.C.

aulicus.

1 Anderson’s Silver Phea- | Genneus andersoni ....0.0. Capt. W. G. Nisbett.

sant.

OOO —eEeEe—Ooee ee ee eee eee Eee

;

— < =

PROCEEDINGS. 55d

ao eee

Contribution. Description. | Contributor.

Scere km ee rans 2) Oa ee

1 Speckled Wood Pigeon ... Dendrotreron hodgsoni...... | Capt. W. G. Nisbett.

1 Pin-tailed Green Pigeon. Sphenocercus apicicauda. Do.

A quantity of Moths and sesese-bo Mr, Paul Gerhardt.

Butterflies from Lanowli.

A Collection of Land Shells Roeneciects Mr, Oliver Collett.

from Ceylon, comprising

7 species of Acavus, 5

species of Corilla, 2 species

of Cyclophorus, and 7

species of Hemiplacta, &c.

Flustra from Bombay eaweeease \Mr. L, A, Macaulay.

harbour.

1 Himalayan Palm-Civet Paradoxurus grayt sooreeree ‘Mr. B. B. Osmaston, LF.S,

(alive).

1 Mounted Skeleton of a Naia tripudians ......+.+....|Capt. J. G, Hojel, 1.M.S.

Cobra.

1 Mounted Skeleton of a Tropidonotus piscator ..... Capt. J. G. Hojel, I.MS.

Water Snake.

Feetal specimens of Tiger Pelis tigits .....s0seeseeeeeee.| Mr. James Marten.

cubs.

1 Skin of the White-backed Conepatus mapurito ....0000 Col. W. G. H. Henderson,

Skunk from Florida. | I.M.S.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Captain H, J. Kelsall, R.A., Major D, C. Phillott, Mr, W. Webb, Mr. J. F,

Flewker, Captain W. G, Nisbett, Mr. James Marten, Captain F, T. Williams,

Colonel H. C. HE. Lucas, I.8.€., Mrs, Bapty, Mr. W. Forbes-Skene, Mr, J,

Grege, Mr. Eric Oliver, Lieutenant S. R. Douglas, I.M.S., and Mr, R.S. Pear-

son, LF.S.

Ii was mentioned that the Himalayan Palm-Civet (Puradozurus grayi)

presented by Mr, B. B. Osmaston had been handed over to the Victoria Gar-

dens, as it was too large to keep in the Society’s Museum.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

“ Nature,” Vol. 62, Nos. 1589 to 1598,

Transsctions of the Entomological Society of London for the year 1899,

Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, Vol. XXXI,

Memoires dela Société Zoologique de France, Tome XII.

Circular, Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. Series I., Nos 9 to 17,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Administration Report, 1899,

Memoirs of the Geological Survey. of India (Palzontologica Indica), Series

MVia Vol! TH. Parti l

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol, XXIX, Vol. XXX,

(Part 1.)

Transactions of the Scottish Natural History Society, Volume I, Part I.

Annuaire du Musée Zoologique dc l/Academi Imperiale des sciences de

St, Petersbourg, 1899, No. 4.

Report of the Leprosy Commission in India, 1890-91. .

Agricultural Ledger, 1900, Nos, 1 to 3,

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

Mosquitos and Malaria (Christy).

Indian Forester, Vol. XXYI., Nos, 1 to 6.

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 1898.

Annals of the South African Museum, Vol, II.

Irish Naturalist, Vol. IX., Nos.5 and 6,

The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. CORB he Nos,5 to 6. Bulletin of the

Italian Entomological Society, Trimestre, I.

Notes on asecond Collection of Batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula

and. Siam, from November, i896 to September, 1898, with a list of the

Species recorded from those countries, by Stanley Smith Flower, F.Z.S,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Administration Report, 1899, Part IV.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo. Tomo III., Fasciculo XIII,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read :—

1. Description of anew Lizard fromthe Batu Caves, Selangor, by G, A.

Boulanger, F.R.S.

2. Description of a new Snake from the Perak Hills, by G, A, Boulanger,

FRA.

3. Notes on Ophidia collected in Burma, by Captain F, Wall, I.M.S,, and

Vety. Capt. G. H. Evans.

4, fishing in Indian Waters (Part VI.), by F. O, Gadsden, R.ILM.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

(a) Note on the large red Flying-Squirrel (Pleromys inornatus), by P. H-

Clutterbuck, F.Z.S,

(6) The Large Barred Owlet (Glaucidiwm Puculoides) capturing quail on

the wing, by G. C, Dudgeon, F.E.S.

cutulatus) in Upper Burma, by Vety.-Captain G. H, Evans, A.V.D.

(d) The Golden-eye (Clangula glaucion), by Lieutenant-Colonel J. W.

Yerbury, R.A.

A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of the various papers and

notes—all of which will appear in full in the Society's Journal,

THE JOURNAL,

The Honorary Secretary said that owing to the popularity of the subject,

the Committee have resolved to publish further illustrations of the ‘ Indian

Ducks” in connection with Mr. E, C. Stuart Baker’s paper on“ Indian Ducks

and their Allies ” which has been appearing in the Society's Journal.

The following have now been put in hand :—Plate No. XI, the Gadwall

(Chaulelasmus streperus) ; Plate No. XII, the Pintail (Dajila acuta) ; Plate No,

XIII, the Garganey or Blue-wing Teal (Querquedula circia); Plate No. XIV,

the Pochard or Dun-Bird (Vyroca ferina), and they will appear in subsequent

numbers of the Journal, The drake and duck will both: be figured in these

plates.

PROCEEDINGS. . . 557

The coloured drawings have been done by Mr. G. E. Lodge from Indian

specimens in the Hume Collection at the British Museum, and Mr, Ogilvie

Grant and Mr, E. Comber (the Secretary of the Society’s Bird and ‘Mammal

Section) have kindly supervised the sketches. The expense of the coloured

illustrations is so heavy that the Committee hope that the members will try

and induce their friends to join the Society, and so enable them to continue

publishing these costly plates which are so greatly appreciated.

SPECIAL VOTE OF THANKS.

A special vote of thanks was passed to Mr, Charles Maries for his valuable

contribution of more than a hundred bird skin, many of which were new

to the Society’s collection,

THE LATE Mr, W. F. SINCLAIR.

Mr. E, H. Aitken said :—I think that this meeting might fittingly place on

record some expression of its sense of the loss that the Society has sustai:.ed

by the death of Mr, W. F, Sinclair, of the Civil Service, who retired only a

few years ago. He must have been well known to some of those present

to-night, and his name must be familiar to all, He was one of the oldest

members of the Society, having joined it not long after it was started, and

he was assuredly one of the most valuable, for to his keen interest in almost

all branches of natural history he added extensive and accurate knowledge,

amazing industry, and an uncommon gift of writing in an interesting way.

The peculiar character of this Society exactly suited the genius of Mr,

Sinclair, for, while his science was accurate and sound, his treatment of

the subjects he wrote on was always popular and extremely interesting, The

following is a rough list of the papers, both long articles and brief notes,

which he contributed to our Journal :—In the first three volumes appeared

those admirable papers on the “ Waters of Western India,’ which were so

much enjoyed at the time and will bear reading over and over again, In

the fourth volume he had two similar papers—“ A Creek of the Konkan ”

and “ Down the Coast.” In the fifth there was an article on the “ Physical

Geography of the neighbourhood of Bombay” anda review of some “ New

Books on Indian Zoology.’ Afterwards he gave us the following :—

“Shingle and Shells from the Beach”’; “ Up a Hill ”’; “ Food of the Flying

Fox”; ‘‘ Notes on Indian Breeds of Dogs”; ‘‘ Moonlight Shadows”; “The

Habits of the Coopersmith ” ; ‘‘ The Gloriosa superba” ; ‘‘ A Single Valve of

Tridacna squamosa”’ ; ‘‘ The Great Scaly Clam from Thana Creek” ; “ The

Snake Bird” ; “Small Deer’’; “ Fertilisation of the Vanilla Flower by Bees”’ ;

“ Annelide Reefs ; ‘‘ Nua Vomica”; “ The Destructiveness of the Bandicoot

Rat”; “ A Stranded Dolphin”; “The Destructive work of Termites”; ‘‘ Ele-

phants’ Ankle Joints,” and some excellent reviews 0 works on natural history.

And while his fertile pen enriched our Journal, his liberality enriched our

library, and his industry our collections, When he was at Alibag the constant

stream of specimens which flowed in from Mr, Sinclair was alu. ost an embar-

rassment to even our indefatigable Secretary. Skins, eggs, bones, shells,

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

ani great jars of “ mixed pickles ”’ kept coming in faster than they could be

examined and put in their places. And the list would be long of the books

and journals which he gave to our library. Even after he went to England

he kept up his connection with, and his interest in, this Society, and

continued to send us ‘‘ Nature.” We have received no direct intimation

of his death, but the fact was mentioned three or four months ago in one

of the papers, and, as I said, I think we ought to'put on record our sense

of the great loss that we and the cause of science have sustained, I beg

to move a resolution to that effect.

Co!onel Olivier seconded the resolution, and after Dr, Pollen had addressed

a few remarks, endorsing what Mr, Aitken had said, the resolution was put

to the meeting, and carried unanimously,

‘PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :—(1) Notes on Grévii’s

Zebra (Equus grevit), by Colonel H. D, Olivier, R.E., F.Z.S. ; (2) Descrip-

tions of some new speciesof Spiders from British India, by R. I. Pocock,

of the British Museum; (3) The Birds of Cachar, by E, C, Stuart-Baker.

Miscellaneous Notes—(a) Red ants as an article of food, by A.M. Long.

(b) On Rhinoceros Shooting, by Colonel H., D, Olivier, R.E., F.ZS. ; (c) But-

terflies as Weather Prophets, by E, H, Aitken,

A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of the various papers and

notes, all of which will appear in full in the Society’s Journal, and the

meeting then terminated.

PROCHEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 91tn OCTOBER, 1900.

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday, the 9th of October, 1909,

when Dr, D, MacDonald, M.D., B.Sc., presided,

NEW MEMBERS,

The election of the following thirty-one new members was announced :—

Professor A. L, Covernton, M.A. (Bombay), Mr. 8. J. Gillum (Bom-

bay), Lieutenant H. D, McLaughlin (Sirdarpur, C.I. ), Captain G, V. Holmes

(Sirdarpur, C. I.), Captain KE, Tomkins, R.A. (Bombay), Mr. A. K,

Oliver (Bombay), Dr. E. Wells Witham, M.D. (Dibrugarh, Assam), Mr, F, W,

Elmes (Dibrugarh, Assam), Mr, D, Douglas ‘Dibrugarh, Assam), Dr. C,

F, X, Gracias (Damaun), Mr. Claude H. Hill, 1.C.S, (Poona), Mr, RB, A. Collie

(Dibrugarh, Assam), Lieutenant-Colonel A. E, J, Croly, R.A.M.C, (Poona),

Mr. R. E. Pigott (Arconam), Mr. M, R. Jardine (Bombay), Mr, G. C, Morris

(Ceylon), Lieutenant M,C. Nangle (Loikaw, Burma), Mr. J. W. D, John-

stone (Gwalior, C, I.), Lieutenant-General Sir George B, Wolseley, K.C.B,

(Madras), Mr. S$, E, Greaves (Bombay), Lieutenant J. W. Watson, I.M.S.

(Chaman, Baluchistan), Mr. C. J. Stuart (Kurnool), Dr, Munna Lal, L.M. & 8. ~

(Banda, N.-W P.), Mr,G, K, Walker, C.V.D, (Muktesar, N.-W. P.), Cap-

tain H, Ainsworth, I.M.8, (Goona, C, I.), Mr. G. W. Hatch, 1.C.8. (Ratnagiri),

Mr, A. S. A. Westropp, I.C,8. (Dharwar), Lieutenant J. H. Mowbray

PROCEEDINGS. 559

_Nusseerabad, Captain A, H, McMahon, C. 8, I1., C. 1, BE. (Malakand), Mr,

Hi, G Hasted (Russelkonda, Ganjam District), and Dr, F, H, Norvill, M D,

(Lakhimpur Assam),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the receipt of the following con-

tributions to the Society’s Museum :—

Contribution, Description.

Contributor.

HA cCas ceceeceren sans

Some photographs

Birds and nests.

2 Dusky Horned

(mounted).

1 Snake (alive) .....sseseceseeee | Z78NH C8SUIUS GTAMINEWS »0

A quantity of Birds’ eggs,

comprising 13 different

species new to the Socie-

ty’s collection.

Coluber hodgsoniiescerare..

Owls |Bubo ce. romandus

eoerrsvecvve

eecerecce

1 Spotted Owlet (live). AENENE OTGIME ....aseve-c.evecee

Ue STMAKC Nl eeeectaece rer 500005 ceee |\LYCOAON ANRLICUS ar serecesereees

1 Rock Horned Owl (alive). |Bubo bengalensis ...ccc2c00

1 Snake ...... sonccecscces coves |Dendr0phis PiCtUs ......0reee

Wy Simake? isscevess saseittes en «oe [SA yOurA MACTOLEPIS vesees00e

J Snake (alive) .....2..sereee - |Callophis nigricans .eccveeeeee

1 Indian Monitor (alive),

1 Speckled Wood Pigeon.

1 Bronze Winged Dove.

1 Himalayan White-cheeked

Laughing Thrush.

1 Western Bamboo Part-

ridge.

Two Paintings of Wild Geese

1 Crocodile ....... poacadongse ae

ANGRIG) spocodetcogsoosodescocd sts

Black-capped Kingfisher.

Red-headed Trogon.

Green Tree Vipers (alive)

Sea Snakes

Sambhar

formed)

Snake (@live) ...0+ss...1000.

Chameleon (live)

Ermine (skin and skull).

1 Pheasant-tailed Jacana

5 Bats from Gaya, Bengal.

Eges and nest of the Para-

dise Flycatcher

Calcophaps indica .....0 ones

Grarulax leucolophus os».

Bambusicola fytchis .. 00.00

Crocodilus palustris

CACOPUS SYSTOMA ....0c0eeees

Halcyon Pileata .srececoecrsees

Harpactes erythrocephalus

Trimeresurus gramineus

Cervus unicolor

evccvecce

rt bo DD et ee

head (mal-

Dipsas trigonata

Chamaeleon calearatus

Putorius erminea

eacccsece

1 Egg of the Indian Bustard |Hupodotus edwardsi .........

B SNAKES -seereververrersssveeee |Lrameresurus anamallensis,

Trimeresurus granineus

Xylophis perroteti.

Ae URIKES LE eeesasse Wicpeseacurt Tropidonotus plumbicolor,

1 Chameleon (alive) ......... \Chameleon calcaratus.

16 Bird skins and 1 Squirrel season

skin from Upper Burma.

92 Bird skins from Gwalior ie 2

State.

99° Bird skins from BAS seme

Kumaon, &c,

L Snake...ccccccroe.ssseseessevee |LOliodontophis sagittarius

Varanus bengalensis ......«. &

Dendrotrer or hodgsonti..0-

@ercen cooves

eeseee

evcee eeccces

Hy drophasianus chirurgus.

Lt.-Gent. W.Osborne LS.C,

Major D. C. Phillott

Mr. C. Maries.

Mr. P. Gerhardt.

Mr, C. K. Maedonald,

Mr. F. G. Hutchinson,

Col. W. B. Ferris.

Mr. L. K. Martin.

Myr. H. R, Hume.

[My. F. A. Hill.

\Mr, A. M. Kinloch.

Mr. J. McGlashan.

|Capt. W.G. Nisbett.

Do.

H.H. the Rao of Cutch.

Mr. H. H. Brock,

Do.

Col. H. D. Keary.

Mr. P. Gerhardt,

Mr. F. W. Townsend.

Capt. A, EH. Hatch,

Mr. P. Gerhardt.

Min) AV). SuatoTos OHI

Col. R. H. Rattray.

Col. J. Monteith.

Mr. W. H. Rees.

Mr. D. O. Witt.

Lieut. A. R. Burton,

Mr. A. M. Kinloch.

Major F.J.Jencken, R, A.M.

Mr. W. Shipp, C. E.

Capt, H. H. Harrington,

Mr, C. Maries,

Do.

Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, EGS.

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM :

Mr, W. A, Collins, Mr. P, W. Mackinnon, Mr. G. W. Gayer, Mr. C, W,

Hudson, 1.0.8., Mr, E, H. Brock,:Mr, F, A. Prevost, Mr. C. Glover-Wright,

Mr. F. G. Hutchinson, Mr. M, R. Jardine, Mr, EH, A, Fountouklis, Major H.

Herbert, I.M.S., Miss Mallins, Lieut, A. J. Marsack, R. I. M., Mr. W. Webb,

Mr. J. R, Flewker, Mr, D, J. Tata, Mr, G. Prier de Saone, Captain H. H.

Harington, Mr. V.B, F. Bayley, Veterinary-Major J. Brodie Mills, Mr, A.

H, A, Simecox, 1.C,8., Colonel K, R, Kirtikar, 1.M.S,, Captain C. HE. Wilson,

and Mr, J. Stiven.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1909, Vol, LXIX, Part IT, No. 1,

Fifteenth Annual Report of the Wellington Acclimatisation and Society

for 1900,

The Indian Forester, Vol. XX VI, Nos. 6 to 8 for 1909,

Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, Vol. XI, Part 1,

for 1900.

General Report on the work carried on by the Geological Survey of India

for the year ending the 3lst March, 1900,

Annales du Mussé du Congo Publicées par ordre du Secretaire d’état, Bo-

tanique, Series II,

The Legumes and Cereals of Goa and Damaun, their properties, &c., by Dr.

C. Gracias.

Description and properties of a Blister Fly (Cantharida indigena) found in

the province of Nagar Avely, by Dr. C. Gracias.

Illustrations of the shallow-water Ophiuroidea collected by the Royal Indian

Marine Survey ship “ Investigator ” by R, Koehler,

Legislation for the protection of Birds other than Game Birds, by T.S,

Palmer.

North American Fauna, No, 17.

The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXXII, Nos, 7 to 9,

The Sea Fisheries of Malabar and South Canara, Vol. III, Part 2, by H,

Marston,

The Agricultural Ledger, 1900, Nos. 4 to 13,

Nature, Vol. 62, Nos. i601 to 1609.

Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay, Bulletin Nos, 20

and 21.

The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science,

Vol. X, Part L

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India (Paleontologica Indica), Series

XV, Vol. III, Part 2. é;

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India (Paleontologica Indica), Series

IX, Vol. II, Part 2,

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Vol. XXVIII, Part 2.

PROCEEDINGS. 561

Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, 1899,

Vol, LY, Part 2, No, 8.

Forestry in British India,

Two copies, Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture

1899

Eastern Lepidoptera, Heterocera, by Col. C. Swinhoe, Parts I and I1.

Report of the administration of the Government Museum and Connemara

Public Library for 1899 and 1900.

Annual Report of the working of the Lucknow Provincial Museum for

1900 ?

Indian Museum Notes, Vol. IV, No.6; Vol, V, No. 1.

Illustrations of the Zoology of the R, I. M.S. ‘‘ Investigator.”

Annals of the South African Musuem, Vol, II.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—~Coneld.).

PAGE.

MiscELLANEOUS NoTes—coneld,

11.

Oceurrence of Tropidonotus himalayanus in Burma, By Capt. F. Wall,

HM Ge, eurith GL, LVATIR, CA: Vi), ese cketeesacdoorde neck as ad enisekt detpadesresteteay 537

On the occurrence of Simotes splendidus in Burma, ora probable new »

species. By Capt. F. Wall, 1.m.s., and G. H, Evans, A,V.D, scseseseeeee 537

Coccidiphagous Larvee of Hublemma, By Ni. Ernest Green, E.E.S., Govt.

Entomologist, R. B. G.. Pr ietenivates yc sasvenscteeeg oa Vcuetacontives BOO

On Rhinoceros Shooting. nee Lieut,-Col, H. D. Olivier, R. H., 7.2.8. ... 938

The Eastern Pintailed Sand Grouse (Pterocles alchatus), Bidens in

India. By J.S. Bogle, Q. O. Corps of Guides..,.....0. sage tvages Ree gee ag 539

Butterflies as Weather Prophets. By HE. H. Aitken ...seccecceese fereae toes 540

Late stay and early arrival of Duck in Assam. By Chas. M. Inglis, 541

Birds’ nesting in the Tons Valley. By B. B. Osmaston, Ind. Forest

SOR VECE Mie gis \enar-keredsna¥ycoa lib Neneh Han at aceencnte Vex wats: Wa anasuassl secyotee OUD

A Shooting Expedition on the Pamirs, By A. Lé M, Bu.....cceccseseceesees D438

Dipsas cyanea. By Vety. Major G. H. Evans ....... eaceweae aE tr eoeongree aul:

Description of a new Snake of the Genrs Ablabes from Burma. By

Ge AGIBOWEN SED [FR Sess st heabedeoneeae ese ose soem ee ee ce ieeatOe

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS held on. the oth Tule ani oth October

pe em reeeteeteSes rs. eBeteesense @eseoereereensens wake Meee weer ee es teeeertes eeeee e

NOTICE.

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THE

JOURNAL

BOMBAY NATURAL History SOCIETY.

EDITED BY

HZ. M. PHIPSON, C.M.2.S.

AND

’

vVy- S. MILLARD.

VOL. “XI No: \4,

Date of publication, 18th May, 1901.

PARA AO

Price to Non-Members... re seb as Bs 620;

PRINTED AT THE “ TIMFS OF INDIA” PRESS,

BOMBAY.

365°01

CON T ENTS 30 Foal TS ONG ee

PAGE,

Tue Brros or Cacnar. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.Se, M.B.O.U,

(With Plate I) Coe POC OOS Aer Soe ree O80 COHOOH OSS OOCOn, CO8SS* 000 BOS OSESeseeeEey

Tar Morus or Inpia4, SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

THE “ Fauna oF BririsH Inpra.” By Sir George F. Hampson,

Bart., F.Z.S., F.E,S, Series II, Part IV. @e@eoreC aes Otooet oe seseeseseeseesee

A PLEA FoR THE COLLECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN Cullicidic,

with suggestions as to moot POINTS FOR ENQUIRY, AND A Prodromus

OF SPECIES KNOWN TO THE AUTHOR. By Geo. M. Giles, Lt.-Col.,

TMs. (With two Plates) .....-. ave oo sbeiensaeneeescee ysuensn isis, RaROMEMRE

BurMESE Snakes. Nores on cee INCLUDING 45 SPECIES OF

Ophidian Fauna COLLECTED IN BURMA FROM Ist JANUARY TO

30TH JUNE 1900. By Capt. F. Wall, 1.00s., and Vety.-Capt. Geo.

H, Evans, A.V.D. scecscsencocsoncores Baill Dal Saat peeees

Deeevceves Seeasseee

Tar BIRDS OF THE Mapnupant Sus-DIvIsion oF THE DARBHANGA

DistRicr, TiRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES NOTICED ELSEWHERE

IN THE DISTRICT. By. Chast Mi. InelisPart le cy ccceselencectiet

“Kinis” py Carnivorous Anrmats. Somu Rol ON THE

MerHop or THEIR IpEntiFIcaTion. By W. A. Wallinger, Divi-

sional aresh Olticer, Wharwartlcetes.vescc-ctceacee+ecrseous) eotuesnennecans

Some Hints To BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING NATURAL

History Sprcimens. By E. Comber. ~ Part IT]. ....2......-sesececes

Notes oN GreEvy’S ZEERA (Lgquus Grevii). By Lt.-Col. H, D. Olivier,

R.E., F.Z.8, (With a Photograph) @eeotSGeee® Oe SGew, oe GS8Feeeeseeeeseeeseee

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING Five Yrars’ RESIDENCE IN THE HyLa-

KANDY Districr, CacHar. By C. M. Inglis. Part VIII. .........

Tur Ferns or Norre-Western India. By C. W. Hope. Part ITI,

continued, (With Plates Nos, 18 £0.21) secceseccocseeeersaes erepiored asics

A CATALOGUE OF THE Heterocera OF SIKHIM AND Buuran. By

G. C. Dudgeon, F.ES., with Notes by H. J. Elwes, .z5., F.us.,

&¢c., and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.ES.,

AB, LER THT Ole VR er er PAA PS ep ancnoe ands Mie Wiie ie oanuee domes enaete Gs

“Tap DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN InprIA, CEYLON

AND Burman.” By W. T. Blanford, LU.D., F.RB.S.

y: ; 5) 5)

MiscentLanrous Nores—

1, An Appeal for Assistance in collecting Gad-flies, Bot- sie, and Warble-

flies. By Col. J. W. Yerbury, B.A., retired ..rcccccescstcccsceccesecee.,. eoeere

2. Occasional Notes on Birds’ Nesting in the vicinity of Poona. By R. M.

Betham, Capt., 8th Bombay Infantry cscsosceccsscssscseverccsescrcossesecrere:

3. Ona New Serow from the Malay Peninsula. By A. L. Butler, £2,

Curator, Selangor State Museum o........ BOHBADo Surechoen sepecscccserenscnevee

4, Notes on Anopheles or the Malaria Mosquito. By H. H. Kitten SCOSOEI

es+se0eee8e7eeeeoe

(Continued on third page of the cover.)

563

592

- Sail . “qeqreg Apprry sul

iad “SN3OS3ENY SAONVWAD

“wopiwo T Yat ourerzyy Ssorg WTS7FUTPL ‘TeP tesMPE AtENAISG' OA

a PET cl ‘D0G 4ST, YEN Kequiog ummop

JOURNAL

OF THE

a O Sis OE eo al ‘

dlatural History Society,

Vol. XIll. BOMBAY. No. IV.

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR.

By E. C. Sruart Baksr, F.Z.#., M.B.O.U.

Wire Prats I.

(Continued from page 405 of this Volume.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 9th Oct., 1900.)

80 (6) Liopriza aRactLis.—The Grey Sibia,

Flume, No. 429 bis ; Blanford, No. 205.

I have met with this bird several times of late years, and one year,

1896, it occurred in vast numbers all round Hungrum and the

adjacent lofty peaks. I also had two birds shot in the Jetinga valley,

not above 300-feet altitude, in January, 1895. Its nest and eggs, which

I have taken more than once, are like those described by Godwin-

Austin.

(126) Sirra rormosa.—The Beautifel Nuthatch,

I have now met with this bird two or three times on the high

peaks about Hungrum. Its actions when clambering about trees are

remarkably like those of a Woodpecker, and its voice is a much

lower pitched note than that of any other Nuthatch with which I am

acquainted.

135 (7) CrrtHia DiscoLor.—The Sikhim Tree Creeper.

Hume, No. 245 ; Blanford, No. 344.

I got a specimen of what I believe to have been this bird in May,

1898, at Hungrum, but it was difficult to say what it was, and I

cannot be quite sure. The lower plumage had been knocked all to

pieces owing to the bird having been shot from underneath at close

quarters with a charge of large shot,

564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HAYSTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII

136. SPHENOCICHLA ROBERTI.— Roberts’ Wedge-billed Wren.

On the 24th May, 1898, I was so fortunate as to come across a

specimen of this rare Wren. A Naga brought it to me together with

the remains of a nest composed entirely of a mass of fine grasses,

tendrils, and bents, without any lining, This was said to have been

placed at the bottom of a long crevice in a large tree about 20 feet from

the ground. This crevice was pointed out to me afterwards, but

though I waited long by the tree the pair to the male never shewed

itself.

The eggs, four in number, were just on the point of hatching ; they

were pure white, and were broad ovals in shape, rather pyriform but

obtuse at the smaller end. The shell, which was very fragile, had a faint

gloss, probably more pronounced. when the eggs were fresh.

The bird is as described by Blanford, but the brown of the upper

plumage is a fine golden brown, and the outer webs of the wing-

quills, and rectrices are slightly tinged with rufous. There are, more-

over, faint indications of supercilia formed by the white sub-tips to

the feathers above the eye.

The legs are dark brown ; soles, claws, and edges of the scutellations

pale slatey ; irides rich brown; bill very pale bluish-slatey, the base

of maxilla and culmen much darker.

It was caught on the Hungrum Peak, which is about 6000 feet, and

is the next Peak to Hengdan on which Roberts’ bird was caught.

The Nagas call this wren “Ting linrui,” “the bird which runs up

trees,” the same name that they apply to Nuthatches and Creepers, and

the man who got it for me said that all its actions were those of a tree

creeper.

142 (8) ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS.—The Eastern Great Reed-

| ‘s Warbler.

Flume, No. 515 bis ; Blanford, No. 354.

This Reed-Warbler is not very rare in the plains during the cold

weather, and I believe some birds are permanent residents as I have

one specimen obtained in June.

142 (9) AcROCEPHALUS BISTRIGICEPS.—Schrenks’ Reed- Warbler.

Hume, No. 517 ter; Blanford, No. 365.

I have one specimen of this little Reed-warbler shot by my collectors

in J anuary in the Chutla Bheel.

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR. 565

Ue (10) AcrocePHaLus acRIcoLA,—The Paddy-field Reed-Warbler.

Hume, No. 517 ; Blanford, No. 367.

Mr. H. A. Hole first drew my attention to the fact that this bird

was not rare in Cachar, and since then I have received and collect-

ed several specimens. It probably is ‘a permanent resident in Cachar,

but I am not yet sure of this.

160 (11) Pasyxtioscopus FULIGIVENTRUS.—The Smoky -Willow-

. “Warbler.

Flume, No. 525; Blanford, No. 409. -

One of my collectors obtained a male of this species near Silchar in

November, 18995, and I Hye shot a female in the hills the following

January.

178, CRYPTOLOPHA cawrator,—Tickell’s Flyoateher-Warhle,

Hume, No. 576 bis ; Blanjord,’ ‘No. 438.

I have several times met with this bird. re in N. Cachar. It is

resident and I have taken its nest.

178 (12) ABRORNIS SCHISTICEPs.—The Black-faced Flycatcher-

Warbler.

Hume, No. 511 ; Blanford, No: 441.

On the 10th of May, 1899, “Shit crossing a tiny bridge over a

streamlet running through bamboo jungle, I noticed: a ‘small bird

perched on the top of a dead bamboo, not 5 feet: away from me. to

the left. I at once saw that it was an Abrornis with a black face that I

had not seen before in N. Cachar, and knew that it could be no other

than the present species. From the way it stuck tothe bamboo for a

second or so and then flew a few yards away, I thought-it had a nest, so

looked into the bamboo and was rewarded by finding one. - The bamboo

was one about 22" to 3" diameter, dead and semi-burnt, and was lying

resting against a clump of living bamboos. Closé under one ‘of the

nodes the bamboo had been burnt through and -was also split down-

wards, in this hole just above the next node the nest was placed. For

some six inches the bamboo was loosely filled with moss-roots and fibres,

and on these lay the true nest, a lovely little mass of moss and feathers

lined with the softest down. The eggs, four in number and: hard

set, were exactly like those of A. superciliaris. I failed to get the

bird itself, but am absolutely sure that my identification was correct,

It was taken at an altitude of some 3,200 feet.

566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Hitherto this form has not been found east of Sikhim, and I never

expected to find it in N. Cachar. It must be extremely rare as I have

never before or since met with it.

194 (13) Lanius nicricers.—The Black-headed Shrike.

Hume, No. 259 ; Blanford, No. 475.

It was only by mistake that I came to exclude this Shrike from my

list, as it is the most common Shrike in N. Cachar. In the winter it is

found throughout the plains, although a large majority of the birds

so visiting them are immature. About April they return to the hills,

though a few may remain and breed in the broken ground just below

them.

Very few eggs will be found here after May, the larger number

between the 15th of that month and the 15th April.

The Black-headed Shrike excels all his relations in his power of

song, and is really a beautiful song bird, the other day I heard him

compared favourably with the Sky Lark. He will sit on a branch

above his nest and sing sometimes for half-an-hour without interrup-

tion.

197 (14) Lantus PH@NicuROIDE’.—The Rufous Shrike.

Blanford, No. 480.

A most unmistakable specimen of this rare Shrike was shot by one

of my collectors on the 15th February, 1895. The bird, an old male,

is an exceptionally typical specimen ; the whole loresand ear-coverts

are black, the colour of the head contrasts very strongly with the back,

and the underparts are very nearly pure white.

It was shot near Silcoorie in the plains of Cachar whilst perched on

the top of a tea bush.

This is the first record of the Rufous Shrike anywhere to the east

of the Indian Empire.

216 (15) OntoLus KuNDoo.—The Indian Oriole.

Hume, No. 470 ; Blanford, No. 518.

Amongst a collection of birds collected by the late Mr. M. G.

Peddie in the extreme north of this district, I came across 2 fine male

O. kundoo, and, a few days ago, I heard from Mr. Primrose, of Cachar,

that he had got a bird which he believed to be a young one of this

species, This has since been sent to me, and proves to be only a young

Oriolus indicus.

ois

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR. 567

239 (16) Cyornis sappHiRA.—The Sapphire-headed Fly-catcher.

Flume, No. 312 ; Blanford, No. 571.

I have met with this beautiful species a few times on the highest

peaks in the east, but nearly all my specimens are in the plumage

described by Oates as the ‘‘ Autumn plumage of the young male,” and

this though they were collected in April, May, and July. I have

seen no specimen from N. Cachar in the full male plumage.

(247) ANTHIPES LEUCOPS.

I have obtained a good many of these birds since 1894; they are

permanent residents on all ranges over 4,000 feet, and in the winter

descend now and then to 2,000 and 2,500 feet.

(802) ZoorHERA MONTICOLA.

This would appear to be resident, as I have now taken two or three

nests, These and the eggs are in every way identical with those of

Z. marginata.

(304) CocHoa VvIRIDIS.

Since writing the third number of the Birds of Cachar, I have

obtained two fine male Green Thrushes, both trapped on the nest. This

latter agrees exactly with that described in “ Nests and Eggs, ”

(358) AUTHOPYGA SATURATA.

Mr. Primrose found this Sun-bird breeding in the plains, and I have

taken its nest at Hungrum, close on 6,000 feet altitude, so that its

breeding range would not seem to be affected much by the height of

the country.

(364) DicHum CRUENTATUM.

The bird, to which I referred in this Journal, Vol. xi, p. 467, has not

been, and is not likely to be, definitely settled to be either new ora

hybrid, but [ can find no record anywhere of any birds of Diceum

cruentatum having been obtained with the red on the breast.

(3875) SERILOPHUS LUNATS.

This must be struck out altogether. I have compared my birds with

true S. lunatus, and though a few slightly approach these in the

colouration of the head, they are still true rubropygius and not lunatus.

396 (17) Cyanoprs RUBESCENS.—The Ruddy Barbet.

This bird must, without doubt, be considered a good species, I

have killed and trapped a good number of birds now in addition to the

two type specimens, and in the case of fully adult males there is no

eee

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

grading between C. asiatica and this form. Young males have the

scarlet-and-maroon less developed, whilst young females do not have

it at all, and cannot well be distinguished from the young females of

C. asiatica ; on the other hand, old females have a trace of the

maroon back, and often splashes of vermilion on the lower plumage.

(401) CYANOPS ROBUSTIROSTRIS.

I have now another specimen of this little Barbet, shot by the late

Mr. M. G. Peddie at Bakhimpore, near Hathikhali, N. Cachar.

The bird is exactly like my own specimen, and has the same golden

sheen on the forehead instead of the dark shade which the young

C. cyanotis has prior to the appearance of the black.

(406) ALSOcoMUS PUNICEUS.

Mr. V. Woods, Executive Engineer, Assam-Bengal Railway, tells

me that he shot this species more than once in the plains, and he

thinks the bird was not very rare there.

(418) Crocopus PH@NICOPTERUS.

Since writing No. VI. of these papers, I have seen a number of

these pigeons, and they would not appear to be rare on the outskirts

of the forests bordering Manipur and the North Lushai Hills.

(442) ALCEDO BEAVANI.

In the adult male the bill is wholly black—red on either upper or

lower mandible is a sign of immaturity or sex.

(443) ALCEDO GRANDIS.

The female has nearly the whole of the Jower mandible red, and the

kase of the upper mandible reddish.

a (18) Hatcyon rrneata.—The Black-capped Kingfisher.

Hume, No. 180; Blanford, No. 1045.

Mr, A. Primrose, of Kattal, Cachar, has sent me a most beautiful speci-

men of this species which he obtained in Cachar, and he also writes that

he has since seen another specimen which, however, he failed to get.

(453) CH&TURA NUDIPES.

‘I shot a female in the last few days of May, 1899, which contained

an egg ready for expulsion ; it was rather damaged in the fall, but was

blowable, and makes a valuable, if not very perfect, specimen. The

shell is very fragile, and I am inclined to think would have possibly

slightly thickened before being laid. It is rather rough and has an

unfinished appearance, which is probably exactly what it is. The

THE BIRDS OF CACHAR, 569

small end is quite smooth and polished. There is no gloss, and the

texture is slightly chalky. It measures 1°08"%'73", and is a more

pointed eval than are most Swifts’ eggs.

(470) MERops PHILIPPINUS.

A very large flock of these birds visited Haflang in the cold

weather of 1897-98, and stayed for some days. They are common

in the plains of Cachar, breeding everywhere. In 1899 large flocks

again visited the Hills in October and November.

(474) PrrtoLamus (ANORRHINUS) AUSTENI.

A young bird, chot by the late Mr. M. G Peddie, which is now in

my collection, has the whole head rufescent, the feathers being broadly

margined with this colour, whilst the scapulars, feathers of the back,

and smaller wing-coverts are all faintly edged darker. This bird isa

young female, and has the quills all white tipped as in the male—in

fact, the bird, if adult, would appear to be exactly like the male instead

of differing from it, as does the female of P. tickelii, Mr. Peddie’s

experience with these birds was very much the same as Hartert’s. He

came across a large flock associating witha flock of Anthracoceros

albirostris. He shot two of the former and one of the latter, this in

mistake, and leaving them where they fell, followed up the flock

again. He eventually got a third Pédlolemus, the one now in my

possession, but failed to find any of the other birds on his return

journey. On no other occasion did he ever meet with this hornbill

himself, although on one occasion he had two old birds, two young

ones, and two eggs brought in to him by natives, On his bird are the

following remarks ticketed: ‘ Bill and inside of mouth dirty yellow ;

orbital skin light yellow ; irides dull brown ; legs horny green; soles

dirty yellow ; claws dusky black.”

The colours all agree with those of my bird except the irides, which

are in my specimen a rich red-brown.

(499) GLAUCIDIUM BRODIEI.

I have recently obtained a rufous specimen of this little owl. The

brown is all much tinged with rufous, and all the usual white markings

are replaced by pale rufous,

I shot one in the act of eating a young male Pericrocotus

spectosus, the marks on which shewed that the owl must have killed it

itself,

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIIT,

525 (19) Burzo rerox.—The Long-legged Buzzard.

Hume, No. 45 ; Blanford, No. 1239.

My collectors obtained a specimen of this Buzzard in December,

1898. It isa typical male specimen, but has no grey on the outer

webs of the quills, which are also barred throughout; the tail is much

mottled with brown in indistinct bars.

(541) MicrowizRAX MELANOLEUCUS.

Inglis’s and Primrose’s birds are of this species, not M. fringilarius.

I have compared mine with the original type in the Indian Museum,

Caleutta, with which all six agree, and their birds are the same as mine.

They vary very much in size, and even in VW, melanoleucus there is a

certain amount of black on the flanks.

597 (20) Numentus pH#opus.—The Whimbrel.

Blanford, No. 1455; Hume, No. 878.

A young male of this species, one of a pair, was shot by Mr.

V. Woods, ot the Assam-Bengal Railway, at Haflang on the Ist

September, 1899

571

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,”

SERIES If. PART IV.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, BART, F.2,S., F.E.S.

(Continued from page 520 of this Volume).

Genus METEUGOA., Type.

Meteugoa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B, M., 11., p. 335 (1900)...... ochrivena.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned and reaching vertex

of head ; frons with a. conical promi-

nence ; antenne of male ciliated ; tibiz

with the spurs moderate ; abdomen elon-

gate. Forewing narrow, somewhat

lanceolate ; vein 2 from middle of cell ;

Meteugoa ochrivena & 3 3 from long before angle; 5 from just

above angle; 6 from just below upper angle; 7°8 and 9°10 stalked ;

11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from middle of cell; 3 from long before

angle; 5 from just above angle; 6°7 coincident; from close to end of

cell; the upper angle of cell extremely produced in male and the dis-

cocellulars highly angled.

1404a, METEUGOA OCHRIVENA.

Genus HoLocrasPEepum,

1412. HoLocRAsPEDUM NIGROPUNCTA,

Genus XANTHOCRASPEDA.

1483. XANTHOCRASPEDA MARGINATA,

Genus SIccIA.

Type.

Sieceds Wilke DE. Goo (LSS). seccoccecescueetestenuneectacencs caffra

PEONON Wilkes, WU DEE (1894) cc acccucscseseineessverlecwaee saciee taprobanis,

Melania, Wilgrn., Wien. Ent, Mon., VII., p. 145 (1863) caffra.

Panassa, Wik., XXXII, 607 (1865) ........ccccccsecsnsecesees taprobanis,

Autoceras, Feld., Reis. Nov., p. 2 (1874), non descr...... taprobanis,

Sect, I. Antenne of male with very short branches ending in a bristle,

A. Forewing with dentate medial line......... 1385, taprobanis,

B. Forewing with the medial line reduced to

SPO OUS se sexe on cates nsateceenees Raveenes entree 1387, guttulosana,

Sect. II. Antenne of male ciliated.

A. Forewing without olive-fulvous bands,

a. Forewing with v- or y-shaped black dis-

coidal spot,

a*, Forewing with the ground colour white,... 1391. sagéttifera,

572 JOURNAL,.BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

b'. Forewing with the ground colour grey.

a?, Forewing with prominent y-shaped black

discoidal spot.........e-sseeree Baye caeeee aneoeete - tau

b:, Forewing with small v-shaped fuscous

Giscoidal SpOticasssssues-eopencneneeacenesseet eee minima,

b. Forewing with black spot or lunule at end of

cell.

a?. Forewing with prominent short black

, streak in cell beyond the antemedial line, 1388, mélgirica.

b1, Forewing without black streak in cell be-

yond the antemedial line.

a?, Forewing without postmedial line............ seriata.

b?, Forewing with postmedial line.

a, Forewing pale grey-brown...............-se00 sordida.

v®, Forewing dark brown irrorated with

grey.

a*. Forewing with the postmedial line

defined by white points............... «« 1388a. albisparsa.

b+. Forewing without white points on

the postmedial line............00 1389. _ tenebrosa.

B. Forewing with olive-fulvous bands .............0000+ Sulvocincta.

1391a, Siccra TAU, Heyl., CR. Soc. Ent, Belge, XXXV, p. 414 (1891),

Grey tinged with pale brown ; abdomen tinged with fuscous. Forewing

with the costal edge black towards base ; a short subbasal striga from costa

and some dark scales below the cell ; an indistinct antemedial line arising

from a dark spot on costa, oblique to just below the cell where it is sharply

angled and retracted, then again oblique ; a y-shaped black spot in end of

cell and on discocellulars ; the postmedial line diffused, bent outwards below

the costa, angled outwards on vein 6, and inwards in submedian fold, then

bent outwards to inner margin ; a diffused subterminal line angled inwards

on veins 6 and 3 and oblique towards costa, Hindwing whitish tinged with

pale fuscous-brown:

Habitat —Madras ; Ceylon ; Java. Exp. @ 18, 9 20 mill.

1391. Sicc1a MINIMA, Hmpsn,, Cat. Lep. Phal, B.M., II., p.394,pl. xxix, f,

31 (1900).

Grey irrorated with brown; palpi and forelegs tinged with fuscous,

Forewing with subbasal fuscous spots on costa and below the cell ; indistinct

antemedial spots on costa,and in and below cell;a more prominent point in

middle of cell ; an indistinct waved medial line, angled outwards below costa,

ané inwards below the cell ; a small discoidal v-shaped spot;a very ill-

defined dentate postmedial line, oblique from costa to vein 4 where it is

angled, and with another indistinct dentate line beyond it across apical area ;

a terminal series of points, Hindwing pale fuscous.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Puttalam, Hambantota, Exp, 12 mill,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, ..- ~ BY

1388, Siccria SERIATA, Hmpsn,, Cat. Lep, Phal., B, M., II., p, 395, pl, xxix,

f. 10 (1900).

Q. Head and thorax grey-white ; tegule, patagia and metathorax with

black points ; abdomen fuscous with ochreous anal tuft, Forewing grey-

white with five black spots on costa ; a subbasal black point ; ante-and post-

medial black points below costa ;a series of five spots between middle of

cell and termen, the spots at middle and end of cell larger ; a series of four

spots in submedian fold, the last with obliquely placed spot above it ;

a terminal series of points. Hindwing fuscous with very. obscure dis-

coidal spot. |

Habitat.—Assam, Naga Hills, 6,000’. Hap, 32 mill,

1388c. Siccta sorpipA, Butl., Trans, Ent. Soc,, 1877, p. 372 ; Moore., Lep.

Ceyl., IT., p. 65, pl. 104, f. 4.

Aimene subcinerea, Moore, P. Z,8., 1878, p, 34.

modesta, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1878, p. 54.

» guinquefascia, Hmpsn.,, Ill, Het. B.M., VIIT, pn. 52, pl, 140, f. 15(1891).

Pale grey-brown ; palpi blackish ; meso-thorax, ends of patagia, tibie

and tarsi spotted with black ;abdomen with the anal tuft and ventral sur-

face yellowish-white. Forewing with black point at base and subbasal

points below costa and cell; an antemedial series of points from below costa

to submedian fold ; a point in middle of cell ; a medial dentate line arising

from a spot on costa, bent outwards below costa and angled inwards in

submedian fold ; a discoidal lunule; a minutely dentate postmedial line

bent outwards below costa, angled at veins 6 and 4, then bent inwards below

the cell and outwards again to inner margin, an interrupted line beyond it

excurved below costa and at middle, then incurved ; a terminal series of

points, and points on the cilia at apex and middle. Hindwing white tinged

with brown towards apex ; in female pale fuscous,

The form subcinerea-modesta has the hindwing of male fuscous, the cilia

whitish.

The form quinguefuscia has the forewing largely suffused with black.

Habitat—China, Shanghai, Nankin ; Formosa ; Punjab, Kangra, Mynpuri ;

Nilgiris ; Coimbatore ; Ceylon ; Singapore; Bali, Hxp, @ 18. Q 22 mill,

- Sriccia FULVocINcTa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B.M., I p39, pli xxix, fe

13 (1900).

Q. Grey ; head and thorax tinged with olive-fulvous ; tibie and tarsi

blackish with white bands, Forewing strongly irrorated with fuscous ;

. some olive fulvous marks at base ; subbasal, antemedial, medial, and post-

medial olive-fulvous minutely dentate bands, defined on each side by

blackish lines, angled outwards below costa and at middle ; a point at middle

of cell and discoidal lunule ; traces of a maculate subterminal line cilia

olive-fulvous and fuscous chequered with white, Hindwing fuscous, the

cilia pale.

”

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII

Habitat,—Nilgiris.; Madura. Exp. 36 mill,

Genus AOLosIA,

Type.

‘ Molosia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep., Phal. B. M,, II, p. 404 (1900)... multipunctata.

Palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head, the 3rd joint porrect ;- antennz

of female simple ; tibie with the spurs moderate. Forewing with vein 3

from well before angle of cell ;5 from above angle ; 6 from below upper

angle ; 7 from angle ; 89°10 stalked ; 11 oblique. Hindwing~ with veins

3°4 stalked ; 5 from above angle ; 6-7 stalked.

Holosia muliipunctata g 2

14046, AoLosia MULTIPUNCTATA, Hmpsn,, Cal. Lep, Phal, B. M., II.

p. 405 (1900).

Q. White; tegule, patagia and thorax spotted with black ; abdomen

banded with black above on each segment, Forewing with numerous small

black. spots in the interspaces forming about eight curved series and a

series on cilia, Hindwing with small black discoidal spot ; an indistinct

curved postmedial series ; the terminal area suffused with fuscous ; a cilial

Series of spots.

Habitat.—Hsipaw, Burma, Exp. 24 mill.

Genus PAREUGOA,

Type.

Pareugoa, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal., B. M., IT., p. 405 (1900). muttistrigata.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, slender, reaching vertex of

head ; frons with conical prominence ;

antenne of male bipectinate with

moderate branches ; tibiee with the spurs

moderate, Forewing rather narrow ;

vein 2 from middle of cell; 3 from

before angle ; 45 shortly stalked; 6

from below upper angle; 7°8 stalked ;

’ 9absent ; 10 free; 11 anastomosing with 12, Hindwing with vein 2 from

_ beyond middle of cell; 34 coincident; 5 from just above angle; 6'7

stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.

1402a, PAREUGOA MULTISTRIGATA,

Genus Hyrosiccta,

Pareugoa multistrigata g 2

AHO Type.

Hyposiccia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal., B, M., II., p. 496 (1900). - amnea,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 575

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, not reaching vertex of head ;

,antenne of male ciliated, tibiz with the

d spurs moderate, Forewing with vein 2

from middle of cell; 3 from before angle ;

4°5 from angle ; 6 from below upper angle ;

78-9 stalked ; 10 free ; 11 anastomosing

with 12, Hindwing with vein 2 from

Hyposiccia amnea @ + towards angle of cell; 3°4 from angle; 5

from above angle ; 67 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.

A, Forewing with the ground-colour white ............... 1386a, amnea,

B. Forewing with the ground-colour grey-brown......... 1385a. mesozonata.

Genus PARASICCIA,

Type.

Parasiccia, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal., B. M.,IT., p. 407 (1900). maculifascia,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, reaching vertex of head;

antennz of male bipectinate with moderate branches, serrate or ciliated ;

tibie with the spurs long, Forewing with vein 2 from beyond middle of

cell ; 3 from near angle ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from below upper angle ;

789 stalked ; 10°11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from beyond middle of

cell; 3°4 from angle ; 5 from well above angle; 67 stalked; 8 from

middle of cell.

Sec. I. Antenne of male serrate with very long bristles

and fascicles Of Cilia ...ccsrce.....0seseeecs eccesseces 1336. maculifascia.

Sec, II. Antenne of male ciliated.

1391a, Parasiccila Nocturna, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., II

p. 410 (1900).

Head and thorax blackish ; abdomen dark grey ; forewing dark grey; a

diffused sinuous subbasal line ; a minutely

dentate antemedial line angled on median

nervure ; a spot in middle of cell anda

discoidal lunule ; an obscure medial line

strongly dentate at angle of cell; a minute-

.Parasiccia nocturna & + ly dentate postmedial line angled at

veins 6 and 4, then retracted ; an irregularly dentate subterminal line expand-

ing towards costa ; a terminal series of points. Hindwing fuscous-grey,

Habitat,—Khiasis, Exp, @ 26, 9 30 mill.

Genus IDoPTERUM,

Ot)

1414. IporrERUM OVALE.

Genus OVIPENNIS.

Type.

OVIPENNIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal., B. M., IL, p. 410 (1900). dudgeons.

576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending to just beyond the

frons ; antenne of female ciliated ; tibie

with the spurs short ; abdomen dorsally

clothed with rough hair, . Forewing rather

narrow, the costa arched, the apex rounded ;

the termen obliquely rounded; vein 2 from

middle of cell ; 3 from well before angle ;

5 from above anpte's ; 6 from below upper

angle ; 7°8°9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10°11 almost from a point, 11 curved.

Hindwing with vein 2 from beyond middle of cell ; 3 from before angle ;

5 from just above angle ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.

1416. OvIPENNIS DUDGEONI,

Genus MACHZROPHORA.

1482, MACH#®ROPHORA FULVIPUNCTA,

Genus ASURIDIA,

Ovipennis dudgeont 9 4

Type.

Asuridia, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal., B. M., II., p. 412 (1900). carnepicta.

Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ;

antenne of male with bristles and cilia; tibiz with the spurs moderate ;

abdomen clothed with rough hair. Forewing rather narrow, the costa

arched ; vein 2 from middle of cell, oblique ; 3 from near angle ; 4°5 from

angle ;6 from below upper angle ; 7°8°9 stalked ; 10°11 stalked ; 11 anasto-

mosing with 12. Hindwing with vein 2 from beyond middle of cell ; 3 from

close to angle ; 5 from well above angle; 67 stalked ; 8 from towards

angle of cell.

A. Hindwing pale crimson .......... Garsavesweupendess ... 1465a, nigriradiata,

B. Hindwing fuscous-black ... ......... pincyordoorogaco roses - metaphea.

1465d. ASURIDIA METAPHHA, Hmpsn,, Cat. Lep. Phal,, B. M., IL., p. 413,

pl. xxix, f. 20 (1900),

@. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous-yellow ; tegulea more ,orange,

Forewing ochreous irrorated with black

scales ; the costa black towards base ;

obliquely-placed subbasal black marks

in cell and above and below submedian

fold ; an antemedial slightly sinuous

line incurved to ccsta ; an oblique

medial line angled inwards almost to

the medial line in cell; a discoidal

point ; the postmedial line very oblique from costa to vein 4 where it is

acutely angled, then retracted to lower angle of cell, the veins beyond it

broadly streaked with black to near termen ; a fine terminal black line.

Hindwing fuscous-black, the base, inner margin, and cilia ochreous,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 2,800’. Exp. 28 mill,

Asuridia metaphea § +

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 577

Genus THUMATHA.,

1484, THUMATHA FUSCESCENS, insert (syn.), Sceodora rava, Lucas, P, Linn.

Soc. N. 8. W. (2), IV, p. 1079 (1890).

Genus NEASURA,

Type.

Neasura, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 422 (1900) ... hypopheola.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi slight, porrect, not reaching as far as

the frons, which is clothed with rough hair ,

‘ antenne of male minutely serrate with very

long bristles and cilia, tibiz with the spurs

moderate ; abdomen clothed with rough hair.

Forewing moderately broad; vein 2 from

middle of cell oblique, 3 from long before

Neasura apicalis & + angle ; 4°5 coincident ; 6 from below upper

angle ; 7°8°9 stalked ; 7 from after9; 10 free; 11 anastomosing with 12.

Hindwing with vein 2 from middle of celi;.3 from before angle ; 5 from

well above angle ; 6°7 on a long stalk ; 8 from near angle of cell.

1485, NEASURA APICALIS, insert (syn.), Setina bipunctata, Wik., Journ,

Linn, Soe, Zool,, III., p. 185 (1859).

Genus TRICHOLEPIS.

1480, TRICHOLEPIS ERUBESCENS,

Genus ASURA,

Type.

Asura, W1k,, I1., 484 (1854) .....0..-restecsasreesceses. eaversercen:+ COrViCalis,

Pitane, W1k., Il., 531 (1854); nec., WIk., II., 462 .......0....conferta,

_ Pallene, W1k,, 11., 542 (1854) sescecs.ccasrecreessecessecconres voveeSlTUCEO,

Cyllene, Wik., II., 543 (1854); nec., Newm., Col., 1840 ..... .Aumilis.

Nepita, Moore, Lep. BE, I. C., p. 302 (1859) _...... se recceeee CONPETEC,

Lyclene, Moore, Lep, E. I. C., p. 300 (1859) ......... sarcee-e LUMILES,

Stonia, Wlk., XXXI, 187 (1865)......... eaneee deleecidastcs Sencevaeents bipars.

Cymella, Feld., Reis, Nov., p. 3 (1874), non. descr, s.......000 congerens,

Setinochroa, Feld., Reis. Nov., p. 9 (1874), non, descr. ...... infumata,

Adites, Moore, Lep. Cey., IT., p. 61 (1882) ~.....0.0.ccecmaseesee hilaris.

Sect. I. (Asura), Antenne of male bipectinate with long branches, of

female with very short branches,

1421. ASURA CONFERTA,

Sect, II, Antennz of male with moderate branches, of female ciliated.

A. Forewing yellow with antemedial and

two medial series of points 1477. nubifascia,

B. Forewing yellowish-white with ante-

medial and two medial series of points, 1478, melanoleuca,

C. Forewing grey-brown, strongly irrorated

with black oee umbrifera,

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

1478a, ASURA UMBRIFERA, Hmpsn,, Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M., IL, p. 431,

pl, xxx, f, 14 (1900).

Pale brown, head, thorax, abdomen and forewing strongly irrorated with

fuscous, Forewing with rather obscure antemedial, medial, and postmedial

dark lines, the two first angled in cell, the last just beyond lower angle; a

diffused irregular very ill-defined subterminal band. UHindwing Bate grey-

brown with traces of ante-and post-medial dark lines.

Habitat —Tibet, Yatung. Lap. @¢ 30, 9 36 mill,

Sect. ITI. Antenne of male with bristles and cilia.

A, Forewing of male with glandular swelling on costa beyond middle, the

median nervure bent up to subcostal nervure before end of cell,

which then expands again ; vein 5 absent ; 6°7 and 89 stalked from

the looped end of cell.

1426a, AsuRA LUTARA, Moore, Lep, E.I C., p. 300 (1859).

Setina dividata, Snell,, Veth’s Midden Sumatra, Lep., p. 37 (1880).

é. Yellow ; mesothorax with black spots; fore tibiz banded with black ;

abdomen with the terminal segments black. Forewing with subbasal black

point ; an antemedial spot below the costa and two below the cell; the

antemedial line angled outwards in cell and submedian fold, then oblique ;

the medial line incurved and almost or quite touching the antemedial line

in cell; aspotin the loop at end of cell, the postmedial line very highly

and irregularly dentate, running out to points at veins 6 and 3 and up to

subcostal nervure at vein 4, then oblique, a series of points beyond it, the

spots at veins 6°7 and 3 nearer termen,

@. Forewing with the discoidal spot in normal place, the postmedial line

not bent up to costa at vein 4; abdomen not black at extremity.

Habitat—Burma, Rangoon ; Sumatra ; Java. Eup. @ 20, 9.26 mill,

B. Forewing of male with the cell very narrow ; vein 5 from upper angle

of cell; 6 stalked with 7°8'9, often also in female.

a, Forewing with subterminal series of spots .......00. ... »- metamelas.

6. Forewing without subterminal series of SPOUsieseecer=eeeeer dasara.

1426. ASURA METAMELAS, Hmpsn., Il), Het., IX., p. 84, pl. 158, £. 11 (1893).

@- Yellow ; shoulders with black points; tips of patagia fuscous; fore tibie

and tarsi banded with black ; abdomen with the terminal half clothed with

black hair. Forewing with black point at base ; the costa black towards base ;

an oblique subbasal line interrupted in cell ; the antemedial line slightly angled

below costa, then oblique and interrupted in submedian fold ; a medial spot

below costa and line from cell to inner margin incurved below vein 3 and

anastomosing with the antemedial line ; a postmedial point below costa repre-

senting the displaced discoidal spot; the postmedial line highly and

irregularly dentate, bent up to the subcostal nervure at vein 4; a series of

spots beyond it from costa to vein 3; the spot at vein 4 displaced inwards.

Hindwing with some fuscous marks on termen towards apex.

at a” il a ee

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 579.

Q. Abdomen without black; forewing with the markings finer ; the sub-

basal line broken up into spots, the medial line not connected with the

antemedial line ; the discoidal point prominent; the postmedial line less

irregular.

Habitat—Ceylon, Pundaloya. Exp, 22 mill,

Subp, Forewing with the postmedial line obscured by a large area of

fuscous suffusion,

Habitat.—Belgaum ; Nilgiris.

1426c. Asura DasaRA, Moore, Lep.E. I. C., p. 303 (1859). Butl,, Ill. Het.

BM, VIL, p. 32, pl. 132; f. Zand 8,

Barsine chromatica, Swinh., Trans. Ent, Soc., 1891, p, 135.

¢@. Yellow; shoulders and meso-thorax with black points; abdomen

tinged with fuscous towards extremity, or wholly fuscous. Forewing with

subbasal black point ; the costal edge black towards base; an antemedia!

curved fuscous band; an obscure discoidal spot; a postmedial band

formed by elongate fuscous patches in the interspaces from below the costa,

very obliquely curved to nearly or quite join the antemedial band below the

cell, then excurved again. Hindwing pale yellow.

©. Forewing with the ante- and postmedial bands usually reduced to

dentate lines and well separated ; a prominent discoidal spot,

Habitat.—Kangra ; Sikhim ; Khasis; Nilgiris; Sumatra; Java, Exp. @

26, 9 30 mill.

c. (DLyclene). Forewing with the cell normal.

a, Forewing with very highly and irregularly dentate postmedial line,

a*. Forewing yellowish with the costa and termen

Linge d | Witla) CLIMAS OM sce. 4<1 acdapeecsatoseens scant pudibunda,

61, Forewing without crimson on costa or termen.

a”. Forewing with terminal series of black points 1426. undulosa.

6?. Forewing without terminal series of points... obsoleta.

b, Forewing without highly dentate postmedial line.

a‘, Forewing not white with brown markings,

a?, Forewing with postmedial line.

a°, Forewing with the medial and postmedial

lines connected by a streak at angle of cell 1463, euprepzozdes.

5°, Forewing with the medial and postmedial

lines not connected bya streak at upper

angle of cell.

a‘, Forewing with terminal black line ......... 1462. conjunctana,

b*, Forewing without terminal black line,

a’, Forewing with the interspaces streaked

WALHNCRIMISOM sche cae ss sees. sack ateonee 1476. flavivenosa.

6°, Forewing with the interspaces not streak-

Gd? With CrIMGON s-26.-2. Vescosscsceresssssee0 L429, semtfascia.

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

b. Forewing with postmedial series of spots or

streaks often conjoined into an irregular band

«a*®, Hindwing black or fuscous; forewing some-

times uniform black ......

b*. Hindwing yellowish or pinkish,

a’.

Forewing with prominent series of

medial spots; hindwing with fuscous

terminal band .2..0-,eu-secne ‘inert Gea leanne he

6b‘. Forewing with medial line.

a*, Forewing with antemedial line or diffused

band.

a®. Forewing with the medial line strongly

excurved below costa, then confluent

with the antemedial band ...............

b°, Forewing with the medial line more or

less straight and oblique.

a’, Forewiug with the whole terminal area

fuscous, confluent at. middle with

theme dialehine We. ssereccet) ef ence sees

6’, Forewing with the termen yellow or

pink.

Forewing with series of elongate

postmedial streaks, often conjoined

int ovaybroadibandy tt. slo saee cesar

b*, Forewing with much narrower post-

Gee

medial band composed of short

confluent streaks,

a®,. Forewing with the postmedial band

not confluent with the medial line

EN aaah ary erie H etal, <a atonhancendaends crecon

b°. Forewing with the en band

confluent with the medial line at

IMMER PMANS UM wecnnaces/oe=age==ectenotass

c*, Forewing with postmedial series of

short well-separated streaks or

points.

a®, Forewing dull semihyaline yel-

lowish with terminal series of

POINUS eaenencalaccamenceces aa ences

b°. Forewing pale yellow; hindwing

with oblique medial line.........

b°, Forewing with antemedial series of well

separate points,

. 1460.

14618. umbrosa.

1438,

1453,

1440,

1454,

1455,

varians.

nebulosa,

Fuscalis.

énconspicud .

rubricosa

congerens

floccosa,

ruptifascia,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

a°®, Forewing with broad diffused medial

Watt geek oh ce staacst ested Cea aenveasdayeasensdinss 1442,

6°, Forewing with narrow medial line.

Cm,

a’, Forewing with the postmedial streaks

arising from the medial line below

VG uIMRAS aes eatin ea la OR Pee Seeatesaest 1432,

b’, Forewing with the postmedial streaks

or points well separated from the

medial line.

a® Forewing with the medial line slight-

ly incurved at median nervure,

a®, Forewing with the medial line excury-

ed below, tne cell sence. cessanecceenssne .... 1461,

b°. Forewing with the medial line not

excurved below the cell ............... 1437.

b8, Forewing with the medial line straight

or slightly excurved at middle......... 1441,

Forewing without medial line.

a°. Forewing with broad postmedial band with

irregular outer edge.

a®, Forewing with the ante- and postmedial

bands confluent at inner margin......... 1458,

b°. Forewing with the ante- and postmedial

b’.

a>,

a‘,

bands well separated at inner margin... 1459,

Forewing with postmedial series of five

ila,

parallelina,

andamana,

strigipennis.

arcuata,

nubilalis.

humilis.

OMNES: See se bk asl wetted: Meee. ees 1439a. disticha,

*, Forewing without postmedial bands, streaks,

or points,

Forewing deep orange,

Forewing with the costa towards apex and

ORME MAREK «Ai tw MAstettsceteelecacteoret ase 1451,

Forewing with the costa towards apex and

termen not black,

Forewing with complete subtermina! series

Ob black spots ieeoe Greene descictessccee 1449,

Forewing with the subterminal spots

reduced to four or absent ..................06- 1452.

Forewing pale ochreous-yellow.

Forewing with subterminal series of spots.

Forewing with terminal series of points ... 1443.

Forewing with two points on middle of

POLI tea sae ese ene eee ed aeteeieaa seas ines 1446,

a Forewing without terminal series of points, 1448,

cylletona,

infumata,

discisigna.

solita,

secpuncta.

dharma,

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11.

b+, Forewing without subterminal series of

spots,

a°, Forewing with discoidal black spot ......-.. calamaria.

b°, Forewing without discoidal black spot.

G5. Worewine erimsOm cee .eenagieeeesiasasersc cece 1417, anomala.

b°, Forewing greyish with crimson streaks on

inner margin and costa and antemedial

and medial dark lineS..........0s0--00 Bp er 1415. rubrimargo.

c*, Forewing greyish with crimson streaks in

the interspaces and black streaks on the

NIGHUDG) Gangesedecoanea Ranceicoo sto- 95 Gos) Season eee. 1475, esmia,

d° Forewing uniform pale brown............... .. 1481. uniformis,

61, Forewing white with brown markings,

a?, Forewing with the postmedial area occupied

by a broad brown band with curved series of

iA OWS) | OCOMITEUIS) (let Ty ho ga Aoosceoccsoca ossnecocecrepane"o4 1423, frigida,

b2. Forewing with narrow postmedial brown band

OP MONS ssaesoosd ae 3, cobseoedbeaercacnocodeactiseenarecds . 1422. hilaris.

1426a, ASURA PUDIBUNDA, Snell,, Veth’s Midden Sumatra, Lep., p. 38, pl. 3,

f, 16 (1880).

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; vertex of head and patagia with

black points ; thorax irrorated with black scales ; tibie and tarsi pink banded

with black. Forewing ochreous suffused with pink on costal area beyond

middle and on postmedial area ; the basal area with patches of black scales

and subbasal black point ; an antemedial black line excurved from below

costa to vein 1; a medial line obtusely angled in cell; a discoidal spot; a

postmedial line running out below costa to a very elongate tooth on vein &

retracted to lower angle of cell ; then with along tooth followed by two

shorter teeth ; a curved subterminal series of black points, thoseon veins 5 and

7 displaced inwards, and oblique below vein 4. A fine black line on costa

towards apex and on termen; cilia irrorated with black except at tips.

Hindwing tinged with pink ; the underside with blackish postmedial spots

on costa beyond middle and below apex.

Habitat.—Khasis ; Sumatra. zp. 20 mill.

1426. AsuRA UNDULOSA, del. Lyclene assamica.

14260. AsuRA OBSOLETA, Moore, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 32, pl. 3, f. 7.

@. Yellow ; patagia and metathorax with black points ; fore tibie and

tarsi banded with black. Forewing with subbasal black point ; a small wedge-

shaped subbasal spot below costa and two below the cell followed by the

curved antemedial series of spots ; a medial point below costa and line from

subcostal nervure to inner margin excurved below cell and angled inwards in

submedian fold ; a discoidal point; a highly and irregularly dentate post-

medial line strongly bent outwards below costa and to inner margin, and

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 58

aN)

with longer teeth on veins 7, 6 and 4, a series of spots beyond it, with the

spot on vein 4 displaced towards termen,

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Pulo Laut. Exp. 22 mill,

1463, ASURA EUPREPIOIDES, insert (syn.) Hypocrita inclusa, Snell., Tijd. v.

Ent. XX., p. 68, pl. V., ff. 2 a. ¢. (1877),

1462, AsuURA CONJUNCTANA, insert ( syn, ) 14630, Miltochrista eschara.

1429, ASURA SEMIFASCIA, del, var. metamelas and Lyclene obsoleta.

1461c, AsuRA NEBULOSA, Moore, P. Z.S., 1878, p. 35.

Q. Yellow ; mesothorax with obscure brownish mark ; abdomen yellowish-

white, Forewing with subbasal black point ; the costal edge streaked with

black towards base ; an antemedial and a curved medial brownish and fuscous

line, confluent below the cell and expanding into a large patch on inner area ;

a very broad brown-edged fuscous postmedial band with sinuous inner edge

becoming confluent with the medial band towards inner margin, its outer

edge angled at veins 6 and 4. MHindwing yellowish-white with indistinct

diffused fuscous subterminal band.

Habitat —Sikhim, Lzp, 24 mill.

1453. AsuRA obliqua insert Lyclene INCONSPICUA, Moore, P. Z. 8.,

1878, p. 32, which has precedence.

1456. ASURA FLOCCOSA, insert ( syn. ) 1457, Miltochrista subcervina.

1437. ASURA STRIGIPENNIS, del. Lyclene inconspicua, and insert (syns,

Barsine circumdata, Wlk., XX XI, p, 262 (1864) and Lyelene fruh-

storfert, Auriv., Ent. Tidskr., XV., p. 172 (1894).

1459. AsURA HUMILIS, del, Setina calamaria, S, nebulosa, S. dasara, Barsine

chromatica and Setina punctata, and insert (syn.) Lyclene semi-

circulata, Heyl., C. R, Ent. Soc. Belge., XXXV., p, 415 (1891).

1449, AsuURA INFUMATA, del. Setzna discisigna,

1452, AsuURA aurantiaca insert Setina DISCISIGNA, Moore, P. Z. 8, 1878

p. 35, which has precedence, and (syn. ) 1450. Miltochrista Papen.

1448a, ASURA CALAMARIA, Moore, P, Z, S,,1888, p. 392.

Setina punctata, Elwes, P. Z.S., 1890, p. 389, pl. 32, f, 18.

Q. Pale ochreous; shoulders and mesothcrax with black spots; fore

tibiz banded with fuscous ; extremity of tarsi fuscous, Forewing with

subbasal black point and discoidal spot, This may be an extreme form of

dharma,

Habitat,—Simla, Dalhousie, Sikhim ; Borneo; Java. Exp, 24-30 mill,

Genus NEPHELOMILTA.

Type

Nephelomilia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 468 (1900). suffusa.

Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ;

antenne of female ciliated ; tibie with the spurs short, Forewing with

vein 2 from beyond middle of cell, oblique ; 3 from before angle; 4°5 stalked ;

6 from below upper angle; 7-89 stalked ;7 from beyond 9 ; 10:11 free ;

584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCTETY, Vol, X11,

hindwing with vein 2 from beyond middle of cell ; 3:4 stalked ;5 from far

above angle ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell, i

e/ 1439. NEPHELOMILTA SUFFUSA.

Nephelomilta suffusa Q +.

Genus MILTOCHRISTA,

Type.

Miltochrista, Hiibn., Verz,, p. 166 (1827)........:.. ... mie miniata,

Calligenia, Dup,, Cat. Lep Hur,, p. 59 (1844)............... miniata.

Ammatho, Wk. , TIT,, 759 (1853) ...5.0. sensseenes cooneneesess delineata.

Cabarda, Wik., XX VITT., 435 (1863) .....c eee cee cee ee eee sequens.

Castabala, Wik., XXXT., 270 (1864)... 0.0. escscceceseecease roseata.

Mahavira, Moone, 185 Dy S, , 1878, p. a Jefe ae BRE eam esla chete flavicollis.

Gurna, Swinh,, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, p. 123 (1892) . indica.

Sect. I. (Miltochrista), Forewing of male with the Noh

nervure bent upwards at extremity, the discocellulars

short.

A. Forewing with strongly dentate postmedial line ... 1425. dentifascia.

B. Forewing without dentate postmedial line ......... 1424. strigivenata.

Sect. II. Forewing of male normal.

A. (Mahavira), Antenne of male serrate with very long

bristles and fascicles of cilia.

a. Forewing without series of black spots ........... 1317. flavicolis.

b. Forewing with series of black spots ......s...... 1386. macutifascia,

B. Antenne of male with bristles and cilia.

a. (Gurna), Hind tibie of female with the medial

SFOS PORTED scope ensoa oourendecoiagbecus » aodesdactdoune oor 1420. indica.

b. (Barsine), Hind tibie of female with two pairs

of spurs.

a’, Forewing with the cilia blackish.

a Forewing with the cilia black near middle only... cardinalis,

b2, Forewing with the cilia wholly black.

Gis Hindwing black with yellow fascia on basal

Wale GE CO Stas co ce eae caes ee eae EL att 1497. postnigra,

b*, Hindwing yellow or crimson,

a*, Hindwing with terminal fuscous band ......... .. 1469, punicea.

b+, Hindwing without terminal fuscous band, the

veins of terminal area often streaked with

_ black,

fi:

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 585

a°. Forewing crimson, or with crimson markings,

a°, Forewing with the medial line strongly

angled inwards in cell to join or almost

join the antemedial line.

a*. Forewing with the medial line strongly

angled inwards in submedian fold ...... 1468. cunconotata,

b’. Forewing with the medial line not angled

inwards in submedian fold.

a°*, Forewing with the postmedial line minute-

IyR Gem abe Nn. asatavasincucene ssaene caveats iets 1467, exclusa.

6°. Forewing with the postmedial line not

dentate.

a®, Forewing suffused with crimson ............ 1470, cruciata,

b°, Forewing yellow with crimson streaks

In;GhewMteRspacesw inc dae ansacee en eewedasen 1471. inflexa.

b°, Forewing with the medial line not angled

inwards in cell.

a’. Forewing without crimson spot in the

ANIL CES DACESH.cahinancanesetavenasccaessentossnast ect 1469a@. mesortha.

b’, Forewing with crimson spots in the inter-

SIOEMEGRIO acteg-eocunce sobgdnbee noo sbocencdeneosca, sae 1474, delicia,

b°, Forewing without crimson markings. ............. 1431, multistriata,

b+, Forewing with the cilia not blackish.

a’, Forewing fuscous with yellow spots, lines, and

HOBTMCNW cles Wa ceue-sdctuavaconseseavswvascuemevcdeceusuhed 1277. roseata.

6°, Forewing not fuscous. ;

a°®. Forewing with crimson spots and streaks in the

ULE SPACES pcs acisc sasanjonldoaansceidee taeaee Mea ameenten miata s 1473, gratiosa,

6°, Forewing without crimson spots and streaks,

a*, Forewing with the veins of terminal area

streaked with black.

a°, Forewing with subbasal series of spots,

a°, Forewing with series of spots just beyond

the antemedial series.

a’. Forewing pure white with medial yellow

ATIC Mr ctcie Yoissiccs<csoncenaeetemeeeencnit mente anaeee 1461a, eccentropis.

6’. Forewing with the ground-colour yellowish,., 1436, maculifas-

ciata.

b°, Forewing with medial series of spots,

a’. Forewing with the postmedial line strongly

Gematiel ssa .-caserenen re hata te 1430. nigralba.

b’, Forewing with the postmedial line slightly

bent outwards beyond the cell ............... 1464. radians.

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11,

ec’, Forewing with continuous or almost continu-

ous medial line.

a*. Forewing with continuous or almost conti-

nuous postmedial line,

a®, Forewing with the postmedial line not den-

Wake ATSVOUIIGS, .<teclssacateutisctee cael eeaeeenerase 1465. zebrina,

b°, Forewing with the postmedial line strongly

dentate mtivielm (Gi icest.hccrtccaabeaneaaseeseaaes 1428, prominens,

b’, Forewing with the postmedial line reduced

LOwWerles Of jSpPObS si. z csccnswacosnateth. oaeuuensen 1434. delicata.

b°, Forewing without subbasal series of spots ...... 1483, linga.

b*, Forewing with the veins of terminal area noi

streaked with black.

a°, Forewing with purplish-fuscous streaks in

the interspaces beyond the postmedial line. pheeoxanthia,

6°, Forewing without fuscous streaks beyond the

postmedial line

a®, Forewing with medial line ................ aaioanen proleuca,

b°. Forewing without medial line.

a*, Forewing with postmedial series of

points,

a°*, Patagia and base of forewing with black

SPOUS cLodhcncdiee cacadapnevceeacerasststense bales ets 1447, spilosomoides,

6°, Patagia and base of forewing without black

BP OWS secre sec. ciicemievsrentslonide ease ederonenmaanceneranar 1444, magna.

b*, Forewing without series of points.

a. Horewing pale ochreous:.2.21.22-c:-ec---eea~a0 1445, perpallida,

OP Morewing pure: wherein cccesseoe eneseecncece 1445a, hololeuca,

1424, MILTOCHRISTA CARDINALIS, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B.M., IL, p.

480, pl, xxxii, f. 8 (1900),

Vertex of head and thorax brilliant scarlet ; palpi, frons, antenne, pectus,

legs, and abdomen black. Forewing brilliant scarlet with a black streak on

median nervure from origin of vein 2 widening gradually to termen ; cilia

black near middle, Hindwing black. Underside of forewing with the termi-

nal area suffused with black from below costa to above inner margin,

interrupted by a crimson streak at vein 4,

HabitatSikhim, Khasis. Exp. g 20, 9 28 mill.

1468. MILTOCHRISTA CUNEONOTATA, del, Barsine scripta.

1467. MILTOCHRISTA ExcuUSA, del. MV. rhodina,

1473, MILTOCHRISTA GRATIOSA, insert (syn.) Barsine lucibilis, Swinh., Cat,

Het. Mus, Oxon., p. 107, pl. 3, £. 6.

1433, MILTOCHRISTA LINGA, insert (syn.) Barsine tripartita, Wlk.,, XXXI.,

p. 250 (1864),

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. “87

1433a. MitTrocHrisTA PHROXANTHIA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B. M.,IT.,p.

493, pl. xxxii, f, 23 (1900).

Q. Head and thorax yellow ; abdomen yellowish-white. Forewing bright

yellow with purplish-fuscous markings ; an ill-defined antemedial line pro-

duced to long teeth in cell and submedian fold and to a short tooth below

costa, on vein 1 retracted towards base ; a postmedial line strongly bent

outwards below costa, then oblique and minutely dentate ; a series of streaks

in the interspaces beyond it extending to termen at apex and tornus, and

almost to it at vein 4 ; aseries of slight brownish terminal points. Hindwing

pale yellow slightly tinged with fuscous towards apex.

Habitat.—Khiasis, Exp, 24 mill,

14336. MILTOCHRISTA PROLEUCA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep, Phal. B. M., II, p.

494, pl. xxxii, f, 28 (1900).

@. Head, thorax and abdomen white irrorated with fuscous, Forewing

white, the costa tinged with fuscous, the inner area irrorated with fuscous ;

a fine medial black line, incurved from below costa to submedian fold where

it is angled outwards. Hindwing pale fuscons, the cilia white.

Habitat.—Sikhim, Ezp, 24 mill.

1445, MinrocaristA PERPALLIDA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,II., p.

495, pl, xxxii, f. 22 (1900)= pallida, Moore, nec Bremer.

Genus PHILENORA, Type.

Philenora, Rosenst,, A. M, N. H. (5), XVI, p. 382 (1885) ......... undulosa,

Sceodora, Meyr., P. Linn. Soc. N.S, W. (2) I, p. 731 (1886). omophanes,

Notata, Hmpsn., Il, Het. B, M., VIII, p. 47 (1891).......0608 parva,

Ochrota sKarby) Cat. Heti;p. 352 (1895) s..-<.-s:eseereseee-cee unicolor,

Diphtheraspis, Meyr, P, Soc, Queensland, VIII, p,74 (1894),. modica,

PSCULONCO ESL Ey RLS, MOOS NL LOt cevncrth soscalesa cht dacdecanees unicolor,

The typical section is without the patches of androconia on fore- and

hindwings.

Sect. I. (Wotata), Male with large eliptical patch of black androcenia in,

below, and beyond cell of forewing on underside and a similar patch on

upperside of hindwing below costa.

1411. PHILENORA PARVA.

Genus CycLOMILTA.

Type.

Cyclomilta, Umpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IT, p. 512 (1900). melanolepia.

Proboscis aborted ; palpi minute, antenne of female with bristles and

cilia ; tibize with the spurs moderate. Fore-

. g wing eliptical, the costa and inner margin

z strongly arched, the apex rounded ; vein 2

= from middle of cell, curved at base ; 3 from

s well before angle ; 5 from above angle : 6

from well below upper angle; 7-°8°9°10

Cyclomilta melanolepia, Q +

stalked ; 7 from beyond 9 ; 11 free, Hind-

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL AISYORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1II,

wing with vein2 from beyond middle of cell; %'4 shortly stalked ;5 from

above angle ; 7 from before upper angle ; 8 from towards end of cell.

1458a. CycLOMILTA MELANOLEPIA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., II, p.512,

Q. Orange-yellow ; abdomen and hindwing paler, Forewing with blue-black

subbasal spot in cell; a large fuscous-grey patch from middle to near termen

not reaching costa; its outer edge irregular and irrorated with large black

scales most thickly between veins 3 and 5.

Habitat—Sikhim, 1800’. Ep, 28 mill.

Genus SCHISTOPHLEPS,

1492, SCHISTOPHLEPS BIPUNCTA.

Genus CHAMAITA,

Sect. I. Forewing with vein 10 absent in both sexes.

1493. Chamaita neuropteroides, insert C, trichopteroides, W1k., J, Linn, Soe,

Zool., VI, p. 121 (1862);and Homopsyche nudariodes, Butl,, A.M. N.H(5),X, p.226

(1882), which have precedence, Assam ; Borneo ; New Guinea; New Britain.

Sect. II. Forewing with vein 10 absent in male, from cell in female,

1434, CHAMAITA NYMPHA,

Genus PALMOPSIS, ; Fr

1491, PALOPSIS DIAPHANELLA. : te) Nal

Genus HEmrrsiiia,

Hemipsilia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., IT, p. 532 (1900).

Proboscis well developed ; palpi porrect, not reaching as far as frons;

antenne of male ciliated ; tibis with the

spurs short ; wings thinly scaled. Forewing

_with the cell very long ; vein2 from middle ;

3 from long before angle; 5 from well

above angle ; 6 shortly stalked with 78 ; 9

Hemipsilia coa-vestis, @ + absent ; 10 from cell; 11 curved and becom-

ing coincident with 10. Hindwing with the cell very long ; vein 2 from

middle ; 3 from long before angle ;. 5 from well above angle ; 6°7. stalked ; 8

from middle of cell.

1489, HEMIPSILIA COA-VESTIS,

Genus NUDARIA.

A, Forewing without fulvous-yellow patches,

a, Forewing without dark wedge-shaped patch above corns:

a}, nt ewing with postmedial line,

2, Forewing with the postmedial line oblique

from median nervure to inner margin ...1487. fasciata,

b2, Forewing with the postmedial line bent

outwards to inner Margin .........ce.seeseeres 1488, margaritacea.

b1, Forewing without postmedial line ............... 1486. suffusa.

b. Forewing with dark wedge-shaped patch «bove

VU LORMUS eeasan, accent ssou89 spa sesqesonsaoe ‘eosut .--1488a. fumidisca,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 589

B. Forewing with fulvous-yellow postmedial patch

-below costa, and three patches on terminal

area COMPOlMed at) WASC..-1a<scc-<.seraeceereanemyeet=n 1488c. discipuncta,

1487. NupARIA FASCIATA, insert (syn.) 1488). NV. promelena,

Genus GYMNOCHROMA.

Gymnochroma, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,II., p. 537 (1900).

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons

, andclothed with rough hair ; head, thorax,

and abdomen clothed with rough hair ;

antenne ciliated, the basal joint long a'd

fringed with rough hair in front ; tibie

with the spurs moderate, Forewing rather

narrow ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from

Gymnochroma fulvipicia & 3. long before angle; 5 from middle of

discocellulars ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 absent; 9

from angle ; 10°11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from middle of cell; 3

from long before angle ; 5 from far above angle ; 6:7 strongly stalked ;

8 from middle of cell ; wings sparsely clothed with hair-like scales.

1486a. GYMNOCHROMA, FULVIPICTA,

Genus DiIpDuUGA.

Sect. I.. (Androstigma), Antenne of male pectinate, the apical part ser-

rate ; hindwing with rounded patch of androconia at tornus.

1398, DIDUGA ALBICOSTA. :

Sect. II. ( Diduga ). Antenne of male ciliated ; hindwing without patch

of androconia,

A. Forewing with crenulate yellow costal fascia.

a, Forewing uniform fuscous, except the

costal fascia and terminal band............ 1397. flavicostata.

b. Forewing becoming dull rufous towards

IOHEP WALCO stesese- ences: Badgesaedsedace«taneed 1398a. rujfidisca,

Bb, Forewing with yellow postmedial spot only

HOT, “CO SUR” aac ciennien was cineene sraiieetaasusadcerarnes 1396. fumépennis,

Genus ConosiA.

; Type.

Conosia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., IT, p. 542 (1900)...... ASperste ,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, reaching as far as frons ; antenne

of male with bristles and cilia; tibize with

the spurs moderate, abdomen clothed

with rough hair. Forewing with the costa

nearly straight, the apex rectangular ;

the inner margin witha slight tuft at

ae tornus ; vein 2 from middle of cell;

Conosia aspersa & }. 3°4 on a long stalk ; 5 absent ; 6-7 and

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

8:9 on long stalks ; 10 free ; 11 anastomosing with 12. Hindwing with vein 2

from middle of cell; 3:4 on a long stalk ; 5 absent ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 from

middle of cell.

1377a, CoNnosia ASPERSA, WIk., Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool., VI, p. 104 (1262).

Lithosia wylinoides, Wlk., Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool., VI, p. 107 (1862) ; Swinh.,

Cat, Het. Mus. Oxon., p. 123, pl. 14, f. 17.

