6-29-29 ES

JUNI ’a?

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

No. l.

PAGE

THe GAME Birps oF InpIa, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part XIII.

(With Plate XIII.) The large Pin-tailed Sand-

Grouse and the Common Sand-Grouse. By KE. C.

mba Kerr Pine. 76 e MiB.O. Ue ene ete c se etedes eck: 1

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MamMaL Survey No. VII. By

Midfield Thomas, W8.S...0.. 10.5.1. eoeecselbckes¥2o cei ven see a8

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GoRAL (Nemorhcedus)

SPoisy OArr lt eM Baey. (By RK. lePocock, rik.s. 32

A PopuLarR TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN Snakes. Part

XXII. (With Plate XXII, Diagrams and Maps.) The

Fasciolated Rat-snake and Gray’s Rat-snake. By

em ny) lel SNe OE MZ... net. os 2 cote nuvgcln ts eel eae 34

NOTES ON THE INDIAN crt ipis AND THEIR Anus, By

cles oty ge leila hs EQ Cl Nee eee 44.

THE Common BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part

BOE) NCI IEG re dorvccscscon sete escsrssvors 73

Some NOTES ON THE BiRDS OF THE KaGHAN VALLEY, Haz-

ARA District, N.-W. FRONTIER PROVINCE. By Capt.

Ode URE VGNA AUR E51 SYST PU a ach 104

A List oF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND Surat. By L.

SIGIR AAI? Sila US ae ye inin none Se ae ana ERA ee 110

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO- ata Parte VVLET:

Be POLOV TICK) BA OF R.S. 45 F 2.9. obese cece nes vee cies es Sos 118

PeeGHEforOr THE MAMMAL SURVEY (0. 00c.0. ccc dsceve cee cce tes 131

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE COCCIDZ OF WESTERN

RAPED VUAAIOVAG. nN ASAlLOUS — 2.023. sees bese ape ees es 1338

Reviews.—A Text-Book of Medical Entomology. “ My

Somali Book,” a record of two shooting trips. Wild

MUM CLOGS ULE VY OL IC iees dae es eer yh cer ae atm Yaw wy nines 158

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :-—

I. Notes on some Mammals of Sikkim. By H.

ed PULWics RELR Ovtere my ee Pent cee ees rach th ae 1435

II. <A Record Tiger. By Maharaja Scindia ...... 144.

6266389

GHEE

CLV:

XVI,

CONTENTS. —

The use of a Hyzena’s (Hyena hyena) tongue

By N. V. Ringrow.

A Brown variety of the Sloth Bear (Melursus

By C. Saunders

Striped Weasel in Arakan.

and fat as medicine.

ursinus). By >C. Saunders .\.22.51.. <c ee

By N. B. Kin-

TLOAD cpesh sp cs var 2 4 peeps eat a rks Lee

Notes on the smaller Kashmir Flying Squir-

rel.. By Major H.. T Multonm eee

Varieties of Markhor Horns. By Capt. J. F.

‘Purner, R.Bes vss esses ce eaetes pokes aes ee

A few notes on the Wild Goats and Tere

naturce of Northern Arakan, Burma

Notes on the Domestic Yak of the Taghdum-

bash Pamir. By Capt. R. W. G. Hing-

stom, I.M.S.....%% seas +) 5 cere eet eins sh ae

Interesting Birds from Jhelum District, Pun-

jab. By H. Whistler, M.B.0o.U. ae

The Nilgiri Babler (Alcippe pheeocephala) in the

Bastar State, Central Provinces. By H.

A. D’ Abreu, F.Z.S.

The Yellow-breasted Babbler (Miwxoriis rubrica-

pillus) in the Bastar State, Central Provin-

By As 7A brew ties,

An abnormally coloured Shama (Kittooinela

eee eer eee eee eee eee eee eee eves

ces.

macrura). By Capt. F. EK. W. Venning,

M.B.O.Us > Shi seein fae eee ee Po On Ee

The Breeding habits of the Brown-backed In-

dian Robin (Thamnohia cambaiensis). By

H. Whistler, M.B.0.U.

The occurrence of The Bank Myna (Acridotheres

By B. Sundara

eee eereo eee eee see wee eee eee

gunguntanus) near: Madras.

Raj, M.A.

A New

Swift (Micropus pacificus cookt).

H. H. Harington

The Burmese

By Major

Swift from Burma.

eevee e eee esse eee err eee eee eee eee

PAGE

145

146

148

151

153

154

1595

VAs

XVIII.

aE D.S

XX,

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

oN LIT:

XXVIII.

XXIX.,

De aLy

GO ae

XXXIT.

CONTENTS,

Notes on Doves in the Punjab. By H. Whis-

RLEREMaG re Trae Me eerie ei aswel ees aechae ssa

Doves in Bombay. By N. B. Kinnear.........

The Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconota) at a low

VENUS|OU che bE UO nan ce <4

Imperial Sandgrouse (Pterocles arenarius) in

Chitral. By Capt. H. F. D. Stirling......

Note on the habits of the Kali pheasant.

EICANY ropes WALSOTE.Y ria tara: piel eae mre 6

Bewick’s Swan shot near Quetta. By Capt. R.

Meinertzhagen

elevation.

eeeoeese eee ese eee eee ees e sesso ees eee

Bronze-Capped Teal (Hunetta falcata) at Roor-

Gece Oyeliieutete Ge DlONOll Farce ees ces

Late stay of Snipe. By Col. G. H. Evans ...

White Snipe. By Col. G. H. Evans

Heret Farming in Sind.

By George Birch...

A curious habit of Kites and Crows. By Col.

G. H. Evans

Simotes splendidus, Giinth., in Burma. By

ee trrrav VOUOING os ccs ced enase

Occurrence of Cantor’s Watersnake (Cantoria

eeecvree eee eee see ees eee ses sees see eses

violacea) in the Andamans.

WV ALCL CCH ThS eet MiSs eee Celt oe:

A new snake of the Genus T'ropidonotus

from the Hastern Himalayas (T'ropidonotus

firthi). By Major F. Wall, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S.,

TEN peta isa alain a infenis eS re ein et wdaie sis eeleinciesie ass ¢

A newsnake from Baluchistan (Dipsadomor-

phus jollyi). By Major F. Wall, C.M.z.s.,

EEE COD MRC gene fe ar tetera eet CAC Re

show that the snake hitherto

been

Remarks to

known as Zamenis mucosus has

misplaced, and should be included in the

Genus Zaocys.

eannveeeceeece soe eereeoeeneeoeoeeeeeoeeee eee

F.L.S., I.M.S.

By Major F. .

164 |

166

167

vil CONTENTS.

XXXII. Are the snakes Oligodon travancorieus (Bed-

dome) and O. venustus (Jerdon) entitled to

specific distinction ? By Major F. Wall,

C.M.Z.87, oR. D.S. 1M. 82 cabs bce

XXXIV. Are not the snakes Simotes theobaldi (Giinther)

and Simotes beddomi (Boulenger) one and

the same species? By Major F. Wall,

O.M.Z.8., FiL:8., 1.8... as scetteeeee eee

XXXV Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta puguax). By -

Col. G. H. Hvans....0)...-:2..2-- a

XXXVI. New Species of Indian Grasshoppers belonging

to the Genus HMieroglyphus (Krauss) and

the Genus Mieroceryx (Bol). By Leslie C.

Coleman. ..2.:. J. iy )ce-ee eee ee

XXXVII. Notes on Butterflies. By W.M. Crawford ...

XXXVIII. Notes on Cutch Ammonites. By J. H. Smith.

PROCEEDINGS... 26,52. e220) 025 See tes eevee

No. @.

THE GAME Birps oF InpIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part

XIV. (With Plates XIV and XV.) The Spotted Sand-

Grouse and the Tibetan Sand-Grouse. By E. C.

Stuart Baker, ¥.1.8.,.F.Z.S., M:B-0.U. Ji.¢.2. 8. eee

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MamMMaL Survey No. VIII.

By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. ........ Sense deur eee s

A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES.

Part XXIII. (With Plate XXIII, Diagram and Map.)

Coluber radiatus (The Copper-headed Rat-Snake) and

Zamenis diadema (The Royal Snake). By Major F.

Wreall, I.M:S.°C.M.Zi8o. 04. 0. sccn soe a tcl een

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES FROM

Manipur AND THE NaGa Hiuus. Part I. By Lt.-Col.

H.C. Dytlor ited. bce. feet pre en

ON SMALL MAMMALS COLLECTED IN TIBET AND THE MISHMI

Hints By Capr. F. M. Battey. By Oldfield Thomas.

PAGE

169

170

183

1397

206

216

230

CONTENTS,

NoTES ON THE Birps or Upper Assam. Part I. By H.

Stevens, M.B.0.U. (With a Map and Plates I and IT.)..

THE PauMs oF British INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS

AND INTRODUCED. Part. XI. With Plates LXIV-

ea le ave em Latlers, C.J iin adit ads deeds oaweeh but

Bompay Natural Hisrory Sociery’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF

Inpia4, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Report No. 15, Kumaon.

BRCM, COMCUTOIY pelnch crit anctinnateeid ht toh dees bed enna.

Notes on InpianN Burrerrures. By Capt. W. H. Evans,

LAIN, essed e tag i ara i cr nee aA rn Ce La

NoTrEsS ON THE INDIAN 'TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES.

ace ay. Majorel shay tlaringtons 1A. Yank. ocak.

MuOGRESS OF .THE, MAMMA) SURVEY. 9.0 i50.080 sistas deccacceees

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— |

I. Black Tigers (Felis tugris). By Major A.

APE AG TRI CEE ea ean see

II. Panther kept from kill by Pariah Dogs. By

APLC ER SOUT Oa ES. fo. cigs carey. cae ck se

Itt: - A Record Panther. By D. R. H. Browne ...

IV. ‘The attitudes and movements of the Large red

Flying-Squirrel (Petaurista inornatus). By

R. W. G. Hingston, I.M.s. (With a Plate)

V. Altitude to which Elephants ascend. By

Walia ee FAV e LO IOS WOLL Pecado eta.

VI. Commensalism between Monkeys and Tsaing

Bite ectremy yi Waa Glsike Was. yes sce. coo ehs

VII. The Barking Deer or Muntjac (Muntiacus

vaginalis). By Dr. M. F. Suter ............

VIII. Breeding of Wild Pig (Sus eristatus). By

PVE Aira) see LOL ae eka cide diale.'s «=

IX. Wild Pig (Sus cristatus) crossing water. By

IM cic ea CJemAU Tr Lh) a eereeiseiney, ul cra dees gs «

X. Shan name for Mammals found in the Nor-

thern Shan States. By F.S. Grose ... ..

vii

PAGE

234:

269

282

302

311

341

343

344:

viii

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

DED,

XVI,

AEX?

XX.

XXI.

XXIT.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XVI.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Female Black Buck with Horns. By Lt. A. A.

Meni. Ss iieey ove) cccces) 0s ie ae 308

Tsaing (Bibos sondaicus) found with Village

Cattle. By TW. Worster: =: knee 304

Notes on Burmese Takin. By Mrs. C. 'T. W.

Onffe 50.5 eae ees opi 309

Abnormal Sambhar Horns. By Mrs. C.T. W.

Cute. ys ess see teeta Ea Sete er 356

Notes on Burmese Serows. By Mrs. C.T. W.

Cite... ior nes deus «a eet ete 307

Serow, Goral, etc. By Col. G. H. Evans...... 308

Nest of the long-tailed Broadbill on Electric

Light Wire. By Major H. D. Peile,

|G EMP rer Sobre Ae 360

Birds nesting at Quetta. By Capt. R. Meiner-

tzhagen 0.37... eee eee tela 362

Notes on Doves in the Punjab. By Major J.

Lindsay Smith, M.B:0.0., LA-- |... 7). .oeeee 364

Shoveller in the N.W.F.P.in August. By

Capt. W. M. Logan Home ..°..).3e gee 364

Occurrence of the Falcated Teal (Hunetta falcata)

in the Upper Chindwin. By Cyril

Hopwood, 1,¥.8...0.,...0...... 2.4 4) 5 3695

A note on the nesting of some birds found in

the Multan District. By Major J. Lindsay

Smith, M.B.0,U), IA. ....1.-s«0s seule eee 365

Small Game shooting in Sylhet. By W. Val

Weston 66.5062 e iat oe 367

The Chinese Francolin (Francolinus chinensis)

in Manipur District. By J.C. Higgins,

MG 07 een aie Re SSPE BA Stirs oe OA tas 368

The Gharial (Gaviahs gangeticus). By Baini

Parshad -BACos lathe cn accrue. ae 369

Extension of range of the Chameleon. By

Baini Parshadws,Soiadc1 meee sees eee 370

XXVIII.

».O.G'A bE

XXIX,

XXX,

XXXII,

XAT.

XXXII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVIT.

XY LIT.

XXXIX.

Dd Wh

X LIT.

XLII.

PROCEEDINGS

”

“=

CONTENTS. 1X

PAGE

Note on the Spiny tailed Lizard (Uromastriw

hardwicku). By Baini Parshad, B.sc....... 370

Note on Hryxw conicus. By Florence Powell... 371

Harth Snake attacking a Myna. By G. A.

ev OUh- CALAMUS) Osmo eyes peg boke Cane vine ovl

On the breeding habits of Hryx conicus. By

apie Weer (TAP pUrey eliMiaeteetais. cose 372

A remarkable specimen of the Wart Snake

( Chersydrus granulatus). By Major F.

VIL ELUM Ca tOIM LRG erty cn Wolf testy ae eines 372

The sea-snake Hydrophis ceerulescens, Shaw.

By Major F. Wall, 1.M.S., ©.M.Z.S............- 373

A case of cannibalism by Bungarus cceruleus.

EX Vee TO te Clam ert Uil eer asa cry cece doe 373

Remarks on the sea-snakes in our Society’s

collections. (With 2 Plates.) By Major

PY Le CEEOL M2295. occas. chee ecto ee's 374

Occurrence of the Snake Melanophidium

punctatwm in the Western Ghats. By

Monet VAM. S)OMLZ.Se tosis. Peers ce OCT

Notes on a gravid Hehis carinata. By Major

DPV ele Meb ie GuMl. 2 Getto cre sites «bit Dae sae O77

Recovery from bite of Hechis carinata. By R.

IDSETHGNEGp SOC, (le ei aie eee ire Wate eae alam oar Pi ya 378

A gravid Lachesis gramimeus. By Major F.

VV cil Peele ves CONTA, Gin ia eo Pai tos 378

Habits of the Mason-Wasp. By F. Field...... 378

Note on Tiger-Beetles from Coorg. By T.

loony Regere dike Pe ett vidi tay swan aeee ee aCe ee 379

Note on Cicadas. By C. H. Dracott, C.E....... 379

The Ramified roots of Trapa bispinosa, Roxb.

(Water-Chestnut). By H. M. Chibber ... 380

On Leaf-Fall. (With a Plate.) By H. M.

Obiblens Hyatt Oe Rots lt os 381

383

eos eee eee eee tee eese eee ereeeeeeee eee ersese eee eee eee eee eee wa

x CONTENTS.

No. 3.

THE GAME Brirps oF Inp1A, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part XV.

(With Plate XVI.) The Tibetan Sand-Grouse. By

EK. Cy Stuart Baker, FL:S., F.z.S., M.B:0.0. =... nee

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MammaL Survey No. IX.

By Oldfield Thomas, ¥:R.S.-..22:. 4..." ese

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. Part

Ill. By Major H. WH. Harington, 14.0223

A REviEw or THE InpIAN Swans. By EH. C. Stuart Baker,

F.Z.8., F.L.S., M.B.0.U. (With a Plate).......2) eee

Bompay Natural History SocireTy’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF

Inpia, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Report No. 16, Dry Zone,

Central Burma and Mt. Popa. By R. C. Wroughton...

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLaINsS or InpIA. Part

XVIT. (With Plate G.) By TOR. Bello rs 5 eee

NoTEs ON FERNS COLLECTED AT PacuMaARHI, C. P. By

R. J. D. Graham, Economic Botanist, (C. Pie

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES FROM

Manipur aND THE NaGa Huts. Part Il. By Lt.-Col.

He G. Dytlerin eclectic tee is ote nee one er

THE Patms oF BritisH INDIA and CEYLON. Part XII.

By EH. Blatter, S.0. 2200.25 sak: os pee ae

A List or BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT BY Capr. F. M. BAILEY

In 8S. E. Tiper purtne 1913. (With a Plate anda Map.)

By Capt. W. HH. Evans, 8-E/.....,...... 7,4... er

NoTES ON THE Brrps oF Upper Assam. Part Il. (With a

Plate): By H. Stevens, M.B.0.U: ......c.0..0, eee

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL’ SURVEY..:........).-0.5) 23s eneeee

REVIEW... oi. .sasccaue cobtsss vee Wa doechtlaediss G4 Oc) se a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I.—Vitality of Indian Wolf (Canis pallipes). By

Major O.AL Smith... . 0 sc yeeros ee

IJ.—Effect of Castration on Black Buck. By C. R.

Pitman 3.40 oe ee eee

PAGE

385

413

417

4.54:

460

481

498

502

516

532

DAT

571

572

5795

CONTENTS.

I{J.—Further Notes on Wild Pigs. By Major O. A.

ee UETAN ! 0 ds acre Ot Sen ER e OSE) ee aa a cs

IV.—Note on a stranded Great Indian Fin Whale

(Balenoptera indica) at Ratnagiri (With

UeRiate emis varie) (ETatence. acetate ee.

V.—An unidentified animal in South Malabar.

Ba Re Cru VV OUP DLO ei ietescsst cose fk has

VI.—The White-browed Bush Robin (lanthia

| indica) in the N. W. Himalayas. A cor-

fect OUMmRD ye N es (NNegiir ios, 2 cess

VIl.—Occurrence of the Martin (Chelidon urbica, L.)

in the Punjab. By H. Whistler, M.B.0.v.

VIil.—Vultures feeding after sundown. By Major

CAPRESSO i mates enna ee. Secreta tes oo 5 Be

IX.—Nesting of the Hobby (falco subbuteo, Lin-

neeus) near Simla, N. W. Himalayas, with

some general remarks on the Genus falco

and allied species. By A. E. Jones. ....

X.—The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in the Central

Provincesaee by tA. Di Abreu; F.Z.8i2-9...

XI.—The Red Turtle Dove (Hinopopelia t. tranque-

Garis) ame ye lve Seb itiM at) ore. se egdaee

X11.—The Lesser Florican (Sypheotis aurita, Lath.)

in the Punjab. By H. Whistler, M.B.0.U..

XIII.—Habits of the Kalij Pheasant. By H. W. A.

| WV USC Tere eat Meter Petar seen a.otu eS

XIV.—KEHeret farming in Sind. By Major J. Lind-

SACRA, SAE Coe was mange pean Bie es meee

XV.—Cotton Teal (Nettopus coromandelianus) in

Iasi ire Dyete le Mitchellyneic vse se sp

XVI.—Mallard breeding in the Karachi Zoo. By

Ie ALiviel Gag) Pay shale me Bho eeeiek /- RNa

XVJ1I.—Marbled Teal on the N. W. Frontier. By

apo a vls bopaneH Gimmes p28 2 eae sds

XVIII.—New Game Birds from the N. E. Frontier.....

978

584

xii CONTENTS.

XIX.—Occurrence of a Nava bungarus (Schleg.) in the

Punjab. - By -Baimi Parshad.:.... 222) .eeeeee

XX.—A New Penthema from Burma. (With a

Plate). By Ee Vi Hillis, 1.7.8. .... eye

XXI.—A Note on Argynnis castetsi. By T. C.F.

Fryer, M.A; REISE. 00.2... ee

XXII.—The Beda Weed (Nile Lily) Hichhornia

speciosa, Solms.....2.5.., 050430)

PROCEEDINGS; 002i. .cedsasccesdescrctscciece seein het sian

No. 4

THE GAME Birps oF InpIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part XVII.

(With Plate XVII.) The Indian Button Quail. By

H.-C: Stuart Baker, F.1.S.,.F.Z.8., .B.0.U. 02) +.

ScIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MamMmaL Survey. No. X.

By Oldfield’ Thomas, F.R.S.. 2205520 -5...:22502 0 «er

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELUDES AND THEIR ALLIES. Part

IV... By Lt.-Col. H. H. Harington, 1/A:3)

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNzAUS. By E. C. Stuart Baker,

F.Z.8., F.L.S., M.B.0.U. (With 3 Plates and 2 Maps)

Inp1AN Woop-Destroying WuiteE Ants. By Rev. J.

Assmuthy S33. -.6. cc ccs css Silesian eco lant. oie ctehrele nnnnnn

Bompay Natura. History SocrEty’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF

Inp1a, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Report No.17. By R.C.

Wroughton ....c:...5-ce1ns save due cs bees sonny ee

Notes ON THE Birps oF Upper Assam. Part Ill. (With

Plaie IV. By H- Stevens, M.B.0.U..00. tang. ese, eee

THE Paums oF British InpiA AND CEYLON. Part XIII.

By E. Blatter, st. (With Plates LXXV—LXXIX)...

List OF THE Brirps oF Batucuistan. By Lieut.-Col.

H:' Delmé=Radelifie® €:2:S¢. 02). aes eee ae 00

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. . 2.00.50). cc cee cee esse emn

REViIRWS 26 FR eI ae a ee a ee Oe

PAGE

585

587

588

591

593

607

614

658

690

CONTENTS.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I.—Notes on the habits and colouration of the

White handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar, L.). By

Br EO OTUV IG CO eens ee ae one ees gcse g ts

I1.—The White-Bellied Flying Squirrel in Garhwal.

DS Ver et Lp IRE ASLOLLS Os is nae docs s eee nen: cap he

III.—Notes on Tigers in Tenasserim. By. G. C.

PSTULUCLUC Gr enews Una ates thie cat ntca ataee

IV.—Altitude to which Elephants ascend. By E.O.

DMGDUCATO IES mer sc tas gid ih ead tee tener oes es

V.—The Great Pamir or Marco. Polo’s Sheep (Ovis

OLD me VV ee OOUUON ie avai vss sic atet eames:

ViI.—The Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros (Rhino-

ceros sumatrensis, Cuv.). By G. C. Shortridge.

VII.—Occurrence of the Barking Deer (Muntiacus

vaginalis) and a few other animals in Kathia-

Warsgrhy elite-Wol Uli Ménton:).,...7...-. ¢.

VIII.—The Baleen of the Great Indian Fin Whale

(Baleenoptera indica). By N. B. Kinnear ..

IX.—The Orange-Bellied Choloropsis in the Katha

District, U: Burma. By C. EH. Milner, LF.s.

X.—The King Vulture (Otogyps calvus) in Sind.

Meas MCU Cele m ner ente ne as ocs sti ey cumin

XI.—Woodcock (Scolopaw rusticula) in the Hastern

Prato ey, Delma TOME NOtr a.) eis...) sane

XIJ.—Snipe in Lower Burma. By E. O. Bloech

XIII.—The comparative weights of Fantail and Pintail.

Pe inosmee Vit Wee ee DONO Vue esa re <n a eee

XIV.—Gharial (Gavialus gangeticus), and Porpoise

(Platanista gangetica), catching in the Indus.

HS ye biletite- Violett. Mee LOWiss for wcs dios fe reine + a

XV.—Note on the ‘Mugger’ (Crocodilus palustris) ;

contents of their stomachs, Folklore, etc. By

COE A DON i108 ey ARs bee Sa Oe cee

xili

PAGE

780

Xiv CONTENTS.

XVI.—The Thorny-tailed Lizard. By E. Home

PUDVCS.s eer es peteseeser <1 ee

XVII.—Notes on Some Snakes from Siam. Dr. Malcolm

SHiith, MiRsG.S. LR.CkP. 4.0 2.55 es610- 0

XVITI.—Bull Frog and Rat Snake. By B. Sundara Raj.

XIX.—Fishing without a Fish Hook. By C. H.

Dracoté, C.B. "2.0... aeteeses ees cou ee

XX.—The Butterfly (Argynnis castets2) in Travancore.

By A. Ff, Martin. 223) 5..0; eee

XXI.—The ‘“‘ Moon-Moth ” asa Pest. By T. V. Rama-

krishna Alyar, B.A, F-E.S., F.2,.S, -,.,.20.3eee

XXII.—The Sweet Areca Nut (Areca catechw var

deliciosa). By M. K. Venkata Rau............

XXITI.—Notes on Cutch Ammonites? os... se ee:

PROCEEDINGS. vycc¢eo004: vars totes ole ech ce uae 20ers

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

VOLUDREE Stor iIirk.

Atyar, T. V. RAaAMAKRISHNA,

Peete. s., tLe. ; Lhe

“ Moon-Month” as a pest. .

ArsutTHnot, P. H.; Woodcock

(Scolopax rusticula) in the

Eastern Ghats

AssMuUTH, Rev. JosEru, 8.J.;

Indian Wood-Destroying

White Ants. -(Second Con-

tribution)

Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,

He4.5,, M,B.0.U,; The

Game Birds of India, Burma

and Ceylon. Part XIII.

(With Plate XIII.) The

Large Pin-tailed Sand-

Grouse and the Common

Sand-Grouse

Part XIV. (With Plates

XIVand XV.) The Spotted

Sand-Grouse and the Tibe-

tan Sand-Grouse

Part XV. (With Plate XVI.)

The Tibetan Sand-Grouse..

The Game Birds of India,

Burma and Ceylon. Part

XV1, (With Plate XVII.)

The Indian Button Quail ,

—_—

A Review of the Indian

Swans. (With a Plate)

PaGE

690

183

385

595

454

PaGe

Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,

BZ.5,) ML IB.OLUs- Av Revi-

sion of the Genus Genneus

(With 3 Plates and 2 Maps). 658

Barrie iia: Ba Sin Tha

Common Butterflies of the

Plains of India (including

those met with in the Hill

Stations of the Bombay

Presidency), Part XVI.

(With 8 Text-figs.) .. AA Sale Ys:

Part XVII. (With Plate G.) 481

BIGNELL, Lieut. R. G. ; Bronze-

Capped Teal (Eunetta

Jalcata) at Roorkee we Bios)

Bircu, Grorce; Egret Farm-

ing in Sind. (witha Plate) 161

Buatter, E., 8.J.; The Palms

of British India and Ceylon,

Indigenous and Introduced.

Part XI. (With Plates

LXIV-LXVIII)

on)

Ke,

—_—_—__— —;Part XII.

(With Plates LXIX-LXXIV.) 516

—— ; Part XIII.

(With Plates LXXV-LXXIX) 737

BuoorcH, E. O.; Snipe in

Lower Burma flags

Bompay Naturaut HIstory

Society’s MamMAL SurRvVEY

oF Inp14; Scientific Results,

No. VII. By OLpFIELD

Tuomas, F. R,S8.-.. Cr slept

XVl

PAGE

Bompay Nartvurat History

Socrety’s MamMAt Survey

oF Inp14 ; Scientific Results,

No. VIII. By OupFiELp

Tuomas, F.R.S.

Scientific Results, No. IX.

By OupFieLp Tuomas, F.R.S.

Scientific Results, No. X.

By OxpFietp Tuomas, F.R.S,

" ie ray

Report No. 15, Kumaon.

By R. C. WrovuGHTon

Report No. 16, Dry Zone,

Central Burma and Mt.

Popa. By R. C. Wroven-

TON

Report No. 17, S. Tenas-

serim. By R. C. WrouGHTon

Progress of ..

Progress of

Bourke, D. R.S8., LF.S.; Pan-

ther kept from kill by Pariah

Dogs ..

BRANDFORD, R.; Reeovery from

bite of Echis carinata

Browne, D. R. H.; A record

Panther

Caprer, Major A. STEwAkrt,

Black Tigers (Felis. tagrts) .. -

197

413

607

ee)

460

343

378

344

348

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

PacE

CuipBer, H. M.; The ramified

roots of Trapa bispinosa,

Roxb. (Water-Chestnut) ..

; On Leaf-Fall.

(With a Plate)

CoLEMAN, LESLIE C.; New Spe-

cies of Indian Grasshoppers

belonging to the Genus

IMeroglyphus Krauss and the

Genus HMieroceryx Bol. (With

a Plate)

Corton, W. B., I.0.8.; The

Great Pamir or Marco Polo’s

Sheep ( Ovis poli ) ..

Crawrorp, W. M.; Notes on

Butterflies

Curre, Mrs. C. T. W.: Notes

on Burmese Takin ..

mal Sambhar Horns. (With

a Text-fig.) .

— ; Notes

on Burmese Serows ( With

a Text-fig.)

D’AsReEvU, EH. A., F.Z.S8.; The

Nilgiri Babbler ( Alcippe

pheocephala) in the Bastar

State, Central Provinces ..

—— >; The

Yellow-breasted Babbler

(Mivornis rubricapillus) in

the Bastar State, Central

Provinces

—______ —_-_——_; The

Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus )

in the Central Provinces

D’Aprev, E.A., F.Z.S.; Note

on the ‘ Mugger’ (Crocodilus

palustris) ; contents of their

stomachs, Folklore, ete.

380

381

172

770

176

355

356

357

154

581

780

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Pace

DELME-RADCLIFFE, Lt.-Col.

eee: 4.5. (Royal Welsh

Fusiliers ) ; List of the Birds

of Baluchistan

-Dracort, C. H., C.E.; Note on

Cicadas

—-———~—; Fishing

without a Fish Hook

Epitors, The; The New Game

Birds from the N. E. Fron-

tier

—— ; The Beda Weed

(Nile Lily) Lichhornia

speciosa, Solms.

Huts, E. V., LE.S.; A New

Penthema from Burma. (With

a Plate )

Euwes, H. J., F.R.S.; Notes on

some Mammals of Sikkim

Evans, Col. G. H.; Late stay

of Snipe he

—— —

oo White

Snipe ..

—_—_—__——; A curious

habit of Kites and Crows

—__—__——__; Siamese

Fighting Fish (Betta puguac).

5 er ow,

Goral, etc.

Evans, Capt. W.H., R.E.; Notes

on Indian Butterflies ( Con-

tinued)

; A List of

Butterflies caught by Capt.

oe Me Bariey. in S, EH.

Tibet during 1913. ( With a

Plate and a Map )

ssl

we)

584

588

358

iss)

XVl1

PAGE

Fenn, Lt. A. A,, 38rd Royal

Fusiliers ; Female Black Buck

with horns. ( With a Teat-

FG) e

Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L.; Occur-

rence of the Barking Deer

(Muntiacus vaginalis) and a

few other animals in Kathia-

war

Fietp, F.; Habits . of the

Mason- Wasp

FLETCHER, T. BAINBRIDGE;

Note on Tiger-Beetles from

Coorg

Forster, T. W.; Tsaing ( Bibos

sondaicus ) found with village

Cattle ee +e

Beene Dat Bw VA ES,

A Note on dArgynnis castetsi

(With a Text-fig.)

Futon, Major H. T.; Notes

the

Flying Squirrel

on smaller Kashmir

The

Snow Pigeon (Columba leuco-

nota) at a low elevation

GuarPurRny, Capt. K. G.,

I. M. 8.; On the breeding

habits of Eryx conicus

Granam, R. J. D., Economic

Botanist, C. P.; Note on

Ferns collected at Pachmar-

Laken ae

Gross, F.S.; Shan names for

Mamwmals found in the

Northern Shan States

379

587

146

sy)

498

LIST OF CONTERIS CLO Le,

XvVlli

PAGE PAGE

Harineton, Lt.-Col. H. H., I. Jonus, A. E.; Nesting of the

A.; Notes on the Indian Hobby (Falco subbuteo, Lin-

Timeliides and their Allies. naeus) near Simla, N. W.

(LaughingThrushes, Babblers, Himalayas, with some gene-

&¢.) 44 ral remarks on the Genus

Falco and allied species 579

ee Bai ae Kasarcope, Ramrao, 8.; A

ae Preliminary Account of the

e. A Coccidae of Western India.. 133

Part Il 417 | Kinnear, N. B.; Striped

Weasel in Arakan 146

Partoly 614 ——__ ——_--———; Doves in

Bombay 158

STE os Te ——_—_____— --; The

es oe dale a bani White-browed Bush Robin

ae ee rast cae i55 | (Janthia indica) in the N. W.

Pacts OO ee ae Himalayas. A correction.. 4578

Higoinsy J Oo Cee Lt ile Ms 2 The

Chinese Francolin (franco- Baleen of the Great Indian

linus chinensis) in Manipur Fin Whale (Balaenoptera in-

District 368 dica). (With a Text-—fig.)... 775

Hineston, Capt. R. W. G., LM. Levetr-Yatss, G. A., I. 8. O.;

S.; Notes on the Domestic | Earth Snake attacking a

Yak of the Taghdumbash Myna 371

Pamir. (Witha Plate) 151

Lowis, Lizvut.-Cot. R. M.;

fn Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus),

The attitudes and move- and Porpoise (Platanista

ments of the Large Red Fly- gangetica), catching in the

ing-Squirrel (Petaurista tnor- Indus. . 779

natus) (With a Plate) b4d Luptow, F.; Mallard breeding

Home, Capt. W. M. Logan, in the Karachi Zoo.. 584

Hee Infantry; Shoveller Martin, A. Fr.; The Butterfly

in the N. W.F. P. in August 364 (Argynnis castetsi) in Tra-

eee ee eee vancore 791

grDiod Teal on the N. W. MEINERTZHAGEM, Capr. R.,

Frontier 584 Royal Fusiliers; Bewick’s

Horwoop, Cyrit, LF.S.; Oc- She ew oart 8 pa a

currence of the Falcated 5

Teal (Hunetta falcata) in the Birds nesting at Quetta.

Upper Chindwin 365 (With a Text-fig.) 362

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Meyrick, E., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

Descriptions of Indian

Micro-Lepidoptera. Part

av LL

Miunger, C. H., LF.S.; The

Orange-Bellied Chloropsis in

the Katha District, U.

Burma

MircHet, F. J.; Cotton Teal

(Nettopus coromandelianus) in

Kashmir

Mo.LeswortH, Capt. A. L. M.,

éth Gurkha Rifles; Altitude

to which Elephants ascend..

H.G.s the, King

Vulture (Otogyps calvus) in

Sind ..

OLIVER,

Osmaston, A. E.; The White-

bellied Flying Squirrel

Garhwal

ParsHaD, Bani, B. Sc.; The

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus),

—_- —_________--__; Ex-

tension of range of the

Chameleon

—_____________---__ ; Note

on the Spiny-tailed Lizard.

(Uromastrix hardwickit)

; Oc-

currence of a Nata bungarus

(Schleg) in the Punjab

Pine, Major H. D., I.M.S.;

Nest of the long-tailed

Broadbill on Electric Light

wire. (With a Tevt-fig.) ..

Picman, C: Ri, 27th Pun-

jabis ; Effect of Castration

on Black Buck

PAGE

118

350

768

369

370

585

360

575

Pirman, C, R., 27th Punjabis ;

The Red Turtle Dove ( dm-

opopelia t. tranquebarica) ,

Pocock, R. I., F.R.S.; Descrip-

tion of a New Species of

Goral (Nemorhedus ) shot by

Capt. F. M. Barney

Powe, FurorENcE; Note on

Eryx conicus.. .

Prater, 8S. H.; Note on a

stranded Great. Indian Fin

Whale ( Lalaenoptera indica )

at Ratnagiri. (With a Plate)

Purves, E. Home ; The Thorny-

tailed lizard. (With 2

Text-figs.)

RapcuiFFE, Lt.-Col. H. Detmz,

See Dertme-Rapcuirre, H.

Adeeb UNDA AS a Mis AC:

The occurrence of the Bank

Myna ( deridotheres

nianus) near Madras

gingi-

Bull Frog and Rat Snake ..

Rav, M. K. Venkata; The

Sweet Areca Nut ( Areca

catechu var delicicsa )

Reviews; A _ Text-Book of

Medical Entomology. ‘My

Somali Book,” a record of

two shooting trips. Wild

Life Across the World

; The Macrolepi-

doptera of the World

“Birds of the

and Indian Forest

Hills ”’

Insects

Rinecrow, N. V.; The use of a

Hyzena’s (Hyena hyaena)

tongue and fat as medicine.

Xie

PAGE

581

576

793

SaunpErs, C, ; A Brown varie-

ty of the Sloth Bear (Melur-

SUS UI'SINUS) ..

Sctinpia, M.; A record Tiger.

(Witha Text-fig.)

Sepewiok, L. J., 1.C0.8.; A

List of Grasses from Ahme-

dabad and Surat. With

notes on their habitats,

relations,

time of flowering

SHEBBEARE, HK. O., LE.S.; Alti-

tude to Hlephants

ecological and

which

ascend

SHortripGer, G. C.; Notes on

the habits and colouration

of the White-handed Gibbon

(Hylobates lar, L.)

—_________—- ; Notes on

Tigers in Tenasserim

——-; The Asia-

tic Two-horned Rhinoceros

(Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuv.)

Situ, J. H.; Notes on Cutch

Ammonites, No. 5, East of

Ler. (With 2 Tert-figs.)

—_—___—__—---; VJ. The Habye

Hills (With 2 Text-figs.)

SmiruH, Major J. lLinpsay,

M.B.O.U., I.A.; Notes on

Doves in the Punjab

A note on the nesting of

some birds found in the

Multan District

Keret farming in Sind

SmitH, Dr. Matcoum, M.R.C.

Bij Gee 2eNotes ion

some Snakes from Siam

TAGE

145

144

110

364

LIST OF CONTRIBG TORS,

SmitH, Major O. A.; Breed-

ing of Wild Pig (Sus cristatus)

Pig (Sus cristatus) crossing

water..

; A case

of cannibalism by Bungarus

caeuleus

___—

——— ; Vitality

of Indian Wolf (Canis pall-

pes)

; Further

Notes on Wild Pigs

: Vul-

tures feeding after sundown.

STERLING, Capt. H. D.; Impe-

rial Sandgrouse (Pterscles

arenarius) in Chitral

Srevens, H., M.B.O,U.; Notes

on the Birds of Upper Assam.

Part I. (With a Map and

Plates Iand II) . ..

Il. (With Plate 111)

eee

Ill. (With Plate IV)

Srongy, R. F.; The compara-

tive weights of Fantail and .

Pintail Snipe

Suter, Dr. M. F.; The Bark-

ing Deer or Muntjac (Munti-

acus vaginalis)

THom, W.S.; A few notes on

the Wild Goats and Ferae

naturae of Northern Arakan,

Burma

THoMAS, OLDFIELD, F. R. S8.;

On Small Mammals collected

in Tibet and the Mishmi

Hills by Capt. F.M. Bainey.

PAGE

373

159

351

148

230°

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Tuomas, OLpFIELD, F. R. S.;

See also BomBay Natura

History Soctery’s Maman

SURVEY OF INDIA.

PURNER, wwAape. iH, > RE, ;

Varieties of Markhor Horns.

TyrteR, Lt.-Col., 17th Infan-

try ; Notes on some New and

Pace

148

Interesting Butterflies from _

Manipur and the Naga Hills.

Parul, aft oa Ss

= eeu aruerl

(With Plates) re ee

VENNING, Capt. F.E.W., M.B.

O.U.; An abnormally colour-

ed Shama (Kittocincla mac-

rura) ..

Stmotes splendidus, Gunth,

in Burma ous “f

Watt, Major F., I.M.S., C.M.

ARe ee tied Seem A Popular

Treatise on the Common

Indian Snakes. Part XXII.

(With Plate XXIT, 6 Ma-

grams and 3 Maps.) ‘The

Fasciolated Rat-snake and

Gray’s Rat-snake

Part XXIII. (With Plate

XAITI, 2 Diagrams and 2

Maps.) Coluber radiatus (The

Copper-headed Rat-snake)

and Zamenia diadema (The

toyal Snake)

ie 5

Occurrence of Cantor’s Wa-

ter-Snake (Cantoria violacea)

in the Andamans

A new Snake of the Genus

Tropidonotus from the Kast-

ern Himalayas (7ropidonotus

firtht)..

164

166

Watt, Major F., I.M.S., O.M.

4.8., F.L.8.; A new Snake

from Baluchistan (Dipsado-

morphus jolly?)

Remarks to show that the

snake hitherto known as

Zamenis mucosus has been

misplaced, and should be

included in the Genus Zaocys.

Are the snakes Oligodon.tra-

vancoricus (Beddome) and

O, venustus (Jerdon) entitled

to specific distinction P

Are not the snakes Simotes

theobaldi (Giinther) and Simo-

tes beddomit (Boulenger) one

and the same species ?

A reiarkable specimen of

the Wart Snake (Chersydrus

granulatus)

The Sea-snake Hydrophis ce-

rulescens (Shaw). A correc-

tion

cn eet | Byatt) ELS .

Rie ah Pers 9

temarks on the Sea-snakes

in our Society’s collection.

(With 2 Plates)

eee eS ed ;

Occurrence of the Snake

Melanophidium punctatum in

the Western Ghats..

Notes on a gravid LEchis

carinata

A gravid Lachesis gramineus..

XX1

Pace

167

168

169

375

377

378

XXil LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE Paas

Watsu, W.; Commensalism Wuistter, H., M.B.O.U.,

between Monkeys and Tsa- Indian Police; Occurrence

ing and Deer 351 of the Martin (Chelidon

urbiea, L.) in the Punjab .. 579

Watson, H. W. A.; Note on

the habits of the Kalij Phea- ee

mph 159 | The Lesser Florican (Sypheo-

tis aurita, Lath.) in the

WERT Ts agar es es Punjab bh ft

the Kalij Pl bry. 582

Se RT aT . WHITEHEAD, Capt. C. H. T.;

Weston, W. Val.; Small Game Some Notes on the Birds of

Shooting in Sylhet.. 367 the Kaghan Valley, Hazara

AW ene Ti M.B.O.U., me N.-W. Frontier ‘

Indian Police; Interesting aeeanied

Birds from Jhelum District, WrovucuHton, Rh. C.; An un-

Punjab 153 identified animal in South

Rati? | Malabar 578

The Breeding habits of the | ose

Brown-backed Indian Robin See also Bombay Naturat

(Thamnobia cambaiensis) 155 History Soctery’s MamMaL

Survey or Inptia.

Notes on Doves in_ the | Yates, G. A. Levert, 1.8.0. ;

Punjab 157 | See Levett-YatTss, G. A.

tiple clean Orbe LAR ES TUS,

VOLUME toe iit.

No. 1.

PAGE

The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. XIII. The Large

Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Pteroclurus alchata) me a > 1

The Common Indian Snakes. XXII. 1, 2. Zamenis fasciolatus.

3,4. Z. ventrimaculatus, 5-7. Coluber radiatus ae x B4

The Domestic Yak.. “g it he a a ie L62

A New Swift from Burma (Micropus p. cooki) .. ais i a) 156

Egret Farming in Sind .. a - st Ps - Seay aka

New Species of Indian Grasshoppers. 1, 2. Mieroglyphus nigro-

repletus. 3. Hveroceryx colemani .. of .. me fe 172

No. 2.

The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. XIV-XV.—

XIV.—The Common Sand-Grouse (Pteroclurus evustus) ,. 188

XV.—The Spotted Sand-Grouse (Pteroclurus senegallus).... 190

The Common Indian Snakes. XXIII. Zamenzs diadema. 1-3. var.

atriceps. 4-6. var. typica .. ae spe a; a a 206

The Birds of Upper Assam. I-L1.—

I.—Subansiri Gorge ee us as a ae 248

il.—‘‘Gagri” or Rapids, Runganuddie Gorge, and

Landslip on the Panchnoi, Daphla Foot Hills.. 260

The Palms of British India and Ceylon. LXIV-L.XVIII.—

LXILV .— Heterospatha elata, Scheff., in the Botanic Garden

of Calcutta .. me or Ne inp ete = ee

LXV.—Roscheria melanochetes, Wendl., in the Botanic

Garden of Peradeniya ,. a ae Pig 276

LXV1.—Young Specimen of Nephrosperma Van Houtteana,

Wendl., Victoria Gardens, Bombay _... Re APES:

LXVil.—Young Specimen of Stevensonia (Phenicophorium

sechellarum, Wendl.) growing on Malabar Hill,

Bombay ine a - Me oe sh 280

LXVIII.—Stevensonia (Phenicophoitum sechellaium, Wendl.)

in the Botanic Garden of Feradeniya .. oe 280

XXIV LIST, OF PLA LES.

PaGE

The Large Red Flying-Squirrel (Petaurista inornatus) oe .. 344

Sea-Snakes in the Society’s collection. A.-B.—

A.—Lepidosis of Hydrus platurus, Hydrophis mamillaris

and HH. cyanocinctus a te fs 2. ee

B.—Lepidosis of Enhyaris curtus and Enhydrina vala-

hadyn oH ¥ vs - oe eel ge!

Leaf-fall of the Nim tree (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss.) ce 3st |

No. 3.

The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. XVI. The Tibetan

Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus). . te Re : tee OOS

Indian Swans. 1. Bewick’s Swan. (C. bewichi), 2. Alpheraky’s

Swan. (C. jankowskit.) 3. The Whooper. (C. eygnus). 4. The

Mute Swan. (C. olor)... a: “K a a i .. 464

The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. G... ay: aie 482

Jamides bochus, Jamides celeno, Nacaduba atrata,

Catachrysops strabo, Tarucus plinus, Castalius

rosimon, Castalius decidia, Polyommatus beeti-

cus, Talicada nyseus, Catachrysops cnejus,

Tarucus theophrastes, Aphneeus vulcanus.

The Butterflies from Manipur and the Naga Hills... .. 218,502

(1) Pararge gafuri, (2) Callerebia suroia, (8) Apa-

tura sordida naga, (4) Kulepis lissainei, (5)

Lethe kanjupkula, (6) Lethe kanjupkula, (7)

Lethe kabrua, (8) Mycalesis evansii, (9) Myca-

lesis evansii, (10) Apatura florencize, (11) Apa-

tura manipuriensis, (12) Apatura manipuriensis,

(13) Dophla curvifascia, (14) Mycalesis albo-

fasciata, (15) Abisara attenuata, (16) Achalarus

aborica, (17) Neocheritra fabronia, (18) Neo-

cheritra fabronia,

The Palms of British India and Ceylon. LXIX-LXXIV.—

LXIX.—Verschaffeltia splendida, Wendl. ie eh ro a

LXX.—Acanthopheni« nobilis, Benth and Hook, f... ee Ls

LXXI.—Katu-Kitul (Oncosperma fasciculatum, Thw.)

Nibung Palm (Oncosperma filamentosum, Bl. .. 520

LXXII.—Hydriastele wendlandiana, Wendl., in Victoria

Gardens ' ie oF — ae a? 522

LIST OF PLATES,

LXXIII.—Sealing Wax Palm (Cyrotostachys rendah, Bl.) in

Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya

LXXIV.—Lovococcus rupicola, Wendl., and Dr. in the Botanic

Gardens, Peradeniya

Tibetan Butterflies. .

The Birds of Upper Assam. III. Gurring Jan, Forest Stream off

R. Dibru, Rungagora, Dibrugah, and Subansiri “ churs,”’

Hessamara, Lakhimpur hae ait ote

Great Indian Fin Whale (Balenoptera indica, Blyth) stranded at

Viziadrug

A New Penthema from Burma. 1. Penthema lisarda, Db. 2 & 3.

P. yoma., nov. sp. 4. P. darlisa, M. A

No. 4.

The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. XVII. The Indian

Button Quail (Turniv tanki)

A Revision of the Genus Genneus. I-I11.—

L.—G. horsfieldi, G. lineatus, G. nycthemerus

II.—G. horsfieldi cuviert, G. lineatus sharpet, G. l. oatesi,

G. nycthemerus rufipes, G. horsfieldi williamse

IJ].—Feathers from the breasts of females of l. G.

horsfieldi. 2. G. lineatus. 3. G. 1. sharper. 4. G.

nycthemerus rufipes. 5. G, swinhat. 6. G. n. nyc-

themerus ee

The Birds of Upper Assam. LV: “Cagri” and “ Niel,’’ Hessamara:

Subansiri ‘‘churs,” and Clearance in Virgin Forest, base of

Daphla Hills, North Lakhimpur

The Palms of British India and Ceylon. LXXV-LXXIX.—

LXXV.—Calappa Palm (Actinorhytis calapparia, W. & Dr.),

growing in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya..

LXXV1I.—Ptychoraphis augusta, Becc. ..

LXXVII.— Dictyosperma album, Wendl. var. aureum, Balf. f. in

_ the Sibpur Botanic Gardens

LXXVIII.—Alexandra Palm (Archontophenix alevandrea, W. &

Dr.) ..

LXXIX.—Cunningham’s Seaforthia (Archontopheniv cunning-

hamu, W. & Dr.) .. re

XXV

680

744

Imdex co illustrations.

Abisara attenuata, Pl.

Actinorhytis calapparia, Pl

Alexandra Palm, PI.

Alpheraky’s Swan, Pl. .

Ancistrodon rhodostoma, Fig.

Antilope cervicapra, Fig.

Apatura florencie, Pl.

———-- — manipurrensis, Pl.

———--— sordida naga, Pl.

Aphantopus hyperanthus luti, Pl.

Aphnacus vulcanus, Pl.

Ay ee v alecandre, P1.

——-= cunninghamii, Pl.

Prat castelsi, Fig.

——-—- eugenia rhea, Pl.

——--— gemmata genia, Pl.

——--— hyperlius, Fig.

zadivachta indica, Pl. ..

Balenoptera indica, Pl., p. 577

Fig.

Bewick’s Swan, Pl.

Black-buck, Fig.

Broadbill, Long-tailed, Fig.

Butterflies, Common, of the

Plains of India, PI. G.

Button-Quail, Indian, Pl.

Calappa Palm, PI.

Calinaga aborica, Pl. Vol. XXIV,

Callerehia suroia, P1.

Capricornis sumatraensis rubidus,

Fig.

Castalins decidia, Pl.

rosimon, Pl.

Catachrysops cnejus, Pl...

- strabo, Pl..

Colas cocandica, Pi.

Colotis amata, Fig.

co m1

bo Or

PAGE

Colotis dane, Fig. nr enue

-- eucharis, Fig. .. Bete tf

—.-- fausta, Fig. ae 82,83

Coluber radiatus, Pl. p. 34; Fig. 207,

210 -

—_— -- map shewing

distribution of a {i 208

Common Sand-Grouse, PI. soe

Cunningham’s Seaforthia, Pl... 744

Cyaniris morsheadi, Pl... .. 540

Cygnus bewicki, Pl. z, .. 545

— cygnus, Pl. 3. .. O45

——— jankowsku, Pl. .. .. 546

——— olor, Pl... i .. 545

Daphla Hills, Clearance in

Forest at, Pl.. se 721

Diagrams of re Habye Hills,

Figs. 794, 795

of ground East of

Ler. 3 9 aap ae

Dictyosperma album aureum, Pl.. 741

Dophla curvifascia, Pl. .. .. 602

Egret Farming in Sind, Pl. .. 162

Einhydrina valakadyn, Pl. oe OLO

Enhydrus curtus, Pl... .. 3146

Evrebia phyllis gyala, Pl. .. 540

——-- pomena, Pl. a .. 340

-- shuana, Pl. .. 540

——.-- tsirava, Pl. = .. 540

Iiulepis lissainer, Pl. ¥ a wi hes

Euthalia japroa, Pl. Ss ver XXIV

Flying-Squirrel, Large Red, Pl. 544

Game Birds of India, Burma and

Ceylon. Pls. XITI-XVII ..— 1,

183, 190, 385, 593

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Genneus, Maps shewing distribu-

tion of species and

sub-species of.. 568, 662

a horsfieldi, Pl... 665, 680

cuviert, Pl... 672

wilhamsi, Pl,, 672

——_—— lineatus, Pls. . 665, 680

——__—___ ———-- oatesi, Pl. me Gi)

—_—__— ———___- sharpet, Pls. 672,

680

—— nycthemerus, Pl. 2. O12

—_——__ ——_-—— nyctheme-

Piel, OCU

~ rufipes, Pls. 672,

680

_— swinher, PA. iis Boll

Great Indian Fin Whale, Pl. . 577

Grebe, Hared, Fig... .. ., 362

Gurrung Jan, Forest stream ae

he Vibru, Pl... : 548

Habye Hills, Diagrams of the

Figs. 794, 795

Hebomoia glaucippe, Fig. es on he

Herodias garzetta, Pl. . 162

Heterospatha elata, Pl. .. . 274

Hierocerya colemani, Pl. 172

Mieroglyphus nigro-repletus, Pl.. 172

Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Pl. . 374

- mamillaris, Pl. . 374

Hydrus platurus, Pi. 374

LTambia tytleri, Pl. be .. 540

Indian Button-Quail, Pl. OOS

Jamides bochus, P1. 482

-—celeno, Pl. 482

Lakhimpur District, Assam,

Map of.. 234

Large Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse,

1d Brg, eh

Ler, Diagrams of ground East of 176,

1 ee

Lethe kabrua, Pl. ne ees

XXVIl

PAGE

Lethe kanjupkula, P1. 218

Lizard, Thorny-tailed, Figs. 781, 782

Lycena luana, P|. 540

Mammal Survey, Map shewing

districts worked,

worked

Maps,

or being

District,

Assam

Lakhimpur

——- Capt. Bailey’s journey

through 8.-E. Tibet .. 532

shewing distribution of

Coluber radiatus .

——- shewing distribution of

species of Genneus .. 5

———- to the distribution of sub-

species

of Genneus im

Burma and adjoining

districts .

distribution of

Zamenis diadema ..

- shewing

distribution

Zamenis fasciolatus

shewiug

distribuion of

Zamenis ventrimaculatus.

Micropus pacificus cookt Pl.

———____—_—_—--- pacificus Pl...

Mute Swan, Pl... :

Mycalesis albofasciata, Pl.

evans, Pl... ae edhe

——- shewing

Nacaduba atrata, Pl.

Nephrosperma Van

Lg :

Neptis Re Dae tee Pr

Houtteana,

Nee

a XXIV

vol. xXiv

Pls

. 38)

-- namba, PI.

-- nemorum phesimensis,

Nim Tree, PI.

Palms of British India. Pls.

LXIV—LXXIX ..274, 276, 278,

280, 737, 739, 741, 743, 744

Pamphila houangty shoka, Pl. .. 540

The, Daphla Foot

. 260

Panchnol,

Hills, Pl.

XXVlll

PaGE

Pararge gafurt, Pl. aks

Parerona pingasa, Figs.. 101, 102

Penthema darlisa, P|, . 586

—— lisarda, Pl. 586

yoma, Pl. 586

Petaurista inornatus, Pl. 344

Plastingia tytlert, Pl. 540

Podicipes ngricollis, Fig. 362

Psarisomus dalhousia, Fig. pen OU

Pteroclurus aichata, Pl... es 1

a erustus, Psi. 183

-- senegallus, Pl. 190

Ptychoraphis augusta, Pl. 739

Rahinda paona, Pl. vol. Xxiv

Roscheria melanochetes, Pl. Peeee

Runganuddie Gorge, Pl. a 200

Rusa unicolor, Fig. . 356

Sambhar, Fig. .. 356

Sand-Grouse, Common, Pl. RES

PL. Soe Ba

Spotted. Pl. 190

Tibetan, Pl. .. 38865

Sea-Snakes in the Society’s Col-

lection, Pls. A-B 374, 376

serow, Red, Fig.

Snakes, Common Indian, Pls.

XXIIT-XXTIT ... 34, 206

Spotted Sand-Grouse, Pl. 190

Squirrel, Large Red Flying, Pl. 344

Stevensonia (Phenicophorium se-

chellarum), Pls. 280

Subansiri ‘‘churs’’, Hessamara,

Pls. 548,

| Yak, Domestic, Pl.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Subansiri Gorge, Pl.

Swans, Indian, Pl.

Syrrhaptes tibetanus, Pl.

Talicada nyseus, Pl.

Tarucas plinus, Pl.

—- theophrastes, Pl.

Thorny-tailed Lizard, Figs. 781, 7

Tibet, S.-E., Map of

Tibetan Butterflies, Pl.

—- Sand-Grouse, Pl.

Tiger, Fig. :

Turnex tankr, Pl.

Uromastiz harawicke, Figs. 781,

Whale, Great Indian Fin, Pl.

577; Fig.

Whooper, PI.

Zamenis diadema, Fig. .. :

—-- Map shewing

distribution of.

-- atriceps, Pl...

—-- typica, Pl...

———- fasciolatus, Pl. 34; Figs.

Map shewing

distribution of .

Pl. 34;

Figs.

Maps

shewing distribution of.

———- rentrimaculatus,

782

776

. 545

3 152

212

206 |

206

Hombay Natural Pistory Society.

OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS

ON 30th SEPTEMBER 1975.

Elst OF (OF FICE-BEARERS:.

President,

H. KE. The Right Honourable Lord Willingdon, &.c.1.B.

Vice=Presidoents.

Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. | The Hon’ble Mr. Justice N. C,

Macleod.

bon. Secretary.

Mr. W. S. Millard.

bon. Treasurer.

Mr. LL. Robertson, 1c.s.

bon. Boditors,

Mr. W.S. Millard.

Mr. R. A. Spence. | Mr. N. B. Kinnear,

Managing Committee.

Mr, T. Bainbrigge |"letcher, r.u.s.' Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, mms,

Mr, T. R. Bell, 1.¥.s. | (Retired).

Mr. C. L. Burns. | Major W. G. Liston, ¢.1.8., Las,

Mr. E. Comber, F.z.s. » | Mr. F. M. Mackwood.

Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans, o.1.8., v.18. Mr. J. McNeill, r0s.

Major W. H. Evans, 8.8. | Mr. EB. L. Sale, rcs.

Prof. G. A. Gammie. | Mr. R. A. Spence.

Mr. F, Hannyngton, 1.c.s. Lt.-Col. F. Wall, 1M.s., o..z.8.

Mr, G. 8, Hardy, 1.06.s. Mr. John Wallace, c.x.

Mr. N. B. Kinnear. | |

Mombay Aatural History Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LirE Mrmpers.

Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha

(G.C.S.1.) .. Europe.

Alwar, H. H. the Mahar: aia ~ Sawai ‘Jey Sing oh

Bahadoor (K.0.8.1., K.C.1.b. es = .. Alwar.

Baker, E. ©. Stuart (¥.z.8., M.B.0.U.) ... Huro pe.

Balkrishna Venayek W assoodew (B.A.) . Bombay.

Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sey Rao,

(G.0.8.1.) Gaekwar of or .. Baroda.

Barton, EK. L. Se ae ae .. Hurope.

Beale, H. F. seit ae . Bombay.

Bell, H. F. E. (1.0.8. ) |, Subbalpor Cp gs

Bhownagar, seers ae oel) Maharaja Sir Bhosing}

(G.C.8.1.) ’ Bhownaenm

Bhurie Singh, H. H. Sir (K:0.8.1., 0.1 1B.) .. Chamba.

Bikaneer, H. H. Colonel Sir Gun; ga pa (G:0.5.1.))

Mahara a of ae ae we Bikaneer.

Burder, H. C, A .-. Hurope.

Bute, The Most Hon’ble Marquis ots, ... Lurope.

Caccia, A, M. (1.4.8.) ipa — ... Buropes

Cassamalli Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy Rig. ... Bombay,

Clarke, L. O. (1.0.8. ) ae Mi .. Europe.

Coltart, Dr. H. N. . Hurope.

Cooch Behar, Maharaj Kumar Victor N. Narayan, Cooch Behar,

Coode, J. M. = Pe ip .. Lahore.

Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. ee ‘st ... Rawal Pindi.

Craw, HL HH. (1.0.8. ) set . Rangoon.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor C. M. -«.« Bombay.

Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,

(G.C.LE.), Rao Saheb of ... oe .. Cutch.

Davidson, Major J. (1.M.S., D.S.0.) 4g es Dehra Dun.

Dawson, W. HL (1.0. S.) oes ee ... Europe.

Dhar, Feds Raja of (K.C.S.1.) von Watts

Dhrangadhra bia Clematis Sinhji Rajah

Saheb of .«. Kathiawar.

Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ; -«. Bombay.

Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. ie E. (1. M.S.) ... Bombay.

Duxbury, Major C. D. ss ~ ... Europe.

Foulkes, Major T. H, (1.m.s.) ie ... Madras,

Fulton, Major H. J’. (p.s.0.) cle ... New Zealand.

LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS, RxXI

Gammie, Professor G. A. ... Lie .-» Kirkee.

Gonsalves, A. F.... we oe abangry

errauamy LOND: .... ies Be ... Hurope.

Habbibudin, S. (N.c.s.) ae oe .«. Hyderabad, Deccan.

ede Lit. 2 “a3 ... Hurope.

Hill, Capt. R. D. an : ... Hurope,

Holkar, . H. the Maharaja Taku Rao ... Indore.

Hoyos, Count EH. : ... Austria.

Husbands, H. W. S, (A.M.1.C. 8) a ... Hingoli, Deccan.

Hyam, Judah (G.B.V.C., F.28.) os ... Pusa, Bengal.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenrao

Govind, altas Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ... Kolhapur.

Idar, Maharaj Kumar Majer eee ... Idar. [Darbhanga.

Tnolis, C. M. oe: : eae ... Lahiria-Sarai, P.O.

Pearit aot BAeeLL. BY. re ... Hurope.

Ivens, J. H. ec ve ue --7 ACTA.

Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra

Patwardhan, The Chief of .. Kolhapur.

Janjira, H. H. ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira.

Jind, H.H.The Maharaja Sir Ranbir Singh(x. o.81.). Jind, Punjab.

Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Fapoe Saheb mee

Chief of oe Kagalie. Mi,

Khan, Muncherji Framji : " Bombay.

Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The

Maharaja of (G.0.8.1., G.C.v.0. ) .. Kolhapur.

Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor, is C.8. L,

G.CS.I.) the Maharajaof ... .. Kotah,

Lamb, Sir Richard ( OG, Site OL Ee) ... Lurope.

Lee, D. H. pe ee ... Hurope.

Long, G. R. (1. Fs.) ~ + ... Rangoon.

Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdin Se Chief of... Kathiawar.

Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath .. Bombay.

Marshall, Arch. MeL. ae et .. Europe.

Marshall, J. McL. ne ~~ ... Europe.

Martin, Col. Gerald... eS a ... Hurope.

Masani, A. M. veh es Ep ... Baroda,

Millard, W. S. (F.z.s.) ae Pc .. Bombay.

Mills, J.D. . Kurope.

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao (ennui aikee Baba

saheb Patwardhan, ' Chief of a .. Miraj.

Monteath, G. (1.c.s.) ue Hi .. Karwar.

Mosse, Capt. he Ba Bad A Ge. by Deter ant .. Aden,

26, 0.6) LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS,

Mysore, H. H, Krishna Raj Tyee Bahadoor,

the Maharaja Ob G.C.ScLaaea .. Mysore,

Naraenji Dwarkadas on os .. Bombay.

Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... gh ... Bombay.

Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G. (8.#.8.) AY ... Lurope.

Ogilvie, G. H. (1.88.) 4 Me ... Rangoon.

Olivier, Col. H..D. (2.8., F.z.s.) sy ... Hurope.

Patiala, H. H.the Maharaja of py ... Patiala,

Pestonji Jivanji (N.C.S.) He: oe ... Hyderabad, Deccan.

Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw = oe ... Bombay,

Petit, Dhunjibboy Bomanji ... cs ..» Bombay,

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji a ... Bombay.

Phipson, H. M. (F.Z.8.) — ... Hurope.

Poncins, Viscount Edmond de. a ... Hurope.

Rao, Capt. M. EH. ... ae = ... Belgaum.

Ravenshaw, Gol. C. W. ie at ... Liurope.

Roberts, Lieut.-Col. M. B,... Bis ... Hurope.

Ross, Major Tyrell... is fs ... Europe.

Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Pat-

wardhan, Chief of Sangli ... ae ... bang, S.C.

Scindia, H. H. The Maharaja a, Sir Madhowrao

(G:053,15,.G,0.V.0)) .45 a ae ... Gwalior,

Seton-Karr, Capt. Hews eee ie ... Hurope.

Spooner, T. J. (c.£.) = ee ... Belgaum.

Standen, B. (C.1.£., 1.C.8.) an . Pachtathi a

Tata, Sir Dorabji J. a by ... Bombay,

Tata, Ratan J, Pe ... Bombay.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas ne ... Bombay.

Tilby seeds »» British Columbia.

Travancore, H. H. ee Maharaja Sir SE Rane

Raja Bahado or (G.C.S.1., G.C.1.E.) “is .. Trivandrum,

Unwalla, J. N. aa as a _s Bhownagar.

Vaughan, W. (F.E.S.) Bor is ... Hurope.

Venning, Capt. F. HE. ar oy, oa ... Fort Sandeman,

Venour, Lt.-Col. W. He ... Nohat.

Whitehead, Major J. H. is .s'L ort Blain

Whitworth, G, C. no: fas 4. Hurope.

Wroughton, R. C. (F.z.8.) —... en ... Hurope.

Yerbury, Col. J. W. x oe wo. Hurope.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

MEMBERS.

Abbay, Capt. B. N.

Abbott, R. G.

Abbott, Capt. 8 12s (t.at.s.)

Abraham, E. Fr (1.0.8. )

Abu High School, ‘The Honorary Secretary

Acott, A. 8. V. (108) ;

Acworth, E. C. B.

XXXill

.. Nasirabad.

... Bombay,

.. Dalhousie, Punjab,

... Hurope.

... Mt. Abu, Rajputana.

... Palanpur.

.. Bombay.

Adam, Bi .. Lucknow.

Adam, J. B. Mercer (a. F g) | -. Moulmein, Burma.

Adams, CiGALe.8.) ws .. Ahmednagar.

Adams, G. G. + .. Namtu, Burma.

eV ARS M. 8. (¢.8.) . Surat.

Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan Mahomed

‘Shah { Life Member) a .. Hurope.

Aga Shah Rook Shah oe -3 Db OONA.

Acharker, Shankar Purshotum ee

Mifaedabad P. it. Training College, ee

Ainslie, Lt.-Col. H. P.

Ainsworth, Major H. ees M. se

Aird: J.

Aitchison, 107

Aitchison, P. H. (1. F ‘)

Aitken, Ae iB. ees

Aitken, C. EH. tog

Allan, 0. W. (B.F.S.)

Allen, G. O. (1.0.8.)

Alling, K. 8.

Alston, G. C.

Alwar, H. H. Maharaja Sawai | Jaisingh Bahadur,

K.0.8.1, K.C.LE. (Life Member)

Ameerudin Tyabjee... és

American Museum af Natural Tlistory a

Anderson, Major F’.

Andrew, G. P. (1.6.8. )

Andrews, Hh. A. ...

Andrewes, H. Leslie

.. Europe.

.. Ahmedabad.

.. Kamptee, C. P.

.-- Lahore.

.- Nilgiris.

.. Madras.

.. Thana.

..- Quetta.

«- Bushire.

.. Henzada, Burma.

»- Dehra Dun, U. P.

.. Bombay,

. Lurope.

»» Alwar, Rajputana.

.- Bombay.

.. New York.

.. Papun, Burma.

.. Mergui, Burma.

... Assam.

.. Nilgiris.

Annandale, Dr. N.... ... Calcutta,

Annesley, F.C. ... .. Bombay.

Anstead, KH. D. ... .. Bangalore.

Anitram, C, B. (F.2.s.) or .. Ootacamund.

Appleford, 1 a nem aoe .- Kashmir,

Archbald, W. ae

Archer, Lt, -Col. C. eae cat)

Argyle, R. V. 4o

Armstrong, R. 8. ...

Arnould, F, G.

.. Hurope.

+> Quetta.

.. Madras.

.- Colombo.

.. Bombay.

XX XLV. LIST OF MEMBERS,

Arthur, Capt. D, (1-M.s.) A

Arthur Library, The ) Honorary Seoretary

Ash sts

Aspinw all, J. HE.

Atlay, F. ee

Australian Museum, The Seer etary

Backhouse, Rev. B. H.

Bacon, A. L. -

Bagnall, Lieut. R,

Bagshawe, WS

Bailey, Capt. F. M. (C.1.8.)

Baini Parshad (B.Sc. )

Baker, CATED:

Baker, B, C. Stuart (v. Z.8.) ( Life Member)

Baker, Lt.-Col. H. R. ee

Baker, P, M. (@.se., AAMLLME. | AMALE.E.)

Baker, TaNe ties ep oes

Bakewell, F. W. ...

Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Td “Messrs. John

Balkrishna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A.)

Member) fr Jes

Alloa

Ballantine, Wed He

Balston, Capt. G. R.

Bamber, Col. C. J.(C.1.5., PLS, Eas.)

Banatvala, Col. H. E. (1. M.S.)

Bannerji, G. Ch. (B.A.)

(Life

.. Bombay.

4 . Castle Rock.

.. Hurope.

te Bombay.

.. Mogok, Burma,

.. Sydney.

... Lurope.

»» Mogok.

.. Lucknow,

.. Pyamtaza.

.. Europe.

... Kasauli.

... Bombay.

... Lurope.

... Cannanore.

... Hurope.

,. Bombay.

... Colombo,

. Europe.

... Bombay.

... Fatehgarh.

... Sadiya, Assam.

.. Mhow, Col

.. Murope.

... Shillong, Assam.

.. Cuttaek,

Bannerman, Surgeon-General W.B. (. Sih. K.H.P.,

M.D., D.8C. , LM,8.) 05 ae ay

Bapat, 8. K. sae

Barbour, Major J. H. (R.A.M, c. )

Baria, H. H. pray ale Epon of

Barker, O. ;

Barker, P. W.

Barkley, Mrs. L. G. M. ee ois

Barlee, K. W. (1.c 8.) nie ay

Barlow, G. T. (¢.1. 2

Barnes, B.D. one

Barnett, W.G... eee

.o. Madras.

.. Europe.

.. Hurope.

vos DAFA,

... Lezpur.

.. Neeschindipur,

B.S. Ry.

... Ueylon.

... Europe.

... Jhansi,

. Bombay. |

i «Pootae

Bar oda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao

Gaekwar of (G.¢.8.1.) eves Member) w+.

Bart, Mrs. A, 26 os

Barrett, Capt. TW. 4

Barrington, Av HL. My? (A.0.E, ci

Barron, Lt. A, H. D. ee rok

... Baroda.

... Jodhpur,

... Lurope.

... Rangoon.

... Mauritius.

EK.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XXXV

Barron, P. A. R. vue .-. oriricha, Siam.

Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller (R.. ALM.C ‘ie . Hurope.

Barton, C. 8. aoe ... Hurope.

Barton, HE. L. (Life Member)... ee wo. Murope,

Baskerville, PLep) e110 Se) ts cee are .-. Nadra.

Batten, Dr. C. Clifford es ae .». Mussoorie,

Battie, J. 8. (1.6.8, ).. eee eee ... Lrichinopoly.

Battiscombe, E. .. er seuNatrobi.

Battye, Major W.R. Ate M.S. es vt ... Hurope.

Baumbach, R. : ah . Hurope.

Baxter, N. B, 1. Sukkur,

Bayley, H. H. the Hon’ble Sir Chas. a. O.8. USI.)

1.8.0.) — _. Ranchi,

Beadnell, ©. B. ay a . Calicut.

Beadon, W. BR. CO, (r. Ges? aes ra set) m. _, Oorgaum.

Beale, H. F.(Life Member) ... Sy ... Poona.

Beamish, TIE Non a cos ... Rangoon.

Beaumont, T. L. F. oe hed ... Karachi.

Beazley, W.H. ... vee nies ,.. Kohat.

Beebe, C. William en aes ... America,

Beechey, A. St. V. (urs.) 2... sa -. Balaghat, C. P.

Beeson, C. F. “a8 ee Se ... Dehra Dun.

Beg, Mirza Nazir... nes ae ... Nander, Deccan.

Begbie, Lt.-Col. A. S. ee 33 ... urope.

Bell, Hi. N, (1.c-s.)—.- i ... Mandalay.

mole H.W. EB. (60.8. 2 (Life Member oh ... Jubbuilpore, ©. P.

petty Dr. 1... eae euttlabli) Si

Bell, R. D. (ac. 8.) ms he ... Poona,

Bell, Peo (1E8.) ... Ly. cee »» Belgaum.

Bellairs, RG. _... as fh. ... Kamaon, U. P.

Bennett, H. C. (1.¥.8.) ee a ... Hurope.

Benson, Miss A. M. (M.D.) see oe: ... Bombay.

Benson, J.J. B. (¢.5.) gy a .. Thana.

Bernhardt, K. sy xe oo ... Hurope.

Berthon, Major H. W. ... Aathiawar.

Best, The Hon’ble James W. (. Ay ty: ... Hoshangabad, GC. P.

Betham, feo-Grenl.R. Mo. 2. be ... erozepore.

Betts, Capt. Bod. V. (I.M.S.) -. 4 ... Bombay.

Beynon, eC. we oe pS ... Kasauli.

Bharda, J. D. a ... Bombay.

Bhatavadekar, Sir Nielidhemnebn Krishna, Kr, ... Bombay.

Bhatia, G. R. ao , Pilibhit; U5)P:

Bhownagar, H. B. the] Mahara Sir ‘Bhaosingji

Takht ‘Singji of (4.0.8.1.) (Life Member) . Bhownagar.

Bhurie Singb, H. H. Sir \s 0.8.1, C.LE. ) (Lif

Member) * e» Chamba.

Biggie, H. W. is as xe .. Kheri-Lakhimpur.

Biggs, A. A. toe oe sf aoe’ Goa.

xxxvi LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bignell, G. N, . Africa,

Bikanir, fob Eh, Col. the Maharaja ahs Gunga

Sin gh Bahadur of (¢.0.8.1., G.C.LE.) ( Life Member) Bikanir.

Binning, DeBAV: As ion ... bombay.

Binny, "Capt. A.C. M. ... Lien Tsin.

Birch, C. V. .. Bombay.

Birch, G. a ne ".. Karachi.

Bird, ‘Lt.-Col. R. (1. M.S.) se ei .. Calcutta.

Birkett, Mrs. T. W. a .. Bombay.

.-. Rangoon.

vou) Hottie ae

. Paksey, EK. Bengal.

.. Secunderabad.

Bishop, Fred.

Bishop, L. =

Bishop, Dr. T. H.

Blackwood, N. O'Reilly os yi

Blanford, H. R. (1.¥.s.)

Blathwayt, C.F. ( 1.0.8.)

Blatter, Revd. E, (s.3.)

Bloech, E. O. 59:

.. Rangoon.

Pow irpurkhas.

... Hurope.

... Rangoon,

Blunt, HL R. oes see OTINAAr.

Boag, G. T. .. Palamcottah.

Boalth, WL. ne ... Lahore.

Bogle, Major J. S. oe ot ... Hurope.

Boles, DaG, uy. as oe ... Sialkot.

Bolitho, H. W. (8.F.A.) en an ... Jhansi.

Bolster, R..C. (1.¢.8.) a : ... Lahore.

Bomanji, K. R. (2.6.8.) os me wee WB

Bombay Government, The Chiet Secretary,

Separate Department a .-- Bombay.

Bombay Dacre, ragh sys The Principal ».. Bombay.

Bomford, Capt. T. L _ (LMS. =: ... Peshawar,

Bostock, “DM Ova ia 44 ... Mardan,

Botham, Ae W(2.0.8.) ry sy ... Shillong,

Bourke, D. RS. ... Bee ae ... Godhra.

Bowden, He. ae ss ae ... Kurope.

Bowen, TAG Me hee ... Hurope.

Boxwell, F, ines ... Chittagong.

Boyd, Capt. J. E. M. (R. A.M. 0.) eae .. Europe.

ial ahh Major f. W.C. oe DOS ojo rege .-. Bombay.

Bradley, TiaMee #6 ws Kathas

Bradshaw, J.P. ... SH: ... Europe,

Branford, R. ‘y: nee soe UNJADs

Brassey, Major Lees. (1.M.S a wes .. Lurope.

Breslauer, B. +2 ... Bombay.

Bridgeman, Capt. the Hon. H.-G: 0. 9 -.. [urope.

Bridgeman, Comdr, the Hon. R. O. B. (R.N.) — ... Cape Station,

Bright, Geo. 5. (C.E.) see ee 2». Katol, Gime.

Bristow, C. HL. {2.0.8.) a a7 ... Ahmedabad.

Brodie, N. 8. (1.¢.8.) We =H -.. Chitoor.

Brook-Fox, EH, (0.5. ) oe vs .. Junagadh,

LIST OF MEMBERS, MeN

Brooke, A. F. £, aes Ate .. Hurope.

Brooke, A.S. ee aH wae woe Liurope.

Brooke, R. H. a pe Ly .. Bombay.

Broughton, Major T. D. ee ae .». Mhow.

Brown, Major H. R. (1...) .. .«- Bombay.

Brown, L. N. ie --. Hurope.

Brown, Prof. R. 8. CG. ine o) “ae ... Poona.

Browne, Dea. “ae ... Bombay.

Browning, C.S. SF ae ... Hurope.

Browning, G. E. (ar.1 eR ee ae ... l'richoor.

Brunlees, L. H. ie ig. ... Lahore.

Budd, Col. N. A. H. me Nid ... Bolarum, Deccan.

Bulkley, E. B. M. ... ¥ see .. Lahore.

Bulkley, W. W. ... + es .. Bulsar.

Bullen, R. H. ee & ay ... Oorgaum, 8. I.

Burd, Capt. Ki. (1. A.) ee ... Rangoon.

Burder, HH: el (Life Member) So ae mh Europe.

Burke, E. P ah ... Assam.

Burkill, I. i. (Mt. re 5 ass ... Hingapore.

Pure (0 (10.82)... ‘a si ... Madura.

Barnett, Prot. 1x ':.. ane ee ... Hyderabad, Deccan.

Durns, ©, L. Bi ae +e .-. Bombay,

Burns, Dr. W. .... ae ee ... Poona,

Burt, EB. a, ary aa ... Lurope.

Burton, Col. R. G. as es ... Hurope.

Burton, Major Richard W. ... de ... Chakrata,

Bury, Charles H. ... vs oe ... Hurope.

Butcher, A. .. Behali P. O,,Assam.

Bute, The Most Hon’ble Marquis of (bie Member ‘) Europe.

Butler, A. L. .. Europe.

Butler, Capt. H. M. oe .. Baroda.

Byculla Club, The Hon. Secrets ary as .-- Bombay.

Byrne, Capt. cf Gd aus .-. Bombay.

Caccia, A. M. (1.¥.s.) (Life Member)... ... Hurope.

Cadell, P. R. (1.¢.8., 0.15.) . -.. Bombay,

Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens __... Calcutta.

Calder, H. ae ee . ... Hurope.

Caldwell, John Ay ys baie .. Calcutta,

aloo Dr. C.t. ees . Lahore.

Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, the

Superintendent ... ats .. Hurepe.

Cameron, I.M. ... ie Ne ... Champaran.

Cameron, Thos. H. ake . Nagercoil,

Cameron, W. L. (¢.E., 0.5.1 eet oe ... Hurope.

Campbell, A.S. ... i .-. Sholapur.

Campbell, ae D. (Life Member *) i .. Hurope.

Campbell, J. S. (0.8.1, 0.1.E.) Pe ... Kumaon.

XXXVIli LIST OF MEMBERS,

Campbell, R. G....

Campbell, W. E. M. (1.0.8.) ..

Candy, H. E.

Canning College, The Professor of Biology

Canning, Fred. (LF.S.)

Capper, "Major A, Stewart

Capper, Brigadier-Genl. W.

Cardozo, CH.

.. Lurope.

. Hurope.

» Ceylon.

... Lucknow.

... Almoragtae =

... Lahore Cantt.

... Lurope.

.. Hurope.

Carmichael, The Hon’ble Mr. G. (1.0 s.) »». Poona.

Carmichael, H. KE. The Hon’ble Lord (4.¢.1.4,,

K.C.M.G.) .. Calcutta.

Garr, The Hon’ble Mr,

Carroll, E. W.

R. ©. 0. (1.0.8.)

Carter, Capt. J. F. C. ee ‘

Carter, Lt.-Col. J. R. ae

Carson, A. de ©. on

Carson, G. M. 2%

Casling, Drea ( TS. M.D)

Cassamali Jairajbhoy Rees (Life Member)

Cater, A. N. L. (1.6.8.) -

Cattell, J. G. ae aes ak

Cavanagh, Bar = %

Cave, W. A.

Central Research Institute, The Director

Chamier, F’. C. (1.c.s.)

Channer, Capt. B. G.

Chanter, E. D, Me bn

Chatfield, H. S. (B.a., Bar.- et

Ohaulinan B, L, (B. Ao B. cue

Cheyne, G.C.

Chibber, H. M. (M.A.)

Chico, J. Ri(eaaee.

Chitty, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice C. Ww.

Christopher, 8. A. ye a3

Clark, A. J. (L.0.8.)

Clarke. L. O. (t.0.8.) (Life Member)

Clarke, ho pba is Hi {Tossa

Clayton, Major E. F. oes

Clayton, F. ae ree. iy

Clear, oe. Ls on tes

Clifford, M. W. (1.F-.8.) :

Clifford, Capt. R.

Clift, F. A,

Clutterbuck, Pai. (LF, S., F.Z ‘s.)

Coates, CO. F. Se ae 0

Coates, Capt. V. © ... ‘3 ne

Coats, J. R. (B.8.c., A.M.I.C.E.)

Goehint The Diwan of a

. Madras.

.. Dehra Dun.

.. Rangoon.

.. padra.

@e)\

Jatina,

, Papua.

: Chaat N.W.E.P:

. Bombay.

. Mastung.

. Karachi.

. Gwalior.

. Colombo.

. Kasauli, Punjab,

Tehri,

. Hangu.

. Rangoon.

... Lrevandrum.

.. Calcutta.

.. Prome

. Poona.

. Baroda.

. Calcutta.

. Rangoon.

. Europe.

... Hurope.

«Oude

.. Lurope.

.. Muzaffarpur.

.. Vellore.

.. Dehra Dun.

. Hurope.

. Burma.

Naini Tal.

. Bangkok.

... Lurope.

... Madras.

... Lrichoor.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XXXI1X

Jochrane, R. A. ... wo ey «. Mogok.

Coen, W. W. Sp ef oe .. Hubli, S. M, Ry.

Coghill, Major N.S.(1a.) ... ... Palanpur.

Coggan, Heb: . Dis ... Kamptee, C. P.

Coggin- Brown, John (M.se., PE. SA eee .». Valcutta,

Cogill, Dr, H. (31.8.0.8., L-R.C.P.) .. Hurope.

Coimbatore, Librarian. Agricultural College and

Research Institute ang ape. ... Coimbatore.

Colam, H. N. Pouardi, <i ba sane

Taktys

Coldstream, J. (1.c.8.) aa He ... Murope.

Cole, S. H. He er ... Bangkok.

Collings, F. W. (1 P, s.) , on ... Shwegyin.

Collins, M. Weck. ee ... Simla, 8. W,

Colombo Museum, The Librarian ed ... Colombo.

Colston, Major H. K. sf ... Hyderabad.

Coltart, Dr. H. N. ce Member as ... Murope.

Colvin, Capt.-B. G.. ae ... Agar, Malwa.

Comber, Edward (P.3 Tae many ai he ... Bombay.

Condon, E. C. H. eae yoy eg he) me ... Hurope.

Congreve, Getta: PS Ae .-e Coimbatore.

Conley, Andrew... das ... Jamaica,

Connor, Capt. F. P. (.n.0.8., 1. LMS. eeiat, ... Calcutta.

Conservator of Forests, Berar Circle... ... Amraoti.

Conservator of Forests, N. C. Division.. . Jubbulpore, CG. P.

Cooch Behar, Maharaj Kumar Victor N. Nar: ayan.

Coode, J. M. (Life ee an fe ... Lahore.

Cook, Chas. on ne ... Hurope.

Cook, Geo. : “y fa ... Ceylon.

Cook, J. Pemberton. i: has ... Africa.

Cooke, BW. Bernard... ne ap ... Cawnpore.

Cooper, G. E.R. ... ay, ie ... Mussoorie.

Cooper, H. L. Be =a Mae ... Dibrugarh.

Cooper, R. W. Ly. ep a ... Lurope.

Cooper, T. ss a ... Bandikui.

pee: Va Oe (1.1 BS, io bere = ... Nasik.

Corbett, G. L. (1.c.s.) oe ee .. Saugor, C. P.

Cosens, Eeult Be oe. Ka ... Multan,

Cosens, Lieut. G. P. Lae ay ... Sudan.

Cotton, G2 W. E.(1.0.3.) ae nm ... Madras.

Cotton, W. B. (1.0.s.) o ee ... Hurope.

Courthope, E. EW Poa Sane at ... Lansdowne,

Covernton, Professor A. L. ... ie ... Hurope.

Covernon, 8. H. (1.c.s.) .. Char and Parkar.

Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. (Life Member) . .». Punjab.

Cox, CLE. C. (F.Z.8.) .-. Dehra Dun.

Cox, Col. Sir P. ZL. (F.ZS8., F.R.G.S.5 K.C.1E.) ... Basra.

Craw, H. H, (Life Member) ie ek .». Rangoon.

x] LIST OF MEMBERS.

Orawiord, i. ie oe es, oe as ... Raipur.

Crawford, Leslie... og sy ... Bombay.

Crawtord, W. M, (1.c.s.) Ns, a ... Lurope.

CNATAT felt o-sh) ue Ae ome vos LOONHae

Cross, R. G. & a: We ees Daloo P.O., Cachar.

Grosthwaite, B. M. a oe »«. Ywatoung. |

Groickshank apt. ps tenes te ... Myitkyina.

Cruickshank, Wick Be oe .. Dholpam

Crum, W. KE. wits a Ba ... Calcutta.

Grutiwell: WH oai7.aeeree ze bas .. Cuttack.

Cubitt, G. EB. 8, (1.F.8.) A “Mp ..» Kuala Lumpur.

Cuffe, Mrs. ©. T. W. oi “ss ... Maymyo.

Culbertson, J. M.S. (A.M.1.0.5.) ae ess Karachi.

Curran, W. J. oa va ee ... Coonoor.

Currie, A. J. a ae ... Hurope.

Currie, M. M. L. (1. CS. ) 5 ay .. Ferozepore.

ue ere Ebrahim, Sir, Bart. eve .-. Bombay.

Currey, EH. ae ee ... Murope.

Currey, ae Ve hae — a ... Hurope.

pa John ee 4G aa w. SB. Dy LHSEe

Carry, J. C. .» Sukkur.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. “(Life Member) ... Bombay.

Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,

the Rao Saheb of (a.c.1.8.) (Life Member) .». Bhuj, Cutch.

D’Abreu, B.A. ... aes ie ... Nagpur,

Dallaporta, J. N. ... .. Bombay.

Daly, The Hon’ble Col. Sir Hugh (1.0, CHR eCS. L 5 Bangalore.

Danson, J. W. W. . Lurope.

Dar} ieeling, The Vice- President, Nee Histocy

ataeees . Darjeeling.

Datia,) Hs He the (Maharaja. Lokendra Govind

Singh, Bahadur ... ies As ..» Datia, C. I.

Datta, Dre DaANeixvdatep,) eee 2 .-«. Gurgaon,

Daukes, Capt C. T. ead ne ... Lurope.

Davidson, J. fe fe ... Europe.

Davidson, Major J. (1. M.S., D. §.0. ).) (Life Member) ... Dehra Dun.

Davidson-Houston, Major ‘GC. RD Aen ... Hurope.

Davidson, Norman ... BS sar .»- Thazi, Burma.

Davidson, H. M. M. 0 ae ... Behali P.O., Assam.

Davies, H. J. (¥.c.8.) a 406 ... Rawalpindi.

Dison A. iy ma .-» Mandla, C. P.

Dawkins, see (1. Poe eo yy ie ... Pyinmana, Burma.

Dawson, W. G, (£.E.8.) es ... Europe.

Dawson, W. H. (1.08.) (Life Member) ne .. Europe.

Deakin, Mrs. M. E. i ... Bombay.

Deane, H. H. (c.z.) we nas ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Deane, N. B.

De Carteret, St. G.

DeCruz, A. M. =

DeRhe-Philipe, G. W. V. (F. Bs.) ee

DeSouza, A.B... Z or

Delmé-Radeliffe, Gabta Axes... a

Delmé-Radeliffe, Lt.-Col, H.

Delany, M. F.

Deputy Director of Agriculture, Burma

deSa, Dr. ioe & s.) 3

Devas, A. E. ¥

Dew, Major A. B.

Dewar, RtLCe8.) sc

Dewes, Lt.-Col. I. J. (ums. nS

Dhar, H. H. The Raja of (K.c.s. 1.) (Life Member)

Dharamdas Tribhuvandas Var jivandas ..

.. Ranehi.

eA grasa Pt

. Bombay.

. Lahore.

. Sholapur.

.. Lurope.

.. Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Mandalay.

.. Goa.

.. Mauritius.

... Mastung.

.. Bombay.

Dharwar, The Principal Training huligne for men..

... WKathiawar,

Dhrangadhra, H. 1H. Ghanshyam Sinhji

Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)

_ Director of Agriculture, Bombay ose

Director of Aoriculture, PaaS: a

Director of Land Records & Agriculture, ear

Midas, (Bas)...

Dobbs, ere Ors

Dobbs, W. E. J. (1.0.8 5)

Dodgson, Capt. R. OC.

Donald, 0. D. ;

Donald, C. H. e

Donald, J. (1.F.s.) ...

Donaldson, BR:

Donovan, Li,-Col. 6. (1. m8.)

Dowell. (1.0.8.) .. “ne

Downing, A. K. Weld en ae

Doyle, James : Be hs

Dracott, C. H. “3

Drake-Brockman, Major pars

Drake-Brockman, D. L. (1.c.8.)

(Life Member)... 5

Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s.s.)

Drummond, a WAChiA.g FeL.8;)

Drammond- -Hay, H. M.

.. Rangoon.

Dhar, C. I.

Bombay.

Dharwar.

Bombay.

7 ar ooue.

. Kuala Lumpur.

. Shillong.

... Poona.

.. Raichur.

.. Cawnpore,

.. Luro pe.

.» Luangoon,

ie Sires

»» Dehra Dun.

.. Hissar.

ot Madras.

.. Mirpurkhas.

.. Coonoor, Nilgiris.

or: Balaghat, ©. P.

... Gangtok.

.. Lansdowne, Garh-

70 pa Oe ae

wf Shanss We: P.

Drake- Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (i. M nS eV E S, 4

.. Bombay.

.» Bombay.

DuBoulay, The Hon’ble Sir 1. ‘i tie: S., KCL, oe

Dubash, K. D.

Duff, A. GPACL.C.S.):

Duke, ASH. a

Dumayne, puri h.: G,

.. Europe.

. Ceylon.

Simla.

« Bombay.

. Mercara, Coorg.

. Siam.

A Harone.

xhi LIST OF MEMBERS.

Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (1.5.8.)

Dunlop, Col. R. W. L. oe

Dunn, C. W. (1.c.8.) Be

Dann, Droid ae ae

Dunsterville, Col. K.S. (Rays ‘as :

Durie, G. nN

Duxbury, Major C. D. ee Member’

Dwane, E. H. is

Dwane, F. C.

Dwane, H. M. =.

Dwane, Major J. W.

Dyson, Lieut.-Col, T. E. (1. M.S.)

Ebden, J. W.

Eccles, Di aici

Economic Botanist to Government, Ue Pp.

Hide, F. J. (a.M.1.0.5.)

Hdwards, F. H. a

Ridenndes Wine ae

Egerton, Sir Bryan (K.C.1.E. i

Hlgee, Major J. W.L.

Blliot, Capt. C. H.

Elliott, A. (c, I.E. )

Hlliott, J.

Elliott- staviewee Lt. BCal. jE ee!

Hiliott, R. H. A. (1.0.8.)

Hillis, E. V. (1.8.s.)

Hal Tiss 1x. tls (1.0685) --

Ellis, 8. F. +5

Eltoft, H. A. ety

Elwes, G. F. W. nie a

Elwes, H. J. ae S.) tee ls

Emanuel, A. EB

i (1.0.8.)

Kmblen, H. mee

English, E. E.

Ernaculam College, The Principal

vans, Evan ea

Hvans, Geoffrey (B.A. )

Evans, (Sole Get .)(7.0.¥.D., P.,S. , OLE.)

Bvans, Major G. P. en ae

Evans, T. M. rg

Evans, Titeceey wc). a ay

Evans, Major W. 4. gee) pf sn

Kvans, Wm. ‘ he sak

Ev eked John

... Europe.

... Hurope.

... Rangoon.

... Delhi.

.. Lurope.

.. Rangoon, Burma.

... Lurope.

.. Secunderabad.

... Deccan.

... Madras.

... Hurope.

.. Maymyo.

-. Shillong.

... Madras.

... Cawnpore.

.. Silchar, Cachar.

.. Bhamo,

.. Majuligarh, Assam.

... Hyderabad, Deccan.

.. Malta.

... Hurope.

.. Hurope.

... Malappuram.

.. Mardan.

.. Hurope.

.. Lurope.

... Merecara, Coorg.

... Hyderabad, Sind.

wo. Hurope.

... Ootacamund.

... Hurope.

... Dharwars

.«. Cachar.

4, oy .». Bombay.

Enthoven, The Hon’ble Mr. R. E. (1.0.8.5 ,0.1. 2.) meas

ot ha .. Ernaculam, Cochin

Poona.

State.

... Dibrugarh, Assam.

... Hoshangabad, C. P.

... Rangoon,

... Quetta,

... Bombay.

..- Rawalpindi.

.. Lurope.

... Murope.

.. Kodaikanal.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Fagan, H. R. ae =f aa

Fairbank, Rev. H. ... a “e

Farr, BH. T. C.

Farrell, R, C. (1.F.s.)

Farrington, Sir H. A., Bart. (11 ecw hot ae

Fatehsingrao of Akalkote, Hee a See

Fawcett, “E. B.

Fayrer, Major F. D.S. (1.M. s.) oes

Heli Geeb2H. (v.1.8., 1 C.8:) ee

Fenton, Col. L. L. a

Fenton, Capt. L. 8. *

Ferrar, "Major M. L. Us A.)

Field, Frank . e

Field, W. P.

Fields-Clarke, Val: (LF. s.)

Finlay, Sir C. Kirkman

Fischer, C. E. C. (2.F.s.) Ee

Fitz-Gerald, Capt. O. A. G. ...

Pitz- Gerald, Wiel: ee a

Fitz-Gibbon, tei CR Ae eee. aes

Fitzpatrick, G. V. as i

ee, Major A. M. (1.31.8. )

Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge (F.z.8.)

Florence, James ... ae pe

Flower, Capt. 8. 8. ss ae

Flynn, A. A. ans = :

Forbes, Alister

Forsham, R. re Eck

Forster, T. W. (er. F.S ae aoa

Forsyth, eT he - ie =

Foster, O. B.

Foster, R. Guy

Foster, Capt, Riel.

F oulkes, George F. F. (1.F.S. =

Foulkes, R.

Foulkes, Major T. H. ( M.S.) (Life Member)

Fountaine, Miss M. E. (F.2.8.)

Francis, H. F, (R.G.4.) ay eae

Benois, Ry FE. Sep ay tt

Fraser, Duncan e

Fraser, DadeM.S8:

Fraser, Capt. F’. C. (1.m.s., M.D., PLL.E.S.)

Fraser, Prof. J. N. Pe: —

Fraser, A oe

Fraser, the Hon’ ble Mr. S. M. ats G, S., C.1.E, )

Fraser, 8S. G. G.

Fraser, Capt. W. J. ic M8)

Fraser, W.S. jz

xlii

. Rangoon.

X Ahmednagar.

.. Ceylon.

Py Aurang: abad.

a Nagpur T,

.. Hurope.

2 Hurope.

.-- Bombay.

.. Rangoon.

... Hurope.

.. Gyantse.

... Bombay.

.. Calcutta.

.. Jalpaiguri.

. Kindat.

.. Hurope.

.. Coimbatore.

4 Hoypt.

... Gwalior.

.. Africa.

.. Dharamsala.

.. Bombay.

a, EUSA:

.. Calcutta.

a. Egypt.

.. Karachi.

A\ . e

e e e e e

... Bombay.

. Bombay.

. Tharrawaddy.

. Hurope.

. Ambala.

. Sallebile P. O.

. Lurope.

.. Madura.

Hurope.

... Madras.

... Lurope.

.. Rangoon.

.. Jullundur.

«. Bombay.

.». Shiraz, Persia.

. Madras.

..» Bombay.

. Madras.

. Kashmir.

.. Nowshera.

.. Chindwara.

.. Ajmer, Rajputana.

xliv LIST OF MEMBERS.

French, H.A.L. ...

Frere, Capt. A. G. ...

Friedlander, F. L. ...

Frizelle, Major J.

Pry, John 7.

Fulton, Major H. qT, ‘(. 8.0. )(

Fyson, Prof. P. F.

(xairdner, K. G.

Gale, A. C.

Gale, Major E.S.

Gales, R. R.

Gallio, HH:

Gammie, Prof. G. A. (Lize Member)

Garbett, GG: (1.C.S.) ae

Garbett, H

Gardyne, Major A. Di:

Garrett, H. B. G. (1.F.s.)

Garrett, R. 8. i

Gaye, W. OC. YE

cane Capt. R. G. T.

Gebbie, HES ene

Gervers, Major F. R.S. ;

Gharpurey, Capt, K. G. (1.M, s) a

Giberne, H. D. -

Gibson, 'E. C, (1.0.8.)

Gibson, R. E. (1.c.s.)

toys Dre W 28? (8280.85 Ror,

Gilbert, C. C. : ‘ae

Gilbert, C. E. L, (LF. S.)

Gilbert, RN, a

Gilbert, Ate

Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. (LS,

Gilchrist, G. W. ...

Gill, H.

Gillespie, Major R, Sy (RB) .. ae

Gillett, Capt. 1.8. (A-B.D.)

Gillum, S.J.

Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (c I. E., LM. 5. )

Gimson, C, (I.0.s.) ..

Girard, ‘George We

Girvin, Lt.-Col. J. (R.A.M. 0.)...

Gladstone, H. S. (F.z.8., F R.S. i .)

Glascock, L. C. (Mv. 0.)

Glasson, ave (10.5; e

Gleadow, F. (#.R.M.s

Glennie, H. A, ke

(Life Mon ber)

... Karachi.

... Madras.

eee Insein.

.. Campbellpur,

. Bombay. |

.. New Zealand.

. Madras.

.. Bangkok.

-. Hurope.

... Maymyo.

.. Calcutta.

... Moulmein.

.-. Kirkee,

.. Lahore.

.. Assam,

.. Cairo.

.. Bangkok,

8 Bandikui.

he Hurope.

.. Bhamo, Burma.

..» Karachi.

... Dagshai,

.. Bombay.

¥ Europe.

.. Akola,

.. Kaira.

..- Madras,

wo. Luro pe.

... Mahableshwar.

.. Dongrv Poa

.. Dharwar.

te Kado, Moulmein.

.e« Bombay.

... Cachar.

we. Necunderabad.

Simla.

... Madras,

». Hurope.

... Sylhet.

.. Calcutta.

... Hurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Gurdaspur.

... Madras.

.. Europe.

.. Karachi.

Godfrey, Ii. J. (B.sc.)

Godson, Capt. C. A. (1.M.8.)

Goldsmith, Dr. B. K,

Potamith, HAS

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Gonsalves, Ay Es (Life Member)

Gooding, G, O.

Goodyear, F.

Gordon, D. M.

Gore, F. W.

Gough, Major H. (L.A A.)

Gould, B. J. (Lc0s.)

Gourju, P. B;

Grafton-Wignall, ce D.

Graham, A, YK,

Graham, Od Es

een

®a0

Graham, D. N. (Life Member)

Graham, Capt. G. F. (1m.s.) .

eta: Canty Geatiy L.

Graham, J. A. sas

Graham, L, (1.0.8.) ...

J. D. (.A.)

Graham Roe, H. W.

Graham, R.

Grant, F, A.

Gravely, F. H.

Gray, Chas.

Greaves, H. R.

Green, EH. Ernest (Fz.s.)

Green, James

Greener, W. J.

Greer, Major F. Ae

Greer, W. (1.¢.s.)

Gregory, Major C....

Gregory, R. V.

Gregson, Capt. C. D.

Gregson, HE. G. (0.1.2.)

Gregson, T. S.

Gribbon, M. C. A!

Grigson, P. St. J. B,

Gronvold, H. se

Grubbe, Major E. A.

Gruer, H. Gs. (1.c.8.)

Gupta, B, Sen

Gupta, Basat Lal (x. se.)

Gwyer, C. (1.F.S.)

Mabibuddin,

S. (1.0.8) (Life Member) ..

xlv

... Bangkok,

abies Europe.

... Bombay.

... Rewah, C, I.

.. Bandra.

.. Calcutta,

.. Hurope.

.. Keng

Tung, S.

Shan States,

.. Assam,

... Hurope.

.. Sikkim.

.. Berhampur.

... Nowshera.

.. Europe.

... Rangoon.

... Lurope.

... Hurope.

.. Hurope,

.. Lurope.

. Rajkot.

.s, Nagpur, ©, P,

Europe.

... Sandoway,

.. Caleutta.

.. Coonoor.

zi Bombay.

. Hurope.

Euro pe.

. Charanpur.

ewe GJootti.

... Belgaum.

.. Ootacamund.

.. Purna, Deccan.

.. Bolarum.

... Basra.

.. Bombay.

.. Loralai.

... Rangoon.

--. Lurope.

... Lurope.

.. Chanda,

.. Tezpur.

... Lucknow.

... Lhayetmyo,

.. Hyderabad, Deccan.

XI vi LIST OF MEMBERS,

Hacker, K.

Haig, Major N. Ww.

Haigh, P.ebs viata

Haldane, C. H,

Hall, C. ap ay

Hamid, A. Ali ae

Hamilton, A.G. ...

Hamilton, J. D. Cee

Hamilton, W. S. (1.cs.)

Hampson, Sir George F., Batt (F. Ls S., F.E. g.) os

Hanhart, 8.

Hankin, ‘Dee,

Hannay, Hon’ ble Mr. cat OF (1. C8.)

- Hannyngton, F’. (1.c.s.) 1

Hannyngton, W. O.

Harcourt, Major J. 8S. M.

Hardy, G.S8. (1.¢.8.)

Hargreaves, C. K. ...

Harington, Lieut.-Col.

Harkness, Miss L. ...

Harman, Ss

Harper, E. W. (F.z. 3.)

Harris, H. R.

Harris, Major O. M. (8 H. A)

Harris,

Harrison, MET Rec

Harrison, Major ©. B, (tat.s.)

Harrison, Major C. F. Se

Harrison, ©. H. (1.0.s.) or

Harrison, R. T. (A.M.1.0..)

Harrold, W. “i

Hart, Gis, pcr B)

Harter, R. W. : Se

Hartshorne, RB. (cis)

Harvey-Kelly, Capt. ©.

Harvey, Major W. F. (1.m.8.)

Hankin, A. C. Ce Ct)

Fy tabs

Haslam, R. E. as ee

Haslehurst, H. M. Fy

Hasted bievitestr, 5) <e

Hassels- Yates, Capt. G. A. (R.G.A.)

HatchellsiyeGen * ... 3

Hate, Prof. Vinayek N. bie

Haughton, ok. Heli,

Hauxwell, T. A. (1.F.8.)

Hawes, Cc. G.

Hawley, Capt. W. G.B.

Hay, A. as vos

eo Apr.

.. Muttra.

... Poona.

... Mandalay.

... Lravancore,

.. Gadhra.

..e be. America,

.«. Sandoway.

.. Europe.

. Lurope.

... Secunderabad.

.. Bombay.

... Agra,

.. Madras,

,. Mercara, Coorg.

. Shwebo, Burma.

. Dehra Dun.

.. Bombay.

. Taungoo.

. Rawalpindi.

... Hurope.

... Quetta.

. Bombay.

««. Hurope.

... Gauhati.

.. Lurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Lavoy.

.. Simla,

.. Hurope.

.. Hurope,

. Sunla,

.. Bombay.

.. patara.

_.. Karachi.

. Kurope.

Travancore.

. Bombay.

... Chittoor.

... Quetta.

.. Madras.

; . Bombay.

. China,

... Hurope.

.. Bhartghar,vaBhor.

cee Quetta.

.. Bangalore.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Hay, KE. Alan fe

Hay, E. F. A. Ag

Hay, Capt. G. W.....

Hayden, H. H. (c.1.8.)

Hayne, A. B.S.

Hearn, E. S. ane ep:

Headlam, Comdr. It. James (R.1.M.)

Hearsey, T. N. (.F.8.) eos

Heath, R. H. (c.r.)

Hector, G. P. (31.4., B.SC.)

Henderson, Capt. Hab:

Henderson, Ge ace

Henderson, W. L. ...

Herbert, E. G. te 2% =

Herbert, V. A. my ee wit

Heron, F. A. ;

Hewson, R. B.

Pevder, He M.. .... a

Hezlett, J. oes Ga

Hichens, GoW. “i

eeeman, lie She Ded,

Hickey, B.S.

ie eres ck

Hide, P. (Life Member)

Higgins, en). (1:0.8: )

Higginson, G. Re...

ilignell, Dts (Ie.Se)

Hiley, eC, (L.F.S.)

Hill, Rev. kK. E. Mes ae -

Hill, Hon’ble Mr. Claude H. (. (eS. OTB 0.8.1. \o x

Hill, Capt. R. D. O. (Life Member) :

Hingston, Capt. R. W. (1m. S

Hitchcock, R. H. .!. a! te

Hitchcock, ReV: a, pe f

Hobart, R. C. (1.c.s.) fo a ee

; Hodding, G. Hi: ee a:

Hodgins, R. D. Beenie bey ;

Hode okins, (he ee ae ae ay

Xivil

.. Hurope.

... Pyinmana,

.. Hurope.

... Hurope.

... Lorajai,

.. Murope.

... Mombasa.

... Vellore.

.. Sabarmati.

.. Dacca.

... Mauritius.

... Mirpurkhas, Sind.

... Rangoon,

«+. Bangkok.

ee FL IDOOLA.

.-. Punjab.

... Jalna.

.. Ambala.

... Assam.

.. Rangoon,

... Cachar.

..-Champarun.

.. Assam.

. Indore.

... Lmphal,

... Hatehgarh,

Lurulias

... Belgaum,

.. Poona.

Manipur.

Simla.

.. Hurope.

... HMurope.

.. Calicut,

.. Shaha bad.

Europe.

... Bengal.

.. Lravancore.

Dera Ghazikhan.

Hodgson, lly ho ... Europe.

Hojel, Lt.-Col. J. G. (1M. ss) sie ... Bombay.

Holden, Major H. N. Ae on ... Jaipur.

Hole, R. 8. (Lv. See .. Dehra Dun.

Holkar, H. H. the Thee Tako “Rao (Lite

Member) ° oer ee. Indore, C. 1,

Holland, Dr. H. T. (c. M.S.) .. Quetta.

Holland, ieee (1.88%) ae si: .. Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

Holme, A. T. (1.0,8.) a mes eos Ajmer.

Holme, oi UD, £1:0.8.)

.. Kurope.

xlvini LIST OF MEMBERS.

Holmes, H. R. vt ate

Holmes, J. I’. :

Hood, A. F.

Homfray, Jeston (1.F.S.)

Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon’ ble Mr.

Imud-ul-Mulk Bahadoor oes 8.1.)

Hope, A. J. R. me

Hopwood, J.C...

Hopwood, 8. F. (1.F.s.)

Horsfall, G. L. Ea ie

Hosken, A. Fayrer... ae ae

Hotson, J. EH. B. (1.0.8.) te “S

Howell, E. B. a a ce

Howell, G, C. (1.c.8.) os

Howlett, Ff. M. (m.a., F.B.S.) ...

Hoyos, Count HE. (Life Member)

Hudson, Lt.-Col. C. T. (1.11.8.)

Hudson, Major C. (D.S.0., I.M.S. )

Hudson, C. W. M. (1.0. le

Hudson, Major J. H.

Hudson, E. H. (A.m.1.c. in

Huggins, J. R.

Hughes, nea WAG

Hughes, 1

Hume, H. Rn. Hi

Humphrys, Capt. F. H. ot

Hundley, G. ie ae

Hunt, Capt. A. T. (R N.)

; Hunt, DY eid Oats hh Si ae a

Hunter, W. 4d. oe x af

Hurst, L. F. cs

Fmehanda: H. W. S. (ne M.L.C. i. )

Husbands, Capt. G. S. (1.M.8.)

Husbands, J. E. (1.c.s.) ‘wre Pe

Hutchins Bo Ra.) 3.

Hutchinson, Major F. EE Ieh (1, M, S.)

ooo eee

... Kamptee, O. P.

... Bilaspur.

.. Europe.

.. Calcutta.

Sy A Nawab

... Hyderabad, Deccan.