Head and thorax grey-brown ; abdomen grey with some fuscous before

the anal tuft, which is yellowish. Forewing grey irrorated with brown ;a

medial blackish band strongly angled below costa or often almost entirely

obsolete except a spot on costa ; traces of a curved subterminal line. Hind-

wing fuscous, paler towards base ; the cilia pale.

Habitat—Mergui ; Borneo,

Exp. @ 26, 9 32-36 mill.

Genus HUGOA.

1402. EuGoa BIPUNCYATA, insert (syn.) Lithosia trifasciata, Snell., Veth’s

Midden Sumatra, Lep., p. 33 (1880).

Genus CYCLOSIELLA,

Type.

Cyclosiella, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., II, p, 548 (1900)...... dulcicula,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, short; antenne of male

, ciliated; tibize with the spurs moderate,

Forewing short and broad, the costa

arched, the apex rounded ; vein 2 from

middle of cell curved at base; 3 from

before angle; 4:5 stalked; 6-7 and 8-9

stalked ; 10-11 free, Hindwing with vein

Cyclosiella dulcicula, & 3. 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3°4 stalked ;

5 absent; 6-7 stalked ; 8 from middle of Cell.

1409, CyYCLOSIELLA DuULCICULa, Assam; 8S. India.

; Genus TRISCHALIS.

A. Forewing with whorl-shaped mark on inner area ......... subaurana,

B. Forewing without whorl-shaped mark on inner area...... absconditana.

1408¢, TRISCHALIS SUBAURANA, WIk,, XXVIII, 432 (1863),

Pallene metalligera, Butl,, A. M. N. H. (5), X., p. 226 (1882).

@. Golden yellow. Forewing with pale purplish-fuscous line from middle

of cell recurved to above inner margin near base, then more prominent,

running up to vein 2 and round back again to vein 1 before middle ; a pale

purplish-silvery line, often diffused, from below costa beyond middle, curved

to middle of termen and tornus ; some silvery scales on apical part of costa,

Hindwing paler.

_Habitat—Andamans ; Labuan ; Borneo ; New Britain. Zz, 22 mill.

1408, TriscHatis flava, insert Tospitis apsconpirana, WIk, XXVIIL,

432 (1863), which has precedence, Assam, Ceylon.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 591

Genus STIGMATOPHORA,

Type.

Stigmatophora, Stgr., Stett, Ent. Zeit., XLI, p. 399 (1881) ... micans.

Proboscis well developed ; palpi porrect to just beyond frons ; antennz

ciliated ; tibize with the spurs rather

long. Forewing with vein 2 from

middle of cell, oblique; 3 from

before angle ; 5 from above angle ;

67 and 89 stalked ; 10:11 from

cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from

Stigmatophora palmata, Q +. middle of cell ; 3 from near angle ;

4-5 stalked; 6:7 stalked ; 8 from

middle of cell. .

A. Forewing white with black streaks ................2. 1403. strigivenata.

_ B. Forewing pale yellow with purple-black streaks..1435. palmata.

C. Forewing yellow with crimson streaks............... 1404. vroseivena,

Genus TROPACME,

1410. TROPACME CUPREIMARGO.

Genus HeEmonia.

1383. HEMONIA ORBIFERANA,

The Genera Curoba, Macrobrochis, Migoplastis, Dilemera, and Nyctemera

belong to the Hypside,

The Genera Eligma, Secusio, Argina, Tatargina, and Deiopia belong to the

Arctiane, :

The Genera Kerala, Lobocraspis, Ptyopterota, Anachrostis, Tolpia, Galleridea,

Cacyparis, Chandica and the Nycteoline belong to the Noctuide,

1351, Lithosia colon is a synonym of ILema Bipuncra, Hiibn, The type in

Coll, Staudinger is from Natal, not Sylhet.

592

A PLEA FOR THE COLLECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF

INDIAN CULICIDI4, WITH SUGGESTIONS AS

TO MOOT POINTS FOR ENQUIRY, AND A

PRODROMUS OF SPECIES KNOWN TO ©

on THE AUTHOR.

By Geo. M. Gires, Lr.-Con., I.M.S.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 11th

December, 1900.)

Within the last week we have received in India the details of the

experiments conducted in the London School of Tropical Medicine

under the direction of Dr. Manson, which conclusively demonstrate

that malaria can be transmitted to man through the agency of mos-

quitoes. A number of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles were allowed

to bite a patient suffering from tertian ague in Italy. They were then

transported to Hingland and made to bite two healthy young English

students. Both these gentlemen developed tertian malarial fever,

and the characteristic parasites of the disease were found in their blood.

I can see in this experiment no possible source of falacy. It is

absolutely conclusive of the fact that this is at the very least one of

the methods of the transmission and propagation of the disease; and

a very little consideration will shew any one conversant with the data

of parasitism that it is also necessarily the only one, saving only by

the intravenous injection of the blood of a patient suffering from mala-

ria into the vessels of a healthy subject, a method Homclly ae -

occur in nature.

The reason for our assurance of thie is that the rnalenrial ean

requires two successive hosts—a human being and a mosquito—to attain

sexual maturity and propagation, In the blood of the fever patient it

multiplies non-sexually ; in the tissues of the mosquito it does so sexu-

ally. Now there are a large number of parasites which have an exactly

parallel history, the most familiar being that of the tape-worm, which

lives and multiplies asexually in Herbcvora and other eaten animals,

and passes its sexually mature life in the Carnivora, and other animal-

eating animals. Just as it is possible to introduce an asexually multiply-

ing malarial protozoon mechanically into the veins of a healthy man, so

would it, doubtless, be practicable in these days of abdominal surgery to

lay open the intestine and introduce into it a living tape-worm, which

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDIZ. 593

would, doubtless, continue to thrive in its new host. But in the ordi-

nary plan of nature the eggs discharged from the bowel of the eating

animal are discharged in situations when they are likely to be

swallowed by the eaten animal, and in the latter produce the asexually

multiplying bladder worm. This, when swallowed with its eaten host,

developes in the eating animal once more into the sexually multiplying

tape-worm.

Now, although we are acquainted with a large number of parasitic life-

histories of this character, we know of no instance in which a parasite

with such a history is capable of maintaining the continuity of the

species in any other manner, and it will be, indeed, astonishing if the

malarial parasite should prove an exception to what has been hitherto

found to be an unvarying law of parasitism.

_ In fact, no one who has any special knowledge of the subject will

believe that. there can under the circumstances be any other route of

infection. Hither the idea that the mosquito is the alternative host of

the malarial parasite is a huge mistake, or it is, under natural cireum-

stances, the one and only method of infection. There is no tenable

middle position.

Most of the apparent exceptions depend on the fact that, like most

other two-host life-history parasites, the host carrying the sexual phase

of the malarial parasite may do so for years without any perceptible

inconvenience. A bladder worm may have to lie imbedded in the tissues

of an ox for years before the animal is turned into beef and devoured

by a man.

Then its opportunity has come and it developes into a tape-worm,

each sexually multiplied strikle of which is a complete hermaphrodite

sexually mature animal. |

So with the malarial parasite. An infected person may have no

visible symptoms, but lurking in his tissues are the parasites ready to

start again on their course of asexual multiplication should any acci-

dent bring the resisting power of the hust sufficiently low.

Hence persons who have had no recent opportunity of being bitten

by mosquitoes often do develop a typical ague, but the fact remains

that they must have been bitten at some time, and as a matter of fact,

the interval is a concern of but little moment to the parasite. The

patient, in fact, though apparently well, has latent malaria ; in other

594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

words, he harbours but.a harmless number of quiescent parasites, and the

exception is only apparent. The fact of the possibility of the trans-

mission of malaria in this way having thus been now conclusively

demonstrated, we may take it as practically certain that every malaria]

patient has at some time been bitten by an infected mosquito. Further, it

appears probable that only mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are cap-

able of acting as the host of the asexual stage of the parasite, but this

‘is not certain, Now the malarial parasite is responsible for by far the

greatest proportion of all sickness and death in the tropics.

Cholera and Plague are comparatively insignificant enemies that per-

haps kill a few thousands a year, in an impressive way it is true. But the

quiet, insidious malaria sweeps off its millions, and the utmost effort that

has yet, been made in India has been the vote of the magnificent sum of

Rs. 30 per monsem by the city-fathers of Calcutta, to hire a man to

destroy mosquito larve. I doubt if India will ever bea pleasant

residence for the white man for the greater part of the year, but I am

by no means sure that the tropics would not be well nigh as healthy

a residence as the temperate zone, could we but do away with malaria.

Under these circumstances, it is obvious that the first step in the

attack of the preblem of prevention is the acquisition of an exact know-

ledge of the life-history of the various species of mosquito of each

malarial country, and this isa task which might well be taken up by

the members of this Society, and it is to urge upon you how much

might be done by a body animated by a common interest in natural

history, such as the Bombay Natural History Society, that I am so

glad to comply with the request that your Honorary Secretary has

done me the honour to make to me of contributing a paper on the

subject to your transactions. Such experiments and observations are

badly wanted, for the number of workers is extremely small, and it is

surprising how difficult it is to induce people to go to the least trouble

either to observe or even to avail themselves of what is already known

to protect themselves from the attacks of the most widely spread

and destructive of tropical diseases.

Such being the case, I would suggest to the members of the Society

the following points for collective effort and investigation :—

_ 1. To make a representative collection of the mosquitoes of India.

In which connection I shali be happy to receive, and, as far as possible

;

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDLA. 55

name all collections sent tome. Wherever possible, it will be well to

send a series of specimens, so that it may provide for sending duplicate

specimens to Mr, Theobald, who is also working at the group for the

British Museum, and to admit of specimens being returned for the

reference of the collector, as well as providing specimens for the

Society’s collection.

2. The identification of larvae and pupz with their corresponding

adult insects, which is best ascertained by “ breeding out.” In conducting

such experiments it is important to copy, as nearly as possible, natural

conditions. It is, for example, very difficult to keep Anopheles larvee

alive for any length of time, except in a large apparatus in which

natural conditions are followed. A large naund, half filled with mud

from an Anopheles pool, and filled with its water covered witha

correspondingly large net, is required.

3. The manner in which each species tides over the season un-

favourable to its multiplication. Anopheles, e.g., at any rate, in Northern

India, is rare in the hot weather, but I am inclined tc believe that a

careful search will discover all stages of the insect all the year round.

And, in any case, the adults, though scarce in the hot weather, are

never entirely absent, but it may be that larvz also survive in

suitable localities. At present, in the Norta-West Provinces, for

example, larvee are to be found in great numbers, but pups are very

rare, It may be, therefore, that the duration of larval life is protracted, —

and that the change with the pupal stage is indefinitely postponed

by a cold which is yet insufficient to kill the larve outright.

It has been suggested that the adults deposit their egos on dry

ground, in places likely to be covered with water in the rains. Zoologi-

eally speaking, this is in the last degree improbable, but the question

should be tested. To do so, a known Anopheles pool should be covered

in, after it has dried up, with wire gauze.

Ifthe idea be founded on fact, larvee should be found during the

following rainy season in the pool thus protected from the visit of

adult females.

It has also been suggested that the larvee can resist dissecation. I

have experimented on this point and find that the larvee die and decom-

pose long before the mud in which they have been stranded is anything |

like dry, but confirmatory observations are desirable.

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1/1.

4. The method and place of deposition of ova.—As regards Anopheles

there is a good deal of doubt. I have never found the eggs except on

water, and it is in the last degree unlikely that they are ever

deposited elsewhere. Observations of insects placed under such

unnatural surroundings as the interior of a test tube are valueless in

such connection, as the gravid insect must drop her eggs somewhere.

As a colleague of mine remarks; he knew of a case of a lady who

was confined in a brake-van, but it does not follow that a train in

motion is the natural lying-in place of the human female. I have

known Culeaw pipiens deposit eggs in a pill box, but the ova so deposited

though promptly placed in water, failed to hatch out.

Jt is rather difficult to distinguish the eggs of Anopheles, owing to

the smallness of the groups. The best plan of searching for them

is to skim the surface of the pool with a table-spoon and to examine the

water so skimmed in a shallow glass vessel placed on a sheet of white

paper by means of a powerful hand Jens. A very good weapon for

skimming is the table appliance known as a “ crumb-scoop.”

5. Methods of destroying mosquitoes——I fear that the task of

preventing malaria by the systematic destruction of Anopheles larve,

is a much larger order than we have been led to believe. It has been

gravely suggested that a map of such pools should be prepared for

every town, but in India, in the rains, such maps would have to be on

a large scale, for they are simply everywhere. Asa rule, you will not

find them in large collections of water, especially in the open, but

every depression in the road-side ditch, every garden irrigation tank,

every hydrant-fed puddle is full of them. I have met with them in a

depression in the asphalted platform of a busy railway junction, in

brickfields, in soakage pools, in river beds in the hot weather ; in fact,

in every possible situation. Nor do they seem very particular as to

the cleanliness of the water, or as to its being rich in green alge.

It would, indeed, require a small sanitary army, and an inquisitorial

search of private premises, such as would never be tolerated in India,

to deal with them by kerosine or other larveecides.

But this admitted, there is no doubt a good deal might be done in

the way of diminishing their numbers even if they cannot be exter- »

minated, and in the matter of individual prophylaxis a great deal could

be accomplished, as these insects rarely fly far, and there must be

ae aa

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDIZ. 597

hundreds of Europeans whose bungalows are so far from neighbonrs,

that they might secure a practical immunity from mosquitoes of. all

sorts, by the expenditure of a very little troubleand attention. In this

part of the world at any rate the great source of mosquitoes of all sorts,

Anopheles included, are the small pukha tanks which are to be found in

nearly every compound for storing water for the garden. In most gar-

dens there will be half a dozen of these connected with each other and

the well-head by means of cemented channels. All that is required is

to insist that these and all naunds and other small storages of water

shall be emptied to dryness, and left so for a few hours, once every

week or ten days.

If every one in an Kuropean cantonment would do this they would

be but little troubled with mosquitoes even in the rains and might

almost banish them in the hot weather. Secondly in the rains search

the compound and its environs for pools. Fill up the small ones

with a few shevels of earth and kerosine the large ones. The exca-

vation made at the end of the run for the bullocks from the well-

head is an almost certain find for Anopheles in the rains. It should

be kerosined weekly. Such measures, however, cannot deal with adult

mosquitoes that are already harboured in the house, and they are long-

lived insects. It is usual to lime-wash houses in the cold weather.

This should he preceded by a thorough fumigation with sulphur;

pastiles for which purpose, each sufficient for 1,000 cubic feet of

room-space, have been made for me by Messrs. Waldie of Cawnpore.

Favourite lurking places, such as bath-rooms, should be periodically

fumigated by burning one of these pastiles. It is almost needless

to say that all doors and other openings should be closed before

lighting the pastile and that it should be left closed for a few hours,

Again a good deal can be done by keeping “

and dawn; just the times they are usually freely opened. It seems

well nigh impossible to induce people to adopt these simple and not very

onerous precautions, but will some of the members give the matter

a systematic trial and report on the result thereof ?

With the view of assisting members who are unaccustomed to the

entomological Branch of Natural History studies, your Secretary has

kindly consented to reproduce the following notes. on methods of

collecting which I have drawn up for private circulation among friends

chicks”? down at dusk

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11,

who helped me by collecting but which has not as yet been issued as I

have not yet received the fair proof :—

NOTES ON THE COLLECTION AND

PRESERVATION CF MOSQUITOES,

Mosquitoes or gnats are small, two-winged insects (Déptera) and are all,

except in the small genera Corethra and Mochlonyx, provided with a long,

suctorial proboscis. In all cases, the males have beautifully plumed antenne,

while those of the females, though also 14 or 15-jointed, have only a few

scauty hairs, They are too well known to require minute description,

and are unlikely to be confused with any family but the Chironomide or

midges, from which they may be distinguished by the fact that, in all

mosquitoes the veins of the wings are fringed with scales, like those of but-

terflies and moths,

Springing from either side of the root of the proboscis are two feelers or

palpi which, in the males, are usually about the length of the proboscis, but,

in the females, differ in length in the different genera.

Behind the wings are a pair of club-shaped organs, the halteres or ballan-

cers, which represent the hinder wings of four-winged insects, but in gnats

are probably auditory organs, The thorax also carries three pairs of legs,

each consisting of two short pieces, the coxe, at their root, followed by the

femur, tibia, and five tarsal joints, the first of which last is generally as long

as, or longer than the tibia. Hach leg ends in a pair of claws, often of com-

plex form in the males, between which are plume-shaped epipodia which, by

retaining air, enable the insect to pitch and float upon the surface of water.

The abdomen shows eight visible segments and terminates in the males in

a pair of claspers, and in the females in lobed appendages.

Like all other Diptera, gnats undergo a complete metamorphosis.

The adult insects deposit their eggs on the surface of standing water, and

from these are hatched out larve, which may be found, in warm climates, in

almost every small collection of water.

After about ten days, the larvae change into small, tadpole-shaped creatures,

the nymphs or pup#, provided with a pair of breathing horns, springing

from the back of the thorax. While in this stage they do not eat, and after

about three days, the pupa-skin bursts along the middle, and the full-grown —

gnat slowly extricates itself and flies off. They generally pair immediately

after, but many species do not deposit their eggs until they have obtained

a feed of blood. As arule,it is only the females that bite, and they only

occasionally ; the more habitual food of these insects being the juices of

plants.

The adult insects are found, not only in houses, but in groves, forests, and

in any other situations where shade can be obtained during the day, while the

iarve and pup are common in all small collections of water where there is

——

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICID/#, 599

no strong current. | In the hills, they are common in pools in water courses,

They are to be found in all countries from the Tropics to the Polar regions,

and some species have so wide a distribution as to rival that of man, In all

countries the adults may be found at all seasons of the year, the maintenance

of the species being secured by the survival of impregnated females, which

hide and remain quiescent during seasons unfavourable to the well-being of

the larve. No instance of survival of quiescent larve is known, but the

possibility of such a habit should be borne in mind and | oked for.

In attempting to describe a mosquito, the exact position of all bandings,

¢.g., Whether at the base or apex of joints and segments, and of all spots on

the wings, or elsewhere, should be carefully noted.

The gnat family (Culicidw) includes some seven or eight well-established

genera, of which the two following are most important :—

ANOPHELES.—Palpi about as long as the proboscis in both sexes,

but tapered in the females, while they are clubbed in the males,

They rest on walls, &c., with the body at an angle to it, the pro-

boscis pointing at the wall. Their eggs are deposited either singly

or in small groups ; and their larve have no long breathing tube but

lie nearly horizontal at the surface of the water, There are about

30 species.

CULEX.-—Palpi about as long as the proboscis in the male, but rarely

clubbed ; very short in the female, Rest on walls with the body par-

rellel to the surface ; eggs deposited in boat-shaped masses consisting

of 200 to 300 eggs, Larve: lie in the water as if suspended by the

tail from the surface, and are provided with a long breathing tube,

springing from the back of the eighth abdominal segment. There

are over 160 known species.

Less important genera are

AEDES.—Palpi very short in both sexes.

MEGARHINA.—Palpi usually long in both sexes —Large, brilliantly

coloured, sylvan species.

CORETHRA and MOCHLONYX.—Small, hairy gnats, unprovided with

the usual long proboscis, In the latter genus, the first tarsal joint

is short.

COLLECTING.

Mosquitoes may be collected—

(2) Byslipping over them a small wide-mouthed bottle, as they sit on

a wall or window, for which purpose a small “ killing bottle ” is best.

(6) By means of a net :—Bend 2 yards of stout iron wire so as to form

a ving 9” in diameter, with a-handle about 2 ft. long, formed of the two

ends twisted together, The net is a bag 2 ft, deep, secured to the. ring, and

should be made of fine silk gauze (chiffon) and astrip of cloth should be

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X11I,

wound round the twisted wire of the handle to afford amore comfortable

grip.

pools, and in domestic collections of water, and when undisturbed, generally

remain at the surface.

Place a score or so of full-grown larve and pupéee,in the water in which

they have lived, in a tumbler, and tie over it a coveriug of gauze supported on

a twig or piece of wire, bent into an arch,

In the course of a few days the adult insects will escape from the pup and

be found in the gauze. They should not be killed for a day or two, and it is

better to introduce a slice of banana into the net so as to enable them to

feed, and so fill out to their full size.

When a sufficient number of specimens have appeared and been pinned

the remaining larve should be preserved in a small phial, in rectified spirit,

or in 4°/, formaline solution, and marked with a distinguishing letter or

number in order to identify them with the adult pinned insect.

KILLING COLLECTED MOSQUITOES.

The first step in the preservation of collected specimens is to kill the

mosquitoes, and for this the best plan is to employ a “killing bottle”

which any one can easily manufacture for himself,

Those supplied by dealers are always far too large for small Diptera such

as the Culicide.

Select a wide-mouthed phial about 33” high by 2” wide, fitted with either

a well-fitting cork, or preferably with a metal screw-top.

In the latter case the disc of cork in the top of the cap should be

removed and replaced with one of thick rubber, which may be secured in

position by means of ordinary bicycle tyre-repairing cement. Mix equal

bulks coarsely powdered cyanide of potassium, and dry plaster of Paris,

and put a depth of 3” in the bottom of the bottle ; dust over this a little

dry plaster ; and then pour over all, 2” in depth, of liquid plaster of the

consistence of cream, When the plaster has set, the bottle is ready for

use,

A bottle such as this is very handy for slipping over and catching sitting

mosquitoes, as in a few seconds the insect is stupified, and drops into the

bottle uninjured by attempts to escape, When the insect has been taken

by the net, the bottle is passed into it, and it is easy to slip the bottle over

it as it sits on the gauze. The mosquito should never be left in the bottle

for more then 90 seconds or it will get too stiff to be conveniently set ;

and it should be pinned immediately.

Another very effectual killing agent is tobacco smoke, which may be

applied by holding a lighted cigarette a few inches beneath the net and

letting the stream of smoke play over the entangled insect—or by puffing

smoke from the lips into the pill box or bottle, if it has been caught in

that way. ; i

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDIZ7. 601

Chloroform is useless for the purpose, as the insects recover after setting,

but a scrap of blotting paper moistened with dilute hydrocyanic acid, and

slipped into the pill box or bottle, answers very well,

PRESERVING THE INSECT.

Tt is of course very easy to mount mosquitoes as microscopic specimens

in balsam, or to preserve them in bottles in spirit ; but suck specimens are

absolutely useless for identification, as their coloration depends entirely on the

reflection of light from the scales with which they are clothed, and is lost

if they be immersed in balsam or any other fluid.

For identification, the insects must be pinned as described below :—

Requisites—

1, No, 20 Insect pins: (Obtainable from D. F, Tayler & Co., New

Hall Works, Birmingham). A quarter of an ounce, costing

about half a crown, will last a long time.

2, Card dises—cut from rather thin cardboard by means of a 20-bore

gun-punch.

3, Asmall flat piece of cork, covered with white paper, on which to

place the insects while pinning them.

4, Ordinary toilet pins of medium size.

5, An insect box.—Any small wooden box, not less than 13 inches

deep, may be utilized for the purpose by covering the inside of

the bottom with a sheet of ‘‘cork carpet,’ cork, or solah pith.

If intended for transmission by post, they must be very strongly

made, If intended for receiving a permanent collection, they

should have dust-proof lids and be made as nearly air-tight

as may be. In any casea small muslin bag, full of naphthalin

or camphor, should be securely pinned into a corner of the box so

that it cannot move, and it is a good additional precaution to

paint the entire inside with strong spirituous solution of per-

chloride of mercury.

TO PIN THE MOSQUITO.

1, Take a disc and write on it date and place of collection. “ House,”

“bites” “sylvan”—or other information; also a distinguishing

letter if there be several species,

2. Place the disc, writing upwards, on the piece of cork and then take an

insect pin in a pair of forceps close to the point and transfix the

disc near the middle,

3, Place the mosquito on the cork on its back,

4, Take a pin, with the disc on it,in a pair of forceps near the head

and, holding it so, pass the point through the thorax of the insect

between the roots of the legs from venter to dorsum,

5, Pass a common pin through the disc, near the edge, and force the

point of this into the cork at the bottom of the box,

602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

6, Spread out and arrange the legs and wings in suitable position by

means of a fine handled needle,

After a few trials, it will be found that pinning an insect in the way above

described involves far less trouble than making it into a microscopic

specimen; but, if materials for pinning be wanting, fairly recognizable

specimens may be made by mounting the insect dry, in a deep cell or in

one of the slides recommended by the late Dr, Carpenter for mounting

foraminifera.

These consist of a slip of deal 3”x1”x 7k” with a hole 32” in the middle,

This perforation forms the wall of the cell and is closed on both sides with

ordinary cover squares, secured in place by perforated labels, so that the

specimen between the covers can be viewed from either side. The sides of the

perfor-tion should be brushed with creosote to prevent mildew, and the prepa-

ration dried as rapidly as possible in the sun,

Wings monnted dry as microscopic specimens are however valuable, but

when made, great care should be taken to mark with corresponding letters,

slide and pinned specimen, without which latter such slides are valueless,

Specimens may also be transmitted fairly safely, in short lengths of glass

tubing of a size just sufficient to admit the insect, but too small for it to

shake about easily, The tubes should be simply tied up ima square of

muslin, as if sealed ; the contents are certain to mildew ; but whatever plan

you adopt, ON NO ACCOUNT PACK INSECTS IN COTTON WOOL, as

it is impossible to extricate them from it without breaking them.

Just as mature insects can be obtained from larve, so it is generally

possible to get larve from the former ; but a somewhat larger apparatus is

necessary. Take an earthenware dish,at least 1 foot in diameter and 4

inches deep and fill it with puddle water which has been strained through |

muslin to avoid the falacy of its already containing larve. A cover is

made for this consisting of a square of thin plank a few:inches wider than the

dish, with a large hole occupying the greater part of its centre, In the four

corners are small holes into which are fixed four small upright sticks about

18” high so as to form the supports of a miniature mosquito net made of

gauze or the material known as “ leno,’ and is made close by means of

tin tacks, to the edges of the plank.

The whole thing can be lifted off and on to the dish, and when in position

a mosquito introduced into the net is securely confined, The triangular

corners of the board can be utilized to carry banana or syrup as food, or may

be smeared with mud in order to ascertain if the species ever deposit eggs

in such situations, It is best to experiment with females that have had a

feed of blood; or, in the case of sylvan gnats, with specimens taken in the

open, as unless fully fed, they will rarely deposit their eggs. The form of

the egg boats, or groups in which the eggs are deposited, should be carefully

noted, and the larve preserved, when sufficiently grown.

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDIG, 603

Tt is rarely necessary to confine males as most species couple immediately

after escape from the pupa.

The above appliance is also useful for obtaining from larve, large numbers

of individuals for use in observations on malaria, filariasis, &c. A piece of

cardboard is slipped under the opening so as to close it, and in this way the

contained mosquitoes can be carried without injury to the subject of

experiment, and liberated under his mosquito net by simply removing the

card and inverting the net.

The writer will be extremely grateful for any specimens collectors may

send him to the undermentioned address—

G. M. GILES, M.B., F.B.C.8,, Lieut-Col., 1.US.,

Byfield Mannamead, Plymouth,

England.

(Author of ‘“ A Handbook of the Gnats or Mosquitoes.” London :

John BaJe, Sons, and Danielsson, 83, 85, Gt. Titchfield Street, Lon-

don, W.)

A PRODROMUS OF THE INDIAN CULICIDE.

Two years’ ago, when I took up the task of collecting the literature of

the Culzeide, ibis an actual fact that no more than four species were

recorded as having been found in all India, There was in fact

hardly any other known country with such scanty records of the sub-

ject.

The subjoined list includes 32 species, and I have little doubt the final

total of species will be found to be not far off a hundred, as new species

are constantly turning up, and I find that many Huropean species are to

be met with in the Himalayas, while the wide range of climate of the

plains renders the occurrence of a wide variety of forms a practical

certainty.

The species enumerated below it must be understood are merely those

that. have been verified by myself. When Mr. Theobald’s work on the

collections that have been made for the British Museum appears, the

number will doubtless be largely increased. In the case of new species

it must be understood that the names are provisional, as it is very possible

that, though we are in correspondence, some may have been described

under a different new name by him.

The short descriptions are based on a systematic plan in which

only a few points are noticed, and the number preceding the name

refers to the position the species takes, or would take, in the system

of tabulation adopted in my recently-published Handbook of the

group.

604 JIURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1/1,

Family CULICIDA.

Subfamily CuLicin 2.

Genus I. MEGARHINA, R. Desvoidy.

6. MEGARHINA IMMISERICORS, Walker.

Caudal adornment yellow and black. Tarsi with certain broad bands

whitish. Thorax metallic green; scales on costa blackish. Calcutta,

Travancore, Ceylon, Burma.

8. MEGARHINA SIKKIMENSIS, Giles.

Caudal adornment yellow and black. Tarsi with certain joints or

bands whitish. Thorax chocolate-coloured, with a greenish lustre.

Col. Brit. Mus. sent by Mr. G. A. Dudgeon.

Genus II. ANOPHELES, Meigen (1818).

5. ANOPHELES ROssII, Giles.

Wings with four black spots on the white costa, and some of the

other veins with alternate portions white-scaled and black-scaled, form-

ing indistinct additional spots ; tarsal joints pale grey with minute

apical bands ; abdomen indistinctly banded, the lighter basal portion of

the segments greatly preponderating ; thorax without longitudinal

markings. Found throughout India.

15. ANOPHELES FULIGINOSUS, Giles.

Wings very dark, but with three small white interruptions on the

costa ; abdomen uniformly black, The last two hind-tarsal joints white,

the rest black, saving a minute ring on articulation between the second

and third joints : apex of palpi white. Found throughout India.

16. ANOPHELES NIGERRIMUS, Giles.

Wings intensely black, except two very small yellow interruptions

on the costa, the outer one of which is sub-apical, and a few white

dots on the longitudinal veins ; abdomen entirely black ; tarsi with

apical whitish rings to some of the joints ; apex of palpi black.

This may possibly be identical with An. pseudopictus, Grassi. Found

throughout India.

21. ANOPHELES LINDESAII, Giles.

Wing not distinctly spotted, but with the costa and some of the

anterior veins black-scaled, giving a diffused darker appearance to this

portion of the wing, the rest of its scales being grey, with the excep-

tion of a small whitish spot at the apex of the wing ; tarsi without

bands. Thorax black, with a large well-defined patch, forming the

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATIUN OF INDIAN CULICIDIZ, 605

greater part cf the dorsum, grey, saving a very fine black median line.

Abdomen nearly black, the hinder border of the segments darkest.

Taken at Bakloh, Punjab Himalayas, and also at Naini Tal; not

common.

Possibly purely a hill species, I have not been able to find its larves.

Genus III, PPOROPHORA, R. Desv.

4, PsoROPHORA sp.

Q. Wings brindled with alternate ochreous and dark brown scales ;

apical and internal fringe with eight dark interruptions. Legs banded,

ochreous, and white, Palpi of ? half the length of the proboscis.

Received from Major Close, I.M.S., Moradabad.

5. PSOROPHORA sp,

I am inclined to think that the above are identical, but the point

cannot be decided without comparison. Both are large insects covered

with woolly tomentum and looking much more like dung flies than

like ordinary mosquitoes.

Myingan, Burma. Coll. Brit. Museum.

Genus V. CULEX, L.

1. CuLex miveticus, Noe. (1899).

Wings spotted ; anterior margin black, interrupted by three

linear, pale yellow intervals about equal to the black spots in length,

Body with smooth tomentum ? Abdominal segments with pale hasal

bands ; tarsal joints with white basal bands. Proboscis banded. The

femora of the middle legs are thickened at the base. A small species

which mimics An. superpictus, the wings presenting a strong super-

ficial resemblance to those of that species. Length about 5°6 mm.

Taken at Bakloh, Punjab Himalayas, in May; at Shahjahanpur,

N.-W. P., in early October ; in the Nilgiri Hills ; and apparently

common all over India. }

3. OuLex annuLatus, Schrank.

With five, or more rarely fonr, black wing-spots. Tomentum

smooth ; tarsi conspicuously banded ; thorax not dorsally orna-

mented ; palpi of the male longer than the proboscis.

Bakloh, Naini Tal, in the rains,

4, CULEX sPATHIPALPIS, Rondani (1872).

Wings with three black spots formed by accumulations of scales ;

tarsi with obyious bands; tomentum smooth; thorax dorsally

606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

ornamented with white marks ; palpi of the male rather shorter than

the proboscis, the last joint somewhat spatulate (approaching the

characters of Anopheles). |

Naini Tal, in the rains.

13. CuLEx Taniatus, Meigen.

C. elegans, Ficalbi (1889), C. rossi, Giles (1899), “ Jour. Trop,

Medicine,’’ p. 64.

Wings unspotted ; joints of the tarsi with basal snow-white rings ;

thorax black with a pair of submedian, snow-white lines forming

a V behind, and two lateral semilunar patches, prolonged posteriorly

into fine lines of the same ; abdominal segments biack with basal

white bands best marked in front ; nape with six silvery lines.

A truly cosmopolitan species, common throughout India. Varies

greatly in size. A dwarf variety from Calcutta is the smallest true

enat I have met with.

21. Cunzx axpopictus, Skuse.

Wings unspotted ; tarsal joints banded white, on the first two

of the fore and middle, and on all those of the hind legs ; dorsum of

thorax traversed by a line of silvery scales for rather more than its

anterior half ; ihe pleure silvery spotted ; abdominal segments

narrowly banded silvery, and with lateral silvery spots: femora

slightly tipped silvery. .

Mr. Theobald regards this as a synonym of C. scutellaris, Walker,

but as the latter has three thoracic stripes, not one, I conclude the

species are distinct. Appears common all over India.

45, CULEX IMPELLENS, Walker.

Wirgs unspotied ; tarsi brown with very minute basal lighter band

to all the joints, and a light knee-joint ; thorax unadorned, brown ;

abdomen brown, with yellowish basal bands to the segments. Proboseis

brown, with a broad yellowish band beyond the middle.

Shahjahanpur ; October. This corresponds with my notes on the

type, but, without actual comparison, the identification must not be

considered final. This species persists throughout the cold weather in

the N.-W. P.

45a. CULEX TRITHNIORHYNCHUS, sp. n.

Wings unspotted; tarsi minutely basally banded pale ochreous ;

thorax unadorned, fuscous; abdominal segments fuscous, with rather

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDIZ, | 607.

narrow yellowish-white basal bands. | Proboscis with three ochreous

bands.

Travancore—From Captain James, I.M.S.

46a. CULEX PERTURBANS, Walker.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi with lighter basal bands ; thorax unadorned ;

abdomen with ochreous apical bands. Proboscis with a single ochreous

band, a little beyond the middle. Wing scales of the usual form.

54. CuLEex DIVvEs, Schiner.

Wings unspotted ; tarsal joints basally white-ringed ; thorax

and abdomen dark brown, with minute white dots laterally. Apices

of palpi, bases of antennz, and frons white-scaled.

I have not personally verified the occurrence of this form, and perhaps

its habitat hardly entitles it to be considered an Indian species.

V 63a. CULEX PSEUDOTANIATUS, sp. n.

Wings unspotted; tarsi black with white rings formed on the

bases and apices of contiguous joints. Thorax black, elaborately

adorned with fine white lines (almost as in C. teniatus, Meig.) ; abdo-

minal segments black with narrow basal bands: venter pale fawn.

The general colouration is an intense violet-black.

Mr. Theobald regards this asa synonym of C. notoscriptus, Skuse,

but there are several notable differences, and Skuse’s description is too

minute to assume these as due to oversight.

Bakloh and Naini Tal.

V 64a, CULEX GUBERNATORIS, sp. nu.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi each with two bands, one at the base of

the first, the second over articulation between first and second joints ;

thorax sooty, with a round anterior median and four lateral spots at

the corners of the notum ; abdominal segments black with large snowy

lateral spots, anda minute terminal median spot on the last ; venter

sooty. Allahabad Government House Garden.

98a, CULEX BITENIORHYNCHUS, ‘sp. n.

Wings unspotted ; tarsal joints deep brown with ochreous bands at

base and apex so that two joints combine to form rings at the articula-

tions ; thorax unadorned, black, covered with mingled black and golden

scales ; abdominal segments black with distal ochreous bands. Pro-

boscis black with two ochreous bands at the tip and in the middle.

Travancore—from Captain James, I, M. 8S.

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X111/,

95. OULEX ATRIPES, Skuse.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi uniformly coloured ; thorax dark violet, with

prothoracic lobes, the pleuree, and a spot in front of the wings

silvery ; abdominal segments not banded, but with a silvery spot on

either side ; knees with a minute spot.

The specimens | refer to this species were received from Calcutta

and are considerably rubbed. Iam very doubtful as to the identifi-

cation as the venter is not entirely silvery but more or less banded, -

In the absence of perfect specimens, however, it is inadvisatle to

attempt to establish a new species. :

V 95a. CuLex panaLxctorts (Alcock’s gnat), sp. n.

Wings unspotted; tarsi unbanded, nearly black; thorax dark

mouse colour, adorned with lighter lines of the same tint precisely

as in C. tematus, Meig.; abdomen sooty, dorsally unadorned, but

with lunate silvery apical bands to the segments as in C. ventralts,

Walker.

This species may possibly be C. ventralzs, Walker, but the wings do

not correspond to my notes on the much mutilated type in the

British Museum.

Received from Major Alcock, Superintendent, Indian Museum,

‘Caicutta.

97. CuLEX FATIGANS, Wied.

Wings unspotted; tarsi uniformly brown ; thorax with a median

and two lateral dark lines, the latter much the most conspicuous ;

abdominal segments brown, with basal whitish bands ; knees utn-

spotted. This is a most puzzling species. Mr. Theobald tells me that

it would be possible to differentiate some 30 species or varieties more

or less running into each other. In most of these there are no signs

of thoracic ornament, He differentiates all, however, from C. pipiens,

L., by the closeness of the posterior transverse to the middle trans-

verse vein. In any case, during the dry weather, it is out and away the

commonest of Indian mosquitoes, and some of its forms are to be

found throughout the year. During the past hot weather it was a

perfect plague in Lucknow.

\) 99a, CULEX PULCHRIVENTER, sp. 0.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded, black; thorax golden-scaled,

with a fine median and broader lateral bare black lines; abdominal

PLEA FOR INVESTIGATION OF INDIAN CULICIDLZ, 609:

segment black, snowy basal bands, and the venter elaborately adorned

with golden snowy white and black markings.

Naini Tal.

100, CuLEx FuscaNnus, Wied.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded ; thorax rather dusky, with grizzly

hairs arranged so that the ground-colour shows through as four (darker)

lines ; abdominal segments dusky, with light grey apical bands.

. “ Hast India, ”’

I have as yet met with no species corresponding to this description. _

108. CuLEx concoLtor, R. Desvoidy.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded ; thorax pale red with three in-

distinct brown lines ; abdomen pale yellow with dark incisuree, 2.e.,

apically lighter ; wings with the veins nearly nude.

Appears to be common all over India in the rains.

V 122a, CULEX MICROPTERUS, sp. n.

Wings unspotted; tarsi unbanded ; thorax dorsally unadorned but

with white spots on pleurz ; abdominal segments black, with white

basal bands expanding into lateral spots, and a distal fringe of yellowish

hairs ; wings proportionately very small. |

Allahabad, Lucknow ; in the rains.

V 130a. CULEX ALBOLINEATUS, sp. n.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded, brown ; thorax unadorned, black-

grounded, with bronzy tomentum ; abdominal segments black with

greenish-white basal bands and a broad brownish-white median line.

Shahjahanpur ; October.

131. CuLEX pipiens, L.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded, brown; thorax pale testaceous,

unadorned, black when denuded ; abdominal segments reddish-brown,

with yellowish basal bands, narrow in middle, but expanding laterally ;

knees unspotted.

Naini Tal.

¥ 13la. CULEX VIRIDIVENTER, sp. n.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded, dusky ; thorax chocolate-brown

with bronzy tomentum ; abdominal segments with yellowish basal

bands having a blunt backward median prolongation ; venter almost

naked, save for a few colourless scales, green in fresh specimens ; knees

with minute lighter dots.

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Mr. Theobald regards this as one of the numerous varieties of C.

fategans, Wied., but the deltoid extension of the abdominal bands

makes it easily distinguishable in the fresh state ; and it is moreover a

hill species, whose larvee are capable of maintaining them in pools in

the course of hill torrents.

150. CuLEx oprurBans, Walker.

Wings unspotted ; tarsi unbanded ; thorax with brown tomentum,

unadorned ; abdomen cupreous-greenish, with a white dot near the

tip..

Appears to be common all over India during the rains.

Subfamily CorerHrina.

Genus Vil. CORETHRA.

9a. COoRETHRA ASIATICA, sp. n.

Wings unspotted ; legs uniformly coloured, antennee unbanded ;

generally pale, the thorax witha faint darker median line.

Shahjahanpur, N.-W. P. ; October.

This is the first record of the occurrence of any member of the

subfamily, so far as I am aware, in Asia.

snc a= a Sec ta Ue gt aa alee aay

Journa! Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. Xili. Zl

‘

Breathing apertures The anterior parts are shown tn

the prone position and the hinder

ends in profile, owing to the body

being twisted by the pressure of

the cover glass,

Breathing tu ve...

Anopheles Culex, .

&. M. Gites, de nat, del.

J pac Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. X!1.

Abdomen

Hach segment

showing

lighter tinted

basal banding

Ree.

Cc. fatigans, Wied.

————_

—#

= ——

——

Mosquito pinned on disc.

je Co é —

pt. st. Tt.

Wing of C. impeliens, Walker. x 33 diams.

BRI el secs wae auxilliary vein Se ... Subcosta! cei!

1 to 6_........first to sixth longitudinal veins B.! __Tirst basal cell

h,.............humeral transverse vein Bi 2a secona basat celt

Saito ee supernumerary transverse vein A.......-..-...anal cell

Mite. _middle transverse vein Axpse lies axillary cell

Dailies eae posterior transverse vein §._...........spurious cell

Greate a costal cell a. f anterior fork cell

Divi eae posterior Tork cell

APCortez & C2. Bombay.

611

BURMESE SNAKES.

NOTES ON SPECIMENS INCLUDING 45 SPECIES OF OPHIDIAN

FAUNA COLLECTED IN BURMA FROM ist JANUARY

TO 30TH JUNE, 1900.

By Carr, F. Wat, I.M.S., anp Vety,-Capr, Gro, H, Evans, A.V.D.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th Feb., 1901.)

We have confined our remarks to departures noted from Boulenger’s work,

incorporating a few notes of general interest,

(1) AsBLaBES PORPHYRACEUS.—Four specimens, from Taounggyi, Southern

Shan States, east of the Salween River,and North Chin Hills.: Anterior chin

shields—contact with four lower labials (4). Ventrals—217. Colour—all the

adult specimens are of a pale brownish-lilac colour with from 14 to 17 large

elliptical links thrown transversely across the body and ending close to the

ventrals. These links are dark purplish-black, thinly outlined with dull

white, and enclose large islets of the ground-colour, or a slightly modified

shade of the ground-colour, They encompass from 6 to 8 scales vertebrally

in the fore-body, where they are longer than the interspaces, but decrease in

width posteriorly, where they become much narrower than the interspaces,

About mid-body a pair of longitudinal purplish-black stripes with dull white

edges appear, and as these pass backwards and become more distinct, the

links gradually fade. The first link, which lies on the neck, throws forward

a purplish-black streak to each eye, and a similar streak occupies the median

line of the crown,

Under parts dull white and immaculate.

A young specimen, 93” in length, presents a very different aspect, The

ground-coloar is dull yellowish-white, and the body is crossed by 15 dark pur-

plish-black elliptical bars on body and 4 cn tail, all equally distinct and of uni-

form colour throughout. These are picked out marginally with dull white, and

the longitudinal stripes seen in the hind-body of adults are entirely wanting,

Ingesta—a full-grown mouse (1).

(2) AMBLYCEPHALUS ANDERSONII.—One specimen from Taounggyi, Southern

Shan States. Length—143"; tail 13”. Inter-nasals—more than 31rd, less than

3 prefrontals. Prafrontals—3-+ parietals, Ventrals—158, Subcaudals—a5.

(3) BunGarts CERULEUS.—Three specimens, variety magnimaculata (2),

from Monywa and Meiktila, U. B. Ina paper on snakes collected in Burma

in 1899, contributed by us to the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal,

Vol. XIII, No, 2, we gavea description of what we suspected to bea new

“ krait,’ and mentioned that since the advent of the current year we had

obtained two more specimens from the Southern Shan States and Meiktila,

Since then we have received particulars regarding one of these specimens from

Mr, Thompson, to whom we were indebted for it. Mr, Thompson, it appears,

found the specimen in Monywa, U. B. (the locality our first specimen came

from) in 1893, and not in the Southern Shan States as reported by us, and was

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

so convinced that it was a krait hitherto undescribed, that he carried it

about for seven years from station to station till, through his kindness, it

finally reached our hands, Until such time as we have collected more speci-

mens and can positively separate it from B. ceruleus, we propose to refer to it

as Bungarus coeruleus, variety magnimaculata, Length—4! (1); 4'-32" (1),

Anterior chin shields—larger than posterior (2), and in contact with four

lower labials (2). Ventrals—-226 (1); 228 (1). Variety—semifasciatus.

One specimen from Rangoon (spirit specimen, old). Postoculars—1 Kh,

(two confluent), Anterior chin shields—contact four lower labials,

Sub-caudals—54,

(4) Bunearus FAscIATUs.—Seven Specimens from Rangoon and districts

L, B, and U. B. Length—5’-9” ; tail 53”, This was an enormous specimen,

and was flushed near the Chinese Cemetery, Rangoon, and was surrounded by

natives. It took to water (a shallow pool), and refused to budge in spite of

stones and other missiles thrown at it. It made no attempt to escape, and was

finally despatched with a shot gun,

(5) CALLOPHIS MACCLELLANDII.—One specimen from the Pegu Yomas

(hills), Frontal—32-3 parietals, Anterior chin shields—contact four labials,

Ventrals—229. Colour—light red with thirty-one thin black white-edged

bands round body and four round tail, These black bands are complete (é.c,,

ventral) and one scale in breadth, The intervals are 6—7 scales broad and

have a small black spot on each side midway. A broad black collar with

equally broad white bands across head behind eye, anterior to which the head

is again uniform black excepting labials, which are white.

Under parts pale pinkish-yellow with large black islets implicating 3-4

ventrals between each black band in whole length, Chin and throat uniform

whitish,

This specimen was most unfortunate: he was trodden on by a wounded

elephant while going over soft ground, and despite this fact was undamaged.

It was, indeed, bad luck to be bottled after such a narrow escape.

(6) CALLOPHIS MACULICEPS.—Two specimens, Moulmein and Rangoon,

Ventrals--185 (1); 188 (1).

(7) CaNnToRIA VIOLACEA,—One specimen from Wakema, L. B. Frontal—

greater than distance to end of snout, Anterior chin shields——-contact four

labials (L), Ventrals—260, Sub-caudals—53. Colour—the cross bands are

pale yellow, and number 56 on body and 13 on tail.

(8) CrRBERUS RHYNCHOPS.—Twenty-two specimens from Rangoon,

Moulmein, and Myaungmya, L, B.

This species is extremely common in Rangoon, and judging from the numbers

that we have met with in certain creeks connected with the Rangoon river,

they must exist in many thousands. We have been accustomed in our

evening walks to visit frequently one little creek in particular, This cliannel

is about 10 yards across where it enters the river, but half a mile inland

BURMESE SNAKES. : 613

narrowing more and more till eventually it is nothing more nor less than

a drain a couple of yards wide. In this drain, which is some 300 yards long,

we frequently see as many asthree of these snakes in an evening, often

more, At low tide, when the water is more or less stagnant in the ditch,

they are commonly seen lying quite still on the mud, partially or wholly

immersed, at other times moving slowly in quest of food, searching and

prying into every crevice and corner, as they move stealthily along the bank,

sometimes wholly disappearing down a crab hole for a minute or more, but

generally keeping in the drain and only wandering,so far as we have been

able to ascertain, on to the adjacent land which is flooded at high water

or, what is more probable, are left there when the tide recedes, Sometimes

they practice a curious and interesting manoeuvre as follows :—Lying

perfectly still for an interval with their length parallel to the run of the

ditch, they cautiously make a sweeping movement with the caudal extremity

of their body across the drain, first on one side and then on the other, thus

driving any creatures within reach, forwards within their sight and sometimes

within their grasp, At high water the current appears to stimulate them

to active movement, and at this time they may be swimming vigorously or

hiding behind some object which breaks the force of the current, where they

will lie waiting for creatures to be brought within their grasp. As a rule,

they move with the tide allowing themselves to be carried on, and the

majority return on the ebb in preference to being left where the water is

scanty or absent. Atthe last of the ebb, where the increased incline in

the bed towards the mouth of the creek causes a rapid flow, they may

be seen coming down frequently (a dozen or more in the course of a few

minutes), and here with their caudal extremities they often lash themselves

to any convenient object—an anchor rope, bamboo stake, or submerged

branch—and from this purchase sway to and froin the current, We have

observed them lying on branches overhanging the stream even to a height

of three feet and more above the water, having doubtless been left there by

the ebbing tide. They are not easily alarmed, for one can get within a yard

or two of them without much caution. We have often jumped the ditch

close beside them, and then placing a cane beneath them tossed them into the

air in order that they might fall on the road hard by where they could be easily

captured. On land, when aroused, they are extremely active, and strive to

escape rather than menace, except when a stick is placed across the back, or

they are grasped by anything, when, like other snakes of the most timid disposi-

tion, they will strike and bite the offending object with great malice. In the

process of catching them we have observed that they emita peculiar and

unpleasant odour not dependent on the evacuation of the cloaca. We, on

one occasion, found a mud fish in the act of being ingested, but their chief

food in these creeks, at any rate, appears to be the walking perch which are

extremely plentiful, and it is generally the fry that is selected

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

We have kept several specimens in captivity, and even in the carliest days

of their incarceration they have been wonderfully phlegmatic and pacific,

taking no notice of objects thrust at them or even rapping the glass, not even

retracting the head when their snouts lay in contact with the glass on the

other side.

(9) CHRYSOPELEA ORNATA,—Eleyen specimens from Rangoon, Thayetmyo,

L,B., and Taounggyi, Southern Shan States, Anterior temporals—one (R and

L) (1); this was occasioned by a confluence of what should have been two,

Labials—9, 4th, 5th, and 6th touching the eye (R.and L) (1); 10, 5th and 6th

touching the eye R (1); 10, 5th and 6th touching theeye L (1). Anterior

chin shields—contact with six lower labials R and L (1), Scales—keeled in all

specimens, sometimes indistinct. Ventrals—two last (as well as anal) bifid (1).

Sub-caudals—$3,

Ova—Two enlarged ovarian follicles—27th May, 1900.

Nine eggs (five in one ovary, four in the other) 29th June, 1900. Ingesta-

Gecko— Hemidactydus frenatus (1); a gecko’s tail (1); a lizard, Calotes versico-

lor (1).

It is worthy of note that before the advent of the rains we procured two

specimens only, viz.,one from Thayetmyo, L. B., and the other from Taoung-

gyi, Southern Shan States. After the rains broke in Rangoon (about 30th

April) during the months of May and June we obtained nine specimens, all in

Rangoon ; (with the exception of a break from 6th to 14th May, it has rained

more or less continuously in Rangoon since 30th April, before which date we

had no rain),

(10) CoLuBER OxycrPHALUS,—One specimen from Nyounglén (Amherst

District), L. B. Frontal—less than distance to’ end of snout, Anterior chin

shields—contact with five lower labials. Scales—in 23 rows usually, some-

times 24, but. nowhere 25. Sub-caudals—131. This was a fine specimen,

and measured 7, tail 1/-82”. He was perched ina tree overhanging the bed

of a dry nulluh, in which some Karens had dug a sand well. The Karens lit

a fire under the tree in order to do some cooking ; the smoke ascending to

the branches caused him to beat a hasty retreat; he came down straight

through the party and was captured ; he was very vicious at first, and made

a low hissing noise. None of the Karens volunteered to carry the snake to

camp, as they said though the bite of the snake was not fatal, the pain and

swelling occasioned by it would assuredly lay a person up for three months.

The snake some days previous had received a dah cuta little distance

from the tail; the vertebral column was severed, and the wound was full of

maggots, otherwise the specimen was perfect,

(11) CoLusBeR rapraTus—Seven specimens from Rangoon and Prome,

L. B., Myingyan, U. B.,and Taounggyi, Southern Shan States, Length—

5/3”; tail 113”. Temporals—one anterior (Rand L) (1). Scales—19 (7).

Colour—a very young specimen we received is exactly similar in markings

BURMESE SNAKES. 615

to adults, but had not the same richness of colour; (the specimer had, how-

ever, been in spirit some time).

(12) CyYLINDPOPHIS RUFUS.—One specimen from Bhamo, U. B. Scales—

19. Sub-caudals—6. 2nd, 3rd, 4th entire ; remainder divided.

(13) DENDROPHIS PICTUS.—Five specimens from Bassein, Pegu, Salween,

Rangoon, L. B, Frontal—less than distance to endof snout (1), Post-

oculars 3,R and L (J), Temporals (1), Anterior R. and L. (1). Ingesta—a

tree frog too digested to recognize (1). One in captivity was very timid ;

when originally caught by the tail its efforts were confined to struggling to

escape, Ji did not menace at all. When caged it cringed when the glass was

tapped, and readily sought the remotest part of the cage to avoid molesta-

tion ; never striking,

DIPsas CYANEA (?)—A slough was sent us bya gentieman residing near

the large Kokine lake, some four miles from Rangoon town. He found the

slough in an upstair bed-room of his house. With the exception that half

the tail was missing it was perfect, Length—4’-7"; tail (?) Labials—7 (3

and 4) touching the eye, Rand L, Anterior chin shields—contact four labials

R and L, Scales—mid-body 23, There is little doubt in our. minds

that this diagnosis is correct, The locality is some three miles from

where we procured our first specimen already recorded,

(14) Dipsas HEXAGoNoTUS.—Nine specimens from Rangoon, Thayetmyo,

Bassein, L, B., Mandalay, Katha, U.B., and Taounggyi, Southern

Shan States. Anterior chin shields—contact three labials, L. (1), Scales 19

(8), 21 (1). Sub-caudals—89, Ingesta—Lizard, probably Calotes mystaceus

much digested (1). Ova—one captured 17th June, 1900, contained six eggs,

the largest of which measured 13” x =,”. These were hardened in alcohol,

but we failed to discover any rudiments of an embryo.

(15) Dirsas mULtTimacuLatTa.—Thirteen specimens from Rangoon,

Thayetmyo, Myaungmya, L. B., and Taounggyi, Southern Shan States, La-

bials—9, 4th, 5th, and 6th touching eye, L. (1). Ova—seven eggs deposited

19th to 21st April (already recorded in B.N. H, Society’s Journal, page 534,

vol, XIII). Desquamation—one in captivity shed a slough 16th May, 1900,

and again lst August, 1900, being a week over the latter process.

(16) DistTIRA LAPEMIDOIDES,—T wo specimens from Bassein, L. B,

(i7) Distrra ropusta,—One specimen from Pegu, L, B.

(18) DryoPHis MYCTERIZANS.—Twelve specimens from Pegu, Prome,

Thayetmyo, L. B., Pagan, Mandalay, Ye-U, U. B., and Taovnggyi, Southern

Shan States. Loreal—present (4), This may or may not separate the third

labial from the prefrontals, Ventrals—197 (1), 202 (1), 206 (1). Sub-cau-

dals—129 (1). One specimen, collected by a Burman, which reached us 23rd

May, 1900, contained three apparently mature young. There was no vestige

of an egg envelope, and they would accordingly have been discharged as

young, One by two kinks was folded into three, and all were much convoluted

616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

and mixed up with one another, so that at parturition it appeared as if all

would have been discharged en masse in a sausage-shape mould, Whether

this knotted condition was the result of contortions made in their death throes

after immersion in spirit, which is possible, we cannot more than conjec-

ture at. It is remarkable that no specimen was obtained in or about Ran-

goon,

(19) DryoPHIs PRASINUS.—Six specimens from Rangoon, Moulmein, L.

B., Ye-U, U. B., and.Taounggyi, Southern Shan States, Frontal—less than

distance to end of snout (5),(?) (1); equals parietals (3), less than parietals

(1), greater than parietals (1),(?) (1). Temporals—1, anterior R. and L. (2),

R. (1),@) (1), the remainder 2 anterior. Labials—9, with 5th and 6th

touching the eye, R. and L. (1), Anterior chin shields—contact 5 labials (1).

sub-caudals —161. Ova—one specimen, recently procured by a Burman and

received by us on 23rd May, 1900, contained seven eggs with no trace of an

embryo,

(20) ENnuyDRINA VALAKADIEN.—Six specimens from Myaungmya and

Arrakan, L. B. The one from Arrakan was much mutilated, and its identity

could, therefore, only be guessed at.

(21) GERARDIA PREVOSTIANA,—One specimen from the Rangoon river.

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, Ventrals—145, Colour—

all the parts referred to in Boulenger’s work as white or whitish were buff

in our fresh specimen.

(22) H«pistEs HYDRINUS,—One specimen, from Moulmein, L, B. Scales—

midbody 42-43, Ventrals—171.

(23) Homatopsis BuccaTa.—One specimen from Bassein, L. B. Frontal—-

less broad than supraocular, transversely divided. Loreals—two (1+1).

Postocular—one, R. and L. Labials—13, R. and L., none touching the eye,

Ventrals—-157.

(24) HypsiRHINA ENHYDRIS——Seven specimens from Prome, Bassein,

Thaton, and Thayetmyo, L., B.

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout, (4); greater than parietals

(2), Anterior chin shields—contact with three labials, (3) ? (3). Ventrals—

171 ; last bifid (1). Sub-caudals—74, (2) ; 75, (1); 76, (1).

(25) Lycopon avLicus,—Hight spevimens from Rangoon, L, B., Ye-U,

Meiktila, U. B., and Taounggyi, Southern Shan States, Postoculars—3 R, (1).

(26) Lycopon FasciaTUs,—-Two specimens from North Chin Hills and

Southern Shan States, Already recorded in the B. N. H. Society’s Journal,

Vol. XIIT, page 372. Loreal—Does not touch the internasals.

(27) Nara Buncarvus—Three specimens from Minhla, U. B., and Anda-

mans, The specimen obtained from the latter place was given to us by

Captain Fitzpatrick, I. M. S., who informed us that it was the only record of

this snake having been killed at Port Blair, for two or three years, at least

so old residents at Port Blair informed him.

BURMESE SNAKES, 617

(28) \ Nata tTRIpuDIANS.—Wonocellus.—Twenty specimens from L. B. and

U.B. Anocellus—two specimens, one from Thayetmyo, L. B., the other

from Meiktila, U. B. Ingesta—one contained four mice. On the 15th May,

1990, two were found coiled together under a stack of wood ina timber yard,

They were promptly despatched and both proved to be monocellate females,

(29) PsaMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS.—Two specimens from Rangoon,

Labials—8, 3rd, 4th, and 5th touching the eye (2). Ova—one killed on 11th

January, 1900, contained. ten eggs, (five in each ovary), small, immature ? and

with no trace of embryo, Both specimens were obtained alive, The first, an

adult, was caught on a grassy slope in a well-wooded part of country. This

specimen was very active, and made strenuous efforts to escape when liberated.

When molested, it poised in a menacing attitude with head, neck, and:

anterior part of body retracted, and erect; but beyond repeated rapid

protrusions of the tongue, it exhibited no anger, and we could not get it to

strike, From this attitude it would lunge itself forward, almost jump, and

by repeating this action make vigorous efforts to reach cover. The second

was a hatchling 43” long, which we found on the 8th June while crossing a

road, running through dense jungle, and in its efforts to resist capture it

literally progressed by a series of leaps, In effecting this the fore-body for

a third or so of its length was erected, and each jump must have measured

at least 3” to 4’. We liberated and watched this little creature repeat this

performance on subsequent occasions, When a cane was laid across it, it

immediately wrapped its caudal extremity round, and struck out with open

jaws. In captivity it was simply astonishing to see with what ease it could

attach itself and crawl along perpendicular sides of its prison bottle, which

was about 4” in diameter. In colouration it was exactly similar to adult

specimens,

(30) PSAMMOPHIS CONDANARUS,—Four specimens, from Prome, LB, and |

Taounggyi, Southern Shan States. Sub-caudals—71. Ingesta—A lizard, Calotes

versicolor ?, partially digested (1).

(31) PyrHon moLURUS.—One specimen from Minhla, U..B.

(32) SimoTes CRUENTATUS.—Nine specimens from Mandalay, Bhamo,

U.B., and Rangoon, L. B. Loreal—Absent R. and L. (1), this owing to a

confluence with prefrontals. Temporal—anterior absent R. and L, (1),

owing to almost total confluence with parietals, Labials—7, 3rd and 4th

touching the eye R. and L.(1). All these peculiarities occurred in the same

specimen, Anterior chin shields—contact five labials R. and L. (1). Ven-

trals—170, (1). Four were captured alive and kept; they were all very

timid, and could not be provoked to strike,

(33) SrmorEs cycLurvs.—Nine specimens from Rangoon, Salween, L, B.

and Taounggyi, Southern Shan States. Przoculars—one, R,and L. (1); one

R, (1), (@¢., the sub-ocular of Boulenger is absent), Temporals—one anterior

R, (2),1 L. (1). Scales—21,(1). Sub-caudals—37, (2). Colour.—The speci-

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

men obtained from Shwegun on the Salween River is deserving of mention.

This was a light brown with a ruddy tinge in the ground-colour, many scales

edged either whitish or blackish and so arrangedas to form streaks, Eleven

subovate large biack-edged vertebral spots on ithe body, and two on the tail,

Head markings unusually distinct. This specimen had also only one preocu-

lar R. and L, (é.¢.,) the sub-ocular of Boulenger was absent, One captured

alive was remarkable in having the entire belly coral red, and was profusely

spotted within the angulate ventrals, but immaculate beneath tail,

(34) Srmores THEOBALDI.—Three specimens from Thayetmyo, L. B.,

Shwebo, and Ye-U, U. B, Nasals—Inone specimen undivided L, undivided

? R. Postoculars—one R, and L. (1), the lower being confluent with fifth

labial, Anterior chin shields—Contact with five lower labials R. and L, (1),

R. (1). Ventrals—164, (1); 168, (1) ; 180, (1). Sub-caudals—z0, (1) ; 33, (1);

39, (1). One,a young specimen, exactly resembled the adult form except

that the colours were perhaps clearer, and the marks better defined.

(35) SIMOTES VIOLACEUS.—Six specimens from Katha, U, B., and Taoung-

gyi, Southern Shan States, Variety semifasciatus—5, Frontal— greater

than distance to end of snout (5); slightly greater than parietals (2) ;

slightly less (1), Temporals—two anterior R. and L. 8. (1), L. (1), Anterior

chin shields—In ‘contact with five lower labials R.and L, (i), 3 L. (1).

Ventrals—157, (1). Sub-caudals—29, (1) ; 30,(1) ; 31, (1) ; 32,(1) ; 33, (1).

We have frequently remarked upon the diversity of colouring and markings

in the genus Simotes, and of all the Simotes we know, we think perhaps

this species surpasses its fellows in variation.

Three of the above specimens (semifasciatus together with the next fascia-

tus) we received in the same bottle from Katha, and before removing them

we were fully prepared to find four separate species, and certainly never

thought that all would prove of alike kind. One was light brown (the

colour of weak tea with milk), a second was of a deep brown (the colour

of a dark varnished cedar-wood pencil), a third blackish. These three

were crossed with narrow black irregular bars, 1-2 scales wide, distinct

vertebrally, but broken up laterally to contribute towards a general sparse

mottling in the flanks. The intervals were 3-4 scales wide. The chevron

head, and other markings were less distinct in the light specimen,

and more soin the dark specimen. The two specimens from Taounggyi

were of arich purplish-red colour with very similar bars, except that each

bar was alternately distinct and less distinct. YVariety—jfasciatus (1), is what

we propose to designate the fourth specimen we received from Katha.

Frontal—greater than distance to end of snout,and greater than parietals.

Temporal—two anterior, R.and L, Sub-caudals—32. Colour——-Light brown

(colour of weak tea with milk), with 19 cross-bars on body, and three on tail,

These bars involve 1-2 scales, and the intervals 7-8 scales, and are equally

distinct in the whole length. They are of the same colour as the ground

t s

Pe 6 1I9— LAE ate

S53. (F

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION, 627

(28) Parinta InoRNATA.—The Indian Wren-Warbler.

Oates, No. 466: Hume, No, 5438.

Very common, Breeds from beginning of June to middle of September.

It breeds in the indigo, sugarcane, surpat grass, and ekre, Numbers of nests

and eggs get destroyed every year when the indigo iscut. Several times I

have found nests and eggs in the plant brought to the vats. Five are the

normal number of eggs. I once took six. I have only one pinkish-coloured

egg ; they are very rare, I have many of both the other types mentioned in

“Nests and Eggs.”

Family Lantz.

Subfamily Laniine,

(29) Lantus nigRiceps,—The Black-headed Shrike,

Oates, No. 475; Hume, No, 259.

Very searce here. I have only secured a single specimen and seen several

others. The earliest arrival was noticed on the 22nd October, My single

specimen was shot on the 15th May.

(30) LL. repHRoNotuUS.—The Grey-backed Shrike,

Oates, No. 477 ; Hume, No, 258,

T have found this species almost as rare as the last one, but Mr. Scroope,

who has had better opportunities of moving about the district, says it is

not uncommon during the cold weather, especially near sugarcane. Earliest

arrival noticed on the 5th October, and latest seen on the 4th May,

(3!) L, crisrarus.—The Brown Shrike.

Oates, No, 481 ; Hume, No, 261.

Abundant during the cold weather. The earliest arrival was noted on the

27th August, and the latest on the same date as the last species, This is one

of the earliest of our cold weather visitants.

(32) TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS.— The Common Wood Shrike,

Oates, No, 488; Hume, No, 265.

We have never come acress this species in the subdivision, but near

Darbhanga and Somastipur it is not very rare. It cannot, however, be said

to be common anywhere. I saw a pair building in March, but the nest was

deserted, and another pair shot on the 17th May were evidently breed-

ing,

(83) PERICROCoTUs sPEcIOsUS.--The Indian Scarlet Minivet,

Oates, No, 490 ; Hume, No. 271.

On the 31st January a male Minivet, of what I took to be this species,

was seen by me near Narhar. It was one of the biack backed species, with

red and black tail, and I do not know what other species it could have been,

Tam well acquainted with this species, having often shot it in Cachar, Un-

fortunately I was unable to secure the species, and have never come across

another.

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

(34) P. Rosrus.—The Rosy Minivet,

Oates, No, 499 ; Hume, No. 275,

This species was procured in Behar by Hodgson, but I have never come

across it within our limits.

(25) P. PEREGRINUS.—The Small Minivet.

Oates, No. 500; Hume, No. 270.

Very common, It breeds from the end of March to middle of June, most

eggs being obtained in the latter month. Hume invariably found their nests

at a considerable height trom the ground, but most of mine were taken at

heights varying from 9 to 15 ft. The larger number were situated on young

mango trees, one or two were on babools (A. arabica), another was built on

the nearly leafless branch of a pipal (F. religiosa) near where a pair of

Buzzard-Eagles (B. teesa) had their nest. Only three nests were got on

immense mango trees at heights varying from 30 to 50 ft. It is almost

impossible to locate the nest, unless the birds are watched carefully, so closely

on they resemble the tree on which they are built. I once found a young

one and three fresh eggs ina nest ; but three are the usual complement, and

some birds only lay two, Theeggs of this species vary considerably in shape

and also cclour, some of mine being nearly spherical, and others more oval:

and in colour they vary from a pale greenish-white ground with brown mark-

ings to a beautiful blue ground also with the same markings.

(36) P, eERYTHROPYGIUS,—The White-bellied Minivet,

Oates, No. 501 : Hume, No, 277,

I have never come across this species, but Oates records it from Tirhut,

and it may be found within our limits,

(37) CAMPOPHAGA MELANOSCHISTA,—The Dark Grey Cuckoo-shrike.

Oates, No. 505; Hume, No. 269.

A rather scarce cold weather visitant, I can find no notes as to date of

arrival or departure, Mr. Scroope has come across it several times. in the

same place, near Madbuhbani,

(38) Gravca.ous mactI.—The Large Cuckoo-shrike.

Oates, No, 510; Hume, No, 270.

Fairly common during the cold weather, First arrival noted on the 29th

September ; it leaves at the end of March. I have never found it breeding

here,

Family Oriolide,

(39) OR1oLuUSs INDIcUS—The Black-naped Oriole.

Oates, No. 514; Hume, No. 471.

On the ilth January, 1898, I saw an oriole, west of Narhar, which was

probably this species. It was close enough for me to distinctly see that it

had a black nape, It was neither O, melanocephalus nor O. kundoo, both

common birds here,

for)

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 9

(40) O. kuNDoo.—The Indian Oriole.

Oates, No. 518; Hume, No. 470.

Only aseasonal visitant here, The first arrival was noted on the 20th

March, and it leaves in November. It breeds from the end of April to

the first week in July, All nests taken were situated in either mango or

sissoo trees with one exception which was built in a fork of a jack (A.

integrifolia) tree. They were from 10 to 30 ft. from the ground, The nests

have far more grass stems about them tl:an those of O, melanocephalus, and are

not, in my opinion, nearly so neat as those of this species. I have never

found more than three eggs in any nest, sometimes there only being a single

young one. I have also taken a fresh egg and two incubated ones out of

the same nest, I once saw a female koel (Z. honorata) robbing a nest of this

species ; before my arrival she had already disposed of one egg,and the

oriole was flying round her screaming vociferously. I finished the robbery

as, had the eggs been left, the koel would probably have disposed of them

also,and they were much safer in my keeping. An oriole was seen one

evening flying over some waiter, its tail.feathers being now and then partially

immersed in the same. I could not make out whether it was drinking or pick-

ing insects off the surface.

(41) O. MELANOCEPHALUS,—The Indian Black-headed Oriole,

Oates, No, 521; Hume, No. 472.

Very common, Permanent resident, breeding from March to August. In

the latter month, however, all nests contain young. The nests taken were

invariably situated on mango trees from 12 to 30 ft. from the ground, I

have never got more than three eggs from a nest; one contained a single

highly incubated egg, The eggs of this species are smaller than those of

the last species,and are, I think, more elongate, The following are the

colours of the soft parts of a nestling yet in down :—Bill, rosy pink, pale

plumbeous at tip ; iris, light brown ; legs, pale plumbeous ; claws, pink.

Family Sturnide.

(42) Pastor roseus.—The Rose-coloured Starling,

Oates, No. 528; Hume, No, 690.

A very rare bird in this district. Ihave only a single specimen, a male

shot in some thorn jungle on the 14th December, It was the only one of

its species, and was feeding in company with S. conira and WM. bengalensis.

Another was seen at the same place on the Ist March in company with a

pair of S, menabieri. Mr. G, Dalgliesh shot one, in the latter month, out of

a small flock which were with some mynahs in a carrot field at Dalsing

Sarai. |

(43) STURNUS MENZBIERI—The Common Indian Starling.

Oates, No. 532 ; Hume, No. 681,

A common cold weather visitant. It arrives in October and leaves in

March,

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

(44) STuRNIA MALABARICA.— The Grey-headed Myna,

Oates, No. 538 ; Hume, No. 688.

Very common, It commences building in the middle of April, but does not

lay till the middle of May, and goes on till the middle of July. Most of the

few nests taken were in holes in mango trees, usually old holes formerly

tenanted by woodpeckers or barbets, but I have seen them take possession

of # newly-excavated one, turning out the rightful owners. I have never

found more than four eggs in any nest, and on one occasion, one contained

only a single young one.

(45) TEMENUCHUS PAGODARUM.—The Black-headed Mynah.

Oates, No, 544 ; Hume, No. 687.

UL have never seen it wild in the baa. but Mr. Scroope found it

common in the neighbourhood of Pandoul in the south of the district dur-

ing June, but sawit nowhere else. He also found it breeding there in a

hole in a Siris tree (A. speciosa) in July. I sawa young bird in a cage that

had been got from a nest there. I believe they disappear from there

after breeding, as on visiting Pandoul about Christmas time, I was told that

they had just returned again, Near Baghownie, however, they are not very

rare and are resident, At one place, four or five miles from the factory one

or two are nearly always to be seen. I was unsuccessful, however, in finding

their nests, though a female shot in July was certainly breeding, Mr, G.

Dalgliesh has also procured specimens near Dalsing Sarai.

(46) AcriporHERES TRISTIS—The Common Mynah,

Oates, No, 549 ; Hume, No. 684.

Abundant everywhere. I have often found their nests on trees and

palms, A peculiarly coloured specimen shot at Jainagar has been recorded

‘in this Journal, I saw a deformed bird, with a regular humped back,

several times at the same place.

(47) A. GinciInIANus.—The Bank Mynah,

- Oates, No. 551 ; Hume, No. 685,

Very common locally; it breeds here in numbers in the banks of the Kamla

from the middle of April to the beginning of July. I have never found more

than sixteen pairs breeding in company, sometimes there being only three

pairs together. In 1899 many nests were washed away by the river rising, six-

teen were destroyed in April and two in June, and on the 10th of the latter

month, a nest containing two eggs was found which was also washed away

by the 13th. Numbers of these Mynahs congregate in the indigo fields while

the plant is being cut, picking up the numerous insects found there; they

also keep much with cattle, sometimes picking insects off the animals’ legs.

(48) AirHiopsaR Fruscus.—The Jungle Mynah,

Oates, No. 552 ; Hume, No. 686.

Fairly common, but much scarcer than the former species. I do not think

they breed within our limits as I have never come across their nest, nor

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION, 631

have I noticed the birds during April and May, They probably go to Nepal,

which is close at hand, during that period, On the 28th June I saw a young

bird which had probably left its nest about the middle of the month,

(45) Srurnopasror conrra,—The Pied Mynah.

Oates No, 535 ; Hume, No. 683,

Abundant, Breeds from the third week in April to the middle of July.

Besides building in trees, I have found nests in Palmyra palms (B.

fabelleformis) and in bamboos, Hume says“ As a rule these birds do not build

in society ”; here they nearly always do so,

(To be continued.)

632

“KILLS” BY CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS.

SoME REMARKS ON THE METHOD OF THEIR IDENTIFICATION.

By W. A. Watuincer, Divistonan Forest Orriver, DoaRrwar.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th February,1901.)

Most men who have gone in for large game shooting at all exten-

sively in India learn—as indeed thoy should—to distinguish more or

less readily between a “ kill” by a panther or a tiger, and one directly

attributable to other carnivora, such as hyzenas, wolves, wild dogs, ete.

The distinctive features are usually pronounced and unmistakeable.

Old hands, who must, I fear, find many shortcomings in my observa-

tions, will, perhaps, forgive me for giving some prominence to these

distinctive features here, for the benefit of young, and therefore less,

experienced sportsmen. That no number of rules laid down by any

inductive or deductive system of theoretical reasoning can ever, in anv

pranch of big game shooting, do away with that all-important factor

experience almost goes without saying; but to place on record general

rules, which, according to individual sportsmen, appear to regulate

wild animals not only in taking life, and producing the phenomena

known as “ kills,” but in their other ways and methods of procedure

is bound ¢pso facto to be of some benefit to all concerned. For instance,

there are signs of the presence of a tiger ina jungle, which, though

they may be very apparent to a really good shikari, are ignored or

undervalued by men of less experience. In sport as in all else,

theory is in itself of no use, except in so far as it makes us believe in

the connection of phenomena (Geethe).

1.—Mazims regulating Panther “ Kills.’—The following maxims

which govern “kills” by panthers are, therefore, stated with all

deference in the order of their importance :—

(¢) Marks of the four canine teeth are always clearly observable

on the throat,

(i) The carcase is dragged, and not—save under exceptional

circumstances—lifted.

(#2) 'The carcase is usually moved, even if not inan exposed position.

(iv) An etfort is made to hide the carcase either (a) by depositing

it in a nullah, (6) up a tree, or (c) by deliberately covering it

with leaves and grass,

(v) The region of the pelvis is the point from which the consump-

tion of the carcase is started, the tendency being to work

towards the chest.

“ KILLS" BY CARNIVOROUS ANI MALS. 633

(vi) The skin, and even long hair, is consumed,

(vit) The stomach is never ruptured, nor are the intestines injured,

(vii) The outline of the unconsumed portion of the carcase,

when seen early enough, is remarkably even and clean ; the

ribs looking like the work of a butcher’s saw.

(iv) Signs on the ground of a struggle for life on the part of the

animal killed, or even of extreme terror before death, are

practically absent.

(w) Marks of claws may be visible on the shoulders or elsewhere,

(wi) Blood is conspicuous by its absence, both in the carcase,

~ and around the “ kill.”

The inclination to drag a “kill” is very pronounced, and, unless

suddenly carrying away a dog from a human abode, they make no

effort to lft a “ kill.’ Even under these conditions, they will start

dragging as soon as the first feeling of alarm—which such a daring

deed must no doubt invoke—has worked off.

I had a good greyhound carried off one night from my tent in the

Nandgaen Range of the Nasik District, some years ago, without

knowing anything about it til] the next morning. With the exception

of the “pugs” of the panther for about 50 yards, there were no signs

of .the fate of the dog; but when this distance had been reached,

although the panther was a big brute, and had killed a good sized

bullock two days previously, he deliberately put the dog down, and

started to drag.

IT.—Distinction. between Tiger and Panther “ Kills.”—As to whether

a particular carcase is the property of a tiger or a panther, in the total

absence of “ pugs,” we have nothing, as far as 1 am aware, to guide us,

except (a) the size of the teeth-marks, (4) their position, (c) the size of

the animal killed. and (d) other information of the presence of a tiger

in the vicinity.

1T.— Unusual “ Kills,”—Beating for a panther in the Dharwar

District last February, the men suddenly came to a standstill, and

undertook a hasty but general retreat. After a protracted delay, the

eause of which I was naturally unable to fathom, they came along,

bearing on a pole,a tiger cub! The animal (44 feet to 5 feet) had

been killed by a panther, quite 24 to 36 hours praviously. It had

not been eaten by the panther, nor had any other animal touched it.

The teeth-marks were on the throat (Condition I), and if further

evidence were required, the panther hud the night before slain a

634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11 1.

young buffalo, about half a mile from the spot, and there were,

moreover, “pugs” even closer. The mother was shot by the late

Mr. Dunlop at Christmas ; and the subsequent history of the cubs is

distressing. One, as we have seen, was killed by a panther; and

another was shot, in a starving condition, by Mr. Cox sometime

later.

But perhaps the most extraordinary “kill” ever seen by me was at

Christmas. A panther killed a cow, which, when seized, gave birth

prematurely to a calf. The cow was ignored, and the calf treated as

an ordinary kill.” (Conditions II, If], IV a and ¢, and VII).

Looked at from an ethical standpoint, of mercy and absence of

eruelty towards their prey, tigers and panthers must undoubtedly be

given credit for taking the lives of their victinis most expeditiously,

and therefore most mercifully. The approach, as a rule, is a stealthy

one (of itself merciful) and death must be almost instantaneous. Very

different, as we have seen, is the condition of things where wild dogs

are concerned, and the methods adopted by wolves, and more

particularly by hyenas, can hardly be regarded with toleration

by mankind.

Since writing this paper (for which I have been collecting materials

for several years) my attention has been drawn to the fact that

Mr. Inverarity has aiready dealt with the subject. Through the

kindness of the Honorary Secretary, in sending me the Journal, I have

been able to read his valuable paper, which is to be found in Vol. ITI.

To aspire to the knowledge displayed, and the vast array of personal

experiences cited, is for me impossible. I am only thankful to find

that his opinions so nearly coincide with my own; ana I would

refer all interested in this question to that volume.

1V.—Applicability of the Maaims to Tigers—The foregoing remarks

have, it will be observed, been restricted exclusively to panthers. I

myself feel disposed to consider all of them as equally applicable te

tiger “ kills.” But my experience is somewhat limited, and subsequent

discussion with men who can lay far greater claim to knowledge and

experience has shown that some divergence of opinion exists. It

appears, for instance, that it is no uncommon feature for a tiger to

grasp the back of the neck of its victim and not its throat, though I

have never observed this circumstance myself.

“ KILLS” BY CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS. 635

Among other instances of a similar character I can recall a typical

case of a tiger that I did not shoot in the Surat Dangs. This animal,

I calculated, must, during the night, have walked quite 15 miles. He

killed a large cow early in the morning, dragged it some 50 yards (cf.

Conditions IT and III), dropped it into a nullah with precipitous banks,

and even covered it with leaves (Condition IV). Subsequent examina-

tion of this “kill” showed, as I expected, that the cow had been

seized by the throat (Condition I) and that Conditions V and IX were

also fulfilled. In order to give some idea of the conflicting ways

in which some authorities have dealt with this matter, I must, at the

risk of appearing prolix, give at least one quotation at length :—

“We often hear,” says Baldwin in his “ Large and Small Game of

Bengal,” “of the tiger striking down his prey with his paw, and

doubtless occasionally he does so, but I am of opinion that this is not

his usual mode of proceeding: he more generally, I believe, springs

from an ambush, or by grovelling along the ground approaches to

within springing distance, then with a mighty bound, or succession

of springs, he launches himself on his victim, and seizing it with

his fangs by the back of the neck (not the throat) brings it to the

ground, and then gives that fatal wrench or twist which dislocates

the neck and at once puts an end to the struggle. I have examined

the carcases of many scores of bullocks killed by tigers, and have

in the great majority of cases found the neck broken, and the

deep holes at the back of the neck caused by the tiger’s fangs.

Sometimes, though certainly less often, I have discovered undoubted

evidence that the dead bullock had, in the first instance, been felled

by a blow from the terribie forearm of the tiger. Again we hear

of the tiger, having despatched his victim, proceeding to drink the

“blood from the neck, but this is never the case ; frequently there

is very little blood to be seen on the dead bullock or deer. I have

never noticed the veins in the throat of a carcase laid open or torn

as if for the purpose of getting at the blood, and if the tiger were in

the habit of lapping the blood of a creature just killed, there certainly

would be marks to show this on the throat.” On this subject the

author further observes :—“ Having dragged his victim under some

bushes, into a clump of grass or a neighbouring nullah (cf. Conditions

II, TI, and IV), he usually devours a portion of the carcase, com-

636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

mencing always at the tail” (of. Condition V). Looking at some

of the other authorities to hand, and comparing them, I find that—

(a) Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon Cumming (“Wild Men and

Wild Beasts”) agrees that a tiger “always commences

to feed near the hind quarter.”

(b) “Hawkeye,” in the South of India Observer, 1868, maintains

that a tiger “invariably commences at the hind quarters

of the animal slain,” anda panther “at the fore quarters

or chest.” He favours the idea that the paw is used to

strike down the prey, and that tigers must have room

to spring. :

tainly incorrect to suppose that cattle are killed by tigers

with a blow of the paw, though he thinks smaller animals

may be. He sides with Baldwin in thinking that the

neck of the victim is invariably broken, and that the great

blood-vessels of the neck are untouched. He says he has

known instances of buffaloes being ham-strung by tigers,

and admits that they are in the habit of dragging their

‘kills’ (Condition II), and that claw-marks are confined

to scratches on the fore quarters” (Condition X).

(d) Sanderson, too, thinks that the neck is dislocated, but that

this is brought about by the tiger seizing his victim’s

throat, and thrusting the neck upwards and backwards.

He agrees to the hiding of the carcase under leaves

(Condition IV) and that the hind quarters are corsumed

first (Condition V) ; but maintains that the intestines are

ruptured, and denies that tigers spring on their prey—

they “rush in.”

(e) General Hamiltion (“ Record of Sport in Southern India,”

p- 171) apparently favours the view that it is customary

for tigers to strike their prey down with a blow of

the paw.

(f) In Colonel MacMaster’s “ Notes on Jerdon’s Mammals of

India,” p. 199, we find an account of a tiger stalking

a cow, which, “having seized her (where is not Hated

sucked the blood.” |

“ KILLS” BY CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS, 637

AY Sterndale (“‘ Mammalia of India”) does not think that. tigers

have “a uniform way” of killing: he thinks that they

sometimes do it by a blow on the head, but more fre-

quently by seizing the throat and dislocating the ver-

tebre. He says a tiger “seldom springs,” but ‘“ rushes”

on his quarry.

(2) I find in the Kanara Gazetteer, a valuable article on tigers

contributed by Colonel Peyton (late Conservator of

Forests). In describing their method of attack, he says :—

“Tigers either steal in or rush on the herd. :

When they secure one of the herd they drag it into the

thicket, sometimes at once, but often when they come

back towards dusk to feed. . . . . Opinions vary

regarding the way in which a tiger seizes its prey.

Some sportsmen hold that the tiger seizes its prey by the

throat ; others hold that the victim is caught by the nape

of the neck. In 9 cases out of 10 the anima! is seized by

the throat. . . . In seizing their prey tigers use their

terrible forepaws to bring the victim down and dislocate

hisneck, . . . In eating its prey the tiger asa rule

begins on the rump, and less commonly at the breast.”

It seems a pity that so much difference of opinion should exist where

—while admitting that circumstances must alter individual cases—

unanimity should, I think, prevail. The only way in which we can

hope to arrive at this is for individual sportsmen to carefully observe

all the tiger “kills”? that come under their notice and to chronicle

their observations.

V.—The applicabelety of these maxims to other Carnivora.—Some,

but never all, of the corroborative features mentioned in the maxims

may occasionally be noticed in the case of “kills” by other animals, -

(a) Hycenas—For instance, a hyzena may attack the throat of a

goat (Condition I), but the circumstance is, I believe, very unusual.

As an example, I can recall an occasion during the hot weather,

sitting over a goat one evening, below a kopje in the Panch Mahals.