... Launggyi, Burma,

UTO Pe.

ee ... Maymyo, U. Burma.

... Hurope.

.«, Secunderabad.

... (Juetta.

.. Hurope.

.. Gurdaspur.

woo LS

... Austria.

.-» Dharwar.

... Hurope.

... Godhra.

.. Maymyo.

Jalna, Deccan.

. Hurope.

... Waziristan.

.-» Munnar, 8. India.

.. Ahmedabad.

.. Bannu.

... Mepale.

.- Hurope.

.. Secunderabad,

... Hurope.

.. Ceylon.

... Hingoli, Deccan.

... Lahore.

.. Huroge.

.. Shwegyin,

Poona.

Hutchinson, Major L. T. Rose c Mis.) .. Bombay.

Hutchinson, Major W.G._.. 493 .-. Quetta.

Hutchison, ic eee fe. .. Gonda.

Hutton, ©. I. £ .. Ywataung.

Hutton, G. M. . Quetta.

Hyam, Judah (4.3 Ve, F.Z.8. ) (Life Member)

Hyderabad, The Librarion, State Library

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble

Govind alias Babasaheb grate

(Life Member)

Meherban Narayen

Chief of

vs ... Wolhapur.

.. Pusa, Bengal.

... Hyderabad, Deccan.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XX

{dar, Maharaj Kunwar Major Dowlatsing, A.-D.-C.

(Life Member) .. : - Mahi Kanta,

imperial Library, The Librarian ae . Calcutta.

Inglis, Chas. M, (Life Member) ze ae; .. Durbhang: ‘

Inglis, H. A. yy . ... Anarh Laberia

Serai.

Ingolaby, Capt. C. M. (R.A.M.c.) a ... Jullundur.

Inman, Capt. H. M. (1. M.S.) . oP .«. Bombay.

Innes, Charles (B.S.C. ) .. Rangoon.

Inspector of Schools, Surma Valley & Hill Dists.. . Cachar, Assam.

Inverarity, J. D. (B.a., LL.B.) (Life aa ... Hurope.

Irvine, Gapt. M. L. ©. (1s. ‘ 4 ... Bombay.

Irvine, Lt.-Col. ie W. (I1.M.S eee ... Peshawar.

Irwin, eed (1L0.5.) tes Pade Ore Warr.

Ivens, J. H. (p.w.p.) (Life Wiomhen\ i . Hurope.

Tyer, V. Subramania (™. Seer Les, iy ... Lravancore,

naonson, Or..T.S8. .. wed ... Rajputana.

Jackson, Lt.-Col. Thos. (1.m. s. ) ore ... Bombay.

Jacob, J. R. “Py n-» | harwar.

Jacob, W. R. earn (Z.F.S. ) oie nee) LEZ UY,

James, Aston hee a: Peewelay

Jumes, U. H. ae .-. Hurope.

James, Lt.-Col. C. i. (1.M. s.) ca pening.

James, Capt. I. H. .. Hurope.

Jamkhandh, Shrimant Reeeh en Perch antys Pie

wardhan, The Chief of (Lefe Member) ..- Kolhapur.

Jamsetji M. Doctor (CMZS-)..e .. Bombay.

Janjira, H, H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan (K.0.L)

Nawab of (Life Member) . tae .. Janjira.

Janson, V. T. ey. Jes -». Bombay.

Jardine, A.J. A. (D. Spiga ed re. ... Toungyi, Burma.

merome, M.R,... ee .. Europe.

Jardine, W. E. (1.0.s., C.1.B.) ae .-. Gwalior.

Jayakar, M. &. (m.A.) oe oer -.« Bombay.

Jeddere-Fisher, Major H. C. see ... Europe.

Jenkin, R. Trevor (Len james ts ee ... Chindwara.

Jenkins, J. B. se pr Be wep asik:

Jenkins, 8. E. F. (1.¥.s.)

.. Hurope.

Jenkyns, eel: (1,0.8.)

.. Hurope.

Jennings, Lt.-Col. W. E. (1.M ) de ... Bombay.

Jermyn, Ole ey. 5: #6 -.. Hurope.

Jesso, William, M.A. #e. .-» Meerut,

Jind, H. H. The Maharaja isk Ranbir Singh

(x. 0.8.1.) aa a: 2 ... Jind, Punjab.

Johnston, 8. H, aa ... Toungoo,

Johnstone, J.W. D. (c. LE. ae es ... Hurope.

ad LIST OF MEMBERS

Jolly, Capt. G. G. (IM.s.) ... oes ... Hurope.

ae Ati Egil wee oe Sie eee ... Jalgaon,

Joly; Row. vee es .t. Chagas

Jones, A. E. ni ee Simla.

Jones, Lt.-Col. J. Lloyd (1..8.) oe ... Bombay.

Jones, Lt.-Col. M. D. Goring ose -.. Hurope.

Jones, RAE: ba wy 4S wo» dank Ns Wee

yonee: W. Harvey ... ae ie ... Calcutta.

Jouguet, H. ane ae .-- Ambala,

Jukes, haane Stee G; &.) es nt ... Bombay.

Julius, V. A, ee he ... Colombo,

IKagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb Suey

Chief of (Life Member)... .. Kagel

Karachi, Frere Hall (Municipal) Libr: ary o>. Warachtc

Karachi, Victoria Museum, The Curator .-. Karachi, Sind,

K: ushmir, Rajkumar, Hari Singh of j. Srinagar.

Kealy, BE. H: [1,6.S; ) ie. ... Bombay.

Keddie, D. L. a aa) «. Phamakhan,

Kelly, Major C. R. (e. Gray omese an a.» Hurope.

Kelly, Capt. HE. D. F. Ay Ss: ... Hurope.

Kemball, Major A. G. vee % x Europe.

Kemball, H. L. ... os +18 ... Hurope.

Kemball, H. V. (c.£.) = we ... Hurope.

Kemp, S. W. . me ee ... Calcutta,

Kennard, M. T. (r-z,s. ) As »». STinagar.

Kennedy, Capt. BR. 8. (.a.s. u ee .-- Lurope.

Kennion, Major R. L. (F.z. s.) be ... Mesopotamia.

Kenrick, Major W. H. (1.m.s.) 42 ... Khandwa.

Keppel, Capt. T. R. H. on ie ... Bombay.

Keir Drea nr aGt: ay .. Chiengmai, Siam.

Kerr, H. R. ine ase ... Rangocn, Burma.

Kerr, Nigel 4: hss ... Portugal,

Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (1.1.s.) "9. Cues

Khan, Muncherji Framji (Lie Member) ois Poe

Khan, Saheb Zada Sardar Mahomed _... ... Larkhana.

Khareghat, M. P. (1.0.8.) ... os ... Bombay.

Kiddleyd | An Osa ss es as ... Mongnai,

Kidner, Capt. W. E. (R.8.) ... os: .-. Hurope.

Kilkelly, Lt.-Col. P. P. (ms sf .-- Rajkot.

Kilner, Dr. J. N. (™.B.) 2 ... Calcutta.

King Edward Library, the Hony. Secretary ... Rawalpindi.

King, Ao We ie ... Sara, Bengal.

King, Li OE Vek. Moss (08). =. ... Hurope.

Kingston, Feely ks. st Se ... Bombay.

Kinloch, AO at eS He of ... Kollengode.

Kinloch, Ai ee ss iA, 8 ... Europe.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kirby, Major A. D.

Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K. R. (1. M.S. » Ret)

Kirwan, Neol G. B.

Knapton, Major H. A. F. (iM. 8.)

Knowles, A. B. ee ;

Knowles, Major G..

Knyvett, Capt. W.

Kolhapur, H. H. a Maharaja Sir Shahu Chhatra-

pati (G.C.S.1., G.C.V.0., G.C.1.E.) (Life Member) .

Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja Sir mel Sing, Baha-

door (K.0.8.1., G.C.8,1.) (Life Member)...

Kunhardt, Major J.C. G. (1.M.s.)

Kushal Pal Singh, Hon’ ble Raja

Lace, Jolin H, (C.1.8., F.o.S.) ..

Bihicre: Garter: Central Museum

.. [rimulgherry.

..c Andheri, Salsette.

.. Chickmagalur,

:. Poona.

.. Amaraoti Camp.

.. Saugor.

. Hurope.

. Kolhapur.

.- Kotah.

.. Poona.

Kotla, Agra Dist.

.. Hurope.

. Lahore,

Lahore Punjab Veterinary College, The | Principal. Lahore.

Lahore, The Registrar University of Punjab

Laird-MacGregor, WetGob. ae)

Lake, H. A. Cie

.» Lahore.

-. Calcutta.

~ Monywa.

Lamb, Sir Richard (Le. S., KSI... (0, le E. ) (Life Europe.

Member).

Lamb, W.S.

Lambort, G. B. (1.0.8.)

Lane, E. ... ve

Lane, H.S.

Lane, Major W. H

Langford, Capt. E.G. (R.P.A.)

Sloe

eee

Larkana, Madrassatul- Islam, The Principal

Laughton, G. A.

Parence, T, R.

Lawrence, Revd. F. (c M.S.) ..

Lawton, W. :

Leach, F. B,

Lean, ns

Learoyd, Capt. G. li. D.

Lecky, R,

Lee, Capt. A. J. (1. MLS.)

Lee, Major A. W. H.

Lee, D. H. (Life Member)

Lee, Brig.-Genl. F,

LeMesurier, H. P. (c.2.)

Lemarchand, J. R.

Lea-Wilson, Revd. H. W. ..

Leete, F. A. (¥.0.H., 1.5.8.)

Leftwich, C. G,. (1.0.8.)

... Rangoon.

... Benares,

.--» Koderma P. O.

--. Gooty.

--» Bombay.

-.- Jubbulpore.

.- Larkana, Sind.

... Karwar.

.-» Bombay.

.. Lahore.

-- Rangoon.

..» Rangoon,

... Madras.

.. Risalpur.

... Chaman.

.-. Hurope.

.-. Myitkyina

.. Europe.

... Lurope,

.-» Calcutta.

.. Kookila Mook,

Assam,

... Hurope.

.. Tharrawaddy.

.. Central Provinces..

lil LIST OF MEMBERS.

Legard, Chas. er

Leonard, Major W. H.

Leonard, VL alee

Leslie, Major Ganen: (Ram)

eeslic, M.

Leslie, Capt. Norman

TheveitoY cats, G. A. (1.8.0 you

Levinge, Hon’ble Mr. E, V. (o. SJ. LC. s.)

Lewin, Capt. E.O.. it he

Hey sA HA (1.Cesae

wo. Hurope.

..« Bombay.

3. Puta,

... Jullunder,

.-- Bombay.

.-» Huropeé.

..., Ghazipur ae

... Ranshi.

... Hurope.

. Calcutta.

Librarian, Students? Library, St. Xavier’s

College rf Le ... Bombay.

Lightfoot, S. St. O. bee ... Thungeyi.

Limaye, bee of “ .. Bijapur.

Lindley, E. S. (¢.8.)

Lindsay~Smith, pe J. a)

List, John N,

Lister, i. 2.

Liston, Major W. G. (1. Mocs: O.. sf)

Little, Si eae

Lloyd, Major C. R. Uy S. ys

uloyd, J.

Lloyd, Major R. B. (1 M.S.)

Lloyd, Capt. R. A. (I.M.s.) oe

Lock, Lt.-Col. F. R. E. (1.8.c.)

hodge, G. HE. =

Logan, Capt. R. a5:

Logan Home, Capt. W. M.

Lomas, HAS .O8)

Long, G. R. (1.8.8.) (Life Meher

Long, Major W. C..

Lory, es lee le ,

Lovegrove, W. H. (..F.s.)

Lovell, E. H. (R.a.)

Lowis, F. C. oy!

Ti0 W1S; 3) ee eee

Lowis, Major R. M.

Lowrie, A. H. (1.¥F.s.)

Lowsley, Gao) eh a

Lowson, Major C. 8. (1.m.s.) ...

Lowther, E. H. N.. a

TLuard, Major CO, Bie,

Lucas, Col. T. J. R. (c.B.)

Lucas, W.. Eases at:0.s. )

Luck, W. H.

Lucknow, The Curator, Phhaa Museum

rlan

.-. Rasul,

. Multan.

... Rangoon, Burma.

.«. Bengal.

.. Bombay.

... Kirkee.

... Bombay.

... Calcutta.

... Caleuttar

... Bilaspur.

... Malakand.

... Lurope.

... Hurope.

... Chakdarra.

... Gonda,

... Rangoon.

.. Coimbatore.

.. Poona.

.-. JUMMOO.

,.. Calouttas

.o. Myithyina.

.-. Lurope.

... Hurope.

.». Ohindwara, C, P.

... Hyderabad, Sind.

.«. Poona:

.. Calcutta,

... Neemuch.,

... Hurope,

... Hurope.

... Karachi

.. Lucknow,

Lucknow Public ey? The pert Libra-

»» Lucknow.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Ludlow, F.

Luke, J. ig ons aioe eve

Luke, K. J. at a

Lumsden, Oak, (Lc! S.) “f

Lunham, Capt. J. L. (LMLS.) ..

Lyall, J. H. (1.¥-.s.) oe

Lyall, Capt. R. A. ees

Lynch Blosse, H. R. (nes oe

Lynn, G. R. (o. B.) .. ts

Macdonald, K. ©. (D.s.P.) a. oes

Mac Ewen, Lt.-Col. D. LL. Sy

MacFadden, R. R. = nb

MacGregor, J. A., He

MacGregor, Capt, R. F. D. (r. MLS.)

Macllvaine, Miss Anne aly

Macintyre, D.

Mackay, C. J.

Mackay, J. M. ae oe am

Mackenna, J. (1.0.S.) ee rE

Mackenzie, A. T. ... a

Mackenzie, J. M. D. (1.8.S.) ...

Mackenzie, Lt. L, H. L. (1.m,s.)

Mackenzie, J. M. ... he

Mackenzie, M. M.

Mackertich, M.

Mackie, A. W. W. (1.0.8.)

Mackinlay, Chas.

Mackinnon, V. A. ...

Macklin, A. 8S. R. ioc

Mackwood, IF’. M. .

MacLachlan, R. B.

Macleod, The Hon'ble Mr. gece N.

MacMichael, N: (1.¢.8.) ;

MacNair, R. H. (i.c.s.)

Macnee, E. A, nh

Macnaghten, H. P.W, (B.A.)

Maconochie, EB. (C.8.) a

Macphail, G.

Macpherson, R. a

Macrae, Major J. L. (1m. s.) ..

Mactavisb, Capt. A. oes

Macwatt, ‘Lieut.-Col. R. C. cs Mi. ee a's

Madan, FR. Oy

Maddock, Major B, 0. G. (1, Mt. ‘s.)

Madras Forest College, The Principal ..

lita

.. Karachi.

... Narayenganj.

... Akhaura.

.. Jhang, Punjab.

... Kurope.

... Chakrata.

.-» Larachinar.

.. Hyderabad, Deccan..

.. Manora, Karachi.

.. Lurope.

... Poona,

... Lumsar.

... Lurope.

.. Bombay.

... New Jersey, U.S.A.

... Dehra Dun.

... Calcutta.

.. Ahmedabad.

.. Rangoon.

... Hyderabad, Deccan..

... Regu, Burma.

... Bombay.

.. Saidpur,

... waran, Bihar.

.. Lurope.

Hurope.

.. Hurope.

.. Mussoorie.

... Sarkana, Sind.

... Colombo.

... Sukkur, Sind.

.. Bombay.

. Chatrapur, Ganjam.

... Nagpur.

... Jubbulpore.

... Bombay.

... Ahmedabad.

... Lurope.

... Mirzapur.

... Anantapur.

... Nowgong, O, IL.

.. Rajputana.

.. Kurnool.

To ray

urope.

.. Coimbatore.

liv LIST OF MEMBERS.

Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum ... Madras.

Madras, ‘he Principal, Presidency College . Madras.

Madras, The Professor of Loology, Christian College. Madras.

Magrath, Lt.-Col., H. A. F.. .. Hangu.

Mahaluxmiwalla, (aD: oe re .. Bombay.

Mahmed Abubakr Khan .., , Aligarh,

Mahomedbhoy Rainer Ebrahim, The Hon’ble

Sir eee .. Bombay.

Mahon, E. L. ee tee ey .. Pollibetta.

Main, Laake awe i ay Oot

Major, Chas. R.... ae a .» Burma.

Major, Colyt ahs = Bc ... Persian Gulf.

Makeig-Jones, J. (1.0.8.) ... He ... Champaram.

Maltby, CG. M. ... Persian Gulf.

Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdinkhan, Chief of

(Life Member)... ae ... Kathiawar.,

Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life Member) caf ... Bombay.

Mana, Dye ebuse ie iy ... Poona.

Mann, T. H. ... Kurope.

Manners- Smith, Lt. Se ihal (vec 0., 0.1,E., “OY. 0.) 4. Nepal.

Marjoribanks, Major J. L. (1M. 5.) ab ..- Bombay.

Marjoribanks, N. E. a C.8) jae Py. ... Madras.

Marrs, -R.. oe Le! ... Bombay.

Marryatt, N. By rs aft ... Bombay.

Marshall. Hew geece oh Peon ene

Marshall, Arch. MeL. ( Lefe Member) aa ... Hurope.

Marshali, AY Wowie oe ... Karachi.

Marshall, Dr. H. H. (or. 0.8.) pe ... Rangoon,

Marshall, J. Meh. (Life Member x ... Lurope.

Marshall, Lt.-Col. T. E. (2.4.) 4 ... Hurope.

Martin, A. ff. ton eg

Martin, Col. Gerald (Life Member) on ... Lurope.

Martin, (Apts a ates hy we. Hurope.

Martin, S. J. so a ... Binsar.

Martindell, H. WB. W. + ... Maymyo, Burma.

Masani, A. M. (Life Member)... c a». DArOdds

Masson, The Hon’ble Sir D. P. (k.c.1. i) ... Lahore.

Massy, Capt. W. J. : ... Lashio.

Maung, Po Bye (K.S.M, & F 1.04 ee ... Falam.

Maxwell, Lt.-Col. J. (R. Soph i ... Jubbulpore.

Maxwell, Major L. L. ee ... DANZOY, same

Maxwell, R. M. (1.c.s.) ee ... Karwar, Kanara.

Maxwell, Capt. W. F. (r. ya He ... Ambala.

Mayes, W. ee ... Abbottabad.

Mayne, Major H. B. ic G, A) sie ... Roorkee.

Mayo, H. T. ae ... Karachi;

McCormack, Dr. H, ee ee .«. Nahan, Punjab.

McCrie, C. M. (1.¥.s.) ny re ... Balaghat, C, P.

LIST OF MEMBERS, lv

McCudden, Capt. J. A. oe ee OOL ie

McDonald, Capt. HB. J. C. (. ns) Ait ... Assam.

McDonald, J. oe ze ... Europe.

McGlashan, John (0.8 2.) a oy ... Calcutta.

Mellwrick, L. See eas ... Bombay.

McIntosh, Alex. (c.u.) He ae ae See

Melver, C. D. xy" sei He Patars.

McKerral, AG fA . Insein, Burma.

McMahon, Col. The Hon. Sir A, Hl. ics OE.

OOS ACA 6 i . Boypt.

McNeale, J. H. .... op rs .. Buldana, Berar.

McNeill, J. (1.0.8.) ... o a Pe Oli:

McPherson, Major G. (1.M.s.)... nar ... Bombay.

McRae, A. D. ive i ae .«-. Rangoon.

Mead, P. J. (1.c.s,) ... “ a ... Ahmednagar.

Mears, Lt.-Col. A. (1.a.) a; sy .»» Calcutta,

Meaton, E. G. st aye oe ... Oorgaum.

Meek, Dr. D. Se Se aK s.. Gachar,

Meinertzhagen, Capt. R, te 38 ... Hurope.

Mellor, J. E.M.... ee Be ... Hurope.

Mendoza, Nera oa. 0, oe Ty. coo Bombay.

Menezes, LLOGtOr +... Ee +f oo OD.

Menon, K. G. Ea a a ... Lrichoor, Cochin.

Mercer, PANY 33 log aa ae .-- Phillanr, Punjab.

Mercer, D. ef = ...» Bombay. |

Meredith H. R., (1. 6. s.) a ie +. Cuttack,

Merrikin, M.S: - .. Rn Abe ee ADULT.

Mess President, R. A. Mess ... oe ... Bombay.

Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess... th ... Cambellpore.

Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess ... = ... Meerut,

Mess President, Leicestershire Regiment.

Mess President, 1st Connaught Rangers.

Mess President, The 1st. Border Regiment.

Mess President, Ist Battalion, The Royal Scots.

Mess Secretary, 2nd Q, V. 0. Sap pers and Miners, Bangalore.

Mess Secretary, 5th Ammunition Column, R. F, A.

Mess President, 6th Jat. Light Infantry.

Mess President, Tth Hussars.

Mess President, X1 K. H. O. Lancers,

Mess Secretary, 13th Rajputs.

Mess Secretary, 18th Intantry.

Mess President, 41st Dogras.

Mess President, 42nd Deoli Regiment.

Mess President, 44th Merwara Infantry

Mess President, 45th Rattray’s Sikhs,

Mess President, 46th Punjabis.

Mess President, 52nd Sikhs.

Mess Secretary, 58th Rifles.

Ivi LIST OF MEMBERS,

Mess Secretary, 49th Scinde Rifles.

Mess President, 62nd Punjabis

Mess President, 64th Pioneers.

Mess President, 86th Carnatic Infantry.

Mess Secretary, 87th Punjabis.

Mess President, 90th Punjabis.

Mess President, i01st Grenadiers.

Mess President, 103rd Mahratta Lt. Infy.

Mess Secretary, 109th Infantry.

Mess President, 110th Mahratta L. Infantry.

Mess President, 117th Marathas.

Mess President, 122nd Infantry.

Mess Secretary, 39th C. 1, Horse.

Messent, P. G. (0.1.5., 0B.)

Metcalfe, SBE CE die) ee

Meyer, O.

Malburne,? W tye be a

Millard, W.S. (£.z.s.) (Lefe Member) ...

Miller, A. C. ne ae ABE

Miller, W. A. H.

Millett, G. P. (14F.s.)

Mills, J. D. (Life Member)

Mills, vd sce (220.8. Ss.

Milner, C. E. age

Milner-Moore, D.

Milroy, A. J. Ww.

Mitchell, F. J.

Mitchell, Jokyinly iby

Mitchell, R. St. J.

Moggridge, Cees

Molesworth, Capt. A. L, M.

Montagnon, D. J.

Monté, The Hon’ble Dr. D. A. de (rm u. & S.)

Monteath, G. (wo.s.) (Life aga

Monteath, ‘alone

Monteomerie, yl GRASS

Montgomerie, H. (1.c.s.)

Montgomery, Miss E. A. a

Montmorency, G. I’. de (1.c.s.)

Moore, J. eae ee

Moore, T. D. it S. =

Moore, W. G. ae :

Morgan, J. H.

Morgan, Capt. R. RB. ers

Morris, Major A, H. (®.A.M.c. )

Morris, A. P. (B.sc.)

... Bombay.

.-» Bombay.

. Bombay.

.». Assam,

.. Bombay.

.. Belgaum.

... Belgaum.

... Lurope.

so. Luroge,

.-. oylhet.

... Hangoon.

..- Abu Road.

ieee ... Gauhati,

Miraj, Shrimant Cannone Rao Ganesh, alias

Babasaheb Patw ee Chief of inte See te

Miraj.

.. Kashmir,

ws. Madrae

. Nanded line

... Pyinmana.

... Hurope.

. LEZpUne

.. Bandra,

... Karwar.

... Ahmedabad.

... Beloaum.

. Shikarpur,

.. Broach,

... Delhi,

... Koraput.

.-- Bombay.

... Maymyo.

... Lurope.

... Calcutta,

.. Luro pe.

.. Lnseine

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Morris, Major D. O. ees fe

Morris, Major G. M, ove woe

Mosse, Capt. AS He. (Life rae ay

Motilal Vallabhiji

lvii

... lMurope.

... Rawalpindi.

... Aden.

-. Bombay.

Moule, Major H. E. a e ia Europe.

Moulton, J C. iS Fe a .. Kailana,

Mowbray, G. B. De... .. Maskeliya, Ceylon.

Movisn. Wo Ms... ne ae

Moysey, I. L, 1.0.8.) ae sce He

Mudhol, Shrimant Malojirao Raje Ghorpade,

Chief of ois Ae

Bours, bot. (1,0. 8. :) =H ie

Mullan, JOR. (M.A. ) re He

Muller, ae Neos eee i Be

Miiller, Professor O. V.

Mulings, C. 'T. vi

Mulraj, Lala

Mundy, N.S.

Mann, Leonard sie ee Rp

Mardoch, F. oe

Murison, Major C. C. (1.M.8. jee

Murphy, Dr. R. A. a

Murphy, E. J. ey oes

Micray, Capt. A, D.. was ce :

Murray, A. G. “ae ay a

Murray, Major J. H. (1M.s. ae

Murray, |i wave Oakes wee

Murray, S. B. (p.w.p.)

Musgrave, Major A. D. (8.F.A. A.)

Muspratt, Pear Ola Us ae ect

Mustafi, S. C. oe:

Mysore, Agricultural Chemist

Museum

Mysore, H. H. the Maharaja Krishna Raj Woodlaya ar

.. Nasik.

. Dharwar.

po MLudhol Sil;

... Karwi, Banda Dist.

..-» Bombay.

me Oiietta.

... Bombay.

... Rajahmundry.

.«. Guetta,

.. Silchar, Cachar.

peeeL ay Cher roams. a4,

Deccan.

... Jalpaiguri.

... Hurope.

ee Uibrugarn.

... Myaungmya.

me Quetta.

Munrar, 8. I.

.-» Bombay.

Agra.

.». Madras,

.. Neemucii.

».. Bombay.

.. Cooch Bihar.

.. Bangalore.

Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government

. Bangalore.

‘Bahadoor (a.0.8.1.) (Life Member) .. Mysore.

Nadgir, Dr. Y. G. (.s.) acs oe .. Bombay.

Nahar Singh EUAOr ss oa .. Bedla near Udaipur..

Nand Kumar Tewari (B.Sc. i

Nangle, Major M. C. E a

Napier, A. G. Fitz. (M.8c., A.M.LGE) ...

Napier, apt. A. H. (1.M. s.) ee ose

Naraenji Dwarkadas (Life Member)...

Narrotumdas aoe Goculdass mh Member) a

Nash, H. J.

... Lucknow.

... Rangoon,

.. Rangoon,

... Dera Ismail Khar.

.. Bombay.

Bombay.

.. Ajmere.

lvill

Nasrulla Khan, H. H. Nawab Mahomed

Neale, Capt. W. G. (1.A.) . :

Needham, J. EH.

Nevill, Capt. G. A...

Nevill, Humphry

Newcome, Jionel

Nicholetts, W. A.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

.. Bhopal, ©. I.

.. Bombay.

Bombay.

... Tezpur, Assam.

... Lahore.

... SDanivarsante P.O.

... Assam.

Nicholls, W. A. ... .«. Campbellpore.

Nicholson, the Hon’ble Mr. BE. F, (F.Z. s) es Bombay.

Nicholson, Capt. E. H. : ... Jamalpore.

Nicholson, BE. M. F. fee ey ... Bombay.

Nisbett, Lt.-Col. W. G. oe di '.. Karachi,

Nisbet, BR Tis 4 pitt Naas ae wo WEI

Nixon, Capt. F. Be * .. Hurope.

Nizam’s Pie R The Librarian Me ... Hyderabad, Deccan.

Norman, Capt. A aC. oe ... Assam.

Norman, Major H. H. (R.A.M. C,) a ... Europe.

Norman, J. i. ie wae oe ... Champaran,

Noyce, F, (1.0.5. eee settle

Nurse, Lt.-Col. C. G. CF Bs.) (Life Member) ... Hurope.

Nuttall, W. M. : es ... Dibrugarh.

Oakley, R. R. ari s _... Hurope.

Oberholser, Harry ©. oe ee ... Washington, U.S.A.

O’Brien, Major Edward ee os ap ... Kolhapur, §8.M.C.

0’ rien. PR Te i! ... Nawabshah.

O’Callaghan, T. P. M. Ve oe ... Nadiya,

CG)? Connell, Dr. J. M. ap ae ... Europe.

O’ Donel, H. ANE fe ap a ... Alipur, Duars.

ODonnell, O. se a Ce ... Murope.

O’Hara, R. R. ae nn St ... Henzada, Burma.

Ogilvie, A. W. (1.8.8.) Eat wus, PAG, Moats

Ozilvie, Go (CEs, ) (Life Member) col ... Burma,

Ovilvy, Ww. a4 J, ... Monywa,

Oliphantis. Nxgiaes. oe a4 ... Kheri Lakimpur.

Oliver: AW. ligeee. ... Kongmoon.

Olivier, Col. H. D. (R.5., F.z.8. ite Wea ... Lurope.

Ollenbach, ORG aes. we ... Jehra Dimes

Ormiston, Ww. : Se ve ... Ceylon.

Orr, Capt. H. M. Go ae ... Hurope.

Orr, J. P., Hon’ble Mr. (1.cs., 0. La) iyo: ... Bombay.

Csmaston, A. FE. (1.8.8.) ner si ... Garhwai.

Osmaston, Babes criss) 3 56 ... Maymyo.,

Owen, W. Tudor (1.¢.s.) se ... Bombay.

Oxtord University, Professor of Forestry soo) xlora:

Oxley, Capt. J. C. S. (1.0.8.) ... oe ... Chanda.

LIST OF MEMBERS, lix

Fage, A... 1.0.8.) ... are =e ... Nyaunglebin,

Page, W. T. (F.z.8.) = ame ... Hurope.

Pree. GES SLs se - ... Ahmednagar.

Painter, H. L. (t1.¢.8.) ... Bombay.

Palanpur, Nawab Zada Paley Mahomed Khan... Palanpur.

Palmer, W. L. (.F.8.) ae .«. Moulmein, Burma,

Panday, Mrs. J. LL. ep ay .-. Bombay.

PamickarcN: Poo... .. Trivandrum.

Panna, i. H. the ae iia iMenendra Wadventn

Singh Bahadur ... .« Ajmer.

Parish, N. 3B. 4 one me ... Alwar, Rajputana.

Parker, EON ae LE. 3.) & ... Lahore.

Parkin, Thomas (M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., M. B.0.U, Jp eeicurone,

arr, Lt.-Col. H. O. eee ... Hurope.

Parrington, Major J. W. (R.A.) us As, ... Bombay.

Parshotumdas v ishram Maoji HP. .-- Bombay.

Parsons, A. A. L. oe) te “ee ... oimla.

Parsons, ec ii boys. we sees eooann NOW,

Parsons, Sod at ae ark oe, ... Buldana, Berar.

Partridge, F. A... ee be pe ecean:

marion, Lb, 'J Le bee = cep Sandy dees 3).

Dee. J. Harding “2 ... Nilgiris.

Pasteur Institute of India, The ‘Director re fei Punjab.

Paterson, Rev. John M. Sit =. Karachi.

Patiala, H, H. the pare of ae Member ve Patiala.

Batterson, CO. B. —. Peewehra Dun.

Patton, Cavt. Wie (IM.s.) . oe .»» Madras.

Patuck, Hees 10.8.) be ... Narsingpur.

Pearce, Major Oy ocr M. ae ae ... Maymyo,

Sears, ss. 1. (1.0.8.)... a ‘yy ... Khyher, Peshawar.

ec, Lt.-Col. eel oo “oP ... Murope.

Pearson, G. H. A.. a eh ... Dalhousie.

Pearson, R. 8. (1.5.8. ) ts me Dehra Dun Ue 2

Pearson, Major W. B 5 ae ... Karachi.

Peck, N. F. (1.6.8,) Lon ae bea AAV.

Peile, Major H. D. (1.m.s.)_ ... PPL Bannue NeW. bots.

£ Pentland, The Right Hon’b!e Lora (, 0, ,G.C.1.E.)... Madras.

Peppe, BF. H. : ne a ... Rawalpindi.

Percival, wer. (I. 8.) nee oe wo. Hurope.

Percival, oe Bal eee Jy ane ... ltamnad.

Pertect, S. R. (p.w.p.) Ae or ... Hurope.

Perreau, Major G, A. Brea ey sti

Peshawar Club, Ld., The Honorary Secretary .. Peshawar,

Rawel.k.

Pershouse, Capt. S. ... Jurope.

Pestonji Jivanji (N.C ) (Life Member)... ..« Hyderabad, Decean.

Peters, C. R. s<. Hitapur.

Poters, Col. C.T. (1.3 M. S. retd.) es se Dingo.

iz LIST OF MEMBERS.

Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member)...

Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life Member)

Potit, Phirozsha Bomanji ae

Petley, C. A. fe

Phelps, Major M. ?.

Philip, C. L. d

Phillips, C. A. ie

Phillips, J. R. ee

Phipson, H. M. (¥.z.8.) ( (Life Member) <.

Phythian-Adams, Capt. E. G. P. =.

Pilcher, Col. J. G. (L.M.s.)

Pinfold, KS.

Pinhey, The Hon’ fle ie ECoIscirtA’ F. (c. LE.)

Pipe, T. 8.

Pitman, Gans oe

Pitt, W. H.

Pollard, Major A. 3h ‘St. V.

Pogson, Miss He vAx ol.

Pogson, Ca pt.\lte Y,.

Poncins, Viscount Edmond de eats Member

Ponsonby, W eG.

Pope, J. A. (1.0.8 ea

Port Blair Settlement Reading Clibaees

Porbandar State, ‘The Administrator

Porter, A. A.

Pottinger, Lt. J. AL

Pottinger, Major RLS

Powell, Dre.

Powell, J. E.

Powell, J. W.

Powell Vent vec.

Powell, W.S. (1.F.8.)

Prall, Lt.-Col. Seals eae

Prendergast, lak, taba bp es

Prescott, Capt. Pie eb

Preston, F. J.

Priestley, BH.

Primrose, Alex. M.

Prince, Chas. 8. ...

Prince, Lt.-Col. C.S

Procter, Sir Henry E.

Prostor. Capt. Alfred H. (1. M. 8.)

Pujari, Tribikram (8,A.) i

Bade Agricultural College, The Principal

Parkis, F. io! (B.F.S.) a

Parkis, H.V ses

... Bombay.

.. Bombay.

... Bombay.

.- Bombay.

... Toungoo.

.. Hurope,

.-. Orissa,

won, AJECT EE

... Insein,

.. Lurape.

-. Bhamo.

. Hurope.

.. Rangoon.

es Hyderabad, Dec-

can,

.. Poona,

... Murope.

... Madras.

... Bombay.

.. Kotgarh, vza Simla.

oo. europe.

.. Hrance.

... Parma

.-. Nawabsheh,

_.. Port Blair.

... Porbandar,

.. Lakon, U. Siam.

... Jhansi.

.. Bhuj.

... Bombay.

... Ghazipur.

... Bombay.

.. Rawalpindi.

... Rangoon,

... Lurope.

... Arkonam.

.-, Bombay.

... Bombay.

.-, Belgaum.

Ps Kurseong.

... Nagercoil.

sk Lueknowe

... Lurope.

... Meerut.

.«. Sambalpore.

... Lyallpur.

... Rangoon.

we. Wazirabad.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Quin, Maj. R. P. W.

Quinlan, D. (M.R.C.V.Se) is

eons Urol. W.-... ae ae

Quarry, P. 58. i oe

Rae, Capt. M. BF. (Life Member)

Raikes, i. B.

Rajkumar College, The Principal

Ra jpipla, Maharaj Shri eon)

Rake, B. C

Priston, Capt. W. H. -

Randle, H. N. ag ah

Rane, K. R.

Rane, Y. K,

Raper, Jind, MBE (AMAL. Be) gress

Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. (Life Meme sixe

Rawalpindi Club, The Secretary ee

Readymoney, N. J. ase

Rebello, Rev. Jofio .. 6

Rector, St. Mary’s College

Reddoch, Mrs. F. H. L.

Reed, W. H.

Reeve, C. F. oe

Reid, M. F. (c.1.2.)———

Reid, W. J. (1.C.s., 0.1.E.)

Reilly, Capt. N. E. ara

Reinhold, Capt, C. H. (368) Ai

Remington, G. L. fe

Rendall, H. D. (1.0.8.)

Reynolds, Capt. D. (R..4.)

Reynolds, Capt. G. N.

Reynolds, L. W. (1.c.s.) a

Rhenius, O. E. aoe aed

Rice, E. M,. :

Richards, B. D. @. Sc.)

Richmond, R. D. (1.F.8.)

Ridland, yack

Riley, B.C.

Ritchie, A. B.

Robert, A. W. by ¥f

Roberts, A. A. Lane (1.0. ie ee

Roberts, Japt. A.S. B. as

Roberts, Lt.-Col. Sir J. R. (1.m.s. colts)

Roberts, Lt.-Ool. M. B. (Life Member) .

Robertson, ! Hon’ble Sir B. (1.0.8., C.1.8., KGS. ibe

Robertson, J. H. (1.c.s.) ie

Robertson, Laurence (1.0.8.) es.

Ixi

.». Lurope.

... Ranchi.

SeLiPlo sual,

.. Jessore.

.. Belgaum.

.. Hurope.

... Rajkote.

... Nandod.

... Kindat, Burma.

.. Jullundur,

.. Hurope.

.. Juvem.

... Lanowli.

... Hurope.

... Rawalpindi.

... Bombay.

... Margao, Goa.

.. Mazagon, Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Kalasa P.O.

... Nasrapur.

... /surope.

,». Silchar.

... Lurope.

.. Bombay.

evs aieatel e

... Junagadh.

.. Nowshera.

Rea COle (orm

.. Hurope.

... Covonada.,

.. sholapur.

.. Lonawla.

--«. Coimbatore.

... Bombay.

Pay Naepur. C2 P.

... Rangoon,

... Hurope.

... Lahore, Punjab.

... Hurope.

«+ Delhi.

.. Garhwal,

~ Nagpur, U.P.

.. Liurope.

.. Poona.

Ixn LIST? OF MEMBERS,

Robertson, L. V. M. (1.0,s.) ... ete so) Nata

Robinson, An Ose BS ah .. Sukkur.

Robinson, H. G. ... os .»» Kuala Lumpur.

Robinson, Hon’ble Mr. Justice SM... ... Rangoon.

Robinson, Major H. A. ee a ... Europe.

Rocke, Capt. as oy; ae ... Europe.

Rodger, A, (1.F.8.) ... a us ... Maymyo.

Roe, FE. R. coy) oa Ay. cs; ... Bankipore.

Rogers, U.;G. @.s) ees i > Maymyo.

Rogers, Rey. ie St. A. Hed ee ... Mombasa, RP. fH. A.

Rogers, W.S. = kc ..- Bombay.

Rondano, Rev. A. G. ae ef ve ... Mangalore.

Roper, F. BS BY ... Hurope.

Rorie, J. J. ro Ha Falk pa .»» Meiktila, Burma.

Rosenthal, F. M. ... a ys _+. Secunderabad.

Ross, J. P. 5: ..- Bombay,

Ross, Major Tyrell ( Life Member) ee ... Hurope.

Routh, Capt. G. F.. Ee .»» Meerut.

Roughton, Nov) eevee: oe ae »». Khandwa.

Row, Dretiniien,) 4.5 eee ae +» Bombay.

Rowlandson, B. C. ... an ay «. Bombay.

Oy oy eee .. Dacca.

Royal Asiatic Sulstiee The Honor ary Secretary .-. Bombay.

Ruddle, W. H. sy .. Hurope.

Rudman, F. R. R. (1. os). oh <a .. Hurope.

Rumboll, ja Oe Nr oe eas .-- Bombay.

Rushton, iii aoe ans a! ..» Mandalay.

Rutherford, W. F. cee ies .»» China.

Ryan, W. TAN ..- Huro pe,

Ryves, The Hon'ble Mir. Justice A. E.. .« Allahabad.

Sabour, Ths Principal, College of Agriculture ... Sabour, Bengal.

Salar Jung, H. HE. The Nawab ~ -. Hyderabad, Deccan.

Sale, Edwaid L. (1.¢.s.) gen ore we Belgaum.

Salkeld, Capt. R. E.... ate eS oe Hurope.

Salmon, Capt. W. H. B. es bs ... Hurope.

Sanders, A. D. ae Oy cat ... Bellary.

Sanders, J. H. (10.8.) hoe ra .. Ahmednagar.

Sanderson, P. M. D. . Hurope.

Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwar-

dhan (Life Member) 4 pH - ,.. Sangli, SMC.

Saone, G. Prier De +f iad .. Hurope.

Sarkar, Capt. 8. (1.M.8.) tee +t ... Bombay.

Satya Churn Law ... ¥ Sir .». Calcutta.

Saunders, C, 443 a Bee ... Calcutta.

Saunders, H. F. _ ... . he --. Grwalioneaens

Saunders, Major F. W. (8.£.) as ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixiit

Savile, L. H. Pet ro Soe ... Hurope.

Savory, R. A, ae a3 hy ee» Multan.

Saxby, H. B. aa ~ na ««» Bombay.

Saxton, W. T. $y ec a ... Ahmedabad.

Scarlett, Capt. J. S. (RH.A.) ... tte . Lurope.

Schomberg, Capt. R. C.F... . Hurope.

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Madhowrao

(G.C.S.1., G.0.V.0.) (Life Member) bes .. Gwalior, C. I.

peotd. 8. (.F.S.) ... bet tes eo obadurs,

Scott, A. G. ae aes vs: ... Basim, Berar.

Scott, Edmund cae Pe a .-. Ceylon.

Scott, Capt. G. B. ... eee tee ... Lochi Valley.

Scott, Capt. F. B. As a ... Mawalpindi,

Scott, Ree? ov ... Bombay.

Scribner, Staff Surgeon R. B. (R. pig ae ee ... Hurope.

Scroggie, Capt. W. R. J. (I.m.s.) dt ... Mercara, Coorg.

Seale, Dr. C. I. B.... oe bee ... Darjeeling.

Sealy, Major A. E. ... an oat .. Bakloh, Punjab.

Secunderabad Club Library, The Honorary

Secretary os ee ... Necunderabad.

Sedgewick, L, J. (L0.s.) a Ay. ... Ahmedabad.

Seervai, Dr, Rustom F. : ... Bombay.

Selby, pale W. (D.S.0., F.R. Os. , 1.M.S ye ... Lucknow,

Seychelles, Curator, , Botanic Station... ... Seychelles.

Seton-Karr, Capt. H. W. (Life ener) ... Hurope.

Sewell, J. H. ... Rangoon, Burma,

Seymour Sewell , Capt. Hiseb: a(t MS.) . ... Hurope.

Shand, J. H. B. (LM. s.) is ay ... Bombay.

Shannon, G. C. (1.¢.8 a Me ay ... Biyapur.

Sharp, F. EH. = are .». Rajkot.

Sharp, The Hon’ble Mr. W. H. Gy ... Poona.

Sharp, The Hon’ble Mr. H. ... ae se» Delhi.

Shattock, E. K. ... és re ... Madras,

Shaw, G. K. if o7 ... Honada,

Shaw, Capt. W. 8. if (I. i) ee ... Lurope.

Shebbeare, Bes! Ds. sh Sa ... Jalpaiguri.

Shephard, pRB, Goose as ua ... Dulsar,

Shepherd, W. ©. (1.c.s.) y —- .«. Bombay.

Shepherd, W.S._ ... aoe at ... Loungoo.

Shevade, 8. V. (B.sc.) x ne ... Poona.

Shillidy,G. A... oe ss ... Larkana,

Shipp, W. E. sk ep Sas ... Ajmer.

Shipman, Major H. J. oF rp ... Rawalpindi.

Shirlay, G. 8. e es .«. Langoon,

Shivram Kashyap, (a SC., B. A. ). i. ... Lahore.

Shore, H. A. set ... Lurope.

Shortland, C.V.N. (a. MLC. ) i .«. Nagpur,

Shortt, Capt. Rca (TMS: latte ss aes ... Bombay.

“xiv LIST OF MEMBERS.

Shortt, W. H. 0. ..

Shuttleworth, H. L. cs A., ¥.B.G.S.,. 10,8.)

‘Silvester, C. af

Simcos, A. H. A. (1. Os -)

Simonds, Capt. M. H.

Simpson, J. Hope cy C.S. 2

Simson, Lt. R. ooe

Sinclair, R. L, Ms

Sind Club, The Hony. Secretary

Sirdar Anandrao Scindia ies

Sitwell, Major N. 8S. H. (R.4.)...

Sitwell, S. wv Hees: eos

Sitzler, H. A

Skalton, J. 7

Skilling, W. ee

Skinner, Miss A. L. ae

Skinner, Capt. J. M. (.m.s.) ...

Skinner, Capt. R. B. (2.8.)

Slade, G. E.R. “gi

Sladen, J. (1.0.8.) se

Sladen, Dr. R. J. L.

Slater, A.F. “ip sp

‘Slater, J. Sanders ... He

Smales, Chas, B. (1.F.s.) Bes

Smart, Drea Gel ire) we

Smith, A. Kirke

Smith, Capt. H.C. *

Smith, hates Oscilee

Smaithivee! salts

Smith) .d floes,

Smith, Major I. A. (. M.S.)

Smith, Cantando, ee

Smet Dr, Malcolm

Smith, Major O. A.

smith 39.) 5 (BANes..

Somervaille, Geo.

Souter, C. A. oe) co

Southon, Major.O.) li. (1.M.8.)..,

‘Spalding, Major W, B. 1H

Sparke, W. age

Sparrow, Major R, ..

Spence, Dr. A. D. ...

Spence, R. A.

Spink, hogy aes

Spooner, T. J. (c.n. ) Uae nee)

Sprott, F. H.

Sprott, F. W.

Squire, D.

... Cucnar,

... Europe.

.»» Calcutta,

.. Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Gorakhpur, U. P.

... LP yzabad.

... Castle Rock.

... Karachi,

... Gwalior, ©. I.

... Dum Dum.

... Bombay.

... Shwegyin.

... Bombay.

« Calettta

.- Kuala Lumpur.

... Ganjam.

... Bannu, N.W.E.P.

..- Bombay.

... Rajkot.

... Bina.

Aliganee

... Bombay.

+. Maymyo.

... Singapore.

... Bombay.

..» Miranshah.

.. Hurope.

wo. Dhtig

... Narsapur.

... Indoregagann:

... Fyzabad.

. Bangkok, Siam.

... Hazaribagh.

... Bombay.

... Bassein, L.Barma.

... Madras.

.. Bombay.

... Cawnpore.

... Rangoon.

.. Hurope.

.. Rangoon.

... Bombay.

... Busrah,

... Belgaum.

.. Coorg.

.. Peshawar.

... Madura.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixv

Srinagar Club, The Secretary re .-. Srinagar, Kashmir.

Stables, Major Alex, (R.A.M.c.) ra ..- Chikalda,

Stack, Mrs, OC. KE, ... ave ae, ... Hurope.

Stafford, C. 8. a a8 sth ... Hurope.

Stakelum, (Spe nih alia wt ... Bombay.

Stanbridge, Capt. W.. J. (R.A. ) ... Europe.

Standen, “B. (1.C.8., 0.1.E.) ee Member) .-- Pachmarhl,

Stanton, W. C, Be oes ... Calcutta,

Steffen, OQ. ~ oe as ... Europe.

mtent, P. J. H. (1,0. S.) ae Se ... Saugor.

Stephen, Mrs. H. MM st Aes .-. Simla.

Stephens, L. B. ... ne a wo. Hurope.

Stephenson, B. et ie fe see Chittagong.

Stevens, Herbert... ven “e¥. wo Nagriopur, 2. O:

Stevenson, Capt. F.(i.m.s.) ... ... Hurope.

Stevenson, Surgn.-Genl. H. W. (1.m.s. e0, SI.) ... Hurope

Stevenson, Capt. Wie Der: ee. 18) oaeres a Maes

Stewart, CG. G: ts na ... Lashio.

Stewart, Dr. D. B.. i Ey ... Rangoon,

Stewart, Major G. B. (L M.S. ne ye .. Hurope.

Stewart, Major G. H, (1.M.8.) fe ... Rangoon.

Stewart, John ¥. a ... Lravancore,

Still, John Ss a ro ... Ceylon.

Stirling, J. H. ae ay aA ... Hurope.

Stockley, Capt. C. H. ih io ... Rangoon.

Stockley, Capt. J. P. c Se ... Kotra, Rajputana.

Stodart, J. C. (1.c.s.) oe Pat .. Lurope.

Stokes, exes (c, te am ROMSTG eae BS ... Madras.

Stokes, I. W. es ie * »»» Bombay.

Brone, Fh. H.-S. ... a & ... Bombay.

Stoney, R. F. tee ae me ... Madura.

Stoner, W. Fy ors oe .«. Morriston.

Storey, Thos. H.... Be me .-. Oodeypur.

Story, S. 8. pe op ey ... Bombay,

Strachan, N. J. oy ry iv ... Lravancore,

Street, E. na op ae ... Mandalay,

Stringfellow, H. Bp sp '. «.» Bombay.

Strong, R.P. W. ay ae ee .«» Bombay.

Stuart, GA. D.\(1. ee re nes ... Madras.

Stuart, J. D. “ ba? ... Rangoon.

Stubbs, on MM. (1.C.8. ) ts .»» Mainpuri.

Subedar, Nawab Burzoji Jamsetjee ay ... Aurangabad.

Sulivan, Col. G. D. F. ee nee 44. Europe.

Sullivan, E. H. .. Ganjam.

Sunth, Maharana Shri Jacw: arsinhgee, Ra ay Saheb... P.O. Sunth Ram-

pur.

Surveyor, Dr. N, F.(m.p.) —... Ba ... Bombay.

Beier, Dri MF. i... Fr ey. ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMUBERS.

lxvyi

Sutherland, Rev. W. 8.

Sotton, A.alaCsmemere.

Swete, M. H. F.

Swinhoe, General C. ay: xf

Sykes, C. M. (c.z.)... a7 ms

Symons, H. (R.G.A.)... A es

Symons, C. T. abe

Symons, Major T. H, ( M Ne

Talbot, G. W.

Talbot, R. H.

Tambe, Dr. Gopal Ramchandra ( (M.A.,B. sc. if M. & 8. a

: Ay .»- Karachi.

Tanner, Lt.-Col. C. O. O.

Taskar, T. J. (LC.8.)

Tata, Sir Dorabji J. (Life ireaivers) a

Tata, Ratan (Life Member) fae

Tate, A: R. W.

Taylor, Capt. E. C, C. M.S.)

Taylor, L. E. (a.M.1.¢.8.)

Taylor, oN

Taylor, Dr. W. R. (M.R.U.S., LR.C.S.)

Tejpal, Goverdhandas Goculdas ( es Member 2 fr

.. Huro pe.

Tenison, Capt. W. P. C. Cae

Tew, G. C. (1.0.8.) .

Thom, Wiis. A

Thomas, E. F. (1.¢.s.) Sn zo

Thomasset, Deb aie af

Thomason College, The Principal

Thompson, Miss aA

Thomson, Major D. B.

Thomson, a iawtetiet

Thomson-Glover, J. W. re ae

Thornhill, Lt.-Col. Sir H. B. (K.c.1.8.) ...

Thornton, Capt. F. E. ss

Thornton, H. A. (1.0.8.)

Thorns-Roberts, J. W. B.

Thruston, L. A. ...

Dhuhrots) ay cekee:

Thuillier, Major H. &. (RB).

Thullier, Capt. L. C. (1.4.)

Tibbs, Rev. IEA eee see

Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ...

Tipper, G. H. (3,4.) ae a9

Tod, Alex. M. +7 ase

Tomkins, Major E. L, (R.A a

Tomlinson, Capt. W. Paget

«. Kalimpong,

-.. Secunderabad.

Papun.

= Europe.

«. Dwarka.

. Kurope.

.» Colombo.

.. Madras.

.. Lurope.

.. Cachar.

Indore, C. I.

Madras,

-- Bombay.

.., Bombay.

... Peshawar.

..» Bombay.

«es Madras.

... Hurope.

.. Lnsein.

Andheri.

.. Pyinmana.

.. Paletwa,

Aracan

Hill Tracts.

.. Madras.

... Seychelles.

.-. Khoorkee.

. Hurope.

... Hurope.

... Tounggyi.

.». Rawalpindi.

.. Hurope.

... Hurope.

... Lashio, Shan States,

»-. Kindat.

.-- Mandalay, -

.. Aden.

.. Ahmednagar,

ee Bombay.

.. Mesopotamia.

.. Canada,

.. Calcutta.

«< Bombay.

... Jubbulpore.

.. Trimulgherry

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixvil

Tottenham, W. F. L. (1.4.s.) .. x .. Shillong.

Townsend, SieeCol. bei Cones ..- Rangoon,

Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama

Raja Bahadoor 3 C.8.1., G.C.1.E.) Se oak Trivandrum.

Travers, W. L. 3 Ee

Trevor, C. G. (LF, s.) ve ie .. Kulu, Kangra Dis-

trict.

Triggs, B. A .. Rutlam.,

Trinity College, The. Princip: al re . Kandy, Ceylon,

Trivandrum, The Director, Uovernment Museum

and Public Gardens ae eee Lrivandrum,

Trotter, E. W. ae er ae .« Bangkok, Siam.

Trotter, PLo{TH.Ss) *« Se ie ... Rangoon,

Troup, N. ET. “es we oe ... Kousanie, Aimora.

Troup, R.S. (LF. the x re ..«. Dehra Dun.

Truninger, L. - ane A ... Calcutta,

Tunnard, A RO ee 1 oe ... Hurope.

Tunstall, A. C, oy a he _.. Calcutta,

Turkhud, Dr. D, A.. a aR ... Bombay.

Turner, A. J. (B. 50.) s+ he ay ... Bombay,

Turner, H. G. me ... Hurope.

‘Turner, Capt. J. F. (R.B.) os ts .. Gilgit.

Turner, Sir Montague aS ame .. Hurope.

Tweedie, A. G. ed ist ae .. Calcutta,

Tweedie, Capt. J. L. 2 8s . Cairo.

Tyabji, S. B. oh : sai ;, Sholapur.

Pyier, WH. HE. M. (r. O.8:) © ext aT ... Madras.

Tyrrell, Major J. R. (1.M.8.) ... an .-. Bombay.

Tytler, Lt.-Col. H.C, Pek Pa ... Mauritius.

Udaipur, H, H. The ee Kunwar nea

Singh Bahadur ... .. Udaipur, Rajputana.

Underwood, ‘Rev. J. E. x ad .. Burma.

Ungefroren, lek. izé .»» Lohardaga,

United Service Club, The Secretary ec ... Bangalore.

United Service Library, Hony. Secretary .-» Poona.

Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... .-- Bhavnagar.

Upper Barma Club, Honorary Secretary. .. Mandalay,

Urwin, Major J. J. "(LM.s.) ys » Bombay.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Librarian ... eWrastineine Dee:

Vakil, J. D. - ay ... Bhavnagar,

Van Ingen, K. M. wa ay .»» Mysore,

Varvill, M. N. on ... Bombay,

Vaughan, W. (FES, ) (Life Member) a .». Hurope.

Venables, Capt. J. D, ae ... Mandalay,

Ixvili LIST OF MEMBERS.

Venning, Capt. F. E. W. (Life Member )

Venoar, Major W. H. (1.4.) (Life Hae

Werner HY ASBS (ices) ae

Victoria College, ‘fhe Principal

... Yort Sandeman.

.. Kohat.

.. Kurnool.

a Palghat.

Victoria Technical Institute, The Gurator and

Librarian me: ... Nagpar.

Vijayarajji, M: aharaj Rane sin ... Bhuj, Catch.

Villar, A. R. ..- Bhamo.

Vincent, The Hon’ble Sir William (1.¢. s.) .. Delhi.

Vithuldas Damodhar STOR ONEeY The Hon'ble Sir... . Bombay.

Volkart, L. : .-. Bombay.

Wahab, R.S8.

Wainwright, rae M...

- Wait, Ww. E. Ras wins a :

Waite, H. W. ne os aur

Wakefield, G. C. EL ny :

Wakefield, J. G.

Walker, ip Saale i+

Walker, Major W. B. (R.a.) ...

Wall, Lt.-Col. F. aes eee)

... Chikalda.

... Dowlaishweram.

.» Colombo,

Ferozepore.

.. Hyderabad, Deccan.

... Gaya, Bengal,

.-» Motihari,

... Hurope.

.. Europe.

Bengal.

Wall, M. G. g Bae

Wallace, John (c. EB) As He _,. Bombay.

Wallace, R. ee tet fee .. Hurope.

Wallace, Lt. R.

Waller, C,H.

Walsh, C. L.

Walsh, i. P. Gos.)

Walsh, Mae ;

Walters, Oe ale

Walton, "Major H. J. (r. M.S., ont.)

Waney, Capt. C. W.

Warburton, A, P.

Warburton, H. G. (1.c.s.)

.. Kagauli.

... Secunderabad.

... Lurope.

... Rajahmundry,

». Akola, Berar.

... Dharamsala,

.. Bombay.

... Peshawar.

.. Rangoon,

.. Lucknow.

Ward, Major C. oi. y' as .-. Hurope.

Wardrop, Major A. E. + ire eo. Meerut,

Ware, F. a ose .. Madras,

Wasey, G. K. eos Lurope,

Waterfield, H. H. (208)

Watson, E. A.

Watson, Capt. H. nal Eee eee :

Watson, H. W. A. (1.F.8.) oe Ai be

Watson, Major J. W. (1. Bek: |

Watts, Major G. A. R.

Way, Spy oy

Webb, G. R.

Webb, M. (1.0.8. )

... Lurope.

.-- Valeutta.

.. Nowshera,

Mogok, Burma.

... Bombay,

... Lahore Cantt.

... Vizagapatam,

... Bombay.

... Belgaum.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Webb, J. E. N.

Webb-Ware, G.

Webster, J. R. ‘al

W ebster, Lieut. D. (R.N.)

Webster, W. H. A...

Weldon, W. L., Bart Pee Taw

Weller, A. O. as

Wells, Capt. F.W. A,

Wells, Dr. H. E. (.3.)

W ells, Capi. R. T. (.M.s.)

Wehnan, P.H. ...

Wenden, H. (¢.£., aig

Weston, A. ike B

Weston, W. V. eh on

Whailey, ict ck Eyer Sr Hy

Whately, Richard ... :

Wheatley, Major P. ike F.A.)

Whifin, D.

W histler, Hugh He

White, Capt. ‘A. W.

White, Colin R.

White, Chas. W.... re he

White, G. H. eh: ly Be

White, W. T. A ae

White, W. P. :

Whitehead, Capt. OC. H.T,

Whitehead, John (1.¥.s.)

Whitehead, Major J. H. (Life Member)

Whitehead, T. A. ...

Whitworth, G. C. (Life Member

Whymper, SL: ie

iiham, bee (C.F)

Wilkinson, Mr. W. A

Wilks, N....

Wilkis, J. S.

Willeox, A. V. ts

Williams, E. Alban... Be

Williams, Lt.-Col. C. E. (1.01.s.)

Meonams, J. K. ... in

Williamson, A. (1.0.8. )

Williamson, W, J. F.

xix

.-- Caleutta.

-- Madura,

... Hurope.

.. Muro pe.

.. Kyankse,

... Bombay.

ssemiray enn):

.. Loungoo, U. Burma.

.-- Loungoo.

... Lurope.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

. Papun,.

,_. Sylhet,

Berhampur, Bengal.

. Bombay.

MiMnowscny:

i Panposh, B,-N. Ry.

, Gujranwala.

... Pcona.

... Mandapam.

3. Murope.

.. Dharwar.

.. Kurope.

-. whanda, O./P.

.. Murope.

ye Ghakratta.W ak,

.. Port Blair.

Cuddapah.

. Europe.

. Hurope.

.-. Rangoon.

. Dharwar.

. Bombay.

... Madris.

... Lurope. .

.. Bombay.

... Rangoon.

... Dharwar.

.. Shwegyin.

. Ban okok, Siam.

Willingdon, H. EB. The Right Hon’ble Lord, (G.C.LE, ) Bombay.

.. Mesopotamia.

.. Solan, Punjab.

Willock, Comdr, A. R. G. (R.1.M.)

Wilson, ‘Lt.-Col. Allan oes

Wilson, A.R. He oe

W ilson, ah 5

W ilson, Wapt..A. T. (c.M.G.) .-

W ilson-Johnstone, J. (1.08.) ...

a Almora, Od ee

ne Bombay,

... Basrah,

.. Hurope.

Ixx LIST OF MEMBERS.

Wilson, Os Hohe.

Wilson, Mrs. D. W. ae oN

Wilson, H. C. Nees oe oat

Wilson, H. R. : :

Wilson, J. 0. C.

Wilson, P. N. W.

Wilson, R. A. (1.0. ze

Wimbush, A. ve se ate

Withers, D. a raoies ee ee

Witt, D. O. (LF.s.) ..

Wood, Major H. (R.E 5

Wood, John A. -

Wood,8.C.G....

Wood, Major W. M. P.

Woodhouse, H. J. ...

Wooster, W.G...

Wordsworth, R. G....

Worgan, Capt, R. B.

Wright, A. J. ee

Wright, HG oars:

Wright, J. M. (1.c.s.)

Wright, Capt. W. D. (1M. ay,

Wroughton, R. C. (F.z.8.) (Life Member)

Wyndham, P. (1.¢.s.)

Yeo, Edwin W. ...

Yerbury, Col. J. W. (B.A.) (Lite Member

Younan, Lt.-Col, A. C. (a. ue)

Young, AL G.

Young, J. V. (1.F. s.)

Young, Ju. W. H. ...

Young, R. H. ih 45 oe

Yule, Capt. R. A. ... he ne

Zollinger, A. E.

.. Hurope.

.. Bombay.

Madras,

.. Europe.

... Papun, Burma.

.. Europe.

..- Leotmal.

.. Nilambur, Malabar.

ee Assam,

.. Saugor, (awe

.. Bombay.

.-. Kelantan.

.-» Hurope.

.-» Rajkot.

.e- Nabour,

... Lurope.

.. Rawalpindi.

... Bolarum.

.. l’ravancore.

.. Hurope.

.,. Fala, Ohiaaeiale

Belgaum.

.. Hurope.

... Kumaon.

... Bombay.

.. Europe.

+» Lurope.

«- Lahore Cantt.

... Rangoon.

.. Lurope.

» Karachi.

. Hazara.

.» Amraoti, Berar.

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lxxv

NEW GENERIC TERMS PROPOSED IN THE

PRESENT VOLUME (XXIII).

Page

IM ATE AI eee oes ase cee se dane cee eye Jerse 414

ee etee CLUse cia semen ts ook ete Se ect eee seve nedeonu es 126

RC SCCEG ) nego bgciawsk bs sacs caedse ss Rents 923 174

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Ixxvi

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER. NuMBER. |

Aberrans .. ; _ 795}Acrocephalus agricola concinens . 106

Abisara angulata 513 |—— dumetorum 104, 247

—- atlas 512) stentorea stentorea .. 247

—-—— attenuata 512 stentoreus. .104, 106, 362, 747

-— echerius.. 512,513| Acrocercops austeropa .. .. Ly

Abrornis albogularis .. as . 250 —- barringtoniella . 12g

—-- superciliaris , 250 |—— cathedreea. . .. 1

Abrota confinis we .. 804 |—— - citrodora .. .. 1a

—ganga .. me ~. 304, 505 -— civica . Le

— jumna . 304 —- cylicota .. Lig

Acacia... AQ] | _______- didymellans .. 120

— arabica ., 84|————— elaphopa .. 1S

——— coesla . 493 | ___——-—_ gemoniella. . .. 120

——— indica .. 490 | ———- hexachorda . 119

— pennanta 490, 493 | —_——__—- isodelta . 1

Acanthion .. 717 | ———_- ordinatella 119, 120

——-- brachyurum .. 476, 716 | Reon ..

Acanthopneuste nitidus. . .. 148 )——— pentalocha . 1

— plumbeitarsus. . 249 | ___—___-— preeclusa ..

- trochiloides . 249 —- scandalota .. 120

Acanthopcenix ce .. 516|——- scenias .. 1

nobilis .. 516-518 —- syngramma .. 120

_— rubra .. 516, 517 | ——- telearcha .. ..

Acanthoptila 62, 68, 329, 420, 422 -— telestis .. 12

-_——-—- leucotis gat OL - vanula .

— nepalensis 51, 329] Acrostichum lanceolatum . 499, 50]

—-- pellotis .. 51] Actias selene .. ue 79%

Accentor nepalensis .. 105} Actinodura. 641, 642, 64:

Accipiter affinis .. .» 567 | ——_——_— dafleensis rs 64)

badins .. .. 566 | —_——-—— egertoni 243, 644, 64

—__—— poliopsis .. 666 | —————_- — egertoni . 644, 64

eles, _. 567 | ____—_—_- —-—-— khasiana_ .. 64

nisus x, . 566 |———_— ——-—-— ripponi . 644, 64

—_— melanoschistus . . .. 567 | _——-—— morrisoniana .. se 64

——_—— nisosimilis 566, 567 | ————— nipalensis or ie 64

virgatus confusus . 567 | ——_———_ oghi e 4 62

Acridotheres ginginianus . 155 | _—-—_——_ ramsay}. . ¥. a 64

—-- tristis 155, 371,750 | -—~——- ——_-— radcliffei 644-64

— tristis as . 254)— —-——— ramsayi 645, 64

Acrocephalus agricola 104, 106, 247 | ——-— souliei 644, 64

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER,

_ Actinodura waldeni .. 647

| Actinopteris dichotoma 500

_ Actinorhytis . 037

——-——-— calapparia 737

Actinura oglii 624

Adiantum capillus-veneris .. ..499, 500

-———-— caudatum .. 49%, 500

a ——— lunulatum 500

| Adolias dirtea 304

| —-—— ——-- dirteoides 304

————— dolia 304

| a jadeitina 304

| a khasiana 304

| —- eleanor a 304

Aedon familiaris . .885, 366

_Aigialitis alexandrina 363

——— dubia . 363, 727

| —— placida 727

_Agithaliscus erythrocephalus 237

_——-—-— leucogenys 745

——-— niveigularis .. 104, 105

——-—-—— talifuensis 57

Aegithalos erythrocephalus ae

_ cephalus 237

Kgithina 51

— - tiphia Ephis 244

Aeluropus villosus 117

Elurus fulgens . . 2,001,801

-Emona amathusia 228

—pealii.. 928

-Erides crispum 496

Aetherastis constellata 129

thiopsar fuscus 254

Althopyga ignicaudus 268

> _-—-— saturatus 268

| -- seherize seherize. . 267

Athorhynchus 51

Aethostoma : 419, 4 21, 63 8, 640

am rostratum 64]

EX galericulata is 734

\leemon desertorum. . 21001, (Ov

\lauda arvensis ea O2 Ty

—— gulgula 757

a3 — guleula 267

—— faytal raytal

Alaudula persica

Albizzia a

———- stipulata

Alcedo beavani beavani. .

grandis

——— ispida

-- Hengalenis

Alcippe

———-—= atriceps ..

—.-—- bourdillonj

——-—- brucei

- brunnea ..

—---— Ghryssaus

——- cinerea .

——-— davidi

- fratercula

——-— fusca

. 445-447,

Ixxvil

NUMBER.

362

a ey

NS)

Cr Or

‘ene Oo

a :

Ot Ot Or-Or he

dS bk kW bk Be

Oy Or

.417, 418, 420, 421,

429, 436, 438, 439,

441, 444, 641

2 456)

Lae BS:

450, 451,

453

» 443

re OLS

. 446

.. 445, 446, 448 459

445, 446, 451

- haringtonize .. 446

—-— hueti a : . 446

——- magnirostris ., 445, 146, 452, 453

——~—- morrisoniana 445, 446

——-— nepalensis . 241, 444-447, 449,

451, 453

—_—_—__- —__. cinerea 447, 449

—_—_-— - davidi 447, 449

——- —__. fratercula 447, 448

——_-—_ - hueti 447-449

———- —__. morrisoniana 447, 449

">" = nepalensis. 447, 449 450

——— -—— ———- peracensis . 447, 449

~_——-—— > ——_ rufescentior .. 447, 449

———- - yunnanensis.. 447, 448

————- nigrifrons . 437

——-— obscurior .. 4438

——- olivacea .., .. 444

——--— peracensis as .. 446

——-— pheceocephala 48, 154, 444-446,

448, 450, 451

pea eaie te a UTUCOI,. 888) 447, 450

—_-—— —__.-__- davisoni , . 445, 447,

450, 453

theo mae so ts Narinetonis, 447.450

Ixxvul

NUMBER.

Alcippe phceocephala magnirostris, 447, 452

-—_—.- pheeocephala 48, 338,

447, 450

oes hay reign

451, 453

ee DRY TOL 445, 446, 448, 451,

452

—_—_-— poicephala .. 461

__——- rufescentior .. 446

—_—_—__—. vinipectus oe ea

—- yunnanensis .. 446

Allotrius intermedius . 656

. 104

Alseonax ruficaudus é

. 884

Alsocomus elphinstonii . .

—--— puniceus feces

Alsophila glabra .. 499, 500

Amandava amandava 263

Amaurornis fuscus an 724

— pheenicura chinensis 725

— phoenicurus.. + .. (20

Amblypodia 485, 498, 494

-— anita 493

Ammomanes pheenicuroides 757

Ammoperdix bonhami 363

Ampullaria 780

Anadebis himachala 538

Anaphoeis mesentina .. 481

Anas boscas 584, 754

- crecca crecca 739

- cyanus 455

- olor. 458

——- eee ochyucha 734

miko aae -_—- haringtoni 734

- penelope 735

___—- platyrhyncha apeaiatate 784

___- querquedula Pe 735

- strepera ; 735

Ancistrodon Ge ratoua Ae thers

Andropogon squarrosus. . 118, 115

pee -— (Amphilopis) periaeis 114

______-_— (Cymbopogon) martini 114

eM DES sec 85 - ) pumilus

(Dichanihium) annulatus.

) caricosus. .

—_— =

_____-_—. (Heteropogon) contortus. .

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER,

Andropogon (Hypogynium) foveolatus 114 |

a (Sorghum) halepensis . 1a

__ (——-—) purpureo-sericeus 114 |

Angiopteris evecta 499, 501 |

Anorthura neglecta . 104 |

Anser anser 738

-- ferus . 738.)

Anthipes .. |

—— poliogenys . 256 |

Anthistiria . . 1

Anthoscopus coronatus . .. 153 |

Anthracoceros albirostris .. 000 |

nen ER . 508 |

Anthus maculatus . 268 |

9|_____- richardi richardi .. 267 |

— -— Turia .. 268 |

—_—_-— -— striolatus . 268]

—_—--—— rosaceus 105, 267, 756

——-— roseatus.. . 265)

Ss PUTO Se 237 |

= simile 362, 756 |

—_—-— spinoletta .. a

—_—-— striolatus .. 2 |

Sa tia 4G . 756)

-_— ——_—__—_ maculatises 267 |

Anticrates decaplaca 127 |

= lucifera 128

__—+_-- miltochoraass 128

——--——— thermastris .. 129 |

na VOR AGE 128

Antilope carvicapra 801

-—- duvaucelli 301

-—- goral .. 301.

Antonina anceps .. 136

Aonyx cinerea 294, 480.

Apatura ambica .. . 304]

garlanda .. 804)

— namouna .. 304

= HOTENE IS Ms . 50:

se ee albopunctata .. O06

iris bieti 534, 53t-

____——. manipuriensis.< . 500

a OBLOLI are .. 80!)

ae kumana a |

_——-— parisatis 304, 53:

NUMBER. |

Apatura parisatis atacinus .. 304

camiba .. 304

=: sordida 502, 503

a - naga O02

ulupi : 6 .. 603

Aphantopus hyperanthus luti .. 5384, 536

_——- -— ocellatus .. 5386

Aphneeus .. ne 487, 495

a concanus .. 495

——— clima . 495

= _—— hypargyrus 495

ictis 495

—— lieacinus 495

— lohita .. 495

—- vulcanus 495

Apluda varia ocd

Apodemus 299, 415

- sylvaticus 298

— - - griseus 298

Aponomma 214

Aporia agathon .. 542

—-- bieti 542

——-- delavayi 542

——-- harrietze 542

—-- hippia 542

Se larraldei .. 542

| ——-- ——--— melania. . 542

| -—- paracraea 542

_ Appias indra 542

| lalage 542

| ——— libythes sopara, .. 310

lyneida gelbana. . 310

/——~ melania fasciata. . 310

paulina 310

zelmira 310

| Apus affinis aftinis 555

[———— subfurcatus 555

—— pacifus ef: 595

Arachnothera longirostra 268

ie magna OY: 268

Araschnia prorsoides dohertyi., . 539

Arboricola atrigularis 724

ws - atrogularis 724

"ae Tufigularis xf + 124

—————- rufogularis 566, 592, 724

’ INDEX OF SPECIES.

Argya earlii

239, 822, 323

Ixxix

NuMBER,

Arboricola rufogularis rufogularis 7624

Archontopheenix , , ; oe” (42.

—-— alexandrze 743, 744

eae a Cunninghamiis, . (43

Arctictis ; COT

--— binturong oad LE

Arctogale leucotis aed LO

Arctogalidia leucotis are CAND

Arctonyx sp. .. 698

Ardea cinerea oo tO

- insignis be aged |

——- manillensis iy Cee

- purpurea manillensis ion

Ardeola grayi sa, (Pe

Ardetta cinnamomea . 133

-— sinensis . .. 733

Areca 523, 740)

- alba FAI

——- augusta By I

——- aurea eTA4l

——- banksii 524

——- baneri 524

——- borbonica .. 74]

——- calapparia.. ae ete

——- catechu ay) 134, 793:

on. -— deliciosa. . 793

——- cocoides 137

}| ———- crinita . O16

——- elata >. 275:

——- erythropada 026, 527

——- horrida 518, 519

——- nibung 519, 520

——- rubra 516, 517

——- sapida 524

——- sechellarum 280

——- spinose 520°

- tigillaria = 020

Arenaria interpres SoU

Argina Si 5. .. O14

Argya Ol, 62-64, 322, 329, 428.

-- caudata 323, 366

———- -— altirostris . 823:

——-- —- caudata. . . 823

-- ——-— huttoni.. 323

Argya eclipesi

-- gularis

Peer ttonl

eer Se hyperythra

— longirostris

ee malcolm %-

-- subrufa

Argynnis .

adippe jainadeva

—_———- — pallida

Aa = aglaia(. «

Sa Saltissima

23 CaBtetal a 58

childrent

2a Glaraemanas

_—____—— eugenia

__-- gemmata genia fulva

——_——.

a oe

gone

______—— hyperbius

jainadeva

SSS

——$$ —

lathonia isscea

We es jaodice rudra.

— gamana

Jie mackinnonl

oo paphia

———————— lr

megalegoria

rudra

Argyresthia dislocata

leuculias

———— —

semitrunca. .

Arhopala ..

aberrans

a aa Lee

___.__—— centaurus

ee eilisl

hewitsoni

rae

Aristida Adscenscionis. .

_-- funiculata

—-- redacta..

Arphnoeus lohita. .

Arrenga

Artamus fuscus

Arthraxon ciliaris

INDEX OF SPECIES.

_. 823

. 324

324

NuMBER.

__ 323) Arthraxon microphyllus. .

_ 323 | Arundinaria racemosa

Arundinax aedon

Arvicola roylei

Asarcornis scutulata

_. 323| Asio accipitrinus. .

.. 323 flammeus flammeus

_ 573 | Aspidiotus curcumae

. 539 |- - destructor

33535 Th rec ficus

_ 587 | -——— lataniae

40 |= orientalis

Dee Oh proteus

. 939 - rosel

_. 540 | Aspidium amabile

_. 540| Aspidoceras Athleta

584, 540 a Babeanum ..

__ 540 | —--——— binodiferum

595, 040, ) ee perarmatum

DST, O88 | —er es polyphema ..

BOOB: | eee ponderosum

.. 540 — subdistractum

_ 539| Asplenium esculentum . .

. 539 - heterocarpum

.. 540 - latifoliam

533, 539 | Asterolecanium miliaris. .

_. 539 | Astrocaryum aureo-pictum

. 5384 —-- Borsigianum

TBs —-- pictum

_. 128] Atella alcippe

.. 238|—- -——— andamana

486, 493] Athene bactriana

.. 304 — brama brama

493, 494 | Atherura macrura

493| Atherurus macrourus

.. 808} Athleta

493, 494 | Athyma gynea

.. 546 —- larymna

114, 115| Augiades bouddha

Axis porcinus

5 | Axonopus cimicinus

545 | Azadirachta indica

)| Azanus

—- jesous

5 Seri pales:

NuMBER,

. imag

.. 2

. 299

.. 7330

. 559mm

.. O88

.. 13a

. 133

135

.. 134

. 500

. lie

. ae

280, :

697,

Babax : 51, 62-64, 327

—— Be avoloti Mes Yt

_—— koslowi koslowi .. 327, 328

eS victorice 327, 328

—— lanceolatus i 7, BOR

= — bonavoloti.. 327, 328

. lanceolatus.. 327, 328

—— yunnanensis 327, 328

| waddelli .. “€1, 827, 328

dahila callipyga.. . 653

Salcenoptera borealis Pate

————_—.- brydei 740, (16

———-~—- edeni * ATE

a indica w5716,.577, 775,776

salaka SES

‘alinensis re LB Gt

ambusicola eh Rete

- andicota sp. . 479

‘aoris Je .. 309

arringtonia Ertienn pula .. 134

assia latifolia moe loo

athyplocus easels:

atrachostomus Poneoni Redeeoni . 565

aza jerdoni Beetles

-— lophotes .. 568

2lomys sp. sri ee

-——-- trichotis pias é

blostoma indicum -4 780

hntinckia . 526

“ - renda Ree Oo /

tta pugnax see nyal

hagadatta austenia ' .. 508

7 -— purpurascens .. 508

Fimpoora bhil .. 565

Eringa remifer .. 28 pom: ¢

os gaurus 353, 383, 698

—— sondaicus .. .. 358, 354, 383, 698

Bidahara 485, 497

i ie -- sugriva mea T,

B.chia . 496:

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Azima tetracantha

NUMBER,

Azanus, uranus .. 490

Blanaida armandii

-——— bhadra

khasiana

Blechnum orientale

Boloria

Bombax

— -- malabaricum

Bonasa alchata

— pyrenaica

Botaurus stellaris

—-- stellaris

Brachypteryx atriceps .

—_____ bicolor

nigricapilata

palliseri ..

Bryophyllum calycinum

Babuleus coromanda

Budorcas ,

taxicolor

tibetanus

Bungarus coeruleus

Butastus sp.

teesa

Butea frondosa

Buteo ferox

Butorides javanica

- striata javanica

Caccabis chukar .

Cacomantis merulinus

querulus

Cadaba indica

Cajanus indicus . ;

Calamus verschaffeotia . .

Calandrella acutirostris. .

brachydactyla

Calinaga . ae

—-- aborica..

———-- davidis..

—-- saka

Callacanthis burtoni

Callerebia orixa .

surola ..

. 248, 245,

Ix xxi

NuMBER,

222, 208

222, 223

222, 993

. 500

. 540

.. 789

246, 550

.. 556

, 556

89, 91, 95

S186

e517

362, 757

Le YE

e507

TAG

512, 583, 541

OLY

.. 105

. 219

~2i8

INDEX OF SPECIES.

XXXil

NUMBER. NuMBER.

Callialcyon lilacina .. 553 | Carpophaga insignis griscicapilla . 592 |

Calliope camtschatkensis Be . 260 insignis .. . 722

pectoralis 104, 106, 108 | Garyotia horrida .. .. 51g

tschebaiewi . 260 tO mnitia a i _. Baa

Callophis maclellandi 786 Rea rerie _ 258, 278, 557, 561

j macnlicers . 786) Gasarca ferrginea . 734

Calornis, chalybeius 52 :

Caltotes versicolor 4] ae a |

Caltoris Oo

Castalius .. 485, 492

Camena 495 pst

Campophaga BPeEn nits . 258 dee 498

melaschistus melaschistus. 255 ar ethion .. . 492

Canis himalaicus.. re .. 292 rosimon 485, 492,

indicus... 292, 352, 470, 591, 720, 801 | Catapeecima 488, 49¢,

pallipes ahs elegans . 496 |

rutilans 352, 471 | Cateropsis.. a 4

vulpes montana 999 | Catochrysops 484, 49]|

Cantoria violacea 166 spew cnejus . 9

Capparis .. be 0 Bb eas pandava . 49

aphylla. . 91, 782 -_—_-_—— strabo ; 49)

divaricata 84, 95 | Catopsilia. . i 48

—— heyneana 100, 103 | Cedrela paniculata 79

moonil .. 96| Celeenorrhinus leucocera . oy

— sepiaria 95 - pulomaya 54

Capricornis sp. ; 591, 698 | _—_——-——-- pyrrha ie 54

milne Leta et ess thibetana 534, 54

—— rubida . .. 148] Cemas goral . 80)

— sumatraensis 148, 149] Cenchrus biflorus ; 1]}

Pee = ilne-cdwards! 308,607 catharticus » |

———_—_—-— robinsoni 149|Centropus bengalensis . : 5|

Bee ri bidis 145,149, 358, 359 - sinensis ot

ee eumatraensis 149 sinensis 1

________——-— swettenhami 149 | Cephalopyrus flamiiceps :

Caprimulgus europeeus .. 363 | Ceratorhinus blythii ' 1

-— indicus indicus 555 ss niger |

—__—__—-- macrurus . 555 | Ceroplates actiniformis . . aI

——_—- ambiguus 559 = - rubens ; 1)

Capritermes 6938 | Certhia himalayana 1

Carduelis caniceps 753 | Cervulus muntjac |

Careya arborea 121 ee -— grandicornis |

— barringtonia 121) Cervous kasbmirianus 1.

Carpodacus erythrinus 264| Ceryle lugubris if

— - roseata .. 264 ae caer oatialere |

Carponycteris minima .. (031 ener leucomelanura : it

Carpophaga cenea 722 | ——— varia : |

Ceyx tridactyla ..

Cheetoprocta odata

Chaimdrrornis fuliginosa Wee

leucocephala

Chalcoparia pheenicotis .

UShalcophaps indica

Jhamaeleon calcaratus ..

Jhapra

Yhaptia ceneus

Yharadrius dubius

| - fulvus

- placida

Yhathorea gularis

Yhaulelasmus streperus

theilanthus farinosa

‘helidon daurica nipalensis

—-—- kashmiriensis ..

= = nepalensis

—-—- rustica gutteralis

—-—- tytleri

= urbica ..

helidorhynx

4 —— Pe pccanths

‘heritra

| -- jaffra

fhersonesia rahria oe

———— Tisa. . . .

Gersydrus granulatus ..

hibia hottentottus

Gickrasia tabularis

Gilades

-—--— laius

-——-- trochilus

Cionaspis decurvata

-- dilatata

Gropodomys

— - gliroides. .

7 peguensis

Clenasicus ue

— atrisuperciliaris

>-—-—— fulvifrons

+ ruficeps

. al

Cliaria

—--— kin,

—-—- nilgirica

INDEX

NUMBER,

. 502

499, 500

483, 490

PSS)

56, 59

486, 495

.. 645

495, 496

OF SPECIES,

Chliaria othona .

Chloris

— barbata

tenella

villosa

— virgata

Chloroolithicus

Chloropsis

- aurifrons

Choerephon plicatus

Cheetura indica

Chrysococcyx maculatus

Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus

Chrysomma altirostre

Chrysopanus phleas

Chrysophlegma flavinucha

Cicindela duponti

hamiltoniana ..

——— hoemorrhoidalis

striolata

viridicincta

Ciconia nigra

¢+ Cinclidia .,

Cinclosoma ceerulatus

-- capistratum ..

erythrocephalum

-- lineatum

——--——. moniliger

-- nipalensis

-- ocellatum

variegatum

Cinclus asiaticus. .

——- — kashmirensis

—— pallasii tenuirostris

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Circus seruginosus

-- cyaneus

——-- macrourus

——-- macrurus ..

——-- melanoleucus

-- pygargus ..

Cirrhochroa aoris

Cissa chinensis

Cisticola ..

- hardwickii hardwickii

lxxxili

NuMBER.

494, 496

ait G

a Aws

eA 7.

ELOP Tt 17

110, 117

179

51, 776

. 244

COG

POO?

557

. 549

. 424

. 545

. 548

pa Oro

Saya)

. a19

. 379

. of9

730

. 429

.- 641

moo

edo

ae 6S

. 647

320

». 262

Reel OD

202

Cab

. 565

564, 565

. 564

1,864

. 565

.. 565

sega pt

eezoG

. 420

lx xXiv INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER. | NuMBER.

Cisticola tytleri .. 5 We .. 247 | Connarus an = 76 .» 497

Citrus 7 ee vl a) .. 125 | Conostoma ie hi .. 52, 54,66

--medica .. re i, .. 134 —-- eemodium f.

Cittocincla macrura . eI .. 261 | Copsychus

Cladobates belangeri .. a ea Or - saularis

Clerome eumeus assama. . ap .. 538 ____ ——_—- saularis Ny a

Coccinia indica .. x: ay: ., 185 | Coptotermes < a .. Ooi

Coccystes coromandus .. e508 - heimi

jacobinus i 4 .. 558 | Coracias affinis

Coelomys, gen. nov. Ee _, 414, 415 | Corearea nepalensis

mayori.. Fe _, 516, 761) Corone palmarum

Colebrookea oppositifolia si .. 119) Corsira nigrescens es =,

Coleospadix ee a Pe .. 528|Corvus corax .. . )

Colias berylla_.. Ag. ae .. 548 — frugilegus

-- cocandica < iM _. 543 |——— leucolophus ii a

——-- ladakensis by x _. 543 |——— macrorhynchus .. 235, 562,

--motium .. a Le .. 543 | ——— - - levaillantil

Collocalia breviostris .. « _. 555|———— monedula’ ae — a

- unicolor fuciphaga .. .. 555 ———— splendens a 236, 558

(AOLGEIS ee a Lee an 15,04, 85 — umbrinus.. it aie _

amata .. .. 78, 77-80, 88, 95 Corythocincla .. .. 419, 421, 633, €

——— dane “og e 82, 87, 89, 91 brevicaudata Zz

Strida a) ae P9895 O1, 94, 90, 4821 —— squmata. . a

_—___— ——- limbata .. Pea oe ee striata... .. 636, 6

pe encharis ae _. 82, 86, 94, 95, 481 | Cossyphus caudatus 3

RUBE ee is 80-82, 86, 95 | Cotile sinensis

—_— - tripuncta .. .. 81, 82, 86 | Cottonia = ;

= phisadia @ : iss of _. 78|Coturnix coromandelicus

——— protractus e Wynn 7b 0-50 coturnix + if - |

——— sanz 5A J i .. 87 |Cratseva religiosa ue vs a

2 vestalis.” 4 - .. 77, 78, 80 | Crateropus ey. 62-64, 72, 322, 2

_ puellaris.. es Ae i=) -- cachinnans .. Fy es:

Coluber cantoris fe . ae .. 85|——--——— canorus .. 289, 324, 326, ¢

- - hodgsoni Bie Sd .. 85|———--—— cinereifrone .. -s

-— radiatus.. “ .. 206, 212 |; ————_ delesserti

Columba intermedia... a .. 863 | ——--—— griseus

--— leuconota 2 .. _- 105, 159 | ——--——_ griseus

——---— puniceus Ne fs .. 722 | ——-—— striatus

<2 22 tenas eversmanoDi wh 2a Loo, 004)/=——— malabaricus ..

Colymbus cristatus cristatus .. + 100) ———— rufescens

—. ruficollis albipennis .. .. 736 |—-- somervillii

Comocritis enneora ee a .. 180|—— striatus

- nephelista .. i , 7, 129 |———-- terricolor a

precolor.. 3 _. 129 |—__--_ ———_—— malgbariegs

Congener .. Ns “e me _, 795 |—__--—_ ——_ somervill

INDEX OF SPECIES. Ixxxv

NUMBER. NUMBER.

Drateropus terricolor terricolor., . 325, 326, Cyaniris dilecta .. easy

Jremastogaster .. I . 492) -- huegeli .. .. 544

Jreon 487, 494, 496 | --- marginata A649

—-- cleobis .. 494] ———-~- morsheadi pias

Jriniger flaveolus .. 245 | ——---— oreas 504, 543

yrocidura fuliginosa 290, 469 --— transpecta .. 648

—. hodgsoni 289, 290 | Cyanocephalus ; ues oar kits

— kingiana . 290 | Cyanoderma . 419, 421, 632, 633

——— perrotteti 708 —- bicolor = O38

rocodilus palustris ent OU ie ert thirontordr . 633

Boa pheenicoptera theniconiee 721 | ——_—__- fulvirenter abe

froton =F. 496 | — .—— poliogaster. . warn Card

irypsirhina varians 48 | Cyanops asiaticus asiaticus ., 650

‘ryptolopha aftinis 249 —-- cyanotis . 550

—-— burkii burkii 249 | — -- franklini franklini .. 550

—_-—_ - tephrocephalus 250 | Cyanuroptera ». 4389

oe castaneoceps 250 | Cyathea spinulosa 499, 500

—-— jerdoni 250 | Cybister confusus 780

—— poliogenys 250 | Cycas revoluta 134

—-— tephrocephala 250 | Cygnus sp. 458

-— xanthoschistos jerdoni 250 | — altumi 458

ryptotermes 693 bewicki “159, 454. 458

ucullza .. iB -. 1774———— -— jankowskii . 457

uculus canorus . 363, 556, 581 | —_-— cygnus 454-457

ia - telephonus 108, 556 | ——— ferus pAb

- fugax nisicolor 596 | ——— jankowskii 454, 457

+——- merulinus 557 | ——--—— minor 456

if micropterus oF . 246|——— musicus ., “160, 454 456

i. a micropterus 556 | ———-- olor 454, 458

. sparverioides : 556 | ——-— sibilus 458

ulicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis 256 urwini 458

‘non dukhunensis . 148, 292, 471, 800 | Cylista : . 489

- Tutilans 143, 471, 698 | Cyneelurus ase 775

Gretis 482, 493 | Cynodon dactylon 116

—— bulius 493 | Cynopterus angulatus 702

— thetis 493 brachyotis .. 702

irzonia .. EME fi Vp te aaivalataa: 702

(tia 653, 655 sphinx . 286, 358, 465, 702

— cervinicrissa 655 | Cyornis Ms 254

-—- nepalensis .. 655 —- cyanea .. 255

anecula suecica 260, 752 | ——-—- hodgsoni 255

Caniris alboczerulea .. 543 | ———- hyperythra 255

‘—— -- argiolus 543, 544 - leucomelanurus. . 2565

a -—- jynteana 543 | ———- magnirostris 256

———-- coelestina 543 | ———- melanoleucus 255

Ixxxvl

NuMBER.

Cyornis rubeculoides .. 200

———--- unicolor.. . 265

Cyphosticha ptercola ee 22

Cypselus affinis 363, 555

apus .. 363

leuconyx . 106

Cyrestis rahria .. 307

-— rahrioides nerous

—_—-—_ risa . 3807

-— thyodamas 539

Cyrtostachys .. 526

—-- lakka = 526, 527

—_--—_——_ - singaporensis 526

—--— rendah 527

Dactylopius nipai 136

Dafila acuta

Dalbergia ..

virgatus

Danais aglea

— eryx maghaba

melanea ..

— tytia

Daulias golzi

Davallia strigosa

—- tenuifolia

Deckenia nobilis ..

Delias belladonna ithiela

lativitta

—eucharis ..

Dendralaphis subocularis

Dendrobiastes

—-- Mere ehen hyperythrs

Dendrocitta frontalis

- himalayensis

—<—— __—

—- rufus

Dendrocopus mactt

Dendrocyena javanica ..

Dercas lycorias ..

Desmodium ws =

Deudorix .. 5 486, 496,

epijarbas

—__—

Diagora

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBE 2

Diaphragmistis gen. nov. 126

-- macroglena 126

Diaspis barberi 136

— echinocacti : re .. 1

Dicceum cruentata cruentata . 268

-- iqnipectus 268

____—-- minullum olivaceum .. . 265

—-- olivaceum . 268

Dichoceros bicornis .. boa

Dicrurus .. ot: 236, 237

—-- annectans 246

-- ater ol

-- atra ; 246

__—_—-- cineraceus nigrescens 246

-- hottentottus hottentottus 46

—-- nigrescens . 2

Dictyosperma . 740

album z i. |

___... aureum.. 741)

Digenea = 254

Digitaria Royleana

sanguinalis ciliaris

Dinebra Arabica .. ee

Dioscorea pentaphylla ..

Dipsadomorphus cynodon

—- jollyi ..

Discophora deo .

tullia zal

Dissemurus paradiscus ..

LS ST

grandis

Dissura episcopus

Dodona adonira ..

—- deodata .

longionneaen

———- dipcea

—_—-—- eugenes..

———-- longicaudata

—- ouida

Dophla curvifascia 50

— duda

——— durga

- splendens..

——— lva

——— nara

—- leugoniélainiee leucomelan ie 950

INDEX OF SPECIES, Ixxxvii

NUMBER. NUMBER.

Dophla sahadeva . 506] Dysopes murinus . 706

taooana . 507

Dorylus .. 694

Dremomys rufigenis 25, 26

-- adamsoni 25, 479, 761 | Echinolampas 5 (ihe

———-- ———— belfieldi .. 25, 26! Echis carinata 377, 378

-- —— fuscus 25 | Egretta alba moe

Drymocataphus .. 418, 420, 429 430, 434 | - - garzetta ; a WEY

——_ 20namomeum.. 433, 436 - intermedia neenese ey:

—— — asSamensis 240, 435 | Hichhornia speciosa 588, 589

—— — capistratus . 434] Elachura punctatus oa 247,

——__@——_—- captistratoides . 434] Elanus caeruleus. . ue bn talets)

— — fuscicapillus . 434 | Elaphrornis 418, 420, 424

—— — ignotus .. 438 palliseri 51, 425

—__———— higricapitatus.. 434, 436 | Elephas .. 698

— —_.-.-——- rubignosus 339, 434 -— maximus . 393

-———————— tickelli 422, 436 | Eleusine Aigyptiaca PEO UL7

——_ ——__ — —assamensis .. 485 -—-- aristata,.. LT

—_————_— — tickelli . 485 --— Indica .. 5k

Drymochares hyperythra .. 242 | Eligma narcissus. . . 574

—-- nipalensis . 242] Elymnias melelas ivena.. ent)

Drymophlocus pees . 739 | —— pealii , Fae

Dryobates macei macei. 549 penanga chelensis 5S Pea

Jryonastes . 62- 64, 67, 70, 311 | Elytrophorus articulatus LL,

-————-- ceerulatus 64-66 | Emballonura monticola . . 697, 705, 706

| -- - ceerulatus 64, 65 --— peninsularis 706

-——___-- - kauriensis 65, 66:5—_—_ --— semicaudata 705

-—_——_-- - subcerulatus 65, 66 | Embelia robusta... a OUMl

-——_-- chinensis 64, 66, 67 | Emberiza aureola . 265

-- galbanus 64, 65 | ——-- buchanani 368, 754

———-- nuchalis 04,°66,1238;)-— fucata. . . 264

— - ruficollis =» 642667258 == arcuata . 264

————--- sannio 64-66 | ——- leucocephala. . 1538, 754

-- strepitans 69 | ——-—— luteola . 154

-- subceerulatus . 65 }|—- pusilla . 264

Yryophis prasinus flavescens .. . 185 | —— spodocephala : . 265

rumetia .. Ber ees SAAD ae ialinope . 265

albigularis 427, 428 | stevarti 3638, 754

E. cchm --abuensis .. 428, 429 | —__- stracheyi . 754

-- albigularis. 428, 429} —- striolata 755

hyperytha .. 428! Enhyarina valakadien .. hy Weel

upetor flavicollis .. 733 | Enhydris curtus .. feo LO

ypsis elata . 275 | ———— hardwickii en hee

gracilis emer valakadyn OLS

hirtula . 267 | Enicurus immaculatus . 285

Ixxxvill

NUMBER.

Enicurus leschenaulti indicus .. . 286

maculatus guttatus .. ney Tike

—— schistaceus 258

Enispe cycnus .. 5388

euthymius oe 928, 229, 5388

—__— —--— melena 228, 229

— ——-- tessellata 228, 229

Konycteris spelaca 703

Epicephala chalybacma. . eee

Kpimys 414, 415

- Sp. 720

—_—-— bowersi .. 480

——_—. brahma’:. ff e2eL

pts ODNCOLOT A474, 475, 516, 715

—_——-— fulvescens O31, 2325 207

—_——-— infraluteus 715

—_—-— jerdoni 714

—_—-— nitidus 286

—_—-— niviventer oe 206

—___-—_ rufescens 295, 296, 474, A479, 71S,

715

—_~-— surifer 714, 719

ey OIUS 697, 715

———-—— vicerex . 296

-— vociferans 697, 715

Epinephele cheena 310

——-- minoculus . 310

-- 'wagneri mandane . 1 O09

Equisetum debile 499, 501

Eragrostis amabilis ee RS

- ciliaris ene stashva emi

—_—____- gangetica ; eevee nce

—— - interrupta Koenigi . 116, 117

—____- minor.. elas

- pilosa... eG

—____——.- tenella plumosa lo

—_—____—_- tremula lal

Krebia . 673

-- annada .. 936

—-- — - Pobenennte 534, 536

——-- inconstans .» 536

——-- narasingha 533, 536

——-- orixa . 586

——-- phyllis .. 536

——-- gyala ., 536

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Erebia pomena

-- — = SD

-- shallada

-- tsirva

Erianthus Ravennee

Hrinaceus micropus

Eriochloa polystachya

Erolia temminckii

| Erpornis xantholeuca

— conthnente

Erythrocichla

| Erythrocincla

bicolor

Erythropus amurensis

Krythrosterna

— hodeaent

- parva albicilla ..

Eryx conicus

-—— johnil

Ksacus recurvirostris

Ethmia duplicata

——— hilarella ..

— pullata

Etychosperma rupicola .. af

Eudynamis honoratus

Eugenia jambolana

Eulabes intermedia

Eulaceura

- osteria

Eulepis dolon centralis ..

— eudamippus

__.— lissainel 75

marcea

meghaduta

— narcase

Eunetta falcata ..

Kuoplus ee

Kuplocamus albocriaeeene

+. andensominee

crawfurdi ..

“= Cavler!

a5 =. horse nas

—___-__——.- leucomelanus

lineatus

— orientalis honoratus

113.

419, 4

638, €

371,

~ an Aa KH KA KH Cor

246,

533,

. 160, 365, 735,

666,

672,

was

. ° otae . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . .

Lew . o, . . . > . . . . e . . . . . . °

eA ae ce a UL YL

iuplocamus melanonotus

nycthemerus

uplocomus swinhoii

— albocristatus

cuvieri

-_——- horsefieldi ..

horsfieldi

-——— leucomelas. .

———-— lineatus

melanonotus

uploca mulciber

uripus funebris. .

‘arystomus orientalis

fatermes ..

athalia adima

—--— anosia

~- saitaphernes

ia——-— apicalis..

_—--— appiades

‘—--— attenuata

= —- bellata ..

tae — binghami

‘——-- cibaritis

—--— --—_——. vinaya

fae COCytus ..

-— satropaces

7—--—. derma

"——-- eriphylae

— delmana

‘—-—- evelina .,

‘———-- flora

-——.. franciae

_——-- —-- galara

— acontius

i. a -——— anagama

/——— ——— apama..

‘—--— —-~—— meridionalis

“—--— —_____ merilia. .

"—--— — —\ suddhodana

goodrichi

| -— ——— eupia ..

ee |

calonyx..

NUMBER,

.. 668

.. 679

.. 687

.. 666

669, 672

.. 669

. 667

.. 676

.. O84

.. 004

. 500

. 550

.. B05

305, 507,

538

. 805

.. 805

. 805

305

. 805

.. 805

. 805

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Kuthalia jahnides

——__ ___...,

——qu~

_—--____

—_—-—_ ..

~~ ___

—_——— -. —___

——~“—__..

_—_—_ .

Se ey

———““— --

Everes

jahnu

jama

jamida

verena

japroa

julii

—-- adima

—-- appiades

—-- balarama .

—-- sedeva

--—- virescens ,

—-- xiphiones ..

kanda

——-- elicius

kesava ..

arhat

discispilota

lepidea ..

— adustata

———-= andersoni

———— miyana

———- sthavara

lubentina

—— arasada

——-—+_— indica

psittacus

mahadeva

merta

phemius

sahadeva

—— nadaka

narayana

sedava ..

telchinia

vallona..

vasanta. .

——-— fulica.

zichri

zichrina

argiades

-—- dipora..

—— ion

rangoonensis ..

Ixxxix

NUMBER.

pe B05

.. 805

. 3805

. 805

ole

Be ro

.. 805

. 305

www

Says)

Srcomce

Sy as) Sh a) -

OV VOSS Ow cer ir

Crit aie oC

484, 490

.. 545

584, 545

xe INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. NUMBER,

Excalfactoria chinensis . . a .. 723 |Funambulus wroughtoni

Falco P3 ae of be .. 579| Galeopithecus volans

-jugger.. e , .. 581) Galeopterus

——- peregrinator Ee 568, 580, 581 | —————— peninsulee

———- peregrinus.. iP VEDOS. OSL — temminckii .. iy BY.

mae - calidus cS .. 568 | Galerita cristata .. + .. oGz

——- severus.. e sr .. 568 | Gallicrex cinerea se

——- subbuteo .. Ly .. 109, 579| Gallidictis chrysogaster “a

—- tinnunculus A. as .. 569} Gallinago ccelestis se .. tae

——_- —__—_——— saturatus.. 7.0009 eT gallinago

— tinnunculus. . .. 569, ———_— —————- gallinago

- vespertinus amurensis .. 569 ! ———_— megala..

Felis sp. .. e af 352, 698, 708 —————— nemoricola

aflinis ., 290, 352, 469, 479, 591. stenura re .-

719, 800 | Gallinula chloropus 2

bengalensis 3, 290, 352, 469, 479, 709 | =e orientalis ... -

— manul my a tae _, 801 | Gallophasis albocristatus ax 666,

ornata a5 dy, af ., 800 |—_———— horsfieldi

pardochrous ns if _, 479 |—————_ leucomelanos

pardus os .. 352, 469, 479, 698 |——————— leucomelanus

shawiana .. Se ie .. 800 |—————— lineatus

temmincki .. 469, 591, 720, 800, 801 |_—--—_ melanonotus

tigris = 348, 352, 479, 709 muthura

Ficus e Fee .. 118, 698) Gallus ferrugineus

bengalensis . . se fe LOO on, gallus

indicus ey ve ie o 4087 horsfieldi. . Ax .

religiosa... ayy ae ., 164 | Gampsorhynchus re Bre 418-45

Fiorinia .. ve S. LA _. 134| ——_$-_-/ —— Toi 240, 4:

-— frontecontracta. . os ., 135 | ————__- rufulus ‘

-— sapindi .. re na OEY Ga saturitior

Francolinus chinensis .. mn: .. 868) torquatus

— gularis a Ee .. (24 - torquatus ee

— vulgaris... ue .. 868| Garcinia indica .. i .. —

Franklinia gracilis rs as ., DAT Garrulaxes cee ae 62, 63, 70, 2

-rufescens.. ie .. 247 |———— affinis .. ig -_

Fregilus graculus ¥8 car .. 862 | —— albigularis

Fringilla montifringilla . . a 1) belangeri

Fulica atra is ms oe .. 725 | ———— bicolor : _

Fulvetta .. of = ae 1.619 (2 cincereifrons .. .. 62-68,

-—- cinereiceps o. Ae e622 i= delesserti te .. Che

-—- ruficapilla Bs 621 |—_— diardi 7,

Funambulus pennantil .. .. 295, 352 |————— galbanus

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER,

yarrulax gularis 69, 238

jerdoni. . = De oat

leucolophus 62, 67, 69, 238

—- belangeri 67

—_—__ ————- diardi Nat nite!

— —- leucolophus. 67, 68

—— merulinus ie ee a

fe Moniliger. 66-68, 70, 72, 238, 312

—— nuchalis Ma: a0

:s pectoralis 68, 238, 312

— picticollis 68

os rufescens a me Sees

/——— sannio . 65

je semitorquatus 65

/——— strepitans 69

— subccerulatus .. gr OD

| tibetanus . 822

|——— waddelli seer -68

avialis gangeticus 369, 779

azella bennetti .. 383

ecinus chlorolophus .. 848

\___ prantia . .. 548

| occipitalis O40

‘——- striolatus .. O48

legenes karsana . 309

: -- nostrodamus ae eOUG

lenneus .. 658-689

1 sp. » 892

: aflinis .. 680, 681

+ albicristatus .. e ig OLY

li albocristatus .. 659, 664-669

4 andersoni . 681, 683, 684, 688,

| 689

a annamensis 5.086

7 assimilis 680-684

an atlayi .. 661, 679-683

~——— batemani 669, 671

7 beli 2 .. 685

5 cliffordi 671, 672, 688

ie crawfurdi 681, 683, 689

“ cuvieri mLO72

——— davisoni

edwardsi >

-——— elegans

granti ..

. 671, 672, 674, 68

. 661, 664, 666, 687

680, 684

. 680, 681, 683, 684 | -——

XCl

NUMBER,

Gennzeus haringtoni 681-684, 688

horsfieldi, 582, 659-622, 664, 665,

669-673, 681-684, 723

cuvieri 660, 662, 664,

665, 671-673, 675, 677,

682, 684

horsfieldi 660, 665, 673-

. 675, 677

williamsi 662, 664, 665,

670-675, 678, 682

Jonesi 658, 662, 665, 681, 684, 685

— leucomelanos . A .. 668

—— leucomelanus . . 659, 664, 665, 667,

669

—— lineatus .. 659-661, 664-666, 671,

673, 675, 681-684

lineatus 666-668

eee a Onesie 660, 662,664, 666,

673, 675, 677, 678, 682,

684.

an rer = Slarpel 661,604,666, 676,

679, 681, 682, 685,

686

——_——— macdonaldi 674, 675

————— mearsi.. a : 669-671

———— melanonotus .. 659, 664, 665, 668

—-—— muthura ni .. 668

nisbetti 681-684, 689

nycthemerus .. 659-662, 664-666,

679, 681, 682

- ———_——-- annamensis 661, 664,

666, 684, 686

.. 661, 664, 666,

682, 685, 686

-- nycthemerus .. 666,

685

—_——__- ———__--— ripponi . 664,

666, 680, 684, 685

rufipes.661, 662,664,

666, 671-673, 678, 680-686

beli

— - Oatesi.. OCT

—- obscurus 670-674

- ommaneyi 672, 674, 675

——- prendergasti ., 669-671, 674

- ripponi 658, 662, 665, 681, 684, 685

xcil

NUMBER.

Gennzeus rufipes.. 680, 683

- sharpel ae Rr ithe)

——-- swinhoil 664, 665, 687

a bUTner! ; ; . 674

___-_—— whiteheadii 661, 664, 685, 678,

682, 686

= 5 ickhami . 669, 671, 674, 688

- williamsi .. 674

Geocichla citrinus . 262

Glareola lactea 726

Glaucidium brodiei brodiei rool:

— cuculoides cuculoides . 561

Gleichenia linearis .. 500

- Golunda ellioti ye .. 299

Gonepteryx alvinda 534, 542, 543

amintha 588, 542

—____—_— aspasia . 6438

— zaueka . 548

Gorsachius (Gorsakius) Pal olopte canis

Gracilaria arlana b22

-isochrysa .. ee Parle

Gracilea Royleana 115, 116

Gracula javana intermedia... .. 258

Graculus eremita es i 7, 145

Graminicola bengalensis . 248

Grammatoptila 63, 72

-- austenl.. ; 239

.- striata austeni ..72, 239

ee siniata.. Lite

Graucalus macei macei . 253

Grisebachia 269

— belmoreana.. 272

— forsteriana . 269

Grus antigone 725

Gunomys sp. 476

bengalensis 476

— kok 578

—— tarayensis ve ce 208

varius .. 476, 697, 716

ere al a pEDIecE® a 4k

Gymnura . eu Oot

Re ical rae of AEE

rafilesi . paul Ae

Gypaeétus een . 368

Gyps tenuirostris . 561

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBE

. 418, 420, 422, 43

Gypsophila l

erispifrons .. 51, 4

Halcyon coromanda coromanda

--— pileata ..

smyrnensis

fusca

Haliaétus leucorypha

Haliastus indus ..