A panther was expected, but a hyzena appeared instead. On arrival he

surveyed the goat with some nicety, and walked round it, gradually

approaching nearer and nearer. He then came quite close up, and

638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XJII-

was butted off two or three times. Finally, he seized a suitable oppor-

tunity to grasp the goat in the rear. We here have, I consider, a some-

what typical example of the repulsive methods of attack adopted by

these loathsome quadrupeds in taking the lives of their victims,

There may also be signs of the kijl having been dragged

(Condition IL); but on a close inspection of the spoor, it will be

found that, as a rule, only the limbs have been allowed to trail, for a

hyzena by nature prefers to lift the “kill.” He usually fulfils Condi-

tion III, with the fixed idea, however, of conveying the carcase to his

lair. Dr. Jerdon relates a story of a small dog being carried away

to a hyzna’s lair, which was subsequently recovered alive, and but

little injured.

The stomach is frequently ruptured, thus departing from Condition

VII, and so on. It is interesting to note, that if, on gomg up toa

“kill”, tied up over night, we find no carcase, and the rope so

cleanly cut as to almost indicate the use of a knife, then it would noé

be correct, without further evidence, to jump to the apparently obvious

conclusion that your shzkari or his friends are responsible. Unless the

contrary is proved, this is the work of a hyena and should be

forthwith treated as such. A panther will never, to my knowledge,

use his teeth on a rope; indeed he is inclined to distrust a “ tie,” whose

rope is too palpably visible—an important fact, which no sportsman

should ever overlook in ‘“‘ tying up.”

(b) Wild Dogs.—In the case of wild dogs, my experience is

restricted to an isolated case, so that I can lay no claim to speak at all

authoritatively about them. On one occasion, in Surat Dangs, I

happened to disturb a small pack ona carcase recently bagged by

them. Signs of teeth marks were plentiful in all directions, and the

ears were torn.

The fact that these animals hunt in packs and consume their prey

on the spot with great expedition, must alone make the chance of

studying their “kills” rare. Sterndale in his Indian Mammalia

says:—“ The evidence produced tends to confirm the opinion that

the wild dog endeavours to seize the quarry by the flanks (cf. Condition

I), and tear out the entrails (¢/ Condition VII). Shakespear in “ The

Wild Sports of India” gives an account of a sow killed by wild dogs.

“Just as I came to it Isaw some eight wild dogs, who had that

“ KIELS” BY CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS. 639

moment run into, and killed, a large wild sow. One had his muzzle

in the entrails of the hog (see Condition VID), and I hit him witha

rifle-ball at about 90 yards off.”

Niphad Taluka of the Nasik District some years ago. In those days I

did not pay that careful attention to their precise method of procedure

which would have tended to enhance the interest of this paper. But

I have had some experience of the systematic procedure adopted by

these animals, There can be no doubt that they frequently form

and adopt a preconcerted plan of attack, and it would appear to be

perfectly immaterial to them where the quarry is eventually seized.

A few quotations from well-known writers will, 1 think, amply

repay perusal. Among several similar instances Sterndale quotes the

case of “three wolves seen to chase a herd of gazelle across a ravine

in which two others were lying in wait.” A very interesting and

significant passage occurs in Baldwin’s “ Large and Small Game of

Bengal,” which I must quote in extenso :—

“T have mentioned, when writing on the hyena, that the animal,

when seizing its prey, such as a sheep, goat, or other unfortunate, does

not invariably fasten onthe neck or throat, as the leopard does, but

often on the flank or hind quarters. The same remark applies to the

wolf, and I may add that both these animals, having pulled down a

victim, almost invariably, I believe, commence their repast by tearing

a hole in the stomach or flank, and not at the tail, like the large cats ”

(cf. Conditions V and 1). The same author tells of a goat seized by

wolves, on which he surprised them, “On examining the dead goat,

I noticed that large portions of the flesh were torn off the side and

hind quarters, but not a mark on the throat or back of the neck; she

had evidently been seized by the flank and pulled down.”

VI.—The Diagnosis of Panther “ Kills.’—In the diagnosis of a

“kill,” it would be unwise to regard all the conditions as indispens-

able. That two, or even more, of the important ones may be departed

from and the “ kill” yet be the pean of a panther, I have proved

in my own experience.

On one occasion, Mr. Brown (I.C.8.) and I examined a “kill,”’ not

four miles from Godhra, in the Panch Mahals. We could find (a) no

teeth-marks on the throat, and (0) no clear signs of any dragging,

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

although the carcase had been moved quite 20 yards. Beyond

one indistinct “pug”? at a small tank close by, there was

nothing therefore to conclusively show that we were dealing with a

panther, although some of the other conditions were present. The

panther put in an appearance, however, when it was nearly dark, and

dispelled all doubts. To account for the absence of Condition II in this

case is apparently impossible. In the case of Condition I, the young

buffalo killed may have died a natural death, since the owner subse-

quently admitted that it was somewhat sickly and had remained out

overnight by accident,

641

SOME HINTS TO BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND

PRESERVING NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS.

By E, Comper.

Part IIT.

(Continued from page 280 of this Volume.)

Note—In the last part of these papers, owing to a printer’s error, at

page 278 of this volume, the paragraph commencing at line 36, “ I will only

CXC lar ee improvements afterwards,” is out of its proper place. It should

follow line 3 of the same page, and refers to ‘ carbolized’ specimens,

Reptiles and Amphibians.

Having completed with the birds, the warm-blooded animals, we

now come to two classes of air-breathing Vertebrates, viz., the Reptiles

and the Amphibians, which were formerly all grouped together, and

for our purposes can still best be treated in one paper. The first named

are divided into three widely different orders, which include, respective-

ly, (a) the Crocodiles, (6) the Tortoises and Turtles, and (c) the

Lizards, Chameleons and Snakes, while the Amphibians, or Batra-

chians, as they are sometimes styled, comprise the Frogs and Toads,

Newts and Ceecilians or Blind-worms.

Naturally a group containing such a variety of forms, differing so

greatly in size and habits, requires considerably different treatment

in the hands of the collector, so I think it will be best to deal with

each order separately and in turn,

Firstly, then, the giants of the class, pigmies though they be compar-

ed with the monsters that in bygone ages stalked about this earth,

claim our attention; hut, interesting as Crocodiles are as museum

specimens, there is not much in the way of original work amongst

them for the hands of the ordinary naturalist, for the reason that the

number of species is limited—in India there are but three—and these,

being conspicuous by reason of their size, and familiar from earliest

childhood by the halo of horrible romance that surrounds them, have

always received their full share of the attention of naturalists, both from

the point of view of specimens and in the record of their life-history,

So long as they and ‘Shikar’ exist in the country- there will be no

lack of specimens obtained annually, for every one is glad of a chance

for a shot at a‘mugger’ as he lies sunning himself on the bank

by the river or tank. One thing in connection with shooting

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

them is perhaps worth noting, and thatis the point of aim: This

should be the bones of the neck, anywhere in front of the shoulders.

If you succeed in smashing the vertebral column with your bullet, his

jaws will fly open and he will lie still, paralysed ; but lose no time in

running up to get hold of him by the tail, for he may soon ‘come to’

sufficiently only to disappear in the watery depths to be seen no

more. Should your bullet strike him anywhere else,—even if it inflicts

a mortal wound,—he will still probably be abie to get beyond your

reach by struggling to the water, and it is not the nature of the beast

to trust himself far from the edge as a rule, except at night, when,

they stray some distance from the water in search of food. It is also

possible, of course, to catch them with a baited line, but the rifle is

the readiest means, and any one anxious to try the sport of fishing for

them, I would refer to the account that Mr. Hornaday gives of his

experiences in ‘Two Years in the Jungle.”

Having secured the beast, the first procedure, as in the case of all

vertebrates, will be to measure your victim and carefully record the

dimensions. The most important measurement in this case is the total

length, from snout to tip of tail, which cau be supplemented by that of

the tail alone and the girth behind the shoulders. All but the very

smallest specimens must, of course, be skinned, which operation

does not materially differ from that of the larger mammals. Mr.

Hornaday thus describes the process of curing the skin after removal :

salt and water, and allow it to remain twenty-four to thirty hours.

Then take it out, rub the inside and the leg-bones thoroughly with

strong arsenical soap, after which apply powdered burnt alum liberally

over the inner surface, so that not a single spot is missed. Then hang

the skin up by the head (no danger of stretching in this case ), and

allow it to dry in the wind and shade.”

Small specimens, or the skins of moderate sized ones, can be preserv-

ed by immersion in spirits, as described below in the case of the smaller

reptiles.

Tortoises and Turtles ( Chelonia ). Of these we have a far greater

variety than in the case of the crocodiles, amounting to 43 species

according to Mr. G. A. Boulanger’s velume of the “ Fauna of British

India.” Excellent Manual as this is, so far as concerns the scientific

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 643

description of the species, genera and families, no attempt has

been made to include more than the briefest reference to the

geographical range of each species, and no such thing as habits

or life-history is, as a rule, even mentioned. Former publica-

tions—such as Dr. A. Giinther’s “ Reptiles of British India ”—did

of course include something of these very important items in

our knowledge of the animals that inhabit the country; but the

Chelonia appear to have been strangely neglected by the majority

of Indian naturalists.) Why exactly this should be, it is difficult

to say, for tortcises and turtles, to my mind, form quite as inter-

esting a study as snakes. Yet every one who comes across a snake

is always ready to secure it and send it down to replenish the

Society’s already excellent collection, whereas our museum contains

no collection whatever of the Indian Chelonta. Here then is another

opportunity for any of our enthusiastic members to assist with really

valuable work, not only by the contribution of specimens, but by the

collection of field-notes on the various species that are found in their

locality. As an instance of the kind of thing that is useful, and asa

sort of standard for the beginner to aim at following up, I should

here like to refer to the series of papers that appeared in the first

three volumes of our journal under the title of “‘The Waters of

Western India” by a member who wrote over the nom de plume

of ‘‘ Keswal.” Seldom have we had the chance of publishing papers

so interesting and instructive as these, which at the same time

contained such a mass of really useful information about the animals

mentioned therein. The turtles of the districts dealt with in these

articles are by no means forgotten, and, I fancy, the few pages there

devoted to them contain more information than has appeared in all

our subsequent volumes,

However, to return to our subject from the point of view of the

collector. There is not much to be said on the capture of specimens

included in the order under consideration. You will, I fancy, do best

by acquainting the natives of the neighbourhood with your require-

ments, and especially can fisher-folk assist with the water-frequenting

kinds, as they are constantly getting them in their nets, much to their

annoyarice.

When you have secured your turtle, there is, however, in his case,

one difficulty that confronts you, and that is the killing of him without

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1I1

damage asa prospective specimen, owing to the ‘shell’ that encloses

the body, and consisting of a dorsal part or carapace and a ventral

part or plastron. The best way is, no doubt, to settle him with poison,

for which purpose a cloth soaked in chloroform and tied over the

head is reeommended. Unfortunately—or rather I suppose I should

say fortunately—such drugs are not often handy, especially away in

the jungles when most wanted. My advice is to hand him over to

the cook for execution, with instructions not to effect this by chopping

off his head, and to damage him as little as possible. Of course if it

is only proposed to retain the ‘shell’ such precautions are not neces- -

sary ; but, although useful for purposes of identification, and even then

not always sufficient, it cannot strictly be considered as a ‘ specimen. ’

To prepare one properly as such it is first necessary to cut with a

saw the shell between the fore and hind-limb openings on each side,

and cut the skin right round by the tail, so that the plastron may be

folded back. All the flesh and bones of the body can then be removed,

the legs and tail being skinned as those of a mammal, but by turning

them inside out if possible, without cutting the skin down to the

toes. For purposes of preservation apply arsenical soap and alum,

and dry as in other cases before putting away.

Snakes and Lizards (Squamata). In the third order of the

reptiles we again find a far greater number of species than in the |

Chelonia, those in our country exceeding 200 in the case of lizards,

and 250 snakes, with one solitary representative of the sub-order

containing the peculiarly specialized chameleons. _

These have always been carefully studied .by naturalists all the

world over ; but even if it can be said that the Society’s collection of

snakes is more complete than any of the other collections, there are still

many species that we have not got and that members could supply speci-

mens of. In the case of lizards we have never found an enthusiast ‘ to

put our house in order,’ nor do they take the popular fancy as snakes .

do, with the result that the collection is by no means representative.

For the hunting and collecting of both snakes and lizards there is no

royal road to success, and good steady work in the field will alone

provide specimens. One comes across snakes at all sorts of odd and

unexpected moments, and those that live on the ground, at any rate,

seldom repay special and systematic search, With tree-snakes a

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 645

generally watchful eye in likely-looking situations will more often

result in their discovery, whereas with the sea-snakes the wily

‘khalassi’? will again be able to help. In the case of lizards there is

some fun to be had, for although one cannot go far anywhere without

coming across them, that watchful eye will be upon you long before

you have noticed him, and the finding is a very small portion of . the

getting of him in ‘the bag.’ For agility there are very few terrestrial

animals that can come near the general run of lizards—though

perhaps he cannot give many points to the cockroach ;—and when you

have got tired of hunting them yourself, the village urchin -will be

glad to help for a small consideration. In that case, as with outside

assistance of all kinds, there is one drawback, and one too that.it is as

well to keep an eye upon. If your specimens are obtained by others

collecting for you, you learn nothing of the haunts and habits of the

different kinds, and in time you may find you come to rely upon

them more and more—in fact you get lazy and shirk the work—

with the result that there may eventually develop a tendency to

become more of the specimen-hunter than the field-naturalist. I do

not say naturalist because the man, who has spent his whole life,

perhaps, within the walls of a museum, is so designated, even though

he knows nothing whatever of the live beasts except from the writings

of others, that he knows so much about as specimens. On the subject

-of how and in what spirit to go about collecting, there is more to be

learned from a perusal of “ The Naturalist on the Prowl” than any

other book I ever came across : for while most entertaining reading, it

instils into one the pleasures to be obtained and profit to one’s

knowledge by observing while specimen-hunting. When one does

come upon.a rare or strange beast that willbe a valuable addition to

one’s collection, the first, and almost natural, inclination is to slay it

on the spot without, what is styled, waste of time. As a matter of

fact it 1s im many cases more likely to be time usefully and profitably

employed to sit down first and observe it, remembering that, if you

really want to be a naturalist, the power of -observation and the

record of results therefrom are of. more importance than: any y

other qualifications. The value of pencil.and paper -is more-often

than not overlooked by the. beginner, who. should-accustom himself --to

.the-making: of notes on all possible occasions. - Notes on littie: things,

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI11.

which at the time hardly appear worthy of record, very soon become

valuable as they accumulate and can be put into shape, sorted out

under different heads. Without notes the field-naturalist, beyond

himself getting a general idea of the results of his observations, will

soon find he is incapable of giving to others the benefit of them in

full by putting them in writing.

I have enlarged upon this point at this place, because it is with the

reptiles that we are most behind the times in that respect.

This is what one of our most respected members—Mr. G. W. Vidal—

wrote in our Journal eleven years ago in connection with the imperfec-

tions of existing records of the distribution of snakes :—“ As our collec-

tions increase itis useful to take stock from time to time, however

limited may be the field of inquiry selected, to see what additions

have been made to our knowledge of the distribution of species. In

no branch perhaps of Natural History has the distribution of species

been so incompletely worked out, asin the case of the Ophidia. A

glance at the existing works of reference will show how very litile

is known of the habitat of the great majority of the species des-

much useful work in this direction, thanks to the individual as well

‘as the collective energy of its members. Buta grand field is still

open to collectors, and much still remains to be done in taking

stock, and preparing catalogues of the numerous and valuable contri-

butions already received.”

What was so true when the above was written is equally to the

point to-day, and in reading the earlier numbers of our Journal one

cannot help wondering whether there is now-a-days the same ‘ individual

as well as_ collective energy of its members’ that Mr. Vidal records,

There can be no question of the individual energy of a certain num-

ber of members, but.considering the largely increased membership I

am afraid even that individual energy is by no means so universal

amongst them, and collective energy even less so.

There is one thing that should encourage the collecting of all

small reptiles, and that is the simplicity of their preservation. Hxeept

in the case of large snakes, there is mo tedious process of skinning

and curing to be.done, for they are best preserved entire in ordinary

mithylated spirits, -Alcohol (spirits of wine). is of course -a -better

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 647

medium in which to preserve them, but its high cost in this country,

owing to the heavy import duty, precludes its use.

With small specimens it is sufficient to make several incisions along

the median line of the abdomen to allow the spirit to thoroughly

saturate every part, but it is better, and with larger specimens is

necessary, to make a single longer incision and through this remove

entirely the viscera. In making this opening-cut, it is most important

that it should be commenced, or ended, some distance in front of the

anus, so as not to touch the anal shield, for this isin many instances

an important mark of identification, whether single or bifid, and

should consequently be left intact.

‘The specimen should then be simply immersed in the spirit, con-

tained in suitable wide-mouthed- vessels with close fitting stoppers of

some kind ; for this purpose something is generally to be found about

the back premises of any bungalow—something that lately contained

pickles or what-not from the grocers—and of all the many suitable

jars the best of all is an old prune bottle. Before putting a specimen

into spirits for preservation do not forget to write the details on the

label with an ordinary lead pencil ; this will be quite permanent and

will not smudge orrun. Give them also plenty of room at first

until they have become thoroughly impregnated.

One disadvantage, however, of spirit asa preservative medium is

that it-is troublesome to carry about a sufficient supply, and careful

packing is necessary; especially is this noticeable when away from

home, which is probably the time one will most require it and will

come across specimens that are wanted to be preserved. Spirits you

cannot carry in a concentrated form, and to the field-collector I

would strongly recommend Formalin as a substitute. The great

advantage of it is that a small bottle of formalin—say half a pint—

will suffice for supplying one and-a-half gallons of preserving liquor,

for it is to be diluted with no less than twenty-five times its own bulk

of water before use. And further with it the vessel can be crammed

as fullas you like with specimens without their taking any harm.

Formalin, I may mention, is obtainable from the leading druggists in

Bombay, and no doubt in any other large towns of India, the cost

being about “Rs. 4 for 2 20-02. bottle. “When it was first introduced,

as’ a preservative -medium, it was thought by. some that it would

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

quickly supersede all others.; but this has not altogether been borne

out by results of actual experience. For instance, it has proved quite

unsuited for all specimens containing calcareous matter, such as

molluses, echinoderms. and crustaceans ; also for insects, in which

connection I will only instance spiders ; and for reptiles it has certain

disadvantages as a permanent medium. For ‘ flabby ’ animals, such as

jelly-fishes, &c., it is superior to any other known medium. To the —

field collector, however, it is invaluable even for reptiles, and specimens

brought home in it can, as convenient, be transferred to spirits.

For travelling the most convenient kind of vessel for carrying

either formalin solution or spirits will be found to be a wide-mouthed

stone jar with screw top, packed in a straw-lined basket. These the

Society used to distribute at one time to members wishing to have

them. Specimens of all kinds can be labelled and popped into this

at once, to be transferred to suitable small bottles or jars of clean spirit

after wards. .

Batrachia (Frogs and Toads), or Amphibia of some authorities.

This class of vertebrates is divided into three orders, wiz., (a) the

Evcaudata, (frogs and toads proper) of which our standard text-book

enumerates 124 species ; (6) the Caudata, (newts, &c.), only repre-

sented in our limits by one species that is found in the mountains of

Yunnan and Sikhim ; and (c) the Apoda (Czxcilians or Blindworms)

little-known creatures that may be descriked as worm-like, limbless,

and generally tailless beasts that come into this class from the fact

that they go through a fish-like larval stage, corresponding to the

tadpole of frogs, with a subsequent metamorphosis as they approach

maturity. Of these there are but five known species in India.

As mentioned already our most recent book on these animals

deals only with the scientific description of the adult—and to really

understand that description one must of necessity be a bit of a special-

ist—with a brief mention of the habitat. If one wishes to know

anything more about their life-history and habits, one must refer to

Dr. A. Giinther’s standard work ‘ Reptiles of British India ’—a great

quarto volume published in 1864, or other older works. In this,

however, only thirty-seven kinds of frogs and toads are described,

being all that were, then known to science, and such a book is not as a

rule available for purposes of reference by many beginners. Occa-

SOME HINTS ON NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, 649

sionally, I must admit, Mr. Boulenger in his book ‘does vouchsafe us

a note on some habit of a species, and as an example I mention one

that will serve to show what the opportunities are for investiga-

tion among this class. Regarding the Bull-frog (Rana tégrina)—

the largest of all our Indian species, that is found all over the country,

from the base cf the Himalayas to Ceylon, not to mention the whole

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and China—we are informed

that it “‘ is said, when frightened, to jump over the surface of the

water much in the same way ason land.” To this the editor of the

work puts a footnote as follows :—‘ The species that is so well known

by this habit in India has never been accurately determined. It is,

however, a smaller species than FR. tigrina, and is, I think, 2. eyano-

phiyctis. . Probably R, hewadactyla has the same habit.”

Judging by this it is very evident that our knowledge of even the

best known of our Indian frogs is very far from complete, and if our

Society is to continue to occupy the position that it has since those

original 6 members met together and formed it, and if we are to

show results in any way commensurate with the enormously increased

membership of recent years, it can only be by the help of members

generally in every department. In our Museum we have nothing

that can be considered in any way even as a nucleus of a representa-

tive collection of amphibians, and on looking through the whole

series of our Journals one must search deep for any reference to or

notes on them. It may perhaps be contended that frogs are not an

interesting subject, and that there is little or nothing to record of

their habits. Believe me such is not'the case: with any animal if we

will only take the trouble to know him as he is at home, and is cer-

taily not true of frogs: uninteresting they may appear to some, but I

venture to think that it will be found the holders of such views are

just those who haye never attempted to improve their acquaintance

with the gentle froggie, and consequently are least qualified to form

an opinion. There is, undoubtedly, if one comes to think of it, much

to be observed and learned regarcing him ; for instance, what style of

neighbourhood does he inhabit ? What time of day or night does

he take his food, and of what does. it consist ? What kinds of birds

or beasts are especially partial to him as an article of diet? What

time of the year are the eggs laid ? How long is it before they

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

hatch? What are his experiences during the tadpole stage and what

is its duration ? And finally where does the enormous population of

his kind appear from the moment the monsoon rains commence ?

There must be some means by which the various frogs tide over the

dry season to allow them to show in thousands where what was a few

daysago dry earth, baked nearly as hard as stone, with possibly no

water-pool within miles. To state an instance. Two nights after

the monsoon bursts the Bombay “ Oval” is thickly populated, judg-

ing by the croaking chorus. Where, I say, do they all come from ?

Have they been lying in a state of hibernation in nice juicy mud

below that hard crust, where the scorching sun affects them not, only

to emerge when it softens and is once more to their mind and con-

stitution habitable? Our knowledge of such matters, it must be

admitted, is in a very rudimentary state !

Then again our recognised hand-book is absolutely silent on the

subject of the tadpoles of all those hundred odd kinds of frogs and

toads. Are we to conclude that a tadpole is but a tadpole and nothing

more, all being alike ? Or is it owing to lack of material regarding

them that their nursery days are passed over in silence ? Specimens

of them in the tadpole stage, when their species can be accurately

determined, should be of value in a collection as well as the adult

animal.

The preservation of both adult and tadpole presents no difficulties,

being treatment in the formalin or spirit jar just like snakes and

lizards as described above.

(To be continued.)

— —

651

NOTE ON GREVY’S ZEBRA (EQUUS GREVII),

By LiEuT.Co.one. H. D. Otivier, B.E., F.Z.S,

(With a Photograph.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 9th October, 1900.)

I wonder whether any of our members know a book on Natural History

by the Rev. J. C. Wood, which came out in parts in the early Sixties ? Well,

I was brought up on that book, with a dash here and again of Livingstone’s

Travels, and Moffat’s Adventures, It is, I think, this course of literature that

is responsible for my strong desire, to see, at all events,a Zebra in its wild

state, the desire to shoot one, if I did see it, must I fear, have been due to

something born with me, for “ shikari nascitur non fit” is quite as true as the

usual proverb,

_ L well remember those early pictures representing the plains of Africa

teeming with endless herds of game, pictures, I believe, in no way exaggera-

tions of the truth, and in which there were inter alia great herds of Zebra,

ITremember too that their shapes resembled nothing quite so much as the

horses on the Parthenon, with their thick necks and hogged manes. So

last year when I went to Somali Land one of my main objects was to get to

the Zebra country, to see the Zebra for myself, and in due course I not only

saw my first Zebra but shot him,

‘The shape was the same as the pictures represented and the stripes were

the same or nearly so, but the large herds and the open plains were not to be

found, It is possible that elsewhere the Quagga {now nearly extinct), or

Burchell’s Zebra, which are the species common in South Africa, do move in

more open country, and in larger herds ; but Grévy’s Zebra, which is the ani-

mal I am talking about now, and the only one found in the Somali Land, is

certainly disappointing in this respect,

Gréyy’s Zebra was named by a Frenchman from a specimen in the Jardin

des plantes at Paris ; the first specimen, which ever reached England, arrived

there about this time last year, when a pairof them were sent by King

Menalik to the Queen. One wasa male who was too old to travel and

arrived in bad condition and is since dead ; the other, the female, is still

alive.

This Zebra stands about 5 feet high and is very beautifully marked. The

markings on the head are especially curious and apparently almost precisely

similar in various specimens, The stripes are different from those in Burchell’s

Zebra and inthe Quagga, which latter I believe is not striped throughout ;

in Burchell’s Zebra the stripes seem to be broader and fewer, and the animal

is smaller I believe. But Iam not sufficiently acquainted with the South

African species to explain where the exact difference lies, I must trust to

my friend Dr. Sclater’s dictum that there is a great difference in the mark-

ings, When seen in the jungle the stripes are not very distinct, and the

general impression is of a light grey. anima], The hoofs seem to be very

652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

hard and their print is exactly like that of a horse, in fact the edge is so

hard that it is almost possible at times to think they must be shod. The

size of the ears is very remarkable, and but for the fact that they are rounded

at the top, they would be very much like donkey’s ears. I noticed that all the

game of Africa, including the hares, were provided with immense ears, and

evidently depend on them a good deal ; this is only what might be expected

in a close country,and we find the same thing in such Indian Deer as the

Sambur which live in thick jungle,

I first came across Grévy’s Zebra at. Hadanich on the Sug River, a branch

of the Dachato, both rivers lie in the Abyssinian sphere of influence, which

is the reason why this animal has not of late years been much shot by sports-

men, They are not found much north of the eighth degree of latitude,

I found them in herds of from three to'eight in number, I never saw

more than this number in one herd, and I never found them away from the

dense scrub jungle, which covers the whole of the low ranges which lie in

this part. of the world between the various streams which run down to the

Webbe river. There are in this tract of country occasional open glades,

and in these, and in the cleared patches where travelling tribes of Somalis

have had their Camps, the Zebras are to be found feeding in the early

morning; they also come down, as far as I can gather every night, to the

water to drink. The jungle is astony waste of dense thorny bushes, or of

a small fruit-bearing shrub whose name I donot know, but which forms

the chief staple of food for the rhinoceros, which are also found here,

There is little other game except a few oryz and gerenouk, and of course

hundreds of the little Sakharu antelope or Dikdik, of which I have seen

over a hundred in a day, always in separate pairs, in fact,as Major Swayne

says, they jump in places from almost every bush, certainly from every

clump of bushes,

However, to return to the Zebra, the best method of securing them is to

search along the water for their tracks of the night before, and then to

follow them up. If thisis done, andif one comes upon them in an open

patch, and if one sees them there before they see you, they were I found

very easy animals to get near, but if I happened to come up to them in the

thick bush, as was more commonly the case, I found them quite the contrary,

for the bush isso dense that one can get within 50 yards of any animal

without seeing them, and then, as the ground is stony, and it is almost

impossible to move absolutely silently, they of course hear you and away

they go. On such occasions by throwing myself on the ground I could often

see their legs under the bushes as they trotted off, which was not much good

to me, but unless the ground was favourable and a lucky ravine gave one a

better chance, one rarely saw anything else, and once disturbed 1 found

them very distracting animals to follow. I got my first one very easily,

getting a shot at it with a Mannlicher at about 250 yards, in an open space

(TrAat 18 snnbq)

(aw) VYUEAZ SAABYD

pS aly dat sens Cais Bet ‘SZ a" x Le COS ig PD £q, id «soy

5 ‘206 4ST] Fen Kequiog usnor

NOTE ON GREVY’S ZEBRA, 653

where a herd of three was feeding. I might have easily shot another, as one

of them stood stupidly looking at me from about 150 yards off, but it was not

afull grown one sol letit go. It took me however a long time to get the

second specimen I wanted, on two occasions. I followed a herd from 6 o'clock

in the morning till 3in the afternoon without ever getting a shot, although

I was over and over again within a hundred yards of them, It is tiring

work tracking in such a close country, and at 7° of latitude the thermometer

stands pretty high, and I was very glad when one morning after several

blank days I came across a herd of eight feeding in the open, and after an

easy Stalk got within eighty yards and secured my second specimen, No one

I hope would want to shoot more than two of them, They are beautiful

animals, and I shall not soon forget the spectacle presented by a splendid

stallion which jumped up out of some long grass close in front of us one

day when we were tracking rhino, and galloped away with the sun shining

on its glossy back and sides, They always seemed, as of course all wild

animals do, to bein the very pink of perfection, and both of those I shot were

extremely fat. This fat was much appreciated by the Somalis, who however

had views about eating their flesh, saying it was heating.* I have with me a

skin and also photograph of the last Zebra I shot, and I can honestly say that

I was not disappointed in my Zebra when I did come across him on his native

heath, I only hope you will be able to say the same of my account of him,

* N. B.—Most flesh would be heating if eaten in the quantities which Somalis indulge in i

personally I found it very palatable.

290

229

293

294

654

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE

HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.

Part VIII.

By C. M. Inctis.

(Continued from Vol. XI1, page 683.)

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Order Passeres,

Family Crateropodide.

Hume, Cat, No, 387; Oates, No, 160, Turpinus apport1 (Blyth).—

Abbott’s Babbler,

This species is common here,

Hume, Cat, No, 461; Oates, No. 282. MOLPAsTES BENGALENSIS (Blyth).—

The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul.

Very common, Ii usually builds in the tea bushes.

Hume, Cat, No. 460; Oates, No. 288, Orocompsa EMERIA (Linn,)—The

Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.

_ Exceedingly common.

Hume, Cat, No, 456 ; Oates, No, 290. OvocoMPSA FLAVIVENTRIS CTick.)—

The Black-crested Yellow Bulbul.

Scarcer than the last. It is rather difficult to make a good skin of this

bird ; the feathers on the neck being rather sparse, do not lie well.

Family Sittide.

Hume, Cai, No, 251 ; Oates, No, 316, S1TTa CINNAMOMEIVENTRIS (Blyth),—

The Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch.

This is the only Nuthatch I have ever noticed here and that on only one

occasion, It was seen at Cutlicherra near the bungalow.

Hume, Cat. No, 253; Oates, No, 325, Sirra FRONTALIS (Horsf.)—The Vel-

vet-fronted Nathatch.

I have never seen this species myself, but Mr. Primrose has kindly sent

me a skin shot by him in the Chutla Bheel.

Family Dicruride,

Hume, Cat, No, 279 ; Oates, No, 334, DiIcRURUS ANNECTENS (Hodgs.)—The

Crow-billed Drongo,

A single specimen secured, I sent the skin to Mr, Finn, who kindly identi-

fied it for me.

Family Sylviide,

Hume, Cat, No, 515 ; Oates, No. 363, ACROCEPHALUS STENTOREUS (Hemps,

and Ehr,)—The Indian Great Reed Warbler.,

A single specimen, also identified by Mr, Finn, I owe him, Mr. Baker, and

the late Mr. Hole thanks for the trouble they have taken in identifying birds

for me,

Hume, Cat, No. 518; Oates, No. 393, ARUNDINAX AEDON (Pall.)—The

Thick-billed Warbler.

Only a pair of these birds obtained,

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, 655

Family Uuscicapide. .

Hume, Cat. No, 309 ; Oates, No, 573, CyorNIs PALLIDIPES (Ind.)—The

White-bellied Blue Flycatcher,

Two specimens, both females, procured, Mr. Finn. kindly identified them

for me. I fancy this must be a rare species in Cachar,

Hume, Cat, No, 301; Oates, No, 578. SropaAROLA MELANops (Vig.)—The

Verditer Flycatcher.

I have not found this species at all common here,

Family Turdide,

Hume, Cat. No, 500; Oates, No. 641, RuTIcILLA AUROREA (Pall.)—The

Daurian Redstart. ;

T secured no specimens in this district, but obtained a male at Larsingah in

the Happy Valley. ; ;

Hume, Cat. No. 358; Oates, No. 679. MERULA PROTOMOMEL&ZNA (Cab,)—

The Black-breasted Ouzel.

Not observed in the district, but Mr, Primrose kindly gave me. a specimen

which he obtained in the adjoining one.

5; Family Hirundinide.

Hume, Cat. No, 85 ter ; Oates, No. 821. Hirunpo pDAuRIcA (Linn,)—The

Daurian Striated Swallow.

A single female in my collection obtained at Roopacherra, I donot think

it is common, the few other striated swallows that I have shot being

nepalensis.

Family Motacillide.

Hume, Cat, No, 594 bis; Oates, No. 837, MOoTACILLA CITREOLA (Pall.)—The

Yellow-headed Wagtail.

A cold-weather visitant. Scarcer than the other species.

Family Diceide.

Hume, Cat, No. 241 ; Oates, No,915. Diczum iGNIPECTUS (Hodges).—The

Fire-breasted Flowerpecker.

By some mistake I entered this species in my list. In going through my

Cachar skins lately, I noticed the error.

Diceum hybridum ? (Baker).

Mr, Baker has remarked on this bird in Vol. XI, No, 3,p. 467 of this

Journal, and I have nothing to add thereto. The specimen is now in Mr,

Baker’s collection,

Order Accipitres,

Family Falconida,

Hume, Cat, No. 22; Blanford, No. 1246. LOPHOSPIZIAS TRIVIRGATUS

(Temm.).—The Crested Goshawk, >

304

305

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

Must be very rare, I have never come across it myself,and the only skin

I possess I owe to the generosity of Mr. Primrose, He shot it in the

Chutla Bheel District.

Hume, Cat. No, 57; Blanford, No, 1249. PERNis cristatus (Cuv.)—The

Crested Honey Buzzard.

I have a single specimen, one of the lighter coloured type, and this is the

only one i have ever seen in the District,

Order Gralle.

Sub-order Fulicaric.

Family Rallide.

Hume, Cat, No, 904 ; Blanford, No. 1403, GALLICREX CINEREA (Gmn.)—The

Water Cock,

Mr. Primrose kindly sent me a pair. He procured them at Dwarbund

in the Chutla Bheel, which is not far from the Hylakandy District,

657

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the Trans-InDus PRoTECTED STaTEs, and

KasHMIR : arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis

Filicum, and other works, with New Species added.

By C. W. Hops.

(Continued from page 461 of this Volume.)

Part IlI.—THE GENERAL LIST.— (continued.)

4, A. Viride, Hudson : Syn. Fil. 195 ; C. R. 477; Bedd, H. B, 148,

AFGHAN. ; Kurram Valley, 6-11,000', Aitch. 1879.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Chitral, F. E. Younghusband 1894, Baraul 11,000’, Harriss

1895.

KasHMiR: Gilgit,—Col. Tanner 1880, Dr. Giles, Nittar Valley 10-11,000',

Duthie; Tilail 12,000’, Clarke; Gulmarg, &c. ; 12-13,000', Lev.; Shisamarg, Trotter,

1889 ; Kamri Valley 10-11,000', Duthie 1892 ; Kishenganga Valley 10-12,000‘, MacLeod

1891; below Punji Pass 10,600’, McDonell 1893 ; Masjid Valley 13-14,000', Duthie

1898.

PUNJAB: Hazara; Makra Mt. 10-10,500’, Trotter; Chamba ; Upper Chenab Valley

12,000’ (perhaps in Kashmir), Baden-Powell 1879 ; Bandal Valley, McDonell 1882.

N.-W. P.: Kuwmaun—Pindari Glacier 12,000’, and near Martoli, S. and W. ;

11-15,000’ (7 localities) Duthie ; 11,000’ Trotter; 11-16,000’ MacLeod.

DIsTRIB.—/V. Amer.; Greenland, Newfoundland, N. Brunswick, Brit. Columbia,

Sitka Id., Rocky Mts. (California). Huwrope:—‘“ Arctic Europe to the Pyrenees ;

Dalmatia” (Syn. Fil.), United Kingdom, France, Germany, Bohemia, Italy, Greece,

from near sea level to 10,000’.

Mr. Clarke said, in 1880:—“I find no example from India in the Kew

collection” ; and half a sheet from “ Kashmir 9-11,000! ” is the only material,

I think, in the British Museum. There is still a wide gap, between Chamba

and Kumaun, from which I can find no record of the collection of this plant.

5. A. Trichomanes, L.; Syn Fil. 196; C. RB. 477; Bedd. H. B.

144,

AFGHAN : Griffith, Kurram Valley 7-9000', Aitch.; 7000’, Collett. 1879.

TRANS-InD. StaTES : Barawl 5-10,000,’ Harriss ; 7-9500’ -Gatacre.

KASHMIR ;: Jacquem.; Gilgit (Trans.-Ind.), Sai 5590’, Tanner ; Baltistén—Satpura

Nala 10-11,000', Duthie ; Kashmir 7-10,000’, Aitch. ; Kamri and Liddar Valleys, and

Tajwas Nala, 6-10,000', Duthie; Woolar Lake 5500’, Gulmarg 9500’, Trotter;

Gulmarg 7000’, Gammie; ‘* common 6-10,000’, ” MacLeod.

PuNJAB: Hazara—Black Mt. 7-9000’ Duthie; 6000’ Oertel ; Thandiana 8500’,

Trotter ; Chamba, 75-9000’, McDonell; Kullw 5-8000’, Trotter; Lahaul 10-11,000’,

Trotter ; Simla Reg. 55-8000’, common. ‘‘A very common fern; from 5 to 9000'”

-(lanf. in List),

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, Gamble ; Mussoorie, 6-6500, not uncommon :

L. Garh, 7-11,000'; Kumawn 6-12,000’, very large at 11,000’ from Duthie.

658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

Distrrp.—W. Amer. : Subsaretic Greenland, Canada, andwestward to Rocky Mts.,

Brit. Columbia ; United States; Bermuda, and southward to Panama; W. Ind. Islands.

S. Amer. from Guiana and Venezuela to Bolivia. Hurope : Brit. Isles; continent of

Europe “ throughout. its length and breadth, from Iceland and Lapland to the

Rock of Gibraltar ; throughout the Mediterranean Region ; and from the extreme west

of Ireland to the extreme East of Europe” (Britten’s European Ferns). Asia :

Trans-Caucasus, Persia, Siberia, N. Ind, (Him.), Sikkim (?), Bhotan. 8, Ind.—Kulhatty

on the Nilgiris Bedd. Java. Japan. Australasia: Australia, Tasmania, N. Zeal.

Afr: Azores and Macaronesian Isles ; Algeria; Morocco; Abyssinia ; Somali Land,

Mrs. Lort Phillips. Cent. Aft.—Ruwenzori Mt., Scott Hiliot. Cape of Good Hope.

6. A. septentrionale, Hoffm., Syn. Fil. 198; C..R. 478. A. septen-

trionale, Linn. (under Acrostichum) Bedd. H. B, 145.

AFGHAN: Kurram Valley, 9-11,000, Aitch. 1877 and 1879, “ profuse on rocks ” ;

above Peiwar Kotal 7000’, -Collett 1879.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Baraul 729500’, Hariss, Gatacre, 1895.

KasHMir: T.T.; Gilgit Dist.—Dr. Giles; Lev. 1872; W,S. Atkinson 1874 ;

Clark 9500’ 1876 ; Aitch. 12,000, 1877 ; Nagmarg, Trotter 1888 ; Kishenganga Valley

5-12,000', MacLeod 1891 ; Sonamarg 8000’, Gammie 1891 ; Nittar Valley, the Kajn4j

Range, and Astor Dist., Liddar Valley 7-11,000', Duthie 1892-93.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Upper.Chenab Valley (perhaps in Kashmir), 8-10,000', Baden-

Powell 1879 ; Pangi 8500’, McDonell; Lahaul, Capt. Hay 1856; Chandra Valley

-10-11,000', Rohtang Pass 12,000’, Lahaul 13,000’, Trotter; Simla Reg.—Kunawar

Jacquem. Vicary 1833 ; Bisahir—Parbani Forest 9000’, Lace.

N.W. P.: Garhwdl, Jacquem. ; 7. Garh. 7-10,000', Duthie ; Brit. Garh. 11,000 8.

and W,, 14,000’, P. W. Mackinnon 1881 ; Kwmaun—Vicary 1831 ; in Herb. Hort. Sahar-

anpur ; Milam Valley and Tola 11,500’ 8S. and W. ; 10-12,000’—14 localities, Duthie,

DistRIB.—W, Amer.: Rocky Mts. and New Mexico. Hwrope : Norway, Sweden,

Russia, Brit. Isles to Spain, Italy and Sicily, Caucasus. Asia : Caucasian, Ural, and

Altai Regions, Siberia ; Thibet, T. T, 1857.

My specimens from the Lahaul Hill State, collected by Mr. Trotter, are

ticketed 10-12,000’ altitude ; but in a letter, written while on his tour in those

parts, my friend mentioned that he had got the fern at 13,000’. In his

privately printed list of Punjab Ferns, Mr. Trotter says that the Rev.

Mr. Heyde, the Moravian Missionary, long located in Lahaul, assured him that

A. septentrionale was found quite up to the snow line, nearly 19,000 above the

sea level, Mr. ‘Trotter further says—“ I have collected it in several places from

7,500! to 9,500’ alt., and it has once been found (fide Miss Farrant) as low

down as the Baramula Pass (Kashmir), 6000’. I have never gathered this

species except on “ Arthur Seat ”, Edinburgh, at an elevation of about 300 feet

above the sea,— more than forty years ago,

7. A. unilaterale, Lam., Ency. II. 305 (1786), the oldest name ;

c. RB. 481; Bedd. H. B. 152. A, resectum, Smith ; Syn, Fil. 210. A. wnila-

terale, Lam., Baker in “ Summary of New Ferns”, 1891.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 659

PANJAB : Chamba.—Dalhousie, Clarke, McDonell cin List); Kul/w—7000', Trotter ;

Simla Reg.—Simla, 5 stations 5-5000', Gamble, Collet, Blanf., Trotter, Bliss,

N.-W.P.: D.D, Dist.—Sowarna Nala, 4500', Mackinnons 1879, P. W. Mackin-

non and Hope 1881 ; Kumaun—near Naini Tal, 6000',(?) Hope 1861, between Dandiha

and Karela 5-6000’, Duthie 1884, Dhankuri to Khati 75-8000’, Trotter 1891.

_.. DIstRIB.—Asia ; N. Ind. Him.) Nepal, Wallich (A.letum, Wall. Cat. 209, not

of Swartz); Sikkim and Bhotan, common, Assam—Khasi Dist. 1-5000', common.

. Bengal—Chittagong. Manipur W. 2000’, Clarke. S. Ind. ‘¢ Madras Presidency, in

all the Western Forests up to 5000’ (Beddome in Handbook). Burma, Kusz. Bur-

ma—Tenasserim ? Ceylon. Malayan Penins. and Isles, Borneo—Hose, Tonkin—

Balarsa. Japan, China—Henry, Polynesia. Afr. : Guinea Coast, Fernando Po,

-and Angola ; Nyassa Land, A. Whyte ; Maseareen and Seychelles Isles.

Trotter calls his Kullu, and Blanford his Simla, p'ant—var. uda, W.8. Atkin-

son, but I think these are merely young states of the larger plant got by Bliss at

“Simla, by the Mackinnons in the Dehra Din, and by myself near Naini Tal,

Parish’s immature Tenasserim specimen is doubtfully this, and Kurz’s specimen

from Burma has sor? much shorter than usual.

8. A. planicaule, Wall.; Syn. Fil. 211. A. laciniatwum, Don, var.

planicaule, (sp.) Hook, C. R. 482. A. laciniatum, Don, Bedd. H. B. 154,

in-part.

PuNsAB: Chamba—MecDonell (in List); Simla Reg.—Simla and vicinity 5000’

and upwards, pretty common, 8 stations; Kunawar; Sirmur 1831.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.; Jaunsar; Mussoorie. and vicinity 4700’—6500', not

uncommon; 7. Garh.—below Laluri 3-4000’, and Manma to Barahat, Duthie ; Sahira

7000’, Gamble; Brit. Garh., below Kinoli 5000’, Duthie; “ Garhwal,” T. T.;

Kumaun 3-9000', common.

Disraisp.—Asia : N. ind. (Him.) Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, Bhotan. Assam-Khasia

Hills 2-6000’, ‘‘ very common.” Bengal—Chutia-Nagpur, Parasnath Mt. 1858.

Manipur 6000’, Watt. S. Ind.—Madras Presidency, (A laciniatum) “‘ All the West-

ern Mts. 3-8000' (Beddome in H. B.); Bombay Presidency—Mts. of Malabaria

(Clarke in Rev.), Ceylon. Japan. China—Ningpo Mts,, Faber 1885 (so named by

Mr. Baker: pinne blunt.), Yiinnan, Delavay 1883 (segments blunt), Hancock.

Afr. : Madagascar, Buchanan, Baron. ‘

Mr. Clarke says the abundant Khasia form is the type of A. laciniatum,

Hk, Sp. Fil. iii, t. 200 A., but he does not differentiate the localities for his var,

plancoue (sp.) Hk. sp. Fil. ii, t. 200 B. Beddome writes of “ typical plani-

coule”’ of S, India, and “ typical laciniatum” of N. India; but I am not sure

whether he means that both typical plants are to to be found in both localities,

Typical A. laciniatum (as Hooker understood ii—see his fisvre in the

Species Filicum) is unknown in N,-W, India, and I consider A. planicaule

good species. I do not think I have seen a type specimen of Clarke’s var.

depauperata, which he says comes principally from Kumaun. Plants that

Blantord and Trotter have named var. depauperata are only small planieaule,

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

I was with Blanford in 1886, when we gathered some small plants of planicaule

on an exposed dry cliff below Simla, and these he called depauperata ; but I con-

sider them quite typical planicaule, which grows largest on trees in moist forest.

Qlarke thinks that the existence of this variety (depauwperata) destroys the value

of the specific differences relied on by Hooker and Baker for distinguishing

A, planicwwe from A. laciniatum. I should say that the existence of var.

depauperata vequives proof ; and Beddome, while saying that it is also found in

South India, believes it to be only a starved form of laciniatum. Ihave not

seen A. laciniatum growing, but judging by herbarium specimens it seems quite

distinct from A. planicaule. Much depends upon descriptions and the describers.

9. A. germanicum, Weiss ; Syn. Fil. 212 ; Bedd. Suppt. H. B. 31.

AFGHAN: Safed Koh 900’, Collett No. 97, 1879, in Herb. Hort. Ca'c.

KasHMiIn: jide Bedi. in Suppt. H. B.; Kishenganga Valley,—McDonell

1891.

PungaB: Chamba—Ravi basin 6000’, and Chenab basin $500’, Dr. J. 8. Stewart,

824; ‘only once got at each station”; in Herb. Hort. Kew.

DistRiB.—Hurope: Great Britain—very rare; mountainous regions throughout

W. and Centr. Europe: pretty general.

This is noi mentioned by Baker and Clarke as an Indian species ; but in

1888 I found the Chamba specimens in the Kew Herbarium, Dr. Stewart was

Conservator of Forests in the Punjab, and the author of a book on Punjab Plants,

Some six years ago Mr. McDonell found a scrap of A. germanicum among

specimens of A. ruta-muraria he had gathered sometime previously in Kashmir,

and sent it to me for confirmation of his discovery. Beddome’s entry, in his

Supplement of 1892, “ Kashmir,” without locality or name of collector, is

vague, and might lead one to believe that the fern is common in that State,

10. A. Ruta-muraria, L.; Syn. Fil. 213; C. R, 482; Bedd. H. B.

156, and Suppé. 50.

ArGHaAn.: Kuram Valley—Shend Toi, Aitch, 1879, “common on rocks ™; Lakman

Khel ‘V'angi, Duthie’s collr. 189+.

KasHMiR and BALTISTAN: 5-8500’, T. T., Lev., Clarke; Sind Valley 7-£000’,

Ley. 1875, Baltistan : Shingo Valley—Shivaram N@la 10-11,°C0’, Duthie; Kishen-

ganga Valley—McDonell 1891; near Gurais 7-9000’, Duthie 1892; Masjid Valley,

13-14,000', Duthie 18938 ; Sitalwan gorge 5000’, Martand ruins and Sib Baba Temple

McLeod 1891 (in List).

N.-W. P.: Kumaun—Byans, Ka4li Valley, near Kangua 10-12,000', Duthie

1884; Kutti Yangti Valley 10-11,000’, and Dhauli Valley 10,000’, Duthie 1886.

NEPAL, W. :—Kali Valley, near Kangua 11-12,000', Duthie 1884.

DistTRIB.—Amer.: U. S.; many parts.’ Hur. : Throughout—from Arctic Regions,

to Spain and Portugal, Italy, Medit. Isles, Greece, Turkey, Asia: Turkish Armenia

Ural Mts. to Caucasus; Turkestan 6000’; Thibet;. Siberia. Ajr,: Algiers, Caye

Colony.

PLATE XVII.

A Vie

————

———-_—S——

r eo

} hid d

J.N. Fitch del j A. C. Mukerjei lith.

ASPLENIUM SAULIL Hook.

i. Plant natural size,

2, Apinna x 3.

3. Scaies from base of stipes x 20,

4. Portion of scaie No.3 x 50.

5&6. Scales from higher up on stipes x 20 and 5%,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 661

Duthie’s discoveries of four stations in Kumaun, and. another—adjacent—in

West Nepal, carry this fern much farther eastward in India than it was before

known to grow. The gap between West Kashmir and Kumaun ought to be

filled up. ‘There is much variety in cutting in Duthie’s specimens, as there is

also in both cutting and size in the European plant, of which botanists have

made several varieties, I have a plant I gathered on the inside wall of a ruined

stiove-house, exposed to the weather, in a garden near Edinburgh, on the old

walls of which the species was abundant, which had 80 or 100 living fronds,

and, as pressed, occupies a fan-shaped area 11 by 8 inches, This shows what

the plant is capable of.

11. A. Saulii, Hook.; Syn. Fil. 216. A. pekinense, Hance, Syn. Fil.

213. (See Baker in Summary of New Ferns, Ann. Bot., Vol. V., No. XVIID),

O. R. 483; Bedd. H. B. 156. A. Sault, Hk., var. pekinense, Hance

Bedd. Suppt. H. B. 31. Plate XVIII.

KAsnmir.—Jhelam Valley, 2-2500', Lev, 1875, 4000,—Trotter 1889 ; between

Rampur and Uri, “common; a few plants at Chakoti”, MacLeod 1891 ; Chakot

3600’, McDonell 1891.

- PonsaB: Hazéra—Dhamtaur 4500’, Leo Mertel 1890. Chamba—Ravi Valley,

near RUk 4000, McDonell 1882 ; Kudlu, Trotter Gn List).

DIstRIB.—Asia: Japan, Oldham. China—Szechuan, Blakiston, Maingay,

Robinson ; Peking Mts., Hancock ; Ningpo Mts, Faber.

Mr, Baker in his Summary of New Ferns, 1891, unites A. pekinense, Hance,

with A. Saulii, Hook., saying— Further material shows that A. Saulii, Hook,

in Blakiston’s Yangtsze, 303 (1862) is a larger, more compound, form of the

same species (A. pekinense, Hance), and A, Swulic is the older name. It has

lately been found by Levinge in the Himalaya (Chamba and Jhelam Valleys).

I think Clarke is right as to Levinge’s locality being in Kashmir, and the

Jhelam does not flow through the Chamba State. In the Calcutta Herbarium,

there are two sheets from Japan, named A. sepulchrale, Hook. = A. pekinense,

Hance, fide Baker, of which the stipes are 6-8 in, long, and the fronds up to

10-11 in, J. by nearly 5 in. br ,—almost tripinnate. Dr. Christ’s var. latius,

published in 1897, is quite covered by the original description of A. pekinense,

and by specimens in the Kew Herbarium from various parts of China and

Japan.

12, A. Adiantum-nigrum, L.; Syn, Fil. 214; C. R. 483 ; Bedd.

H. B. 156.

AFGHAN. : Griffith, in Herb. Hort. Kew.

TRANS. IND. STATES : Baraul 4-7800', Harris ; 4000’ Gatacre,

KASHMIR : Badrawar 5400’, and Poosiana, Clarke; “frequent 5-8000”, (Cl,in Rey.) ;

Chandrabhaga Valley 7000’, Baden-Powell 1279 ; Lolab 6000’, and Rembidra Valley

6500’, Trotter “1888 ; Lolab—Dardpura 5-7000' : * very commonin the Lolab, on dry

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

clay bands” (embankments), MacLeod 1891; Martand Ruins 5500’, McDonell 1891

Sind Valley 6-8000', T. T. (very large) ; Sind Valley—Kangan 6000’, Gammie 1891 :

one sorus diplazoid ; ** Kashmir’, W. Gollan, No, 9126 Herb, Saharanpur,

PUNJAB : Hazara—4—6500', Trotter 1886 and 1890; Murree 7000’, Lev. 1875 ;

Black Mt.—Panj Gali, Duthie 1888 ; Kagdn and Siran Valleys 4—5000’, Duthie’s

collr. 1896-97. Chamba—" Dalhousie and Chamba 4-6000', CCl, in Rev.) ; Dalhousie,

Colonel Dyas ; McDonel! Gin List) ; ‘* Chamba 5-6000’”’ J. Marten 1897, from Herb:

Sahar, ; Kullu, Edgew. in Herb. Hort. Cale. ; Simla Reg., Bates.

N-W. P.: £ Garh.—Dr. Bacon ; Herschel 1878; Ganges Valley -Gumgtim Gadh

8-9000’, Duthie 1883 ; Lambatach 7000’, Gamble 1891.

DisTRIB.—Zur.: United Kingdom; Nerway and Denmark, through Holland,

Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Mediterranean

Region, Greece, Turkey.—Asia : Armenia, Syria, Arabia, Persia ; Siberia ; Java.

Afr. : Azores, Canaries, Madeira (very common, ascending to 4000’), Cape Verde Isles.

Kamerun Mts, ; St. Helena ; Algeria ; Abyssinia ; Natal ; Cape Cclony ; Mase. Isles.

In the Kew Herbarium is a specimen marked “ Mussooree, Dr. Bacon.”

This, anda specimen in the Saharanpur Herbarium, “ Mussooree, Herschel,”

I have entered under T. Garhwal, as I do not think the plant grows in

Mussoorie, or very near it. Mr. Gollan’s fronds from Kashmir are the largest

I have ever seen, and even larger fronds must have preceded them, judging by

the old stipes lefi on the caudex.

13. A. fontanum, Bernh. ; Syn. Fil. 216, excluding vars, ; CO. R. £84 ;

Bedd. H. B. 158, excluding var. exiguum. Plate XIX.

A¥FGHAN.: Kurum Valley 11,000, Aitch. 1879; Peiwar Kotal 8000’, Collett ; Malana,

Harsukh (Duthie’s Collector) 1894.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Barani—Mirga 8000’, General Gatacre 1895.

KasHMin: Gilgit: Tanner, Giles; Baltistax 10-11,000’, Duthie 1892 ; elsewhere

in numerous localities 45-12,000 : Winterbottom 1847, Lev. 1875, Trotter, Gammie,

Duthie, MacLeod, McDonell.

PunJAB : Hazdra—Black Mt., Duthie, 1888, Kagan Valley 5300’, Trotter, 1889,

45-6090’, Inayat (Duthie’s Collr.) 1396-97. Chamba—10,000', Baden-Powell; over

8000’, McDonell; Stila Keg.—Bisahir : Jangi Forest 9200’, Lace,

N.-W. P.: V. Garh.—Ganges Valley, 8-9000', Duthie ; Kumaun—Niti Valley

10,000’, Mackinnons 1882; Byans—Kali Valley 11,000’, Kutti-Yangti Valley

10-11,000’, Duthie 1884 and 1856.

W. NEPAL: Kutti Valley 10-11,000’, J. R. Reid.

DisTRIB.—Zur.: England? Scandinavia? Belgium, France, Switzerland, Ger-

many, Hungary, Italy, and Greece. Asia : Lycia, Ural Mts.

I have not gathered A. fontanum ; but I possess numerous specimens collected

by Trotter, Levinge, McDonell, Duthie, and MacLeod, in Hazara, Kashmir,

Chamba, Tehri Garhwal and Kumaun, and others from Afghanistan to West

Nepal, and have seen many more collected by them, and, except as to size, I gan

say that the specimens are very uniform. Mature plants vary from 22 to 12

inches in height, including root-stock, The longest I have scen ate Major

. PLATE XIX.

aba eK

Vigra

“BEG

Lea

IN. Fitch del | Sis res de ‘A.C. Chowdhary lith.

ASPLENIUM FON'TANUM Sernh.

1. Portion of a large plant, natural size.

a.Frond of a large plant, natural size.

3. Portion of a frond x28.

4, Caudex from another frond.

&. A small plant, natural size.

‘l

ys"

ae)

by ae

’

ne)

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, — 663

high ; and I noted, when going over his collection, another plant which had 16

fronds covering, as dried, an area of 15 by 10 inches. Major MacLeod noted

that the size of the frond is reduced at high elevations, ¢.g., on Kuchil Peak,

12,000, alt., to only 3 inches. Two specimens from Kagan Valley, in Hazara,

collected by Trotter, are 3 and 9 in. high, respectively ; and from Chamba I have

plants 3 in. and 7 in, ‘There is never any resemblance or passage to the next

species. The Indian specimens agree with the description of <A. fontanum

Bernh. in the Syn. Fil. in that they are all distinctly bipinnate : A. eaiguum is

never more than bipinnatifid. A. fontenwm is always of a pale grass-green

colour : almost yellowish sometimes: A. exiguwm is dark green. And, corre-

sponding to the cutting and venation, the-position of the sori in the two plants is

quite different, In A. fontanum the sori are all placed in the pinnules and

segments, on the veinlets, without any relation to the costa of the pinna: in A.

exiguum they are in a row on each side of and close to the costa, A. fontanum,

so far as I know, never has fronds with the rhachis prolonged and rooting at the

point; nor have I ever seen it proliferous on the pinne. Both these features

are characteristic of A. exiguum.

There is a wide hiatus in the record of distribution ‘cf A. fontanum between

Chamba and the Ganges Valley in Tehri Garhwal (broken only by Mr. Lace’s

gathering in Bisahir), the intervening ground, excep near Simla, nob having

much searched for ferns. Blanford does not record it from the Simla Region ;

nor is it in Mr. Bliss’s collection, In Kumauy A. fontanum is gob at from

10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea, and thus, apparently, the farther south the

fern goes the higher the minimum altitude to which it descends. It ought,

therefore, to be got at high altitudes in the Punjab Hill States, eastward of

Chamba, and in Tehri and British Garhwal. A great deal of the Huropean

material, called A. Halleri, Willd. (under Aspidium), which by some botanists

is reduced to A. fontanum, is more like A, eaiguum than like A. fontanwm ; but

the fronds of A. Halleri are broader for their length, and the sori do not lie

aiong the costa or secondary rhachis, Willd. said of A. Hualleri— “abd. A.

Sontano abunide distincta species,”

14, A. exiguum, Bedd, Ferns of Southern India, p. 49, th. 146.

Asplenium fontanum, Bernoh,, var g. exigeum, Bedd.H. B. 158. A. fontanum,

Bernh, C. R. 484. A. Glenniei, Baker, Syn. Fil. (2nd Ed., p. 488.) Athyrium

gracile, Fournier, Plant, Mex., p. 102.

Though Colonel Beddome, in his Handbook of 1883, dropped this fern as a

species, I am obliged to revive it, because I cannot clearly separate from it a com-

paratively common North-West Himalaya fern, A. Glenniei, Baker, which is

664, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

identical with the Himalayan plant, is a later name. For Colonel ‘Beddome’s

description, which was written from specimens found in only one locality in the

Nilgiri Mountains, in 8. India, and which hardly covers the Himalayan plant,

I substitute the following, which was written many years ago :—

Plants isolated, or united in tufts by the matted roots ; Caud. erect, short ;”

St. $-—25 in., rarely more than 1} in., densely tufted, soft, castaneous, clothed

ab base with linear hair-pointed dark-coloured scales, upwards more or less so

clothed, scales gradually changing upwards to soft hairs ; fr. linear-lanceolate,

bipinnatifid, never nearly bipinnate, 2~—9 in, l, 3—14 in br.; rz. flattened,

winged, green in upper two-thirds, the castaneous colour of stipes extending

farthest up the inferior side and sometimes in patches ; pinn. 20-25 jugate,

oblong with an exp nded base, or cuneate, sometimes leafy and then obliquely.

triangular and less cui, subpetiolate, blunt, costae inconspicuous, undulate later-

ally, lower pinns more distant, shorter but scarcely narrower at base, sometimes

trifoliate in shape ; segm. 3-6 jugate, having 1-6 teeth according to number of

veinlets, lower margins concavely cut or scooped out, lowesi anterior much cut

away ; colour dark green; veins immersed, obscure ; sore costal, one at the

base of cach segment, two or m7v'e in lowest anterior; /r. often very attenuate

upwards and rhachis prolonged and then rooting aé tip ; segm. sometimes all

truncate or emareinate ab apex, and there proliferous.

PunsaB: Kullu—7-9000', Trotter; Simla Reg. 6-9000', not common; Gamble,

Collett, Cattell, blant., Hope, Trotter, Bliss.

N-W. P.; D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, Barasti 7000’, Gamble ; Mussoorie—6000’ Hdgew.,

Dr. Bacon, Jameson’s Collr. 1850; 5500’—7000’, Lev. 1872, Mackinnons 1878, Hope

1880-1895 (seen and studied yearly), plentiful in places on rocks in damp forest ;

“ Garhwdl”’ Lev. 1872; 7. Garh.—Ganges Valley 6-7000,’ Duthie; Kumaun—Naini

Tal, by the lake-side, Hope 1861; Harsila, Davidson 1875; below Naini Tal

5-6000’ Trotter; Dhauli Valley 10,000’, ‘Duthie 1885-86 ; MacLeod 1883. ‘*N.-W.

India”, Falconer.

DistRin.—NV. Amer.: ‘* Mexico, JJ.. Consul - Glennie 3 Mexico—Rochers de

Pedregal, Bourgeau, 1865-66, Chihuahua—Mapula Mts., Pringle 1866, Sonora, Lloyd

1890. United States—Arizona : Huachucha (?) Mts., Lemmon 1882.— Asia: N. Ind.

(Him,) Sikkim (!) Wangtu, Hook, fil. and Thons. 1847. 5S. Ind.: Nilgiri Mts., above

Kalhatty waterfall, rave, Beddome 1864, Barliar 2500, Gamble. China—Moupin,

David 1889; Mengtez; Yiinnan, W. Hancock 1893 : “shady rocks, very local.”

I have found no difficulty in separating this Himalayan plant from A. fonta-

num, Bernh.; bub it is noi without hesitation that I come to the conclusion that

it is the same as Beddome’s Nilgiri plant. Beddome found his plant only m

one station, and he then thought ib nearly allied to A. camptorhachis, Kze.,

which Baker unites with A. /unulatwm, Sw.—-Gamble has a dozen plants ticketed

A, exiguum, which he gob near Barlidr,. on’ the Nilgir’s, 2500’ alt., all small

and narrow, and with . prolonged. rhachises. In the Synopsis /ilewm, under

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 665

A, fontanum, Bernh., A. exiguum, Bedd., from the Nilgiris, is mentioned as

being a less divided form, with narrow fronds and ebeneous rhachis ; and the

authors goon to say that a similar plant had been gathered in Mexico by

Mr. Glennie. But in the 2nd Pid. Mr. Baker set up what appears to be Bed-

‘dome’s plant as a new species—“ A. Glennie, Baker ; Hab, Mexico, Consul

Glennie, Bourgeau, 252—Very like some of the forms of fontunum.” When at

Kew in 1888 I pointed out to Mr. Baker and Col. Beddome that the specimens

of A, Glenniei in the Royal Herbarium were merely a common N.-W. Hima-

~ Jayan fern, which I had been calling A. exiqguum, Bedd. Prolongation of the

rhachis into a naked tail often bearing a young plant, was a character given by

Beddome in his description of the species, though this was not mentioned in the

Handbook where he degraded it to the rank of a variety, This is a normal

though not an invariable character of the Himalayan plant, as it is said to be

also of A. micropteron, Baker, Syn. Fil. 488,—“ rhachis much produced beyond

lamina, rooting at the tip. Hab. San Luis, 7000’, Pearce.” 4. micropteron,

however, differs materially in: having a flattened and broadly winged rhachis,

and also in cutting of pinnae. I think that there is here (excluding A. mierop-

teron) only one species, quite distinct, however, from <A. fonfanum, and that the

N.-W. Himalaya is its headquarters ; because the plant there grows to a much

larger size than in either South India or Mexico—judging from the few speci-

mens sent thence—and is very plentiful in certain parts of the range about

Mussoorie. Mr, Baker's type specimen of A. Glennie has not a prolonged and

rooting rhachis; bat in the British Museum there is one plant, among A,

fontanum, ticketed —* U. S, Pacific Coast Flora, (new to U.S.) var. £ Con-

servatory,’ Huackue (Huachuea ?) Mts., Arizona, August 1882, Lemmon Her-

barium, Oakland, California,” which is exactly the M ussoorie fern, and it is pro-

liferous on the pinnee throughout, and at the apex of the frond. And there are,

in the same herbarium, two specimens from America, named A. Glennie’, Baker,

which are exactly the Mussoorie plant. Inthe Calcutta Herbarium there are

three specimens, named A. Glenniez, from America, one or two of which is the

Mussoorie fern: the third is not.

The Mexican plant had been named Athyrium gracile by Fournier, in his

Fil. Mex. 102, published in 1872, and Mr, Baker gives this as a synonym of

his A. Glennie. He was obliged to reject gracile as the specific name, - because

there was already Aspleniwm gracile of Feé, and also another plant so named by

Pappé and Rawson. Fournier’s plant is in the “ Herbier de la Commission

Scientifique du Mexico, recueilli par M, Bourgean 1865-66,” Lemmon’s plant

collected in Arizona 1882, was identified: by Baker as A. Glennie’, and was

cited as A. Glennied, Baker, by. Katon in the Bulletin of- the Torrey Botanical

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111,

Club, 1883, p. 29; and the specimens collected by Pringle and Lloyd in

Mexico in 1886 and 1894 also were so named. The entry in the Bulletin of

the Torrey Club is as follows :-—

“51. <Asplenium Glennie’, Baker, described at p. 488 of the second edition of

Synopsis Filicum, was scantily collected in the Huachuea Mts. by Prof. Lemmon,

Itisasmall fern growing in little tufts like A. montanwm; but the fronds are

lanceolate, tapering both ways, 2-6 inches long, pinnate, with many pairs of oklong,

toothed or pinnately lobed, deep-green pinnz. The sori are abundant, rather large

slightly curved outwards, and placed mostly very near the midrib of the pinnules.

The fern comes near the old world A. fontanum, out it is not closely allied to

any of our common species. I am obliged to Mr. Baker for the description.”

If the Nilgiri (5, Ind.) plant be admitted to be the same as the American

and Himalayan plants (Beddome added “‘ Himalayas ”’ as a habitat in his Hand-

book) then Beddome’s name, being the older, must have priority over Bakei’s

name A. Glenniei, . A. ytinnanense, Franchet in Bull, Bot. Soc. France, 1885,

p. 28, which Mr, Baker, in Ann. Bot, 1892, placed as a variety of A. fontanum,

Bernh., near var. exiguum, and of which Beddome, in his supplement of 1892,

after describing it, says—“ seems hardly to differ from typical fontanwm,’’ must,

I think, also come under A. exiguum.

I have mentioned under A. fontanum, Bernh., some of the differences from it

of A, exiguum ; but indeed it would be more difficult to point out identical

characters, or even resemblances between the two plants, A. eaguum varies

considerably in width of frond and pinnee, and in cutting, but the variations are

all away from the direction of A. fontanum. A. exiguum is abundant in many

places within the municipal limits of Mussoorie, the hill sanitarium in the Dis-

trict of Dehra Din, where I have chiefly observed it, at altitudes of about 5500!

to almost 7000 feet, on limestone rocks in the forest, generally with a north as-

pect. It grows in rock crevices, among moss, and spreads itself out like a star,

the prolonged fronds bending backwards until they bury their tips in the moss

seeking for cracks, or crevices, or earth, in which to root, The fronds last for two

years, at leasi, living through the winter, in frost and snow, and through the suc-

ceeding dry, hot, weather in a shrivelled and apparently dead state until the rainy

season comes in June or July, when they uncurl, and then frequently, if they have

not already done so, produce young plants on their tips. This is followed by the

springing up of fresh fronds from the same roots, generally not proliferous in

that season, so far as I have seen. Judging from the numerous herbarium

specimens I have seen, A. fontanwm of the Himalaya has a more erech habit

than A. exiguum has, and is never proliferous. Blanford says A. exiguum is

rare in the neighbourhood of Simla, In Gamble’s collection I found 3 sheets

with 11 specimens—from Simla, On the five days’ march from Simla to Bagi,

bts in ee:

PLATE XX.

J.N. Pitch del. KP Dass ith,

ASPLENIUM VARIANS Hook.et Grev.

Large Plant: natural size.

. Pinna of 2 frond of same, enlarged 2 diams.

Smell Plant: natural size.

Frond from the same, enlarged 2 diams.

PCO WM EF

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, ; 667

eastward, on the great Thibet Road, in 1886, I saw only two or three specimens,

ab about 8000’ altitude ; but the fern may be more abundant at a lower

level, off that road. In 1861 I saw one plant of A. exiguum at Naini Tal,

by the side of the lake, but none anywhere else there, or on the way to

Almora, 30 miles northward, There is no passage from this species to the next.

15. A. varians, Hook and Gr. ; Syn. Fil. 216; C. R. 485; Bedd.

H, B, 158. Plate XX.

AFGHAN.: Kuram Valley, Aitch. No, £69, 1899: “not common”; Peiwar Kotal

8000’, Collett. 1879.

KasumMin: Baltistan—near Skardo,T. T. Punch Pass 9000’ and near Pashjna

7500’, Winterbottom 1847 ; Chittapani, Jhelam, and Liddar Valleys 4-8000’, Trotter,

Duthie, MacLeod.

PUNJAB: Hazdra—from Black Mt. eastward to Murree, 7-9000’, Duthie, Oer-

tel, Trotter, Levinge, Hope, and Duthie’s collector. Chamba—Chen&4b and Ravi Val-

leys 6-7000', McDonell, J. Marten; Kullu, 5-9000', Trotter, Coventry ; Simla Reg.

5-10,500’, common, but nowhere abundant ; Bisahir, Brandis and Lace 7000’.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, Lokandi 8000’, Gamble; Mussoorie, Jacquem. ;

common on rocks in forest at 5500’—7000', : 7. Garh. 5-13,000', Duthie, C. G. Rogers,

Gamble; Kumaun, frequent

DistRiB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim 9060’, Hooker fil.. Kurseong 3000’, Zev. ;

Bhotan 6500’, Griffith. Assam—Khasi and Jaintia Hills. S. Ind.: common on

Nilgiris and mountains on west side, 3000’ and upwards (Bedd. H. B.). Ceylon, 3000,

and upwards, Japan. N. China, Afr.—Cape Colony, Caftraria, Natal.

Mr. Clarke says that this species and A. fontanum, Bernh., are very nearly

allied: I demur. He also says that it is not difficult to separate the

Himalayan examples from A. lanceolatwm, Huds, ; while Beddome says a form

found at Kulhati in the Nilgiris quite runs into the European lanceolatum.

In Gamble’s collection is a sheeb from Levinge, ticketed “A. lanceolatum,

Huds., Kulhati, Nilgiris, 5000’, 26-6-83 ”, two plants on which are distinctly

A. varians, and a detached frond very like A. lanceolatum, only the segments

are more sharply toothed and the sori longer, I got a specimen in Murree

(N.-W. Himalaya) a good deal like A. lanceolatum ; but I should say that that

Species, besides being thicker in texture, is less distinctly bipinnate than is A. va-

reans, is less sharply toothed, and has shorter sori. The stipes and rhachis also

are stouter than those of A. varians ; and other differences might be pointed out.

16. A. tenuifolium, Don, ; Syn. Fil. 220; C. R. 485; Bedd. H. B.

TUS)S aml yrs a Drees AO

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Sowarna Nala 4500’, Mackinnons 1878 ; P.W. Mackinnon

and Hope, 1881.

DISTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim and Bhot&n, 5-9000,

common. Assam—Khasia 4-5500’, frequent. Burma—Moulmein, Parish. §. Ind. :

higher ranges of the Nilgiris, Pulneys and Anamallays. Ceylon=Newera Elya,

‘668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

In his list of the ferns of the Punjab, printed for private circulation,

Mr. ‘Trotter wrote :—‘* it has been collected at ‘The Glen’ near Simla by

De. Watt, Dr. Cattell and myself,” but Mr, Blanford did not admit this; and

Mr. Trotter did not include A. tenwifolium in a manuscript list he subsequently

sent me ; so I suppose the plants were only A. varians, which is quite different

in cutting. Beddome’s figure accurately represents the Dehra Dun plant.

Sub-genus AtHyrium, Roth.

[A. Hohenackerianum, Kze., was given .by Dr, Cattell in his “ Handy

Guide to the known Ferns of the Himalaya”, Lahore, 1877, as

having being found at the Chadwick Falls, Simla, andthe entry was

repeated in Mr, Trotter's privately printed Jist. Mr. Levinge, in a letter

to Mr. Baker, preserved in the Kew Herbarium, said—“ No, 54 ” (Trot-

-ter’s pamphlet). “I do not believe that A, Hohenackerianum, Kze., was

ever found in the Punjab. What Dr. Cattell got at the Chadwick Falls,

Simla, (also alluded to by Blanford) was most likely Aspl. drepanophyllum,

as I got the latter at Naini Tal in the N.-W. Himalaya’. I agree with

“Mr, Levinge’s belief; but not in the suggestion as to what Dr. Catiell’s

» Plant was, for there is no evidence to support it. |

pesca faleatum, Bedd. :. Bedd, H. B. 164, Athyrium drepanopha ee

Baker : Bedd. Suppt. H. B. 32.

N..W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Badréj Mt. near Mussoorie, 5000’, Mackinnons’ Native

Collector 1879.

Kumaun—below Naini Tal ; ; in Herh. Gamble, coll. et com. Lev.: “2 or 3 miles

above Ranibagh road up to Naini Tal, 3-4000’—Levinge in ABS to Hope, 25th qe

tuary 1892.

DisTRIB.— Asia :-N. Ind. :. Assam—Khasia Hills, Mann; Bengal—Parasnath Mt.,

3-4000', Clarke, Rev. A. Campbell ; Palamow-Jaigir 2000’, Gamble. Centr. Provs.

Cind.), Pachmarhi, Blanford, Duthie. “Centr. Ind.”, Col. R. Oakes, Rajputina—

Mt. Abu, King 1860. Penins. Ind.—Mts. of Malabaria, from Mahableshwar and

Belgaum southward to the Anamallays: Clarke in ‘Review’; Ganjam Dist.; My-

henda Hill 4500’, and Anamallay Mts., dry yrassy places, 5000’, Bedd. in H. B.

is. A. thelypteroides, Michx. ; Syn. Fil. 226; C. R, 488. Athyrium

thelypteroides, Michx., Bedd. H. B, 164.

AFGHAN. : Shend Toi Valley 9-10,000, Aitch. 1880.

KASHMIR: Palgam.8500’, Sind Valley 10,000, C. B, Clarke ;. 6-12,000,in various

localities, Trotter, McDonell, Gammie, MacLeod, Duthie.

PANJAB : Hazara; Machpuri Mt. 8000, Trotter; Kagan Valley 14 400’, Duthie s

collr., 1896. Chamba—Kajiar 7000’, Sara 11,000’ C. B. Clarke ; 7-8000’, Baden-

Powell, McDonell ; AulJuw—Jalori Pass 10,000',. Trotter ; Simla Reg.—Along ridge

K. of Simla, from between Mahasu and Phagu to Hattu Mt.,.8-10,000', see Bates,

Collett, Blant., Hope, Trotter, Bliss,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN iNDLA. 669

NW. P.: 2. Garh.—8- 13,000, Mackinnons and Duthie; B. Garh, 9-10,000’,

Duthie ; Kumaun 7-13,000', Davidson, Duthie, Macleod.

NEPAL, W.: 10-11,000', Duthie.

DISTRIB.—W, Amer. : Canada and U.S.A. Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim and

Bhotan. Japan, Fawrie. China—Yiinnan, Henry and Delavay; N. Shensi,

Giraldé. Amur Land.

I do not think the description in ‘he Synopsis Filicum is altogether accurate,

for the Himalaya plant at least ; because I cannot find any double (diplazoid) sori

ab the basis of the pinne. Nor should I say, looking at the Himalaya plant,

that the species is “easily distinguished by its long sori in very regular

- rows.” The involucres, especially near the main rhachis, are often very narrow

in proportion to their length when in advance of or failing the development of

the sporangia, and then they look long ; but when the fructification is well

developed, the sori look broad and short. They are longish, however, in ‘some

American specimens. ‘The veins are generally quite straight where the sori are ;

but the inner or dehiscing side of the involucre is more or less curved, according -

to its width, so that its shape is more less segmental, sometimes nearly semi-

circular : Colonel Beddome describes the sori as short, oblong. Towards the

apex of the frond, and the apices of the upper pinnee, the sori begin to vary in

shape, some being curved across the vein, some didymochlenoid, and some

short-diplazoid—, ¢., the returning half of the sorus and involucre is quite

separated by the vein from the basal half. In this case the upper part of the

involucre is hardly as long as the lower. I look upon these variations in the

form of the sorus and involucre as of importance only as showing that there is

no sound distinction, in shape of sorus at least, between Huasplenium, Athyrium,

and Diplazium, unless the last sub-genus be restricted to the plants which have

long, narrow, double sori, such, ¢. 9., as A.lancewm, Thunb., and A. bantamense,

Baker. <Asplenvum (Dipl.) gaponicum is almost as much Athyriwn as is

A. thelypteroides, or A, McDonelli, 1 agree with Mr. Clarke that no varieties

or even forms can be made out of this fern ; but Dr. Christ, in a paper written

jointly by him and Dr, Baroni, published at Florence in 1897, on the Ferns

and Fern-allies of the Shen Si Province of China, has set up a new species—A,

Guwaldi. A comparison of the specimen of this new species which Dr. Christ

sent to Kew with A. thelypteroides shows no variation whatever from the

latter-named species, A. thelypteroides is gregarious, and careful examination

would probably show that the rhizome is slowly creeping, though thick, and the

plants in a bed may be connected.

19. A. McDonelli, Bedd. in Journ, Bot., March 1889, p. 73, under

Athyrium. — Athyrium McDonelli, Bedd., H. B. Suppt. 54.. Plate X XI.

‘Kasauin: Panjab 5500’, Baniar—Harpat-Rai Nala 5000’, Kitardaji 6000!,

McDonell, August 1891 ; Lolab Valley : Bamahéma and sn ‘rbug 45-6000, Mactieod,

September 1891.

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

PANJAB: Chamba.—Ravi Valley, Chadbent Forest 6,000’, McDonell, 1882.

DISTRIB.—Asia : Japan—Yezo Prov., 7’ Abbé Faurie, 1889.

Colonel Beddome described this species in 1889 from two fronds, then shown

to him by Mr. McDonell and myself. Mr. McDonell's frond had a bit of

rhizome attached : mine had only an incomplete stipe. He (Mr. McDonell)

had sent it to me several years before as A. thelypteroides, but I then noted

that it was different and probably new. A third frond of the same gathering

in Chamba I found, in 1896, in the Calcutta Herbarium. 'These were the only

three fronds Mr. McDonell had up to that time got, After returning to India

he was deputed to Kashmir, to have charge of the Forest Department of that

State ; and in 1891 he found A. McDonelli plentiful in several localities there

(W. and 8. Kashmir, I think) ; and it seems probable that this fern has its

headquarters in Kashmir, and that the Chamba station is an outlier.

Mr. McDonell has explored Chamba thoroughly, and he is so sharp an

observer that any other station there could hardly have escaped him. But,

very curiously, the only specimen sent to Kew, as this fern, by its discoverer is,

for me, A. thelypteroides. Mr. J. Marten, who has, more lately, been exploring

in Chamba, does not seem to have found it,

The place of this species is clearly alongside of A. thelypteroides, and nob

where Colonel Beddome has placed it—after the A. nigripes group. ‘The

sterile fronds of young plants are hardly distinguishable in the herbarium,

from similar fronds of A. thelypteroides, the cutting being sometimes almost

identical. The main points of difference are :—(1) the rhizome, which is

distinctly, though sometimes slowly, creeping in A. MeDonelli, and erect ot

only procumbent in the other species (but see the suggestion ab end of the

last article) ; (2) the wider sinus between the segments or pinnules, which in

A, McDonell extends nearer to the rhachis, and in well-developed specimens is

square or often ob-cuneate at the base; (3) in A. thelypteroides, the frond

natrows gradually at the base; in A. McDonelli, it is truncate, the lowest pair

of pinne being hardly shorter than those above ; (4) the shape of the pinniz,

which in A. thelypteroides is invariable (though hardly so wide as 1 in., as the

Synopsis Fihcum has it), but in A. McDonelli varies with the size and age of

the plant :—In one large specimen from MacLeod, I find the lowest three

pairs to be pronouncedly lanceolate, and of the following dimensions : —lowest

73 in. |, 25 br.; next pair above—84 in. |., 2 in. br.; third pair—8} in. 1,

1% in, br—the pinnules or seements being ee cut down half-way be

the costa; (5) in A. thelypteroides, the pinne are patent : in A. McDonelli in

large specimens acutely ascendant, the lowest less so. (6) the venation of the’

two species is quite different : in A. thelypter aides it is simple ;-in'A. MeDonelli

it is sub-pinnate, the vein forks, and one branch throws off one or even tio.

PLATE XXI.

J.N.Fitch del.

: K. BP Dass hth.

ASPLENIUM McDONELLI Beda.

1. Basal pinnae of a large irond,nat size. 5. Segments of pinna from

2. Portion of Rhizome and Stipes another plant.

from a smaller frond,nat size.

6. Scale from base of stipes

3. Portion of frond, from original type specimen nat. size and enlargement. of portion X 2.

4. Segments of pinna from do. X 24 7, Scale from stipes, & enlargement.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 671

veinlets after entering the lobe; (7) and finally, the fructification is different :

there is no rigid, straight-backed sorus in A. McDonelli, but, on the contrary,

the utmost possible liberty and variety of shape. ‘There is generally one sorus

to each lobe, on the superior veinlet ; but in the lowest lobe there are sometimes

two, and then the lower is attached to the lower side of the inferior veinlet, and

the upper to the upper side of the anterior veinlet, so that they are placed baek

to back, but separated by the space between the two veinlets, All shapes of

involucre may be found on the same pinnule: short-asplenioid, athyrioid, pear-

shaped—spreading on both sides of a veinlet without any apparent sinus or

back at either end, and short-diplazoid—as described above under A. thelypte-

roides. Beddom2, I think, at first intended to describe A. McDonelli asa

_Diplazium, and he says it has the habit of the Ceylonese D. Schkurii, and the

Cuban D. conchatum. It has almost as much right to a place under Diplazium

as A. japonicum has. The description requires revision by the light of the

new material from Kashmir. A. Henryi, Baker, from China, is doubtfully

distinct.

(To be continucd.)

672

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN,

By G. C. Dupgnon, r.n.8., &C.,

Wiru Norss sy H. J. ELwns, ¥.2.8., F.E.8., &C.,

AND

AppItiIons By Sin Georce F, Hampson, BaArt., B.A., F.E.S., &C.

Part X,

(Continued from page 425 of this Volume.)

Family HYPSID/.

Genus Anacnia, W1k,

1132. <A. orbicularis, Wik.

Sikhim, 1 have not taken this. Mr. Hauxwell sent me a specimen

from Thaungyin in Tenasserim which is the only one I have seen. (1.

have a specimen from Méller’s collection.—Z. J. E.)

Genus Hypsa, Hiibn,

1134. H. marmorea, Wik.

N.-E. India. I have no specimens corresponding with the descrip-

tion. ‘Two insects from Bhutan in my collection are identical with

two others from Burma and follow in characters the description of

H. butler?, Swinh. and Butler’s figure in II], Het. B. M.,V. pl. 87, fig. 11,

named Neochera marmorea, 9, with the exception that the latter has

an extra spot. on the thorax and is not shown as suffused with white

on the thorax and basal abdominal segments as in my specimens.

(Ihave a specimen from Méller’s collection which agrees with males

from Assam and Pegu and with Butler’s fig, 10.— A. J. £.)

1135. H. butlerz, Swinh.

and September. (i have one male ‘from an old Darjeeling collection

which agrees with Naga-and Burmese examples.— 4. J. E.)

1137. H. monycha, Cram. :

Bhutan. I have only one male taken in May. Sir George

Hampson has pointed out to me that H. monycha has the 2nd joint

of the palpus barred with black, whereas H. clavata, Butl., has a lateral

black stripe on that joint. (I have one specimen from Sikhim.—

H. J.B)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 673

1140. H. complana, Wik.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Not common, I have specimens taken in

May and July. ARETE

1141. HH, tortuosa, Moore. ‘

Sikhim. Not known to me, (I have a pair of this; the female was

taken by Knyvett in April—H. J. #.)

1142. A. heliconta, Linn.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (I have both sexes from Mol-

ler’s collection probably taken in the Terai.—JH. J. E.)