- indus

Halpe aina

-- astigmata

———o= DUTTA

=... Hrunnea

-- egena a

__—-- homolea 309, 6

———-- honorel :

—___—- knyvetti

= Mason

-- ornata

-- separata

Hapalomys longicausanas

Harpactes erythrocephalus

Harpoceras dynastes

Harpyiocephalus huttoni

Nee ae

536, 56t

Hebomoia.

clare

see

australis .

92, 95, 96, 98, g

reepstorfi

Helictis sp.

-— nipalensis

——-— orientalis

——-—. personata :

-— pierrei .. a . ae

Heliopais personata 384, 72

Heliotropum 4

Hemichelidon

Hemichionaspis aspicienre

Hemigale ..

ards

Hemigalus

INDEX OF

| NUMBER.

Hemigalus derbianus 612, 613

a. : incursor . 613, 711, 760

hardwickii 612, 613

Hemilophus pulverulentus .. 549

Hemipodius atrogularis.. ». 405

—-— dussumieri .. 406

——- joudera . 5993

——-—-——— plumbipes .. 395

—.———_— pugnax 391

sykesi 406

--———_— taijoor 403

—— variabilis . 406

Hemipteron . 429

Hemipus .. 52

capitalis 252

—— picata capitalis 252

Hemitragus hylocrius 3838

awe

Hemixus flavala ..

——— maclellandi

bo bo bo bo

Henicuras guttatus 58

—-- immaculatus 58

— leschenaulti. . 258

. = schistaceus .. 258

Hepialus . .. 574

Herodias garzetta go- LOL

—_———- intermedia ake

Herpestes sp. ve .. 302

Herpornis As 641, 648, 653

| - xantholeuca .. 244, 653

Hestina ely

Heteromorpha 54, 56

| - unicolor. . 56, 57

Aeterosia cingala 574

- magnifica, . O74

) virescens .. O74

deterospatsha . 274

— elata 275, 276

———- salomonensis . 275

Teynea trijuga .. .. 490

lieroceryx gen. nov. hts

————- bilineatus eR

—- colemani ERE

fierococcyx nisicolor .. 556

— — sparverioides . 556

lierogly phus

» 175, —--

SPECTES,

xciil

| NUMBER

Hieroglyphus banian LiaeL 4

bilineatus We

——_—_—— nigro-repletus 172, 174

brachytera Ss:

Hilarocichla 653, 657

-———-— rufiventer OD 7

Himantopus candidus wmOOG

Hipposideros armiger 287, 478

——--———— fulvus 466, 704

—-- larvatus 466, 704

Hirietus pennatus 105, 108

Hirundo erythropygia .. 105

—-- gutturalis r. 265

——--— nepalensis 265, 755

———-- rufula 362, 755

——.--— rustica .. 3638, 755

———-- smithii .. 755

——.--— tytleri .. : 265

——--— urbica cashmeriensis . . 265

—_—-- ——-- merideonale . 156

--— ——-- urbica .. gecloG

Hodgsonius phcenicurcides 104, 105

Homo lar.. 699

Hoplopterus ventralis w. 726

Horaga 488, 496

——-— onyx meant MAS:

—- viola 488, 496

Horeites brunnifrons 251

Horornis fortipes fortipes 250

Howea ay as OU,

Belmoreana 270, 272, 274

— Forsteriana 270, 272, 274

Huhua nipalensis 559, 560

Huphina nadina 542

——--— phryne eee

Hyeena hyzena Ss 145, 292

Hydriastele ce RS yA:

- wendlandiana 521, 522

Hydrophasianus chirurgus 726

Hydrophis brugmansi 375

-- spiralis seo

——_———--- cwrulescens .. 373, 374

—. -- cantoris . 375

—_—_——-- coronatus .. df4

cyanocinctus 375, 376

XC1V

Hydrophis diadema

fasciatus

-- gracilis

jerdoni

oe ee oe ARORA

ete MAMA ris

Se Ona us

torquatus

Hydrus platurus

-- bicolor

--— maculata

Hylobates hoolock

- lar

Hylomys .. eae

Hyophorbe elata. .

Hypispetes gracilis

Hypocolins ampelinus ..

Hypolais languida

pallida. .

ee rama

Hyponomeuta calculosa

corusca ..

- preetincta

Hyporion lama

Hypothymis azurea

-—_—__— ——_-- styanl

Hypsipetes psaroides

Hystrix sp.

—- bengalensis

-- fasciculata

—-— brachyura

—-—-— hodgsoni

+ leucura

=. macroura

——_—- nepalensis

Iambrix salsala

—-- tytleri

Ianthia hyperythra

-— indica

i TU

—- rufilatus

Tanthocincla

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

ole

a0 882,

699, 701, 7

“I

366, 7

ROT DS bos CS

Orv Or

“I

Fy Se hk °

—j =1, co

“Te Fe Ol

en)

. 802

302, 546

. 260

a .. 578

104, 105, 153

ess 00

.. 68, 70, 811 |

NuMBER. |

. 49°

Ianthocincla affine oustaleti .. ano |

oe -— albogularis .. :

——_-———_-- austenl 71 :

—____—___- — austeni i |

Cs -— |

—___——_--— chrysoptera . 316:

ena eee - cincracea 70.

—__—_-— —— circracea 70

| __——__-— ——— ciuerciceps .. @

re styani ..

oe gularis 69, 288

| —_——_-— koslow1 .. 328!

—— lanceolatus . oF

—___—____- —__— bonavoloti .. 328

—- leucolophusleucolophus .. 288

| ____———- moniligera .. .. 268

fe eee . 238

—__— - ocellata 70

—_ + +. artemis 70

DICH 70

| _—-————- lunata 70

—___-___—_ maxima |

;| 2. pectoralinmam 68, 238

| _—-—_—-— phoenicea 239, 31é

oe Dee - .. ae

ies 64, 238, 28°

——- -rufigularis .. 71, 236

a assamensis. . rel: 936

——_—-——— occidentalis - |

—__—__——-- rufigularis®: 71, 238%

______ squamataes . oh

—_—_—- — waddelli . 32)

Ibidorhynchus struthersi . |

Ibis melanocephalus 731

Ibydorhyncha struthersii 72)

Icerya aegyptiaca me

— seychellarum 131

Ictanaétus malayensis 56:

Ilerda moorei wee OFF

-- viridipunctata Pe 54

Indicator xanthonotus . -

Indigofera cordifolia 115, 11

Ipomoea aquatica |

Traota 485, 49.

-- timoleon

NUMBER.

cena 51

—- puella . 244

schaemum laxum 114

rugosum 114

scilema laxum 115

smene = oe - .. 808

thagenes kuseri. . .. 384, 584, 585, 592

i tibetanus 584

ton adamsoni 309

xias 95

a marianne 481]

—- pyrene 481

xobrychus cinnamomea Tas

| sinensis as ee tan

xops 641, 644, 646

ae daflaensis . -. 647

—- morrisoniana .. 646, 647

—- nepalensis.. ae - 2 GAT

—- ——- daflaensi 646, 647

' nepalensis 646, 647

—- - poliotis -. 647

—.- ——_—___- waldeni 646, 647

—_- waldeni ee we

xora et rk Gs 497

xulus : 641, 648, 649

—— castaneiceps 5 Go)

—- flavicollis . 244, 650

= - baileyi £650)

—-- —___ flavicollis 649, 651

———— harterti 649, 650

——-- humilis weal

-- — clarki 649, 651

—.- — humilis 649, 651

—- occipitalis 244, 649

rouxi 651

rufigenis 652

—-- striata 652

=e, superciliaris 443 |

mx torquilla 549 |

> japonica .. 549

amides re 484, 49]

1 -- bochus ., . 491

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Jamides celeno

-—- elpis

Junonia almana .

-— atlites

——~—-. hierta

———- orithyia ..

Kaznakowia koslowi

Kentia

— baueri

belmoriana

—— forsteriana

——— rupicola ..

——— sapida

— wendlandiana

Keppleria

- tigillaria

Kerivoula crypta

Ketupa flavipes ..

—- javanensis

———- keputa

- zeylonensis zeylonensis.

Kittocinela albiventris ..

— macrura

macrourus macrourus

Kyllinga triceps ..

—_— —_.

Lachesis gramineus

--— monticola

Lagomys nepalensis

roylei ..

2| Lampides ..

boeticus

Lanius assimilis ..

-——— chinensis

——— cristatus cristatus

erythronotus

erythropterus

fallax

isabellinus

nigriceps

XCV

NUMBER.

Or bo Co

=I BS) Corks

H= CO

484,

363,

. 655

748

363, 749

. 251

XCvi

NUMBER. |

Lanius phoenicuroides 368, 749| Lethe chandica ..

— schach tephronotus 251 o~ —— namura

—_—— tephronotus ye eZol -- confusa

- vittatus : 363, 748 | ——-- distans

Larus brunneicephalus .. 729 | ——-- dyrta

——-- ichthyaétus 729 | ——-- gemina

Larvivora brunnea .. 578 | ——-- gulnihal

Laticilla burnesi.. . 366 ,——-- insana dinarbas ..

--—— cinerascens .. 247 —- jalaurida ..

Lea oe a : . 497 | ——-- kabrua

Lecanium hemisphericum ,. 136 Paros kanjupkula

-— nigrum .. 185|——-- khasiana ..

Leiothrix lutea callipyga ., 244|——-- lyncus

Lemur volans . 708 | —-- moelleri

Leggada ms a .. 3] |—- naga

Leggadilla 31, 414-416, 475, 697 | ——-- nicetas

- bahadur .. 761 |——-- philemon ..

—_- cindrella .. 761 {——-- pulaha

eee UNNI AL. . 761 | ——-- satyavati .

_____—-— grahami 45 .. 761 | ——-- scanda

SS -— rurkha .. 199, 200, 298, 761 -- serbonis

_____-— hannyngtoni .. 761 | ——-- —- naganum

<--=— phillipsi .. 761] ——-- siderea

= platythrix .. 200 |——-- sidonis

—_—- sadhu .. 199, 200 | ——-- sinorix

— shortridgel 30, 462, 475, 761 | ——-- sura

—_—-- siva .. 761 |——-- verma

- —— surkha.. ors OF -- visrava

Leptochloa polystachya devils) -- yama yamoides ..

Leptocircus meges indistincta .. .. 515| Lerwa lerwa

Leptopoceile sophiz , 62 -- nivicola

Leptoptilus dubius . 731) Leucaspis indica. .

— javanica . 731 | Leuconee ..

Leptosia xiyphia .. 481 capaccinil

Lepus hypsidus .. .. 801; —— carimalee

-- kozlovi .. 2383] ——--—— dasycreme

——-- macrotus .. .. 3800; —— daubentoni

-- olostolus .. 232, 233] —— dryas ..

—_—-- —_—_——_ illuteus Wi .. 282) —— hasselti

—_——_-- peguensis .. . 858, 468, 477, 801) —— horsfieldi

-- ruficaudatus 300, 477, 801 longipes

-- siamensis .. 463, 477} —— megalopus

Lethe armandii .. 533, 537 peshwa

-- bhairava .. 537 taiwanensis

——-- brisanda .. .. 537| Leucotermes

INDEX OF SPECIES.

- A

g =|

221, 229, Bi

m |

ie e 4

105, 107, 1)

wis

610, 611,

810,

691,

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

‘eucotermes indicola .. 690 | Lophophares melanolophus

ibythea celtis lepita .. 941 | Lophophorus cuvieri

iminitis austenia . 588 -—- sctateri

calidasa .. 806] Lophospizias trivirgatus

danava . 9388 —-——— ——__--- rufitinctus

daraxa.. .. 538] Loranthus

dudu . 588 - scurrula

j— procris. . nw . 806] Loriculus vernalis vernalis

| chlaena . 306] Loris be

—————— undifragus 306 - lydekkerianus

-_—— — trivena 306 | Loxococeus

_———__ —_—_—_. — fotenes 306 rupicola

: = leyes 306 | Loxura me

imobenus fuscus 724 -— atymmus

‘mnocryptes gallinula .. 729 | Luscinia calliope. .

inaria ramosissima 114 --— pectoralis Weonepaiew:

; on urticzefolia LV4 --— svecica robusta

Indsaya ensifolia a3 .. 500] Lusciniola melanopogon

loparus . 419, 421, 438, 489, 618 --—— palliseri

-—--— chryszeus 618 | Lutra sp. ..

loptila 641 | Lutra lutra

-—-— annectens 643 - macrodus ..

-——— - annectens . 643 | Lycena

-—_-— ——_- davisoni 644 --— asiatica. . at

-—-— - saturata 643 | ——--— astrarche artaxerxes .

_— auricularis 644 | ——_--— iris

-_— capistrata 642 | ——_--— lanty

ee —_- capistrata .. 642 | ——--—- lehana ..

-——— - pallida .. 642 | ——--— luana

—e castanoptera 643, 646 | ——--— pheretes

~—-— desgodinsi 644 | ——---— -- major

Seeeracilis .. 643 | ——--— semiargus annulata

—— — melanoleuca 643 | ——---— stoliczana

ae -— incnters 643 --— younghusbandi

ie -— melanoleuca 643 | Lyczenopsis

—— puchella 644 akasa

Uthrix is Bee GDS [oe — albidisca

——— lutea, 244, 616, 653 |———__—__ llilacea

‘ie - calipy gus 653 | ——— limbata’

ee: - lutea Pe Gon — puspa

Lhocolletis conformis . 118, 119 | Lyczenesthes

eee triplex 118 --— emolus

ee Virculata 118 --— lyceenina ..

Linosia 574 | Lycodon aulicus . .

Listona jenkinsiana 555 | Lycophantis gen. nov.

Xevil

NuMBER.

oa 746

672, 676

, 592

566, 568

. 566

, 136, 496

., 494

.. 559

. 708

. 591

.. 629

580,

485, 496

533, 544

X¢viil

Lycophantis chalcoleuca

Lycopodium cernuum

Lygodium pinnatifidum ..

Lyncornis cerviniceps

Lyroderma lyra ..

Lytoceras. .

Macaca adusta

Macacus assamensis

aureus ..

carbonarius

cynomolgus

nemestrinus

(Pithex) peleoet

Macroglossus minimus sobrinus

spelaea

Macropus rufus

Macropygia tusalia tusalia

Meerua

—- arenaria..

Mahathala..

ameria

Malacias castanoptera

gracilis. .

melanoleuca

pulchella

Malacocincla

a= ADDOLE

<= Minor

____—_——--— perspicillata

rufiventris. .

--— sepiaria

Malacocercus é

—- albigularis..

en ORT

__————-— malabaricus

eee TUTESCens

striatus

terricolor

Malacocihla abbotti

Malacopterum

—<—— - —_

aftine

ee ADI LATS

cinereum

——— aa

418, 420,

419, 421,

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER.

. 128

500, 501

499, 501

., B55

_, 287

699, 7

699,

85, 95

485, 498

2 4938

.. 648

. 6438

.. 648

. 644

438

Go 9

.. 488

©o

. 488

Co He

bo bw bb bb

eo Co Oo &

bo be bo

a o> Or w @

NUMBE

Malacopterum magnum .. .. 6)

melanocephalum.. . 6)

(Ophrydornis) ubigulai €3

Mandarinia baronesa

eo 2} ;

— regalis ome

Mangifera indica 119, 120, 13

Manis sp... aap

-- aurita 48

——-- brachyura me

|| ——-- crassicaudata 384, 478, °5

——-- javanica 216

-- pentadactyla , 8

Marmaronetta augustirostris re

Marmot sp. a 3

Martes flavigula 2938, r

nee borealis =

—_— peninsularis .. 393, I

gwatkinsi 293, 384, 19

Megaderma spasma trifolium .. 466, m

Megalzema marshallorum 58

marshallorum )l)

Megalornis antigone antigone..

Megalurus palustris . 48

Megisba 482, 484, 88

--— malaya.. 484 88

Melanitis phedima bela. . 2. 8

Melanochlora sultanea .. 51 /37

Melanocorypha bimaculata .. (il

Melanophidium punctatum ; Ay

3) Melitaea .. : a 1B

--—. sindura baleen om _ 40

——--— -— jezabel 534 540

—_——--— —__| sikkimenais 540

—_--—_ ——-— didyma : Pal

--— — agar. 534, 54( bal

Melittophagus swinhoei. . ; ml

Mellivora ratel A | Bes

Melogale personata . a ‘ 4m

Melursus ursinus. . 145, 14/800

Menetes berdmorei , 2 |7:

—_-—_- - berdmorei .. , 24

——--— —_- consularis .. 23, 2 76!

PE Bg decoratus,. 23, 24479

76)

wae moerescens.. 2. 761

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Menetes berdmorei mouhoti

fereca penelope _

ferganser castor

fergus albellus .

fergus merganser comatus

ferops apiaster ..

: - orientalis birmanus

——- persicus .. os

—— philippinus philippinus

i——-—- viridis

lerula albocincta

—— atrigularis

-—— boulboul ..

| castanea ..

maxima

—— obscurus.. ;

—— protomomelena . .

——ruficollis .,

‘esla ae

—-- argentauris

-etopidius indica

-etoponia pusilla

etropidius indicus

etroxylon elatum

ichelia champaca

icraretia

-icrocerotermes

icrocichla scculeri ;

‘icrohierax melanoleucus

icropterus phaioceps phaioceps

-leropus pacificus

———-- cooki

—-- pacificus

subfurcatus

licrosarcops cinereus

licrotermes

Nerotus imitator

* montosa

p--- roylei ..

~———~ (Alticola) roylei

Mlardia kathleense

~——— meltada

Mvus govinda

~—— melanotis

}

—_—

—

pallidior

NuMBER.

23, 24) Milvus nigrans

.. 735 | Mimosa rubricaulis

. 736 | Miniopterus fuliginosus . .

elon — schreibersi .. hd

.. 736) Minla ne 440, 6

. 363 -- brunneicaudata

.. 550 -- castanciceps

a ie 02 -- cinerea

550 | ——-- dubius

550 | ——-- igneitincta

i .. 261 | ——-- ignotincta

105, 261, 752 | ——-- jerdoni

261 | ——-- mandelli

.. 261 -- rufigularis. .

105, 107 | Mirafra assamica

262 | Mitidula hodgsoni BS

nee202) Nixornis 3, 419, 421, 623, 6

105, 261 erythronota

653, 654 erythropterum

244, 654 | —— everettei

bodes rs: flavicollis

363, 753 | —— frigida. ,

200) ———— gularis. .

275 | ——-—— — gularis

135 | ——-——_ — rubricapillus 627,

574 | —— javanica

693 | —— montana

258 prillwitzi

569 rubricapilla é

.. 549 rubricapillus .. 148, 154,

155, 156 | —— woodi ..

155, 157 ; Molpastes

. 156 - bengalensis

. 157|——- intermedia

wie 26 - leucotis

691, 692 | Monticola erythrogaster

299 - saxatilis

299 | ——- sulitarius cyanus

.. 299 | ——-——_ —— solitarius .

ae .. 299] Moringa pterygosperma

29, 31, 462, 476] Moschus moschiferus

29 | ——_-—- napu

29 | Motacilla alba alba

a en hodgsoni

105, 286, 563 leucopsis

xeix

NUMBER,

. 365

igs,

266, 755

. 266

, 266

NUMBER. |

Motacilla alba personata . 266

beema.. . 756

boarula melanope ye Ade

borealis 266, 756

—— citreola citreola , 266

—- — —— Citrecloidess oy hath

—— citreoloides .. 267, 107, 862, 756

~a == flava borealis .. pae200:

—_—— flava . 266

—— feldeggi 756

cularis .. .. 638

ay hodgsoni 107, 266

— leucopsis he .. 266

——_——— melanope 266, 362, 756

— personata Ags 107, 266, 7&

rubricapilla 632

Moupinia peecilotis : A422

Mungos auropunctatus helvus . 760

- mungo - 20.1

—___-—- ——_—_ pallens .. ee OW

-— urva 720, 801

Munia acuticauda 263

———— atricapiila iS . 268

— punctulata punctulata .. 263

Muntiacus grandicornis. . 718

- vaginalis 301, 351, 8

A79, 775,

Murina huttoni

-— leucogaster

Murraya pentaphylla

Mus xt 5

arianus

31, 414, 516,

— griseus

bactrianus ..

badius

booduga

DO is

bowersi TLD;

caudatior

cervicolor

cinnamomeus

concolor

cooki

a ATS

fulvescens ..

homoourus ..

INDEX OF SPECIES,

’

{

}

NuMBE}

Mus homourus . 29

jerdoni |

—— morungensis _ |

—— musculus 297, 4i|

—— myothrix a m |

—_— manei 297, 298, 41

—— nilagiricus .. - |

—— nitidulus 30, 4

—— nitidus iy

——— niviventer .. a

—— peguensis 4

—— plurimammis x“ o. - |

—— rattus ae Ne .. 2O0GH

—— surifer : |

—_— tarayensis .. : 2

—-=- 1rpAnUs =|

i Ve Es oa |

—— viceréx Ae

—— vociferans mi)

—— (Ratt-s) niviventer y 4

(Vandeleuria) dumeticola e |!

Muscicapa “= it

- grisola 153, )

——--- melanops ; 5

Muscicapula ah ; se at

__. melanoleuca melanoleuca. )

Mustela auriventer Ae a Ae 8

- cathiawe Ae » ,

—_—_—-- flavigula 298, |

a --— peninsularis. . 1

—____—-- hardwickei 3

-- kathiah 8

a -- leucotisee _

-- melina .. _

—__—_--—_ strigidorsus . 16

—-- (Plutorius) kathiah , 8

Mycalesis adamsonii

- albofasciata .. Be e 24

a - evansii wie vA Z. (24

—-langi .. the 26

1 _lepehawe _ : (26

—__——-- - - kohimensis 4 26

— + — malsara. ; 26

- medus turbata _ 10

-| _——_—-—- mestra 81

Tyealesis misenus

- mnasicles petna

- mystes

nicotia

sanatana

———- watsoni

- suavolens

liophonus temmincki .

Lyotis

| amboinensis

i—=— blanfordi. .

—— blythii

— — caliginosus

—— darjelingensis

—— dobsoni

. dryas

—— formosus..

moupinensis

muricola ..

—— myctis

—— mystacinus

—— nipalensis

peytoni

rufo-niger

sicarius

—— siligorensis

-—— theobaldi

——— (Leuconoe) adversus

lyzornis . . cs

pyrrhura

)

acaduba

———- ardates

——_—- atrata. .

‘———-- noreia. .

aia bungarus

‘— elaps

autilus ..

-——-- kumagunensis . .

ectogale sikhimensis ..

emorheedus

| 2 bailbyi

INDEX OF SPECIES.

— temmincki

289, 6

289,

483,

NUMBER. NuMBER.

225, 5388 | Nemorhzedus goral .. 82, 88, 301, 591

226 griseus... ab ne 145

227 | ——_——___—- hodgsoni .. ef 32, 33

225, 803] Neope bhadra khasiana . . oe .. 222

224 — khasiana.. rE i, 1 222

226 | Neoptron perenopterus . . ing .. 368

.. 988)Neopithecops.. . .. 482, 488

242, 746 ZEAMOLS. —.. ; By: .. 488

242|Neorinahilda .. a3 ay gv RUBY;

607 | Neosuthora, gen. nov... re 54, 61

609 —- davidiana .. ie -. o4

Sos es davidiana ned OE

607, 608 | ——_______-.___. thompsoni .. 61

.. 609} Nephelium litchi. . ie of .. 490

609, 705 | Nephrodium calearatum 3 Say)

OM (he) Ole) east Sae Eo falciloba mau

PRLO LS -——_— —__-- sericea .. 900

607, 608 |; —__—_-__ cicutarium.. SP pee ou |

me OU CA c cochleatum rif .. 600

609, 705 ——-— extensum .. ») 2eDOL

OU Use = = molle i) oe .. 501

.. 609 | ——___- adoratum .. .. 499, 500

.. 609 | —- sparsum .. a: .. 500

609, 760 |Nephrolepis cordifolia .. .. 499, 501

.. 608 —exaltata .. .. 499, 501

608, 760|Nephrosperma Be od Patt

609, 705 | — -— Van Houtteana. . Toee-V ee!

610|Neptis ananta .. Es Sree. SOLU

. 720 -- ———— sitis ay ee Of,

6538, 654 | ——--- antilope .. a “ti OUG

655 | ~-aspasia me oA .. 609

-- columella .. = = sGontialde

| ——-- ophiana ae go's

——--cydippe .. BS a, .. 508

484, 490 | ——--- ebusa “ BS a: ror

490, 491 | ——-- fuliginosa. . ae oe Ze OU G

490, 491 | —__-- —__- thamala a re OU

483, 484 | ——-- hylas iP iy oe .. 306

.. 985 | ——-- - adara ~ a .. 006

». 5085 | ——--- ——- astola a ts 2006

. 795 | ——--- ——-- disrupta .. 3 o7-806

796, 797 | ——-- -emodes... at 306, 538

.. 233 |——-- ——- kamarupta.. e fo OG

148,369 2 = --2— - swinhoei .. Si fe OUG

32, 33 | ——-- - varmona .. i. ei ouu

Neptis jumbah

aMorossa..

——-- ——— binghami..

nalanda .

—_——- kirbariensis

——-- manasa

——-- namba

——-- nandina

- clinia

——--——- hampson1

———- mananda

-— susruta ..

——-- narayana ..

nana

cresina

= Nemorunmes. ve

phesimensis

——-- nycteus

Bee eye hath ao

——-- ——- asterastilis. .

—_... gsankara

———=-- SOME

adipala

kallaura

——-- vikasi

——-- ——- harita

——--- -—— pseudovikasi

- suavior

——--- yerburyi

oe ZI,

- paliens

Nesokia bengalensis

-— griffithi ..

———- hardwickei

Netta rufina

Nettium crecca ak

Nettopus coromandelianus

Niltava grandis ..

-— macgrigoric

-— sundara ..

Ninox scutulate .

burmanica

Normanbya

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

.. 3806

. 306

. 3806

306,

508

307

. O10

506

oe UG

.. 306

. 306

306

307

pu OUD

.. 3806

. 508

307,

307, !

298,

584,

Nosymna lapillata

punctata

repletella

——- stipella

Notocrypta feisthamelii

Notodela leucura

Nucifraga multipunctata

Numenius arquata

Nyctemera

Nycteris javanica

Nycthemerus andersoni

lineatus ..

Nycticebus sp.

— bengalensis. .

cinereus

coucang

— tardigradus

Nycticorax griseus

Nyctinomus plicatus

tenuis

—- tragatus

Nyctiornis athertoni

Nyroca baeri

—- ferina ferina

—_———- ferruginea

Er fuligula .

———- nyroca

= rung

Obliqueplicatus ..

Ochotona curzonie

-roylei ..

Ochus subvittatus

Odina wodiar

Odontotermes

fez

obesus

(Ecophylla smaragdina ..

(Enopopelia tranquebarica

Olax scandens

Oligodon subgriseus

nycticorax nycticorax 4592,

157, 364, 81

ligodon travancoricus, .

_——— venustus

ligura castaneicoronata

‘neosperma

—- Peibodianum

i———_—-- fasciculatum

filamentosum

a horridum

———— tigillaria

phiophagus elaps

phrydornis albigularis. .

—- buttikofer ..

—- melanocephala

—— orientalis

(98 melastigma ..

buntia

treicola ferrea

ferrea

) jerdoni ..

¢eocincla dauma

-- dixoni

-- molissima

- whiteheadi

(eocorys sylvanus

(eodoxa regia

Ciolus galbula

-—— kundoo

—

-—— melanocéphalus..

— trailii

(thomiella pontis

(thopetus lalita

-———— mackwoodi..

(thorhimus

aa} ——S

hypoleucus..

(thosaris, gen. nov.

“4 -- strictulata

(thotomus atrogularis .

| — sutoria

(yza

=— coarctata .

Cmotreron bicinecta domvillii ..

—

a — phayrei

~———— pompadori phayrei

Gmunda regalis, .

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

169, 170

Ov ‘Or “Or

ee)

bo bo bo

Di GO

= (er

TKS

ee LOFT

105,

NUMBER

Ostreea 177

Otis akan Teeeian ae 560

—== 910 560

—-- erlanedtalce 560

Otocompsa emeria 565

-- — emeria 245

-- flaviventris .. .. 246

Otocorys longirostris 105, 108

Otogyps calvus 561, 777

Ovis poli .. 770, 772

Oxya 174

Pachyura sp. . 289, 353, 469, 708

a hodgson1 290, 478, 708

— micronyx 289

———— nudipes a 40S

perrotteti 289, 708

Paguma grayl Z2o1

- leucomystax pabaers 710

Palieornis cyanocephalus rosa .. .. 008

—_—_——- fasciatus 353, 099

——-—— - finschi.. DAD

ae - rosa 558

ne - schisticeps nenks 559

——- torquatus 558

Pamphila dieckmanni 546

— houangty 546

a - shoka 546

Pandion haliaétus haliaétus 561

Pandraona dara . 5307

—--- gola .. 307

Pangolia eldi 353

Panicum colonum 112

dystachyum 112

a flavidum 112

a Isachne 112

= javanicum 112

——_—— miliare hirsutum 112

—- prostratum Si EL2

punctatum 112, 113

setigerum 112

Pantoporia abiasa 306

se -- clerica 306

Pantoporia asura

cama

camida

—_—__-_—_—— jina ..

kanwa

ies

phorkys

kresna

——————

—__-—-———. larymna

siamensis

-a i) i nette- waite

asitina

Rare,

inarina

ioe TOE GL

- rafula

- sabrata

—__-_—_——— opalina

—_—_____-—_ pravara

—- acutipennis

—___——- ranga

- karwara

- mahesa

reta..

moorei

selenophora

— bahula

—_____——- salpitia

——-— zeroca

-— galresus

Papilio aeacus

—alcinous .

- impediens

—_—_——- aristevs anticrates

hermocrates

——— bathycles chiron

bootes

-- nigricans. .

—_—— brazilanus

—-— cacharensis

——— chaon

—-— cloanthus

_ —— clytia lanata

——— crassipes..

———. doubledayi

-—- adamsonl . .

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Papilio doubledayi cacharensis. .

echo ;

—_—— eurous sikhimica

——— glycerion..

——— helena mopa

helenus

——— impediens

janaka

——— kabrua

kala

krishna

= ALTON el ae

———-— machaon sikkimensis

tt — muleipere

+ NOMS ee

—_—— paradoxus telearchus

pembertoni

—_—— philoxenus polyeuctes .

—_—— pitmani leptosephus

——— polla e

polyctor ganesa ..

-— triumphator

protenor euprotenor

———— rhetenor ..

sarpedon

—-— slateri

varuna astorion..

Papsalum distichum

Paradoxornis :

+ flavirostee

gularis

—__—_—__—+— guttaticollis

hendii

Paradoxurus derbianus. .

——__--__-—— derbyanus

—___-—__-— grayl

-- hermaphroditus ..

—_____-—- leucomystax

leucotis

nepalensis

—_________-- niger

—_______--—— prehensilis

=f Sees es TD DU GlES

514, 515, 641

.. 641

.. a

.. 641.

518, 514

. 613

-_ |

514, lt

.. oh

- |

. oy

.. ll

- |

2 |

54, 55, €

55, 2:|

291, 383, 4

INDEX OF

NuMBER,

-aradoxurus vicinus .. 470

i zebra 612, 711

-aradoxus 124

-- deformis 124

—- osyridella .. 124

’ararge cashmirensis Peas

—— gafuri as

——— masoni : .. O84

— thibetana bee 533, 535

*areronia.. 838, 98

a avatar ; 98

—- ceylanica 98, 103

—-—— hippia 99— 103, 481

i -——- pingasa 98, 100, 101, 103

arhestina nicevillei 304

| -- subviridis .. 304

larlatoria proteus 154, 135

‘arnara es:

/ Pe Coit 546

——-- austeni .. . 3809

—--— bada .. 3809

——-- colaca 309, 546

——-- contigua .. 809

\—--— farri . 309

ee floxilis .. 309

-——-- gremius.. 309

—--— guttatus 309

——— kumara. . 309

——-- lecchi 309

+= mathias 309

—-—- ——_-— midea. . 309

—--— moolata 309

—--— oceia 309

“——-- onchisa.. 309

i—--— philotas 309

; prominens 309

“—--— robsonii. . 309

——-- sinensis. . 309

-——-- subochracea 309

-—--— toona 309

| - uma 309

iin sae - unicolor . 309

7>-—- ——- vaika 309

Immassius J ATE

—— epaphus sikkimensis sae

SPECIES,

Parnasius inperator augustus

—-——- ——--—- intermedia

Parthenos cyaneus

gambrisius

sylvia ..

-——-- sylla

Parus atriceps

- cinerea

——- major cinereus

————- sinensis

Passer cinnamomeus

——-—— domesticus

———.--- hispaniolensis

——— montana ..

——-montanus ..

- stulta

Pastor roseus

terricolor..

Pavo cristatus cristatus. .

Pedionimus

Pelargopsis gurial

Pelecanus philippensis .

418, 420, 429, 436, 437

fusciciapillum

Pellorneum

ignotum

———-- ignotum ..

intermedium

mandelli

minus

—_——-—-— palustre

———_———-— ruficeps

- sultaneus Prien

264, 363,

indicus

m tateen is

264, 566,

- rutilans clnnamomea

nepalensis ..

-— granti

—— mandelli,

minus

——-— ruficeps. 48, 338, 430—

subochraceum

NUMBER,

eta e yy

» 542

305

SSI eho SY Eh Coho StS bo

ep Sie Ge. top pS ei en

He He He CO He ae

Sy)

. 240, 430, 433, 434

cinnamonium., 480, 483

430, 4338

432

240, 431, 435

432

431

940, 480, 433

429-431, 433

430, 431

338, 430-432

430, 432

452

-— subochraceum, 48, 430,

432

. 432

evil

Pellorneum tickelli

Pennisetum cenchroides. .

— pedicillatum

setosum

Penthema binghami

darlisa.. ba 3}

binghami

mihintala

———-— yoma .. ;

Penthoceryx sonneratii .

Perdagatus :

Pericrocotus brevirostris

—______- rosea

solaris

——_ ——-— - speciosus

Perisphinctus angygaster

—— bathyplocus

—______——— biplicatus..

bleicheri ..

+--+. dhosaensis

evoluti

frequens .

cudjinsirensis

ee oe atPolensis

obtusicosta

omphaloder

a pottingene

rehmanni. .

rota

ae oe ee Ehernith-woouWwarg)

tibetanus..

— torquatus

Pernis cristatus .. i

= -s£6)110UU!, ;

Perotis latifolia

Petaurista

-- sp.

albiventer

annamensis ..

—_-- candidulus .. 204, 205, 712, 720

ee caniceps .. 294]-

—-- inornatus 147, 344

—___--——_ lylei .. 26, 27

venning1

lisarda.. is 30

294, 768, 7

204, 205, 760

NUMBER.

.. 485

aed i

ign

bo bo bo C1

OV (Ovo

bo bo bo

358, 5

MeoG 107 ATS Ae

INDEX OF SPECIES.

subviridis ..

hry

NUMBER, |

Petanrista nobilis .. ae |

-- phillipensis .. Re .» 348 |

—_—-- taylori 205, 712, 760 |

—_ venningi - ee |

He. yunnanensis. 204, 205, 712 |

Petrophila cyanus 262, 363, 752

—_—--—_- erythrogaster .. |

——_-- solitarius . Vee |

Pexinola longirostris . 5

}| Phalacrocorax carbo 730 |

—— : fuscicollis 730 |

——- javanicus 730

Phasianus albocristatus 666 —

- crawfurdi . 689 |

——- fasciatus . 676

—__.___—. hamiltonit . 666

—- leucomelanos. . “a 667 |

—— lineatus . 675

—_—_-——— muthura . 668

-—— nycthemerus. . . 679 |

Phenacoccus hirsutus . 186 |

Phodilus badia badia . 559 |

—___--—— badius .. . 509

Phoenicophorium ; - |

___.__._______+— secnehannimam . 280°

viride . a

3 | Phoenicurus aurorea leucoptera . 259.

— hodgsoni 259

—_— ochruros rufiventris . 269 |

Phragamaticola aedon . 248 |

Phyllergates coronatus .. . 260°

Phylloceras a = . 795)

—— — disputabile .. ; 179

oot) lodarenee 179°

mediterraneum .

Phylloscopus aftinis 104, 248.

———— --— fuliginiventer : mee

_—_—___+—__—_-- fuscata fuséats ll

—_—--___— homeyeri.. 248, 249)

--—- indicus 748

i... maculipenma . 248

os nitidus plumbeitarsus 246

i prurepuie 24

——_—_—__—-- - newtonl

INDEX OF SPECIES. evil

NUMBER. NUMBER.

Phylloscopus superciliosa superciliosa... 249 | Ploceus manyar .. a ee §263,°702

| -- tristis sis ae oy, FAL -— ——-— flaviceps .. 286, 263

\——___-- trochiloides mf .., 249 |. -— megarhynchus .. .2 235,268

—--——__—- tytleri ie .. 104, 106} Plotus melanogaster... a Pata0

Pica rustica 2 i .. _ 862, 745} Plutorius cathia .. ar = .. 298

-icumnus innominatus innominatus .. 549] Pluvialis dominicus fulvus a race AS)

Pieus chlorolophus chlorolophus .. 548} Pneepyga pusilla pusilla ee .. 247

—- occipitalis .. 3 F .. 548 -—— roberti.. fs a .. 636

——- striolatus .. ek .. 548} Podicipe albipennis a . s92868;-736

Pieris brassicae .. 3 482, 515, 542 - cristatus Ns o on dele

—-canidia.. A hs .. 042 - nigricollis .. & Pe OOo

—- chumbiensis Rs “., 542} Poinciana regia .. 2 Ss ‘eel Be

-melete montana .. e .. 042! Polioaétus humilis ar a ee OGd

>inanga calapparia a a aor - -— major es .. 568

- purpurea es a ee OP - ichthyaétus .. 6 .. 063

inus excelsa i $4 .. 159} Pollinia argentea ae fo te

—- excelsus .. 3H 84: .. 108} Polyalthia longifolia .. ae hoe ae)

ipistrellus sp... oF = .. 467} Polybotrya appendiculatum |. .. O01

fae -——_ ceylonicus .. an .. 706|Polyodon nigrimentum .. e .. 649

coromandra. . be .. 288} Polyommatus boeticus . oe 040

———— imbricatus .. .. 413,414} Polyplectrum chingquis .. ok met 23

= lophurus.. 413,704, 760 | Polypodium lineare simplex... 499, 501

——— mimus iF 288, 466, 478 A multilineatum .. 501

—____. -- glaucillus.. 000 - obliquatum a ee ou |

irdanahyela_ .. ae oe .. 803 | Polytoca barbata ae ms peels

ithauria marsena - am .. 3809} Pomastostomus .. a 2s .. 830

‘ithauriopsis —.. iT. xh .. 809|Pomatorhinus .. Be oe SEeA6

‘ithecus adustus. . a es .. 700! albigularis st = a4

— arctoides ne #24 (697%, 800 -- albigularis .. 334

-- agsamensis ie ake .. 464, ———_____— ——-- marice .. 8384

——--fascicularis .. st a1 699" erythrogenys .. 337, 839

irs .. y.. a7 ys ES. -- erythrogenys

——--rhesus .. * .. 285, 464 47, 337, 388

——-- sinicus .. 7 it .. 464 ———--ferrugilatus 47

itta cucullata es es +. 547 —__——__-- gravivor 337-339

Ke nipalensis nipalensis .. . .. 547 | —_______. —________-- harringtoni 337,

lagiolopis longipes af he .. 691 338

lastingia latoia .. le a eeaOs oa imberbis .. 47,

— tytleri. . a ee 303,646 338, 339, 435

latanista gangetica a eee hw) - - ——-————-- macclellandi 47,

laturus laticaudatus .. be Neate 337-339

lecotus auritus . . i i -. 288|——_>—___ ferruginosus .. 239, 334

--homochrous .. ‘: .. 288 | ——_—___— —- ferruginosus 334,

loceus baya megarhynchus_... ane 339

. -bengalensis .. ie OD ge ee DB VOL Fi soe

evil

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

Pomatorhinus gravivox .. 47, 339

horsfieldi. . 330, 332, 333

———______—___ horsfieldi 382, 333

———— melanurus 382, 333

— ——— obscurus 332, 333

te travancoreensis 332,

333

—__——_——— hypoleucus 239, 339, 340

——_—_—_——— -- hypoleucus 389,

340

-- tickellii 339, 340

——__—_—- ——_--- wrayl 3359, 340

a imberbis .. 338, 339

— macclellandi 239, 338

—— marie .. oo4

——— mearsi . ddl

—____—___—\— melanurus .. 333

oa ap nuchalis .. 330, 3382

—_—___—_—— obscurus .. 332, 333

—— ochraceiceps . 336

—— - austeni el

Se OC TACOICEDS 007

——- stenorhynchus

337

—_—_____——— olivaceus.. 330, 332

olivaceus . 332

cere uae — ripponi . 332

—__—__——— phayrei . .. 334

—__—_—.—— pinwilli Peon L

—__—___—_—- ripponi .. 332

—_—_—_—__———— rubiginosus . 339

--- = ruficollis .. 335, 336

—-- bakeri.. | 356, 536

——_______— —_____-- ruficollis 335, 336

te Atridulus ).550, 330)

——————_—. ———-- styani.. 335, 3386

—____——_———- schisticeps 330, 331

a - mearsi 300, 331

ae pinwilli 330, 331

aa - schisticeps 330, 331

stridulus.. } . 836

—___——_-——— (Drymocataphus) rubigi-

nosus . 339

Pomegranate = .. A497

Porphyris poliocephala .. . 725

NuMBER,

Pratapa _, 487, 494, 496, 497,

—- dava sf .. 494)

———- indra .. 487)

—- jehana .. a7 |

Pratincola caprata 368, 750

-- leucura im .. 967:

-- maura 257, 367, 750)

Prays acmonias .. a met

——- citri .. ees |

__——- ¢curulis .. ae |

—- ducalis . ee

——.- erebitis .. 224)

- nephelomima . ae

Prenolepis longicornis |

Presbytis sp. — |

barbei .. 464, 46)

—— entellus a

—— femoralis keatii > |

oa neglecta keatii- -

= obscurus 700, 70.

___—_— phayrei ..352, 464, 465, 591, 701)

F2|

schistaceus ee |

Prinia flaviventris . 25

-- inornata burmanica OE |

—-- -- inornata ea]

-- lepida 248, 26)

Prinsepia utilis .. a le

Prionodon maculosus 698, 7],

Proparoides i oh Ese mo

Proparus, ..419, 421, 488, 439, 444, 618, 6 |

austenl 4 6

ws brunneus argutus me

—— chryszeus ogo.

—_—-——_-- cinereiceps s% 28: |

a -- fucatus .. aes

—— ——- dubius we A 4

—— formosanus 620, 622, 6

Eos - fucatus 620, 6

a cuttaticollis .. 619, 620, 6

—————- manipurensis. . 620, 621, 6

a nipalensis mn ae? |

———— - rufescentior JA}

—— - ripponi , o

ae rufigularis |

INDEX OF SPECIES,

c1xX

NUMBER. NUMBER.

| ‘roparns striaticollis 620, a Pterocletes . 385

= vinipectus 620, 622 | Pteroclidurus 11

———— ——_—_- austeni 619, 620 — alchata 2

——— ——- bieti 619-621 exustus 1G!

— —__- cinereiceps 619, 620, senegallus . 183

= 622 | Pteroclurus ns ol 1

——-——- ripponi 619-621 - alchata 1,°2,-5, 8,9; 16

_ ruficapillus. GLO-62 1," — alchata woe O

——— —— sordidior. . 619-621 bogdanowi . 6

|e - vinipectus.. 619, 620 —--— caudacuta . 25

‘ropasser grandis ooo - severtzowl . 6

= thura .. 105, 753 | ——_—_——- exustus_ 1,9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 187

‘rosopis spicigera .. 782 | —_-___— pyrenaica it es oius:

‘sarisomus dalhousice 360, 548 — senegallus 1, 183, 186, 189

‘saroglossa spiloptera 52, 254| Pterocyclus 311, 312

'seudergois wedah 541 —- ert rieepialit e314

‘seudogyps bengalensis Es 561) Pteromys albiventer . 294

seudominla 419, 421, 438, 489, 618 magnificus a 204

ead a yunnanensis .. . 478

——.... castaneiceps.. 440,| Pteropus .. wi GGG

| | 44] giganteus . 286

—— brunneicaudata440, |—_-—— hypomelanus geminorum . 698

44] | intermedius 008

_— -- soror 440, 441 | —__—_— lylei . 698

-- cinerea 241, 440 —— minimus ee cOn

alam triquetrum 499, 501 | Pterorhinus lanceolatus. . re!

sittiparus 54, 59 | Pteruthius ; 6538, 655

= — gularis Berens en, AN) -- enobarbus .. . 656

-——_—— ——— gularis 60, 61 | ——_-___-- weralatus eralatus .. 72.006

a hainanus 60 | ——--—_.-- —-- ricketti . 656

. —- transfluvialis 60 | ——~ -- cameranoi . 656

| ruficeps ee G0) -- erythropterus . 655

—— —- bakeri 60, 238 —_____-- flaviscapus .. 656

| = - ruficeps 59, 60 | ——_——-- intermedius . . .. 656

teris quadriaurita ; 500 ——- ——--- melanotis intermedius . 656

erocles .. So ee — melanotis 244, 656

| alchata. . 2,10, 21 | -- rufiventer OU A

arenarius 7 10, 16, 159, 187, | —_-—_-- tahanensis .. 656

| 188, 800. —_————-- xanthochloris Hviridn . 657

[—— coronatus .8, 16 | —_-——_-- occidentalis.. 656

exustus uy 18. pe MERU SE AS pallidus . 657

‘——— fasciatus 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 -- ———___—_ xanthochloris. 656

guttatus . 183) Ptiloloemus austeni .. 554

senegalensis . 183 — tickelli .. d54

——— senegallus .. 183 Ptychoraphis , 738

Ptychoraphis augusta

singaporensis

Ptychosderma

album

pA alos ate

_—____—_—--——— calapparia

ee 2 coceineags

fe CU a

—_—_ -—__-— elegans ..

—______-——__ seaforthia

Ptyonoprogne rupestris .

Pulvinaria psidii ..

Putorius :

--— strigidorsus

Pycnorhampus carneipes

Pyctorhis .. s ; 418, 420, 422 - majestica

tite , 240, 420, 423, 424 ———= melanocheetes .

—_—_—_—_- ——_- altirostris.. 4238, 424 - princeps..

——_—_—_ ——- griseigularis 423, 424 Regulus cristatus

——— - scindicus . 423, 424 | Rhamphalcyon gurial

—— gracilis . 422| Rhaphicera satricus

— griseigularis .. 424| Rhinoceros crossei

—— longirostris .» o24)/——= sondaicus .

—. nasalis .. xs .. 423 | — sumatrensis. .

sinensis .. 420, 422, 423, 448 | __——-— unicornis ..

Ae nasalis _ 423 Rhinolophus beddomei ..

—_—___— —- sinensis .. 423 | -— —- deformis

Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis . 549 | _—_————- fulvus

Pyrrhospiza punicea humii 105-107 |= asia

-—- larvatus

—___——-—- lepidus

—_______—-- luctus

Quercus dilatata .. 769 | ore eee monticola ..

--—— ancana . .. 769 | -——-—- moris

Querquedula circia . 735 |——_-————- pearsonil

—___—____—_- perniger

—__—___—- rouxi

—___—_-—-- trifoliatus ..

Rahinda 307 —- vulgaris

—_____- paona .. 510 | Rhinopoma kinneari

fos Wider paraka . 307 | Rhipidura albicollis

assamica 307 | Rhizomys sp.

Rallina superciliaris 724 - badnis

800 | —— - castaneus

Rallus aquaticus ..

singaporensis

NUMBER.

739

527, 742

740, 741

743

737

. 627

743

.. 528

. 528

739 |

363, 755

Sey

- 800

ae 00

105, 368, 753

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Rana tigrina

Rapata

— melampus

——_— nissa

= OFSC18

—__—- schistacea

Rathinda ..

amor

Ratufa

— sp.

gigantea ..

melanopepla

Recurvirostra aveeeteal o

Regelia magnifica

indica centralis ..

-- superans .

353, 591, 72

NUMBER.

780, 789

486, 497.

. 497)

. 497

488, 496

.. 496

. 168

.. BBE

A62, 475

- 3

. 76)

- 462, 472, 712, 72(,

727, 80

, ae

. 278)

. 267

. 10:

2. DOL

. BH

» |

698, 77),

718, 71

. 38°

. 10

153, 26|

, 47

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Rhizomys cinereus a RLLO

Rhodospiza obsoleta if ». 9868, 753

%hopaloblaste singaporensis .. 739

thopalostylis be ere023

————_ baueri 524, 525

—— —— sapida .. 024, 525

thopocichla ..419, 420, 429, 436

——— —- atriceps 436

—— —-atriceps .. .. 436

a —_—- bourdilloni . 437

— —- nigrifrons . 437

\-aa - bourdilloni. . 436, 437

———- nigrifrons .. 436, 437 |.

Rhopodytes tristis tristis 558

thyacornis fulginosus eee,

Rhynchostylis .. 496

thytidoceros undulatus eatin .. 553

dimator . 419, 421, 633, 638

- malacoptilus 241, 638

uparia paludicola eed

—- - chinensis 265

- riparia riparia .. ig -, 265

Xoscheria . ane

| Pee bchistas 276, 277

tostratula capensis 729

Xottboellia compressa Se Es!

a ——- 0Xaltata fouls

tousettus leschenaulti .. 986, 465, 702

tusa unicolor 301, 353, 356, 383, 718

tuticilla aurorea ., . 259

[= erythronota 751

—--— frontalis 104, 106

-- hodgsoni : .. 259

ieee rufiventris . 106, 259, 368, 752

accharum officinarum

———--- spontaneum .. @ Lise

accopetalum tomentosum eae

alix 2882)

alvadora Blsbides TORCH

———- persica -- 76-78, 80, 85, 782 !

ambacus ebulus.. ve Z a ANUS |

apindus trifoliatus . 185!

Sapium baccatum

Saraca ye iy

Sarcidiornis melanonotus

- melanotus , ,

Sarcogrammus indica indica

Sarcosporidia

Saroglossa spilopterus

Sasia ochracea

Satyrus armandii

—- loha

chumbica ..

————- pumilus bicolor. .

—- saraswati

Saxicola barnesi . .

—-- capistrata

7 Ca Prats.

———-- chrysopygia

-- deserti ..

————-- finschi .,

——-—-- isabellina

leucura ,.

———-- montana

——--— opistholeuca

—--——- picata vs

——--— torquata ppzewalskii , .

stejnegeri

torquata

—_— =

Scexeorhynchus

gularis

— gularis

— transfluvialis

ruficeps

—

bakeri

Sceliphron coromandelicum

Schoeniparus

cxl

NUMBER.

236, 721

.. 490

733, 800

733

1 796

TERS

Or G Or OY or

Bee oH Re eS yj

363,

Or Ot Or

or:

ae hoes

Cr Ot Or

oO 5

jon)

60, 238

Patel

. 879

. 419, 421, 438, 439, 441, 618

—-- brunneus ., 439, 441, 443, 444

tre argutus . 444

en 0 fe brunneus 443, 444

—_——___—__-- superciliaris ., 443

——_--————. dubius 441-444

——---— — dubius .. 442

genestieri 442, 443

--— — intermedius 449-444

—__—___—-- — mandelli .. 442-444

--——— genestieri . . 448

exil

NUMBER.

Scheeniparus mandelli : .. 448

Se THOU ATI ere 241, 441-445

ee Se sUperciiaris eae

=e -- variegatus 443

Sciuropterus . 4638

BA Sy 5h 2 . 358

—___-+_—-- belone Rea

es im briabueee 146, 769

—__--—__—_-— magnificus .. 294

a aN OL 27, 28

___.__.___ ——_-— laotum 28, 761

BQO ee EN eee orobus ia. 20,2) 2, LOL

Bett sagitta Beye

J spadiceus 2: 28, 478, 712

-_—_—_-—. (Hylopetes), belone 712

Sciurus sp. ; as .. 008

oo oc aeaaiys onenous 479, 761

——-- berdmorel ATS, 413

Se = DICOLOT 472

eee blaniord. A473

_—_-—_ caniceps .. ANZ

.——-— cinnamomeus . A738

—- concolor .. 718 |

__—--—- epomophorus .. 713 |

—_-—_—__ ——____-- davisoni .. fe

- ferrugineus . 463, 472, 478, 480

—- haringtoni 197, 199 |

soaps = harington1 197-199

——_—_- - solutus 197, 199

—- kemmisi .. . 198

——_-— keraudrein ee

—__—-— lokroides . 204

pel tet? mearsi . 204

= phy rela 463, 473

ee eee Oral 473, 478

———- pygerythrus . 208, 204, 468, 4738

ie eae -— janetta. 208, 204, 473,

76]

—_—-— pyrrocephalus 23

ee rufigenis. . . 479

—_—_—_——. sladeni 197, 199

fae = hen: bartoni .. 197, 198, 761

seladsta SDI midas 197,198,761

ee rubex 197, 198, 761

a ae ae 197, 198

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Numser,

Sciurus sladeni solutus . ; 761

Scobura cephala .. ‘ 302, 802

-—cephaloides .. o .. eee

Scolopax rusticola 728, 714

Scops bakkamoena . 56C

- spilocephalus . 560

Scotocerea inquieta 362, 746

Scotocichla 418, 420, “429, 434, 43¢

- - fuscicapilla .. . 43

, 288, 463, 467, 47

288, 468, 467, 705.

Scotophilus kuhli. .

— wroughtoni..

Seaforthia _

‘ calapparia =. |

—- elegans 528, 74)

- robusta Py 52

Sebastiana chameelea -. : 1

Sebastonyma dolopia oF ba

Selaginella proniflora 500, 50

-- ruprestris 500, a0

Semnopithecus barbei 46

eee - femoralis = 70

——- neglectus .

oe - nepalensis : 28

—_—_———- obscurus .

—______———- schistaceous -. 28

- schistaceus .. 28

Sephisa chandra . 30

—. == Sine . 30

—_——_- - atiya . 30

___:______- chandrana . 3

———- - djalia .. . x

- - verla |

Serilophus rubropygia . 5

Sesbania . 4

Setaria 419, “421, 638, 6

—- aflinis -_

—_——- albigularis 498, 6:

—_——- glauca mo

—_—_—- intermedia ei

——_-——-, magna CiInmereagss : 6

—_____- ——_— magna .. . 6

—_——_—-- magnirostre . Bi

——___—- MAgnITOstris ee a a

—_——- verticillata .s

CXlil

NuMBER. NUMBER.

horea robusta .. 498] Sorex fuliginosa . .. 469

tibia ye 641, 642 - hodgsoni .. 290

—- capistrata .. .. 642|———- micronyx .. . 289

—- melanoleuca .. 648]——- nudipes . 708

—- picaoides picaoides 248, 642 -soccatus .. .. 289

— simillima .. 642] Soriculus baileyi .. 280

—- pulchella e044 caudatus .. 290

ion tomentosum a 129; nigrescens .. 290

| —-fascicularis — .. 699| Spalgis 482, 488

mia rhesus .. oo2 - epius . 488

motes beddomii 170, 171 | Spatula clypeata. . evs

- splendidus 164, 171; Sphenocercus apicauda . . 236, 721

(=~ theobaldi aval apicicauda Ger!

lates .. 264 sphenurus . 864

|e albicilla . 254|Spilornis cheela .. Bee OGo

ig parva 7. £00 —-- ——-- rutherfordi 246, 562

eS strophiata. . .. 254) Spizaétus nipalensis . 562

itta cinnamoventris .. 245) Sporeginthus amandava 263, 753

ee frontalis .. 245} Sporobulus diander OM:

/—- kashmirensis .. 105|Stachyrhidopsis .. 419, 421, 623, 627, 632

-—- leucopsis mel UD ~ assimilis .. 626

i tephronota. , ~ 362, 746 | ———— bhamcensis .. 630

ittiparus 439, 618 | —— — chrysxa . 626

- - castaneiceps . 241, 440 | ——_—_--—_ davidi .. SGse

-———- cinereus ‘ 241, 440 ; ————— poliogaster 627, 631

‘va * .. 419, 421, 438, 439, 614 | ————_-— preecognitus .. 630

-— cinereiceps .. .. 622 | ———__——\__ pyrrhops 627, 629, 630

— eyanuroptera ee .. 614] ——-__--——-—— ruficeps 48, 627, 629-632

_—— cyanuroptera. 243, 615- | ————-————__ —- bhamcensis 627,

| 618 628, 630

2 ——— oatesi 615-617 | ————-—_—__- ——_—-- davidi 627, 628,

fe sordida 615-618 630, 631

ae sordidior 615, 616, 618 | —-——-———— ——-- goodsoni 627, 628,

ai wingatei 615-617 630

+ nepalensis .. 447, 45] | —_-—_—_-—___ --____- priecognitus 627,

“— occipitalis .. 649 628, 630

-— ruficapilla Pit oeal ———. ——--— ruficeps 627, 628,

-— sordida Ose 630

~— striaticollis .. .. 622 | ————_—__——_ -— rufifrons 24],

-— strigula 614, 615 | —— —rufifrons 241, 627, 629, 631

-— ———- castaneicauda 614, 615 —— —-- ambigua 627-629,

_— — malayana .. a ULS 631

-—vinipectus .. . 620 | —————- —— ——-—--- rufifrons 627, 628,

+— wingatei p48 8 We 631 -

S:ex caudatus , 290 | ————-————- sinensis 630, 631

INDEX OF SPECIES,

CX1V

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER. Numper,

Stachyrhidopsis sulphurea 627, 632, 633 | Stephanoceras grantanum .. ee

Stachyrhis 623 B24, O2da os sea macrocephalum. . . Fei

-- assimilis . 626 | ——-—— polyphemus 178, 178

= —-_— banjakensis 72 .. 625 | ——-—— subtrapezium *% 797

= bingham .. 627|—_——- transiens 2

—_—__———-- chrysza 241, 623-626 - tumidum - 17

—__——-- —- assimilis 626, 627 | Sterna angelica .. a 4

____-- ——-—- binghami 625-627 — melanogaster 367, 726

__—__-- -_——— bocagii .. 626|——— minuta - |

___--——_ ——-— chrysxa 625-627 — seena 367, 72

_____—_-- ————-- chrysops 625, 626 | Stevensonia Ye 279, 28)

See VISOR 2,025 -_____ pranditolam . 281

-- grammiceps .. poe ards .— viridifolia ae: i

-- cuttata _. 624] Stibochiona nicea . BO:

—__—_---——. leucotis .. 625 — - viridicans . 80.

—_—___—-- maculata _ 625 | Stiboges nymphidia ia 54

__—--——— melanothorax _. 625 | Stictopthalma camadeva 246, 30.

___-_—--- nigricepes 241, 623-625 camadevoides . BO

—_ --—_-- -borneensis 624,625 | -——— howqua 2

ee . goltarti.. 624, 625 | —-———— lovisa . 2

ee davisoni.. 624, 625 | ———————_ nicevillei . . - |

__—__-. ———--——_ larvata . 624, 625 | ___——_-—— sparta 297; 29

—__--——_ ———- natunensis 624, 625 suffusa . 2

__--__ —_—_-——— higricepes _ 624|Stomphastis plectica . |

—_-- nigricollis .. 625|Stoparola .. xP i 26

=== poliocephala,. .. 625 - melanops : 4

= DOMOPaSter, 5, _. 631 | Streptopelia cambayensis . i

-- pyrrhops ,. 629 - risorius li

Stachyris chryszea .. 241 | —- suratensis suratensis. 158, 36

nigriceps ea 7

Stactocichla 68) 71 tee tranquebarica tranquebari- |

23. Merling ot Ky ave ca am

Staphidia .. 641, 648, 651 | —--——-— turtur ferrago 157, 3t

-——. castanenceps.. .. 651 -—— -- orientalis e |

ees everetti 651, 652 | Strix indrani newarensis 559, 5!

— - rufigenis 248, 651 | Sturnia |

ee striata 651, 652 -— malabaricus ae

—___-—— — rufigenis ., 652] Sturnopastor contra contra . ae

Ba aT — striata .. 652) Sturnus humii a

: torqueola 651, 652 -— menzbieri 254at

Stenoma ichnoea .. . 118|Suastus gremius .. 3

Stephanoceras arenosum .. 797\Sublimia palmicoulis c RY

nek chariense .. 797| Surendra . 485, 486, 4

eee ee eee ITU ULL. ar OW quercetorum re a

pie I eTUm as

_ 797 |Surniculus lugubris

48, 5)

vurniculus lugubris dicruroides

us sp,

--- jubatus

--- eristatus

uthora Re

- alphonsiana

——- atrisuperciliaris. .

_——- brunnea ..

——- bulomachus

| - conspicillata

i——- davidiana

——- fulvicauda

)——- fulvifrons

——- longicauda

——- mantschurica

——- morizoniana

——-- nepalensis

—-— oatesi

| - poliotis

- gularis

——-—— =

poliotis ..

——- ——— ripponi ..

| sub-sp. ?

——- przewalskii

-ruficeps .. es

—- atrisuperciliaris

—- ruficeps..

thompsoni

unicolor

verreauxi craddocki

verreauxi

webbiana

—_—_——.

brunnea

styanl..

suffusa

webbiana

hya cooki cooki. .

irlvia cinerea

‘—-- jerdoni

~—-- lutea

——_.

— —____

—_—_—_——

——

‘“—-- minuscula. .

imbrenthia hypselis cotanda. .

352, 358, 384, 477,

INDEX OF SPECIES,

CXV

NUMBER. NuMBeEn,

. 557| Symbrenthia niphanda . . Se iM

. 720 — -- silana = al

719, 720} Sympheedra dirta .. 505

719, 720, | ——-——-—- intermedia . 505

= 600 - khasiana .. 505

54, 56| Symplocos spicata eis

.. 68]|Sypheotis aurita Soo L

59, 238 - bengalensis ie £20

58] Syrnium indrani. . 559, 801

58 | Syrrhaptes : =e LOO

58 — paradoxus . 193, 195

61 | ——— tibetanus 190, 198

58| Tachornis batassiensis batassiensis 555

.. 68] Tagiades pralaya ue .. 546

56, 58} Tajuria 487, 494, 496

56, 57 —- argentea .. 494

ae MEE) - clippus 494, 495

56, 59 | ——-—- indra 494, 495

56, 57 —- jehana 495

56, 57| Talpa leucura PeOrs

56, 57| Talicada 483, 490

56, 57 —-- nyseus . 490

56| Tamarindus 134

ron aitel —- indica 381

59, 60|Tamiops .. # By: 23

59, 238 —- macclellandi barbei Poet

59 | 'Taphozous kachhensis 465, 467

Sook - longimanus .. 467, 468, 705, 706

56, 57 | ——- - melanopogon. . 468, 706

56, 58 - saccoloemus .. 467

56, 58| Tapirus indicus 698

56, 58| 'Tardigradus coucang 702

56-58 | Tarsiger hyperythra 260

58 -- rufilatus e150)

58| Tarucus 484, 491

Sea, Bi ise’ - anada 485, 492

. 324] ———\-- plinius 485, 491, 492

.. 362 —- theophrastus 485, 491, 492

562, 747 | Tatera indica tr 295

.. 653] Taxila haquinus fasciata 512

. 747|Tchitrea paradisi aftinis. . 256

. 5389] Teinopalpas imperialis . 515

C@Xvl1

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Telicota augias .. 307

- bambusz ous

——-—- concinna oUt

———-- dara 307-309

—-—- gola . 807

——_—- meesoides 307-309

—_——- nala 307-309

—— - ottala 307, 308

—--—- palmarum . 307

———- palnia oUy

———- pseodomezsa OUT

- pseudomassa See

———- rectifasciata . 807

- satra 307, 309

——-— tropica ye DU,

—- —- satra . 808

Tephrodornis.. Eton. ae 52

-- pelvica pelvica .. .. 262

—-- pelvicus a .. 240

Terias hecabe 77, 80, 87, 90, 548

-- lacta 481, 548

-- silhetana .. .. 648

Terminalia paniculata 494, 496

--—— tomentosa 121, 494, 498

Terpsiphone aftinis . 256

—_—-—- paradisi 750

Tesia castaneocoronata .. 243

- cyaniventer 243

- cyaniventris 243

Tetraceros quadricornis. . 775

Tetrao alchata eek

— caudacutus mee

senegallus 77183

Thaduka 487, 496

—-- multicaudata 496

Thamnobia cambaiensis..

Tharrhaleus atrigularis

jerdoni

Thaumantis diores

Thauria aliris intermedia

Thecla eximia

-— mackwoodi

— sassanides

Thelepogon elegans

Chemeda ciliata ..

.. 114

114, 115

Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus

Thimalia poioicephala

Thoressa i a rF .. 48

Thringorhina i .. 419, 421, 623, 18

guttata oe .. Ie

—_—_-——_-— oglii a, .. 42105

—_—_-——-— striolata

thoracica .. :

Tichodroma muraria a, .. 24608

Timalia erythropterum .

-— longirostris

—-——— malcolmi,-

——--— nipalensis

——-— somervillii

_—_. "subrufanee Fe qe .. i

Timelia .. * a 418, 420, %b

-— bengalensis :

—_——- hyperytha

———-— jerdoni os i a

_: pileata nn a

__.._— + benpalensiseaneo an we

——-—- ———_ jerdoni .. 4268

—pileata . a . :

Tinnunculus alaudarius .. 368, 580, 81

Totanus glareola .. 7 4a BB

-—— glottis... st oy .B

——_——- hypoleucus y 7 2

- ochropus. .

-— stagnatilis

Tragopan blythi ..

-- molesworthi

satyra ..

temmincki

Tragulus canescens

--— fuscatus

——----— javanicus

+. kanchiiam

—--—__ ——_—. ravus

———_—-- napu

—_—_—-- pelandoe

--— ravus

Tragus racemosus

Trapa bispinosa ry

Treron bicincta bicincta. .

— nipalensis. .

eee

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

breron phayrei phayrei .. OM

Trewia nudiflora . . ee aoG

Uribura pared

; = major 104, 106

‘richostoma 419, 421, 640

= —- minus . 4385

————— rostratum . ae 04. |.

——o rubigniosa .. 309, 434

trina glareola 1y 28

| hypoleucos vues:

/_——— nebularia. . E28

/—— ocrophus .. . 728

stagnatilis . 728

temmincki AE Ws.

‘rirhinopolis nuchalis a fate Hoe!

‘rochalopterum .. 62, 68, 311, 641

affine .. 5314, 320

—_—________ ___-- afline . 3820

——_—___—___—_ —__- blythi . 320

——_—_—_—____—. ———- ousteleti . 820

———_—\+—_—_—- austeni.. 71

—-—————— cachinnans 314, 320

_— —~ cachinnans 320

—_\_—— —-———_ cinnamo-

meum, 321

——--—_——— canorum : .. 326

————— chrysopterum . . 45, 315, 316

———_——— cineraceum AW

——_- cInnamomeum.. . 82]

——_—_—— ellioti ellioti ork

| = - yunnanense .. 32]

eae erythrocephalum. 465, 314,

315

——— — —- chry-

sopterum. 9315-317

——— — —- eryth-

| rocephalum. 314, 315

———_—-_ —- - eryth-

. rolema. 315-317

——_—- ——_—_—-- godwi-

| ni. 315-317

| ie ———_—_—____—_- mela-

| nostigma 317

—————— - nigri-

mentum 315,317

Trochalopterum

——_. ———____.. ___

—

—_—_—_—

rs es

Troglodytes

eXvil

NUMBER.

erythrocephalum woodi

315, 317

erythrolema .. 45, 316

henrici. . .. 322

holerythrops ., . 316

jerdoni. . 314, 321

— fairbanki . 321

——— jerdoni .. 321

— meridionale .. 321

lineatum 465,70, 312-314,

746

——-- gilvit . 313

———--- grisescentior., 313

————-- imbricatum.. 314

—— —-- lineatum 318,314

melanostigma. 45,314,318

melanos-

tigma 314, 315,318

—_—_—_—_ —— peninsu-

le 315, 318

ramsayi 315,

318

milnei .. 314, 319

-- milnei .. 319, 320

-- sharpei . 320

nigrimentum .. 45, 315

peninsulze Pols

phoeeniceum 239, 314, 318,

319

woe bakeri 318,319

—_———--- pheniceum 318,

319

* ripponi .. 319

ripponi. . ke

ruficapillum 316, 317

rufigulare 71

sharpei .. 820

simile .. . 3820

squamatum Gano le

subunicolor 412, 318

variegatum 314, 320

— simile . 820

— variegatum 320 |

virgatum Pe lOPelL2eaL3

421, 634

eXxvill

NUMBER.

Trogopterus G . 230

—- himalaicus .. eee |

ee eee TOLLE. 230, 231

— - xanthipes .. 230, 231

Tropidonotus chrysargus 166, 167

-- firthi 166, 167

Tupaia 468, 578, 713 |

— belangeri 468, 707

—— siccata .. 468

—_—— chinensis 468, 707

—__—— ferruginea 468, 707

————. peguanus. . WAU

— siccata 5 ae 7

Turdinulus 421, 633, 684

——-- brevicaudus 635, 636

ASPET NR Pons —-brevicaudus 634-

636

ee lonicostictus 034,050

ee ee eee ee BLTIALUS 634-636

SOS ee ee ee VON =) 00d-0e0

-- epilepidotus bakeri 635, 638

oe —- davisoni 636-638

eee ee ODLOpIUotus Oo,

635, 637

eee - exsul 634, 635, 637

alll na - granti 635, 637

ac ke ba a - hainanus PaO

=== @xsul. . . 637

—__———-- granti pr pOot,

—__—_—-- guttaticollis ts .» Got

Se PO DOLL 242, 636, 638

an -- guttaticollis 634, 635, 637,

638

————-- -- roberti 242, 634-637

-- striatus a .. 636

Turdinus .. rs 418, 488, 638

— abbotti. . 241, 438

crispifrons .. 487

— cuttatus .. 624

magnirostris . 639

Turdus albocinctus . 261

— boulboul per Aae

——— canorus .. . 825

castanea castanea

diardi

INDEX OF SPECIES.

. 261

NuMBER,

Turdus dauma dauma . 262

— griseus big 328

——-— obscurus .. 263)

—_—— protomomelas . oe

—_— —- ruficollis atrogularis . 26)

———— ruficollis .. 26)

— viscivorus 368, 755)

Puriiyx ye ; 385, 38

— albiventris & 594-59

—_—— blanfordi.. . 596, 598, 601-60)

_____ dussumieri 386, 396, 406, 408, 59).

—_——— joudera 5938, 60.

———-, mMaculosas. .. 60

—— nigricollis .. oo]

— — ocellatus .. 387, 39.

—_—-— plumbipes : a = |

——— pugnax, 386-388, 391, 395, 403-401,

408, 412, 603, 72:

—___ ——_—- atrogularis 388, S910}

a - plumbipes 389-391, 394-40!

405, 406, 603, 60)

—___ ——_—- pugnax 390, 391, 395;a

405, 5$|

_____ ___- taijoor 389-391, 396, 40}

402-4(

Turnix sykesi Re |

sylvatica .. re a .. Al

——— taijoor, 387, 391, 395, 403-405, 6i)

—__—— tanki. 387, 39675965 "003) 595-55 |

602, 6

—- - blanfordi .. 598, 599, 601-6

Turtur cambayensis a]

— orientalis . . Pt

—_—— risorius . 8

- suratensis ry]

Tylonycteris pachypus : wi

Tyto (Strix) candida

Upupa epops 368, 372,

-- ———-- indica

-- saturata

Lise TDGICH

; @

INDEX OF SPECIES,

}

-» «—— (Pternopterus) lobipes

NUMBER:

Froloncha acuticauda .. 263

_— punctulata : a. 200

‘romastix hardwickei ,. 370, 780, 781, 801

-rotragus bedfordi ey a0!

rsus malayanus.. 353, 698

a torquatus 352, 698

i ‘tetheisa pulchella 574

Ea pulchelloides .. 574

andeleuria cee uo ene!

= dumeticola. . 201, 202, 474

j———--— nilagirica .. mn, 201,202

Be oleracea, —-200- 202, 295, 474

/——_—_- ——-—- modesta. 201, 295, 761

——_-— ——-—- rubida 761

— -—- spadicea . eva!

——-— rubida 202, 295

——-— sibylla 202, 761

———-— spadicea .. 201

—-——— wroughtoni. . 201, 761

anessa c album thibetana 539

+—--— canace .. 539

—_—-- cardui 539

iss cashmirensis 539

' - indica 539

‘ -- ladakensis .. 539

'—--— urticze chinensis 534, 5389

erschaffeltia ay 278

| melanochietes Ba AO

, splendida. . 279, 518

espertilio adversus amboinensis 609

-—- africanus 607

>———-- blanfordi 705

—-- caliginosus 705

———-- darjelingensis 289

a fuliginosa 289

im megalopus 612

: -- muricola 705

~—--——— murinoides en OOL

7————- mystacinus 289, 705

= nepalensis 705

——-- plicatus 706

609

Vinsonia stellifera

Viola patrinis

Vipera russelli

Virachola ..

isocrates

———- perse ..

Virgato sphinctes

Viverra binturong

- gymnura

- boiei

- hardwickii

- hermaphrodita .

————- megaspila

———- musanga

———-- quadricolor

—- zibetha .

Viverricula malaccensis. .

Vulpes alopex

— bengalensis

leucopus ..

= -— -MONtANa

—— — nipalensis

! Vultur monactus..

Wagatea spicata ..

612,

.. do2

cx1x

NUMBER

134-136

. 588

. 212

486, 497

. 497

Tit

on FAG

618, 711

612,711

1470

470,710

. 470

, 8938

, 470, 710, 720

291, 470, 800

, 299

.. 292

591, 800

292

, 299

. 868

. 490

Xantholema hematocephalus hezmato-

cephalus

Xanthoxylum acanthopodium ,,

Xenorhynchus asiatica ..

Xiphorhamphus

-- supercillaris

Xylia

- dolanetornis

2 | Xyrosaris campsiptila

Ypthima affectata —

-- baldus ..

—.—+.-. chinensis

.. 990

hoe

on fii

.. 040

». 040

. 497

.. 494

. 124

.. 6387

. 537

, 637

INDEX OF SPECIES.

cxx

NuMBER.

Ypthima methorina medusa 5838, 537

-- newara.. : Dean ye

—_—_—_-- sarcaposa od,

== parsimilis A. eh

eS -- sakra a bot

Ee AUN SOD Ge Dor

Yuhina ’ 641, 648, 649

— diademata iA CFS,

—— - ampelina . 648

—~ flavicollis. . . 650

———— pularis . 648

Dh acells — gularis . 648

— yangpiensis .. 648

—_—— nigrimentum 243, 649

oh Wat --— nigrimentum . 649

pen oe —-- pallida . 649

—— occipitalis . 648

Zamenis 4 35

—-- arenarius opel

2 > NG Reanel 37, 08

___—-- diadema 34, 210, 212

—_—_—-- —— atriceps 211, 212

Sra Aled eee melanoides .. haya

el as ee —— typica 211, 212

es dorsaic *. 37

___——-- fasciolatus 34

__.__-- ladacensis ie ots ¥i

een IN COSUS 34, 168, 169, 208

———

Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Propri

for the Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. ry”

Zamenis rhodorhachis

34, 37, 38, 40, 48

NuMBER, |

—.-- ventrimaculatus

_ PhO orha Chia mam |

40, 43

—-- subnigra .. 40|

Zaocys dhumnades 168, 169

—— 4 MUCOSIe mae 168, 169, 789

—_—— nigromarginatus 168, 169

— tenasserimensis . . 168, 169

Zelleria strophzea - |

Zeltus 486, 496

-- etolus .. 406

Zephyrus bieti 584, 645.

duma 534, 54t

—_—_——— Ileana 584, 54

ee eta - |

—_—____——. surola 534, 54é

ziha a 80; |

Zezius .. 2 487, 488, 49:

-- chrysomallus .» 49s

Zipeetis scylax .. 5Bl

Zizera 483, 48!

-- gaika - |

——-- lysimon a oh

———-- maha 489, 54

-- otis 483, 48.

Zizyphus .. . 49!

Zoothera marginata . 6

Zosterops .. BS |

pazepebrosa bis . 26

—- palpebrosa palpebrosa 24

Zy geena

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JOURNAL

Gis Pie,

Bombay Natural History Society.

JUNE 1914. Vidiey we EL ls No. 1.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

a Os SPUART BAKERS EUG.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.

Part XITT.

With Plate XIII.

(Continued from page 657 of Volume XXII.)

Genus PY EROCLURUS.

The Genus Pteroclurus is, as I have already said, scarcely worthy

of division from /Pterocles, the only difference being that the

central tail feathers of the former genus are produced in long

filaments beyond the other rectrices, whilst those of the latter are

normal,

There are altogether four species in this genus of which the

first, P. alehata, is divided into two sub-species. Three species

are found in India, of which one, exustus, is a.permanent resident,

one, alchata is, practically, if not wholly, migratory, and the third,

senegallus very rarely breeds within Indian limits.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Lower plumage from breast pure white ... alchata,

B. Lower plumage marked with black.

a. Middle of abdomen barred black and

rufous : exustus. 9

b’. ae of abdomen black.

. Black gorget across breast ... exustus. 3

i No black gorget across breast ... senegallus.

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY owt

PTEROCLURUS ALCHATA.

(Sub-species—CAUDACUTA. )

The Large Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse.

Tetrao alchata.—Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 276 (1766), xii, Hdit.

Tetrao caudacutus.—S. G. Gmel Reise, 11, p. 93 (1774).

Pterocles alchata.—Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc., p. 249; Jerdon, B. of

Ind. iii, p. 500; Hume Str. Feath, i, p. 221; Blewitt, oid, iii, p.

268; Hume, Cat. No. 801; Blanford, EH. Persia, ii, p. 271; Hume,

Str. Feath. vii, p. 161; Hume and Marsh. Game B. i, p. 77;

Butler, Cat. B. of Sind, p. 58; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 297; 2d. Str.

Feath. ix, p. 458. Le Mess, Game-B., p. 58; Oates, Game B. i, p.

23; Bogle, Jour. B. N. H. 8. xii, p. 629; Nurse, «id, xiv, p. 388.

Pteroclurus alchata.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. xxii, p.7; Blan-

ford, Avi. India, iv, p. 58.

Pterochidurus alchata.—Sharpe, Hand-l. i, p.50; Oates, Cat. Hggs

LB Vike Sa bey aha tiee

Vernacular names.—None recorded.

Description, Adult male.—Centre of crown and nape grey, more or

less tinged with ochreous, forehead, lores, sides of head rich rufous

buff shading into ochreous on the neck all round. Chin and throat

black and a narrow line of the same running from behind the eye

nearly as far as the nape. On the back the ochre of the neck merges

into olive ochre, a few of the feathers here and most of the scapulars

with a yellow subterminal spot and all margined with grey; lower

back and rump yellow buff barred with black, upper tail coverts even

more yellow and the bars forming arrow heads on the longest. Tail

barred blackish and buff at the base, becoming dark olive ochre at the

tip and almost black on the prolonged portion, the outer tail feathers

are tipped yellow and subtipped dark blackish. Lesser median and

secondary coverts white with broad bands of bright chestnut

chocolate near the tips and with black edges; shoulder of wing,

bastard wing, primary coverts and primaries grey, the last named

darker on the inner webs and margined white, the outer web of the

first primary and all the shafts black; outer secondaries blackish

brown, and bases white and edged with same ; innermost secondaries

like the scapulars ; secondary coverts, where visible, yellow-ochre

with blackish chocolate terminal bands. Breast pale pinkish rufous

divided from the yellow ochre of the neck and the white of the lower

breast and abdomen by narrow black bands; flanks axillaries, lesser

and median under wing coverts, and under tail coverts white; under

shoulder and edge of wing dark grey, greater under wing coverts

pale grey.

When once fully adult the males do not vary much in tone of

colouration but the number and size of the yellow spots on the

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 3

scapulars and adjoining parts do vary to a considerable degree and

when these are unusually numerous they give a very bright boldly

coloured appearance to these parts and, on the contrary, give a dull

rather dark appearance when they are few and small.

Below, the rufous breast band varies a little in intensity and in

the amount of pink, otherwise the lower parts are very constant.

Measurements.— Wing 7:98" (213-6mm.) to 8°40" (224:2mm.)

with an average of 8°25" (220-8mm.); tarsus 1:00" to 1:12" (25: to

28:-5mm.) and averaging over 1:06" (26°75mm.); bill at front -50"'

to 08" (12-5 to 14°6mm.) and averaging rather over °53 (13°5mm.);

the tail varies from about 5°50" (140mm.) to 7:50" (190-5 mm.).

These measurements are taken from a series of over a hundred

skins, the very great majority of these being birds shot in India.

They include the series in the British Museum and in the Tring

Museum.

“¢ Males 9; expanse 24 to 26; 7:96 to 8:5; tail from

vent 5 to 7; tarsus 1:0 to 1:13; weight 10 to 12 ozs.” (Hume.)

“The feet are dirty or dusky green, in one specimen yellowish ;

the irides are brown; the bill varies in colour somewhat and I have

recorded it in different specimens, as dusky green, greenish brown,

brown, dark brown, slate colour.” (Hume.)

Adult female.—Whole upper parts from forehead to tail buff barred

black, on the shoulders and interscapulary region the tint is often

somewhat rufous and that on the upper tail coverts brighter and

more yellow. On the interscapulary feathers a few of the broadest

bars of black have their centres erey. A short supercilium, lores

and edge of forehead, sides of head and the neck rufous like those

parts oF the male but paler and duller; chin and throat white in the

centre; a fairly well defined black line from behind the eye.

Scapulars and innermost secondaries like the back, but the bars

wider and bolder and with more grey and with the ends yellow ochre

narrowly edge with black. Primaries and their coverts like those of

the male. Secondary, greater and median coverts white with rufous

subterminal bands and black edges, the bases, where covered,

barred rufous and black; outer secondary covers and median pri-

mary coverts with broad white terminal bars edged black. Below

the rufous of the fore neck there is a wide collar of black followed .

by a narrow fringe of the same colour as the neck, which merges

into grey and is then followed by another narrow ‘band of black.

From this band the colours are as in the male, a broad band of

rufous, a narrow band of black or very deep chocolate and the rest

white.

The females, when adult, differ to much the same extent as the

male underneath, but above the range of variations is considerably

greater, some birds being much more boldly and richly marked than

others and the amount of yellow markings and the extent to which

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

the slate grey bars take the place of the black on the scapulars and

the dorsal region is variable.

Measurements.— Wing 7:65" (184 mm. to 8:30" ) ( 200-6

mm.) with an average of 7:99'' (196-3mm.); tarsus about -97’'

( 24-5 mm.) and bill at front about -49" (12°6). The tail

averages a good deal shorter than the male, the longest I have seen

being 6:2" (157-2) whilst many are well under 5: (127 mm. ).

“ Females.—Length 13°5 to 15; expanse 24 to 25; wings 7°5 to

8°15; tail from vent 3:75 to 6; tarsus 0:97 to 1:12. Weight

8:25 to 11:25 ozs.” (Hume.)

The colours of the soft parts are the same as in the male.

Immature male.—In males not yet fully adult much of the bar-

ring of the upper parts as in the female is still retained, the head is

wholly barred, the chin and throat white and the fore neck dull

olive buff with large black spots. The black of the throat is ac-

quired in patches, and finally the well marked crown, etc. of the

adult male, though birds, otherwise fully adult, may be found with

a few barred feathers on the upper head.

Plumage of young female.—Chin and throat white ; whole upper

surface barred buff and blackish; duller on the dorsal parts, brighter

on rump and tail; wings with the white on the coverts replaced with

grey, the slate grey bands replaced by black, and the whole tone

duller and greyer. The sides of the head, neck and breast are dull

earthy buff with bars of black, these bars are rather denser on the.

base of the throat and above the white of the abdomen, giving

slight indications of the bands on these parts ; the under tail coverts

are white with afew brown bars and the rest of the under parts

white as in the adult, but with obsolete brown bars here and there,

especially in the centre of the abdomen.

First plumage of both male and female.— Whole upper parts, head,

neck and breast dull buff, barred with blackish and brownish black

above and dull brown below. Chin and throat white as in the older

female. The bars on the head and lower parts are narrower and

more numerous than in the older bird and are more crescentic in

shape. The quills are paler and the inner primaries freckled with

rufous towards the tip. The wing of the bird of this description

measures 7°02".

The nestling of this extremely common and widespread species

does not, curiously enough, appear to have been yet described.

Mr. Meade Waldo was the first to discover that the male of this

Sand-Grouse assumes a post nuptial plumage after the young are

hatched, much in the same manner as many ducks do. He says

‘Roughly there is the first nestling plumage which is assumed from

the down. ‘This is moulted in the autumn into the winter plu-

mage. In the very early spring this again is changed into the

breeding plumage, and the cock in late summer putson an eclipse

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 5

dress resembling the hen, except the slate blue bars on the back

are missing. As far as I can ascertain these changes are brought

about by a complete renewal of feather and all are complete, but

the eclipse plumage is only perfect in adult and vigorous birds,

otherwise the feathers that are first shed partake of the character of

breeding plumage and eclipse and those last moulted of eclipse and

winter plumage.”’

There are two sub-species of this Sand-Grouse which are very

closely allied, vz., those referred to in the Catalogue of Birds as

Pteroclurus alchata and Pteroclurus pyrenaica, and before dealing

with the distribution of these two forms, which will have to be

considerably revised, it will be first necessary to dispose of the

question of the names under which these two forms should be

known.

The name pyrenaica was first given in 1760 by Brisson, to a

bird from the Pyrenees, which in his ‘“‘ Ornithology” I, p. 195, he

called Bonasa pyrenaica. Brisson’s names are not, however, ac-

cepted in Ornithology unless adopted by Linnaeus, and in this

particular case Linnaeus discards the name pyrenaica and renames

the bird alchata.

This is in the 12th edition of his System Naturae, the first in

which he mentions this species, though he refers to the genus Bona-

sain the 10th edition. In the 12th edition he refers to this spe-

cies as Bonasa alchata and states that its habitat is ‘“ Monspelir in

Pyrenoeis, Syria, Arabia,’ the bird, therefore, is undoubtedly the

same as that named pyrenaica by Brisson, which is the Spanish

bird and Linnaeus merely adds Arabia and Syria to its habitat.

Gessner, it should be noted (Avi. 311-307) describes his bird alchata

as Huropean, giving Italian, German and French names for it,, he

could not, therefore, have been referring either to Asiatic or Afri-

can specimens, any more than Brisson did.

Under these circumstances the sub-species referred to as pyre-

naica in the “ Catalogue of Birds " cannot bear that name and will

have to stand as Pteroclurus alchata alchata (Linn.) and another

name must be found for the Asiatic sub-species. The one having

priority and, therefore applicable, seems to be caudacutus given by

Gmelin, in 1774, to the form found in Southern Russia (8S. G. Gme-

lin, Reisa, iii, p. 93, pl. xviii, 1774) for the South Russian bird is

» the same as that found in Asia Minor, Palestine, etc., and these

again are the same as our Indian birds.

Accordingly, the two forms will stand as follows: Pteroclurus al-

chata alchata for that sub-species found in Spain, etc. and Pi. al-

chata caudacuta (Gmelin) for the sub-species found in Asia, etc.

Russian ornithologists have divided this Sand Grouse into two

further sub-species, naming the bird from South Persia, Afghani-

stan and Baluchistan (and of course India) Pteroclurus alchata

6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

bogdanowt and that from Northern Persia Pt. a. severtzowrt but I

cannot myself see that the birds from these areas vary in any way.

It would certainly be easy to select 10 birds from South Persia

and adjoining countries, 10 others from Trans Caucasia and Trans

Caspia, and yet 10 others from South Russia and shew each series

to be quite separate; but it would then be equally easy to take 10

birds from each area and to shew in each series specimens of every

type.

Distribution.—For a long time, possibly owing to the paucity of

material available for comparison, it was considered that the form of

this Sand-Grouse found in Northern Africa was the same as that

found in South-Western Europe; but Whitaker, in his ‘ Birds of

Tunisia” pointed out that, strange to say, the bird in Northern

Africa was not the same as his cousin just across the water in

Southern West Europe, but was the same as that found to the Hast

in Western Asia.

The British Museum has a magnificent series of both Asiatic and

Spanish birds, but is very badly off for African specimens. This

link is supphed by the collection in the Tring museum, where we

have 7 specimens from Tunis and 2 from Morocco, with other speci-

mens from Palestine, Lenkoran (Trans Caucasia), Merv (Trans

Caspia), Bokhara and Hast Persia and South Russian Steppes.

These are all, obviously, the same sub-species and they are,

equally obviously, different from birds taken in Spain and France,

which are brighter above, owing to the large amount of yellow

marking, and are also more richly and darkly coloured below.

The area of distribution of our Indian bird, therefore, extends

from the North-West of India, through Baluchistan, Afghanistan

and Persia, across the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains into

the South Russian Steppes and throughout Hastern Asia Minor and

again, due West through Southern Persia and Arabia into Northern

Africa, through Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt, the Sahara and as far

West as Morocco. 3

The Spanish form, on the other hand, is confined to Portugal,

Spain and France, where it is common, and straggles into Italy,

Germany and Greece. Whether the bird which has been obtained

in Cyprus and Malta belongs tu the African or West European form

there is nothing on record to shew.

I have seen but few French skins, but Paul Paris in his ‘‘ Oiseaux

de France ”’ records that this is a common resident, nesting regularly

in that country.

Within Indian limits the Large Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse occurs in

enormous numbers in the North West and Sind in the Trans indus

country ; in great numbers also, in the Punjab, between the Indus

and the Chenab, after which it becomes less common towards the

(yara and the Beas, though still constantly and regularly met with,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 7

from here it extends throughout the Punjab, having been found in

Ludhiana, and Delhi in the extreme East. To the South, Hume

obtained it as far South as Sambhar in Rajputana, and I have

notices of its occurrence from Jodhpur and Bikanir, and Major

C. G. Nurse, in 1902, recorded it from Deesa still further South

than it had been previously obtained. This last bird was shot by

Captain L. Oldfield, R. F. A., who obtained one specimen out of a

flock of 20 or 25 birds.

When in India it assembles in enormous flocks, literally in

thousands, and in the more Eastern portion of its habitat this

seems to be generally the case, indeed some people consider this

Sand-Grouse to have been the Quail provided for the Israelites ;

further West, however, it does not seem to collect in nearly such

large flocks.

Hume is the only writer who has given us an account of this

bird’s habits in India and his remarks are to the following effect.

“T have seen very little of this species myself, and only on a vast

plain some miles from Hoti Mardan, where during the winter, they

were in tens of thousands. This plain is partly barren, partly

fallow, and partly cultivated with wheat, mustard, and the like.

It was only on the barren and fallow land that I saw them. They

_ are extremely wary, and it was only by creeping up a nala or small

ravine that it was possible to get within even a long shot at them.

Their flight is extremely rapid and powerful, to me it seemed more

so than of any of their congeners.

«They are very noisy birds, and whether seated or flying,

continually utter their peculiar cry, which, though somewhat of the

same character as that of arenarius, is unmistakably distinct from

the call note of any of the other species.

“Those I shot, and, according to their account, most of the large

series previously shot by my collectors, had fed entirely on green

leaves, seeds, small pulse, and grain of different kinds. The

gizzards contained quantities of small stones. There were several

pools and places where the rain floods had not quite dried up, on

the plain I have referred to, and the birds seemed to sit about

much in their immediate neighbourhood.

“One or two of my birds were very fat, so much so that it was

difficult to skin them, but as a rule, when cooked they were as dry

and tasteless as the rest of the Sand-Grouse.

“7 was told that they were occasionally hawked with Shaheens,

but their flight is so rapid and powerful that I should doubt much

sport being obtained this way. I was also told that they could be

shot by working a couple of Peregrines over them, when they

allow a very close approach and almost refuse to rise.”

This account agrees well with Whitaker’s account of these birds

in Tunis as seen by him at one of their favourite watering places.

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

He says “In many of its habits the Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse resem-

bles the preceding species (P. arenarius) though differing in others.

It is, as a rule, found in much larger flocks than P. arenarius and is

said never to approach the sea-coast. Like that bird, however, it is

very wild and shy and when disturbed, generally flies for a great

distance before settling down again, although should it be its hour

for drinking, and its thirst not yet be appeased, it will often make

one or two attempts to return to the water before finally leaving the

spot.

Z “Such of the Ouweds as may still have some water in them in

spring, or even the holes scooped out of the river beds by the Arabs

for the purpose of providing themselves and their flocks with water

are sure to be visited by Sand-Grouse for drinking, and it was

once my good fortune to see no less than three alternative species

of these birds frequenting one of these spots at the same time,

and to witness flock after flock of each come down to the water

during the hour or two the flight lasted.

“ P. arenarius and P. alchata were well represented on this occasion

and about equally numerous, as shewn by specimens obtained of

both, but a third species was also present, of which I failed to

secure an example, but which judging from its appearance, on the

wing, appeared to be P. coronatus.

‘“‘ The morning flight of Sand-Grouse for the purpose of drinking

commences soon after sunrise, and is generally continued for an

hour or two, or until the sun is well up when it entirely ceases.

During the time the flight lasts the spot visited by the birds,

particularly should it be one where water is abundant, presents a

most animated scene, the air being full of small flocks hurrying to

and from and the sandy banks, and the sandy parts of theriver bed

being in some places thickly covered with them, while the chorus

formed of many hundreds of clamourous bird voices creates quite a

babel of sound.

“ The food of this species consists chiefly of the seeds and tender

parts of various desert plants. Its note is a ringing catarr or

guettarr.””

In the Zoologist of 1896, p. 299, and the “ Field ” of August

1896 Mr. Meade Waldo first gave an account of the breeding of

Pteroclurus alchata in confinement and described how the male, after

the young were hatched, would “rub the breast violently up and

down on the ground, a motion quite distinct from dusting, and

when all awry would get into his drinking water and saturate the

feathers of his under parts. When soaked he would go through

the motions of flying away, nodding his head, etc. Then, remem-

bering his family was close by, would run up to the hen, make a

demonstration, when the young would run out, get under him and

suck the water from his breast.”’

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 9

In alonger account in the Avicultural Magazine for 1906,

p. 219, Mr. Meade Waldo gave yet further details of this curious

habit, as well as other most interesting details. He writes “ In-

cubation lasts from twenty-one to twenty-three days: the hen sits by

day, the cock taking her place by night, usually going on the eggs

about 5 p. m.; three eggs are a full clutch. The young when

hatched quickly become independent, and about the 10th day

separate at night, roosting away from their parents, andas far as

possible from each other, not settling down to their final roosting

place until it is almost dark. Both parents brood the young when

they are very small.”’

“The extraordinary method employed by the parent male Sand-

Grouse of conveying water to their young by saturating the feathers

of their breasts, was first described by me in 1896, and since by Mr. St.

Quentin in his interesting account of the successful rearing of the

Lesser Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse, P. ewustus. | have had the good fortune

to see the males of Pterocles arenarius, the Black-breasted Sand-Grouse

and Pteroclurus alchata, the Greater Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse get-

ting water for their young in a wild state, but, had I not seen it

administered in confinement, would have considered them to have

been demented birds trying to dust in mud and water, when

unlimited dusting ground surrounded them on every side.

‘In very waterless districts, where the only water procurable was

from deep wells situated at great distances from one another, this

method of procuring water must be most precarious, for I saw P.

arenarius waiting by the wells and going to the muddy spot where

the skins used to be laid before being loaded on to the camels, and

where the water was slopped over from the troughs where the ani-

mals drank. I aiso saw them fly over the prickly Zareba surrounding

the tent-villages and go to where there was a soft spot for the same

purpose. I did “‘(not?)” see P. alchatus actually soaking them-

selves, they were much wilder, and also in less arid places, but I

repeatedly saw cocks pass over, their white breasts soaked in mud

and water.”

A further interesting note in the Avicultural Magazine for Feb-

bruary 1910 by the same writer describes how he kept a female bird

of this species in confinement for 17 years, so that she must have

been at least 18 years old at the time of her death. She bred

regularly year after year from 1893 to 1906, and generally

succeeded in bringing up her young. Mr. Meade Waldo tells us

that with other food, he gave her as much hemp seed and maw seed

as she liked, and that the latter was her favourite seed.

Pteroclurus alchata does not regularly breed with us in India,

though it has done so on rare occasions and may, quite possibly, be

often found to do so; otherwise it breeds in suitable localities

throughout its range.

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The first egg of this species taken in India is one now in the

British Museum, which was found at Jhimpir in Sind on the 10th

July, 1878. After this, nothing else was recorded until Mr. Bogle

wrote the following interesting note to the B. N. H. 8. Journal,

which I quote in extenso, merely noting that it was written from

Mardan in the Punjab. “I cannot see, either in Oates, Jerdon, or

Hume and Marshall any record of the Eastern Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse,

Pterocles alchatus breeding in India, which I think I may claim to

have proved breeds in the Peshawar Valley. Two days ago, eggs.

were brought to me by aman, who declared one was that of the

Common and the other that of the Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse. Doubting

his word I made arrangements to go out this morning, 10th June

1900, with him, and see if I could gather any information myself.

I first went to the place where these Sand-Grouse water, where I

found, close to a small village called ‘‘ Kasim”’ the Corman Sand-

Grouse flighting in packs andl avery few pairs, while to my surprise

the Pin-tails all came in pairs (I saw five or six pairs). I shot one

pair of the latter and then proceeded to search a few miles further

on in avast open plain for nests. I found only two nests, each contain-

ing three egos of the Common Sand-Grouse. In each case I approached

so close to ‘the bird in the nest that there was no necessity to shoot:

itin order to identify it. On my return I dissected the female

Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse and found an egg inside quite ready for

laying, and I have no doubt that it would have been laid to-day

in the same plain I was searching in had the bird lived.”

‘““T regret to say the egg was broken badly, first pierced by shot

and again broken in alata acon

According to Canon Tristram, writing of this bird’s habits im

North Africa. “Its breeding habits are exactly lke those of.ae

arenarius, but its egg is of a much richer fawn coloured tint, covered

and sometimes zoned, with large maroon red blotches, while that

of the other is of a paler hue, with obsolete pale brown blotches.”

Salvin describes these birds as breeding in the Atlas, and says

“The extensive sandy plains termed the Harakta, of which El.

Korarf is one of the largest, are the only localities in which we met

with the Sand-Grouse. It makes no nest but scrapes a slight.

hollow in the sand, in which it deposits its three eggs. These are

laid in May, the young being hatched about the second week in

June.”

The eggs of this Sand-Grouse and of the other sub-species P.

alchata typica differ from all other Sand-Grouse eggs in the richness

of their colouration. Normally the ground colour isa rich clear buff,

though in a few eggs it is a paler and more cream or bright stone-

yellow in colour. The superior markings consist of well defined

blotches and spots with a few specks of rich vandyke brown, here:

and there being one or two with a chocolate or deep maroon tint,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 11

the secondary are similar in size and shape, but are lavender grey

and neutral tint in colour, some quite dark.

The surface is fine and smooth with a strong gloss and the shape

is the normal elliptical one of all Sand-Grouse. They vary very

greatly in size, more so I think than the eggs of any other Sand-

Grouse do. ‘The eggs recorded in the British Museum Catalogue

taken from Northern Africa and included under the species Ptero-

chdurus belong, as I have already said, to the Indian form. These

egos vary from 1:65" to 1:96" in length and from 1°15''to 1:3"

in breadth. I have no egg which does not come between the

extremes of length given here, but I have one which is only 1:11"

(28:3 mm.) in breadth. The average of 28 eggs in my collection

Meco X 1°13" (26°5 x 30:0 mm.).

PTEROCLURUS EXUSTUS.

The Common Sand-Grouse.

Pterocles exustus.—Temm. Pl. Col. v, Nos. 354 and 360 (1825) ;

Blyth. Cat. B. As. Soc., p. 249; Gould, B. of Asia, vi; Jerdon, B.

of Ind. i, p. 502; Blanford, Geol. and Faun. Abyss, p. 419; id.

Sees. BD. XxxXvill, pt. ii, _p. 189; McMaster, ibid, ‘xl., pt.

li, p. 214; Stoliczka, zbid, xli, pt. 11, p. 249; Hume, Str. Feath.

i, p. 225; Adam, ibid, p. 392; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 5138;

King, Str. Feath. ii, p.458 ; Butler, zbid, iv., p. 4; Fairbank, thid,

p. 262; Hume and Marsh., Game-B. i, p. 69; Hume, Str. Feath.

Meme, LO1, Ball, thd, p. 225; Doig; ibid, vill, p. 371; Mc

Inroy, iid, p. 492; Hume, Cat., No. 802; Butler, Cat. B. of Sind,

ete., p. 93; id. Cat. B.S. Bombay; p. 67; id, Str. Feath. ix, p.

421; Reid, ibid, x, p. 61; Davidson, iid, p. 316; Barnes, B. of

Bombay, p. 300; id. Jour. B. N. H. Soc.i., p. 55; id. «bid, v.,

p. 836; Oates, Humes Nests and Hggs, 2nd Edit., p. 361; Newn-

fam, Jour. B. N. H. Soc. vi, p. 94; Nurse, sid, xiv, p. 172.

Pteroclurus ecustus.—Ball, Str. Feath. ii, p. 426; Ogilvie-Grant,

' Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 12; Oates, Game B. of Ind. i., p. 26; Blanford,

Avifauna, Ind., iv., p. 60; Ogilvie-Grant, Game-B. i., p. 12; Le

Mess., Game-B., 4th Edit., p. 58.

Pierocidurus ewustus.—Sharpe, Hand-Bl. i, p. 50; Oates, Cat.

megs, Db. M. 1, p. 77.

Vernacular names.—Bhat-titur, Bakht-titur, Kumar-tit Kakar,

Dangar Rowrie (H.) ; Butabur, Batibun (Sind); Popandi (Bhil);

Pakorade (Mahr); Jam polanka (Tel); Kal-Gorjal-Haki; (Can.

Mysore) ; Kal-handari (Tamil.)

Description, Adult male.—Crown to rump and upper tail coverts

isabelline-grey to isabelline-brown, generally darkest on the tail

coverts and palest on the crown; lores, cheeks, chin and throat dull

yellow ochre, often tinged with orange buff, this colour extending

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

round to the back of the nape forming an indistinct collar,

which shades off into the other parts. Scapulars and sometimes

the feathers of the inter-scapulary region the same as the rest of

the back but darker and changing into ochreous-buff, or buff, at

the ends which are margined with brown at the tips. Inner lesser

coverts like the back gradually changing to buff, or ochreous, on

the other lesser, median and inner greater coverts which are

margined with brown; greater secondary coverts and inner secon-

daries buff, or ochreous-buff, the latter shaded with olive on the

inner web and inside of the outer web. Edge of shoulder of wing,

bastard wing, primary coverts and primaries dark brown, the five

inner primaries with broad oblique bands of white at the end;

outer secondaries brown.

The yellow ochre of the throat and fore-neck changes

into vinous buff on the upper breast which is divided from

the lower breast by a narrow band of black, above which

is an indefinite and still more narrow band of white, caused by the

white of the black tipped feather showing through; lower breast

dull yellow-buff changing gradually into the chocolate of the rest of

the lower plumage and flanks, which itself becomes black in the

centre of the abdomen; feathers of the tarsus and under tail-coverts

creamy buff; Central tail feathers like the back darkening towards

the narrow prolonged portions which are quite black at the ends, the

other rectrices are tipped with pale buff and the outermost also

mottled with dark rufous next this pale tip.

On the upper plumage the colour shows most variations on the

wings where it runs from a beautiful pale vinous buff of cream dove

colour, to a bright chrome yellow. In the great majority of birds

the general tone is a vinaceous buff, with sandy yellow predominat-

ing on the softer feathers of the wing.

The amount of black on the abdomen also differs greatly in

different individuals but African birds, on an average, seem darker

and more richly coloured here than are Indian specimens.

The yellow of the throat varies from pale, rather dull chrome

yellow, to a bright almost deep chrome.

‘In this species the males average rather larger and heavier and

have decidedly longer tails. The following is a resumé of many

measurements accorded in the flesh :—

‘¢ Males.—Length 11-75 to 13-75; expanse 21:13 to 22°5; wing

6:7 to 7°53; tail from vent 4°38 to 5°87; tarsus 0:9 to 1:0; bill from

gape *62 to ‘7 per cent. Weight 8 to nearly 10 ozs.” (Hume.)

To the above I may add afew average measurements taken from

the made wp skins of over 100 specimens. Wing 7:15" ( 190 mm. );

bill at front, from tip to feathers on forehead °52"'' (13:6 mm.).

Colours of soft parts.—‘The feet and bill vary from pale slaty grey

to pale plumbeous, or lavender blue; the irides are dark brown and

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 13

the orbital skin pale lemon yellow to pale yellowish green. ’

(Hume).

Adult female.— Whole of upper plumage rather dull buff, some-

times sandy buff, sometime vinaceous and sometimes with here and

there a slightly rufescent tinge; the feathers of the crown and nape

are marked with central longitudinal spots of dark brown which

form regular streaks, on the hind neck, the spots widen into blotches

and on the upper back become broad bars, the centre wider and

pointed; the feathers of the rest of the upper parts are barred;

scapulars, innermost secondaries and lesser and median coverts ke

the back but the feathers broadly tipped with buff and some of the

coverts very finely edged with reddish brown; remainder of wing

like the male but with fewer reddish bars on the median coverts.

Chin, lores, supercilia, sides of the head and throat yellow ochre, the

sides of the head speckled with blackish brown, these spots increas-

ing in size on the neck and breast which is like the back, but

generally with a stronger vinaceous tint; the chin and throat are

immaculate in old birds, but the ear coverts have fine black hair

marks. Most females have a faint indication of a very dark brown

line separating the upper breast from the lower, which is a dull pale

ochre-buff; abdomen, flanks and feathers of vent rufous buff closely

barred with very dark brown, under tail coverts creamy buff.

Tail feathers like those of the male; axillaries and under aspect of

wing brown, the smaller coverts and shoulder barred with dull buff.

As already shewn above the birds grade in general tone from a

sandy buff to a dull vinaceous buff above and on the under plumage

they vary to much the same extent. The upper breast may be

quite a dull, almost brown tint, whilst other birds are here quite

a pale sandy buff; most birds will, however, be found intermediate.

The light unspotted lower breast also varies in some degree, though

not as much, | think, as the upper breast, and the abdomen and

flanks also go through the same gradations of colours ; but Western

birds appear to be invariably darker than our Indian te ds on these

parts, although they seem no more richly coloured above. ‘The

colour of the throat and chin varies from very pale cream yellow to

quite a rich, though light, chrome yellow.”

‘“* Females.— Length 11 to 12°25; expanse 20:9 to 21:5; wing

6°6 to 6:9; tail from vent 4°0 to 4°8; tarsus 0°8 to 0°85; tail from

gape 0°6 to 0°67; weight 7:5 to 8°3 ozs.” (Hume.)

The average wing measurements of about 100 females is 6°85!'

(182-5 mm.) The extremes of length were, however, far greater

than in Hume’s series, ranging from 6°35" to 7.05'' (170°5 to

187°5 mm.).

The colours of the soft parts are the same as in the male.

An immature female differs from the adult in having the outer

primaries and inner secondaries tipped with buff, the former

14. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

vermiculated with black, the upper breast spotted with blackish

brown, the centre pair of tail feathers not produced with

filaments.’”’ (Ogilvie-Grant.)

A young bird with points of fluff still about it, has the whole of the

upper parts a pale dull buff and is finely rermicnlne all over with

tiny wavy bars of black, many of the feathers having the ends edged

with white and with a chestnut patch at the tip. From chin to

breast the colour is an earthy buff with fine bars of blackish and

the abdomen and flanks are dull black. The quills are blackish

brown, the trips freckled with buff and black, and the inner secon-

daries freckled thus all over; the greater ‘and median primary

coverts are also black, the former very narrowly, the latter broadly

edged with dark buff.

Another specumen older than the last and with all the nestling

fluff worn off isthe same, but has a wide band below the breast and

above the black abdomen almost devoid of spots and the breast

instead of being vermiculated with narrow black bars has definite

black spots; the inner secondaries are also more clearly and regul-

arly barred with dull buff and deep brown, though the tips retain

the same chestnut and black freckling. The tail is throughout

banded earthy buff and black.

Nestling in down.—This is yet another of our common Indian

Game Birds, the nestling of which still remains to be described.

Distribution.—Pteroclurus ewustus extends throughout North West

Africa and South-East Asia into India. In Africa it is common,

in South Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and extends into Somali, North

Egypt and West as far as Algeria and South into British

and German Hast Africa. Hast it works through Arabia from

the extreme South to the extreme North through Palestine and

Arabia Petroid, South Persia into India.