1144. 4H. egens, Wik.

Throughout N.-B. India (Hampson). I have not received it, but

Mr. Elwes says he has several specimens from Miller’s collection,

1148. ZH. aleiphron, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. A very common insect,

attracted to light and fruit in May, J Fly, August and September,

The larva feeds on a species: of fig in Darjeeling.

1150. H. producta, Butl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 3,500 feet. Another common species,

distinguished from the last by ‘the presence of an extra black spot on

the costa of the forewing near the base which is often united to one

of the others. The interspace between the costa and vein 12 of the

forewing is usually white as also over the cilia of the outer mar gin

below vein 5. Occurs from May to September.

1150a. #H. chloropyga, W1k. rest

Sikhim. A specimen from Dr. Pilcher’s collection is in the

British Museum. _

1151. HZ. enops, Wlk.

Sikhim. I have one specimen without date or elevation marked,

(Specimens from Méller’s collection dated October vary much in the

width of the black border on the hindwing.—H. J. FE.)

1153, HH. jcus, Fabr.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Ihave taken this in the latier locality in

July. It occurs in the Kangra Valley, Punjab, also. (£ have’ one

specimen from Sikhim.—H. J. E.)

Genus Dicama, Moore.

1155. D. cribraria, Fabr.

Sikhim and Bhutan up to 2,500 feet. I have only four specimens,

taken in August, September and October, It occurs in large quantity

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

throughout the rainy season in the Kangra Valley, most plentifully

at about 4,000 feet. D. heaseyana, Moore, is a synonym.

Genus Ditemera, Hibn.

1261. D. arctata, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000 feet. Ihave only two females of this

species in my collection, but have seen many others. It occurs in

May. The genera Dilemera and Nyctemera have recently been trans-

ferred from LitHosun2. |

1262, D. caremissa, Swinh.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. (1 have it from Moller’s collection

without date or exact locality —H. J. E.)

Genus Nycremera, Hiibn.

1263. WN. latecinia, Cram.

Bhutan 1,000-2,000 feet. I took my specimens flying by day at

Fagoo in July, November and December. (Specimens from Méller’s

collection are dated May and June.—Z. J. F.)

1266. NV. plagifera, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Common at low elevations, I have taken

specimens in October.

1267. NV. cenis, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have four specimens brought in by my

collectors, but have never taken it myself. I think it is found at low

elevations. (I have taken this myself in December, it also occurs in

April.—#. J. E.)

1268. N. varians, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs commonly from May to August at

1,880 feet. The larva is black with lateral and dorsal series of long

black hairs mixed with white ones. The pupa is red-brown and is

formed in an open web cocoon between leaves, these webs are slightly

covered with a chalky substance. (I have taken this at Pashok in

June and have much smaller specimens from Bhutan taken in March,

i. Ey

675

“THE DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA.”

By W. T. Buanrorp, LL,D., F.RS.

(Abstract.)

Several contributions on the subject of the distribution of Vertebrata, or

geographical Zoology, in India and the neighbouring countries have been

made by Elwes,* von Pelzeln,; Wallace,t Sharpe,§ Newton,|| Gadow,{] Lydek-

ker,** and W, Sclater,{t+ besides the present author.{} The majority of these

contributions deal, however, with birds or mammals alone, the first-named

class having received the greatest amount of attention.

The completion of the seven volumes containing descriptions of all the

Vertebrata, in the ‘ Fauna of British India, affords an opportunity of review-

ing generally the distribution of terrestrial vertebrate animals throughout

the British possessions in India, Ceylon, and Burma, The limits are those

of the British Indian territories and dependencies with the addition of

Ceylon (which, although British, is not under the Indian Government).

Baluchistan, all the Kashmir territories (with Gilgit, Ladak, &c.), Nepal,

Sikhim, Bhutan, and other Cis-Himalayan States, Assam, Manipur, the Bur-

mese Shan States, Karennee, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are

included ; but not Afghanistan, Kashgaria, Tibet, Yunnan, Siam, or the Malay

Peninsula south of Tenasserim.

For the study of zoological distribution there are few, if any, regions on

the earth’s surface that exceed British India and its dependencies in interest,

The area is about 1,800,000 square miles, and although the vertebrate fauna

is by no means thoroughly explored, it is well known throughout the greater

part of the area and fairly known throughout the whole, better probably

than in any other tropical and sub-tropical tract of approximately equal

extent. The variety of climate is remarkable; within the area are included

the almost rainless deserts of Sind and the locality on the Khasi Hills dis-

tinguished by the heaviest rainfall known, the cold arid plateau of the Upper

Indus drainage, and the damp tropical forests of Malabar and Tenasserim.

The country is bounded on the north by the highest mountain range in the

world, and on the south by an ocean extending tothe Antarctic regions.

* ¢ P,Z.S., 1873, p. 645.

t ¢ Geographical Distribution, vol. 1, pp. 81,'&¢., 1876.

§ ‘ Natural Science, August, 1893, p. 108.

|| ‘ Dietionary of Birds,’ p. 358 (1893),

{ Bronn’s ‘ Kl. Ord. d. Thierreichs, VI, 4, Vogel, p. 296 (1893).

** € Geographical History of Mammals, p. 266 (1896).

++ ‘Geographical Journal,’ 1896, vol. 8, p. 380 , ‘ Geography of Mammals,’ p, 131.

tt ‘Jour. As. Soc. Beng,,’ vol. 39, pt. 2,p. 336 (1870); ‘A. M,N. H.’ (4), vol. 18, p. 277

(1876) ; Introduction to “ Mammalia,” ‘ Fauna Brit, Ind., p. IV, (1888).

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X11.

Another element of interest lies in the fact that the peninsula of India isa

land of great geological antiquity, there keing no evidence that it has ever

been submerged, although the greater part of the Himalayas and Burma

have at times been beneath the sea, "

The plan adopted for the study has been to divide the whole country into

nineteen tracts, distinguished by physical characters—such as rainfall, tem-

perature, presence or absence of forests, and prevalence of hilly ground, and

to construct tables showing the distribution of each genus of land or fresh

water vertebrate in the tracts. Genera have been selected for consideration

because families and sub-families are too few im number and too wide in

range, whilst species are too numerous and too unequal in importance, It is

recognised that there is much difference in the value of genera in different

groups, the generic differences in passerine birds, for instance, being as

a rule of inferior rank to those in some other orders of birds, or to

those generally adopted amongst mammals, reptiles,and batrachians, In

the demarcation of regions and sub-regions, terrestrial mammalia are regarded

as of primary importance.

The tracts are the following :— ;

A, Indo-Gangetic Plain.

1. Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and Western Rajputana.

. Gangetic Plain from Delhi to Rajmahal.

3. Bengal from Rajmahal to the Assam Hills,

B. Indian Peninsula.

4. Rajputana and Central India as far south as the Nerbudda,

5, Deccan from the Nerbudda to about 16° N, lat. and from the Western

Ghats to long. 80° E.

6. Behar, Orissa; &c., from the Gangetic Plain to the Kistna.

7. Carnatic and Madras, south of 5 and 6, and east of the Western Ghats.

8. Malabar Coast, Concan, and Western Ghats or Sahyadri range from

the Tapti River to Cape Comorin.

C. Ceylon.

9. Northern and Eastern Ceylon.

10. Hill Ceylon, the Central, Western, and Southern Provinces.

D. Himalayas.

11. Western Tibet and the Himalayas above forest.

12, Western Himalayas from Hazara to the western frontier of Nepal.

13, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, &c. File ge’

EE, Assam and Burma.

14, Assam and the hill ranges to the south, with Manipur and Arrakan,

15. Upper Burma, north of about 19° N, lat.

16 Pegu from the Arrakan Yoma to the hill ranges east of the Sittang,

17. Tenasserim as far south as the neighbourhood of Mergui.

18. South Tenasserim, south of about 13° N, lat.

19. Andaman and Nicobar Islands,

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA. 677

A review of the fauna of these tracts leads to the following conclusions :—

I, The Punjab tract differs greatly in its fauna from the Indian peninsula

and from al! countries to the eastward, so greatly that it cannot be regarded

_as part of the Indo-Malay or Oriental region, (f terrestrial mammals, bats

excluded, 30 genera are met with, of which 8 or 263 per cent, are not Indian,

whilst of reptiles (omitting crocodiles and chelonians) 46 genera occur, and

of these 20 or 433 per cent. are unknown further east. Of the corresponding

orders of mammalia 46 and of reptiles 80 genera occur in the Peninsula, and

24 or 52 per cent, of the former and 57 or 64 per cent. of the latter are not

found in the Punjab tract, The differences would be larger but for the fact

that certain genera, for instance, Antilope and Boselaphus (nilgai), are found

east of the Indus though not further west,and that a few Indian species

straggle into the Punjab area, All the genera met with in the Punjab tract

and wanting farther east are either Holarctic forms or peculiar, but with

Holarctic affinities.

The Punjab, Sind, and Western aie arein fact the eastérn extremity

of the area known as the Hremian or Tyrrhenian or Mediterranean sub-

region, generally regarded as part of the Holarctie region, but by some

classed as a region by itself corresponding to the Sonoran in North America,

II, The Himalayas above the forests and such portions of Tibet as come

within Indian political limits (Gilgit, Ladak, Zanskar, &c,) belong to the Tibe-

tau sub-region of the Holarctic region. Of twenty-five mammalian genera

hitherto recorded from No, 11 (the Tibetan) tract, llor 44 per cent. are not

-found in the Indo-Malay region, That Tibet forms a distinct mammalian

sub-region has already been shown in other papers,”

III, India proper from the base of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, and

from the Arabian Sea and the eastern boundary of the Punjab tract to the

Bay of Bengal and the hills forming the eastern limit of the Gangetic allu-

vium, should, with the addition of the island of Ceylon, be regarded as a

single sub-region and may be conveniently entitled the Cisgangetic

sub-region.| ‘he forests of the Sahyadri range and of the Western

-or Concan and Malabar coast and the hill area of Southern Ceylon have a far

richer fauna than the remaining area, but are not sufficiently distinct to

_ Fequire sub-regional separation,

The hill fauna of the Sahyadri range, specially on the faeens portions,

such as tke Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills, and that of the hill group in South-

western Ceylon, contain several Himalayan genera and species, but not

sufficient to enable the S, Indian and Ceylonese areas to be classed with the

Himalayan forest area in a separate sub-division or sub-region,

The Cisgangetic sub-region is distinguished from the Meanagangette lly the

presence amongst mammals of Hyenide, Erinaceine, Gerbilline, of three

* ¢ Geol, Mag.,’ 1892 (3), vol. 9,p. 164; ‘ P.Z.S,, 1893, p. 448.

+ The terms “ Cisgangetic” and “ Transgangetic ” have already been employed by Profes-

sor Gadow, /,s.c,

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

peculiar genera of Antelopes and of some other types; amongst birds by the

occurrence of Pterocletes (sand grouse), Phcenicopteri (flamingces), Otidide

(bustards) and Cursoriine ; amongst reptiles by the possession of the families

Eublepharidx, Chameleontide, and Uropeltide, together with many peculiar

Geckonide, Agamide, and Lacertid, and amongst batrachians by about one-

half of the genera found in each sub-region being absent in the other, The

difference between the reptiles and batrachians by itself would justify the

classification of the two areas as distinct regions, a view adopted by several

writers,

The following figures show the total number of genera recorded from the

Cisgangetic sub-region and the percentage of them not ranging into the

Transgangetic area, the Himalayas and Burma :—

Cisgangetic. Not Transgangetic.

Mammals seo....sees 62 14 or 22°5 per cent,

Birds gi... sparina 20656 346 47 or 13 sa

Reptiles ............ bos eo 39 or 42 és

Batrachians ...... eae ald 9 or 53 ei

Freshwater fishes... 958 9 or 155

Omitting bats, the number of Cisgangetic mammalian genera is forty-six,

of which 14 or 30 per cent. are wanting in the Himalayas and east of the

Bay of Bengali.

The difference between the Cisgangetic vertebrate fauna and that ihevinae

the rest of the Indo-Malay or Oriental region is partly due to the absence in

the former of numerous Eastern types, and partly to the presence of two con-

stituents besides the Oriental genera, which, especially in forest, form a major-

ity of the animals present. One of these two constituents consists of mam-

mals, birds, and reptiles having a distinct relationship with Ethiopian and

Holarctic genera, and with the Pliocene Siwalik fauna. This constituent of

the Cisgangetic fauna it is proposed to distinguish by the term Aryan. The

other constituent is composed of reptiles and batrachians, and may be termed

the Pravidian element, The latter is well developed in the south of the

Peninsula, and especially along the south-west or Malabar Coast and in Ceylon,

but it gradually disappears to the northward, its northern limit, so far as is

known at present, not extending to the 20th parallel of north latitude,

It is probable that this is the oldest part of the Cisgangetic fauna,

and it may have inhabited the country since India was connected by

land with Madagascar and South Africa, across what is now the Indian

Ocean, in Mesozoic and early Cenozoic times. The other two elements,

the Indo-Malay or Oriental and the Aryan, are probably later immigrants,

and its wider diffusion may indicate that the Oriental element has inhabited

the Indian Peninsula longer than the Aryan has, There appears some reason

for regarding the Oriental portion of the fauna as dating in India from Mio-

cene times and the Aryan from Pliocene, whilst in the Pleistocene. epoch the

proportion of Aryan to Oriental types of mammals in India, as shown by the

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA, 679

fossil faunas of the Nerbudda and the Karnul Caves, was much larger than

at the present day. sera

There are some other peculiarities of the Indian Peninsular fauna to which

attention may be called. One of these is the presence of genera and some-

times of species which are found on both sides of the Bay of Bengal, but not

in the Himalayas or Northern India, A good example is afforded by the

genus Trayulus, of which one species inhabits Ceylon and India south of

about 22° N, lat., whilst two others are found in Southern Tenasserim and the

Malay Peninsula. In Pliocene times, the genus inhabited Northern India,

Another instance is the lizard, Liolepis guttatus, found in Burma and Arrakan,

and also in South Canara on the West Coast of India, Examples amongst

reptiles are rather numerous, Moreover, whilst there are numerous alliances

between the animals of Peninsular India and those of Africa, there are also

“some curious connections between India and Tropical America, but these are

chiefly amongst invertebrates. Some, however, are found in reptiles, It is

probable that such Indo-American connections are vestiges of older life than

the Indo-African, They are of course, generally speaking, instances of animal

groups once more widely distributed, but now only preserved ina few favour-

able tropical localities.

IV. The forest area of the Himalayas belongs to the same sub-region as

Assam, Burma (except South Tenasserim), Southern China, Tonquin, Siam,and

Cambodia, and to this sub-region the term Tranagangetic may be applied. It is

distinguished from the Cisgangetic sub-region by the absence of the animals

already specified as characteristic of that area and by the presence of the

following, which are wanting in the Indian Peninsula—Mammals: The fami-

lies Simiide, Procyonide, Talpide, and Spalacide, and the sub-family

Gymnurine, besides numerous genera, such as Prionodon, Helictis, Arctonyz,

Atherura, Nemorhaldus, and Cemas. Birds: The families Eurylemide, Indica-

toride, and Heliornithide, and the sub-family Paradoxornithine, Reptiles :

Platysternide and Anguide. Batrachians: Discophide, Hylide, Pelobatide,

and Salamandride,

The following are the numbers of the genera in the different classes record-

ed from the Indian portion of the Transgangetic region, bui not from the

Cisgangetic :—

Transgangetic., Not Cisgangetic.

Mammals’ wiccnceree gree) 10 26 or 35 per cent,

IBIS) eat eas base osdue 475 174 or 36°5 ~

IREP TIES,‘ joemwisevtasvavese 84 30 or 35°5 A

Batrachians ...........- 16 8 or 50 i:

Fresh water fishes ...... 67 18 or 27

eed

Omitting bats, the number of Transgangetic mammals within Indian limits

are fifty-four, of which 22 or 40 per cent, are not Cisgangetic.

The relations of the Himalayan fauna to that of Assam and Burma on the

_one hand, and to that inhabiting the Peninsula of India on the other, may be

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

illustrated by the mammals with bats omitted. Of forty-one genera occur-

ing in the Himalayas three are not found in the hills south of Assam or in

Burma, whilsi sixteen are wanting in the Cisgangetic region, It should be

remembered that a large number of the genera are widespread forms, As the

result is not in agreement with the views of some who have written on the

subject, the relations of species have been examined, It results that eighty-

one species of mammalia belonging to the orders Primates, Carnivora, Insec-

tivora, Rodentia, and Ungulata are recorded from the forest regions of the

Himalayas. Of these 2 are doubtful, 22 are not known to occur south of the

Himalayan range in India or Burma, 21 are wide ranging forms and are found

in both Burma and the Indian Peninsula, 1 only (Hystria leucura) is

common to the Himalayan forests and the Indian Peninsula, but does not

range east of the Bay of Bengal, whilst 35 are found in the countries east of

the Bay of Bengal, but not in the Peninsula south of the Ganges. Of the 35

8 only range as far as the hills south of the Assam Valley, 16 to Burma

proper, and 11 to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Or, in other words,

of the 79 Himalayan species 56 or 70 per cent, are common to the Trans-

gangetic region, and only 22 or 28 per cent. to the Cisgangetic, Of the 22

| species not ranging south of the Himalayas a large majority are either Holarc-

tic species or belong to Holarctic genera,

The fauna of the Himalayan forest area is partly Holarctic, partly Indo-

Malay. Itis remarkably poor, when compared with the Cisgangetic and

Burmese faunas, in reptiles and batrachians, It also contains but few peculiar

-genera of mammals and birds, and almost all the peculiar types that

do occur have Holarctic affinities, The Oriental element in the fauna is very

richly represented in the Eastern Himalayas and gradually diminishes to the

westward, untilin Kashmir and farther west it ceases to be the principal.

constituent, These facts are consistent with the theory that the Oriental

constituent of the Himalayan fauna, or the greater portion of it, has migrated

into the mountains from the eastward at a comparatively recent period. It is

an important fact that this migration appears to have been from Assam and

not from the Peninsula of India.

_ V. Southern Tenasserim agrees best in its vertebrata with the Malay Penin-

sula, and should be included in the Malayan sub-region of the Indo-Malay

region,

The continental area of the Indo-Malay or Oriental region is divided into

three sub-regions, Cisgangetic, Transgangetic and Malayan.

There are several points left which require explanation, There is the much

greater richness of the Oriental constituent in the Cisgangetic fauna to the

southward in Malabar and Ceylon, although this is far away fromthe main

Oriental area, and the occurrence also in the southern part of the Peninsula of

various mammalian, reptilian, and batrachian genera, such as Loris, Tragulus>

Draco, Liolepis, and Iculus, which are represented in Burma and the Malay

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA, 681

countries but notin the Himalayas or Northern India. In connection with this

the limitation of the Dravidian element to the south of India should also be

remembered, Then there is the occurrence of certain Himalayan species on

the mountains of Southern India and Burma, and even farther south, but not

in the intervening area, There isalso the predominence of the Western, or

what I have proposed to call the Aryan, elementin the Pleistocene fauna of

the Nerbudda Valley, and of Karnul in the north of the Carnatic tract, Last-

ly we have to account for the apparently recent immigration of Oriental

types into the Himalayas,

Whilst it is quite possible that other explanations may be found, it is evident

that all these peculiarities of the Indian fauna may have been due to the Glacial

epoch. The great terminal moraines occurring at about 7,000 feet in Sikhim,

first discovered by Sir J. Hooker ;* whose observations have been confirmed by

myself} and others, and the occurrence of similar moraines and other indica-

tions of ice action at even lower levels in the Western Himalayas, f{ clearly

show that the temperature of the mountain range must have been much lower

than at the present day when no glacier in Sikhim is known to descend much

below 14,000 feet.

During the coldest portion of the Glacial epoch, a large part of the higher

mountains must have been covered by snow and ice, and the tropical Oriental

fauna which had occupied the range, and which may have resembled that of

the Indian Peninsula more than is the case at present, must have been driven

to the base of the mountains orexterminated. The Holarctic forms apparent-

ly survived in larger numbers. The Assam Valley and the hill ranges to the

southward would afford in damp, sheltered, forest-clad valleys and hill slopes

a warmer refuge for the Oriental fauna than the open plains of Northern

India and the much drier hills of the country south of the Gangetic

plain. The Oriental types of the Peninsula generally must have been driven

southwards, and some of them, such as Loris and Tragulus, which must origi-

nally have been in touch with their Burmese representatives, have never re-

turned, It was probably during this cold period that the ossiferous Nerbudda

beds and the deposits in the Karnul caves were accumulated, The tropical

damp-loving Dravidian fauna, if it inhabited Northern India, must have been

driven out of the country. Unless the temperature of India and Burma

generally underwent a considerable diminution, it is not easy to understand

how plants and animals of temperate Himalayan types succeeded in reaching

the hills of Southern India and Ceylon, as well as those of Burma and the

Malay Peninsula.

When the whole country became warmer again after the cold epoch had

passed away, the Transgangetic fauna appears to have poured into the Hima-

* ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii, pp. 7, &e,

+ ‘Jour., As. Soc., Beng.,’ xl, 1871, Pt. 2, p. 393.

+ ‘Manual of the “Geology of India,” Ed. 1, p. 873 ; Hd. 2, p. 14, and references

there quoted.

682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111.

layas from the eastward, At the present day the comparatively narrow Brah-

maputra plain in Assam is far more extensively forest-clad, especially to the

eastward, than is the much broader Gangetic plain of Northern India, and if,

as is probable, the same difference between the two areas existed at the close

of the Glacial epoch, it is easy to see how much greater the facilities for the

migration of a forest-haunting fauna must have been across the Brahmaputra

Valley than over the great plain of the Ganges. This difference alone would

give the Transgangetic fauna of Burma an advantage over the Cisgangetic

fauna in a race for the vacant Himalayas, even if the latter had not been

driven farther to the southward than the former, as it probably was during

the Glacial epoch.

The theory, however, is only put forward as a possible explanation of some

remarkable features in the distribution of Indian vertebrates. At the same

time, it does serve to account for several anomalies of which some solution is

necessary. If thus accepted, it will add to the evidence, now considerable, in

favour of the Glacial epoch having affected the whole world, and not having

beena partial phenomenon induced by special conditions, such as local

elevation,

(The above paper was read before the Royal Society on 13th December, 1900,

and appeared in the Proceedings of the Society in Vol, 67.)

683

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I.—AN APPEAL FOR ASSISTANCE IN COLLECTING GAD.-

FLIES, BOT-FLIES, AND WARBLE-FLIES.

With reference to Captain Nurse’s Note in the Society’s Journal regarding

a Horse Bot«fly bred by him at Deesa, the specimens referred to have passed

through my hands, and I have been able to identify them as Gastrophilus

pecorum, @ and. In spite of the misleading specific name the host is given

in the text-books as Equuscaballus, Inv.d. Wulp’s Catalogue of the Diptera

of S, Asia (1896) only two species of istride are mentioned, viz., G. equi

and Therobia abdominalis ; since the publication of that work two species, v7z.,

Cobboldia elephantis and G'yrostoma sumatrensis (the latter from larve only),

have been added by Professor Brauer,of Vienna. In addition to G. pecorum,

as above, Captain Nurse obtained at Simla a specimen of Gistrus ovis (an exam-

ple of this. species without locality is also in the B.N.H. &.’s collceHon

This exhausts our knowledge of Indian Gad-flies,

From the above it will be seen how meagre is our knowledge of the family,

and it is in the hope of increasing it that I venture to appeal to members of

the Society for assistance in collecting specimens of imagines, larve, and

pupe. With this object it will be, perhaps, advisable to give a list of

the flies likely to be met with, their hosts, and a slight sketch of their life-

histories,

A. Bot-flies : (Larve internal parasites in the stomach and intestines).

Horst :—Gastrophilus equi, pecorum, nasalis and hemorrhoidalis—All of these

species have the same habits and are easily bred ; it is only necessary to

place the bots, after having been passed by the horse, in a jam-pot or

other receptacle with some dead leaves, saw-dust, &c,, for them to pupate

under,

Ass :—Probably all four of the above species infest the ass also, while in

addition G@. equi, var, asinina is said to be peculiar to the donkey. This is a

point requiring further investigation,

ELEPHANT ;—Cobboldia elephantis—This is probably the most interesting Bot-

fly known, it has been bred (by Professor Brauer alone) from bots passed by

an elephant from Bangulore living in captivity at Vienna, The bots were des-

eribed many years ago by Cobbold, but it was left to Professor Brauer to rear

and describe the perfect insect, A coloured drawing of the perfect insect will

be found in the Beitrage zur MKeutvin ausseren ropaischer Gistrodan by Dr,

Brauer in the Deuk, K. A-ad. Wiss. Wien,, Vol. XLIV., 1896. The bots are

said to be passed by the elephants in the early morning, so a hint to the

mahouts and coolies to examine the morning droppings of their charges may

lead to some captures, Should any member of the Society at Bangalore,

Baroda, or elsewhere be lucky enough to obtain these bots, their treatment

should be the same as that of those bots, I believe the Vienna Museum is the

684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

only museum enjoys a unique distinction in possessing specimens of the

perfect insect of this Gad-fly.

Tt is an interesting question and worthy of investigation as to how these

bots get into the elephant’s stomach. In the case of the horse the eggs are

laid about the knees, fetlocks, and shoulders, whence they are licked off and

swallowed. In the case of the elephant some other method must be adopted,

and it will probably be found that the eggs are deposited on the khurbi and

other fodder.

RaINOCEROS :—Gastrophilus rhinoceronis, Gyrostoma sumatrensis—Larve

only known. These are unlikely insects to breed, Still some member of the

Society may come on fresh rhinoceros dung, or chance on a perfect fly in the

jungle.

Bot-flies are sometimes to be caught round horses with a butterfly net, but

this method is pure chance, The majority of the specimens will have to be:

bred ; a few may be taken flying round oneself or one’s companions, and a

few (@) caught sitting sunning themselves on the bare ground.

B. Warble-flies: (Larve in tumours under the skin).

Ox :—Hypoderma lineatum, bovis,

’ DEER :—H, acieon, diana.

Horse (?):—Z., (?) sélenus—A Warble-fly is said to attack the horse, but

further evidence on this point is desirable,

SHEEP AND Goat (?) :—It being almost impossible to breed Warble-flies,

one must depend entirely on the capture of the perfect insect. In England and

on the Continent, H. dineatwm (the Common Cattle Warble-fly) is met with not

unfrequently in the Spring sunning itself on bare places in roads; H. bovis

(the Ox Warble-fly) has similar habits, but is much rarer, and appears in the

hottest part of the summer; probably all members of the genus have similar

habits.

_C. (Larve in the frontal sinuses, pharynx, &c., of various animals),

_ Tur Super Gap-FLy :—MZsirus ovis—This fly may possibly be bred should

the larve be found soon after being thrown out by the sheep. The perfect

insect is taken occasiona|ly sunning itself on tarred palings or other hot places,

or in dull weather between the stones of the walls and other cracks. and

erevices round sheep folds, On these occasions the flies are very lethargic, and

can be picked up with the forceps, but they are by no means easy of detec

tion, as they look like dead flies spun up in a spider's web.

_ Tur Came. Gab-Fiy :— Cephalomyia maculata—I bred this fly at Aden some

lary brought to me by camel men, who said that the maggots had been thrown

eut by the camels sneezing. The flies are easily reared, the maggots only.re-

quiring some dead leaves, saw-dust, &c., for them to pupate under, This Gad-fly

is said to infest the buffalo as well as the camel, but this requires confirmation,

I have never seen this fly alive ina state of nature, but it ought not to be

dificult to obtain larvee at stations in Sind, Rajputana and the Punjab,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ‘} 685.

Deer Gap-FLIES:—Pharyugomyia picta,Cephenomyia rusibarbis— These are the

Gad-flies attacking the deer in England; probably some closely-allied species

will be found in India. The habits of the perfect insect of C. rufibarbis are

similar to those of Hypoderma.

Col. Bingham obtained (flying round a baggage yak in Native Sikhim, 7294)

a Gad-fly allied to Wicrocephalus preywalskiji, Portschinsky but probably a new

species. Microcephalus appears to be allied to Hypoderma, and is, therefore,

probably a Warble-fly.

~D. Larve—Parasitic beneath the skin of rodents :—

Cutiterebra—No species recorded from the oriental’region.

E. Habits of larva unknown :—

Therobia abdominalis—Most unknown.

All Gad-flies are said to frequent bare places on the summits of moun-

tains,

Verb. Sap.—It is useless attempting to catch Gad-flies round domestic

animals with a white butterfly net.

Notes on the Preservation of Specimens, Larve, &c.

When possible, it is desirable to obtain specimens of all stages, egg, larva,

pupa and imago, Larve and pupz are best preserved in weak spirit (€6 p.c.

alcohol).

The perfect insect should be killed in the Cyanide botile. And here a word

of warning. Do not kill the fly 00 soon after emergence from the pupa, as the

integument will not have hardened, and the specimen will be under-coloured

(teneral) ; on the other hand, do not leave your specimens too long, for they will

knock themselves to pieces in the breeding cage. Experience alone will tell

the proper time,

Gstride brought home in glass-bottomed boxes often knock off the tips of

their wings, They should, therefore, after capture, be at once stupified in the

Cyanide bottle and then placed in ihe box. If left loose in the bottle the

pubescence gets matted and the specimen spoilt, Gear required. Butterfly net

(green gauze bag) any pattern, glass-bottomed boxes (nested, 4 or 95 sizes),

Cyanide bottle, glass tubes (nested) for larve and pupz, alcohol, discs cut

out of 3-sheet Bristol board with a 20-bore wad-cutter (rectangular strips cut

out of visiting cards, &c.,do just as well), Kirby and Beard’s No, 5 entomolo-

gical pins. Having caught your fly take one of your discs, write locality, date, ,

and any other item of interest on it, pin the insect about half way up the |

pin, thrust the cattu through the disc, arrange the legs on the card,

and try to get the wings symmetrical, but do not attempt to set like a

lepidopteron, it is enough to allow for all parts being easily examined,

particularly coxe, &e, Insects deteriorate rapidly in India from damp,.

&c., and as good specimens are desirable it is advisable to send home _

small consignments—‘ little and often,’ rather than big lots ‘at long.

intervals. -

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X111.

Specimens consigned to me as under will be duly acknowledged and worked

out. In theevent of my absence from London, Mr, Austen has kindly consent-

_ed to take charge of the specimens until my return,

Address—

Cou. YERBURY,

British Museum ( Nafural History ),

Care of E. E, Austen, Esq. Cromwell Road,

S. Kensington,

London, S. W.

Bots, Warblers, Maggots, &c., kill in boiling water and put in spirit (circa 66

p.c. alcohol) or 4 p.c. formal. Trade fomaline is 40 p.c, formalderhy de, and

this should be watered down to 4 (or even 3) per cent.

Ns J. W, YERBURY.

Lonpon, Dec. 1200.

No. II.—OCCASIONAL NOTES ON BIRDS’ NESTING IN THE

VICINITY OF POONA.

Several readers of our Journal] have informed me that my Notes on

Birds’ Nesting boxe” interested them, in consequence I am tempted to continue

them.

These notes are in continuation of those which ae in Part II.,

Vol. XIII., of the Society's Journal.

THE as Rep Mounia (Sporeginthus amandava) is now breeding. This

pretty little cage-bird is stated to be uncommon in the Dekhan, This remark

is not true so far as Poona is concerned, as it is very plentiful. It builds its

nest alike in sugarcane, along the banks of the canal and in long grass,

usually near water, The nest is placed low down, is well concealed, and

would: be difficult to discover but for the habits of the bird. My observa-

tions lead me to believe that both birds take part in the construction of the

nest, in its earlier stages. As soon as it isdomed the female commences laying,

while the male continues to complete the nest and brings material to his

mate to line it with, This material is something soft, such as feathers,

flowering grasses, etc. When the nest is finished it isa most warm and cosy

abode,’ It is while the completion is going on that the nest is so easily

discovered, as the male betrays its whereabouts. On the 6th October I

obtained three nests containing six fresh eggs each ; this, I believe, is the

complement, I discovered the nests by watching the male bird.

THe WHITE-rHROATED Munia (Uroloncha malabarica) is very common,

Like its cousin, the Red Munia, it is now breeding, It is not over-particular

regarding the site chosen for its nest, though it has a preference for thorny

bushes and trees, The nest is neater than that of the Red Munia exteriorly,

being built of fine grass, but is not nearly so well finished off inside.. -I have.

noticed that bits of rag are often used in constructing the nest. Six would

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 687

appear to be the full complement of eygs, though I recently obtained 8 fresh

eggs from one ne-t, This bird also continues building after eggs have been laid.

THE SpoTTeD Monta (Uroloncha punctulata) is fairly | lentiful during: the

monsoon, but disappears with the rains, I believe a few do remain to breed,

but I have not succeeded in finding a nest yet.

Tue Larce Prep Wacrait (Motucilla maderaspatensis) is breeding again.

I obtained four fresh «ggs from nests on the 14th and 26th September, --

Tue Rorous-ratceD Finca Lark (Ammomanes phanicura),—After con-

tributing my last notes I found three more nests, two on the 22nd April, cone

taining two slightly incubated eggs and two young nearly ready to fly, respeo-

tively, and the third on the 8th May with two fresh eggs. The first two were

situated in the river bed under projecting rocks and were well concealed,

while the third was under a clod ina ploughed field. They wre all seatly

finished off and well lined. In these parts two would seem to be the usual

complement of eggs.

TICKELUS BLue FLYCATCHER (Cyornis tichkellc),—Having found one nest of

this little bird last year, I watched it very carefully this and found four nests,

though I only obtained eggs out of two. The first was in a holein a date

palm about five feet fromthe ground, and contained four eggs. Curiously

enough no attempt was made atanest, the eggs being merely de; osited in

the hole, ‘The second was ina hole ina tamarind tree some 20 feet from the

ground ; it contained three eggs which 1 did not take, hoping to get -four,

However, on returning a day or so later I found the eggs had disappeared, The

third nest was placed on the ground amongst Bamboo roots and contained’ a

young bird nearly ready to fly and an addled egg. The ‘fourth was iti a hole

in a wall from which I obtained three eggs. In the last” case the birds had

repaired an old test. In the last three instances the nestS were well built

ae finished off. July seems the pest month to search for nests,

. Tue Inpian Grey Tit (Parus atriceps).—T found about a dozen nests of

this little bird fhis season, some containing eggs, while the rest bad young.

They nest either in holes, in walls or trees, whichever is handiest, It is really

wonderful into what a small hole a Grey Tit can squeeze, ~ he’ foundation

of the nést is usually any rubbish, moss, leaves, rags, snake- skins, coir, a

On this the nest is placed and lined with hair, fur and any soft material ;

is very warm and snug when completed. When building, it is an easy ron

to discover the nest by merely watching the bird, but once this operation

is over it is excessively difficult: the birds seem to avid the neighbourhood

of ‘the nest, added to which the hen is a very close sitter, no amount of

knocking or tapping wil) induce her :to betray a HOGES. Eye to six

eggs appear to be the complement.

‘Tue SourHern YeLtow Tit ( Maclolophus haplonotus) seems to be ratlier

uncommon, ‘so far as its eggs are concerned, The bird is fairly plentiful

round the more wooded parts of Poona, I watched it: pretty closely “this

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XITI.

year, but was not over-successful in finding its nest. On the 15th July I

saw a pair building, the site was a hole,excavated by a Coppersmith,in a Babul

tree some 15 feet from the ground, I went on the 26th to take the nest,

when I found it had been deserted, which was a disappointment, As “ Mr.

Coppersmith ” was loafing round, I came to the conclusion that he had sum-

marily ejected the Tit, Onthe 26th August I saw another pair building,

this time the nest was in a Mango Tree, in an open grove, some 10 feet from

the ground. On the 4th September I obtained 4 fresh eggs from it. On the

28th August I found a nest in a natural hole in a Pipal Tree, 10 feet from

the ground, containing young. And on the 21st September I obtained 4, par-

tially incubated eggs, from another nest in a Mango Tree. From the above I

conclude that this bird nests a little later than the Grey Tit, but I hope to

find out more about it next season, The nest is a facsimile of the Grey Tits’

as are the eggs, though the latter are a trifle larger.

THe InpIAN WuitTE Eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) is a common bird round

Poona, and its cradle-nest, suspended in the fork of a shrub, is not hard to

find. A pair built in my verandah, I watched tke up-bringing of the family

with great interest. Four eggs were laid and were hatched, but only two

lived to leave the nest. J observed that two were much stronger than the

others, that they received nearly all the food and attention of the parents

accordingly and throve; while the we:klings went to the wall. Twice a

young one, which had been ousted, was replaced in the nest, lt the parents,

unlike human parents, seemed fonder of the stronger ones, who always

shoved the weaker ones aside and got fed, A White Eye’s nest is not con-

structed to hold feur young birds, Why, then, should four be the full com-

plement of eggs? The nest in question was bulged ont to its full «xtent with

the two strong and two weak birds. No one would have imagined tl at they

belonged to the same brood. When the former were nearly fully fledged and

ready to fly, the litter were almost devoid of covering. I have often noticed

that birds laying 4 or 5 eggs are rarely followed by more than 2 or 3 young, and

believe that the weak nearly always go to the wall, which accounts for it.

I should like to know whether others, interested in birds, have noticed this.

THe WHItE-BREASTED KINGFISHER ( Halcyon smyrnensis) breeds here from

May to July, at least those are the best months to search forit. I obtained

three nests this year containing 3, 4 and 5 eggs, respectively. The nests were

situated in perpendicular banks‘over a running stream and were some 2 to 3 feet

deep. The holes had evidently been excavated by the birds. I obtained eggs

from the same nest-hole as I had found young last year, I could get my hand

into the hole without enlarging it, so I hope to get another clutch next year.

THE Common Bexz-gater (Merops viridis) is plentiful and breeds from

about the middle of April to the middle of May, that is the best time to

look for eggs. They excavate holes to a depth of 2 feet and deposit 4 to 5

round white eggs at the bottom.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 689

Tae Boack-capPeD BLACKBIRD (Merula nigripileus),—l visited Khandalla

two or three times during the monsoon and found many nests of this bird.

Tt appears to p efer the opener country to the east, which is studded with

small trees and bushes to the dense jungle below the crest of the hills, The

nest is a massive structure of decayed leaves, roots, etc,, in which a good deal

of moss and mud are incorporated, while it is finished off very neatly inside,

being lined with some black-looking roots, not unlike the stem of maiden-

hair fern, The siteis usually ins: me small shrub or tree about 10 feet or

so from the ground, a Cactus Bush beinga very favourite spot, Three or

four eggs are the complement, The native boys are very fond of plun-

dering this bird’s nest for the purpose of eating the egvs. The “artkaris

eall this bird and the Malabar Whistling Thrush “ Gogi”’ indiscriminately.

Tue Matapar WuistLing Taurus (Myiophoneus horsfieldi), better known

as “ The Whistling School-boy,” and called by the local shikaris ‘‘ Black Boat,”

is to be seen and heard at all times at Khandalla durmg the monsoon. He

is a great lover f water. No water-course or pool is without its ‘‘ School-boy,’

This bird builds a very massive nest,and usually selects a wet site, but under

cover. I found nests in the holes under the Reversing Station Bridge ; water

was dripping from these, but the interior was dry. I also noticed nests, in

course of construction, in the perpendicular cliffs and on projecting ledges

in wells. Three or four eggs are the complement,

Tue Watre-THRoateD GxounD THRUSH (Geocichla cyanonotus) is also

fairly common at Khandalla, In contrast to the Black-capped Blackbird it

appears to prefer the heavy jungle. It is a beautiful songster, one of the very

best I know of, As its name suggests, it is a ground bird, and is to be seen

hopping along, turning over leaves in search of worms, Its nestis a facsimile

of the Black-capped Blackbird, and the site the same, viz., in the fork of

a tree some 10 to 15 feet from the ground. The natives call it “ Sutar,”

R, M. BETHAM, Capr.,,

/ 8th Bombay haranioe.

Poona, 24th October, 1900,

No. III.—_ON A NEW SEROW FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA.

By A. L, Butter, F.Z.8., CURATOR, SELANGOR State Museum.

It has hitherto been supposed. that the Serow which occurs in the Malay

Peninsula is identical with Nemorhedus sumatrensis (Shaw). No skin from

this region, however, has ever been sent to Europe, and on examining two

specimens recently obtained on the Larut Hills, Perak, I am convinced

that they belong to a species as yet undescribed.

From the following description it will be seen that the Malayan hes

differs conspicuously from Nemorhedus sumatrensis in its jet-black legs, the

limbs in that species being always tan or rufous. This uniformity of

colouring on body and limbs alone gives the animal an only) ee

appearance from the Burmese Serow.

690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

Nor does it agree in any way, as might perhaps have been expected, with

Blyth’s N. rubidus from Arakan, Blyth described the Arakan species (Cat.

Mamm. Mus, As. Soc., 1863, p. 174), from a stuffed head, an adult skin and

one of a kid, as being “ of a red-brown colour with black dorsal list ; the hair

shorter than that of the others”’ The Malayan animal is mostly black, the.

under-colour on the back is greyish-white ; the hair is not shorter than in

N, sumatrensis.

Description of a female specimen in the Perak Museum, shot by Sir Frank

Swettenham on the Larut Hills, Perak, early in 1899 :—

NEMORHADUS SWETTENHAMI, Sp. 0.

General colour black, the back strongly and the sides slightly grizzled

with grey, the bases of the hairs being whitish, Along the lips whitish-

grey; the posterior portion of the upper lips, a patch on each side of the

lower jaw, and one on the throat, rusty-red. Fars black, grizzled with rusty

at the base, and lined and edged with greyish-white hairs. Mane black,

mixed with whitish hairs on the fore part of the neck and with reddish hairs

towards. the withers, Insides of the thighs rusty-red, Remainder of head,

neck, chest, belly, and legs black, Tail black.

Height at shoulder 363 inches ; from nose to root of tail over curves of

body 58 inches ; tail 44 inches. Length of horns 6 inches,

Named after Sir Frank Swettenham, Resident-General of the Federated

Malay States, whose specimen appears to be the first ever shot by a European.

Mr, L, Wray, of the Perak Musenm, has seen an adult male in the flesh,

too decomposed to be preserved, but of which he kept the skeleton, I once

had an opportunity of watching one in the jungle for a minute or so not more

than fifteen paces distant ; and quite recently a kid was captured alive by

coolies on the Larut Hills, having strayed into a wired-in tennis court. All

these were similar in colour to the one described, which may therefore be

taken as a typical specimen of the Malayan species. The kid differed from

the adult onl, in having a very narrow ring of rufous round the top of the

hoof, This youngster Mr. Wray andI were particularly anxious to send

home alive to the S ciety’s Gardens under tie charge of Mr. Keilich, of the

Perak Museum, who was shortly proceeding io Engl nd, but unfortunately it

died after five or six days’ captivity, The specimen is now inthe Museum

along with the adult,

Although this Serow is so little known to Europeans the horns are occa-

sionally obtained from th: Sakai tribes of the hills,and I have notes of a

dozen pairsas follows :—8j inches, 8, 73, 73, 62, 63,63, 62, 63, 64, 6, 6.

Eight inches appears to be a good head.

The Malay name for this animal is ‘‘ Kambing grun,” .e., ““ Cave-goat.”

It is found on the mountains of the Peninsula from 2,000 ft. to 4,000 feet

altitude, and is said also to occur on various isolated limestone hills of much

lower elevation,

“ms

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 691

The peculiar circumstances under which Sir Frank shot his specimen

were narrated in the ‘ Sketch’ of April 26, 1899, p. 22, the article being illus-

trated with a photo of the mounted animal, Sir Frank was taking a photo-

graph one afternoon when the Serow was noticed on the hill beneath him,

apparently quite fascinated by the appearance of the cloth-covered camera

on its tripod. It remained motionless, still gazing intently at the camera

while a rifle was sent for, when an accurate shot brought it to bag.

(From the Proceedings of the Zoological Soc, of London, 19th June, 1900).

No. IV._NOTES ON ANOPHELES OB THE MALARIA MOSQUITO.

In November last year, Colonel Weir suggested that the fever which

prevailed in all the houses on the Nepean Mount Road might be attributable

to mosquitoes produced in the stream of water which flows down from the

reservoir to the sea on the west side of the hill. Accordingly, on the 18th of

December, I went out and fished in the pools formed by the stream and found

a number of larve. I did not at that time know the larva of Anopheles,

but I reared those which I brought home, and when the mosquitoes came

out there was no mistaking them. At Christmas I went up to Matheran,

and hearing that there had been a good deal of malarious fever there during

the past season, I went with Major Quicke to the lake to see if I could find

any larve, We found no trace of themin the lake, and, indeed, if I had

known as much as I do now, I should never have wasted time looking there,

But in the little stream which feeds the lake we found larve and pup, one

of which turned into an unmistakable Anopheles the same day. A fort-

night later I went up again and found plenty. On the 24th of January I

went with Dr. Christy to Chowpatty and examined the grassy puddles

formed by the water which trickles down the east face of Malabar Hill

below the reservoir. Here we found Anopheles larve in large numbers, and

were not surprised to hear that the occupants of one of the bungalows

which stand in that level piece of ground just under the hill were scarcely

ever free from fever, I brought home a number and began regularly observ-

ing them, but I do not remember that I collected any more till the 26th

of March, when I found them swarming in the Frere Fountain in front of

Church Gate Street. On the 22nd of April I visited Colonel Weir at

Bandora and accompanied him to the slaughter-houses, in the neighbourhood

of which he said that fever had been rife. To my astonishment I found

Anopheles larve swarming in a dirty drain filled with rotting straw, which

gave the water the colour of beer. In May Colonel Weir sent me two or

three bottles of water from other places in Bandora, with Amopheles larve in

them. The breaking of the monsoon, of course, upset the haunts of all mos-

quitoes for a time, but on the 2nd of July I went out to Chinchpoogly and

explored the quarries at the foot of the hill, where Dr, Christy told me he

had found larve some time before, I found larvee in many of the pools and

692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII

one specimen in a little puddle, not more than four inches deep, which must,

I am sure, have been as dry as bone ten days before, for we had a long period

of hot, sunny weather, as you will remember, in the middle of June,

On the 20th of July I went again to the place already mentioned, at

Chowpatty,and found the pools dried up, but there was a long, narrow

ditch, with a little water in it, filled with rotting vegetation and covered

with an oily film, and in this I found plenty of Culex larve and a few

Anopheles, On the 23rd of July I found Anopheles larve in the

Wellington Fountain, opposite the Sailors’ Home. I may mention that, at

this time, both the fountains (Frere and Wellington) were nearly empty.

They generally contained just an inch or two of water, kept up by occa-

sional showers, The bottom and sides were covered with a green, slimy

growth. One of them swarmed for a time with tadpoles, but there was

little insect life in them, On the 24th I brought home a large number

of Anopheles eggs from the Wellington Fountain and tried to rear them.

The result will be mentioned afterwards. On the 17th of August I went

to Chowpatty again and got a number of Anopheles larve in a pool which

had almost dried up. It contained, in fact, little else than fluid mud, with

an iridescent film on the surface, On the 26th of August I found larve

swarming in the Frere Fountain, which had run almost dry and had been

filled again a few days before. On the 14th of September I went with

Mr, Leask and Dr, Venis to Malabar Hill and explored the stream below

the reservoir. Since I found Anopheles here at the beginning of the

year, 2 narrow masonry channel had been made to carry off the water

and prevent it forming puddles, but this had not yet been carried right

up to the reservoir, so that there was still the upper portion of the stream

in its original state, trickling slowly among short grass and forming clear

pools at intervals. Even where the masonry channel had been made there

were many such pools at the sides of it, formed by water oozing out of

the side of the hill. Here we found Anopheles larve in incredible numbers,

I had never found them so abundant before. At the same time they

began to swarm in the Wellington Fountain, I took up a hundred or more

at one dip of my little net. From that time till now I have never failed

to find them in that fountain. It was repaired some time ago and has

been kept full ever since, which is decidedly against the mosquito, but the

green Fucus, which grows on the bottom and sides, often gets detached under

the influence of sunlight and floats on the top in masses, and in these the

eggs are laid and the larve thrive. In the Frere Fountain, which has also

been repaired and kept full, I have not found larve for some time, but

I have not visited it so regularly.

In conclusion, I may mention that I found the larve plentiful at Chow-

patty on the 23rd of October,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 6$3

I will now sum up the conclusions at which I have arrived from these

notes,and mention a few facts which I have either discovered for myself,

or confirmed in the course of my observations.

In the first place, you will note that I have found larve in every month

of the year, except February, whenI did not look for them. But I had

plenty in captivity during that month, which I had brought home in Janu-

ary. So it appears that, in a place with a moist climate, in which there is

always some water to be found, mosquitoes can survive without hibernation

and may be found at all seasons. But as with other insects generally in

this Presidency, the time when they are most abundant is the close of

the rains. As we all know, this is also the time when malarious fever is most

prevalent, It does not follow that mosquitoes cannot tide over a time when

there is no water,if they are reduced to that necessity. When i was out with

Dr. Venis, we came upon a puddle in which he had found larve before, and

found it without water, though not very dry. He scraped up some of the

moist earth with a pen-knife and took it home and put it into filtered water,

and in a few days minute larve appeared, showing that there had been

eggs in the earth, which had retained their vitality. The eggs I have

found have hatched in from one to seven days, but, of course, I did not

know when they had been laid, and I have never been able to induce my

tame mosquitos to lay in captivity, so I cannot say whatis the normal

time spent in the egg state, I may mention that the eggs are very like

minute carroway seeds and easily recognised even with the naked eye

when once you know them, They are laid singly on the surface of the

water and not attached to anything,

I was anxious to ascertain next the length of the larva life, but found

that it varied indefinitely with the conditions, Given warmth and plenty

of food, a larva will come to maturity in eight days, or perhaps less, but I

have had one for more than a fortnight, and then it died before becoming

a@ pupa, The time spent in the pupa state in all my specimens was more

than 24,butless than 48, hours. So I think we may put down the time

which it takes to produce a mesquito at something between ten days and

a fortnight from the laying of the egg, and water treated with kerosine oil

once a fortnight should be perfectly safe. Itis very difficult to ascertain

the normal life of the adult mosquito, because we cannot keep them in

natural conditions. Some of mine lived for ten days, but, as I have said,

they would not lay their eggs, and that alone could not but affect the

length of life,

Another matter of great practical importance is to ascertain the exact

conditions in which the larva thrives, so that we may reverse those condi-

tions, and also that we may know where Anopheles is likely to be found

‘and where we need not look for it, ButI have found it much easier to

recognise the sort of water that suits them than to describe it, or explain

694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII,

why it suits them, As far as my experience goes, you will never find them

in tubs, flower-pots, buckets, or cisterns, where you will find larve of Culex

in hundreds. Nor will you find them often in tanks, wells, or any deep

water ; nor in brown, muddy puddles; but in shallow, clear, or greenish

pools, fed by running water, you will rarely miss them, I am inclined to

think that they cannot live in absolutely stagnant water. It was a surprise

to me to find them in the Frere and Wellington Fountains, but I think the

explanation is that the water in these was always leaking away more

or less and being renewed, either by showers of rain, or when the fountain

was allowed to play, as it was occasionally, Since the fountains were

repaired and kept full the larve have certainly diminished, But the only

way of getting to a clear understanding of the conditions which any

animal requires is to learn its habits; and the peculiar habits of the larva

of Anopheles throw some light on the question before us, Its food is both

vegetable and animal, The favourite vegetable food isa soft Fucus, very

like cotton-wool dyed green, which is found in clear running water; or

that thick, spongy growth which clothes the sides of fountains in which

there are no fishes, and gets detached and floats like a thick, dark green

scum. ‘The principal animal food is the cast-off skins and pupa-cases of

water larve, including those of its own kind, and the remains of dead

mosquitoes and other small insects, These often collect in patches on the

surface of a pond, and one dip under such a patch will secure hundreds of

larve after you have searched the rest of the pond ip vain, Now the larva

of Anopheles, unlike that of Culex, floats flat on the surface of the water,

and it is much more unwilling to go down than Culex. If green food is

to be had not more than two or three inches deep, it will go down and

feed, but it comes up again very soon, and would evidently rather not go

down at all, As it floats you will see two little organs on the front of its

head incessantly stirring the water, These are the “ whorl-organs,’ They

are crowned with little brushes of bristles, and their function is to keep up

an eddy, by which every little floating particle which passes by is sucked

in towards the insect’s mouth, With a lens you can see this quite plainly

and observe ii seizing the little particles with its jaws, sometime eating

them and sometimes throwing them away with an angry toss of its head.

I do not think that even living objects, if small enough, are refused, and,

in fact, I am almost sure that the larger larvee sometimes eat the little

ones, They are all very ill-natured and bite savagely at each other when

they get the chance. This way of feeding explains why Anopheles likes a

certain amount of motion in the water, for it brings food, and why it must

starve in deep water unless there chances to be a great deal of food,

animal or vegetable, floating on the surface, The larve of Culex dive

much more freely and are more promiscuous in their diet, and, since they

float with their heads down, they do not care much for floating matter,

1 ia te! Ni eo ee

————

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 695

Hence they dislike any motion, The more stagnant the water is and the

more dirty, the better it pleases them, Lastly, Anopheles larve must

have sunlight, though they will hate it more cordially than other mosquitoes

when they come to mosquito’s estate,

From my experience I should say that, of all larvicides, the most effectual,

in the case of Anopheles, is little fishes, I have never found larve and

fishes in the same pool. Once I put a large number of larve into two

glass vessels and introduced a few gold fish into each, Next morning there

was not one larva ineither, They have many insect enemies, too, especially

the larve of dragonflies, but one fish will do more than a hundred of

these, Tadpoles do not eat them.

As regards the mature Anopheles, the most remarkable fact in my

notes is that I have not seen one during these last twelve months,

excepting those that I reared. This fact will give the best idea of what an

insidious enemy we have to deal with. I lived most of the year at

the Bombay Club, within a stone’s throw of the Frere Fountain, in

which Anopheles was being produced by the thousand, but I never saw

one, though I was often tormented by Culex, the larve of which were

comparatively scarce. Anopheles is a small, slim mosquito, of a pale

ashy-grey colour, difficult to see at any time, and it appears to fly only

by night, so it is rarely seen, Add to this that its bite appears to be

almost painless, and you will see that one may have malaria injected into

him night after night while he is sleeping without curtains under the belief

that there are no mosquitoes, I say that its bite is almost painless on

the authority of my own experiments only. I kept mine in a bottle with

thin muslin tied over the mouth, and if I laid my arm on the muslin the

females attacked me at once and did not leave off till they were bloated

with blood, I sometimes felt a slight prick at the moment when they

punctured the skin, but there was little or.no irritation afterwards and no

swelling, Of course, others might have been affected differently, The males

never attempted to suck my blood, but they fed freely,as did the females

also, on a slice of apple, fig, mango,or any juicy fruit. In default of fruit

I gave them jam,oreven sugar and water, After a meal of blood they

seemed to feel heavy and indisposed for active exercise, but were quite ready

again in 24 hours, It has been stated that Anopheles is mute. This is

certainly a mistake, Jt has a very shrill pipe.

All the Anopheles that I have reared appear to belong to one species,

which is probably A. rossii, but Colonel Giles’s book makes mention of several

other more or less distinct forms in India, and until the subject has been

more fully studied it is better not to insist on a name,

E, H. AITKEN,

Bombay, December, 1900,

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol., XIII.

No. V.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF COCCYSTES COROMANDUS

(THE RED-WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO) IN BOMBAY.

It is not often that we have the opportunity of adding a new species to

our list of local birds, but on the morning of 7th November a specimen of the

very handsome Red-winged Crested Cuckoo (C, coromandus) was caught in the

Society's museum, where it had no doubt sought shelter from the unwelcome

attention of the crows, which are quicker even than the members of the

Natural History Society to notice a stranger in the neighbourhood. That

he should have happened to select the Society’s rooms for his refuge is

curious—not to say thoughtful of the bird,—for this species has only once

previously been recorded from any part of this Presidency, viz,, a single

specimen obtained by Mr. G. W. Vidal at Savantvadi so long ago as January,

1880, which specimen is in the Society’s collection.

Mr. Blanford, in the third volume of Birds (Fauna of British India),

prefaces his remarks on the distribution of the species with “this is a very

rare bird in India.’ Its normal range extends from the base of the Hima-

layas in Nepal eastwards through Assam and Eastern Bengal, throughout

Burma and Pegu to the Malay Peninsula, Southern China, the Philippines,

Borneo and Celebes, It also occurs in Ceylon where it is said to be migratory,

arriving about October and leaving again in April, and the bird under notice

may possibly have been making its way thither,

The fact of its being in perfect adult plumage disposes of the possibility

of its having escaped from captivity, for so shy a bird would at once show

signs of confinement in a cage by damage to the edges of its long tail.

The skin has been made into an excellent specimen for our collection.

E. COMBER.

Bompay, 20th November, 1900.

No. VI.—BIRDS OF PREY.

_ Yesterday I happened to be reading in our Journal, Vol. XIII., page 185,

the query of Major Rodon with regard to Birds of Prey. Curiously enough,

an incident that occurred early that morning furnishes a reply.

On ajhilin Mataundh, Banda District, yesterday morning, I shot a teal,

which fell in some grass on the shore, Ihad to make a detour to reach it,

and in the meantime a large hawk, that the shikari called ligar, swooped

down on the teal. When we reached the spot the hawk flew to a hillock, a

few yards off, leaving only feathers where it had been eating on the shore,

I said to the shzkari that the hawk must have carried off the fragments in

its beak, I fired and wounded the hawk, having no shot large enough to

hit it, and it flew away, carrying nothing in its beak. But on the hillock

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 697

we found about half of the mangled teal. The rest the hawk must have

eaten on the shore, whence it carried off the remainder only because we

came up, I think it would be natural for birds of prey to carry away and

eat their victims at a little distance from the plucked-out feathers, lest they

should stick to the carcase and get in their beaks as they eat ; but this hawk

may have been in a hurry, as we were approaching.

AGNES 8, BELL,

Camp Banna (N-W. P.), 7th December, 1900.

No. VII—NOTES ON TRIPS TO PERAK AND SINGAPORE,

1, Trip To PERAK.—19th March to 18th April—During this trip I

devoted myself principally to making a large and representative collection of

the reptiles and batrachians of the Larut Hills. The result was highly

successful, 351 specimens of 56 species being obtained. The majority of

these were of great rarity and interest, Ten species, new to science, were

discovered and have been described by Mr. Boulenger of the British Museum

in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. They include five new

frogs: MMicrohyla annectens, Microhyla butleri, Ixalus larutensis, Ixalus vermi-

culatus and Leptobrachiam hetoropus, Two flying lizards: Draco formosus and

Draco punctatus, Three lizards: Lygosoma stellatum, Lygosoma preesigne and

Gehyra larutensis,

Four species not previously known to inhabit the Peninsula were obtained:

Calamaria vermiformis, Typhlops albiceps, Lygosoma bamfyldit and Draco micro-

lepis, Among other valuable captures were: Lygosoma larutense, Lygosoma

malayanum, Gehyra butleri, Draco blanfordii, Mezalophrys longipes, Phrynella

pollicaris, Rana latopalmata, Ixalus pictus (found by Mr. Hale), Rana hascheana,

Microphyla leucostigma, Icthyophis monochrous, Lycodon butleri, Amblycephalus

vertebralis, Macrocalamuslateralis,etc. Many of these have only been obtained

once or twice before ; all are of great rarity, I was able to present to the

British Museum an important collection of duplicates ; other specimens were

exchanged with the Raffles Museum, Singapore, and many more are still

available for exchanges,

The British Museum authorities congratulated me on the success of this

trip.

Mr, Hale, who was spending a month’s leave on the hills at the same time,

devoted his leisure to collecting land-shells, and procured 102 specimens of

apparently 18 species. Many of these are rare and°valuable, but I am unable

to give a complete list of them until a collection, sent to Europe for identi-

fication and comparison with types, is returned to me. Itis curious that on

his expedition to Kina Balu, British North Borneo (1899), Dr. Hanitsch also

procured 18 species of land shells, and the Asian, in noticing the result of

his expedition, observed that anyone who had collected these mollusca would

appreciate the difficulty of obtaining so many species from any one locality

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII,

at a high elevation.’ Little was done in the way of mammals and birds, the

Perak Government declining to allow shooting on the hills, Spirit specimens

were obtained of a rat (Mus surifer) recently described by American natural-

ists from specimens obtained by Dr. W, L. Abbott, at Trong, Lower Siam,and a

small black shrew (Crocidura fuliginosa). I had an opportunity of examining a

young serow (Nemorhedus) caught alive by some coolies near the cottage,

and the similarity of this young specimen to the adults I have seen confirms

me in my opinion that the serow of these hillsis not, as has hitherto been

supposed, Nemorhedus sumatrensis, but a distinct and new species,

Six species of scorpions were collected and sent home to be worked out,

A small collection of Millepedes was also made,

Thirty-one species of butterflies were collected. A list of these has been

published already in the Gazette (18th May), :

2, VISIT To SINGAPORE,—24th June to 1st July.—On this visit to the Raffles

Museum’ I obtained a knowledge of their desidcrata and of their duplicates

available for exchange, and was able to arrange a system of exchanges which

will, I hope, in future be of mutual advantage. I brought back some valu-

able specimens, including the following reptiles, new to our collection:

Lygosoma bowringit, Befo quadriporcatus, Hipsirhina boccourti, Microhyla

achattna, Microhyla ornata, Hemidactylus platyurus, Jpalura nigrilabris, Tachy-

dromus sexlineitus, Gonatodes offinis, &c.,and a specimen of the rare and beauti-

ful crested falcon (Baza lophoies). One day was devoted to an excursion to

Bukit Timah, with Mr. Ridley, to hunt for a very rare—but very small—

toad (Nectophryne guentheri) which was known to occur in that locality.

One specimen was procured just before we gave up the search in the evening.

I also brought back half a dozen tortoises of three species, kindly given me

by Mr, Ridley : Geoemyda spinosa, Cyclemys platynota and Cyclemys amboi-

nensis. I spent two days in examining the reptile collections in the Raffles

Museum, and obtained many notes for a paper on the Reptiles and Batra-

chians of the Peninsula, on which I have been working for two years and

which I hope shortly to publish,

; A, L. BUTLER,

Curator,

(From the Silangor Government Gazette.)

No, VIIL—ON THE LONGEVITY OF THE PERSIAN BULBUL.

Trustworthy evidence ‘as to the longevity of birds being always difficult to

obtain, I venture to think that the following facts are worthy of record :—

In 1891, nine years ago, I purchased a Persian Bulbul (Molpastes lewcotis)

from one of the nurses at the Cama Hospital, Bombay, whose brother-in-

law, Captain Jourdain, had brought it, four or five years before, when it was

quite young, from the Persian Gulf, It soon became perfectly tame and lead a

life of liberty and happiness. It was only confined ina cage at night, and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 699

spent the day hopping about in the children’s ward, where it naturally became

a great favourite, We kept the bird’s winys slightly clipped for fear of

losing it, but it never showed any desire to Jeave us, Ifrequently went through

the compound with the bird perched on my hand or shoulder, when it would

answer the calls of the wild Madras Bulbuls without making any attempt to join

them. It had four distinct notes :—One of happiness —used especially when

in the sun or in the open air; the warning note of danger—a low cry of

greeting or thanks which it gave whenever I stroked it or brought it any-

thing to eat; and lastly, a low twittering or “ conversation’’ which it carried on

with itself, especially when observing its own reflection in a looking-glass.

As time went on my bird | ecame more and more affectionate and tame. His

happiest moments were when he was perched on the hand or on the lap, being

stroked ; he loved it as much or even more than a cat does, His preference

for the country over town life was very marked : in London he was dull and

quiet, in the country, happy and joyous, calling and answering to the wild

birds in the gardens, In England, however, he did not have quite as much

liberty as in India, but still a great deal; and only on one occasion did he

take advantage of it toleave usfora skort time, This wasin a garden

near Droitwich ; I had him on my hand when Le suddenly took flight into

some big elm trees near, and there he stayed for about two hours, very

happy at first, as his notes of joy testified, but after a while finding nothing

that suited him to eat in the branches, his song changed to that of dis-

content,and he came down into an apple tree and allowed himself to ke

taken i» the hand,

As regards his food in England, not being able to supply him with enough

grasshoppers, we found meal-worms made a good substitute, and those he

continued to eat, combined with fruit of all kinds, and bread and milk till a

few months before he died, when he renounced meat diet entirely. The

bird, which has lived in captivity for about 14 years, died this year.

. IDA CHINNERY,

TEDDINGTON, 10th December, 1900.

No, IX.—MUSK RAT ATTACKING A TOAD.

While sitting in the verandah of the Baroda Residency, soon after dark,

one evening, recently, we were startled by the cry of a frog,or as it even-

tually proved to be, a toad. I suggested that the reptile was being attacked

by asnake, which remark, as the noise proceeded from a spot apparently

close to our chairs, caused a sudden cessation in the game of bridge that

was in progress at the moment, After some difficulty we localised the noise

under the platform placed opposite the central door for the convenience of

visitors alighting from their carriaces, Lights and sticks were procured and

the platform was removed lon bec,

We then saw a toad of the kind very common at Baroda witha musk-rat

hanging on to his head : he had caught the toad between the eyes and hung

18 :

700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

on like a bull-terrier. We knocked him off with a stick, but after running

around once or twice he again fixed on the toad and was again beaten off,

The space under the platform shewed the remains of many toads, soit was

apparently a habit of this musk-rat to attack and kill toads, I noticed,

however, that the most edible parts of the toads, at least those parts where

the meat was, such as the thighs and legs, remained uneaten. Is it possible

that the musk-rat caught and killed the toad so that he might get for his

own use the insects that the toad had caught ?

8, E. PRALL, Magor, IMS,

No, X.—_SQUIRRELS AND SATBHAIS,

In front of the house at Baroda, I often observed that the Squirrels,

who made a wholesome respect for my terriers, used to come down from the

trees with greater confidence and in greater numbers to feed when there was

a family of Satbhais feeding on the ground. They seemed to think that

there was a certain degree of safety from the wiles of the dogs afforded

them by the watchfulness of the birds. The two dogs used to apply them-

selves to squirrel-hunting for the greater part of their day and must have

been a very real danger to the squirrel population,

S. E. PRALL, Major, Sr M.S.

No. XI.—SNARING OWLS IN NOOSES.

In the beginning of the month a female Brown Hawk Owl (N. scutulata) was

brought me, It had been caught in a noose set near a chaur for ducks.

Again, on the 27th,a female Short-eared Owl (A. accipitrinus) was brought

e : it had also been snared at the same place inthe same fashion. It seems

surprising that nocturnal birds like owls should be caught in this way at

night, one would have thought that they would steer clear of any snare,

Cuas. M. INGLIS,

BaGHOWNIE Fry,, DuURBHANGA, 27th January, 1901.

No. XII.— OCCURRENCE OF BONELLITS EAGLE AND THE

GOLDEN-EYE DUCK AT MYINGYAN.

On the 25th January last { shot an eagle here off its nest and took three

eggs,

Col. Bingham has since kindly identified the skin as that of a Bonelli’s

Eagle (Hieraétus fasciatus),

The nest was on a large tree, and two of the eggs are faintly spotted, while

one is spotless.

In December last, shot a Golden-eye Duck, identified by Major Russell,

I.M.S., and myself, but unfortunately the bird was stolen from my kit

coming in, This bird was in a jheel and by itself, not with the other birds.

K, C. MACDONALD,

Myineyan, Burma, February, 1901.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 701

No, XIII.—THE LIFE-HISTORY OF MYCALESIS (CALYSISME)

SUBDITA, Moore.

A female, of the wet-season form, was captured April 24th, 1900, and

put in a large French plum bottle with some of the food plant (guinea-

grass).

Weather showery, sometimes heavy rain, Forty eggslaid on the 26th-27th,

and began hatching May 2nd. Some of the eggs were laid on the food plant,

others on the side of the bottle. Eggs pale green, very small, translucent,

almost circular ; the larve generally eat the egg-shell on emergence, Young

larve light green from ingested food, head large in proportion to the body

and very black.

May 5th—The larvae have grown considerably, the largest 3”, pale green with

two black spines on the head and tail,

May 11th—The largest larve are now an inch long, pale green with darker

green dorsal line deepening at head and tail to purplish-black ; there is also an

indication of a pale spiracular line ; larvee somewhat spindle-shaped.

May 14th—The larve change their skins every four days, and their appear-

ance now is very different from that described above. Length 13”, somewhat

pale pinkish-brown with darker »rown dorsal line more pronounced towards

the tail ; ill-defined paler spiracular and darker supra-spiracular line ; shorter

and darker diagonal lines passing forwards and backwards and touching these

longitudinal lines give a reticulated appearance, Head, dark pinkish-brown ;

Spines, the same ; both legs and prolegs same colour as the body.

May 16th—Larva when full fed nearly two inches in length, dull dirty-

brown with disappearance of nearly all markings and lines,

May 17th—Pupa attached to grass by the tail suspended head downwards ;

the larva remains suspended for nearly twenty-four hours before the final

ecdysis, and then turns to bright apple-green and remains this colour before

changing finally to dull brown two days before emergence,

The first insect hatched May 24th. There were twelve males and twenty-

eight females out of the batch of eggs. A considerable number were

placed under mosquito netting over growing patches of the food plant:

but unfortunately they did not breed, All the insects were of the rain-

season form showing no variation, The weather during this time was as

follows :—

April 25—Showery.

29—Very heavy rain,

» 380—Rain.

May 1—Showery.

» 2-—Very hot and sultry, rain in the evening.

a 3-13—Fine ond very hot,

(During this time the food-plant was kept in water, and consequently the

atmosphere inside the plum jar was probably saturated with vapour, as’ the

”

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

mouth of the bottle was closed, After the 14th the stopper and water were

removed and the food renewed daily.)

May 14-16—Dry and very hot.

i 17—Thunderstorm.

», 18-19—Fine and very hot.

_ 21—Heavy rain for a shori time.

» 22-23—Fine and dry.

» 24-25—Rain in afternoon,

», 26-27—Hot and dry.

ip 28—Tremendous downpour from 5 p.m. to 7-30 p.m.

M., subdita is a scarce insect at Trincomalie, and, so far, I have only met

with the rain-season form, which is curious, as this is an exceptionally dry

climate, except in November and December.

N. MANDERS, F.ES., Masor, R.A.M.C,

TRINCOMALIE, CEYLON, 9th February, 1901.

No, XIV.—A VISIT TO THE NULL AFTER THE FAMINE.

It may be of interest to our members to hear how various aquatic birds, our

winter visitors, have absented themselves from the Null this year, First as

to the Null itself. This is a large inland lake between Gujerat and Kathia-

war, extending for about fifteen miles, and being about four miles across, It is

of no great depth, and the water contains quantities of weeds on which

wild fowl feed. There are large tracts of rushes in it, and the shores around

and the numerous islands are covered in a great part with high rushes. It

is the winter home of countless nurbers of ducks, geese, snipe, flamingoes,

pelicans, coots, and other waterfowl. Snipe are generally there in large wisps,

and,strange to say, are always wild there, Duck, too, are also very wild, and

a large bag is seldom made there although they are so numerous, Last year

(the famine year) the Null was absolutely dry and, of course, no wildfowl

stayed there, I was curious to know what would happen this year and

whether the duck, etc,, would return to their old haunts, Although the

rainfall was deficient around the Null this year, the Null had guite the

average amount of water init. Thewater runsinto it from various small

streams, and I believe that the river ut Wadhwan flows into it, There isno

outlet. Some of my friends reported to me that they had their Christmas

camps at the Null, but there were no duck or snipe there, I have been there

at Christmas time about ten times, This year I was not in India at Christmas,

but on the 16th February I arrived on the Null and spent afew days on it.

My local shikaries reported there had been no snipe whatever there, but that

lately a fair amount of duck had arrived. I found there were a fair amount

of duck at one end of the Null, but no snipe, a few pelicans and flamingoes,

Geese Iheard in the night. There were not the usual amount of coots, and,

strange to say, I did not see a single purple coot. There were no quail about

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 103

either, Although the Null was quite dry last year there were plenty of fish

in it this year, and my men caught one of 3-lb. weight. Where do these

come from ?

Large herds of buffaloes with their attendants go to the Null, usually in the

cold weather. The buffaloes find good food in the rushes, and Jarge quantities

of ghee are produced here, It was lamentable to find that all these had died

with the exception of one small herd on one island. The villages around

presented a sad appearance—the greater number of the houses in ruins, and

from half to two-third of the people dead. A mild famine exists again this

year, as they had again a scanty rainfall, and few of the fields were tilled.

Strange to say, 1 saw more bullocks than I expected. From all over the

Bombay Presidency I hear duck, snipe and wildfowl have not visited us this

year. I suppose there can be no question that this is because last year they

came as usual and found no water, Having learnt that lasson they thought it

was useless to come again ; but can birds think, that is another question,

Ree. GILBERT,

Bomsay, 26th February, 1901,

No. XV.—THE FAUNA OF AMOY.

Amoy is a small island on the coast of China, 325 miles E, N. E. of Canton

direct, It measures nine miles by seven miles, and has a population of under

half a million souls, It isa treaty port, or rather the town of Amoy on the

island of that name, is. My friend, Mr, Eth, F. Skertchly, has just visited it

on a trip in search of health, and sends me the following amusing account of

his natural history observations on the fauna of the island, where he spent

ten days, He writes:—‘‘ During the time I was there not only did I

work out the flora and fauna of the island of Kulangou, but I took

a census of the animal and insect-life there. The mammals were re-

presented by an old rat with a barren wife who inhabited my bedrcom and

talked of the good old days before the plague ; and a cat whose morals would

not have been above reproach but for the absence of all female society,

There were some dogs and pigs, to be sure, but they, being Chinese, were

unnatural and unhistorical, and therefore unworthy of inclusion in my

catalogue, The birds were best represented. A pair of magpies had been

consigned to penal servitude at the last criminal sessions held on the main-

land, and spent their time in trying to pervert the morals of Kulangou,

Seven sparrows, six males and a female, dragged out a fairly joyous existence

by an inordinate indulgence in scandaland the divorce court, Nine kites

spent the day perching on the main-top-mast stay of H.MS. Argonaut

and kept a couple of ordinary seamen busy with a swab removing from the

deck the evidences of their insanitary up-bringing, A couple of mynahs ran

the local paper, evidently a most scurrilous print, Of insects, the butterflies

were represented by one forlorn Papilio polytes, Linneus, a damaged Papilio

704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. XLII,

clytia, Linnzeus, two Terias hecabe, Linneeus, and a Neptis eurynome, West-

wood, that had only half a wing left. There used to be a mosquito cf the

genus Anopheles, but the local doctor kept it in a cage in his backyard till it

died, for fear that it should inoculate the people with malaria, so the race is

now extinct. Altogether the naturalist in search of novelties would find but

little to interest him in the island,” }

LIONEL DE NICEVILLE,

InpIAN Museum, Catcurta, 23rd February, 1901.

No, XVI—NIDIFICATION OF THE SPOTTED SAND-GROUSE

(PTEROCLES SENEGALLUS),

I think it is worth recording the fact that. I have recently obtained the

eggs of the Spotted Sand-Grouse (Pierocles senegallus).

Mr, Fletcher, of the Salt Preventive Frontier Force, living fourteen miles

north of this, shot some of these birds on the 19th instant, and from three of

them one egg each was obtained. Two of these eggs are now in my collection,

the third having the shell too soft to blow. The two eggs I have are pure

white with the shell smooth and glossy.

On reference to my books on Birds,I fird that Blanford records having

obtained one egg “ from a female shot west of Shikarpur on March 20th,

1875.”. This egg was apparently sent to Mr. Hume, who refers to it in his

Book “ Nests.and Eggs of Indian Birds,’ as follows :— ~

“In shape and size the egg is similar to that of P..exustus, but the markings

are much more sparse than in any egg of that species that I have ever seen.

The egg is, of course, cylindro-ovidal, the ground-colour is a pale yellowish-

stone colour, and the markings, which are thinly distributed over the surface

of the egg, consist of olive-brown spots and tiny blotches with a few crooked

and hooked lines: besides these a few pale lilac-purplish or inky-grey spots,

streaks and smears, having a sub-surface appearance, are scattered irregularly

about the surface of the egg. Having been extracted from the body of the

bird, the egg has of course but little gloss,’’

Barnes, in his “ Hand-book to the Birds of the Bombay Presidency,’

refers to this bird in the following terms :—*‘ Within our limits the Spotted

Sand-grouse is only common in Sind, but stragglers occasionally find their

way into portions of Gujarat and.even Rajputana, A few apparently remain

to breed in Sind, but most of them are mere cold weather visitants,’’

My experience of the Spotted Sand-grouse is that they are to be found

in numbers all along the Runn, 100 miles north of this, during the cold

weather, and a fair number of them remain throughout the year,. as I have

seen them inthe hot weather and during the monsoon,

The fact of the two eggs I have being white is, I think, attributable to their

having been taken from the birds perhaps a day before they would ordinarily

have been laid, for it isa fact that the eggs of some birds develope: their

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 705

colour after being laid and coming into contact with the light, Ihave taken

eggs from Rain Quail which were pure white, whereas the eggs of this bird,

when ordinarily found in the nest, are profusely spotted and sometimes

boldly blotched with dark purple, the ground-colour of the egg being yellow-

ish. In the same way I have taken an egg from a Florikan that was a very

pale blue and without any gloss, whereas the ordinary colour of this bird’s

egg is dark sap-green, and the egg hasa fine gloss over it, It is somewhat

curious that the egg referred to by Blanford and Hume should be coloured

and yet with little gloss, whereas my two eggs are pure white but decidedly

glossy.

HARRINGTON BULKLEY.

K#ARAGHORA, 27th February, 1901.

In continuation of my letter re the nidification of Pterocles senegallus, I

write to say that I have this morning received from Mr, Fletcher another egg

of the same species taken from a bird after it had been shot,

This egg, unlike the other two, has the colouring weil developed with a

fair amount of gloss, and is thus similar to the one obtained by Blanford

and sent to Mr, Hume. Unfortunately the egg was broken when the bird

fell shot.

HARRINGTON BULKLEY,

KHARAGHORA, 2nd March, 1901.

No, XVII—THE SHOVELLER AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD,

The Shoveller, though one of the rankest of ducks, in the old days was not

the despised bird itis now. Sir William Jardine, Bart., in his “ Naturalists’

Library,’’ published in 1845, Vol. XIV,, part 4, says :—“‘ In America it is much

esteemed for the table, and Audobon remarks that “no one should pass a

shoveller to shoot a canvas-back.” . . . . . In the poetry of How-

ard, Earl of Surrey, the second course for His Grace the Duke of Norfolk

is made to contain, amongother fowl, four seapeys, two shovellers, &c,”

Fancy,anybody shooting a shoveller for the table when he can get a canvas-

back !

Cuas, M. INGLIS,

BaGHownIE Fry., DURBHANGA,

28th February, 1901,

No, XVIII.—OCCURRENCE OF MACRORHAMPAUS

SEMIPALMATUS IN ASSAM.

Mr, Macdonald, of the Titadimru Tea Estate in Lakhimpore, Upper Assam,

shot a specimen of the Snipe-billed Godwit when out snipe-shooting on the

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI11,

23rd December, 1899, This is the first recorded instance of its occurrence

in Assam and interesting, also, taken in conjunction with its re-occurrence, for

the second time, in South Malaya, Butler having this year recorded it there,

The bird was sent in to me for identification,

E. L, STUART BAKER, F.ZS.

DisruGarH, Assam, 25th February, 1901.

No. XIX.—THE NIDIFICATION OF RIMATOR MALACOPTILUS,

The last number of this journal contained two accounts of the nidification

of the Long-billed Babbler, which are so conflicting that I feel it necessary

to write a few more remarks upon the subject. Mr. de Nicéville has, also,

very kindly sent me two letters received by him from Mr, W, P, Masson

from which he says I can quote freely.

As regards my own note I have little to add. The bird was brought to me

by a Naga who had done a great deal of nesting for me and whom I had

always found to be reliable. It had been noosed on the nest itself, and the

remains of this noose were still on the bird and the nest when brought to me.

Now, to quote what Mr. Masson says regarding the taking of his nest and

eggs, He writes : ‘‘ Had I not taken the nest myself and got the parent birds

it might have been said that I haa been misled by my collector, but I watched

the bird for several days before the hen bird laid and then when she laid

three eggs, I secured both birds with the nest and eggs.”

This would, of course, appear to be much stronger evidence than any I can

bring, my nest and eggs having been brought to me and noé taken by myself.

On the other hand I refer to Mr, Masson’s description of the nest and eggs,

He says, “ Tam positive tue eggs of Rimatcr malacoptilus are bluish and

nearly quite round, The nest being deep cup-shaped, something like the nest

of ‘ Leucocerca fulcoventrics’ but without the spider’s webs round the outside—

simply grass—and fixed in the fork of a shrub about 18 inches from the

ground,”

It will be seen, therefore that the description «f the nest and eggs (the

size of these latter is not definitely given) would apply well to those of a

Zosterops, but are not in the least such as one would have expected to

find belonging to Rimator.

Now I must quote the weak spot in Mr, Masson’s letters under reference.

He says “ All who have collected Birds’ eggs largely must know that most of

the Thrushes’ and Babblers’ eggs are blue.” From this it would seem that Mr.

Masson thinks that the Thrushes and Babblers are closely allied and, if this

is so, it shows that his knowledge of ornithology is very meagre; perhaps,

however, he only alludes to the birds known popularly as Laughing-thrushes,

—

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 707

and these are of course really in the same family as all the other Babblers,

As regards his assertion, however, that most of the Babblers lay blue eggs

there can be no dispute, but that he is labouring under rather a serious

mistake, The family Crateropodide is divided into six sub-families, the

Crateropodine, Timeliine, Brachypterygine, Sibiine, Liotrichine, and Bra-

chypodine. Of these the first named sub-family is the only one containing

many species which lay unspotted blue eggs, and even here these number only

about 27 as compared with over 40, which lay white or spotted eggs, The

third, fourth and fifth sub-families contain each one genusonly, viz., Larvivora,

Zosterops and Cephalopyrus, which lay pure blue eggs, and thesixth and seventh

sub-families have no single species laying such, Rimator is a genus of the

second sub-family, Timeliine, and its position in it is one beyond all doubt,

whilst its nearest allies would seem to be the birds of the genus Corythocichla.

Ti seems therefore very strange that such a bird should lay eggs and build a

nest so absolutely unlike those of its nearest relations,

Again, Mr, Masson says, “ R. malacoptilus is a small bird, not quite 5 inches

in length and lays small eggs”. Now R, malacoptilus is a short bird with a very

short tail, but is in proportion to its length, a stout, bulky bird far larger than

the little Rhipidura (Leucocerca as Mr. Masson calls it) to the size of whose

eggs the egos of Rimator are likened, Corythocichla brevicaudata is a smaller,

less heavy, bird than Rimator, yet I should estimate that the cubic contents

of an egg of C, brevicaudata are nearly twice the cubic contents of an egg of

R. albicollis, and the presumption, therefore, would be that the egg of Rimator

would be at least as big as that of C. brevicaudata if not bigger.

Taking every thing into consideration I cannot help still thinking that

Mr, Masson must have made a mistake, and that the birds he shot (if Rimator)

though haunting the bush in which the nest was found were yet not the

owners of it,

I am, I regret to say, no longer in a district where I can hope to either

confirm or contradict my impressions as there are no hills high enough and

Rimator is not to be found, but I sincerely trust that Mr. Masson will, this

year, again find Rimator breeding and will succeed in getting the nest and

eggs, I trust too that he will manage either to shoot the bird as it leaves

the nest or, better still, succeed in trapping it on the nest itself. ;

H.C, STUART BAKER, F.Z.S.

DieruGara, Assam,

25th February, 1901.

No. XX.—NOTES ON BIRDS COLLECTED IN SOUTH SYLHET,

Amongst other birds lately collected here I have managed to secure a pair of

Sceeorhynchus ruficeps, the Red-headed Crow Tit, also specimens of Caprimulgus

monticola, Franklin’s Night-jar, which I found to be rare in Cachar, thcugh

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

it is common here and evidently breeds,as in the oviduct of a female shot

20th February, 1901, was a shelled egg (unfortunately broken) of a salmon

colour thinly spotted with brownish-red,

I have besides shot the following birds which I have either never come

across, or found to be exceedingly rare, in the adjoining district of Cachar,

Falco chiquera, rather uncommon ; Pandion halietus, common ; Scops spi=

locephalus, 9, caught on nest with 2 young ; Micropus melanocephaius, un-

common ; Cinnyris asiatica, plentiful; Cinnyris hasselti, plentiful; Tiga

javanensis, not rare; Crocopus phenicopterus, perhaps the commonest green

pigeon here ; Columba intermedia, exceedingly common; Halcyon pileata,

observed closely but not having a gun with me, I was unable to secure the

bird.

A. M, PRIMROSE,

Rena T, E.,, 8. SYLHHT,

Se ee

No, XXI.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DESERT FINCH

(RHODOSPIZA OBSOLETA) AT CHAMAN, BALUCHiSTAN,

The Society has lately received several specimens of the Desert Finch

(Rhodospiza obsoleta) from Lieut. John W. Watson, I.M.S., which he has

collected at Chaman, and as this species is not included by Mr, Oates in the

Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. I1., on the grounds that no instance of its

occurrence had up to the time of publication been recorded from within the

limits of British India and its dependencies, the present instance is worthy of

record, This, however, is not the first occasion of the species being obtained

within our limits, for two specimens from the Tochi Valley are mentioned

in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal (Vol, LXIX, part 2, page 101),

and Mr, Oates’ note as to the probability of the species being eventually

found within our boundaries has thereby been justified.