Within India it occurs practically over the whole continent in

suitable places and Hume thus defines its habitat. ‘Throughout

India proper, where the rainfall is moderate, the soil fairly dry

and the country open and tolerably level, the Common Sand-Grouse

abounds. ‘Towards the Hast and South its general distribution

is much that of the Painted Sand Grouse, though the particular

localities it affects are different; but itis a Western form which

extends into India and not a purely Indian form, and it is common

in places (for instance in Sind) to which P. fasciatus does not

extend.

‘It is a bird of the level, sparsely wooded, sandy countries par

excellence, and though it may be shot in sundry plains close to hills

in Rajputana, unlike the Painted Sand-Grouse, it eschews Hills,

has no liking for scrub, and absolutely avoids damp, swampy, low-

lying tracts, jungles and forests.

‘‘ Bearing this in mind, it may be said that it occurs in all suitable

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 15

localities throughout the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, the N. W.

Provinces and Oudh, the Western parts of Behar and Chota

Nagpore, the Central Provinces and the Central India Agency, in-

cluding Bundelkhand, Berar, the Nizam’s Territory, the whole

Bombay Presidency, except the Sub-ghat littoral, Mysore and the

Northern and Central portions of the Madras Presidency. ”’

Blanford records that he has seen this Sand-Grouse at Raneegange

and I have seen it inthe same district of Bhirbhom, Dr. King saw one

in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta (probably an escaped bird), and

Blanford again shot some a little to the North of the Cauvery, near

Trichinopoly. It does not extend to Ceylon but it is found in Tra-

vancore, whence I have received eggs.

Col. Faithful, in epistola, says ‘about 3 or 4 years ago I came

across a flock of about six of the small kind of Sand-Grouse on the

Karewa at the back of Ardwin in the Phupiyan direction, these and

the one I shot are the only ones I have ever shot in Kashmir. The

one I shot was got in the early part of February.”

Jerdon gives a most interesting account of this Sand-Grouse and

its habits. He remarks “This is the most common and abundant

species of Sand-Grouse throughout India, being found in every part

of the country, except the more wooded portions, and never occur-

ring in forest districts.

“This Sand-Grouse frequents the bare open plains, whether rocky

or otherwise, and is very partial to ploughed lands and bare

fallow fields. It feeds chiefly in the morning and _ between

8 and 9 a. m., goes to drink at some river or tank, at which, in

some parts of the country, thousands assemble, and they may be

seen winging their way in larger or smaller parties from all quar-

ters, at a great height, uttering their peculiar loud piercing call,

which announces their vicinity to the sportsman long before he

has seen them. They remain afew minutes at the waters edge,

walking about and picking up fragments of sand or gravel, and

then fly off as they came. In the hot weather, at all events if not

at all seasons, they drink again about 4 p.m. When they are

seated on bare sandy or rocky ground, they are most difficult to

observe, from the similarity of their colour to the ground; some-

times they can be approached with care near enough to get a good

shot, at other times, especially if in large flocks, they are shy

and wary. A small flock or single bird can often be approached

very close by walking rapidly, not straight, but gradually edging

towards them; and, in this way I have often walked up to within

two or three yards of them. ‘They feed on various hard seeds,

especially on those of various Abysicarfi, Desmodium, etc., as well as

on grass, seeds and grain.”

“The bird, if kept long enough, is very excellent eating, though

the flesh is somewhat hard and tough, but with a high game

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

flavour; and the young birds when nearly full grown, are excellent. ”

This species of Sand-Grouse in India is not migratory though it

may move about to some slight extent under pressure of climatic

conditions and during the height of the extreme dry season may

wander into districts it does not visit at other times.

Its drinking hour depends on the season and it often does not

drink in the cold weather until nearly 10 o’clock, whereas in May

and June it will be found watering as early as 7 am. Roughly

speaking, it appears to feed for some two hours after the sun is up-

after which it drinks before settling down for a siesta during the

hotter hours of the day. In the evening it often does not drink at

all, but during the hot weather thirst generally compels it to drink

again before its evening feeding hour and it will then be found at

water between 3:30 and 4°30 or a little later. It is not crepuscular

in its habits like Pterocles fasciatus and coronatus.

Its food appears to be entirely vegetarian and even as such

confined mainly to hard seeds and grain ; in two instances only did

Hume find insects in their stomach and I can find no other records

referring to this diet. They do sometimes resort to cultivated fields

for grain and seed, but for the greater part they keep to the unculti-

vated plains and it is wonderful the way they manage, not only to

obtain enough food to sustain their great vitality but actually to keep

them plump and in the highest condition.

They are not as arule found in enormous flocks such as those of

Pieroclurus alchata and Pterocles arenarius and flocks of over 100 are

exceptional, though some few of 200 or even more have been seen.

Generally the flocks number 20 or 30 to 50 and these come down to

water. in independent packs, not collecting together for the

purpose. Arrived at the water they settle at once, unless alarmed,

a short distance from the water and there, like all Sand-Grousé,

nee for a few seconds or minutes, before running down to the

water edge for their drink. After this they remain a short time and .

walk about and scatter a good deal, but do not seem to quarrel with ~

one another as so many other Sand-Grouse do, and then all fly, of )

again to their resting place.

Hume says that whereas in the day time when feeding they ER

widely over the ground but that during the night when sleeping

they collect in a very compact mass; he also adds ‘‘and during the

night they must keep better watch than during the day, for

often when crossing the huge Oosur plains in Etawah after dark, at

times after mid-night, I have heard flocks of them rise at consi-

derable distance from me. Moreover, I have never found any

of their feathers about in the morning, as I have of so many

eround roosting birds, shewing where a jackal or a fox has made

a lucky hit. Ifone remembers how abundant this species is in

many districts and how superabundant in the same _ places,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 17

foxes, jackals and wild cats and also that the Sand-Grouse leaves

a strong scent by which a dog will nose out a wounded bird hidden

amongst the clods of a ploughed field in a moment, it does speak

well for their chowkidars that none of these little Sand-Grouse ever

seem to fall victims to these midnight marauders.

“Still native fowlers will at times surprise them, and during

dark nights, in some fashion, creep up and drop a net over the

entire party. ‘The net used isa very light one, a truncated triangle

about 8 ft. wide at bottom, 4 tt. at top, and about 4 ft. wide, attached

to two light slender bamboos, each about 8 ft. long. The covey is

marked as it goes to roost, and then the man about 11 o’clock (the

night must be dark, and is all the better for being windy) steals up

and drops the net over the whole pack. I went out several nights

to try and be present at a capture, but on only one occasion were

any caught, and then only two, but a few nights after, the men who

were akerias, and who were still in my camp, snaring ducks and

quails, brought in some forty, that they professed to have caught in

this way in one haul, and they were polite enough to hint that it

was the bad smell of an European that had foiled their efforts on

previous occasions. They were doubtless humbugging in some way

but one thing is certain, they do constantly manage to catch whole

packs in some way or other during dark nights, and are therefore,

though they certainly do not look so, considerably sharper than the

beasts of the field.”

The only way of making a big bag of Sand-grouse is to wait for

them at their drinking place, but in this way very big bags indeed

can be made, especially when arrangements are made to prevent the

birds watering at any other pieces of water within a radius of some

miles, as is done sometimes when ‘big wigs’ have to be provided

with sport. )

During the non-breeding season shooting over water is legitimate

enough for the Common Sand Grouse are strong and good fliers, fiy

high and take a lot of hitting before they drop. They must, how-

ever, be given a rest during the principal breeding season, if this

canbe defined, and, where it cannot, then the normal season must

be allowed them, and the birds forced to adapt themselves to it.

When thirsty they must drink and it takes a lot of shooting to

drive them away even temporarily, but Hume mentions a case in the

Sirsa district in which the cruel sport was practised by two guns

down at the water’s edge, and a great number killed and during the

next week a large number of eggs were found deserted and destroyed

(I suppose by crows and mongooses) in what was known to be a

favourite breeding place two or three miles from the tank.”

From the above it is plain that these birds can be driven right

out of a district by too much prosecution at their drinking places,

a fact which should be carefully borne in mind by sportsmen.

: |

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Fortunately this Sand-Grouse does not seem to be decreasing in

India, bags are made as big now as were made 50 years ago and the

flocks seem to be as big and as numerous as ever they were in Hume’s

time. It is not so long ago that Major Nurse wrote as follows “The

Common Sand-Grouse (Pterocles ewustus) has been unusually abund-

ant at Deesa this year. I feel sure they must have increased in

numbers since I first came here, now nearly five years ago. Possib-

ly the last few years, which have been unusually dry, have been

especially favourable to their increase. A few weeks ago over 400

were shot over a running stream one morning by a party of 7 or 8

guns, and this at a place where more than 200 birds had been killed

on several previous occasions during the course of a few weeks.”

Here and there a sportsmen writes to say that he thinks the birds

have decreased in numbers, but where this is the case the decrease

is generally found to correspond with an increase in cultivation or

irrigation and where their haunts have been left untouched there the

birds seem to be much as they were in Hume’s time.

The Common Sand-Grouse breeds everywhere within its range in

India, more freely in some parts than in others according to whether

the wide stretches of waste lands it loves and requires are obtainable

or not.

The Common Sand-Grouse is an easy bird to domesticate and is

often kept by natives and has also been successfully kept by

Kuropeans. Mr. C. Barnby Smith has the following interesting

notes on this bird in captivity in the August 1910 number of the

Avicultural Magazine “A friend very kindly sent me over three

Indian Painted Sand-Grouse (Pierocles fasciatus) caught near Bho-

palin Central India. The birds (a cock and two hens) arrived in

good health in the early part of last February. At the same time a

consignment of the Common Pintail Sand-Grouse (P. eaustus)

arrived. ‘These birds seem to travel well, as out of eighteen birds

that left Calcutta sixteen arrived alive.

“Such of the Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse as I retained for myself I

put at first with the Painted Sand-Grouse in the conventional sort

of place—a large wooden shed (with sand floor) open on the South,

on which side it has a sort of glass verandah with grass on the

ground underneath.

“The birds were, and are, fed on millet, canary, maw, rape and

hemp seeds, but seem to like millet best of all. They are also

supplied with lime, small flint, grit and rock salt.

‘The Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse do not seem to care for grass at all

but love to squat in the sand, basking in the sun whenever possible.

The greatest danger with these birds seems to be their sudden

panics, which makes them dash violently against the sides of the

enclosures unless the feathers of one wing are heavily cut. My

birds arrived late at night (as birds always seem to do) and when I

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 19

went to look at them the following morning the whole lot were

dashing with wild flights and shrieks of terror in all directions.

It was only prompt and resolute action with a landing net and

subsequently with a pair of scissors that put a stop to their

apparently determined efforts at suicide.

“The Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse soon become comparatively tame and

run about on the sand with contented little ‘‘crooning”’ cries. I have

noticed they are much steadier when divided as, when a lot are

together, the alarm note of one at once sets off the others attempting to

fly. So far I have seen no signs of nesting, though I have divided

them into several different enclosures in hopes they will do so. ”’

What constitutes the breeding season of the Common Sand-Grouse

is, it must be admitted, practically impossible to determine and the

utmost one can say is that more breed in some months than in

others and even thus we must hedge and allow that what are the

favourite months in one place need not be so in another place no

great distance away. For instance, if we take the three places Sirsa,

Hissar, and Hansi, all close together in the South of the Punjab, we

find that the British Museum has a series of no less than 75 eggs from

round about these towns which were taken in the following months:—

March +4 Kay 9

April ot ni vant as

May ee 6

June 3)

July 9

August 0

September 8

and 35 are not dated. This does not help us much but would seem

to infer that-they do not lay in the cold weather. If we then

turn to Hume’s ‘“ Nests and Hggs” we find Khan Nizam-oo-deen,

Khan Bahadur, took eggs at or near Sirsa on the following dates :—

1869 1870

OS Re Sa ee Meee CP eee

February ord, 24th.

March Ist, 4th, 12th, 21st.

April 21st; 22nd, 27th, 28th.

May 8th & 25th. Ist, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 15th, 28th,

June 16th, 17th, 30th. 11th, 15th, 21st, 30th.

July Ist, 2nd, 5th, 10th, 23rd.

“Lith, 12th.

ME We iy, yh a (rh S\ ie hcje Vag, Bowe ap es

September lst, 2nd, 8rd, i ssitiws

7th, 10th

October ord; 22nd.

November 24th.

December 7th, 20th.

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Here we have eggs in every month but January and August, but

the favourite months may be said to be March to July. Im con-

firmation of this, Mr. R. M. Adam says that about the Sambhar

Lake they breed in great numbers in April and May. Mr. J.

Davidson took these eggs from January to June in tne Deccan and

Major Cock found them breeding at Nowshera in May and June,

whilst Mr. A. Anderson says that in the Doab they breed in March,

April and May and finally Col. Butler found their eggs at Dungar-

war (55 miles South of Deesa ) in March and May. On the other

hand Davidson found them breeding in Western Khandesh in Fe-

bruary, in the same month Col. Butler found their eggs in Belgaum

and Mr. Hastings took their eggs in October in Etawah, 8S. W.

United Provinces.

Col. Bingham wrote to me that he took their eggs near Mhow.

in January and Mr. E. G. Phythean Adams also wrote to me to the

effect that he found them laying round about Poona in December,

January and February.

The only conclusion one can draw is that these birds breed more

or less throughout the year but that in North and Central India

more breed from March to July than in other months, whilst fur-

ther South they breed earlier, the majority in February and March.

It is probable also that most birds lay twice in the year at least.

The eggs are laid in a depression in the soil, either natural or

scratched out by the birds themselves. In the very great majority

of cases there is no lining of any sort whatsoever, but Adams,

Anderson and one or two other observers have found a certain

amount of grass placed in the hollow as a sort of rough lining.

How rare, however, it is to find such, is shown by the fact that in

the enormous number of nesting places found by Hume, Davidson

and the Khan Bahadur, never once did any of them ever find any

lining placed in the depression below the eggs.

Three is the number of eggs almost invariably laid, but occasion-

ally two only are incubated. ‘The stories, however, of five and four

eggs being laid by the same bird are almost certainly the result of

two birds laying in the same nest-hole or of some mistake on the

part of the collector. Both birds take part in incubation, and as the

eggs are laid in great open plains, generally with no scrub, grass or

stone to shield them from the sun, the birds have to cover the eggs

in the heat of the day to prevent them being killed, if not cooked

by the sun. Now and then the birds may take advantage of the

cover afforded by a tuft of grass or small bush, or she may lay her

eggs in amongst stones which partially shield them from the sun,

but she never makes her nest-hole in among bushes andjungle as

does Pterocles fasciatus. Hume says the haunts it loves best as

breeding sites are scattered stubble or fallow, or newly ploughed

fields rather than the large semi-desert plains surrounding them.

ELE ie BS.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 21

Mr. A. Anderson found them breeding in a curious place “a plain

covered from miles with reh (a saline effervescence) which gave the

ground the appearance of being carpeted with thick snow ” on this

ground he flushed a Sand-Grouse from a pair of eggs and he goes

on to note “‘my camp being close to this place, 1 amused myself

in watching the birds incubating, feeding, round about their nest

and dusting themselves after the fashion of fowls. On the 4th as I

approached the nest, the bird glided off, and skulked away ina

crouching position, so as to avoid detection and then squatted.”

Incubation appears in India to extend over 16 or 17 days but

may vary more than this according to the time of year in which

they are laid. Mr. Meade Waldo who has been successful in rearing

these birds in captivity reports (Avicultural Magazine, March 1913),

that eggs layed in April were not hatched until the 23rd day, where-

as others laid in July were hatched in 18-19 days.

In this article Mr. Meade Waldo writes “‘ The procedure of these

birds is precisely the same as the Greater Pintailed Sand-Grouse

(Pierocles alchata), viz., the female incubates by day, the male by

night, and the male soaks his breast with water for the young to

drink or rather suck.”

As regards their eggs I have but a poor series and can add

nothing to what Hume has recorded in “Game Birds.” Here he

describes them as follows:

- “The eggs, like those of all other Sand-Grouse, are long and

_ cylindrical, like those of a Night Jar. The texture is fine and

smooth and they have generally a fine gloss. Not only in shape,

but in marking also, do many of them strongly resemble those of

some species of Night Jar. The ground colour varies much ; in

_ some it is a pale, somewhat pinkish stone colour, in others greyish

_ or dingy or greenish white; in some pale cafe-au-lait, in others a

somewhat light olive brown. Typically they are thickly spotted,

streaked or irregularly blotched, pretty uniformly over the whole

surface with two sets of markings, the one of darker or lighter shades

_ Of olive brown, the other a sort of pale inky purple, and these latter,

_ which are most commonly streaks and clouds, seem to underline the

_ Others. Different eggs vary much in the distribution, size and

_ intensity. of these markings, as also in the relative proportion of the

extent of surface covered respectively with what I may call the

primary and secondary markings; in some almost the whole ground

_ eolour not occupied by the primary markings is clouded with the

pale inky purple, in others only here and there a few spots of this

colour are traceable; in some all the markings are small, very

_ thickly set and freckled, in others they are bold, large, eccentrically

_ shaped blotches, comparatively thinly distributed over the surface.

Some of the eggs are, as a whole, very much darker coloured than

others, and in some the ground colour might perhaps be best

22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

described as a faintly greenish-grey. As arule the paler the ground,

the paler the markings, and vice versa. Exceptionally beautiful

marbled eggs are met with, as also unmottled pale creamy varieties.

I have never, however, seen one that could be taken for an egg

of fasciatus.”

« The eggs vary in length from 1°32" to 1-6’ and in breadth from

0°93" to 1:11"; but the average of 70 eggs is 1:45" by 1:03".”

Reducing Hume’s figures to millimetres we get respectively 33:6

to 40°5, 23°2 to 28:2 and 36:8 x 26:2 mm.

Oates gave the measurements of the eggs in the British Museum

as running up to 1:15" (29:2 mm) in breadth and the average of 129

eggs in that Museum added to 102 other eggs of which I have

obtained the measurements, is exactly the same as that given by

Hume.

It is not possible ever to confound these eggs with those of the

Painted Sand-Grouse ( Pterocles fasciatus ) for these latter are always

salmon, bright buff or pink in general tone, whereas those of the

Common Pintail Sand-Grouse ( Pteroclurus exustus) are always

greyish, or olive grey in tint when looked at as a whole.

(To be continued.)

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

BY OLDFIELD T'Homas, F. R. S.

INGaeY ile

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Mr. Shortridge’s magnificent collection from Mount Popa and

other parts of Central Burma has now been received at the National

Museum, and pending the return to London of Mr. Wroughton,

who will, I hope, give a detailed report on it, I propose to give notes

and descriptions of such things in it as appear to need special

attention.

MENETES BERDMOREI AND ITS SUBSPECIES.

The Popa collection contains a series of specimens of a particularly

beautiful Menetes, and on laying out the whole available material

of the group, I find that there appear to be five recognizable forms,

which may provisionally be considered as subspecies of M. berdmorei.

It should be premised that ‘the presence or absence of the main

lateral black stripes does not appear to be a racial, but, as in many

forms of Y'amiops, a seasonal character, for January and early

February specimens, at least of subsp. consularis, are quite without

them, while they become developed in specimens taken at other

times of the year. Whether this is equally the case in the other

subspecies our material does not enable me to state. It is however

possible that since, even in the fully striped phase, consularis, has

the least amount of striping, so it has also alone developed (or

retained) a seasonal suppression of the stripes, and that other forms

have them all the year round. January specimens of the Mt. Popa

and other forms would therefore be particularly interesting.

. The five subspecies may be diagnosed as follows :—

1. Median dorsal black lne and upper lateral ones present,

though not very conspicuous. Undersurface strongly washed with

buffy. M. berdmoreit berdmorei.

Rangoon, Martaban and neighbouring parts of Tenasserim.

2. Like berdmorei in having inconspicuous median dorsal, and

upper lateral blackish lines, but the undersurface white or whitish.

M.b. mouhoti, Gray. (Syn. Sciwrus pyrrocephalus, M. Edw.)

Siam south of Bangkok, Camboja, Cochin-China.

3. Median dorsal and upper lateral dark streaks prominent, all

the markings very strongly defined, the main dark lateral band

broad and glossy black ; an additional blackish streak edging the

belly ; general body colour clear grizzled olive, undersurface and

tips of tail hairs pure white. M. b. decoratus, subsp. n.

Mount Popa, dry zone of Burma.

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI11.

4, Markings about as in decoratus, but less conspicuously con-

trasted, owing to the general body colour being darker and duller,

more olive brown, undersurface and tips of tail hairs yellowish.

Size rather larger than in other forms. Muzzle of skull unusually

slender. MM. 6. moerescens, subsp. n.

Annam.—'Type from Bali near Nha-trang.

5. No median dorsal stripes or upper dark lateral ones, the only

dark streak being that between the light lateral streaks and even

this is absent in January and February. Undersurface yellowish

white. M. b. consularis, subsp. n.

Siam north of Bangkok. Type from Nan. 200 m.

Three specimens from Myawadi and Kaukaryit, E. of Moulmein,

seem also to belong here, but as they were killed in January and

February, and might possibly represent an ‘‘ eclipse pelage”’ of M.

b. berdmorei, their determination must still remain a little doubtful.

These are the specimens referred to by Blanford (J. A. 5. B.,

XLVII, p. 162, 1878) who recorded their differences from berdmorei,

but assigned them to mouwhoti, to which they do not seem to have

any greater resemblance.

Measurements and other details of types of new subspecies :—

Menetes berdmorei decoratus.

Head and body, 188 mm; tail 175; hindfoot 43-5; ear 21.

Skull.—Greatest leneth 49; zygomatic breadth 26:3; palatilar

length 23; front of p* to back of m* 9.

Hab.—Mt. Popa, up to about 4,000’.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 14.4.3.4. Original number

3844. Collected, 20th September 1913, by G. C. Shortridge.

Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. Thirty speci-

mens obtained.

M. b. consularis.

Head and body 179 mm; tail 151; hindfoot 40; ear 21. Skull,

greatest length (c) 49; zygomatic breadth 25°5; palatilar length

23; mp and three molars 8-4.

T'ype.—Immature female, B.M. No. 2.6.6.6. Original number

159. Collected, 6th October 1901, and presented by Th. H. Lyle,

Esq. About a dozen specimens examined, mostly presented by Mr.

Lyle.

M. b. moerescens.

Hindfoot 41 mm.

Skull.—(Immature) greatest length 51; zygomatic breadth 28,

palatilar length 22:2; mp* and three molars 9:6.

T'ype.—Immature female. B. M. No. 6.11.6.82. Original number

38. Collected at Bali near Nha-trang, Annam, by Dr. J. Vassal.

This animal may hereafter prove to be specifically distinct from

the other forms by its large skull and long narrow muzzle, but

without fully adult specimens this point cannot be finally settled.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 25

DREMOMYS RUFIGENIS. —

The red-cheeked Squirrel.

This species was originally described from Mount Mooleyit,

Tenasserim, and other specimens have since been referred to it from

Siam and Yunnan. In addition, two subspecies have been describ-

ed by Bonhote, D. 7. belfieldi, from the Malay Peninsula, and D. 7.

Juscus from Annam.

In the Burma collection there are four specimens of it from the

Mandalay region, representing a new subspecies, while I also find

it necessary to distinguish the Yunnan race as a fifth local race.

It is however to be noted that these animals show a remarkable

variation in the shape and size of the skull, some having compara-

tively small skulls, with conical muzzle, while others have a larger

skull with larger brain case and a longer muzzle which is more

pinched in laterally. Possibly there may prove to be more than

one species among them, but for the moment I leave them provi-

sionally all under the specific name of rujigenis. Further series,

showing change of skull with age, and exact geographical distribution

and intergradation (or otherwise ) of the different forms will be

needed before any final conclusion can be arrived at.

DREMOMYS R. ADAMSONI, subsp. n.

Adamson’s red-cheeked Squirrel.

General characters as in true rufigenis. Body with the same

drabby or muddy suffusion in the olive of the upper surface, the

rump and hips similarly more brown. ‘Top of muzzle less rufous,

with hardly a trace of ferruginous in its grizzling. Patch behind

ear small, dull buffy. Rufous of cheeks less extended, almost

replaced by brown between eye and ear. Under surface conspicu-

ously whiter; the interramia and throat almost pure white, the belly

hairs with their white tips almost hiding their slaty basis, and

the hairs in the inguinal region and on the inner side of the thighs

prominently white. In rufigenis the hairs of the throat and inguinal

regions are more or less washed into ochraceous.

Skull of the size and shape of that of rujigenis. Posterior edge of

nasals V-shaped, the angle forwards.

Dimensions of the type.—Head and body 200 mm; tail 125; hind-

foot 43 ; ear 21.

Skull. Greatest length 52; zygomatic breadth 27:5; nasals

16 x 6:5; interorbital breadth 14°4; breadth of brain case 22:2;

palatilar length 22; p* and three molars 8°8.

Hab.—Upper Burma. Type from Maymyo, alt. 2,800’. Other

specimens from Kalaw, S. Shan States, 4,800’.

T'ype.—Adult male, B. M. No. 14.4.3.8. Original number 3493.

Given to Mr. Shortridge by its collector Mr. J.P. Cook. Presented

to the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

This squirrel is primarily distinguished from true rujigenis by its

much whiter undersurface, and especially its white throat and

inner side of thighs. |

Named in honour of Sir Harvey Adamson, K.C.S8.1., Lieut.-

Governor of Burma, to whom Mr. Shortridge and the Mammal

Survey in Burma have both been much indebted for assistance of

various kinds.

DREMOMYS R. ORNATUS, subsp. n.

The Yunnan red-cheeked Squirrel.

General appearance of rujigenis, but skull characters as in belfields.

Coloration almost as in true rufigenis, but the back a clearer olive

without any muddy or drabby tinge, and the rump with scarcely

any suffusion of brown. Undersurface as rufigenis. Sides of face

brighter ferruginous, the rusty extending further back on the upper

surface of the muzzle, nearly to the level of the ears. Patches

behind ears buffy.

Skull very different from that of rufigenis, but indistinguishable

from that of belfieldi. Larger than in rujigenis, the muzzle very

long, pinched in at sides; the nasals long, their hinder end directed

transverse. Forehead broad, flat, with more transversely directly

postorbital processes. Brain case large. Zygomatia widely ex-

panded.

Dimensions of the type.—Hindfoot, 44.

Skull.—Greatest length 58:2; condylo-incisive length 50:3;

zygomatic breadth 31:6; nasals 21 x 7; interorbital breadth 16-7;

‘breadth of brain case 25 palatilar length 24:2; p* and three

molars 9°7.

Halitat.— Yunnan ( Probably from near. Mong-tze ).

Type.—Old female. B.M. No. 12.7.25.20. Original number

11. Collected 4th February 1910 by Mr. Alan Owston’s collector

H. Orii. One specimen.

Distinguished from rufigenis by its large skull and long muzzle,

and from belfieldi by its brighter coloration.

Flying Squirrels.

No Petaurista is contained in the Popa collection, but one was

obtained in the Shan States by Capt. Venning, who has presented

it to the survey. It proves to be a new subspecies and may be

called—

PETAURISTA LYLEI VENNINGI, subsp. n.

Venning’s Flying Squirrel.

Similar in general characters to true Siamese lylei, but with the

undersurface browner, less ferruginous.

Size as in lyler. General colour above on superficial view very

much as in that animal, the fur with a similar prominent ticking of

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 27

white, but the underfur is wholly dark blackish slate, without

the concealed suffusion of ferruginous found in the Siamese form.

Hars similarly long, with the proectote tending to rufous, and the

_metectote black, but the former is of a duller tone, approaching

fawn. Hyes with black upper and lower rims, without the small

rufous spots found in lylez both above and below the eye. Undersur-

face much more brownish than in lylei, nearly matching Ridgway’s

“fawn colour”’, therefore very different from the brilliant rufous or

ferruginous of lylet.

Parachute darker throughout than in lylei, its wpper side dark

chestnut brown, its lower vinaceous brown. Hands, feet and tail

black. 7

Skull as in lylet, but the bullae in the single specimen larger than

in the available skulls of lylez.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh by Capt. Ven-

ning ).—Head and body 455, tail 635, hindfoot 83, ear 51.

Skull.Greatest length 82; condylo-incisive length 74; zygo-

matic breadth 52; nasals 25x 16°5 ; interorbital breadth 18:5;

palatilar length 37:2 ; p* and three molars 17:5.

Habitat.—Southern Shan States. Type from Kalaw, west of

Taunggyl, alt. 4,700’.

Type.-—Adult male, B. M. No. 14.4.3.1. Original number

3374. Collected 15th May 1913, and presented to the Survey by

Capt. F. EH. W. Venning.

This fine animal is a Burmese representative of the Siamese P.

lylei, from which it differs by its browner undersurface.

The smaller Flying Squirrels,

Of the smaller Flying Squirrels, the Burmese collection contains

three species, one of them belonging to the genus Belomys, and the

other two to Sciuropterus, subgenus Hylopetes.

The Belomys unfortunately is only represented by a young example

from Mt. Popa, and an imperfect skin without skull from Yin

Village, Lower Chindwin. Neither is determinable with certainty,

but the relationship to B. trichotis of Manipur will no doubt prove

to be close.

The larger Sciuropterus seemed to be fairly numerous, and Mr.

Shortridge succeeded in getting 35 specimens of it. An examina-

tion of these shows that it is a local form of S. phayrei of Pegu and

Tenasserim. It may be called—

SCIUROPTERUS PHAYREI PROBUS, subsp. n.

Like true phayret but tending to be lighter coloured throughout,

not so much in the general colour as in the greater extent of whitish

on the undersurface of neck, limbs and tail. General colour above

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

light wood-brown, a prominent patch on sides of cheek and neck

greyish white. Muzzle more greyish white than brown. Under-

surface nearly wholly pure white, a few hairs only on the sides of

the belly with slaty bases.

Hands and feet only brown at the base, and on the middle line, the

sides and the whole of the digits whiter—in true phayret the feet are

wholly brown with the exception of a few hairs at the root of the

claws. ‘Tail drabby basally, darkening to blackish brown at the tip,

the darkening less rapid and less intense than in phavyret.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body

148 ; tal 128; hindfoot 30°5; ear 23. Skull, greatest length

39:3 ; condylo-incisive length 35 5 zygomatic breadth 24°2; nasals

10:2; palatilar length 17: oF p and three molars (hes).

T'ype.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14.4.3.2. Original number 3601.

Collected on Mt. Popa at about 3,000’, 7th Serienibee 1918, by G. C.

Shortridge, and presented by the Bombay Natural History Society.

This form, distinguished by its nearly wholly white feet, is of

about the same size as true phayrei. On the other hand the Siamese

representative of phayrer is larger, though on account of its general

identity 1 in colour and other characters I should still call it the same

species.

SCIUROPTERUS PHAYREI LAOTUM, subsp. n.

Larger than phayrei and probus.

Coloration about as in probus, though the undersurface tends to

be.more largely mixed with slaty, and the white itself is less pure.

Hands and feet brown with white digits.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin).—-Hindtfoot, 34

mm. |

Skull, greatest length 42; condylo-incisive length 38°3; zygo-

matic Adan 16:2; rect 10°5 x 6°6; palatilar length 19; p* and

three molars 7:3 (worn and crushed together, 8:9 in one of Mr. Lyle’s

specimens. )

Habitat.— Laos Mts. and Siam.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 62.8.16.3. Collected by

Mouhot.

Mr. Lyle obtained four examples of this flying squirrel in North-

ern Siam, but unfortunately two of their skulls are lost, one is

broken, and the fourth shows signs of having been in captivity.

I have therefore had to select Mr. Mouhot’s specimen as the type.

All the specimens agree in the greater length of the hindfoot as

compared with phayret and probus.

The third small Flying Squirrel in the collection is Sciwropterus

spadiceus, Blyth, represented by a single specimen from Maymyo

near Mandalay, presented by Mr. G. B. H. Fell.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 29

MILLARDIA KATHLEENA, sp. n.

Ryley’s Soft-furred Rat.

A light coloured Millardia, with white tail tip and only 0—2—4

mamme. Size about equal to that of the largest of the known

species.

General colour above, pale sandy fawn, not unlike that of M.

meltada pallidior, Ryley. Flanks and regions round eyes brighter

fawn. Undersurface pale greyish white, the bases of the hairs

generally pale slaty, but those on chin and in the inguinal region

white to their bases. Lars fairly large, greyish, differing little in

colour from the general tone. Hands and feet white; soles with

only four pads, the normal murine fifth and sixth completely absent.

Tail varying from rather shorter to rather longer than the head and

body, thinly haired, not pencilled, greyish brown for the greater

part, sometimes the whole of its length, white below and terminally ;

about 12 rings to the centimeter. Mamme 0-2—4.

Skull on the whole very similar to that of M. meltada. Nasals

narrow. Superorbital ridges well marked. Interparietal more

triangular, with a greater antero-posterior diameter. Anterior

palatine foramina not elongated. Bulle very large, larger than in

any of the known species either of Miullardia or the other allied

genera.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body

145 (range 131-166) ; tail 148 (130-159); hindfoot 27 (26-30) ;

ear 21 (20-28).

Skull. Greatest length 35:4; condylo-incisive length 33:2;

zygomatic breadth 17:7; nasals 14°5; interorbital breadth 5;

interparietal 5°3 x 9°5; palatilar length 16°5; palatal foramine 8:6;

upper molar series 5°7.

Hab.—Dry zone of Burma. Most of the specimens, including

type, from Pagan: a few from Mt. Popa.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 14.4.3.5. Original number

4095. Collected at Pagan, 16th October 1913. .

This Burmese rat forms a very distinct new species, as all the pre-

viously known members of Millardia have 2-2—8 mamme, normal

sized bulle, and generally some trace of a fifth hindfoot pad. They

are also all inhabitants of the Peninsula of India, not extending

east of the Bay of Bengal.

I have named the species in honour of Miss Kathleen Ryley, to

whom the Survey is much indebted for the work she has done on its

collections during the temporary absence of Mr. Wroughton. I

venture to hope that on her return to England she will again

take up the subject of Indian mammalogy, with the help of the

increased material which the Bombay Society’s Survey is bringing

together.

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Mus nitiputus, Blyth.

Berdmore’s Mouse.

This species has always been a puzzle, and owing to the loss of

the type from the Calcutta Museum, its proper identification con-

tinues to be a difficulty. The two mice from Sikhim that I assigned

to it in 1881 are certainly something different, but owing to the

bad condition of one and the immaturity of the other I cannot at

present make any satistactory determination of them.

In the Burmese collection Mr. Shortridge obtained two species

of nttidulus like mice, a larger and a smaller, and on comparing

Blyth’s description’ with these two species, I have come to the

conclusion that it is the smaller one, the Mus, which, pending the

arrival of topotypes, should be provisionally assigned to M. nitidulus,

and that the Leggadilla is new. Beyond saying that it has 12

mammee or more, I will not now describe the form I assign to

nitidulus, as this naming may hereafter be again upset, but it

certainly agrees very closely with Blyth’s description, such as that is.

The larger species I propose to term—

LEGGADILLA SHORTRIDGEI, Sp. 0.

Shortridge’s Leqgada.

Size comparatively large, larger than in any of the species mention-

ed by Wroughton and Ryley. Fur thickly mixed with spines, the

spines on the back about 8-9 mm. in length. General colour drab-

grey, the bases of the fur pale grey or whitish grey, the ends of the

hairs pale drab, of the spines black.

Undersurface drabby whitish, the hairs slaty at base; line of

‘demarcation on sides not very sharply defined. ars scarcely darker

than the general colour. Hands and feet white. Tail shorter than

head and body; brown above, whitish below, not sharply defined ;

caudal rings about 16 to the centimeter. Mamme 3-2—=10.

Skull long and slender, with long, narrow muzzle. The raised

superorbital bead characteristic of Leggadilla as opposed to Mus well

defined, starting close behind the back of the nasals, and continued.

backwards across the parietals. Palatal foramina to the level of the

front of the inner root of m’.

Teeth those of a typical Leggadilla, conspicuously larger than in

the species I refer to Mus nitidulus.

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—Head and body

122mm. (range 110-125); tail 101 (85-108); hindfoot 21°5

(20-22); ear 17°5 (17-19).

Skull.—Greatest length 30 ; condylo-incisive length 29°2 ; zygoma-

tic breadth 15; nasals 13; interorbital breadth 4-3; interparietal

3°8 x 10; palatilar length 14°3; palatal foramina 7:2; upper molar

series 46.

1 J, A 8. 3B. XVIII, p. 294, 1859.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 31

Hab.—Mt. Popa, Upper Burma.

Type.—Adult male. B.M. No. 14.4.3.6. Original number 3936.

Collected 30th September 1913. 386 specimens.

Like Millardia kathleen this Leggadilla represents a considerable

extension of the range of the genus to which it belongs.

For any small mice previously assigned to Leggada and coming

from east of the Bay of Bengal are really members of Mus, as

recently restricted by Wroughton and Ryley, and do not belong to

the platythrix group, to which alone the name of Leggadilla is applic-

able. All the known forms are from the Peninsula of India.

I have named this well marked species in honour of Mr. Guy C.

Shortridge, its discoverer, to whose wonderful energy and collecting

talents so much of the success of the Bombay Society’s Survey is

due.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GORAL

(NEMORHAZDUS) SHOT BY CAPTAIN

F. M. BAILEY.

RR. 1..Pocock, F.R-3:

Capt. F. M. Bailey recently sent to Messrs. Rowland Ward the

skin and skull of an adult specimen of a Goral shot in Po Me

in Tibet and, suspecting it might prove of interest from the locality

standpoint, if from no other, asked me to examine it. His suspi-

cions proved well founded, for the specimen turns out to be an

undescribed form related to the two Himalayan species of Goral

(Nemorheedus goral, and N. hodgsont) recently described in this Journal

(J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc. XXII, pp. 313-314, 1913). Its

relationship with these species and not with the Chinese types of

goral is shown by the shortness of the tail and by the extension of

the black patch over the knees of the front legs.

NEMORHADUS BAILEY, sp. n.

General colour a uniform dark-brown on the body, rather paler on

the sides and belly than on the back, but with no distinct black

speckling on the hairs. A black spinal stripe extending from the

crown of the head to the tail, deeper in tint upon the head and neck

than on the back and gradually fading posteriorly upon the croup.

Tail short and mostly black, but with some brown hairs on its upper

side. A distinct dark patch above the rhinarium on the muzzle.

Upper and lower lips with a narrow white rim, but the rest of the

lips darkish. At the upper end of the throat a narrow elongated

area of white hairs and the hair-whorls on the inner side at the

base of the forelegs forming two large white patches. Forelegs

dark yellowish brown, brighter on the feet and on the inner side; a

short black patch extending over the middle of the knee but not

above or below it to any appreciable extent. Hind legs the same

colour on the front, without any definite dark strike extending up

their posterior surface towards the root of the tail; inside of

thighs at base dirty white.

Measurements.— Length of head and body 422 in.; height at

shoulder 251 in.; length of tail 37 in.; of ear 43 in.; of horns 5 in.

Loc. Dreon bank of Yigrong Tso (Lake) in Po Me. 9,000 ft.

July 3rd, 1913. An adult male, example (Type).

The dark coloration and the presence of the black spinal stripe

rugged. Hindrip between this species and NV. hodgsont rather thin

NEW SPECIES OF GORAL. 33

with the grey goral N. goral. The three may be distinguished and

contrasted as follows :—

a. A very small white patch at the upper end of

the throat; a large conspicuous white patch

on each side of the chest in front close to

_ the base of the legs fe Se ... baileys,

b. A large white or dirty white patch at

upper end of throat; patches on the chest

near forelegs not white and not sharply

differentiated from the adjacent area.

a’. Dark brown speckled with black, a dark

spinal line, etc. ... ne was ... hodgsont.

b’. Grey, speckled with black, no conspicuous

dark spinal stripe ae Hee =e goral.

From the brief diagnosis contained in the table, I have omitted

the general coloration of N. baileyi which differs from that of N.

hodqsont and of N. goral in being without the black speckling on the

hairs, the colour being remarkably uniformly brown. ‘This may

prove to be a distinctive character but the coat is not in sufficiently

good condition to justify confidence on that point.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKES.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS.

Mayor F. Wat, I.M.S., C.M.Z.8.

Part XXII (with Plate XXII, Diagrams and Maps.)

- (Continued from page 760 of Volume XXII.)

The next three species dealt with in this series of papers belong

to the genus Zamenis, and are Z. fasciolatus, Z. ventrimaculatus, and

Z. diadema. Z. mucosus, the commonest, and most widely distributed

has been already discussed in a former paper (Vol. XVII, p. 209):

When Mr. Boulenger’s catalogue appeared in 1896, the genus included

34 species chiefly Asian and American. Of this total 10 occur

within Indian limits.

ZAMENIS FASCIOLATUS.

THE FASCIOLATED RAT-SNAKE.

History.—Russell in his great work on the Indian snakes, publish-

ed in 1796, was the first to mention this snake, and this Volume

contains an excellent coloured plate (No. XXI) of a handsomely

marked juvenile specimen. Shaw in 1802, and Daudin in 180s,

next referred to it, and then Cantor in 1839. Since then may

writers have contributed scraps of information concerning it.

Nomenclature.—(a) Scientific.—lt received its specific baptism in

1802. Shaw’s name (a diminutive form of the Latin fasciatus

‘banded’ ) having reference to the narrow crossbars usually so_

distinct in early life. It was assigned to its present place among

the Zamenis by Giinther in 1864. The generic name is from the

Greek “ Zamenes” meaning “very strong.”

(b) English.—1 can suggest no better name than the fasciolated

rat-snake which is the equivalent of its scientific designation.

on the authority probably of natives in Vizagapatam, since “ gedi

paragoodoo”’ or “grass runner is the name given to the Krait

in the Vizagapatam District, according to the same author. IT am

told that ‘“nooni” is Telugu for oil, and ‘“ paragudu ’’ means

‘runner.”? The former word which I believe is also used for

glistening 1s probably suggested by the smooth and polished character

of the scales.

Oolowr.—The prevailing hue dorsally is some shade of brown,

or olive-brown, some specimens being very light and almost yellow-

ish, others very dark. Young specimens are beautifully ornamented

Plate AAIL

Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

J.Green, Chromo.

P. Gerhardt del.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. (Wall)

L2.Zamenis fasciolatus, harmless.

3-4. Zamenis ventrimaculatus, harmless.

5-7. Coluber radiatus harmless.

all nat.suxe.

ax) 5

pik Vio

of THE -

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 35

with crossbars, spotted or variegated with black and brown on a

whitish ground. These bars are most conspicuous anteriorly and

gradually disappear before, at, or at some distance behind the middle

of the body. ‘They become increasingly obscure as age advances,

and some old specimens are nearly uniform in colour. The head is

usually uniform olivaceous, and without any markings, but a young

specimen of mine in Fyzabad was marbled with lighter hues. The

belly is uniformly whitish, or yellowish. In my young specimen

it was greenish-yellow.

General characters.—The head is of moderate length and width.

The upper jaw projects rather prominently, and is sometimes rather

parrot-like. A “canthus rostralis” is moderately evident. The

nostril is of fair size, and occupies the upper two-thirds of the

suture between the nasal shields. The eye is about half the length

of the snout, and its round pupil easily discerned in life. A neck is

fairly evident. The body is round, moderately long and smooth,

and the tail is slender in form, and accounts for one-fourth to one-

fifth the length of the snake.

Identification.—In many respects it is very like Hodgson’s rat-

snake (Coluber hodgsoni), 2 Himalayan species. It bears a super-

ficial resemblance to Cantor’s rat-snake (Coluber cantoris), another

Himalayan form, and some other species of Zamenis and Coluber

as well as the cobra. It is best recognised by attention to its scale

rows first. These are usually 21 at a point two headslengths behind

the head, 23 in midbody, and 17 two headslengths before the vent.

Added to this the anal shield is divided; the supralabials are 8,

the divided 3rd with the 4th and 5th, or the divided 4th with the

oth and 6th touching the eye; and the preocular touches the frontal

shield,

Length.—It grows to upwards of three feet. The largest I have

examined measured 4 feet 24 inches.

Nisposition.—It appears to be a plucky and vicious snake

when molested. The few comments in this direction to be found in

the literature on the species are in agreement. Stoliczka says it is

vather a fierce snake when molested, and Blanford speaking of a

Specimen he encountered says, though young, it was one of the

_ fiercest snakes he ever captured. The only specimen I have ever seen

_ alive, probably a hatchling, was remarkably active and plucky.

I understand from Mr. Millard, who is very familiar with it, that it

is on account of its habit of flattening its body and a general

resemblance in colour and appearance to a small cobra when moving

that the Konkani natives so frequently declare it is a female cobra.

My young specimen gave me a lively exhibition of its cobra-like

behaviour. It erected itself probably as high relatively as a cobra

would do, and flattened itself very remarkably.

Habits.—I1 believe it frequents jungly tracts chiefly, but will stray

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

into populated areas, and according to Stoliczka has been known to

enter houses in Calcutta.

Food.—A specimen sent me from Patna had swallowed a rat.

Stoliczka, however, remarks that it feeds on frogs and worms.

Breeding.—Very little is known in this connection. A speci-

men which I took to be a hatchling, measuring 11+ inches, was

captured by me in Fyzabad in the month of July. Mr. D’Abreu

told me of a hatchling he obtained in Patna in May.

Distribution.—Though Jerdon remarks that it isnot uncommon in

the Carnatic, this has not been my experience. I never obtained

one when in residence in Southern India (Trichinopoly, Madras,

Berhampore, Cannanore, and Bangalore), and I noticed that in the list

of Tranvancore snakes given by Ferguson in this Journal (Vol. X,

p- 68, and Vol. XIV, p. 386), this is not mentioned as one of the 58

land snakes enumerated. In my whole Indian career (19 years), I

have had one specimen brought to me, viz.,in Fyzabad, and only

one sent to me for identification, except the examples that have

reached me from our Secretary from around Bombay. It is poorly

represented in numbers in both the British and Indian Museums.

The fact, however, that Nicholson supports Jerdon in saying that it

is fairly common in Mysore; and Mr. Millard tells me it is quite a

common snake in the Konkan, added to the fact that it is often

mistaken for the cobra in the Konkan, and has a fairly wide

distribution in Peninsula India justifies its inclusion in these papers.

It occurs in Northern Ceylon. In India it is found from Cape

Comorin to the base of the Himalayas, excepting, perhaps, Travan-

core. It does not extend as far as Rajputana and the Punjab on

the north-west, nor further east than Calcutta. I have elsewhere*

given good reasons for doubting the accuracy of the locality of

Cantor’s specimen in the British Museum said to be from the

Province Wellesley in the Malay Peninsula. The exact localities

known to me are shown in the accompanying map. |

Lepidosis.—Rostral—Touches 6 shields; the rostro-internasal

sutures usually greater than the rostro-nasal. I[nternasals—Two; the

suture between them two-thirds to three-fourths that between the

prefrontal fellows, about two-thirds the internaso-preefrontal suture.

Prefrontals.—Two; the suture between them subequal to the

preefronto-frontal sutures ; in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal,

preocular. Hrontal—Touches 8 shields; the fronto-supraocuar

sutures about twice as long as fronto-parietals. Supraoculars—Length

subequal to frontal breadth about two-thirds the frontal along a line

connecting the centres of the eyes. Nasals—Two ; in contact with

the first and second supralabials. Loreal—One. Preoculars—One

touching, or almost touching the frontal. Postoculars—Two..

* Pois. Terr. Snakes, Brit. Ind. Dom. 1908, Footnote, p. 21.

Journal, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc.

EMPIRE

Exgish Miles.

: £ Gil 9g iT

Chitral] =...

(1) Jaffna (Willey. Spol. Zeylan, April 1906, p. 33), (2) Anamallay Hill

(1.M.), (3) Collagelly Hills (I1.M.), (4) Mysore (Nicholson, Ind. Snakes, p. 87),

(5) Madras (B. M.), (6) Ellore (Blanford, I. A. S. B. XLVIII, p. 115),

(7) Vizagapatam Dist. (B. M.), (8) Calcutta (I. M.), (9) Monghyr (I. M.),

(10) Patna (F. W.), (11) Benares (B. M.), (12) Allahabad (I. M.), (13) Fyza-

bad (F. W.), (14) Gwalior (B. M.), (15) Saugor (Bo. M.), (16) Nagpur

(D’Abreu in epistola), (17) Salsette, Bombay, Thana, (Bo. M.), (18) Poona,

Khandalla (Bo. M.)

B. M., implies British Museum; I. M., Indian Museum; Bo. M., Bom.

Nat, Hist. Society’s collection; F, W., the author.

THE CoMMON SNAKES OF INDIA,

rhe LiwnARy

OP ees

CPUC RTY AE pee

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 37

Temporals—Two; the lower touching three supralabials (usually the

5th, 6thand 7th). Supralalnals—8 ; the drd, 4th and 5th or 4th, 5th

and 6th touching the eye. Hither the 8rd or 4th usually divided

and touching the eye. Infralahials—6 ; the 4th, 5th and 6th, or 5th

and 6th only, touching the posterior sub-linguals ; the 6th largest and

in contact with 3 scales behind. Sublinquals—Two pairs ; the anterior

- rather the longer, the posterior completely separated. Oostals.—T wo

headslengths behind head 21, midbody 23, two headslengths before

vent17. Inthe step from 21 to 23, a row appears on each side of

the vertebral ; in the reduction from 23 to 21 the two rows next to

the vertebral unite ; in the reduction from 21 to 19 (which occurs close

to the preceding step, in fact, the absorption of rows in these two steps

may be reversed), the 3rd above the ventrals is absorbed ; in the

reduction from 19 to 17, the 7th or 8th row above the ventrals is

absorbed. Vertebralsnot enlarged. No keels. Apical facets present

in pairs.

Ventrals.—197 to 225. Anal—Divided. Subcaudals—73 to 92

in pairs.

Dentition.—(From a single skull in my collection ). Maaillary,

13 subequal teeth, succeeded (after a gap that would accommodate

one tooth), by two teeth little if any larger than the preceding ones.

Palatine 11, decreasing in length from before backwards, the anterior

subequal to the maxillary. Pteryyoid 15 to 16, decreasing in length

from before backwards. Mandibular 18, decreasing in length

anteriorly, and posteriorly from about the Sth. I think the denti-

tion is sufficiently distinctive to dissociate this species from the genus

Zamenis in which several species with various dental characters are

now grouped.

I take the view in this paper and for the reasons specified in a

footnote that the forms of Zamenis described under the names of (1)

ventrimaculatus (Gray), (2) vrhodorhachs (Jan.), (8) ladacensis

(Anderson), (4) dorsale (Anderson,, and (5) chesner (Martin), are

all varieties of a single species for which the foremost name must

stand having priority. Boulenger in his Catalogue (1893, Vol. 1,

pp. 398 and 399) has already united Nos. 1 and 5, under the name

ventrimaculatus, and Nos. 2, 3 and 4 under rhodorhachis, but

distinguishes between these two”.

* The descriptions of these two forms given by Boulenger in his Catalogue (1893)

are identical with the exception of the ranges of the ventral, and subcaudal shields.

I have now examined a large series of both forms from localities as widely separated

as Almora in the East to Aden in the West. The dentition of all these agrees with

that of the type of ventrimaculatus in the British Museum and the type of Anderson’s

ladacensis in the Indian Museum which I have also examined. I can

discover no differences in lepidosis (examining specimens of each most critically

side by side) except in the ranges of the ventrals and subcaudals. In one form

both are more numerous than in the other. This becomes more noticeable in

a comparison of the aggregates of these shields. Specimens of each agree in

colouration, and they appear to grow to a similar length. I have examined the

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIIT,

ZAMENIS VENTRIMACULATUS (Gray).

GRAY’S RAT-SNAKE.

History.— First referred to by Gray in 1834, who figured it in

his Illustrations of Indian Zoology (Plate LXXX, Vol. Il). The

type specimen collected by General Hardwicke is in the British

Museum, but the locality where found has been lost sight of. It

is one of the few shielded forms. (Ventrals 206, subcaudals 98,

Boulenger.) Under the name Z. chesnet Martin redescribed it in

1838. It has been redescribed under various other names, or

confused with other species by many other authors.

Nomenclature—(a) Scientific.—‘ Ventrimaculatus ” is from the

Latin and implies spotted belly, in allusion to the irregular series of

roundish spots seen at the edge of the ventrals in the forepart of

the belly.

geographical distribution of each and append maps which show that their distribu-

tion is almost the same. One (the few shielded) extends South of the Indus whilst

the other has not yet been recorded so far South in India. A list is also appended

showing the number of specimens of each that I have examined and added to the

specimens in Boulenger’s Catalogue and the ventral and subcaudal ranges. I think

from these considerations most herpetologists will hesitate to accept these forms

as distinct species. In this paper, therefore, I treat them all as one species under

the name ventrimaculatus.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIMENS,

rol

{<0}

A ggregate

Sr A | ventesaiege cane Locality.

“ : ‘| foregoing.

Variety |Typica.

Few shielded .. ..| 61 199-210 89-112 281-391

Persia,

Many do. Ae A 13 214-241 126-137 841-376

Few shielded .. fi. 2 207-209 109-112 816-831

Aden and around.

Many do. ss Je 10 299-236 124-188 346-372

Few shielded .. fe 17 194-211 95-121 295-826 Sind, Baluchistan. Thar

and Parkar, Rajputana,

Many do. re a Ms ree aeiee ere Punjab.

Few shielded .. ee 18 190-221 101-125 293-335 W. Himalayas, from Al-

mora to Gilgit, and

Many do, ae ae 10 215-246 126-145 347-391 Chitral,

Variety \rhodorhachis| (Jan.)

Few shielded .. a ve delete Staats

Persia,

Many do. 433 + 6 217-235 125-187 347-363

Few shielded .. Sf, 2 911-299 111-122 822-344

Chitral,

Many do. re he oe

————— eee

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 39

(b) Hnglish.—For want of a better title, and owing to the

difficulty of finding anything distinctive in this member of a large

genus, I propose to associate Gray’s name with it.

young specimens to our Society’s collection from Koweit on the

Persian Gulf it is called ‘‘ dawaib-al-khail”’ in Arabia.

Identification.—The scale rows two headslengths behind the

head are 19, in midbody 19, and two headslengths before the vent

15, or more commonly 138. The anal shield is divided. The

supralabials are 9; the 4th divided and the 4th, 5th and 6th touching

the eye (less commonly they are 8; the 3rd divided and the 3rd, 4th

and 5th touching the eye).

There are only about 12 others of our Indian snakes with the

scale rows as given above. 6 of these have an entire anal shield, and

none have the condition of the supralabials peculiar to this species.

The divided 3rd or 4th supralabial must be carefully looked for

(see figure).

General characters.—This is a remarkably graceful species, the

body is smooth on the surface, round, slender and elongate, and the

tail is unusually long, and tapering accounting for more than one-

fourth the total length. The head is moderately narrow, and the

snout moderate in length, and obtuseness. The nostril occupies

about the upper two-thirds of the suture between the nasal shields.

The eye of medium size has the pupillary border of the iris fine

_ specked with gold, so that the round shape of the pupil is clear

evident in life. A neck is moderately evident. The attenuation of

the body is very gradual, and continues so insidiously that the origin

of the tail is barely if at all indicated. The belly is slightly angula-

ted on each side.

Colour and varweties—The variety typica of Gray, and far

the commonest variety is very variable in its prevailing tones and

markings. It may be dirty yellowish, olive-greenish, olive-brownish,

stone coloured, or greyish. The posterior part of the body for a

variable length, and the tail are uniformly coloured. Anteriorly the

body is variously marked with spots, or crossbars, or both. A

common form is shown in our plate where crossbars are evident,

alternating with a single series of largish costal spots. These bars

may be as long as the intervals, as in our plate, or only half the

length. In another very common form there are no crossbars, but

5 or 6 rows of small spots arranged quincuncially. In some 3 series

of small spots alternate with one another each side, and the upper-

most with a series of narrow crossbars. The head partakes of the

prevalent dorsal hue, and exhibits a blackish spot on the lore, a

blackish oblique stripe below the eye, another on the temporal region

to the gape, a band between the eyes, and varioas marks on the occi-

put. A crossbar, or a single longitudinal stripe, or twin stripes may

40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

be present on the nape. These very variable marks are obscure, or

more or less obsolescent in some specimens especially old ones but

are quite conspicuous in the young. In a large number of examples

there is a conspicuous, white, or buff zone around the eye. The

belly in life is saffron yellow, or a paler shade, sometimes merging

to pinkish posteriorly, or exhibiting a pinkish suffusion laterally. A

more or less irregular series of black spots occurs at the edges of the

ventrals beyond their angulation.

In the specimens I saw in life in Chitral the skin was dun

coloured, and the scales in the anterior part of the body were black

on their basal margins and pale yellowish or whitish on their apical

margins where overlapped. ‘This produced a beautiful variegation

chiefly visible when the snake inflated itself under excitement.

This variety is the prevailing one in India, in Chitral, Sind, Balu-

chistan, Persia, Arabia, and N. W. Africa.

Variety rhodorhachis (Jan) (From the Greek ‘“rhodos,” a rose

and ‘“‘rachis,” the spine.) ‘This variety which is far less abundant

than tyjica is characterised by a reddish stripe down the spine

which in some specimens is a brilliant vermillion, in others a vivid

rose, and in others a brownish, or rusty red. It may involve from

3 to 5 scales in the breadth of the snake, and commencing at the

nape may extend to the tail tip, or end at the vent, or sometimes

before midbody. In other respects this form is marked as in

typica, but I think all the specimens I have seen showed the

quincunciate arrangement of small spots, and none any crossbars.

I have seen the red spinal stripe very limited in extent, and but

faintly indicated, and such specimens are completely intermediate

between the forms typica and rhodorhachis.

There are specimens in the British Museum from Persia, and I

have seen specimens from Chitral and from Aden Hinterland

(Dthalla).

Variety subnigra (Boettger) uniform slatish in the anterior part of

body, merging to purplish brown posteriorly.. A narrow blackish

mesial line on the neck expanding gradually and merging to

purplish-brown so as to suffuse the entire dorsum. A few black

spots costally. Head olive-greyish. Belly yellow beneath the neck,

merging to purplish-brown behind, and with the usual black spots

at the sides of the ventrals. Described by Boettger from an example

from Somaliland, also recorded by Boulenger from the Abian

Country, Arabia.

IT have seen a uniformally blackish specimen from the Aden

Hinterland (Dthalla) which I considered a melanotic example.

(Ventrals 231, subcaudals 138).

Dimensions. — Adults usually measure from three to four feet. The

largest specimen I have seen which had its tail slightly imperfect

was a ¢ which taped four feet, and half an inch in the fresh state.

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Mapa els

Distribution of the few-shielded variety (Ventrals 199—222. Subcau-

dals 82—122. Aggregate 281—344).

_30 40 SO 60 70

20};

[i 10

7 — sh oT | a

SEA | |

--------- /mplies linils uncer/ain.

(1) Mesopotamia (B. M.), (2) Euphrates (B.M.), (8) Fao (B.M.), (4) Bu- |

shire (B. M.), (5) Persia (B. M.), (6) Gwadar (B. M.), (7) Afghanistan (B. M..,

(8) Chitral (F.W.), (9) Lahore (Bo. M.), (10) Mussoorie (Bo, M.), (11) Almora

(F. W.), (12) Delhi (F. W.), (18) Hyderabad (Bo. M.), (14) Karachi (B. M.),

(15) Deesa (Bo. M.), (16) Deolali (Bo, M.), (17) Aden Hinterland (Bo. M.),

(18) Somaliland (Boettger), (19) Egypt (Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 378).

THE CoMMON SNAKEs OF INDIA.

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

iV ACP ae

Distribution of many-shielded variety (Ventrals 214—246. Subcaudals

124—145. Ageregate 541—391).

30 FO JO 60 70

SO f= —

implies [tintks uncer/ati.

(1) Egypt (B. M.), (2) Dead Sea (B. M.), (3) Aden Hinterland (B. M.),

(4) Muscat (B. M.), (5) Bushire (B. M.), (6) Shiraz (B. M.), (7) Transcaspia,

(B. M.), (8) Baluchistan (B. M.), (9) Regan (B. M.), (10) Chitral (F. W.),

(11) Gilgit (B. M.), (12) Punjab (Bo. M.), (13) Ladakh (Anderson), (14)

Kasauli (Bo. M.)

B. M., implies specimen is in the British Museum; Bo. M. in our

Society’s collection at Bombay; F. W., the author’s authority.

THe ComMon SNAKES OF INDIA.

ik LiBKARY

UF TRE

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Al

Haunts.—The many specimens brought to me in Chitral, Malakand

and Delhi were encountered on the hill sides or in open spaces, or

cultivated ground. There is no jungle worth the name in those

localities, and I think the same may be said of most of the countries

it inhabits. Several were killed inside our very congested little fort

at Drosh, and another inside the mess at Chitral where it was seen

in the roof. Another was killed in a house at Malakand where I

think it was seeking retirement for the winter. Major Magrath

tells me too that it is common about bungalows in Cantonment in

Peshawar. )

Habits and disposition.—I have met a good many during the day

time, either basking in the open close to cover into which they

quickly withdrew on my approach, or I disturbed them in the act

of swallowing a victim. On one occasion the victim which had

been swallowed proved so bulky that it seriously handicapped the

snake’s movements, and it could not in consequence evade capture.

It is probably about at night too sometimes since it 'preys on

Stoliczka’s gecko, a lizard I never saw except after dark. It isa

very active snake, but so far as a very limited experience of living

specimens is concerned I do not think it is fierce or aggressive.

Alcock and Finn who collected many specimens on the Perso-

Baluch border also remark that it is not fierce. Many specimens I

was unable to catch owing to the precipitate manner in which they

disappeared on my approach, and one that I liberated went off so

hurriedly that I had great difficulty in recovering it.

Food.—On three occasions [ found a lizard of the genus Calotes

had been taken. ‘Twice this was the species versicolor, and on the

third occasion probably the same species. Twice I found Stoliczka’s

gecko Gymnodactylus stoliezkce had furnished the meal.

Breeding.—My three gravid specimens were captured in May and

June, so that it is probable that mating occurs in the early spring,

soon after they emerge from hibernation. The smallest dam was ,

2 feet 11 inches, a length which would be attained by about the end

of the third year of life. There were 38 eggs in one, 8 in another

and 9 in the third, so that the species cannot be considered prolific.

The largest eggs which measured from one, to one and a half inches

in length, contained no trace of an embryo, so that it seems probable

that the snake is oviporous, and that the embryo does not begin to

develope until after oviposition. The hatchlings probably emerge

from the egg in August and September. I have had young speci-

mens measuring 127 and 131 inches.in September. The ¢ claspers

in adults are studded with hook-like horny appendages. ‘The

secretion of the anal glands is white, and looks like white paint.

Growth.—The smallest specimen I have any record of is the one

mentioned by Stoliczka captured at Sobattoo which measured 113

inches, and I think this will prove to be about the length of a

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

newly hatched specimen. As far as I can judge the species appears.

to grow about 10 or 12 inches each year until mature, 1.e., about the

end of the third year, but like other snakes they will grow consider-

ably after attaining sexual maturity.

Distribution.—It has been found in the Indian Tropical Region

in the Konkan, (Bombay, Poona, and Deolali), on the confines of

the Tropical Region, [Deesa, (B. N. H. 8. Collection), Jeypore

(Sclater), and Delhi (F. W.) |, but otherwise only in the Mediter-

ranean subregion of the Holarctic (Sind, Rajputana, Punjab,

Western Himalayas, (West of Almora,) Kashmir, Chitral, Afghanis-

tan, Baluchistan, Persia, Transcaspia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt.

and Somaliland). It is common everywhere on our N. W. Fron-

tier. Major Bukhle tells me it is abundant at Sukkur, Sind.

Alcock and Finn found it frequently on the Perso-Baluch bound-

ary, and I have examined many specimens from Baluchistan. In

the Aden Hinterland it was one of the commonest snakes met with.

It is evidently plentiful in Persia judging from the many speci-

mens in various Museums from that country.

Lejndosis.— Rostral.—Touches 6 shields, the rostro-nasal sutures.

larger than the rostro-internasal. Internasals—Two; the suture

between them rather less than that between the preefrontal fellows,

subequal or rather less than the internaso-preefrontals. Prcefrontals—.

the suture between them, rather greater than the preefronto-frontal ;

in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal and preeocular. Lrontal—

‘Two ; touches 8 shields ; the fronto-supraocular sutures twice or more

than twice the fronto-parietals.. Swpraoculars—About as long, and

as broad as the frontal. Nasals;—T wo, in contact with the 1st and

2nd supralabials. Loreal—One; longer than high. Preeocular—One ;

touching frontal. Postoculars.—Two. Temporals—'T wo; the lower in

contact with 3 supralabials (usually the 6th, 7th and 8th). Suprala-

bials. Usually 9; the 4th divided and the 4th, 5th and 6th touching

the eye (sometimes 8; the 3rd divided and the 38rd, 4th and 5th touch-

ing theeye). Infralabials—Six ; the 6th largest and in contact with 3

scales behind normally. Sublingquals—Two pairs; the posterior longer,,

and in contact with the 5th and 6th infralabials, quite separated by

small scales. Costals—Two headslengths behind the head 19, in

midbody 19, two headslengths before the vent 138. In the reduc-

tion from 19 to 17, the 3rd or 4th row above the ventrals is absorbed,

in the second step from 17 to 15 the two rows next to the vertebral

coalesce ; and from 15 to 13 the two rows next to the vertebral

again fuse. As the first two steps occur close together, they are

sometimes reversed, or intermixed. Keels absent. Apical facetsin

pairs. Ventrals—Angulate laterally. In the few shielded “form ”

190 to 222; in the many shielded 214 to 246. Anal—Divided

Subcaudals—In the few shielded “form” 82 to 125, in the many

shielded 124 to 145.

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THE COMMON INDIAN ieee mae, 43

Dentition— From 7 skulls in my collection, including Variety

typica, Karachi (Ventrals 2014114), Variety typica, Chitral

(Ventrals 239 + 136), Variety *rhodorhachis, Chitral (Ventrals

2154113), Variety typica, Sukkur (Ventrals 2044 121). Mawillary

10 to 14, slightly increasing backwards, then a gap that od

accommodate two teeth followed by a pair of obliquely set, enlarged

teeth. Palatine, 9 to-11, the median about .as long as the median

maxillary, slightly decreasing forwards and backwards. Pterygoid, 15

to 24, gradually decreasing backwards. Mandibular 15 (14 ?) to

20 (21°), the first 3 or 4 progressively increasmg, the posterior

gradually decreasing.

Plaie.—Onur illustrations are good, and show one of the commonest

colour forms. This Plate also contains three figures of another

member of the genus Zamenis, which will be discussed in the next

paper.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR

ALLIES

(LAUGHING THRUSHES, BABBLERS, &c.).

Masor H. H. Harinaton, Indian Army.

Having spent a considerable portion of my leave working through

that interesting group of birds—the Indian Timeliides—and in so

doing collected together a large mass of notes; I venture to publish

these, as a great number of birds new to the Fauna of India, have

been added since Mr. Oates published his admirable work on the

birds of India.*

The descriptions of these new species have appeared from time to

time in various Journals and Bulletins, which are not always avail-

able to residents in the East. I hope, therefore, by republishing

these descriptions, I shall at least be of some assistance to others

who have been unable to procure them.

I have also made an attempt, not altogether successfully, to bring

some sort of order into this very complex group of birds. My first

and chief difficulty has been to know what birds should be admitted

into the T%meliides, as I have been unable to find any definition

giving their characteristics. Mr. Oates in his “ Orateropodide”

included a great number of Families and Genera which are now not

considered to belong to the Timeliides, many of these have been

placed, in other Families by Dr. Sharp in his “‘ Hand List.’’ There,

however, still remain several Genera which I consider should be

removed from this sub-order.

The nearest definition of the characteristics of the Timeliides,

I can find is that given by Jerdon.t This unfortunately does not

cover all the Genera which are at present included in this sub-order.

‘Legs and feet stout and large; bill various in form and length

almost always compressed, usually notched; wing short and rounded ;

tail longish, graduated ; plumage often lax.” (Jerdon.)

From the above I have presumed to formulate the following,

which I hope covers all those I consider should be included within

the Timeliuides :-—

Wings, short and rounded; powerful legs and feet, suitable

for progression on the ground; shape of bill, and length of tail,

very variable; plumage of the young not markedly different

from that of the adult; non-migratory in habits; and no

seasonal change in plumage.

* « Birds’? Fauna of British India.

+ Jerdon “ Birds of India ’’. Vol. ii., p. 1 (1863).

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 465

The Timeludes as above constituted are strictly non-migratory

and very sedentary in their habits, living the whole year round

practically in the same locality.* They have no distinctive summer

and winter plumage, which at once separates them from the

Warblers. Very little appears to be recorded about the plumage of

the young, which however is generally very like that of the adult;

they have, however, no distinctive plumage, differing from that of

the adult, like the majority of the Thrushes (T'urdide), this at once

removes them from that family.

TRINOMIALS.

‘“¢ As the use of trinomials for sub-species—or better, geographi-

cal or local races—does not seem to be generally understood, it may

be explained that when a species is divided into two or more races,

or when two or more species are grouped as races of one species,

then each of these races must havea trinomial appellation. It is

impossible to say which is the oldest or parent form, therefore the

first-named race of all those grouped under one species is arbitrarily

taken as the typical race, and its name becomes that of the

species.”

« Tt cannot be gainsaid that the trinomial system is of the great-

est possible use scientifically as demonstrating the close relationship

of geographical forms of the same species, just as the binomial system

demonstrates the relationship of species of the same genus.” f

As the use of trinomials is possibly new to a great number of

Members of the Society, I have given the above definition from ‘The

Hand List of the British Birds”, which explains their use and ad-

vantage very much better than I possibly could.

Mr. Oates in the ‘“‘Fauna of India ” did not always take notice of

geographical races, some he considered distinct species, whilst others

he treated as local forms, only just mentioning the differences which

occur between them and the typical species he was describing. So

that, often from his descriptions it is impossible to tell whether the

bird he is actually describing is quite distinct from any other spe-

cies, or only differs in some minor detail.

For example, in the Chestnut-headed Laughing-Thrushes ( 7’.

erythrocephalum, nigrimentwm, chrysopterum, erythrolema, mela-

nostigma, etc.), there is nothing in Mr. Oates’ descriptions, which

tells at a glance that all these birds are really only the geographical

races of one species, and merely differing from each other in

some smail detail, such as the colour of their parecoverts: supercilium,

* Capt. C. H. T. Whitehead informs me that the local form of Trochalepterwm

lineatwm, inhabiting the hills in the vicinity of Kohat, during the cold weather

descends down to the lower ranges, this can hardly be called true migration,

it is very interesting, and probably the same local movement takes place

amongst other species inhabiting bare and open hills.

+“A Hand List of British Birds,’ Hartert, Jourdain, Ticehurst and Witherby, 1912.

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

etc. By the use of trinomials, it at once becomes apparent that

all these different birds are nothing but the geographical representa-

tives of one species, which is very widely distributed in the hills,

extending from the N. W. Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula.

I have therefore taken full advantage of the use of “ trinomials ”

to show, wherever I consider a relationship exists. The great majo-

rity of the birds so dealt with have been looked on as ‘‘good species’,

and doubtless, so they are, when only a few specimens from different

localities are compared. However, when a large series of allied spe-

cies are examined it will be found, that they either grade into each

other, or show such a strong family likeness, that the presumption

is that the connecting links exist, or have existed, and by the use of

trinomials this relationship is at once apparent.

Some may, however, consider that I have used ‘ trinomials ”

rather too freely, and that their use should be reserved to denote sub-

species or local forms not worthy of specific rank. It is often ex-

tremely difficult to say which are ‘‘good species,” or which are only

a ‘local forms,” when you find both occupying well marked areas.

By the use of trinomials, I do not wish to degrade a bird from

specific to sub-specific rank, but only to show that they are the geo-

graphical representatives of a certain species, and have been guided

by the rule that no two sub-species of the same bird can be found

inhabiting the same area.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Timeludes appear to me, to be of very recent origin, and

still in a state of evolution; they are resident and non-migratory

and consequently a great many species have developed into numer-

ous geographical races.

Their central stronghold seems to be about Burma, from whence

they have extended through Assam into India and the Island of

Ceylon,* eastwards they are found in China, Japan, and the

Islands of Formosa and Hainan. An astonishing number of birds

from these two Islands show a marked relationship to the Himala-

yan Fauna, indicating, I think, that these islands must have been

connected with the mainland up to a very recent date. Southwards

they extend down the Malay Peninsula to the numerous islands, in

fact, throughout the Oriental or Indian Region, and I think that

the sub-order Timeliudes should be restricted to birds of this Region,

and not thrown open to all the waifs and strays of the bird world,

so that it has become a veritable ‘ Ornithological Waste-paper

Basket.”

* Some Ceylon and S. Indian birds, such as Pomatorhinus, Arrenga and others

show a marked affinity to the Sumatran and Javan Fauna, possibly showing some

former land connection in this direction.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, A7

A very interesting fact, which I have not seen mentioned before,

is that although the Timelides are so well represented in Burma and

Malay States, none have been recorded from the Andaman and

Nicobar Islands, obviously showing that these islands must either be

of recent formation, or had no connection with the mainland since

the appearance of this very large sub-order birds.

Whilst working up the distribution of this fascinating group, I

was greatly struck by the manner in which species in certain locali-

ties were liable to variation. I soon found that by taking specimens

and grouping them according to these different localities, any dif-

ferences at once became apparent. In the hills these areas are more

or less well marked, in the plains the distribution is not so easy, or

my knowledge of the physical geography at fault.

For some unaccountable reason, some species extending over a

wide area, seem to take every opportunity to vary, so we find geo-

eraphical races, wherever there is any isolation. Whilst other

species occupying practically the same area, show hardly any varia-

tion whatever, —s_

All birds are more or less restricted to certain elevations, some

being entirely ‘‘ Plains-dwellers,’ never ascending the hills to any

great height, whilst others are only found in the hills at certain

altitudes. A very curious fact, which I have never seen accounted

for, is the remarkable way in which, certain birds are only found at

great heights in the Himalayas, occur at much lower levels in Assam

and Burma.

It is also a well-known fact that species inhabiting both

avery dry anda damp locality differ in colour. Birds from

the former being paler, whilst those from the latter are darker

and more highly coloured.

Another interesting fact noticed is that amongst species liable to

variation and which have a wide distribution (and represented by

numerous races) very often the sub-species furthest apart geogra-

phically, that is at the ends of the chain or extremities of the

*‘ horse-shoe”’ resemble each other far more closely than those near

together and often are hardly separable.

This is well illustrated in the ‘“ Scimiter-Babblers.” Pomatorhi-

nus erythrogenys erythrogenys, Vigors, from the N. W. Himalayas,

is only separable in size from P. e. imberlis, Salvadori, from Tenas-

serim ; (both these races are noticeable for having pure white

unstriped breasts). Intervening we have the following well-marked

sub-species, P. e. ferrugilatus, Hodgson, from Sikhim, which has the

breast almost entirely grey: in Assam P. e. macclellandi, Jerdon,

and in Yunnan and North-East Burma P. e. gravivow, David, both of

of which have boldly striped breasts; and no doubt, connecting

links exist grading from one sub-species into the other, showing

that there is really only one species, which is represented by

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI/I,

well-marked geographical races or sub-species over the extent of its

distribution.

A great number of birds which are found both in Southern India

and Lower Burmaare very similar, and often hardly separable. Pellor-

neum ruficeps ruficeps, Swainson, and Alcrppe phceocephala phceeoce-

phala, Jerdon, both from Madras, and at one extremity of the ‘‘ horse-

shoe” are very like P. r. subochracewm, Swinhoe, and A. p. phayret,

Blyth, from Lower Burma and Tenasserim, at the other extremity,

while separating them we have well marked races. Many other inter-

esting examples might easily be given, Mr. Stuart Baker has also

noticed the same fact whilst working at the Game Birds and Pigeons.

These same unknown reasons might also account for the numerous

cases of similarity or ‘‘ mimicry’ which exist between birds of totally

different genera and orders, such as between Mixornis rubricapillus,

Tickell, and Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps (Blyth), which from their color-

ation are only separable after careful examination. Dicrurus ater,

Crypsirhina varians and Surniculus lugubris (the King-crow, Black

racket-tailed Pie, and the Drongo-cuckoo) can all be very easily

mistaken for each other.

The distribution of the ‘‘ Plains Dwellers” is naturally restricted

by mountain ranges and desert tracts, whilst that of Hull birds

appears to be limited by certain great river valleys. ‘This is most

marked in what may be called the ‘‘ Assam Back-water.” Here we

find in the same Province many birds from one side of the river are

quite distinct from those of the other, some sub-species, from the

Dafla Hills to the North of the Brahmaputra being quite distinct

from those from the Garo, Khasia and Cachar hills, situated to the

South of the river.

I do not wish to imply that each area has its own special breed of

birds, but if there is any variation in a species, these differences will

probably occur within certain well-marked tracts. J may possibly be

wrong in my different areas as I only came to the following conclu-

sions, from studying specimens and not from any local knowledge,

except in the case of Burma.

In the Himalayas, we find the following rivers forming very

natural boundaries, the Indus, Sutle] and Brahmaputra. In Burma

in a less degree we still have small rivers marking well defined ©

areas. In this Province the most noticeable barrier is the ‘“ dry-

zone’ of Central Burma, which effectually separates Northern

Burma from Lower Burma, and the Chin Hills on the West from

the Shan Hills on the East.

INDIA.

Commencing at the N.-W. we have the following well-marked

areas :—

1. Trans-Indus.—Probably from the right or West bank of the

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 49

Kabul river through the Afridi country down to Baluchistan. This

tract is very noticeable for its poverty in Timelune birds, and for

the great number of Paleearctic forms which occur.

2. N.-W. Himalayas.—From the Indus to the Sutlej valley,

which includes the southern portions of Kashmir and Chamba

State (N. Kashmir is probably Central Asian and Tibetian). Here

we find the Timeltides better represented, however many well-known

families have not yet found their way across the Sutlej valley.

3. Nepalese. —From the Sutle} to the Brahmaputra, and includes

the following sub-regions: (1) Gharwal and Kumaon. (2) Nepal.

(3) Sikhim and Darjeeling. (4) Butan and Dafla Hills, Assam.

This region is particularly rich in the Tumelvides.

A, Tbet.—Practically unknown.

5. The practically unknown tract, Hast of the Brahmaputra, along

Abor, Mishmi, and Patkoi ranges, down on the one hand tothe Chin

Hills, North of Tamu; and on the other to Yunnan.

6. The Assam ‘ backwater.”—The country to the South of the

Brahmaputra, including the Garo, Khasia, Cachar and W. Manipur

Hills.

The above areas are well marked, many of them having geogra-

phical races peculiar to themselves.

Inthe plains the distribution is not so clearly defined and may

possibly comprise the following :--(1) In the West we have Sind,

which seems to be particularly rich in birds, the T'umeludes, however,

being very poorly represented. (2) Punjab and United Provinces.

(3) Bengal and the plains of Assam and Arrakan. (4) Rajputana.

(5) Central Provinces, Deccan. (6) Madras and Mysore in the

plain. (7) The Western Ghats, Travancore and the hills of 8. India,

here we find each range with its own particular Laughing Thrush.

(8) Ceylon which also has its dry and wet-zones, the birds of which

appear to differ considerably.

BURMA,

This province is extremely rich in its Avifauna, on the West in

the Chin Hills and Arrakan, we have chiefly Himalayan and Assam

birds or their local sub-species, a few birds, however, showing a rela-

tionship to those of Yunnan. In the N.-E. we have Chinese; and in

the $.-E. Malayan forms; whilst in the central plains we have a few

birds peculiar to Burma itself. Commencing at the N.-W. and

taking the hill ranges first, we have the following well-defined

areas :—

1. Chin Hills —From the South of Tamu (I have taken this to be

the dividing line, as just at this point on the frontier between Burma

and Manipur, the hills are of no great height, the dividing line is

most probably the Yu and Manipur rivers). The Chin Hills here

connect up with the southern ranges of Manipur, and continue

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

southwards in an unbroken ridge down to the sea, and divide Arra-

kan from Burma. ‘The chief height in this range is Mt. Victoria of

over 10,000 ft. To the northwards from Tamu, we have the unex-

plored mountains running up to the Mishmi and Abor country,

in this mountain chain we have Saramathi of over 12,000 ft., which

is quite unknown, as far as its ornithology.

2. The Myitkyina and Bhamo Hills—On the N.-H. of Burma,

these are offshoots of the mountains of Yunnan, and contain a

number of Chinese birds. This area is probably bounded on the

South by the Shweli River.

3. The Ruby Mines range, which consists of that little known ridge

of mountains which run up to over 8,000 ft., which extends from just

below the point where the Shweli joins the Irrawaddy, through the

Ruby Mines District, and in a N.-E. direction to the Salween. The

southern limits of this unexplored tract is the low-lying plateau

along which the Mandalay-Maymyo-Lashio railway line is laid.

The birds of this vast tract are quite unknown and probably many

new species will be discovered along this range.

4. The Shan Plateau, South of the above, and to the West of the

Salween, and includes the Karennee sub-region. To the Hast the

Salween—Mekong watershed is practically unknown.

6. The mountains of Tenasserim with Muleyit Mt.

In the Plains.

6. Northern Burma, which is a particularly damp low-lying area,

may be said to consist of the Bhamo, Myitkynia and Upper

Chindwin Districts, and North of about 23 N. parallel of latitude.

7. The Dry-Zone, South of the above to about 194 N. parallel

of latitude. ‘This central portion of Burma consists of a very dry

undulating country, and, where not cultivated, covered with dense

thorny scrub.

8. Lower Burma, which is also extremely wet, is situated to the

South of the above.

From the above well-marked areas or zones, it is not surprising

that Burma is rich in its birds, while many of its outlying ranges

still remain to be explored. Over one thousand different species and

sub-species of birds have already been recorded from within the

Province out of under seventeen hundred, which are known to occur

in the whole of India and Ceylon.

CLASSIFICATION.

I have followed Mr. Oates as closely as possible in his ‘“ Crater-

popodide ’’ with the following additions and omissions :—

Additions.

Paradoxornithide.—I think it is now agreed that this family is

more nearly allied to the Timeliide than to any other. It wants a

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 51

great stretch of imagination to place the ‘‘ Crow-Tits ’’ amongst the

Crows (Corvidee), and they differ from the Tits (Paride) in many

important particulars.

Acanthoptila nepalensis, Hodgson.—This little known bird is

undoubtediy very closely related to Argya and Babawx, and possibly

forms a connecting link between these two genera. It shows this,

in the formation of its bill and description of plumage, but chiefly in

the colouration of its eggs, which are described as a “ verditer-blue,”’

this exactly applies to the colour of the eggs of Babblers, such as

Argya and Orateropus, and a colour, I believe, quite unknown

amongst the Warblers (Sylvidee). Very little still appears to be known

about this species. Mr. Oates’ reasons for placing it amongst the

Sylvidcee seem to have been that he considered it had both a summer

and winter plumage. If A. pellotis, (Hodgs.) and A. leucotis,

(Hodgs.), are one and the same species, which they undoubtedly are,

it, therefore, has two phases of plumage, one of which shows a con-

siderable amount of white. This is similar to Gypsophila cripsifrons

(Blyth) and Gampsorhynchus rufulus (Blyth.), in which species the

adults of both have a considerable amount of white, which is only

assumed by slow degrees.

Omissions.

Brachypterygine.—With the exception of Llaphrons palliserr

(Blyth), the position of which is still uncertain, I have omitted the

whole of this sub-family, asthey undoubtedly belong to the Turdide,

many species of which appear to have been refused admission to that

family, solely because their young have advanced in astage of evolu-

tion and have discarded their distinctive juvenile garb.

Zosterops.— Dr. Sharpe in his “‘ Hand List”’ has given the ‘‘ White-

eyes’ family rank under the title of Zosteropodue. ‘They have avery

wide distribution ; and their pointed wings and migratory habits at

once removes them from the Timelides.

Aithorhynchus and Afgithina, (Joras).—Have been placed by Dr.

Sharpe in the Pycnonotide. Both these genera have a summer and

winter plumage, which at once separates them from the Timeliides.

Chloropsis and Irena.—Have both been placed in the Pycnonotide

by Dr. Sharpe. They have remarkably short tarsi and fairly long

wings, which removes them from amongst the Babblers.

Brachypodine.—The Bulbuls have rightly been removed from

amongst the Timeliides and given family rank with the title of

Pyenonotide.

Melanochlora sultanea, (Hodgson).—Mr. Stuart Baker has shown

that both by its nidification and the colour of its eggs, the Sultan-Bird

is a true Tit, and Hodgson was originally right, when he placed it

amongst the Paride, to which family it has again been relegated by

Dr. Sharpe.

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Cephalopyrus flamuceps, (Burton).—The Fire-Cap has also been

placed amongst the Paride.

Leptopoeceile sophice, (Severtz.) has been placed by Dr. Sharpe

in the Regulide (Goldcrests).

Psaroglossa spiloptera, (Vigors).—The Spotted-wing is undoubtedly

very nearly connected with both Sturnia (Small Tree Mynas ) and

the Glossy Calornis (Calornis chalybeius, Horsfield) resembling

the former in habits, notes and nidification, and the latter in colour

of its eggs, which in both species are pale-blue spotted with reddish-

purple. Spotted eggs are not unknown amongst the Mynas, this at

once removes one of Mr. Oates’ objections to placing it amongst the

Sturnide.

Hypocolius ampelinus, ( Bonaparte ).—The Grey Hypocolius,

Sharpe’s Hand List IV, p. 275, has been placed in the Prionopide,

which includes Hemipus and Tephrodornis (Wood-shrikes) from

India.

I have raised the Zimelides to the dignity of a sub-order, and

given family rank to the Paradoxornithidee, Craterapodidee, Timelude,

Sibudee and Inotrichide.

ORDER—PASSERES.

Sub-Order.—TIMELUDES.

Wings short and rounded ; powerful legs and feet, suitable for

progression on the ground ; shape of bill and length of tail very

variable ; plumage of the young not markedly different from that of

the adult ; usually non-migratory in habits; and no_ seasonal

change in plumage.

Family —PARADOXORNITHID.

Sexes similar in plumage; nostrils completely hidden by a

profusion of feathers and plumes; habits partly terrestrial, partly

aboreal ; size chiefly small with one exception (Conostoma) ; wing

short, rounded, fitting close to the body ; length of tail variable ; bill

peculiarly short and thick.

Family—CRATEROPODID.

Sexes similar; nostrils not completely hidden by plumes or

feathers ; habits chiefly terrestrial. Size medium (about that of an

English thrush ) ; wing short, rounded, and fitting close to the body ;

length of tail, never shorter than the wing ; bill variable in size and

shape.

Family—TIMELUD.

Sexes similar; nostrils exposed; habits various; some genera

purely terrestrial, others arboreal ; size chiefly small; wing short,

rounded, and fitting close to the body ; length of tail and bill very

variable.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 58

Family—SiIsuDz.

Sexes similar ; nostrils exposed ; habits strictly arboreal ; size

medium ; wing moderately long ; legs and feet not particularly strong

(this last characteristic should remove them from the Timeliides ).

Family— LioTRICcHIDé.

Sexes dissimilar ; habits arboreal ; size small ; bill short ; wing

and tail about equal (the majority, I think, should be removed from

the Timeliides).

My thanks are due to the British Museum authorities for kindly

allowing me to work through their splendid collection of birds,

these notes being practically based on specimens in the Natural

History Museum. My thanks are especially due to Mr. W. R.

Ogilvie-Grant for his advice and assistance, more especially in

working out many of the complicated keys. My thanks are also due

to the Hon’ble Walter Rothschild and Dr. E. Hartert for allowing

me to work through their valuable collection at Tring and for for-

warding numerous species for comparison.

To Mr. EH. C. Stuart Baker my thanks are due for many valuable

notes and suggestions and to Mr. N. B. Kinnear for his assistance

in preparing the manuscript for the press. Finally, I must apologise

for the incompleteness of these notes; this is due in some cases to

the want of material, and also to the fact that the notes have been

made at home and put together out in India, where I have no books

to assist or correct any mistakes which may have crept in.

My hope is, however, poor and wanting these notes may be, they

will be of assistance to others.

I shall be extremely obliged if members will kindly point out any

mistakes, and more especially if they will let me have any notes on

this most interesting group of Indian birds. Very little is known

about the plumage of the young of the Tvmeliides, which appear to be

very like that of the adult, but in many cases seem to be slightly

different. I, therefore, hope members so situated will collect series

of birds and more especially those of the nestlings and young

and send them in to the Society’s Museum, which is also in want

of adult birds. At some future date, I hope to revise this paper, and

so will be extremely obliged if members will kindly point out any

mistakes, and more especially if they will let me have or send to the

Journal any notes on this most interesting group of Indian birds.

PrEsHawaR, 5th May 1914, Jobewtakc is &

PART II.

Family—PaRraDOXxORNITHIDA,

Legs and feet very large and strong, wings short, rounded, and

fitting close to the body; sexes alike in plumage; bill short, stout,

and culmen much curved; nostrils completely hidden by numerous soft

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

feathers and plumes; plumage soft and lax; tail variable in length; non-

migratory in habits; plumage of young presumably like that of the adult.

This family is rightly placed in the Timeliides, to which it undoubtedly

belongs from its short, rounded wings, and powerful legs and feet. Mr.

Oates’ reasons for placing them amongst the crows (Corvide@) appear to have

been solely due to their concealed nostrils. Jerdon points out that too

much importance should not be placed on the shape of the bill, a feature

which is very variable in the Timeliides, some of which have short, straight

bills, and others very long and curved ones; whilst some have numerous

hairs overhanging the nostrils; in others the nostrils are quite free. 1 think

it requires a very great stretch of imagination to place the Crows. Tits

(Paride) and Paradoxornithide, all within the same family, solely because

their nostrils are completely hidden, and ignoring the great difference in

habits, nidification and all other structural differences.

I consider, therefore, Mr. Oates’ name of “ Crow-Tits”’ rather a misnomer,

and propose ‘* Parrot-billed’’ from the shape of their bills. There is always

a great difficulty in giving suitable English names to’ birds quite distinct and

totally different to the European Fauna; and, I think, something should be

done to give names more appropriate than those now existing.

Very little appears to be known about the habits of this very compact

family, the nidification of those of which we are acquainted with, form a very

useful aid to their classification, and when that of the remainder is known,

we shall probably find that each genera is well marked by the colour of its

eggs.

The “ Parrot-billed Babblers” are confined to the East and N.-E. of the

Indian Empire extending from Nepaland Sikhim into Tibet and China, also

occurring throughout Assam, Burma and the Islands of Formosa and

Hainan, the great majority being only found at a considerable elevation in

the hills.

With the exception of Conostoma, all the genera grade into each other,

having very much the same structural peculiarities, differing inter se, chiefly

in the size, shape of the bill, and length of tail.

I have for the present kept to Mr. Oates’ classification, but consider

Jerdon was right in keeping the following separated Heteromorpha, Chleu-

asicus and Suthora. Undoubtedly, all three have the same characteristics,

they, however, differ greatly in size and colouration ; and, I think, by keeping

them separate, the study of the family would be greatly facilitated, as the

above-mentioned genera consist of three very distinct types of birds.

The generic name Sceorhynchus, Oates, is already pre-occupied and in

its place Psittiparus, Hellmayer, 1903, has been proposed.

I also propose the generic name of Neosuthora with N. davidiana (Slater),

as type. This genus differs from Suthora in having an extremely short tail,

and much deeper bill, and approaches Ps?ttiparus very much in these

respects, differing only in size.

I have divided the Paradoxorinthide into two sub-families—

(1) Conostoma, which consists of only one species, remarkable for its

larger size and longer bill.

(2) Paradoxornithine, all of which have remarkably short, thick bills,

and, I think, as mentioned before, should be divided into the following

genera :—

(a) Paradoxornis; (6) Heteromorpha; (c) Chlewasicus; (d) Suthora;

(e) Psittiparus; (f) Neosuthora.

Conostoma, Hodgson, 1841.

This genus contains only one species, which is the largest of the order,

It has the following characteristics; tail slightly longer than the wing

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 55

and not very graduated; a short rounded wing, the first four primaries

graduated, the fifth, sixth and seventh equal and longest ; nostrils completely

hidden by numerous soft feathers (not stiff bristles) ; bill stout and fairly

long, and not short and greatly curved like the other genera of this order,

rictal bristles’ well developed; no hairs overhanging the nostrils; legs and

feet stout, hind claw long and thick.

CoNOSTOMA &MODIUM, Hodgson.

The Red-hilled Jay-Thrush.

Hodgson, J. A. S. B., x., p. 857 (1841); Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 485;

Oates, PB. 1., 1., p. 61.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution Nepal, Sikhim, Tibet and W. China, only found at very

high altitudes.

PARADOXORNIs, Gould, 1836.

Characteristics: a short rounded wing, the first four primaries graduated,

the fifth and sixth equal and longest; tail slightly longer than the wing and

greatly graduated; legs and feet very strong, the hind claw also stout and

long ; nostrils completely hidden by feathers; rictal bristles well developed ;

bill short, stout, greatly curved, deeper at the base than length from gape.

The lower edge of upper mandible greatly curved downwards at the base

(parrot-like) ; the eggs of this genus are spotted.

Paradoxornis have wonderful curved edges to their bills, evidently intend-

ed for cutting purposes, and remind one rather of “Garden” or “rose”

scissors, in which the two blades are curved to fit each other.

* PARADOXORNIS FLAVIROSTRIS, Gould.

Gould’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

Gould, P. Z. 8, 1836, p. 17; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii. p. 496; Oates, F

Peni. pO, baker, J. BN. HOS, viti., p. 167.

Description as in diya Bo f

Distribution.—Terai of E. Himalayas, Nepal to Assam, Sylhet, Cachar and

Khasia Hills.

Nesting.—See Ibis, Jan. 1895, p. 42.

PaRADOXORNIS GUTTATICOLLIS, David.

Austen’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

David, N. Arch. Mus,, vii., Bull. p. 14. (1871); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p.

aor, VOates, FW. B. L, i., p. 63: Baker, Ibis 1906, p. 87, J. B.N. aE,

S., xii, p. 400; Harington, J.B. N.H. S.,, xiv, p. 596.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution Assam, Khasia and Naga Hills, Bhamo and Shan States,

W. and S. China.

“The nests are deep cups, measuring about 34 inches in depth and the

same in diameter. They are very typical of the sub-family, being made

almost entirely of the bright yellow bark of a kind of grass, lined with

yellowish strips of grasses and bamboo leaves, so that, as a whole, they

appear bright yellow. The nests are placed from 3 to 4 feet above the

ground in a clump of bamboos, straggling shrub or a tall stout weed. The

eggs two or three in number. The shell is extremely fragile, and have the

ground colour, a whitish to greenish-grey, with faint blotches and spots of

brownish, and measure ‘93” x ‘63!’ (Baker).

a ADSL IE BaP SCR TEE ae ae ee

* PARADOXORNIS HEUDH, David, 1873.

Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 497.

Hab.—Nankin, China.

56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

UEOBA, Hodgson, 1838.

Oates, F. B. 1.,1., p..68; Jerdon, B. L., ii, p. 6.

I have followed Mr. Outer for the present, in keeping the following to-

gether, Heteromorpha, Chlewasious and Suthora, but consider they should be

separated, and that this genus should only contain birds of the type of S.

nepalensis, Hodgson, and S, poliotis, Blyth. All the Paradoxornithide, with

the exception of Conostoma grade into each other, having almost the same

structural characteristics, but fall into groups from their size, and descrip-

tion and colour plumage. I think, therefore, it a mistake keeping two birds,

such as S,. unicolor (Hodgson) and SV. poliotis (Blyth) in the same genus.

The above three genera all have the following characteristics: tail longer

than the wing, and greatly graduated: wing short and rounded, the first four

primaries graduated; a short deep bill; nostrils completely hidden by

feathers; rictal bristles well developed, no hairs overhanging the nostrils;

legs and feet very strong, with the hind claws stout and long. Hach genus

having the following characteristics of its own.

Heteromorpha, type H. unicolor, Hodgson.—Size medium, wing over

3 inches; bill short, deep, about equal in depth at the base to its length from

the gape; plumage plain and practically of the same colour. Nothing

appears to be known about the nidification of this species. I think in this

genera might be included those Suthora of the S, webhiana and S, w. brunnea,

Anderson type; the eggs of these being a pale spotless blue.

Suthora, type 8S. nepalensis, Hodgson.—Size very small, wing well under

2 inches; bill very short and curved, longer from the gape than deep at the

base; plumage very handsome, generally a patch of black on the throat,

and upper plumage a rich golden brown. All the members of this proposed

genera, whose nidification is known, lay spotless blue eggs like those of the

S, w. brunnea in the S. webbiana group.

Chleuasicus, type C. ruficeps, Blyth.—Very like Suthora, differing in size,

wing well over 2 inches; bill equal in depth at the base to length from

gape; colour rufous brown, with no ccnspicuous spot on the chin or throat.

Eggs as far as known a spotless blue.

Key, S. POLIOTIS and NEPALENSIS.

ie lk well defined black supercilium—

A,—Crown and whole upper plumage orange brown.

a. War-coverts slaty-grey.

a', Breast and abdomen pale-grey . .. Sip. polotis.

oe é Sp » orange- fulvous .. S. p. reppont,

cl grey ” oe Sub-sp. aha

b. Ear-coverts light chestnut. (Breast white,

abdomen orange-fulvous) ¥' S. p. humer.

B,—Crown ashy-brown, remainder of upper ‘plumage

orange-brown. (Har-coverts pale-grey, lower

plumage orange-fulvous.) - A .. S. nepalensis.

II.—No supercilium—

C.—Crown and whole upper plumage orange-brown.

c, Har-coverts brown.

d', Breast white, abdomen orange-fulvous .. S. vo, verreauxt

Oh ys eB Ys . S. v. craddocki.

d. Kar-coverts slaty- -grey. (Breast ‘and abdo-

men fulvous?).. S. p. fea.

D,—Crown pale-orange, remainder of upper ‘plumage

golden-olive a: a % .. 8S. morrisoniana.

* (An undescribed sub-species procured by Mr. C. Hopwood in the Northern

Chin Hills.)

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 57

SUTHORA UNICOLOR, Hodgson.

The brown Parrot-billed Babbler.

Heteromorpha unicolor, Hodgson, J. A. S .B., xii, p. 448 (1848).

Suthora unicolor, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 493; Oates, F. B.I.,i, p. 64.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution... Himalayas, Nepal, Tibet and W. China. Nothing

appears to be known about its nidification.

SUTHORA NEPALENSIS, Hodgson.

The Nepal Suthora.

Hodgson, Ind. Rev., ii. p. 32 (1838); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 488;

Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 65.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal. I can find nothing recorded about its nesting.

SUTHORA POLIOTIS POLIOTIS, Blyth.

Blyth’s Suthora.

Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xx, p. 552 (1851); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 487 ; Oates,

esol, 15) DP. 65.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution —Khasia, Naga, and Kachin Hills, Bhamo District, Burma.

I procured this little bird at Sinlum in the Bhamo Hills, but failed to get

its nests. J only met with it in fairly high tree jungle, and shot it in com-

pany with Agithaliscus talifuensis, Rippon. It appears to have much the

habits of a tit.

Iris brown ; bill black ; legs and feet brown (Sinlum birds).

Its nest has often been taken, but I cannot find anything recorded. I

have a pair of eggs kindly given me by Mr. Stuart Baker; these are a very

pale-blue and quite spotless, and in size slightly smaller than the eggs of

S. w.brunnea, Anderson’s Suthora.

SUTHORA POLIOTIS HUMEI, Sharpe.

The Sikhim Suthora.

Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 489 (1883) ; Oates, F. B. I, i, p. 64.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

IL think the name ‘“Crow-tit’’ invented by Mr. Oates rather a misnomer

for these beautiful little birds; and suggest that, failing any other the name

“Suthora”’’ be adopted for them, all these nearly allied sub-species are

“black-fronted,”’ this name is therefore not distinctive.

Distribution.—Sikhim and Darjeeling. I can find no records of its

nidification,

SUTHORA POLIOTIS FEH, Salvadori.

Salvadori, An. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2), vii, p. 8364 (1889) ; Oates, F. B. I.,

i, p. 66 (footnote),

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

(I have not been able to examine a specimen of this species.)

Distribution.—Karennee. This appears to be a very rare sub-species.

SUTHORA POLIOTIS RIPPONI, Sharpe.

Rippon’s Suthora.

Sharpe, Bul. B. O. C., xv, p. 96 (1905).

Description.—Very similar to S. p. poliotis, Blyth, from the Naga Hills.

Differs in having abdomen bright orange-fulvous instead of grey ; and ear-

coverts pale-grey.

58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Length about 4°4”, wing 1:9", tail 2:25", tarsus °75”,

Distribution.— Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills.

SUTHORA VERREAUXI CRADDOCKI, Bingham.

Bingham, Bull, B. O. C., xiii, p. 55 (1903).

Description :—“‘ Forehead, crown, nape, back, ramp and upper tail-coverts

orange-brown, shaded on the nape and back with olive-brown ; the primaries

edged externally with white, the secondaries and tertiaries broadly edged

with bright orange-brown; the primary coverts brown, forming a con-

spicuous patch on the upper portion of the wing; tail brown, the outer webs

of the feathers bright orange-brown for three-fourths of their Jength from

the base; lores, cheeks, and a long supercilium white, the white of the cheeks

extending on to the sides of the neck; ear-coverts brown; chin and throat

black, shading into gray on the upper breast ; abdomen and undertail coverts

bright orange-brown.” (Bingham).

Upper mandible horny, lower fleshy yellow, legs and feet fleshy-brown.

Length about 4”, wing 1:8”, tail 1:9”, bill 0°3", tarsus 0-9”.

Hab,—Mekong watershed, Keng Tung State.

Note.—Resembles S. v. verreauat,* but abdomen and under-tail coverts

bright orange-brown, not white.

SUTHORA WEBBIANA BRUNNEA, Anderson.

Anderson’s Suthora.

S. brunnea, Anderson, P. Z. 8., 1871, p, 211; Oates, F. B. L., p. 68,+Haring-

ton, J.B.N. H. 8., xvi. p. 740; 262d, xix, p. 111, zd., Ibis, 1914, p. 6

* SUTHORA MORIZONIANA, O. Grant.

O. Grant, Bull. B. O. C., xvi, p. 116 (1906) ; Ibis, 1907, p. 188.

Hab.—Mt. Morrison. Formosa.

SUTHORA VERREAUXI VERREAUXI, Sharpe.

Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 488, (1883.)

Distribution.w—West Szechuen and Moupin, China.

7; Suthora webbiana.—There are numerous geographical races of this species

from China and Mongolia, and many are very hard to distinguish.

SUTHORA WEBBIANA WEBBIANA, Gray.

Gray, P. Z. S., 1852, p. 7870; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 490.

Hab.—N. China.

SUTHORA WEBBIANA STYANI, Rippon.

Rippon, Bull, B. O. C., xiii, p. 54, 1903.

Hab.—W. Yunnan.

SUTHORA WEBBIANA SUFFUSA, Swinhoe.

Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 300.

Hab.—Upper Yangtze, China.

SUTHORA CONSPICILLATA, David.

David, N. Arch. Mus., vi, Bull., p. 14, 1870; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 489.

Hab.—N. W. China.

SUTHORA PRZEWALSKII, Berez and Bianchi.

Berez. and Bianchi, Exped. Potan. Gansu, p. 67, 1894.

Hab.—Kansu.

SUTHORA ALPHONSIANA, Verreaux.

Verreaux, N. Arch. Mus., vi, Bull., p. 35, 1870; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 489-

Hab.—Yunnan, Szechuen.

SUTHORA BULOMACHUS, Swinhoe.

Swinhoe, Ibis 1863, p. 300 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 490.

Hab.— Formosa.

SUTHORA MANTSCHURICA, Tacz.

Tacz., Bull. Soc. Zool. Faun., 1885, p. 470.

Hab.—Mongolia and Corea.

S. fulvicauda and S. longicauda, Campbell, are probably the young of this species.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 59

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Mstribution.— Yunnan and the Kachin Hills, East of Bhamo.

I found it a very common little bird at Sinlum in the Bhamo Hills.

During the cold weather it goes about in large family parties, haunting

bushes and trees; in the breeding season it retires to long grass and rushes

where it builds its nest. This is a compact little cup, which is placed near

the ground. The eggs, generally three in number, are pale, spotless blue and

measure ‘64 x ‘52 inches.

SUTHORA FULVIFRONS, Hodgson.

The fulvous-fronted Parrot-billed Babbler.

Suthora fulvifrons, Hodgson, J.A.S.B., xiv, p.579 (1845) ; Oates, F.B.1.,i,

p. 66.

Chleuasicus fulvifrons, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 494.

Description as in Oates, F. B. 1.

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim. Nothing appears to be known of this

species, which is quite distinct from the S. polvotis group.

SUTHORA RUFICEPS RUFICEPS, Blyth.

Blyth’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

Chieuasicus ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S.B., xiv, p.578 (1845); Sharpe, Cat.

B. M., vii., p. 494.

Suthora ruficeps, Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 67.

Suthora oatesi, Sharpe, ‘‘ Hand List” iv, p. 70, 1903.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

“This bird is almost an exact counterpart of P. rujieeps ruficeps differing

from it chiefly in its blunter bill and more graduated tail.”

Dr. Sharpe proposes the name of oates:, for this species to save

confusion with its very near ally, P. 7. ruficeps; both are extremely alike

and the similarity of names is very liable to cause mistakes, and therefore |

think it should be adopted.

Distribution.—Sikhim.

SUTHORA RUFICEPS ATRISUPERCILIARIS, Godwin-Ansten.

Austen’s Parrot-billed Babdler.

Chleuasicus atrisuperciliaris, Godw. Aust., P. A. S. B., 1877, p. 147.

Suthora atrisuperciliarts, Oates, F.B.1.,1., p. 67; Baker, J. A. S. B., vin,

p. 167; 2d., Ibis, 1895, p. 45.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

I have only been able to examine two very poor specimens of this sub-

species, which appear to be very similar to S. 7. ruficeps.

Dr. Hartert in a letter says: “ I have restricted ruficeps to Sikhim, after

examining one specimen only, and I have made atrosuperciliarts to occur in

Cachar, Margherita, Sadiya, Ponsee (Yunnan Frontier) accepting thatit differs

from S.-7uficeps ruficeps, by a small black spot above the eye, and quite

rufescent cream under plumage.

Wing 70-74 mm. We have specimens from N. Cachar, Dibrugarh and

Margherita (Assam).

Stuart Baker has taken the eggs of this bird, and he describes them as

pale spotless blue.

Nesting : see Ibis, 1895, January, p. 45.

Psirtiparvus, Hellmayr, 1903.

The generic name Sceorhynchus, Oates is preoccupied, therefore the above

most appropriate one has been given.

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

This genus differs from Paradovornis in the shape of its bill, and in having

its wing longer than its tail, and has the following characteristics. Tail

shorter than wing, and not greatly graduated; wing short, rounded, the

first four primaries graduated, the fifth longest; legs and feet stout and

strong ; nostrils completely hidden by feathers, rictal bristles well developed;

no hair overhanging nostrils; bill from gape longer than it is deep at the

base.

PsITTIPARUS RUFICEPS RUFICEPS, Blyth.

The Red-headed Parrot-bilied Babbler.

Paradoxornis ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xi, p. 177 (1842).

Suthora ruficeps, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 491.

Sceorhynchus ruficeps, Oates, F.B.1., i, p. 68; Hartert, Nov. Zool. i, p. 548.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

“ Bill smaller, wing a little shorter, under-surface white tinged with brown-

ish-buff along the sides of the body. Bill whitish horny (Elwes). Bill from

forehead to tip in a straight line, 14 m.m., wing 84-86 m.m.” (Hartert).

Distribution.—Sikhim and Butan, Dafla and Mishmi Hills, extending into

the foot hills to Sadiya and Jeypur.

PsITTIPARUS RUFICEPS BAKERI, Hartert.

Baker's Parrot-billed Babbler.

Sceorhynchus 1. bakeri, Hartert, Nov. Zool., vii, p. 545 (1900.)

Description.—Similar to P. 7. ruficeps, Blyth. Differs in “ bill longer, wing

a little longer, under-surface tinged with brownish-buff all over. Maxilla

of bill dark horn-brown (Baker). Bill from forehead to tip in a straight

line, 16 m.m.; wing 90-95 m.m.”

“The bill is not only longer, but is also higher and much thicker; its

colour is darker in the skins. And the notes of the collectors on our labels

agree as to this,” (Hartert).