Regarding the species Lieut. J. W. Watson writes: ‘“ It is very common in

“Chaman in August and September, going about in large flocks in the latter

‘‘ month, eating the seeds of sunflowers, &c., in our compounds, and of grasses,

“ &c., by the roads, They are fond of sitting in lines on telegraph wires and

“ wire railings,”

E. COMBER,

Bompay, March, 1901,

NO. XXII —NIDIFICATION OF RIMATOR MALACOPTILUS, BLYTH.

With reference to Mr, de Nicéville’s note on page 531 of the present Vol

ume of our Journal there seems to be some doubt as to my finding the

nest and eges of Rimator malacoptilus,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 709

I watched the birds for several days building, and after laying I took the

hen bird on the nest, 1am quite positive the eggs were bluish, nearly round,

the nest being cup-shaped and fixed in the fork of ashrub about 18 inches

from the ground, The eggs were three in number, Now, as I got the hen

bird on the nest and watched both birds for several days, I do not see how

there can be any doubt in the matter. I hope to get another nest and eggs

this year, when all doubts will be set at rest.

Tt is known that the Drongo or Fork-tailed Cuckoo, Surniculus dicruroides,

lays its egg which is blue in the nest of Notodela leucura. I have also found it

in the nest of Pericrocotus elegans,

W. P. MASSON,

DARJEELING, 8th March, 1901.

No, XXIII.—INDIAN SHEEP DOGS. —

Sheep dogsin England are wonderfully trained, and their intelligence in

picking out, and driving sheep, is almost incredible ; but clever as they are

they cannot hold a candle to the Indian sheep dogs I have seen in the province

of Berar. These dogs are not trained by man at all, but, their masters, who

belong to the Shepherd, or Dunger, caste—for every trade or vocation has

its caste in India—have discovered what the dog will instinctively do under

certain circumstances, and arrange that those circumstances shall occur, The

following story will show how I came to find out about these sheep dogs, and

the value the shepherds place upon them, which is entirely owing to their

training, as they belong to no particular breed.

About the year 1863, the G.I. P. Railway was being made through Berar:

and one of the contractor’s staff, a platelayer or inspector, I forget which,

lived inatent abouta mile andahalf outside the town of Akola, where

Iwas. <A big masonry bridge had to be built across the Morna river, which

passes through Akola, and to reach this bridge from his tent, the inspector,

as we will call him, had every day to pass a thorn inclosure, in which was

kept a large flock of sheep. Outside the door of the inclosure, when the

sheap were there, were always several large and very fierce dogs, which

invariably came out at the man, until at last, to give them a lesson, he took

his gun with him, and the next time the dogs attacked him he shot two of

them. This, though almost in self-defence, led to serious trouble, and the

inspector for one, and I for another, did not understand why so much

importance was attached to the death of the dogs, as to all appearance they

were very ordinary mongrels, though large and long in the leg. The case

came up before the Deputy Commissioner, when it was discovered that the

statements of the inspector and of the shepherd who owned the dogs; were

practically identical, That is, the complaint was the defence,

The inspector, a Scotchman, gave a large sum of money to the owner of

the dogs, when their value was explained to him, and it wasthen that I first

710- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

learned how an Indian shepherd protects his sheep from wolves and other

wild animals when feeding in the jungle by day, and from thieves at wight,

with the assistance of these large and fierce dogs, that in the performance of

their duty, will go at a man as willingly as they would at a wolf or any other

wild beast, though, strange to say, away from the flock they become cowards

-at once,

At first I thought the sum of money given by the inspector to the shepherd

excessively large, but afterwards I understood how it was almost impossible

that money could make good to the man the loss he had sustained. In

talking to him, I got him to explain to me how these dogs were trained, and

why they were so very brave and fierce, He said that the custom of the

shepherds was, when they wanted to traina dog, to take a male pup from

the litter as soon as it could see, while they were careful that the father and

mother were of as large and heavy a breed as possible, This puppy would

be given to some ewe who had lost her little one, and was suckled by her,

At first she had to be held down for the purpose, but in about three weeks’

time she would become accustomed to being the dog’s wet nurse, and would

take to the little animal. As soonas the puppy could run about properly,

it would be allowed to run alongside its foster-mother to the jungle, where

she would go daily with the flock. ;

Care was taken that the ewe in question should remain, wwing to her

peculiar duties, an unusually long time in milk, so the puppy was well

nurtured in its infancy, and invariably turned out a larger and heavier

animal than its parents, this being also partly due to the fact that he was

castrated when about a month and a half old, From always going out with

the flock, life among the sheep became the dog’s second nature, and when it

no longer got milk from its foster mother, the shepherd would feed it well

with milk from the other sheep, and bread broken into the milk. And when

from any accidental cause a sheep died, its carcase would be divided among

the dogs of the flock, Finally, the puppy being full grown, would be turned

out of the flock at night time, and would sleep outside the door of the thorn

enclosure with the other dogs, generally round a fire made of dried sheep’s

droppings.

A large flock of sheep generally requires six, seven, or eight dogs, all

educated in the way I have described. Hvery day after the sun has well risen

and dried the dew off the grass, the flock is taken into the jungle to graze.

As they start, one dog goes to each of the four corners of the flock, and

remains about sixty or eighty yards from it, The rest of the dogs follow with

the shepherd, Should a wolf appear, the dog at the corner nearest to him

gives a bark, on which the dogs with the shepherd, who is always behind

the flock, rush towards the warning voice to assist in repelling the intruder,

but the other three sentinel dogs remain still at their posts. What is going

on elséwhere is no business of theirs, They haye only to give the alarm

un -

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 711

where they are, and the wonderful thing is that the shepherd does not tell

the dogs to go to the corners, but the weaker ones invariably by their own

instinct take this post, while the stronger and heavier dogs remain with the

shepherd, on the alert, to rush at once to any spot to which they are called.

As I have already said, dogs so brought up, when with their flock, are utterly

fearless of man or beast; but if they leave the flock, be it only to walk with

their master down a village street, they are the veriest cowards possible,

The shepherd told me that the daily routine of the dogs with the flock

was due to no teaching of his. He said that it was instinct, and was quite

unable to tell me where or when the system had been introduced. He only

knew that from time immemorial it had existed. WhenI1 asked him if his

dogs would really have bitten the inspector, he answered, ‘‘ Of course they

would,’ and added, “ that no wise man would ever go near a sheep inclosure.”

And when I pointed out the fact that the inspector had been going along

a public footpath, he replied “ that his inclosure had been there before the

footpath, which had been made by the workmen going to and coming from

the railway bridge.” The shepherd did not do so badly after all with the

compensation he got for the loss of his dogs, as the increase of population

and of cultivation had driven off the wild animals to a great extent from

about Akola, so that he could manage to get along without those that had

been shot; but I found afterwards that what he had said was quite true, he

could not have replaced them under two years,

This account will show how cleverly the instinct of the dog has been

utilised for the protection of his flock by the shepherd in Berar, and for all

I know, also in cther parts of India, and to me it is all the more wonderful,

as from the circumstances of the training this cannot be an inherited

instinct,

J. F, G.

[The custom of rearing dogs for the protection of the flocks, amongst the

sheep themselves goes back many hundreds of years, Darwin says that when

staying in Banda Oriental he was amused with what he “saw and heard of

the shepherd dogs of the country . . . Their method of education consists

in separating the puppy when very young from his bitch and in accustoming

it to its future companions. The ewe is held three or four times a day for

the little thing to suck, and a nest of wool is made for.itin the sheep pen,

Ai no time is it allowed to associate with other dogs or with the children

of the family. The puppy is also castrated in order that it can have no

common feeling with the rest of its kind. From this education it has no

wish to leave the flock, and just as another dog will defend:its master—man,

so will these the sheep. It is amusing to observe when approaching a flock

how the dog immediately advances barking and the sheep all close in his

rear, as if round the oldest ram,’—Eb.]

(The above appeared in the Field cn 16th February, 1901).

712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

No. XXIV.—EARLY BREEDING OF THE COMMON IORA

4UGITHINA TIPHIA,

Yesterday (13th March) I founda nest of Zgithina tiphia in my garden

containing 2 fresh eggs. I have searched all the books at my command and

cannot find any note on the breeding 2f this bird before the month of May.

Jerdon mentions that it breeds twice a year, but other authorities seem to

doubt this. This does not appear to be an isolated case,as I have several

other pairs in the garden all of whom appear to be breeding. Does this not,

in a Way, go to prove that Jerdon was right ?

The nest was placed in an upright fork of a Mango tree about 20 feet

from the ground ; it was very well concealed, and: was only discovered after

a minute search. It was the constant trilling note of the cock that made me

suspect the hen was sitting,

The eggs are typical Iora’s being creamy white longitudinally streaked with

purplish and reddish-brown.

: EK. E. TOOTH.

Dum-Doum, 14th March, 1901.

No, XXV.—THE FLOWERING HABITS OF THE VIOLET,

I was recently asked to explain the reason for the flowers of the violet

concealing themselves among the leaves, I explained as follows :—

lt is a notorious fact that although a number of flowers of the violet are

fully exposed, yet many are:to be found hidden away among the leaves, and

there is every reason to believe that the habit of the plant is in great part

to conceal its flowers, Yet from the fact of some of the flowers being

exposed this habit does not seem to be a confirmed one.

Next the method of fertilisation must be considered.

The normal flower is adapted to insect fertilisation and seems to be perfect

for this purpose, Butit is known that violets bear very small inconspi-

cuous and closed flowers that are technically called “cleistogamous,” These

flowers are for purposes of self-fertilisation and economise pollen which is

produced in very much greater abundance in the ordinary flower. It is not

necessary to state here the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods

of fertilisation. It is necessary only to note that while normal flowers are

borne as a rule, yet cleistogamous flowers are sometimes to be found along

with them,

‘Yhus we find a somewhat unsettled habit in conjunction with a somewhat.

unsettled method of fertilisation,

Treating, then, the cleistogamous flower of the violet in the same manner

as a rudiment is treated by a zoologist, it might be reasonably supposed that

the cleistogamous flower of the violet represents an ancient normal condition

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 713

of the flower of the violet in particular, and perhaps of the Violacew in

general when as yet the competing members of the Order had not developed

into genera, and which later by adopting the showy insect-fertilised flower,

as in the near relative of the violet, the Viola tricolor, forced the violet either

to adopt the same method of fertilisation or else to become extinct. For,

with some exceptions, cross-fertilisation is more advantageous th:n self.

fertilisation,

In this former condition there would be no necessity for the flower to be

conspicuous,

Thus both the habit referred toand the cleistogamous flower are relics of

the past, and one explains the other,

T should be much obliged if I could receive any light on thie subject,

St, C, THOMPSON,

THE RETREAT, ForsyTH Roan,

Lai Baau,

Lucknow, 15th March, 1901.

No. XXVI.—NESTING OF THE BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE

ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS.

On page 360, Vol, I, of “ Hume’s Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,’ 2nd Edi-

tion, Oates, I find a note, by a Mr, Buchanan Hamilton, on the breeding of the

Black-headed Oriole, Oriolus melanocephalus in Bengal, in which he describes

anest as containing young unfledged in March, Mr. Hume says, with refer-

ence to this, that he believes it to be a mistake, as he never found the bird

breeding in March in Bengal.

T have bad the same experience as Mr, Hamilton, as I found a nest a few

days ago containing two eggs, and left them in order to get, as I thought, the

fullclutch. Judge my astonishment when my chokra on reaching the nest

last evening cried, “ Doo butcha,”

I was very disappointed, as I have not got the eggs of this bird, but had to

console myself with the knowledge of a pair of the same birds building in

another small tope in my garden,

Mr, Hamilton describes the nest as rude, but Mr. Hume takes objection to

the word, I therefore leave it at that, as I think it all depends upon a per-

son’s conception of the word.

K. E, TOOTH.

Dum-Douom, 20th March, 1901.

No. XXVII.—_NESTING DIFFICULTIES OF THE COPPERSMITH,

A pair of Coppersmiths (Xantholama hematocephala) are breeding ina tree

in my garden, and towards sunset every evening a Blue-throated Barbet

(Cyanops asiatica) comes and turns its smaller relatives out, taking possession

714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.

of their nest for the night, but gives it up in the morning, leaving them in

undisturbed possession until the following evening.

His method of eviction is unique, As soon as he arrives the Coppersmith

retires and shows fight, but after a couple of rounds is ignominiously dragged

out by the back of the neck, Nor is this the only bird that takes advantage

of the Coppersmith’s weakness or good nature, whichever it may be, for a

Bulbul (Molpastes bengalensis) waits about, and as the male Coppersmith comes

with pieces of fruit for his mate, the Bulbul exacts toll from him before he

has time to enter the nest, and the Coppersmith never tries to get away from

the Bulbul, but actually feeds it, Ishould like to know whether any such

incident has been recorded before,

E, E, TOOTH,

Dum-DuM, 28th March, 1901,

715

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 127Ta MARCH, 1901.

A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took

place at the Society’s Rooms on Tuesday, 12th March, 1901, Mr, BE. H, Aitken

presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr. Charles

A, Fuller (Cawnpore), Mr. B. R. Pritchard (Lakhimpur), Mr. W. B. Wright

(Lakhimpur), Mr, G, M. Prichard (Ramtek), Mr, F. E. Fletcher (Calicut), and

Mr, W. P. Masson (Darjeeling).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the

Society's Collections since the last meeting :—

1 pair of Indian Wolves.juy.| Canis pallipes... . seccasccoe-| Mr. W. A, Heyland.

(alive).

1 Bonelli’s Hagle .....0......-ns Hieracius fasciatus orc Capt. W. Fa Payne.

1 Crested Serpent Hagle. ...| Spilormis Cheela ec.oceeeees 008

1 Crested Honey Buzzard ...| Permis crastatws...coccrsssaces De

1 Pale Harrier ... .2....scececce| CA CUS MACTUTUS svece-sesconses Do.

1 Greenshank .......2....ccceoe.| ZOtamus GlOttis sscovseossseese Do.

1 Gull-billed Tern ........ cooe| SEEFNA ANGLICA ..seecceee seen. Do.

1 Red-breasted Fly-catcher...| Siphia parva .....0+. erveseecee Do.

2 Jungle Cats (alive) ...... ove HELGS CHAUS ......seceecceerence. Mr. P. A. Collins.

debossil Tusk of a Mastodon) =... Mr. E. Goff. ;

Head of Indian Rhinoceros...| Rhinocer0s wnicorNts eeovveres ot Henry Tichborne, Bart.

1 Sarus’ege . sconce! GIUS GRELJONE caceoereerereee Mr. D. A, Macmillan,

2 Harth Snakes ‘Glive) vescee| LY JOMMIeressceree scoeneode ..|Mr, O. Merrony.

1 Bunch of plantains (red adeitetes Cap. 8. Goodridge, R.N.,

and yellow varieties on C.LE.

the one stalk).

7 Bats (in spirits) ......... 206 onoseuiens Mr, T. B. Tkp LES. .

PES (SKIMMEM)| scaesesstecesscl| L071 | ceeuase Mr.E. Comber. —

Pein sy PSKING \csceecseeb aces oyu Ai iiesauanee Indian Museum.. - -,

Reed Bunting ....00.......0000., Hmbireza schoeniclus....2...| Lieut. J. W. Watson, a, M. Ss.

Tree SPAlLOW ceccscsscscesceses PAS8E7 MONLANUE ». 00002-00000. Do.

Rose FING csrsserercvescereesee| RROAIS piza ODSOLELA seoeeee.- Do.

Eversman’s Redstart .........| Rutecilla erythronota ...... Do.

Barnes's Chat ......secsscesese.| SGLICOlG DATNES4..000rs000000 Do.

Red-tailed Chat........0. sacncene Savicola chrysopygia ...... Do.

Masked Wagtail..........0020200 Motacilla personatG eervcover Do.

Water-pipit.......cessesscees coceee| ARLLUS SPINOLELLE oer0eceneee Do.

Central Asian Starling sooee| SLUPNUS POT PhYTONOLUS -.. Do.

Allied Grey Shrike ........,0.| Lamiu8 ASSiMilés seecrec00e Do.

Sparrow-hawk .........-ss0os00.| ACCIDIEEY NISUS co. noceoan0 Do.

Jerdon’s Accentor sesecseereee| LRAMTRGLEUS JETAONS ....0. 00 Do.

4 Pheasant SkinS....00..0000...| GENNEUS SP. . pecan liga W. iG Nishett

1 Imperial Pigeon ...... eooees| Ducula qriseis pala euevases

1 Civet Cat (alive) ......0.s006 Viverricula malaccensis = ‘| ote. W. hee

T BRIS MSKINGsssssccesecsessesasee iiinessseurae Mr. A.M. Primrose. . -

Py Battachignh \scpcaseccoene so.0| ethyophis glutinosus ee ..|Mr..E. Hrnest Green...

2 Lizards «.coccs..escerecereveseee| Coratophora tennentit s.r» Do.

3 Toads orrcccseccossccsss...00c| Vannophrys ceylonensis os. Do,

716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIIT.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

The Wild Disease of Cotton and its Control; The Canadian Entomologist,

Vol. XXXIII,No. 2; The Distribution of Vertebrate Animals in India, Cey-

lon,and Burmah, by W. T. Blanford, LL. D., F.R.S. ; Annals of the Queens-

land Museum, No, 5 ; Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo, La Faune du

Congo, Poissons Nouveau, Boulenger ; Illustrations de la Flore du Congo.

The Honorary Secretary drew the special attention of the members to the

valuable contribution consisting of 241 specimens of birds’ skins, represent-

ing over 200 species, which had been received in exchange from the Deputy

Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, A detailed list of birds will

appear in the Journal.

The curious “sport” sent by Captain Goodridge, R. N., of the red and yel-

low varieties of plantains growing together in one bunch excited considerable

attention, and an excellent sketch of the same by Miss M. Thacker was much

admired,

A special vote of thanks was passed to Sir Henry Tichborne, Bart., for his

handsome contribution of a head cf the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicor-

nis) mounted by Rowland Ward & Co, of London,

ACCOUNTS FOR 1900.

Mr.N, C. Macleod, the Honorary Treasurer, laid before the meeting a state-

ment of accounts for the year ended the 3lst December, 1900, showing a

credit balance of Rs, 2,159-13-8 in cash, and Rs, 4,800 invested in Government

Paper.

It was resolved that the accounts be passed, subject to the usual audit,

ELECTION OF COMMITTEE.

The President, Vice-Presidents, and Members of the Managing Committee

for the present year were duly elected as follows :—

President.—H. E. the Right Hon’ble Lord Northcote.

Vice-Presidents.— Mr. J. D. Inverarity and Dr, D, MacDonald,

Managing Committee —Mr, E, C. Stuart-Baker, Dr. D. MacDonald ; Mr.

E, H. Aitken; the Rev. Father Dreckman, S8.J.; Lieut-Col. K. R. Kir-

tikar, IM.S.; Mr. J. D. Inverarity ; Lieut-Col. H. D, Olivier, R.E. ;

Messrs, E. Ernest Green, F. O. Gadsden, L. de Niceville, W. 8. Mil-

lard, A, Abercrombie, E, L. Barton, R. Gilbert, BE. Comber, R. C. Wroughton,

LFS,; T.R.D. Bell, LFS.; Capt. A. Newnham, and Vety-Capt. G.

H, Evans.

Honorary Tveasurer.—Mr, N. C, Macleod.

Honorary Secretary.—Mr. H, M. Phipson.

“PAPERS READ,

The following papers were read and discussed :—

(1) The Poison Gland of the King Cobra (Nata bungarus), with demonstrations

by Major 8. Prall, 1.M.S. |

PROCEEDINGS, 717

(2) A Visit to the Null after the Famine, by Mr, Reed, Gilbert,

(3) The Fauna of Amoy, by Mr. L. de Nicéville,

(4) The life-history of Mycalesis (Calysisme) subdita, Moore, by Major N.

Manders, R.A.M.C,

(5) On the Occurrence of Bonelli’s Eagle and the Golden-Hye Duck at Mying-

yan, Burmah, by Mr, K. C. Macdonald.

(6) On the Occurrence of the Desert Finch (Rhodosdiza obsoleta) at Chaman,

Baluchistan, by Mr. E. Comber,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 6TH FEBRUARY, 1901.

A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took

place on Wednesday, 6th February, 1901, at the Society’s Rooms, Dr, D.

MacDonald presiding,

NEW MEMBERS,

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr, F, W.

Robertson, I.C.S, (Madras), the Mess President, 34th Battalion, R.F.A, (Ahmed-

abad) ; Major Arthur C, Daniell, R.A. (Ahmedabad); Mr. J, E, B. Hotson,

I, C, 8S. (Ahmedabad); Mr. Charles St, C. W. Thompson (Lucknow) ;

Captain E, W. Harris, 3rd M. I. (Hongkong) ; Lieutenant W. C, Nicholson,

3rd M. I. (Hongkong) ; Lieutenant W. V. Coppinger, I. M. S. (Dibrugarh) ;

Mr. Jack Needham, (Dibrugarh) ; Mr.. W. Morley, C. E. (Dibrugarh) ; Mr.

F, Thorburn (Assam) ; the Mess President, 10th Bombay Light Infantry,

Ahmedabad (life member) ; Major A, EH Aitken (Chaman); Lieutenant

Victor Coates (Bombay) ; Mr. V. M. Grifiths (Nasik); Mr. O, C. G, Hayter

(Sukkur, Sind) ; Mr. 8, Armstrong (Poona) ; and Mr. C, B, Antram (Cachar),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr. H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s collections :—

Contribution. Description. | Contributor.

1 Snake, from Aden. Zamenis ventrimaculatus. |Mr.C. Baglehole.

2 Purple Honeysuckers. Arachnechthra zeylonica. | Mr. Pottinger.

1 Whimbrel.........s0..000 seoe| MUMENRIUS PLAOPUS ...00e00e Mx. J. D. Inverarity.

1 Chestnut Bittern............ Ardetta Cimmamomea.......«. Do.

1 Pallas’ Squirrel ........-+0« Sciurus erythreus var-|Capt. H. C. Townsend.

sadent.

1 Sind Pied Woodpecker. | Dendrocopus sindianus, Lt. J. Watson, I.M.S.

1 Desert Chat SALIC01A GESETLA covercevecceees Do.

1 Rose Finch o--e| Rhodospiza 0b80leta ...c.000. Do.

1 Snake (alive) .....000-. cove] SiLy Dura MACrolepts oe... Mr, C. G. Wright.

1 Stiff-tailed Duck ... ..... Erasmatura leucocephalus,| Lt. R. EK. Salkeld.

A number of Tiger-beetles.| Cicendela sp. Mrs. Townsend.

1 Small Green Barbet Thereicery a vividis cores -.| Lieut. W. A. Payne.

7 Pairs of Black Buck! Antilope cervicapra e000. Mr. W. Webb.

Horns.

1 Pair Chinkara Horns. | Gazella bemmetti....s0cveres Do.

A number of Bats, Frogs} — aeweonree Col. R. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.S.

and Spiders,

1 Smake o.cccseces sreanedenocoo Dendrophis pictus o...........)Mr. J. HB. Chico.

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIII.

aa eee

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

a Ng ee

2 Otters’ Skins and Skulls.| Dutra ellioti ......... ..| Mr, W. E. Shipp.

1 nee | Bulbul| Otocompsa fuscicaudata... ‘| Miss Butcher.

{alive

BGGCKOS sccesesnetscuneeeseceere Hemidactylus maculatus...| Mr. H. Comber.

Avcollection joi) Hernis;ni0 0)! un wn miecetseess Lieut. W. A. Light.

1 Rock Horned Owl. Budo bengalensts cececareree Major A A. EH. Aitken.

1 White-cheeked Hill Par-] Arboricola atrigularis ......| Capt. H. Townsend.

tridge.

1 Green-legged Hill Par-| Tropicoperdix chloropus..c. Do.

tridge.

ad nd elaws of Imperial] Aguila Neliacd ....ccsc..ceeee Gen. W. Osborn.

agle.

1 Stuffed Python ............ Python reticulatus.....-o.0e-|H. H. the Maharajah of

Cooch Behar.

Aicollectionior Birds Woes ye Were: ‘My. W. H. Shipp.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY.

“Notes on the Nidification of some Indian Birds” not mentioned in

“ Hume’s Nests and Eggs,” by E, C, Stuart Baker, from the Author, “Indian

Museum Notes,” Vol. V., No. 2, in exchange. ‘‘ The Common Birds of Bom-

bay,” by E. H, Aitken, fromthe Author, “ Memoirs of the Geological Survey

of India,” Vol. XXX., Part 2, “ Peach Leaf Curl, its Nature and Treatment,’

by Newton Price. “ Fauna of British India (Arachnida)” purchased, “ The

Great and Small Game of India, Burmah, and Tibet (Lydekker) ” deposited.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM

Mr. J. P. Watson, Mr. F.G. Hutchinson, Mr. H, W. Trotter, and Mr, C, C,

James, C, E,

LARGE PYTHON,

Special attention was drawn to the contribution received from H, H. the

Maharajah of Cooch Behar of a large specimen of Python reticulatus which

had been mounted by Rowland Ward & Co,, London. The snake when shot

by His Highness in Assam weighed about 200 Ibs, and measured 19 feet

2 inches in length. A special vote of thanks was passed to His Highness the

Maharajah for his contribution to the Society’s Museum,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were read and discussed :—

1, Burmese Snakes, by Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., and Veterinary-Captain

G.H. Evans, A.V.D, 2. New Species of Indian Hymenoptera, by Major

C. G, Nurse, 13th Bombay Infantry. 3, “ Kills” by Carnivorous Animals,

by W. A. Wallinger,I.F.S. 4. An appeal for assistance in collecting Gad-

flies, Bot-flies, and Warble-flies in India, by Colonel J. W. Yerbury,R. A.

5, Bird’s Nesting in the vicinity of Poona, by Captain R. M. Betham, 8th

Bombay Infantry. 6. Hints to beginners on collecting and preserving

Natural History Specimens, by EH, Comber, 7, longevity of the Persian

Bulbul, by Miss Ida Chinnery.. 8. A Musk Rat attacking a Toad, by Major

S. E. Prall, L.M.S. 9. Squirrels and Satbhais, by Major 8. E, Prall, I.M.8,

10, On the use of the Beaks of Pelicans and Flamingoes, by hi. H. Aitken,

PROCEEDINGS. 718

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 111Ta DECEMBER, 1900.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society’s Rooms on: Tuesday

last, the 11th instant, Mr, E, H. Aitken presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—Lieutenant

R.H. Brudenell Bruce (Bombay) ; Lieutenant E, E. C, Dalgliesh (Bombay) ;

fr, W. W. Coen (Hubli); Mr, L. EH, P, Gaskin, 1.C,S. (Mandla, C, P.) ; Mr.

W. Erskine Crum (Bombay); Mr. Edmund Scott (Ceylon) ; Major G. A.

Leslie, R.; E, (Chitral); Lieutenant W. H, Evans, R.E. (Chitral); Mr. S. L,

Whymper (Jeolikote, N.-W, P.); Mr. S. Tomkins (Bombay) ; Mr. George E.

Bright (Bombay) ; Mess President, 55th Battery, R.A. (Saugor); Captain F,

F, Major (Jalna) ; Mr, A. Rodgers, I.F.S, {Thayetmyo, Burma) ; Mr, Herbert

Druce (London) ; Rev. H. Howard Campbell (Gooty); Lieutenant W. H.

Lane (Burma); Mr. C. L. Burns (Bombay) ; Mrs, H. J, Bell (Banda, C.P.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Mr, H. M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society's Museum :—

2Green Tree=vipers| 7rimeresurus gramineus. Mr. Paul Gerhardt.

alive.)

3 ate Treesnakes|Dipsas trigonata......... - seueee Do.

(alive.)

2 Phursas (alive)....... ce»: | BERGS COT IMAL .02-ecenccccsceres soc Do.

1 Head of Siamese Deer. |Cervus schomberghi.............Mr. A. J. A. Jardine,

1 Bison’s Headse.cocrseceees. Bos VANCiNG coceeereeceeree.cacee a Do.

1 Lizard (alive)......0..0. Hemidactylus maculatus. Mr. =. G. Hutchinson.

6 Hegs of the Indian Red|Sporeginthus amandava. Capt. R. M. Betham.

Munia.

3 Eggs of the smal l)|Pericrocotus peregrinus. Do.

Minivet,

Nest and 4 Eggs of the

Motacilla maderaspatensis. Do.

large Pied Wagtail,

Nest of the Common Wood|7ephrodornis pondiceriana. Do.

Shrike

Me Saake tac. co: ---+-| Tropidonotus esa Mr, F. A. Hill.

1 Screech Owl ‘With fivelS¢rac JAVARICHrrereereeeee -.».|My. Ameerudin Tyabjee.

young ones (alive).

1 Wild Dog Qlive)......0.. Cyon dukhunensis...... seveeere (apt. W. Leslie.

1 Red-winged Cuck oo/Coceystes coromandus.........\Caught in the Society’s

(alive). Rooms.

2 Stifftailed Ducks......... Erasmatura leucocephala. Lieut. L. Swinton-Browne,

2 Houbara (alive).........| Foubara MACYUEENS 2+ececceeree Capt. F. W. Townsend.

1 Water-Cock (alive). Gallicrex CAMOVEA .sceccoeeeee ...|Mr. F. O. Gadsden.

2 Malabar W histling|/Myiophoneus huorsfielti. Mr. G. P. de Soane.

Thrushes (alive).

1 Koel (alive) ........ aaace Ludynamis honorata ....0ceeve Mr. H. Hemming,

1 Dusky Striped Squirrel |Sciwrus sublineatus...... sseeeeeee| Mr, Chas. Gray.

2 Palm Civets (alive)|Paraderurus ee snopenoncso8 --.|Mr. Chas. Merrony.

Skull of large Panther. |Helis pardus...ccooee.c-...00e0e0ee.,capt. H. §, Hill.

1 Egg of Sarus Crane. Grus antigone. ASeodds sorce-veoesee(reneral W. Osborn.

1 Snake (alive)...... vovcesces| GONGYLODRIS CONICWS ..ce0e...-+-|Mr. F. Hutchinson.

2 Snakes (alive) - ........000 Tropidonotus piscator.........|Ur. Dhargalkar.

1 Muntjat’s head....... vecee[CETVUS MUNTIAC se, ovoeee-e- eoeee./Luieut. H. H. Bartlett,

720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XTIT.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM

Mr, F, G. Hutchinson, Mr, T. D. Moore, Captain C. J. R. Milne, 1.M.S.,

Mr, A, L, Dupuis, and Mr, D, Lindsay,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

On the birds collected and observed in the Southern Shan States and

Upper Burmah, by Colonel C, T, Bingham, I.F.S., from the Author; Cata-

logue of Moths, Vol. II, Text and Plates, from British Museum ; Guide to the

Zoological Collections of the Indian Museum (F. Finn), from the Author ;

Parasitic Invasion of Eggs of the Common Cockroach, by Dr. N. F. Surveyor ;

Two Diseases of the Red Cedar, caused by Polyporus Juniperinus, n, sp. and

Polyporus carneus, Nees (H, Von Schrenk); Progress in the Treatment of

Plant Diseases in the United States (B. T. Galloway) ; Progress of Commer-

cial Growing of Plants under Glass (B. T. Galloway) ; Stigzmonose,a Disease

of Carnations and other Pinks (A. F. Woods); Progress of Plant-breeding

in the United States (H. J. Webber and H, A. Bessey) ; Xenia, or the Imme-

diate Effect of Pollen in Maize (H. J. Webber); Food of the Bobolink,

Blackbirds and Grackles (F, E, L. Beal); The Indian Forester, Vol. XXYVI,

No. 9, in exchange ; North American Fauna, Nos, 18-19 (W. Oswood) ;

Annales du Musee du Congo, Botanique, Series II. ; Annales du Musco Nacional

de Montevideo, Tomo II. Annuaire du Musée Zoologique, St. Petersburg,

1900 ; Vol. 1]. Nos. 1-2, Journal, Asiatic Society of Bengal ; Vol. LXIX. No,

2,, Annals of the South African Museum.

MOSQUITOES.

Colonel G. M. Giles, I.M.S., exhibited a specimen of Insect Collecting Box,

fitted up with camphor, pins, card discs, cork carpet, &c., complete with

printed instructions on the top, and offered to supply similar boxes to any

one who was willing to take up the subject and assist him in makinga

complete collection of the different species of mosquitoes (Culicide) in this

country. A small collection of mosquitoes presented to the Society by Colo-

nel Giles was exhibited and admired.

OUR BOMBAY GARDENS.

Mr. Phipson exhibited a number of beautifully coloured plates of tropical

flowering plants which were not, as far as he knew, to be found in any of our

Bombay Gardens. His object in drawing attention to these plates was to

stimulate the introduction of new flowering plants into Bombay, as very

little had been done of late years in that direction, especially since the depar-

ture of Mr. Birdwood.

THE DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS.

The honorary secretary read a letter received from Mr. William Jesse, of

La Martiniére College, Lucknow, stating that the Government of India is

desirous of making a further inquiry into the question of the destruction of

the bird-life of this country. It is probable that,if a proper case be made

out, further restrictions will be placed on the indiscriminate slaughter of

PROCEEDINGS. 721

birds for their plumage—a policy which has had such disastrous effects in

other countries. The Government has requested that a report on this matter

be compiled as soon as possible, and,in order that such may bear due weight,

it has been determined to obtain the opinion of as many of the leading orni-

thologists in this country as possible.

Mr. Jesse had prepared a list of the points on which he required informa-

tion, and asked for the assistance of the members of the Society in the matter.

The honorary secretary stated that a copy of Mr. Jesse’s circular would be

sent to any one who would be willing to help in this important movement.

VICTORIA GARDENS.

The honorary secretary read a letter from the Superintendent of the Muni-

cipal Gardens, drawing the attention of the members to the seven new

enclosures for deer which had recently been erected in the Victoria Gardens.

Now that the animals would have room for exercise, and would be thoroughly

protected from dogs, &c., he hoped the members would assist him in stocking

the enclosures. He particularly wanted the following:—Hog Deer, females,

Spotted Deer or Chetal, females ; Nilgai males ; and Sambar, males.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were read and discussed :—

1. The distinguishing characteristics between poisonous and non-poisonous

snakes, by Captain F, Wall, I.M.S.

2, A plea for the collective investigation of Indian Culicide, with sugges-

tions as to the moot points for inquiry and a prodromus of species known to

the author, by Lieutenant-Colonel G. M. Giles, ILMS,

3. Description of new genera and species of Hymenoptera, collected by

Captain C. G. Nurse, at Deesa, Simla, and Ferozepore, by P. Cameron,

4, Notes on some Kalij pheasants from the Kachin Hills in the possession

of the Kombay Natural History Society, by Captain W. G. Nisbet and F,

Finn, Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum,

Miscellaneous Notes :—

(«) Birds nesting in the Tons Valley, by B. B. Osmaston, I.F.S,

HE, Comber.

WM) a oye oc

5% j ty, SPATS I

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—(concld.),

—= 0 ==—

PAGE.

MiIscELLANEOUS Notes—coneld.

‘arr i = See

at Vas

10.

li.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

On the Occurrence of Coceystes Coromantius (the Red-winged Crested

@uelkoo) in Bombay.) By, He Comber $).e...<..: cacccveesoe choses «cha ohh. ces 696

Birds of Prey. By AgnesS. Bell ...0........ Raa aweaeole nescweloasetsentcsten soos» 696

Notes on Trips to Perak and Singapore. By A. 1.. Butler, Curator ...... 697

On the Longevity of the Persian Bulbul. By Ida Chinnery ..........00++ 698

Musk Rat attacking a Toad. By Major S. H. Prall, 1.M.Ss...ccssssesseeeees 699:

Squirrels and Satbhais. By Major S, E. Prall, 1... ....csssscccsesesseeseee 700

Snaring Owls in Nooses. By Chas. M, Inglis............. Pelenshisetelensecseenet 700:

Occurrence of Bonelli’s Hagle and the Golden-eye Duck at Myingyan.

Biyp Mes O Mac Donel desve-.ssecsk nce: scseedeesaceest duabogasietsceeduenece<seeeeesaeee 700:

The Lite History of Mycalesis (Calysisme) Subdita—Moore. By Major

N. Manders, F.H.S,, R.A.M.C.....+ Buetageucnteruces scieuoath coe ee aa teeiteabe 701

A visit to the Null after the Famine. By Reg. Gilbert. ......... covcsessscee 7()2

The Fauna of Amoy. By Lionel De Nicéville ..csscccccseoveres srnesnssesecdes ig) os

Nidification of the Spotted Sand-Grouse (Pterocles Senegallus). By

Harrington Bulkley ...... BS oe ae Seentio<vnossessp ents tor cue wenausedet pumas 704.

The Shoveller as an article of food. By Chas, M. Inglis ...ssccssccscsseceres 705:

Occurrence of Macroramphus Seana rts in Assam. By E. C. Stuart

BgicGts vHZi Sees concaweeveeawaenaraicivavarcusteutserauicesnss abaehevingenatce sess sas 2vEs) 705.

The Nidification of Rimator Malacoptilus. By BH. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. 706

Notes on Birds collected in South Sylhet, By A. M. Primrose .......... 707

On the Occurrence of the Desert Finch (Rhodospiza Obdsoleta) at

Chawan, Baluchistan. By E. Comber ....... sel avecraee kee ws gecceaeosl COS)

Nidification of Rimator Malacoptilus Blyth. By W.P, Masson ......... 708

Indian Sheep Dogs. By J. F.G. ...ccccccccscccers Scecticerccanatcoraen ecnnccese ree 709

Early Breeding of the common lora (Hgethina Tiphia), By E.H. Tooth 7] 9

The Flowering Habits of the Violet. By St. C. Thompson..........00...00e TA?

Nesting of the Black-headed Oriole (Oriolus Melanocephalus). By E. EB.

NO obly, s:ceseanessseseeseacaeee Moa Water Rats Bat eeanctieatocderas<<cascesee hase Seed las

Nesting Difficulties of the Coppersmith. By EH. H. Tooth ...........esscces 71

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS held on the 12th March and 6th aber

1901 and 11th December 1900.......ssscocsrsceseceer. ssesses ZLB

The back piers of the See s Journal are stil! to be obtained at the

following rates :—

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ee ee ND

THE

JOURNAL

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIELY

EDITED BY

H. M. PHIPson,. C.M.2Z.Ss.

AND

wy. S: MILLARD.

NRA RANA RRO

V Oly 2th aN! 1.3:

SRARAA AA AE Or

(

Containing Title Page, Contents, List of Contributors, List of

Plates, Errata, Key to the Indian Ducks, List of

Members, Accounts for 1900, General /ndex

Jor Vol. | to XI/l inclusive, Index to

Vol. Xill, and four Plates.

Date of publication, 6th October 1901.

NS Oe

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PRINTED AT THE “ TIMES OF INDIA” STEAM PRESS, by

| BOMBAY. ah

oe aly Insti of

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NOTICE TO BINDER.

The contents of this Number should be arranged as follows when

Vol. XIII is being bound :—

Title Page vie oe oe ... Frontispiece.

Contents ...

List of Contributors To follow Frontispiece.

Secs

List of Plates Loe

Plate CC ses ne wis soe |

Plate DD Ba ee ay ne To face page 157.

Plate EE Si ions NE a |

Plate of Ferns, No. XVI re ... To face page 30.

Key to the Indian Ducks, by HE. C. a

Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. } Po face page 222.

List of Office Bearers...

List of Members

Accounts for 1900

General Index of Subject as Authors for this order.

* At wad of the Volume in

Vol. I to XIII inclusive. ‘

Index to Vol. XIII

Hombay Matuyal History Socigtn,

OFFICH-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,

HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS

ON fst SEPTEMBER, 1901.

LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.

Presivent.

H. EH. the Right Honourable Lorp Norrucors.

DV ice-restdents,

Dr, PD. MacDonald, M.D., B.S.C., C.M.

Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.

Won. Secretary. .

Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.M.z.s.

Won. Treasurer.

Mr. N. C. Macleod.

P2itors.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, ¢.m.z.s,

Mr. W.S. Millard.

lanaging Committee.

Vet.-Capt. G. H. Evans. Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.5.s,, C.M.Z.S.

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. | Mr. ie Abercrombie.

Dr. D.i MacDonald. Mr. BE. L. Barton.

Mr. HE. H. Aitken. Mr. Reginald Gilbert.

Rey. F. Dreckmann, s.J. Mr. E. Comber, F.z.s.

Mr. BE. Ernest Green, ¥.£.8. Mr, R, C. Wroughton, 1.9.8., 0.M.Z.S

Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, .m.s. Mr, T. R. D. Bell, 1.¥.s.

Mr. J.-D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. | Major A. Newnham, F.z,s.

Mr. W.S. Millard. Mr, F. O. Gadsden, R.I.M.

Lt.-Col. H. D. Olivier, R.E., F.z.s. | Capt. A. J. Peile, R.A.

Mr. N. C. Macleod, ea-officio.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s., ex-officio.

1st Section. —(Mammals and Birds.)

President—Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.

Secretary—Mr. E. Comber, F.z.8.

2nd Section. a Reptiles and Fishes.)

President—Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.3.

Secretary—Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.

3rd Section.—(lnsects.)

‘President—Mr. L. de Nicéville, F.2.8., 0.0.2.8.

Secretary —Mr, E. H. Aitken.

4th Section.—( Other Invertebrates.)

President—( Vacant.)

Secretary-—Capt. A. J. Peile, R.A.

5th Section. —(Botany.)

President—( Vacant.)

Secretary—- Lt.-Col, K. R. Kirtikar, 1u.s., rsa. (France), M.8.c.s,

Hombay Hatuyal Bistory Society,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Lirz Mezmepers.

Aga Khan, H. H. the .. Bombay.

Austria, Ee lekishe Archduke Franz F Leonel: Hurope.

Baker, E. C. Stuart (F.z,8., M. B. 0. U.) -. Dibrugarh, Assam,

Baroda, The Curator, Baroda State Museum .». Baroda,

Baroda, H. H. the pene Gaekwar of .-« Daroda,

Barton, H. L. = oS ... Bombay.

Bates, S. B. (#.2. s.) sa 55! .-- Banmauk,

Burma.

Beale, H. F. seo COMA:

Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosing gji of ... Bhownagar.

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.1.8.) ... ... Chamba.

Bikaneer, H. H. the eau of ie ... Bikanir.

Burder, H. C. : a ... Europe.

Jaccia, A. M. (.F. s.) a Sat ... DehraDun,N.-W.P.

Cama, Dr. Maneckji D. sob 2 .». Bombay.

Cama, KOR: eee ite se ... Bombay.

pone iS De sce aes .. Kamptee.

Oooch Behar, H. H. the Maharaja tise .-- Cooch Behar.

Coode, J. M. ised ... Jabalpur, C, P.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor 0. M. st ... Bombay.

Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of oe po Outchiy

Dawson, W. H. (1.¢.s.) on ... Hurope.

Drake- Brockman, Major H. EH. (1.™. W)cos .-- Bhurtpur.

Dwarkadas, Naranji a bie .-- Bombay.

Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji oh _ .-- Bombay.

Habibuddin, 8. oe CS. ey ‘a ee --- Khamamet.

Heliclew eee ys. aS sae .».» Karachi.

Hyam, Judah .. Poona.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Natayenrac

Govind, alzas Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ... Kolhapur.

Inverarity, JD. (BAG, LLB.) o.s .. Bombay.

Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed ‘Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira,

Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja of cee .. Kolhapur.

Kotah, H. H., the eye of ach ... Kotah.

Lamb, R. A. (.c.s.) ch ... Hurope.

Long, G. R. (L.F.s.) as ah ... Moulmein.

iiee onal Dr. D, ot ..» Bombay.

Manders, Major N. (R.A.M.C. a ae ... Diyatalawa, Ceylon.

Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath eee ... Bombay.

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald a ... Hurope.

Mess President 10th Bombay Light eee - Ahmedabad.

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, alias Bae

sahib Patwardhan, ‘Chief of Bee .» Miraj.

Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Sahib of ... Rajkote.

Olivier, Lieut.-Col. H. D. (R.E., F.Z.8.) 0. ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS. iil

Partridge, Henry ... as a ... Pyinmana, Burma.

Pestonji Jivanji = ... Karemnagar.

Petit, The Hon’ble Mr. Bomanji Dinshaw ..- Bombay.

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji ie ... Bombay.

Phipson, H. M. (CMEZ.S;). Se. eae ... Bombay.

Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... ates ... Hurope.

Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. Es ... Hurope.

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja... “ee .-- Gwalior.

Spooner, T. J. (0.E.) ate a ... Mtotowa, Udi, E.

Africa.

Standen, DB. (1.C.8.) .. a des oy) etuly Cade.

Swayne, Herbert Co $o0 on .-. Ceylon.

Tata, Dorabji J. ... S58 .-. Bombay.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas ake ... Bombay.

Tilly, T. H. oe ... Mingin, Burma.

Travancore, H. H. the Maharaja of ie ... Lrivandrum.

Ulwar, H. H. the Maharaja J ca nae of .». Ulwar.

Unwalla, era Gere ... Bhownagar,

Viccaji, Framji iseet: a Loe ... Bombay.

Whitworth, G. C. (ucas.) ... ae --. Hatara,

Yerbury, Col. J. W. Abe ‘pe ... Hurope.

Honorary CorRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Forel, Professeur Auguste... 00 ... Hurope.

Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von... sa woe JAVA.

Kerkhoven, EH. J. ... wae sce --. Java,

Maries, Chas. 00 Soc ... Europe.

Nicéville, L. de (F.E.S., C.M.Z. s.) ae ... Calcutta,

Oates, E. W. ae ae eee ... Lurope.

MEMBERS.

Abdy, Major A. J.(R.A.) wee oo ... South Africa Field

Force.

Abercrombie, A. ... ee a ... Bombay.

Acworth, E. C. B. ai eae .-- Bombay.

Adam, James (c. ae .-. Bombay.

Aga Khan, His Highness (Life Member) --» Bombay.

Aga Shaha Rookh Shaha, H. H. .». Poona.

Ainslie, Lieut. H. P. a ... China Field Force.

Ainsworth, Capt. H. « M. s.) .. aes .-. Bombay.

Aitken, Major Bales as ste ... Chaman,

Aitken, HK. H. “00 ee aa .-. Bombay.

Aleock, J. B. (1.¢.8.) ne sii .. Ahmedabad.

Alderson, Mie tcas oa ae »«. Kandy, Ceylon.

Allan, C. W. (5. yy oh a ... Pegu,

Allen, G. B. = coe eae .-. Cawnpore,

Allen, P. R. nh ae re --. Hyderabad, Deccan,

Allum, E. F. ee dec oe ... Bombay.

iv ee LIST OF MEMBERS,

Almon, W.

Ameerudin ape

Anderson, Major A. v. (1.M. .).

Anderson, Capt. H.R. F. ....

Anderson, J. C.

Andersonn, M.

Anthony, H. B. (1. . 8)

Antram, C. B. a

Aquino, Dr. T. H..

Armstrong, 8S.

Arthur, Mrs. S. R..

Atlay, F.

(Life Member) ... pee ee

Babajee Gopal mS

Byadeley, Col. P. F. M.

Bagley, F.(c. B.) ... Se

Bailward, Lt.-Col. A. C. (R.A.) sis

Bainbridge, Surgeon-Genl. G. (1.M.S.) .

Baker, KH. C. Stuart (Life ee (FZ. 8)

Baldrey, Vet.-Lt. F. 8. H.

Balfour, John A.

Bamford, Ge) ek Bere

Banks, Lieut.-Col. 8. (IM. s.) ..

Baput, Risaldar 8. K.

Barker, Lieut.-Col. F. C. (a, ®)

Barker, P. W. See

Barnard, Lieut. A. H.

Barnes, Lieut. E.

Baroda, The Curator, Baroda S State Museum (Life

Member)

Baroda, H. H. the “Maharaja Gackwar of (Life

Member)

Barrow, Col. H. J. W. (8.4.M.C.)

Bartlett, Major C. R. (R.A.M.C., F.Z.8. a

Barton, iB i: (Life Member) ... sas

Barton, Major F. J. H. ay

Bassett-Smith, Dr. P. W. (R.n.)

Batchelor, 8. ith (LG8.)

Bates, 8. B. (F.z.8.) (Life Member)

Batten, Capt. F. G....

Battie, J. 8.

Baumbach, R.

Byler me ge dae Re

eae ae W. eee ances

Beale, H. F. (Life emf): wie

.. Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Nasik.

.. Bombay.

... Hurope.

.. Calcutta,

. Rangoon.

.. Cachar.

.. Muttra.

.. Sukkur, Sind.

.-- Poona.

... Hurope.

-. Mogok, U. Burma.

Austria, H. I. A. Se Qeetihice Thee Ferdinand

--- Hurope.

.. Bombay.

.. Cawnpore.

«. Maymyo, Burma.

.- Europe.

.-- Poona.

.«. Dibrugarh.

... Bombay.

.. Bombay.

--- Shillong, Assam.

... Kamptee.

e-- Dhulia.

... Hurope.

.. Neschindipur, H. B,

Ry.

.. Hurope.

-- Indore.

. Baroda.

Baroda.

Kasauli,

Fe Bombay.

.. Mardan.

Y Europe.

... Ahmedabad.

.. Banmauk, Upper

Burma.

-. Belgaum.

.. Kurnool.

a Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Hurope.

.. Poona. ~

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Beaumont, T. L. F. ise

Beechey, A. St. V. (1.F.8.)

Beg, Mirza Nazir: ...

Bell, Mrs. H. J...

Bell, Capt. R. C.

... Karachi.

... Hyderabad, Deccan.

... Banda, N.-W. P.

« Agar.

Bell, ae a D. (. ee oe ... Kanara.

Bell, W. M. ea see -es Bombay.

Benjamin, Isaac on vee ... Bombay.

Bennett, Douglas ... ... Bombay.

Benson, Miss A. M. (m.v.) .. Bombay.

Benson, J. J. B. (0.E.) ies

Benson, Wi AL(cae nee

Benwell,G.L. ...

Bergersen, Nes.

Berry, R. (¢.8.) ae ee

Betham, J. A. ed BS

Betham, Major R. M. at

Betham, W. G. (1.F.S.)

Beveridge, H. W. (c.£.)

Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna.

Bhownagar, H. H. the } ee Bhaosing}i of

(Life Member) =

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb te C L E. ) (hitb Meme)...

Bickel, F. W. es

Bicknell, Ee

Biggs, Major HL. V. ( E.)

Bignell, R.

Bikaneer, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member

Bingham, Wolk iCo EN Giz.s3))

Birdwood, H. M. (c.s.1.)

Birkinshaw, A, H. (¢.£,)

Biscoe, W. Fraser ...

Bisset, Sir W. 8. (2.5, ca.)

Blackwell, ‘ALF.

Blanford, Ww. T. (.R.8.) Bk se

Blathwayt, CHER 1.6.85 2 abe

Bogle, Lt.J.8. ... oe wi

Bomanji, K. R. (.c.s.)

Bombay Government, The Chief Seorelary, Sepa-

.- Porebunder,

.. Chalisgaon.

... Hurope.

... Silchar, Cachar,

... Arsikere.

.. Chitiagong,

.. Poona.

.«. Karachi.

... Nadiad, Kaira.

... Bombay.

.. Bhownagar.

Chamba.

.-- Bombay.

.-. Bombay.

.-. Rawal Pindi.

... Calcutta.

... Bikanir.

... Hurope.

.». Europe.

.- Calcutta.

-»» Secunderabad.

... Hurope.

,«« Bombay.

.-. Hurope.

.». Dharwar,

.-» Mardan,

.. Ratnagiri.

rate Department .. .-- Bombay.

Bourdillon, Hon’ble ‘Mr. J. AL (a C.S., C.8.1. oe .. Calcutta,

Bourdillon, T. F. (1.8.8., F.L.S.) ... Hurope.

Bourke, Lt.-Col. G. D. (R A.M.C.) .-» Rawal Pindi.

Bowen, J. G. G. | awe -. Bombay.

Bower, Geo. (1,0.8.)...

Bowles, L.-O. (0.8.) «+.

Bowles, Major L. T. oat son!

Brand, J. vee ste ese

Branson, R. M, .- vee ver

Ss Bijnor,

... Shillong.

.. Chaubattia.

«» Kalyan.

--- Bombay, .

v1 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Brendon, B. A. (1.C.8.) 30 ne

Brendon, C. RR. ... ae a

Bright, Geo. H. _... ey eee

Brodie, N. 8. Cony eae eae

Brook-Fox, E. (¢.5. ) ie =

Broughton, Lt. T. D. (R.E.) AS

Brown, Capt. H. R. (1.m.s.)

Browne, Major C. A. R. (a. OL bee

Browne, Rev. EH. ... Be Ges

Bruce, Chas. W. A. (1.F.3.) oe --

Bruce, Lieut. H. R. Brudenell Be

Brunton,. hoe) 2:

Buchanan, J.G. ... boc

Buchanan, Capt. K. J. ie eee

Buck, Sir Edward (k.c.s.1.) . mt

Bulkley, H. 500

Burder, H. C. (Life Member) ..

Burn-Murdoch, Lieut.-Col. J. (on) « ae

Burness, 1’,

Burnett, Capt. 8. H. (oa. De

Burns, C. IDs ise

Burrard, Capt. C.

Burton, Capt. REG. Bcc ane

Burton, Lieut. Richard W. ... a

Butler, A. L. ee 560 Son

Butler Tu le eM eee

Bythell, Major W. J. (RE) .

Caccia, A. M. (1.4.s.) (Life Healey) a

Cadell, P. R. (1.cs.) oa

Cline, L. 8.

Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens

Cama, K. R. (Life Member) ..

Cama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member)...

Cameron, W. L. (¢.£.)

Campbell, Lieut. D. (Life Member)

Campbell, John (C.£.)

Campbell, Capt. Malcolm (vt,

Campbell, Revd. W. H.

Cappel, E. L. (1.¢.s.)

Cappel, 8. F. L. (urs.)

Capper, Lieut. A. 8. bon

Carr, S. (1.F.8.) Hay ve

Carroll, E. B. (c.£.)

Carter, Capt. J. R. B. G.

Cassels, Mrs. Herbert ie hy

Cayley, Dr. C. H. Qta., MB.) a

Chaldecott, Lt, W. H. (R.E.) oe we

Jhalmers, Allan M. ses aoe

.. Ahmednagar.

... Hurope.

.. Bombay.

-- Bombay.

. Bankipur.

. Bangalore.

.-. Kowloon, China.

... Lahore.

.. Hurope.

.. Pyinmana, Burma,

... Dum Dum,

... Bombay.

... Calcutta,

... Abbottabad.

... Lurope.

... Kharaghora.

... Hurope.

... Dharwar.

... Dibrugarh, Assam.

dae Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Jalna,

.. Secundhbd,, Deccan.

Egypt.

... Mhow.

.. Lurope.

.-. DehraDun,N.-W.P.

... Godhra.

.«» Mombasa,

... Calcutta,

..- Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Belgaum.

... Kamptee.

... Bombay.

.-- Quetta.

wee Gooty.

... Poona,

... laungoo, Burma,

... Goona.

wo. Hurope.

... Hurope.

es Sadra.

... Calcutta.

... Bombay.

«. Kirkee.

«- Cachar.

LIST OF MEMWBERS.. Vii

Chalmers, H. ote ba se .-. Bombay.

Chambers, Chas... sc .-. Mozambique.

Channer, Lieut.-Col. O. H. (ca MLS. Dass ... Hurope.

Chappel, H. HE. ... bs .-. Calcutta,

Charles, F. L. (1.c.s.) ae ee vee Lurope.

Chichgar, ee My tee: an .-- Bombay.

Chico, J. R. (c.E.) . an wes .«. Baroda.

Chitty, C. W. eee os »«. Hurope.

Cholmondeley, E. C. Se sg eo. Indore, C. J.

Christy, Dr CC. .. des ges woe Watatar

Hark, Ji. « C.8.) iets site ie bea Rangpur.

Clark, W. H. a bes ... Kamptee, C. P.

Clarke, Robt. L. H. tae CiseYy) aaze a ... Gonda, Oudh.

Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (1M. » AX ... Poona.

Clements, H. (1.¢.8.) 2G »-. Karachi,

Cleveland, Con H. F, (i.M.s.) ae ... Bombay.

Olifton, CN. (C.E.) ae so s,./Foona.

Close, E. P. ES ..» Kharaghora.

Clutterbuck, Poi. (. FS.) F. 2.8. s) Nt .. Chakrata.

Coates, Lt. Victor ... so “+ Bombay.

Coen, W. W. ae ine Is «. Hubli.

Coggan, R. T. SoA .. Haflong.

Collie, Major M. A. T. res M. 8) ace +» Barope

Collie, R. A. dee .. Dibrugarh, Assam.

Collister, TG He. J hansi, N -W.P.

Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum ... Colombo,

Coltart, Dr. HN. ths Bs .. Dibrugarh,

Comber, Edward (7.2.8. in resee coe Bombay.

Conley, Andrew... hee ae .. Calcutta.

Constable, F. A... .. New York, U.S.A.

Cooch Behar, H. H. the Maharaja (Life Member)... Cooch Behar.

Coode, J. M. (Life Member) ... .. Jabalpur, C. P.

Cooke, Lieut. A. St. John ... “se .. South Africa.

Cooke, Dr. E. H. eae ae ... Lanouli.

Cooke, J. V. fae eae seauounate

Copleston, W.E. (1. B.S. ) Fe ves ... Belgaum.

Coppinger, W. V.(LMs.) ... abs ... Dibrugarh, Assam,

Corbett, P. J. {0.8.)... she bis ... Karachi, Sind.

Corbett, Capt. W. F. ace ace ... Lucknow.

Cory, Rey. C. P. ... “os so ... Europe.

Cosserat, L. (¢.E.) ... See ee .. Broach.

Counsell, DM Y ive Aas ee .- Bombay.

Coventry, B. O. (2.F.8.) wae oes .. Lahore.

Coventry, @. M. (1.¥.s.) es Pe .. Jhelum.

Covernton, ee A Dire! 2. oes ... Bombay.

Covernton, J.G. ... So ... Ahmedabad.

Cox, Capt. P. Z, (8.z.8., F.R.G. s) oe eee Muscat.

Cox, 5. (L.5.5.) a, an ... Madras.

Vili LIST OF MEMBERS.

Craddock, Wii. (@ums.) 23 ae ... Bampon Taunggyiy

Shan States.

Crawford, Leslie ... woe eee ... Bombay.

Cini, W. M. (1.c.s.) Gy Lor ..» Khandwa, C, P.

Crofton, Chas, 8. F. (GEOR) cor eye ... Nasik.

Crofts, Major AX WL, (CES) oe ae ... Gwalior, C. I.

Croly, Lt.-Col. A. H. J. (B.A oe ate ... Poona.

Crommelin, C. A. R. ie .-- Bombay.

Cruddas, Lieut, H. W. see abe ... Ferozepur.

Crum, W. E. 5b ah Sea ..- Bombay.

Crump, PEGA: bee ee sco Nyer oes Oh le

Crump, L. C. (i.c. s.) bee is .-. Hurope.

Cuffe, T. W. Me site aa .-- Bombay.

Cumming, W.D. .. nce bee --. Bushire.

Curreembhoy Ebrahim A ale ... Bombay.

Currey, HE. 8. bot acc so ... Lurope.

Currie, R. G. ... Hurope.

Cursetii, Khan Bahadur C. M. (Life Member) ... Bombay.

Curtis, J. H. ... Rangoon.

Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of / (Life Member) ... Bhuj, Cutch.

Dadarkar, Dr. egg IB aves ..- Dadar.

Daintrey, W.M. ... at ... New York.

Dalby, Lt. J. (R.A.)... age ee s Lurope.

Dalgado, Dr. D. G. aes = ... Dawantwady.

Daloliesh, Lt. E. E. C. ee a ... Bolarum.

Dallaporta, J. N. ... oss aes ... Bombay.

Daly, W. Mahon ... ne Bn .». Pitsunalok, wd

Bangkok, Siam.

Damania, Major P. J. (us.)... ee ... Europe.

Daniell, Major ACEO: (B.A.) ace Sif . Ahmedabad.

Danson, J. W. W. eee ie ... Rangoon.

Davidson, J. (i.c.s.) te a2 ... Europe.

Davidson, Norman ... aan oe .-. Shenkotah P. O.

Davies, H. 8. (c. a Nas a ... Lurope.

Dawn, W. A. W. ee bee ..- Moulmein.

Dawson, G. B. 64 ... Rangoon.

Dawson, W. H. (1.c. s, ) (Life Member) ». Hurope.

Deane, Dr, A. H be ... Bombay.

Deane, H. H. @ E.) ae ee ... Nandurbar, Khan-

deish.

Delmé-Radeliffe, Lt. A. es aan .-2 Saugor, C.1E.

Delmé-Radclifte, Capt. H. ... cist ... Hurope.

Delme-Radecliffe, Lieut. S. ... a --. Quetta.

Dempster, F. E. (c.1.£.) ... Umballa.

Dharampur, H. H. Maharana Baldeofi 0 of ... Dharampur.

Diner Dr. Luxumon ... ... Bombay.

Dick, Capt. A.R. ... abe bis ... China Field Force.

Dickinson, Wiss hers se ar ... Sibsagar, Assam.

LIST OF MEMBERS, ix

Dimmock, Lt.-Col. H. P. Vee Te MSs Wi) se .». Bombay.

Dixon, RM. Be =e .«e Bombay.

Dodgson, games (J.F.S. ) eu wise ... Hurope.

Donald, C. H 5b aes ... Kotkhai P: 0.

Donovan, Capt. C. c MES) see ae ... Hurope.

Douglas, D. os si .. Dibrugarh, Assam.

Drake- Brockman, G. i ae Bok .. Fort Lungleh.

Drake-Brockman, Capt. D. H. . China Field Force.

Drake-Brockman, Maj. H.E. (. M.S. ) (ite Member). Bhurtpur.

Dreckmann, Rev. F. (Six. .. Bombay.

Druce, Herbert... ae oo Lurope.

Drury, Major M. O’C. (ms se Pak ... Khandeish.

DuBoulay, J. H. (1.0.8.) —... as .. Hurope.

Dudgeon, G. C. (#.£.8.) ist ae, oe Punjab.

Duke, Lt.-Col. J.(1M.s.) ... Bee .. Kashmir.

Dumayne, WG ax ae .. Calcutta.

Dunbar-Brander A. (1. Higa) soi ... Jabalpur.

Duncan, P. ( M.L.¢.&. ) ae ..- Ongole, Madras.

Dunsterville, Major K. 8. (Rr. ie) a ... Poona.

Dunsterville, Capt. L. C. ... Bet ... China Field Force.

Wupuis, A... ... oe asi ... Ceylon.

Duthie, J. F. . LS.) sco 660 ... Saharanpur.

Duxbury, G R. (1.8.8.) Be 08 ... Hurope.

Dwane, H. ae se ... pecunderabad,

Dyson, Major T. E. (a M, 5.) .. be ... Hurope.

Hardley-Wilmot, 8. (15.8. ie wa ... Rangoon.

Harle, A. A. oa ... Hurope.

Ebden, Ki. J. (Lc. s.) set ae ... Hurope.

Ede, F. J. (A M.10.E.) Bret bee .. Silchar, Cachar.

Edgelow, Miss G. abs coe ... Europe.

Hidie, A. G. (1.F-s.) ze sve .-. Dhulia.

Edmiston, W. L. BA ste ... Kotagiri.

Kdulji Nusserwanji, Drs ois ae »«- Bombay.

Hgerton, C.F... eens

Elliot, Capt. W. H. W. (as S., LLM. ) .. South Africa.

Elliott, A. .. Amraoti Camp,

Berars.

Hilliott, Dr. A. M.... sa ue ... Solapur.

Elliott, C. F. (1.7.s.) nce noe ... Lahore,

Elmes, Be Wier es a ane ... Dibrugarh, Assam.

Elsworthy, H. H. Sas 502 ... Bombay.

Hlwes, H. J. (F-.R.s. ) ts ea .». Lurope.

English, A. H. (1.c.s.) a ee ... Mogaung, Burma.

Wnthoven, R. HE. (1.08.) — ... Fa wes oonae

Evans, Vety. yea Gap Eley ose eae ... Rangoon.

Evans, te Wicks CREED Ji 22 ais es Drosh, Chitral.

Hyatt, C. B. he so ace oe» Lurope.

x LIST OF MEMBERS,

Fagan, H. R. tes weg ak ... Rangoon,

Fairclough, J. .. oo ase ..- Bombay.

Farrington, H. A. (1, BSs) aise an ... Jalpaiguri, Bengal.

Fawcett, C. H. (1.¢.s.) ae 500 ..- Poona.

Fenton, ‘Lt-Col, L. L. 2 es ... Rajkote.

Ferguson, H. §, (#.2.8., F.LS. ) wok ... Lrivandrum,

Fernandez, T. R. ans ... Hurope.

Ferrand, Lt.-Col. E, (. M.S.) . ais ... Jhansi, N.-W. P

Ferreira, Miss C. (um. & 8. ) 3 ... Bombay.

Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B, x oe .-» Bombay.

Few, H. W. ee ~~ -»» Pakokku, U. Burma.

Finny, Capt. T. G. R. 606 oe ... Hurope.

Fischer, C. E. C. (.F..) ee ... Chatrapur.

Fisher, W. F. D, (1.4.8.) eee ne ... Europe.

Fitz-Hugh Lance, Lieut, F. ... a ... South Africa.

Fleming, W.N.... Nae fs ... Hurope.

Fletcher, F. E. Sec ete Lie .». Calicut.

Flower, Lieut. 8. 8. one one .». Cairo, Egypt.

Foote, R. Bruce ... act f. ... Bangalore.

Forbes, C. H. B. ... ase hie .-- Bombay.

Forbes, Capt. G. F. R. si 590 ... Hurope.

Forbes, J. D. ao ... Lurope.

Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’bleR. A... .. Moulmein.

Forel, Monsieur Auguste ee pa Member). Europe.

Forsyth, Dr. Wa eee .. Hurope.

Forteath, H. H. (1.8.s.) ous abs as Hurope.

Foster, Capt. L. M. ood se ... Kirkee.

Foulkes, George F. F. (1.5.8.) Se ... Nellore.

Foulkes, Cap E..D. eae se ... Ferozepur.

Fountouklis, H. ... Ae oes .-» Ahmednagar.

Hox, Col EG.) oe. see Be »». Dharwar.

Fraser, Major A. ... 35 ee ... Mooltan.

Fraser, oe H. A. D. (8.2. ie ee ... Bangalore.

Fraser, S. M. (1.c0s.) sles ... Bangalore.

French, Major G. B. (1.u. Bye gs ... Azamgarh,

Frenchman, Major H. P. (1M. s. ) ds ... Bassein, Burma.

Friedlander and Penn Messrs. R. bo .. Europe.

fry, i. B. GE are “2 ase ... Lurope.

Fuller, Dr. Chas. A ... Cawnpore.

Fulton, Hon’ble Mr, Justice B. M. cer c. 8.) ... Bombay.

Fulton, Lt.-Col. R. ..- Dharamsala,

Furdoonji Jamsetji BA 0 .-- Bombay.

Gadsden, F. O. (2.1.M.) nee 50s e-. Bombay.

Gahagan, B. G. (0.5.) bse et .«. Malegaon.

Gama, Dr. J. A. Da 660 sn ... Bombay.

Gamble, J. 8. (#.1.s.) wae Dex ... Hurope.

Gaskin, L. E. P. (.c.s.) ee ees -«. Mundla, C. P.

Gaye, W. O. Re ee cit ... Secunderabad.

LIST OF MEMBERS,} X1

Gebbie, E. St. J., Mailang ee B.-N. Ry. ... N. Cachar.

Geddes, Mrs. J. e wa ... Hurope.

Gell, H. G. sae ae we ... Bombay.

George, G,P. an ae es ... Secunderabad.

Gerhardt, Paul oN Bee By: -- Karli, Deccan.

Ghosal, hy Gicis3) ... oe sas ... Alibag.

Gibbett, EH. (C.n.) ... es noc ... Rangoon.

Gibbs, H. M. tee “or ssa ... Europe.

Gibbs, R. T. aad Ech ... Dacca,

Gilbert, C. F. Qu. On, ) Bee re ... Bhamo, Burma. °

Gilbert, Reg. non .-. Bombay.

Gilbert-Cooper, Ww. J. BS; F. So ie .-» Moulmein.

Giles, R. ... ee .-. Karachi.

Gall, EH. sss ee Se aaa .-. Bombay.

Gillum, S.J. es ... Bombay,

Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G.H. 8. (ea MLS. ite el: cae ... Hyderabad, Deccan.

Giro, C. G. e See ... Calcutta.

Gleadow, F, (F:B:M.S., LF.8.). 0 oes ... Dehra Dun.

Godwin-Austin, H. eee a o.. Hurope.

Goldsmid, F. L. ... ies sie ... Sholapur.

Goldthorpe, Lieut. F. H. me Heo ... Kohat,

Gonsalves, Dr. J. F. os us ... Bandra.

Gordon, D. M. ae tga ... Mone, Burma.

Gore, Col. St. G. C. (x He) Se oer ... Calcutta,

Gracias, Dr. C. F. X a bce ... Silvassa,o@ Daman.

Graham, Lt. B. C. ... is ae ... Drosh, Chitral.

Graham, J. A. ae oo Se ... Coorg.

Graham, Wi Ds — ... sas os ... Hongkong.

Gray, Chas. wn ae Ge .-. Coonoor.

Gray, H. nay oe ... Rangoon.

Greany, Lieut.-Col. GUND has ad ... Hurope.

Greatheed, C. ae oo ses ... Europe.

Greaves, John de ee Bde ... Bombay.

Greaves, S. E. i “- ose ese Bonrbay.

Green, H. Ernest (r. BS hie hee ... Peradeniya,Ceylon.

Green, Major J. S. (B.A.M.C. a = ... South Africa,

Green, W. M. (u4.8.) y Ste ... Kurope.

Gregerson, Dr. J. D. Bes pa ... Dibrugarh, Assam.

Greig, Joseph a ae a .«. Cachar,

Griffiths, V. M.... wis ate .. Nasik,

Grubbe, Major H. A. be ae ... Nasirabad.

Guinness, Major E.(R.4.)_... se ... Europe.

Guy, G. Filmer... =a ae ... Bombay,

Gwyn, Capt. A. ... oes ace ... Hurope.

Habibuddin, S. (c.s.) ee ... Kazipet,

Haig, Lt.-Col. P. de H, (1m. s,) sas ... Hurope.

Haines, H., HL G8,s.,) mi = ... Hurope.

xil LIST OF MEMBERS,

Haile, A. oe Aes oa ... Selangor.

Hall, Mitchell S55 . South Africa.

Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.) (F. Ls Sane ay _. Europe.

Hankin, A. C. (e.1. zB.) a8 bar .-. Secunderabad.

Hannyngton, Wv0, nee oot ... Loungdwingyee,

Burma.

Hanson, C. O. (1.F.s.) aie ol ... Seoni, Chapara.

Hardinge, D. an cas ... Maubin, Burma.

Harington, Lieut. 5 ic ace 504 woo Hurope.

Harington, Capt. lal, Jel ae ne s-. vangoon.

Harington, Lt.-Col. V. (1.01.s.) Sees Sy. Up reves

Harper, E. W. (f.z.s.) ore ee ... Calcutta.

Harris, Capt. E. W. oe see ... Hongkong.

Harris, i alee des see Oc ... Vizagapatam.

Harrison, Dh bane ace Lee ... Tippuk, Assam.

Harter, R. W. 3 see an ... Bombay,

Harvey, W. L. (.cs.) at sae ... Hurope.

Haslope, Rev. L. M. oie aN ... Poona.

Hasted, H.R. G. ... vies Bed ... Russel Konda.

Hasted, W. A. 538 Lee a ... Waltair, Madras,

Hatch, ‘Capt. A. K.. sie ane ... Poona.

Hatch, GoIWer(ic. s.) as ... Ratnagiri.

Hatch, Lt.-Col. W. K. (1m. 5) et ... Bombay.

Hatchell, DG i es bee ... Vizianagram.

Hate, Vinayek ING Bee BS ne ... Bombay.

Haughton, Samuel (¢.c.8.) ... 53 wi Onna Ceylon.

Hauxwell, T. A. (1.¥F.s.) a3 a3 ... Rangoon.

Hawks, Lieut. G. A, = 503 ... Meerut,

Hayter,O.0.G.... ae as ... Sukkur, Sind.

Hearsey, T. N. (uF.s.) 208 ae --- Pollibetta, 8. Coorg.

Heath, R. H. (¢.z.) .. Bombay.

Heeckerenz, Le Baron V on(Hon. Compe; Member. Java.

Henderson, Lt; R. R. .- Lucknow.

Henderson, Lieut.-Col. W. G. H. (rats) .«. Poona.

Herbert, Major EWES) i iee ... Bombay.

Hickman, R. St. J. ae ee ..- Cachar.

Hide, P. ‘(Life Member.) ae oo ««- Karachi.

Hill, Claude. H. (1.¢.s.) _ ... oo ... Poona.

Hill, F. J. A. Ses 5: ee ... Uran.

Hill, H. Charles .... one eae .-. Calcutia.

Hla, Maung Po _... fas eae ... Mingin, Burma.

Hodges, Capt. H. ... oF S09 ... Hurope.

Hodgson, C. M. e F.S.) me aes ... Kendat, Burma,

Hojel, Major J. G. (1.m.s.) ... iP ... Bombay.

Hole, TEL A. ao gen Soe ... Hurope.

Hole, B. SaGRES.) 2. Sea ans ... Jabalpur, C.P.

Holland, W.J. __... ose es ... Lurope.

Hollis, T. i td Sale ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Holmes, Capt. G. V. ae a

Holyoak, Bernard ... ae

Hooton, Capt. A. . M =)

Hope, C. W.

aye, G. A. ( cee

Hornidge, 8. (¢.z., LE.)

Hoskyn, Lt. J. C. M.

Hotson, J. E. B. (1.c.8.)

Howlett, Col. A. (1.8.c.)

Hudson, "Capt. (Oy is (rans.) .

Hudson, C. W. M. (2.c.s.)

Hunt, C. B. Holman

Hunt, H.R.

man, Lt. W. J. Hh

Hutchinson, Lt. C. G.

Hutchinson, F. G.

Hutchinson, F. T. ae

Hyam, Judah (Life Member) ...

Hyde- Wilcox, F. dee

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Narayenrao Govind, alzas

Babasaheb Ghor me Chief of ee ane

Ibert, L. G.

Imray, Robt. S.

Indore, H. H. the Maharaja Holkar of ..

Inelis, Chas. M. ...

Inverarity, J. D. Ge A. LL.B.) (lite Member

Tttensohn, C.

Jackson, A. B. (1.F.8.)

Jackson, Col. F. H.

Jacob, Mrs. Arthur sie

Jacob, G. (1.C.8.) °... soe

J amrach, WwW. ,

Jamsetii, M., Doctor

Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, “Nawab. of

... Janjira..

(Life Member)

Jardine, A.J. A. ...

Jardine, H. R.

Jardine, M. R.

Jardine, W. F.

Jayakar, Lt.-Col. cece @ M. s)

Jetirey, J. A. so

Jellett, H. H.

Jermyn, Capt. T.

Jesse, William : eee oa

John, H. C. (c. eae oe aaa

John, H. E, 2 ae :

eee

.. Sirdarpur, C. I.

... Bombay.

.. Poona.

... Hurope.

.. Ellichpur.

.. Ahmednagar.

... Poona.

.. Ahmedabad. »

»» Bhamo, Burma,

-. Hurope.

.. Hurope.

«- Ceylon.

.. Sylhet.

.- Poona.

... Europe.

-- Bhaynder.

-. Bombay.

.. Poona.

.- Calcutta.

-. Kolhapur.

.. Sibsagar, Assam.

.. Peermaad, Travan

core.

.. Indore.

.. Hatauri, P. O.

-- Bombay.

.- Bombay.

-. Coimbatore.

-. Europe.

.. Europe.

.. Hurope.

--. HMurope.

- Bombay.

Bangkok, Siam.

... Rangoon.

... Bombay.

.. Ratnagiri.

.. Bandora.

. Bombay.

-. Seoni, Chapara,

... Peshawar.

.. Lucknow.

Pr atta

.. Bombay.

RV LIST OF MEMBERS,

Johnson, S. M.

Johnson, W.P. ...

Johnston, J. C. R.

Johnstone, J. W. dD.

Jones, Major F. W. C. (2.4.m. C)

Jones, Major J. Lloyd (1.m.s.)

Jones, Lt.-Col. J. M. (8.a.M.c.)

Jones, Capt. M. D. Goring ...

Jowitt, John F.....

Jugmohundas V. Bhaisett

Kearns, A. S. -

Keary, Lt.-Col. H. ais ee fet

Keene, Li. C. W. ... bse aa

Kellie, Col Ry, da... is

Kelsall, Capt. H. J. (R.A.)

Kemball, H., V. (c.£.)

Kemp, N. W.

Ranta, Capt. C.J. (nam) ..

Kennedy, tee Meu (@sc-S:)

Kenny, 8. D. (Lr.s.)

Kenyon, James

Ker, L. B.

Kerkhoven, EK. J. (Hon. Correspg, Member

Keys, H. W. (1.F.8.)

Khan, Muncherji Framji _... ao

Khareghat, M. P. (1.¢.s.) a

Kinloch, Wome atts

Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K, R. (1. M.S.)

Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member) ..

Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja (Life ee

Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh

Lace, John H, (RES. .F.L8.) 2...

Uaird-MacGregor, E. G. L. (i.¢.s.)

Lamb, Capt. Geo. (I.Mis:), =).

Lamb, R, A. 2.0.8.) (Life Member)

Lambert, J.8.

Land Records and Agriculture, ‘The Director of

Lane, Li. W. H.

Lang, Walter

Langley, Brig.-Surg. E. H.

Lawrence, Mrs. E.

Leask, a

Lee, Lieut. A. W. H.

- Lee, P. Henry K.

Leighton, D. E. W.

Lely, Hon’ble Mr. F.§. P. (10.8)

Lennox, Lit, G. M. ...

... Cawnpore,

.»» Bombay.

.-- Bombay.

.-. Gwalior, C. I.

.. Kandia, Crete.

... Bombay.

.-. Sabathu, Punjab.

.-. Nagpur, C. P,

... Bandarwella,Ceylon.

... Bombay.

... Bangalore.

... Meiktila, Burma.

... Hdwardsabad. —

.-- Deolali.

... Europe.

.. Bombay.

.-. Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Hurope. 4

... Chikalda, Berar. |

.». Karachi.

... Bombay.

.. Java.

.. Hatara.

... Bombay.

... Shikarpur.

.. Kotagiri.

.- Ratnagiri.

. Kolhapur.

... Kotah.

.. Narki, Agra Dist,

..» Calcutta,

.-- Karwar.

.-. Bombay.

... Europe.

.»» Munmar.

... Poona.

..» Bombay.

..- Bombay.

... Europe.

... Lurope.

... Bombay.

.. Sima, Upper Burma.

... Bangalore. |

... Madras.

... Ahmedabad.

.- Poona.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Leslie, A. K.

Leslie, Major G. ha “(R. E.)

Lester, api. Come... : ae

Lewis, Fred, ( ¥.L.s. ) a see

Light, Lt.-Col. R. H.

Light, Lieut. W. A.

Lightfoot, S. St. C. Bers

Lindesay, Major E. seid sue

iimnell, Hred... ... ie ae

Little, TN ane ae

aeledale: a Poa H. ee

Lloyd, Col. BR. O. (R.E.)

Loam, Mathew

Loch, Capt. F. R. E. (Ls.c.)

Long, A. M. vee

Loug, G. R. (L¥.s,) ‘(Life Member) oak

Lovegrove, Wis Gas.) oo ean

Lowndes, G. R.... ies ie

Lowrie, A. E. cee

Luard, E. 8.

... Bombay.

.» Drosh, Chitral.

.. Hurope.

.. Colombo, Ceylon.

.. Hurope.

.. Saugor, C. P.

-. Mimbu, U. Burma,

.- Mhow, C. I.

ee _.. Rangoon.

owe Lurope.

.. Europe.

seeeoona:

... Hurope.

.. Hurope.

os. Raipur.

... Hurope.

.. Kotedwara.

.. Bombay.

.. Coorg.

.. Europe.

Re ckenow, The Curator & Sie "Provincial Museum Lucknow.

Lumley, Major F. D.

Lye, Rev. S. L. ... we ae

Lynch, C. B. Re ae an

Lynn, G. BR. (c.E.) or

Lyons, Majcr R. W. 8S. (rM.s.) —

Macaulay, L. A. ... aes act

Macaulay, R. H. ... ste on

MacDonald, Dr. D. ee Member)

MacDonald, aes: ee

MacDonald, K. C. Pe ose

MacMillan, DA ar So

Mackay, Biya locke, So oo

Mackenzie, Kenneth cee Pas

Mackenzie, Lt. K, L. W.

Mackenzie, M. D.

Mackenzie, M. M. ... wi wid

Mackenzie, T. D. (1.c.s.) — «.. ae

Mackinnon, BvWe, CEE:S.)). « “A

Macleod, N.C. .., ae

Maconachie, Tit.-Col. G. A. ( M.S.)

Macpherson, John se

Macpherson, (ole Fu Mi 2

Mactagvart, ie B, sae

Maewood, P. a

Madras, The Principal Presidency College

Madras, The Supdt., Govt. Wa Museum

Mahaluxmiwalla, K. D. A

.- Trimulgherry.

.. Hurope.

e-. Bombay.

--. Baroda.

.. Bombay.

.. Thana.

.. Europe.

.. Bombay.

.. Myingyan, Burma.

.. Keonjhar, Orissa.

> Sibsagar, Assam.

.. Kurnool, Madras.

«ee Eoona,

... Jacobabad,

.. Chapra.

wo» Hurope.

.. Mussoorie, N.-W.P.

.. Bombay.

... Lurope,

.-. Hurope.

.. Hurope.

+. Negapatam.

-- Colombo.

.. Madras.

-«» Madras.

... Bombay.

XV1

Mair, A.

Major, Capt, F.F.

Mallins, Major C. (1. M.S. y amine

Manders, Major N. (R.a.m.c.),

Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life naa

Manson, OC. H. F. ...

Manson, EO BNUGES:)

Mant, R. N.

Maries, Chas. (Hon. ‘Correspg. Member)

Marjoribanks, Lt. J. L. (.M.s.)

Marshall, Capt. T. E. (RA.)

Marston, G. D. (c.z.)

Marten, James

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald Cif Member)

Masson, D. P. (¢.1.z.)

Masson, W. P.

Massy, Major H. 8. oa

Maxwell, F. D.

McArthur, Vet.- -Surgn. G. Ww.

McClelland, W. 8. (at.t.c.z.) ..

McGlashan, John (C.z.)

MelIntosh, Alex. (c.z.)

McIntosh, R. (1.8.8.)

McKay, Leen. Tele Gas.)

McKenzie, Alex.

McLaughlin, Li. H. ip: ue

McMahon, Major A. H. ce E., C.8.1.)

McMullen, Dr. G. C.

McNeil, i (eis)

Mead, Capt. H.R.

Mead, P.-d. (1.0.8.) .

Meinertzhagen, Lieut. R.

Merrony, Chas. am

Merwanji Pallonji Talati ,

Mess President, 34th Battery, R. F. me

LIST OF MEMBERS,

... Caleutta.

.. Europe.

.. Jalna, Deccan.

.-. Hurope.

.. Diyatalawa, Ceylon.

.. Bombay.

». Pyinmana, Burma,

Europe.

. Europe.

.. Europe

- Bowhay.

.» Quetta,

... Bombay.

... Dehra Dun,N.-W.P.

.. Kurope.

.-. Lahore.

... Darjeeling.

.. Loralai.

.. Maubin, Burma.

... Rangoon.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Shenkottah P. O.,

Madras Presidency.

.«- Dehra Dun.

«x Jabalpur, C, P.

... Bombay.

.. Sirdarpur.

ee. Quetta.

... Kotri, Sind.

.. Lurope.

.-. Lurope.

... Bombay.

.. Mandalay.

... Godhra,.

.-- Bombay.

Ss ee.

Mess President, 10th Bo. L. Infantry (Life Member) Ahmedabad.

Mess President, South Wales Borderers

Mess President, (). O. Corps of Guides ..

Messent, P. G.

Meyer, Major C. 721. by H Gas.)

Meyer, O.

Millard, W. 8.

Millett, "GP. (ims.)

Milne, Capt. C. J. (iu. ‘ )

Minniken, G. G. (1.F-.s.) “

Mivaj, Shrimant Gunvadharrao eat alias Baie

saheb Patwardhan, Chief of (Life Member)

Chakrata,

.-- Mardan.

.-. Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Bombay,

... Bombay.

.. Kurope.

.. Calcutta.

.. Simla,

.» Miraj.

LIST OF MEMBERS, xvii

Mitchell, Dr. W... we dee ... Hurope.

Modi, Bees Edulji oe he PeiNairal «|

Monte, Dr. D. A. dé aes ae ... Bandora

Morgan, AY ae ee ... Kotagiri.

Morgan, Lt. E. J. (1. M. S.) os see .-. Bombay.

Morison, A. E. F. ... ce sak .. Kotagiri.

Morison, W. T. (1c. =) = es ... Hurope.

Morley, G. 8. exe wish .. Nagpur CP.

Morris, Capt. D. 0. Sais +n ... Amraoti, Berar.

Morris, G. C. anh ia wes ... Ceylon.

Morris, Lt.G. M. ... = aa ... Hurope.

Morrison, De Wists se ... Bombay.

Morton, Lieut. J. P. (1M. ays oes ... Madras.

Moscardi, EB. H. (i.c.s.) ae ede -.. Surat.

Moss, Capt. C. Sik see ... Europe.

Mosse, Lt colle Hie, (Ges. a) we ... Dehra Ismail Khan.

Moulvi Syed Ali Belgram ... = ..- Hyderabad, Decean.

Mowbray, Lt. J. L. is ase ... Nasirabad.

Moylan, W. oe Ae ocd ... Calcutta,

Muir, Col. H. &. (z.m.s.) aoe & ... Europe.

Muller, Professor O. V. sc See .-. Bombay.

Mumford, E.G. ... hen - ... Maubin, Burma,

Mumford, J. wis as sie ... Bombay.

Munna Lal, Dr... ee oye ... Orai, N.-W.P.

Mure, J. 8. .. Rawal Pindi.

Mysore, The Superintendent, “Mysore Government

Museum ant ae “es .. Bangalore.

Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum... ... Nagpur.

Nangle, Lieut. K. E. = ... Aurungabad.

Nangle, Lt. M. C. ... as ... Mandalay.

Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) ... Bombay.

Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) . Bombay.

Navanagar, H. H. a ae Jam Saheb of (Life

Member) a. eo- Rajkote,

Needham, J. oe .. Dibrugarh.

Newland, "Major A. GB. (ra. 5.) oo ne Europe.

N ewnham, Major A. (F.z.S.) te ... Lucknow.

Nicéville, L. de (¥.2.s.) (Hon. CS Member). Calcutta.

Nicholson, BBs pik aA ... Bombay.

Nicholson, Major R. H. (R.a. MC. ) ae --. Europe.

Nicholson, Capt. W. C. aie aes ... Hongkong,

Nigel Jones, M.E. gee — ... Dibrugarh, Assam,

Nisbett, Capt. W. G. “se os ... Sadon, Burma.

Northcote, H. E., Lord ye ove ... Poona,

Norvill, Dr. F. H. eas ..- Lakhimpur.

Nurse, Major CiG. (@; RG.Sey FES. ees ... Deesa,

Nurse, Capt. H. H. Ee oe .». China Field Force

“Vili LIST OF MEMBERS,

Oakden, R, (1.6.8.) ..

Oakes, George sor

Oates, BE. W. (Hon. Correspe. Member)

O’Brien, Edward ...

QO’ Brien, Hon’ble W. T.

O’Conor, J. E. (0.1.5)

0’ Leary, J. L. McCarthy (nF. S )

Oldham, Capt. F. T. @ iA) lees

Oliver, eo a Bee

Oliver, J. W. (LE. 5.)

Olivier, Lt.-Col. H. D. (z. Bate 7.8.) (Life Member)..

Ollivant, Hon’ble Sir HE. C. K. (1.0.8., K.c.s.4 )..

Opiumwalla, Dorab EH. es

Ore Je GiCsjalee..

Osborn, Lt.-Genl. W. (1.8. Cc).

Osmaston, B. B, (L¥.s.) we

Osmaston,, L. 8. (i.8.s.)

eae

ece

Palliser, H. G. (c.z.)

Parker, Lt.-Col. J. (1.0.s.) .. tee

Parsons, H. J. seal

Partridge, Henry (Life Member)

Pawalla, Jamsetji U.

Payn, Capt. W.A..

Pearless, S. H. ae

Pearson, R. 8, (1.5.8.).

Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. (mu. D.)

Peet, A. W. & F.S.)

Peile, Capt. A. J. (B.A.)

Peiniger, W. G. ae

ea e0e

Pelly, C. B. N.

Pemberton, E. 8.

Penton, John KE. ...

Pestonji Jivanji (Life Member)

Peters, Lt.-Col. C. T. (1at.s.)...

.. Meerut.

.. Ootacamund.

.. Hurope.

. Amreli, Kathiawar.

a Europe.

.- Calcutta.

.. Kurnool.

.. Quetta.

.-» Mean Mir.

- Bombay,

.. Dehra Dun.

. Bombay.

.. Bombay.

Thana.

.- Hoshiarpur..

. Hurope.

.. Poona,

... Karachi.

... Europe.

--- Hurope.

.. Pyinmana, Burma,

i Bombay.

.. South Africa,

.. Ceylon.

.. Dhulia.

.. Nasik- Road Dace

.. Europe.

... Chiengemai, wa

Moulmein.

.. Madras.

.. Marmagoa.

.. Alibag.

.. Karemnagar, Yel-

gundal District.

. Bombay.

Petit, The Hon, Mr. Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) Bombay.

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life eam

Petters, J. Meck. ae ae

Phelps, “Te

Phillott, ColDaen!

Phipson, H. M. (cate, s.) ( Life Member)

Pigott, R. HE. 55

Pilcher, Capt. A. a ‘(n.E.)

Pilcher, Col. J. G. ee)

Pilkington, Ss okt: 26

Pinhey, Capt. A. F, see

.. Bombay.

... Mandalay, Burma,

..« Hurope. .

... Kareman, Persia.

.. Bombay.

--. Arkonam,

... Hurope.

.. Hurope.

.». Bombay.

.. Oodeypur.

—_—_ —aee

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Pik, H. Fs.

Plinston; (Coe OP eee

Pollen, Dr. John (. ceo ee

Pollock, Capt. C. HE. (R.A-M.c.)

Poncins, Baron Edmond de Cif Member).

Powell, R. M. ee aa

Prain, “Major D. (1.u.s.) Lee se

Prall, Major S. B. (umns.) ... ae

Pratt, H. G. Gs)... one ae

Prontis, Capt. W.S. see ao

Prescott, Lieut. C. W. aed deg

Preston, F. J. Ses :

Price, Capt. R. H. (i. M.S.) dea

ipnichard, GM. ... wee Be

Priestley, Capt. 0. E.N. ous =a

Primrose, Alex. M. ee. awe

Prior, Major W. ... oe oa

Pritchard, B. R. . ... oe ise

Proctor, HE. ves

Pundit Jwala Prasad (re sy dee

Quicke, Major W. H. (1.m.s.)}

Rahimtoola Khairaz eae aoe

Raikes, EK. B. Spe ae

Rambant, B. R. R. “(R.A bas as

Ranger, G, O. ae oe

Rattray, Lieut. H. B. see oa

Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. H.

Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (ite Member)

Rayment, Vet.-Major G. J.

Readymoney, N. J. eee

Rees, J. C. (C.E.) . oes nae

Rees, W. Ki, 500 eee Per

Reeve, R. Se eee

Reid, Major L. H. a bb

Reid, Me be se ae

Reid, W. J. (1.c ii\ge sce) “5

Renton, Capt. C. C... er Soe

Reynolds, L. W. (1.0. s. ) = aoe

Reynolds, P. (c.z.) .. See ee

Rhé-Philipe, G. W. de oy, ee

Rhodes, T. M. we eds des

Rice, Lieut. B. A. ... sce sai

Richardson, Cecil

Richardson, Miss EB. E. aug

Richardson, Major W. St. J ohn sp

xIxX

.-. Dehra Dun.

..» Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Choubattia.

.«. Naini Tal.

... Hurope.

.. Cuddapah, Madras.

... Calcutta.

.. Aden.

.. Kaira.

... China Field Force.

.. Poona.

... Sholapur.

.. Chinyd Field Force.

Ramtek, CO. P.

. Rangoon.

Chandpur Bagan P-0O.,

South Sylhet.

.-. Hurope.

--. bakhimpur.

.. Hurope.

.. Orai, N.-W. P.

-- Bombay.

.. Bombay.

ie Bombay.

.. Kurope.

.. Calcutta,

.. Mombasa,

+ Rawal Pindi.'

.-. Europe.

.-. Rawal Pindi,

-. Bombay.

.. Pegu, Burma.

x: Gaya, Bengal.

.. Bombay.

.. Rangoon.

. Bombay.

.. Dibrugarh, Assam.

.- Hingoli, Deccan.

HL leneinel

.. Bombay.

-. Lucknow.

Haflong, Cachar.

.. Killa Drosh.

Do eneaneadl

.. Bombay..

.. Poona. ~

xx LIST OF MEMBERS.

Rivett-Carnac, L.

Roberts, BR. me

Robertson, B. (1.c.s.)

Robertson, The Hon’ble Col. D. (c. Su.) .

Robertson, F’. W. (z.c.s.) oak =e

Robertson, J. H. (1.c.8.) ee “6

Robinson, Capt. G. T. So Sec

Rodger, A. (1.F.8.. ... Ane one

Rodon, Major G. 8. ean wae

Roffey, T. H. 509

Rogers, CO. G. (LF. 8.) :

Rogers, Henry (M.R.0.V.8.)

Rogers, Rev. K. St. A. on

Rogers, Capt. P. H. oe

Rogers, Thos. : sft 3

Rome, F. J. 565 a0

Roome, Capt. R. E.. ae

Roosmale Coeq, Lt. Chas. ist

Rose, C. ... a

Routh, R. 8. ae

Rundle, Major C.S8. ( M. s.). ae

Rushton, Kenneth C. Bele

Russell, Hon’ble Mr. Justice L. 'p

Rutherford, D. 5 ae

Ryan, G. M. (Ge arts) oe a re

Ryder, Major W. J. bee Ae

Ryves, A. £. se oe oe

Sale, Edward L. (1.0.s.) ee

Salkeld, Lt. R. E. ...

Sanjeli, H. H. Kumar Shri Ranjit Singh of

Saone, G. Prier De

Sassoon, Mrs. S. D.

Saunders, Lt. F, W. (R.5.)

Savile, P. B.

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaj (ite Member)

Scot, iS (LES).

Scott, Edmund as

Scott, Venerable Archdeacon W. Wee

Seal, Dr. C. E. B.

Sealy, Lieut. A. EL. bas

Seervai, Rustom EF. oe

Sewell, Major J. H.

Sewell, Lieut. R. A. D.

Sharp, Professor W. H.

Sharpe, Genl. C. F.

Shaw, F. W. :

... Bombay.

.. Eurore.

ae abalpur, C. P.

.. Europe.

.. Waltair, Madras,

.-» Madanapalle.

.. Rangoon.

.. Toungoo, Burma,

... Dharwar.

.. Sibsagar, Assam.

.. Darjeeling.

me Bombay.

... Mombasa.

.. Bombay.

is Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Kort Sandeman.

... China Field Force,

... Dibrugarh, Assam,

.-. Haflong, Cachar.

... Hurope.

.«- Bhusawal.

.. Bombay.

... Hurope.

.. Chana.

.-. Dharamsala.

..- Allahabad.

-< Bombay.

eos Herozepre.

.. Dhulia.

tee ... Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Bangalore.

... Hurope.

.. Gwalior.

... Madanapalle, Cud-.

- dapah District,

.. Ceylon.

.. Bombay.

... Darjeeling.

... Bakloh, Punjab.

.. Bombay.

ae eee Burma.

.. Jalna, Deccan.

.. Bombay.

.. British Columbia,

Canada.

.. Bombay.

Fak

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sheppard, W. D. oe) a

Shi pp, W. E. ode

Shoubridge, HO. B. (cE) . pat

Shuttleworth, Lt. A.R. B. ... eae

Silcock, H. F. (1.0.s.) Aas bce

Simeox, A. H.A.(G.cs.) ... ess

Simpson, J. Hope (1.c.s.) es ae

Sims, 1). Eroctor ... wus sie

Sitwell, N.S. H. (aa. Bae sae

Skey, Capt. F. E.G. (@.n,) ... Sis

Slade, H. (Li8.)... ate Dike

Sladen, J. (1.c.s.) se ;

Slater, KE. M. ie

Slater, J. Sanders ...

Smales, Chas. B. (1.F.s.) as soe

Smith, Capt. F. A. (1.i1.s.) on

Smith, Major Stanley (R.A.) ... ves

Smythies, Arthur ce FS.) 50 :

Span, Lt. H. J. B. ee

Spence, L. i. Re

Spencer, F. A.

Spooner, T. J. (CE. i) (life Member)

Sprague, Capt. W. C. (za1s.)...

Stables, Major Alex. (R.a.M.C. )

Standage, Lt. Kh. F. (mus.) 0

Standen, B, (1.c.s.) ... oak ee

Stansfeld, Lt. H. G.

Branton: Wie Oy

Stebbing, BE Pa (urs)

Stevens, P. W.

Stewart, Lt. I. i

Stewart, Wise Tiohrsten Be a

Stewart, R. B. (4.¢.8.) off ies

Stigand, Lieut. C, H. aon oe

Stirling, Ga On Bx ee

Stiven, J. ..

St. John, Lt. 2 let Geta)

Stone, S. J.

Storey, Thos, H.

Storr, Heury

Stuart, Capt. A. G. Wan)

Stuart, C.J.

Sturrock, Capt. G. 6. (BA,

Sulivan, Col. Gaby. ee

Summers, Thos. (0.z.) Wee ee

XX1

... Bombay.

.- Bombay.

: Bombay.

.. Dharwar,

.. Hurope.

.. Europe.

.. Natara.

. Jhansi, N.-W. P.

Bhavnagar.

... Lurope.

... Bangkok, Siam.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay.

... Calcutta,

-. Shwebo, Burma.

.-- Muscat.

.. Bombay,

e e

. Nagpur, C. P.

. Satara.

... Ahmednagar.

... Lurope.

.. Mtotowa Udi,

East Africa,

... Europe.

.. Poona.

... Bangalore.

.. Betul, C. P.

.. Rangoon,

.. Rangoon.

.. Lashio,

N. Shan

States,

.. Gaya.

.. Lucknow.

.. Mauritius.

ay Europe.

.. Berbera,

.. Lashio, N. Shan

States,

.. Europe.

Rangoon,

... Mussoorie,N.-W.P.

... Oodeypur,

... Hurope.

.. Rangoon.

.. Hurope.

.. Balasore,

a Bombay,

A Elurope.

xxii LIST OF MEMBERS,

Sutherland, J. (c.#.) ss aa .-- Lahore,

Sutherland, W. ... xe we ... Jabalpur, CO. P.

Sutton, F. A. oP ao8 ons ... Hurope.

Swan, 181, TEL. avd ... Hurope.

Swayne, Herbert (Life Member) as ... Ceylon.

Swinhoe, Col. C. ees ... Hurope.

Swinton, Capt. F. E. “(LMS.) «. a ... Poona.

Sykes C. M. (c.z.) see 200 ... Jamnagar.

Symington, J. H. ... fee ess ... Bombay.

Symonds, W. P. (1.¢.8.) oie ap ... Hurope.

Symons, H. &, ae abs: bibs ».. Hurope.

Symons, J. L. ay oe ts nee Europe.

Talbot, W. A. (LF.s.) see es, . Belgarm.

Tanner, Capt. C. O. QO. i ..- Malakand,

Tata, Dorabji J. (Lite Member) oi ... Bombay.

Tata, Jamsetji N.... eee aoe | ... Bombay.

Taylor, James H. ... eee Sch ... Khorda, Orissa.

Taylor, M. D. 200 ge see ' ,.. Kumargram,

Taylor, 8. B. ... Karachi.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Geculdas (Life Member) ... Bombay.

Temulji B. Nariman, Dr. . Bombay.

Tenasserim A gri- Horticultural Society, ‘The Hono-

rary Secretary of the 0 os .-- Moulmein.

Whacker, We Diy vec. det ae .... Daman.

Thacker, W. oy wae ... Bombay.

Thesiger, Hon’ble P. ses ie ... Bombay.

Thomas, J.C. cen ae ae ... Mandalay.

Thomas, AES ate bo at ... Lurope.

Thompson, H, N. (F.Z.S., LF. 3) Bs. ... faunggyi, Burma.

Thompson, 8. H. &. (1. BS. meee a ' .. Dehra Dun.

Thompson, R. M, (c.z.) ) Gee ... Lurope.

Thompson, Sines / ove a ... Lucknow.

Thomson, D. A. (1.¥.s.) a Be ... Alibag.

Thomson, Capt. D. B. ae aca ... Poona.

Thorburn, F. Sevmour os Soc .-. Lakhimpur.

Thornhill, Capt. J. ai ... Jhansi,

Tichbome, Sir Henry ( (Barts ne ... Hurope.

Tighe, Capt. M. J. 1 as ae

Tilly, T. i. (Life Member) sen ite .. Mingin, Burma.

Tod, Alex. M. a3 Bre ... Bombay. »

| Tomkins, Capt. E. (ia) se ase .. Bombay.

Tomkins, S. is ase a) ... Bombay.

Tooth, E. EB. Beet easy see ..- Calcutta.

Topham, B.D: ae on .. Hubli, 8. M. Ry.

Tottenham, W. FE. L. (t FS. we wes .. Hurope

Townsend, Capt. EH, C.( Ls. G.) ne em see

Traill, W. H. . Jhansi, N.-W. P

Travancore, H. .H. The Tighe of (Life Member) Wet atte.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Travers, C..H,

Trevithick, R. L. (a2 M.1.0.E. a

Trewby, Miss Lilian Moe D.)

Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government Museum anil

.-. Lrivandrum.

... Pyapon, L. Burma.

... Jalpaiguri,

... Kousanie P. O.,

Public Gardens

Trotter, E. W.

Trotter, W.

Troup, N. F. T

Truninger, L.

Trydell, Vot.-Lt. A. 8.

Tudball, W. (1.¢.s.)...

Tydd, F. A.

Tyler, Major-General T.B. (1 A )

Tytler, Capt. H

XXiii

.. Chingleput.

.. Europe.

. Amraoti,

Almora,

... Caleutta,

... Rawal Pindi,

... Gorakhpur.

.. Calcutta,

... Hurope.

... Cachar,

... Simla.

.. Dinapur.

Ulwar, H. H. Maharaja Jey Singh of - Life deMerahes) Ulwar.

Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)...

Vanderzee, Capt. H. F. (R.a.)

Varley, F. J. (10.s.)

Vaughan, J.P. (1.0.8.)

Velinker, Shrikrishna, G. _..

Viccaji Framji R. Alutp Member)

Vick, F. H.

Vidal, G. W. (0.s.)

Vincent, Wi, td, (LC-3.) ...

Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersey

Waddington, C. W.

Wadia, Sorab P. N.

Walker, A. C.

Walker, G. K. tee

Wall, Cap tebe Wie

Wall, Capt. F, (1M. 3

Wallace, John (C.E.)

Wallace, W. V. (.c!s.)

Wallinger, Fa GiB) ne

Walton, Lt. H. J.(ims.)

Ward, Lieut. @ i: Ac

Ward, Rowland

Wasey, G. K.

Watson, H. W. A. (Le. Sh). wees

Watson, Lt.-Col. J. (Ram. ey

Watson, Capt. John C. i

Nae Lt. J. W. (Lats.)

.. Bhavnagar,

... Fort St. George,

Madras,

.. Dhulia,

... Karachi,

.. Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Silchar, Cachar.

.. Hurope.

... Burdwan.

... Bombay.

.. Rajkote,

.. Bombay.

.. Hurope.

... Muktesar, N.-W.P.

.. Mean Mir.

.. China Field Force.

... Bombay.

_.. Taungoo, Burma,

.. Dharwar.

... Bombay,

... Agra,

. Hurope.

ss Marmagoa, Goa.

... laungoo, Burma,

... Darjeeling,

... Hurope.

.. Poona.

xxiv LIST OF MEMBERS;

Watson, L. P. - os “oe .«« Cawnpore.

Waits, Liout, G. A. R. .- °°: 's..;Kohat; Punjab,

Weir, Lieut.-Col. T. 8. (um. 5)... ee ~ . Quetta,

Wells-Cole, Capt. H. Hee ... Mauritius.

Wells-Witham, Dr. E. (™.p. yin ie .«. Dibrugarh, Assam.

Wenden, H.(.£.) .. ..; Bombay. -

Westmacott, Genl. Sir R. (k. c. Be, D.S.0. ) i. Eoona,

Westropp, A. S. A. (1.G8.) ... ... Bombay.

Wetherall, Lieut. E. R. ee oe ... Jalna.

Whately, Richard ... on oe .». Broach.

Whiffin, F. D. aes ... Rourkela, B.-N. Ry.

Whitcombe, Capt. EB. G.R. ars) i: ... Poona.

White, G. H, : ae ... Nasik.

Whitehouse, Langford aie ated ... Pakokku, Burma.

Whiting, J. EH. (c.£.) oe ate ... Bombay.

Whitley, Be Who. ace a es ... Hurope.

Whittall, Major F. V. S35 wis ... Jalna,

Whittle, Aa .. Wadhwan.

Whitworth, G. C. (1. Cs. ) (life Momber) ... Satara.

Whymper, 8. L. ... Jeolikote, N.-W. P.

Whyte, Major C. W. F. Sia se ... Hurope.

Whyte, Dr. Fredk. . ee aa ... Hurope.

Wickham, P. ee Wes de se ... Shwebo, Burma.

Wileman, AE ae ... Hakodate, Japan.

Wilkieson, Lt.-Col. ‘. B. (R. e) oa ... Bangalore.

Wilkins, ive en ... Jalpaiguri.

Wilkinson, Capt. E. wee M.S) .. saa ... Bombay.

Williams, Capt. C. E. (1M 5) Kee ... Taunggyi.

Williams, Major F. T. e oe ... Mandalay.

Willis, R. A. ae Soe mee ... Bombay.

Wilson, A.-R. 550 ach 66 ... Binsur, Almora.

Wilson, Lt. H. A. ses wise ... Jhansi, N.-W. P.

Wilson, Li NF. T. (R.LM.)... Let ... Mandalay.

Wilson, V. 8. Fellowes vo Aa ... Trichinopoly.

Wilson, W. G. Son see ..- Bombay.

Winsloe, Lt. H. E. (B) so si ees Bangalore.

Winter, EK. L..(1.c.s.) i, ic .«. Hurope.

Witt, D. O. (LF. Se)icce aes wate +» Naugor.

Wodehouse, Lt. BW. - oe .. Rajkote.

Wolf-Murray, F. D. O. (2c. 8.) a -.. Madras,

Wolseley, Major-Genl. Sir Geo. B. (K.c.B.) _... Europe.

Wolseley-Smith, Ff... seis aes ... Bangalore.

Wood, A. (1.c. s..) aa fee ..; Godhra.

Wood, C. W. (c. .) ee sae a, ..» Pollachi, Madras,

Wood, Lt. H. (RE) wise sid ... Mussoorie, N.-W.P,

Wood, H. F. A. ... Bde sie ... Cuddapah, Madras,

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LiST OF MEMBERS,

Woodrow, G. Marshall ae aed

Woodrow, W. R. (1.F.s.) Bie ie

Woods, M. V. (c.z.) ae ae

Wormold, Percy

Wright, Fred “i

Wright, F, A. (c.£.)

Wright, H. C. nes

W ari, ae R. W. (8.4.M. c.)

Write, Dr. W. B. ...

Wroughton, R. C. (LES, O.M.2, 8.)

Yeld, Col. J. H.

Yeo, ‘Daa W.

Yerbury, Col. J. W. (Rr. A.) (Lite Member)

Young, E. H. 2

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Young, H. G. “es ee

Young, John

Young, W. E.

Yule, Col. J. H.

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.. Europe.

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... Jhansi, N.-W. P.

... Lakhimpur, Assam.

.-. Poona.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Rutlam.

... Baroda:

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Xxix

GENERAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND AUTHORS FOR

VOLS, £ TO MEEX INCLUSIVE,

ABERCROMBIE, A.—Common Marine Shells of the Bombay Shore, viii,

212, 335.

ADEN—The Butterflies of—, vii, 207; List of Birds noted at—, viii, 231;

List of Shells Collected at—, x, 917, 503 ; List of the Birds cf—, xi, 75;

Aculeate Hymenoptera from—, xii, 101 ; ime in Indian Waters, xii,

539,

AFRIDIA—A New Genus of Labiate from the N,-W, frontier of India, xi,

696.

AITKEN, B.—Mimicry in Caterpillars, iv, 317,

AITKEN, E. H.—Mimicry shown by Phyllornis jerdoni, i, 30; List of Butter-

flies in the Society’s Collection, i, 126,215; ii, 35; Note on Pteropus

edwardsii, i, 144; Note on White Ants, i, 144; The Conduct of a Tame

Pigeon, i, 220 ; Nest and Eggs of C. lotenia, ii, 52; The Goosander, ii, 56 ;

A Voyage from Liverpool to Bombay, iii, 238; The Red Ant, iv, 151;

Larve and Pupx of some Bombay Butterflies, v, 260, 349 ; Parasitic Flies,

v, 420; Dissemination of Larvez, v, 421; Red Ants’ Nests, v,422; Migra-

tion of Birds, vi, 268 ; Protection of Larve, vi, 489 ; Moths Attracted by

Tobacco Smoke, viii, 326; Habits of the Coppersmith, viii, 326; Where

do Swallows Sleep ?, viii, 327; The Larva and Pupa of Spalgis epius, Vili,

485; The Edible-nest Swift, ix, 495; Food of the Bull Frog, ix, 500 ;

Distribution of the Black-capped Kingfisher, xi, 164; Savagery of the

Indian Sloth Bear, xi, 164; The Migration of Butterflies, xi, 336; Our

Annual Caterpillar Pest and its Remedy, xi, 337 ; The Breeding of the

Comb Duck, xi, 550 ; Migration of Euplea core, xii, 229; Bombay Rats,

xii, 416; A Wasp and a Fly, xii, 418 ; Note on a Whooper Swan shoi on the

River Beas, Punjab, xiii, 362 ; Butterflies as Weather Prophets, xlil, 540 ;

Notes on Anopheles, or the Malaria Mosquito, xiii, 691.

—_————, BELL, T. R., and DAVIDSON, J.—The Butterflies of the North

eanara District, x, 937, 372, 568 ; xi, 22.

ALBINOISM—On the Frequency of Albinoism in Cutch, i, 71,

ALCOCK, A. W.—Deep Sea Life in the Bay of Bengal, viii, 545,

An instance of the natural repellant effects of “ Warning Colours,”

xi, 149,

ALGA—A New Species of—, i, 135.

AMOY—The Fauna of—, xiii, 703,

ANAIMALAI HILLS—Elephant Capturing Operations on the—, x, 133.

ANDAMAN ISLANDS—Birds of the Nicobar and—, xii, 386, 555, 684. Xili,

144 ; Fishing in Indian Waters, xii, 726.

ANDERSON, J,.C.—Sporting Rambles round Simla, iv, 56,

ANDRE, EARNEST,.—Contribution 4 la connaissance des Mutilles de l'Inde,

Ge Evite 462)

ANDROSACE—Description of a New—, xii, 675,

XXX GENERAL INDEX.

ANNELIDE REEFS, viii, 562. ie | pag

ANT (8), Butterflies and—iii, 164; The Red Ant, iv, 151; on Indian—, v,

38 ; Ainictus and Some New Sains of—, v, 388 ; Nests of Red—, v, 422 ;

Our Ants, vii, 13, 175; Les formicides de ’ jim pine des Indes et de

Ceylan, vii, 219, 430 ; viii, 17, 396 ; ix, 453; xiii, 52, 303, 462; Red Ants

as Smelling Salts, x, 330 ; Note on Diteaiatiak a Ponerine Gauite of—,

- xii, 756; Note on the Web-spinning Habits of the Red Ant, xiii, 181 ;

Red Ants as an Article of Food, xiii, 536,

ANT-EATER—The Scaly—, xi, 165.

ANT-L ION—An Ant-lion up a Tree, x, 152.

ANTELOPE (S)—Abnormal Horns of Indian—, vi, 184; New African—,

viii, 149; The Four-Horned—, ix, 193; A Black Back with one Horn,

ix, 228; The Burmese Gontcantelone or Serow, xi, 95; Tho Baira

Antelope of Somali Land, xi, 725.

APHIDES—Notes on Indian—, vili, 273.

ARACHNIDA——Diagnosis of Some New Indian—, xii, 744,

AROID—The Alocasia macrorhiza, vi, 270,

ASS—The Asiatic Wild—, viii, 430.

AUSTRALIA—<An Indian Naturalist’s Trip to—, iv, 219,

BAHMIN FISHING in Bombay Harbour, xi, 742; Fishing in Indian

Waters, xii, 194.

BAINBRIDGE, G.—An Instance of Fructification in a Staminiferous

Plant, i, 72. }

BAIRA—The Baira Antelope of Somali Land, xi, 725.

BAKER, E, C. STUART—The Genus Chloropsis, vi, 59 ; The Bulbuls of

North Cachar, vii, 1, 125, 263,413; viii, 1; List of Birds’ Eggs from

North Cachar presented by—, vii, 251 ; A New Wren from North Cachar,

vii, 319 ; The Birds of North Cachar, viii, 162 ; ix, 1, 111; x, 1, 161, 339,

539 ; xi, 222, 390; xii, 486 ; xiii, 399, 563; Identification of Birds, x,

151; On Pericrocotus speciosus vel fraterculus, x, 631; Indian.Ducks and

their Allies, xi, 1,171,347, 555 ; xii, 1,235, 437, 593; xiii, 1,199; The

Blue Rock Thrush, xi, 336 ; Probable Hybrid between the Scarlet-backed

and Fire-breasted Flower-pecker, xi, 467 ; On the Occurrence of Podiceps

cristatus in Assam, xiii, 535 ; On the Occurrence of Macrorhamphus semi-

palmatus in Assam, xiii, 705 ; The Nidifications of Rimator malacoptilus,

xiii, 706. if

BAKRI-— Sense of Smell in the—vi, 497, J!

BAMBOOS—The Flowering of—, viii, 298. oe i

BANANA,—Abnormal Development of Musa sapientum, i, 73.

BANDICOOTS—The Destructiveness of—, ix, 97.

BANKS, 8.—Bison in the Kamptee Cantonment limits, x, 329,

BANTING—Notes on the Tsaing or—, x, 78 ; the Geographical Races of the—

xiii, 192.

BARCLAY, A.—A New Fungus, v, 161.

GENERAL INDEX XXxi

BARNES, H, E,—Birds’ Nesting in Rajpootana, i, 38 ; The Breedinz of Parra

: indica, i, 221; The Two Shamas, ii, 56 ; On Ploceus philippinus, ii, 105 ;

' Irregular Breeding of the Sarus, ii, 149; Breeding of the Kentish

Ringed Plover in India, ii, 167; Nesting of Indian Hirundines, iii, 43 ;

Nesting in Western India, iii, 205 ; iv, 1, 83, 237 ; v, 1, 97, 315 ; vi, 1, 129,

285 ; On the Black-tailed Rock Chat, vii, 252 ; Occurrence of the Spotted

Grey Tree-creeper at Ahmednagar, vii, 548; List of Birds Noted at

Aden, viii, 231.

BARODA—Notes on Nests and Eggs Found in the Vicinity of—, xii, 221,

BARROW, H. W.—Crocodiles in Artificial Reservoirs, x, 144,

BARTLETT, T. W.—Food of the Palm Squirrel, xii, 777.

BARTON, E. L.—Panther Eating a Panther, vi, 274 ; Small Game Shooting in

the Neighbourhood of Bombay, vili, 155; The Eccentricities of a Dog,

vili, 310 ; Bahmin Fishing in Bombay Harbour, xi, 742; Occurrence of

the Clucking Teal in Guzerat, xii, 429,

BASSETT-SMITH, P. W.—Notes on the Fish Collection in the Museum of

the Bombay Natural History Society, x, 597; Note on a Curious Mal-

formed Tiger’s Skull, x, 694 ; Snakes at Trincomalee, xi, 546,

BATES, 8, B,—Sapphires Found in the Gizzard of a Jungle Fowl, xi, 735,

BATS—Food of the Flying Fox, vii, 544; On some Bats Obtained in the

Surat and Thana Districts, xi, 274; Some Konkan Bats, xii, 716; A

‘ Rare’ Bat, xii, 757; Note on an Interesting Bat, xii, 786,

——-Vespertilio pachypus (A Correction), xiii, 184 ; Megaderma spasma,

xiii, 186; Rhinolophus affinis, xiii, 191.

BAZA—Nesis and Eggs of the—, vii, 403.

BEAR (S); A Bear Charging up a Tree, v, 380 ; A Man-killing Bear, vi, 276 ; A

Bear with Three Cubs, vii, 406 ; Notes on the Indian Sloth, x, 688 ;Sava-

gery of the Indian Sloth, xi, 164; The Indian Sloth, xi, 167; Does the

Brown Bear Hybernate ?, xi, 547 ; xii, 218 ; Variationin Colour in Ursus

labiutus, i, 69; The Hybernating of Indian—, xi, 745 ; Hybernation of the

Himalayan Black—, xii, 219; Hybernation of the Black and Brown—,

xii, 576 ; Winter Sleep of—, xii, 782 ; Bear Killed by a Tiger, xii, 787,

BEAUMONT, T. L, F,—Early Migration of the Ruddy Sheldrake, xii, 416,

BECHER, HE, F.—A Sind Lake, i,91; Notes on the Central Provinces,

«ii, 134 ; Malta, iv,67; Some Shooting Notes, viii, 316 ; Cold-weather

Shooting in Raipur, viii, 556,

BEDFORD, F. P.—Gecko Cannibalism, xii, 578,

BEES—Batile between Wasps and—, iv, 312 ; Bees Destroyed by Lapindus

emarginatus, V,423 ; Reasoning Power of—, xi, 741. (See also HyME-

NOPTERA.)

BELL, A. S.—Birds of Prey, xiii, 696.

BELL, T, R., AITKEN, E, H., and DAVIDSON, J.—The Butterflies of

North Kanara, x, 237, 372, 568 ; xi, 22.

BENGAL—Deep Sea Life in the Bay of—, viii, 545,

BERAR—A Day’s Sport in—, viii, 295,

XXxii GENERAL INDEX.

BERRY, P.—Curious Instance of Melanism, ix, 224.

BETEL-NUT—A Giant Betel-nut Tree, vii, 553,

BETHAM, J. A.—The Uses of the Screw-Palm, iv, 314 ; Minter im Birds,

iv, 315; Note on Certain Species of Papilio, ivy, 315 ; Butterflies of the

Central Provinces, v, 19, 152, 279 ; vi, 175, 318 ; on 495; Butterflies of

Matheran, viii, 421 ; Food of the Bull Frog and Musk-rat, x, 697; Nidi-

fication of the Thick-billed Flower-pecker, xi, 159.

R. M—tThe “ Kol-Bhalu,” xi, 310; Nesting of the. White-

browed Bush Bulbul in Guzerat, xi, 316; Notes on Nests and Eggs

found in the Vicinity of Baroda, xii, 221 ; Occasional Notes on Birds’

Nesting in the Neighbourhood of Poona, xii, 778 ; xiii, 380, 686 ; On the

occurrence of the Sheldrake on the Bheema river, xiii, 187.

.—The “ Kol-bhalu,”’ xi, 747,

BHAKHA and its Effects on Cattle, viii, 444.

BHIMRAJ—On a New Species of Dissemurus, with some abaeeranions on the

so-called family Dicruride, xii, 377.

BHUTAN—Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim me xi, 239, 406, 624 ;

Xli, 32, 292, 643 ; xii, 77, 258, 406.

BINGHAM, C, T.—Collecting and Preserving Hymenoptera, iii, 112 ; Beesand

Wasps from Burma, ili, 183 ; New and Little-known Hymenoptera, v, 233 >

Collecting Ways and Collecting Days, viii,346; ix, 473; New and Little-

known Hymenoptera from India, Burma and Ceylon, viii, 358 ; New and

Little-known Species of Indo-Malayan Hymenoptera, x, 195 ; The Great.

Indian Hornbill in a Wild State, xi, 308; Aculeate Hymenoptera from

Aden, xii, 101 ; Some New Species of Indian Hymenoptera, xii, 115 ; Note.

on Fussorial Wasps and Bees and their Parasites, xii, 585 ; Note on

Diacamma, a Ponerine Genus of Ants, xii, 756 ; Account of a Remarkable

Swarming of Sphex wmbrosus, etc., xiii, 177.

BIRDS’ NESTING—In Rajpootana, i, 38 ; on the Ghats, i, 175; Notes from

Cutch, ii, 55 ; in Western India, iii, 205 ; iv. 1, 83, 237; v, 1, 97, 315; vi,

1, 129, 285 ; in Kanara, vi, 331; in the Tons Valley, xi, 64, 468 ; xii, 542 ;.

Occasional Notes on Birds’ Neste in the Neicibouttond of Poona, xii,

778 ; xiii, 380, 686 ; in Kashmir, xii, 634.

BIRDS OF PREY, xiii, 185, 696. :

BIRDS’ SKINS—Catalogue of—in the Society's collection, i, 15; List of—

from the South Konkan, i, 80; List of—from Burma, etc., i, 83 ; Present-

ed by Capt, A. T. H. Newnham, i, 142; List of—from Sind, presented by

Col. Swinhoe, u1, 56,

BIRDWOOD, H.M.—The Flora of Matheran, i, 203; Catalogue of the

Flora of Mahableshwar and Matheran, ii, 107; x, 394; The Hill Forests

of Western India, xii, 659.

BIS-COBRA—Note on the—, i, 145; Origin of the Belief in the—, i ii, 154 ;

Belief in the—, iv, 310.

BISCOH, W, F.—A Tiger Killing a Panther, ix, 490; Liquid Discharge from

Cicada Insects, x, 535; Kingfishers Killing Birds, xiii, 184,

Sere

——

GENERAL INDEX. XXxill

BISON.—(See Gaur).

BITTERN.—The Number of Feathers in the Tail of the Chestnut—, xiii, 376,

BLAKE, J. F.—On Some Superficial Deposits in Cutch, xii, 177, 374.

BLANDFORD, W. F. H.—The Social System of Termites, xi, #29,

BLANFORD, W. T.—The Gaur and its Allies, vi, 222; ‘Fauna of British

India, Mammalia’ (noticed), vii, 107, 246, 391, 533; On a Stag from Tibet

_ and the Mammals of the Tibetan Plateau, villi, 540; On Birds from

Central India in Barnes’ Handbook, ix, 185; Fauna of British India—

‘Birds, vol. iii (noticed), x, 316,505; Birds, vol. -iv (moticed), xii, 184;

The Large Indian Squirrel and its Local Races or Sub-species, xi, 298 ;

. The Nepal Wild Swan, xi, 306 ; Note on the Land Wollusca of Bombay,

xii, 326; The Distribution of Vertebrate Animals in India, Ceylon and

_ Burma, xii, 675,

BLOOD, B. W.—Measurements of Black Buck Horns, vii, 550.

BOAR (S).—Measurements of—, v, 191; Food of the Wild—, viii, 447 ; xii,

=i 2ahes

BOGLE, J.§$—The Eastern Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Breeding in India, xiii,

539,

BOMBAY—Some Post-pliocene Molluscs from the Byculla Flats i, 183 ;

_ The Fungi of—,i, 233; The Poisonous Snakes of the Bombay

Presidency, il, 244 ; Botany of the Bombay Presidency, iv, 264 ;

Pre-historic Bombay, v, 132 ; Physical Geography of—, v, 377 ;

Bombay Gardens, v, 397; Introduction of Game into the Neigh-

bourhood of—, vi, 119 ; Bombay Ferneries, vi, 153, 421, 423 ;

The Poisonous Plants of—, vii, 61, 203, 312, 487; viii, 99, 223, 331, 453 ;

ix, 42, 147, 235, 345; x, 88, 260, 482, 618; xi, 252, 606 ; Bombay Grasses,

viii, 107 ; Small Game Shooting in the Neighbourhood of—,vill, 155 ;

Common Marine Shells of the Bombay Shore, viii, 212, 335; Descrip-

tion of New Species of Marine Shells from—, vill, 234; xi, 506; The

birds of the Bombay Presidency, ix, 488; The Planis of a Bombay

Swamp, xi, 88, 335; Some Land and Fresh-water Shells collected in

the Island of—, xi, 131, 262; The Land Mollusca of—, xii, 826, 785.

BOMBAY, L, P.—A Coucal taking to the Water, v, 422.

BONHOTE, J. L.—Description of a New Species of Mus from Southern

India, xii, $9.

BOOKS (noticed)—‘ The Birds of Bombay,’ i, 29; ‘Two Years in the

Jungle, ii, 151; ‘The Cruise of the Marchesa,’ ii, 206; ‘Sport and

Travel,’ iii, 191; ‘ The Geographical Distribution of the Charadride,

iv, 157; ‘The Fauna of British India,’ Birds (vol.i), v, 167, 176, 300;

Reptilia and Batrachia, vi, 100 ; Mammalia, vii, 107, 246, 391, 533 ; Birds

(vol. iii), x, 316,505; Birds (vol. iv), xii, 184; ‘ Murray’s Avifauna of

British India, v, 176; ‘ Manual of Forestry, v, 188; ‘ Butterflies of

India, v, 298; ‘ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds? vi, 1045; ‘Sport in

’ Southern India? vii, 537; ‘ Beast and Man in India,’ viii, 136; ‘The

Travels of Pietro Della Valle in India} viii, 246; ‘ Management of

XXXIV GENERAL INDEX.

Animals in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens; viii, 254 ; + Butterflies

from China, Japan, and Corea,’ ix, 194; ‘ The Game Birds of India,’

xii, 704,

BOTAN Y—Address to Students in Botany in Ween India, iv, 37 ; How

to Facilitate the Study of—, iv, 213 ; Botany of the Bombay Prevnlency:

iv, 264 ; On the Cucurbitacee of Western India, v, 286,

BOTS of the Horse and Camel, ii,27; An Appeal for Assistance in Collect-

ing Gad-flies, Bot-flies and Wanblestee! Xlii, 683.

BOULENGER, G. A.— Fauna of British India, Reptilia and Batvadhiia?

(noticed), vi, 100 ; Ona New Species of Lizard from Travancore, vi,

449 ; Ona New Species of Frog from Travancore, vi, 456; On a New

Toad from Travancore, vii, 317 ; Ona New Harth Snakefrom Travancore,

vii, 318; x, 236; On a New Saale from Travancore, viii, 528; An

Addition to the Ophidian Fauna of India, ix, 325; On a New Krait

from Sind, xi, 73 ; Description of a New Lizard from Selangor, xiii,

333, 335 ; Description of a New Snake from the Perak Hills, xiii, 336;

Description of a New Snake of the genus Ablabes from Burma, pc:

553,

BOURDILLON, MARY W.—Birds Tapping at Window Panes, xii, 575,

— T. F.—The Rediscovery of Strychnos rheedii, x, 690; Des-

een of some New or Rare Trees from Travancore, xii, 349 ; Descrip-

tion of a New Species of Ficus from Travancore, xiii, 155,

BRINDLEY, H. H.—A Specimen of a House Gecko with a bifid renewed

Tail, ix, 30 ; Some Cases of Caudal Abnormality in Lizards, xi, 640.

BRINJAL—An Instance of Teratology in the—, iv, 55.

BROOK-FOX, F, G.—Russell’s Viper, viii, 565.

BROWN3G, C. A, R.—A Bird Killed by a Mantis, xii, 578.

BRUNTON, R. P.,—Quails Breeding in Captivity, viii, 551.

BRYANT, H. B.—Elephant-capturing Operations on the Anaimalai fills,

asp laos

BUCHANAN, KENNETH—Nesting of the Black Eagle, xii, 776; Nesting

of the Large-billed Willow Warbler, xii, 777.

BUCKLAND, C, T.—A Black Tiger, iv, 149,

BUCKTON, G, B—Notes on Indian Aphides, viii, 273.

BUFFALO—The Wild—, iv, 231; The Indian Wild,—x, 41.

BUG—The ‘ Lantana Bug’, xii, 547.

BULBUL—A Whistling—, iv, 313; A Friendly—, viii, 309 ; On the Longe-

vity of the Persian —, xiii, 698.

BULKLEY, H.—Breeding of the Crested Grebe in India, vi, 501; Curious

Tumor on a Black Buck, vii, 405; Birds Observed Breeding at Khara-

ghora, vii, 544, viii, 325; Breeding Season of the Sarus Crane, viii, 148 ;

Eggs of the Bustard, ix, 228; Small Game in the Kharaghora District,

xi, 163 ; The Nidification of the Spotted Sandgrouse (Pierocles senegallus),

xiii, 704,

GENERAL INDEX. XXXV

BURMA—On a Collection of Butterflies from—, iii, 17; iv, 155; Bees and

Wasps from —, iii, 183 ; Notes on Some Birds from the Ruby Mine District,

x, 108; Description of two New Species of Butterflies from Upper—

x, 633; Notes on a Collection of Butterflies from the North Chin Hills,

x, 634; The Burmese Goat-Antelope or Serow, xi, 95 ; Pearl Fishing in

the Bassein District, xi, 317; The Elephant in—(extract form report),

xi, 322; Note on some Butterflies from Tenasserim, xii, 329 ; Birds

of the Kyaukse District, xii, 758,

BURTON, R. G.—Bull-terrier and a Tiger, xii, 419; Jungle Notes, xii, 587 ;

_ Goat Killed by a Porcupine, xin, 194,

BUSTARD—The Great—, ix, 107; Eggs of the—, ix, 228.

BUTLER, A. L.—Ornithological Notes from the Cocoawatte Estate, Lunu-

gala, Ceylon, x, 284 ; A Leporine Monstrosity, x, 328; Red Ants as Smell-

ing Salts, x, 330 ; Occurrence of the Lesser Coucal in Ceylon, xi, 162;

Occurrence of Asio accipitrinus in Ceylon, xi, 163; The Scaly

Ant-eater, xi, 165; Ketupa ceylonensis Breeding in Captivity, xi, 165;

The Oceanic Teal, xi, 332 ; Curious Accidentto a Palm Civet, xi, 534;

The Nidification of Indian Lorikeets, xi, 736 ; Pied variety of Hirundo

javanica, xi, 736 ; White Spots on the Plumage of a Woodpecker attacked

by a Parasite, xii, 214; A Brace of Tigers at One Shot,:xii, 228; Birds

of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, xii, 586, 555, 684; xiii, 144; The

Nidification of Some Malayan Birds, xii, 421, 772; Occurrence of the

Black-winged Kite and Short-toed Eagle in the Malay Peninsula, xii, 423 ;

Note on the White Snake (Coluber teniurus), xii, 424, 425 ; Coloration of

the Wing-lining and Axillaries in the Fantailand Pintail Snipes, xii, 427 ;

On an Immature Specimen of the Black-capped Kingfisher, xii, 428 ; Bear

killed by a’ Tiger, xii, 787 ; Geographical Races of the Banting, xiii, 192 ;

A New Serow from the Malay Peninsula, xiii, 689 ; Noteson Trips to

Perak and Singapore, xiii, 697.

BUTTERFLIES—List of Butterflies in the Society’s Collection, i, 126,

215, ii, 35; Mimicry in—, ii, 169 ; On a Collection of Butterflies from

Burma, iii, 17; iv, 155; Lepidoptera of Karachiii, 269; ii, 117,168;

Butterflies and Ants, iii, 154 ; Notes on Bombay—, iv, 69 ; English Names

for Indian—, iv, 70, 155; Papilio polymnestor in Bombay, iv, 177; New

and Little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan Region, iv, 163;

v, 199; vi, 341; vii, 322; ix, 259, 366; x, 13, 169; xiii, 157; Note

on Certain Species of Papilio, iv, 315, Butterflies of the Central

Provinces, v, 19, 152, 279, 286; vi, 175,318; vii, 425; Butterflies of

Mysore, v, 28; A New morphid—, v, 131; Larve and Pupe of some

Bombay—, v, 260, 349; Chin Lushai—, v, 295, 382; Dissemination of

Larve, v, 421; On a Collection of Butterflies made in the Chin-Lushai

Expedition, vi, 26; List of Travancore—, vi, 432; Butterflies of Aden,

vii, 207 ; New Sumatran—, vii, 555; viii, 37; Butterflies attracted by

Tobacco Smoke, viii, 148; Notes on a nymphalid—(Argynnis niphe), viii,

151; Note on Matheran—, viii, 421; The Larva and Pupa of. Spalgis

XXXV1 GENERAL INDEX.

epius, vill, 485; The Synonymy of some Species of Indian Pierine, Viii,

489 ; Note on a satyrid—(Callerebia nirmala), viii, 551; Butterflies of

Matheran, villi, 556; Butterflies from China, Japan and Corea (noticed),

ix, 194; A Bird Hating a—,ix, 337; The Life-history of a lycalnid—

(Rapala schistacea), ix, 337; The Life-history of a nymphaline—(A thyma

opalina)—ix, 338; The Life-history of a lycenid—(Camena cleobis), ix,

339 ; The Life-history of a nymphaline—(Kallima inachus), ix, 342 ; Key

to the Asiatic Genera of the Hesperiidae, ix, 411; The Description of

the Larva of Papilio cloanthus, ix, 497; The Life-history of Papilio

glycerion, ix, 497 ; Transformations of a lyceenid—(Arrhopala paramuta),

x,144; The Transformations of a hesperid—(Badamia exclamationis), x,

144: Butterflies of the Kanara district, x, 237, 372, 568 ; xi, 22 ; Further

Notes on the Genus Terias, x, 280; Note on a lycenid—(Virachola perse),

x, 333; Note on a lycenid—(Lehera eryx), x, 335; Description of Two

New Species of Butterflies from Burma, x, 633; Notes on a Collection of

Butterflies from the North Chin Hills, x, 634; On the Duration of the

Pupa State in Papilio hector, x,697; List of Butterflies of Mussoorie

and the Neighbouring Regions, xi, 205, 368, 585; The Migration of—, xi,

336, 533; Note on Some Species of Colias found in Ladak, xi, 465;

Speed of Flight in—, xi, 533; Lepidoptera taken in Cutch, xii, 511 ;

New and Little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan, Austro-

Malayan and Australian regions, xii, 131 ; The Migration of Euplea core,

xii, 229 ; Note on Some Butterflies from Tenasserim, xii, 329; Butterflies

as Wreeties Prophets, xiii, 540; The Life-history of Maceo: (Calysiene)

subdita, xiti, 701.

BUYSSON, ROBERT DU.—Premicre contribution a a connaissance des

Chrysidides de ? Inde, x, 462.

BUZZARD—Food of the White-eyed—, ix, 101 ; Food of the Crested

Honey-Buzzard, xii, 758.

CACHAR—The Bulbuls of North—, vii, 1, 125, 263, 413 ; viii, 1 ; List of Birds’

Eggs from North—, vii, 251 ; A New Species of Wren ceo North—, vil,

319; The Birds of Mote Vill, 1625 ix, 1s 11d oc eo ectoo aor

rep cihy 299, 396 ; xii, 486 ; xiii, 399, 563; List of Birds Collected during Five

Years’ Residence in the Hylakandy District of—, x, 453, 6095 xi, 77, 198,

474; xii, 286, 676; xiii, 654; Occurrence of the Blaceccapned Sashes

and Black-legged Faleoriet 3 in—, xii, 217.

CALMETTE, A—Inoculation against the Venom of Snakes and the New

Treatment of Yenomous Bites, xi, 515.

CAMEL, The—, iv, 207.

CAMPBELL, T. J—A Tiger ie a Bear, ix, 101.

CANARA—(See Kanara).

CANARIES—Power of Mimicry in—, ix, 343,

CANDY, R. E.—The Phorsa and its Destruction, v, 89,

CANE, A. G.—Note on Vigna vexilata, ii, 28.

GENERAL INDEX: XXXVii

CANNIBALISM—Cannibal Dragon Flies, ix, 225; On—, xii, 769; Gecko

Cannibalism, xii, 578. ;

CARDEW, A, G.—Notes on Some Nilgiri Birds, x, 146 ; A Rough Key to the

Identification of Indian Ophidia, x, 585.

CAREY, B. $—The Great Crested Grebe in Burma, xiii, 186.

CARSTENSEN, G.—Conditions for the Distribution of Plants, iii, 98; How

to Facilitate the Study of Botany, iv,213 ; Bombay Gardens, v, 397; A

Curious Instance of Abnormal Inflorescence, vi, 71 ; Landscape Gardening

-in Native States, vi, 72; Bombay Ferneries, vi, 155; Doum Palms in

India, Vi, 271; Gall on nasi dioica, Vi, ue a WEELETY of the Pallas,

vi, 273,

CASSIA—Note on C, grantlis and C, marginata, vi, 485.

CATERPILLAR (S)—Notes ona Caterpillar Farm, iv, 277; Mimicry in—,

iv, 317; Our Annual Caterpillar Pest and its Remedy xi, 337; A Plague

of Wati-makitig Caterpillars on the Silang Tree, xii, 7,

CATS—Memory versus Reason, in—, vi, 419.

CATTLE—Indian—, v, 71; Indian Wild Cattle: the Tsine and the Gaur,

xii, 204, ;

OENTIPEDE—A Voracious—, xii, 214,

CENTRAL INDIA—On Birds from Central India in Barnes’ Handbook, ix,

185, 488. |

OHNTRAL PROVINCES—Hot-weather Notes in the—ii, 134; Butterflies,

of the—v, 19, 152, 279, 286; vi, 175, 318; vii, 425; Notes on Shooting in

the—, x, 691. .

_ CEYLON—Ornithological Notes from the Cocoawatte Estate, Lunugala, x,

284; Occurrence of the Lesser Coucal in—xi, 162; Occurrence of Asio

accipitrinus in—, xi, 163.

CHAMBA—Camping in—, xi, 482.

CHANNER, 0.—Food of Python molurus, ix, 491.

CHARAURIDA—The Geographical Distribution of the—, (noticed), iv, 157,

CHAT—Note on the. Black-tailed Rock—, vii, 252; Nesting of the Red-

tailed—, xii, 225, 579. .

CHEETAH —(See Curta).

CHEETA L—Notes on the —, ii, 285 ; The—, ix, 481.

CHIN HILLS—Down a Chin Stream, viii, 313; Notes ona Collection of

Butterflies from the North—, x, 634,

CHIN-LUSHAI—On a Collection of Butterflies made in the ChinsLiushai

Expedition, vi, 26,

CHINNERY, I.—The Longevity of the Persian Bulbul, xiii, 698.

CHITA—The Young of the Hunting Leopard, xi, 544, 743.

CHITRAL—Field Notes with the Chitral Relief Force, x, 63.

CHLOROPSIS—The Genus—, vi, 59,

CHRYSIDIDES—Premicre contribution 4 la connaissance des Chrysidides

de I’Inde, x, 462. renege

XXXVIii GENERAL INDEX.

CHRYSILIDES—Protective Colouring of—, v, 307,

CICADAS—Liquid Discharge from—x, 535.

CIVET—A new Species of Civet from Orissa, vi, 429; Curious Accident to a

Palm—, xi, 534,

CLEVELAND, H. F.—Measurements of Tigers’ Skulls, viii, 554; The

Young of the Hunting Leopard, xi, 743,

CLUTTERBUCK, P. H.—A Tiger Killing a Bear, ix, 229; The Barking

Deer, ix, 230; Sambar Horns eaten by Porcupines, ix, 225 ; The Musk-

rat and its Young, ix, 229; Jungle Notes, viii, 303; Pteromys inornatus,

xi, doll

COAST—Down the—, iv, 289.

COBRA—Bites of the—ii,70; A Nest of King-Cobra’s Eggs, vii, 257; An

Aggressive—viii, 307 ; Food of the King-Cobra and Krait, xii, 589,

COCCIDA—Supplementary Notes on the Coccide of Ceylon, xiii, 66, 252,

COLLECTING Ways and Cellecting Days, vili, 346; ix,473; Some Hints

to Beginners on Collecting and Preserving Natural History Specimens

(Mammals), xiii, 100, (Birds), xiii, 270; (Reptiles and Amphibians)

xiii, 641.

COMBER, E.—On the Occurrence of the Black-capped King-fisher near

Bombay, x, 533; Some Hints to Beginners on Collecting and Preserving

Natural History Specimens (Mammals) xiii, 100; (Birds) xiii, 270;

(Reptiles and Amphibians) xiii, 641; the Occurrence of the Red-

winged Crested Cuckoo (Coccystes coromandus) in Bombay, xiii, 696 ; The

Occurrence of the Desert-finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta) at Chaman, Balu-—

chistan, xiii, 708,

COODE, J. M.—A Panther Chasing a Nilghai, v, 307.

COOKE, T.—The Flora of Mahableshwar and Matheran, ii, 133 ; x, 440.

COPPERSMITH--The Habits of the—, viii, 144, 326 ; Nesting Difficulties of

the—, xiii, 713.

CORBETT, G. Q.—A Tiger Attacking Elephants, vii, 119.

CORNISH, C. K.—The Effects of Music on Animals, ix, 335,

COTES, FE. C.—Locusts in India, v, 86, 184; Agricultural Entomology,

vi, 230 ; The Locusts of North-Western India, vi, 242 ; Natural Enemies

of the Locust, vi, 416; Locusts of Bengal, Madras, Assam and Bombay,

viii, 120; The Locust Invasion of 1889-92, vii, 274; Food of the Rosy

Pastor, ix, 66 ; The Cheroot Weevil or Borer, ix,68; Dried Locusts as

' Food for Cage and Game Birds, x, 124.

COUCAL taking to the Water, v, 422; Occurrence of the Lesser Coucal in

Ceylon, xi, 162.

COUCHMAN, G. H. H.—The Flora of the Kachin Hills, vii, 447.

COX, P. L—A Bold Panther, vii, 550.

——— P. Z—A Plucky Instance of Panther-killing by Kathiawar Natives,

x, 696; The Baira Antelope of Somaliland, xi, 725; The Aithiopian

Wart Hog, xii, 204 ; Notes on Somaliland, xiii, 86, 281,

—-— $,—Game in the Waltair District, xii, 574,

GENERAL INDEX. XXXiX

CRAB-PLS VER—Nesting of the—, viii, 320.

CROCODILE (S)—Harpooning—, vi, 107; The Distribution of Indian—

vi, 116 ; Crocodiles in Artificial Reservoirs, x, 144; A Turtle killing a—

x, 153; Crocodiles, xi, 151,

CROWS—Strange Behaviour of—, x, 527; Notes on Crows and on the Pro-

tective Power of Scent in ‘Animale; xi, 314,

CUCKOO—Occurrence of the Red-winged Crested Cuckoo (chen coro-

mandus) in Bombay, xiii, 696,

CUMING, E, D.—Birds Tapping at Window Panes, xii, 580.

CUMMING, W. D.—Notes on the Bulbul Shrike, xii, 760; Occurrence of the

Green-billed Shearwater on the Mekran Coast, xii, 766.

CURCUMA.—A New Species of Curcuma from the Deccan, xi, 463.

CUTCH-—-On the Frequency of Albinoism in—i, 71 ; Occurrence of Marshall’s

Jora in—, x, 695; Field-notes from—, x, 331; On Some Superficial

Deposits in—, xii, 177,374; Lepidoptera taken in—, xii, 511.

DABOIA—Dog Killed by a—, viii, 316.

DAGAMA, J. A.—The Origin of Belief in the Bis-cobra, iii, 154,

DALGADO, D. G.—On Dalbergia spinosa, vi, 264; Note on Psilotum triqua-

trum, vii, 544; “ O pau da Cobra”’ or Serpent’s Wood, viii, 424; A Brave

Woman and a Cowardly Tiger, viii, 442.

DALY, Cuas.—Measurements of Indian Elephants, iv, 316,

DALY, W.MAHON.—The Southern Indian Harrier Eagle, ix, 487; Periodical

Flowering of Strobilanthus kunthianus, ix, 487 ; Nesting of the Black Eagle,

xii, 589 ; A ying Snake, xii, 589.

DAVIDSON, J.—Birds’ Nesting on the Ghats, i, 175 ; Larve and Pupe of

“Some Bombay Butterflies, v, 260, 349; On Nidification in Kanara,

vi, 331; Butterflies of Matheran, viii,556; The Birds of the Bombay

Presidency, ix, 488; The Birds of North Kanara, xi, 652 ; xii, 43.

——, AITKEN, E. H., & BELL, T, R.—The Butterflies of North

Kanara, x, 237, 372, 568 ; xi, 22.

DAVIES, C. A. W.—A Man-eating Panther, vi, i08.

DECCAN—A new Curcuma from the—, xi, 463,

DEER—Septicemia in a—, vii, 113; The Barking—, ix, 230,

DEES A—Notes from— x, 536.

DEMPSTER, F. E.—An Instance of Fright, iii, 263; Notes on Indian

Dogs, viii, 208; Down a Chin Stream, viii, 318; Flowering of the

Grammatophyllum bromheadit, viii, 439.

DE NICEVILLE, L.—Note on Hestia malabarica, ii, 242; Butterflies and

Ants, iii, 164; New and Little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan

Region, iv, 163; v,199; vi, 341; vii, 322 ;ix, 259, 360; x, 13, 169;

Branching Tree Ferns, v, 66; A New Morphid Butterfly, v, 131; Chin-

Lushai Butterflies, v, 295,382; “Butterflies of India, etc.” (noticed),

v, 298; Branching Palms and Tree Ferns, vi, 486; New Sumatran

Butterflies, vii, 555; viii,37; Two New Species of Butterflies from

xl GENERAL JNDEX.

Upper Burma, x, 633 ; New and Little-known Butterflies from the Indo-

Malayan, Austro-Malayan and Australian Regions, xii, 131; Notes on

Some Butterflies from Tenasserim, xii, 329;° New and Little-known

Lepidoptera from the Oriental region, xii, 157 ; Nidification of Rimator

' malacoptilus, xiii, 531; The Fauna of Amoy, xiii, 703.

ee MACKINNON, P, W.—List of Butterflies from MASbOTie

and the Neighbouring Region, xi, 205, 368, 585,

pE PONCINS, BARON EDMOND—Shooting Ovis polit on the Pamirs, x, 53,

DISTRIBUTION of Vertebrate Animals in India, Ceylon and meee

xiii, 675.

DIXON, R. M.—The Sirychnine Tree, ix, 102; The Size of Mango: Trees,

ix, 488; The Giant Orchis, x, 328 ; Tapeworms found in a Fish, xii, 770.

DODGSON, C. G.—Sport in Somaliland, viii, 87.

DOG (S); Panthers tree’d by Wild—, v, 191; Notes on Wild—, vii, 494;

On the: Indian Breeds of—, vii, 545; Notes on Indian—, viii, 308;

The Eccentricities of a—, viii, 310 ; Wild—, x, 127 ; ‘he Indian Wild—,

x, 449; Bison, Tiger and Wild—, xii, 773 ; A Wild Dog’s Earth, xiii, 709.

DOIG, S. B.—Muscular Action after Death, ix, 108.

DOLPHIN—Notes on Delphinus lentiginosus, i, 51; A Stranded—, ix, 100,

DONALD, C. H.—Does the Brown Bear Hybernate ?, xii, 218 ; Hybernation

of the Black and Brown Bears, xii, 576.; Occurrence of. the Nepal Kalij

Pheasant in Kashmir, xii, 577.

“DONOVAN, C.—Possible Occurrence of the Great Snipe near Madras,

xii, 782,

DRAGON FLIES—Mr, Giles’—y, 190 ; Cannibal—, ix, 225.

DRAKE-BROCKMAN, H. E.—A ek Attacking a Man, vii, 548,

-DRECKMANN, F.—Note onan Undescribed Homalopsida, i, 25; Simul-

taneous Twin Parturition of a Scorpion, ili, 137 ; A Rare Snake, vii, 406.

DRONGO—A pet—iv, 313.

Du BUYSSON, R.—Note, Pour servir & Vhistoire ae Lampyrides de VInde,

xili, 426,

DUCKS ; Notes on—, vii, 553; Breeding Season of ‘the Spotted-billed—

viii, 556; The Spotted-billed—, ix, 07; Indian Ducks» and their

allies, xi, 1,171, 347, 555 ; xii,1, 235, 437, 593 « xiii, 1, 199 ;. The White-

faced—, xi, 150; ‘The Oceanic Teal, xi,- 332, Occurrence: of the

Garganey Teal in India during July, xi, 333; The Comb Duck or Nukhta,

xi, 547; The Breeding of the Comb Duck, xi, 550; Early Migration of .

the Ruddy Sheldrake, xii,416; Occurrence of the Clueking Teal in

Guzerat, xii, 429 ; Note on Tridian Ducks and their Allies, xii, 572 ; Ducks

in the Waltair District, xii, 574 ; Note onthe White-eyed and the Tufted—,

, 775; Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff-tailed Duck at Mardan.

xiii, 182 ; Occurrence of the Bronze-capped 'l'eal in Tirhut, xiii, 186, 378 ;

Occurrence of the Sheldrake on the Bheema river, xiii, 187 ; Notes on the

Brahminy and White-eyed—, xiii, 191; The Western White-eyed Pochard,

xiii, 191; Occurrence of the White-winged Wood Duck in Upper Burma,

Xil

GENERAL INDEX. xi

xiii, 532; The Golden-eye—, xiii, 533; Late Stay and Early Arrival of

Ducks in Assam, xiii, 541 ; Occurrence of the Golden-eye at Myingyan,

xiii, 700 ; The Shoveller as’an Article of. Food, xii, 705.

DUDGEON, G. C.—Bird eating a Butterfly, ix, 337 ; the Life-history of a

-nynphaline Butterfly, ix, 342 ; The Transformations of two lycwnid

Butterflies, x, 144; Notes on lycenid Butterflies, x, 333, 335 ; Catalogue

of the Heterocera of Sikkim and Bhutan, xi, 239, 406, 624; xii, 32, 292,

643 ; xiii, 77,258, 406,672; Note ona Plague of Web-making Cater-

pillars on a Silang Tree, xii, 776; Larva of Eublemma amabilis as a

Lac Insect destroyer, xiii, 379; The Large-barred Owlet capturing a

’ Quail on the Wing, xiii, 430.

DUGONG—Occurrence of the Dugong in Indian Seas, ix, 489.

DUTHIE, J. F.—Periodical Flowering of Certain Plants, v, 417 ; A Botanical

Tour in Kashmir, ix, 69; on Afridia, a new genus of Labiate from the

North-Western frontier of India, xi, 696 ; Description of a new Androsace,

xii, 675,

DYMOCK, W.—Marathi names of Plants, ii, 175, 228 ; iii, 30 ; Means of Self-

protection possessed by Plants, iii, 232; Economic Botany of the

Cucurbitacee, v, 286; On the Oroid ( Alocasin macrorhiza ), vi, 270;

Substances used as Incense in the Hast, vi, 399; Value of the Plant

Pangala in cases of bites by the Phursa Snake, vi, 450.

EAGLES—The Southern Indian Harrier, ix, 487; Occurrence of the Short-

toed Eagle in the Malay Peninsula, xii, 423; Nesting of the Black, xii,

589, 776 ; Occurrence of Bonelli’s Hagle at Myingyan, xiii, 700.

EKARTHWORMS—On Some Earthworms from India, xi, 431.

EBDEN, E. J.—Muscular Action after Death, viii, 554.

EGGS—List of Eggs in the Society’s Collection, 11, 280 ; vi, 83; xii, 734; List

of Eggs from J. Davidson, i, 22; Collection of Eggs presented by W. M.

Gibbs, ii, 150; Eggs laid by Animals, v, 306; List of Eggs from North

Cachar, vii, 251 ; Egg-blowing and its Difficulties, xiii, 181,

ELEPHANTS—Measurements of Indian, iv, 316 ; Elephant Capturing Opera-

‘tions on the Anaimalai Hills, x, 133; The Elephant in Burma (extract

from a report), xi, 322; Tusk Measurements of Asiatic—, xi, 335.

ELWES, H. J.—Note on Some Species of Colias Found in Ladak, xi, 465 ;

Note on the Zoological Divisions of Sikhim, xi, 694,

ENTOMOLOGY—A gricultural—vi, 239 ; Entomological Notes from Weylon,

xii, 375.

EVANS, G, H.--Note on the Thamin, ix, 326 ; Notes on the Tsaing or Bant-

ing, x, 78; The Burmese Goat-Antelope or Serow, xi, 95; The Elephant

in Burma (extract from a report), xi, 322 ; Occurrence of the White-

winged Wood Dutch in pope Burma, xiii, 532; Dipsas cyanea, xiii,

553, x.

, and WALL, F.—Occurrence of Dips@s cyanea in Burma, xiii, 188 ;

Inielshadiois of a’ ‘brood of Zamenis mucosus, xiii, 189; Notes on Opihidia

collected in Burma, xiii, 343; Notes on fwo specimens of Lyéodon

xhii GENERAL INDEX,

fasciatus, xiii, 372; Occurrence of Tropidonotus himalayanus in Burma,

xiii, 537 ; Occurrence of Simotes splendidus in Burma, or a probable new

species, xiii, 537 ; Burmese Snakes, xiii, 611.

FALCONET.— Occurrence of the Black-legged Falconet in Cachar, xii, 217.

FALCONRY.—The Antiquity of—, x, 525.

FEDARB, SOPHIE, M.—On some Harthworms from India, xi, 431,

FERGUSON, H. S.—Distribution of Indian Crocodiles, vi, 116; Victoria

Crowned Pigeons breeding in Confinement, vi, 117; Indian Otters, vi,

117 ; Breeding of Snakes, vi, 420 ; A Fasting Snake, vi, 424 ; ‘List of the

Butterflies of Travancore, vi, 432; Occurrence of the Hyzna in South

Travancore, viii, 150; Cutting a Tiger’s Claws, ix, 498; List of Snakes

taken in Travancore from 1888-95, x, 68; Birds not Recorded from Tra-

vancore in the ‘ Fauna of British India,’ xii, 202. ;

FERNERIES.—Bombay—, vi, 153, 421, 423,

FERNS.—Cultivation of Ferns from Spores, iii, 187; Branching Tree—v, 86;

Ferns from North Kanara, v, 375 ; The Ferns of North-Western India,

xii, 315, 527, 621 ; xiii, 25, 236, 443, 657,

FERRIS, W. B.—A Mark on the Skin of a Man-eating Tiger, xii, 410.

FEVER.—Outbreak of Surra Fever at the Stables of the Bombay Tramway

Co,, iv, 131.

FIGS.—Cultivation of Figs in India, vi, 115; Hereditary Disease of the

Branches and Leaves of Micus tstela, vii, 76 ; Description of a new Species

of Ficus from Travancore, xiii, 155,

FINCH.—Occurrence of the Desert Finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta) at Chaman

Baluchistan, xiii, 708.

FINN, £.—Cannibalism, xii, 769; On a New Species of Bhimraj, with some

Observations on the so-called family Dicrurida, xiii, 377.

—— NISBETT, W. G.—Notes on Some Kalij Pheasants from the Kachin

Hills in the possession of the Bombay Natural History Society, xiii, £21,

FINNY, Thos, G. R. ; Nesting of the Crab Plover, vii, 320.

FISH.—New Species of Fish from Karachi and the Persian Gulf, ii, 47;

Breeding of the Gourami, viii, 435; Fish leaving the Water, ix, 494 ;

Notes on the Fish Collection in the Society’s Museum, x, 597 ; Parasitic

Worms in—, xii, 215.

FISHING in Indian Waters ; xii, 194, 404, 539,726; xiii, 113, 355.

FLAMINGUO.—The Flamingo Breeding in India, viii, 553 ; xi, 321 ; Occur-

rence of the Lesser Flamingo near Bombay, xi, 552,

FLRAS—Concerning—, x, 141.

FLEMING, W. N.—Notes on Wild Fowl in the Pinneyelly District, xii, 215,

FLIES.--Parasitic—, v, 420.

FLORA.—Catalogue of the Flora of Matheran, i, 203; ii, 107, 133 ; Catalogue

of the Flora of Mahableshwar and Mathevan, x, 394, 440; The Flora

of Western India, xi, 118, 265, 420, 635; xii, 162, 354, 515 ; xiii, 427.

FLOWER, S. S.—Tusk-measurements of the Asiatic Elephant, xi, 335,

GENERAL INDEX. is

FLOWER-PECKE R—Nidification of the Thick-billed—, xi, 159 ; Probable

Hybrid between the Scarlet-backed and Fire-breasted—, xi, 467.

FLY-CA TCHER—Nesting of the Brown—, ix, 223.

FLYING FOXES,—Note on—, i, 144, 224.

FOREL, A.—Some Genera of Ants, v, 388; Les Formicides de Empire des

Indes et de Ceylan, vii, 219, 430 ; viii, 17, 396 ; ix, 453 ; xiii, 52, 303, 462.

FORESTRY—A Manual of—(noticed), v, 188.

FORESTS,—The Hill Forests of Western India, xii, 659,

FORKTAIL—Nesting of the Little—, xi, 334.

FORMICIDES delEmpire des Indes et de Ceylan, vii, 219, 430; viii, 17,

396 ; ix, 453 ; xiii, 52, 303, 462.

FRANCOLINS—Hybrid—, ix, 223,

FRASER, 8S. M.—An Aggressive Cobra, viii, 307; Symptoms of Snake-bite,

the Result of Fright, viii, 432,

FRASER, T. R.—The Rendering of Animals’ immune against the Venom of

the Cobra and other Serpents, x, 113.

FRIGHT—An Instance of—, ii, 263 ; Symptoms of Snake-bite, the result

of—, viii, 432,

FROG (S).—A New Species of Frog from Travancore, vi, 450; A Frog

Swallowing a Snipe, vii, 252 ; The Food of the Bull—, ix, 334, 500 ; x, 150,

697 ; Growth of the Green Tree—, xi, 735 ; Live Frogs in a Snake, xii, 783.

FRUCTIFICATION.—An Instance of Fructification in a Staminiferous

Plant, i, 72.

FRUIT— of the Trapa bispinosa, i, 74.

FRUIT-CULTURE on the Himalaya, x, 136.

FUNGUS—Note on Agaricus ostreatus,i,73 ; The Species of Balanophora, i, 78 :

The Fungi of Bombay, i, 233 ; A New—,v, 161, 165; A Rare—ii, 219,

GAD-FLIES.—An Appeal for Assistance in collecting Gad-flies, Bot-flies, and

Warble-flies, xiii, 683,

GADSDEN, F. 0.—Fishing in Indian Waters, xii, 194, 404, 539, 726 ; xiii, 113,

355.

GALEODIDA,.—The Species of Galeodide inhabiting India and Ceylon, ix,

438,

GALL—on Tamarix dioica, vi, 2738.

GAMMIE, G, A.—A Botanical Tour in Sikhim, ix, 197,

GARDENING (GARDENS)—Bombay—, v, 397; Landscape Gardening in

Native States, vi, 72, 478.

GARFISH.—Fishing in Indian Waiers, xii, 407.

GAUR—Notes on Stalking the Indian Bison, iv, 294; The Gaur and its

Allies, vi, 222; A Bison Calf, ix, 226; Bison in the Kamptee Canton-

ment limits, x, 329 ; Indian Wild Cattle: The Tsine and the—, xii, 187 ;

Bison, Tiger and Wild Dogs, xii, 773.

GAYE, W.—Snipe Shooting in the Neighbourhood of Secunderabad, vi, 418.

GAZELLE—Food of the—, vii, 547 ; A New— (G. loderé), ix, 336.

xliv GENERAL INDEX.

GECKO,—A specimen of H, gleadowit with a Bifid Renewed Tail, ix, 30;

Gecko Cannibalism, xii, 578.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION of the Charadride (noticed), iv, .157 ;

Of the Pintail and Fantail Snipes, vi, 488 ; vii, 256,

GEORGE, D.—The Waiter Rail, iv, 311.

GHORPAD,— How the Monitor or Ghorpad Defends Itself, vi, 421.

GILBERT, C. F.—Breeding of the Gourami, viii, 435 ; Note on the 'Thamin,

viii, 439,

GILBERT, R.—Sambar and Sambar Stalking, iii, 224; On Man-eating

Tigers,iv, 195; A Man-killing Bear, vi, 276 ; Wounded Tigers, ix, 61;

A Panther Smoked to Death ina Cave, ix, 107 ; Notes on Man-eating

Tigers, x, 83; Notes on the Indian Sloth Bear, x, 688; A Visit to the

Null after the Famine, xiii, 702.

GILES, B.—Zoological Notes, iv, 230.

GILES, G. M.—A Plea for the Collective Investigation of Indian Culicide :

with Suggestions as to the Moot Points for Enquiry, and a Prodromus

of Species known to the Author, xiii, 592.

GLEADOW, F..-A New Lizard from the Dangs, ii, 49; On Psammophis

longifrons, Vili, 553; The Poisonous Plants of Bombay, ix, 105; Note on

the Himalayan Viper, xii, 597 ; A New Spider, xiii, 536.

GLORIOSA.—The Gloriosa superba, viii, 322.

GOAT.—A Horn on the margin of a Goat’s Har, ii, 283.

GODWIT.—Occurrence of Macrorhamphus semipalmatus in Assam, xiii, 705,

GOODALL, A —~KEscape of Black Swans, viii, 327,

GOOSAN DER—The— ii, 56,

GOSTLING, D.—Muscular Action after Death,ix, 493; Fish leaving the

Water, ix, 494; Food of the Bull Frog, x, 150.

GOURAMI—Breeding of the—, viii, 435,

GRAHAM, J. A-The Growth of the Green Tree Frog, xi, 738,

GRASSES.—Odoriferous Grasses of India and Ceylon, iv, 118; vi,64; The

Grasses of Bombay, v, 116, 226, 337; vi, 189 ; vii, 357 ; vii, 107.

GREBE£,—Breeding of the Crested Grebe in India, vi, 501 ; The Great Crested

Grebe in Burma, xiii, 186; Occurrence of Podiceps cristatus in Assam,

x1li, 535.

GREEN, E, E.—Birds Tapping at Window Panes, xii, 415 ; the Lantana Bug,

xii, 547. Supplementary Notes on the Coccid@ of Ceylon, xiii, 66, 252;

Note on the Web-Spinning Habits of the Red Ant, xiii, 181; Coccidi-

phagous larve of Hublemma, xiii, 538.

GREY, E.—< The Travels of Pietro Della Valle in India” (noticed), viii.

246. |

GRIFFITH, F.—Bombay Ferneries, vi, 421.

GUILLEMARD, H. H.—‘“ The Cruise of the Marchesa ” (noticed), li, 206:

GULL—Reported Occurrence of Larus marinus in Rajputana, —, 374,

GUM—from the Weaver's Beam tree, x1, 326.

GUNTHER, A.—Dried Locust as Food for Cage and Game Birds, x, 124; -

GENERAL INDEX. xlv

GUZERAT—The Birds of South,—i, 194; Occurrence of the Clucking Teal

in—, xii, 429 ; Sport and Natural History in Northern—, xiii, 374,

GWALIOR—List of Birds in the Gwalior State Museum, xi, 136.

HALY—A New Method of Preserving and Mounting Zoological Specimens,

vi, 489, .

HAMILTON, GENERAL— Sport in Southern India,’ (noticed), vii, 537,

HAMPSON, SIR G, F.—The Moths of India, xi, 277, 438, 698 ; xii, 73, 304,

475, 697; xiii, 37, 223, 499, 571,

HARINGTON, EH. C.—A Bush Quail and a Rain Quail laying in the same

nest, xii, 410,

HARPER, E. W.—The White-breasted Kingfisher in Captivity, xiii, 364.

HARRINGTON, J. L.—tThe Asiatic Wild Ass, viii, 430.

HART, W. E.—Conjugal Infidelity amongst Birds, i, 145; Bombay Butter-

flies, iv; 69; Two Curious Instances of Mimicry, iv, 228; Prehistoric

Bombay, v, 132 ; Protective Resemblances, vii, 104.

HART, Mrs. W. E.—On a Supposed Roct-Parasite,i, 75; Some Post-Plio-

cene Molluscs from the Byculla Flats, i, 183 ; Some tng bine Palms, iii,

250; A Caterpillar Farm, iv, 277 ; Protective Mimicry, vi, 410.

HAUXWELL, T. A.—The Nest and Eggs of the Baza, vii, 403,

HEATH, R. H.—Wounded Animals carrying their Broken Limbs in their

Jaws, x, 532; The Effects of a Bite from a Phoorsa, xii, 784.

HEMIDESMUS, ix, 491.

HEPA TICAi—The Indian—, ii, 250,

HEREDITY—A Trait of—,v, 306.

HERMAPHRODITISM—A Curious Instance of —, xiii, 187.

HERON—Taming a—.vi, 417,

HESTIA—On Hestia malabarica, ui, 164, 242.

HETEROCERA—Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan, xi, 239,

406, 624 ; xii, 32, 292, 643; xiii, 77, 258, 406, 672.

HEWETT, H. M.—Has the Bakri a Keen Sense of Smell ?, vi, 497.

HEWETT, H. W.—Battle between Bees and Wasps, iv, 312.

HILL, F. J. A.—The Jackal or Lioneprovider, viii, 306; The Kol Bhalu a)

viii, 438 ; Measurements of Tiger Skulls, x, 149; The Indian Sloth Bear,

xi, 167,

HIMALAYAS—Fruit-culture on the—, x, 136,

HIRUNDINES—Nesting of Indian -, iii, 43.

HODGKINSON, A.—On Irridescent Colours, viii, 282,

HOLE, H. A.—The Identification of Birds, x, 150,

HOLMAN-HUNT, C. B.—Some Entomological Notes from Ceylon, xiii, 375.

HOPH, C. W.—The Ferns of North-Western India, xii, 315, 527, 621; xiii,

25, 336, 443, 657,

HORE, WwW. Se pering a Heron, vi, 417.

HORNADAY, W, T.—‘‘ Two Years in the Jungle” (noticed), ii, 151.

HORNBILL,.—The Great Indian Hornbill in Captivity, xi, 307; In a Wild

State, xi, 308 ; Notes on the Narcondam—, xii, 212.

xlyi GENERAL INDEX.

HORNS—Abnormalities in the Horns of Ruminants, i, 123, 223; ii, 46.

Abnormal Horns of the Indian Antelope, vi, 184; Measurements of

Black Buck, vii, 550; Measurements of Sambar, vii, 551 ; Measurements

of Sambar Horns and Skulls, viii, 564.

HORSE (S)\—The Horse : a Zoological Study, ii, 198 ; Wild—, ii, 253; The

Nearest Allies of the—, iii, 82 ; Horse-breeding in India, vii, 85.

HUDSON, C.—Frog Swallowing a Snipe, vii, 252; A Giant Betel-nut

Tree, vii, 553; The Breeding Season of the Spotted-billed Duck,

vill, 556.

HUME, A. 0.— Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds’ (noticed), vi, 104.

HUNTER, W. H.—Noies on Shooting in the Central Provinces, x, 691,

HYZNA.—Occurrence of the Hyzna in South Travancore, viii, 150,

HYBERNATION—Does the Brown Bear Hybernate ? xi, 547 ; xii, 218 ;

The Hybernating of Indian Bears, xi, 745; Hybernation of the Hima-

layan Black Bear, xii, 219; Hybernation of the Black and Brown Bears,

xii, 576 ; Winter Sleep of Bears, xii, 782.

HYBRID—Of Ovis hodgsoni cum vignei,i, 35; A Wolf Hyhaid ii, 147,

HYMENOPTERA—Oollecting and FS eee th iii, 112; Bees and Wasps

from Burma, iii, 183 ; Our—, iv, 26; vi, 118; Battle between Bees and

Wasps, iv, 312; New and Little-known—, v, 233; Contribution 4 la

Connaissance des Mutilles de l’Inde, viii, 462 ; xe and Little-known

Hymenoptera from India, Burma and Ceylon, viii, 358 ; Reasoning Power

of Bees, xi, 741; Aculeate Hymenoptera from Aden, xii, 101 ; Some

New Species of Indian—, xii, 115 ; A Wasp and a Fly, xi‘, 418 ; nee on

Fossorial Wasps and Bees and ther Parasites, xii, 585.

[BEX—Note on a Probable New Species:of—, 1, 26.

IDENTIFICATION of Birds, ix, 486 ; x, 150, 151.

INCENSE,—Substances used as Incense in the East, vi, 399,

INDRAJI, JAIKRISHNA.—The Bhakhu Plant and its Effect on Cattle,

viii, 444. :

INFIDELITY.—Conjugal Intidelity among Birds, i, 145,

INFLORESCENCE—Curious Instance of Abnormal—, vi, 71.

INGLIS, C. M.—List of Birds collected during five years’ residence in the

Hylakandy District, Cachar, x, 453, 609 ; xi, 77,199, 474 ; xii, 286, 676;

xiii, 654; Breeding of the Satire (mihopygia URuratiye in Cachar, xii,

217 ; Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher and the Black-legged

Falconet in Cachar, xii, 217 ; Note on the Nidification of the White-necked

| Stork, xii, 217; Occurrence of the Alpine Swift in Tirhut, xii, 414;

Breeding of the Whiskered Tern in Tirhut, xii, 414; Note on the Orange-

headed Ground Thrush, xii, 414; Occurrence of the Eastern Stock

Pigeon in Tirhut, xii, 429 ; Abnormal Number of Eggs in a Nest of the

Bengal Green Pigeon, xii, IT; Food of the Crested Honey Buzzard,

xii, 578 ; The Whiskered Took xii, 774; Autumnal Arrivals, xii, 774 ;

Note on the White-eyed Duck, xii, 175 ; A Variety of the Common

GENERAL INDEX. sl vii

Myna, xiii, 180 ; Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal in Tirhut, xiii,

186,378 ; Notes on the Brahminy and White-eyed Ducks, xiii, 191 ;

Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher in Tirhut, xiii, 379 ; Occur-

rence of the Water-rail in Tirhut, xiii, 379; Late Stay and Early

Arrival of Duck in Assam, xiii, 541; The Birds of Madhubani Sub-

division of the Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species

noticed elsewhere in the District, xiii, 621; Snaring Owls in Nooses,

xiil, 700; The Shoveller as an Article of Food, xiii, 705,

INVERARITY, J. D—Abnormalities in the Horns of Ruminants, i, 223 ;

Notes on “The Waters of Western India,” ii,44; Unscientific Notes

on the Tiger, iii, 143 ; Stalking the Indian Bison, iv, 294; Wounded

Bear charging up a Tree, v, 380; The Mammalia of Somaliland, vi, 457 ;

Does a Tiger kill Snakes ? vii, 405 ; A Bear with Three Cubs, vii, 406;

Sambar and Sambar Shooting, viii, 391; Man-eating Panthers, ix, 25 ;

The Four-horned Antelope, ix, 193; The Orial, ix, 322; The Cheetul or

Spotted Deer, tx, 481; The Indian Wild Buffalo,x, 41 ; The Indian Wild

Dog, x, 449; A Wild Dog’s Earth, xiii, 529,

TORA.—Occurrence of Marshall’s fora in Cutch, x, 695 ; Early Breeding of

the Common fora, xiii, 712.

TRIDESCENT COLOU #*—A Method of Examining Iridescent Objects,

viii, 282,

JACANA,—The Breeding of Parra indica, i, 221.