Distribution.—South of the Bramhaputra River, Assam, Cachar, Karennee

and Tenasserim. Most probably also in the Chin and Bhamo Hills.

PSITTIPARUS GULARIS GULARIS, Horsfield.

The grey-headed Parrot-billed Babbler.

Paradoxvornis gularis, Horsf. Gray’s Gen. B. ii. p. 889. (1849).

Suthora gularis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, 492.

Sceorhynchus gularis, Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 69.

S. gularis gularis, Hartert, Nov. Zool., vii, p. 548.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

“Of medium size, under-plumage white; bill about 12-138 m.m.; wing

91-93 m.m.” (Hartert),

Distribution.—Sikhim and Butan, the Mountain Ranges N. of the

Brahmaputra as far as Sadiya.

* PSITTIPARUS GULARIS TRANSFLUVIALIS, Hartert.

Hartert’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

Sceorhynchus guiaris transfluvialis, Hartert, Nov. Zool., vii, p. 548 (1900).

* P. GULARIS FORKIENSIS, David.»

Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii, p. 548.

Distribution.—Fokien, China.

PSITTIPARUS GULARIS, HAINANUS, Rothschild.

Rothschild, Bull B. O. C., civ, p. 7- (1903).

Wing 84-87 m,m.

HTab.—Mt. Wuchi, Hainan,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 61

Description.—Similar to P. g. gularis (Blyth). Differs in being “ smaller ; bill

less powerful ; under plumage more suffused with fulvous buff. Bill of the

same length as that of P. g. gularis, but not so thick. Wing 86-89 m.m.”

Distribution.—South of the Brahmaputra, Assam, Cachar, Khasia Hills, the

Shan States and Karennee, and probably the intervening country.

+ NEOSUTHORA, n. gen.

I propose the above generic name with N. d. davidiana (Slater) as type.

Differs from Suthora in having an extremely short tail, which is much short-

er than wing : also a much thicker bill, which is as deep at the base as it is

long from the gape. Itis very similar to Psett¢parus in structural charac-

teristics, and differs chiefly in size. It will be most interesting to know what

the eggs of this genus are like, whether they are spotless as in Suthora, or

spotted as in Psvttiparus,

NEOSUTHORA DAVIDIANA THOMPSONI, Bingham.

Bingham’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

Suthora thompsont, Bingham, Bull. B. O. C., xiii, p. 63, 1903.

Description.—Resembles N. d. davidiana, Slater, from Foh-kien ; but is dis-

tinctly smaller and differs in the points noted below: Forehead, crown, sides of

the head and nape chestnut, of a much deeper colour than in JN. d. davidiana,

and not extending to the upper back ; along the posterior margin of the nape

the chestnut colour gets somewhat paler; back, rump and wing coverts clear,

rather dark, ash-grey ; wings brown, the quill feathers secondaries and ter-

tiaries with the outer margins narrowly light chestnut ; upper tail-coverts

and the outer web of the tail feathers above chestnut, of a lighter shade

than the colour of the head ; inner web of the tail feathers brown ; chin and

throat uniform deep-black, entirely without the white spots so conspicuous

in N. d. davidiana ; upper breast albescent, remainder of the breast and

flanks grey like the back ; abdomen, lower tail-coverts and tail beneath pale-

ochraceous ; bill (in the skin) yellow, (in the flesh) “ fleshy pink ”’; irides red-

dish brown : legs and feet “ fleshy yellow” ( Craddock ).

Length: Female, 3°7—3°8 inches ; wing 2:1; tail 1:45; bill from gape 0:3 ;

tarsus °65.

Hab.—< Shot north-east of Kyatpyin village near the Paunglaung

stream in Loilong State at 2,500 feet on 18th March 1902” (Craddock).

Family—CRaATEROPODID2.

Oates, F.B.1.,i.,p. 71.

The Crateropodide, consist of two well marked Sub-Families. (1) Cra-

teropodine. (2) Pomatorine (the Laughing Thrushes and Babblers,

and the Scimitar-Babblers.)

I have raised this section of the T%meliides to Family rank, it consists

of two very distinct Sub-families, which are quite distinct in their char-

acteristics, although they appear to grade from one into the other, through

Babax waddelli, Dresser.

“The Crateropodine agree in being gregarious, extremely noisy, cautious

but inquisitive and frequently bold. No birds can hide themselves better,

but on the whole they do not shun observation as the 7imeliide.”’—(Oates).

They are chiefly noticeable for their extremely large legs and feet ; their

small rounded wings; they are non-migratory and partly arboreal and

partly territorial in their habits.

+ NEOSUTHORA DAVIDIANA DAVIDIANA, Slater.

Suthora davidiana, Slater ; Ibis. 1897, p. 172.

Hab.—N. W. Foh-kien, China.

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The eggs of the Crateropidine form a very useful guide to their classifica-

tion. Mr. Oates draws particular attention to this fact, and considered those

laying spotted eggs might eventually have to be transferred either to the

Timeliine or Sibtine. Since Mr. Oates wrote his valuable work, the nidifica-

tion of the great majority of the Indian Trochalopeterum have become known.

Those laying spotted eggs fall into a very natural group, which I think

should be raised to the dignity of a genus. The colour of the eggs of the

remainder is uniformly a spotless blue or white. The texture, however,

appears to vary in different genera.

The Crateropodine fali into the following well marked groups, (1) The

Laughing Thrushes, (2) Babblers (Crateropus and Argya), (3) Babar,

(4) Acanthoptila, (5) Garrulax cincereifrons, Blyth, a form peculiar to the

island of Ceylon, which appears to be the connecting link between the

Laughing Thrushes and Babblers (Garrulav and Crateropus) whilst Acantho-

pila appears to connect Arygya with Babar. So that we find these five

groups, although having well marked features of their own, grading from

one into the other. This grading of genera is one of the chief difficulties

in the study of the Timeliides, and it is often very hard to say whether each

group should be treated as one big genus, or sub-divided up into several.

I have, therefore, with the exception of the Zrochalopterum, kept to

Mr. Oates’ classification. I wish however to draw attention to differences

which exist in the following genera.

Garrulav.—I think that G. leucolophus and its geographical races should

be separated from the other members of this genus, on account of their very

ample crests.

Dryonastes.—These clearly fall into two groups, those having the bristles

and hairs overhanging the. nostrils more or less even, and with a delicately

curved bill; and those having the bristles growing in coarse tufts, and

having a stout straight bill.

Trochalopterum.—I have divided up this genus into two, a further sub-

division, I think, should be made, separating the four Southern Indian birds

from the rest, on account of their plain plumage, all the others having very

highly coloured wings and upper plumage.

Argya longirostis,—I think this species should be placed in a genus by

itself. It undoubtedly is very near Argya, but it has a much finer and lon-

ger bill than the other members of this group ; its eggs also, although being

blue, are not the rich turquoise blue of Argya and Crateropus.

Group l.

LAuGHING THRUSHES.

Have the following characteristics, bill shorter than the head, and not

strikingly curved, tail generally longer than the wing, and greatly gradua-

ted: the feathers of the forehead with shafts lengthened ; and the nostrils

more or less overhung with bristles or long hairs.

The Laughing Thrushes as a whole are a well marked group consist-

ing of several” distinct genera ; whether these should be Farener sub-

divided it is very hard to say.

Group 2.

CRATEROPUS AND ArGyYA. (Babblers.)

Bill shorter than the head, stout and not greatly curved. The posterior

half of the covering membrane of nostril clothed with plumes, which are

continued back to the forehead, the feathers of which are short and rounded

and no hairs overhanging the nostrils, plumage dull and either plain or

striated.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 63

Group 3.

BaBAx.

Bill slightly curved, not notched, and equal to or longer than the hind-toe

and claw in length: tail longer than the wing, and considerably graduated;

wing rounded, the first four primaries graduated, the fifth longest sixth

equal to the fourth: rictal bristles very pronounced ; nostrils oval exposed

and overhung with numerous hairs: size medium ; upper plumage streaked,

eggs spotless blue, and approaching Argya in coloration, 7

Group 4,

ACANTHOPTILA.

“ Bill moderately long, compressed, very gently curved, pointed, entire :

rectal bristles few and small, wing feeble, much rounded; tail long and

broad; tarsus moderately long, stout, lateral toes nearly equal; claws

moderately curved; plumage with black and shining shafts.”—(Jerdon

feels il., p- 57.)

Group 5.

GARRULAX CINEREIFRONS (Blyth.).

This bird is peculiar to Ceylon and I think should be placed in a genus

by itself. Oates places it amongst the Crateropus, whilst other writers

refer it to the Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax). It is certainly much nearer

the latter in the description of its plumage. Oates points out that: his

reasons for placing it amongst the Babblers, is that the feathers of its

forehead are rounded and approach Crateropus in which he placed it. Its

eggs, I believe, have not yet been authenticated, but Mr. Stuart Baker

informs me that they are possibly white; if this is the case, it is at once

sufficient to remove it from amongst the Babblers, whose eggs are uni-

formly a rich verditer-blue.

Key,

A,—Bill straight, or not strikingly curved, and less

than hind-toe and claw in length.

a. Covering membrane of nostrils bare: frontal

feathers with shafts or webs lengthened.

a'. Nostrils nearly hidden by a profusion

of bristles and hairs springing from the

forehead .. ik at Che .. Dryonastes.

b'. Nostrils clearly visible but overhung

with numerous bristles .. : . Garrulax.

ce‘. Nostrils not overhung with bristles,

but merely by a few long and fine hairs.

a’. The feathers of upper plumage

not stiff shafted.

a*>, Secondaries tipped white .. Janthocinela.

b°?. Secondaries not tipped white.

a*, Bill slender, upper plu-

mage plain be, .. Stactocichla,

b*, Billstout, upper plumage

striated .. gi .. Grammatoptila,

6°. The feathers of upper plumage

stiff shafted. . : . Acanthoptila.

d‘. Nostrils perfectly free and exposed,

and not overhung with hairs or bristles. Z7echalopterum.

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXITI,

b. Covering membrane of nostril bare, frontal

feathers short and rounded .. ae .. Garrulax cinereifrons.

c. Posterior half of covering membrane of the

nostrils clothed with plumelets continued

back to the forehead, the feathers of which

are short and rounded.

e', Tail very much longer than the wing... Argya.

J*. Wing and tail almost equal in length.. Crateropus,

B,—Bill curved, equal to or slightly longer than

hind-toe and claw (upper plumage streaked) .. Babaz,

Group 1. Laughing Thrushes.

DRryYONASTES (Sharpe) 1883.

Oates, F.B.1. 1., p. 72.

“The genus Dryonastes of which D. ruficolls (Jardine) is the type con-

tains those Laughing Thrushes which have the nostrils almost completely

hidden by bristles. They are very closely allied to some of the Corvide in

structure and they might almost be placed in the same family. They

differ, however, in laying spotless eggs and in their habits.’”’—(Oates.)

They have the following characteristics, a rounded wing; tail and wing

almost equal; nostrils pierced and ines hidden by overhanging hairs

and bristles.

All lay spotless eggs, pale blue or white.

Key, as in Oates F. B. I.

Dryonastes fall into two sub-groups, chiefly noticeable for the amount of

bristles.

I. Sub-Group—Type D. RuFICOLLIS (Jardine),

Having the feathers at the base of the forehead and bill a stiff mass of

bristles; the bill small, narrow and gently curved ; the wing with the first

four primaries graduated and the 5th and 6th equal and longest. This

sub-group consists of the following Indian species.

D. rujicollis, D. sannio, and D. galbanus, the bristles at the base of the

bill of this last species form almost a smooth velvety mass.

Il. Sub-group.—Type D. c. cz/ruiatus (Hodgson).

The feathers at the base of the forehead and at the base of the bill

growing in irregular tufts ; the bill rather long, stout and almost straight,

and the first five primaries graduated. This sub-group consists of the

following Indian species D. cerulatus, D. chinensis and D. nuchalis.

The numbers of both sub-groups lay spotless blue or white eggs, the

texture of which in each group is quite distinct. In the first highly glossy

and close. In the second satiny and not very glossy.

DRYONASTES RUFICOLLIS (Jardine).

The Rufous-necked Laughing Thrush,

Tanthocinela ruficollis, Jard. and Selby, Ill. Orn. 2nd series, pl. 21. (1838).

Dryonastes rufiocollis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 454; Oates, Fk. Boag

73.

Peder as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Only found at low elevations in the Himalayas from Nepal

to Assam, Manipur and Northern Burma, in the Upper Chindwin,

Myitkyina and Bhamo Districts in the plains.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 65

DRYONASTES SANNIO (Swinhoe),

The White-browed Laughing Thrush,

Garrulax sannio, Swinhoe, Ibis. 1867, p. 408.

Dryonastes sannio, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 459 ; Oates, F. B. 1. i., p. 76.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Manipur, the hills on the eastern borders of Burma, where

itis the common Laughing Thrush, above 3,500 ft., and from the Bhamo

Hills to the Shan States and extending to 8. China. Its eggs have often

now been described and are remarkable for their variation in colour from

pale blue to white.

DRYONASTES GALBANUS (Godwin-Austin).

Austen’s Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax galbanus, Godn-Aust., P. Z. 8., 1874, p. 44; Sharpe, Cat. B. M.

VII, p. 445.

Dryonastes galbanus, Oates, F, B. I. i, p. 76.

Description, etc., as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Manipur and Chin Hills.

[The nest and eggs have recently been taken by Mr. C. Hopwood in the

Chin Hills. He describes both as being similar to those of J. rujficollis and

in a letter to me he gives the dimensions as being 1:06” x‘76".

With the exception of a single nest taken by myself in N. Cachar many

years ago, this is I believe the first recorded nest and eggs of this species.

My eggs are practically indistinguishable from those of rujicollis though they

measure somewhat over the average of this bird’s eggs.— EH. C. S. B.]

DRYONASTES CHRULATUS.

The Grey-sided Laughing Thrush.

Consists of three geographical races which extend from Nepal to Assam

north of the Brahmaputra river (JD. ¢c. cerulatus (Hodgson). The Khasia

Hills have their own race in WD. c. subcerulatus (Hume), which possibly

may extend to the Chin Hills. This sub-species differs from the first in

having its tail feathers tipped with white. In the Bhamo hills, D. ¢. kauri-

ensis (Rippon), is the local representative, this has the tail tipped with white,

and the ear-coverts brown instead of white.

DRYONASTES 0. CHERULATUS (Hodgson).

The Nepal Grey-sided Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosoma cerulatus, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX, p. 147, (1836).

Dryonastes cerulatus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII., p. 461; Oates, F. B. I.,i.,

pis i.

Description, etc., as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim, Dibrugarh, Assam.

DRYONASTES CHERULATUS SUBCERULATUS (Hume).

The Shillong Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax subcerulatus, Hume, 8. F. VIL., p. 140 (1878).

Dryonastes subcerulatus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 462; Oates, F. B. I, 1,

p. 76.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Distribution.—Confined to the Khasia Hills.

[The nest is similar to that of D. rujicollis, but isa larger, more bulky nest

and is generally deeper also in proportion toits breadth. It is composed of

small pliant twigs and weed stems, leaves, grasses, rootlets and sometimes

afew leaves. The lining is of fine grasses and roots generally almost black

in tint. The most common site is a thin straggling bush in whichit is placed

in some fork three to six feet from the ground but often it is placed in

tangles of brambles, blackberries, or raspberries within a foot or so of the

ground. On one or two occasions it has been taken from small saplings as

high up as 12 feet.

The eggs are generally two only in number, very rarely three and still

more rarely four, and are in general character about half way between the

eggs of the genus Garrulax (moniliger, etc.,) and the intensely glossy ones

of the typical Dryonastes such as sannio. The surface is very smooth and

glossy, but is not so hard and shiny as that of the last mentioned bird, the

texture is very fine and close and the shell rather fragile. In colour they

are a pale but brilliant green-blue and when freshly taken are most

distinctive in tint, but after a year or two are hardly distinguishable

from pale, highly glossed eggs of other birds of this group, though darker

than any but those of cerulatus.

In length they'very likewise 1:24” and 1:39” and in breadth between

*79" and ‘86”, the average of 14 being 1:32” x :82”—KH. C. S. B. ]

DRYONASTES CHRULATUS KAURIENSIS, Rippon.

The Kachin Hills Laughing Thrush.

Rippon, B. B. O. C. XII., p. 13. (1902); Harington, B.N.H.8S.J. XIX,,

Dr Li ba 1012 1L4.D, 1s

Description.—Similar to D,c. subcerulatus, Hume, differs in having the

ear-coverts rufescent-brown, instead of white. The tail is tipped with

white as in that species.

Distribution.—The Bhamo Hills above 5,000 feet.

Nesting.—The nest is of the usual type, the eggs pale blue, measuring

1:16 x84 inches.

DRYONASTES CHINENSIS (Scop.).

The Black-throated Laughing Thrush.

Lanius chinensis, Scop, Del. Fl. et Faun. Insubr, ii, p. 86 (1786).

Dryonastes chinensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 455; Oates, F. B.L,

i, p. 74; Harington, J. B. N. H.S., XIV., p. 597.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Southern Shan States and Karennee to Tenasserim

and 8. Pegu, and extending into China. It has lately been procured in the

Northern Shan States by Mr. J. P. Cook.

I described the eggs of this species in the Journal, Vol. XIV, p. 597, but

as I did not obtain the parent bird, I amafraid I am not quite certain as to

their identification. Although such a well-known species as a cage bird, I

an find nothing else recorded as to its nidification.

DRYONASTES NUCHALIS (Godwin-Austen).

Ogle’s Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax nuchalis, God.-Aust. A. M. N. H. (4) XVIII, p. 411, (1876).

Dryonastes nuchalis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 456; Oates, F.B.L,

i, p.74; Baker, Ibis 1906, p. 89.

Description as in Oates, F.B.1.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 67

Distribution and nidification—

For Breeding notes see “Ibis” Jan. 1906, p. 89.

Note.—This is the same type of bird as D. chinensis, only differing from it

in having a chestnut collar, and is most likely only a geographical race

of that species. I should not be surprised if aconnecting link was found

in the Chin Hills.

GARRULAX, Lesson.

Type—G. belangeri, Lesson.

merce, by Bs 1.1.) p. 77.

“The genus Garrulax differs from Dryonastes in having fewer bristles and

hairs covering the nostrils, the number being so reduced that the nostrils

are clearly visible. The species of Garrulaz are on the whole much larger

birds, and some of them have very ample crests ’’—(Oates).

This genus falls into two natural groups and I think should be sub-

divided : (1) Those having a large ample crest as G. leucolophus, belangeri, and

diardi which are only geographical races ofthe first species, and (II) The

remainder which have no real crest. Both groups have the following charac-

teristics. The usual round wing, with the first four primaries graduated;

wing and tail about equal in length, nostrils oval, exposed and overhung

by afew hairs. The first group lay white eggs, the second both white and

blue.

[The texture of the eggs of the two groups is absolutely different, that

-of the egg of the crested Jeucolophus group is intensely hard and glossy,

the surface pitted and the shell unusually stout. That of the moniliger

group have the surface fine and smooth, not so highly glossed and never

pitted, and the shell isnot nearly so stout. In shape also they differ, the

eggs of the former group being very round and blunt, whilst those of the

latter are generally long and pointed. Garrulax delesserti appears to be a

connecting link between the two genus.—E. C. 8S. B.]

GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS LEUCOLOPHUS (Hardwick).

The Himalayan Whate-crested Laughing Thrush.

‘Corvus leucolophus, Hardw. Trans. Lim. Soc. XI, p. 208 (1815).

‘Garrulax leucolophus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 77, p. 485; Oates, F. B.

Pip. fi.

Description, etc., as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—From Garwal in the Himalayas to the extreme east of

Assam, the Chin Hills, and Chindwin basin on the west of Burma. Yunnan

‘and the Bhamo Hills, its exact distribution on the east and west of

Burma not yet determined, probably restricted to the north of the “ Dry-

Zone” of Burma.

GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS BELANGERI, Lesson.

The Burmese White-crested Laughing Thrush,

‘Lesson Tr. d’Orn. p. 648 (1831); Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII., p. 486; Oates,

eee Le 3; p19.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Hills of Lower Burma and Tenasserim, the Southern

‘Shan States, the exact locality where this species meets the last, both on

the eastern and western sides of Burma, has not yet been determined.

68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

It differs from G. 1. leucolophus, in having its under plumage rufous

instead of olive-brown, and is a smaller bird than G. 1. diardt.

(The nest and eggs, of which I have many, cannot be distinguished from

those of leucolophus.—E.C.8.B. |

GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS DIARDI (Lesson).*

The Siamese Laughing Thrush.

Turdus diardi, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 408 (18381).

Garrulax diardi, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 487; Oates, F. B. 1.1, p. 79.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Siam, Cambodia and within Indian limits, cis-Salween

Maukmai, S. 8. States, and the frontier range between Tenasserim and

Siam.

[The nest is exactly like the nest of the two preceding birds, but the

eggs average a trifle larger—E. C. S. B.|

GARRULAX PECTORALIS (Gould).

The Black-gorgeted Laughing Thrush,

Lanthocinela pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 186.

Garrulax pectoralis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VII., p. 441; Oates, F. B. 1.1,

psso.

Pescription as in Oates, F. B. I.

Mr. Oates draws attention to the variation in the colour of the ear-covert,

these may vary from black to almost pure white in birds from the same

locality. The only variation that seems to hold good, is that of the Tenas-

serim birds which have buff-coloured tips to the tail feathers, those from the

Himalayas and other localities have the tails tipped with white.

Distribution.—From Nepal to Assam, thence through Burma to

Tenasserim.

Garrulax waddelli, O. Grant, Bull, B. O. C., II], p. 29 (1894) and

Blanford App. Vol. IV, F. B. L., p. 478.4

There is only one specimen of this so-called sub-species from Sikhim,

where G, pectoralis also occurs, and is in all probability a case of individual

variation,

_GARRULAX MONILIGER (Hodgson).

The Necklaced Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosma moniligera, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX., p. 147 (1836).

Garrulax moniliger, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII., p. 442; Oates, F. B. 1.1,

Dipak:

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.— Practically the same as G. pectoralis. Both these species

are found at low-elevations, and consort together in parties, and although so

very alike are quite distinct, and easily separable by size.

* Allied sub-species.

G. bicolor, Hartl. From Sumatra.

Very noticeable for its rich almost chocolate colour, it however belongs to this

group of the Laughing Thrushes with a noticeable white crest.

{ Allied sub-species are—

G. picticollis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 554. From Foh-kien and the

Yangtze Valley, China.

S. semitorquatus, O. Grant, B. B. O. C., 1. c. p. 49, (1900). From Hainan.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 69

GARRULAX GULARIS (McClelland).

MecCleliand’s Laughing Thrush.

Lanthocinela guiaris, McClell., P. Z. 8., 1839, p. 159.

Garrulax gularis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VII., p. 445; Oates, F.B.Lji.,p. 82 ;

Baker, Jdts 1895, p. 46.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Assam.

Nesting—Stuart Baker says that this species breeds during April to July

in the hills north-east of Cachar. It appears to build the usual type of nest,

and lays two, rarely three, eggs. These are either pure white, or pale blue,

intermediate shades rarer, and vary from 1°75 to 1:22 in length, and 0°75

to0°85 in breadth, Average being 1°15” x°80".

GARRULAX DELESSERTI (Jerdon).

The Wynaad Laughing Thrush.

Crateropus delesserti, Jerdon, Madras Journ. L. 8S. X, p. 356 (1839),

Garrulax delesserti, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VII.,p. 446; Oates, F.B.1., i, p.82;

Baker, Ibis 1906, p. 90.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Hills of 8. India.

Nesting—See Ibis 1906, p. 90.

[The eggs are always white and never blue. I have a very fine series of

these eggs which I owe tothe generosity of Mr. J. Stuart of Travancore. The

nest he describes as a bulky deep cup, sometimes almost semi domed, some-

times hardly bigger or stouter than that of Molpastes. The eggs, two or

three in number, are pure white miniatures of those of Garrulax leucolophus,

but are not pitted on the surface or only very slightly so, are finer and softer

in texture and closer grained. They average about 1:05” x°‘80". A few eggs

may be met with more or less pointed in shape but normally they are broad

obtuse ovals—K. C. S. B.]

GARRULAX ALBIGULARIS (Gould).

The White-throated Laughing Thrush,

Lanthocincla alboguiaris, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1835, p. 187.

Garrulax albogularis, Sharpe, Cat.B. M., VII., p. 489; Oates, F.B.I.1.,

p. 82. ‘

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—N orth-West Himalayas and Sikhim. As mentioned by Oates,

birds from Sikhim and to the North-East are much brighter coloured: also

birds from the North-West appear to have a very much shorter and stouter

bill, which might be considered sufficient to constitute a well-marked geo-

graphical race.

GARRULAX STREPITANS (Tickell.),

Tickell’s Laughing Thrush.

Blyth, J. A. 8. B., XXIV, p. 268. (1855).

Dryonastes strepitans, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VIL., p. 457.

Garrulax strepitans, Oates, F. B. I. i., p. 83.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—So far has been only obtained on Muleyit Mt., Tenasserim.

Nothing appears to be known of its nidification, or the colour of its eggs.

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

TanrHocincna, Gould. 1835.

Type I. ocellata (Vigors).

Oates, F. B, I., i., p. 84.

“‘T apply the generic term Janthocincla to those Laughing Thrushes which

have no bristles at the base of the forehead; but in which the nostrils are

overhung by a few long hairs. This genus differs in no other respect from

Dryonastes and Garrulax. All the species are remarkable in having the

secondaries tipped with white.”’—(Oates).

Ianthocincla have a rather narrow bill; the nostrils oval, and exposed,

and overhung with numerous long hairs; the first five primaries are gradua-

ted ; and the tail slightly longer than the wing.

* TANTHOCINCLA OCELLATA (Vigors).

The White-spotted Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 55.

Tanthocinela ocellata, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VII, p. 382 ; Oates, F. B. L, 1., p. 84.

Description as in Oates, F. B. 1.

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim.

IANTHOCINCLA CINERACEA (Godwin-Austen.)t

The Ashy Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum cineraceum, Godwin-Austen, P. Z.8., 1874, p. 45; Sharpe

Cat. B. M., F. B. L., i, p. 366. ,

Lanthocincla cineracea, Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 85.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—K. Manipur, Naga and Chin Hills to Mt. Victoria.

[I have eggs of this species from Colonel Tytler which I believe to be

quite well authenticated. In colour these are pale blue-green and in

shape and texture similar to the eggs of Tvochalopterum vwirgatum and

lineatum from which they could not well be distinguished. They measure

on an average 98" x°72", Colonel Tytler was good enough to send me nests,

eggs and birds from the Naga Hills where he took a considerable number at

an elevation between 4,000 and 6,000 feet.—E.C.S.B. |

* Allied sub-species—

I. ocellata maxima. (J. Verr.) N. Arch. Mus. VI. Bull. p, 36 (1870).

Distribution.—Monpin, 8. Kansu, and W. Szechuen, China.

I, ocellata bieti, Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris. VII, p. 163 (1897).

Distribution.— Upper Mekong.

I, ocellata artemise, (David) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist (4) VII, p. 256 (1871).

Distribution.—Szechuen and S. Kansu, China.

I, ocellata lunata, J. Verr. Nouv. Arch. Mus. VI. p. 36 (1870).

Distribution.—W. Szechuen, Monpin and S. Kansu, China.

+ Ianthocincla cineracea cinereiceps, Styan, Ibis. 87 p. 167, 1887.

Similar to I. c. cineracea, Godwin-Austin, differs in having the cap greyish to

blackish ; the ear-coverts white ; upper plumage tinged with brown; breast tinged |

with vinous pink.

Distribution.—Szechuen, and Foh-kien, China.

[The only egg I have seen of this species is one I obtained from the Styan collec-

tion. It was taken at Kuatun in 1895 and is somewhat faded and discoloured and

it could hardly now be distinguished from eggs of Garrulax moniliger. It measures

1-10''x°88"! and is a rather long narrow egg.—E. C. S. B. |

Ianthocincla cineracea styani, Oustalet, Bull. Muss. Paris, (1898). No. 6, p. 226.

Distribution.— Yunnan,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIUDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 71

IANTHOCINCLA RUFIGULARIS RUFIGULARIS, Gould.

The rufous-chinned Laughing Thrush.

Lanthocinela rufigularis, Gould, P.Z.S8., 1835, p.48; Oates, F. B. Li., p. 86 ;

Harter, Pal., Vogi., p. 634.

Trochilopterum rufigulare, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., VII, p. 365.

Description as in Oates, F. B. 1. where Mr. Oates points out the differences

between the birds of various localities.

Instribution—The Central Himalayas, Nepal and Sikhim.

IANTHOCINCLA RUFIGULARIS ASSAMENSIs, Hartert.

Hartert’s Laughing Thrush.

Hartert Pal., Vog.i., p. 635. (1910.)

Differs from J. 7. rufigularis, in having the whole throat rusty red for about

one inch. The size is also smaller ; and ear-coverts brown.

Bill 2 m.m. shorter, Wing 91-94 m.m.

Distribution.—The Patkoi, Khasia and Garo Hills, ‘Assam.

Nesting.—| The nest and eggs do not differ from those of the Nepal Bird.

This form was very common in N. Cachar and I took many nests and eggs.

A large series of the latter average 1:12” x:°80" and are pure white of a

rather dull texture, seldom showing any gloss.—H. C. S. B.|

JANTHOCINCLA RUFIGULARIS OCCIDENTALIS, Hartert.

The Kashnur Laughing Thrush.

Hartert, Pal., Vog.i., p. 635. (1910.)

Similar to J. r. rufigularis, but has the upper plumage paler, and

ear-coverts rusty orange.

Distribution.—North-West Himalayas, from Kumaon to Kashmir.

IANTHOCINCLA AUSTENI AUSTENI (Jerdon),

The Cachar Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum austenit, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. XXXIX pt. II, p

105 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII, p. 369.

LIanthocincla austent, Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 87.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Khasia and Cachar Hills, Assam.

Nesting.—! The nest and eggs are similar to those of J. rufigularis but

the eggs are a trifle smaller on an average being about 1:08" x:‘78",.—

foc. 8, B.|

IANTHOCINCLA AUSTENI VICTORI& (Rippon),

The Chin Hills Laughing Thrush,

Rippon, Bul. B. O. C. XVI., p. 47, (1906.)

Similar to J. a. austent (Jerdon), Differs in having the under parts

much whiter, the feathers from the chin to abdomen having broad white

edges,

Hatitat.—The Chin Hills on the west of Burma.

Stactocicuta (Sharpe), 1883.

Oates, F. B. I. i., p. 104.

This genus consists of only one bird characterised by its long straight

bill, and long rictal bristles and its very thrush-like spotted breast.

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

STACTOCICHLA MERULINA (Blyth).

The Spotted-breasted Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax merulinus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XX.,p.521. (1851.)

Stactocichla merulina, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. VII., p. 449; Oates, F. B. 1.,i.,

p. 104.

Description and Distribution as in Oates, F. B. I.

Nesting.—Stuart Baker says it breeds all over the N. Cachar and Mani-

pur hills above 3,000 ft. Building a compact shallow cup, and lays from

2to3 eggs. These are a beautiful blue-green, similar in colour to eggs of

G. moniliger, but with a totally different texture. In shape broad ovals

which average 1:18” x °83”" to 1:14" x ‘82".

GRAMMATOPTILA (Reichenb.), 1850.

Oates, F. B. 1.,i., p. 102.

“The two birds of this genus may be recognised by their stout, short,

deep bill, striated plumage, and by the long frontal hairs which reach over

the nostrils.””—(Oates).

KEY TO SUB-SPECIES.

(a) Feathers of crest streaked with white, no brown

band on the sides of the head .. .. G. striata striata.

(5) Feathers of crest not streaked with white, ¢ a brown

band on the sides of the head .. As .. G. striata austent,

GRAMMATOPTILA STRIATA STRIATA (Vigors), 1830.

The Striated Laughing Thrush

and

GRAMMATOPTILA STRIATA AUSTENI (Oates), 1889.

Austen’s Striated Laughing Thrush.

Description and Distribution as in Oates, F. B. I.

It appears to be doubtful whether this species lays spotted eggs or not.

Mr. Stuart Baker says he has never seen any spotted eggs of this species.

[The nest and eggs of austent do not differ in any way from those of

striata. The breeding season is Apriland May in the Khasia Hills.—

Koo 8..B. |

GARRULAX CINEREIFRONS, Blyth.

%, This species which is peculiar to the Island of Ceylon, is quite distinct

from any other Laughing Thrushes in having the feathers of the forehead

rounded and short, and for this reason was placed by Oates in Crateropus.

In style of plumage it is Garrulacine, and approaches G. delesserte in

coloration, and I consider it should be placed in a sub-genus by itself.

I have carefully examined all the numerous “ Laughing Thrushes” from the

Oriental region and can find none approaching it.

Its characteristics are, a slighty curved bill with oval exposed nostrils,

with no overhanging hairs or bristles; and the feathers of the forehead, ©

short and rounded.

GARRULAX CINEREIFRONS, Blyth.

The Ashy-headed Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax cinereifrons, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. XX., p. 176 (1851); Sharpe, Cat.

BoM. VIL, p. 447.

Cratheropus cinereifrons, Oates, F. B. I. i, p. 114.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Island of Ceylon. Nothing appears to be known about

the nesting or habits of this species [though the eggs have been described as

white, a most paakely. es for them to be if the bird is considered

a Crater opus.—H. C. 8. B.]

( To be continued. )

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE ME WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY),

PO RUBBLE TRF.

(Continued from page 531 of Volume XXII.)

Part XVI.

Genus—Co Loris.

This genus is Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan in distribution ; in the limits of

British India seven good species are recognized besides some not very

well-defined races. The colours of the members of the genus are character-

istic: salmon or white, always with a diagonal black bar across the apex of

the forewing outside which, in the white species, there isa red or yellow

patch. The black bar may be obsolescent, especially in the dry-season

specimens, but is always indicated; the red or yellow patch may be faded

to white in some females. All species are plentiful in the Plains though

protractus is somewhat local and seemingly confined to Baluchistan, Sind,

the Punjab and Cutch. None are found ordinarily in mountainous tracts,

in heavy forestregions where the rainfall is abundant; they want plenty of

sun, open country and, perhaps, not too much moisture in the air. However,

the distribution probably altogether depends upon the absence or presence

of the food plants of the caterpillars.

116. Golotis amata.—(P1. J., fig. 68.)—Male, wpperszde, salmon-pink. Fore-

wing ; costa black, thickly overlaid with greyish or pinkish scales, a black

spot at apex of cell which may be large and quadrate or smaller and lunate ;

termen broadly black with an enclosed, double series of spots of the ground-

colour—the inner series consists of a large spot in interspace 1, two very small

spots in interspaces 2 and 3, one in each, and four larger, anterior spots

placed in a curve; the spots in the outer series are variable in number but,

generally, there is one in each interspace, these are more or less linear in

shape. Hindwing: a band on costal margin extended to just within the up-

per margin of cell, covered with dense, black, specialized scales; this band

joined on to a broad, similarly-coloured, terminal band of ordinary scales,

that becomes more or less diffuse and powdery posteriorly and encloses

a double series of small spots of the ground-colour, the inner series often

obsolescent ; in some specimens entirely absent; dorsum heavily irrorated

with fuscous scales, the irroration extended on to the disc which has, there-

fore, a greyish appearance. Underside: greenish yellow; an anteciliary,

fine, black line on both fore and hindwings ; the black markings of the

upperside show through by transparency. Forewing: a black spot, variable

in size and intensity, in some specimens absent altogether, at apex of cell;

a subterminal, quadrate, black spot in interspace 1 and another (sometimes

faint or absent) further outwards in interspace 2; disc faintly, dorsal margin

broadly, pale salmon-pink. Hindwing: the whole surface sparsely irrorated

with minute, black scales; a small, black, discocellular spot. Cilia of both

wings pale salmon-pink. Antenns, head, thorax and abdomen black, the

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XAIL

antenne speckled with white, the head and thorax covered with greenish-

fuscous hairs; beneath: the palpi green, thorax and abdomen white. Female

dimorphic. 1st Form, upperside: ground-colour paler than in the male, in

some specimens quite ochraceous outwardly; all the markings similar but.

duller in tint; the hindwing of course without the black, costal band of

specialized scales, the ground-colour extended up to the costal margin,

Underside: similar to that of the male but the ground-colour very much

paler and more ochraceous than green. In some specimens, in addition to

the black spots in interspaces 1 and 2 on the forewing, there is an anterior,

postdiscal, fuscous, curved band. Hindwing: discocellular spot larger than

in the male and annular ; a curved, discal series of reddish or pale ferruginous

spots from costa to dorsum. 2nd Form: similar to Form 1 but the ground-

colour pale primrose-yellow to pure white. Antenne, head, thorax and

abdomen in both forms as in the male. Expanse 40-50mm.

Egg.—In shape it is a truncated cone, twice as high, or slightly more, as

broad, with longitudinal channels and fine, transverse strize; colour white

at first, turning yellow later on.

Larva.— When it emerges from the egg it is nearly quite cylindrical with

a shiny, black, smooth head covered sparsely with white, erect hairs; the

body is light greenish yellow-brown, rather oily looking, with a row of tuber-

cular hairs along front margin of each segment; there are no points at end

of anal segments.

2nd stage.—The same but the clypeus light in colour ; 3 the body now with

_ many extra smaller hairs all over except on segments 2, 3.

3rd stage.—Head generally green, sometimes marked with brown,

with white, erect hairs from tubercles; eyes brown. Body oily green,.

covered with short, light-coloured, bristle-like hairs with no sign of tuber-

cles ; along front margin of segment 2 is a row of 8 erect hairs, each one

bearing a globule of dark brown liquid at its extremity and rising from small

tubercles which are the same colour as the body; segment 3 has 6 similar

hairs across the middle (transversely to the length of the body ) ; the others.

have 8, one subdorsal, one dorsolateral, supraspiracular and subspiracular on

each side ; the anal segment is rounded at end, very slightly indented in

middle of hinder margin ; there is a commencement of a dorsal, white band

on anterior segments (often a complete one the whole length of larva ) and

an obsolescent, spiracular, white line.

4th staye-—Head green ; body green also but no longer oily looking ; the

rest the same as in the 3rd stage.

5th stage.-—The caterpillar is of the same shape as that of Colotts vestalis..

It has the same round head, the large triangular clypeus has somewhat out-

ward-curved lateral sides and is green, covered with very minute, cylindrical,

white tubercles in the same way except that here the tubercles are at a dis-

tance of at least three, perhaps four tubercle-diameters one from the other

and the hair on each is dark brown, fairly long and erect, hardly pointing

down at all; the eyes are white-glassy, marked with brown; the jaws are

brown-tipped; the labrum, ligula, antennal joints are green. The spiracles:

are oval, of ordinary size, light brownish, those of segments 2 and 12 hardly

larger than the rest. The surface of the body is lined transversely with the

usual 7 lines to each segment and each ridge thus formed is set with minute

white tubercles like the head, spaced similarly and bearing exactly similar

dark hairs, one transverse (to body, along each ridge) along centre of each

ridge; the main subdorsal, dorsolateral and supraspiracular tubercle no:

larger than the rest, the hair on each, however, slightly longer, blunt-ended

and generally bearing a drop of dark liquid; the hairs in spiracular-ventral

region fine, white and some of them somewhat longer. The anal flap is.

trapeze-shaped, square-ended and rather thick, the square end being ever so

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 75

gently concave. The colour is a fine rich grass-green, rather bright, with a

broad, white dorsal line generally showing the transverse lines of the seg-

ments (the 7) as slight depressions throughout its length; this dorsal line

often reaches from the anterior margin of segment 2 to the anal flap, some-

times it is more or less indistinct but generally present on the first few

segments; there is, besides, sometimes, a fine light, very thin, spiracular

line; the belly is light glaucous-green as well as the prolegs; the feet are the

same with brown hooklets; the true legs are shiny light greenish. L: 20mm;

B: 3mm.

Pupa.—(v. marginal figure).—The chrysalis is of the Teras type with wings

ventrally prominently bulged out ina curve along their suture-

line, the thorax humped, the head produced into a “beak ’’ in

front, the abdomen circular in transverse section from end of

wings, thinning in segments 10 to end. Here the ventral

bulge of the wing-suture line is not very accentuated, the

apex of the curve being situated at about 3 its total length

from front end of pupa to the front margin of segment 9,

where it ends; the beak is conical, equilateral, its base being

reckoned as the whole pupal diameter at front margin of seg-

ment 2 ; the real beak is only the very extremity of this cone

and it is very short; segment 2 is about half the length of this

cone, has its surface parallel to the pupal longitudinal axis,

its front margin dorsally curved concavely and gently back-

wards, the hinder margin curved gently forwards towards it;

the thorax is twice the length of segment 2, only gently

“humped,” has its surface (taken as the plane subtending the

hump-curve) parallel to pupal axis and its hinder margin a

gentle curve meeting the wings in a shallow, sharp angle

considerably less than 90°; the lateral outline is nearly absolutely parallel

from shoulders to segment 8, these lines converge gently from shoulders

to eyes, then meet in the beak; the wings are thus only slightly expanded

laterally ; the cremaster is nearly square, gently concave at end, depressed

dorsally between little-prominent, subdorsal ridges, slightly depressed

ventrally between the rounded marginal ridges, each hardly-prominent

extensor-ridge ending in a little point or sharp tooth anteriorly; the

suspensory hooklets are arranged in a dense mass all along the posterior

margin. Spiracle of segment 2 a mere linear indication, the others white,

oval, of usual size, flush. Surface of pupa finely aciculate-corrugated all

Over, somewhat punctate on abdomen. Colour green with the lateral outline

along wings yellow; there is always a black spot on the discocellulars and

the black spots at end of veins of hindwing show through indistinctly. L:

16mm; B: 3:5 mm. Depth at apex of wing-curve: 4 mm.

Habits.—The eggs are laid on the upperside of the leaf, from 50

to 60 in a batch, each egg separate and without apparent order.

The larvee are gregarious throughout their existence, eat voraciously

and grow extremely rapidly. Eggs obtained on the 25th July

1903; larvee emerged next day; changed to pupz on the 2nd of

next month at night (some next night) and the imago emerged on

the 6th August 1903. ‘The caterpillars feed in rows along the edge

of a leaf, lying closely pressed one against the other and continue

this up to the last stage when they become more independent but

still keep together in batches. The pupation takes place in the

ordinary way, each larva going off by itself beforehand ; so that the

x 2.

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

pupee are never found together. The little larva eats its way out

through the side near the top and always makes its first meal of the

shell. The separation of the larvee into batches later on is determin-

ed by the carrying space of the leaf; when the crowd becomes too

large for one, it breaks up into parties, and, before pupation, as

already remarked, each individual. goes its own way. Some of the

larvee grow much slower than the others, depending chiefly upon the

greater or less ability to obtain sufficient food within a given time.

At the commencement of life the little caterpillars as often as not

sit on the underside of the leaf while feeding ; there does not seem

to be any preference for the upper or the underside. The butterfly

is not a strong flier, keeps nearly always near to the ground though

of course it rises to the tops of the food plants when looking for

females or, more seldom, when seeking a place to lay its eggs; the

flight is fluttermg and, except when engaged in business, fairly

straight ahead and horizontal. The insects are not often found

frequenting flowers; they often rest with the wings held partially

open, on the top of a leaf in the sun; but repose, with them closed

over the back, at night and in rainy weather, on a stem, twig,

underside of a leaf, grass-stalk, &c., in thickets and amongst the

undergrowth. ‘They hike open places and are fond of the sun like

others of the genus; but are never found in the jungles along the

Ghats. The reason for this is the absence of the food-plant which

is essentially a species of waste, desert places. The larva feeds upon

Salvadora persica and oleoides as well as upon <Azima tetracantha, all

belonging to the Salvadoracee. The first is found along the sands

on the Bombay sea-coast about Bandra and also in Kanara further

south; the butterfly is found there too; in the latter District it is

the only place where it exists; its distribution is given as continental

and peninsular India but not in Bengal and Ceylon. Outside

British India it is found in Aden, probably throughout Arabia, in

Madagascar and Tropical Africa.

In a brood of, say, 50 individuals there will always be a couple of

white females and this seems to be quite independent of climate as

such have been bred both in Bijapur in the Bombay Presidency

where the rainfall is very scanty, the jungle nil and the country flat,

and in Kanara on the sea-coast where the rainfall is over 100 inches

with plenty of hills and jungle close to. However, in the damp

places the black markings on the upper sides of the wings in all

specimens are larger and more intense. |

117. Colotis protractus.—Male, upperside: rich salmon-pink. Forewing:

base bluish-grey ; a band along the costal margin black and joined on to

a very broad, similarly-coloured band on termen that occupies the outer —

fourth of the wing; inner margin of terminal band irregular, extended

slightly and squarely inwards in interspaces la, 1 and 3; a prominent, oval,

discocellular, black spot extended downwards from the black on the costal

margin ; apex with elongate, bluish-grey spots in interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS, Re

superposed on the black, terminal band. Hindwing: dorsum white ; terminal

half of wing jet-black ; asomewhat diffuse, subdorsal band of bluish-grey scales

from base to the black on terminal margin. Underside: a beautiful light,

greenish yellow; disc of wings tinged with salmon-pink, conspicuous on ‘the

fore, more obscure on the hindwing. Forewing :a prominent, black,

discocellular spot and a subterminal series of three more or less quadrate, Fiack

spots that decrease in size anteriorly in interspaces 1, 2 and 3, the spot in

interspace 1 extended into interspace laand lengthened posteriorly outward

tothe terminal margin. Hindwinguniform. Cilia of both wings pale salmon-

pink. Antenne brownish black, ringed or spotted with white ; head, thorax and

abdomen black, the thorax anteriorly with whitish hairs atthe sides; beneath:

the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale yellow. Sex-mark: a small, glandular

patch of scales near the base of interspace 1 on the underside of

the forewing, sometimes visible on the upperside.—Female, upperside

ground-colour similar ; the markings similar but the black along the costa

and termen of forewing and of terminal half of hindwing dark, silky brown ;

on the forewing edged interiorly along the costa and along the termen from

vein 2 upwards with jet-black; discocellular, black spot on the forewing

much larger than in the male. Underside, forewi ing: base and cell anterior-

ly greenish yellow, disc salmon-pink ; apex and termen broadly dull, ochra-

ceous pink; discocellular and posterior, subterminal spots as in the male.

Hindwing uniform ochraceous pink. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen

as in the male, but somewhat duller in colour. Expanse 38-50 mm.

In Miscellaneous Note “‘No. XXIV.—Notes on Colotis in Sind” by

Captain F. C. Fraser, I.M.8., dated Hyderabad, Sind, September 1910, which

appeared in this Journal there is a description of the stages as under :—

Egg.—‘ Pure white, ampulliform in shape, strongly ribbed. Hatch out on

the third day.”

Larva.—* Grass-green, at first a crimson stippling along the sides but this

gradually fades in successive moults until finally lost in the last. The final

skin has a peppering of white, minute dots and tiny bristles covering the

skin. There is a white, dorsal line along the back which may or may not

have a yellow edging. Im shape, cylindrical, like that of TJ. hecabe. This

larva is interesting in that it is the only one of its genus (so far as the

Indian forms are concerned) that has not got a black head when first emerg-

ing from the ovum.”

Pupa.—‘ Creamy, flesh-coloured or pale green with no markings ; body

stout, with a stunted point at the head. Suspended upright by waist-belt

and anal attachments.”

Halbits.—The eggs are laid singly on the food plant. The larvee

thus live singly also. Their habits are not likely to differ in any

way from those of vestalis. Captain Frazer states in the above

notes that he has taken Colotis protractus (and vestalis) male joined

to a female amata but unfortunately was not able to obtain eggs of

the latter. He says that he has caught a specimen of protractus

in which the salmon-colour of the wings was replaced by the creamy

white of vestalis; and he is evidently of opinion that hybridism

plays a considerable part in the variations in colouration existing in

amata, vestalis and protractus. The food plant of the larve of

protractus is Salvadora persica (probably also oleoides, the other

species of the genus Salvadora). The butterfly is found in Balu-

chistan, Punjab, Cutch and Lower Sind (perhaps all along the

Indus throughout Sind).

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

118. Colotis phisadia.— Male, wpperside: forewing: pale salmon-pink, this

colour paler outwardly; base heavily irrorated with bluish-grey scales that

extend outwards and are merged with a black patch that occupies the apex

of the cell and spreads along the discocellulars ; terminal third of wing black

with enclosed spots of the ground-colour in interspaces 3, 4, 5 and

9, the spot in 4 sometimes absent, the inner edge of the black area

emarginate at interspaces 2 and 4 ;the outer margin with a series of

minute terminal specks of ground-colour in the interspaces. Hindwing

white, base heavily irrorated with bluish-grey -scales that are extended

downwards in a diffuse band parallel to the dorsum; terminal half of the

wing jet-black. Underside: precisely as in male protractus:—Female: very

variable, but resembles the male in markings. On the upperside, however the

terminal areas on both wings that are black in the male are silky brown on

the forewing, the inner, sinuate margin of the same posteriorly black; on

the hindwing the terminal, brown area encloses an irregular, sinuate, black

band that does not extend either to the costa orto the dorsum. The ground-

colour in some specimens is faintly pink fading to white outwardly; on the

hindwing it is white as inthe male. In other specimens the ground-colour

of both wings is entirely white or pinkish orange. Underside: as in the

male, but the apical area of the forewing and the whole surface of the

hindwing tinged more or less with ochraceous. In many individuals,

probably of the dry season broods, this ochraceous tintis very much marked.

Forewing: with posterior, black spots as in the male. Hindwing: an

irregular, discal, sinuate, macular, brown band that is often obsolescent.

Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the male. Expanse 38-46

mm.

Larva,— Pea-green when young, two black spots on the back of the

head, a white mark, almost the shape of an ace of diamonds but rather

longer, on the second segment; when older, the black spots on the head

disappear and the white mark gets clearer and is outlined with black.

There are two similar marks just beyond the centre of the back, the front

one being the smaller, and another, similar mark on the 11th segment.”

( Nurse.)

Pupa.—As figured: is stout,.pale brown, more or less mottled with darker

brown; in shape mainly cylindrical, with the wing-cases moderately

developed ; the head ends in a very sharp point.

The above descriptions are taken from Colonel Bingham’s book.

Habits.—Nothing much is known; Nurse states that the larva

feeds upon Salvadora persica, like that of amata. The only recorded

occurrence of the speciés within British Indian hmits are in Surat

and Multan. It is found in Arabia and the opposite African coast.

119. Colotis vestalis.— Wet-season brood.—Male, upperside: white; fore and

hindwings with broad, terminal, black bands. Forewing: base, costal

margin broadly and discoidal cell except at its lower, apical area heavily

irrorated with dusky-grey scales ; a short streak at upper apex of cell joined

to a large spot on the discocellulars, black ; superposed on the black, terminal

area are two small, preapical spots (sometimes wanting) and a much larger,

subterminal spot in interspace 3, all white; minute, terminal specks also,

often more or less obsolescent, in the interspaces, Hindwing: more”

uniform, very slightly irrorated with grey scales at base, the black,

terminal band immaculate. Underside: greenish yellow sparsely sprinkled

with black scales, the yellow very pale on the disc of the forewing fading

to white on its dorsal margin; discocellular spots and three subterminal, post-

erior spots that are placed in a curve, black; the lowest spot of the three

sometimes extended to the dorsal margin (var. puel/aris). Hindwing uniform,

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 79

with a very small, annular spot on the discocellulars. Cilia white. Antenne,

head, thorax and abdomen black, the antennz speckled and tipped with

white, the thorax clothed with long, bluish-grey hairs ; beneath: palpi, thorax

and abdomen white. Female, upperside; very similar to the male, the

terminal bands brownish rather than black. Underside: base and cellular area

on forewing white suffused with greenish yellow; costa and apex of fore

and the whole surface of the hindwing pale ochraceous ; the forewing with

the black spots as in the male, the hindwing, in a few specimens, with an

anterior, post discal, sometimes somewhat obscure, macular, incomplete band

(indications of the same in some males).

Dry-season brood.—Male and female: similar to male and female of wet-

season brood but on the upperside the black markings are duller in tint and

narrower, while on the underside in both sexes the costal and apical areas

on the fore and the whole surface of the hindwing vary from pale ochraceous

to dark reddish-ochraceous. Expanse 40-50 mm.

Fyg.—The egg is white when laid, then turns yellowish and gets three,

more or less regular, very broad, reddish bands round it: the first just

above the base, the second round the middle, the third a quarter of the

height below the top. The shape is like a long dome; there are 16 to 18

longitudinal ribs from base to top, 12 of which actually reach the top where

their points form a low crown round the micropyle; the ribs are prominent

and more or less triangular in section, the intervals being very distinctly

striated with numerous parallel ridges; the space round the micropyle is

smooth for a short distance; the surface of the egg is shiny. H. 0°8 mm.:

B. 0:3 mm.

Larva.—The larva is somewhat more narrowed than that of amata in

segments 2, 13, and 14; it is stout and cylindrical in segments 4-12 ;

the head is slightly broader than segment 2, round from front view with the

neck rather distinct and is somewhat flattened on face ; the clypeus is large

and triangular ; the surface is dull and covered with minute, whitish tuber-

cles from each of which springs a short, semi-erect, dark hair ; the colour is

grass-green with the labrum white but slightly washed with brown; the

jaws, somewhat broadly black-tipped, and the second antennal joint also

white ; the labrum green and shining ; the basal antennal joint green ; the

eyes brown. The surface of the body is dull, soft-looking, covered some-

what sparsely with minute, dull, light-yellow and whitish spots and many

soft, short, lightish hairs which are not readily visible to the naked eye ex-

cept along the subspiracular region where they form a whitish-looking,

short fringe visible in some lights. Spiracles are small, brown-pink, oval,

placed on an indistinct, lightish, spiracular line. Anal flap rather large,

‘dorsally somewhat flattened, somewhat flanged round edges, trapeze-

shaped, the dorsal slope being slight. The colour of the body is a fine

grass-green with an indication of a spiracular light line; the ventrum some-

what lighter in shade as well as all the true legs and claspers. All legs and

claspers are rather small and the anal ones are hidden from above by the

over-reaching anal flap. L: about 20 mm.; B: 4 mm.

The yellow body-spots are really minute tubercles, one subdorsal, dorso-

lateral and supraspiracular to each segment, each bearing a short, dark, erect

hair ever so little longer than the other lighter body-hairs (though shorter

than the fine, soft, subspiracular fringe) and there is a small, bare space round

each such tubercle. Captain Frazer (vide above under “ Colotis protractus’’)

states that “first skin bears a shiny, jet-black head; body grass-green with

crimson stippling laterally which, in the posterior three segments spreads

upwards and meets that of the opposite side, so as to form a more or less

prominent, crimson patch. This stippling fades during succeeding moults

and is entirely lost after the last. The black colour of the head gradually

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

passes off also ; after the first moultit 1s present as a crown to the green head,

this crown grows smaller and is entirely lost after the final moult. The final

skin is identical with that of protractus; when mixing the two together I

have been quite unable to say which was vestalzs and which protractus.”

Pupa.—The pupa is of the type of Terias hecabe or Colotis amata; but it is

rather stout and the head-point or snout is shorter than usual and somewhat

bluntly rounded at extremity. The pupa is somewhat distinctly constricted

behind the thorax both dorsally and laterally ; the wing edges laterally are

also slightly more thickened ; the vertex of head is slightly more inclined in

its dorsal line to the longitudinal axis of pupa that segment 2 and the head-

snout has its dorsal line nearly parallel to that axis: differing therein

from the pupa of amata in which the dorsal line of all three is nearly

straight; the abdomen is shorter comparatively than in amata; the pupa

is thickest in the middle, whereas, in the species just mentioned, the

pupa is, if anything, thickest at shoulders; otherwise the two pupz

are similar as to surface and general appearance—except that, here,

the cremaster has the subdorsal ridges more clearly defined, the surface

being depressed between them as well as outside them. The colour

is a pinkish bone-colour with a darkish dorsal line and some darkish marks

on the dorsolateral region of abdomen as well as at the apices of wing-veins.

L155 mm; B: 4:5 mm.

Captain Frazer notes that the pupa is “identical with that of protractus,

usually flesh-coloured and without markings.”

Habits.—The eggs are laid singly and generally near the base of

the plant on old leaves; otherwise the habits are the same as for

amata (except that here the larvee are not gregarious); the pupa is

more closely attached to the surface; the larva is sluggish and

generally wanders away from the leaves to pupate. ‘The imaginal

habits are much the same as for amata in every way ; the butterflies

are fond of the bright sunshine in the mornings from 10 to mid-day

and may then be found in numbers in Sind wherever the. foodplant

exists. It is commonest in the monsoon months up to the middle

of September after which the numbers decrease. ‘The upper or

under surfaces of leaves are chosen indifferently for oviposition.

Captain F'. G. Frazer, I. M. 8., says that, in Sind, in the month of

July 1910, he took a female amata connected with a male vestahs ;

and, a week later, repeated the experience ; and he states that he has

caught a female vestalis in which the whole discal areas are suffused

with the salmon-butf of protractus, as well as a specimen of this

latter species in which the whole ground-colour is replaced by the

creamy white of vestalis; these he regards as hybrids. The food-

plant of Colotis vestalis is Salvadora persica and its distribution is

Baluchistan, the Punjab, Cutch, Sind, Rajputana, the Central

Provinces; and outside India, the Provinces round the Persian Gulf.

120. Colotis fausta—Male, upperside: Salmon-buff, paler in specimens

from desert areas, darker in regions where there isa regular though not

heavy rainfall. Forewing: base and costal margin irrorated in varying

degree with dusky scales; an oval, annular, discocellular spot that varies in

size; a black, festooned, postdiscal fascia that extends from costa to vein

4, beyond which the veins are margined with black; this fascia broadened

subterminally into a second transverse fascia that is followed by a very fine

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS, 8]

black line on the extreme terminal margin. In specimens from desert

regions the transverse fascize and the black edging to the veins are narrow,

but in moister areas the two transverse fascize unite posteriorly and with

the slender, black, terminal line give an appearance as of a double, black

series of spots of the ground-colour enclosed between them. MHindwing:

more uniform, the veins with terminal, black spots; costa broadly pale,

fading to white. Underside: pale yellowish white, in many specimens from

moist localities suffused with a beautiful rosy flush; the markings in such

specimens prominent, in those from dry localities more or less obsolescent.

Forewing: discocellular spot as on the upperside but complete, and not an

oval ring ; in some specimens a postdiscal, dark ochraceous brown narrow,

curved band from costa to middle of interspace 2. Hindwing: a small dis-

cocellular spot in the form of an oval, light brown ring always much smaller

than thaton the forewing; a postdiscal, curved, more or less sinuate band,

similar to and in continuation of the band on the forewing from costa to

vein 1. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black, the club of the

antennee on the underside, the hairs that cover the head and thorax and the

scaling of the abdomen salmon-buff; beneath: much paler, fading to white in

specimens from dry localities. Sex-mark:asmall patch of brown, specialized

scales on the underside of the forewing above vein 1, closer to the base

than to the termen; on the upperside this is more or less prominent as a

raised spot.

Female is dimorphic. orm J: ground-colour and markings as in male;

the costa of the hindwing on the upperside concolorous with the rest of the

wing ; the sex-mark of course absent. Form 2, upperside: ground-colour white,

often more or less irregularly suffused on parts of the wing with salmon-

buff; markings lke in male though very much broader. Forewing: base

and costal area heavily irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Hindwing : the

terminal spots at apices of the veins large and quadrate, often united into

a continuous band which then encloses an anteciliary series of spots of the

ground-colour. In a few specimens there are traces of a post discal,

macular, black band, in a very few thisband is almost complete and very

prominent. Underside: ground-colour white, markings asin male but

broader, darker and more prominent. Expanse : 46-58mm.,

The race trzpuncta, Butler, is described as follows :—

Male and female: very closely resemble the typical forms; but this, the

southern form, can be distinguished as follows:—Male, upperside : ground-

ecvolour a much deeper tint of salmon-buff, almost orange-yellow. Fore-

wing: the costa heavily irrorated with black scales; discocellular spot

larger, not annular; postdiscal, black fascia at all seasons united to the

subterminal fascia and black, anteciliary line so that the whole apex and

termen of the wing are black, broadly at the costa and gradually narrowed

towards the tornal angle. This black area encloses never more than three

preapical, moderately large spots and a complete series of minute, anteciliary

specks of the ground-colour. Hindwing: as in fausta, but the terminal

black spots very large. Underside: ground colour of a richer, yellower tint

than in the typical form; markings similar, those on the forewing dusky

black, on the hindwing rose-pink. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen

and sex mark as in the male of the typical form. Female, upperside: closely

resembles the female Form 2 of fausta, but all the markings are darker and

conspicuously broader, while the number of preapical spots of the ground-

colour enclosed within the black area on the forewing is never more than

three, the same as in the male. Underside: forewing: white, sometimes

faintly suffused with yellow; apical and terminal areas anteriorly light to

dark ochraceous yellow; discocellular spot very large; transverse, post-

discal, macular, dark reddish-brown band very broad. Hindwing: pale

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

ochraceous yellow, sparsely powdered with black scales; transverse, post-

discal, macular band reddish-brown and broad asin the forewing. Antenne,

head, thorax and abdomen asin female Form 2 of fausta. Hxpanse 52-58 mm.

The males of C. fausta and, therefore, of course, also of tripuncta can at

once be distinguished from their females by having, in addition to the sex-

mark of specialized scales and darker colouring, the dorsal margin of fore-

wing curved convexly, the curve forming a considerable lappet over the

subcostal area of the hindwing. In the female this dorsal margin is nearly

quite straight. (K. Bernhardt in Journal B. N. H.S., Vol. XIX, Part 1,

published 15th April 1909.)

Fgg.—The egg is of the usual short-necked bottle shape, the narrow top

part rather exceptionally short; with 18 meridional ridges meeting in a

thickened ring round the top, their extremities not showing at all as teeth

and hardly a single pair anastomosed. The surface throughout finely

transversely striated and shining. The colour white when laid, turning

yellowish shortly afterwards with three blood-red, rather irregular bands

round it, the first some way above the base, the second about the middle, the

third just before the narrowing commences. L: O'7mm; B: 035mm.

Laid anywhere on a leaf and generally on an old one; or ona stalk, twig, &e.

Larva—( Vide marginal figure).—The larva is of the type of that of Colotis

a3 eucharis except that it has

not got the differentiated

tubercles (in point of size)

found in that species ; the

covering of hairs is far

Xs more like that obtaining

in Colotis dane, i.e., it is rather denser than in eucharis and the main

tubercle hairs are not much longer than the rest. It differs from the larva

of this latter species however in the markings, having much more lateral,

light pinkish-brown patching than the patched larve of that ever have. It

is also of course larger when full-grown. The shape is that of C. eucharis

as said, but segment 13 is perhaps longer here, and .the anal segment

certainly is longer and it is perhaps also more concavely emarginate (though,

even so, only shaliowly) at extremity, the emargination affecting the whole

terminal margin ; the segment is also perhaps not quite so thickened at ex-

tremity. The Aead is round, not large, though nearly as broad as segment

2 the straight front margin of which slightly infringes on the vertex; the

clypeus is large and triangular, the false clypeus arching over, and including

the apex (the sides of true clypeus quite straight) ; the surface of the head

is covered with quite short, dark-brown, semi-appressed hairs but in no way

so closely as to hide the surface, all pointing downwards and the tubercles

(white) they rise from are hardly visible even with the lens they are so

minute ; otherwise the surface is smooth and hardly shiny; the labrum is

longitudinally (to body-length) corrugate, green; the ligula large as usual,

pinkish ; the antennal basal joint is green, shiny, the second joint brownish;

the mandibles dark at ends; the eyes glassy, very slightly stained

with brown. Sprracles are oval, the centres green surrounded by a some-

what broad, hardly raised, brown margin; those of segments 11 and 12 (and

not 2) larger than the rest as in the larva of Colotis dane. The surface of

body is transversely lined on each segment by 6 parallel lines, the first being

some distance behind the anterior margin each time, the intervals between

all others being equal; the whole surface covered somewhat closely by very

short, fine, whitish hairs (except on segment 2 where they are rather dark)

rising from barely visible, minute, white tubercles; the main subdorsal,

dorsolateral and supraspiracular one on each segment being about twice the

length of these (still very short therefore), dark, rather thicker with the

£ t

. Rea RL IRL. ETS

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 83

usually rounded end (where the drop of liquid rests) ; as usual, also, there are

longer (only slightly here however), fine, light hairs in the subspiracular

region and lateral ventral region; still longer ones at the extremity of anal

flap where each one is also thicker and dark. The colour is a rather fine rich

green dorsally with, sometimes, a dorsal, clear yellow, narrow band continu-

ed on to the vertex of head; the belly, true legs and claspers much lighter

and glaucous ; the feet lobed, the hooklets brownish; there are generally

three (there may be 11 of them, one on each segment 2-12 forming an unin-

terrupted chain, broadening out, round each spiracle upwards, always narrow-

est at segment margins; sometimes suffused greyish) large patches present,

light pinkish-brown in colour, always margined darker, in the spiracular

region of segments 2, 8 and 11; on each segment they nearly always are

bordered by the front margin and stretch back, including the spiracle as a

very general rule, the whole breadth of the segment, encroaching on to the

next succeeding segment often to include the spiracle of that, generally

narrowest at the segment margins increasing in width towards the segment-

middle, reaching rarely at broadest part to more than the dorsolateral

region above, never stretching on to ventral region; these patches may all

be small, the front one may be wanting (segment 2) and the shape is hardly

ever the same in any two larve. L: 25mm; B:4mm.

Pupa—( Vide marginal figure).—The chrysalis is like a large Colot’s amata

, pupa in shape and way of hanging. The longitudinal

axis of the body is quite straight from the tip of the

short, conical snout to the end of segment 13, the

cremaster after that being slightly curved under; the

thorax is slightly humped and the ventral wing-bulge

is quite normally convex ; the shoulders are the widest

part of pupa and are somewhat suddenly prominent

from hinder margin of segment 2; the lateral outline

of pupa—the breadth, that is, narrows very slightly

behind them gradually to where the body string passes

(the pupa is therefore very slightly constricted late-

rally) and then broadens again gradually to middle

where it is nearly as great as at shoulders, thereafter

gradually and evenly decreasing again to cremaster ;

the dorsal outline is straight from behind thorax to end

of segment 8, curving gradually thence to cremastral

extremity ; the ventral line from front of head-point to

end of wings, over the bulge, is 14mm of which the

straight portion from front 'to apex of bulge is 10mm ;

the ventral line of segments 9 to end is gently curved

towards longitudinal axis. The head pointis a good

deal broader at base, which base embraces the whole

width and depth of head, than it is high, it is conical

a with its apex bluntly rounded; segment 2 is in even

continuation with the head, (or base of the point rather) is transversely

convex, and the front slope of thorax is again in even continuation with it,

the dorsal line of head, segment 2 and front slope of thorax being quite

straight at an angle of about 35° with the longitudinal axis of pupa; segment

2 hinder and front margins are slightly bent towards each other in dorsal

line and its length is somewhat less than the length from end of head-point

to the hinder margin of head (front margin of segment 2); the hinder slope

of dorsal line of thorax is very gentle and runsimperceptibly into the dorsal

plane of abdomen; the hinder margin of thorax is a somewhat gentle curve,

the ends of which on each side become nearly a straight line before imping-

ing on wing-line which they do at right angles, the actual angle being an

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

open curve; this hinder margin of thorax has some shallow indentations just

in front of it dorsally, a single row; the whole thorax (segment 8) is short;

the cremaster is rather long, quite as long as segment 13 and is trapeze-

shaped, narrowing backwards, the hinder margin or extremity being very

distinctly concave, the lateral margins are thickened and run on to segment

13, the dorsal extensor-ridges are not prominent converging from somewhat

flattened extreme hinder corners forwards to front margin where they are

well separated, the suspensory hooklets are between them at hinder

margin of cremaster and are ventral; the ventral extensor-ridges are more

or less parallel, ending each in a little free point; the antennze, as in all

other members of the genus Colotis, end, flattened, at the apex of wing-

bulge. Spiracles of segment 2 hardly indicated ; others oval, colour of pupa,

very slightly raised, with a central, depressed line. Surface of pupa is irre-

gularly corrugated, under lens, by impressed lines, pitted also on abdomen,

the intersegmental membrane between segments 8, 9 and 9, 10 narrowly

exposed; the lateral outline along wing somewhat prominent (the wings are

slightly expanded that is) from shoulders to end of wings; the rounded

extremity of head-point or snout is smooth. Colour is that of fresh, dry

bone, somewhat livid; lateral outline from shoulders to cremaster, above

spiracles on segments 8-12, narrowly light, this line on abdomen being brought

out by slight, dark shading above it; a black dot laterally near front margin

of each segment, sometimes a larger dorsal one near hinder margin of seg-

ments 8 and 9; the spot on discocellulars of wings also black; fuscous dots

showing at ends of veins of hindwings; shallowly impressed similar dots

outside outer margin of antenne. The pupa is sometimes light green with

the lateral line faintly yellow; there is sometimes an indication on head

and the succeeding two segments of a dark dorsal line. L: 19mm; B: 5

mm. at shoulders, the broadest part; H: 6 mm at apex of wing-bulge; B: of

abdomen at segment 9: 3°5 mm.

Halits.—The eggs are laid separately on the foodplant, generally

on an old leaf but sometimes on a dry twig or leaf-scar; if on a

leaf, then indiscriminately on the upper or under surface or on the

edge; one female was seen to lay 2( eggs in quick succession on &

single plant, coming to rest with her wings closed over her back at

each operation; the noteworthy feature being the short time she

took over each act. This particular female was discovered flying or

rather fluttering along over the ground about 11 a.m. in the month

of August near Sholapur in the Bombay Presidency; she was

followed up for about two hours carefully by two men in grass-land

with an open covering of small trees: Acacia arabica, Capparis

divaricata, Mimosa rubricaulis, Sandalwood, Neem, &c. She kept

much to the shade of the trees the tops of which (there were none of

them over 25 feet in height) she often explored; often rested on the

ground with half-opened wings for ten minutes at a time; until,

finally, she found what she wanted: the foodplant of the larva, up

to that time unknown. Upon this she immediately commenced

laying, and each egg was carefully collected and preserved for breed-

ing purposes. Afterwards, however, a number of larvee were also

found, some of them, a few, full-grown and nearly ready to pupate.

Three quarters of them were parasitized and produced ichneumons;

three eventually survived to the pupal stage. The males fly fast,

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS, 85

generally keep fairly close to the ground, rising occasionally to fly

round the foliage of a tree, and keep a more or less straight course

which permits of fairly easy capture with a net; they also

frequently go to flowers among the grass and rest while drinking

the nectar; the females do this too and can also be caught though

they are not nearly as commonly seen as the males. The butterfly

never seems to be very numerous in individuals where it is found

as far as the experience of the writer goes; but at the same time

that experience is not very wide, so the statement must be taken for

what it is worth. ‘The insect is fond of the sun and open places,

ideed it does not exist in jungles at all and certainly avoids the

regions of heavy rainfall; it is one of the characteristic butterflies of

the plains and desert regions. The males and females often rest

upon the ground with the wings closed over the back and the front

ones drawn down between the hinder; they will take short flights

when disturbea and settle again close by and, when at this game, are

easily caught withanet. The larvee are at first little greenish beasts

with the dorsal region lighter, the lateral region speckled closely with

brown, the main tubercles well developed with conspicuous hairs

and a drop of clear or amber-coloured liquid on the top of each hair ;

the anal segment has two tubercles with radiating short bristles; the

head is orange-brown and has the tubercles and hairs well developed.

The full-grown caterpillar is very difficult to spot on the foodplant as

the pinkish brown patches along the sides with their narrow, darker

bordering and the green of the rest of the body harmonize so well with

the colour of the leaves of the foodplant and the brownish scars left on

them by the withering of the thin cuticle remaining at the bottom

and round the edges of the places where the young larve have been

feeding ; for the small egg-caterpillar eats into the substance of the

leaf in irregularly rounded holes of various diameters, always leaving

the cuticle atthe bottom of the hole thus made untouched; this

method of feeding goes on for the first three stages and the little

animal may often be found lying at the bottom of the hole; or

rather it should be looked for there—it is not easy to find. The

mature larva often sits along the edge of the leaf or on a twig or

branch or leaf-stalk but is never easy to see; particularly when along

a leaf-edge. The foodplant is Merua arenaria, H. (Capparide) a

climbing shrub, what the ordinary person would call a climber, with

ovate leaves, varying much in shape, sometimes narrow, sometimes

broad, always with a tiny little point at the end (an apiculus), smooth,

sometimes softly downy, the oid ones thick and fleshy, rather like

those of Salvadora persica including the light brown marks from

wounds by insects, &c.: except that they are opposite; in the

Capparidece, they are alternate. The real Capers (genus Capparis)

are found in all sorts of places, hills and plains, open country and

jungles, desert tracts and regions of the heaviest rainfall, whereas

86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Merua is confined to places of fairly light rainfall, where the veget-

ation is comparatively scant and more or less desert localities.

Hence the butterfly is also confined to such places; so that Colotis

fausta and its form tripuncta are found in Baluchistan; Sind; the

Panjab; Rajputana, extending westward to Afghanistan, Persia,

Arabia, Asia Minor and European Turkey; Western and Southern

India; the Nilgiris up to 6,000 feet, the Anamalai Hills; Eastern

India; Orissa in Bengal, Ganjam ; Ceylon. Fausta is supposed not

to extend south of Bombay ; tripuncta is supposed not to exist in

Sind. This latter however does occur in Sind round Karachi and the

probabilities are that the two are really one species, notwithstanding

that only tripuncta has seemingly, always, the white form of the

female.

121. Colotis eucharis-—Male, upperside: pure white. Forewing: base and

costa for a short distance generally sparsely irrorated with black scales;

a broad, apical, orange-yellow patch with its inner edge straight and

margined with gamboge-yellow; this spot is sometimes immaculate but

generally bears a black, diffuse spot on its lower, inner edge which may or

may not extend to the termen below the orange; costa, apex and termen,

the latter nearly up to the tornus, edged and festooned beyond the orange area

with black. Hindwing: with black spots at the apices of the veins that

vary in size. and end on the termen, also a diffuse, preapical, black spot

on the costa. Underside: pure white in most specimens, suffused, except on

the disc of the forewing, with pinkish-yellow and, at base of the same wing,

with pure sulphur-yellow; apical, orange patch and terminal, black mark-

ings on the upperside of the forewing show through by transparency, the

former crossed by a sinuous, fuscous fascia that ends in a diffuse, black spot.

Hindwing: shaded with ochraceous at base with a fuscous, preapical spot

on costa; also a few scattered, transverse, fuscous striz and small spots.

Many specimens have the preapical, fuscous spot continued as an obscure,

fuscous fascia across the wing and bear a series of large, terminal, fuscous

spots that correspond to the black spotson theupperside. Both wings with

black, discocellular dots. Antennz, head thorax and abdomen black;

antenne speckled with white on the sides; head and thorax clothed with

short, greyish-brown hairs; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen white.

Female: ground-colour similar, the markings differing from those of the

male as follows :—Upperside, forewing: base and costa more heavily irrorat-

ed with greyish black scales; discocellular spot larger; apical area black,

with three enclosed, elongate, orange spots; inner margin of black area

irregularly sinuate and diffuse, extended shortly inwards in interspace 3; a

transverse, black spot across middle of interspace 1. Hindwing: base

irrorated more sparsely than the forewing with greyish-black scales;

preapical-costal and terminal spots much larger; in a few specimens there is

an obscure, transverse, posterior, discal fascia. Underside: markings similar

to, but very much broader and more heavily marked and more prominent

than, those in the male; the transverse, fuscous strize and dots more numer-

ous. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. Expanse

36-50mm.

Egg.—The egg is shaped as in the marginal figure which is magnified

thirty times. It has 17 longitudinal ribs, some of which coalesce before

reaching the top; reaching the top, after coalescing, in a single point or

tooth for each ridge thus formed, each composite ridge no broader than

either of the original two (or three); the teeth form a tiny crown around

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 87

the top of egg; each rib is cross-rayed many

times producing a beaded appearance; the

intervals between the ribs perhaps slightly

broader than them, concave and apparently

smooth. In the light the ribs glisten through

their entire lengths and are apparently

triangular in section. The size of the egg is

O'5mm.in height by not very much less in

x 380 breadth but the one from which the descrip-

tion was made was slightly broader along the direction of the edge of the

leaf on which it had been deposited than in the other direction. Surface

slightly shiny, colour orange with subcutaneous dull blotches.

Larva—(P1. 2, fig. 20)—As compared to the larva of Colotis dane just

described it is distinguished, apart from the shape and colouring, by the

fact that here the body tubercles, that is the subdorsal, dorsolateral and

supraspiracular (the only one of the spiracular group present here also)

being comparatively large and conspicuous; the measurements are as nearly

as possible : the tubercles, as broad as high, perhaps very slightly broader at

base than at top, are 1/6th of a millimetre, the hair borne by each isia

millimetre or three times as long; and the hairs are erect, black and cylin-

drical, with a spherically thickened tip, bearing a drop of clear or brown

liquid. The head is nearly exactly similar to that of sane in the number

and shape and colour of the tubercles it bears, but the hair on each is white,

not black and there are no smaller subsidiary tubercles; the surface is

minutely shiny-frosted, the head is round, has a similar clypeus and false

clypeus, has the antenne, labrum and ligula green, the eyes similar,

surrounded by a fine brown line at their bases; the jaws are dark-tipped.

The spiracles are similarly oval, raised, shiny but are rather dark-brown and

those of segments 11, 12 are not, or hardly, larger than the rest. The

surface of the body is lined transversely like in the other species with 7 lines

to each segment, the dorsal region or half-somites are not separated from

the ventral by any ledge; besides the usual hair-bearing tubercles, the

surface is covered with little white tubercles of the same shape and size as

the head, spaced about two tubercle-diameters apart, each one bearing a

transluceht, white, thick-topped, erect hair; these tubercles are not half the

length of the big ones (not 1/12th mm. that is) and the hair is about as long

as the tubercle bearing it; except in the spiracular region and down on to

the ventrum laterally including the bases of prolegs where the tubercles are

sometimes twice as long nearly (not quite) but always thinner than the

main ones, and bear white, fine hairs quite as long, in some cases longer,

than the main black ones—so thatthe larva has a fringe of these com-

_ paratively long, fine, white hairs all round. There are subdorsal, dorso-

lateral and supraspiracular tubercles on all segments 2—13, those of segments

3, 4 all in a line along centre of segment, the subdorsal, supraspiracular and

an extra lateral one along the front margin of segment 2 (the dorsolateral

about centre behind these); all the tubercles are wide apart, that is the

subdorsals are widely separated on each segment as well as the dorsolaterals,

these latter much wider than the former. The shape is that of Terias hecabe.

Colour of body and head dark green to yellowish green with a light dorsal

band generally present, body spotted obscurely darker; in some larvee there

is a large, more or less triangular brown-pinkish white patch including

spiracles of segments 6,7, 8, the anterior one generally the smallest, increas-

ing backwards, the largest never reaching the line of the dorsolateral

tubercles, bordered in front by the front margin, never reaching back to

more than centre of segment; true legs, belly, prolegs light bluish green ;

feet lobed (semicircularly) with pinkish booklets. L: 20mm; B: 35mm.

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Pupa.—(Pl., 2, fig. 20a).—The shape of the pupa resembles that of

Pareroniafar more than any other; it is not in the least like the other Colotis

species; it has the ventral wing-bulge extremely accentuated and a long

generally upwards-curved, sometimes somewhat twisted, snout to the

head. The portion of the body composed of segments 1-4 is thrown back

at an angle of about 30° to the rest, the snout counted from the head-

frons is as long as the distance from the same place or point backwards

to the apex of thorax “hump”: it is 8 mm. or slightly more in length and

is directed forwards (or down as the pupa generally hangs) in exactly the

same straight line as the ventral line of the pupa from segment 1 to apex of

wing-bulge opposite segment 7; the snout is longly conical, not always

straight throughout its whole length but often curved towards dorsum of

pupa, sometimes bent to the side into the margin in its distal part, its basal

diameter is less than that of head and the lateral contour of pupa from it

to shoulders is a gradually widening triangle; from shoulders back to

segment 8 the lateral lines very gently converge towards each other again

and there is a slight constriction in the otherwise straight line of the shght

lateral wing-expansion at the place where the body-band or suspension-loop

passes; the abdomen is more or less circular in transverse section, rather

short and stout, gradually thinning to end where it finishes off in a rather

broad, trapeze-shaped cremaster which is as broad as long for the last half

of its length, is convex transversely over dorsum, has thickened lateral

margins, two dorsal ridges from the hinder lateral corners converging forwards

to nearly meet in dorsal line at front margin and two ventral extensor ridges

ending each in a minute, free, sharp tooth anteriorly. Segment 2 is as long

as half thorax-length and has its two margins (front and hinder) curved

considerable towards each other in dorsal region (where itis thus narrowest)

it is convex transversely and its dorsal plane inclines gradually away from

longitudinal axis of pupa towards thorax ; the thorax is not very prominently

humped, the apex of the hump (which hump is evenly rounded) is just

behind the middle of its length, hinder margin is a gentle curve meeting the

wing-line in an angle of 90° open and sharp. The spiracle of segment

2is just a linear indication which is quite straight and has a very slight

white, narrow, raised surface behind it on the front margin of segment

3; other spiracles are nearly white, oval, perhaps rather large, flush. The

surface of the pupa is rather coarsely shallow-pitted, irregularly impressed-

lined and tuberculate-corrugated (of course very shallowly and only visible

under lens) on the wings and segments 1-3; the antennse (which by the way

in these pupz reach only to apex of wing-bulge) are serrated along their

edge (characteristic of this species) with little sharp teeth; the snout is very

_tuberculate-rugose. The colour is glaucous green with a yellow shade, the

lateral wing-line from shoulders, continued along abdomen to cremaster,

yellow-whitish, the whole surface vermiculated with little short, whitish

lines or marblings; a black spot on discocellulars of wing, a few faint ones

towards middle of inside margin of antenne; and there may be a lateral

black dot on each segment dorsally as well as a dorsal line at hinder margins

of segments 8, 9. The colour may be darker green; then the wing-margin

is yellow; the colour may be light yellowish brown marbled and blotched

with white and darker brown. L: i7 mm; B: 4mm; H at apex of wing-

bulge: 6 mm. nearly.

Habits.—The eggs are laid single, often on a dead thorn or stick;

the larvee live generally on the underside of the leaves; though

sometimes in the middle of upperside, sit sometimes with the front

segments very much in the air, occasionally with the tail end also

raised. They are sluggish and drop, curling up, when disturbed.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 89

They turn pink before pupation; and are very subject to

parasites, ichneumons and flies being the usual enemies, especially

the former; out of every 10 larvae found, at least six or even

more die from this cause. The pupa is attached very firmly by the

tail to the underside of a leaf or the stalk, or stem of the plant, or

adead twig amongst the rubbish that generally surrounds the

bushes of Cadaba indica, the commonest foodplant. The butterfly

emerges in about a week. It is a somewhat weak flier and hardly

ever rises far from the ground, is generally found in numbers near

or around the foodplant, of the flowers of which it is very fond and

it is most active in bright sunshine in the middle of the day when

‘It is quite difficult to catch; it comes easily, however, to a decoy

placed on the ground, though only males can be thus caught. The

female is not often seen somehow, probably it attends strictly to

business and keeps to the thickets. The insect rests with its wings

closed though not drawn in between each other at all, very frequently

on the ground, less often on the undersides of leaves, twigs, &c.

In rainy weather it is possible to catch it in the fingers when thus

vesting as it becomes more or less stupid in the absence of the dry,

hot sunshine. Its distribution is “‘ Central and Southern India

from Bombay to Travancore; Ceylon.” It is not found in the

jungles at all as it is a Plain Country species. It is nearly always

met with in company of Colotis etrida and CU. dance, as the food-

plants are the same for the larvee of all three. These foodplants

are all of the Caper family and this species has been bred nearly

always from caterpillars found on Cadaba indica, a scandent shrub

common in waste places and hedges in the Deccan with generally

oval, thickish, small, dark green, smooth (except when young when

they are lighter, longer and somewhat mealy) leaves, white flowers

with a curious pinkish claw and long stamens and a long round pod

bursting and curling lengthways to expose the bright red inner

part.

A few days before writing this, numbers of the butterfly were

noticed at Bandra on the sea coast north of Bombay in the Thana

District ; they were flying round a single bush of Cadaba which

happened to be growing in a hedge round a house on Bandra Hill.

122. Colotis etrida—(Pl. J. Figs. 67 3, 67a2.).—Male, upperside: white,

sparsely irrorated at base of fore and hindwings with black scales.

Forewing: a small, black spot on the discocellulars; apex broadly black,

with an enclosed, oval, curved, rich orange patch placed obliquely and

traversed by the veins which there are black; inner edge of black area

diffuse. Hindwing uniform except for a preapical, short diffuse, black

streak from costa, sometimes absent and a series of terminal, black spots

that, in specimens from moist localities, are very large. Underside: white,

cell and apex of forewing suffused with sulphur-yellow, the orange patch

of the upperside shows through by transparency, its inner edge margined

anteriorly by avery oblique, obscure, fuscous fascia. Hindwing: the

_ preapical, short, transverse, black streak on the upperside obscurely

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

indicated. Female very similar to the male but can be distinguished as

follows :—upperside: forewing: orange patch enclosed within the black,

apical area narrower ; a small, black spot in the middle of interspace 1 and

another in interspace 3 (there may be an indication of one in interspace 2

also). Hindwing: the termina! spots slightly larger. Underside: apex of

fore and whole surface of hindwing suffused lightly or, in specimens from

very dry localities, heavily with ochraceous. Forewing: spots in interspaces

1 and 3 as on upperside. Hindwing: a curved, almost complete, discal series

of fuscous spots ; otherwise as in the male. In both sexes the antenne vary

from white to pale brownish ; head, thorax and abdomen black, the head and

thorax with short, greyish-brown hairs; beneath: the palpi, thorax and

abdomen white. Expanse 30-44 mm.

Fgg.—Uonger than broad, cylindrical for its basal 3rds, the apical third

conical, somewhat narrowly truncated ; there are 8 longitudinal ridges which —

are well defined, rounded in section, transversely finely striated running

from base to apex; the concave intervals also finely striated cross-ways,

except in the very centre, narrowly; the ridges all end abruptly round the

apex showing little sign of teeth. Surface shiny. Colour when laid yellow-

ish changing later on to reddish caused by profuse blotching. L: 1 mm.;

B: 0°5 mm.

Larva.—The larva is like that of Terias hecabe in facies but has the

anal segment shortly but obscurely bifid-knobbed, the hinder margin

of the flap being distinctly indented and the dorsum depressed between

the knobs; body cylindrical, narrowing in anal segments and, slightly, in 2

and 1, the colouration is also different. Segment 2 is slightly broader than

the head. The head is roundish, the clypeus large and curvilinear-trian-

gular ; the surface is covered with minute, light-coloured tubercles, each

bearing a short, stiff, dark hair ; the colour is glaucous green, the eyes are

brown, the labrum watery green, the antenns green. The surface of the

body is slightly shiny, rather coarsely transversely and paralleledly lined

and set all over with minute tubercles, each tubercle bearing an erect, short,

black or dark hair; among these are the usual subdorsal, dorsolateral

supraspiracular (slightly behind the spiracle) and subspiracular tubercles,

slightly larger than the rest and bearing, each, a longer hair from the point

of which exudes, sometimes, a drop of clear liquid ; all the tubercles are

greenish bluish-white in colour. The spiracles are small, slightly prominent,

oval shining, light, watery, green ; on the band. The colour of the larva

with a broad, white, spiracular band touched with orange above each spiracle

and bordered below by a slightly less broad, purplish-chocolate band, both

bands reaching the whole length of the body ; ventrum green ; legs and pro-

leg green. L:19mm.; B: 3mm.

Pupa.—The pupa isalso of the type of that of Terias hecabe. It has a

slightly turned up snout anda distinctly bifid cremastral extremity : the

points being very bluntly rounded with a considerable depression between

them. There is a slight lateral constriction behind the thorax. The body

surface is somewhat granular on the wings, smooth elsewhere though slightly

aciculate-lined under the lens. The spiracles of segment 2 are indicated

by a longly oval surface facing somewhat backwards, formed by the raising

of the hinder margin of segment 2 ;the other spiracles are oval, slightly

raised, of the usual size, and are white incolour. The colour of the pupa is

a pinkish bone-colour with a strongly green-sepia band above the spiracular

line from segment 6/7 to segment 13 ; a similarly coloured dorsal band from

head to same segment ; the abdomen is streaked with three similar, light-

coloured bands on each side longitudinally, these bands interrupted narrow-

ly at the segment margins ; the wings have the veins thinly white with a

green-sepia splash down the middle of each wing ; the dorsum is, besides

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 91

marked with green-sepia, there being a blotch on each segment just above

the supraspiracular band with a minute, black spot beneath : this spot is

larger on segment 5 than elsewhere ; a whitish band along the dorsal margin

of wing from shoulder to segment 7. This pupa was formed under glass ;

formed among leaves it has a moreor less strongly green colouration. L :

18 mm; B. 5°5 mm. at shoulders which is the broadest point; the height at

apex of wingbulge is 4:5 mm.

Habits.—The eggs are laid singly on the young shoots, on a flower

bud or on the upper or underside of a leaf, on a withered stem,

twig or stalk, in fact anywhere. ‘The larve feed upon the young

parts generally. They rest in the centre of the upperside of a leaf,

along the midrib as usual, on a bed of silk; and will fall to the

ground, curled up, when alarmed. The pupation takes place as

usual but nearly always ona leaf close to the ground, on the

underside, so that the chrysalis is exposed to the soil or a dead leaf

or other light object which probably accounts for the majority of

those found being bone-coloured instead of green. The ways of the

butterfly are more akin tothose of C. dane than to any of the others;

it is fairly strong on the wing and rises often a good distance from

the ground and will face open spaces with unconcern. Otherwise

there is nothing particular about its ways to call for remark; it may

be found most plentifully about the foodplants like the others. The

caterpillar feeds upon Capers and it has been bred most commonly

upon Cadaba indica, Lmk. It, however, eats Capparis aphylla, Roth.

quite readily and probably various other members of the Capparidee.

Colotis etrida is distributed throughout India with the exception of

Bengal; also in Baluchistan and Kashmir. It is not found in

jungles.

There is a race, limbata, Butler, found in Ceylon which is hardly

separable from typical etrida.

121. Colotis danze.—Male and female: colouration very variable, especially

in the female.— Male, upperside white, base of wings generally irrorated, but

to a varying extent, with black scales. This irrorationin many specimens 1s

entirely wanting. Forewing, with or without a minute, black speck on the

discocellulars ; apex broadly carmine, edged internally and externally with

black, this black border varies in width, but both inner and outer borders

meet on the costa and on the termen; on the latter they unite and sometimes

extend as a black line to the tornus. Hindwing: uniform except for a series

of black, terminal spots which, in some specimens, are comparatively large and

connected together by a slender, anteciliary, black line, in others, minute

more or less obsolescent, unconnected dots. Undersidewhite. Forewing: base

of cell washed with sulphur-yellow; spot on discocellulars as on upperside ;

apical, carmine area of the upperside represented by an ochraceous-pink

patch, not margined with: black, but similar in shape and position ; in some

specimens this is more or less suffused with greyish scales ; in all it is crossed

near its inner edge by an obliquely-placed series of four or five spots that

vary in colour from pale carmine-ferruginous to black. In some specimens

there are two terminal, diffuse, black spots, one each at the ends of veins 2

and 3. Hindwing: the ground-colour lightly, often heavily suffused with

ochraceous-pink ; sometimes pure white; a small spot on the discocellulars

pale ferruginous to black, sometimes annular and centred with carmine,

92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

followed by a curved macular, discal band that also varies in colour from

pale ferruginous to black and has the posterior spots often obsolescent or

even completely absent; a series of minute, black dots at the vein ends that

runs to the termen and may or may not be connected by a slender, anteci-

liary, black line. Antenne pale-brown speckled with white; head, thorax

and abdomen black; head and thorax anteriorly clothed with brown,

sometimes greyish-black hairs ; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen white.

Female upperside white, base of wings lightly, often heavily, irrorated

with greyish-black scales. Insome specimens the irroration is very scanty,

in others it occupies fully a third of the wings from base and extends

as a broad band parallel to dorsum on the hindwing. Forewing: an

apical, carmine patch as in the male but smaller, sometimes reduced

to a mere row of preapical, pale-rosy streaks, but always bordered

externally, and generally internally also, by black of varying width. In

some specimens the inner-black border is very narrow, in others broad and

in a few, entirely absent. The unter border, again, in some specimens, is

inwardly festooned and may be either broad or comparatively narrow. Dis-

cocellular spot as in the male but larger, followed by an anterior, postdiscal,

macular, curved, black band, the upper spots of which cross the carmine area

or, when the carmine area is reduced to short streaks, the band crosses the

black, internal edging to it, showing up in a darker tint than the edging

itself; lastly, a black, transverse, somewhat diffuse spot in interspaces 1 and

2. Hindwing: witha dusky spot on the discocellulars; a black, macular,

discal, curved, more or less incomplete band, and a terminal row of black

spots that in some specimens are connected to form a continuous band. All

these markings are generally diffuse. Underside, forewing: white, suffused

with sulphur-yellow at base of cell and with ochraceous (in some specimens

ochraceous-grey, in others ochraceous-red) on apical area; spot on discocel-

lulars, the postdiscal, macular band and spots in interspaces 1 and 2 as on the

upperside, but more clearly defined, the spots that compose the postdiscal

band sometimes annular. Hindwing: white, suffused to a greater or less

degree with ochraceous, sometimes pink spot on discocellulars and discal,

macular band as on the upperside; but both the discocellular spot and the

spots that compose the latter more clearly defined, annular and generally

centred with carmine ; a terminal row of black specks which may or may not

be connected with a very slender, anteciliary line. Antenne, head, thorax

and abdomen above and below as in the male. Expanse 40-52mm.

Larva.—The larva is somewhat like a small Hebomoia in that the dorso-

ventral line is somewhat flanged; that is, the otherwise even curves of the —

transverse section is slightly prominent-angled there; the colouring is also,

somewhat like that of H. glaucippe; the 12th segment is however here slightly

swollen dorsally and laterally, though evenly. The head is about the same

diameter as segment 2; its vertex is sometimes, when the larva is at rest,

slightly covered by the straight front margin of that segment; the shape

is round, the clypeus is large and triangular, longer than broad and about

half the length of the height of the head; the false clypeus appears over its

apex as an arch; the surface of the head is set with many minute, lowly

cylindrical, white tubercles, the intervals between them amounting to about

two or three tubercle-diameters, each tubercle bearing a short, stiff, black

hair directed downwards, each hair being not quite twice the length of the

tubercle from which it springs; there are still smaller, similar tubercles,

difficult to see because of their minute size, in the intervals; the colour of

the head is green, the eyes are white-glassy, sometimes touched with brown,

arranged 5 in a gentle curve, the 6th inside it and opposite the middle one;

the labrum and ligula are shiny green; the antennal second joint suffused-

brownish, the basal joint green; the jaws are tipped dark. The sumface of

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 95

the larva is tranversely 7-lined on each segment, the lines being parallel,

thin-depressed ; the usual tubercles are present, white, of the same size as

those of the head and of the same shape, each bearing an erect, black hair

about twice their own length; the dorsolateral ones rather far apart on each

segment, the supraspiracular one being the only one of the spiracular group

that is traceable; besides these tubercles the body is covered with many,

still more minute, similar tubercles bearing, each one, a tiny, black, erect

hair; on the belly, where the tubercles also exist, the hairs are white; each

of the larger tubercle-hairs—the subdorsal, dorsolateral and supraspiracular

ones that is—bears at each point a globular-drop of clear fluid. The colour

is generally glaucous green with many indistinct whitish spots or short lines,

one on each side of each minute tubercle or hair, the length of the line being

limited by the breadth of the transverse ridge along which these hairs are

arranged ; there is a white spiracular broad line, on which the spiracles are

situated, from the head to the end of anal flap and along its hinder margin

which may be bordered above by plum-colour or brown-orange ; the true legs

and prolegs are glaucous green, the feet lobed (semicircular) with brown

hooklets. The anal flap is trapeze-shaped in outline, the hinder margin not

very much shorter than the anterior margin, the lateral margins perhaps

longest, the dorsal surface very slightly sloping towards the longitudinal

axis of larva, the posterior margin very gently concave between its extre-

mities, slightly thickened. Sprracles rather large perhaps, shiny-greyish with

very thin brown margins, rather broadly oval, slightly raised; those of the

segment 2, segment 12 and, curiously enough, also segment 11 larger than the

fest. L: up to 20mm.; B: 3°5mm. ®

Pupa—(vide fig. in margin)—The pupa of this species is stout, with a

short, thickly conical snout or head-cone—it can

hardly here be called a snout— which is not as

broad at base as the pupa at eyes; it has a prominent

ventral wing-bulge of which the length from top of

snout (quite straight) to its apex is 1lmm, the length

from apex to whereit ends at segment-margin 8/9

is 4mm, the height from apex to dorsum of pupa is

65mm ; the thorax is moderately humped and the

line of dorsum of abdomen, if continued through

the anterior segments forwards, would pass through

the shoulders and out through the eyes, so that the

part of pupa embracing segments 1-4 is slightly

inclined up (dorsal) to the abdominal part; the

snout is Imm long by the same breadth at base ; in

fact, an equilateral triangle or cone; the breadth

of the pupa at eyes where it suddenly widens

from base of snout is 2°5mm whence backwards

it increases very little in breadth for the

% 2 short distance to shoulders where, suddenly, the

breadth Becenies 45mm, gently decreasing backwards to the very slight

constriction where the body- loop passes over the posterior portion of segment

5; thence to cremaster the lateral outline converges gently at first, then

more rapidly, to end in the trapeze-shaped, laterally thick-margined,

cremastral piece with a moderately gently concave posterior margin, and

subdorsal ridges starting from the hinder corners, converging forwards, but

separated considerably at the front margin ; the ventral surface shows little

of the extensor ridges except their minutely free, blunt extremities forward.

The head vertex shows as a narrow band behind the snout; segment 2 asa

broader piece with curved front margin (concavity forward), and both head-

vertex and major part of segment 2 have their dorsal line parallel to pupal

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XAT,

longitudinal axis: the hinder portion of segment 2 being included in the

front slope of thoracic hump, its hinder margin is straight in the dorsal

region; the front slope of thorax is at about 30° to longitudinal axis,

ascends to about 2/3 its thoracic length, then, the change being an even curve,

descends to front margin of segment 5, segment 4 being included in the

posterior slope, which is about the same as the anterior ; the hinder margin of

thorax is a gentle curve meeting the wing-line in an open, broadly-curved

angle of somewhat less than 90°; segments 4 and 5 are about the same

length, the latter being in the abdominal dorsal straight line ; the segment

margins are fairly plainly defined. The spzracles of segment 2 are indicated

by a longly oval, smooth surface facing slightly forward, formed by the

raising of the front margin of segment 3. and is light green; the others are

oval, perhaps rather large, more or less flush, whitish. The surface of pupa

is slightly shiny, somewhat marbled-rugose, slightly tuberculate on thorax,

though, even under lens, there are really no prominent parts except a few

small tubercles about shoulders; the head-cone is quite smooth. Colour is

green or bone-coloured, according to circumstances; when the former the

marbling- rugoseness is produced by many irregularly disposed lines and

dots which appear greenish under lens; the spot on discocellulars smooth,

unlined, conspicuous ; indication of a greenish, dorsal, broad line and black,

supraspiracular dot to each segment; lateral outline-edge from shoulders to

abdomen, continued as a spiracular line, vaguely yellow ; cremastral hooklets

rusty pinkish ; two parallel brownish (whitish in green pupa) fascize diagonally

across wing from middle of costal margin to just before tornus for one, the

other parallel, just behind and touching the discocellular spot. When the

pupa is green there is sometimes no sign of these transverse fasciz, the whole

surface is uniformly of one colour, a rather whitish-green, or, perhaps, a

trifle glaucous in shade, with the discocellular spot on the wing ; sometimes

the prominent part of shoulder may be light pinkish-brown; the abdomen

marked on segments 9, 10 with a small pinkish-brown patch, which includes

the spiracle, and sometimes with a yellowish spiracular band or broad line

which starts from the shoulder and runs backwards to meet this patch. L:15

to 16mm; B: 4:5mm at shoulders, slightly less in middle; H: at wing-bulge:

65 mm; at segment 9 immediately after it: about 4°5 mm or somewhat less.

‘Habits —The egg is laid, never more than one at a time, on an

old leaf or its stalk, or sometimes on a convenient dead bit of stuff

near by. The little larva when it emerges, is generally found on the

underside of an old leaf of which it eats the epidermis, though it

will also eat young leaves—there are often very few on the plant.

As the caterpillar becomes bigger it sometimes les in the middle of

a leaf, like any other pierine larva, though it is generally found

feeding stretched along the edge; it doesn ses fall to the ground when

disturbed quite as readily as that of C. etrida or ouckone It turns

pink before changing to the pupa. ‘The pupation takes place from

the underside of an old leaf near the ground as a rule, or from a

stalk or twig, often the loose body-band breaks and it depends from

the tail-fixing only which however is so strong that the pupa stands

straight out from the surface even when that surface is perpendi-

cular, though the favourite position is from a horizontal surface

The growth of the larva is rapid, the duration of the pupal stage

about a week; the butterfly emerges generally in the early morning

and flies as soon as ever the sun shows though it is most active in

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 95

the hottest hours of the morning, say about midday and from 12 to

2. It flies straighter than the other members of the genus except

the male of C. fausta; it is really rather a powerful little insect.

It rarely rises any distance from the ground however, though it will

face large open spaces away from bushes much more readily that

U. amata, etrida or eucharis. lt is never found in the jungles and

regions of heavy rainfall; it is plentiful in countries like Sind for

example. The larva are, in common with all others of the genus,

very much parasitised by ichneumons, the pupa by flies; a large

percentage dying from these causes. Males and females in the

butterfly stage are nearly equally plentiful where it occurs like

C. amata and unlike C. etrida, eucharis and fausta, of which,

generally speaking, the females are comparatively scarce. The

foodplants of the larva all belong to the Caper family; it has been

bred on Oadaha indica, Capparis sepraria and dwaricata; and will,

no doubt, feed upon any other; also on Mcrua arenaria. The

insect is found in Baluchistan, Sind, Western India, Southern

India and Ceylon. s

Upon a general survey of the species of Jzias, Colotis and Hebomoia

caterpillars and pup, there seems little doubt that the first two genera

have much in common and are very closely related—a fact that, besides,

seems evident from the general appearance and colouration in the imagines.

The pupze of Jzias and Colotis eucharis are very like each other. Colotis

dane and Hebonoia glaucippe larvee also somewhat resemble each other but,

perhaps, hardly sufficiently to indicate as close a relationship as between

Ivias and Colotis generally.

Genus—HEBOMOIA.

124. Hebomoia glaucippe.—(P1. J. figs. 66 J, 66a 2 ).— West-season brood,.—

Male, wpperside: creamy white. Forewing: the costal margin narrowly, the

apex and terminal margin to middle of interspace 1, black; an irregular,

somewhat sinuous, black band extends obliquely from beyond the middle of

costa across the upper apex of the cell and meets, at interspace 1, the

black on the terminal margin; within the triangle thus formed is

enclosed a rich, orange-red patch that is crossed by the black veins

and bears, in interspaces 3 to 6,a postdiscal series of black, inwardly-

elongated spots. Hindwing: nearly uniform, touched with black on the

terminal margin anteriorly and with a conspicuous, postdiscal black spot in

interspace 7; in some specimens one or two smaller spots in continuation of

the series in the interspaces below. Underside: white; apical third of the

forewing and the whole of the hindwing mottled with more or less promi-

nent, brown strigz and spots; costa of the forewing and a fine line that

tuns from the base of the hindwing through the cell, straight to the middle

of the terminal margin, brown. Antenne dark brown; head and thorax

anteriorly with reddish-brown pile; thorax above greyish-blue, abdomen

white with a bluish tinge ; beneath: head and thorax more or less brownish,

abdomen white. Female: similar to the male. Upperside: ground-colour

with a slight greenish tinge ; the orange patch on forewing more restricted:

it consists of a series of broad streaks in interspaces 3 to 6 and 10, the outer

apices of which are deeply incised by black, and with a row of hastate,

orange spots beyond in interspaces 2 to 6. Hindwing: similar to the hind-

wing in the male, but with a postdiscal series of large, triangular, black

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIIT.

spots and a terminal, connected series of still larger ones at the apices of

veins 2 to 7. Underside: similar to that in the male, the brown, transverse

strigee and spots are more numerous, the costa of the forewing and the

median line on the hindwing very prominently brown. Antenne, head,

thorax and abdomen as.in male.

Dry-season brood.—Male and female differ only from the wet-season

brood in the slightly more falcate apex to the forewing and in the purer,

white ground-colour on the upperside; also the terminal margin of the hind-

wing in the male has the black markings all but obsolete, while in the female

the postdiscal and terminal black markings on the same are smaller than in

the wet-season form. Underside: the mottlings of brown strige and minute

spots more numerous and dense. Expanse: 94-100 mm.

There is a race: australis, Butler, said to replace glaucippe in ‘‘ Southern

India from the Ghauts at Khandalla, south-eastwards to Ceylon” which is

distinguished from the typical form, in that the male and female have the

inner, black border to the orange patch on the upperside absent; this re-

presented by a few obsolete touches of black scaling. Hindwing: white

throughout with only a half-obliterated, subcostal, black spot in interspace

7 in the male; in the female, the postdiscal and terminal series of spots

smaller.

In the Kanara district of the Bombay Presidency, however, it is a fact

that H. ylaucippe exists and that forms intermediate between it and australis

are also found. There is little doubt that the latter is not even a constant

form.

Egg.—(v. marginal figure).—This is three times as high as broad, narrow-

est at base, gradually increasing in diameter upwards

to about 3 the total height, then suddenly narrowing

in a curve to apex which is again suddenly narrowed

into a low, circular ring of teeth round the micropile.

There are 11 or 12 longitudinal ridges which are thin

and low, the intervals between each two about equal

to the breadth of a ridge, each alternate one reach-

ing the apex of the egg as one of the above sharp

teeth, the others disappearing in the surface before

the absolute top; colour shiny white when laid,

with a pink shade; turning yellow later on.

Larva. (PII, fig. 19)—The body is somewhat fish-shaped, having the

dorsal haif-segments convex, the ventral flattened; segments 2-4 are some-

what depressed and segments 3-4 are laterally broadened out; the anal

segment is narrowed, somewhat considerably flattened-depressed, ending

square with a slight indentation in centre of extreme margin and it over-

hangs the anal claspers behind. The body is broadest by far at segment 3.

Head much flattened on face, more or less parallel-sided, rounded over

vertex and at base; surface covered with transparent, conical, bluish tuber-

cles, each bearing a fine, short seta, margined laterally by a whitish-yellow

band in continuation of the subspiracular band of body ;it is small for the size

of the caterpillar and there is very little neck, the front margin of segment 2

embracing it completely at the back; colour glaucous green. Surface of ©

body conspicuously crossed by 7 parallel, depressed lines on most segments

(less on the anterior segments, none on anal segment); the interval between

each two of these impressed transverse lines bearsa single row of small,

cylindrical, translucent, pointed, blue tubercles, each bearing a fine, short,

brown seta; there are, besides many smaller, conical tubercles; the tuber-

cles along the subspiracular line on segments 3 and 4 are swollen, resembl-

ing beads, adding thus to the tumid, lateral appearance of those segments ;

the ventrum is smooth. Spiracles small, oval, yellow, situated above the

= 5 al

COMMON B UTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS, 97

beaded line and touching it. Colour of body is glaucous-green, lightest in

the spiracular region, with a beaded, white, subspiracular line running from

hinder margin of segment 13 to the head where it ends at the base of the

jaws ; the lower half of the leads on this subspiracular line is orange, except

on segment 3 where it is blue ; through each one of the transverse tubercles

(each row of such reaching down to spiracular line on each side) runs a short,

longitudinal, purple line, limited at each end by the impressed, transverse

lines between which the tubercle stands, this purplish line splitting to let the

tubercle in; ventrum and legs, also prolegs, watery green. L: 47mm; Bat

segment 3: nearly 8mm; B of head: 3 mm; the height is greatest at seg-

ment 3.