JACKAL.—The Jackal or Lion-proyider, viii, 306 ; Notes on a Jackal Club

xii, 220,

JACKSON, F. H.—Wounded Animals ioe their Broken Limbs in their

Jaws, x, 533,

———_—— H. St. J.—Bombay Ferneries, vi, 423 ; Landscape Gardening in

Native States, vi, 478.

J AMAICA—The Indian Mongoose in—, xi, 161,

JAMES, H. EH. M.—Sind as a Field for Naturalists, viii, 322,

JESSE.—Sport in the Island of Karativoe, vii, 115,

JONES, M. D. GORING.—Can a Cobra eject its Poison ?, xiii, 376.

JUNGLE NOTES, viii, 303.

JUNGLE FOWL—Sapphires Found in the Gizzard of a—, xi, 735.

)

KACHIN HILLS—The Flora and Fauna of the—, vii, 447.

KANARA—tThe Birds of—, ix, 489; The Butterflies of the North Kanara

District, x, 237, 372, 568 ; xi, 22; New Species of Western Peninsular

Plants from North—, xi, 234; The Birds of North—, xi, 652; xii, 43;

Species of Western Peninsular Trees, Shrubs, &c., from North—,

xi, 696.

KARACHI—The Lepidoptera of Karachi and Neighbourhood, ii, 269;

iii, 117, 168 ; A New Sea-snake from—, xii, 642.

KARATIV@®—Sport i in the Island of —, vii, 115, me

xlvili GENERAL INDEX.

KASHMIR—Rough Notes on Travel and Sport in—,iv,96; A Botanica

Tour in—, ix, 69; A New Species of Sminthus from—, ix, 93; Occurrence

of the Nepal Kalij Pheasant in—, xii, 577; Nesting in—, xii, 634,

KASRA—Note on—, i, 74.

KELSALL, H. J.—Live Frogs ina Snake, xii, 783 - The Number of Feathers

in the Tail of the Chestnut Bittern, xii, 376,

KENNEDY, W. R.—A Visit to the Islands of Rodriguez, Mauritius and

Réunion, vii, 440.

KESWALL (See Sincuarr, W. F.).

KHARAGHORA—Birds observed Breeding at—, vii, 544 ; viii, 325 ; Small,

Game in the Kharaghora District, xi, 163,

KILLS by Carnivorous Animals, xiii, 632.

KING FISHER—Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher near Bombay:

x, 583; The Distribution of the Black-capped—, xi, 148, 164, 552;

Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher in Cachar, xii, 217; Onan

Immature Specimen of the islack-capped—, xii, 428 ; Kingfishers Killing

Birds, xiii, 184; The White-breasted Kingfisher in Captivity, xiii, 364 ;

Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher in Tirhut, xiii, 379,

KINLOCH, A. M.—The Distribution of the Slender Zoris, xi, 736.

KIPLING, J. L.—‘ Beast aud Man in India”’ (noticed), viii, 136,

KIRTIKAR, K. R—On Pandanus odoratissimus, i, 68 ; Abnormal Deve-

lopment in Musa sapientum,i, 73; On Agaricus ostreatus, 1,73; The

Fruit of rapa bispinosa, i, 74; On Kasra, or Scirpus kysoor,i, 74; A

New Species of Alga, i, 135; Ona Recent Paper on the Mango, i, 200;

On Gloriosa superba, i, 226; The Fungi of Bombay, i, 233; Pollen

Grains, i, 242; Vegetables from the Crawford Market, ii, 61 ; On Indian

Hepatice, ii, 250; Vegetable Life in Vehar Water, 11, 288; Folklore of

Indian Plants, ii, 54; An Indian Naturalist’s Trip to Australia, iv, 219 ;

A Rure Fungus, vi, 219; The Poisonous Plants of Bombay, vii, 61, 203,

312, 487 ; viii, 99, 223, 331, 453 ; ix, 42, 147, 235, 345; x, 88, 260, 482,

618; xi, 252, 606; Indian Flowers, vii, 512; Reply to Dr, J. C. Lisboa’s

Note on the Poisonous Plant Sheula, x, 530.

KITE—Occurrence of the Black-winged Kite in the Malay Peninsula,

xii, 423.

KOHAT—Notes on Nests taken at Mussoorie and—, x, 623,

KOL-BHALU—The—, viii, 438; xi, 310, 548, 550, 747, 748.

KONKAN,—List of Birds’ Skins from the South, i, 80; A Konkan Creek,

iv, 21 ; Some Konkan Bats, xii, 716.

K RAIT—Food of the King-Cobra and—, xii, 589.

LACADIVES—Botany of the—, vii, 268, 460 ; vili, 57, 488,

LADAK—Note on Some Species of Colias found in—, xi, 465.

TLAMPY RIDES—Note. Pour Servir 4 Vhistoire des Lampyrides de l’Inde, xiii,

426, aes

LANGOOR—Sagacity of ines vi, 424. : a

LEECH, J, H,—‘ Butterflies from China, Japan, and Coren’ (noticed), i ix, 194,

GENERAL INDEX. File

LEOPARD—(Sce Pantuer).

LEOPARD-CAT—Curious Accident to a—, x, 535.

LEPIDOPTERA—The Lepidoptera of Karachi and Neighbourhood, 11, 269 ;

iii, 117, 168; New and Little-known Lepidoptera from the Indo-Malayan

Region, x, 13, 169; Lepidoptera taken in Cutch, xii, 511; New and

Little-known Lepidoptera from the Oriental Region, xiii, 157.

LEPORINE Monstrosity, x, 328.

LESTER, C. D.—Ducks, vii, 553; The Flamingo Breeding in India, viii,

553; Field Notes from Cutch, x, 331; Occurrence of Marshall’s /ora in

Cutch, x, 695; Late Stay of ‘Wild Fowl, xi, 168; The Flamingo Breed-

ing in India, xi, 321; Occurrence of the Water Come in Cutch, xi, 321 ;

Late Stay ef Water Fowl, xi, 321; Curious Conduct of a Panther,

xii, 229.

LEVEILLE, F, H.—The Presence of Taraxacum officinale in the Nilgherries,

vi, 106.

LIBRARY — List of Books in the Society’s—, i, 24.

LIGHT, R.—Temerity of Rats, vi, 264.

—, W, A.—Notes from Deesa, x, 536.

LILY On Gloriosa superba, i, 22.

LINDESAY, E.—Sambar Shedding its Horns Accidentally, x, 535.

LION CUBS—xii, 225,

LISBOA, J, C.—Arrowroot-yielding Plants from Mahableshwar, etc., i, 140;

Bombay Grasses, v, 116, 226, 337; vi, 189; vii,357; viii, 107; Here-

ditary Disease of the Branches and Leaves of Ficus tsiela, vii, 76 ; The

Poisonous Plant Sheula, A Corrected Description, x, 527; Obituary

notice, xi, 339..

Mrs, J. C.—Odoriferous Grasses of India and Ceylon, iv, 118 ;

vi, 64.

LISCOMB, 8.— Sport and Travel’ (noticed), iii, 191.

LITTLEDALE, H.—Notes on ‘The Birds of Panter i, 29; Birds of

South Guzerat, i, 194; Travel and Sport in Kashmir, iv, 98; Memo-

randa, iv, 153; Bears Haten by Tigers, iv, 316; Painted Sandgrouse -

Near Baroda, v, 305; Tigress’ Milk as a Medicine,v, 416; The Bengal

Water Cock in Guzerat, v,416; On the Introduction of the Black

Partridge in Bombay, v, 417; Notes on Wild Dogs, ete., vii, 494; The

Blue Rock Thrush, xi, 161 ; Notes on Hume and Marshall’s ‘GameBirds,’

xi, 338 ; Campmg in Chamber xi, 482.

LIZARD (S)—Description of a New Species of el from the . Langs,

ii, 49; Curious Instance of Fright from a Bite by a—, ii, 263; A New

Species of Lizard from Travancore, vi, 449; Some Cases of Caudal

_ Abnormality 1 in—, x1, 680 ; Description of a New Species of Lizard from

~ Silangor, xiii, 333, 335, ra

LOCUST (S)—In India, v, 86, 184: “Tie Locusts of North-Western, India,

yi, 242; The Natural Enemies of—vyi, 416; The Locusts of Bengal,

Madras, Assam aud Bombay, viii, 120; The Locust Invasion of 1889- oe

i GENERAL INDEX.

viii, 274; Dried Locusts as Food for Cage and Game Birds, x, 124

Destruction of Locusts by Means of Arsenic, x1, 528,

LONG, A. M.—Red Ants as an Article of Food, xiii, 536.

LORIKEETS—Nidification of Indian—, xi, 736,

LORIS—The Distribution of the Slender —, xi, 736,

LYNX—Attacking a Man, vii, 548,

MACDONALD, D.—The Species of Balanophora,i,78; A Matheran Seed

Traveller, 1, 237 ; Cobra Bites, 11, 70.

ple ee —, D. M.—An Instance of Teratology in the Brinjal, iv, 55.

——_——,, K. C.—Occurrence of Bonelli’s Kagle and the Golden-eye

Duck at Myingyan, xuii, 700.

MACKENZIE, K.—A Trait of Heredity, v, 366 ; Memory versus Reason in

Cats, vi, 419; Measurements of Sambar-horns, vii, 551; A Day’s Sport

in Berar, viii, 295; Food of the White-eyed Buzzard, oe 101,

MACKINON, P. W. & ve NICE’VILLE, L.—List of the Butterflies of

Mussoorie, xi, 205, 368, 585.

MACLEOD, N. C.—Protective Power of Scent in Animals, xi, 526 Soxtl, FOS:

MACNAB, A. J.—Occurrence of the White-faced Stiffed-tailed Duck at

Mardan, xiii, 182,

MACPHERSON, T. R. M—Note on Mygale fasciata,i, 28; Note on Hestia

malabarica, ii, 164; The Ferns of North Kanara, v, 375.

, T.—An Iron Band on a Tiger’s Tooth, xi, 526; The Kol-

bhalu, xi, 748,

MAHABLESHWAR—Catalogu> of the Flora of,—ii, 107, 133; Arrowroot-

yielding Plants from,—ii. 140; On the Preservation of Birds and Harm-

less Wild Animals in—, Vii, 530; Catalogue of the Flora of Matheran

and—, x, 394, 440.

MALABAR; An Account of Tours along the Malabar Coast, ix, 217.

MALAY (AN) —Nidification of Some Malayan Birds,xii, 421, 772 ; Occurrence

of the Black-winged Kite and the Short-toed Eagle in the Malay Penin-

sular, xii, 423,

MALT A—iv, 67, ‘

MAMMALIA—Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Society’ S Collection, 159.

MANDERS, N.— The Life-history of Mycalesis (Calysisme) subdita, xiii, 701.

MANGO—On a Paper by Dr. Bonavia on the, i, 200; The Size of Mango

Trees, ix, 488,

MANTIS—A Bird Killed by a—, xii, 578.

MARAT HI—Names of Plants, ii, 175, 228; iti, 30.

MARIES, C.—List of Birds in the Gwalior State Museum, xi, 136; Gum

from the Weaver’s Beam Tree, xi, 326.

MARKHAM, A.M. ( ROHILLA’)—Some Indian Stalking and PAPORR EES

ates fee ee in Eastern Afghanistan, v, 418.

ASON, J. M.—Food of the Wild Boar, viii, 447; Occurrence of the Lesser

Flamingo near Bombay, xi, 552.

GENERAL INDEX, li

MASSON, W. P.—Nidification of Rimator malacoptilus, xiii, 708.

MATHERAN—Catalogue of the Flora of—, i, 203 ; ii, 107, 133 ; Catalogue of

the Flora of Mahableshwar and—, x, 394,440 ; Notes on some of the

Butterflies of —, viii, 421.

MAURITIUS ; A Visit to the Islands of Rodriguez, Mauritius:and Réunion,

vii, 440.

MAXWELL, F. D.—Extracts from a Report on Pear! Fishing in the Bassein

District, Burma, xi, 317,

MAYER, A. G.—The Mating Instinct in Moths, xiii, 365.

MEINERTZHAGEN, R.—Reported Occurrence of Larus marinus in Raj-

putana, xiii, 374, : ;

MELANISM—A Curious Instance of—, ix, 224,

MELVILL, J. C.—Description of Twenty-five New Species of Marine Shells

from Bombay, viii, 234 ; Description of New Species of Marine Shells

from Bombay, xi, 506.

MELVIN, W. F.—Papilio polymnestor in Bombay, iv, 157.

MEMORY and Reason in Animals, i, 235; Memory and Reason in Cats

iv, 419.

MIGRATION—Of Birds, vi, 268 ; of Butterflies,xi, 336,533; of Euplwa

core, xii, 229; Harly Migration of the Ruddy Sheldrake, xii, 416;

Autumnal Arrivals, xii, 774.

MILLARD, W. S.—Measuremenis of Tiger Skulls, viii, 447.

MILLET, G, P.—Strange Behaviour of a Panther, ix, 95.

MILLIPEDES—Monograph of the Pill-Millipedes inhabiting India, Ceylon,

and Burma, xii, 269, 465,

MIMICRY shown by Phyllornis jerdoni, i, 30; Mimicry in Butterflies for

Protection, 11, 169 ; ‘'wo Curious Instances of—,iv, 228 ; Mimicry by the

Magpie Robin, iv, 313; Mimicry for Protection and from Example,

iv, 314; Mimicry in Birds, iv, 315; Mimicry in Caterpillars, iv, 317;

Protective—, vi, 410; Protective Resemblances, vii, 104; Canaries

Power of—, ix, 343.

MINIVET—Note on Pericrocotus speciosus vel fraterculus, x, 631.

MODI, J.:J.—Instances of Children Nourished by Wolves and Birds of

Prey, iv, 142.

MOFATT, J. A.—Mosquitoes, ix, 84.

MOIDART—A Turtle Killing a Crocodile, x, 153.

MOLLUSCA—(See SHELLS).

MONGOOSE—The Indian Mongoose in Jamaica, xi, 161.

MONKEY—Sagacity of the Langoor, vi, 424 ; Decoying a—, xi, 339,

MOREAU, L.—The Indian Porcupine, xi, 166.

MORRIS, A. W.—A Bird-catching Spider, iv, 69; A Whistling Bulbul,

iv, 313, The Dayal-bird as an Imitator, iv, 313; A Pet Drongo, iv, 313 ;

Mimicry for Protection and from Example, iv, 314; Protective Colour-

ing of Chrysalides v, 307.; Abnormal Horns of the Indian Antelope,

~ vi, 184. Bek

lii GENERAL INDEX.

MOSQUITO(S)—ix, 84; A Plea for the Collective Investigation of Indiait

Culicide, with Suggestions as tothe Moot Points for Enquiry, and a

prodromus of Species Known to the Author, xii, 592; Notes on

Anopheles or the Malaria—, xiii, 691.

MOTH(S)—Attracted by Tobacco Smoke, viii, 326; The Moths of India,

xi, 277, 438, 698; xii, 73, 304, 475, 697 ; xiii, 37, 223, 499, 571; The

Breeding of—, xii, 219, 575 ; Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and

Bhutan, xi, 239, 406, 624; xii, 52, 292,643; xiii, 77, 258, 406,672; On

the Mating Instinct in—, xiii, 365. ,

MOUSE—Description of a New Species of Sminthus from Kashmir, ix,

$3; Description of a New Species of Mus from Southern India,

sais GIS

MULES—v, 252; Mule Breeding, ix, 177.

MULLET ; Fishing in Indian Waters, xii, 404,

MURRAY, HUGH—Measurements of Tigers’ Skulls, ix, 225, 343.

MURRAY, J. A.—The Homalopside in the Society’s Collection, i, 219 ;

Three New Species of Hydrophis, 11,32; New Species of Fish from

Karachi and the Persian Gulf, i1,47; List of Plants Presented by—,

ii, 58; A New Species of Shark from Karachi, 1i, 103; A Collection of

Butterflies from Burma, ili,17; ‘ Avifauna of British India’ (noticed),

v, 176.

MUSIC—The Effects of Music on Animals, ix, 335,

MUSK-RAT—And its Young, ix, 229; Food of the—, x, 330; A Musk-rat

attacking a Toad, xiii, 699.

MUSSOORIE—Notes on Nests taken at Kohat and—, x, 628; List of the

Butterflies of Mussoorie ané the Neighbouring Region, xi, 205, 368, 585,

MUTILLES—Contribution 4 la Connaissance des Mutilles de I’Inde, viii, 462,

MYGALE—Note on Mygale fasciata, i, 28,

MYRIOPODA—Collections of Myriopoda from Ceylon and Southern India,

vii, 131.

MYNA—A Variety of the Common—, xiii, 180.

MYSORE—The Butterflies of—, v, 28; New Species of Western Peninsular

Plants from North Kanara and—, xi, 234.

NAIRNE, A. K.—Address to Students of Botany in Western India, iv, 37;

Elementary Botany of the Bombay Presidency, iv, 264.

NASH, R. M.—Food of the Indian Wild Boar, xii, 770.

NEPITA—The Habits of Nepita couperta, ii, 54.

NEWNHAM, A. T. H.—The Frequency of Albinoism in Cuteh, 1, 71; List

of Birds Preseuted by—, i, 142; On Danais dorippus, 1,220; Bird-

Nesting Notes from Cutch, ii, 55; The Birds of Quetta, iv, 52; . English -

Names for Indian Butterflies, iv, 70; Habits of the Indian Robin,

viii, 148; A Scorpion Carrying a Flower, xi,3J3 ; The Large Pied Wag-

tail in Captivity, xi, 535 ; Curious Instance of Hermaphroditism,

xili, 187; Uncommon Birds on Rajputana, xiii, 193, eagles

GENERAL INDEX. hii

NICHOLLS, G. J.—The Flowering of Bamboos, viii, 298.

NICOBAR ISLANDS—The Birds of the Andaman and—, xii, 386, 555,

684 ; xiii, 144.

NIDIFICATION—The Breeding of Parra indica,i, 221; Nest and Eggs of

C. lotenia, ii, 52; Irregular Breeding of the Sarus, ii, 149; Breeding of

the Kentish Ringed Plover in India, ii, 167; Nesting of Indian Hirun-

dines, iii, 43 ; Birds’ Nesting in Kanara, vi, 331; Breeding of the Crested

Grebe in India, vi, 501; Nest and Eggs of the Baza, vii. 403 ; The

Breeding Season of the Sarus Crane, viii, 148; Nesting of the Crab

Plover, viii, 320; The Nest of Stewart’s Wren Warbler, viii, 427;

Breeding of the Flamingo in India, viii, 553; xi, 321; Nidification

of Certain Birds not previously Recorded, ix, 190; Nidification

of the Brown Flycatcher, ix, 223; Nidification of the Long-

eared Owl, x, 149; Nidification of the Thick-billed Flower-pecker,

xi, 159; Nesting of the Little Fork-tail, xi, 334; Nesting of the White-

browed Bush Bulbul in Guzerat, xi, 316 ; The Breeding of the Comb

Duck, xi, 550 ; Nidification of Indian Lorikeets, xi, 736 ; Nesting of the

Malabar Rufous Woodpecker, xi, 744; Breeding of the Sunbird

(4, saturata), in Cachar, xii, 217; Note on the Nesting of the White-

necked Stork, xii, 217; Nidification of Some Malayan Birds, xii, 42 421,

772; Nesting of the Red-tailed Chat, xii, 225,579; Breeding of the

Whiskered Tern in Tirhoot, xii, 414; Nesting of the Black Eagle,

xii, 589, 776 ; Nesting of the Teese: Palle Willow Warbler, xii TT;

Nidification of Rimator malacoptilus, xiii, 531,706,708; The Eastern

Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Breeding in India, xiii, 539; Nidification of the

Spotted Sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus), xiii, 704; Nesting of the

Black-headed Oriole, xiii, 713.

NILGIRIS—The Presence of Taraxacum officinale in the—, vi, 106: Game

and Fish Preservation in the—, vili,535 ; Notes on Some Nilghiri Birds,

x, 146,

NILTAVA—Occurrence of the Rufous-bellied Wiltava at Murree, xii, 579,

NISBETT, W. G. & FINN, F.; Notes on Some Kalij BHeree from the

Kachin Hills in the poanensin of the Bombay Natural History Society,

xili, 521.

NULL—A Visit to the Null after the Famine, xiii, 702,

NUNN, J. A.—Septicsemia in a Deer, vii, 113,

NURSE, C. G.—Lepidoptera taken in Cutch, xii, 511; Birds Flying against

Window-panes, xii,572; Food of the Indian Grey Shrike, xii, 572 ;

Sport and Natural sities in Northern Guzerat, Ml dows

NUX-VOMICA ; The—, viii, 565 ; ix, 95, 102,

OATES, E. W.—Indian and Eases satan, ii, 244 ; ‘Fauna of British

_Andia, Birds (noticed), v, 167, 175, 300; The Tdentifieation of Birds,

ix, 486; Notes on some Birds from ite Ruby Mine District, Burma,

x, 108; ‘The Game Birds of India ’ (noticed), xii, dake

O'DONNELL, G, B—Wolf Cubs, viii, 563,

liv GENERAL INDEX,

OLIVIER, H. D.—The Geograpical Distribution of the Pintail Snipe,

vii, 256 ; A Panther Hating a Panther, vii, 407 ; On Rhinoceros Shooting,

xiii, 538 ; Notes on Grévy’s Zebra, xiii, 651.

OMANNEY, H. T.—Variety of the Pallas (Buteo frondosa), vi, 107; A

Friendly Bulbul, viii, 309.

ORIAL—The—, ix, 322,

ORANGE(S)—The Cultivation of Oranges in India, vi, 111; Seedling Orange

Trees, xi, 547,

ORCHID—Note on Angracum sesquipedalée, vii, 112; The Flowering of

Grammatophyllum bromheadii, viii, 439 ; The Giant Orchis, x, 328.

ORIOLE—Nesting of the Black-headed—, xiii, 713.

ORISSA—A New Species of Palm-Civet from—, vi, 429,

OSMASTON, B, B.—On the Nidification of Certain Birds not previously

recorded, ix, 190; Birds’ Nesting in the Tons Valley, xiii, 542.

-— L. aia bRomal Sambar-horns, x, 534; Birds’ Nesting in the

Tons Valley, xi, 64, 468,

OTTERS—Indian—, vi, 117.

OUDH—Notes on Shooting in—, xi, 312 ; Notes on Sport in—, xii, 223,

OVIS—Shooting Ovis poléi on the Pamirs, x, 53.

OWL—The Nesting of the Long-eared—, x, 149; Ketupa ceylonensis Breeding

in Captivity, xi, 165; The Large-barred Owlet Capturing a Quail on the

Wing, xiii, 530; Snaring Owls with Nooses, xiii, 700,

OXENHAM, R. G.—A Butterfly Attracted by Tobacco Smoke, viii, 148.

PALLAS—Variety of the—, vi, 107, 273,

PALM(S)—The Uses of the Screw —, i,62; iv, 314; The Uses of the

Flower of the Screw—, i, 227; Note on the Screw—, i, 68 ; Some Branch-

ing—, iii, 250; A Branching Areca-nut-—, iv, 317; Doum Palms in India,

vi, 271; Bienching Palms and Tree Fabitel vi, 486.

PAMIRS— Shooting Ovis polii on the—,x, 53; A Shooting Expedition on

the—, xiii, 385, 543,

PANGALA—Value of the Plant Pangala in Cases of Bites Ge the Phursa,

vi, 450,

PANTHER (S)—Food of the—, ii, 285; Mauled by a—,, ili, 256; A Panther

Tree’d by Wild Dogs, v,191; A Panther Chasing a Nilghai, v, 307; A

Man-eating—, vi, 108; A Panther eating a—, vi, 274; vii, 407; a Bold

—, vii, 550; A Man-eating—, ix, 25; Strange Behaviour of a—, ix, 95;

A Panther Smoked to Death in a Cave, ix, 107 ; A Tiger Killing a—, ix

490; Panther versus Porcupine, x, 154; A Plucky Instance of Panther-

killing by Kathiawar Natives, x, 696; Leopard v. Chital; Pig v.

Leopard, xi, 158; A Panther with Twenty Toes, xi, 734; Panthers

and their ways, xi, 739; Curious Conduct of a—, xii, 226.

PARASITE(S)—A Supposed Root-Parasite, i, 75; The Frequency of Para-

sites in Indian Army Horses, i, 138; Parasites in the Wild Ass of Cutch,

ii, 30; Internal—, ii, 63, Parasitic Trees, iv, 154 ; Parasitic Flies, v, 420;

GENERAL INDEX. lv

PARRY, L. H.—Muscular Action after Death, ix, 335,

PARTRIDGE—Introduction of the Black Partridge in Bombay, v, 417.

PASTOR—Food of the Rosy—ix, 66.

PEARL—Extracts from a Report on Pearl Fishing in the Bassein District,

Burma, xi, 317,

PEILE, A. J—Some Land and Fresh-water Shells Collected in the Island

of Bombay, xi, 131, 262; Note on the Land Mollusca of Bombay,

xii, 326; The Bombay Land Mollusca, xii, 785; An Oviviparous Snail,

xii, 785 ; Land Mollusca, xiii, 394 ; Land Shells of the Genus Ariophania,

xiii, 395,

PENTON, J. E.—Markhor Shooting in Eastern Afghanistan, v, 418.

PERAK—Description of a New Snake from the Perak Hills, xiii, 336 ;

Notes on Trips to Perak and Singapore, xiii, 697.

PEREIRA, M. C.— Hemidesmus, ix, 491.

PERSIA—Birds seen in a Journey through—, ii, 99.

PESHAWUR—Small Game of the Peshawur District, xi, 160.

PHEASANT—The Courting Dance of the Moonal, xii, 573 ; Occurrence of

the Nepal Kalij Pheasant in Kashmir, x1i,577; Notes on Some Kalij

Pheasants from the Kachin Hills in the Possession of the Bombay

Natural History Society, xiii, 521,

PHELPS, E.—Yak Shooting in Tibet, xiii, 134.

PHIPSON, H. M.—List of Snakes in the Society’s Collection, i, 84; ii, 49 ;

Feeding, &c., of the Rock Snake, Python molurus, ii, 165 ; Snake-breed--

ing for the Government Reward, ii, 205; Poisonous Snakes of the

Bombay Presidency, ii, 244; Occurrence of Geradia prevostiana in

Bombay, ix, 486; The Great Indian Hornbill in Captivity, xi, 307.

PIGEON (S)—The Conduct of a Tame—,:i, 220; Victoria Crown Pigeons

‘Breeding in Confinement, vi, 117; Occurrence of the Hastern Stock

Pigeon in Tirhoot, xii, 429 ; Abnormal Number of Eggs in a Nest of the

Bengal Green—, xii, 577.

PISA—The Pisa Tree, ix, 99,

PLANTS ; List of Plants Presented by J. A. Murray, ii, 86; Folk-lore of

Indian—, iii, 54; Conditions for the Distribution of—, iii, 98 ; Means of

Self-protection Possessed by—, iii, 232 ; The Poisonous Plants of Bombay,

vii, 61, 203, 312, 487; viii, 99, 223, 331, 453; ix, 42, 105, 147, 235, 345 ;

x, 88, 260, 482, 618; xi, 252, 606; The Poisonous Plant Sheula, A

Corrected Description, x, 527.

PLAYFAIR, H. A.—Destruction of Life by Wolves, vi, 265.

PLOVER—Breeding of @, cantianus in India, ii, 167.

POCOCK, R. I.—On Two Collections of Myriopoda from Oeylon and

Southern India, vii, 131; Ona Collection of Scorpions, vii, 295; The

’ Habits of Some Living Scorpions, viii, 287; The Species of Galeodide

Inhabiting India and Ceylon, ix, 438; Descriptions of Some New Species

of Scorpions from India, xi, 102; Descriptions of Six New Species

of Scorpions from India, xii, 262; Monograph of the Pill-Millipedes

lvi GENERAL INDEX.

Inhabiting India, Burma and Ceylon, xii, 269, 465 ; Diagnoses of Some

New Indian Arachnida, xii, 744; The Great Indian Spiders, xiii, 121;

Description of Some New Species of Spiders from British India,

xili, 478,

POHUR—Notes on the Pohur or Himalayan Viper, xii, 411.

POLECATS—As Pets, xi, 737.

POLLOK, Col.—Indian Wild Cattle, The Tsine and the Gaur, xii, 187. »

POONA—Occasional Notes on Birds’ Nesting in the Neighbourhood of—,

xii, 778. .

PORCUPINE (S)—Sambar Horns Eaten by—, ix, 225; Leopard versus—,

x, 154; The Indian—, xi, 166 ; Goat killed by a— ,xiii,.194,

PORE, GHORE—Can Snakes Hear ? , iii, 65.

PORPOISE—Description of Neomiris kurrachiensis, i, 224,

PRAIN, D.—Note ona New Fungus, v, 165; Botany of the Laccadives

vii, 268, 460; viii, 57,488; The Genus Psilotum in India, viii, 428;

Plants of a Bombay Swamp, xi, 335; A New Curcuma from the

Decean, xi, 463,

PRALL, 8, E—The Duration of the Pupa State of Papilio hector, x, 697;

The Migration of Butterflies, xi, 533; The Speed of Flight in Butter-

flies, xi, 533; A Musk-rat Attacking a Toad, xiii, 699; Squirrels and

Satbhais, xiii, 700.

PREBBLE, J. G.—The Nux-Vomica Tree, viii, 565; ‘he Pisa Tree and

Indian Willow, ix, 99.

PRESERVING—On a New Method of Preserving and dint Zoological

Specimens, vi, 489,

PRIMROSE, A. M.—Food of the King Cobra and Krait, xu, 589; Notes

on Birds Collected in South Sylhet, xiii, 707,

SUIT TUE! (Preservation)—The Protection of Game, iii, 138; Protec-

_ tion in Reserved Forests in the C. P., iv. 74; Protection of inaionionene

Birds, iv, 124; Protective Goloranien of Girjeataes! v, 8307; Protection

of Game Birds in the Central Provinces, vi, 87 ; Protection of Birds and

Animals, vi, 281; Protection of Game in Sind, vi, 487; Protection of

larve, vi, 489; Protection of Birds and Harmless Wild Animals in

Mahableshwar, vii, 530; The Nilgiri Game and Fish Preservation

Association, viii, 535.

PSILOTUM—Noite on Psilotum triquetrum, vii, 544; The Genus Psilotum in

India, viii, 428,

PY THON—Food of Python molurus, ix, 491,

QUAIL (S)—Breeding in Captivity, viii, 551; A Bush Quail anda Rain

Quail Laying in the Same Nest, xii, 410.

QUETTA—tThe Birds of—, iv, 52.

RAIL—The Water—, iv, 311,

RAIPUR—Cold-weather Shooting in—, viii, 556,

RAJPOOTANA—Birds’ Nesting in—, i, 38 ; Uncommon anda in, xiii) 193.

GENERAL INDEX. lvii |

RAT (S)—Temerity of—, vi, 264; Bombay Rats, xii, 416.

RATTRAY, R. H. wel Gbantienes of. the Garganey Teal in India during July,

xi, 533; Nesting of the Little Forktail, xi, 334; Parasitic Worms in

Fish, xii, 215; The Breeding of Moths, xii, 219; Nesting of the Red-

tailed Chat, xii, 225, 579 ; Birds Collected and Observed at Thull, xii, 337 ;

Occurrence of the Rufous-bellied Niltava at Murree, xii, 579.

RAYMENT, G. J. R.—Birds Seen in a Journey through Persia, ii, 99;

Belief in the Bis-Cobra, iv, 310; Snipe Sitting in the Open, v, 191;

Horse-Breeding in India, vii,85; Odd Notes, vill, 442; Mule Breeding, |

ix, 177.

——_—-—-G, M.—The Great Bustard, ix, 107.

RE/UNION—A Visit to Mauritius, Rodriguez and—, vii, 440,

REVERSION—To Primitive Type, i, 222.

RHINOCEROS—Shooting, xiii, 538.

RICHARDSON, W. Sr. J.—Wild Buffalo, iv, 231; Man-eating Tigers,

iv, 312; Measurements of a Boar, v,191; Tiger Cubs, v, 191; Price of

Tiger Skins, &c., in Ergland, vi, 278 ; Geographical Distribution of the

Pintail Snipe, vi, 488; Notes on the Thamin, vii, 254 ; Horns and Skull

Measurements, viii, 564 ; Field-notes with the Chitral Relief Force, x, 63,

RIMINGTON, F. C.—Outbreak of Surra Fever at the Stables of the

Bombay Tramway Co., iv, 131.

ROBERTS, R.—Cannibal Dragon-flies, ix, 22h,

ROBIN—Habits of the Indian—, viii, 148.

‘ROBINHOOD ’—Wild Dogs, x, 127. :

ROBSON, Mrs, $.—Ona nymphalid Butterfly (A. niphe), viii, 151; On a

satyrid Butterfly (C. mnirmala), viii, 551; Life-history of a lycenid

Butterfly (2. schistacea) ix, 337; Life-history of a nymphaline Butterfly

(A. opalina), ix, 338; Life-history of alycenid Butterfly (C. cleobis),

ix, 339; Description of the Larve of Papilio cloanthus, ix, 497; Life-

history of Papilio glycerion, ix, 497.

RODON, G. S—Stalking Sambar, viii, 563; A Bison Calf, ix, 226; Leo-

pard v. Porcupine, x, 154; Leopard v, Chital, Pig v. Leopard, xi, 158 ;

Decoying a Monkey, xi,339; The Young of the Hunting Leopard,

xi, 544; Does the Brown Bear Hybernate ?, xi, 547; Hybernation of

the Himalayan Black Bear, xii, 219; Notes on a Jackal Club, xii, 220;

Lion Cubs, xii, 225; The Courting Dance of the Moonal Pheasant,

xii, 573 ; Bison, Tiger and Wild Dogs, xii, 773 ; Winter Sleep of Bears,

xii, 782 ; Birds of Prey, xiii, 185 ; Indian Termites, xiii, 363,

RODRIGUEZ—A Visit to Mauritius, Réunion and—, vii, 440,

ROSE, F.—On F. elephantum as a Timber Tree, i, 146; On Gloriosa

superba, i, 226; Uses of the Flower of Pandanus, i, 227; A Freak in a

Zinnia, i, 228; A Hybrid Wolf, ui, 147,

ROTHNEY, G, A. J.—Indian Anis, v, 38,

RUMINANTS—Abnormalities in the Horns of—, i, 123, 223 ; ii, 46

RYVES, A, E,—An Ant-Lion up a Tree, x, 152,

Iviii GENERAL INDEX,

SAGE, C. A, R.—Leaf-Weevils, vi, 263.

SAMBAR—and Sambar Stalking, iii, 224; Sambar and Sambar Shooting,

viii, 291; Stalking—, viii, 563; Sambar Horns Eaten by Porcupines,

ix,225; Abnormal Horns of—,x, 534; Sambar Shedding its Horns

Accidentally, x, 535.

SANDGROUSE—The Painted—,v, 305; The Hastern Pintailed Sandgrouse

Breeding in India, xiii, 539; Nidification of the Spotted Sandgrouse

(Pterocles senegallus), xiii, 704,

SANYAL—Ram Brama ; ‘ Management of Animals in the Calcutta Zoolo-

gical Gardens’ (noticed), viii, 254.

SARUS—Irregular Breeding of the—, ii, 149 ; The Breeding Season of the—,

viii, 148.

SCALE-INSECT (S)—Supplementary Notes on the Coccide of Ceylon, xiii,

66, 252,

SCENT—The Protective Power of Scent in Animals, xi, 314, 526, 745 ;

xii, 768.

SCHLICH, Prof.— Manual of Forestry’ (noticed), v, 188.

SCORPION (S)—Simultaneous Twin Parturition of—, ili, 137; On Indian

and Burmese—, iii, 244; On a Collection of—, vii, 295; The Habits of

Some Living—, viii, 287 ; Descriptions of Some New Species of Scorpions

from India, xi, 102; A Scorpion Carrying a Flower, xi, 313; Descrip-

tions of Six New Species of Scorpions from India, xii, 262 ; Diagnoses

of Some New Indian Arachnida, xii, 744,

SCOTT, W.—Tigers Eating Their Young, vii, 253,

SEAWEED; A New Species of Alga, i, 135,"

SEEBOHM, H.—‘ Geographical Distribution of the Charadride’ (noticed),

iv, 157. |

SEPTIC MIA—In a Deer, vii, 113.

SEROW—The Burmese Goat Antelope or—, xi, 95; A New Species of

Serow from the Malay Peninsula, xiii, 689.

SEWELL, J.—Black Buck with One Horn, ix, 228,

SEWELL, J. H.—The Comb-Duck or Nukhta, xi, 547; The Birds of the

Kyankse District, Upper Burma, xii, 758.

SHAMA—tThe, ii, 56,

SHARK—A New Species of Zygena from Karachi, ii, 103; Is any Living

Shark or Dog-fish Called ‘ Chagrin’ ?, xii, 228,

SHARPE, C. F.—Deposits made by White Ants, ix,228; The Spurs of

the Red Spur Fowl, ix, 487.

SHARPE, R. B.—Notes on Oates’ ‘ Birds of India, v, 175, 300.

SHEARWATER—Occurrence of the Green-billed Shearwater on the

Mekran Coast, xii, 766,

SHELL (S)—Some Post-Pliocene Moluses from the Byculla Flats, 1, 183;

A Tubicolar Annelide, vii, 114; Common Marine Shells of the Bombay

Shore, viii, 212, 335 ; List of Twenty-five New Species of Marine Shells

from Bombay, viii, 234; The Great Scaly Clam from Tanna Creek,

GENERAL INDEX. lix

viii, 325; List of Shells Collected at Aden in 1892-95, x, 217; Some

Further Additions to the List of Shells Collected at Aden in 1892-95,

x, 503; Some Land and Fresh-water Shells Collected in the Island of

Bombay, xi, 131, 262; Description of New Species of Marine Shells

from Bombay, xi, 506 ; Note on the Land Mollusca, of Bombay, xii, 326 ;

The Bombay Land Mollusca, xii, 785; Land Mollusca, xiii, 394; Land

' Shells of the Genus Ariophanta, xiii, 395.

SHELLEY, B.A. G.—Nesting of the Brown Flycatcher, ix, 223 ; Nesting of

the Long-eared Owl, x, 149.

SHERWOOD, J. H.—The White-faced Duck, xi, 150,

SHOPLAND, E. R.—List of Shells Collected at Aden in 1892-95, x, 217;

Some Further Additions to the List of Shells Collected at Aden in

1892-95, x, 503.

SHREW—On a Species of Pigmy—i, 70,

SHRIKE-— Food of the Indian Grey—, xii, 572 ; Notes on the Bulbul Shrike,

xii, 760.

SIKHIM—Catalogue of the Heterocera of Bhutan and—, xi, 239, 406, 624;

xiii, 77, 258, 406 ; Note on the Zoological Divisions of—, xi, 694; xii, 32,

292, 643; A Botanical Tour in—, ix, 197.

SILK—Sericulture in India, iv, 147,

SIMLA—Sporting Rambles Round—, iv, 56,

SINCLAIR, W. F. (‘Keswal’)—The Waters of Western India, i, 97, 153;

ii, 1,73, 159, 221; iii, 1,69; A Creek of the Konkan, iv, 21; Down the

Coast, iv, 289 ; How a Snake Climbs, iv, 311; Branching Areca Nut Palm,

iv, 317; Snipe Sitting in the Open, iv, 86; New Books on Indian

Zoology, v,176; Gadwalland Booby at Alibag,v, 305; The Physical

Geography of Bombay, v, 377; Shingle and Shells from Umbargaum,

vi, 262; A Tubicolar Annelide, vii, 114; Up a Gill, vii, 452; Food of

the Flying-Fox, vii, 544; On the Indian Breeds of Dogs, vii, 545;

_ Moonlight Shadows, vii, 549; Habits of the Coppersmith, viii, 144;

The Gloriosa superba, viii, 322; The Great Scaly Clam from Tanna

Creek, viii, 325; The Snake-bird, viii, 434; ‘Small Deer,’ viii, 529;

Fertilisation of the Vanilla Flower by Bees, viii, 555; Annelide Reefs,

vili, 562; Nux Vomica, ix,95; The Destructiveness of Bandicoot Rats,

ix,97; A Stranded Dolphin, ix, 100; The Destructive Work of Ter-

mites, xi, 147; Extract from Pedro Texeira, xi,534; ‘The Fauna of

British India, Birds’ vol, iv (reviewed), xii, 184; Is any Living Shark or

Dog-fish Called ‘Chagrin? xii, 288; The Plumage of the Snake-Bird,

xii, 784; The Western White-eyed Pochard, xiii, 191; Obituary Notice,

xili, 557,

SIND—A Sind Lake, i, 91; Protection of Game in—, vi, 487 ; Sindas a Field

for the Naturalist, viii, 322; A New Krait from—, xi, 73,

SINGAPORE—Notes on Trips to Singapore and Perak, xiii, 697,

SKEY, F. E. G.—The Hybernating of Indian Bears, &c., xi, 745,

SMOOTHBORE—Crocodiles, xi, 151.

Ix: GENERAL, INDEX,

SNAIL—An. oviviparous, xii, 785.

SNAKE (S)—Note on an Undescribed Species of omacpuaes i, 25; List of

Snakes in the Society's Collection, i, 84; 11,49; An Oligodon ree the

North Konkan, i, 144; The Homalopside in on Society’s Collection,

i, 219; Description of Three New Species of Hydrophis, ii, 32 ; Cobra

Bites, ii, 70; Feeding, &c., of the Rock Python, P. molurus, ii, 165 ;

Snake-Breeding for the Government Reward, ii, 205; Poisonous Snakes

of the Bombay Presidency, ii, 244; Can Snakes Hear ?, iii,65; Howa

Snake Climbs, iv, 311; Venomous Snakes cof North Kanara, v,64; The

Phorsa (Echis carinata) and its Alleged Antidote, v, 82; The Phorsa

and its Destruction, v, 85; Breeding of—, vi, 420; A Fasting—, vi, 424;

A New Snake from Travancore, vii, 318; A Rare Psammophis, vii, 406 ;

viii, 553 ; “ Serpents’ Wood” as An antidote to Bites by—, viii, 424 ;

Symptoms of Snake-bite the Result of Fright—, viii, 432 ; Description of

a New Dipsas from Travancore, viii, 528; Muscular Action after Death,

viii, 554; ix, 108, 335, 493; Russell’s Viper, viii, 565; South African—,

ix, 106; An. Addition to the Ophidian Fauna of India, ix, 325; The

Occurrence of Geradia prevostiana in Bombay, ix, 486; The Food of

the Krait, ix, 499; The Rendering of Animals Immune against the

Venom of the Cobra and other Serpents, x, 113; A New Earth-

snake from Travancore, x, 236; a Rough Key to the Identification of

Indian Ophidia, x,585; A New Krait from Sind, xi, 73; Cats asa

Protection Against—, xi, 334; Inoculation Against the Venom of Snakes,

and the New Treatment of Venomous Bites, xi, 515; Snakes at

Trincomalee, xi, 546; Notes on ‘Two Specimens of Aypsirhina

sieboldie, xi, 732 ; Notes on Twenty-six Specimens of the Pohur or Hima-

layan Viper, xii, 411,577; Note on the White Snake, Coluber toeeniurus,

xii, 424 ; Further Notes on the Varieties of the White Snake, C. teniurus,

xii, 425; Note on the Himalayan Viper, xii, 577; A. Flying

Snake, xii, 589; A New Sea-Snake from Karachi, xii, 642; Two

Unusual Specimens of Tropidonotus stolatus, xii, 765 ; Duration of Partu-

rition inthe Daboia, xii, 765; Notes on a very Unusual Specimen of

Simotes violaceus, xii, 766; Live Frogs in a—, xii, 783 ; The Effects of a

Bite from a Phoorsa, xii, 784; Parturition of an LKchis carinata,

xiii, 184; Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma, xiii, 188 ; Incubation

of a Brood of Zamenis mucosus, xiii, 189; Description of a New Snake

from the Perak Hills, xiii, 336; Notes on Ophidia Collected in Burma,

xiii, 343 ; Notes on two Specimens of Lycodon fasciatus, xii, 372; Notes

on the Breeding of Tropidonotus piscator, xiii, 373; Can a Cobra Hject

its Poison ?, xiii, 376; Notes on a Dipsas multimaculata in Captivity,

xiii, 534; Occurrence of Tropidonotus himalayanus in Burma, xiii, 537 ;

Occurrence of Simotes splendzdus in Burma, or a Probable New Species,

xiii, 537; Dipsas cyanea, xiii, 553; Description of a New Snake of the

Genus Ablabes from Burma, xiii, 553 ; Burmese Snakes, xiii, 611.

SNAKE-BIRD—The—, viii, 434 ; Plumage of the—, xii, 784,

GENERAL INDEX. lxi

SNIPE—Sitting in the Open, v, 86,191; Snipe Shooting in the Neighbour-

hood of Secunderabad, vi, 418 ; The Geographical Distribution of the

Pintail, vi, 488; vii, 256; The Coloration ‘of the Wing-lining and

Axillaries of the Fantail ida Pintail, xii, 427; Possible Occurrance of

the Great Snipe near Madras, xii, 782,

SOMALILAND—Mammalia of—, vi, 457 ; Notes on Sport in—, viii, 87 ; The

Baira Antelope of—, xi, 725 ; Notes on—, xiii, 86, 281,

SPIDER (S)—A ivdleatentiy 4 iv, 69 ; The Species of Galeodide Inhabiting

India and Ceylon, ix, 438 ; Din snwoede of Some New Indian Arachnida,

xl, 744 ; The Great Teidiane= xiii, 121 ; Description of Some New Species

of Spiders from British India, xiii, 478 ; A New—, xiii, 536,

SPUR FOWL—The Spurs of the Red—, ix, 487.

SQUIRE, W. W.—Power of Mimicry in Canaries, ix, 343.

SQUIRREL (S)—The Flying Squirrel of Western India, i, 70; A Cat as Fos-

. ter-mother to a—, ii, 53; The Large Indian Squirrel and its Local Races

or Sub-species, xi, 298 ; Food of the Palm—, xii, 777; Pteromys inornatus,

xiii, 531; Squirrels and Satbhais, xiii, 700.

St. JOHN, J. H.—Notes on the Narcondsm Hornbill, xii, 212.

STARLING, M. H.—Cultivation of Ferns from Spores, iii, 187.

tla b, J, H.—The Frequency of Parasites in Indian Army Horses, i, 138 ;

Bots of the Horse and Camel,ii, 27; Parasites in the Wild Ass of

Cutch, ii, 30 ; Internal Parasites, 11,63; The Horse, a Zoological Study,

ii, 198 ; Wild Horses, ii, 253 ; A Horn on the Margin of a Goat’s Ear,

ii, 283 ; Deformed Tooth of a Tiger, ii, 287 ; The Nearest Allies of the

Horse, iii, 82 ; The Camel, iv, 207 ; Indian Cattle, v, 71; Mules, v, 252,

SS DSU, R. A.—Note on a Probable New Species of ithe i, 26; On

a Hybrid of Ovis hodgsoni cum vignei, i, 35 ; On the Uses of Pandanus or

Screw Palm, i, 62 ; On Variation in Colour of Ursus labiatus, i, 69: ; The

Rs Squirrel of Western India, i, 70 ; On a Species of Pigmy ee

, 70; Abnormalities in the Horns of Reena i, 123; On Poisonous

Fein Bis-Cobra, i, 145 ; Reversion to Primitive Type, i, Be 8

Memory and Reason in Animals, i, 235 ; Links in the Mammalian Chain,

i, 238; Abnormal Horns, ii, 46 ; On Denies lenteginosus, ii, 51.

STEWART, Dr,—A Fox Hating White Ants, iii, 263.

STOREY, T. H.—Bees Destroyed by Lapindus emarginatus, v, 423.

STORK—Note on the Nidification of the White-necked—, xii, 217.

STRAKER, J.—Notes on Man-eaters and Other Things, xi, 536,

STRYCHNINE.—The Re- discovery of Strychnos rheedii, x, 690.

SUMATRA—New Butterflies from—, vii, 559 ; Tiger in—, vi, 496,

‘SUNBIRD—Nest and Eggs of C. lotenia, ii, 52; Breeding of the Black-

breasted Yellow-backed Sunbird in Cachar, xii, 217. —

SUTHERLAND, W.—Sirange Behaviour of Crows, x, 527,

SUTTON-JONES, G.—Harpooning Crocodiles, vi, 107,

SWALLOW (S)—Where do Swallows ae ?, Vili, 327 ; Pied bine of

Hirundo javanica, xi, 736.

Ixii GENERAL INDEX.

SWAN (S)—Escape of Black—, viii, 327 ; The Nepal Wild—, xi, 306 ; Note

on a Whooper Swan Shot on the River Beas, Punjab ; xiii, 362,

SWEET-PEA—Note on Vigna vewillata, iii, 28.

SWINHOE, C.—List of Birds Presented by—, ii, 56 ; Mimicry in Butterflies

for Protection, ii, 169 ; Lepidoptera of Karachi, &e, ,il, 2695 di 1g, 168,

SWIFT.—The Edible-nest—, ix, 495; Occurrence of the Alpine Swift in

Tirhoot, xii, 414 ; The Palm—, xii, 579 ; The Common Indian—, xii,

771.

SYLHET.—Notes on Birds Collected in South—, xiii, 707.

TALBOT, W. A.—New Species of Western Peninsular Plants from North

Kanara and Mysore, xi, 234; Species of Western Peninsular Trees,

Shrubs, &c., from North Kanara, xi, 690.

TAPEWORMS—Found in a Fish, xii, 770.

TAYLOR, J.—A New Species of Palm Civet from Orissa, vi, 429.

TEGETMEIER, W. B.—Poison of the Toad, vi, 494.

TEMPER—Of Animals, vi, 498.

TENASSERIM—Note on Some Butterflies from—, xii, 329.

TERATOLOG Y—An Instance of Teratology in the Brinjal—, iv, 55.

TERMITES ; Note on White Anis, i, 144; A Fox Eating—, ii, 263; Depo-

sits Made by—, ix, 228; The Destructive Work of—,xi, 146; The

Social System of—, xi, 529 ; Indian, xiii, 363.

TERN—Breeding of the Whiskered Tern in Tirhoot, xii, 414; The Whis-

kered—, xii, 774.

THAMIN—Noies on the—, vii, 254 ; vili, 326, 439.

THOMAS, O.—Description of a New Species of Sminthus from Kashmir,

ix, 93 ; On Some Bats Obtained in the Surat and Thana Districts by

Mr, R. C. Wroughton, xi, 274,

THOMPSON, St. C.—The Flowering Habits of the Violet, xiii, 712.

THRUSH—The Blue Rock—, xi, 161, 336; Note on the Orange-headed

Ground—, xii, 414,

THULL—Birds Collected and Observed at—, xii, 337.

THURSTON, E.—An Account of Tours along the Malabar Coast, ix, 217;

Occurrence of the Dugong in Indian Seas, ix, 489.

TIBET—On a Stag from Tibet, and the Mammals of the Tibetan Plateau,

viii, 540; Yak Shooting in—, xiii, 134,

TICKS—Fowls Killed by—, xi, 331.

TIGER (S}—Deformed Canine Tooth of a—, ii, 287 ; Unscientific Notes on—,

iii, 143; A Black—, iv, 149 ; Man-eating—, iv, 195, 312; The Man-eating

ties of Mundali, iv, 255; Bears Eaten by—, iv, 316 ; Tiger Cubs—,

v, 191; Tigress’ Milk asa Madiome: v, 416; The Price of Tigers’ Skins,

etc.,in England, vi, 278; Tigers in Sumatra, vi, 496; Tigers Attacking

Elephants, vii, 119 ; Tigers Hating their Young, vii, 253; Does a Tiger

Kill Snakes ?, vii, 405; A Brave Woman and a Cowardly—, viii, 442 ;

Measurements of Tiger Skulls, viii, 447, 554; ix, 225, 343; x, 149;

GENERAL INDEX, Asiii

Wounded—, ix, 61; xi,326; A Tiger Hating a Bear, ix, 101; Notes as

to how Tigers Kill, ix, 224; A Tiger Killing a Bear, ix, 229; A Tiger

Killing a Panther, ix, 490 ; Cutting a Tigers’ Claws, ix, 498; Notes on

Man-eating—,x, 83; A Curious Malformed Tigers’ Skull, x, 693 ; Deflec-

tion of Bullets on a Tiger’s Skull, xi, 148; An Iron Band .on a Tiger’s

Tooth, xi, 526; Notes on Man-eaters and Other Things, xi, 536 ; A Brace

of Tigers at One Shot, xii, 228 ; A Mark on the Skin of a Man-eating—,

xii, 410 ; A Bull Terrier and a—, xii, 419; Bison, Tigers and Wild Dogs,

xii, 773; A Bear Killed by a—, xii, 787.

- TINNEVELLY—Notes on Wild Fowl in the Tinnevelly District, xii, 215,

TIRHOOT—Occurrence of the Alpine Swift in—, xii, 414 ; Breeding of the

Whiskered Tern in—, xii, 414; Occurrence of the Eastern Stock Pigeon

in—, xii, 429 ; Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal in—, xiii, 186, 378 7

_ Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher in—, xiii, 379 ; Occurrence of

the Water-Rail in—, xiii, 379 ; Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of

the Darbhanga District, Tirhoot, with Notes on Species Noticed oe

where in the District, xiii, 621,

TOAD—Poison of the—, vi, 494 ; A New Toad from Travancore, vii, 317.

TOBACCO SMOKE—A Butterfly Attracted by—, viii, 148 ; Moths Attracted

by—, viii, 326.

TONS VALLEY—Birds’ Nesting in the—, xi, 64, 468 ; xiii, 542,

. TOOTH, E. H.—Harly Breeding of the Common Jora, xiii, 712; Nesting of

the Black-headed Oriole, xiii, 713; Nesting Difficulties of the Copper-

: smith, xiii, 713,

. TRAIL, W. H.—Food of the Krait, ix, 499,

TRAVANCORE ; List of the Butterflies of—, vi, 432 ; A New Species of

Lizard from—, vi, 449 ; A New Species of Frog from—, vi, 450 ; A New

Toad from—, vii, 317 ; A New Earth Snake from—, vii, 318 ; Occurrence

_ of the Hyaena in South—,, viii, 150 ; Description of a New Snake from—,

viii, 528 ; List of Snakes Taken in—, x, 68 ; A New Earth Snake from—,

x, 236; Birds not Recorded in the Fauna of B, I. from—, xii, 202 ;

Description of Some New or Rare Trees from—, xii, 349 ; Description of

a New Species of Ficus from—, xiii, 155,

TRAWLING—in Indian Waiters, xii, 580.

TREE-CREEPER—Occurrence of the Spotted Grey Tyrae-Creepees at

Ahmednagar, vii, 548.

TRINCOMALEE ; Snakes at—, xi, 546.

TROUP, N. F. T.—Curious Accident to 2 Leopard-Cat, x, 535; The Com-

mon Indian Swift, xii, 771 ; A Plague of Web-making Caterpillars on a

Silang Tree, xii, 775, AE

TSAING—Notes on the Banting or—, x, 78.

TSINE—Indian Wild Cattle, The Gaur and the—, xii, 18.

TUMOUR—0n a Black Buck, vii, 405.

TURNER, M, C.—Noite on an Orchid (Angracum sesquipedale), vii, 112,

TURTLE—Killing a Crocodile, x, 153.

lxiv GENERAL INDEX.

UMBARGAUM—Shingie and Shells from—, vi, 262.

UNWIN, W. A.—Late Stay of Wild-fowl, xi, 169.

VALE, S. D.—Gazelle’s Food, vii, 547.

VANDERZEE, J. H.—Deflection of Bullets on a ee 8 Skull, xi, 148;

Wounded Tigers, xi, 326.

VANILLA—Fertilization of Vanilla Flowers by Bees, viii, 555.

VEGETABLES—From the Crawford Market, ii, 61.

VEHAR—Vegetable Life in Vehar Water, ii, 288,

VIDAL, G. W.—List of Birds’ Skins from the South Konkan, i, 80; List of

Birds’ Skins from Burma, &c.,i1,83; An Oligodon from North Konkan,

1,144; A Cat as Foster-mother to a Squirrel, ii, 53; The Bis-Cobra,

iii, 71; Venomous Snakes from North Kanara, v, 64; The Nest of

Stewarts’ Wren-Warbler, viii, 427; Hybrid Francolins, ix, 223; The

Distribution of the Black-capped Kingfisher, xi, 148, 552.

VIOLET—The Flowering Habits of the—, xiii, 712.

VOYAGE—From Liverpool to Bombay, iii, 238.

WADDINGTON, C. W.—Wolf-Hunting, vii, 554.

WAGTAIL—The Large Pied Wagtail in Captivity, xi, 535.

WALL, F.—On Two Specimens of Hypsirhina sieboldii, xi, 723; Notes of

Twenty-six Specimens of the Pohur or Himalayan Viper, xii,411; The

Palm Swift, xii, 579; Two Unusual Specimens of Tropidonotus stolatus,

xii, 765 ; Notes on a Very Unusual Specimen of Simotes violaceus, xii,

766 ; Egg-blowing and its Difficulties, xiii, 181 ; Parturition of an Echis

carinata, xiii, 184; Notes on the Breeding of Tropidonotus piscator, xiii,

373 ; Notes on a Dipsas multimaculata in Captivity, xiii, 533.

& EVANS, G. H.—Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma, xiii, 188 ;

Incubation of a Brood of Zamenis mucosus, xiii, 189; Notes on Ophidia

Collected in Burma, xiii, 343; Notes on Two Specimens of Lycodon

Jasciatus, xiii, 372; Occurrence of Tropidonotus himalayanus in Burma,

xiii, 537 ; Occurrence of Simotes splendidus in Burma, or a Probable New

Species, xiii, 537 ; Burmese Snakes, xiii, 611.

WALLACE, W. V.—The Breeding of Moths, xii, 575.

WALLINGAR, W. A.—The ‘Kol-bhalu,’ xi, 550; Panthers and their

Ways, xi, 739 ; ‘ Kills’ by Carnivorous Animals, xiii, 632.

WAPSHARE, R.—A Curious Malformed Tiger’s Skull, x, 693.

WARBLE-FLIES—An Appeal for Assistance in Collecting Gad-Flies, Bot-

flies, and—, xiii, 683,

WARBLER—The Nest of Stewart’s Wren-Warbler, viii, 427 ; Nesting of the

Large-billed Willow-Warbler, xii, 777.

WARD, ROWLAND—A New African Antelope, viii, 149; A New Gazelle,

ix, 336,

WARNING COLOURS—An Instance of the Natural Repellent Effects of—,

xi, 149,

GENERAL INDEX, Ixv

WART HOG—The Mihiopian—,xii, 204, .

WASEY, G. K.—How the Monitor or Ghorpad Defends Itself, vi,

421; Nest of King-Cobra’s Eggs, vii, 257; Food of the Musk-rat,

x, 330.

WASP (S)—A Wasp and a Fly, xii, 418; An Account of a Remarkable

Swarming for Breeding Purposes of Sphex umbrosus, &c., xiii, 177.

WATER-COCK—Occurrence of the Water-Cock in Guzerat, v, 416 ; Occur-

rence of the Water-Cock in Cutch, xi, 321,

WATER-RAIL—Occurrence of the Water-rail in Tirhut, xiii, 379.

WATSON, E. Y.—List of Burmese Butterflies, iii, 17; iv, 155; Butterflies

of Mysore, v, 28; On a Collection of Butterflies Made in the Chin-

Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, vi, 26; The Synonymy of some Species

of Indian Pierine, viii , 489; Key to the Asiatic Genera cf Hesperiidae,

ix, 411; Further Notes on the Genus TZerias, x, 280; Notes on a Collec-

tion of Butterflies from the North Chin Hills, x, 634,

WEAVER-BIRDS—Notes on Ploceus philippinus, ii, 105.

WEEVIL (S)—Leaf—vi, 263 ; The Cheroot Borer or—, ix, 68.

WEIR, T. S.—Cats as a Protection Against Snakes, xi, 334.

WELLS-COLE, H.—A Voracious Centipede, xii, 214,

WESTERN INDIA—The Waters of Western India,(Deccan and Khandeish),

i, 97 ; Konkan and Coast), i, 153 ; ii, 1, 73; (Guzerat), ii, 159, 221 ; (Sind),

iii, 1; (Supplementary Note), iii, 69; Notes on‘ the Waters of Western

India, ii, 44; Nesting In—, iti, 205; iv, 1, 83, 237; v, 1, 97,315; Address

to Students of Botany in—,iv, 37 ; On the Cucurbitacew of—, v, 286 ; The

Flora of—, xi, 118, 265, 420, 635; xii, 162, 354, 515 ; The Hill Forests

of—, xii, 659. ;

WHIFFIN, J. D.—Food of the Bull Frog, ix, 334,

WHITE ANTS—(See TermIrTEs),

WILD FOWL—Late Stay of—, xi, 168, 169, 321.

WILLOW—The Indian—, ix, 99.

WILMOT, 8. EARDLY—Notes on Shooting in Oudh, xi, 312 ; xii, 223 ; Notes

on Crows and on the Protective Power of Scent in Animals, xi, 314; The

‘Kol-bhalu’ and the Instinct of Fear in Animals, xi, 548; A Panther

with Twenty Toes, xi, 734; Reasoning Power of Bees, xi, 74; The

Protective Power of Scent in Animals, xi, 745.

WILSON, N. F. T.—Nesting of the Malabar Rufous Woodpecker, xi, 744 ;

Nesting in Kashmir, xii, 634,

WISE, H. S.—Habits of MNepita conferta, ii, 54; Food of the Panther,

ii, 285.

WOLF (WOLVES)—Instances of Children Nourished by—, iv, 142 ; Destruc-

tion of Life by—, vi, 265; Wolf Hunting, vii, 554 ; Wolf Hunting in the

S. Mahratta Country, viii, 145 ; Wolf Cubs, viii, 563,

WOOD APPLE—F, elephantum as a Timber Tree, i, 146.

WOODPECKER ; Nesting of the Malabar Rufous—, xi, 744 ; White Spots on

the Plumage of a Woodpecker Attacked by Parasites, xii, 214.

Ixvi . GENERAL INDEX.

WOODROW, G. M.—Cultivation of Oranges, Lemons and Figs in India, vi ,

111; Note on Cassia grandis and C, marginatus, vi, 485; Sauromantum

guttatum, viii, 551; Plants of a Bombay Swamp, xi, 88; The Flora of -

Western India, xi, 118, 265, 420,635 ; xii, 162, 354, 515 ; ; Seedling Orange

Trees, xi, 547; The Flora of Wostarn India, xiii, 427,

WOUNDED ANIMALS —Carrying their Broken Limbs in their Jaws,

x, 532, 533,

WRAY, J. W.—Wolf Hunting in the S. Mahratta Country, viii, 145.

WREN—A New Species of Wren from North Cachar, vii, 319,

WRIGHT, F. —Panthers Tree’d by Wild Dogs, v, 191; Sagacity of the Lan-

goor, vi, 424; How Tigers Kill, ix, 224.

WROUGHTON, R, C.—Mr., Giles’ Dragon Fly, v, 190; Our Hymenoptera, iv,

- 26; vi, 118; Our Ants, vii, 13,175; South ‘Ag edan Snakes, ix, 106 ; Some

Konkan Bats, xii, 716; A ‘Rare’ Bat, xii, 757 ; Note on an Tider

Bat, xii, 786 ; Vespertilio pachypus (A Correction), xiii, 184; Megaderma

spasma, xiii, 186 ; Rhinolophus affinis, xiii, 191. :

YAK SHOOTING—in Tibet, xiii, 134,

YATE, Mrs. M. T.—Polecats as Pets, xi, 737. ay,

YERBURY, J. W.—Butierflies of Aden, vii, 207 ; List of the Birds of Aden,

xi,75; The Golden-eye, xiii, 533 ; An Appeal Hon Assistance in Cenegies

Gadi, Bot-flies and Warble-flies, xili, 683.

YOUNG, E. H. —On Indian Ducks and their Allies, xii, 572,

YULE, J. H.—Small Game of the Peshawar District, xi, 160.

ZEBRA—Note on Grévy’s—, xiii, 651.

ZINNIA—Freak in a—, i, 228,

Incdezx to Volume XIitL.

Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

Specific Names are written with a small initial letter ;

Generic,

Sub-family, Family, and Order Names are written with a capital

initial letter.

abbotti ... mae

abdominalis ‘

Ablabes N60

Abrornis eos

absconditana ...

Acacia ...

acaciusalis

Acanthopneuste

Acanthopsyche

Acanthostichus

Accipitres ae

accipitrinus ...

achattna see

Achrophorus ...

acidula ood

aconyta eee

acre

Acrididz 200

Acridotheres ...

Acrocephalus ...

Acrophthalmia

Acrostichum ...

acrosticoides «e.

acte&’ a. ese

acteon coe

ACUTA ave ose

acutipernis ...

Addeza ... Re

Adiantopsis ...

Adiantum

adiantum-nigrum

adita 500

Adites ... as

*admiratus ...

Adrepsa aoe

Aiceticoides .,...

PAGE

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Ae 698

Save se? 230

Be Lal Iee

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See lale tas

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564, 625, 654

163, 176

ete Mat 58

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Bash, See ef

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236, 241, 460

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eo» 901, 513

ese eoe 226

sechmese

Aedes e.

aedon ...

ZE gialitis

Aigithina

Aumene..,

/Enictus

AKXolosia

zethiopicum

zathiopicus

Al thiopsar

Athopyga

affinis

africana

africanus

Agamide

Agaristide

aPeliAa os.

aglea ...

Agreogyia

agricola

Agrisius

Agrotis...

Agylla ...

*aitkenii

*2]RX ese

Alaopone

albapex

albata e«

albatalis

albellus...

albescens

albiceps

*albicilia

albicollis

*albicornis

PAGH

Or) ese eco 73

eco een eso eve 599

ie eee oto oo 604

146, 147

500 ai ee 623, 712

ono «. 571, 573

330, 469, 464, 468, 469, 477

‘ve ae vee eee OT4

caC eas oe. 240

e006 c00 ee. 299, 301

nod aoc ee. 630

=c0 cod coe 567

1.82, 191, 223, 224, 398, 374, 626

TEE G

ees 266

wee 565

a 503, 513

SMa iS Matos Li

aos) ess en Obs SOMITE

382, 825, 327, 465, 475, 476

vee 488

462, 468

ive’ aseden ee eD

a eee 159

soiteh uel es eee

ik 199, 200

ne Pb eom pier A al if 17

sie) Soho UGSes EOE

vee 235

631, 707

vse 499

Ixvili INDEX,

PAGE PAGE

albicosta son mate : ee D8Y | amboinensis Fog a8 coe 698

“albidivisum ... ove 232, 265, 266 | Ambulyx eee see reese 89

albifascia Bs «.. 413 | Ammatho on6 206 we oe OA

albifasciata eee ao --. 43 | Ammomanes we 382, 687

albifinis Go0 co ane +. 512 | ammon... 6o0 nee a coe BOT

albifrons ct a0 aes -. 48 | ammonea oe Ae coe BID

albifurca see ane --- 83 | Ammordorcas ... ae eee fn 2

albifusum sss *) ‘eon’ 65, 266 #1] a ramaes “ese Peesaeeaaies 828 76! bls 3

albigulare n00 200 o0¢ eee 154 | ameena ... eee =00 006 coe DOA

*albipuncta eco 26)" HiAaupelophagatec) wiles (iylacra iivcesaiSo

albirostris oc --- 569 | Amphibia coe see see o-e 648

albisparsa ve eee 572 | amphion Co es cos icone wuld: 18S

albizzie «ee ene --- 5388 | ampla ... 200 soe ° coe 407

albocinerea ee 512,513 | ampullaroides... fay ce con AIS

albodentata ... 421,422 | amygdali tenant es cheer aa Oe 15).

*albolineatus ... ee one .- 609 | Anachrostis ... ~~ aelaeae eee ODI -

albo-marginata 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250 | anewstheta es. 150

albomarginata é 39, Ol | Anagnia ses eis 200 eos 672

albopictus ove ecleuiikes «». 606 | Ancara .. Pu ps Mae Me Pee

albopunctata ... +. .. --- 421 | anceps ... 245, 248, 249, 250, 318, 320

alborosea ae aoe «> 517 | andamana Bei ait wee DOI

albus ss coe wwe =e 419 | Andasena se att . 162

Alcedo ... — -- 568 | andersoni ~ ...27, 50, 522, 524, 525, 526,

alchatus ; Bae se OBI oO 527, 528.

alciphron . eo» 673 | andersonii seabaniaeatangimens - 611

aleocki ... aon 5 Bn andrel ree SSR ROO 309, 310.

alemon..e 500 woie) Derek Angeus ons use coe 497

Aleuritopteris ... woe 247 ANGLICA coe ove ee ood coe 150:

Allosorus onc 600 coo eo. 447 Anguide i ‘ eee 679

Alocasia a06 O90 600 ao fil angulalis re Benes OR Clips (ET)

Alompra see tre wee ave £09 |) anculata iRise Veen geal

alor Tee Bee sits aeeane, angusta ast = is oo 450

alpina ... eve eee O11 | annamita : 500 ie - 322

Alsocomus one -- 568 | annamitus ~ ... ~ * oe ee. ol, 322

alterna... eee eee ° «oe 505 annectens °~ we ~ vee 654, 6387

alternans oe onc - 461 annosa eee 223, 224

alternata o00 coo. --- 80 | annulata ~~ see “a Bee eee D0.

Altha “05 51,232, 267 | annulatus - ... woe 605

*altisquamis ... eve eee 306,312 | anocellus ~~ °°’ os. Be . 617

amabilis ~ ae 379, 380, 517, 588 | Anochetus: e - wes oe 53, 58, 60

amandava 500 a9. .o00 oe 686 | anomala °- .. yh ove O82

Amathusiing ...* 2. ~ os - 165 | Anopheles 592, 594, 595, 696, 598, 604,

Amaurornis ... Ob one . 144 ic 606, 691, 704, 721.

ambiguus ss. 467, 468, 169, 470 | Anorrhinus ° vin. * * | wealase oaeBOS

Ampblycephalus ss. "+ se. ) GIU69% 1) Amows: esas") ssa cen? eae eee nO)

Aniblyopone sci) ces!) Were D2 BB, Dit, || Amnseri oon.) cen $4) "can s*7 ease camo

Amblyoponii ... ene 000 52,54 | Anthipes - .s.°- sso >’ ace ee DOT

amblyops “00 | OOF «- 020,328 | anthraciformis wre eee = cone 4D

INDEX, Ixix

PAGE PAGE

PATHEHYACOCELOS sen ees wc 569 | Argina 14. wee tne ee 591

antica occ eee see oon 510 | Argiopide tee cee vee 478

INETO DE Vere axe 4 obey 1 ren OM Ug OTE, |) MATSURI whan! ison) j\fase! 1 ane 408

PIRIODI testy cea laces sxe 291 | ATSYA — san nne tee oe 622

antiphates Bosc) eeu API Ate yroepeita, | nises, tidea |) 9 seqitOUgeon

Aonidia ... se 73, 74, 76,252, 257 | Avia... os. wee nee ate 542

AOC TONMIG. /) osck | * lessees 74 | Ariophanta wee ate ane 395, 396

OMS take sees fnan ase a8 .». 168,176 | aristatum ... toe wae eee 453

Apela ~ ... cpa ae ae 43 | *armata ... 600 eee --. 480, 481

MEMCNIS ME Pane cacivalnimaea t's) fas QO3 | ATOR... con ene anew 412

aperta es ian ieee g4 | arquata ... See 000 on 147

apicalis ss se ve) 417, 512,577 | Atrhopala... 1, ae vee 170, 176

Apis nes os nA ai 178 | Artemisia... one pois soe 407

Apoda” ... ENGEL as ae GAS PAUUINA ae eo, | reer uy Hwee 46

cupeNlomiusics = 55 le Gebc * ove 170 | Artoma 2 eve - ee 51, 225

appendiculata ... 00 ese 98 | Arundinax ial Faas

ADMEOXIMAtA sco) se we AGiil SALYAWN (icc. ee Bikes 6 ee SOS nate

CDE CTUME tat oce'hiy cage ov wee Balu PASatcornis..s | Strc, ces) soe bBeaOoG

apsarap se cs cat ae ee 419 | asiatica ... 20 ee 568, 708, 713

aquaticus ... Cx St: ra 379 | *asiatica ... ae Soe COs 610

aquilina os. coe eae 000 455 | asinina ... snc ofc 680 . 683

arabica ase 500 Retahn toe, 628 | aspera... one cae ree 305, 319

Prete tnva dagen preea cade tll wee 478 | asperatella Auer 4 ees. apes 506

aYAaMa see osc soc coo. 518 | aspericaulis ... 00 soe 452

Aranea «.. coe eee n0¢ 124 | aspersa ... ove e- 589, 590

Beige) eee ye cee ec.ah) | een 47042 76u) PASpidiotus... 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75

“Apbela .. 9-2 wes Sone, 228. Aspidium Sahel a seope ess 453, 663

Arbelide ... fs one coe 998 | Asplenium 30, 459, 663, 665, 666, 668, 669

arboreum ... «sees ~S 68, 69 | BSTALA awe tos ove 415

Arctiadez ... at » aee-37, 499 | @8SaMeNSe... Sse) Meee) Teea, LG yale

Arctiane vs. abs sed 37, 499, 591 | *assamensis one 20 ... 308, 313

Arctonyx ... coe on one 679 | assamica ... see vee 29, 582

arcuata ... a cae ea 581 | Asterolecanium ... aod tae 253

FarcuatUs ... see ws ae 322 | Asura con eee OOS Olio ieee

Ardea eco eae eee eco 151 —| A\=|

Asuridia ... 500 fea 65

Ardeola «se Bic oe 600 153 Serre

Cee ee 3 ae 145 ater ee 500 000 o00 625

Brictia aff ue ue 188876 | BHCTOUR eee See wee ee a

arecs Ose al” NER i 68, 69,75 | atestacea ... eee so wee 413

ATEDACEA ove sere coe eee 420 Atherura ... p08 onc soe 679

argentalis oe eee eve este 19 Athyma on a ete 167

eae ee oe er: i Athyrium... . 668, 665, 668, 669

argentifera oe ne ve 263 atkinsoni ... Ss ca0 one 51

argentifrons «.. ie nb. 177 | atkinsonii... sas eee soe 84

AT CUMING AMAM Lec ees Ce 6 263 | atrella . e e e HD

argentipuncta ... 208 20g 232 | atriceps ... ote ere eo. 622, 687

argentisparsa 4. sxe ane SOME stripeseyitiavenivucce 00 waste Mee 608

ixx

atristrigulalis

atrisuperciliaris

*atrivittata

atrogularis

Atylosia ««

aulicus

aurantiaca

BULAN ose

aurantius ...

aurata oe.

AUrATUM oe

aureovitta ...

AULeUM oe

auricincta

auriflua <6

autipennis

auris

aurivittata

BUIOLA eee

BULOLES owe

auralentus

BUStENI ase

Austenia& os.

Autoceras ...

Autonina ...

aZa see

bacchus

beeri 000

baeri CAO

baizea

bajadera ...

bambusarum

bamfyldii...

bantamense

Bavasa ove

barbata

Barsine

basalis

basigera es.

basinota ...

basirufa

bastialis ...

Batrachia ...

Baza coc

*beata ae

beatrix see

beavani ...

INDEX,

i 69

... B48, 616

423, 511, 583

a 71

coe Asi

225

vee 443, 444

ne a

461

225

Meee 21 09

... 174, 176

we B96

bat 51

418

ae egbas

oe (ORCS

vee 402, 569

Rees

571

538

157, 158

Pigalle lice:

if 1

. 10, 19%

ie 47

ee 306

: 697

se cpeay iT

ve 269

579, 683, 584, 586

coe

85, 415,422

woe 509

506 510

=08 47

eae 78

eee 648

os 698

coe 481

eee 418

eee 568

*beddomei

beema ...

Befo

beisa ...

beli a...

belia

Belippa

*bellii ...

bellissima

Belonopelta

bengalensis

berda

berinda...

Bettonia

bewicki ...

bhana ...

Bharetta

Bheroba...

Bhima ...

bianca ...

biaurita ...

bicincta...

bicolor ...

bicornis...

*bicornutus

bidentata,

bifasciata

Bigonia ...

bilinea ...

bilineatus

bimaculata

*binghamlii

binocelius

binotata

bipars ...

bipartita

biplagiata

bipuncta

bipunctapex

bipunctatum

40,

174,

bipunctigera ...

*birmana

birmanicus

birmanum

Birthama

bispinosa

bistrigiceps

PAGE

BRAD 628)

voc seil EN

ce WRIORGSS

abies HESS

winun. eeeRDEE

each oelannldlO

oc ROBES

ste . 56,56, 57

fed) sc RRbTS

ey aaa 17S BESO

155, 387, 465, 475, 476,

624, 629, 654,714

Ae ee Ty

al 2)

vie eae

: 1. 222, 362

: sd aaa

wa, RAO

Ja) seh) eS

PNG TS os. C8

rere ie. iC)

452, 455, 456

eee eee ceo 49

.-. 268, 316, 418, 516

aiet EMR akoe

ee 5)

Pe Se ae

ie STG

Pe eye als 10)

an, , ROR eae

OSA AaeTS

leo) Bee

176, 305, 310, 316, 317,

465, 468, 474

de 32, EG

Re ters TA

ce ROHL NBT

AE eae

SE ini Tt

515, 577, 588, 690, 591

er Oe

ied) geo.

sic day BOS

w. - 225, 305, 810

192, 193, 482, 488, 484

sis PBT EEO

Be a ee

wee MAD BRRG

4) ae Be

*biteeniorhynchus

bivitta ... ae

bivittata es

Biziuraee cea

Bizone ... 600

blanchardi os

blanfordii ie

Blattide 560

Blechnum

blumeana

boccourti 900

BombaxXec. =o

Bombyx onc

borealis ... p80

Bos one ono

Boselaphus ...

Bothroponera ...

Bougainvillea ...

bovis... eee

bowringii S00

bracatus eee

brachypecten ...

Brachypodine o..

Brachypternus...

Brachypteryginz

bracteata eee

brevicaudata ...

breviceps ooo

brevicornis ve

brevilinea 200

Brevipecten ...

brevipennis ...

*brevispinum ...

brodiei ... 55

brunnea tes

brunnescens ...

brunoniana ..

Bryophila 500

Bubalus... coe

Bubulcus 506

buccata... 609

Bufo .. 600

bullata ... aes

bullosa ... one

Bungarus een

bungarus

Butea... o00

Buteo ... a8

Buthisia Eee

INDEX,

PAGE

Sear eee OUI

Seats eee Ou

Coates

Ae erideac ie I)

bie eNO

wee 294

wee 697

2 ce oA

PEI Oe ONE ET

OM uae

Bar GOS

ee G21. 642

ea oye

He calla’

134, 192, 193

Bea SGT

we 829, 325

BO aT S

At aoe

Bra tv STG OG

shits eee

ey RR AS

wee 624, 707

be!) ee 18

; sas

vee 262, 268

Sa LOTT

pear Mee

wee 466, 477

ead as OD

sat wpe

505, 510, 511

we 819,320

ea EDEN

w. 505, 508

Ai er

Bee acs 446

BN Ds egg

Gas 2n80

Bam ee

we 348,616

Pte ened

eee DBO

343, 344, 611

348, 616, 716

see ea S80

eee)

bey ay

xxi

PAGE

*butleri « 333, 334, 336, 672, 697

Butorides ae one ee 153

butra one cae re on0 .. 162

caballus... wee as aa coe 683

Cabarda... eae oS oo. DO4

Cacy paris oae ee 85,591

cadapaensis see coc oo. B95

CHCA —_ vee an0 ne A000 coe DOD

cerulescens Kod 900 oo» 625

ceruleus “oo 343, 611, 612

Cafila v0. mee Shc eee won atl

CAJADL .s0 500 one eos 538

Calamaria Go0 500 500 eo. 697

*calamaria 51, 234, 510, 511, 582, 5838

calamelanos ee ono 956 eee 448

Calamus 60 G00 we eon 2a4

ealcarifer 500 aoe O06 one LI5

calidris eee 000 eee 148

caligramma ... eee eee 416

Callartona a Ate PPS

Calligenia ac sos were coe O84

Callitomis eae co Rae cee 45

Callizygena ... eee om eve 225

Callophis see ae «. 344,612

Callopistria ... coe eee 269

callosa ae sa oe. 155

Callosamia ... ve. = nee: 365, 370

Callyna Soe eee see --- 269

Calophyllum ... one coc ee 69

Calotes ... 340, 346, 614, 615, 617, 622

Calotropis soe cno vce coo 342

calvescens 50 aoe 500 ee 30d

Calysisme ca6 : 701, 717

Camadena coo one ose 82

camellize ooo 606 One coe OL

camillee an0 = a06 we §=54

Campophaga ... eee aoe eee 628

Campteria bod

Camptochilus ...

camptorhachis

CANS eee :

sdanalceulattae

candida

candollii

Cania ev»

canorus

cantator G00

Cantharida ...

452, 455, 456

w+. 51, 82, 229

ie eres

we 959, 508

we 795 05, 76

cso ... 518

eee «oe 69

eee ene 200

one eos 623

toe ee. 565

eae P eee 560

Ixxil

Cantoria

canum ...

capensis coe

capillus—veneris

Capissa 200

caprata ... ons

Caprimulgus

CATACH] .02 | ose

cardinalis |

Carea

caremessa

carinata 000

carnata

carnepicta «s

eee

INDEX,

PAGE

ee 612

ewe 414

soe BOL

«.. 289, 240, 241, 460

CAINCUS... «se

Carnivora

carolinense

Casartca... 5

Castabala . ««.

castanea coe

castaneipars

castaneiventris

Castor ... woo

Catephia

catorhoda

Caudata S00

caudata...

caudatum

-CAaVITIA ane

ceilonica

celebesiana

Cemas .. . eve

cenis

Centromyrmex

Cephalomyia ...

Cephalopyrus ...

Cephenomyia ...

- Cerapachii

Cerapachyi_ «..

Cerapachys

Ceratonema& e-

Ceratopteris ...

Cerberus

cerne

. Geroplastodes ...

Certhia

Certhiida

Certus ... a0

*cerulipes

ace veo

ener ers FU)

Ley) i BBL

383, 707

cc Rego

uw 584, 586

Sra: ARO Gg

See et OH

184, 340, 352

230

Sea Meo tigi

eae OD

592, 637, 680

we 312, 468

w. 187, 191

eet Nn ees

54, 266, 410

vee 267

ws 624

206, 207, 215, 217, 219

ove 269

oo EY

La aot

wae 622

237, 238, 239

we 434

sed

Ligh oy eae

a 679

IGT

58, 308

wee 684

eat Lee

shy) URED SS

52, 328, 330

330

. 54, 330, 33], 332

232, 268, 266

Pye a:

aoe) BAD). G12

Pe et Ges

ora Thess

w. 194, 563

vee 625

Beh aes

cervicalis

cervina ... S00

Ceryx

Cetacea

ceterach

ceylonense

ceylonensis

ceylonica

esylonicus

Cherocampa

cherophylla ...

Cheetura 900

chalceola

*chalcochlora ...

Chalcosiinse

Chameleontidze

Chamaita

champaca

championii ...

Chandica

Charadrius...

Charasia

charma ...

Chaulelasmus e+.

chaus

cheela ...

Cheilanthes

Cheiloplecton ...

Chelonia

Cherra ese

chinensis

Chinocraspeda

Chionema

Chionaspis

Chione ee.

*chionides

chiquera, one

Chironomide ...

Chiroptera

chitone «. soc

chlorana

chlorocera

Chlorochropsis...

chloropyga

choerophyllum...

Chonchaspidine

Chonchaspis

chota

PAGE

Se iDTy,

259, 418

45, 46

. 461

seotte SIGN oLS

322, 325, 384

a. 498

.-. 308, 466, 476, 477

39, 51

31, 32

wee 568

we. 269

85, 225

5 2d

Pen irks

503, 588

Bo lb

ww. O91

ee 110;

sco, basen

fen 28D

woe 556

ueDoT

w.. B84

249, 244, 245, 249, 250,

444, 448

ik eee

340, 643, 644

35, 149, 308, 318, 426

we 409

501, 516, 519

yee

wea LOS

wos Gelade

Mat re ills

++. 598

on ae LOS

.. 165, 166

aps 60 {310

EV MEREES

=e. 60

chromatica - ...

Chrysevlia ose

chrysolopha ...

Chrysopelea ...

ehrysophleps ...

Chrysorhobdia...

Churinga ocd

Cifuna’... a

cinctata enone

cinerea .. “ono

cinereus . a0

cingulata ~~...

cinnamomea ...

cinnamomeiventris ~ ,

Cinnyris « — ws

Circia ~...

cireumdata~ ...

Cirrhochioa ...

Cirrochroa SOE

Cispia” 21. 7 sce 7

Cisticola ~ .. ~

citreola ... coo.

Clangula

Clara ea

clarkei ...

Clavatirecs ee.

*clavatus

*clavitibia

Clenora

Cleona .. ~ eve

Clerome... wae

Clisiocampa ...

clorinde

clothus ...

Cineaieects aa.

clytia ...

coarctata

coavestis ~ es.

Cobboldia

Coccidze

coccidiphaga .w..

coccinea,

Coccystes

‘Cochoa... -

‘CORCA ove

*ccelestis

ceelisigna

‘coeruleus © ~

INDEX,

PAGE

2 579, 588

w. 601, 511

evened Wakaaeieg

345, 585, 614

ast 00,) 510

seo nieees all ky

500, 511

ae DD

eo easels

Eh erate

144, 147, 656

we 146

Sa Pea eee

- 158, 376, 409

ees 15t

.- 708

B41, 556

Jefg acy BSS

168, 176

eo en GE

sae 285, 425

ne oss CAD

aoe (it

13, 18, 533, 556

w. 424

Gr 1 OE

ws 672

467, 471, 472

~ 467, 472, 473

PEN CHAE

Bah el)

165, 176

hee ota 85

161, 162, 176

paused

ae hepa)

Pee eeeeeTOd

St keen

Behe 588

mean cea (E83

66, 252, 379, 588

269, 379, 538

eee S19

~ 4. 628, 696

ee 56

Bh Bee BBO

149, 478

: eee 269

coe wee BAA

colchicus: a06

colebrookiana ...