Pupa—(P1.I, fig. 19a@.)—The shape is that of Catopsilia. The thorax is inclin-

ed at a very wide angle to that of abdomen in the dorsal line ; ventrally the

wing-bulge is not specially great, the anterior side of it (in the ventral,

central line) is at right angles to the posterior side, the two joining each other

ina curve; the head-snout is conical) at its base, cylindrical in its upper

portion, slightly turned up at the point, with a very rugose surface. Wing

eases slightly expanded laterally along dorsal wing-margin, diverging

slightly one from the other from shoulders backwards so that the pupa is

broader at middle than at shoulders; dorsal constriction behind thorax

slight, laterally also; shoulders prominent, the pupa being much broader

there than at segment 2. Cremaster longly triangular, strong, distinctly

bifid at extremity ; the extensor-ridges rugose, strong and ventral. Surface

glabrous, very finely, transversely rugose under a magnifying glass, the

impressed lines irregular. Spiracles of segment 2 hardly indicated ; the rest

longly oval, somewhat raised, yellow in colour. Colour of the pupa is dark

yellowish-green; back purple as well as a lateral band on head, a large

dorsal spot on segments 4, 5, 9; the dorsal margin of wings from the

shoulders to segment 7 light brown; surface of wings mottled sparsely

brown-purple ; eyes with a semicircular, black, anterior margin, L: 37°5 mm

B: 9:4 mm at shoulders; H at wing-bulge: 12°5 mm.

Habits.—The egg is laid, always singly, on the upperside of a leaf,

an old leaf being generally preferred and one close to the ground

mostly. The little larva betakes itself at once, after eating the egg-

shell, to the base of the leaf where it lies along the midrib with its

head towards the point, covering the part where it lies with a good

carpet of shining white silk; this bed it enlarges as it grows and

often sticks to the same leaf for several stages of its growth. It

never eats the bed-leaf but wanders off to the tips of branches in

search of its food where it can get tender leaves to eat; it eats mostly

in the evenings and mornings and probably at night-time, lying quiet

during the day-time and often weil hidden in amongst the foliage

near the base of the plant. Once the larva is full grown it is not

difficult to find as it is so big; there are often two or three on asingle

plant but as this may be extremely extensive, it is often not easy to

find them. The pupation generally takes place on one of the leaves

of the foodplant and the chrysalis is always strung from the under-

side of a leaf well hidden near the ground or close to the stem.

The method of suspension is the same as that of Catopsilia with a

strong tail-fixing and a moderately close body-loop. The larva is

not a particularly fast grower. Its position ona leaf is generally

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

with the fore part raised in the air, the front legs bunched and the

front segments made as broad as possible ; sometimes the anal clas-

pers are also held free from the sitting surface. The butterfly is the

strongest and most powerful flier amongst all the Pieride ; itis also

the largest. It often rests on the ground, goes to damp places in

nallas and on roads in the hot months of the year; comes freely to

flowers and may always be seen, wherever it exists, where the food-

plants are; it is fond of the sun and has the habit of keeping to the

same ‘‘beat”’ for a long time, returning over the same ground again

and again. The flight is rapid, consisting of strong up-and-down

beats of the wings which are hardly ever completely brought together

over the back between the strokes, the course in a perpendicular plane

would be a series of segments of a circle, the more or léss convexity

depending upon the pace at the time; often the wings are held half

closed over the back for quite a considerable interval when descend-

ing and this style of flight is mostly assumed when there is more

than one insect around and they are playing. The position of rest

is with the wings closed over the back, the fore wings brought right

down between the hind ones so that only the dark apical part of the

former, harmonizing with the dark undersides of the latter, remains

visible; when pitched on the ground among leaves or rubbish the

insect is, in this position, quite invisible, the colour and pattern

blends so well with the surroundings. The foodplants belong

to the Capparidee and the larva has been found on Oratceeva reli-

giosa very commonly ; also, equally often, upon the large climber

Capparis Moonu. Glaucippe is not exactly a butterfly of the Plains

but will be found anywhere in the hills where there is forest and

around them on the borders of the open country from sea-level

upwards; it is plentiful in regions of heavy rainfall. Its dis-

tribution is given as N. EH. India, Nepal; Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam ;

Burma and Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, and eastwards

through the Shan States in Upper Burmato Siam and China.

It would not be wrong, perhaps, to say that it exists throughout

India from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and in Ceylon, &c.,

wherever there are hills and forests and sufficient moisture.

The genus Hebomova is Indo-Malayan in distribution. There is one other

species in British India, namely H. repstorfi, Wood-Mason, from the South

Andamans and Barren Island which is differentiated by the wings being

suffused with pure sulphur-yellow.

Genus—PARERONIA.

The genus is Indo-Malayan and consists of four recognized species of

which two only interest us. The other two are P. avatar from Tenasserim,

the other P. ceylanica from Ceylon (said to occur also in S. India: in the

Nilgiris, Cochin and Travancore); the former with the veins not defined

with black on the upperside: a very pale blue all over inside the black,

terminal bordering. Ceylaniva is probably not a good species but only a

variety of pingasa.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 99

125. Pareronia hippia.—(P1. I, figs. 63 ¢, 63a 9 .)—Male, upperside : a clear

somewhat pale blue; all the veins defined with black; forewing : costal broadly

apex and terminal margin very broadly black, this black; on the termen

narrowed towards tornus and traversed by a transverse, subterminal series

of bluish-white spots that are variable in number; the spot in interspace 3

shifted inwards; sometimes the posterior two spots cf the series are all but

joined on to the streaks of the ground-colour between the veins. Hind-

wing: dorsal and costal margins broadly whitish, terminal margin broadly

black, especially at the apex the black area covered except at the tornus,

with specialized, opaque-looking scales. Underside: paler blue, the terminal

margins of the wings obscurely fuscous, traversed by a subterminal, very

indistinct, transverse series of whitish lunulate spots. Forewing: veins

more or less broadly bordered with black, this edging dilated towards the

termen; apex broadly, terminal margin decreasingly to the tornus, suffused

with a somewhat obscure, pearly-white lustre. Hindwing: the subcostal

vein and veins 6, 7 and 8 broadly, the rest of the veins very narrowly edged

with black ; a very fine, black line in interspace 1. Cilia of both wings very

narrow, white. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the

thorax clothed with long, bluish hairs; beneath: the palpi, thorax and

abdomen pale, silvery bluish-white.

Female, lst Form, upperside: black, the markings bluish white; forewing:

cell with two streaks, the anterior one from extreme base, the posterior one

from end of basal third but extending beyond the anterior streak ; below and

beyond the cell: a series of streaks in the interspaces; the streaks very

irregular in length, that in interspace | the longest, angulated anteriorly and

divided longitudinally from near the base, the streak in interspace 3 short

and broad, forming an elongate spot, those in the anterior interspaces more

or less obliquely placed; beyond these streaks follows a subterminal, transverse

series of spots of which the spot in interspace 3 is shifted inwards and

those opposite the apex curved backwards. Hindwing: costa and dorsum

broadly white ; cell and the interspaces beyond with a series of streaks and

subterminal spots more or less as in the forewing but more regular, the

streak in cell and interspace 1 divided longitudinally, the subterminal

series of spots evenly curved. Underside : similar to the upperside, but the

ground-colour dull, dusky and diffuse, the markings broader but less clearly

defined ; the apical area on the forewing obscured by a powdering of whitish

scales. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen much asin the male, but

darker ; eyes bright green when alive.

2nd Form.—Very like the first, the markings of both sides similar, but the

ground-colour on the upperside of the hindwing at base in interspace la,

over the whole of interspace 1, area of cell and at base of interspace 2

suffused with bright yellow. On the underside the same areas are dull

ochraceous. The extent of the bright yellow colour on the upperside and

the dull ochraceous tint on the underside is variable, in some specimens more

restricted, in others it spreads further towards the costa. This form does

not appear until the end of the rains ; in a brood of, say, fifteen, of which 7

are females, 1 or 2 may occur with these yellow markings. Expanse

70-80mm.

Fgg.—In shape a pointed oval, narrowly truncated at apex, a little less so,

perhaps, at base, the apex crowned in a small circle with 8, sometimes 7,

pointed, little teeth ; the interior of this circle is flat ; the teeth are the end

of longitudinal ridges which start at the base of the eggs; there are 17 of

tehse ridges but about half of them, from 8 to 9 that is, join others and loose

themselves in them near the top of egg and, therefore, never reach the

crown ; these ribs are minutely beaded, a single row of beads, throughout

their lengths and the intervals separating them from each other are about

100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

double as broad as they are themselves. The surface of the egg is shiny and

the bottoms of the intervals are quite smooth, not cross-rayed. ‘The colour

is whitish when first layed, later with four, faded-rose coloured bands, paral-

lel to each other, the first just below the apex, the fourth at a distance of 1/4

the height of egg from base. H: nearly 2mm.; B: 0°6mm.

Larva.—The larva is very similar to that of P. pingasa described below,

the points of anal segment perhaps slightly less developed, the brown pat-

ches on the spiracular area of segments 5 and 12 in that species wanting

here ; on the whole the larva is less marked than in that species. The Ist

stage, immediately after it emerges from the egg is as follows :—Shape sub-

cylindrical, thickest in the middle ; thinning slightly to both ends ; the anal

segment square, dorsally flattened, with a conical, fleshy, finely-haired pro-

cess or point from each hinder angle of flap (extremity of larva), these

points being divergent and directed horizontally backwards. Head about

the same breadth as segment 2, round in shape, with a triangular clypeus of

ordinary size ; surface shiny, covered with some 40 longish, white, erect hairs;

jaws and area about eyes reddish-brown ; colour of head green. Surface of

body surface shiny, with three impressed, transverse, parallel lines’ to each

segment; each segment with the usual tubercles, one subdorsal, one dorso-

lateral, one supra-and one subspiracular, rather large, white and covex,

each bearing a single, white, fine hair about equal in length to one of

the segments; on segment 13 the arrangement of tubercles is the

same as for segments 5-1%; segments 3, 4 have them all in a cen-

tral row as usual; segment 2 has a row of 10 hairs along front margin.

The spiracles are small, whitish ovals. The colour of larva is green (at the

end of first stage; yellowish immediately on emergence), with a mottling of

blackish along the latera] region; anal points yellowish-fleshy at base; these

points are at this stage as long as one of the segments of the body; but they

decrease in size with each moult. Size of egg-larva at end of Ist stage is”

L.: 5mm; B: 0°'7mm.

Pupa.—tThere is not much by which this can be distinguished from the

pupa of P. pingasa which is described in detail below; in shape and colour

and markings they are extremely similar.

Habits.—The eggs are laid in batches of six and more in number

on the upper surface of a leaf, close together though more or less

without order. In this NV. hippia differs from pingasa for the latter

always lays the eggs singly, never more than one on any one leaf.

The habits of the caterpillar and of the imago are very similar to

those described under pingasa but the butterfly is found in much

opener places than this latter species. While pingasa frequents

heavy jungle, hippia is never found there, although there may be

but a few miles distance between the two places; the latter is much

more of asun-loving insect than is pungasa. In the Kanara District,

for example, the present species is found all along the bases of the

hills not a mile from the sands of the sea-shore where the jungle is

scrubby and moderately open, consisting of deciduous trees; the

other does not leave the evergreen, shady jungles a mile or less away,

stretching up on to the tops of the hills above to a height of close on

2,000 feet, and here, even, it keeps to the cover of the undergrowth.

The food-plant of hippia larva is Capparis heyneana, the same as

that of the other; but it is extremely probable that it will eat other

Capersalso. Pareronia hippo is found nearly throughout Continental

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 101

India except in the desert tracts; in Assam, Burma and Tenasserim,

extending to the Malay Peninsula.

126. Pareronia pingasa.—Resembles P. hippia, Fabr., in colour and disposi-

tion of markings, but differs as follows:—Male, upperside: ground-colour a

deeper blue. Forewing: the terminal, black border much broader, generally

entirely without the transverse, subterminal series of bluish-white spots ; in

a few specimens there are one or two of these spots present, but nothing like

the series so conspicuous in fAippia. Hindwing: the terminal, black border

very broad, narrowing distinctly, though slightly towards the tornal angle.

Proportionally this border is even broader than in the forewing. Underside

as in hippia.—Female closely resembles the female of Aippia, but on the

upperside the outer, black margins beyond the discal markings of both wings

are proportionately much broader ; the transverse, subterminal series of spots

that crosses the wing is further from the terminal edge. On the underside

the black, terminal borders are broader and darker, the subterminal series of

spots on the apex of the forewing and on the hindwing absent, or so very

thickly overlaid with the dusky brownish-black of the terminal margin as to

be very indistinct and blurred. Antennz, head, thorax and abdomen as

well as eyes as in hipma,

Larva—( Vide marginal fig.).—Body cylindrical, shortly erect-haired, with

distinct, impressed,

transverse, parallel

lines to each seg-

ment as usual;

widest at middle

about segment 7,

narrowing gradually

to tail-end, consider-

ably less towards

“pig S head; anal segment

IV Glan S26 dorsally flattened,

somewhat slightly constricted about middle, and produced behind into two

short, diverging points which are close together and separated by a concave

sinus: both are set with hairs and reach well beyond the anal claspers. Head

round, somewhat flattened on face; surface finely rugose, set with fine, light

hairs ; eyes black ; the whole head a slightly lighter green in colour than the

body. Segment 2 slightly narrower than head. Surface of body smooth

with the usual tubercles to each segment hardly perceptible, each bearing a

single, small, erect seta or hair: subdorsal, dorsolateral, supra and sub-

spiracular. Spiracles oval, black except those of segments 2, 11 and 12

which are larger and yellow in colour, bordered thinly with black. Colour

of larva is dark-green, each tubercle a small, brown spot except the

subspiracular ones which are green like the body; the tubercles of course

arranged on segments 5-13 as usual: the subdorsal near front margin, the

dorsolateral nearer the hinder margin, the others central ; segments 3, 4 with

them all central in a row; segment 2 with them along front margin; from

behind each spiracle a diagonal, chequered, brown band runs up and for-

wards on to the preceding segment; this band varying in intensity of

colour in different individuals; on segments 5 and 12 a large, spiracular

patch of brown with two or three white spots on it: these patches fading

before pupation; tail-points brown, connected spiracularly with patch on

segment 12 by a brown line; true legs red-brown. L: 41 mm; B: 6mm;

AH: 5 mm.

Pupa—{ Vide marginal fig.).—Shape asin figure in margin. Head slightly

convex dorsally and ventrally; vertex small; segment 2 dorsally convex

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

like head ; the latter produced out in front into a long snout, circular in

section, sharp at extremity, much up-

curved; this snout is as long as the head,

segment 2 and half of segment 3 together.

The part of pupa composed of segments

5-14 is bent back at right angles to the

portion made up of snout and segments 1-4

so that the dorsal line of the former portion

is at right angles to the dorsal line of the

latter (or nearly so), the wings being pro-

duced out ventrally into a very prominent

bulge or curve, parabolic in shape, the line

of junction of the wings rounded, their

hii surfaces flat, the one leg of the parabola

Nat. size. being the ventral line of pupa gradually

diverging from the longitudinal axis of pupa from front to about opposite

segment 7, where is the apex of the bulge, whence the other leg descends

again to join the abdominal, ventral line at hinder margin of segment 8;

thorax broadest at shoulders, whence the pupa is parallel-sided to end of

segment 7; dorsally the thorax is somewhat humped; the lateral constric-

tion where the body loop passes at segment 5 is slight; the transverse

section of abdomen dorsally is triangular, ventrally is an arc of a circle, so

that the dorsal line of it is slightly keeled; the cremaster is parallel-sided,

rather flattened, concave as to hinder margin. Colour of pupa is a dull,

light green, somewhat glaucous, darker on wings which have a black, dis-

cocellular splash and some small, brown spots; a dark, dorsal line and a

yellow, supraspiracular line; a black postspiracular spot on each segment,

slightly below the spiracle; a yellow, dorsolateral and stibdorsal spot and a

large, black mark under the subspiracular spot of segment 8. L: 30 mm.;

B: 6 mm. at shoulders; H: 13mm. at apex of wing-bulge; L. of snout: 5 mm.

Habits.— Ege always laid singly. Larva lives generally about the

stalks when full-grown but rests on the uppersides of leaves in

the earlier stages. It covers the leaves, stalks and small twigs

of the food-plant with a silvery coating of web which looks like

a snail’s slime; eats the leaf on one side of the midrib first, then on

the other, leaving the rib intact ; it starts from the base of the leaf

and rests along the eaten edge, that is on the midrib and eaten part,

and generally finishes off the leaf by eating the softer part, the tip,

of the rib itself before betaking itself to a new one. It walks in a

slow, halting fashion, eats continuously and wanders often long

distances before pupating. The pupa is always attached to the

underside of a leaf or thin twig; it takes about 36 hours from the

time the larva has finisbed suspending itself to the formation of the

pupa. The places chosen for deposition of the eggs are always

shady, cool and often very close to the ground; invariably in big —

jungles, mostly in evergreen parts and over 1,000 feet above sea-

level as arule. More minutely, the position chosen is the upperside

of an old leaf, the end of a thorn or a little dry twig. The egg is

just like that of hippia. The butterflies are quite strong fliers but

keep always to the shade of the underwood and are not often seen in

the full glare of the sun or in the open; they fly straight ahead with

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 103

an even, continual up-and-down motion of the wings above the

horizontal ; the females are not so often seen as the males but may

be found sitting oftener than the males, generally on a leaf, above or

below, always with the wings together over the back, the forewings

hardly at all drawn into the hinder ones. The insects do not seem

to go much to flowers and are never found at water. The females

may be caught when fluttering about in the underwood laying eggs;

the males must be taken in their flight ; and it is not always an easy

thing to get them, for they are good at dodging and have plenty of

trees to facilitate their escape.

The female of this butterfly is not quite such a strong, active

insect as the male or, at least, is never found flying in the same

way , she is generally seen fluttering around in the underwood. She

is rather like a Danais aglea at first sight, the wings being marked

in a similar manner, though of course they are rather different in

shape ; the green eyes, however, at once give her away. ‘These fade

after life is extinct, in a very few days becoming a reddish brown.

The food-plant of the larva is Capparis heyneana, the same as that

of hippia ; it is a thorny, scandent bush generally found in the ever-

ereen-forest regions of the Western Ghats in the Bombay Presi-

dency. It is a common species.

P. yingasa is found in Kanara, the Nilgiris, Mysore, Malabar,

Cochin, Travancore and the South Andaman Islands. The other

species, P. ceylanica, inhabiting Ceylon is supposed to be distin-

guished from it by having the ‘terminal black border not of even

width throughout, distinctly narrowed posteriorly.” The Kanara

specimens do not all absolutely tally with the description given for

pingasa or that of ceylanica.

(To be continued.)

104

SOME NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE KAGHAN

VALLEY, HAZARA DISTRICT, N.-W.

FRONTIER PROVINCE.

Capt.:C. H. T. WHITEHEAD.

Colonel Buchanan, C.B., has already given a very long list of the

birds of Hazara in the interesting Gazetteer of that District ; but as

he did not visit the Kaghan, a certain number of species more or

less confined to that valley were omitted. J append :—

I.— Additions to the above list.

II.—Some nesting and other notes on some of the species met

with.

The Kaghan Valley is the most northern strip of British India.

It lies to the north of Abbottabad wedged between Kashmir on the

east and Tribal territory on the west, varying in elevation from

3,000 to over 17,000 feet, and is some 60 miles in length. The

mule road from Abbottabad to Chilas and Gilgit traverses it.

The numbers in front of the scientific names refer to “ The Fauna

of British India Birds,” by Oates and Blanford.

155 species were met with in all between 17th May and the

31st July (viz., a month in 1908, 7 weeks in 1909, 6 weeks in

1912). but as most of my time was spent above 9,000 feet, many

must have been missed.

Mr. K. C. Stuart Baker and Doctor C. B. Ticehurst have very

kindly identified my specimens at the British Museum and Tring.

Additions to Colonel Buchanan’s List of the Birds of Hazara.

38. Agithaliscus niveigularis,—White-throated Tit.

199. Hodgsonius phanicuroides.—Hodgson’s Short-wing.

283. Molpastes intermedia.—Punjab Red-vented Bulbul.

(Common in Abbottabad).

352. <Anorthura neglecta.—Kashmir Wren.

363. Acrocephalus stentoreus.—The Indian Great Reed-Warbler.

366. <Acrocephalus dumetorum.—Blyth’s Reed-Warbler.

(Noted in Abbottabad, May 16th).

367. <Acrocephalus agricola.—Paddy Field Reed-Warbler.

369. Tribura major.—The Large-billed Bush-Warbler.

405. Phylloscopus affinis.—Tickell’s Willow-Warbler.

406. Phylloscopus tytlerr.—Tytler’s Willow-Warbler.

416. Phylloscopus subviridis.—The Brooks’s Willow Warbler.

519. Oniolus galbula.—The European Oriole.

(Recorded by Rattray from the Galis, see Vol. XVI (38), p. 406.)

589. Alseonax ruficaudus.—The Red-tailed Flycatcher.

639. Rutrcilla frontalis.—The Blue-fronted Red-start ;

651. Calliope pectoralis.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat.

654. Lanthia rufilata.—The Red-flanked Bush-Robin,

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE KAGHAN VALLEY. 105

666. Merula maxima.—The Central Asian Black bird.

675. Merula ruficollis—Red-throated Thrush.

(One shot by Mr. D. Donald, C.1.E., out of a host of M. atrigula-

ms in a jhil in February 1911.)

Oreocincla whiteheadi.—sp. n. The Kaghan Mountain Thrush.

708. Crnclus kashmirensis,—The White-breasted Dipper.

712. Accentor nepalensis.—The EK. Alpine Accentor.

719. Tharrhaleus jerdonti.—Jerdon’s Accentor.

743. Pycnorhampus carneipes.—The White-winged Grosbeak.

753. Pyrrhospiza punicea humii.—Red-breasted Rose-Finch.

754. Propasser thura,—The White-browed Rose-Finch.

768. Callacanthis durtont.—Red-browed Finch.

823. Hirundo erythropygia.—Sykes’s Striated Swallow.

(Common in Lower Kaghan—one shot).

850. Anthus rosaceus—Hodgson’s Tree Pipit.

856. Otocorys longirostris—Long-billed Horned Lark.

1004. Indicator xanthonotus.—Y ellow-backed Honey Guide.

(Observed at Donga Gali.)

1072. Cypselus leuconyx.—Blyth’s White-rumped Swift.

1210, Hirdetus pennatus.—The Booted Eagle.

1230, Milvus melanotis.—Uarge Pariah Kite.

1296. Columba leuconota.—The “Snow” or White-bellied Pigeor.

1380. Lerwa nivicola.—The Snow Partridge.

Lh.

38. Aigithaliscus niveigularis.— White-throated Tit.

Is not common. I only met it with twice, once above Bhimbal and again

a party in Mantr Katta. Habits appeared similar to those of the Long-

tailed Tit. Call very like the gold finch’s “wi.’’ 2 preserved and sent to

‘the British Museum.

199. Hodgsonius phenicuroides.—Hodgson’s Short-wing.

Is found sparingly throughout the valley from 7,500 to 9,500 feet, wherever

there is forest with suitable undergrowth. It has a pleasing song usually

sung from the midst of a thick bush. Its call resembles the words “He did

so” rather like Ianthia rufilata. An intruder to the nesting areaisat once

greeted by its harsh alarm notes accompanied by much flirting of the tail.

A nest found near Batta Kundi was built near the ground in a patch of

Kanila (Sambacus ebulus). It reminded me very much of a Nightingale’s

but more solid. The eggs are plain deep sky-blue.

320. Sitta kashnurensis.—Brook’s Nuthatch.

Brook’s Nuthatch is common locally. This species plasters up _ its

nesting hole with mud like the common Nuthatch.

323. Sitita leucopsis.—Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch.

My shikari discovered a nest of the White-checked Nuthatch with 3 eggs

in a hole in the ground below the root of a standing Silver Fir, an unustial

‘situation, I believe.

358. Regulus cristatus.—Gold Crest.

Is not uncommon near the upper tree limit.

Its single shrill much repeated call-note and its characteristic way of

hovering in the air under a branch (apparently to take insects) distinguish

‘it ata distance from other small warblers.

Only one nest was found, it was placed 30 feet up ina paluda in a

typical situation. It contained 3 young ones and one addled egg. The

latter was white with large dark red spots—very different from the normal

‘type—but Colonel Buchanan who has seen many nests tells me that the

white heavily-spotted type was the one he has usually met with out here.

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

367. Acrocephalus agricola concinens.—Chinese Paddy Field Reed-War-

bler.

This bird has not I believe been previously recorded from British India,

True A. agricola breeds in the reed beds of Kashmir. But further west this

race, curiously enough, appears to be the common one, large numbers

passing through Kohat on migration and many stay to nest in the Kaghan.

Unlike typical agricola it nests in undergrowth (Kanitla) on the hill side

far from water. Feeling doubtful of its identity I shot several on their

return to their nests. Both Dr. Ticehurst and Mr. Stuart Baker agree

that they are typical specimens. It starts nesting at the end of June-—7

nests with eggs were found in all. Both nest and eggs resemble those of

A, stentoreus but the nest is much neater and built within a few inches of the

ground. It is usually woven round 4 stalks (in one case 3) in true reed

warbler fashion, composed of stems and grass, neatly lined with roots, and in

some cases with an edging of green grass woven round the top of the cup,

The cock-bird at this season throws off his skulking habits and may gener-

ally be seen in a conspicuous position singing his high pitched squeaky song

accompanied by much craning of the neck and erecting of the feathers of

the crown.

369. Tribura major.—Large-billed Bush-Warbler. The Large-billed

Bush- Warbler or the “tick-tick pitta” as it is appropriately dubbed locally

from its notes.

Only observed near Batta Kundi where it breeds. The song is very like

that of the Grasshopper Warbler. Nest and eggs of usual type, this bush-

warbler is an adept at skulking, it can seldom be induced to fly off its nest.

Instead of slipping off it runs mouselike away at an amazing speed a

excellent cover all the way.

406. Phylloscopus tytlert.—Tytler’s Willow Warbler.

Occurs in pine and paluda forest from 9,000 feet to tree limit but is not

common. The nest is particularly difficult to find. I chanced on one at

9,800 feet built 30 feet up in a Blue Pine—it was of the usual domed type

but very frail, composed of grass lined with feathers and hair. Hggs as

previously described. The hen was shot and proved to be typical (now

in British Museum).

416. Phylloscopus subviridis—Brook’s Willow Warbler.

Has a most peculiar song (pi-pi-pi-az-z-z) which at once distinguishes it

from all other species. In my notes on the Birds of Kohat, etc. (see Vol. XX,

No. 1, p. 191). I incorrectly ascribed this song to Humes’s Willow Wren as

I shot one, in the act as I thought, of singing this song, whereas P. subviridts

must have been there too well under cover as usual when P. hum foolishly

exposed himself close by. Occurs in the forest from 9,000 feet upwards,

but is rather scarce.

639. Ruticilla frontalis.—The Blue-fronted Red start.

Is fairly numerous from 10,000 to 13,000 feet on open hill sides. A nest

with 4 eggs was found at 12,000 feet was neatly made of grass well-lined

with moss and feathers and placed in a hollow in the ground. Many nests

with young and one or two in the building stage were also found.

Alarm note—ee-tit tit, very robin-like alarm.

644. Ruticilla rufiventris—Indian Red start.

Is one of the commonest birds of the valley above 8,000 to 13,000 feet.

Eggs as described by Marshall, 2. e., very pale blue.

651. Calliope pectoralis.—The Himalayan Ruby-throat. .

Is abundant from 9,000 feet up to 14,000 feet at least. A nearly fledged

Cuckoo was found in one nest attended by its minute foster mother. A

lizard’s tail being one of the delicacies provided! In another nest above

Gitti Das at 13,000 feet a pale sky-blue Cuckoo’s egg (unmarked) was

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE KAGHAN VALLEY. 107

taken, this is interesting in view of Stuart Baker’s and Major Magrath’s

notes on blue eggs of this species, vz7de Vol. XVIII, p. 261.

Oreocinela whitehead, sp.n.—The Kaghan Mountain Thrush.

Mr. Stuart Baker described this new species at a meeting of the B. O. C. on

the 14th May 1913. “Adult, nearest to Oreocincla molissima (Blyth), but differs

in having the whole upper plumage olive-grey instead of rich olive brown with

a strong rufescent tinge; underparts also without any of the bright rufous

tint, which is always present to a greater or less extent in O. molissima,

though there is a very slight tinge of ochre on the breast of one of the adult

birds ; the whole crown of the head is strongly marked with pale shaft

stripes, a character never present in the adult of O. molissima. Bill from

gape 28'4 mm., from feather of forehead, 21:6; wing 142°5—150 ; tail 95:-4—

98: Tarsus 30-4. Younger examples shew the same comparative differences

as are shewn in the adults, 7. e., they are much less rufous both above and

below ; they are also much more strongly striated and have the dark margins

of the feathers of the upper parts more conspicuous.”

Mr. Stuart Baker added that Oreocincla molissima and divoni are in-

separable. Their range, vz., Chamba to the Shan States is identical and

there is no constant difference between the two.

(Bulletin of the B.O.C., Vol. XX XT, No. 188, dated 28th May 1913.)

I found this fine thrush comparatively common in one wild precipitous

valley, the home of several other rare species such as the Snow Partridge

(Lerwa nivicola).

It differs from O. molissima which is a forest bird, in inhabiting bare rocky

slopes above tree limit between 12,500 and 14,500 feet and in nesting in

clefts in cliffs. Its alarm notes are similar to those of Merula maxima (like

a policeman’s rattle) which occurs on the same ground at a slightly lower

level; also the single call-note. I was too late in the year for the song.

One brood just flown I found on 12th July on a snow slope, the parents

busily feeding them. Another on the 14th not yet flown in a cliff. Once the

young can shift for themselves it becomes very wild and difficult to ap-

proach. The broad white bar edged with black under the wing distinguishes

this thrush from afar from all other species occurring here.

The ¢ and Q are very similar in colouring.

753. Pyrrhospiza punicea humit.—The Red-breasted Rose-Finch.

Another scarce species from the same valley where it is common between

12,000 and 14,000 feet. Both g and exactly answer to Sharpe’s description of

this subspecies which is now generally recognized. It has a cheery Bulbul-

like call-note which may be rendered “ are you quite ready.” The male

constantly sings short snatches of a soft, erratic warbling song.

The only nest found was being builtlon a ledge on a cliff and not in a bush

as described in the “ Fauna of B. Loe Birds.? Like other rose-finches this

species feeds a lot on flowers and buds.

The colour of the soft parts except the bill are not recorded by Oates, they

are as follows :—

Bill light horn brown, lower mandible whitish. Tarsus black. Irts hazel.

820. Motacilla personata.—The Masked Wagtail.

Breeds in small numbers along the river from 3,000 to 9,000 feet. A nest

found at 8,800 was built on an island in a torrent under a bush, and con-

tained 5 eggs of the usual type.

I looked out carefully for M. hodgsont but did not see a single bird.

838. Motacilla citreoloides.—Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail.

Abounds from Narang (7,700 ft.) upwards and breeds freely ; the male

generally in mature plumage and the female in one of 2 plumages, wz.,

(1) above grey with scattered black feathers ; supercilium and below yellowish

white, (2) above dark grey with some black feathers ; forehead, supercilium

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

and under part canary yellow. The latter appears to be the adult female,

for apparently they never assume, except perhaps as a freak, the adult males

garb. The former is probably the female in the first year. This is the opi-

nion of Dr. C. B, Ticehurst, who kindly went through the series of this

species which I sent home and afterwards exhibited them at the B. O. C,

Meeting on 9th April last, and also of Mr. Stuart Baker.

856. Otocorys longirostris,—The Long-billed Horned Lark.

Is not uncommon near the head of the valley above 11,500feet. The nest

is merely a hollow scantily lined with grass and vegetable down. Nine

nests in all were found with eggs. The full clutch is 2, and occasionally

3. The eggs are pale stone-coloured and small for the size of the bird.

Whilst watching the first nest, the hen returned and at once set to work

to remove the eggs by rolling them carefully down the slope with her bill.

This also happened at another nest.

This lark is extremely hardy, by mid June many clutches had already been

hatched out even up at 13,000 feet where clear of snow. On June 26th, on

the top of the Babusar Pass 13,580 feet a blizzard swept spot, we found a

nest containing 3 young—2 of these were dead, evidently killed by the

blizzard which had been raging for 12 hours almost on end—the parents

were still busily getting food for the survivor.

Some 5 yards from another nest was found a single egg not one of the

Larks as it was smaller and nearly glossless. It must, I think, be a Cuckoo’s

(C. canorus telephonus ) as this species was very common in those parts.

The young are plain brown above, spotted with fulvous brown, otherwise

resembling the adult 9°.

Alarm note—a whistling peo or sometimes ee-up.

In nestlings the gape was orange with one black spot on the tip of the

inside of the lower mandible, another on the tip of the tongue and a

kidney-shaped one in the centre of the tongue.

1104. Cuculus canorus telephonus.

The cuckoo is abundant up to 14,000 feet. I was surprised to find several

calling above 13,000 feet where everything was under snow as early as May.

At the higher elevations they appear to continue calling to a later date.

They were still cuckooing on July 24th whenI left the head of the valley

but none were heard lower down.

I found a young cuckoo in the nest of the Himalayan Ruby-throat

(Calliope pectoralis),and in another nest of the same species got a pale blue

cuckoo’s egg about double the size of the Ruby-throat’s and much paler.

Stuart Baker does not mention this species among the list of the foster

parents of the Cuckoo (B. N.H.S. J. Vol. XVII, p. 78 and p. 881). I also

suspect an egg found outside the nest of a Long-billed Horn Lark

belonging to this species. A rufous female I shot containing a half-formed

egg is now in the National Collection.

1208. Hieretus pennatus.—The Booted Eagle.

Is not uncommon in summer in the Western Himalayas at least as far

Kast as the Sutlej Valley, though it is only supposed to be a winter visitor

(vide Fauna of India).

A nest was found at 10,000 feet on 22nd June. It was a huge platform

of sticks lined with green pine-needles on the top of a Blue Pine (Pinus

excelsus). It contained a single plain white egg. There were 2 holes* in it

and the contents were nearly dried up. However the female was still incuba-

ting it. As I could not satisfactorily identify her, I was obliged to shoot

her (the skin is now in the British Museum),

* Mr. S.L. Whymper has hada similar experience with Hagle’s eggs and believes

that it is due to their removing or trying to remove them from their nests (Vol.

XVIII, p. 187). Or perhaps it is due to their leaving their nests in a great hurry.

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE KAGHAN VALLEY. 109

Mr. Stuart Baker has only heard of one other nest being found in India,

vz., in Kashmir by Mr. Crump, Col. Ward’s Collector.

It utters weird cries at this time of the year, one series is rather like the

eall of the Himalayan Pied Woodpecker but more musical, varied, and pro-

protionately louder and on the wing it goes through wonderful evolutions,

and give vent to more striking whistling notes.

1260. Falco subbuteo.—The Hobby.

I was surprised to find a Hobby’s nest on the ridge above Jabba on 18th

May. It seems to be a very low elevation (=3,800 ft. ) for this species.

1880. Lerwa nivicola.—Snow Partridge.

I only met with the Snow Partridge (native name Parahitit) in one valley.

but there it was comparatively common between 12,500 and 14,000 feet. I

have never seen such a delightfully tame, inquisitive game bird. Its mus-

cal whistling call was constantly heard. On July 2nd I caught a family of

5 chicks, but unfortunately they proved too delicate to rear. Next day I

stumbled on a hen sitting on3 eggs. There was no nest, just a hollow

unlined scraped under a bush. This differs from those found by Whymper

(Vol. XIX, p. 990) in there being no nest and in not being placed ona

eliff (the ground however was very precipitous ). The eggs were cream

coloured spotted all over with red.

On returning to this spot in 1912, I only found a single pair after a pro-

longed search and the shepherds assured me that there was cnly one other

pair left in the valley. This is the result of there being no bird or even

game preservation laws for the breeding season in these parts, Its confiding

habits at this time of the year make it an easy prey.

110

A LIST OF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND SURAT

With notes on their habitats, ecological relations, and

time of flowering.

L. J. Sepewick, I.C.8.

These notes are based on observations made at Surat during the

rains of 1912 and at Ahmedabad during the rains of 1913. Con-

sequently the areas worked are (1) the immediate neighbourhood

of Surat City on the south side, say, the area contained in the

southern quadrant of a circle drawn with a 6-mile radius from

Nanpura, and (2) the immediate neighbourhood of Ahmedabad, say,

an entire circle drawn with a 5-mile radius with its centre at the

Delhi Gate. A few species are recorded from the eastern parts of

the Surat and northern parts of the Ahmedabad districts. But

for the most part the records are from the above-mentioned areas.

The authorities used are Lisboa’s Monograph on Bombay Grasses

and Cooke’s Flora of the Bombay Presidency. The latter, which

is really a very fine work, is the foundation of a record of the

distribution of plants in this Presidency which will require revision

from time to time in the future in order to incorporate the results

of new observers, as well as to correct some of the descriptions

which err occasionally through want of fresh specimens for

examination. In no point is the treatment of the order graminew®

more incomplete than in the accounts of the distribution of the

various species. It is apparent that Professor Cooke had to base

his accounts of distribution on the recorded habitats of the

specimens in the herbaria of about four or five collectors only.

In very few cases has he ventured to describe a grass as being

“common” either throughout the Presidency or in a particular

area. Among recorded habitats Gujerat figures very rarely,

for which reason the present list may be of use to future

workers. And it will be noticed that five species are entered

in this lst which are not given by Cooke as denizens of

the Presidency. From the fact that among these is Chloris virgata,

Sw., which is one of the most abundant and hardiest of grasses in

Gujerat the reader will realize what a lot of additions to Professor

Cooke’s Flora must be expected in the future. In this connexion

I would like to throw out a suggestion that the Society might under-

take the compilation of a catalogue of plants on the lines of the

London Catalogue, in which after dividing India into botanical

provinces, each with a separate member, the numbers of the provinces

in which each plant has been recorded up-to-date would be entered

against the name of the plant. Those who are acquainted with the

London Catalogue are aware of its usefulness to field botanists, both

LIST OF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND SURAT, 111

as fixing nomenclature and as affording a bird’s-eye view of the

distribution of species.

The specimens recorded in this list have been in all cases of doubt

identified for me by Mr. R. K. Bhide of the Agricultural College,

Poona, a recognised authority on Indian grasses ; and my thanks are

due to him as well as to Dr. H. H. Mann and Mr. W. Burns for

advice and assistance from time to time.

In the accompanying list the ecological associates of the various

species are mentioned whenever they are sufficiently certain and

obvious. Besides this I have distinguished the following types of

prevalence :—Dominant (D.), in the case of those grasses which are

sufficiently powerful to form the basis of the vegetation over fairly

large tracts of, say, an acre or two; subdominant (SD.) where the

species is too slender or delicate to form the basis of a vegetation,

but is sufficiently powerful to occur in patches of, say, a square yard

or two here and there, or to straggle erratically in lines or veins,

and sporadic (Spor.) where the species is so slender as to occur only

as single plants whether commonly or rarely. Of course the large

majority of plants are sporadic in the above sense, but in every type

of vegetation there must be a dominant form, and grasses owing to

their hardiness more often furnish the dominant species than any

other natural order.

Tne nomenclature followed is that of Cooke, except in the case of

the hitherto unrecorded species, where I have entered the names as

given by Mr. Bhide from Hooker’s Flora of British India. These

species are marked with an asterisk.

Cultivated species and garden escapes are not mentioned.

1. PENNISETUM, Pers.

1. P. cenchroides, Rich.

Very common at Ahmedabad in association with Cenchrus bifiorus, Roxb.

These two form the principle early fodder both in compounds and on the

borders of fields. Cooke’s date of flowering (December) is quite wrong so

far as N. Gujerat is concerned, where they flower in June and July. (D.)

2. LP. setosum, Rich.

An alien, only observed in the grass plot at the Bhadar, Ahmedabad, where

famine grass had been stored in 1911-12, and so probably seeded from that

grass.

3. LP. pedicillatum, Trin.

An alien, in the same circumstances as P. setosum.

2. CrncHuRus, L.

1. C. biflorus, Roxb.

Abundant at Ahmedabad in association with Pennisetum cenchroides, Rich.

(q. v.). Very hardy and flowers spasmodically right through the dry season.

(D).

2. C. catharticus, Delile.

Common in all sandy wasteland, sandy fields and riversides at Ahmedabad.

Flowers mid-monsoon. The spikelets of this grass, which are easily detach-

ablejfrom the rachis and are viscid, are most troublesome when walking, as

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. ANIL,

the bristles of the involucel are strong, recurved and extraordinarily sharp.

(Spor.).

3. SETariA, Beauv.

1. 8S. glauca, Beauv.

Common at Surat. (SD.)

2. SS. intermedia, Roem. et Schult.

Surat and Ahmedabad. Fairly common at Surat. (SD.)

3. WS. vertecillata, Beauv.

Surat and Ahmedabad. Fairly common in hedges at Ahmedabad,

especially where the soilis good. Flowers mid-monsoon. (SD.)

4, Axonopus, Beauv.

1. <A. comscinus, Beauv.

Fairly common at Ahmedabad on roadsides and the edges of fields.

Flowers mid-monsoon. (Spor.) '

5. Panicum, L.

l. LP. flavidum, Retz.

Common both at Surat and Ahmedabad in rich soil especially in com-

pounds. Flowers mid-monsoon. (SD.)

2. P. punctatum, Burm.

Banks of the Chandola Canal, Ahmedabad. (SD.)

3. P.colonum L.

Abundant, Surat and Ahmedabad, everywhere except the sandiest soil.

Flowers throughout monsoon. (D.)

4, P. Isachne, Roth.

Occasional in compounds and fields, Surat. (Spor.)

5. LP. prostratum, Lamk.

Common, }surat. (SD.)

6. P. setigerum, Retz.

Common, Surat and Ahmedabad. (SD.)

7. P.javancum, Poir.

In rich manured soil in compounds, Ahmedabad. (SD.)

*8. P. dystachyum, L. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Occasional on sandy uplands among other taller vegetation, Ahmedabad,

west of the river. Flowers mid-monsoon. (Spor.)

*9, WP. miliare, var. hirsutum, Lamk. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Very common at Ahmedabad on all rich lowlying ground which is lable

to accumulation of water during the monsoon, but is not low enough to form

a tank, often in association with small babhul bushes. It is a either a dwarf

grass or the forms observed were all reduced. Flowers throughout

monsoon, (D.)

6. DigitTaria, Rich,

l. D. sanguinalis, var. ciliaris, Prain.

Abundant everywhere,Surat and Ahmedabad,forms the principle ingredient

of the head loads of green grass brought in during the middle and end of the

monsoon. (D)

2. D. Royleana, Prain.

One specimen found in acompound at Surat. This grass has hitherto

been held to occur only in the hills. Unfortunately as only one plant was

observed it cannot be declared to be a denizen of Surat, and may have been

a casual,

LIST OF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND SURAT. | 113

7, Papsatum, L.

et. ) P. distichum, L,

In the Victoria Gardens, Ahmedabad. This may be an alien imported with

zarden seeds.

8. Ertocutoa, H. B. et K.

1. £. polystachya, H. B. et K.

Wet places, Surat and Ahmedabad. Especially common along the banks

of the Chandola Canal, Ahmedabad, in association with Panicum punctatum,

Burm (q. v.). Flowers mid and late monsoon. (SD. or almost D.)

9. SaccHarum, L.

1. 8S. spontaneum, L.

Common, Surat, and very common, Ahmedabad, on natural waste land in

valleysand the edges of nullahs, often in association with Andropogon

Squarrosus, L. Flowers from September onwards. (SD. or almost D.)

10. Eriantruus, Michx,

1. &. Ravenne, Beauv. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Abundant at Ahmedabad on all waste sandy ground. This grass, whichis

usually erroneously called “ Pampas grass”’ by European residents, is not only

a conspicuous feature of the landscape round Ahmedabad, but has an important

econumic use, as its long stiff stems are tied together to form tatties for that-

ching and sold by the Waghris and Marwari gipsies of Ahmedabad. From the

fact that its clumps are often found in conspicuous lines it may be inferred

that it used to be planted. Itis a great hiding place for hare, jackal, quail

and otheranimals. In Gujeratiitis called “ Sarkhat.”’ Cooke’s description is

defective in several particulars, the dimensions of length both of the stem

and the leaves being understated, and the dimensions of the breadth of the

leaves overstated. .He describes the leaves as flat whereas they are, except

at the tip, deeply grooved. This grass is essentially a sand-grass and is typical

of North-West India. Ahmedabad is probably its furthest southern limit,

Flowers, October onwards. (D.)

I venture to suggest thatthe genera Saccharum and Erianthus ought to be

amaleamated. ‘The differentiation of the occasional awn in Erianthus ought

not to outweigh the remarkable similarity of habit between the two genera.

Saccharum spontaneum is an exact miniature of Hrzanthus Ravenne, The

similarity of leaf-form, with the grooved and unequal-sided blade and

conspicuous white midrib is very noticeable.

11. Poxzinta, Trin,

1. P. argentea, Trin.

Not uncommon on roadsides at Surat. (Spor.)

12. RorrsoEttia, L. fil.

1. &. compressa, L. f.

On the banks of the Kankaria tank, Ahmedabad (Spor.)

2. &. exaltata, L. f. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Fields of gourds, Ahmedabad. Thereisa taller and more glaucus Rottbeellia

which grows commonly on the roadsides at Surat. This I placed to RK. exaltata,

but Mr. Bhide’s identification of the Ahmedabad specimens as belonging

to that species make me doubt whether the Surat grass does not belong to

@ different species. Unfortunately I have no Surat specimens by me, and

no access to that district at present. (Spor.)

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

138. Aptupa, L.

1. A. varia, Hack.

Abundant both at Surat and Ahmedabad and one of the principle fodder-

grasses of both districts. In Surat it is usually associated with Themeda

ciliata, Hack., (q.v.). (D.)

14. IscHaEMUM.

1. I. rugosum, Salish.

Not uncommon at Surat and Ahmedabad either as isolated plants or in small

patches in fields. I observed some plants in my compound at Ahmedabad in

which the lower involucral glume of the sessile spikelet was of a deep claret-

red colour, instead of the ordinary creamy white. (SD.) Butin wet places in

valley bottoms in the Prantij Taluka dominant also.

2. I, laxum, Br. (teste R. K. Bhide).

In the Bhadar grass-plot where the famine grass was stored, and so pro-

bably an alien, Ahmedabad. The pedicillate spikelets of this grass had no

awns as described by Cooke so far as the specimens examined at Ahmedabad

go, and Mr. Bhide tells me that it is the same with the specimens in the

Poona herbarium.

15. ArtTHRAxON, Beauv.

1. A. microphyllus, Hochst.

Very common on the city walls, both at Surat and Ahmedabad, in assu-

ciation with Arstida adscensionis, L., and Chloris tenella, R., as well as the

following flowering plants, Ienaria ramosissima, Wall. and Lindenbergia urtice-

fola, Link (both Serophularinee) (D.)

2. <A. ciliaris, Beauv.

In the Bhadar famine-grass plot, Ahmedabad, and so probably an alien.

16, THELEPOGON, Roth.

1. TZ. elegans, Ry

A single plant in a compound in the Bhadar, Ahmedabad.

17. Anpropocon, L.

* 1. A. (Cymbopogon) Martini, Roxb. (teste R. K. Bhide).

This is the largest but worst of the fodder grasses of the big “bids” in the

Prantij Taluka. The whole plant has a highly resinous odour. (D.)

2. <A. (C.) pumilus, Roxb.

Common on the high banks of creeks at Surat. Flowers late monsoon.

(Deen

3. A. (Hypogynium) foveolatus, Delile.

Common on sandy, alluvial soil, Surat, and occasional Ahmedabad. (SD.)

4. A. (Amphilopis) pertusus, Willd.

Common on pastures, Surat, and Ahmedabad (Spor. }

5. A. (Sorghum) halepensis, Brot. .

Very common along the banks of the B. B. & C. I. kailway in the Surat —

district, and elsewhere Surat. In Ahmedabad only on the Bhadar famine-

grass plot, and so probably an alien. But abundant in the north of the

district. Reed pens are made from this grass (SD.)

6. A. (S.) purpureo-sericeus, Hochst.

At Ahmedabad only in the Bhadar famine- -grass plot, and so probably an

alien,

7, A. (Dichanthium) caricosus, L.

On the sides of roads and borders of fields, Surat, fairly frequent. (Spor.

LIST OF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND SURAT, 115

8. A. (D.) annulatus, Torsk.

Very common, Surat and Ahmedabad. The species of the subgenus Dischan-

thium and especially this species form the principal late fodder in compounds

and middle class pastures. Grass is usually cut twice, once in August and

once at the Divali. These Andvopogons seem to mature after the first crop is

removed. (D.)

9. A. (Heteropogon) contortus, L.

Surat and Ahmedabad, fairly frequent. This grass is usually called

“spear-grass ”’ in the Floras, but the common “spear-grass”’ of the Deccan

is Aristida adscenscionis (q. v.). Flowers late monsoon. (D.)

10. <A. Squarrosus, L. f.

This is the well-known “khas-khas” from the roots of which tatties are

made. Cooke considers it as not a true native but I must differ from this

view. The grass is found occasionally in Surat district (Jalalpur and

Bardoli talukas) and commonly in the damper hollows near Ahmedabad and

in the north of the district in circumstances which leave no doubt that it is

a true wild denizen of Gujerath. Flowers late monsoon and after. (SD.)

18. THEmepa, Torsk.

(= ANTHIstTIRIA, L.)

et. Crkata, Hack.

This is abundant in Surat, and forms the principal fodder grass of that

district. It is common but less universal in Ahmedabad (D.)

19, IstrzemMa, Hack.

tet. davum, Hack,

Not uncommon on alluvial soil, Surat. Flowers latemonsoon. (SD )

20. Ponytoca, Br.

1. P. barbata, Stapf.

Occasional, Surat, usually in association with Themeda ciliata, Hack.

{Spor.)

21,. Apnistipa,-L.

1. <A. Adscenscionis, L.

Abundant on the city walls, Surat and Ahmedabad and on dry hills,

Ahmedabad. This is the true “spear-grass”’ of the Bombay Deccan. (D.)

2. A. redacta, Stapf. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Occasionally replaces the former on sandy waste at Ahmedabad. I sug-

gested to Mr. Bhide, and he concurs that 4. redacta, Stapf. and A. funiculata,

Trin. ought to be amalgamated as one species. In that case /funiculata, as

the earlier name would have precedence. However without seeing Stapf.’s

paper in the Kew Bulletin of 1892 and without more study of the forms we

eannot definitely refuse to accept the differentiation, and as Mr. Bhide

refers my specimens to A. redacta in preference to the other I have adopted

that name. (D.)

22, Traeus, Haller.

pose

ly 1. T. racemosus, Scop.

'™ Very common on shallow sandy waste, such as the barrener parts of

hillsides and banks, Ahmedabad, always in association with Gracilea, Royleana |

(q. v.), Indigofera cordifolia (order Leguminose), and Kyllinga triceps, Rottb.

(order Cyperacee), and usually with reduced forms of SLleusine A’gyptiaca

Desp. (q. v.), Chloris villosa (q. v.) and the next species. The above are

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

typical only of shallow soil. In deeper sand other forms come in. Of the

above Indigofera cordifolia is the dominant species. All the others are

subdominant except Chloris which is sporadic. (SD.)

23, Prroris, Ait,

l. P. latifolia, Ait.

Very common on sandy wastes and in sandy lanes and fields, Ahmedabad

(v. supra). Cooke’s note :—‘“ Flowers Oct.—Aug.’”’ must be a mistake for

flowers Aug.—Oct. (Spor. or almost SD.)

24. Sporosuyvus, Br.

1. 8S. diander, Beauv.

Very common Surat, and Ahmedabad. Flowers early and mid-monsoon.

(SD.)

* 95, LEPTOCHLOA.

*1. L. polystachya, Benth. (teste R. K. Bhide).

On the banks of the Kankaria tank, Ahmedabad.

26. Eracrostis, Beauv.

1. £. ciliaris, var. brachystachya, Boiss.

Very common in all dry and barren places; Surat and Ahmedabad.

Flowers late monsoon. (SD.)

2. EE. tenella, var. plumosa, Stapf.

Very common in cultivated fields, Ahmedabad. Flowers mid and late

monsoon. (SD.)

3. 4. interrupta, var. Koeniyii, Stapf.

Very common in cultivated field, Surat district (noted as far east as

Bardoli) ; in Ahmedabad and north of the district only on black soil or in

waterholes. (Spor.)

4. EE. amabilis, Wight et Arn.

Common in compounds, Ahmedabad and one specimen on a roadside,

Surat. Flowers late monsoon. (Spor.)

5. £. Gangetica, Steud.

On the margins of most tanks, Ahmedabad and north of the district. (D.)

6, E. minor, Host.

In compounds, Ahmedabad, often in association with H. amabilis. Flowers —

late monsoon. (Spor.)

7. E. tremula, Hochst.

A typical member of the sand flora, Ahmedabad. Common both on sandy

waste and in sandy fields, but it will not grow in the shallow soil which

supports the flora noted under Tragus racemosus (q. v.) only (Spor.) at

Ahmedabad, but occasionally (SD.) and even (D.) in the north of the district.

8. ££. pilosa, Beauv.

Very common in compounds, Surat and Ahmedabad. Flowers the whole

monsoon. (SD.)

. 27, GrRacitEa, Korn.

1. G. Royleana, Hook. f.

Very common on the city wall, Surat, and on sandy hills, Ahmedabad.

Only grows in very shallow earth. (v. sub Tragus racemosus) (SD.)

28. Cynopon, Pers.

1. C. dactylon, Pers.

The “ hariali ” grass, (though this name is not used by the natives of

LIST OF GRASSES FROM AHMEDABAD AND SURAT. Iie

Gujerat). Common. The peculiar feature of this grass is its capacity for re-

taining its chloroplastids unaltered by drought. It remains green, and

even goes on flowering almost throughout the year. (D.)

29. CHLORIS, Sw.

1. C. tenella, Roxb.

Occasional on the city wall, and on banks, Surat. Very common in al-

most all situations, Ahmedabad. The racemes are described by Cooke as

usually erect, but they are in reality almost always decurved. (SD.)

2. C. villosa, Pers.

Very common on sandy hills and barren pasture, Ahmedabad. (Spor.)

3. C. barbata, Sw.

In rich land and on the edges of tanks, Ahmedabad. (Spor.)

*4, C. virgata, Sw. (teste R. K. Bhide.)

Abundant on the most gravelly and barren land by roads and in com-

pounds, Surat and Ahmedabad. (D.)

30. ELEvusine, Gaertn.

1. £. Indica, Gaertn.

Common in compounds and where water runs or accumulates, Surat and

Ahmedabad. (SD.)

2. E. Aegyptiaca, Desf.

Abundant in all situations, Surat and Ahmedabad. Often reduced in

shallow gravelly soil to two or even one spikelet. (D.) ;

3. . aristata, Khrenb.

Common on sandy soil, Ahmedabad, often associated with Frianthus

Ravenne; also on the Tapti banks, Surat. This grass is very slender and

can only grow where there is freedom from all tall vegetation. (Spor.)

31. Dinesra, Jacq.

l. D. Arabica, Jacq.

Abundant in Surat and common in Ahmedabad as a weed of cultivation

often in association with LHragrostis interrupta, var. koenigit (q.v.) Noted

as far from Surat as Bardoli and Jalalpur.

32. Oryza, L.

There is a rice which grows in water holes in low valleys under the

Chandola canal, Ahmedabad. This may be O. coarctata, Roxb. or an escape

from cultivation.

33. ELyTRopHorvs, Beauv.

1. 4. articulatus, Beauv.

In dry rice fields in the Modasa Petha in the extreme North-East of the

Ahmedabad district. (Spor.)

34, AELUROPUS, Trin.

1. A. villosus, Trin.

Common on the sandy foreshores of creeks, Surat. (D. but often in

“glorious isolation’ as the only plant over large areas).

118

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

KE. Meryricr, B.A., F.R.S., F.Zis;

XV LE:

(Continued from page 781 of Volume XXII.)

STENOMIDA.

Stenoma ichnea, n. sp.

39. 22-25 mm. Head and thorax whitish-fuscous or pale fuscous, thorax

sometimes darker anteriorly. Palpibrownish-whitish. Antennal ciliations in

¢ 3. Abdomen light ochreous-grey. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa

gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; whitish-

fuscous, on dorsal 2 more or less suffused with light fuscous and sprinkled

irregularly with dark fuscous; a more or less developed fine dark fuscous

streak along fold towards base; oblique dark fuscous spots on costa at q,

middle, and 2; stigmata small, dark fuscous, plical obliquely beyond first

discal; a series of dark fuscous dots round apex and termen: cilia whitish-

fuscous, with faint fuscous median line. Hindwings pale fuscous ; cilia

whitish-fuscous, with faint darker subbasal shade.

Anshi, Kanara, bred in January (Maxwell); six specimens. Larva green,

head brown, collar black, with lateral (spiracular) series of black spots, also

with black supraspiracular spots on 3, 4, and several of the posterior segments ;

feeding between spun leaves, or a broken portion spun on surface of a whole

leaf, on Symplocos spicata: pupa very obese, making a constant clicking

sound when disturbed (Maxwell).

GRACILARIADA.

LIithocolletis triplex, n. sp.

2. 10mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, ringed with dark

fuscous. Thorax reddish-ochreous, partly tinged with whitish. Abdo-

men grey. Forewings lanceolate; bronzy-ochreous, tinged with reddish;

three slightly inwards-oblique narrow white transverse fasciz, at 7, middle,

and 8, first two almost straight, third hardly angulated above middle, each

nearly preceded by a considerable spot of blackish irroration on costa, and

the second on dorsum also ; undefined patches of blackish irroration on costa

and termen near beyond third fascia, and a smaller one at apex: cilia pale

greyish, on termen with basal half bronzy-ochreous, with a patch of blackish

irroration above tornus. Hindwings dark grey; cilia pale grey.

Pykara, 7000 ft., Nilgiris, in April (Andrewes). Allied to conformis; a

large and distinct species.

Inthocolletis virgulata, n. sp.

3d. 6mm. Head and: palpi whitish. Forewings narrow-lanceolate ;

ochreous-chestnut-brown; an irregular whitish median basal streak to ,

irregularly irrorated with black, and connected with dorsum near base by

a mark of black irroration; three somewhat inwardly oblique whitish

transverse fascize, angulated above middle, lower portion sometimes mostly

suffused with groundcolour, their margins marked with black irroration,

posterior margins strongest but interrupted above angle, posterior margin

of third running into apex: cilia whitish-ochreous, round apex irrorated

with black points. Hindwings grey; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.

Manchikeri, Kanara, bred in May, from cocoons found on a Ficus

(Maxwell) ; two specimens. It is exceptional for a Lithocolletis larva to

“INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 119

pupate outside the mine. Mr, Maxwell writes “The noticeable thing was

the extremely large size of the cocoon itself in proportion to the insect ; the

tree is a common one, but I have never noticed the cocoons elsewhere.”

The species is allied to conforms, but very distinct.

Acrocercops civica, 0. sp.

$2. 6mm. Head whitish mixed with fuscous. Palpi with appressed

scales, white, with two bands on second joint and three on terminal dark

fuscous. Thorax brownish irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey,

beneath white, sides irregularly barred with dark fuscous. Forewings

extremely narrow, elongate-lanceolate; brownish, irrorated with dark

fuscous, costa suffused with dark fuscous, dorsum sometimes more or less

strigulated with white ; four transverse fasciz composed each of a pair of

white striz more or less connected in disc but separated with dark fuscous

at extremities, more widely on dorsum, first at 3, second beyond middle,

third at 3, fourth at 2, less well marked; a slender white transverse bar

before apex, enlarged on costa and sometimes containing a dark fuscous

speck: cilia pale grey, round apex with two dark grey lines. Hindwings

grey ; cilia light grey.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in July (Maxwell); ten specimens. Larva bright

red, mining blotches in leaves of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), many

larvee in each leaf; pupa orange, in external detached oval orange cocoon

(Maxwell). Allied to ordinatella,

Acrocercops pentalocha, Meyr.

Larva mining blotches in leaves of Mango (Mangifera indica) ; pupa in

external white flat oval cocoon (Maxwell).

Acrocercops cathedrea, Meyr.

Larva mining inconspicuous galleries in leaves of “ Kungina”’ creeper.

Acrocercops cylicota, n. sp.

6. 7mm. Head shining white, face grey. Palpi slender, whitish,

second joint suffused with dark grey towards apex, terminal joint with two

rings and apex dark fuscous. Thorax shining white, with lateral ochreous-

bronze stripes. Abdomen dark grey, beneath white, segmental edges dark

fuscous. Forewings very narrow, elongate-lanceolate ; ochreous-bronze ;

three shining white dorsal blotches edged with black, first antemedian,

triangular, reaching costa, on dorsum rather broadly extended to base,

second postmedian, rounded-triangular, not quite reaching costa, third

narrow-oblong, extending along termen to near apex; a white apical dot:

cilia grey, with a white patch on terminal blotch. Hindwings rather dark

grey ; cilia grey.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in June (Maxwell); one specimen. Larva mining

blotches in leaves of Colebrookea oppositifolia (Labiate) ; pupa in cocoon in

folded edge of leaf (Maxwell).

Acrocercops isodelta, Meyr. ;

One specimen sent by Mr. Maxwell as bred from the same plant with

A, cylicota, and not recognised as distinct ; the two species are generally

similar but certainly distinct, and as only one of each was sent, the identifi-

eation of the larva lacks precision, and needs further investigation.

Acrocercops hexachorda, n. sp. : ‘

&. 8 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi slender, whitish, with

subapical ring of second joint, two rings of terminal, and apical edge ante-

riorly dark fuscous. Forewings very narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; light

brownish-ochreous ; six slender oblique equidistant whitish fascize, edged with

a few blackish specks, first at 4, sixth towards apex; some blackish scales

transversely arranged midway between first and base, and some scattered

along dorsum: cilia ochreous-whitish, with an oblique black line crossing

apex at base. Hindwings grey; cilia light violet-grey.

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

N. Coorg, at 3,500 feet, in January (Newcome); two specimens. Allied

to group of ordinatella.

Acrocercops scandalota, n. sp.

3.7mm. Head grey-whitish, collar ochreous-whitish. Palpi slender

white, lined above with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-whitish, patagia

dark fuscous. Forewings extremely narrowly elongate-lanceolate; dark

bronzy-fuscous ; a narrow ochreous-whitish streak along dorsum from base

to tornus; close beyond this a triangular ochreous-whitish spot hardly

reaching costa, followed by an oblique silvery-whitish costal strigula

surrounded with blackish-fuscous ; a small ochreous-whitish triangular spot

on termen before apex; a silvery-whitish oblique strigula surrounded with

blackish-fuscous crosssing apex, partly in costal cilia: cilia grey, round apex

whitish, with a short dark fuscous subbasal mark opposite apex, and two bars

beneath apex. Hindwings and cilia rather dark grey, with violet reflections.

N. Coorg, at 3,500 feet, in January (Newcome); one specimen, Allied

to the Australian dedymella.

Acrocercops gemomella, Staint.

Having now obtained genuine examples of this species, I find that the

insect previously recorded by me under this name is really a distinct species,

which is described below ; I had remarked a difference, but supposed it to

be varietal (Vol. XVIII, p. 820). Larva mining blotches in leaves of

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum); pupa in external oval brownish-yellow

cocoon in depression on surface of leaf (Maxwell). Stainton’s original

type was bred, but from an unknown plant.

Acrocercops preclusa, n. sp.

6 2. 7-8 mm. Head silvery-white. Palpislender, white. Thorax white,

patagia ochreous-bronzy. Abdomen grey, beneath whitish. Forewings very

narrowly elongate, parallel-sided, moderately pointed; bronzy-ochreous ;

a narrow white dorsal stripe from base to tornus, posterior third expanded

into a semioval dilation reaching half across wing, edge otherwise straight ;

a somewhat oblique free white strigula from costa directed towards

extremity of this; a broad white preapical fascia narrowed towards costa,

adjoining a black apical dot: cilia pale grey, round apex white, at apex with

a short black subbasal hook. Hindwings grey; cilia pale ochreous-grey.

Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March and April (Pole) ; N. Coorg, at 3,500 feet, in

October (Newcome) ; six specimens. Formerly recorded as gemoniella, from

which it differs by absence of median prominence of dorsal streak and dorsal

dot of groundcolour beneath it, also by preeapical fascia fully reaching costa

in moderate breadth, whereas in gemoniella it is rounded off above so as

hardly to reach it.

Acrocercops syngramma, Nn. sp.

3d. 7mm. Head white, face pale grey. Palpi slender, white. Thorax

white, patagia bronzy. Abdomen grey, apex dark fuscous, ventral surface

white, segmental margins dark fuscous. Forewings extremely narrowly

elongate-lanceolate ; bronzy-fuscous ; a moderate white streak along dorsum

from base to tornus, its posterior fourth forming a semioval dilation reaching

2 across wing, edge otherwise straight; a somewhat oblique white strigual

from 2 of costa, running into a subtriangular white preeapical fascia whose apex

narrowly reaches costa, limiting a black apical dot: cilia grey, round apex

white, with a grey bar below apex, and a black subbasal hook at apex.

Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in July (Maxwell) ; es specimens. Larva mining

a compact blotch in leaves of Mango (Mangifera indica) ; pupa in a detached

oval brownish-yellow cocoon on surface of leaf (Maxwell). The species is

very similar to preclusa, but differs by the costal strigula running into

preeapical fascia, and conspicuous dark apex of abdomen.

)

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 121

Acrocercops vanula, Meyr.

Larva mining large blotchesin leaves of Terminalia tomentosa (Combretacee);

pupa yellowish, in large oval cream-coloured cocoon spun usually on vein

inside the mine, the cuticle subsequently peeling off and leaving the cocoon

exposed ; this seems the normal arrangement, but in captivity the larva

sometimes makes an external cocoon in a recess on surface of leaf (Maxwell).

Mr. Maxwell writes “ The imago is peculiar in that whenever observed, even

while at rest, it bas been found to stand high on its legs quivering continu-

ously; [have bred it frequently at different times for two years, and this

characteristic is always present, though not noticed in any other

Acrocercops.”

Acrocercops elaphopa, n. sp.

dé. 7mm. Head and thorax light grey. Palpi slender, whitish. Abdo-

men grey, segmental margins white beneath, apex dark fuscous. Forewings

very narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; glossy grey, darker towards apex ; costal

and dorsal transverse whitish strigule at 4, almost meeting; a round black

apical spot, finely edged with whitish: cilia light grey, round apex witha

subbasal dark fuscous line preceded and followed by whitish. Hindwings

rather dark grey ; cilia light grey, with faint purple tinge.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in July (Maxwell); one specimen. Bred from an

external oval cocoon on depressed vein on surface of leaf of “ Total”’

creeper; identification of plant promised later (Maxwell). Allied to

sauropis.

Acrocercops citrodora, n. sp.

36. 8mm. Head and thorax whitish-yellow, patagia rather dark

fuscous. Palpi slender, whitish, apex of second joint and a submedian

ring of terminal joint fuscous. Forewings very narrow, elongate-lanceolate ;

dark fuscous ; a whitish-yellow streak along dorsum from base to = of wing,

its upper edge forming two oblique wedge-shaped projections; a yellow-

whitish dot in disc just beyond this; a flattened-triangular whitish-yellow

spot extending along dorsum from middle of wing to tornus, emitting

posteriorly a fine oblique strigula towards apex of wing; apex of wing

chestnut-brown, preceded by a spot of blackish suffusion which is edged

anteriorly by silvery-white costal and terminal dots : cilia rather dark grey,

round apex with base purple-white edged by a dark purple-fuscous line.

Hindwings dark grey ; cilia rather dark grey.

N. Coorg, at 3,500 feet, in January (Newcome) ; one specimen. Perhaps

allied to telearcha, but very distinct.

Acrocercops barringtoniella, Dev.

Bred by Mr. Maxwell from larve mining blotches in leaves of Careya

arborea (Lecythidacee) ; has been reared previously from Barringtonia, which

belongs to the same natural order.

Acrocercops austeropa, n. sp.

3. 9mm. Head ochreous-grey-whitish. Palpi with second joint broad-

ly tufted with long -ochreous-grey-whitish hairs, blotched with blackish,

terminal joint whitish with two blackish rings. Thorax greyish spotted

with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, beneath whitish, with lateral series of

oblique black bars. Forewings very narrow, elongate-lanceolate; dark fuscous,

irrorated with whitish points ; a suffused blackish dot towards dorsum at 3,

followed by an oblique mark of whitish suffusion ; an undefined oblique

blackish streak from middle of costa, reaching 3 across wing, lower portion

edged with whitish anteriorly ; two shorter oblique blackish streaks from

costa posteriorly, and one inwardly oblique before apex; a dot of dark

suffusion on tornus, edged above with whitish ; an indistinct fine blue-leaden

line crossing wing towards apex: cilia grey, round apex with black subbasal

line and some series of blackish points. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey.

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Supa, Kanara, bred in May (Maxwell); one specimen. Larva feeding

on ‘ Akri’’ (Maxwell); the cocoon (forwarded) is very flat, oval, attached

to surface of leaf, whitish-ochreous, with four scattered bubbles on its sur-

face, apparently similar to those on the cocoon of Epicephala chalybaema.

Allied to patricia ; tuft of palpi unusually long.

Acrocercops scenias, n. sp.

2. 7mm. Head white, crown mixed with dark fuscous. (Labial palpi

broken.) Thorax white mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous,

beneath white, with lateral series of oblique black bars. Forewings ex-

tremely narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; brown irregularly mixed with black ;

four triangular white dorsal blotches reaching costa except fourth, their

dorsal edge mixed with brown and strigulated with black, first two confluent

dorsally and extending from base to 3 of wing, third beyond middle, just

touching second and fourth, fourth tornal; costa from second to apex

dotted with white ; a blackish dash above posterior edge of fourth; a small

white spot on termen towards apex: cilia grey, round apex white with

dark fuscous line. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in June (Maxwell) ; one specimen. Larva bright

green, mining galleries in leaves of “‘ Changana”’ bush, many larve in each

leaf; pupa long, green, in oval white transparent cocoon on depressed vein

of leaf (Maxwell). Allied to tedestis.

Stomphastis plectica, Meyr.

Larva mining blotches .in leaves of Sebastiana chamelea (Euphorbiacee) ;

pup? in detached oval white cocoon in depression on top of leaf, preferring

the extreme tip ( Maxwell ). This insect occurs also in South Africa.

Cyphosticha pterocola, n. sp.

oh Suma. Head whitish, face cohraean: tinged, sides of forehead

ha with dark fuscous. Palpi slender, whitish, second and terminal

joints each with two bands of dark fuscous irroration. Thorax white, patagia

ochreous-grey sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Middle

tibize and tarsi thickened with dense scales, dark fuscous, with whitish band

before apex of tarsi ; posterior tibize dark fuscous, apex ‘white, tarsi white,

three basal joints with blackish apical bands and projections of rough scales

above. Forewings very narrowly elongate-lanceolate, purple-greyish-ochre-

ous irrorated with dark fuscous ; an irregular-edged attenuated white streak

running along dorsum from base to about tornus, marked with some minute

scattered brownish strigule: cilia grey, round apex whitish-grey with violet

reflections and three dark grey lines. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

N. Coorg, at 3,500 feet, in January (Newcome); two specimens. A pecu-

liar species, possibly worthy of generic separation on the tarsal characters.

Gracilaria ariana, Nn. sp.

2. 138 mm. Head crimson-grey, face white. Palpi slender, crimson,

towards apex dark fuscous. Thorax yellow, suffused with light greyish-

crimson anteriorly. Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Middle tibiz crimson,

externally suffused with dark grey, tarsi white. Forewings very narrowly

elongate-lanceolate; bright clear yellow; costal edge ferruginous-tinged

towards base; a narrow purple-coppery streak along dorsum from base

throughout, extending at apex to costa, about 4 of breadth of wing, marked

along. dorsum with a series of deep indigo- blue strigulee : cilia light ochreous-

grey, becoming violet-coppery round apex. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Pundaloya, Ceylon, in September (Green); one specimen. Allied to

isochrysa,

HYPONOMEUTID&.

Lycophantis, n. g. .

Head on crown with rough spreading hairs, face with appressed scales ;

ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne 4, in ¢ simple, basal joint

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 123

moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, slightly curved,

subascending, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as

second, loosely scaled anteriorly, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi

obsolete. Posterior tibiz smcoth-scaled. Forewings with 10 simple,

2 from before # of cell, 3 from angle, 3-5 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked,

7 to termen, 11 from middle, stigmatium developed. Hindwings almost 1,

lanceolate, acute, cilia 1}; 2 remote, 4 absent, 5 and 6 approximated.

Allied to Argyresthia.

Lycophantis chalcoleuca, n. sp.

36 9.8-12mm. Head and thorax white, face light fuscous. Palpi

ochreous. ‘Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, narrow, acute;

glossy purplish-bronze, variably more or less suffused with shining brassy-

yellowish; costa finely dotted with white on posterior half; a broad snow-

white dorsal streak, at base nearly reaching costa, gradually narrowed toa

point at tornus, upper edge with a series of minute projections, towards

dorsum often with some fuscous specks or strigule; a fine blackish terminal

line marked with minute white dots: cilia light greyish-ochreous, on costa

brassy-bronze. Hindwings grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous.

Khasis ; from September to November, twelve specimens.

Argyresthia semitrunca, n. sp.

Q@. 9-l0mm. Head white. Palpi white, with dark fuscous lateral line.

Thorax white, with dark fuscous lateral stripe. Abdomen grey, segmental

margins white. Forewings lanceolate, pointed; 7 and 8 separate; deep

fuscous-purple ; some white specks on costa; a strong yellowish-white dorsal

streak from base to near middle, posteriorly truncate, followed by an

oblong blackish spot, whence a slender posteriorly oblique blackish fascia

runs to costa, blackish spots in disc at 2 and on middle of costa ; a slight

whitish mark above tornus, preceded by a blackish spot; an oblique white

mark on costa towards apex, preceded by blackish suffusion; some white

terminal specks: cilia grey, round apex dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia

rey.

Khasis, in October, five specimens.

Argyresthia leuculias, n. sp. ;

3 2. 89mm. Head and palpi white. Thorax white, shoulders pale

fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings lanceolate, pointed; 7 and

8 separate ; light fuscous or whitish-fuscous, reticulated with dark fuscous,

dorsal area beneath fold whitish, with some scattered dark fuscous strigule ;

small dark fuscous spots in disc at 2 and 2, and a dorsal spot between

these; a white dash above tornus, edged anteriorly by an oblique dark

fuscous strigula; a round blackish apical dot, partially edged with white:

cilia grey-whitish, round apex with three dark fuscous, lines. Hindwings

grey, thinly scaled towards base; cilia pale grey.

Maskeliya, Ceylon, from March to June (Pole, de Mowbray) ; six

specimens.

Argyresthia dislocata, n. sp.

6 92. 8-9 mm. Head and palpi white. Thorax white, with a broad

light fuscous humeral stripe. Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings lance-

olate, round-pointed; 7 and 8 separate; white with violet or brassy

reflections, closely reticulated with dark fuscous except towards dorsum,

with several fuscous strigule on dorsum before middle; a small dark fuscous

spot on fold ati of wing, and one towards costa before middle; a slender

oblique dark fuscous postmedian fascia dilated dorsally into a triangular

spot, sometimes narrowly interrupted beneath costa; an oblique dark

fuscous striga above tornus: cilia light greyish, round apex with two dark

fuscous lines. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Khasis, in April, September, and November ; twelve specimens.

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Zelleria strophea, n. sp.

3 2. 12-17 mm. Head and thorax white, more or less sprinkled with

dark fuscous. Palpi white suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen

in 6d whitish sprinkled with fuscous, in @ grey. Forewings elongate-

lanceolate ; white, more or less largely suffused with fuscous and irrorated

with darker fuscous, the white ground colour appearing as some irregular

markings in disc and towards apex, with scattered small black dots tending

to be arranged in longitudinal series ; stigmata forming small blackish spots,

plical very obliquely before first discal, an additional similar spot obliquely

beyond second discal towards tornus; cilia grey-whitish, round apex fuscous

with a black subbasal line. Hindwings grey, in cell and towards base

beneath it thinly scaled and semihyaline, upper and lower margins of cell

dark fuscous; cilia light fuscous.

Maskeliya, Namunukuli (6,000 feet), Puttalam, Ceylon, from September

to February, and in June (Pole, Green) ; eleven specimens.

Paradoxus, Staint.

Stainton has misapprehended the structure of the palpi of this genus, and

I am not aware that his error has been corrected; the joints of the labial

palpi which he describes as basal and second are really the second and

third, and their structure is as in Xyrosaris, from which this genus differs

by having the antenne shorter than the forewings.

Par adovus deformis, n. sp.

Oe aks Tn, Head white, sprinkled wih grey specks. Palpi moderate

(shorter than in os yridella), white irrorated with dark grey specks except

towards apex. Thorax whitish mixed with grey. Abdomen grey, anal

segment whitish edged laterally with blackish. Forewings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, bent somewhat before middle, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen extremely oblique, hardly sinuate; pale greyish, finely darker-

sprinkled, base somewhat darker-suffused; about forty small black some-

what raised dots scattered over wing; a moderately large semicircular

suffused blackish spot on dorsum before middle of wing: cilia commencing

abruptly near before apex of wing, grey, round apex suffused with dark

grey, with an interrupted black basal line. Hindwings rather dark grey,

without hyaline patch; cilia grey.

Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston) ; one specimen.

Ayrosaris campsiptila, n. sp.

6 2. 12mm. Head and thorax pale brownish, mixed with whitish

and finely sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-brownish, irrorated

with dark fuscous. Abdomen in <d ochreous-grey-whitish, in @ grey,

segmental margins whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, widest at 3, costa

gently arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate, extremely oblique; pale

brownish, finely sprinkled with dark fuscous specks, and strewn with short

straight transverse whitish strige, and with scattered minute black raised

dots and strigule ; obscure patches of fuscous suffusion on middle of costa,

and on dorsum at 4 and 3; an angulated transverse series of several small

blackish tufts before apex: cilia pale brownish, on termen with rows of

black points and an interrupted dark fuscous subbasal shade. Hindwings

grey ; cell, and an elongate patch beneath it towards base, hyaline but

thinly strewn with grey hairs ; cilia light ochreous-grey.

Puttalam, Ceylon, in November (Pole); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet, in May

(Newcome) ; three specimens.

Prays erebitis, n. sp.

do. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face sometimes whitish.

Palpi fuscous, extreme base and apex of terminal joint whitish. Abdomen

dark grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; fuscous, strigulated throughout

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 125

with dark fuscous, obscurely dotted with whitish between the strigule

in disc and towards termen; a very undefined oblique darker fuscous

fascia from middle of dorsum to middle of costa, extended along costa as an

undefined patch to 2: cilia fuscous, indistinctly mixed with whitish on two

terminal bars. Hindwings pointed; rather dark fuscous, thinly scaled and

iridescent on basal half; cilia fuscous.

Ootacamund, in December (Fletcher) ; two specimens.

Prays citrt, Mill.

Madulsima, Maskeliya, Colombo, Ceylon (Pole, Mackwood, Green); N.

Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; from January to May. An injurious pest of

the orange and other species of Citrus, the larva feeding in the shoots; it

has been recorded from Southern Europe and Australia (nephelomima, Meyr.,

is a synonym), and Mr. S. Busck has sent me for identification a

specimen from the Philippines; it is doubtless artificially spread with its

foodplant. ;

Prays ducalis, n. sp.

Q. 16mm. Head and thorax grey slightly mixed with whitish. Palpi

and abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse-pointed, termen slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique; white,

strewn throughout with small dark fuscous spots and strigule, these dark

markings are suffused together with fuscous to form irregular elongate

patches extending along costa from base to #? and along dorsum from base

to tornus, confluent near base and connected by a narrow oblique dark fuscous

bar near middle of wing, beyond which the costal patch is expanded with

dark fuscous suffusion reaching half across wing, and marked above this

with obscure whitish suffusion on costa; cilia brownish with obscure whitish

bars below apex and above tornus, at apex dark fuscous on basal half, on

costa alternately light brownish and whitish. Hindwings tolerably pointed,

not acute ; grey, rather lighter and iridescent towards base; cilia grey.

Namunukuli, Ceylon, over 6,000 feet, in February (Green) ; one specimen.

Prays curulis, n. sp.

2. 13mm. Head grey, lower part of face white. Palpi grey, apex of

joints whitish. Thorax grey, posterior extremity and apex of patagia white.

Forewings elongate, narrow (rather less narrow than in ducalis), costa slightly

arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; white

irregularly spotted with grey ; irregular elongate patches of grey suffusion

transversely marked with dark fuscous extending along costa from base to ?

and along dorsum from base to tornus, connected by an oblique rather

broad median fascia, mixed with blackish ; apical area marked with several

small dark fuscous spots: cilia grey suffused with coppery, towards base

mixed with white and blackish, on costa white with a grey spot. Hindwings

pointed; grey, rather thinly scaled and iridescent on basal half; cilia grey.

Khasis, in September ; one specimen,

Prays acmonias, n. sp.

Q. 12-183 mm. Head bronzy-grey mixed with whitish. Palpi grey.

Thorax dark ashy-grey, posteriorly whitish, Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa anteriorly straight, posteriorly gently arched,

apex tolerably pointed, termen slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique; white;

some grey markings towards base of costa, and a patch of more or less

developed grey marbling and suffusion extending along costa from $ to 3;

some small grey spots or suffusion on dorsum before middle ; a transverse

dark grey blackish-mixed blotch on dorsum beyond middle, confluent above

with costal patch ; a triangular dark grey tornal spot mixed with blackish ;

a small suffused blackish apical spot; three small blackish spots suffused

together with dark grey occupying median portion of termen: cilia dark

bronzy-grey, on basal half mixed with white. Hindwings tolerably pointed,

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIiI,

not acute; rather dark fuscous, thinly scaled and semihyaline on anterior

half; cilia grey.

Rawalpindi (Manders); two specimens.

Diaphragmistis, n. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts expanded anteriorly over base of

antenne ; ocelli present; tongue short. Antennsz 4, in ¢ simple, basal ©

joint moderate, rather dilated, with strong pecten. Labial palpi moderate,

slightly curved, subascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint some-

what longer than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi minute, drooping.

Posterior tibiz with appressed scales. Forewings with cell long, 2 from

angle, 3 absent, 4 absent, 7 to termen, 8-10 rather near together, 11 from 4.

Hindwings almost 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1; cell short and distorted,

less than half wing, 2 from towards angle, curved near base, 3 from

angle, 4 absent, 5 and 6 stalked, rising from near angle, 7 from angle,

curved.

A development of Hyponomeuta.

Diaphragnmistis macroglena, n. sp.

3. 15mm. Head white, crown with two small fuscous spots between

antenne, Palpi whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish, with some groups of

fuscous specks. Abdomen light grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate,

narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded ; whitish, irregularly strigulated throughout with brow-

nish, more closely and suffusedly towards costa posteriorly, with scattered

blackish-fuscous scales and minute dots: cilia whitish, round apex with

tows of blackish points and two black lines. Hindwings light grey; an

elongate hyaline patch beneath cell, reaching from base to 3 of wing, in-

cluding posteriorly a black thickened glandular elongate mark; cilia light

grey.

Khasis, in November; one specimen... The black mark of hindwings

may probably be sexual.

Orthosaris, n. g.

Head shortly rough-scaled; tongue short. Antenne 4, in ¢ simple, basal

joint moderate, with pecten. Labial palpi moderate, straight, subascending,

second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint longer than second,

thickened with scales becoming loosely expanded into an apical brush.

Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibis with appressed scales,

Forewings with cell long, 2 from very near angle, 3 from angle, 4 absent, 5

approximated, 7 to termen, 8-10 near together, 11 from 3. Hindwings l,

trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 3; 2 moderately remote, parallel, 3 from angle, 4

absent, 5-7 slightly approximated towards base.

Also a development of Hyponomeuta.

Orthosaris strictulata, n. sp.

¢. 12mm. Head white, face finely irrorated with fuscous. Palpi

whitish finely irrorated with fuscous. Thorax whitish irrorated with dark

fuscous. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly

dilated, costa gently arched, more strongly posteriorly, apex tolerably

pointed, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; whitish-fuscous, finely

sprinkled with dark fuscous, and strewn throughout with short straight

transverse whitish strigze; an irregular series of several black dots near

before apex and termen: cilia whitish-fuscous, base white, limited by a

row of black points. Hindwings rather dark grey, lighter anteriorly; a

hyaline elongate patch beneath cell from base to 3 of wing; cilia whitish-

rey.

% Matale Ceylon, in August (Pole) ; one specimen.

Hyponomeuta pretincta, n. sp.

3 2. 14-16 mm. Head white, crown with <wo blackish dots. Palpi

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 127

white, laterally mixed with dark grey except towards apex of joints.

Thorax white, with a transverse median series of four small black spots.

Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa slightly arched,

apex obtuse-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; whitish, more

or less strigulated with grey and suffused with light grey, especially in

dise posteriorly ; an almost costal row of about seven black dots from base

to near middle, a subcostal row of about eight from before middle to apex,

a row of about ten above fold throughout, and a subdorsal row of about

nine from base to 3; a spot of dark purple-fuscous suffusion in disc near

base, and a larger irregular patch in disc at 3; apex of wing tinged with

purplish: cilia grey, with a white spot on costa towards apex and a whitish

tornal patch, between these tinged with purplish, with three blackish lines.

Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and semihyaline near base ; cilia grey.

Khasis, in October and November ; four specimens.

Hyponomeuta calculosa, n. sp.

36 2. 14-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face sometimes tinged with

grey. Palpi whitish-ochreous, laterally suffused with grey. Thorax light

ochreous-grey. Abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Forewings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight,

rather oblique; rather glossy greyish-ochreous, with afew small scatter-

ed very obscure dark grey dots on veins, sometimes almost obsolete ;

a large blackish dot towards dorsum before middle: cilia light greyish-

ochreous, with a spot of dark grey suffusion above apex, and a dark fuscous

patch formed by confluence of a median shade on upper third of termen

with an apical shade on median third. Hindwings lght grey, thinly scaled

and semihyaline near base; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.

Khasis, in October and November; fourteen specimens.

Hyponomeuta corusca, a. sp.

. 18 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face greyish, crown with two

blackish dots. Palpi loosely scaled towards apex, ochreous-whitish suffused

with fuscous anteriorly and on second joint laterally. Thorax whitish-

.ochreous suffused with fuscous on posterior half of dorsum and towards

anterior margin. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa slightly

arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen nearly straight, rather oblique ;

glossy light bronzy-ochreous, on costal and submedian areas with longi-

tudinal lines of irregular dark fuscous dots and small spots separated by

white interspaces ; disc occupied by an irregularly sinuate streak of bronzy-

fuscous suffusion from base to middle: cilia pale bronzy-ochreous.

Hindwings grey, rather thinly scaled near base; cilia whitish-ochreous,

towards base suffused with light grey.

Khasis, in August ; one specimen.

Nosymna lapillata, n. sp.

@. 50mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Antenne simple, shortly ciliated.

Palpi shorter and stouter than in punctata, blackish-grey, second joint

ochreous-whitish on lower longitudinal half. Thorax ochreous-whitish, with

small dark bluish-grey spots on shoulders and on each side posteriorly.

Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; ochreous-white, with

irregularly scattered indigo-blackish-grey dots, several of these coalescing

irregularly in disc; costa indigo-blackish-grey towards base: cilia ochre-

ous-white. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

Darjiling, in March; one specimen. A second from Sikkim is probably

the same species, but has palpi whitish-ochreous, thorax apparently without

dark dots. From the above species punctata differs by pectinated antennze

repletella by barred cilia of forewings, sti pella by dark grey hindwings.

Anticrates decaplaca, n. sp.

128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Q@. 16mm. Head yellow, neck and sides of face crimson-red. Palpi

crimson, terminal joint yellow towards apex. Thorax yellow, apex of

patagia and a postmedian bar crimson-red. Abdomen dull light crimson.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; crimson-red, with a yellow dot beneath costa near base, a small

costal spot at +, and ten large yellow spots, vzz., one in disc near base, two

on costa before and beyond middle, two on dorsum before middle and at 3,

one in middle of disc, two obliquely placed in disc towards termen, one at

apex and one on lower part of termen connected with it: cilia light crimson,

outer half on termen light yellow. Hindwings and cilia rather light

crimson.

Anuradhapura, Ceylon, in December (Mackwood) ; one specimen.

Anticrates miltochorda, un. sp.

@. 18-19mm. Head light yellow, neck and sides of face red. Palpi

red. Thorax light yellow, shoulders and a broad curved median bow red.

Abdomen light crimson-reddish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; vermilion-red, with fifteen

more or less large light brassy-yellow spots, wz., one beneath costa near

base, one towards dorsum near base, one in disc beyond these, one flattened

triangular on costa at 4, one above dorsum at 3, two placed obliquely in

disc beyond these, one towards costa in middle, one triangular on dorsum

beyond middle, one triangular on costa -at 3, one elongate from disc beneath

this to tornus, one elongate posteriorly expanded resting on lower part of

termen, one elongate resting on costa at 4, one elongate beneath this, and

one at apex: cilia vermilion-red, on termen pale yellowish on outer half.

Hindwings and cilia light dull crimson-red.

Khasis, in October; two specimens.

Anticrates venatriz, n. sp.

21 mm. Head deep yellow, lower part of face red. Palpi red, tip

pale yellow. Thorax yellow, anterior margin and an irregular postmedian

bar crimson-red. Abdomen pale crimson. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; crimson-red, with

numerous clear yellow spots, vz., a dot beneath costa near base, two large

confluent triangular ones on costa before and beyond middle, two obliquely

placed above and below fold near base, one Z-shaped in dise before middle,

one towards dorsum before middle, one triangular on dorsum at 2, one

towards dorsum beyond this, a dot in disc at 2, a curved subterminal series

of six small marks, and a series of eight small distinct spots round apex

and termen: cilia crimson-red, between apex and tornus yellow on outer

half. Hindwings and cilia pale crimson.

Pykara, Nilgiris, at 7,000 feet, in April (Andrewes) ; one specimen. Very

like ducifera, but considerably larger, and readily separable by the eight

distinct terminal spots of forewings, which in /ucifera are reduced by conflu-

ence, and also by the confluent costal spots.

Anticrates lucifera, n. sp.

3 2. 138-14 mm. Head yellow, neck crimson. Palpi crimson, terminal

joint pale yellow with a crimson lateral streak except towards apex.

Thorax yellow, with an angulated crimson bar behind middle. Abdomen

whitish-ochreous suffused with pale crimson. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 sometimes

stalked ; crimson, with numerous yellow spots, vz., a small one on costa

near base, two large triangular ones on costa before and beyond middle,

two obliquely placed above and below fold near base, three (two upper

sometimes connected) in an oblique series between postmedian costal and

dorsum before middle, an oblique series of five from $ of costa to 2 of dorsum

(of which the two uppermost are small, two discal irregular, dorsal large,

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 129

triangular), three others subterminal in disc, and a series of four small ones

round apex and termen: cilia crimson, outer half yellow ontermen. MHind-

wings and cilia light crimson.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in August (Maxwell); three specimens. Larva

feeding on Srderoxylon tomentosum (Sapotacee) ; cocoons sent are semiovate,

solid, apparently composed of dense silk treated with some sort of cement,

attached to surface of leaf; pupa protruded in emergence through a slit

at end, head and antennal sheaths coming away entire. Mr. Maxwell

writes : “‘ Larva looks exactly like cocoon, and practically the same shape;

legs obscure, closely appressed to leaf together with whole undersurface;

rather sluggish in habit, but walks about and is not attached to leaf in any

way; head invisible. Must have some sort of covering which serves

ultimately for a cocoon, but we could not make it out. Species apparently

uncommon.”

Anticrates thermastris, n. sp.

©. 12-15 mm. Head yellow, sides of face and back of crown suffused

with red. Palpi red, terminal joint pale yellowish towards apex. Thorax

light yellow, with a red W-shaped bar. Abdomen dull light crimson.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, oblique ; vermilion-red, with a yellow dot beneath costa near base,

and about fourteen yellow spots, viz., two obliquely placed above and below

fold near base, one on costa at 3, an oblique one above dorsum at 3, two

connected to form a Z-shaped mark in disc before middle, one triangular on

dorsum beyond middle, one oblique on costa at ?, one beneath this in disc,

three forming a series from + of costa to tornus, one at apex, and one on |

lower part of termen: cilia red, outer half light yellowish except towards

tornus. Hindwings and cilia dull light crimson.

Nilgiris, at 3,500 feet, in January (Andrewes); Ganesh Gudi, Kanara, in

May (Maxwell) ; two specimens.

Aetherastis constellata, n. sp.

&. 16mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochre-

ous ; antennz moderately bipectinated ; thorax with a blackish dot on each

patagium, and two near posterior extremity. Forewings moderate, sub-

oblong, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely

rounded ; whitish-ochreous ; a basal group of five rather large blackish dots,

viz., one median near base, one subdorsal near base, one beneath costa at i,

one below this beneath fold, and one in disc slightly beyond these: cilia

whitish-ochreous. Hindwings pale ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Wellawaya, Ceylon, in November (Green) ; one specimen.

Comocritis precolor, n. sp.

¢. 15mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face and palpi white. Antennal

pectinations short. Thorax white, shoulders sprinkled with grey. Abdomen

whitish. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,

termen obliquely rounded; white; three suffused blotches of fuscous irro-

ration, sprinkled with black specks, occupying most of disc from near base

to near apex, separated only by curved white streaks, first blotch extending

below fold and indistinctly to costa, second extended anteriorly to costa at

2 and limited beneath by fold, third resting on tornus and not reaching

costa; some slight dark fuscous irroration towards middle of dorsum; a

narrow yellow-ochreous apical fascia attenuated downwards to middle of

termen, edged anteriorly with some dark fuscous irroration. Hindwings

grey; cilia white with grey subbasal line.

Trincomali, Ceylon, in November (Green) ; one specimen.

Comocritis nephelista, n. sp.

3 2. 16-20mm. Head and palpi white. Antenne in ¢ flatly dentate

strongly ciliated. Thorax ochreous-white, posteriorly tinged with grey.

180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

. Abdomen whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded,

termen very obliquely rounded; 9 and 10 stalked; whity-brownish irrorated

with dark fuscous, more strongly posteriorly ; a suffused white streak along

costa from about 4 to near apex; two small indistinct dark fuscous spots

obliquely placed towards costa at +; a suffused whitish streak enclosing an

elongate-semioval patch of stronger dark irroration along median third of

dorsum ; some indistinct whitish admixture in disc posteriorly, sometimes

forming a suffused streak running to termen above tornus; four small indis-

tinct cloudy dark fuscous spots round apex and termen: cilia pale whity-

brownish with faint grey shades, beneath tornus whitish. Hindwings light

grey ; cilia white.

Kandy and Maskeliya, Ceylon, from March to June (Mackwood, Pole);

four specimens. Differs from the rest of the genus by stalking of 9 and 10

of forewings.

Comocritis enneora, n. sp.

3. 17mm. Head and palpi white. Antennal pectinations very short.

Thorax white, with two small dark grey postmedian spots. Forewings

elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, rather strongly

oblique; 3 and 4 connate; silvery-white ; nine small roundish dark leaden-

grey spots, vz., one almost basal beneath costa, one in disc towards base,

one towards costa before 4, one on fold beneath this, one elongate in disc

before middle, one above middle of disc, one on fold beyond middle, one

towards costa before 3, and one in disc beyond this: cilia white, base pale

ochreous. Hindwings grey-whitish ; cilia white. )

Khasis, in May; one specimen. This example has the pupal case, with

the head and lingual and antennal sheaths separated in one piece, still

enclosing the abdomen.

Ethmia duplicata, n. sp.

$2. 30-32 mm. Differs from hilarella only as follows: abdomen with

dorsal spots absent on two basal segments, reduced or absent on third;

hindwings in both sexes as in hilarella 9, but with apical patch wider and

much more convex anteriorly, less produced beneath and not reaching

middle of termen, grey apical patch in cilia also reduced and not reaching

middle of termen. The characters of abdomen are as in pullata, but in that

species the hindwings have a dark fuscous costal band on lower surface.

Patipola (6,200 feet), Maskeliya, Puttalam, Ceylon, in December and

January (Pole, Fletcher) ; three specimens. Doubtless sometimes overlooked

by collectors and mistaken for the commoner filaredila,

131

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Since the 3lst March when the last report appeared,

Mr. Crump has arrived in Behar and Orissa and the thanks of the

Society are dueto H. H. Sir Chas. 8. Bayley, the Lieutenant-Gover-

nor of the Province, for having issued orders which have helped

our Collector. Mr. Crump arrived in Daltongunj from Philibit in

March and at once started work. He did not find much suitable

ground there so soon left for Hazaribagh District where he still is:

Unfortunately he had a severe sunstroke early in May, but he writes

now that he is better and gradually resuming work. It is hoped

to send him to Orissa shortly.

The reason that Mr. Crump was sent to Palamau and Hazari-

bagh districts was because the original types of certain animals were

obtained there towards the latter part of the eighteenth century.

The country of course has changed very considerably in many ways

since then and the jungle and forests have in many places disap-

peared. i

Mr. Shortridge after working the extreme South of Burma

(Victoria Point) moved to Mergui and has been for the last 2

months on the Tenasserim River. As the rains are approaching

and it is impossible to do more onthe coast this season, he leaves

shortly for Lower Chindwin and Mount Victoria and if possible he

will endeavour to collect on the Lower Sittang River (SHWEGYIN)

at the close of the rainy season.—Mr. Shortridge has also suffered

slightly from a recurrence of the sunstroke which he had in Australia

some years ago.

The problem of working a Mammal Survey in Burma has

proved to be a much more difficult task than was anticipated owing

to the immense amount of country to be covered, the number of

places which must be visited, the density of the jungle, the difficulty

and expense of transit and the fact that the fair weather season

when any collecting can be done, is so short. In consequence of

this and at Mr. Shortridge’s urgent request, we have agreed to

engage a fourth Collector, Capt. S.A. Macmillan, to work with him.

Capt. Macmillan has been on a rubber estate in Tenasserim and

not only is a keen hunter after Mr. Shortridge’s own heart, but

possesses local knowledge of languages, &c., which will be of great

value to Mr. Shortridge whilst in Burma.

Major Mayor is still in Ceylon and has been for the last few

months collecting in the Anuradhapura District, but he expects to

finish up shortly and come to Bombay prior to commencing

collecting in Central India.

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

MAMMAL FUND.

FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 20TH MAY 1914.

NAMES. Amount,

Rs. A P

Amount previously as bes in Journal

No. 4, Vol, XXII . an 43 SA &. b T6769 5 2 |

Barton, °C. 8. 10 0 0}

Bayley, The Hon’ble Sir Chas. (Ke C8. Iss LO.S. a 50 0 0 |

British Museum, The Trustees of, £100 (2nd :

Donation) .. es; 1,494 2 (a:

Bury, CG] Hae. 29 12 0]

Cox, Col. Sir P, Z. (K.C.LE., BLS, F.RGS.).. 100 0 0 |

Fleming, Major A. M. > 15 0 0 |

Government of Burma (2nd Donation) a x 3,000 0 0 |

Himtyeaptgn. be (C. LE. RN.) 2 be ae 15 10 0 |

Mackenzie, J. M. D. (I. F. S. ) ep a a 57 9 0 |

Mosse, Capt. AH: E. i Ry 4H * 50 0 0 |

Robinson, He. % hs be - if, 28 4 0

Stables, Major Cea ae ov 3% 30 0 0 |

Tata, Ratan (2nd Donation) % + sy 1,000 0 Oe

Ware, Ee. s # He ae 10 0 0 |

Whitehead, Capt. C, H. dh “f - ve 25 0 0

Wilson, Capt. iW head Om ae af he ie: 50 0 0

Rs. ..| 80,725 10 9

Promised.

'Governwent of Federated Malay

States (2nd Donation) .. Re.ei 6p

Royal Society. £10 (2nd Donation) \

Interest credited by the Bank .. ii a 36 15 10

Total Rs....| 80,762 10 f |

133

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE COCCIDAi OF

WESTERN INDIA.

RaMRAO 8S. KASARGODE.

The coccidz of Western India area group of insects which have been

very little collected and about which in this area very little is known.

When one compares the enormous mass of information about them as they

occur in Ceylon, which has been collected about them by Mr. E. E. Green,

and the considerable amount of knowledge which we have of them in

North-East India, particularly as they occur in tea, the paucity of know-

ledge as regards them in Western India is the more remarkable. And this

lack of information is not because of any lack of importance. The scale

insects have proved themselves among the worst of agricultural pests, and

particularly pests of fruit trees. Although they are notso obvious in

Western India as in some other parts even of India, yet they occur abun-

dantly on many fruit trees. The mango tree alone has revealed a number

of species living upon it and upon the Loranthus (dandgul) parasite which is

always associated with it. They are very common on the fruit of the betel-

nut palm—one of the most valuable of our fruit trees. They constantly

occur on various citrus fruits, and in at least one case form a

serious pest. And there are many others. All these are at present

perhaps not very obvious, but there is no group of insects whose existence

should be watched with a more jealous eye, as they spread when the condi-

tions are favourable with marvellous rapidity, and what was an entomo-

logical curiosity belonging to the group of scale insects, has on several occa-

sions in the history of agriculture, become ina few years a public menace.

The cause of the lack of attention devoted to scale insects in Western

India has been probably the small amount of attention devoted to the

growth of perennial crops like trees and shrubs. Most agriculture is that

of annual crops, while the scale insects are peculiarly the pests of such

plants as stand from year to year. Fruit culture is now increasing in im-

portance: with this increase, the danger of these pests,and the interest

they will evoke will undoubtedly increase.

A word of explanation will not be out of place in connection with the

growth of individual species to the magnitude of pests. Most of the species

except a few are quite harmless and are for the present only entomological

curiosities. Mainly this is due to the inter-relation of parasitic and pre-

dacious insects on the one hand and scale insects on the other. The balance

of life which now exists between the two classes of insects, one preying

upon the other, may be disturbed in many ways. Cutting and clearing

large mixed forest growth and establishing either tea or coffee has, for in-

stance, enabled the tea and coffee pests to breed and multiply to such

numbers that we recognize them as serious pests.

The following is an account of such species which I have been able to

collect in Western India up to the present. The identifications have been

made or confirmed in each case, with very great kindness, by Mr. E. E.

Green, late of Ceylon.

Sub-family—D1aspPin 2.

Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.—This coccid has so far been only found on

the mango tree (Mangifera indica), but practically every mango tree I have

examined showed this scale to a greater or less extent. In many cases the

scales fully covered the tender young branches and leaves. The upper as

well as the lower surfaces of leaves harbour the species. In gardens devoted

1384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

to mango growing individual trees only here} and there, are seriously

affected, while the remainder are hardly attacked at all. I should neverthe-

less count it as a serious pest of the mango treein Western India. It occurs

commonly where mango trees are grown, and I have collected it in almost

every district. It has been recorded also by I. H. Burkill on Mango trees

at Nadiad (Gujarat*).

This species has been recorded as extremely destructive to cocoanut trees

in the Laccadive Islands (Cotes)+ but I have not noticed it on these trees

on the West Coast of India.

Aspidiotus ficus, Ashm,—This scale is distributed almost all over the area

we are discussing, and though mainly found on palms, it can feed ona

large number of other plants.

I have received it, for instance, as a serious pest of citrus trees near

Khed in the Poona District. The fruits in this case were simply covered

by the scales. The insect was first described and determined from

specimens collected on orange trees at Poona by Woodrow. It does not

seem to be a serious pest, even in the same orchard every year, but is

certainly one of the most dangerous pests to have on the trees. In other

parts of India it does much damage to young orange trees, and orange

growers in America have often been specially warned against it.

The insect is also found on the tree Garcinia indica, a plant allied to the

mangosteen which grows in the Konkan. In this case it was closely

associated with two or three other scales,—Vinsonia stellifera, Westw;

Parlatoria proteus, Curtis, and a species of Fiorinia.

But the main habitat of the species is undoubtedly palm trees. Orna-

mental palms in botanic gardens in Poona are subject to serious attack.

Betel-nut palms at Sirsi in the Kanara district were found to be attacked.

And it has been collected on Areca catechu in Bombay by I. H. Burkill.t

Aspidiotus lataniae, Sign.—This insect has been obtained from three

distinct food plants, the bamboo, the Citrus medica, and the gul mohur

(Poinciana regia). On bamboos it attacks both the leaves and the stem to

the height of a few feet from the ground. On Citrus medica, a common

Konkan fruit, the fruits only were attacked, there was no trace of the scale

on the leaves or stems.

Aspidiotus rosei, Mask.—This scale has not previously been noticed in |

India to my knowledge. It is not mentioned in Mr. Green’s list of Indian

Coccids (Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomologi-

cal Series, Vol. II, No. 2). It was found on the leaves of Barringtonia

acutangula at Poona.

Aspidiotus ortentalis, Newstead.—This coccid occurs on roses in many

localities in the Deccan, being found both in Poona and Ahmednagar. It

is fairly common on old rose trees in many gardens, and especially attacks

the stems, sometimes killing the rose bushes. It would seem to be a pest

chiefly of neglected and non-vigorous plants. It has been recorded on

Cycas revoluta in Calcutta and on many other plants, such as Dalbergia and

Tamarindus, but I have not observed it on these plants in Western India.

Aspidiotus curcumae, n. sp.—This is a species probably new to India

named as above by Mr. E. E. Green, who will publish a technical description

of it. It isfound on an important crop, namely, turmeric. The plants

above ground are free from the insect, but the rhizomes were covered with ~

them. As the plants are propagated by means of the rhizomes, they are

easily distributed by this means, and it would be a very diffleult pest to

* Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. (Entomological Series)

Vol. IT, No. 2.

+ Indian Museum Notes, Vol. II., page 188.

Tite

THE COCCIDA OF WESTERN INDIA. 1365

control. It was discovered quite accidentally when examining the rhizomes

for another fly pest.

Chionasprs dilatata, Green.—There are few scale insects more common than

this on mango and banyan trees in Poona, where it occurs .on both the

upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The females are rarely found, and

when found they are always on the lower surface. The insect is known on

palms in Calcutta, but its occurrence in Western India has not previously

been noted.

Chionaspis decurvata, Green.—This scale occurs on bamboos in Poona, and

so far has been noticed on no other plant. It was first described by Mr.

Green from specimens occurring on rice from Calcutta.

Hemichionaspis aspidistre, Sign.—This insect was first noticed on the

Loranthus which so commonly attacks the mango tree (bandgul). It never

occurs on the mango tree itself. It is also found occasionally on the

banyan tree.

Parlatoria proteus, Curtis—Has already been mentioned as occurring

along with Aspidiotus ficus on the tree Garcinia indica in the Konkan.

Another species of Parlatoria hasbeen found on Michela champaca which

Mr. Green thinks is likely to be a new species.

Fiorina frontecontracta, n. sp.—This occurs on Garcinia indica along

with <Aspidiotus ficus, Parlatoria proteus and Vinsonia stellifera It has

been provisionally named as above by Mr. Green, who will publish a techni-

cal description of it. '

Fiorina sapindi, n. sp.—trs another species of Forinia occurring on

Sapindus trifoliatus described as new by Mr. Green.

Diaspis echinocacti, Bouche.—Occurs as a fairly common parasite of Opuntia

(prickly pear) in Western India, and when the attack is serious it covers

all the green parts of the stem. It has been noticed on Loranthus from

Tanjore (Madras), but not on this plant in Bombay.

Diaspis barberi, Green.—Is a species very closely related to the last, and

this does occur on the leaves of Loranthus in Poona.

Leucaspis indica, Marlatt.—This scale occurs commonly on mango trees,

but does not seem to have been noticed in India previously. It was first

identified in America on mango saplings introduced from India. The

scales are completely hidden under the black mould so common in con-

nection with scale insects but under this covering the scales completely

encircle the tender branches. It may become a serious pest if not care-

fully watched.

Sub-family.—LEcaniiIna.

Lecanium hemisphericum, Sign.—This is one of the most widely distributed

scale insects in the tropics and is the famous ‘brown bug’ of coffee. In

Western India, it was first observed in an ill-kept garden, infesting crotons

of many kinds. The way it covered the stems, leaves and tender branches

showed it to be very destructive in this case, and the plants were in a

dying condition. The plants were treated by severe pruning and burning

all the prunings covered with the pest.

The same insect was found infesting vines of Coccinia indica at Thana.

It is also a somewhat serious pest of pomelo plants in the Konkan, where

it was found by Dr. H. H. Mann doing very considerable damage at

Rajapur in the Ratnagiri district.

Lecanium nigrum, Nietner.—Is a black scale found in Poona and the neigh-

bourhood on Canna, the castor plant and many others. Though it seems to

have a large number of food plants, I have not come across it as a pest of

any importance. It is curious to know that it has been found on cotton at

Pusa (Behar).

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Ceroplastes actiniformis, Green.—This insect, which has never been noticed

in India before, has been found on the Loranthus attacking mango trees

in the neighbourhood of Poona and also on the banyan tree. The scales are

found singly distributed on the tender stems at the axils or on the midribs

of the leaves.

Ceroplastes rubens, Maskell.—Has been noticed to occur attacking an

unidentified fern in a nursery at Poona. The scales were all arranged in a

row on the upper surface near the midrib of the fronds.

Pulvinaria psidiit, Mask.—Has been found on many plants, among them

being the mango tree, the guava tree and the tree Bassra latifolia. It is

a bad pest on guavas. In this case the whole tree is covered by what has

been happily described as “drops of white paint.’””’ The tree is recognisable

from a distance by these white specks and also from the black mould which

covers the leaves and tender branches. The scale attacks the green parts

seriously and covers them completely. During the off season, the scales

remain hidden under loose bark or knotty growths on the stem.

Vinsonia stellifera, Westw.— Was found in large numbers on the Jeaves of

Garcinia indica in Bombay. I have not found it on any other plants in

Western India though it occurs on many in Ceylon.

Sub-family—DactyLopiin &.

Dactylopius virgatus, Kkll.—Is an extremely common species found in

almost all gardens in the neighbourhood of Poona attacking crotons. Itis,

in fact, a regular pest on these plants especially when they are planted

close together. The scales spoil the appearance of the leaves, which become

distorted and sickly in appearance.

It has also been collected on the adventitious roots of banyan trees by

Dr. H. H. Mann near Poona. In this case it was found in no other part of

the tree not even on the leaves, but on these adventitious roots, it was

very common indeed.

Dactylopius nipai, Mask.—This species occurs on scattered plants of

Cajanus indicus (arhar or tur). It apparently does litttle serious injury

as only a very few of the plants had these scales crowded round the grow-

ing tip of the plant, in which position it is fatal. This species is said to

be a pest on stored potatoes in Bengal, but I have never seen it on

potatoes in Western India.

Phenacoccus hirsutus, Green.—This scale was collected by Dr. H. H. Mann

on the banyan (Ficus bengalensis) at Mohol in the Sholapur district of the

Deccan. It occurred like Dactylopius virgatus only on these roots.

Other very similar scales, not yet completely identified, have been found

near the axils of the leaves of banyan trees in Poona.

Antonina anceps, n. sp.—Has been provisionally named by Mr. Green from

a few specimens I collected from under the sheathing leaves of a reed

bamboo. The scales were found crowded together in the axils, and some

were seriously distorted in shape on account of the number of them

occupying a limited space within the sheathing leaf.

Sub-family—AsSTEROLECANIING.

Asterolecanium miliaris, Borsd.—Is the only representative of this sub-

family yet found in Western India. This scale was found on two orna-

mental bush bamboos in Poona to a very destructive extent. The scale

was crowded on the undersurfaces of the leaves.

Sub-family—MonopHLeEBING.

Icerya seychellarum, West.—This scale is quite rare. Only a few speci-

mens were found on mango shoots. It has not been observed on any other

plants in Western India.

THE COCCIDA OF WESTERN INDIA, 137

Icerya aegyptiaca, Dougl.—Is also a rare scale, but found in a few cases

on the leaves of Ficus bengalensis (banyan).

This list of scale insects in Western India is only a preliminary one.

Many others have been collected but they are omitted until the identifica-

tion is certain and complete. The data given above has only been pos-

sible on account of the help and co-operation of Mr. EK. E. Green, who

has taken the greatest pains to identify the collections sent to him. I am

deeply grateful to him for thus enabling me to render my observations of

definite and permanent value.

138

REVIEWS.

A TEXT-BOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY.

W. 8S. Patron anp F. W. Cracae; Madras, Christian Literature

Society, 19138. Pages xxxiii + 768; 89 Plates and 3

Text-figures. Price Rs. 15-12-0.

The study of Diseases, especially in the Tropics, of late years has shown

very forcibly the highly important part played by Biting Flies, Bugs, Ticks,

etc., in the dissemination of the parasitic organisms which cause such

diseases, so that some knowledge of Entomology has become an absolute

necessity to every medical man. The control of such diseases being as a

rule brought about most simply by the control of the insects which convey

them from host to host, it follows that some knowledge of the insects

concerned must be an essential requisite of everyone who has to deal with

cases of such diseases. Hitherto the inquirer, who has wished to acquaint

himself with published information regarding the classification, structure

and habits of even the commonest and most important of the numerous

insects which have already been incriminated as Carriers of Disease to man

and animals, has had to rely on compiling information to the best of his

ability from the hundreds of text-books and papers, many of which are

accessible only with great difficulty and almost all of which are published

in various languages and scattered throughout periodicals and reports

dealing with entomological, medical, veterinary and sanitary work. It is

true that Colonel Alcock’s ‘‘Entomology for Medical Officers,” which

appeared some two years ago, provided the first elements of knowledge on

the subject, whilst text-books such as Brumpt’s “ Precis de Parasitologie ”

have included a short resumé of the groups of disease-carrying Arthropods,

but the text-book now under review furnishes the first—and up to date

the only tolerably complete—general account of the groups in question,

dealing especially with the internal anatomy of the various families, a point.

of considerable importance to the isolated student who is thrown upon his

own resources to investigate the problems of the transmission of pathogenic —

organisms.

This Text-book is divided into twelve chapters, the first ten of which deal

with the general anatomy and physiology of the blood-sucking Diptera, the

classification, structure and bionomics of the various groups of these flies

and of the fleas, bugs, lice, ticks, linguatulids and water-fleas; whilst the

last two treat of Laboratory Technique and the relations of Arthropoda to

their Parasites.

The description of the general structure of Diptera (pages 8-150) is very

complete and must have entailed a vast amount of examination and com-

parisons not only of specimens of the flies themselves but of the terminology

of the various parts as laid down by different authors. Under the head of

Cheetotaxy it might have been advisable to have added a note of warning

to the student regarding the variability of some of these hairs.

In the accounts of the various families of Diptera excellent keys to tho

genera and species are provided from the work of Specialists; these keys

are often translated from obscure foreign publications and are therefore

doubly useful. Excellent practical notes also occur scattered through more

technical descriptions, as where, speaking of Sand flies (Phlebotomus) the

authors write, “If a light is kept close to the bed, fewer will enter the net,”

an observation which may be commended to sufferers from the bites of

Sand flies,

REVIEWS. 139

The section on Mosquitos (pp. 187-270) is very full, though information is

necessarily restricted to those forms known or suspected to carry disease,

and this section ends with some excellent practical hints on collecting,

breeding and feeding mosquitos for experimental purposes; this last

observation applies also to the chapters on other groups, such as the

Tabanideze and Muscide, whilst pages 411-424 contain practical hints on

collecting, preserving and dissecting blood-sucking Diptera.

Fleas have of late attained unenviable notoriety in India as the carriers

of plague from rats to man and Chapter V (pages 434-477) of the present

book provides an excellent summary of the structure, life histories, habits

and classification of fleas as a whole. Most of the original literature on

Fleas, it may be noted, is contained in scattered and costly publications

which are quite out of reach of the ordinary student.

Chapter VI (pages 478-526) contains an account of the blood-sucking

Bugs, of which the Bed-bug is the commonest and most important in India.

Our experience does not confirm the statement made here of Reduviide,

that ‘as a rule they are diurnal in their habits ;”’ we have always looked on

this family as thoroughly nocturnal.

Chapter VII (pp. 527-564) supplies a long-felt want by providing in

English a general account of the Anoplura, or lice, which are usually

slurred over in most text-books. Much the same remarks are applicable

to Chapters IX and X, which deal with Mites, Linguatulids and Water-

fleas. Chapter XI, on Laboratory Technique, contains practical hints on

instruments and methods for dissection, staining, etc., and will be found

invaluable to the isolated worker.

The whole book is well planned and excellently carried out and should

fulfil the objects for which it was written, which is defined in the Preface

as the supplying of the needs of fellow-workers by compiling a guide to the

relations between arthropods and disease rather than a general text-book

of entomology. The paper and printing are good, though the excessive

weight of a book of some 800 pages necessarily detracts from comfort in

handling it. The Plates contain hundreds of original figures, excellently

drawn and reproduced and adequately illustrating the text. We can

cordially commend this book to all interested in the subject of insect-borne

diseases—and who, in a country such as India, can fail to be interested ?

La RELL

“MY SOMALI BOOK,” A RECORD OF TWO SHOOTING TRIPS.

By Capt. A. H. E. Mosss, F. Z. 8., Lonpon,

Sameson Low, Marston & Co., Lrp., 1913. Rs, 9-6.

In an early Volume of the Journal, Major (now Colonel) Swayne’s weil

known book “ Seventeen Trips in Somali land” was noticed and since then

many books have appeared on sport and natural history in that country

though none to compare with that work. This, however, cannot be said of

Capt. Mosse’s book, which though only the record of two expeditions is a

worthy successor to ‘‘Seventeen Trips in Somali land,’ whose author by

the way has written an introduction, and now that that country is practi-

cally closed to sportsmen is all the more valuable.

Capt. Mosse’s two trips consisted of one of under four weeks and

another of two months, and during the latter it had been his intention to

penetrate Abssyinian territory, but owing to a mistake of the Post Office

the necessary permit did not arrive till too late. In course of the two

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

expeditions 19 different kinds of game were obtained, examples of nine of

which were kindly mounted and presented to the Society’s Museum by the

author.

In the first thirteen chapters details are given of the different expedi-

tions with descriptions of hunts after various kinds of game as well as

general remarks on the various animals seen and shot, while the four

remaining chapters are devoted to general notes and discussions, protective

colouration of animals and rifles for big game.

The Somali leopard seems, if possible, to be a more wily animal to shoot

than its Indian cousin. The usual way appears to be to sit in a Zariba with

a bait tied up outside, very different work, our author tells us, to sitting

over a goat in a machan in this country. From his experience Capt. Mosse

considers the lion the most dangerous game animal and in this he is sup-

ported by Mr. Selous ; Colonel Swayne, however, puts the buffalo first and

the lion together with the tiger, second. Other sportsmen have not such a

high opinion of the lion and Mr. Maughan in “ Wild Game in Zambezia’

seems even to consider lion shooting poor sport.

In Chapter XV, Capt. Mosse joins issue with Mr. Selous on protective

colouration in animals. The principal point of discussion is the striping of

zebras which Mr. Selous says is not protective because the lion, which

principally preys on them, hunts by scent and also hunts by night. To

this Capt. Mosse answers that as regards hunting by scent ‘it is by no

means certain as regards the cat tribe” and he goes on to say “the tiger

and panther hunt mainly by sight and hearing.” This, however, we venture

to think does not prove that the lion may not hunt more by scent than

the tiger, but on the other hand as Capt. Mosse says, Mr. Selous has

produced no evidence to show that the lion does hunt by scent.

In the nocturnal habits of the Carnivora Mr. Selous considers another

stumbling block to the protective colouration theory of the zebra, and here

again Capt. Mosse points out that he “fails to take into consideration the

great length of time during which evolution has been going on and that he

assumes without sufficient justification, that the protective colouration of

the zebra was brought into being by conditions precisely similar to those

obtaining at the present day.”

Capt. Mosse argues that the habits of both animals have changed and

that at one time both were inhabitants of wooded country and that the lion

hunted by day. ‘ When this was his habitual practice it must have been an

advantage to-his prey to be unconspicuous. Itis not difficult to imagine

the process of evolution that took place; the zebra and the lion to begin with,

both becoming less easy to see. It is not easy to be sure of the order in

which changes occurred, but we may perhaps assume that to counteract the

difficulty of seeing their enemy with his increasing stealthiness the zebra

took to the plains, “ while’ as time went on the lion, finding it more and

more. difficult to capture his prey, would often find that it was only in the

dusk, after going hungry all day, that he achieved success.”

“ A crepuscular habit once acquired and accompanied by a gradually

increasing power of vision in a dim light would develop almost inevitably

into a nocturnal one. The antelope or zebra meanwhile would develop still

more its powers of scent and perhaps hearing, and, in the case of the latter,

become more and more wholly a denizen of the plains.” Now itis admitted

by nearly all hunters that the zebra is harder to see at dusk, would it

therefore be as easy for the lion to see it by night as by day? If not, why

should it have taken to hunting by night? It may be said that the reason

is that its prey would then be resting and be easier to approach, but on the

other hand “C.H.S.” ina recent number of the Feld after writing about

the animals the lion feeds on, says ‘none of the animals mentioned above

REVIEWS, 14]

show any great fear of the lion or leopard: they have grown accustomed to

them. They can be found grazing peacefully in close proximity to them,

and do not trouble to move out of their way unless a determined rush is

made at them.” There are many other points in this interesting chapter

which one might touch on, but this is hardly the place, and while we do not

think Capt. Mosse has quite proved his case he has brought forward many

sound and interesting arguments.

The book is illustrated with many photographs, chiefly taken by the

author, and pen and ink sketches of various subjects by Lt. D. D. Haskard,

RA.

“ WILD LIFE ACROSS THE WORLD. ”

WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED BY CHERRY KEARTON—LONDON.

HoppDER AND SrovueHtTon, £ l.

The brothers Kearton have long been well known for their excellent

photographs of British birds and their nests, many of which have appeared

in book form.

- Except in special cases these kind of books have been greatly overdone,

and we think Mr. Cherry Kearton, the photographer of the combination, has

been well advised to try his hand at big game photography, which is pro-

bably more exciting and yields more valuable results. Mr. Radclyffe

Dugmore and Herr Schillings have already shown what wonderful pictures

ean be obtained over kills and water holes, but Mr. Kearton has gone one

better than these photographers and has taken not only single photos of

many dangerous animals, but also rolls of moving pictures which have de-

lighted visitors to numerous Cinema houses.

Various parts of the world were visited by Mr. Kearton in search of

material for his camera and in the present book he tells us of trips to the

States, Borneo, India and East Africa. The last named country gave the

best results and most of the illustrations are from photographs taken there.

Mr. Kearton on one expedition in East Africa was accompanied by several

American Cow-boys who lassoed different animals, such as Giraffe, Warthog,

Lion, and even Rhino, before his camera. This trip yielded ample material

for moving pictures and stirring stories of the capture of the different

animals are given in two well illustrated chapters. .

From the point of view of readers in this country, the account of the

author’s Indian Tripis disappointing and the results reproduced are poor,

as compared with those from other countries. Probably, however, the

hurried nature of the visit to India accounts for this and we doubt not, but

that if Mr. Kearton had more time, he would have been able to obtain just

as interesting photos in this country as elsewhere. It is unfortunate that

the author has not seen his way to reproduce the photo of the tiger men-

tioned on page 158.

Like many tourists and other visitors to India, Mr. Kearton is able to

speak on tiger shooting with only a few days experience of these animals.

He seems to think that the tiger is not a noxious animal but probably in

many places it does as much damage as the lion, though, of course, it is

nowhere sonumerous.* Mr. Kearton too does not seem to have realized that

the habitats of the two animals are not quite the same and it is not usually

possible in India, as a rule, to shoot tigers as lions are shot in Africa. “And

this reminds me of another difference between Africa and India. In the

Dark Continent men take risks. They go out on foot, to encounter the lion.

They are real sportsmen because their object is to destroy a noxious beast,

142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

an enemy of every other living thing, and they give him a sporting chance

of life, by meeting him on his own ground, with their nerve and their rifle

against his cunning and strength.”

“In India the sportsmen attacks the tiger from the security of an

Elephants’ howdah, after that tiger has been routed out of the jungle

haunts by unarmed beaters or else he sits up in a. tree, secure from his

quarry and waits until the latter comes along to tear up some terrified calf

or goat. No, save in rare cases, tiger-shooting in India is anignoble busi-

ness ; and nine out of ten tiger skins in English country houses merely

mean that of a son of that house shot a beast which had no chance of re-

taliating on the man whokilled him. Personally Iset no value on such

‘trophies .’ [ would much sooner have photographed the tiger and let

him go on his way. Had I wanted to kill him I would have taken my

chance on foot, in fair fight, as the lion-hunters do in Africa. ”

On this point we would like to have the views of our members who have

had experience of both animals.

The book is introduced to the public by Mr. Roosevelt, who met the

author in Kast Africa, and his brother writes a “ Foreword ’”’—a biography

of the author, after reading which one is inclined to say “Defend me from

my friends!”

Besides photos of big game there are many interesting pictures of birds

reptiles and insects and the letterpress contains good accounts of the

difficulties and excitements in obtaining the various pictures.

143

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I—NOTES ON SOME MAMMALS OF SIKKIM.

In Blanford’s Mammals of India the Thar is given as a native of Sikkim

on the authority of specimens procured by the late Mr. Mandelli from

native shikaris. I knew this gentlemen weil, andI know that these men

went far beyond the boundaries of Sikkim ; and as during my four previous

visits to this ever delightful country, I had never been able to get a speci-

men or any certain proof of its existence, 1 had always been sceptical.

Mr. Gammie, who lived many years in Sikkim, and who wrote the Chapter

on Mammals for the Gazetteer of Sikkim, published in 1894, omits any

mention of this animal. When at Lachoong in March last I saw at about

10,000 feet elevation on a rocky steep covered with brushwood a large

animal which the Bhatias called Thar, and being unable to approach it

myself sent a native to try and killit. Three days afterwards he sent

down the head of a very large old Serow (Nemorhedus) whose horn was

10 inches long, (the other was broken off when the animal fell from a

cliff), On enquiry I found that this animal is generally called Thar, by the

Paharias and planters who often kill them in the low hot vallies of British

Sikkim. “ But Mr. Claude White tells me that during his long residence ia

the country he procured one specimen of the real Thar, whose head is

now in his possession in England, and that he has reliable information of its

existence in two places, namely, the eastern Singalelah range, north of the

Rummam valley and the very steep and inaccessible mountains on the

west side of the Tista valley between the Talung valley. and the Zemu river

which joins the Lachen valley just above Lamting.

It is much to be hoped that some European, who must be a really active

and skilful mountaineer, will endeavour to explore this untrodden part of

Sikkim and learn something more of this animal. April and October would

be the best time to attempt it.

When I was at Lachoong with the late Mr. Blanford in September 1870,

my Lepcha shikari killed a large Wild Dog, an animal which I had never seen

alive until March last, when I saw one which had been eating the carcass of a

dead Yak within a mile of Lachoong. Blanford in the Mammals says that

the Malayan Wild Dog Cyon rutilans occurs in Tennasserim, but it is not

known whether the Wild Dog of Northern Burma is this or the Indian species

Cyon dukhunensis. Gammie in the Gazetteer of Sikkim, p. 236, says that the

natives are very positive about the occurrence of two Wild Dogs, which differ

in size and habits, as well asin colour. ‘The large sort they call Hindu,

and say that it goes in pairs or in parties of 3 or 4 and is of a brownish

colour with a black muzzle; the other sort which they call the Mussalman

is smaller, of a uniform reddish colour, and going in packs of 10 or 12. The

Hindu sort isin great request among native cattle doctors, who consider

every atom of its body, including the bones, an infallible remedy in

rinderpest. ‘The Nepalese also declare it to be a sure remedy in dysentery

and other diseases. The Mussalman sort is not generally of such high

repute as medicine, and by some is considered worthless. ”

Before reading this I received exactly the same information from two

English-speaking Nepalese of such position that I cannot doubt their belief

in its accuracy, namely, Biroo Singh, Forest Ranger of the Tonglo forests,

who further says that when the Gurung shepherds come to Sundukpho

during the rainy season the Mussalman Dogs, which he has seen in packs of

12 or 13, kill many sheep. My other informant, Sirdar Bahadur Bhimdai

Roy, was formerly forest ranger on Tonglo, where he procured for the late

Mr. Knyvett and myself many new Lepidoptera in 1886, and is now

Deputy Superintendent of Police at Darjeeling.

144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Mr. Lister of Pashok tea estate, where he has lived for many years, also

pelieves in the existence of two species or varieties of Wild Dog, and tells me

that his cattle are often killed by them. Mr. Claude White, though he

knows nothing of the two varieties, tells me that he occasionally had his

cattle killed by Wild Dogs at Gangtok. It seems very desirable that speci-

mens of the two sorts should be procured and examined by a competent

naturalist, as it is -possible that the smaller sort may be the Malayan

Wild Dog or an intermediate species. Inthe Calcutta museum is only

one specimen of the Wild Dog procured many years ago in Sikkim, which,

though too badly stuffed to judge from, seems to differ from that of the

Plains in its smaller eye and much longer fur and tail.

Lastly, there seems to be little doubt that the Malayan bear which has

not, so far as I know, been recorded in the Dooars or Terai occurs in

Sikkim and Mr. Gent, the Divisional Forest Officer at Darjeeling, will

probably be able to confirm this.

H. J. ELWHS, F.R.s.

March 1914.

No. I1.—A RECORD TIGER.

(With a photograph.) .

On the 11th of this month at the ‘Koovat Kho,’ 5 miles north of Sipri,

our Summer Hill Station, there fell to His Excellency the Viceroy’s rifle a

tiger which measured as follows :—

Total length ne RE .. ll feet 6 inches

Head and Body .. us 2 8.5.) aa

ais * me oe 8 8% 27a

Height at Shoulder 2 4 b, (Ore

Girth i: As 4 060i

Girth of fore-arm .. 4 GSD ieee

a -

The tiger was measured along the curves of the body, of course before

being skinned, in the presence of His Excellency Lord Hardinge and

myself and our staffs, a party of about 25 people.

I enclose a photograph of the tiger.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 146

Perhaps you would like to put the measurements and the event on

record in your Journal.

M. SCINDIA.

Jat Bitas, Gwatior, 15th April 1914.

No. II].—THE USE OF A HYAINA’S (HYA'NA HYANA)

TONGUE AND FAT AS MEDICINE.

As I should like to seek information on a certain subject I do not think

I could do better than address you and trust you will excuse the liberty I

have taken.

A short time ago in company with two friends I went out pigsticking

and whilst beating the country we turned out a very decent sized hyzna

and managed to account for his death by spearing him.

As we wanted the head and skin we asked our shikaries, mostly Kolis by

caste, to skin the animal but this they refused to do, though later by great

persuation we managed to get the animal skinned. We brought home the

skin and head and the Kolis took away the meat and fat. As soon as

news went around that we had killed a hyena, people from almost all the

neighbouring villages came to us and asked us for a little fat and a piece of

the hyzena’s tongue. Upon enquiring the reason for such a request we were

told that the fat and tongue was a certain remedy for rheumatism and

malformations of any bones. In fact these people expressed their willing-

ness to give us whatever we wanted. When we told them what we did

with the fat, half of these people went to the village where these Kolis were

stopping, but whether they got what they wanted I do not know. What

surprised us most was whena Baniacame tomy place and brought with

him his hunch-backed son and wanted a piece of the tongue to apply to his

son’s back, stating that if he applied the tongue to his son’s back the lump

on it would disappear. I felt very sorry that there was no tongue left as I.

should have liked to watch the result. I have also been told that a hyzna’s

tongue is unsurpassable for the cure of splints in horses, but how far this is

true I do not know.

I shall now feel much obliged if you or any of the subscribers to your

Society will let me know whether there is any truth in the popular belief

that the fat and tongue of a hyena are the best remedies for rheumatism

and other malformations of bones and, if true, what qualities there are in a

hyzna’s tongue to be able to remove splints in a horse’s leg.

| N. V. RINGROW.

Assara via Drusa, 21st April 1914.

[We publish this as we cannot remember ever having heard such things being

attributed to the hyena in India, but in Anderson’s Zoology of Egypt, Mammalia,

Mr. Beadnell, in some field notes on the same species says :”” The natives (in the Nile

Valley) are very keen to obtain the heart, which they eat, believing that they thus

obtain the courage (sic) of the hyena. They also cut off the whiskers, if they get

a chance, and keep them asa charm. The meat is also readily eaten by the poorer

among them, and I found myself that the flesh taken from the head was vot at all

bad.” This animalis usually looked down on in India by the natives as being

cowardly.—EDs. |

No. IV.—A BROWN VARIETY OF THE SLOTH BEAR

(MELURSUS URSINUS),

Last Xmas when shooting in the Hazaribagh Jungles I shot a Brown

Bear. Can you orany of the readers of your Journal tell me what this is?

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

There are no Brown Bears in the plains and it cannot have strayed there

from Kashmir. Nor was it like a Kashmir Bear. It was more like the

ordinary sloth bear of the plains, but brown instead of black. As far as I

can make out its coat is shorter, softer and more curly than that of a black

sloth bear and as it came towards me across a sandy nulluh in the open it

looked different from an ordinary black bear in shape, being much broader

and having a more clearly defined outline.

It was heavy butI did not weigh it. It taped just over six feet. Its

colour is a uniform brown, except its snout which is grey with a silvery

gloss about it and the horse shoe mark whichis yellow. Its eye I would

call a very Irish eye. It is not brown but blue, a deep but very distinct

blue as to the iris, with a pupil very dark blue or black. I have never

seen or heard of such an anima), and I cannot find anything about it in

my book. My shikaris had never seen one before. A friend tells me that

the jungle men in the Orissa jungle tracts say there are two bears in their

jungles, one black and the other red. This is the only suggestion of a red

bear in the plains that Ihave ever heard of. Is there such a bear known?

I have compared the skull with two sloth bear skulls belorging to bears of

about the same size and there does not seem to be much difference in them

except that the one belonging to the Brown Bear is much broader,

C. SAUNDERS.

35, CHowRINGHI, Cancutta, 19th April 1914.

| As we have not had an opportunity of seeing either the skin or skull it is di-

fficult for us to offer an opinion but it may be a case of erythrism or partial albinism

in the common Indian Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) of which R. A. Sterndale

reported several instances in Volume I, page 69 of the Society’s Journal.—Eps. |

No. V.—STRIPED WEASEL IN ARAKAN,

The Society has recently received the skin of a striped weasel, Mustela

strigidorsus, Gray, from Mr. W.S. Thom. in Arakan. The occurrence of

this weasel in Arakan is of considerable interest as it links up the previous

known distribution, which was Sikkim and Tenasserim! Originally described

in 1853 from two of Hodgsons specimens obtained in Sikkim, the only other

known specimen from outside that country was collected by Signore Fea

some thirty-five years later at Thagata in Tenasserim and recorded by

Mr. Oldfield Thomas in Annali del Museo Civico di Genova in 1892.

N. B. KINNEAR.

Bompay Naturat History Soctety’s Musrvum,

April 1914,

No. VI—NOTES ON THE SMALLER KASHMIR FLYING

SQUIRREL.

I send you herewith six skins and skulls of Sciuropterus jimbriatus, which

were obtained in June 1912 and June 1913 in Konani and Kothi Kanesar,

Chakrata Hills. All the specimens were shot in the evening as they left

the bungalow to go to feed.

My attention was first drawn to them by being wakened up about 4-30

a.m., by the noise made by these squirrels running about on the wooden

ceiling and by a plaintive call of “ Un Un” rather like that made by

a monkey.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. . 147

Their usual routine was to commence to move about on the ceilings

about an hour and a half before dark and to come out when it was just too

dark to see anything but the jump from the roof to the branch of a deodar

about 4 feet away. They would then run up the tree for 10 or 15 feet and

sit down either to “wash their faces” like a rat or rabbit or to wait for

another of the party to join them.

They then dispersed for the night to feed and about 4 a.m., a thud on

the roof would proclaim the return of the first of them. This would be

followed by some scurrying about. Thinking that there might be a nest of

young ones, I spent some four days in the roof hunting for them—I was,

however, never able to find an animal, though in the evening they would

appear again. Eventually I found some nests in the partition where they

evidently lived and probably hibernate.

I tried to snare them but always failed, as they bit through the thin wire

immediately they found they were caught, and in the end I had to shoot

them as they left the building. They evidently do not always return to

the same place, as some nights only two, and other nights four left the

bungalow. This may have been due to their being so much disturbed. In

1912 1 shot four in the Konani bungalow but no more could be got out of it,

and as they were all males I began to wonder if the sexes separated except

during the pairing season.

I then went to Kothi Kanesar bungalow. Here they made more noise

than ever and evidently one old male tried to hunt the others out. This

bungalow is one that is not so often occupied and in consequence the

squirrels seemed to come out much earlier in the evening. Here, after amus-

ing themselves chasing each other on the bare stone wall, they usually got

on to the roof and planed to the nearest deodar about 20 yards away—one,

however, made straight down the khud side to a tree quite 200 feet below.

In this bungalow I got more specimens but they were again all males.

In June 1913 I was again at Konani and there were again four more

tenants of the bungalow using the only entrance which I had left the year

before. I shot two more, one being a male and the other a large female.

In the roof were large numbers of apricot stones and a few walnut stones

each with a single hole bitten out. They were probably brought here by

the squirrels though they might have been brought by rats. J have seen

twenty or thirty mango stones below the hole ina tree from which I got

a Petaurista inornatus. This tree was an oak and the nearest mango was

not within a mile and a half, so it is probable that the apricots and walnuts

had been brought from the village a mile away. The specimens were all

shot in the evening so that the stomachs were empty except for lumps of

gum or resin. +

The usual food of this species is the seed of the various conifers and these

animals must to a great extent prevent the regeneration of forests. Ihave

seen the ground in Kashmir strewn with thousands of green cones destroyed

by flying squirrels and in places in these hills you may see much of the same

thing. They also eat the pines of the conifers and lumps of gum and resin

and various fruits.

The only female I obtained showed no signs of being in young nor of

having just finished suckling.

The colour of the specimens varies from rufescent to dark grey, about half

of one colour and half of the other. The red specimens appear to be older

animals,

The squirrels were smothered with a large red flea (I send you some

specimens) which were not averse to a human diet.

; H. T. FULTON, Masor.

Duera Don, March 1914.

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

No. VIIL.—VARIETIES OF MARKHOR HORNS.

With reference to the interesting photograph published in your last issue

of a Markhor shot by Capt. Edwards, it may interest him and others to hear

that a similar head has been seen this winter by a British Officer in the

Barmai district. The horns were estimated to be about 45 inches in length

and seemed to be exactly similar to those of Capt. Edward’s animal.

Mayadass,where Capt. Edward shot his head, and Barmai, where the second

head was seen,are close together in the Haramosh district, and it is extreme-

ly probable that Markhor seen in Barmai in the winter go up to the top of

Mayadass in the summer: the new head might be some relation of that

shot last summer. Perhaps some of your readers might be able to offer some

suggestion as to what conditions gave rise to this very rare type. I believe

a similar but smaller head was shot a few years ago in the Chilas District.

J. F. TURNER, Capr., R.E.

Giteir, 22nd February 1914.

[Capt. Logan Home writes to us that “ last year (1913) in Baltistan I saw no

less that 5 Burhel-shaped heads (rather more so than the one in the photo in the

Journal) in one herd; and there is a very much more remarkably shaped head in

the Mess of the 38th Dogras here, which resembles an Oorial if anything.” EDs. |

No. VIII.—A FEW NOTES ON THE WILD GOATS AND

FERA NATURA OF NORTHERN ARAKAN, BURMA,

Until posted to the Hill Tracts of Arakan in September 1906 I had not

had the good fortune to bag a Burmese Goral, the Nemorhedus griseus of na-

turalists or the red Arakan Serow Capricornis sumatraensis rubtdus, although

some years ago when after Gaur I had once before in the year 1898 caught

a glimpse of a Goral as, after uttering its strange sneezing, bark or scream,

it jinked and bounded away down a hill side on a precipitous slope of the

Thayetmyo Yomahs. I was fortunate enough however at that time to bag

in the same locality on the summit of ‘ Pézwa,” a hill which overlooks the

Mindén or Maton valley from a height of 5,000 feet, a fine male specimen

of the Burmese or Sumatran Serow Capricornis sumatraensis the “ Tawseik ”

or “Tawmyin” of Burmans about which, and the red Arakan Serow C. s.

rubidus, I shall have more to say hereafter, for I am of opinion that three

animals of the last named variety recently shot by nie in the Arakan Hill

Tracts, viz., two females anda male, are a distinct form, being slightly

smaller and more rufous in every respect than the animal bagged on the

heights of Pézwa, which besides being larger had also a shaggier coat and

a longer mane and was of a distinctly darker or blackish grey shade.

Blyth and Blanford both agree in uniting C. s. rubidus and C. sumatraensis

whilst R. Lydekker considers that the former appears entitled to be re-

garded as a third local race distinguished by the extremely red tinge of

the coat. Blyth originally described the red type as a distinct species in

1863 under the name of Capricornis rubida.

In my humble opinion, and I give it for what it is worth, it appears to me

that although they belong to the same species they are different at any

rate as regards colour and size and should therefore be given separate

designations. Then again, although I have not come across the animal

itself in Arakan or Burma proper, I have seen heads and horns of a third

or black race of Serow with the hair of the frontal portion of the head

which was of a jet black colour, whilst the horns which appeared

to have the usual curve backwards and outwards from within a few

inches of the tips, were, if anything, longer by an inch or two and more

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 149

massive at the base than is to be met with in those of either N. s. rudidus

or NV. sumatraensis. These black Serow were I am told for the most part

nearly if not quite black and were shot in the Chin Hills and are probably

either NV. s. robinsonit or the Malay Serow C. s. swettenhami, If I am

correct in my surmise it would therefore appear as if there were three

races or allied forms of Serow to be met with in Burma. But as I am

treading on new and dangerous ground, not being an expert on these

matters, | may be mistaken and am open to correction. I see from an

article written by Mr. C. B. Moggridge which is published on page 981 of

the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIX (No. 4), that

the black and the rufous variety exists in most part of Upper Burma. It

would be interesting to know whether the rufous-red variety shot by him

was the C. s. rubidus or only a form intermediate between the black and

the red orin other words the C. s. swmatraensis and whether the black variety

which he has not named was C. s. robinsont or C. s. swettenhami. With a

view to having the head mounted I succeeded in saving the mask and skin

of the last animal shot by me here in May this year, a very old male of the

C. s. rubidus type., The following, although a somewhat clumsy description,

is as accurate a description of this animal as I was capable of putting

down on paper at the time. )

Height 353 inches; length from nose to tip of tail 54 inches; girth of

body 38 inches; length of both horns 93 inches, girth of ditto at burr or

base 51 inches.

The hair of the upper portion of the back and body extending from the

tail to neck and down either side for a short distance, was of a dark brown

or rusty red colour. The back and upper portion of the body and legs was

of a distinctly darker brown colour than the upper or under portions of the

neck which was of lighter brown or yellow colour whilst a dirty white or

light yellow patch extended from the chin to the throat and chest for a

distance of about a foot. A distinct black line or dorsal stripe of short

black hair, from a quarter to half an inch in width, extends from the root

of the tail along the back where it disappears on meeting a short but per-

ceptible mane of about two or three inches in length of a dark brown colour

which extends from the neck backwards along the back for a distance of

about 15 to 18 inches. The coat along the whole of the back portion of

the body from tail to mane for some 8 to 10 inches down and along either

side of the dorsal stripe and for about three quarters of the animal’s length

has a grey or grizzled appearance, the brown or red being somewhat

profusely interspersed with grey or white hairs. These grey hairs were

nearly if not entirely absent in the case of, the two females shot by me in

the same locality and I am of opinion that the grey or grizzled appearance

along the back of the red variety is only met with or is more marked in the

case of very old males. The ears were edged and tipped with very short

black hair whilst the hair inside the ears which was thin and longer though

scanty, was of dirty whitish appearance. Hair on lips of a dirty white or

yellow colour. Hair on body, neck, head and ears generally very short

and scanty in some places and of a dirty yellow or light brown appearance

on inside of legs and down to the hoofs. Hair on stomach and legs longer

than on rest of body although not plentiful. Tail thinly clad with a bunch

of coarse hair running to a point. The tail alone without the hair measured

3; inches and with the hair 42.

Tail bare underneath. Colour of hair on tail of a dark brown colour

verging on black. Iam afraid many of the details recorded have been

noted before and are doubtless worthless to a naturalist but they may

nevertheless interest other sportsmen. I regret to say that I did not

record at the time it was shot an accurate description of the Serow bagged

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

on Pézwa hill inthe Thayetmyo Yomahs already referred to and unfor-

tunately neither the skin nor the head is now in my possession having been

accidentally destroyed in a fire some years ago. Ido not either now, I

regret to say, possess the skin or head of another animal, an old female,

shot by me in the Ruby Mines District in 1892 a poor description of which

is given on page 184 of the work ‘ Wild sports of Burma and Assam.”

Although the description given there might have been better, it is sufficient

I think to enable one toidentify it as the same type of animal which was

shot by me in Thayetmyoin 1898 and which Itake to be the N. sumatra-

ensis.

Shortly after my arrival in Paletwa I heard of a famous horse shoe shap-

ed rocky plateau known as “ Kyauk-pan-daung”’ or translated literally

from Burmese, the flower covered rocky hill, some 4,500 feet in height which

was situated some 26 miles to the east of my Headquarters and to the

top of which a rough bridal path existed, where it was also rumoured that

an occasional bison was to be met with along its open grassy tops whilst

the precipitous grassy slopes and rocky cliffs which skirted the plateau on

its western face for a distance of nearly 8 miles was said to be the resort

of goral and serow. I made a mental vow that it would not be long before

I visited the plateau and took toll of the game to be found there. I had

been told before my departure for Arakan that there was little or no big

game shooting to be had in the Arakan Hill Tracts owing to the large

number of guns which were in the possession of the hill people and

because of the dense bamboo jungle and undergrowth which existed

everywhere, the result of hill clearing and annual firing for purposes of

cultivation, which made stalking an utter,impossibility, and that bison and

rhinoceros were rarely if ever met with by the inhabitants, who were

moreover skilled trappers who snared anything they could not shoot, from

the smallest bird to the largest animal.

I found this only too true afterwards in many respects although there

were still a few bison, goat and rhino left which I straight-way made arrange-

ments should not be molested in future by the natives, as these animals

seldom if ever molest the people or their crops. My observations and

experience has shown me that the only animals which do any appreciable

damage to the crops here are pigs, monkeys and sambur and of the bird

tribe parrots and rice birds. Elephants are scarce and are never seen

amongst the crops, having been hitherto so relentlessly hunted and shot

down by the wild tribes living in this and in the unadministered territory, —

but more especially in the latter place, that they now always inhabit the

densest patches of jungle to be found. One or two small herds of 10 or

15 animals have settled down in a large valley known as the “ Kin” at

the foot of the Kyauk-pan-daung range where they should multiply if not

molested, whilst two other small herds may be met with along the

banks of the Ru and Lemro streams in the vicinity of the Lower Lemro

and Pengwa Police posts. The one desire of the hill people in these parts

is to become possessed of a gun and an unlimited supply of ammunition in

order not only to supplement their food-supply, but to make a living by

the sale of the meat, hide and horns of the animals shot by them. But

this no doubt is a very common and reasonable enough desire and applies

as well to other races within and outside the Province of Burma. It¢ is not

easy nevertheless to know where and when to place restrictions or. where to

draw the line or to distinguish between the man who desires a weapon

solely for the legitimate purpose of protecting his crops and the man who

wishes to use it in order to make money easily. It is not possible to

‘expect that a headman or villager who having received a gun from Govern-

ment ostensibly for the purpose of protecting himself or his crops will

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 15)

refrain from wandering away into the jungle miles away from them in

search of a sambur, pig, bison or rhinoceros, the bagging of any one of

which he knows will bring him in food as well as money, or of lending his

gun to more skilled hunters than himself for the same purpose.

W.S. THOM.

PatEetwa, 11th November 1910.

[The above note by Mr. W. 8S. Thom was written in 1910 and originally intended

for publication in the “ Indian Field” but never sent. Recently Mr. Thom came

across this note and offered it to us. He has kindly allowed us to make a few

alterations in the nomenclature as brought up-to-date by Mr. Pocock.—Eps. |

No. [IX.—NOTES ON THE DOMESTIC YAK OF THE

TAGHDUMBASH PAMIR.

(With a plate.)

Of all the domestic animals of the Pamir Plateau, none are more

interesting than the Yak known by its owners as the “ Khushgao.” It is

a strong and sturdy creature, with short legs, low quarters, head hanging

close to the ground, warmly clad in thick long hair and with a great bushy

tail. There are two varieties of the domestic yak, the horned and the

hornless, which seem to be completely distinct. From what I could learn,

each variety breeds true; the horned always producing horned offspring

and the hornless producing hornless offspring, but the problem as to what

would be the characters of a calf, resulting from the union between horned

and hornless parents, seemed to be far beyond the limited intelligence of

a Pamir Nomad. Many yaks are’subjected to castration at about the age

of one year but this has no relationship to the absence of horns. The

length of the horns is somewhat variable but the mean of a number of

measurements gave an average length of 22 inches. The majority of yaks

are of a uniform black colour but there are often to be seen animals of a

light brown or dun tint. Should a yak ofa black colour vary in any part

towards a different colour, that varying colour is always white, and it may

be taken as a rule, to which 1 saw no exceptions, that if any part of the

body is white then the face will also be either partially or completely white.

A white face and a white tail, associated with white on the legs, is a very

common variety and when a similar band runs along the spine in continuation

with the face in front and the tail behind and accompanied beneath by

a white belly, a most frequent and characteristic mode of coloration is

thenassumed. The brown colour enters into the same combinations with the

white as does the black, but, on no occasion, was black ever seen associated

with brown in the same animal.

The body of the yak is clothed in a thick warm coat of hair or rather in

a coat of two different kinds of hair which vary greatly in winter and

summer. Superficially is seen the covering of long, thick, straight hairs,

hanging vertically downwards over the greater portion of the trunk

and, though curled on the lower portion of the limbs, is especially long

over their upper parts, over the angle of the jaw, the tail, the sides of the

abdomen and forming a bushy tuft between the horns and prolonged down

from the neck asa thick strong mane. Conspicuous as is this clothing

of long hair, it does not appear to be the important means of maintaining

the bodily warmth throughout the rigorous winter climate ; for underlying

it, and in close contact with the skin, is a dense coating of fine hairs, closely

matted and interwoven together and protecting the whole body in a warm

wool-like covering. The superficial coat may be considered as permanent,

in that it does not alter in density according to the season, but the

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

underlying coat, which in the winter becomes thick and bulky, falls away in

the months of March and April, and, in the early summer, can be seen in

scattered patches still attached to the animal, especially about the neck

and shoulders, separated completely from the skin and capable of being

pulled out in large handfuls. The yak is not the sole creature on the

Pamirs that throws off its winter garments in such great profusion. The

camel, though in winter clad in the thickest and warmest of hairy coverings,

in summer.becomes entirely naked and from the bodies of even the domesti-

cated dogs I have seen thick layers of wool hanging to their bodies, the

remnants of a uniform coating which in winter clothes them. The young

yak differs markedly from its parent in the absence of those long hairs

which so characterize the latter, and they do not appear to become

noticeable in calves until the second or third month. The nomads find

both varieties of hair useful for different purposes. With the long hairs they

plait ropes and the fine underlying coat they weave into carpets.

It may be of interest to refer to some of the habits of the yak. Like

others of the bovine species it delights in standing up to its middle in

running water and is often seen wallowing in the icy rivers descending

from the snout of a glacier. It climbs thousands of feet up the mountain

side in search of fresh grazing grounds and, in spite of its apparent clum-

siness, the cleverness and agility it displays in clambering from rock to rock

‘is amazing. Itis an extraordinary patient creature and will often remain

almost immobile for half an hour at a time. A clever rider can urge this

ungainly beast into a steady amble and, on occasions, into a smart gallop;

and it is a strange characteristic that so drowsy and sullen a creature will

sometimes start at strange objects as foolishly as a skittish horse, while, at

other times, it becomes so sleepy as tolie dowr beneath its rider. The

hinder portion of the spine is extremely tender and the rider takes a

cruel advantage of this by continually pounding the animal.on the tender

area with a thick stick. To such an extent is this unfeeling act prolonged

that at the end of a long march every yak is suffering from a bleeding and

ulcerated back. The yak loves companionship. A herd of the creatures,

moving together, will travel at a rapid pace but if one be separated from

the remainder of the herd or if a single animal detects others of its kind on

a neighbouring hill-side, it will exert all its pertinacity and stubbornness in

the endeavour to join them. When a yak becomes determined to travel

no further, and this often occurs when itis confronted by a steep hill, it

depresses its head almost completely to the ground, strains painfully on

the nose rope and, in spite of all human persuasion, both gentle and severe,

it obstinately turns round and rushes precipitously down the slope. The

yak is in its element in the snow. A herd usually travels in single file

and each member will carefully place its feet in the imprints left by

the hoofs of the one which preceded it.

An interesting deformity was, on one occasion, observed. From a point

in the centre of the face, about three inches above the anterior margins of

the nasal apertures, was seen growing forwards a third norn. The horn

was about two inches in the vertical diameter and one inch transversely

and was oval in shape, with the long axis directed upwards. It was not

more than a few inches in length and was truncated owing to the tip

being broken off. Its direction was downwards and forwards and the

broken end tended to turn upwards. The yak delights in litking the

snow and, in the valleys, may sometimes be noticed eating quantities of

earth, presumably for the purpose of obtaining the saline ingredients

which, in places, cover the ground with a white efflorescence.

The yak, though the beast of burden of the nomads, must be considered

as ony, partially domesticated. It finds its food where and when it

JouRN. Bomspay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ae “8 % 2 Sei eo. BS ois aes fy

A characteristic type of coloration in Yaks.

A Riding-Yak.

Tue Domestic YAK.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 153

ean. The production of its young does not occur at irregular intervals and

independent of season, but the calvesare born in the early Spring, about

the month of March. The cold and scarcity of food greatly thin their

numbers and one nomad told me that he had lost as many as twenty ani-

malsin the preceding Winter. It is dependent not on the care and atten-

tion of its owners but on the abundance of food and the clemency of the

season. It lives in a continual struggle with the fiercest elements of

Nature in the bitter cold of those silent altitudes.

R. W.G. HINGSTON, Capt., 1.m.s.

ABBOTTABAD, February 1914.

No. X.—INTERESTING BIRDS FROM JHELUM DISTRICT,

PUNJAB.

The following birds obtained or noted in Jhelum District during the past

year are perhaps of sufficient interest to be placed on record.

1. The Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola, Linn)—A single male

obtained at Sardi (2,900 ft.) in the Salt Range on 10th September 1913. I

can find no previous record for the Punjab.

2. The White-throated Fantail-Flycatcher (Rhipidura albicollis, Vieill.)—

A pair seen in the District Board Garden at Jhelum on 5th November 1913

and a single bird seen in the same place on 13th January 1914.

3. The Dark-grey Bush-Chat (Orecola ferrea, Hodgs.)—Two males were

obtained in the District Board Garden at Jhelum on 20th October 19138 and

27th February 1914, respectively. |

4, The Red- flanked Bush Robin (lanthia rufilata, Hodgs.)—A single

female was obtained in the Government Forest Rak at Jhelum on 2nd

January 1914.

5. The Pine Bunting (Emberiza leucocephala, 8. G..Gm.)—An adult male

was obtained from a small flock on the Golf course at Jhelum on 18th Feb-

ruary 1914, and a solitary female was obtained at Dumman on 3rd March

1914. In addition to the above I saw a number of birds probably of this

species at Dhodha, P. 8. Dumman, on 10th April 1913. This appears to be

an extension of the known range.

6. The Great Himalayan Barbet (Megalema marshallorum, Swinh.).—

A single female was obtained at Jhelumon Ist April 1914. It was moving

about in tall trees in my compound and was rather shy.

7. The Smew (Mergus albellus, Linn.)—On 12th January 1914, I secured a

female out of a small flock that were pure engaged in diving in the Jhelum

river, a few miles above Jhelum.

8. The Turkestan Penduline Titmouse eter ibeopie coronatus, Sewerz.)—

On 27th March 1914, I met with a small party of three or four birds feeding

in a Shisham tree in the Government Rak at Jhelum. I had no gun with

me but was able to examine them from a very short distance and so identify

them from the grey crown, very broad black eye band extending from the

lores to the nape, chestnut mantle, cream white and rufous underparts. I

have no doubt whatever but that the birds were correctly identified, and

from the previous reported occurrences at Sukkur and Kohat it is not very

curious that stragglers should be found at Jhelum.

HUGH WHISTLER, m.8.0.v.,

Indian Police.

JHELUM, March 1914.

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

No, XI.—THE NILGIRI BABBLER (ALCIPPE PHAOCEPHALA)

IN THE BASTAR STATE, CENTRAL PROVINCKS.

In the Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. I, p. 158, Oates records the dis-

tribution of this bird from Khandala to Travancore along the Western Coast

of India, also at Pachmarhi in the Central Provinces; further he states that

there is an Alcippe in the British Museum from Pareshnath Hill which he is

inclined to identify with the present species. It is interesting therefore to

note that on January 22nd of this year I secured a specimen of this bird at

Parasgaon in the Bastar State.

K. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.

THE Museum, NaG@rour, 9th March 1914.

No. XII.—THE YELLOW-BREASTED BABBLER (MIXORNIS

RUBRICAPILLUS) IN THE BASTAR STATE, CENTRAL

PROVINCKS.

Three specimens of this bird were obtained in January of this year ona

collecting trip in the Bastar State at Parasgaon.

I do not think this species has ever been recorded in the Central Pro-

vinces or further west, on the plains, than Chota Nagpur, so the record is »

interesting.

K. A, D’ABREU, F.z.s.

THe Museum, Naerur, 9th March 1914. ,

No. XIIL—AN ABNORMALLY COLOURED SHAMA (KITTOCINCLA

MACRURA).

On the 14th March I went to Tagundaing, about 1,000 feet elevation in

the South Shan foot-hills on the Thazi-Kalaw road, There in the jungle,

off the main road, I shot a bird which I did not recognise and being unable

to skin it, as I had hoped to do, I wrote a careful description of it, which

Tappend. I think it is of sufficient interest for the journal owing to its

resemblance to the Andaman bird and I should like to hear if any other

members have met with similar variations in this species. I have classified

it as K. macrura for the obvious geographical reason, but itis certainly

nearer aliiventris. I should mention that the bird was a female with

ovaries ina state of development suggesting that it would shortly have

been laying.

Length 7°6 inches, tail 4, wing 3°5, tarsus ‘9, bill from gape ‘93. Iris

dark brown. Eyelids plumbeous. Bill black, base of lower mandible horny

brown. Mouth fieshy. Legs and feet fleshy. Claws very pale horn.

Head all round, back, scapulars and wing coverts sooty brown. Rump

and upper tail coverts white. Tail: middle two pairs blackish ; next pair

same with a narrow tip to inner web and a broad (one inch) tip to outer

web white; next pair same but one inch white on inner and one and a half

inches on outer web ; next two pairs same but an equal or almost equal

amount of white on tips of both webs. Quills dark brown. Chin tinged

ashy brown tinged with ashy.. Throat and upper breast sooty brown. Lower

breast rufous. Abdomen and under tail coverts white. Flanks brown,

the feathers edged with rufous. Wing lining whitish mottled with brown.

I much regret not having been able to keep the skin.

F. E. W. VENNING, Caprt., m.3B.0.v.

Pyawswe, 19th March 1914.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155

No, XIV.—THE BREEDING HABITS OF THE BROWN-BACKED

INDIAN ROBIN (THAMNOBIA CAMBAIENSIS).

1 append descriptions of two nests of the Indian Robin which were

placed in sites different to any described in Mr. Pitman’s note on the

nesting of this species at p. 796, Vol. XXI of the Journal. Both nests

were found in the stony nullahs by the R. Sohan which is the favourite

haunt of the species near Rawal Pindi. In both the Rawal Pindi and

Jhelum Districts (and the same peculiarity has been noted at Kohat) the

Indian Robin is practically confined to the arid stony hills and nullahs,

clothed with coarse grass and scrubby bushes, being but seldom found in

gardens and cultivation which seem to be its natural habitat down

country.

28th April 1911.—C/3 slightly incubated eggs found in a nest built under

a large stone balanced on two others: to the front the nest was fairly open,

while at the back there was a small hole—almosta short tunnel—used by

the female as a “ bolt-hole’”’ when the nest was approached from in front.

The nest was very flimsy, built of coarse dry grass roots, and lined with

fur, horsehair, and portions of snake’s slough. Many bits of earthern

cocoons were mingled with the foundations, possibly by way of binding the

grass.

15th May 1911.—C/3 rather incubated eggs from a deep cup composed

of grass, roots, etc., and lined with fine roots and horsehair, which was built

under a stone behind a tuft of foliage on a steep bank, a few yards from

the water’s edge.

HUGH WHISTLER, m.8.0.v.,

InDIAN POLICE.

JHELUM, March 1914.

No. XV.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BANK MYNA

(ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS) NEAR MADRAS.

On January 14th, an adult male specimen of A. ginginianus (the Bank

Myna) was captured at Vandalur, a village twenty miles South of Madras,

by one of the Museum suppliers. It was found feeding on a field near the

village in company with several common Mynas (4. ftrvstis). It is now

preserved in the Madras Museum.

According to Oates (Fauna of British India) this species is not found

South of the Nerbudda and Mahanadi rivers, while Jerdon in his ‘ Birds of

India’ asserts “It certainly does not occur in South India, notwithstanding

its specific name taken from Gingi, South of Madras.”

B. SUNDARA RAJ, M.a.,

ZOOLOGICAL ASSISTANT.

Mapras Govr. Museum, February 1914.

No. XVI.—A NEW SWIFT FROM BURMA.

THE BURMESE SWIFT (MICROPUS PACIFICUS COOKI),.

(With an illustration.)

Harington, B. B. O. C., XXXT., p. 57 (1912). Ibis 1914, p. 22.

Description.—Similar to M. pacificus, Latham, but smaller, the white band

across the rump narrower, about )0 mm. wide instead of 15 mm.; only the

feathers on the middle of the throat white, with well-marked black shaft

stripes, those on the sides of the throat black fringed with white producing

a barred appearance; the back and mantle deep glossy black with a

metallic sheen,

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Wing 170 mm., middle tail-feather 51 mm., lateral tail-feathers 75 mm.

Mr. Tom Iredale, m.B.0.v., has pointed out to me the following interest-

ing differences between this new sub-species and the Large White-rumped

Swift from China. ;

“In the typical M. p. pacificus, the wing is very long, with narrow

elongate feathers. The second primary noticeably the longest, the first

about 8 mm. shorter, whilst the third is about 12 mm. shorter; that is, the

first is longer than the third; the fourth about 18 mm. shorter than the

third, and the rest correspondingly shorter.”

“In the sub-species M. p. cooki, the first primary is longest; the wing 1s

shorter, and the feathers broader than in the typical form; the first is

2 mm. longer than the second, which is 10 mm. longer than the third; the

third is about 15 mm. longer than the fourth, but the rest do not decrease

so quickly as in the previous one.”

“The tails also show corresponding differences. In the typical MM.

pacificus, the tail is long and deeply forked, the tail feathers narrower ; in

M. p. cooki, the fork is less deep, while the tail feathers are broader.

M. p. pacificus.--Outer tail feather is 10 mm. longer than second, which

is 16 mm. longer than third. Fork of tail 35 mm. deep.

M. p. cookt.—Outer tail feather is 2 mm. longer than second which is

6 mm. longer than third. Fork of tail 24 mm. deep.

It is a well known fact that migratory birds, which are generally accus-

tomed to cover long distances, generally have long pointed wings, and as

soon as they give up the migratory habit, their wings become shorter and

broader.

This is very well exemplified in the “ Flight of Birds ” Series in the

Natural History Museum, where the wings of the European House Martin

(H. u. urbica, L.) and the Algerian House Martin ( H. u. meridionale,

Hartert) are displayed. The former being a highly migratory species,

summering in Northern Europe and migrating for the winter to Africa,

whilst the latter is a resident species, spending the whole year in North

Africa. These differences closely correspond with those of the two Swifts.

M. p. pacificus, breeds in Siberia and North China and migrates to

Australia, and has consequently a long pointed wing, whilst M. p. cooka

is in all probability strictly resident, or only leaves its breeding haunts for

a very short time, and has therefore developed a shorter and broader wing.

I first noticed the Burmese Swift in the Goteik Gorge in February, when

they were flying about near the railway bridge in thousands. In June l

paid a visit to the famous caves, where I found them breeding. Mr. J. P.

Cook informs me that he found them inhabiting some caves about 30 miles

north of the Goteik Gorge, in Yatsauk State ; where they were literally in

thousands, this was in October, they can therefore only leave their

breeding haunts at the most for two or three months, and in all probability

do not leave at all. This point can easily be settled if members of the

Society at Maymyo or in the Northern Shan States would report whether

the Swifts are seen in the Gorge in the months of November, December and

January.

Distribution.—Probably throughout the Shan Plateau, and breeding in

the numerous lime-stone caves which are found throughout that region.

There are the following specimens in the British Museum, besides those

collected by Mr. Cook and myself :—1 specimen collected by J. Davison

5.7. 74. at Amherst and 1 specimen collected by Thompson 7.1.01. at

Maukmai.

Nesting.—In June I found the Burmese Swift breeding in thousands in

the Goteik caves, which form a natural bridge through which the river flows,

and over which is constructed the railway viaduct (which is said to be the

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

M, p. cooki. (nat. size).

SS LE oe

M, p. pacificus. (nat. size).

A New Swiri FROM BuRMA.

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 157

highest bridge in the world). All the nests were inaccessible without the

aid of ladders, being built against the roof or sides of the caves overhang-

ing the river. Although so well protected from enemys from below, they

appear to be victimised by bats, which simply swarm in the caves, making

their presence known by their noise and stench, as I picked up a number of

eggs whicb had clearly been sucked. I also picked up a fully fledged

young bird, and a nest. This was saucer-shaped and composed of

leaves and grasses, and lined with a few feathers, the whole being cement-

ed together with saliva. I have been told that they also breed in the rail-

way tunnels on the far side of the Gorge. The eggs I picked up were a

glossless white, and in shape very long elongated ovals, and measured

1:0 x ‘67 inches.

I was informed in Maymyo in 1912, that early in the year a large number

of Swifts appeared ‘and haunted one of the bridges in the B. I. Lines, and

then suddenly disappeared again. Whether they belonged to this species,

or were the Malayan House-Swifts (M. subfurcatus) I could not discover.

I hope that members stationed at Maymyo, will report if these Swifts

appear again,—and also whether M. p. cooki isfound in the Goteik during

the winter months. I should also be extremely grateful for any eggs,

which I was unable to procure myself.

Lonpon, January 1914.

H. H. HARRINGTON, Mags.

No, XVII.—NOTES ON DOVES IN THE PUNJAB.

A perusal of “Indian Pigeons and Doves” shews that there is apparently

but little on record with regard to the Punjab, so the following remarks

may be of interest. No mention is made of the migratory habits of the

Red Turtle-Dove (CGnopopelia t. tranquebarica) which in the northern Pun-

jab at least are very pronounced; for it is a summer visitor arriving in

considerable numbers for the purpose of breeding. To judge by my own

observations (which I should be very glad to have either refuted or

strengthened ), the movement north must be a very leisurely one, there

being a slight corresponding difference in the dates of commencement of

nidification between in the north and south portions of the Punjab.

In Ferozepore District (1912) 1 noticed the first bird on 25th February,

and at Phillaur (1910) I found the first nest with eggs on April 9th, but

failed to note how much earlier the species had arrived. Here in Jhelum

district this year the first bird was heard on 20th March and they were

numerous before the end of the month. Whereas in Rawal Pindi district

(1911) I first noticed them on April 28rd on which date they were numer-

ous, and at least a few must have arrived a little earlier as I found two partly

incubated eggs in a nest on May 4th. Capt. Whitehead records the species

as a summer visitor at Kohat from the second week of April until August.

The return movement in Jhelum takes place about August; practically

all the birds have gone by the end of the month, the last bird noted being

seen on 2nd September.

In this connection it would be interesting to learn on what date Mr.

Pitman saw the large flocks of males in Chanda district, C. P. as the fact

may have had some connection with this annual migration.

The usual note is a long sustained purring coo—very distinctive in

character. Another highly migratory species in these parts is the Indian

Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur ferrago, which breeds commonly in the

Murree and Hazara hills occurring in the neighbouring plains districts on

migration,

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

In Rawal Pindi District (1911) I found these handsome Doves extremely

numerous in the wooded portions of the Topi Park from the middle of April

up till the middle of May, when I left for the Hills. They were noticeably

shyer than the other species of doves and but seldom found out of the

denser woods. In 1912 they were there on the 5th May when I passed

through. I have not been in Rawal Pindi during the autumn migrations,

but they doubtless pass through in October, as at Nathia Gali last year I

found them in flocks preparing to depart during the last half of September

and a few occurred at Jhelum during the last week of October. A few

occur at Jhelum on the spring migration also. As for their status in the

rest of Punjab—save for Kohat where they are similarly spring and autumn

migrants—I can obtain no information; any notes on the subject would

be welcome.

In the Punjab—apart from the hill districts like Kangra and part of

Rawal Pindi—the Spotted Dove (Streptopelia s. suratensis) is apparently

rare or a seasonal migrant only, for the only part where I have met it is

Jhelum: here on four occasions only, from November to March, I have met

with a pair and three odd birds, probably stragglers from the Jammu Hills.

With regard to the Eastern Stockdove ( Columba a. eversmanni) it would

seem to be in the Punjab a spring and autumn passage migrant rather

than a winter visitor, but more evidence is greatly to be desired: person-

ally I have only met it at Phillaur towards the end of April, and near

Fazilka, Ferozepore district, about the middle of October; on both occa-

sions it occurred in large flocks. Hansi in March and Kohat in the latter

half of April are the only dated records which I can find.

With regard to the Green Pigeons in the Punjab, the published material

is very scanty ; any evidence as to species obtained with dates and locali-

ties would be very welcome to enable one to work out their distribution in

these parts: in many districts they would seem to be entirely absent.

I should be very grateful to anyone who would either corroborate or

disprove the correctness of any of the above remarks on the distribution of

our Punjab Pigeons and Doves.

H. WHISTLER, m.8.0.v.,

JHELUM, March 1914. Indian Police.

No. XVITI.—DOVES IN BOMBAY.

In his “ Indian Pigeons and Doves” Mr. Stuart Baker, writing of the distri-

bution of the Spotted Dove Streptopelia s. suratensis says “ Both “Eha”

and Dewar state that this dove is never found on the Island of Bombay, though

both the little Brown and the Ring-dove swarm.” As this hardly agrees with

my experience | have thought it worthwhile to give the quotations referred

to from the works of “ Kha” and Dewar.

“Kha” writes of the Spotted Dove: ‘On the mainland and islands just

across our harbour it is very plentiful, but I have never seen it in Bombay.

The doves I have met with about Cumballa and Malabar Hills all belong to

the species so commonin Poona” (?.e., risortus and cambayensis), Dewar says:

“It is the commonest dove of Calcutta, of Madras, of Travancore, of 'Tirhoot,

of Lucknow but not Lahore or Bombay or the Deccan.”

Hither the birds have changed or “ Kha” made a mistake, but certainly

Streptopelia s. suratensis is found in Bombay now. Mr. Comber in his List of

Birds in the Bombay City Gazetteer gives this species and the little Brown

Dove, not mentioning the Ring-Dove in Bombay. On the southern end

of the adjoining Island of Salsette all three species are very common.

N. B. KINNEAR.

BomsBay, April 1914,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 159

No. XIX.—THE SNOW PIGEON (COLUMBA LEUCONOTA)

AT A LOW ELEVATION. |

I saw in February 1913 at Rajpur, Dehra Dun, a flight of 30 birds, elevation

2,200’, There was at the time a heavy storm going on in the hills,

When staying at Lambatch bungalow (about 7,500’ )I saw often as many as

50 or 60 of these pigeons on a patch of scrub 20 yards square, The birds

were feeding on the berries of the Bekhla, and many of them were taking

the berries while hovering over the thin branches which were not strong

enough for their weight. The places where the birds usually fed were about

6,000’ to 6,500’. The birds are known locally as Bekhla, the same name as

the plant.

The forest thereabouts is closed and is leased from the Raja of Tehri and

consists mostly of Kail (Pinus excelsa),

Though I offered rewards and also had two orderlies out I was unable to

obtain any nests.

H. F. FULTON, Magsor.

Drenra Dun, March 1914.

[Mr. J. Donald writes us that this shrub is probably Prinsepia utilis called in

Jamsar ‘ Bhekoii’ or ‘ Bhek’ or in Gharwal ‘ Bhekal’ or ‘ Bhekar-’—Eps,]

No. XX.—IMPERIAL SANDGROUSE (PTEROCLES

ARENARIUS) IN CHITRAL.

I am sending you the enclosed skin of a bird which I shot here on the

15th March out of a party of three. I also putup a single bird on the

14th. It appears to me to be that of an Imperial Sandgrouse, and T would

like to know if this bird has been recorded from Chitral. The Chitrali has

no name for it and apparently does not know it.

For the last five or six days there has been a strong north wind blowing,

but the weather on the whole has been good for the last two weeks.

H. D. STIRLING, Capratin,

CHITRAL, 16th March 1914.

[The skin sent is that of an Imperial Sandgrouse, and as far as we know it has

not been recorded from Chitral before. It has however been obtained by Colonel

Biddulph in Gilgit and Major Stone in Kashmir and breeds in Afghanistan, so

its occurrence in Chitral was to be expected.—EDs. |

No. XXI.—NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE KALIJ PHEASANT.

It may be of interest to note that on 30th ultimo, I came across a cock

Kalij pheasant (G. horsfieldi) looking after a flock of young a few days old.

I saw no sign of the hen, though I watched the cock for several minutes.

Probably she was absent looking for food. The cock was very aggressive

and ran around demonstrating, often coming within ten yardsof me. The

chicks were hiding in the leaves, one within a few inches of my feet.

H. W..A. WATSON,

Mocox, Burma, 6th April 1914,

No. XXII.—BEWICK’S SWAN SHOT NEAR QUETTA,

I have to report that a female Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewickt) was shot

by Mr. A. Aitken at Khushdif Khan, about 40 miles from Quetta, on 17th

December 1913. I think there can be little doubt about its identification,

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

but I append its measurements as taken in the flesh and a painting of its

head taken from the specimen by myself. The bird is now mounted in the

Quetta Museum.

Bewick’s Swan (C. bewicki), Whooper (C. musicus.)

Measurements of lant

according to Dresser $ ye, d

Quetta Swan. Dresser’s “Birds Female Baker Feniale

of Europe.’’ smaller. |Indian Ducks. onintien

Female described ¥

as smaller.

Length .. rh. 44 46 60 52 60

Height .. ee 54 “uals i 16°5

Wing... ..| 192 18°7 23°2 23°5 25

Tarsus .. xis a 3°85 43 a 45

‘Culmen .. i 32 oh ote = 4°5

Bill from gape .. 3°4 3°4 3°95 re 4

Expanse eal ie ok hese s 85

R. MEINERTZHAGEN, Capr.,

Royal Fusiliers.

Starr CoLuEGE, Quetta, 26th March 1914.

[ Unfortunately we are unable to produce Capt. Meinertzhagen’s beautiful

sketch.—EDs. |

No. XXIII.—BRONZE-CAPPED TEAL (EUNETTA FALUATA)

AT ROORKEE,

It may interest you to hear that I killed two Bronze-capped Teal (Hunetta

falcata), male and female, here on the 12th February. They were

flying with other duck, chiefly wigeon and pintail, and I shot them without

knowing what they were till 1 picked them up.

R. G, BIGNELL, Lizvr.

R. A. Muss, Roorxet, 14th February 1914,

No, XXIV.—LATE STAY OF SNIPE.

With reference to the late stay of snipe in the Central Provinces noted on

by Mr. C. R. Pitman in Volume XXII, No. 3, page 632, in this Province I

have often wondered how it is that a certain number of snipe are to be met

with every year, very often in most unlikely spots far late in the season.

Here one is not surprised to see odd snipe on the banks of the Irrawaddy

above Myitkyina late in April as it gives the impression of stray birds °

returning leisurely to their breeding haunts, but in both Lower and Upper

Burma I have time and again seen odd birds as late as the middle of May.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 161

The usual snipe season in Lower Burma is from say 20th August till end

of October or early November in favourable rainy seasons; in others when

the rains cease rather abruptly they start for Upper Burma towards the end

of October. Stilla number of snipe do remain behind, e.g., twenty-five couple

were shot by two gunstwo days ago, 21st February, thoughas stated above,

the season in Rangoon was over nearly four months ago. I have shot as

many as 15 couple at the end of March in Lower Burma. In Upper Burma

the season is from November till end of February but in one or two places

in Kyaukse District I have seen enough snipe on flooded fields at the end

of April to afford a good days shooting. Ihave shot two woodcock in

March, one in Upper Burma, the other in the Northern Shan States.

G. H. EVANS, Cotonet.

Rancoon, 25th Lebruary 1914.

No. XXV.—WHITE SNIPE.

During twenty-five years’ residence in Burma I have seen five so-called

white snipe. Some years ago I shot one in the Sagain District, and sent

the skin to the Society’s Museum. Since thenI have shot two others, one in

the Shwebo and the other in the Kyaukse District. A fourth bird I saw

was, if lL remember rightly, shot by Colonel Eyre of the Commission near

Sagaing. Until quite recently I never heard of one being seen in Lower

Burma. Mr. W. Perry brought me a specimen one evening which he had

shot within a few miles of Rangoon. He gave me the bird which I took

home, giving my servant instructions to put it in the ice box as I wanted to

skin it in the morning. Being a good servant he thought he would save

Master trouble so undertook the job himself. When I called for the snipe

he produced it wrapped in paper and with his face wreathed in smiles, an-

nouncing that he had ‘done finish skin.’ My attempts at taxidermy are

nothing to be proud of, but his proved to be decidedly worse. Mr. G. C.,

Shortridge, however, thought it was good enough to keep so took it away.

A white snipe getting up suddenly rather startles one, as the difference

in colour is instantly appreciable. The first one I saw I straight away mis-

sed ; however, I marked him down, followed up and did better next shot.

Mr. Perry was so much surprised when his bird rose, he did not fire, but

his curiosity being aroused he marked the bird and later secured him.

There is nothing noticeable as regards flight. All thespecimens I have seen

to the best of my recollection have been fantails. I do not consider the

change in colouration adds to their beauty. The general appearance con-

veys the impression that serious attempts had been made to wash out

ordinary markings.

Are such birds occasionally shot in India ?

G. H. EVANS, Cotonet.

Rancoon, 25th February 1914.

[The Society has received from time to time a number of these semi-albino and

albino fantail and pintail snipe from different parts of India including one jack

snipe.—Ebs. |

No. XXVI.—EGRET FARMING IN SIND.

(With a plate.)

In connection with the ‘‘ Plumage Question” at present so much to the

fore it will perhaps cause no little surprise to many to hear that the little

Egret (Herodias garzetta) is now being bred and reared with marked success

in captivity and on an extensive scale in many parts of Sind and that the

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Mirbahars (the generic term by which the fisher-folk of the inland waters of

the Province are known) are building up a lucrative trade in osprey feather

plucked from the plumage of these egrets and that the operation is con-

ducted without injuring the birds, in the same way as feathers | are plucked

from the ostrich.

During the course of residence on duty at the village of Ber in the

Kamber Taluka of the Larkana District the writer spent some considerable

time in investigating personally the modus operandi of the breeders and has

thought it worthwhile to record the results of his investigations as the

egret or white heron is regarded popularly as requiring most “protection by

the State against the depredations of man in pursuit of the beautiful

osprey plumes, now so valuable a commodity in the world of fashion.

The village of Ber is situated on thé edge of the Chango Lake or dhand

in the Larkana District.

At a distance of about three hundred yards from the village and practi-

cally on the edge of the water, a colony of Mirbahars numbering some 200

men, women and children have their abode in reed huts. A feature which

attracted the writer’s attention, since his last visit to the village, was the

recent erection in frontof each abode of quadrangular structures of reed

mats some 20/. 8’. 8’ resembling an ordinary poultry run. On obtaining

entrance into one of these structures he found it contained at least three

score pairs of full grown egrets in a state of freedom: there was a_plentiful

supply of perches for the birds, and the cage was tolerably clean. The

birds appeared to associate in pairs, and met the intrusion with their usual

hoarse cries. <A liberal supply of food, consisting of small fresh water fish

netted in the dhand, lay about in shallow earthern platters and the birds

helped themselves to this at pleasure. The birds were fairly tame and

allowed themselves to be seized by their owners without showing any fear.

There were about twenty such cages in the village each containing about

fifty birds on the average.

There was ample evidence to indicate that the birds breed freely in these

conditions of modified captivity. Enquiries showed that under these con-

ditions birds assume their nuptial plumage four times a year: twice in

summer and twice in winter; the summer plumage is comparatively poor,

nearly half that of the winter plumage.

The breeding season commences early in March and continues up to the

end of September. As soon as the breeding season begins the birds break

up into couples: twigs are strewn about the cage and each pair of birds

build a nest. The birds hatch their own eggs which are jealously guarded,

the male bird invariably taking the place of the mother bird when she

leaves the nest for food or exercise. The young are permitted to remain

with the parent birds for about a week when they are removed and reared

by hand: the couple meanwhile commence to breed again.

The number of times the birds breed during this period depends on the

degree of vitality of each pair; eggs are laid never less than twice during

the season and sometimes as many as four or five times; the number of

eggs each time varies from three to five. It takes about 12 months for a

bird to reach maturity.

The plumes are made up into small brushes weighing about half a tola to

a tola, and are taken to Sukkur and Karachi for sale. The prices realized

range from 10 to Rs, 15 a tola: as each bird yields plumes seldom less than

a tola in weight and often more during the year, it will be understood how

lucrative a hobby egret-farming has become. The Sukkur merchants

export the feathers to Calcutta whence they are no doubt smuggled out of

the country to the Kuropean markets where prices ranging as high as £ 15

an ounce of feathers are realized.

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

A. Egret fledgiings, 2 weeks’ old. B. Inside view of Egret colony shewing

brooding birds.

C. Interior view of enclosure shewing nests and birds.

EGRET FARMING IN SIND.

ror

Ret

Le Sige

OF THE

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 163

Not only has a trade in the plumes been built up but the birds them

selves now command a high market value; young birds three to four

months old are sold at 10 to 12 per Rs. 100, full grown birds command as

much as Rs. 100 per pair.

The ease with which the egrets are bred and multiply, the fruitful crop

of plumes yielded by the bird and the high prices which the birds com-

mand are causing the industry to spread very rapidly in the neighbourhood

of the inland waters of the Province of Sind and it may be predicted with

safety that in a few years, if the demand for the plumes continues, every

fishing village in the interior of the country will have its egret farm. Of

course the trade in plumes of the birds of the egret and heron species has

always existed in Sind but the methods formerly followed were quite

different and the trade never attained such large dimensions. The practice

followed till about three decades ago, was to -snare the birds and destroy

them for their plumage. On this being stopped, by executive orders of

the then Commissioner in Sind Mr. (now Sir) Evan James, the practice of

snaring the birds and keeping them in captivity was resorted to; but

this led to the infamous custom of stitching up the birds’ eyes with the

object of preventing them from escaping. The latter practice is now rigo-

rously suppressed by action under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Act and these orders have proved an important factor in the inception of

the system of egret farming described in this note.

Arrangements are being made to obtain a pair of the birds for the

Karachi Zoo.

In this connection a question bound to arise sooner or later is the

necessity for the modification of the drastic Notification issued by the

Government of India in 1902 which “ prohibits the taking by sea or by land

out of British India of skins and feathers of al/ birds other than domestic

birds, except (a) feathers of ostriches and (4) skins and feathers exported

bona fide as specimens illustrative of natural history.”

The result of the Notification has been to create a large industry in the

smuggling out of the country even in cases where destruction and cruelty

to the birds concerned are not involved, of feathers that have a distinct

commercial value: if bird-farming on humane lines for the sake of plumage

is to be encouraged in India, these orders must be modified. Only the

other day the Customs authorities at Karachi seized several boxes of

peacock feathers which were being surreptitiously exported under a false

declaration by a European Firm. These were confiscated and a fine

imposed. Now it is well known that the peacock moults its train. The

bird is regarded as sacred by a large majority of Indians and is seldom or

never killed by them and the occasions on which it is shot by inexperienced

European sportsmen have not infrequently led to collisions with the

- country people. In many other directions the necessity for the amendment

of the orders in question could be indicated, so as to encourage instead of

deterring the farming of birds whose plumage has a distinct marketable

value.

GEORGE BIRCH,

Karacut, March 23rd, 1914. Assistant Commissioner in Sind.

[ Mr. Birch has sent us some specimens of the plumes and also some photographs

of the Egrets in the ‘farms’, some of which are reproduced here.—EDs. |

No. XXVII.—A CURIOUS HABIT OF KITES AND CROWS.

Residents in Rangoon have a choice of two Golf Courses, one in Canton-

ments, the other situated at Mingaladén some twelve miles out. On the

164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

former course I have not heard of crows being a nuisance to players. In

a large city no doubt there is no lack of other means by which they can

annoy people. Near the fifth hole there is a large tree (Prcus religiosa) and

within 50 yards a barrack. From October till the rains begin, quite a

number of the common variety of Kite take up their residence, roosting on

the tree and on the ridge of the barrack roof. Onseveral occasions a kite

hovering about has on seeing a ball played on to or near the green swooped

down and removed it. It is invariably anew or very clean ball that attracts

attention. On the Mingaladén course there are one or two Mango topes

in the vicinity of some of the holes, and in these some jungle crows

reside. One or more of these crows earned notoriety by making a busi-

ness of watching players and when a ball was played, out flew a crow to

where the ball landed, and if it met with his approval promptly carried it

off. A crack player was annoyed at losing a hole apart from the loss of

a ball, while an indifferent or bad player who with ease can lose a few

balls on a round was furious to find that when he made a shot on which he

could congratulate himself this wretch of a crow stole out and removed

the ball. One crow in particular was blamed; how he was recognized as

the culprit history does not relate, but the fact remains that at the time 1

speak of some 17 new balls had been taken. The rumour got about that

the Honorary Secretary had a trained crow for the purpose of keeping him

supplied with balls, and I fear he was submitted toa good deal of chaff

and wished the golf course crow elsewhere.

One day we took a Collector’s gun (‘410) doubled up, while doing a

round. In due course two crows became very attentive but may have

been suspicious ; however, a hole or two further on one became more inter-

ested and confidential and just when he was not thinking, he was bowled

over, [understand the nuisance abated forthwith but I believe another

crow has taken a ball or two since. One reads of queer collections some-

times discovered in crows nests, etc., it is rather a puzzle to think what.

could be done with such a number of golf balls. The removal of one would

teach a crow it was useless for gastronomic purposes.

G. H. EVANS, Cotonet.

Rangoon, 25th February 1914.

No. XXVIII.—SIMOTES SPLENDIDUS Guntu, IN BURMA.

In Volume XVIII of this Journal on pages 781-782, Major Wall sum-

marises the records of this rare snake. Ihave to-day (14th February)

received a Valentine in the shape of a fifth specimen, which is further a

gravid female. The snake was brought to me this morning with a broken

back by two small boys, who stated that they had just found it on the

open turf between the armourer’s shop and my house here at Pyawbwe.

It was still moving slightly when they brought it in. The spot where it

was taken is quite open short turf with a somewhat sandy soil overlying

at a depth of about a foot, very stiff clay. There is no cover in the shape

of bushes or long grass nearer than about 100 yards, but there are some

open holes of an old “ whiteants’ ” nest. Itis probable, therefore, that it.

had been travelling by night and had reached the point where it was found,

when daylight came and revealed it, though it may, of course, have emerg-

ed from the holes referred to.

The following notes on the specimen may be useful. Length 283 inches.

of which the tail is 8 inches. Costalsin 21 rows anteriorly and at midbody,

and 17 rows posteriorly. The steps occur first about 4 of the distance

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 165

from midbody and secondly about 3 of the distance by the union of the

4th and 5th rows on the right and of the 5th and 6th rows on the left

in both cases. There are 180 ventral shields, an undivided anal shield and

35 pairs of subcaudal ones. The most remarkable thing about the snake’s

appearance is the enlargement of the rostral shield, not only inits prolong-

ation over the upper surface of the snout, butin its thickness and the way

it appears to have been added after the rest of the snake was finished.

Ié touches 8 other shields of which 4 are the curious internasals. The

two median ones of these are very small, posteriorly angulate, and project

backwards between the two prefrontal shields so as nearly to separate

them. The other pair of internasals lie one on either side of the head,

scarcely extending to the upper surface and are in contact with the rostral,

both the nasals, the preefrontal and the median internasals. The single

pair of prefrontal shields (note the aberrant case from Sagaing recorded by

Wall and Evans) extend well over the sides of the head, where they meet

the outer internasals, the posterior nasals, loreal,upper procular, and on

the upper surface the supraocular frontal and median internasals. The

frontal exceeds its distance from the end of the snout and is equal in

length with the parietals, which. are broad and extend well over the sides

of the head. The supraocular is large, but not so large as the frontal.

The horizontal diameter of the eye equals the distance from the anterior

edge of the nostril, which is pierced in a somewhat downward direction

between the juxtaposed nasals at the top of their suture. There is asingle

loreal almost rectangular and slightly deeper than long. There are also

two przoculars, the lower (the subocular of Boulenger) being a small scale

fitted into the angle of the 3rd and 4th supralabials, also two subequal

postoculars followed by two temporal shields. The supralabials are eight,

of which the 4th and 5th border the orbit and the 7th is the largest. Four

infralabials touch the anterior sublinguals, and the 4th and 5th the posterior,

which are rather more than half the length of the anterior ones.

The colour is creamy above: there are 13 large irregular blotches of

brown with black edges on the body. The first of these is divided by a

creamy vertebral line except anteriorly where the dark marking narrows,

unites and runs forward on to the head as far as the frontal shield. The

last of these blotches is exactly over the vent. The next one before it and

the third one before it are only about half the size of the others, and are com-

pletely divided by the creamy vertebral line, which makes a deep impres-

sion in both anterior and posterior borders of all the rest. From the last

blotch on the body a pair of black lines run back on either side of the

vertebral line to the tip of the tail, and in four places these are distinctly

thickened outwards making four more dark patches, of which the last is on

the tip of the tail. Over the rest of the upper surface of the head, extend-

ing on to the labials but not covering them and between the blotches on

the body and tail, except in the vertebral region there is a thick speckling

of dusky brown. On either side beneath is a row of small brown spots,

which begins some distance behind the head and does not reach the vent.

The remainder of the lower surface, including the labial margins, is white,

the rostral alone being speckled with brown.

The specimen contains six large ova, the largest of which measures 1°38

inches by 0°33 inch. The foremost of these reposes on the left side of the

body with its anterior end opposite the 115th ventral shield from the head.

The next is on the right overlapping the first. The remainder are disposed

diagonally overlapping each other, their anterior ends being on the left

and their posterior on the right. They are soft skinned, and their

contents of a thick cream-like consistency showing no signs of develop-

ment as far as can be seen without dissection. In one case only I

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

noticed a circular, nucleus-like body which perhaps shows that segmenta-

tion has begun. My examination was, however, hurried and I have not

examined the teeth. The mouth, when the specimen was brought in, was

full of earth as if the snake’s head had been held down very hard on the

ground while it struggled. This is the second specimen from this district.

F, E. W. VENNING, Carr.

PYAaWBWE, YAMETHIN DiIsTRIOT,

18th February 1914.

No, XXIX.—OCCURRENCE OF CANTOR’S WATERSNAKE

(CANTORIA VIOLACEA) IN THE ANDAMANS.

I have lately received a small adult specimen of this rare snake from

the Andamans. The twg specimens in the Indian Museum are from

Amherst (Tenasserim) and Singapore. Two specimens are in the British

Museum, one collected by Evans and me in Wakema (Lower Burma). The

habitat of the second is not known. Theobald mentions one from the

mouth of the Moulmein River. These are the only records I am aware

of. Upto this it hasnot been recorded from the Andamans.

My specimen has 241 ventrals and 69 subcaudals, and is quite typical.

There are 59 black bands on the body, and18-on the tail. The maxilla

has 11 teeth, the last 2 twice the length of the preceding, grooved anteriorly,

and obliquely set. No gap separates these large fang-like teeth

from the preceding. Palatine teeth 6. Pterygoid 14 to 15”. Mandibular

15.

F, WALL, c.M.z.8., F.L.8.,

Magsor, I.M.8.

AumorRa, 25th April 1914.

No, XXX.—A NEW SNAKE OF THE GENUS TROPIDONOTUS

FROM THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS.

TROPIDONOTUS FIRTH, spzc. Nov.

In 1907 in the records of the Indian Museum (Vol. I, p. 156), I

remarked upon two specimens of Tropidonotus from Nepal, submitted to

me by Dr. Annandale for identification. These I referred to the species

chrysargus, noting differences whichI considered at the time insufficient

for the basis of a species apart.

Last year Major Firth sent me a single specimen of a Tropidonotus from

Takdah in the Eastern Himalayas (circa 4,500 feet), which I also at first

took to be an aberrant specimen of chrysargus. On preparing the skull

I found the dentition widely different from that of chrysargus, and noted

that the lepidosis agreed with the two Nepal specimens previously referred

to. Lately I have had a chance of re-examining the two Nepal specimens

and find the dentition agrees with the Takdah specimens. I propose to

name the species after Major Firth, 2/10 Gurkhas.

Description.—Rostral.—Touch 6 shields, the rostro-nasal greater than

the rostro-internasal sutures. Internasals.—Two, the suture between them

two-thirds that between the prefrontal fellows ; two-thirds the inter-naso-

preefrontal sutures. Prefrontals.—Two, the sutures between them sub-

equal to the prefronto-frontal. Frontal.—Touches 6 shields, the fronto-

supraocular sutures twice the fronto-parietal. Supraoculars.—Length sub-

equal to frontal, breadth half to three-fourth frontal. Nasals.—Divided, in

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 167

contact with Ist or lst and 2 labials. Loreal.—One-half the length of the

nasals. Praocular.—One. Postoculars——Three. Temporals.—One or two an-

teriorly. Supralabials 8, the 3rd, 4th and 5th touching the eye. Posterior

sublinguals longer than interior, in contact with the 5th, 6th and 7th infra-

labials. Costals—Two headslengths, behind head 19, midbody 19, two

headslengths before vent 17. In the reduction from 19 to 17 the 4th row

is absorbed into the 3rd or 5th keels present, in all rows posteriorly.

Ventrals—173 to 199. <Anal.—Divided. Subcaudals.—80 to 88 divided.

Colour.—Olive-brown or olive-green dorsally with 6 series of indistinct

pale roundish spots arranged quincuncially, the median most indistinct.

Head dark olive green, or brown above. A white moustache on the upper

lip to behind the gape where it may or may not meet a whitish lateral

nuchal streak. A small round pale spot on each parietal near the middle,

and close to the inter-parietal suture. Chin heavily powdered with black.

Belly yellowish (whitish ?) heavily powdered laterally, the powdering in-

creasing towards the median line posteriorly.

The differences between chrysargus and /jirthi are as follows, but as it is

extremely probable that specimens of both are included under the former

name by Mr. Boulenger in his Catalogue, I give the characters present in

12 specimens of chrysargus in the Indian Museum—all from Tenasserim—

including the skull of a Tenasserim specimen in my collection :—

wm | od ee cos 5

a S 2 o

‘ 3 ‘e 2 = per

"a 5 bs + ae) a

be vc cae eae = ) a) =

< Bok 3| 2 = a= 60 2

sigs ° a = © om ~ pr _

SI me) eos | os Au 3 4S

® = 3 |2 oO ws 3 2 a

Ss = =

> TW ae = ae a4 SI

Jjirthi Le ..|173-199| 80-88 | 8 | 345 |418-19)12P-13?7/19P-21°} 21 P

chrysargus . {156-166 191-102 | *9 |*456 |+35-37/20 ?-23) 38 38-40

* 10 Labials, the 5th, 6th and 7th touching the eye in one specimen on the left

side.

T In both species there isa gap at the back of the maxilla followed by two

enlarged teeth.

F, WALL, c.M.z.s., F.LS.,

MaJor, I.M.S.

Atmora, 25th April 1914.

No. XXXI.—A NEW SNAKE FROM BALUCHISTAN.

DIPSADOMORPHUS JOLLYI.

Our Society has lately received through Captain Jolly, I.M.S., from

Kacha Thana, Baluchistan, among other snakes, a single specimen of the

genus Dipsadomorphus that deserves recognition as a species new to science.

Though the head is rather badly damaged, the lepidosis on both sides is

open to accurate observation. I propose to associate it with the name of

its discoverer.

Description.—Rostral.—Touches 6 shields; the rostro-nasal and rostro-

internasal sutures subequal. Jnternasals.—A pair; the suture between

them about 4 to + that between the prefrontal fellows, and about ; the

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

internaso-prefrontal sutures. Prefrontals—A pair ; the suture between them

greater than the preefronto-frontal. /7rontal.—Touches 8 shields ; the fronto-

supraocular sutures subequal to the fronto-parietals. Nasals.—Divided ; in

contact with the 1st and 2nd supralabials. Zoreal.—One, touching the eye

beneath the preeocular.

Preocular.—One, just touching the frontal. Postoculars.—Two. Tem-

porals,—Small and scale-like. Supralabials.—8, the 3rd, 4th and 5th touching

the eye. Infralabials.—6 ; the 5th and 6th touching the posterior sublinguals.

Sublinguals—Two pairs. Costals——Two headslengths from the head 25, in

midbody 25, two headslengths before the vent 17. The vertebrals feebly

enlarged, the breadth less than the length. Ventrals.—268. Anal.—Untire.

Subcaudals.—7. The tail is mostly missing.

Length about 222 inches, the stump of the tail 22 inches.

Colour.—Dirty buff with the following very distinct, but ill-defined, blackish

marks dorsally. <A series of short crossbars down the back involving about

4 scales in the length of the snake anteriorly, 3 posteriorly, and separated

by intervals about one scale long (often parts of two scales ). Two series

of costal spots alternating with one another, and the upper alternating with

the vertebral bars.

Head greyish with no postocular, occipital, or nuchal marks. Belly

uniform blackish.

The anterior palatine teeth are enlarged but not very markedly so.

It seems to resemble D. cynodon in its lepidosis more closely than the other

previously described species, but is very distinct in having the vertebrals

feebly enlarged, and the loreal in contact with the eye.

F. WALL, c.M.z.8., F.1,8.,

Magor, 1.M.8.

AuMorA, 3rd January 1914.

No. XXXIT.—REMARKS TO SHOW THAT THE SNAKE HITHERTO

KNOWN AS ZAMENIS MUCOSUS HAS BEEN MISPLACED, AND

SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE GENUS ZAOCYS.

In my popular paper on the Dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) in this Journal

(Vol. XVII, p. 271), I remarked on a peculiarity in the absorption of the

scale rows. On examining a specimen of this snake, we find that just

behind the middle of the body (very rarely before) the scale rows which up

to this point number 17, reduce to 16 by the absorption of the vertebral

row into the uppermost row on the left side. Later the rows further

reduce to 14 or 12, by the absorption of the 3rd row above the ventrals on

each side. In no other snake with which I am acquainted in Asia from

Persia to Japan is a similar peculiarity to be seen. The scale rows in all

other species except those of the Genus Zaocys being in odd rows in the

whole bodylength, whether the rows reduce in number or not. In the

Genus Zaocys however, the rows are in even numbers. The Genus is a

small one which comprised but six species when Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogue

appeared (Vol. I)in 1893. Ihave had opportunities of examining, but three

of those six species, vz., Z. dhumnades from China, Z. nigromarginatus from:

Assam and Z, tenasserimansis from Tenasserim. In all these species I

find the vertebral row is absorbed into the uppermost row on the left side

shortly behind the parietal shields, and from this point the rows are in

even numbers. In other words the same remarkable absorption occurs

that we see in Zamenis mucosus only itis in the neck instead of about

midbody. In the three Zaocys referred to the scale rows further reduce to

14 by an absorption of the 8rd row above the ventrals.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 169

Anyone familiar with Zamenis mucosus in India, a very common snake,

would mistake the Chinese Z. dhumnades for it, as I did myself. The

similarity in the two species in growth, bodily conformation, relative

length of tail to body, in every scale peculiarity, as wellas in colour and

markings is very striking. Only careful attention to lepidosis would

show the distinction between the two.

A reference to Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogue (Vol. I, pp. 374 and 379) shows

that there is an extremely close agreement in the characters of the genera

Zamenis and Zaocys, in fact, the one point of difference one can discover is that

the maxillary teeth in the former vary from 12 to 20, whereas in the latter

they range from 20 to 33. Now I have six skulls of Zamenis mucosus in my

collection and find that the maxillary teeth number from 20 to 24, so that

the dentition on Mr. Boulenger’s representation accords with that of

Zaocys rather than Zamenis, 1 have skulls also of Zaocys dhumnades and Z.

ngromarginatus which when compared critically with those of Zamenis

mucosus reveal no differences that justify their being referred to different

genera. The dentition of the three species is as follows :—

Species. comes palatine. pterygoid. mandibular. |

| | : |

Z.mucosus .... | 20-24 | 14—18 | 21—24 192.

Z.dhumnades .. ..| 23-25 | 19—20 25 Dae Oi,

| |

Z. nigromarginatus .. {| 24—27 | 18—19 20—21 21—25 |

Z. tenasserimensis zavd 26

I think hardly any herpetologist will disagree with my opinion on the

fact herein specified, that Zamenis mucosus should, in future, be known as

ZLaocys Mucosus.

The change of an old established name for a common species with which

we have grown familiar, is regrettable from every point of view. The

fault lies with our systematists however, who group together species whose

position is dubious, without even placing a query after the generic name.

Jf skull characters are to be made the basis of classification then no

systematist should fix the Genus of any species until he has skulls of

every species. ;

Where skulls are not available, the generic name should be given

dubiously in the text books which are supposed to guide us.

F. WALL, o.M.z.8., F.L.S.,

Mason, 1.M.S.

Aumora, 12th February 1914.

No. XXXITI.—ARE THE SNAKES OLIGODON TRAVANCORICUS

(Beppome), AND O. VENUSTUS (Jurpon) ENTITLED

TO SPECIFIC DISTINCTION P

_ Whilst examining snakes in the British Museum collection in 1912 I was

much struck with the close resemblance between specimens of Beddome’s

170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Oligodon travancoricus and Jerdon’s O. venustus. With the latter I am very

familiar. I examined specimens of each, side by side, and failed to discover ~

any reason for separating the two. Turning to Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogue

(Vol. II, 1894, pp. 235 and 236), the only differences are apparently as

follows :—

travancoricus, venustus,

(1) The frontal shield is shorter The frontal shield is as long as the

than the parietals. parietals.

(2) 38 infralabialstouch the anterior 4 infralabials touch the anterior

chin shields. chin shields.

(3) Dorsaliy there are bars. Dorsally there are paired spots,

usually ‘united mesially.

(4) Habitat.—Travancore Hills. Halitat.—South West India.

With regard to the first point I found that in one of the three specimens

of travancoricus the frontal was fully as long as the parietals. The contact

of the infralabials and anterior chin shields is not very constant in many

species of this genus.

The dorsal mark in venustus are subject to considerable variation, the

degree to which the spots are separated or confluent, as they are in other

species, notably O. sudgriseus. In the specimens of travancoricus indenta-

tions in the cross bars mesially and laterally are as pronounced as one

sees In some specimens of venustus. Finally the habitat of travancoricus is

contained within that of venustus. I think there can be little doubt that.

travancoricus has no claims to be considered distinct from venustus,

F, WALL, c.M.z.S., F.LS.,

MaJor, I.M.s.

Aumora, 25th February 1914.

No. XXXIV.—ARE NOT THE SNAKES SIMOTES THEOBALDI

(GuntHEeR) AND SIMOTES BEDDOMII (Bovutencer) ONE

AND THE SAME SPECIES?

In Mr. Boulenger’s Fauna of British India, Reptilia and Batrachia (1890,

p. 314) a snake is described under the title Simotes beddomu, which I cannot

dissociate from Gunther’s Simotes theobaldi for the following reasons. I have

examined the two type specimens (the only specimens known) of Simotes

beddomit in the British Museum, and being familiar with S. theobaldi, at once

remarked upon the similarity between the two. A comparison of the two

supposed species failed to show me any difference between them worthy of

remark. In Boulenger’s Catalogue (Vol. II, 1894) both are figured on plate

IX, and the striking similarity between them is very noticeable. The

descriptions of the two on pages 229 and 2380, critically examined, show

differences as follows :—

beddomit, theobaldr.

Ventral, 167 to 168. Ventrals 171 to 180.

Subcaudals 43 to 46. Si go MAS 34 to 42.

Tail 24 to + bodylength. Tail 4, to +, bodylength.

A few scattered ventral spots pos- No spots on belly or square black

teriorly. spots posteriorly.

Habitat—W ynad. Habitat—Burma.

I have now seen at least 15 specimens of Stmotes theobaldi from Burma.

with a range of ventrals from 164 to 180, and a range of subcaudals from

30 to 42. The trifling differences in the ventral shields recorded in ‘Mr.

Boulenger’s work therefore disappear.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 171

The relative length of the tail to the body differs remarkably in the

sexes of many species of Simotes and Oligodon, and it is noteworthy in this

connection that the single adult beddomiu isa ¢G and that3 ofthe 4

specimens of theobaldi referred to by Boulenger were 9. The disparity in

this appendage in the two supposed species is probably of sexual import.

Next while some specimens of theobaldi have square spots on the ventrals,

others are unspotted, whereas in beddomi there are a few scattered spots

on the belly behind. I have however had at least one specimen of theobaldi

from Thayetmyo, Burma, with a few spots scattered irregularly on the

hind belly. Lastly we come to habitat. In an article on another snake,

viz., Simotes splendidus in this Journal (Vol. X VIII, p. 782) I furnished very

strong arguments for assuming that the habitat of the type of that species

was Burma and not Wynad as reported by Colonel Beddome.

When I sent a specimen of splendidus from Burma to the British Museum

in 1908 Mr. Boulenger in acknowledging the specimen wrote to me as

follows:-—“ The habitat of the Simotes splendidus is very interesting. I

wonder now whether Beddome’s locality (Wynad, in his own handwriting)

is trustworthy.” It is very significant that no less than eight species now

known to be denizens of Burma and Tenasserim, are only known from

Peninsula India on the authority of Colonel Beddome who presented

specimens to the British Museum with labels bearing the name of some

locality in S. India! After what has been said of S. splendidus it is

significant that the two type specimens of beddomi should be labelled from

Wynad in Colonel Beddome’s handwriting.

On the facts represented above I have little hesitation in suggesting that

these two types of beddomiw were collected in Burma, and inadvertently

mixed with Colonel Beddome’s South Indian collections. Once this pos-

sibility is admitted I venture to think that the types of beddomi will be

identified as typical specimens of theobaldt.

F. WALL, Major, 1.M.s.,

C.M.Z.S., F.L.S.

Aumora, 24th February 1914.

No. XXXV.—SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH (BETTA PUGNAX).

Mr. F. H. Stone has a note in Volume XXII, No. 3, page 632, on this

wonderful little fish. I have on several occasions kept several of these fishes.

Each fish was kept in a white gin bottle and the following diet given, fine

bread crumbs, a grain or so of boiled rice, fora change small morsels of earth-

worms, and as a real treat a few mosquito larve. The bottles must be kept

atsome distance apartin order that the fish may not see one another, for if

they should do so they are kept in a perpetual state of irritation. When un-

perturbed they, as Mr. Stone remarks, look like very ordinary little fishes,

but place two in a large glass salad bowl and then the fun begins: up goes the

dorsal fin, each puffs himself out with pride as much as he can, at the same

time displaying iridescent colours. With this fine play of colours their

anger seems to have arrived at about the maximum. The swelling of the

pouches from the lower part of the gills as noted by Mr. Stone imparts

quite a bull-dog aspect to the fish. They are full of pluck and go for one

another in real earnest, biting small pieces out. The defeated fish usually

sinks to the bottom of the bowl, seems disinclined to rise, and gradually,

unless pressed, takes on his normal appearance, the victor generally swims

above swaggering about asif quite conscious of the fact that he is ‘top dog.’

We never allowed them to have more than two or three rounds, having been

told that if we did so the defeated fish would be killed. I also received

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIZI,

instructions as to the treatment ot beaten fish, which is to keep them in

muddy or discoloured water for some few days; this serves the double

purpose of healing their injuries and concealing their shame. They will go

for little fish of the goldfish type without any hesitation and keep them

swimming hard, They are most interesting creatures and if carefully looked

after regarding changing the water, not keeping them for a long time in

excessive light, etc. they live for some time. I understand in Siam, especi-

ally in Bangkok, fighting with these little fish is a popular pastime and much

money changes hands. There is always some one with an undefeated fish

and lots of owners ready to attempt to lower his colours.

G. H. EVANS, CoLonet.:

Raneoon, 25th February 1914.

No. XXXVI.—NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN GRASSHOPPERS

BELONGING TO THE GENUS HIEROGLYPHUS,

Krauss, AND THE GENUS HIEROCERYX, Bou.

(With an Iilustration.)

For several years past, the common Rice Grasshopper (Hieroglyphus

banian, Fabr.) has been an object of study in the Entomological Laboratory

of the Mysore Agricultural Department. The main practical results of

this study have already been published as Bulletin No. 1, Entomological

Series of this Department. In connection with the study of the specific

characters of this insect, | had the opportunity of examining the specimens

contained in the Indian Museum as well as those in the Pusa collection,

and soon became convinced that at least two distinct species had been

included under thisname. This view was strengthened particularly by the

fact that, although a micropterous form of H. banian has been recorded and

figured by Lefroy (Indian Insect Pests, p. 120., Indian Insect Life, p. 87.),

we have never seen sucha form either in badly infested paddy fields

extending over thousands of acres, or among the hundreds of individuals

reared in the Insectary here.

The micropterous form, moreover, was seen to show decided points of

difference from H. banian, especially in the black markings on the prothorax

and a long-winged form was found among the specimens included under

H, banian, which possessed similar markings.

To settle the point, I obtained through the kindness of Mr. Y. Rama-

chandra Rao, Assistant Entomologist, Madras Department of Agriculture,

specimens of the micropterous form of Hieroglyphus along with specimens

of the long-winged form collected at the same time, which apparently

belonged to the same species. These, along with a second and distinct

micropterous form reared from nymphs collected at Anavatti, Mysore State,

were sent to Prof. Ignacio Bolivar, Madrid, for identification.

As I had anticipated, Prof. Bolivar reported that two distinct species

have hitherto been placed under H. banian. One of these is the real 4.

banian for which, as far as I am aware, no micropterous form has yet been

found. The other is a new species HMieroglyphus nigro-repletus, Bol., which

possesses both a normal and a micropterous form,

This new species has been described by Prof. Bolivar in the Trabajos

del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, No. 6 of 1912, as follows :—

Eieroglyphus nigro-repletus, sp. nov.

Robustus, virescens, in sicco pallide badius. Costa frontalis lata sulcata

versus fastigium indistincte angustata cum verticem distincte rotundato

conjuncta. Fastigium transversum, marginibus anterioribus crassis,

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Fig. 3.—Hieroceryx Colemani, Bol.

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

ann HE pe ah

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 173

impressopunctatis, inter oculos utrimque carinula instructum. Pronotum

compressiusculum, dorso distincte planatum, postice obtusangulatum,

sulcis in dorso leviter impressis, vel sub-oblitteratis et concoloribus, in lobis

profunde impressis atque late nigro-repletis, pictura nigra sulcis superne

ad loco carinarum lineis continuis in metazona retrorsum divergentibus

formans, inferne inter sulcos primos linea nigra instructa, lateribus

pectoris suturae late nigro pictae, prozona quam metazona haud sesqui

longiora, postice obtusangula. Klytra apicem femorum valde longiora,

lata, maxima parte hyalina, basi striga nigra, venae ulnariae nec non ramis

radialibus nigris, areis radiali atque inter ‘ulnari vena intercalata instructis.

Alae ample, venis fere omnibus nigris. Spina prosternali acutissima.

Lobi mesosternales fere zque longi ac lati, intus rotundato subangulati,

spatio “X” formi medio angusto, antice posticeque valde ampliati

sejuncti. Lobi metasternales breviter contigui. Lobi mesosternales in 9

transvers1 inter se leviter distantes ; mesosternales haud contigui. Pedes

antici ¢ fortiter incrassati. Femora postica capitulo geniculari apice lobo-

rum excepto nigro vel per exceptionem, apice dorsali tibiarum anguste nigro

marginato et basi capitulo intus extusque fascia transversa nigra superne

interrupta. Tibiae omnes coeruleae, condylo posticarum pallido, annullo

basali, linea inferiori longitudinali nec non calcaneis nigris. Segmentum

anale ¢ latewrcuato-sinuatum. Lamina supraanalis medio sulco percurrenti

medio coarctato, basi utrinque carinula abbreviata obtuse posita, marginibus

arcuatis prope apicem sinuatis. Cerci ante apicem subito et breviter

subulati, superne subangulariter lobati et intus breviter tuberculati.

Lamina subgenitalis breviter sed acute conica. @Q Lamina supraanalis

lanceolato-triangularis medio sulcata, sulco transverse interrupto. Cerci

acuti graciles. Valvulze inferiores ovipositoris brevissimze extus basi

fortiter bidentate ¢ Q.

seins corp. ¢ 48; pron. 9,5 elytr. 37; fem. post. 20 mm.

) 10; 9 34 | ” » 22

Loe. Bombay. Col. del Museo de "Madrid (de mi coleccion) ; Hadagalli,

Bellary, Madras Presidency, sent by Dr. Coleman.

Forma brachytera.

Statura minore. Elytra valde abbreviata unicoloria, tantum basi striga

fusca abbreviata, lanceolata, ante medium latissima prope apicem subito

angustata marginibus antico posticoque sinuatis apice anguste rotundato.

Lineis nigris lateralibus pronoti pone sulcum typicum haud continuatis.

Long. corp. ¢ 38; pron. 9,5; elytr. 17; fem. post. 19 mm.

Lat. media elytrorum, 6, 2 mm.

Loc. Bombay et Bellary: India.

My collection and sent by Dr. Coleman.

Prof. Bolivar’s description of the micropterous form requires a slight

qualification. The statement given in the last Jine that the lateral black

line on the pronotum does not extend behind the salcus typicus is not

always true. We have ashort-winged female in our collection in which the

lateral black line extends to the posterior border of the pronotum and in

fact the black markings on the pronotum are practically identical with

those he has described for the normal form. lLefroy’s figure, which

is also of a female, shows the same characteristics.

In addition to the Latin description, Prof. Bolivar gives a comparison

between H. banian and H. negro-repletus, Bol., which I here synopsize from

the Spanish original.

1. Colour. There is marked difference in the markings on the pro-

thorax and sides of the thorax.

2. Size. 4H. nigro-repletus is more robust and shows no constriction

in the prothorax. The anterior femora (in the male) are much larger, the

174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

elytra much broader and their colour diversified by black nervations in the

new species.

3. The mesosternal lobes are nearly straight along the inner edge in

Hf, banian and leave a larger space between them than in H. nigro-repletus ;

in the latter species this space takes the form of an ‘X ” widened at the

anterior and posterior ends.

4. The metasternal lobes are approximated over a greater length in

H, banian than in H, nigro-repletus, almost joining in the form of a suture.

5. The anal organs differ much in the two species. The two oblique

wing-like lobes which are at the base of the supra anal plate in H. mgro-

repletus are lacking in H. banian; the cerciin H. banian ¢ are bifid in

H, nigro-repletus G are simple ; the subgenital plate in H. banian ¢ is very

long and conical in shape, in H. nigro-repletus it 1s short ; the valves of the

ovipositor, in H. banian 2 are long and narrow, the inferior ones having at

the base two teeth of which one is very small; in the 2 of the new

species, the valves are short and the teeth at the base of the inferior ones

are very strong and stout.

The accompanying figures 1 and 2 show a normal female and a microp-

terous male respectively of the new species H. nigro-repletus. A comparison

of these figures with corresponding figures or specimens of H. banian will at’

once reveal the marked differences existing between the two species.

Along with the specimens of this new species of HMieroglyphus, further

specimens of another micropterous form, which was found in small num-

bers associated with HMveroglyphus banian in the paddy fields at Anavatti,

were sent to Prof. Bolivar. He has erected a new genus Mveroceryxr

to include this form and another Indian species to which Saussure had

given the manuscript name of HMeroglyphus bilineatus; this latter species I

have notseen. As Bolivar’s descriptions are inaccessible to most Indian

workers, I give them herein full, together with a synopsis of his comments.