Coleoptera «..

collaris... 00

*collina B55

Collita ... 200

collitoides aries

GOlOMEE acct trices

Coluber ...

Columba — ese

comatus 60D =

combusta co

*comica eas

COMMA «oe 400

communis aae

complana -...

complicata

compta ... eats

Conchaspinee

conchatum

concolor ails

condanarus ...

confamula

contferta

confinis ... 006

conformis eee

congerens

conjuncta 000

conjunctana ...

Conosia o.. 00”

CONSPersA — eae

contigua eee

contiguum - ...

*continuus ~— ...

CONTA sc

contracta, on0

#cOONOOTENSIS ee.

coralina sais

Corcura

corenieuess ek

Corethra con

Corethrine 606

Corgatha — ase

coriaceus a00

cornucertvi

cornuta eve

coromandelianus

CoroOMANAUS eee

Corvidee

: wee 531

wos BeceeONS

aint!)

we «48, 50"

Sai

406, 418, 609

aoe cae ak

wea 294

Seo t ate DUT

. 228, 224,325, 327

ve eee Og

ww. 577,580

one si eee OIE

lxxili

PAGE

Aly. eee 528

sos! hot) Oftaate

ase en. 426

“08 oe. Bal

aoe ..- 498

eee BOD

roo ails}

aes vee ODL

-. 93456, 614

vere | eves

oe 306, 207

: w. 269

ie 70) 6

ea) Thee edes

aes + B79, BBS

500, 589, 590

eos cece 267

een eee 444

eels coe 444

ese 465, 476

“ 490 629, 630

Led i eeteoas

w. 806, 311

See eo GS

Pee ees I

wn ee

w.. 598, 610

See eo)

Behe 715)

Th cub ceanes

eae

‘eee

Beta 6

a. 151, 696

Fv eel

Ixxiv

Corvin one

Corvus ase

Coryphena = ae

Corythocicha ...

cosmioides s0C

Cossidze AAO

costalis ... 405

Costarcha 600

costatum S60

costipicta 205

GOLESI eee S00

Coturnix 200

coxale ...

Crambomorpha

CYASSICOrNiS ese

crassirostris ...

Crateropodide...

Crateropodinz...

Crateropus coe

Creatonotus a.

CTECCA ae “or

*crenataree. ees

*crenulata an0

CIESP2 ove c0C

CretACea coco cae

cretica ... ae

cribraria 900

crinita ... aco

CLISPA ave ose

cristata ... son

cristatus one

Crocidura 650

Crocodilus coo

Crocopus “00

eruciata nD

cruentatum ...

cruentatus eos

Cryptogramme... |

Cryptolopha ...

Cryptopone

Cryptothele ...

Cryptothelide...

cubitifero

cuculata “00

Cucullia a

cuculoides con

Culex ...

Culicide...

Culicidize ee

INDEX.

PAGE |

fue eevee

seit Manse bo

oo een tha eeaN SE

.-. 899, 403, 404, 707

Ss SDD

Pear eet

48, 269, 424, 508

eco 501, 516

soos uae SL

12014 eee 269

dey aberap oll

cre gp eeeg bal

sco, Migereasle

age icon ao

w. 304, 309

sed gesealAs,

622, 654, 707

. 622, 707

sol tape OoS

si client

: .. 154

we. 283, 449

74, 76

ae werd

ae | dgnte BS

449, 450, 451

Helge cas.

ele albenahiSS

262, 446, 447

eso eee q

186, 299, 535, 627, 656

weds) ceeWIOSS

cs lupe BHO

a. 568, 708

EE Ls

Sree eee

64, 65, 349, 617

wee 446, 448

we 565, 626

oat, (545398

wo. 498

svat eeeegs

Bi eRe OD

Pe nemesis | 1

586, 581, 556

596, 598, 605, 692, 694, 695

598, 600, 603, 604, 720,721

we 592

Culicins ay

cuneonatata ...

cuprea ...

cupreimargo ..

cupreipennis ...

Curoba ... swe

cursitans awe

Cursoriins ...

curtisii ... ies

Cutiterebra ...

cutulatus ore

cuvieri os

Cyana se. oe

cyanea bon

cyaniventre

cyanocera oon

cyanocincta ...

cyanonotus 5

cyanophlyctis ...

Cyanops oon

cyatheoides ...

Cybium aod

Cycas ... S00

Cyclemys p00

Cyclidia onc

Cyclomilta ... —

Cyclosiella ...

eyclotrema .. |

eyclurus ous

cydoniz ses

CYZNA .

Cygnus... a0

Cylindpophis ...

Cylindrophis ...

Cyllene... coe

cylletona 500

cymatophoroides

Cymella occ

Cynelurus...

Cyornis... cos

Cypa ... 500

cyprinoides ...

cysis ... aoe

CYSSCA oe Boe

cystis ... GAC

Cystopteris

dactylina tei

denig eee geo

PAGE

Pegs A

w. 585, 586

Cie a aerial

shar enoon

CaN eee mG

soi) | Peo

hg eee

en tage OTS

aE)

grees. Gil

we oh gen

526, 527, 528

eee 516, 519

1188, 846, 553, 615

318, 319

fas;

on!) 2 SUB EG

689

ac fy a

400, 567, 713

sa a RN

veo! SORES

Prater (i)

wre, WeeeMGgS

aaa, ee

501, 587, 588

w. 501, 590

eee ese 396

350, 587, 617

see eco 71

Br elon

222, 362, 898

evans’ eee

dis: wens

Peers ain

in roel

‘hata

sed 2 ee

oss enOeS

567, 655, 687

1. geass

sci tclgeeandil

wa 395, 896

won, bya Deda

wan 396

81, 32, 83, 34, 35, 36

.. 450, 451

ere peo 267

Dafila

Dalbergia

dalbergize

dalhousize

*dalyi ...

Danainze

Danais ...

Daphnis

Daplasa...

darexforme

darexformis

darutyi ...

darwinii...

dasara

Dasychira

daurica ...

Davallia

davalliodes

davidi

davisoni...

decedens

decisa: ...

decolorata

deeurtata

decussata

Deiopia ...

delicata ...

delicia ...

delineata

Demiegretta

Dendrocitta

Dendrocygna .

Dendrophis

Dendrophleps

Dendrothripa «.

Dennstzdtia

dentata...

denticulata

dentifascia

#dentilobis

eco

depauperata “nee

deraiota ~~

Dermestes’

destructor

detrita ...

dharma...

Diacamma

Dialithoptera

ese

sco heared

ONE Sues Yea ED

29,30, 1, 32, 33

i REPRE

Ee AAT

522, 525, 626

te nS

ee oD

bee a teen Sle?

we 408

BSG

... B91

fe weeeauaRG

Hk, ha pS

ays Oo SA

Hye uy HNO

sero) e682

adoiili (oa 154

345, 535, 615

eg dot

Se opts 269

Bb ohaaef

us| ot B65

dee alts Bike

ah) paebee

305, 309

659, 660

INDEX.

PAGE

Leet yes gence LOU

eee ie aceey 110, 1822

Sane ses een SED

»+.248, 244, 245, 246

...806, 311, 395, 396

cn) Meee ae ose res

158, 159, 160, 163, 176, 540

Pectin svat ie coneke

Bea tele ien /

Ce csc eueeiaeD

ses)! coupe

dae oa) ,67

vs. 820, 321

578, 579, 588

coe” ewe OO

ooo coe 106

... 69, 70, 75

ww. 516, 518

eee eee 581

... 58, 317, 319, 320

eee

one oe 85

diana ...

diaphana

diaphanella

Diaphanes

diardi ...

Diaspidinz

Diaspinze

Diaspis ...

Diczidas

Diczum...

dichotoma

dichrous...

Dichtadia

Dichthadia

Dicksonia

Dicrurids

dicruroides

Dicrurus

dictyaria

dictyospermi

Diduga ...

diffusifascia ~..

Digama...

digitata...

digramma

Dilemera

diminuta

diminuto-leviceps

305, 307, 308, 311, 312, 313

Diphtheraspis ...

Diplazium

Dipsas...

Diptera...

diptera ...

discinota

discipuncta

discisigna

discivitta

discolor...

Discophidsza

*discosticta

Dissemurus

dissimilis

disticha...

distigmata ‘

distinguenda ...

Distira ...

distorta ...

divakara

divaricata

Ixxy —

PAGE

sae eos 604

Fe Ls eCOR}

seat ese Ose.

500 oo. 426

w.. 352, 620

G00 ee. 66

eae ese 66

66, 254, 257

ese eo. 65D

567, 655

Son es ao

66 ooo O42

AoC ove 464

462, 464

“060 A sheear to)

377, 625, 664

coe ices: TU)

ae eee 654

Mey CAEP,

68, 75

503, 589

Onn eee O16

«. 673

449, 450, 451

con eee 42)

591, 674

oa, a3) 4

as oor O87

669, 671

188, 340, 346, 534, 553, 615

.-.B41, 598, 600, 683

fas CRM

we 224

we. 589

«. 581, 583

acs SRP

ws 234, 563

sac OG ZO

sey (ee naan

we 377, 695

soli eee

“53, ER

wae NS

«-. 809, 310

-. 346, 615

can eee 508

eee eco 518

vee eee 41]

INDEX,

Ixxvi

PAGE

dives a. oes .» 607

divergens oo0 wee 261

ividata... 090 ese a0 . 578

divisa ... 43, 48, 410, 416, 419, 423, 512

Dixoa 50 a:

Dohertya 00 501, 513

dohertyi oes ove 160, 25, 518

Dorcotragus sos 906 «» 295

doris ... C00 eee we. O53

dorsalis ...

Dorylii ...

Doryline

Dorylus... 2

Doryopteris ..

dougalli... 500

Draco «.. os

Drepana... oo0

Drepanide «.

Drepanognathus

drepanophyllum

Dromas... eve

Drymocataphus

Dryophis 280

*dubia ... 200

*Dudgeonea

dudgeoni

dulcicula S00

dumetorum ...

Duomitus =

duplicana oe

duthiei ... 000

duvallioides ...

duvauceli b0

Dysauxes 2oe

Dysodia... ene

eburnea ... 500

Heaudata —

eccentropis eee

Hehis... 000

Eeciton o. C00

Keitonii... one

Ectatomma

Ectomomyrmex

Hdentata

edgeworthii

Hdwoodwardia...

efiracta ... ann

See aL ts carat

ase) ey 406,4609

lien 5 CA GS

. 52, 830, 462, 477

462, 468, 464, 471

BRS A Say ee

Cea icc aia BO abe

south, / ccc 680697

ies) 61a, 228

ot oS

Beha fram ny CS

eee eee ece 145

wes ove .- 403

346, 347, 615

e147, 246, 247, 248

Sn aRPER NS

1-269, 518, 575, 576

Se) RRB OO

Ey), egels

Te en oan OLG)

Revie. Vigesinlee

BRN 45, ED

br 81, 32

MN ales Aihara

45, 224

a. . 88

“ .. 196

eee eee coe 648

«» 585

eve 184, 340, 352

0012, 330, 468, 475

= 462, 464

Heenan EMT

.-.533 821, 322

-.. 800

Di CRY RORER OFf)

Ee MME NE

WF oh Se coco

we 678

Blachura 590

elegans ...

elephantis eee

Elephas....

Hligma.... CAC

*elongata See

Hlymnias “00

Elymniine ...

emblicalis noc

emeria ... so0

emeryi ... oan

*encausta ope

engonata ial

Enhydrina ..

enhydris O00

ENOPS 200

ensiforme :

entella ... 200

equi... sé

Kquus ... on0

era cos

Erastria... eee

Eressa ce an

eressoides 900

Hrinaceine ...

Hrinaceus

Eriococcus O60

Erismatura

Erismaturine ...

erubescens

Hrythrina

erythropygius ...

erythrosoma ...

Eryx ... eee

Esacus ... poe

eschara ... 200

esculenta oo:

ESM1A oe- ono

Estigena coe

Euasplenium ...

Eublemm2

Eublepharide ...

euchana 00

Eucheilanthes ...

Huchera cor

EKuchromia ...

Hucyclopera ...

Eudoodsia oan

PAGE

wa. 899

340, 606, 709

sa Weenese

Pepa iy

eslvgpiin amepbod

sev oeteseeOD

..28, 49, 50

w.. 164, 176

weit igea Ge

eu eee

w 624, 654

Seo eee

see SS

Koi BIOS8

3. BATGIG

... 848, 616

eee oo» 673

foo oe. 460

vee -- Ol]

Eo ioe Eh

558, 651, 683

cos oe 47

eee ooo 85

45,298, 224

sc} SREB

voce. (fen HOH

see | BET

tel: Ueteebaee

es beeesw BS

19,20, 22

5) aati

iia) wee

Meee, Gee

ian Om

as, gbhenneoeo

oe) peeeeeaalite

ved, aeeslBSS

sn abate Mob

a GED

a5: dgeeratly

... 460, 669

51, 269, 879, 880, 538

Panes Vi

.. 506

we. 249,947

yaaa eUlne

wa. 45, 224

w. 502, 514

oge eee a7

INDEX, Ixxvil

PAGE PAGE

aoa) leven, ee 501, 514, 590 | fex 55, 808, 467, 468, 469, 470

rettaeee ccesil eke cas, j MOON STS al GRENeeck, Alene. cee 5 ives de BeB RO Se

Euplexia ial siiscuys,), 1 ceeeaneexene HOM AnBeltan cue eae . 281, 287, 299, 387

Euplea. .. el ral L7G AHdOn aed gle Peneatmabatt tty), Pl sen Were 1 cenye le

euprepioides ace coe eo» 549, 582 | Fentonia occ Br ooo AL

Buproctis ... 51, 85, 234, 416, 419, 421 | *fergusoni... Unies. “468, 478, 474

Eupteris oer nee od altering ey)" eect | oaet) a) cneuupapenetoDO

Eupterote cos B56 506 eo. 38 | ferox ... sos 200 peo GOO)

Hupterotide ... cen 630 -. o¢ | ferrea ... o0c one cas en Osaoe

Hurois ... coe Sh 006 .. 85 | *ferreopicta .. eae 200 See AD

Eurosia ... eee 502, 519, 520 | ferrifusa S00 ees 000 we «42

eurous ... 506 soc . 172 | ferruginea ... cae 191, 409, 541

Kurychlamys ... on . 395 | ferrugineum ... coc coo «=. 266

Eurylemide .. ... a . 679 | ferrugineus 178, 525

eurynome ood 500 ooo 704 | ferus ... 490 eee ace coe OVA

Husphinctus ... one 54, 328, 329 | fervida ... onc co0 ooo «- 48

Kutelia... eve ove eo. 93, 269 | fia soe 51, 233

Hutornopera ... cbc 906 41,51 | Ficus .. 151, 253, 622, 624, 628

Evania ... S00 coc onc - 341 | ficus ... 200 one 206 69, 673

Evanide O00 000 eee eo. O41 | Filices ... eee 25, 236, 443

Excalfactoria ... cae co0 --- 149 | filicula ... Ae uae ete foo

excelsa ... 00e sec e. 452,454 | fimbriata -00 oee 300 --- 508

@XCISA ..- ane Boe coe - 516 | fimbriatus occ ae ae coo Be

CXCISUS «.. coe so God -- “¢1 | Fiorinia one vie «. 256, 257

exclamationis ... eee 412 | fiorinice 90 ope vee oe 256

exclusa ... aoe 250 ex. 585,586 | flabelliformis ... -. 631

excurvata as Sat .. 85 | flabrifera S00 S00 500 - 505

exiguum... 662, 668, “664, 665, 666, 667 | flaccida ... ove ere eee, Ss 0, DAE

exsertum ee sil eee 2a) enacellizenam! /.-. «+2 238

EXCESS... vee wee we 49, 80 | flammea 2, Pr nos ieeo (2S

exusta ... eee onc coo = geen «8 | flava ove noe 590

EXUSLUS ... eee coe “00 -.. 704 | flavescens ons 515

flavicola ace ane coe woe OOO

falcata os. ose ove «- 186,378 | flavicolis ase Sa) M060 . 584

falcatum onc - «- 668 | Aavicollis . 584

falcigera ano, | ee «» 304, 309 | *flavicosta 51, 85, 226, 234, 420, 508

Falco oreo ses -o» 108 | flavicostata ... cnc ane - 589

farinosa 243, 244, 245, 248, 949, 250, 251 | *flaviguttata ... o0e ee 47, 50, 51

fasciata 80, 191, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, | flavimacula 415, 416

129, 136, 132, 133,259, 505, 510, 588, 589 | flavipennis -. 269

fasciatum 265, 266 |. flavipes aft eee

fasciatus ... 336, 344,378, 382, 553, 612, | “flavipuncta «.. + +» 1, 285

616, 618, 700 | flavirostris 150, 400

fascicaudata .. - s. see eve 882 | flaivivenosa , . - 579

fasciculata ... o00 500 .. b1Q | flaviventris ... soe nee - 654

faseiata.. ie aes | Bavosionata ¢.../) 1 <s0y) eres gene ady

fatigans earth (ase wos 608 | flavovittata .. ss. weet as

féa ese eee eos eee ese 56

floccifera aes sae ees

Ixxvill

flOCCOBS ve

Florinia

fontanum

Fordonia

formosa...

formosus

Fossores

*fossulata

fossulatus

fractilinea

fragilis

fragosa

fragrans

frenatus

frigida

fringillarius

frondosa

frontalis

fronticinctus

fruhstorferi

frustulenta

Fucus ...

fulcoventrics

fulgens ...

fulginiventris

Fulicariz

falicata ...

*fuligineus

fuliginosa

fuliginosus

fuligiventris

Fuligula

fuligula...

Fulix oe

fulveola

fulvicosta

fulvipicta

fulvipuncta

fulvocincta

fulvus

fumidisca

fumipennis

fumosa ...

furcatus

“*furcifer

furcifera

fuscalis ...

*fuscana ~

fuscanus

INDEX.

48, 123, 128, 129, 131, 563

PAGE

see 580, 583

nicl) cewOnG

662, 663, 665, 666, 667

foes vane

a GCI

eat enema

328, 326

331, 332

w.. 518, 514

34, 35

wee B29

242,243, 247

eee, Old

w.. 582

os. we O00

Sede | case 1880

See God

Biden enone

rome 5 e:

cad

... 692, 694

Prviiiees 1)

; w 407

Uy e686

ots! eeOae

et ee Bd

bon ee eos

Pea me atiee (13

513, 604

, we 565

re iy

se Gaede

Marae lr

wen) ee tOG

Eames O01:

nevis Tee 88S

oie MOSER

w. 572, 573

146, 463, 464

... 510, 588

412, 589

232, 263, 264

sioeS

ane | 805230

sea 1, B29

: sxe 580

we 485, 487

ie e609)

fuscapex

fuscatus...

fuscescens

fuscicilia

fuscifusa:

fuscipes

fuscistriga

fuscivena

fuscobrunnesa .

fusiformis

fuscus ...

fytchei ...

Galeodes

Galleredia

Gallicrex

Gallinago:

gallinula

Gallus ...

Gampola

Gamsorhynchu

Gargetta

Garudinia

garzetia...

Gastropacha

Gastrophilus

gauroides

Gazalina

Gazella...

gazella...

Geckonidz

Gehyra ...

gelatina

gelida ...

*gelonii

Gelonium

gemmata

Gennzus

Geocichla

Geoemyda

. geoffroyi

geametricum

Gerardia

Gerbillinz

Gerbillus

germanicum

Ghoria ...

gigantea

ginginianus

PAGE

ae ee eee

seo seBOB

EAM card fil

; a DEL

Za NCSBS

aeoll

Din sera

seat ete 0G

PLES iG

46, 415

184, 463, 464, 630

eco eee 46

178, 179, 180

seh RDO

144, 656

ws 149

cnsagenenlan

a. 883, 525

ene 500, 505

. 408

wae tee

ww 500, 514

can SIE

Pees Ce

.. 688, 684

ace 2 RHO

Peper C810)

285, 294, 395

reer. 1)

aia, RTS

333, 834, 697

eee ese 49

521, 622, 598, 524, 526, 527

ope

Be ee 2 12

256, 267

ws. 256, 257

Pansat 35

ons) eon

soto. aeRO

ose .- 146

318, 319, 320

see roe 616

coe see 677

eee see OOO

: we 660

aio Dee

woe QETSAD

eee (chewesOD0

. ginorea

giraldi ...

glaberrima

_ Glauycus—

glaphyralis

Glareola

glareola...

Glaucidium

-glaucion

*claucoplaga ..

*cleadowli

Gleichenia

Gleicheniaces ...

- glenniei

Gloriosa

glottis ...

gloverii...

Gnophria

_godarti ...

_ *goliathus

Gonatodes

Gorsahicus

gracile ...

gracilis ...

Gralle ...

gTamineus

_ grandis ...

gratiosa...

Graucalus

STAY] — a0

*oreeni ...

grevii

Grevillea

erisea ...

eriseola ...

griseus ...

erotel ...

grunniens

Grus eee

guadra ...

*oubernatoris

guentheri

Gunda

guntheri

Gurna ...

guttata

guttaticollis

_ guttatum

—guttatus...

INDEX,

PAGE

vee eee eae

.»» 669

eve one oo 464

. ° . 83

eee ac 79 i

se eee iOS

Pi std, on mene

... 580, 531, 556, 569

a 13, 538, 556

PONY ae eee Ale bil

325, 327, 468, 469, 472

Rue er aD

i Said Lae Des

... 668, 665, 666

AS acre Elam tD ON

Be Weeaieee CAMS

ae’ wee 283, 254

bee OM besa bert ifs

BA urate Ac mega

Pa een CoC

ae SET ARGS

Sher sess: Men OS

; 663, 665

447, 448, 473, 479, 568

sigimia ate MeenNeDG

seep ones O19

Sj acon a oeee DOS

we 585, 586

es SREP G28

Sieh) seu, Pala B55

Seo se eee 208

eb sea PUD OS WOE

ar ah oi

wa. 248, 250, 418, 520

510, 511

Some swe mete be

i TBO

Secme ean Bae eo!

A a aa eae

es at Ser GOT

MEAN Sie UGB

Ho aE Re 5

298, 299

ctiaht ele tals Gh

deals MO Cee

a .. 400

Psst | aenee aa

679

cuttifera one

euttivitta one

guttulosana 0.

Gymnaspis ...

Gymnochroma ...

Gymnodactylus

Gymnogramme

Gymnorhis

Gymnurine ..

Gyrostoma “08

hematocephala

heamatodes - ees

hemorrhoidalis

hemorrhous ee.

eor

Ixxix

PAGE

ae) sues

SGN:

Feil

Pembina BYE:

... 508, 589

eae Paar DOD

ww. 87, 460

peewee coy Se

... 679

». 683, 684

Halcyon 184, 364, 379, 398, 568, 688, 708

halizetus ooC

halleri ...

Halone ... a0

*hampsoni ee.

hamptoni coe

Hapigia... eve

haplonota 508

haplonotus os.

Harpegnathii ...

Harpegnathos «..

Harptiocephalus

hartertie.. ove

hascheana eos

hasselti ... eee

*hauxwellii

hecabe ...

heliconia

Helictis...

heliodora 500

Heliornithide...

Helix ... “On

h lvetica eve

helvolus ono

hemichryseis ...

Hemidactydus...

Hemidactylus ...

Hemiplecta

Hemipsilia

Hemonia

henryi ... eve

Heracula a6

herbifera 200

Herbivora sue

Be) beens

re 57, 58

co ean GS

seus Sy eeenOe

peembiricen (lls

oe. 663

.. 602, 515

wae 491, 496

w. 553

salah eee 0)

bees eee

Bema iealeh a S7/

Maoh se Oe

wee 53, 68, 64

see eeaeloD

ao 39,519

Seu ghee OOu,

: FeO

Sa SG

Biante WY.

Ph dileds ATES

eee he (1)

estes plOd

eG Tg

... 395, 396

Policies Ws

Bd hase UC

sche eee ee

Sot GS

340, 698

2 ETS OG

w. 503, 588

.» 501, 591

Pie haibe (CA!

echt a alte

231, 263, 264

wn AE B99

Ixxx

PAGE

*hercules soe “a0 vee 487

Herdonia ee oor -- 82

Herimba eee 260 200 84 |

Herodias oon see : oo. 151

Hestia ... *e San ar

Hestina ove one ene eo» 166,176

Hesudra ee 000 S30 oo. O12

Heterocera — ese woe 77, 1738, 258, 406

*heterogyna Bae 50C oe 44

Heteropoda ... eee eee coo 495

Heteropodide ... coe ee 122,487

hetoropus ove eee bes coe O97

hexadactyla ... on 008 oe G49

hexagonotus ... ee 346,615

Hibiscus one aC S00 ee 151

Hieraeétus o00 a0 500 oo. 700

Hierax ... s0 coe cos eee BOL

Hilaris ... as. woe = eee: 268, 582

Himala... gas oo 200 --. 419

himalayana we 395,396

himalayanus ... Spo eco

*hindostanicus 200 200 eo. 482

hindostanus c con oo» 464

Hinulia... +e cod soe BOD

Hipistes... coe eos ee «= 47, 616

hippurus toe ese eee B57

Hipsirhina ... .-. 698

hitta ..e “00 con

hirtus ... 600 ees «»- 490

Hirundinide ... oe 500 ese 655

Wirundo 6 oe a0 coe 655

*hodgsoni ee. 9307, 308, 313, 465, 474

hohenackerianum _— aa «es 668

Holocraspedum ee = eve 503, S71

hololeuca 000 5D ooo ese DSO

*holoxanthia ... eee sa ose 202

Homalopsis coe eee 348, 616

Homopsyche ses oo. 088

honorata 200 “00 eee 629

hookeri ... mee ane ae -- 30

horsfieldi ...414, 521, 524, 526, 527, 528

horsfieldii 3 see «= BB, 689

huebneri cee eo. AT

huegelianus ... oo coo Bot

humeralis a0 000 S00 --. 008

humilis co0 so0 577, 581, 583

hurrians coe 0c aaa eos 338

Hyanide one soe ont eve 677

eee eco eee ese 46

hyalina ...

INDEX,

hybridum

hydatina

bydrinus

Hydrochelidon

Hydrusa

Hylidz ...

Hy menophyllacess

Hymenophyllum

Hymenoptera ...

Hypereschra ...

hyperborea ...

Hyperthyris

Hyphorma ...

Hypocrita

Hypoderma

Hypolamprus ...

hypoleucus

hypopheola

*hyporhoda

Hyposiccia

hypoxantha

Hypsa .-

Hypsidz

Hypsirhina ...

hyrtaca soc

*hysterica sats

Hystria eze

Ichneumenoptera

Ichthyura oe

Icthyophis ...

Idea ... 000

idea,

Ideopsis 500

Idopterum 000

ignea 550

ilisha ... 606

illustris... dais

ilvensis ...

imaon

Imaus ...

imberbis ate

imitans

immaculata

coe

eo. 341, 342, 718, 721

*ioneola so0 900

ignipectus 500 260

ignita ev. ese

ila 208 oo0 eee

[lema_ ... 500, 507, 508,

PAGE

soo RS

... 847,616

we 149

sc ee NENG

Ue ao

284

wee 259

Jo ES

we 684, 685

81, 230, 231

w. 147, 408

a B77

we OMA

508, 574, 575

Me 81

we MERCED

591, 672

348, 616

407, 408

305, 311

+ e06 --- 680

43, 61

woe 697

.-. 158

157, 158

158, 176

503, 575

woe 295

wee 226

eos 655

wee O81

,510, 511, 591

BAS)

168, 176

ae He

45, 46

we. 419

wo. 393

wee 510

eos 420

immensa

immerita

immisericors

impellens

impudicus

incipiens

inclusa

inconcisa

inconspicua

*indica

Indicatoride

*indicus

indigena

indistincta

inducta

inferma...

infernalis

inflexa ...

infumata

inornata

inornatus

Insectivora

insolitus

insucta:

integrifolia

interjecta

intermedia

intermixta

interpres

interrupta

intimalis

intrahens

intumescens

inuncta

inusitatus

Ipomea

*ipanii

iridipennis

irrorata

Isamia

Ityca ...

Ixalus

Ixulus

iza G00

jacobinus

japonicum

JASE% — ery

INDEX,

PAGE

Reuben ua sO ak

HERRON. oles OG

Mie ie peed

MEE A AD essa Ge CDG

ONT cath Cush OE

A Puta ath CAD

Srl enon alg GRC CEES

Eat diecae ce 20)

Seas) G80.588

.. 70, 71, 820, 584, 622

RE MUesisvaiey ch 678

... 59, 61, 150, 180, 338, 379,

383, 566, 628

ese 560

S00 eo. 516

ese «oe 508

one ese 20D

ove soe LTB

eee coe 585

577, 581, 583

eco 627

.. 581, 556

... 108, 680

; BW (5)

LAS BRSUN EM TE)

w» 623, 629

areas

15], 445, 708

sei, ta see

Coe enna

395, 396

GON ess

See dee OG9

Trek \220 396

25 TS

71, 72

sh biecmrnal

485, 487, 492

ON eRReD I.

416, 417

... 161

Beth 25. DOS

Sea 69

Be ne 680

158, 176

eee soe 623

10443, 444, 445, 446, 669, 671

eee vee 232

javanensis

javanica...

javanum

javanus ...

jerdoni ...

*jerdonii

johnii ...

Jpalura ...

jubatus o..

junctura

juniperinus

juvenculus

juventa ...

kzelreuteri

*kanariensis

Katha ...

Kerala ...

khasiana

khasiensis

kindermanni

kitteli ...

klugi ...

kcelreuteri

koodoo ...

korion ...

korros ...

Kosala ...

kuekenthaili

kuhli_...

kiikenthali

kuluana

kulluana

kundoo ...

kinstleri

kunstleri

labiatus...

Lacertidse

laciniatum

Lelia ...

leta ose

letum

lgsviceps

levigatus

levipes ...

levis ...

laidlayana

laisidis

1Xxxi

PAGE

con eve 108

153, 154, 518

es one eee 320

woe 821, 322, 482, 483

ade eee 6236

wae 324, 887

eae eee 340

ca --. 698

ono --- 288

on ex. 262

ae eos 120

san ooe 464

coe eee 163

S80 eos 116

69, 62, 467, 471

w. 509, 511

a IBD

49, 409, 452, 518

wo BBS

ce, ERS

306, 307, 312

aa aS

ot OG

ecg. PUES?

.. 169, 176

.. 858, 620

sc aS

159, 160, 176

ce PB

ey a

ons | ota

wee 1776

566, 628, 629

er ees

«164, 165

468, 464

Be Nes 6)

«-. 659, 660

. 51, 234, 412, 413

410, 449, 450

Pra PT)

307, 312, 464, 465, 468,

474, 475, 476

eee coe 464

aH0 see 395

eee ee 619

ooo 395

ase .. 165

Ixxxii

laleana ...

lamarckii

*Lamprochloé

Lampyrides

lanceolatum

lanceum.,..

Lanius ...

]aNOs2 ee

Laniidz...

Laniing...

lapemidoides

Larus «s.

larutense

larutensis

Larvivora

lasara ...

*lasianthi

Lasianthus

Lasiocampide ...

latana ...

latanize ...

latecinia

lateralis

Lates ...

laticilia ...

laticincta

*laticostalis

latifascia _

latipennis

*latiscapus

latius .e.

lativittata

latopalmata

latreillii

*latTO ss.

laura ese

laurencia

Lebeda ...

Lecanium

leeuwenksski —

leithii ...

Lenodora

*Jentula...

leo

Leocyma

lepcha

*Lepidopoda

Lepidoptera

Lepterodius

INDEX,

PAGER !

... 268

491, 492

Si age

See eg

256, 267, 667

UO RG GO.

-. 566, 627

iS neo,

een G aT

Sig ABO

a. 346, 615

a see oT

be el SEBO

cee 697

Ber,

eee eee 934

BRS. Oot

cas St eaaptDe

wae 283, 406

Jeo, thie eel LA

69, 70, 71

wae O74

.. 697

Seyi lil

woe ATL

of kr eh rg

me 57 |

sad. i eaneedO

stie ..» 407

... 467, 471, 472, 473

Les alees) (meee tOGl

See iy OP

sh LesteaOOe

466, 477

sok) ceca:

see eee

ade | eG

w. 379, 588

aa Mis 381

gi.” dest okO

scone

.» 496

sm Ol

toe, genes

wee 224, 418

eed th oonenaee

174, 341, 375

cae eee

Leptokrachiam

Loptogenys

Leptostegia

Lepus ...

lerwa

leschenaulti ‘

Lethe ... ~

_leucanioides ~

leucobalia

leucocapillus

leucocephala ...

Leucocerca

Leucoma

leucops

leucoptera

leucopus

Leucosceptrum

leucosoma

Leucostegeis ...

Leucostegia

*leucosticta

lencostigma

leucotis ...

leucura’

levingei

Lexis ...

libera ...

lichenea...

lidderdali

lidderdalii

Limacodids

limniace

lindesaii

linearis ...

lineata...

lineatum

lineatus ...

linga

Lintorata

Liolepis...

Liopicus

Lioponera

Lioptila ...

Liotrichinz

Lithocranius

PAGE

tee eee 697

58, 304, 309, 812

wwe 444

.. 388

sin Bae

Pee ess

ws» 168,176

w. 505, 506

ean, REDE

BM ie f0

19, 20, 22, 182

ace TOG TOT

a. 493, 494

Ban) Mace OB

ede Sic)

cco, RTS

suche gear ele

tae) ete te

oo SE SDS

29, 30,31, 33

sol SEDO

+ee 697

ate ot RGSS

«. 680, 709

i 4)

499, 505, 506

dey gee

+ 269

Sie a eee

eee 407, 411

ve | 2oieos

eee coe 540

ese eee 604

006 ee 2D

a. 408, 414

. 684

525, 526, 527, 528

eee ree 586 ;

159, 160, 176

w. 679, 680

oe eee

54, 329, 330

sess: | | eeeDGBE

oe, BRB MOTE

etc ES

Lithosia 85, 501, 505, 507, 508, 509, 510,

lithosia eo. —

Lithosianz

511, 513, 590, 591

eee 226°

37, 499°.

INDEX, lxxxiil

PAGE PAGE

litura 38 ... 412 | Lygosoma 333, 334, 335, 697, 698

Lobabasis .. 500,514 | Lymantria 417, 418, 425

Lobocraspis ... 591 | Lymantriadz ... a wee 234

Lobopelta 304, 309 | Lymantriide ... es . 412

lobulatus yey OOh e lytaly nae a0 oor 18%

locuples... coc oe. 413

Locustide S00 coe Sop dliit)

loeviceps acc -- 474 | Macaduma ... eee wwe O15

lohor er. ... 268 | macclellandii ... ice cake

lonchitidez ... 500 a4 .. 85 | Macherophora... .-- 576

*longi ... 57, 58, 467, 470, 471 | Machairophora ee a 55 OY

longicornis oh a0 ... 463 | macii ... 600 ... 628

longifolia 448,449, 53] | Maclolophus ... fag «.. 687

longifoseatus ... 59,61 | Macotasa 6 coo «ee 507

longipes oe --. 697 | Macrobrochis ... -s. 85, 591

longitarsus .». 329,330 | Macrocalamus... .. - sos 697

longitudinale ... 317, 319 | Macrochlamys ... fey BES BSD

Lophodytes ... as. .-- 199 | Macroglossa .. oe “2: 40, 51

Lopioneura > «. 507,508 | Macrorhamphus eee 105

Lophophanes ... bo ... 542 | macrorhynchus voll eeee Oo

Lophophorus .. ... 526 | maculata 54, 513, 684

Lophospizias ... 5 ... 655 | maculiceps 344, 612

lophotes ROD dena ... 698 | maculifascia ... 575, 584

*loranthi ato) che 254, 257 | maculifasciata oo. 585

Loranthus... es 71,256 | madana oo. 421

Loris... 006 00¢ 680, 681 | *madani BEE o0c «» 486, 487

otis) oo ca. cae ... 171 | madaraszi 59, 61, 62

lucasi coe ... 162 | maderasapatensis ..- 281, 687

lucibilis ero cont ep Reo Madaqua 9. ccs: * ives 298, 299

lucida ... mee se oe. 444 | Mesa ... ona noC coe ee CAD

lucidula... 306, 311 | magna ... 224, 269, 586

lucidum .. 445 | magnifica 50 sat cee sag Gli

lucina ... 2b ... 49 | magnimaculata 611, 612

Luciola... one ... 496 | magnirostris 06 eee 144

luciplena 200 .. 160 | Mahanta oon sels eee -.. 268

luciptena 206 ... 160 | Mahavira ose woe O84

ludens ... «- 456, 457 mahrattensis soc dbo. xe

lunats ... .. BGT | Major ose 000 we» 452

lunatus ... ... 667 | malabarica 20 630, 686

lunulatum 236, 664 | malacoptilus ... —«-. 531, 706, 707, 708

lutara ... aes -. 578 | malayanum «+. “05 500 ee. 697

luteifascia 206 .. 48 | malelas... 000 coo «- 165

luteipes se 324, 326, 327 Malignace.. 500 on0 ... 320

Lycenide .. =... .. «168 | Mammalia 102, 108, 294

Lyclene ...577, 579, 582, 583 | mandelli seat ilies eee --- 403

Lycodon 336, 848, 872, 553, 616, 697 | mandibulata ... .. 478,479

Lycosa ... 5 -.. 484,486 | Mangalisa ase ane soe 159

Lycoside one ee 122, 484 | Manihot aoc eee ne

Lygodium .. .. ss se 458 | mamillensis --- 12 ves we LOL

lxxxiv

marcescens

Mardara

Margaritacea se.

marginalis

marginata

marginepunctalis

marginipunealis

marila ...

marinus

marmorata

*marmorea sae

*martini

masoni ...

*masteri mee

*maternus 500

mathura

maxillosa c00

MAXIMA ose o00

Maygale

*maynardi

Medonelli

media ...

mediozonata

Megaderma

Magalops

megalotis

Megarbina

Melachitis

melzena... sec

melanaria

melanauchen ...

Melania...

melanina 508

melanocephalus

melanochlora ...

Melanographia

melanolepia

melanolepis

melanoleuca

melanoleucus ...

melanolophus ...

melanops

melanoptilus ...

melanoschista ee.

melanostictus ...

melanurum

meldole... 00

Melittia On

Melynias eve

INDEX,

PAGE !} PAGE

eee ove 224 | membranulosa... 29

-- 416 | Memecylon j 74

+» 688 | Memorhaldus ... w. 679

eee ase ete 33 menadense tae tone

. 85, 421,516, 571 | menadensis y 2 le eoeaho

s» «ee 230 | menado... uy.) pee ObetGG

--- 230 | mendosa SMM ey RRR

«1,2 | menzbieri eb ass «.. 629

=914>| ‘Merganettine cc, =... s-ugeeaeies

ws --. 425 | Merganser 199, 206, 207, 215, 217

-.. 479, 480, 481, 672 | marganser eee 207, 210, 214

464, 473,474 | Mergine sedi th’ cents ns steel eget Lo

oe 48,50 | Mergus 199, 200, 206, 207, 210, 214, 217

484,487 | Merops ... ee 569, 688

321,322 | Mertensia cae 25

ve 418 | Merula .. 194, 655, 689

... 309 | Mergellus see 200

-- 124 | mesortha oe OD

--- 125 | mesozonata aria

one --- 490 | Messua ... tte --. 252

669, 670,671 | Mesua eae ee des ep

eee 150 | &mesue... wee U4, 76, 252

-- 85 | metallica wae 123, 129; 1 5ne ais

-» 186,187 | metalligera Be --. 690

--- 119 | metalophota se 269

--- 295 | metamelema ... -s. 266

-- 598,604 | *metaphea 281, 576, B77

ees «-- 413 | metamelas 578, 583

ee 48,50 | Metanastria 51, 238, 407

eco 323, 226 Metaporia ° 171, 176

150,152 | metaxantha ose 2 (85,:512

eo GEL) Tiisrseean 508, 571

eee --- 166 | Mezalophrys tials 300 eve O97

629, 708, 713 | micans ... con oe oe DOL

.-- 413 | Michelia... coc fag Ci)

++ es 85 | Microcephalus... +1. exe eve 685

85, 587, 588 | microchilus ane +. 223, 224

--- 446 | Mierocichla ” vee one 54D

++ .. 577 | Microhierax oc : --- 570

eee eee 510 Microhyla eee «. 697,698

eve soo 1058) Microlepia isos 33, 34, 35

eee eae OD5 mycrolepis <s eGo

eee --- 404 | microphasma ... bob soo OE

coe ... 628 Microphyla 3 e eo. 697

200 «+» 619 | microphyllum ... eee 458

coe --- 401 micropteron ee 665

+» 161,162 | *micropterus ... --- 609

aoe LOT

164, 165, 176

Micropus

Microsarcops

G08 vee 108

so6 eee 146

Microsca

microxantha

Migoplastis

Millepedes

*milleti...

Miltochrista

mimeticus

Mimeusemia

Mimoruza

minax ...

*minchinii

miniata... sae

*minima coe

| INDEX,

PAGE

. 230

we 509

. 591

es . 698

aes . 494

85, 508, 588, 584, 586

oe hee . 605

. 269

eee 259

308, 318

a wee BSA

EN. sOBG. 572

*minor ... 49, 251, 307, 312, 316, 317, 408

Miresa ... abe

Mithuna

mixta ...

Mochlonyx

modesta...

modica ...

Moesa ... eee

molle

molleri ...

mollis

Mollusea ee

Molpastes

molurus...

monachus

Monema

mongolica

mono¢ellus’ ...

monochlamys ..,

monochrous

monoleuca

montana Sele

montanum

*montanus

monticola ose

monycha a

Mosoda «. oc

MOA eve sac

Motacilla oe

Motacillidz

mucosus ae

multidentata ...

multifasciata ...

multifasciatus...

multigutta ...

multimaculata,,.

281, 262

... 500, 506

eee?

. 598

Ae . 578

Sere sk hee BOT

teat

st . 460

Sony es 2HUBIS519

Suet 78

ies . 894

1624, 654, 698, 714

1-190, 349, 617

scene LOS

. 268

aa Reerlae

348, 617

. 241

ie . 697

SN ee RL

. 666

? 465, ATA

57, 58, 567, 619, 707

OE fy: . 672

2a pee eas BLD

2A NS aE

w» 881, 655, 687

shee Aiea | 6B

...189, 190, 358, 620

aie bayer ising

a Oey

ENG Pee gan ee,

os wee 294

we B46; 534, 615

multipuncta ...

multipunctata ...

multisecta

multisectum

multistriata

multistrigata ...

munda ...

mundus...

muricolor

Mus

musa :

Muscicapide ..

musicus

matabilis

Mycalesis

mycterizans

Mygale ore

Myiophoneus ...

Myopias

Myopopone

MyOps ...

Myrmeleon

myrsusalis

myrtza...

mystaceus

Mystrium

Mytilaspis

Nacaduma

Nacamsa

Naclia .

N#eVINA ..- 500

Naia

NAMA... os.

*namoides BGO

NANdA ...

Narasodes

narcha ...

Narosa ...

nasalis ...

Natada ...

Neasura...

nebecula

nebulosa

Nectaria

Nectophryne ...

neerita ... aa

Ixxxy’

PAGE

woe BIA

1.77, 78, 574

wn 444

445, 446

woe 585

WOT

81, 230

. 419

.. 504, 505

sri RGSS

162, 176, 224

wee 655

223, 362, 398

we. 310

701, 717

as S4TmHOLS

121, 123, 124

. 689

B4, 828

52, 54

59, 60

846, 615

52, Bd

258, 254, 257

bogies. US SO

wii Let erping

Recs. 5 ih,

wa '78, 280

348, 349, fee 616, 716

166, 167

166, 176

wee 407

502, 515

sade eee

232, 267

a. 683

wwe 261

500, 577

as «-» 508

ooh) test "6808588

157, 158

eee 698

vee 419

lxxxvi

*nemacera

nemoralis

Nemorhedus ...

Nemorrheedus ...

Neoblavia

Neochera

nepalensis

Nephelomilta ..

Nephrodium

Nepita ...

Neptis ...

neril

*nerio ...

Nettium

Nettopus

neuropteroides...

NeWATA os.

nicobarica

nidus

nietneri ...

nigerrimus

nigra

nigralba

nigricans

nigriceps

nigridia...

nigrifrons

nigrilabris

nigripars

nigripennis

nigripes...

nigripileus

nigriradiata

nigrisparsa

nigrita...

nigropuncta

nilgirica

*nilgirina

Nisaetus

Nishada...

Nitens os.

nitidula...

nitidus ...

Nivalia ...

Nivea ...

niveifascia

niveiguttata

niveimaculata...

nobilis ...

saci js sehareteneat 9860

INDEX,

PAGE

one -. 232

452, 455, 456

pee -¢)

wae 698

... 499, 504

5) 672

tere Miniw LG

501, 588, BS4

Pe eeatiGO

i Lee

... 167, 176, 875, 704

Baan Melia

cet bsg glGTAeLO

Se ee eens

2.164

. 588

be ee

we B95

459

Sy leat a BRO

85, 224, 416

269, 585

Both inset ie

566, 627

w+. 269

w. 509

.-. 698

510, 511

: 378, 422

.. 178, 510, 511, 670

Ligcal” | Gehman O89

324, 326

coe 200 oe OT1

woe DIB

we 495, 496, 497

Panis Fr et oD)

..- 500, 505

79, 230

Bees ae Mae

wee 263

267, 511

wee 269

we B14

ws 406

Noctuids

nocturna

Nola...

Noline ...

Nomonyx

normalis

Northia

Notata...

Nothopegia

Notodela

Notodonta

Notodontide ...

nubifascia

nubilalis

nuchalis

nucula a.

Nudaria...

nudariodes

nudipes ...

Numenes

Numenius

IN aes

Nyctemera

Nycteolinz

nycthemerus

Nycticejus

Nycticorax

nympha...

Nymphalide

Nymphaline ...

Nyroca ...

OateSi oe.

oberthtiri

oberthuri

*obesulus

obliqua ...

obliqualis

*obliquifascia ...

obliquilinea

obliquilineata ...

obliquistria

obsconditana ...

obscuralis

*obscurior

wo) Stee

503, 588, 589

seis: sd ROSS

si. oes

wis 416

sees abe LAO

ehh) ce a,

oy) ann SIIB TA

iy. 4 oe

w.. B24, B27, 52S

... 838

eeo @ee see 153

we 588

we 157

ves ee eco 166

1, 2, 8, 6, 7, 191, 556

526, 527, 528

ws 463

Se i

re we 498

eo-an ane ADS

i eee TS

51, 85, 232, 408

3. CSE

517, 519

we BOT

os SBT

2h SBGR

obsoleta 417, 418, 579, 582, 588, 708,717

obturbans

oceanicus

ee 610

vs ese 60, 68, 151

Oceanites ono

ocellata :

ocellatum ann

ocellifera

ochreipuncta ...

ochripes

ochrivena

ochropus coc

Ochrota...

Gdonaspis

Odonestis

Odontomachii ...

Odontomachus...

Odontoponera ...

cophila

Gicophylla

(olosia...

Conistis

Cstrida aes

(strus ... Ano

offinis ... ae

oles = «se

oligosticha

olivacea...

olor 900

omophanes

Onoclea

Onychium ....

Oocerzea me

oophora...

opacinodis 200

‘Ophidia... AD

Ophiuroidea ...

orbicularis es

orbiferana

Oreotragus

Oreta ... eee

oretata ...

Orgyia ...

orientale

orientalis 27, 59,

INDEX,

PAGE

. 151

tne ccc w- 262

Esl an gos,

305, 809, 310

i egret NG

.. 494

Argh firth

ats See eaair, Yh

Bente Fes . 587

Be 11, 72, 18, 76

238, 410

52, 67

52, 57, 58

58, 314

Rt kero iis seen

7 ot ene 36

Re DUS

aa) sas) 508, Oe

Bs imme soy 1

... 683, 684

Pain? ae MOODS

teal deat eas

coo eco

coe «. 90

37, 85, 229

200 evo BO

c0¢ «.. 587

see 9o7

coe 208 woe 443

: 54, 329

Aigcr) he eee Te

w. 807, 312

343, 5B6, 646

.. 560

bes . 672

Ba ean tous)

298

Let eRe Oa9

Fa en ae nase

ot By BBE ®

Pou ue #107489

62, 69, 145, 224, 463,

464, 564

Oriolidz eae soe - 628

Oriolus ... 566, 628, 7138

ornata ... 128, 130, 132, 337, 340, 345,

535, 614, 698

Orsinome ~ cop w- 479, 480

Orthocraspeda vee 232

Orthoptera ... one ve 178, 342

Orthotomus ..

Ory cteropus

Oryx

osacesalis

osbeckize

Otididz...

Otocompsa

ovale ...

Ovipennis

Ovis o.

ovis

Oxacme one

oxycephalus

Oxyglossus «..

Oxyopes

Oxyopidz «.

Pachycerosia ...

Pachycondyla ...

pachyotis ses

pachypus 400

Padenia

IxxxVii

PAGE

aes eee 625

wee 299, 301

aoe coe 288

ine Bae te

coe cat a. 678

ws: B82, 624, 654

ears

502, 575, 576

188, 385, 543

ie 683, 684

: BOL, 516

oe EOI

3 (!)

e-e eco ses 482

see = o- 482

a. 500, 515

coo Sa

wee eas LSAIEB

i Mee MRICS

.. B00, 502, 514

Pecilotheria we 126, 536

Peesia see . 465

pagodarum .. 630

Paleeopsis 503, 588

*palalectoris .- 608

Pallene «.. 577, 590

pallens ... 511, 513

pallescens noe eo 200

pallida 79, ee 254, “959, 328, 509, 587

pallidinota 2 265, 266

pallidipes . 655

*palliseri 307, 312

palmarum wee BBO

palmata 950 --. O91

palpebrosa 623, 688

palustris . 340

Panassa eve .. 571

Pandion oo. 108

*panopza “110 an AG

Pantana =00 oo 413

Papilio ... 157, 158, 167, 172,176, 703

Papilionide ... 300 ject” Ag ou

Papilioninz soe oon LE

*paracraa ase Bros divasa lia

cee 206 coe 479

*paradisea — ev

IxxxViii

paradiseus

paradisi...

Paradoxornis ...

Paradoxornithinse

Paradoxurus

Paragenia

parallelina

Parantica

Paraona... sae

Parasa ...

Parasiccia

parasitica

pardalis...

pardus

Pareugoa

Parins sig

Parlatoria Buk

Parus ... o0

*parus ....

*parva ....

passalis ...

Passeres...

Pastor

pastoralis

Patania

patrana ... S00

Pavo

*pearsoni

pecorum

pectinata,

pectoralis 200

pedatum

POGING ievssi see cee)

peguensis

pekinense

Pelecanus Be

Pellea ...

Pellorneum

pellucida

pellucidus ...

Pelobatidee

pelzelni ,

Pemphis 656

penanga A

*pentagonalis ...

pentazonata

Peranema,

Perciana

Percidse ie

eee

200

wee

eco

INDEX,

_ PAGE

877, 625

ve 628

.. 400

... 679

ve 555

vw 178

ws 581

-». 160

503, 513

...281, 232, 263, 265

503, 575

“84d

228, 410

ene 287

502, 574

oe 623

Reena

622, 687

172, 176

380, 505, 587

we 466, 477

eve

47, 50

621, 654

we. 629

wee 268

ees

Sele

... B78

55 LP

s+. 683

Son LEP

46, 47

spo, ET

wre. BOA

aeeNOo

Dee ee

447, 448

we 408

449, 450, 451

Polar

w. 679

w 294

151, 152

wee 224

sons GE

48, 50

Toes

ay5 SE

ere 115

peregrina

peregrinus

Pericrocotus ...

Periopthalmus ..

Pernis ... coe

perornata see

perpallida

*perplexa

perturbans ...

peuqueti

Phacusa © as

*phaa ese

Phedyma —

phzenicopterus

phenicozona ...

pheola ...

pheeopus

phzoxanthia ...

pheestis ...

Phaéthon octy

Phalacrocorax

Pharambara ...

Pharyngomyia...

Phasianus ...

*Phaudopsis ...

phayrii ...

Philenora 000

philippensis

philippinos ...

phillipsi coc

phipsoni sw

Phlebohecta ...

Pheenicopteri ...

phoenicopterus...

phoenicura oa

pheenicuroides...

phoenicurus .«.

Phormingochilus

Phragmatobia ...

Phryganopsis ...

Phrynella -. 0.3

Phylloscopus ...

Physapteris ...

Physematium ... _

*picta .s.-

*pictula

pictus ...

Pida

Pieris owe

eve ere

PAGE

see 517

ee. 628

569, 627, 709

ase

eco we0c

eee

so 116

we 656

S518

586, 587

252,257

sxe 607

309, 314

vee 225

wee 284

167, 176

w.» 628

ww. 46

... 506

147, 570

. 686, 587

iene 58

we 150

we 204

wa. 230

.. 685

ws 528

woe 226

vee 402

508, 587

as)

we 569

we 298

w-. 484, 485, 486, 487

eco eo

387, 345, 536, 615, 697

ieee 296):

ws 678

568, 708

. 882, 687

... 566

we 144

ayia

apne

500, 506

wee 697

565, 626

246, 247

p2OB

42, 685

486, 487

ece 417

yr) 171

Pierine ... ACE

pilamys vee

pilcheri ... nee

pileata ... 900

pilorhiza ee

Spiltzi ... ono

pinnulifera ...

Pinus ...

pipiens ...

Pisara ... 000

piscator...

Pitane ... 200

plagiator

vlagidisca

plagidotata

plagifera

plagiostola

plana

Planchonia

*planchonioides

planicaule

planospira

plataloides

Platigloma ...

platychlamys ...

platynota <0

platyphylla

platyrhyncha ...

Platysternide ...

Platythyrea ...

platyurus

pleione ... eee

Plotheia

Plotus ... os

plumbeomicans

plumalis aac

Podiceps

Podicipes onc

eve eee

INDEX,

PAGE

von AL

. 357

e eee

aa coo). ooo) Sele

ese eee eee 531

eco e

379, 568, 708

Ocal

465, 474

596, 608, 609

Be Ay BD

3b1, 373, 619

.. 426

. 514

.. 416

411, 674

-. 269

ath rete Oh

tego

Boul cee § ban SDT

659, 660

395, 396

. 448

bea JP seis 394898

. 698

coe woe 84

-- 149

200 «e- 679

se 53, 314, 315

eee eee

ase 698

a ETH

chanel, 269

24, 204

wee 508

sehsuuteesy Boe

. 535

Rsteslihiicess 186

Peecilotheria 121, 129, 123, 124, 125, 131,

pecilus... 200

132, 133

soe, 39

poli 138, 385, 386, 887, 388, 389, 390, 391,

Poliosia oats

politula s00

pollicaris 2

polyanthos

Polygonum...

polygraphalis ...

392, 393, 394, 543

500, 504, 508

Boy Gomeeao

POT

= . 25

410

feo ce aS

polymena 5

Polypodiacez ...

poly podioides ...

Polypodium

Polyporus

polytes ...

polyzonaat ...

Pomatorhinous

Pomatorbinus ...

Pompilide ...

Pompilus

pondiceriana ..

pondicerianus...

Ponera ...

Ponerii...

Ponerinz

porphyraceus ..

Porthesia

postfusca

postica ...

pestincisa

postnigra

*postornata

Prabhasa - ...

prelongata

presigne S00

prasena... ope

prasinus vee

Pratincola oes

prevostiana

prey walskiji

Primates

princeps 000

Prinia ...

Prion

Prionodon

*proboscidaria...

processionalis ...

Procodeca

Procyonide ...

Prodenia 000

producta 600

proleuca tee

*prolifica soe

promelena ...

promethia «..

pominens

properta

Ixxxix

PAGE

605 - 224

+27, 236, 443

tale cp in

a 80, 943

sre 120

- 703

ate ee 50

. 383

401, 402, 403

wea 197198

. 178

w. 340

384, 627

53, 321, 322, 325, 326

wes eciteeseB08

seas) BOBRO

348, 611

ww. 423

the ab seeeahe

4)2, 413

w 420

. 584

.. 85, 231, 261

-. 507, 608

ie’ woe 231

oh eo. 697

sel oo 512

AL «.- 616

coe DOL

oh; «- 616

ae so. 685

-- 680

59, 60

.- 627

. 151

. vee 679

ee 256, 257

oe. 328

se a 413

aoe ees 679

ae wee ©6853

oO eee 673

«we 586, 587

ws» 485, 487

cae REN CEEtSET

.. 365, 370

Soin h aenESB

225

x¢

PAGE

*propolia a w-. 232

Proteles... -«. one s-- 299

protomomelzena E we. 655

protuberans one oe 507

prunifera asi Fad os Sb

*pruinosa 304, 309

Prunus ... ac oo --- 196

Psammodynastes -» 9349, 617

Psammophis e- 9340, 617

Pseudagenia 580 ... 178

Pseudoblabes ... e» 500,514

pseudocystopteris ee. 931,32, 33

pseudopictus ... one eee 604

*pseudoteniatus 205 eo. COT

Psichotoé spe ers ADB

Psorophora “0 ee 605

Psy chidze ose we. 226

Psychotria ... ese 71, 73

Pteris ... 447, 448, 450, 454, 455, 456

Pterocarpus ... 090 2oc eee 180

Pterocles Ose -- 539, 540, 704, 705

Pterocletes ... soe ace eo. 678

Pteromys 531, 556

Pterothysanids -. 41]

Pterothysanus... ooo) doo. AeA

Ptilolemus eo 569

Ptyopterota -, oot

pubescens aa 468, 469

pudibunda ... eo. 579, 582

puella ... 516, 517

puer ... o0C Zs eee 518

pulchra ooo, Bl

*pulchriventer... --- 608

Pulvenaria oe O19

pulverulentus ... 349, 617

pumila... so. B28

punctana eae sec --. 515

punctata oo. 224, 504, 505, 583

punctatissima ... i : oe BLO

punctatus eee 200 -«. 697

punctifascia 2 ee 235, 425

punctifera ... --- 610

punctilineata _.. =o ee. 80

punctipes C00 gee coe 490

punctulata a0 c06 --- 687

*punctulatus ... a 58, 351

*punensis 200 eo» 466, 476

punicea... 500 <8 «- O84

puniceus ... ano ese 908

INDEX.

*punctiventris...

purpurascens ...

Pydna ...

pyriformis eee

pyrophylla dt

*pyrozonis ae

pyrrhochroma ...

pyrrhodera ...

Pyrus ...

Python ...

pyxidiferum ...

quadriaurita

quadrifasciata ...

quadrilinea

quadriplaga ...

quadriporcatus...

quadrisignata, ...

quadrovata

Querquedula

quinata... 506

quinquefascia

*quinquestriata

quisqualis eee

Radena ... abe

radians ... eee

radiatus... con

Tadicans

Rallus ...

*rama-varme ..

ramelana See

Rana 3

Raptores ann

Ratarda...

Ratardide

Tava «.. der

Ravadeba

Rayvadebra

Tecta ce o

rectilineata

rectimarginata...

religiosa... oor

...190, 349, 617, 718

59, 60, 62, 63, 305, 311

PAGE

aes ee. 225

ove 41, 51

wae oo» Ald

oo6 --. 452

ote -.. 490

au0 .. 412

éa0 eee AT

542

. 452, 453, 454, 455, 456

RE ES

.. 268

... 607

... 698

... 509

1.230

wa. 556

we 454

... 5T3

41, 51

coc oe 46

Seale uate

Ro kine

345, 614

wee 459

eit)

we 155

512, 518

649, 697

sh) eS Qieae

sos READS

wan eed

sie: 5 aN

TED

... 160

w 408

sf ee

.. 269

622, 624, 628

regalis ...121, 128, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131,

regulata. sce

repanda...

resectum ee

132, 133

wee B95

263, 407, 408

si DEES

reticulata awe

reticulatum ...

Teticulatus

retractum 520

TetTrOrsa.ee coe

revoluta _—_ eee

Rhanghana

rhinoceronis ...

Rhinoceros

Bhinolophus ...

Rhipidura Bat

thizophorum ...

TOUR see ssn

rhodina... ...

*rhododendri ...

Rhododendron... | nee

Rhodoneura_ ...

Rhodosdiza

Rhodospiza ...

rhomboidea

Rhopalocera ... _

rhynchops =...

rhyncops _ ess

rhyssolemma

TUOEL. tte) | Aes

Rimator... as

TingvVia ee. bea,

*TISi] ose aan

Risoba ... aes

TIXOSUS «.. | ses

* *robertice. ese

robusta ... oun

robustirostris ... ..

Rodentia —s ax.

rogeri ... oc

TOS sve ais

TOSCA E605 sees

TOSCALIS .0. ave

TOSCALA veo aes

Toseivena ose,

TOSCUS aco eee

FOSSIL wee Boe

*rothneyi .. «.

rotundiceps

*rotundipennis

rubescens ooo

rubidus ... cee

rubiginea see

rubiginosa

INDEX,

PAGE

sh aS0R S28

HepltacneeetGe

oe LOOMS

ak Sao

ase 396

aia newer 6e

499, 504

Gece ane OSE

..93, 94, 716

peers (i

sos PABIEVZOT

1 237, 238

Near Weta dO

417, 418, 586

O67, 68) %

Me v68 069

218, 81, 230

siecle eG

ee 0871

i 3B, 34

ee eee Vay

Bess PPeaG Ie

SO reais 1

we 396

we 158, 159

404, 531, 706, 707, 708

55,

x: asteat Suaaten es

59, 60, 331, 332

ws 269

opi eeaiae aE

306, 311, 564

as eu GHG RGIS

... 400, 568

108, 680

sean buneeeweTb

a aes 206

re NOTE

Gel phe BGO

we 584, 585

. 591

we 628, 629

604, 606, 695

86, 57, 31°, 319

we 493

Sothys BOG

w. 400, 567

EATER SCY

tab aaeeone

we B23, 326

Pilonaen ees Bod

Tubricauda ese.

*rubricollis ...

rubricosa Sis‘

tubrimargo ...

XC1

PAGE

on5 eo. 269

x wwe 150

Gy ooe

oo. 580

fee bs. BSR

IUbDLOPYGius eee eee coe 567

TUCIB| Snsless el 60, 68

rufa 246, 247, 248,250, 622, 623, 625

rufareta... oes see eo 81

rufibarbis ase | cage) MEER

tuficaudatus ... 08 ae eee 238

DIHGE PS ae Were «-- 416, 707

ruficollis ao ° coe 148, 401

ruficosta cae ; se fe)

rufidisea soe aro fate)

rufifrons see oe O12

tufina cot eee DAT

rufipes ... coe oe 3238, 326, 524

*rufisternis ... oc ees -. 483

rufotessallata ... cae coe 267

rufula ... oes ee oo. O54

*rufulus SoC coe 403, 488

rufus ... eos ose 345, 615

Trugosum ere ---316, 318, 319, 320

rugosus cee eee 64, 65

TUPiNA eve --- 230

ruptifascia —.. toe --. 580

russel lii 006 353, 354, 620

Tuta-muraria ... eee abo «ee 660

Ruticilla

rutila ...

*ryvesil eee

SACEL ave

SACTA oo coc

*SACEI soe coe

vacittifera oes

Salamandride

Salassa oe. ae

Salius ... oc

Salmonide a.

Salpinx... _ sss

Salpornis coe

saltator see onc

Salticus...

sangaris

SANCUINEA __ eve

sapphira

SAPTOSM2B _., «+

ec | eames

ven LOTSTOW

sas t Vai

«ca, UE

case iRARRNEDO

w. 314, 515, 466, 469

soo ABR

sao) GTS

178, 179, 180

co Ree ane

seo coe

we 194, 625

«++ 68, 64, 298

ae. i)

re eee ee fee 47

eve coe 409

pe ie es

we 256,257

x¢Cli

*saYaSINOLiUM e-

sargania

sarmentosa

Sarrothripa

Sataspes

saturata ro.

Saturniadee

Satyrinee on

Satiel] oe

SAUCTI «ee

saulii .0.

Saxifraga

SCADTA eee

Sczodora

Sceorhynchus ...

scalpratum

Scaptesyle —

Scaptesylix ...

Scaptezyle Sealey

Sceliphron ...

Schima ec.

schisticepS «ue

schistisagus

Schistophleps ...

schkurii... a0

*schuckardi ‘ ...

Sciapteron

scintillans

ScitaTia. ... oon

Sciurus... 950

Scopelodes ...

ScOpsS eee

scoteola ... ove

*gcotopepla « ...

+scotophilumn ...

scouleri...

SCTIpta eo

sculptum ~~ ...

Scurria oo.

sceutellaris Se

scutulata an

scutulatus

secretus

Secusio ... C08

sedilloti ~~...

Selca ..0 * oe

Selva eso = " ees

semicincta -° ... -

semicirculata ...

INDEX,

PAGE |

an’ BOT, a2

i atic cl

oe eG

mi SES

hon BSG

"eee «oe DOT

Pete ere?

wu. 164

164, 165,176

.. 661

Ve bip Ween

Beeb aor)

508, 577, 587

ee adal sd oli

B17, 819

Se oreaols

ERR bb abi

ar aed PRE

es wm ilerh

Seles CLD

Bee MESH

tee Oh NRE

ws. 508, 588

bie rol

OT ATI

Sool TES

em oi 0)

“gags Meat lTe

brag BBS

URS one ees

. 708

: . 504

Pures

wee *** 90d BBB

yea") eA

230, 586

818, 319, 320

124, 125, 126

Sie See UG

ic PO REATOO

cae ANB BO

a ieonlaD

Jed nase eesvBOI

ace eM OLGL

dace | 8B, AG

onsale AGREE

oe 46,418

eve ese 583

semifascia ~

semifasciatus ...

semihyalina~ ...

seminigra

*seminudus ~

semipalmatus

semiruta

senegallus

*SETLICA woe

senilis ...

septentrionale

sepulchrale ~

sequens ...

sefiata ...

Sericea ...

Sericeipennis eos

Serilophus -

serrata «.° -

serrator ...

SELVA eae

serval ...

Sesiada...

Sesiide ...

Setina ...

Setinochroa

Setora ...

sexlineitus:

sexpuncta

Shorea

Siaphos ...

Sibiine ..

Siccia ...°°°

siccifolia

Sicela ...

Siculifer

Sidyma...

SiON eee

signata ..-.

sikhima...

sikkimensis

Silenus ..

siletti ...

Simarza

Simiide... . »

similaris

Similis ...

simillima ...

Simotes...

Simotis ...

PAGE

sre |” one 265, 266, 579, 583

: ee é 61 2, 618

sae coc oon 424

Seen Least Each coe Nine ea OD:

Go os Corba: USOC E wee 426

Shee a eson Us ious eee 105

20 20 056 oes DAZ

300 500 -. 704, 705

SURE Ne gueaee ate 51, 234

A a0 aaa .. 490

G06 eee coe 658

000 hoe «.- 661

one = ona bE” Goo. Hk!

G06 Ss! 506 572, 573

doc eo. 208, 424

cn0 600 coo Hyil8)

Sr aieleas o0c - 567

500 oh doo y Zbr/

n00 207, 209, 210, 217, 219

° 200 oa b eeeeeere

COD Be | drone «oe 299

pela i Meow in ikneeety Mesa meeLO)

560 eiaese coe L74

oa coo 577, 578, 583

Pig Mada ogg Mie cos BkI2

cor Bey cody eal Hol

BO OoG a0 eos 698

: 05 - 581

oso 2 -) wee 264

000 mee oer eve BOD

ocn 500 ee. - 623, 707

ob oe DOL

io soe HOORENG

wig lise gag sieve gent eat

wee)" cue eealaglay Meera

sigs Frat hs sateen Oey aeLE

wicgiteeh “iach aR eee Ua SE

we!’ age 499/598) (G08

die) engi), po yt toh RE

wos 24) aay OO EO IR OEE

anil cee Pees O7

weplite Ladillt GEG TS

dow ate. tage) oS estate

saa ib abel Ma ees RU

ie aha ose) (ce Seen SIGH

. B49, 350, 587, 553, 617, 618

eee 537.

ene eos eee.

Simplex...

SiNeDSIS ...

Sinuata

BINUOSA «oo

sinuosus

sissoo

Sitana ...

Sitta

Sittida ...

sladeni ...

smaragdina

smyrnensis

*smythiesii

Sobria ...

soemmeringii

Solapola

serdida...

sordidatus

solita

sondaicus

sonnerati

Soritia ...

Spalacidee

Spaleomyrmex

Sparassus

spasma ...

Spatalia

spathipalpis

*spatulata

speciosa

speciosus

spectabile

Spekei

spelunce —

sperbius... _

Spheropteris ...

Sphenocichla

Sphex

Sphinctomyrmex _

Sphingida,

Sphyrena —

spilocephalus ..

spilonota

spilonotus

Spilornis

Spilosoma _

spilosomoides ... _

spinescens

Spinosa...

nee

eee soo | Bl

ove eee 229

nas wwe 622

wale --. 340

568, 624, 654

wee 654, 624

: 181, 536

...564, 379, 398, 688

wee 465, 475

seme es

Seah peeerag

RUN sgecwtii 9

se 572,573

Be Fate 90

Sr et

192, 193

we B83

sasusaeaa206

.. 679

Sree SIF:

5 Aiirgster 480

Bil) HE Ch

Seana sys

Sees: 605

73, T4, 76, 266

we 624, 630

we 569, 627

: woe 294

ite te OB

; 49, 51

Rater mea. 6

tesa 564

on SES

54, 328

38, 178

ee ate 08

we» 625

16 Te

we 384

we 499

: .. 586

Dar N59)

eco tee 4606

INDEX.

PAGE

oor -- 509 | spiralis ows

153, 231, 261 | splendens

ee 411,515 | splendidus

Sporeginthus ...

*squamata «..

squamatum

squamosa

Squatarola

Stauropus

stellatum ove

stelleri ...

stenocheilos

Stenoloma

stenophylla ...

Stenophylloides

etenorhynckus

stentoreus

StENUYA 0.

Sterna ... :

sthenoptera ...

Stictane... nor

Stic oponera

stictoprocta

stigmatifera

Stigmatomma ...

stigmatophora ...

stilboides

stolatus ... 200

stolidus...

Stonia ... soe

Stoparola 200

streperus ove

Strepsiceros -..

Strepsilas

striata ...

striatalis oc0

striativena

striatula

Strictane

strigata ...

strigatula

strigifera,

strigipennis

strigivenata

Striglina

strigosa

strigosus eee

structa cee

Struthiopteris ...

123, 126, 128, 129, 182, 404

XC1li

PAGE

w. B48

518, 621

cio freee

w. B81, 686

a. 400, 403

sae tee 401

ae BBT

ins. sehipeeaes GRIEG

seal © Shop mL

se eg eee TT

Aah eae

acid ea eos

Pars

oer aS) C5

sé teen DSS

Spe EES Li!

shal apmeond

er Tae eC)

Pa ela), 1150)

Me EB ye ty EO

we 513, 514

see 59,36

: wee 269

seks «7 eae heen

Pema ty (isis, (3

ie 269, oT

seis his 2600 eee O13

- BOL, 352, 535, 619

one eee 150

see eee OTT

608 eee 655

whe, Seta: go BAINES

isos, ademeOgnege

. 145

twlSt

Breet at (Si

ee ee) oi

saute, gant oa B HD

aN we 414

wrayer, teen eS

Sides <2 RR

417, 581, 588

wo) eee OBER BOM

anc if sat OR

Pe ero elie Ce

Buceiag en tigh 01,7)

Selon hat Ree a

Se ent, 1

XCIV

Sturnide

Sturnopastor

Sturnus ...

Suana

subangulata

subarquata

subaurana

subaurata

subcervina

subcinerea

subcostalis

subdita

subfascia

subfasciata

subfusea

subindivisa

dee

submarginalis ...

submarginata ...

subminiatus

subminuta

subornata

subquinata

subrosealis

subulosalis

subvillosa

subvitrea

suedetica

*sula

sulana ...

sulcata ...

INDEX.

PAGE

ove oe. 629

: 5 1681

Be eau 621!)

406

B1, 538

: ... 148

et ens ONO

.. 583

W573

ee oe ESO

701, 702, 717

aioe ag

we. 420

123, 124, 126, 131, 132

*sulcato-tesserinoda ...

sulcinodis

suflusa ..-

sumatrensis

sundaicus

superba...

superciliaris

superpicuus .

sura

*surdum

surifer ...

Surniculus

SUSICA eve

Suthora...

sutOrIUS ...

swaynel ...

swettenhamil

sycophanta

Sylvia ...

pene ta i

we 165, 176

wa 454

we 428

351, 620

eve 148 |

s0iH18

452, 453

w. BOB

242, 243, 448

wo. 424

328, 325, 326

ea/) BOB B26

ve 331, 332

583, 584, 588

... 683, 684, 689, 690, 698

321

we BST

. 565

we Oh GO

a. 168, °176

338, 334

.. 698

. 709

Sete 5D

we 401

622, 695

289, 298, 299

iis WARESL GO

178, 179

ee) NE ORG

Sylviide

syustictis

Syntomide.

Syntomis

Syntomoides.

Syntomoides

Syzrastrena

Syscia

Systropha

SZOVitzii...

Tachardia

Tachydromus

Tadornace.

tematus...

teniatus

Talpide...

tamerlanus

Taphrina

taprobanis

Taragama,

Tatargina

tau ono

*taylori ...

teESA eve

Teeulata

Temenuchus

tenebrosa

teneiformis

tenuifolia

tenuifolium

Tephrodornis

tephronotus

Teracolus

Terekia ...

Terias

terminalis

Termites

ternifolium

tecserinoda

testacea ...

Testudo...

Tetragnatha

tetragona

Tetraphleps

Teulisna

Thalassiornis

thalictroides

eee. >

... 60, 62, 63,

-..368,

PAGE

we 625, 654

selena gets

37, 45

45, 46, 47, 50,51, 224

wae 45, 46

ote ees

oid aR,

we. BA, 829

w 509, 511

wes 246, 247

crplonegtnas

Sosa eRROTS

st RAST

... 608

.. 606

. 679

ein

cores

so ES al

.. 406

Pe ee Son

Abe 9 tga iae

328

628

wg YORU

ce AB TERO

85, 225, 572

Koh Peg

, NSS

.. 667, 668

we 384, 627

evo eee

ave +o. 627

id .. 341

{oF eA,

Saris

A iste esi N00)

S 4, 398, 557

Jesh

4. 823,325

258, 328, 413

ringers cnc) iO

we 478, 479

2) SORES OB

es hay

it GOT

ape) Re ag

ny 4a

Thalpocharis ...

Thamnobia_ ...

Thamnopteris ...

HER wy l leew

Theleticopis ...

‘thelypteroides

‘theobaldi eos

Theretra -° ...

Therobia «es

Thiacidas-° ... °

Thiorbis

Thomiside ..:

thoracica

Thosea... aes

Thumatha~ ...

thwaitesii Ca

Thynnus os

thyreus act

Thyrassia

Thyrgoring* ...

Thyridide ...

thyridophora ...

Thysanopteryx

Thysonitis: ...

tickelli .0c-* ° ees’:

Tiga. ate

tigrina ... -

tigrinus...: ae

Tigrioides - ...

Timeliinen ...

Tineide - ...

tiphia 0. - o..

Polpia ia... os

tomentosus- ov

Topomess-

torquatus : eos

torrida sits

tortrice! la: 500

tortrico jes...

Tortri: la’ ses

tortuo. .. aoe

Tospitiges os

Totanus os: oe:

'Trabala... a

trachiu ... oo |

‘Tragulus «o>

‘*transecta : ss.

tran’ 3YeNS ee

metre PERS => - ene.

INDEX.

PAGE

PGE eaten tc

eo B18

weet Re HBO

67, 68, 75, 257

ReRdST

(68, 669, 670

wes 350, 618

39, 51

683, 685

seas

aoe aesanol

wn 497

we = 46,268

85, 231, 259

sor pC DOZR SITY

Rect Phoose O08

i caiinl O5

poy 2.396

" one 224

eagMbi Ne 499

Pee EE REDE)

sbiianseedas

eee DOT

eee 168, 169, 170, 176

eee *

... 569, 687

Pt OS 1708

wv 46, 649

pee hs. 2D

ee lve 50D

pen e707

agar ase 295

pe db OS 712

Re A eee OT

Stele oh est 2B6

ES eo

seen. ieee O28

ad ee 409)

eee lt

Ao5 SOK

... 500,516

Lyte ... 673

Rees Rese O0

Aer Ae AAS

REET)

et a Lee SOG

679, 680, 681.

48, 51:

sot 69, 70:

314, 419, 514.

Trapeziopelta ...

Trianeura”’” ...

Tricheta noc

Trichiura a

Trichocerota ..

Trichogyia = «..

Tricholepis....

Trichomanes ...

trichomanes ...

trichopteroides

trichosticha ...

tricolor ... ove

Tridacna sn

trifasciata aa

trigona oO

trigonata

trilobitiformis

trimaculata se

Trimeresurus ...

trimeronalis ...

Tein oiiies«

triopus ... 205

tripartita ese

Triplophleps ...

tripudians

Tripura 406

Trirhinopholis...

tristis ... coo

Trisula ... ae

*tritzniorhynchus

tritschleri S08

trivirgatuS

*trizonata ...

Trochalopterum

Tropacme snc

Tropidonotus ...

truncata 505

tubinaris eae

tumdae. © eve

tunbridgense ...

Turdide eee

Turdinus:° ...

tiirneri ... eae

turzeri ... 0

tympanistis ...

typhla .«.. eee

Typhlopone ...

Typhlops . one

XCV

PAGE

Paes)

cage) dee DDB

an 45, 46

ween eae S89.

ot iitiok ee

we 265, 266

: he BEF

Zoi tore 126

ok SOS

Lae )) se O

PE set Mine 8:

...88, 515, 713

ad eee

we» 395, 590

5 ARES

BESS peer 051 51

... 66,68, 75

.. 519, 520

.. 350, 619

: “eae

we :148, 149

eeu OG

259, 586

eee we. 265

.. B48, 349, 553, 617

va BIB

we BBB

508, 590

...” 81, 180, 626, 630

wee 269

an: t aeEOOG

1h, eee

oot’ Ph cpeROBD

sete teas

aa hieeton

.. B03, 591

351, 373, 535, 537, 619

tee 324, 327

rae cls

... 507, 508

ag) OSE

wooilt) esMOBB

we 654

wav nelidl66

i owen a6

deur sjoauep BB

Lnik dees

462, 463, 464

«+. 341, 352, 620, 697

x¢vl

ud2 a0

umbellatum

umbrifera

umbrosa

umbrosus

undata ...

*undulifera

-undulosa

Ungulata

unicolor

unicornis

unifascia

uniformis

unilaterale

-uniplaga

*univitta

Upupa ...

;Uria- <a.

Uroloncha

Uropeltide

UTSIDA ose

-Urticacese

Utriculifera

_Vagans ...

yagesa

valakadien —

Vamuna,.,

Vvatane

Varanus

VATI® owe

VaTials so.

variegata

VariusS se. |

-velata,

-velutina

Venator ...

venatoria —

VETLOSA one

venosata

ventralis

venustum

-vereda, ss. .

i vermiculatus

vermiformis,

verna

“versicolor

vertebralis

INDEX.

PAGE »

BAN Blan, enema ON

am Ds 7 e

ics BIR, BIA ats)!

sie) ees (MB, O80 |

phy MATTE TSH

Pepa It)

mentee mL ROS

-- 406, 579, 582, 587°

eco eve 680

258, 259, 352, 587, 620

ce eco 716

Peso cease Co

«++ 267, 422, 509, 582

Se pH HODS.

iat sey eee OO

Bae eae ae aed

ah ye RSM EL"

; ae . 378

ces | eee) OSG GST

Pah eae . 678

Sep oe SRM eT

Peet fas fing week OD

See) B02 DIG

. 320

Agee, ceuD0g

a. 347, 616

Sy Sate

... 510,511

ee es . 340

we 414, 421

0 420, 580, 667, 668, 674

w. 269, 417, 422

Fe A ay el GO8

aby cena

Bean SS i Rw OD

mee CONG Cs

de 495, 496

258, 412, 420, 425, 508

eco Oo 419:

ae) 173,274. 1608

evo eee eee DAL

Sree beeen

seit Des ahOOT

Peer FY)

GEN es)

"319, 340, oe 617

oon sot

. 697.

Vertebrata _

verticalis

vespa

Vespertilio

vespertilionis ...

Vespidee

veticulata

vicaria

*victoric

villosa...

vinata ..

Vinca eso

Viola ie

violacea...

*violaceum

violaceus

Vipera

*virescens

viridanus

viridata...

viridatrix

viride ...

viridescens

viridigrisea

viridinota,

viridipicta

viridis ...

*viridiventer

Vishnu ...

vitellina __

VitTeR ... |

Vitreataee. ..

Vittata ooo -

VolanS eso

Vomica

Vulpes o

*VUIPES wee

Vultur ...

walckenaerii

walleri cee.

wallichiana

wallichii -

*watsonl

wattil

Westermannia...

*westwoodi

‘wilfordii

PAGE

coe one OFD

eee -o. L78

we 928, 224

18M) disp

wok Meee

sete eee es

reeves SIG

Se Decent

... 315, 316

Sei hee DS

sony.) Beeee08

staid Miwon OTG

eerie

Ba ener (3)

; 317, 319

... 350, 537, 553, 618

. 358, 354, 620

42, 51, 416, 488, 489

see ateee OR

Be 1 i ee SLT)

so Mee eheaes

sek, TURD

mae

eee

sito REGO

Seat) oegauteell

.. _ 567, 688

weer BOS

beat aber lO

snes ARM

are 47, 50

eve ANT

ot “138, 126, 129, 132

se) loa

Mere gree etl

sia Aue

ye ees

aang eed ITE

oct) hohe ABO

we. 285, 295

wee 456

eco

BL, 228, 309, 314, 519

cag. con MOY

ie . 240

ty peed eo

w — 467, 469

33, 34

williamsi ooe

wimberleyi_ ...

wood-masoni ...

Woodsia coc

Woodwardia ...

*wroughtoni ...

*wzoughtonil ...

Xanthocraspeda

xanthocraspis ...

Xantholema ...

Xanthoptera ...

Kenopeltis

*XEPKES cco eee

xylinoides cco

314, 315,

INDEX,

PAGE

ate teas BOB

ste, SeaemeAgt

woe S088 B18

La eaBD

wwe 426, 483

325, 327, 466,

468, 469, 477

wee 508, 571

ae 10; 511

Yate eR TAS

Pe ee 869

ww. 852, 620

we 489, 490

Be b00

Xylocopa

xylophyra

*yerburyi

yunnanense

Zadadra

Zamenis

ZEDTINA os.

Zethera ...

Zizyphus

Zoothera

Zophoessa

Zosterops

Zurobata

Zygena

Zygvenide

XCVil

PAGE

eco eco 174, 176

wale eve eee DOU

... 59, 62, 68, 306, 311, 486

Gygenoprocris...

eee eco eee 666

cy | ROM 568

189, 190, 340, 353, 620

Reina ou Mts GE

don: ta eee abGoaaliis

eee ae te BS

win 5) ec i eee

sve >) euoain ER ipsa

w=. 623, 688, 706, 707

Sacer ides Oe era

onus, eae) BESO

Se air eae

ENG 1 210)

teatrit

ote, Use

sth eA

CA Ae)

f r

I i .

‘ ‘

y i

rey

t \

‘

j -

t ;

t Bf

; 3

jee read

;

mea

ae |

ingle EF fhe

iumbers of

ee eeeeree

oe he Gyo oe

‘No.1

2 ee eeerene |

veneee

f ”

| | ' 7 Biases

% j d ” AT oi. leaps

& ! Vol, IV.— No, UR, oi"

| Me OR

EC Se Pa

WolV.— HN Gude! his’

a eee

ah Boe

sa FRG,

Vol. VI.— Noes ates

; Peay

Aas iar aes

| yes:

Vol Vill. ING: Myseanes

peri

Pe ate hed

Be Ch ids

| Volvail— )y No V fe

De A le Be

ee 9 Baten

: vis ae ; M ” — C8 restores

un ee ‘ ” Bn ise en

ay, Vee Donte Odes See

eae bs Bh eesgaas

Cae ” 3 sectors 3

: fae an:

Vol. X,— INO shoe

‘ Coan) |S

: ; Bit rare eg: Se

gah iced:

"9 D sccccceve

‘

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¥: er ee

f 4 Pe s , 3? Oy

pine denies

OTL

the Society’s Sour

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lex)

» 2

ti". 0

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3? 2

er ae)

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ecoces

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» 2 vee ry

» & ry) ug WR ae

Baits. ale aaa Rs.) (6) aha ian Ra

DO Oe ee

eoooss

i= CO CD HH CH

jo)

Rs. 4 0 Rs. 2 8

yn ec 3 BB, Giri}

" za : ” 2 kee } a

ait 3 2.8 i Ry

2 0 Wieck Hae meat nee)

—— Rs. 18 0 ——-— Rs. 11 4 -M

Ry 4 BO) aie hans a lle

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» ry: ante ; |

CMa hes My Bt |

ap. soon Ody ean tn ae A eet) “el

— Rs. 19 0.———— Rs. 12 2 |

Rs. 5 0 > Bie dor tS |

» DO wane Ploy te

» 9 0 ‘ ” 3 6 ay |

” 5 9 ’ 9 3. 6 ci |

ee hale Seep gael ot »

== Rs, 22. 0. —-.—— Rs. 14 12 |

te]

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sooco

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