Gen. HMieroceryx nov.

Corpus teres, compressiusculum. Frons valde obliqua cum vertice an-

gulato conjuncta, costa tota sulcata ad fastigium angustiora. Fastigium

transversum, in 9 valde transversum, impressum, intervallo oeulorum ar-

ticulo primo antennarum latiore, in 92 duplo latiore. Carinis lateralibus

frontis inter antennas et oculos sinuatis et subinterruptis. Pronotum

teres, compressiusculum, antice late rotundatum, postice obtuse angulatum

carina media indistincta vel subtiliter instructa; sulcis transversis subtilis

concoloribus; lobi laterales, elongati, subtus obtuse angulati, postice prope

angulum posticum subsinuati. Elytra in species cognita abbreviata, lan-

ceolata intus inter se tangentia. Alae brevissimez. Prosternum spina

acuta, ab antico posticoque compressiuscula. Lamina sternalis elongata,

lobi mesosternales trapezoidales intus angulati, tangenti ¢ vel subtangenti

Q, spatio intermedio fortiter ‘‘x’”’ formi, metasternales pone foveolas tan-

genti. Pedesantice brevesin d incrassati. Femora postica elongata ;

genicule apice carina dorsali subindistincte producta; lobi geniculares apice

obtuse acuminati. Tibiae posticae cylindricaepreeter spinas apicales intus

extusque 9-10 armatw, spinis intermediis latere interno sensim majoribus.

Tarsi graciles articulis primo tertioque subaeque longis. Abdomen segmento

anali rubusto. Lamina supraanalis trigona apice acute producta. Cerci ¢

lobati, ramosi. Lamina subgenitalis breviter conica. Lamina supraanalis

utrimque sinuata basi sulcata, apice trigona, incrassata. Valvulae

Ovipositoris sinuatae, inferiores basi dente magno instructae.

This genus is close to Hveroglyphus Krauss. The following features how-

ever distinguish it from the latter.

1. The general appearance is different, resembling more the genus

Oxya, Serv.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 175

2. The lateral lobes of the prothorax although attached vertically give

rise to no dorsolateral ridge as in Meroglyphus.

3. The elytra and wings are very short.

4, The prosternal tubercle is small and antero-posteriorly compressed.

5. The mesosternal lobes touch in the medium line to form a space in

the shape of an “x” both in the ¢ and the @Q, the space being smaller

in the latter.

6. Thecerciofthe ¢ are extraordinary in form and complete the

distinction from the genus Hveroglyphus. These organs which in the 92 are

very short and conical, in the ¢ are large and branched to form two lobes.

The first lobe is concave posteriorly and the second lobe which arises from

the base of the first is applied to it along its concave side. In addition,

at the base of the two lobes, there is a third prolongation or appendage

directed upwards. This plurilobal form of the cercus is undoubtedly a

generic character, its detailed structure varying with the species.

HMieroceryx bilineatus, Sauss, in litt.

Pallide virescens, sicco stramineus, capite infra oculos linea nigra obliqua.

Pronotum dorso nigro-bilineato lobis lateralibus sulco medio nigro, inferne

colore nigro antrosum breviter producto; dorso impresso-punctato, metazo-

na brevissima, parte pronoti inter sulcos posticos sita vix longiore, margine

postica obtusissime angulata. EHlytra dimidio femorum vix attingentia

apicem versus angustata, apice oblique rotundata, 2 subacuminata ;

venis radialibus nigris, usque ad medium approximatis, pone medium

divergentibus, area internomedia venis transversis parallelis instructa.

Femora postica superne apice angustissime nigro-marginata, geniculae

basi intus extusque nec non basi loborum macula parva nigra

ornatae. Tibiae posticae dilute coeruleae; condylo lineaque latere

inferiore nigris. Lamina supraanalis gd marginibus crassis, subreflexis,

ante apicem sinuatis, apice lobo parvo trigono producta, medio basi

subsulcata. Cerci trilobati, lobo primo extus convexo, magno; lobo

secundo erecto apicem versus valde ampliato; lobo tertio angusto subtereti,

erecto. Abdomine subtus, segmentis pilosis, lamina subgenitalis conica

parva. Segmentum anale 2 postice arcuato, lamina supraanalis basi

sulcata, lateribus depressis, ante apicem sinuatis apice obtuse triangulariter

producta subincrassata Jj Q.

Long. corp. ¢ 22; pron. 3,5.; elytr. 6,5; femor. post. J1mm.

” ” 0 saa, 7,8; 3 40; ” ” 17mm.

Loc. Indias orientales. H. de Saussure. “Col. del Museo de Madrid

(de mi coleccion) ”

Mieroceryx colemani, sp. nov.

Hier. bilineato colore et forme valde affinis sed fronte a latere visa

convexa, distincte breviore, carinis frontalibus pallidis, oculis multo

brevioribus haud duplo longioribus quam latioribus; pronoto metazona

spatio inter sulcos posticos vix longiora; lobis deflexis longioribus elytra

breviora, venis radialibus tantum prope apicem divergentibus, area inter-

nomedia indistincte venulosa. Lamina supraanalis trigona, levia, basi

subindistincte sulcata Q . ,

Long. corp. 2 34; pron 6; elytr,8; fem, post. 21mm.

Loc. Anavatti, Dr. Coleman collegit.

This species was described from female specimens alone. Fig. 3 gives

an accurate representation of it.

LESLIE C, COLEMAN,

DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE IN MYSORE.

Baneatore, February 1914,

176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

No. XXXVII.—NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES,

Papilio nomius, Esper.—Mr. T. R. Bell, writing about this butterfly, at page

755 of Vol. XXI of this Journal, gives its foodplant as Saccopetalum

tomentosum and quotes Dr. K. Jordan as saying that Polyalthia longifolia

is eaten by the larvee also. It may be of interest to know that I have

recently found this butterfly breeding on this latter tree. About the first

of this month, I noticed a female of P. nomius depositing eggs all over a

large tree of P. longifolia which was coming into new leaf. I secured a

fresh sprout with an egg on it and put it in water in a breeding-box. The

sprout withered, however, and I did not attempt to get more eggs. On the

4th instant I got two caterpillars on the same tree,and the next day gota

third caterpillar. I could, no doubt, have got many more if I had tried, but

in view of Mr. Bell’s statement that the great majority of the chrysalides lie

over for ten months or more until the following year, 1 remained satisfied

with the three larvee I had got. These pupated within 2 or 3 days of my

putting them into the box. On 15th instant one butterfly emerged and on

the 17th the other two-—all three perfect specimens. The unusual spell of

stormy weather, which we are experiencing just now in what should ordi-

narily be a really hot month is, no doubt, responsible for all 3 pupae

“hatching out” so quickly.

Junonia almana, Linn.—On 14th instant, my Collector brought me in a

perfect specimen of the west season form of this butterfly, the result, no

doubt, of the present strange. weather.

W. M. CRAWFORD,

SAMBALPUR, 20th Apri 1914.

No. XXX VIII.—NOTES ON CUTCH AMMONITES.

No. V.

Kast oF Ler.

In No. IV, while describing the Hast curve ofthe Ler-Hamundra Ellipse,

I mentioned the fact that the outcrop of the Katrol-to-Anceps beds swings

round to the East, dipping outwards for a short distance only to rise again

as the flanking of another Ellipse to the East of Ler. I propose to sketch

the ground just East and South-Hast of Ler in this latter-ground which

though small in extent produces an enormous quantity of specimens well

worth study.

This diagram shows how the ground lies :—

ee WDA Tank.

No Sh / =Qulcrop of Sub-Anceps beds.

Plain. 5; 25 — = Anceps ng

While | Se = — = Aiea Bs

Jand- !

g = = = MPhosa Oolile

sfone. ; /

‘ ( Elipse Gy = = ae Kafrof i

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Lid

and this shows a general idea of the section A to B:—

Seclon from AloB. (rough) fig x.

The high Katrol range backs the scene, lying a mile or more behind A and

a long succession of jutting iedges of outcrops—hollowed here and there

into deep depressions—leads you down steadily to the dark brown rocks of

the lower Katrol strata, next to which you step on to the low yellowish D. O.

ridge, whence a long flat slopeover soft Athleta and anceps beds brings you

to the hard slabs of the Sub-Anceps beds which have proved less suscept-

ible to weathering and rise in a slope to some 60 feet overlooking the plain.

An examination of the lie of the strata shows that the beds on the West

of the hill near Ler dip outwards. Whether they curve right round along

the North side, [cannot say: any how the surface shows that they spread out

for some distance North-West of the hill before the white sandstone of the

plain is encountered: and there are plenty of slabs of Anceps-crimson

(marbled with shells) to be found on the fields North of the hills. So Jam

inclined to believe that here again you have a full anticline which if faulted

at all is not faulted along the crest of the hills.

Just North-East of the point A, there are quarries of white grey stone

which is not usual along this range: it may be a deposit of the Sub-Recent

Concrete which the Revd. J. F. Blake described in the Q. J., Geol. Soc.,

May 1897, attributing its formation to the agency of wind.

Now as tothe contents of the ground sketched. The inside of the

hollow tooth of the two Sub-Anceps hills has just under the crimson-brown

rocks of its shell a layer of what I call false conglomerate—a dense

yellowish pavement with broad flat round-edged concretions of bulb crimson,

and white ingrained. This bed is fairly constant also along the Ler-

Hamundra Ellipse and the vanguard ridges of the Fahirwadi belt. It

contains several belemnites—too cracked or broken for identification: also

Ostrea and Cuculiea. Butso far Ihave not picked up any ammonites

on these two Sub-Anceps Ler Hills.

The Anceps beds lying in the long broad hollow below (South of) the hills,

produce a thin flat very-evolute Perisphinctes, akin to Balinensis, I should

judge, a fairly perfect specimen. A similar one I found in the Sub-Anceps

beds of the Ler-Hamundra Ellipse; and also another in Athleta beds

along Fakirwadi. I cannot find any of Waagen’s specimens which agree

with these. Perisph. obtusicosta also appears: two specimens of what

might be angygaster except for width of umbilicus, and a smaller speci-

men of the Obtusicostati subgenus. Of this class I may jhere say that

Athleta and Anceps beds produce very numerous specimens, many in

excellent preservation. Some may be Waagen’s omphaluder or dhosaensis

or angygaster; but the great majority clearly differ. In some in which the

suture is visible the auxiliaries do not trend largely apicad as in Waagen’s

obtusicosta and angygaster but run down fairly straight; yet in ornament

they agree only with Waagen’s Obtusicostati sub-genus. Some have

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

earpieces at the mouth which appear to run straight, not inclined up or

down as in Waagen’s omphalodes and dhosaensis. There are so many of these

specimens findable and the differences are so marked that a monograph

might well be written onthem alone. I rather gather that this sub-genus (or

section) of Perisphinctes has been differentiated off into a new genus since

Waagen’s day; but any ammonitist who may read this with any interest

will probably know the style of ammonite to whiclt I refer. Some are

depressed, some compressed ; ribs number about 15 in the 4th whorl, and

are broad and rounded; some have branch ribs running straight, some

curved forwards more or less strongly; some are more involute than others.

In these same beds occurred a specimen of what looked like Waagen’s

Oppelia orentalis.

The D. O. beds bear much the same appearance as that of the same beds

along Fakirwadi, Bharasar and Samatra, but the tilt being slighter, less

of the slab surface is exposed and the scarp is not so high. Still here one

could notice the fairly frequent occurrence of Pemsph. Rota—too much

engrained in the rock for extrication and certain identification. A new

Pertsphinctes of similar pattern and shape, but of much denser and finer

ribbing turned up in good preservation. The mouth piece seems approach-

ing the uncoiling stage of decline. The section is not high enough to

class it with Waagen’s Obdliqueplicatus. Again these beds produce good

specimens of Stephanoceras. One looks much like Waagen’s illustration

of Steph. pulyphemus, except that its section is not so squarish. In Dr.

Noétling’s work on the Fauna of Mazar Drik in Beluchistan, we find that

the original of Waagen’s larger polyphemus has disappeared: and

Dr. Noetling hopes that some equivalent of it may turnup. I daresay

this is an equivalent but its lobes are not visible. Its diameter is

237 mm. Another Stephanoceras of flattened globular shape reminds one

of tunidum but has quite a different suture. An -Aspidoceras with clean

double row of tubercles on high ribs reminds one of Babeanum or Athleta.

Its shape is more like Babeanum: its suture more like Athleta: but the

inner whorls are blocked. The discovery of an Oppelka from the D. O.

beds close to the polyphemus (?) was of much interest. Oppeliz of the

Trachynota group abound in Katrol beds close above D.O.: but D.O.is very

reticent about their ancestors. Hence the interest: however the specimen

was very fragile and broke up too easily: the fragments show (or seem to

show) a clear inner half of the whorl: outer half with regular evenly-sized

low rounded ribs ending in tubercles on the siphonal edge.

But the Katrol beds are the distinctive feature here. 150 yards South-

Kast of the tank you will strike a shallow nullah running West along the

Katrol lines. It is a marvel of wealth. Every step you take you ’llsee the

outer casts or fragments or protruding edges of some of Waagen’s sub-genus of

Perisph. evolutt, From reading Dr. Ublig’s book on the Spiti shales I conclude

that classfication has somewhat changed since Waagen wrote : but here is an

excellent field for studying the Cutch varieties of the Virgatosphinct and

Aulacosphinct sub-genera. Most specimens picked up seem to belong to

Waagen’s bathyplocus and torquatus types. I see that it is now recognized

that Waagen’s torquatus is not the same as Sowerby’s; but as no new name

has yet (it seems) been given to Waavgen’s, I must still call it by that name.

However the specimens are so numerous and the divergences so minute

that I cannot feel sure of having certified any: nor can one certify any

without comparison with the type. Waagen was not ahle to give the

sutures of any of those four similar sorts, bathyplocus, torquatus, katro-

lensis and pottingert. The hard brown rock of which these Ler specimens is

composed shows up the suture of many quite clearly. The lines are

very similar to those of Uhlig’s Virgato sphinctes, the auxiliaries forming a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 179

more or less long sutural lobe; but in most cases, the development of the

second lateral is not interfered with by the exuberance of the auxiliaries.

In some cases (of specimens which look like brothers) there is a difference,

in that the 2nd auxiliary sometimes crosses the apex of the 2nd Lateral,

sometimes does not. Pottingert which is fairly common along Fakirwadi

seems at a. discount here. Katrolensis there is: also some other species

which [ can not identify with Waagen’s: one may be Oletchert: it agrees in

every point except with the high and sharp ribs named by Waagen: some

may be Chloroolithicus. Several look much like Uhhig’s dzplicatus, except that

the height of the last whorl is not pronounced enough. One half specimen

looks very much like Uhlig’s Per. smith-woodwardi. The cleancut Virgatos-

phinct ribs are few and only on the body chamber: but they are clean and

decided : and moreover the ribs of both sides do not always correspond with

the ribs on the other flank, as seems to be the case in Uhlig’s back view of

smith-woodward., (This non-correspondence of ribs is a very common

feature of these Katrol specimens). But the specimen has the inner whorls

mostly blocked by hard iron stone. The section shows great similarity in

the development of the shape of the whorls. Other Katrol specimens are

much like 7isetanus of Spiti, but are not Aulacosphinct.

I must leave the other peculiar specimens of that class. Description is

of not much use. All 1 want to do is to induce some Ammonitologist to

become interested.

A Lytoceras must be named. Its striz, though thicker or more elevated

in some places than in others, have no cremulations: but only the body

chamber is visible: inner whorls if extricable might be interesting. Phyl-

loceras mediterraneum (or what seems to be that) is also here. I have now

some 10 specimens of this from Katrol beds, Waagen’s were found much

lower. There is also a worn half specimen of Phyll. disputabile: its lopes

agree with Waagen’s illustration of disputabile’s lopes: itis not lodaense.

Waagen’s disputable came from Macrocephalus beds where J have also found

them. There is also an <Aspidoceras like binodiferum but with differing

suture. Oppelie of the Trachynota group are not infrequent.

The layers of rock teeming with Ammonites die out very soon. I doubt if

here they are more than 50 feet deep: near the Barapur Road (Fakirwadi

Ridge) they extend for perhaps 300 feet of depth. The cold brown and

red supervene and produce practically nil, I stalked across the ladder

like outcrops for a mile up to the foot of the high range. That the rocks

were marine was still evident for a rare belemnite here and there showed

it; on one ridge perhaps 100 feet above the rich vein. I found an ammonite

of, I think, the Evoluti with very early trichotone sharp ribs and at the foot

of the high hill the fragment of another Evoluti. The outer cast of an

Aspidoceras like Subdistractum—with very long spines I had found pre-

viously somewhere about the middle of this ridge ladder.

What with the multitude of forms not yet recorded from Cutch, and with

the alterations which seem to be now necessary in Waagen’s work (¢.7.,

Polyphemus, Torquatus, Frequens) and with the Spiti specimens available

for comparison, it does not seem out of place to urge a fresh examination

of the Cutch ammonites. If a member or a friend of the Society would

take it up, there would be a fresh feather to plant in the Society’s cap.

J, HY SMITH,

Buus, 25th January 1914.

180

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 16TH APRIL 1914.

At the “ At Home” of the Bombay Natural History Society took place

on the 16th April 1914, a number of specimens recently received from

Lower Tenasserim in connection with the Mammal Survey of India, Burma

and Ceylon were on view.

The election of the following 28 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Mr, R. Spearman Armstrong, Colombe; Lt. L. H. Brunlees,

Lahore; Lt. R. A. Savory, Lahore; Count EH. Hoyos, Austria; Mr. F. W.

Bakewell, Colombo; Major E. C. G. Maddock, I.M.S., Ahmednagar; Mr. C.

G, Adams, I.C.S., Ahmednagar; Mr. E. Battiscombe, Nairobi; Hon. Mr.

John Ross F. Lowis, Bettiah, B.& N. W. Ry.; Mr. G. L. Corbet, I.C.58.,

Saugor, C.P.; Capt. R. F. D. MacGregor, 1.M.S., Bombay; Capt. R. Foster,

Mussoorie; Lt. R. S. Wahab, I.A., Bangalore; Mr. N. Roy, Dacca; Mr.

Syed Mahdi Hassan, England; Mr. R. R. MacFadden, Bilaspur, B. N. Ry.;

Miss Pogson, Kotgarh, via Simla; Mr. J. W. Anderson, Rangoon; The Ad-

ministrator, Porbandar State, Porbandar; Mr. Duncan Fraser, Bombay ;

Mr. Hector Menezes, Bombay; Major G. Knowles, Saugor, C.P.; Mr. John

Still, Kandy, Ceylon; Mr. J. Morgan, Calcutta; Mess President, 86th

Carnatic Infy., St. Thomas Mount; Mr. H. Trotter, LF.S., Burma; Mr. A,

R.S. Macklin, I.C.8., Hyderabad, Sind; The Diwan of Cochin, Trichur, 8.1.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the

Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. | Locality. | Donor.

Nest of a Trap Door Spider and> |

several other spiders in spirit |

5 Snakes.. . A ay Si DUrmA eas .. (Capt. F. HE. W. Ven-

Several Mammals and a number | ning.

of birds’ nests.

155 specimens of Bees and Wasps)/Various .. ..|Mr. E. Comber.

'4 legged Chicken and Skin and/Kurseong ../Mr. A. Wright.

Skull of Yak.

6 Gulls Sy sis is ~eiVola pa qAcy .: (Mr Seen

3 Snakes .. on MO ir :

5 Seornia ts 7 a eae \ S. Kanara ..|Mr. A. P. Kinloch.

Skin and Skull of, Woolly Wolf,Chitral .. .. (Capt. H. F. D. Stirs

European Wolf, Macaque and ling.

Imperial Sandgrouse.

Head of Suleman Markhor .. (Malakhand ..|Major R. L. Kenni-

2 Masks of Kashmir Stag eee ke on.

6 Flying Squirrels and come | Chakrata.. ..|Major H. Fulton.

Bats in spirit.

Anderson’s Hedgehog... .. Jhelum District../Mr. F. J. Mitchell.

Stoliczka’s Hedgehog... ..|Karachi ,. ..(Mr. T. Moss) Cale

bertson.

PROCEEDINGS. 181

Contribution.

Locality. Donor.

3 Skins of four Horned Antelope. .

1 Giant Squirrel

Chikalda District.;Mr. A. A. Dunbar

Brander.

.|Upper Burma ..|Mr. F. C. Purkis.

1 Faleated Teal and Dark GreyjBurma .. ..|Mr. C. Hopwood.

Bush Chat.

2 Flying Lizards ee ..|Malabar .. ..|Mrs. Barrett.

2 Sambar et |

1 Thamin Burma .. ..(Mr. T. A. Hauxwell.

1 Gaur ee

1 Sinaitic Ibex enaie eo 73 ..|Maj. A. G. Gardyne.

1 Common Indian Civet .. . Singapore ..|Mr. H. HE. Standage.

Skin of Flying Squirrel .|Gyantse .. .. |Capt. F. M. Bailey.

6 Birds m4 AP 7 Saran. x ..{Mr. M.M. Macken-

2 Assam Giant Squirrels St zie.

L Striped Saat |

1 Marten : .\ |Aka Hills ..|Capt. R. S. Kenne-

1 Bat : dy, I.M.S.

9 Birds

15 Birds Burma .. -,.|Mr. C. E. Milner.

Minor contributions from Messrs. H. M. Dwane, E. H. Dwane, J. P.

Bradshaw, C. HE. Aitken, J. Counsell and Capt. W. M. Logan Home.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(conitd.)

PAGE

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES—conid.

V.—Striped Weasel in Arakan. By N.B. Kinnear .... 146

VI.—Notes on the smaller Kashmir Flying Squirrel. By

Majer H.T. Fulton.:........5.% .. 25 146

VII.—Varieties of Markhor Horns. By Capt. J. F. Turner,

St PC 148 .

VITII.—A few notes on the Wild Goats and Fere nature

of Northern Arakan, Burma’: ..:.. 1. 29) 148

IX.—Notes on the Domestic Yak of the Taghdumbash

Pamir. By Capt. R..W. G. Hingston; i.M.saeee 151

X.—Interesting Birds from Jhelum District, Punjab. By

H. Whistler, M.B.0.U. : nis 4s «eu aie) oa 1538

XI.—The Nilgiri Babbler (Alcippe apn tee in the Bas-

tar State, Central Provinces. By E. A. D’Abreu,

BiZiQe ce sien 6 0g be bw ch RORUEED pills te a een ke en 154

XII.—The Yellow-breasted Babbler (Mivornis rubricapillus)

in the Bastar State, Central Provinces. By H. A.

DY ADreU R28. <0... ose ee Seen oe is 1 oe

XIII.—An abnormally coloured Shama (K%ttocincla baie

By Capt. F. E.. W. Venning, M.B.0.U. . 5.) 2 ae

XIV.—The Breeding habits of the Brown-backed Indian

Robin (7 hamnobia cambaiensis). By H. Whistler,

MiB.O.U 6 6s sss o 06 oe 0 uv ah don 0) ar fe ells dee 155

XV.—The occurrence of The Bank Myna (Aeridotheres

gingimanus) near Madras. By B. Sundara Raj,

Mids bbe vile vv wservie'e cca'g’ outa sige agg 155

XVI.—A New Swift from Burma. The Burmese Swift

(Micropus pacificus cooki), By Major H. H.

Flarington .. 0.66 cae ee ee ee 6 155

XVII.—Notes on Doves in the Punjab. By H. Whistler,

MGB OSU 6. G04 kev tas shelly gle) de ate aot rn 157

XVIII.—Doves in Bombay. By N.B. Kinnear .,.......... 158

XIX,—The Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconota) at a low eleva-

tion, “By Major H. Ff. Fulton ........ 2 eee 159

XX —Imperial Sandgrouse (Pterocles arenarius) in Chitral.

By Capt... ¥.D. Stirling |... .)... 159

XXI.—Note on the habits of the =a pheasant. By H.

WA OW atpOn Rie recy Ron ko 159

X XII.—Bewick’s Swan shot near Quetta. By Capt. R.

Meinertzhagen eon osc. a + aes «ais ae 6d 159

XXIII.—Bronze-Capped Teal (Hunetta falcata) at Roorkee.

By Lieut, By G, Bignell... isas<t ys 0.9 se 160

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JOURNAL

OF PHE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Nov. 1914. WOLT ee ee Now2,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Peoe stuart baker, Pal8.24i8.;M.B.0.U.

Pant XLV.

With Plates XIV and XV.

PTEROCLURUS SENEGALLUS.

The Spotted Sand-Grouse.

Tetrao senegallus.—Linn. Mantissa, p. 526 (1867-71).

Pterocles senegallus.—Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 220 (1872); Jerdon,

B.I. iii, p. 504; Hume, Str. Feath. i, p. 221; id, thd, 11, p. 331;

id, ibid, iv, p. A Butler, ibid, iv, ids und, p. 508; Blanford, E.

Persia, ve oy 271 ; Hume, Str. Feath. v, De 60; Butler, ibid, p. 399

Hume, ibid, vii, p. 161; Hume, Cat. No. 801; Butler, Cat.., Bird,

Sind, -p. 58; Hume at Marshall, Game B. a p. 99; Doig, Str.

Feath. viii, p. 371; Tufnell, Str. Feath. ix, p. 200; ae B.

of Bom., p. 297; Oates, Hume’s Nests and Eggs, 2nd Kdit., iii, p.

366; Bulkley, Jour. B. N. H.S. xiii, p. 704; Nicol. Cumming,

ibid, xvi, p. 641.

Pierocles senegalensis.—Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv, p. 3038.

Pterocles guttatus.—Licht, Verz. Doubl., p. 64.

Pteroclurus senegallus. —Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Be Mi xia pl 4

Blanford, Avifauna, Ind., iv., p.61; Ogilvie-Grant, ‘Game B. 0,

14; Oates, Game B.i., p. 31.

Pteroclidurus senes gallus. —Sharpe, Hand B. i, p. 50.

Vernacular names.—Nango Katingo, Gutu (Sind).

Description — Adult male—Crown of head and whole upper

plumage to tail a soft isabelline-grey or isabelline, the tail coverts

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIU1.

and sometimes the rump suffused with bright chrome-buff; edge of

the forehead, lores and round the eye grey, produced backwards as

far as the nape, when it forms a collar, and on the neck and upper

breast below the yellow-ochre chin, throat and ear coverts and sides

of the neck; the grey on the breast runs up to the throat in a point

and next to the back and breast merges into the colour of those

parts. Scapulars pale isabelline brown at the base changing toa

erey penultimate band with buff or ochre tips; wing coverts dull

isabelline brown with buff tips, the innermost next the back all buff

where visible, shoulder of wing, greater and median primary coverts

isabelline-buff with brown shafts and suffused with brown at the

tips; primaries the same and with all but the first three tipped and

edged on the inner web with buff, this colour increasing in width

towards the innermost primary ; secondaries brown, narrowly edged

with buff on the outer webs at the ends and gradually changing in

colouration until the innermost are like the scapulars but always

with yellow ochre, or chrome yellow, tip, not buff. Below the

erey of the lower throat and breast gradually changes on the breast

to a beautiful isabelline, purer and more pink than on the back,

and covering breast, flanks and abdomen except the centre of the

latter, which is black; under tail coverts white or pale buff with ~

brown bases showing through; axillaries very pale buff, lesser

‘under wing coverts buff, primary coverts brown. Central tail —

feathers like the back but produced in two long “pins” or fila-

ments, which are dusky black; outer tail feathers brown with broad

white tips, each succeeding pair having broader tips than the last;

feathers of tarsus buff.

The range of variation in the colouration of this bird is not

ereat; the upper parts are always isabelline, sometimes rather ©

darker, sometimes rather lighter; rarely there is a vinaceous tinge —

in the back and scapulary region, and more rarely still there is a

faint rufus tinge here; the scapulars themselves may be tipped

buff or chrome-yellow and the extent and richness of these spots is

the most variable feature in the upper plumage. In a few birds ~

the crown is rather richer and more vinous than the rest of the

upper parts. :

Below the general tone varies to the same extent as above, and —

the richness of the yellow on the throat is sometimes wanting, the

chin being somewhat albescent and the rest very pale; the extent

of black on the abdomen is generally about the same but the colour

is often more a chocolate brown than a black, anda pure rich black

is seldom seen.

“« Trides brown ; bare orbital skin yellowish ; bill pale plumbeous

bluish grey or bluish white, always somewhat more dusky towards —

the tip; feet pale plumbeous or bluish white, paler towards the

upper surface of the toes, and whitish on scales.”” (Hume.)

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 188

In some specimens the orbital skin has a tinge of green, though

this is rare, and in some it is a pure pale lemon.

Dimenstons.— Males— Length 13:4 to 14°7; expanse 23 to 23°7 ;

tail from vent 5:3 to 6:0; wing 7°5 to 7-9; the wings when closed

reach to within 2:3 to 2°8 of the end of the longest tail feathers,

viz., the central ones, which exceed the others by from 1°75 to 2:0;

bill at front 0°44 to 0°47; tarsus 1:0 to 1:05. Weight 9 to 12 ozs.

(Hume.)

My measurements which include those of all the skins in the

British Museum average a little larger than Hume’s do. Wing

7°50" (192-2 mm.) to 8:20"' (209°6 mm.) with an average ot

7°84" (200°8 mm.); tarsus -90' (22:8 mm.) to 1:0" (25:4

mm.) with an average of -93" full (23°6 mm.) and bill at front

45" (11-6 mm.) to ‘50'' (12:6 mm.) and averaging about

-48" or a little over 12°2 mm.) ‘The tail is anything from

5:0" 127-0" (127-0 mm.) to about 6:6" (167-0mm.) or over.

Adult female.—Whole upper plumage, including wing coverts,

scapulars and innermost secondaries isabelline of a darker, redder

tint than in the male; the head is marked with fine central marks

of black or dark brown, which from streaks, the rest of the upper

parts are boldly spotted with dark brown, or black, the spots being

boldest and largest and often tinged with grey on the scapulars and

innermost secondaries, which feathers also have broad marks of

chrome yeliow at the tips on the outer webs. lLores and a faint

mark of white round the eye and thence backwards takes the place

of the grey in the male, but is finely marked with black and stops

short of the nape. Remainder of under parts like the male

but paler and less pink or vinaceous, and with the central of

the abdomen more decidedly brown. The wing quills are the same

as in the male and the tail also is similarly coloured. On the upper

plumage the colour anges from sandy isabelline to a rufus or vinous

isabelline, extremes of either colour being decidedly rare. In many

birds the yellow splashes on the scapulars are very faint, and in a

few altogether absent. In a good many birds the buff below is

almost white and is seldom at all rich; the yellow throat also is

often very pale and the amount of spotting on the throat and breast

is by no means constant, being very sparse on the lower breast in

some specimens.

The colours of the soft parts are the same as in the male.

Dimenstons.— Females :— Length 12°4 to 13:1; expanse 22-0 to

22°6; tail from vent 4 to 4°6; the central tail feathers only extend-

ing from 0°75 to 1:2 beyond the rest; wing 7°3 to 7:5; bill at front

0-4 to 0°44. Weight 8 to 9 oz. (Hume.)

Wing 6:96" (176-7mm.) to 7°75" (196°7 mm.) with an average

of 7°35" (186°5 mm.).

From the above it will be seen that I make the ditlerence between

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

the male and female rather greater than Hume does as regards

wing measurements. ‘The tarsus and bill average respectively -90"

(22:8mm.) and °43" (10-8mm.) respectively.

So far we have no description either of the young bird or of the

nestling.

Distribution.—The Spotted Sand-Grouse (Pteroclurus senegallus)

extends from Algeria, where, Whittaker says, it is very common,

throughout the whole of N orthern Africa, parts of the Sahara,

North and South Nubia and Egypt and thence through Arabia,

Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and into

N. W. India.

Within our limits Blanford thus defines their habitat. “ Common

in Sind west of the Indus, rare to the Eastward, but recorded from

the neighbourhood of the Runn of Cutch, including Kathiawar, and

from Jamboghora, West of Ahmedabad; also from Poharan between

Jeysulmere and Jodhpore and from Shapur district in the Punjab.

Mhow is given as a locality in the British Museum Catalogue for

a specimen received from Col. Swinhoe, but in error the specimen

thus marked is really from Pirchoki, below the Bolan Pass.” As

regards Kathiawar, Col. L. L. Fenton tells me that he has only seen

a very few of these birds and that only in the cold weather in the

North-East of the Provinces. He has met with them North of

the Tabli Road Station in the Wadhwan-Ahmedabad Railway,

though they were not common. Harrington Bulkley writing to the

Journal from Kharaghora says that ‘they are found in numbers all

along the Runn, 100 miles North of this.”

To the West there appear to be no records beyond those of Bian-

ford except a single bird reported to me as shot near Nagar in

Jodhpore. |

The greater number of the birds which visit India appear to be

migrants from across the border during the cold weather, but there

-< no doubt that a considerable number remain all the year round.

Bulkley in commenting on Barnes’ note to the effect that ‘a few

apparently remain to breed in Sind,” writes “ a fair number of

them remain throughout the year as I have seen them in the hot

weather and in the monsoon in Guzerat.”’

In the Trans-Indus country, Sind and the Punjab these Grouse

are very numerous in the cold weather and a considerable number

ave also found in between the Indus and the Jhelum and Chenab. |

l‘urther South they are numerous in Cutch and Guzerat and in the

West of the desert country of Jusalmir and Mallani. East of this |

they are only found as stragglers in the winter months. :

As regards their habits there is nothing on record to add

to what Hume has already noted as follows: “ Denizens of

the desert as their plumage shews them to be at the first.

glance, they never advance far into the cultivation, to the imme~

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 387

diate neighbourhood of which they are attracted by the facilities for

obtaining food.

‘There is little to be said about their habits; they keep together

in parties of from five to fifty; very often each flock, at any rate in

winter, consists of one sex only; but occasionally I have found

both sexes intermingled. They trot about on the dry soil picking

up seeds and occasionally insects, or squat motionless sunning them-

selves in the early morning sun. They fly off to drink, morning

and evening, often comparatively distant localities, and generally

comport themselves much as P. exustus and arznarius do, but are

more birds of the wilderness than these. I have never seen or

heard of them in the enormous flocks or packs, in which the Large

and Pin-tail Sand-Grouse are so often seen.

‘In Jeysulmere, as Dr. Newnham informed me, and as I subse-

quently found, they are very abundant in the desert tracts South of

the capital, slightly undulating stony plains, mingled with stretches

of blown sand.

‘Their flight is rapid and easy, but wherever I have met with

them they have been less shy and easier of approach than arenarius.

Their note is peculiar, and has been happily described as a gurgling

sound, not unlike that produced by blowing through a small tube,

one end of which is immersed in water. It has been syllabled as

quidle, quidle, quidle, and this really does recall the note to a certain

extent. It has appeared to me that the males of this species are

more peaceably inclined, and not so given to perpetually skirmishing

with each other as are those of arenarius.

«Their food is mostly seeds, but I found a good many insects

mixed with these in the stomachs of those I examined, and they are,

I infer, less purely vegetarians than the Large Sand-Grouse.

“Whether it is on this account I cannot say ; indeed it may have

been only fancy, but I have always considered that the flesh of this

species was less dry and more palatable than that of any other Sand-

Grouse. Even admitting this, I can only say that after eating

hundreds of Sand-Grouse of most of our Indian species, I think

them very poor food, only at all good when baked in a ball of clay,

gipsy fashion.”

Like most Sand-Grouse this particular species appears to breed

over a very protracted period of the year, if not all the year through.

Eggs, either from the oviduct or from the nest have been taken in

each month of the year from February up to August, the earliest

and latest dates being both of oviduct eggs.

There is very little indeed on record about the nidification of this

Sand-Grouse. Whittaker records ‘“‘Mr. Dodson found this Sand-

Grouse remarkably numerous in the neighbourhood of Oumsinerma,

not far from the coast of the Gulf of Syrtis, and obtained several

specimens with the young and eggs of this species.”’

188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

‘¢ According to Mr. Dodson, the male of this species, when nesting

brings water to its female, and both parents give their young drink

until they are able to fly.”’

Whittaker also says ‘‘it appears to be a late breeder, the clutch

of three eggs here described having been taken by Mr. Dodson on

July the 17th. These eggs are less glossy than those of P.

arenarius and of a stone or buff colour, with very faint lilac-grey

shell marks, and more distinct yellowish-brown surface blotches.

‘They measure 41 x 27mm.”

The other eggs of which I now have record are, three laid in con-

finement at Giza; two clutches of three from Sind, one in the

possession of Mr. H. E. Dresser and one in that of the Rev. F.C. R.

Jourdain; one egg from Mesopotamia and one oviduct egg taken by

Dr. Hartert in Algeria, now in the Tring Museum; one egg taken

by Blanford; Bulkley’s two eggs now in my collection and a third

oviduct egg sent me by a friend, and finally two oviduct eggs in the

collection of Mr. J. Davidson.

We have, therefore, 20 absolutely authentic eggs of this species

‘in addition to two other clutches taken by A. G. Tomlinson in the

Bussorah district, Persian Gulf, about which I do notthink there is

any doubt. We can give a fairly general description of them, but

before doing so it will be as well to go into some details of the

different clutches.

_ Major R. Sparrow has been good enough to furward to me three

eggs, from his collection, which were laid by captive birds in the

Giza Zoological Gardens, Cairo, in June 1910.

In colour these eggs are a buff stone colour or pale creamy cafe'-

au-lait, and they are marked all over with blotches, spots and

specks of pale, rather reddish brown and with a few spots and specks,

but no big blotches of very dark umber brown, in one or two

cases almost black. The paler markings are very irregular in shape,

here and there becoming broad irregular lines rather than blotches

and in others looking more like accidental smears than anything

else. The secondary markings are of pale brown, very washed out

and ill defined, and pale lavender grey.

The texture is fine and the surface smooth, though there is very

little gloss, but this may be due to the fact that eggs were evidently

very hard set when blown. They are of the usual Sand-Grouse

elliptical shape and measure 1:62" x 1:18"; 1:60" x 1:12"; 1:56"

x 1:09"; (41°38 x 28°6 ; 40°05 x 28-4 ; 39°6 x 27-6mm.).

Mr. F. C. R. Jourdain has also kindly sent me two out of a clutch

of three eggs taken at Kotri in Sind on 16th May 1895 by Mac-

donald or Pearson? These agree well with the above in every

respect and measure 1°66" x 1:12" and 1:65" x 1-11" (42 x 28°5 and

41°4:x 28°2.mm.). The measurement of the third, Mr. Jourdain

tells me, is 42°6x28°5 mm. These eggs are even more minutely

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 189

speckled than Major Sparrow’s eggs and have fewer of the very dark

markings, though there are some of these present. They are also

rather more glossy but otherwise much the same in general

appearance. They were taken at Kotri, Sind, on the 16th May

1895 as were Mr. Dresser’s eggs, which correspond with them also

In appearance.

Coming next to the two eggs in the Tring Museum we find these

differ in being rather more blotchy in their markings. An egg of

senegallus taken in Mesopotamia, 15th May 1911, is a dull stone

ochre in colour, freckled and blotched with light sienna brown, the

biggest blotches being about :1'' in breadth and the subordinate

markings are of purple grey, but little paler than the superior marks,

though they are more washed out looking; they are equally distri-

buted throughout the surface, rather more numerous perhaps at the

centre. Itis of the usual elliptical shape, one end having a faint

indication of a point, evidently abnormal. There is a distinct gloss

and the texture is close and smooth. It measures 43 mm. x 28°5

mm.

The egg taken by Dr. Hartert, from an oviduct, on 22nd Apri

1899, is similar in general character but far paler and is probably,

not fully coloured; itisa larger egg measuring 48:0 x 28 mm.

There is practically no gloss and the spots are even more sparse.

Bulkley’s eggs are fully described in the Journal and worth quot-

ing in full. He says: ‘‘[ think it is worth recording the fact that

I have recently obtained the eggs of the Spotted Sand-Grouse (Pte-

rocles senegallus). Mr. Fletcher, of the Salt Preventive Frontier

Force, living fourteen miles North of this, shot some of these birds

on the 19th instant and from three of them, one egg each was obtained.

Two of these eggs are now in my collection, the third having the

shell too soft to blow. The twoeggs I have are pure white with the

shell smooth and glossy. The fact of the two eggs being white is, I

think, attributable to their having been taken from the birds perhaps

a day before they would ordinarily have been laid, for it is a fact that

the egg of some birds develop their colour after being laid and

coming into contact with the light. I have taken eggs from

Rain Quail which were pure white, whereas the eggs of this bird

when ordinarily found in the nest are profusely spotted and

sometimes boldly blotched with dark purple, the ground colour of

the eggs being yellowish. In the same way I have taken an egg

from a Florikan that was a very pale-blue and without any gloss,

whereas the ordinary colour of this bird’s egg is sap-green and the

egg has a fine gloss over it. It is somewhat curious that the egg

referred to by Blanford and Hume should be coloured and yet with

little gloss, whereas my two eggs are pure white but decidedly glossy.”

The two eggs, one taken by Blanford and described by Hume and

the third, coloured egg in my own collection, agree in all parti-

190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

culars with the ege from Mesopotamia in the Tring Museum.

Mr. Davidson’s two eggs only differ, in that one has a distinct tinge of

green in the ground colour and has a few rouge lines in addition

to the spots and blotches. 7

The 20 eggs vary in length from the small egg taken by Blanford,

which is only 1:5" ( 38:1 mm.) to the huge oviduct egg taken

by Hartert which measures 1:91'' (48°5 mm.). In breadth the

smallest dimensions are again those of Blanford’s egg, 1.e., 1-05"

( 26:6 mm.) and the broadest is one in my collection of 1-20"

(30 mm.). The average of the 201s 1:66" x 1:12" (== 40*16x

28-2 mm.) as against Dodson’s average of 41 x 27 mm.

The dates on which the various eggs were taken are as follows :—

February 19th.—3 oviduct eggs, Bulkley, Khargora.

March 20th.—1 oviduct egg, Blanford, Shikarpur, Sind.

April 22nd.—1 oviduct egg, Harter, Algeria.

May 15th.—1 egg, Mesopotamia.

May 16th—Clutch of three, Jourdain, Kotri, Sind; clutch

of three, Dresser, Sind.

June 19th—2 clutches Tomlinson, Bussorah, Persian Gulf.

June ?—Clutch of three, Major Sparrow, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.

July 17th. —Clutch of three, Dodson, Tripoli.

August 14th.—1 oviduct egg, Stuart Baker, Sind.

There is little doubt that the Spotted Sand-Grouse breeds regularly

in the deserts of Sind, but it is probable that they breed at great

distances from where they drink and the would-be finder of their eggs

must hunt for them well in the interior of the desert, and most

remote tracts of desert. Tomlinson records that the eggs taken by him

were deposited in mere hollows in the sand with no trace of nest. °

Genus SYRRHAPTES.

The genus Syrrhaptes contains two species only, of which one

comes within Indian limits. This can be at once distinguished

from all other Sand-Grouse by its greater size—its wing is always

over 9,''—by the want of a hallux or hind toe and by its tarsi

being feathered all over, 7.e., behind as well as in front, and by the

upper surface of its toes also being feathered.

It has the central tail feathers elongated as in Pteroclurus and

the wings are long and strongly pointed. In general appearance it

is a typical Sand-Grouse.

The genus is confined. to Central Asia as a resident, but there are

periodical rushes of Syrrhaptes paradoxus into Europe even as far

as Great Britain.

SYRRHAPTES TIBETANUS.

The Tibetan Sand-Grouse.

Syrrhaptes tibetanus.—-Gould, P. Z. 8., p. 92, 1850; id, B. Asia,

vi, pl. 61; Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. xh, pt. Il, p. 71; Hume* and

acl eee 4

peas ald Ne hove Pip “vale

fat Hist Sac

TT ee ere

} \ \

’ {

+. te

% { ,

* fy 7

rea S, Sante Mh

i * ‘

fe Gls

THe | QUARY

OF TRE

ABIVERSITY OF ILUNOTS

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 191

Hend., Lahore to Yarkand, p. 279; Hume, Str. Feath. vii, pp. 162,

A425; id. Cat. No. 802; Hume and Marshall, Game B.i, p. 43;

Sharpe, Yarkand Miss. Aves, p. 119; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M.

xxii, p. 5; Blanford Avifauna Ind. iv, p. 638; Oates, Game-B.

Ind. i. p. 15; Sharpe, Hand-C. i, p. 50; Oates, Cat. Eggs, B. M.

i, p. 75; Ogilvie-Grant, Game B. I., p.6; Ward, Jour. B. N. H.

Soc. xvii, p. 944; Le Mess. Game-B., p. 58; Bailey, Jour.

eaeeON Soc. (xx, pad 79:

Vernacular names.— Kuk, Kaling (Ladak) Kaka lingma, Kakali,

(Tibet).

Description— Adult male.—Head from forehead to nape white finely

barred with black, the forehead more streaked than barred and the

lores either immaculate or very finely streaked: angle of chin white

changing into dull orange yellow on chin, throat, fore neck and in a

narrow band on the nape. Hind neck white narrowly barred with

black, the ground colour changing into vinaceous buff, or buff on

the upper back and the bars changing to vermiculations becoming

most minute on the upper back; lower back, ramp and upper tail

eoverts greyish white vermiculated with narrow black bands which

are broadest and most definite on the rump; the rump and upper

tail-coverts are often tinged with yellow, giving a sort of golden

sheen to these parts. Scapulars, wing coverts and innermost

secondaries buff, the greater secondary coverts, scapulars and second-

aries often tinged with refescent and somewhat contrasting with

the smaller coverts, the whole very finely vermiculated with brown

and the scapulars also marked with large blotches of black on the

inner web, these forming a narrow triangular patch on the back.

Primary coverts and primaries black, the latter greyish towards the

end and with large greyish buff marks on the inner webs of all,

but the first four though obsolete on the fifth and sometimes

_ on the sixth, outer secondaries gradually changing from the colour

of the primaries to that of the inner secondaries. Axillaries black,

under wing coverts on shoulder vermiculated brown and white, re-

maining aspect under wing brown. Foreneck and upper breast

vinous grey or vinous white narrowly barred with dark brown or

blackish, the ground colour deepening towards the lower breast and

the bars becoming very narrow; lower breast vinous grey ; abdomen,

flanks and shorter under-tail coverts white, remaining under tail-

coverts chestnut, barred with black and tipped white ; these feather-

ed white with tiny brown vermiculations. Central tail feathers like

the rump and upper tail coverts but prolonged with long narrow

webbed filaments of dark grey; remaining tail feathers like the longer

undertail coverts.

The general tint of the upper plumage depends principally on the

scapulars and the inner secondaries, the back and rump not differing

much individuals. In some birds the first parts mentioned are quite

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

a bright pink vinaceous with the black markings almost entirely

concealed by the ends of the over lapping feathers, in others, the

feathers being abraded, the black spots from large patches and the

surrounding parts are tinged with dark buff or yellow buff, sometimes

even with buff ochre.

The yellow on the throat varies greatly in intensity and the

markings on the breast not infrequently descend right down to the

white abdomen. ‘The thighs and feet are, also, sometimes quite

thickly covered with fine dark bars.

‘** Bill and nails bluish horny; soles whitish” (Hume).

Dimensions— Males.—“ Length 18 to 20; expanse 29 to 31; wing

9-9 to 10:5; tail (according to development of central tail feathers)

7-5 to 9:5; tarsus (which even in the fresh bird is very hard to mea-

sure) 1-1 to 1:3; bill from forehead to tip, 0. 74 to 0. 78." (Hume).

The small series I have been able to examine have had wings

varying from 9°98" (254-5 mm.) to 10°63" (270 mm.) with an

average of 10:35" (261°9 mm.). I have also measured tails up

10: Ar" (263°10 mm.) though this was unusually long and most are

only about 8” (203-2 mm.).

Description—-Aduli female.—The adult female differs from the

adult male in having the chin and throat albescent and more or

less freely barred with brown; the breast is barred throughout and

there is no intermediate band of grey between the barred part and

the white abdomen. ‘The whole of the upper parts and wing coverts

which are only vermiculated in the male are regularly barred in the

female, except the rump, upper tail coverts and central tail feathers.

and even these are decidedly more boldly marked than in the male.

The general tint also is more grey and less vinous, though it varies

in both sexes. |

The upper plumage may be in senate tone sandy-grey, grey

much suffused with ochreous on scapulars and wings or grey

with these parts as pink or vinous as in the male. There is a bird

from Tibet and another specimen from Ladak in the British

Museum which have as beautiful.a pink vinaceous a tint as there

is in any of the males, and they also have the wing coverts covered

with fine stippling and vermiculations instead of the usual barring.

One of these is probably a young bird, and though both are sexed

females there may be some mistake. Below the extent of the breast

differs in various individuals and in some birds is darker than in

others. Soft parts as in the male.

Dimensions— Females.—‘“‘ Length 6°5 to 118 ; expanse 27 to 28;

wing 9°7 to 9°9; tail 7:0 to 8-4; tarsus 1-1; bill as before 0°72 to

0-73.” (Hume).

I have been able to take the measurements of some 20 females

and these bear out Hume’s measurements in making the females

decidedly smaller than the female. The wings vary from 9°80"

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 193

(248°8 mm.) to 10:45'" (266-4 mm.) and have an average of

10-11 '' (256.8 mm.), the tails are also much shorter, seldom ex-

ceeding 8:5" (215.9 mm.) and generally below 8'' (203-2

mm.).

Young male.-—A young male has only faint traces of yellow at

the sides of the neck ; the barring on breast and back to tail is like

that of the female, the deep black blotching to the scapulars is

almost wanting, the median coverts and inner secondaries are much

barred as well as vermiculated, but the rest of the wing coverts are

marked as inthe male. The wing of this bird is only 8:85"

(223-8 mm.)

“A quite immature male resembles the adult female but has

only a trace of yellow about the ear coverts, and the barring of the

upper parts of the body is coarser and more irregular.” (Ogilvie-

Grant.)

Distribution.—‘‘ Thibet, extending Northwards to the Koko-Nor,

West to the Pamir, and South to Ladakh and the Sutlej Valley.”

(Ogilvie Grant.)

Hitherto the Tibetan Sand-Grouse has only been found within

Indian limits in Ladakh and the Sutley Valley, but it has been

known to extend close to Sikhim in Tibet, and Blanford was given

some cage birds by the Governor of Kambajong which were procur-

ed just across the border. Now, however, I have been sent eggs

taken in Sikhim which are most undoubtedly those of Syrrhaptes,

and, though they happen to be a very small sized set, they cannot

be anything else but tibetanus as paradowus could not possibly occur

there.

Hume found them in great numbers on the Roopshoo plains about

the Tso Mourari and Tso Khar and the head of the Pangong Lake,

which isjust inside the Eastern boundary of Ladakh. Biddulph

also found them near this latter lake at 15,000 ft. and again at

18,000 ft. on the Karakorum Pass.

It descends only to about 12,000 ft. in the summer, but probably

much lower in the winter months. Hume says: “1 do not think I

have ever met with this species at elevations above 17,000 or below

12,000 ft. but I have, of course, only seen it between Ist June

and 15th September and during the colder months it may descend

lower.”’

‘* Although it keeps on barren and desolate steppes in the neigh-

bourhood often of rocky ranges, I have never seen it (the experience

of other seems to be different) on these or on steep hillsides, and I

have always noticed that there was sure to be some water, fresh or

brackish, within a reasonable distance of its feeding ground.

‘In the morning and afternoon it moves about on the more or

less undulating semi-desert plains feeding on grass and other seeds

and berries, and any young green shoots it can find. During the

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

middle of the day it squats about, especially if the day be hot,

basking in the sun, very generally scratching for itself a small

depression in the soil.”

‘‘ Both when feeding and taking its siesta, it is not uncommonly

in considerable flocks (I have seen several hundreds together); but

in summer, at any rate, it is perhaps more common to meet with

it in little parties of from three to twenty. Whilst feeding, it trots

about more rapidly and easily than its short feather-encased legs and

feet would lead one to suppose; individuals continually flying up

and alightine a few yards further on, and now and again the whole

flock rising and flying round, apparently without reason or aim.”

‘Sometimes it is very shy, especially in the early mornings and

evenings; and though it will not, unless repeatedly fired at, fly far,

it will yet not let you approach within 100 yards; but, as a rule,

during the heat of the day, you may walk right in amongst them.

They are precisely the colour of the sand when basking, and often

the first notice you have of their proximity is the sudden patter of

their many wings as they rise and dart away, and the babel of their

cries, which, if the flocks be a large one, is really startling for a

moment. Once up, they are off and away with a rapidity

that takes a good shot, and a hard hitting gun to deal

with satisfactorily, but they rarely at mid-day go far, andif the

sun is bright, you may get shot after shot out of the same party

by following them up.

‘‘ Harly in the morning and quite at dusk they come down to the

water to drink, by preference to fresh water, but, as at the Tso-

Khar, at times, to quite brackish water.

“They are always noisy birds when moving about, uttering a

call somewhat like guk guk, to my ear, or again, as some people

syllable it, ‘‘ yak-yak,”’ “ caga-caga,’’ &c., &c., but they are specially

noisy in the evenings, when they come down to drink, and quite

late in the evening when wearied with the day’s tramp in those high

regions, dinner discussed and the peaceful pipe achieved, one turns

in for the night, their characteristic double cry may still be heard

round the tents, pitched always, of course, when possible, near water.”’

Mountaineer remarks that they are met with in pairs, sometimes

singly, and also in flocks of half a dozen or a dozen, on the hills and

upland plains, at from 14,000 to 17,000 ft. They lie close until

one gets within 50 or 100 yards, and then fly up with the usual

chuckle, generally alighting again at no very great distance.

According to Blanford this “is a very noisy bird, often repeating

its clanging double note when on the wing. Some caged birds that

were given to me on the N. Frontier of Sikhim constantly HSS

this call. The flight is swift.”

Captain F. M. Bailey says that he found “these birds in flocks of

from 10 to 20 anywhere North of the Tangla from August to

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 195

February and I have once seen them in May. ‘They appear to have

no special hour for drinking, and are not at all shy, so it is possible

to walk up within gunshot distance when they are feeding on the

bare plains. On being fired at a flock will only fly a hundred yards

or so and will allow another shot to be taken in the same manner.

In this way a flock could easily be exterminated, as they do not

seem to get any wilder. I have seen them at Kambazong and at

various places in the Brahmapootra Valley, West of Shigatse. I

made every effort to get the eggs of this bird but without success.”

There is practically nothing on record about the breeding of this

fine Sand-Grouse, but Oates writes as follows about two eggs now

in the British Museum Collection. ‘These two eggs were found by

Mr. St. George Littledale, and..... although they have no further

history, doubtless belong to this species. These eggs are perfectly

elliptical, rather glossy and measure, the one 1:91:37 and the

other 2x1:33. They are of a light stone colour with a number

of pale purple shell marks and numerous surface dots and marks

of reddish brown, evenly distributed over the egg.”

Beyond the above eggs the only others are those mentioned by

Colonel Ward and some others in my own collection. Colonel

Ward writes (in loc cit): ‘“ The Tibetan Sand-Grouse is

found in flocks in Tibet and eggs were taken by Captain W. Leslie

on the Eastern borders of that district on the 22nd, 23rd and 25th

June.”

One of these eggs which Colonel Ward gave to Dr. H. N.

Coltart is now, through the latter’s generosity, in my collection,

and agrees well with a clutch of three eggs received from Sikhim

and two others, one of three and one of two sent. to me from ‘Tibet.

Those from Sikhim have no data with them except that they were got

from a high plateau in the North-Hast of Sikhim by villagers in the

month of June; those from Tibet were taken near the Chamb

Valley onthe 16th and 18th June. They are said to be common to

inmany parts of Tibet, and very common in some, but I have failed

to get any more eggs, though Capts. I’. M. Bailey, R. S. Kennedy,

D. Macdonald and L. Weir have all collected for me very fine series

of eggs of many extremely rare species.

All these eggs in my collection with the exception of Col. Ward’s,

resemble one another very closely and are exactly like the eggs

Syrrphates paradoxus in the British Museum. The ground colour

is a pale stone colour, in some being of a rather warmer tint more

a creamy buff and the markings consist of spots, specks, and

blotches, the last predominating, of brown, some yellowish, some

reddish, the two tints varying in different specimens. ‘The

secondary marks are of the same character and in colour a washy

purple grey or lavender grey, here and there being one of a rather

deeper purple. The eggs have a fair gloss, in one clutch a rather

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

high gloss, and the surface is smooth with a fine, close grain, but the

shell is rather fragile for so big an egg.

Col. Ward’s egg has a pale pinkish ‘brown ground colour,’ the

spots and blotches are rather larger and darker though less numerous.

The eggs vary in leneth between 1:75" 1-17” (44-4 x 29°7

mm.) and 1:85!" x 1-25" (47: 0x 31:7 mm.).

(To be continued.)

197

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

By O.upFIELD THomas, F.R.S.

IN Os VLE de

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

ON UPPER BURMA SQUIRRELS REFERABLE TO

SCIURUS SLADENI AND HARINGTONI.

The presentation by Mr. C. 8. Barton of a squirrel from the

Upper Chindwin District of Burma related to Sciwrus slaudeni has

given occasion for an examination of the specimens in the British

Museum that have been referred to this species and to the allied

S. haringtont.

A specimen collected by Capt. F. EH. W. Venning, the discoverer

of Petaurista lylei venningr, has also just been received from the

Bombay Natural History Society.

The skins before me, though few in number, show a remarkable

diversity in colouration, and as this diversity is shown in ways not

usually variable in squirrels, and as such specimens as do come from

similar or near-by localities are quite identical, | have come to the

conclusion that the different forms should have special names, as in-

dicated in the following synopsis :—

A.—General colour of body above erizzled

olive-grey or rufous... .. S. sladent.

a. Muzzle and feet rufous or ochraceous,

no dark line separating upper and

lower colours.

a. Back olive grey, not rufous.

a*. Ochraceous colour on muzzle ex-

tending back nearly toears. Feet

more ochraceous.. .. 8. sladeni sladeni.

b°. Ochraveous of mines noe ‘extend-

ing on to forehead. Feet more

ferruginous Ae ... S.s. midas.

6°. Back washed with eden wes. 86 7uber,

6. Muzzle and feet penne bait A dark

demarcational line... .. S. & bartont.

B.—General colour of body above cream-buff,

below buffy... .. S. haringtons

a Under-surfaze buff. A pennee baaics

line RORATAURE the flank and belly

colours ... S. haringtoni

| haringtoni

b. Under-surface ochraceous buff. No de-

marcational line sae ie S. h. solutus.

The essential characters of S. siden aa haringtoni have been

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

already described, and an excellent figure of the former given by

Dr. Anderson.* The following are further details of the subspecies

I recognize.

Sciurus sladeni sladeni, Anders.

Syn. S. kemmisi, Wrought.

Muzzle rich ferruginous nearly to the level of the ears, cheeks

below eyes also ferruginous. Feet bright ochraceous (nearest to

zinc orange or apricot orange of Ridgway).

Localities.—Tigyaing (Anderson) ; Katha (Kemmis.)

Sciurus sladent midas, subsp. n.

As true sladeni, but the ferruginous of muzzle not extending on

to forehead, or on to cheeks below eyes. Feet darker (ferruginous

of Ridgway).

Condylo-incisive length of skull, 51°5; p. 4 and 3 molars 10:1.

Locahty.—Myitkina. Alt. 600'.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 11.7.31.1. Collected 2nd May

1911 and presented by A. W. Kemmis, Esq.

Sciwrus sladent rubex, subsp. n.

Like S. sladent midas in the small extent of the rufous of the

muzzle, the olive-grey cheeks, and the tone of the feet, but with the

whole of the back strongly suffused with dark rich ferruginous, this

suffusion also extending in a lesser degree on to the tail. Sides

grey, ticked with buffy. ‘Terminal third of tail deep ferruginous.

Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh :—

Head and body 214 mm; tail 254; hind foot 54; ear 22.

Condylo-incisive length of skull 49:5 ; p. 4 and three molars 9-6.

Hab.—Lonkin, Myitkina District.

Type.—Adult male, B. M. No. 14.4.3.7. Original number 50.

Collected 22nd February 1914. Presented by Capt. F. E. W. Ven-

ning through the Bombay Natural History Society.

Readily distinguishable from the other forms of this group by the

warm ferruginous suffusion of the upper surface.

Scwrus sladeni bartoni, subsp. n.

General pattern as in sladeni, but the muzzle, hands and feet are

‘warm buffy’ instead of ferruginous, and, just as in S. harington

haringtoni, there is a distinct narrow blackish line separating the

grizzled olive of the upper parts from the rich ochraceous buff of

the belly and inner sides of the limbs; this line crosses the forearm

half way down, but is not evident on the ankles. Terminal third

of tail (instead of the usual fifth or sixth) rich ferruginous.

Dimensions of type, measured in flesh. Head and body 227 mm;

tail 260; hind foot 51°5; ear 21°5.

* Zool. Yunn. Exp., pl. XX., 1878.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 199

Skull.—Condylo-incisive length 52-2; p. 4 and 3 molars 9:5.

Halntat.—Uyu River, 20 miles N. W. of Mansi and about 50

miles HK. of Homalin, Upper Chindwin. Alt. 900’.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. N6.14.6.18.1. Original number 3.

Collected 24th March 1911 and presented by C. 8. Barton, Esq.

By its buffy points and its dark demarcational line this striking

form gives an indication of the essential relationship to each other

of Sciwrus haringtons and sladeni, widely as they seem at first sight

to differ from each other.

Scirus haringtont haringtoni, Thos.

General colour creamy buff, whiter on sides. Under-surface warm

buff. A well marked narrow black line separating the colours of

upper and under-surfaces; this line crosses the forearms and ankles.

Muzzle, feet and tail pale cream-buff.

Localitykx—Moungkan, Upper Chindwin (Harington).

Scwrus haringtonr solutus, sabsp. n.

Like true haringtoni except that the feet and belly are a warmer

buff (rather richer than ochraceous buff of Ridgway) and that there

is no trace of a demarcational dark line on sides and across limbs.

Back of ankles more or less buffy where the dark line crosses them

in haringtons. |

Hindfoot of type, 53 mm.

Locality Homalin, Upper Chindwin (Harington).

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 5.8.11.2. Collected 2nd January

1905 and presented by Major H. H. Harington.

Even when first describing it I was doubtful if both the speci-

mens of S. haringtont could properly be assigned to a single sub-

Species, and now that I have seen something of the variations of

the other members of the group, I am convinced that the form with

the demarcational line should be separated from that without. In

their general appearance, however, the two forms bear a striking

resemblance to each other.

A NEW LEGGADILLA FROM KUMAON.

BY OLDFIELD ‘'HOMAS.

Leqqadilla gurkha, sp. n.

Closely similar in general appearance to Li. sadhu Wr., agreeing

with that animal in both size and colour. But the fur is longer

and softer, the flattened hairs being scarcely spinous at all, and, in.

the skull, the posterior palatal opening is less contracted, and m'

is of more normal shape, its anterior lobe less long and narrow;

its accessory, anterior cusp is however equally well developed.

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

If a very old specimen from Bageswar, darker coloured and more

spinous than the type, is as I suppose referable to the same species,

the mammee may be recorded as 3—2—10, while they are 42

—=12 in both L. sadhu and platythri.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 82 mm.; tail 73; hindfoot 18; ear 14:5.

Skull, greatest length 25 ; condylo-incisive length 23-7; greatest

breadth 11:8; nasals 9-9; interorbital breadth 3°8; palatilar length ~

11.6; upper molar series 4.4.

Habitat.—Kumaon. Type from Jerna, Ramnagar, 1,500’; another

specimen from Ramnagar, 1,100’, while the older specimen above

referred to came from Bageswar, 3,200’.

T'ype.—Adult male, B. M. No. 14. 12.1.1. ,Original number

4,349. Collected 24th January 1914 by C. A. Crump and present-

ed by the Bombay Natural History Society.

While the Jerna and Ramnagar specimens are quite like

J, sadhu in their pale fawn colour, that from Bageswar is as dark as

L. platythriv, but will probably prove to be exceptional in this

respect. Its mammary formula, 3—2—10, will in any case distin-

euish it from the older known species.

Hodgson’s Mus cervicolor, somewhat similar in colour to L. gurkha, ~

is unquestionably a Mus and not a Leggadilla.

NOTES ON VANDELHEURIA

BY OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 7

The inclusion of a number of Tree-mice, belonging to two daiffer-

ent forms, in the Survey’s collection from Kumaon has induced

me to make a further study of the genus Vandeleurra, which had

already attracted the attention of Mr. Wroughton and Miss Ryley.

The members of this genus would seem to be divisible into two

eroups by size, this being most correctly gauged by the length of

the molar tooth-row, the size of the skull itself being sometimes a

little deceptive. In the larger forms the tooth-row is about 3:4 to

3-6 mm. in length, while in the smaller one it ranges from 3:0 to —

3°38.

In the Western parts of India, Bombay and the Western Ghats,

two forms are to be found, a large and a small, the large one rang-

ing from Kolaba, near Bombay, down the Ghats, through Coorg to —

the Nilgiri Hills, whence a specimen was named Mus nilagirieus

by Jerdon. To this form Miss Ryley assigned the original

V. oleracea of Sykes, from the “‘Deccan,’’ basing her conclusions on the

size of the skull of the type.’ But unfortunately that type is a very

old specimen with an overgrown skull, and its teeth show that it

EE Oe eee ir Ai

Reet Pe a ~—

= Misa ei le fe: Ae. Saas

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 201

really belongs to the small Bombay form, which she calls V. wrough-

font, on a series collected by Mr. Wroughton, and of which we also

have specimens from Ahmednagar, where Major Sykes probably got

the type of oleracea.

This small form extends northwards to Kumaon, but becomes

there of a duller colour, and a subspecies is made below on this

account. Hxamples from Nimar and Sehore tend to be inter-

mediate.

From Mr. Crump’s Bengal collection (Hazaribagh) one specimen

has come, and this may be provisionally referred to V. oleracea,

thus marking the eastward extent of the range of this

species.

Another Western form is the well-marked V. spadicea, Ryley,

_ from Gujerat, characterised by its pale sandy colour. It is related

to the larger species, and may prove to be linked by interme-

diate specimens with the comparatively dull-coloured YJ.

nilagurica.

The second form found in Kumaon is also a member of the large

eroup, but is of a much redder colour than any hitherto referred to.

It is described below. Curiously enough our only specimen from

Ceylon is so similar to this that I can see no reason to distinguish

it, so that the species will probably be found to range down the

Hastern half of India, just as the dull-coloured V. nilagirica does

down the Western.

Then in Nepal comes the bright rufous, small-toothed, V. dumeti-

cola, Hodgson, which ranges thence eastwards into Assam and

Burma, though the material is as yet too small to indicate its

_ variations there. A single skin was got by Mr. Shortridge on Mt.

Popa, and this, which is apparently not separable from duwmeticola,

may be provisionally taken as representing Blyth’s ‘‘ Mus badius”

from Schwe Gyen, Pegu.

_ Finally comes a still smaller form, described below, from Chanta-

boon, Siam, the furthest Eastern Recotd of the genus.

The sketchy and provisional nature of these notes shows how

much still remains to be done with the smaller Indian Muridee, while

the fact that they have been able to be written at all indicates what

has been done by the Society’s Survey. For before the Survey

nothing was known of the variations and detailed distribution

of this interesting genus.

Descriptions of new forms :—

Vandeleuria oleracea modesta, subsp. n.

Size and general characters of oleracea, but colour duller and less

sandy or buffy. Dorsal colour near wood-brown, not or scarcely

becoming more buffy laterally. Hands and feet dull white, not

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

buffy. Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh :—

Head and body, 72 mm., tail 102, hind foot 19, ear 14.

Skull, see table below.

Habitat.—Kumaon. Type from Ramnagar, 1,100’.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14. 12.1. 2. Original number

4,050. Collected 5th December 1918 by C. A. Crump. Hight

specimens, all from Ramnagar.

The teeth range from 3:2 to 3-4 mm. in length, and therefore

touch the lower limit of the larger forms (nilagirica group) , but

there can be no doubt that the real relationship of this animal is

with oleracea, of which it forms a duller coloured local race.

Vandeleuria rubida, sp. n.

Size comparatively large, nearly equalling V. nilagwica. General

colour above bright rich rufous (tawny of Ridgway) very much as

in the more Hastern V. dumeticola. Sides paler, edged with a

narrow tawny line. Under surface white, inconspicuously suffus-

ed with fulvous on the belly. Ears dark brown. Hands and feet

buffy. Tail uniformly brown.

Skull large, strongly built, supra-orbital edges square.

Dimensions of the type, measured'in the flesh :-—

Head and body 78 mm., tail 124, hind foot 18:5,

ear 15.

Skull, see table below.

Habitat.—Kumaon. ‘Type from Bageswar, 3,200’.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 14. 12. 1. 38. Original number

3,800. Collected 30th September 1913 by C. A. Crump.

This beautiful species differs from the large western V. nilagirica

by its bright reddish coloration, and from the red eastern

V. dumeticola by its larger size.

A specimen from Ceylon, collected by Mr. E. E. Green, is

apparently not distinguishable from the type.

Vandeleuria sibylla, sp. n.

A very small species, allied to V. dumeticola, but stil:

smaller. ‘

Form slender, hands and feet markedly less stout than in the

indian species. General colour apparently dark rufous, probably

about as in V. dumeticola, but not exactly definable on the spirit

specimen.

Skull small (see dimensions), the brain-case markedly narrower

and less swollen than in dumeticola. Palatal foramina comparative-

ly short. Molars smallest of the genus.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 203

Dimensions taken on the spirit specimen :—

Head and body 55mm., tail 96, hind foot 16:8, ear 12.

Skull, see table below.

Habitat.—Southern Siam ; type from Chantaboon.

Type.—Adult female in spirit. B.M. No. 97. 4. 6. 3. Collected

and presented by Capt. Stanley S. Flower.

Skull measurements of types.

Vandeleuria

oleracea modesta. rubida. sibylla.

Greatest length ... eet 21°5 23:4, Py

Condylo-incisive length... 19-6 wise LAS

Nasals ... he be 7 Pits: —

Interorbital breadth Hig” 3°4, 2°9

Breadth of brain-case ... 10:5 10:7 9°6

Palatilar length ... mal 9 9°8 8-4,

Palatal foramina 4, 4-6 3°6

Upper molar series a 3:2 3°5 3:0

A NEW BURMESE SQUIRREL.

BY OLDFIELD ‘T'HOMAS.

SCIURUS PYGERYTHRUS JANETTA, subs. n.

The Upper Burma representative of the Peeu pygerythrus.

Size and general characters quite as in true pygerythrus. Colour

above finely grizzled grey, with or without a buffy suftusion. Under

surface white or buffy, clear on the throat, chest, middle line of

belly, and inguinal region, mixed with greyish on the sides of the

belly. A marked and prominent patch on the outer side of the

hip of the same colour, white or buffy, as the belly. Hands and

feet wholly white or buffy, as are also the light rings on the tail and

the middle line of its under surface. Tip of tail black.

Skull quite as in true pygerythrus.

Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh. Head and body, 198

mm ; tail 199; hind foot 45°5 ; ear 21-5.

Skull.—Greatest length 46-3; condylo-incisive length 42-3; zygo-

matic breadth 28 ; nasals 13-3 ; interorbital breadth 16:2; front of

p to back of m’ 8-2,

Hab.—Upper Burma. Type from Mandalay, 200'. Others

from Kyauk Myaung, Pyawbwe, Mingun, and Mount Popa.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14°12-1:4. Original number

3150. Collected 28th June 1913, by Guy C. Shortridge. About

sixty specimens examined.

This Upper Burma representative of S. pygerythrus is remarkable

for its dimorphism, specimens with clear grey backs and white

bellies and feet being taken at the same places and dates as others

204 JOURNAL, LOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

with buffy suffused backs, and buffy bellies and feet. In the buffy

phase it is very similar to the true pygerythrus, from which it

differs by its light hip-patch and wholly light feet. In S. pygeryth-

rus there is no hip-patch, and the feet are only light at their extre-

mities, and, sometimes, along their hallucal edges. The type of

S. p. janetta is in the grey and white, not the buffy phase.

_ From the local form of 8S. lokroides, S. l. mearsi Bonhote, des-

cribed from the Lower Chindwin, which has some resemblance to

it, S. p. janetta may be distinguished by its black tail-tip, more

wholly white feet, and by the absence of the buffy inguinal patches

present in that animal.

I have ventured to apply to this pretty squirrel the name of Mrs.

Fell, wife of Mr. G. B. H. Fell, C.1.E., I.C.S., to whom Mr. Short-

ridge has been considerably indebted in doing his collecting work.

TWO NEW FLYING SQUIRRELS.

BY OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

PETAURISTA’ ANNAMENSIS, sp. n.

A rufous, white-muzzled, and white-speckled species hke P.

candidulus, but the tail blackish as in P. yunnanensis.

Size about as in P. candidulus. Fur medium; hairs of back

about 380-32 mm. in length. General colour deep rufous, speckled

with white on the back, more profusely than in P. yunnanensis, less

so than in candidulus. Head more speckled than the back, muzzle

and cheeks greyish white, whisker-patch brown. Orbits narrowly

edged with black. Hars long, the short-haired part (proectote) dull

whitish, the long-haired posterior part (metectote) black, continuous

with a patch on the head behind them. Parachute dark rufous above,

without speckling. Underside uniform pale rufous; chin black,

throat greyish or greyish rufous; undersurface of parachute daker

rufous than the belly. Hands and feet black. Tail like the body for

its basal fourth, then uniformly brownisk black, the tip quite black.

Skull with the frontal processes of the premaxillee broader than

the posterior part of the nasals, these being about equal in breadth

in P. candidulus.

Approximate dimensions of the type, measured in skin :—

Head and body 450 mm.; tail 410.

Skull, greatest length 76; condylo-incisive length 71:5; zygo-

metric breadth 49°5; nasals 24°5 x 14°75; interorbital broadtls 18;

palatilar length 36 ; upper tooth series exclusive of p* 15:2.

Habitat.—Southern Annam, type from Bali, near Nhatnang.

Alt. 150 m.

T'ype.—Adult male, B. M. No. 6.11.6.14. Original number 29.

Collected 10th November 1905, by Dr. J. Vassal.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 205

This is the Petawrista yunnanensis, Anders. of Bonhote’s paper on

Dr. Vassal’s Annam Mammals”, but is distinguished from Ander-

son’s species by its whitish muzzle and white speckled crown and

nape; also by its shorter and poorer fur. <A Flying Squirrel from

Songen, Bienhoa Province, Lower Cochin China, collected by

Pierre, also appears to belong to this species.

PETAURISTA TAYLORI, sp. n.

General appearance of P. annamensis, but tail dirty whitish as in

P. candidulus.

Size about as in P. candidulus. Fur shorter and coarser than in

that species ; hairs of back about 28—30 mm. in length. General

colour above deep rich rufous, as in annamensis, the dorsal area

speckled with white, but to an even less extent than in that anima,,

the speckling being confined to the region from withers to rump.

Muzzle and cheeks hoary grey, the bases of the hairs grey-brown,

the tips white. Crown rufous, speckled with white, the speckling

not extending back on to the nape. LHars with their prcectote

white, their metectote and a large patch behind them prominently

black. Edges of interfemoral membrane black. ‘Tail with its basal

fourth dull ferruginous washed with black, then drabby washed with

white, the extreme tip black.

No measurements available, but size apparently as in Earnie

and annamensis. _

Halitat.—Southern Tenasserim. ‘Type from near Bankasun.

Type.—Adult skin without skull. B.M.No.14.12.1.5. Original

number 4590. Obtained as a skin by G.C.Shortridge. Presented

by the Bombay Natural History Society.

This Flying Squirrel is related to both P. candidulus of Upper

Burma and P. annamensis of Annam and Cochin China, differing

from the first by its less profuse white speckling and its black ear

patch, and from the second by its whitish tail. Quite possibly all

three will hereafter be considered as local sub-species ofa single form,

but without further material such linking-up would be premature.

At Mr. Shortridge’s suggestion I have named this handsome

animal in honour of Mr. J. A. Taylor, Manager of the ‘T’enasserim

River Rubber Estate, from whom much help has been received in

forwarding the objects of the Survey.

SP Spy hGOL. Ds Ge

206

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKES.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS

Major FEF. Wat, I.M:8., FoG.S., Coveaee

Part XXIII (with Plate XXIII, Diagram and Map.)

(Continued from page 43 of Volume XXIII.)

Family—CoLuBRID&.

OOLUBER RADIATUS.

THE COPPER-HEADED RAT-SNAKE.

Mistory.—The first mention of this snake in literature is by

Russell who figured it in his Second Volume published in 1801.

The plate (XLI1) is an excellent one taken from a specimen received

by him from Java. In 1857 Schlegel figured it, and christened it.

Since then almost every herpetologist writing on Asiatic snakes has

referred to it. ,

Nomenclature—(a) Scientific—The generic name introduced by.

Linné in 1766 is from the Latin “coluber,” a word applied indis-

criminately to any snake. <‘ Radiatus, ” from the Latin implying

‘‘radiating,’’ emanated from Schlegel, and refers to the three black

lines that radiate from the eye like the spokes of a wheel.

(b) Hnglsh.—The copper-headed rat-snake suggests itself to me

as distinctive, and appropriate.

‘“¢ soom phitti.”’

General characters.—This is a handsome species of moderately

large proportions, ornamental in colouring, and distinctive in its

markings. The head is moderately elongate, smooth, and evenly

rounded from side to side, showing little evidence of a canthus

rostralis. The snout is obtuse. The eye is moderate in size and

the iris golden or golden brown especially towards its pupillary

margin. The nostril is deep vertically and occupies the whole

suture between the anterior and posterior nasal shields. The tongue

is pale at the base, and has black tips. The body is elegant in

form and distinctly compressed, its surface ribbed longitudinally with

keels. ‘The tail is round in section, and moderately long, being

about one-sixth the total length.

Colowr.—The head in life is a copper colour, or dull orange, and

this tone merges to a duller one at the neck. A transverse black

stripe passes across the head at the posterior limit of the parietal

shields. This sends black limbs forwards to the eyes, and frequent-

burn Bombay NAL MeL. OC. Plate 2Xt:

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) THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES.(Wall)

Zamemnis diadema var. atriceps, harmless.

a - , typica, harmless.

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a ST OF ILLINORS

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 207

ly two black limbs backwards which pass for some distance down

the back. The ends of the transverse stripe turn backwards, and

are continued as stripes down the back parallel to the median, and

thicker stripes just referred to. ‘T'wo short black streaks pass from

the eyes, one downwards, and one obliquely backwards.

Anteriorly the body is adorned with black longitudinal stripes,

usually three in number on each side, and progressively narrowing

from above downwards; the lowest usually more or less in-

terrupted being placed near the edge of the ventrals. The median

are usually connected with the black collar but may commence

further back as*in our plate. These black marks are very faintly

visible in the cast skin. The ground colour is yellowish, brownish,

ruddy brown, or leaden grey vertebrally, merging to lighter tones

in the flanks. The skin anteriorly is chequered as shown diagram-

matically in the attached figure. ‘The shaded oblongs are black,

oblongs A are a _ pale

Y/ eo a V)]§( blue-grey, and oblong B

| | A

wae ao ments inflates itself,

and reveals these hues.

bright yellow. The effect

Posteriorly the body loses its black stripes, and is uniformly

is very striking when

the snake under excite-

__ light-yellowish, brownish or leaden grey dorsally, merging to lighter

tones in the flanks. The belly is whitish, or pale vellowiah often

more or less obscurely mottled with greyish especially posteriorly,

and beneath the tail. The young are coloured and marked exactly

like adults.

Dimensions.—Adults usually vary from five to six feet. My

largest of 32 measured specimens was a @ 6 feet and 3 of an inch.

Stoliezka had one 64 feet long in the Sikkim Terai, Mr. Frere wrote

to me of one he got in Tharrawaddy 6 feet 10 inches long, and the

Revd. C. Leigh wrote to me of one he captured at Kurseong

exactly 7 feet.

Identijication.— Attention must be paid to the following points

which must coexist. (1) Scales in 19 rows anteriorly (two heads-

lengths behind head), 19 rows in midbody, and 17 posteriorly (two

headsleneths before vent). Median rows with keels. (2) An entire

anal shield. (8) Ventrals 224 to. 250. (4) Subcaudals 33 to

106. (5) A black transverse mark on the back of the head. I

know of no simpler method of identification.

Haunts.—Its favorite haunts appear to be in open fields near

jungle, but it will wander anywhere in search of food. It will

take to the water readily, and swims actively, and strongly even in

a swiftly flowing river in flood. In Rangoon one was brought to me

that had taken up its quarters in a bullock cart, in which it was

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

found coiled up asleep. It is not unusual for it to come into

habitations, and as its sole purpose is probably to hunt rats, it

should be encouraged as a benefactor.

Disposition and Habits.—Without being an aggressive snake,

it is certainly a plucky one that will strike, and strike viciously

when suddenly encountered, or driven into an uncomfortable situa-

tion. At such times it will erect the forebody, and strongly

compress the neck, forming a sort of pouch in the throat, just as

the common rat-snake (Zamenis mucosus) does. I have little

doubt that it emits the same warning snoring sound, though I have

not actually heard this. Jt is very active, and difficult to capture

alive usually menacing with such determination that its would-be

captor hesitates to seize it, and finds by his hesitation his chance has

gone. It is a remarkable fact that of all the fifty odd specimens

I have had, one only was less than 34 feet. It would seem that

the young are specially active, and able to evade danger.

Food.—It seems to feed exclusively on mammals, and especially

rats. JI have on two occasions found alarge rat in the stomach,

and once four blind and callous offspring almost certainly belong-

ing toa rat. At other times I have found mammalian hair in

the stomach or intestine, that suggested a murine victim.

The sewes.—My notes leave much to be desired in this direction.

Of 25 sexed in Assam 18 proved to be females. As regards size my

notes make it appear that the sexes grow to the same length.

There seems no special difference in the length of the tailin the sexes,

unlike what is usual in other species. The anal glands secrete an

ochraceous coloured matter.

Breeding.—I have had seven gravid females in the months of April,

May, June and July. On the 27th April one year in Assam,

two were seen playing with one another (flirting), and killed. The

female was found to be in an advanced stage of gestation, showing as

I have trequently remarked before with other snakes, that conjugal

attachment continues for some time after the initial act of mating.

‘The species is not nearly so prolific as many snakes. I never found

more than twelve eggs developing in the abdomen, and on one

occasion there were only five. Cantor however records one with |

twenty-three eggs. The largest eggs [I measured were 2,4, inches

long.

Growth.—Having had so few small specimens I am unable to

estimate the annual growth.

Parasites.—In one specimen killed in water I found two leeches

in the mouth. Ihave frequently found in the abdomen small

white parasites, which were pronounced larval forms of a tapeworm

of the genus Pterocercus by Professor Von Linstow.

Distribution.—Bengal, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Siam,

Cochin-China, South China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.

Distribution of Coluber pradiatus.

66 92 as i909 1o4

INDIAN EMPIRE ;

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LON

1 Cuttack (Annandale), 2 Buxa Dooars (F- W.), 3 Darjeeling District (B. M. &

F. W.), 4 Dibrugarh District (F. W.), 5 Sadiya (F. W.), 6 Sibsagar (I. M.), 7 Sama-

guting (I. M.), 8 Shillong (F. W.), 9 Cachar (I. M.), 10 Bakerganj (Sclater), 11

Chittagong (I.M. & F. W.), 12 Myingyan (Wall and Evans), 13 Mandalay (I. M.),

14 Taomggya (Wall and Evans), Fort Stedman (B. M.),15 Ramri Island (1. M.), 16

Prome (Wall and Evans), 17 Pegu (I. M.), 18 Rangoon District (Wall and Evans),

ae (B. M.), 20 Moulmein (I. M.), 21 Tavoy (Il. M.), 22 Mergui (B. M. and

B. M. implies British Museum; I. M. Indian Museum ; F. W. the author.

* I am almost certain I have seen a young specimen in the Western Himalayas -(Ranibagh,

Almora District, Circa 2,000 feet). It had its head protruding from a hole in a stone facing, and I stood

within two yards of it for a minute or two but failed to catch it. I could see distinctly the bright

reddish head, a black transverse occipital stripe, and two black stripes from theeye, the two lower

ones typically seen in rudtatus. Asfar as Tam aware there isno other snake ‘in the Western

Himalayas with these distinctive marks.

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THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 209

The accompanying map shows the exact localities known to

me from which it has been reported within Indian limits. Essentially

a resident in the low country, it finds its way occasionally to con-

siderable altitude, The Rev. C. Leigh obtained it at Kurseong

which is about 5,000 feet, and I had one specimen in Shillong

(Khasia Hills) at about 4,800 feet.

Its numerical strength may be judged from the following figures.

In Burma chiefly around Rangoon Evans and I got 11 specimens

out of 615 snakes of all kinds. In Upper Assam out of 615 snakes

collected 41 were of this species, and in the Hastern Himalayas below

Darjeeling (between 1,200 and 5,200 feet) out of 408 specimens

there were 6 copper-headed rat-snakes. In Lower Bengal it is un-

common, if not actually rare.

Lepidosis—Rostral.—Touches 6 shields ; the rostro-nasal sutures

longest. Internasals.—Two ; the suture between them half to two-

thirds that between the preefrontal fellows, less than the internaso-

preefrontals. Preefrontals.—Two ; the suture between them greater

than the preefronto-frontal ; in contact with internasal, postnasal,

loreal, preeocular and supraocular. rontal.—Touches 6 shields ; the

fronto-supraoculars about twice the fronto-parietals. Supraoculars.—-

Length subequal to frontal, breadth rather less than frontal along

a line connecting the centre of the eyes. Nasals.—Two; touching

Ist and 2nd_ supralabials. Loreal.—One. Preociular.—One.

Postoculars.—Two. Temporals.—T wo; the lower in contact with 3

supralabials, usually the 6th, 7th and 8th. Supralabials.—9 usually

the 4th, 5th and 6th, or 5th and 6th only touching the eye (some-

times 8, with the 3rd, 4th and 5th, or 4th and Sth only touching

the eye). Infralabials—6 usually (sometimes 7) the 5th and 6th

touching the posterior sublinguals; the 6th largest. Swblinguals.—

Two pairs: subequal in size. Costals.—'Two heads-lengths behind

head 19, midbody 19, two heads-lengths before vent 17. The

reduction to 17 occurs shortly behind midbody, and is due to the

absorption of the 4th or 5th row above the ventrals. ‘The vertebral

row is not enlarged. Keels present. Apical facets present in pairs.

Ventrals.—Angulate laterally; 224 to 250. Anal entire. Sub-

caudals.—Divided ; 83 to 106.

Anomalies.—I have seen a small cuneate shield occasionally below

the preeocular, wedged between the 4th and 5th supralabials. There

is a single temporal in rare examples.

Dentition—Mazilla.—21 teeth in an_ uninterrupted series,

subequal in length, the last 3 stouter, and more compressed.

Palatine—11 to 12, subequal to maxillary. Plerygoid.—20 to 21, the

anterior subequal to maxillary, reducing in size posteriorly.

Mandibular.—-25 to 27 subequal to maxillary, decreasing in size

posteriorly. |

Plate-—Our coloured figure leaves nothing to be desired.

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Mr. Green’s work is excellent. Many specimens, perhaps most, are

a brighter shade of ruddy or copper than shown by him.

ZAMENIS DIADEMA (SCHLEGEL).

THE Royal SNAKE.

fistory.—Like most of our common Indian snakes this species is

first referred to by Russell. He gave an excellent figure of it in his

Second Volume published in 1801 taken from the larger of two

specimens collected at Buchier (Bushire?). Geoffrey in his book

on Egyptian snakes appears to be the next to describe and figure

it in 1809. Since this most herpetologists treating of Asian snakes

have referred to it under various titles. In 1858 Giinther placed

it in the genus Zamenis, and it has remained there since, but I

think it is more than likely that it will sooner or later be removed,

as it differs in many ways from the type of that genus.

Nomenclature—(a) Scientific.—The specific name given by Schlegel

in 1837 refers to the quoit-like mark on the head of some speci-

mens.

(6, English.—The Royal Snake seems to me fitting equivalent

to the scientific title.

in Persia (Gf I am correct in assuming that Buchier=Bushire).

In Rajputana (Jodhpore) Mr. Colan tells me it is called “ rajit-

bansar ” or “ rajitbansi.”

General characters.—The head is a longish oval, well demarcated

from the neck. The snout is rather long and moderately obtuse.

A largish nostril occupies the upper two-thirds of the suture

between the nasal shields. The eye is rather small, its pupil

round, and the iris golden, especially towards the pupil. The gold

is often tinged brownish, or reddish. The body is compressed,

rather stout, and clumsy, and attenuates very noticeably into the

neck, and more gradually towards the tail. The belly is slightly

angulated each side. The tail is longish, and accounts for rather

more than one-fifth, but less than one-fourth the total length.

Colowration.—Ali the young I have seen and from various

localities including the Punjab, the N. W. Frontier, Chitral,

aud Baluchistan conform to one type. They are of a light brown

or fawn colour, with three sets of largish, dark dorsal spots. The

median may be rounded or rhomboidal in outline, or form short

transverse bars and pass down the back from the nape well on to the

tail. These marks alternate with the smaller spots of the lateral

series. The head is light brown variously spotted, or mottled with

darker marks. There is often a band between the eyes, anda

quoit-like mark on the parietals (hence the name diadema). The

latter may be connected with the former by a median stripe, or

remain quite detached, or throw back from one to three short

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A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON

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HXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.

COLUBER RADIATUS AND ZAMENIS DIADEMA.

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stripes posteriorly. Many departures from this arrangement may

be seen, either towards a confluence, or a disintegration of these

marks, and in many specimens the interorbital and diadem marks.

are not or barely suggested. ‘The belly has been white in all the

specimens I have seen. Adults vary vory much, but may be

grouped thus. |

A. Variety typica.—This may exactly agree with that seen in

the young just referred to. ‘The dorsal marks, and those on the head

are often much obscured as age advances, and of course are rendered

inconspicuous by impending desquamation. I have sometimes how-

ever seen the head marks including the quoit very distinct. Many

of these specimens have heads tending towards or quite typical of

the next variety. The belly is usually white, but often it is

more or.less suffused with pink especially in the middle line, and

there are frequently greyish spots or mottlings at the sides of the

ventrals.

lt is a common form—perhaps the commonest—on the N. W.

Frontier and in Chitral, and I have seen examples from Sind

(Sukkur), Rajputana, the Punjab, and many from Baluchistan,

and Aden Hinterland. It is very nicely figured in our Plate

(figs. 4, 5 and 6).

B. Variety atriceps (Fischer).—This variety is usually much lighter

than the last, the prevailing hue being buff, pinkish-buff or pale

brownish, getting paler in the flanks which may be citron-yellow.

A very few isolated scales in some specimens, many in others, are of

a deep claret colour, and there is great irregularity in the disposition

of these. Both head and neck are a brilliant strawberry-scarlet, or

more often the scarlet on the neck merges into claret colour on the

head, or the two hues may be sharply , and more or less irregularly

defined. It is to these black headed specimens that Fischer gave

the name atriceps. ‘The belly is usually a uniform clear rose-pink

relieved laterally by darkish mottling or spots. Colonel Light says

it is the common variety in Bhuj (Cutch) and Blanford mentions

it from Rajputana. I found it common in Delhi and the N. W.

Frontier, and have seen specimens from Fatehgarh, Palanpur,

Multan, Sind and Baluchistan. It is excellently shown in figures 1,

2 and 3 of our Plate.

In some specimens the dorsal spots as seen in variety «triceps,

are grouped in such a way as to suggest more or less forcibly the

shape and arrangement of the spots seen in variety typica, and such

Specimens are completely intermediate between the two forms.

These specimens are unusual, and in all those I have seen the

colouration of the head and the belly conforms much more closely

to that of atriceps than tyyica. I have seen specimens from

Baluchistan.

C. Variety melanoides (Wall).—In this form the prevailing colour

212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIITO¥

is black or blackish. In many if one looks closely, one can - see

darker marks of the same shape and pattern as those characteristic

of typica. In this peculiarity one is forcibly reminded of the

spots one can discern in the coat of a black leopard. In one or

two rare cases I have not been able to discern these spots in the

snake. I regard these examples as melanotic. The variety is

unusual. I have seen specimens from Rajputana (Jodhpore) and

Baluchistan.

Identification.—Nearly all our Indian snakes that have large

head shields, possess a single pair of preefrontal shields (Vide the

figure of Coluber radiatus in this paper).

The Royal Snake is one of the few exceptions to the rule, and in

this species a double row of small scales replaces the pair of pra-—

frontals seen in normal head shielding. If the scale rows in midbody

number from 25 to 33 (27 to 31 usually) there can be no doubt as

to the identity. A very nearly allied species is Zamenis arenarius,

apparently avery rare snake only known from Rajputana and

Sind. In this there is a single row of prefrontals numbering 3

or 4, and the rostral shield is very much larger than in diadema.

Colonel Light remarks that diadema is frequently confused with

Russell’s viper (Vipera vussellt) in Cutch. I too have more than once

had specimens of variety typica sent to me as Russell’s viper, the

spots and their arrangement being somewhat similar in the two

snakes, hence the importance of inspecting the lepidosis.

Dimensions.—The vast majority of adults range between 5 and 6

feet, but Colonel Light has met with several at Bhuj (Cutch) over

6 feet, and one measured 6 feet 7 inches. Mr. Millard received

a specimen 6 feet 3 inches from Deesa, and the skin of one sent to

our Society from Palanpur with the head deficient measured 7

feet 44 inches.

Disposition.—l have very little knowledge of the Royal Snake

in life. The few specimens I have encountered were in a

great hurry to get away and my endeavours were mainly

directed to securing the specimen at any cost, which meant

that the specimen was killed forthwith. In Delhi a _ well-

known snakeman always had one or more of these snakes

in his possession, and they always allowed themselves to be

handled without being disagreeable. Mr. Kinnear speaking

of one in confinement in our Society’s rooms, and recently received

through Mr. Colan from Rajputana told me that it was very quiet

to handle usually, but on one occasion when he opened the cage “it

set up a tremendous hissing, expanding and contracting its body

like a cobra.’’ Mr. M. H. Oakes sent me a fine specimen of variety

atriceps from Fatehgarh, U. P., which his wife found on a shelf

among the stores in her godown. It sat up and hissed at her most

menacingly and she killed it.

_ Journal, Bombay Natural History Society.

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THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 213

Habits.—1 became familiar with the Royal Snake in Chitral.

Here the country is very stony, and in clearing the ground for

cultivation it is difficult to dispose of the stones. Many are utilised to

build walls, which loosely put together encompass every khet. The

surplus are thrown into heaps. These walls and heaps furnish

attractive quarters for many snakes. but to this species, and the cobra

specially. Being loose in their construction there are spacious

crevices, and galleries running through them in every direction.

The Royal Snake frequently hibernates among these stones, which

even in the winter absorb sufficient heat from the sun to offer cosy

accommodation. As the year advances, and the sun gets hotter, it

is tempted to emerge for a sun bath, and on the least approach

of danger precipitately disappears into its stony fastness. It is

obviously on this account much more frequently seen than captured.

In April 1899 when the Fort at Chakdara was being reconstructed,

no fewer than four adult specimens of this snake and two cobras

were dislodged while dismantling a few yards of an old masonry

wall. One of these had recently fed on a rat, and it seems probable

that even in winter retirement a chance meal can sometimes be

secured. More than one specimen was killed in the crowded fort at

Malakand, and | have known others invade habitations presumably

in search of food.

Food.—I have on two occasions known rats eaten, and on one a

mouse. Mr. Colan writing from Jodhpore (Rajputana) found one

up ina tree shikaring a squirrel.

Breeding.—Though I have seena large series of freshly killed as

well as Museum specimens it is singular that [ have never had one

eravid female. I can find no mention of one in the literature of this

snake. I feel pretty confident that the eggs (presuming that the species

is Oviparous) are deposited in the hot months, May, June and July,

a season when I was at 10,000 ft. in the Hills. The few specimens

sent to me during this period were either g ¢, immature? 9

or specimens too putrified to examine. ‘The length of the hatchling

is not known. ‘The smallest specimens I have had were 1 foot 64

inches and 1 foot’ 7+ inches in October or November, 1 foot 84 inches

in February, and 1 foot 48 inches in March. It appears to grow

about a foot between the 2nd and 38rd, and 3rd and 4th years of

life, and a similar rate of growth in the first year seems to indicate

that the hatchling is about fourteen to sixteen inches long. The

sexes are very evenly balanced judging from my Chitral records

Of 24 sexed, 12 proved to be ¢ g¢, and 12 9 2. The g claspers

are beset with pedunculated cartilaginous processes. The anal

glands secrete a material like custard in consistency and colour.

Parasites.—I1 found many specimens infested with small, oval-

shaped, white, parasites which were very numerous in the

peritoneum, around the coils of the intestine. These were submit-

214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX

ted to Professor A. EH. Shipley who pronounced them protozoa,

probably Sarcosporidia, but possibly myxosporidia. Among Ectozoa

I have seen a tick presumably of the genus <Aponomma.

Thegends.—Mr. Colan tells me that in Rajputana this snake

is believed by the natives to be the female cobra.

Distributcon.—IJt occurs in one or other of its varied forms from

the United Provinces of India, through Rajputana, Cutch and Sind,

the Punjab, the N. W. Frontier of India as far North as Chitral,

Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, to Northern Africa as far

West as Algeria. Its Hastern limit in India is roughly the Ganges.

(Allahabad, Fatehgarh.) Its Southern limit in India is roughly a

line drawn* from Allahabad to the South of Cutch. The exact

localities known to me are shown in the accompanying map.

Leprdosis.—fostral.—Touches 6 shields, the rostro-nasal sutures

subequal to, or greater than the rostro-internasal. Jnternasals.—

A pair, the suture between them half or less than half its

distance to the frontal; in contact with the uppermost loreal.

Preefrontals.— Usually in two rows (rarely one or three); from two

to three usually in the anterior row, and from three to five in the

posterior. rontal_—Touches from 8 to 12 shields; the fronto-

supraocular sutures about twice as long as the fronto-parietals.

Supraoculars.—Length subequal to the frontal; breadth about three-

quarters the frontal along a line connecting the centres of the eyes.

Nasals.—Two, in contact with the Ist and 2nd labials. Loreal.—s

to 6. Preoculars—Two or three. Postoculars.—Two to three.

Supralabials.—10 to 13; the 3rd to the 9th or 10th may be divided

into an upper and a lower part; usually the upper parts of three,

the 5th, 6th and 7th, or the 6th, 7th and 8th, touch the eyet ;

the last longest. Jnfralabials.—7 or 8, three, usually the 5th, 6th

and 7th touch the posterior sublinguals. Sublinguals.—Two pairs,

the anterior longer, the posterior quite separated by small scales.

Costals.—'Two headslengths behind the head, usually 4 more than in

midbody ; in midbody usually 29 to 31 (rarely 25 to 33) ; two heads-

lengths before the vent 19 to 21 (rarely 17). The rows increase

anteriorly by the division of one of the two uppermost rows (not

including the vertebral). ‘They decrease posteriorly by a succession

of steps, 5 usually (sometimes 4 or 6). In one of the first three

steps, all of which occur close together, the 3rd or the 4th row above

the ventrals is absorbed, but in all the other steps (whether 4 or 6) | ’

it is one of the two uppetmost rows (not including the vertebral)

that is absorbed. The vertebrals are not enlarged. Keels are

* Murray records one from Mahim (Bombay). Itis quite possible for such a

snake to be transported in cargo from another Port, say Karachi, where itis known

to be common.

+ Those who regard the upper parts of these shields as suboculars say no supra-

labials touch the eye.

Ge ———

a eS Ss ee eee ne

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 215

present, and apical facetsin pairs. Ventrals.—210 to 278, Be US

Anal.—Entire. _Subcaudals—65 to 110 divided.

Dentition.—(From four specimens in my collection from Mala-

kand, Chitral, Multan, and Delhi? ). Maaillary.—16 to 19 uninter-

rupted, subequal, or the posterior perhaps progressively decreasing

in length. Palatine.—9 to 10, subequal, and about as long as the

maxillary. Pterygoid.—15 to 19, slightly decreasing in length

anteriorly and posteriorly. Mandibular.—20 to 22, the 3rd to about

the 7th or 9th subequal, the rest progressively reducing in length

posteriorly and anteriorly. The intracranial lining membrane

is black, and this colour is more or less visible through the calva-

rium.

Our Plate is excellent.

216

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTER-

FLIES FROM MANIPUR AND THE NAGA HILLS:

Lizut.-CoL. H. C. TyTLer, 17th INFANTRY.

Pain h

Since writing my notes on ‘“ Butterflies from the Naga Hills, ”

published in the Journal of October 31st,1911, and March 31st, 1912,

I have had the good fortune to spend three years at Imphal in the

Manipur State, and have endeavoured, with the aid of a large staff

of Native collectors, numbering at one time as many as eleven, to

systematically work portions of the surrounding hills which are so

little known entomologically and also parts of the Naga Hills in

the vicinity of Kohima. It is not my intention in these notes to

give a full account of the. results obtained but only to mention those

forms which appear to be new or undescribed, or are otherwise in-

teresting.

I also take this opportunity to describe a few new and interesting

forms taken by Captain Porter on the Dihang River in the Abor

Hills.

_ For convenience sake, I have divided the Manipur State into four

portions :—

(1) ‘The Manipur Valley, 2,600 feet, which is extensively cul-

tivated with rice and practically devoid of all forest.

(2) The Western Manipur Hills, which lie between the Manipur

Valley and Cachar. These hills are covered with dense

forest and are crossed by the Cachar Road, a bridle path, -

leading from Imphal to Silchar in the Cachar Valley.

The highest peak is Kabru, 8,400 feet, overlooking the

northern end of the Manipur Valley.

(3) The Hastern Manipur Hills, which lie between the Manipur

Valley and Burma. ‘These hills are thickly wooded and

are crossed towards the south by the Burma Road, a

bridle path, leading from Imphal to Tamu in Burma.

Towards the north the Ukral Road leads to Ukral, a

mission station, about 50 miles from Imphal. Near

Ukral, Suroifui is the highest peak being over 9,000 feet ;

n the vicinity of the Burma Road the hills are much

lower, the highest probably not exceeding 6,000 feet.

(4) ‘The Northern Manipur Hills, which adjoin the Naga Hills

and connect the Western and Hastern Manipur Hills, are

crossed by the main Government cart-road leading from

Imphal to Kohima in the Naga Hills. Above Maothana,

close to the Naga Hills border, the southern spurs of

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR. tay,

Japho Peak, which is just within the Naga Hills, run up

to over 9, 000 feet.

The parts of Manipur chiefly eed are -—

(1) Imphal itself and the small low hills in its immediate vicinity.

(2) Saitu, a village about 20 miles from Imphal, at the

northern end of the valley and situated on the eastern

slopes of the Western Manipur Hills.

(3) Kabru Peak, 8,400 feet, situated immediately above Saitu

village.

(4) The Irang and Lengba Rivers on the Cachar Road, Western

Manipur Hills, about 50 and 60 miles respectively from

Imphal.

(5) The country near Sebong, close to the Burma border on the

~ Burma Road, Eastern Manipur Hills, about 64 miles from

Imphal.

(6) Suroi village and Suroifui Peak, 9,000 feet, immediately

above it about 65 miles from Imphal.

The country worked in the Naga Hills was practically the same as

before.

The hill tops, both in Manipur and in the Naga Hills, are very in-

accessible. There are practically no paths leading to them through

the dense forest, and the Nagas and Manipuris scarcely ever visit

them. It was with the oreatest difficulty I could induce my Native

collectors to go up to them.

Away in the jungles, 134 miles ies the nearest Railway Station,

the collector is at some disadvantage in properly determining doubt-

tul forms, for want of access to many necessary books of reference

and to a good museum. In these notes only those forms have been

considered to be new, of which I can find no mention in any of the

following books :—

(1) de Nicéville’s “ Butterflies of India, Burma and Ceylon.”

(2) Bingham’s “ Butterflies,’ Fauna of British India.

(3) Seitz’s ““Macrolepidoptera of the World” as far as published.

(4) Elwes and Edward’s “Revision of the Oriential Hesper-

idee.”

(5) Rothschild and Jordan’s Revision of the Papilios of the

Hastern Hemisphere.

Since writing the above, I have spent five days at the Calcutta

Museum, and together with Capt. W. H. Evans have compared all

doubtful forms with specimens in the late Mr. de Nicéville’s magni-

ficent collection.

T am indebted to Capt. W. H. Evans for much Rabel assistance

in determining many doubtful forms. J am also much indebted to

this officer and to the Bombay Natural History Society for helping

me with collectors; but for their generous assistance much of the

ground worked would have remained untouched.

218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Famity—NYMPHALIDA.

Sub-family—Satyrine.

PARARGE GAFURI, n. sp. (PI, I, Fig. 1.)

Male and female. Upperside: ochreous yellow. Forewing: rather

fuscous near base and along costa; apex and terminal border black, the

latter tending to form broad contiguous lunules in spaces 1-4, anterior

to which is a subterminal row of diffuse blackish patches; discocellulars

marked with darker colour; a subapical black ocellus with a white centre

in space 5; termen with a fine anteciliary black line inwardly bordered

by a broader line of the ground colour. Hindwing: rather fuscous along

dorsum becoming more pronounced near tornus ; subterminal area paler,

inwardly defined by a dark diffuse line, outwardly projected at vein 4,

and outwardly bordered by a broad dark row of contiguous spots,

followed by a narrow line of the ground colour and a still narrower biack

anteciliary line; on the subterminal pale area are five black spots in

spaces 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, the last three spots blind and subequal, the one in

space 2 the largest and white centred, and the one in space 1 the smallest

and also white centred. .

Underside: Both wings clearer yellow than above. Forewing: disco-

cellular marked with darker yellow; a subterminal pale silvery lilac band,

ending in a black ocellus ringed with yellow and centred with bluish-white

in space 5, bordered inwardly and outwardly by darker yellow; the inner

border recurving sharply back at right angles in space 4 till it reaches vein

9; the outer border followed by a narrow pale lilac line, a still narrower

black line, a broader line of the ground colour and lastly by a very narrow

anteciliary thread. Hindwing: discocellulars marked with darker yellow ;

a subterminal pale silvery lhlac band with black spots ringed with yellow

and centred with white in spaces 1,2 and 6; the tornal spot small, the

other two large and subequal, this band inwardly bordered by a dark

yellow line which projects outwardly at vein 4 and outwardly bordered by

a similarly coloured line followed by a narrow silvery lilac line, a still

narrower black line, a broader line of the ground colour and lastly by a fine

anteciliary line as in forewing. The female only differs in being somewhat

paler and larger than the male.

Cilia blackish; body brown above, white below. Antenne: above blackish-

ringed with white and tipped with ochreous; delow brownish-ochre near

base turning to ochreous near club which is black.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2'37"—2°65"; 9 2 2°54"—2:82",

It agrees with P. cashmirensis, Moore, in venation and in having the

eyes hairy but the shape of the wings is very different. Itis very like

Lethe gemina, Leech, except for colour which is brown in the latter species.

Described from a large series of males and eleven females taken at Kirbari,

Naga Hills, 6,000-7,000 feet, between the end of July and beginning of

October. Specimens taken in July and August were fresh and in good condi-

tion, and those in September and October were worn and damaged.

CALLEREBIA SuROIA, n. sp. (Pl. I, Fig. 2 3).

Maleand female. Upperside: dark velvety brown rather paler in the female.

Forewing: terminal area paler and sprinkled with greyish scales; a large

bipupilled black ocellus broadly ringed with orange which is outwardly paler

and bordered by a dark subterminal line. Hindwing: a subterminal

obscure dark narrow line; a single black tornal ocellus centred with white

and ringed with fulvous, very often wanting in males. Underside : forewing:

brown tinged with red in cell; apical half of costa striated with white;

Pe) eee ee ew,

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTE

BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR

THE NAG Ait

EXPLANATION OF PLate I.

Fig. 1.—Pararge gafuri, n. sp. ¢.

2.—Callerebia suroia, n. sp. g.

. try

,, 3.—Apatura sordida naga, n. sp. ES A

, 4,—BHulepis lissainei, n. sp. g. !

» 9.—Lethe kanjupkula, n. sp. ¢. ) % ne

5S ORE aes, knee se .

< fe Scere Eabras, 0. spas 4 a

',, 8.—Mycalesis evansii, n. sp. ¢. d. s

i 9.— BS 5) Tspieee w. 8

faery, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

D. Buychi & A. Chowdhari, del,

| Butterflies of Manipur and the Naga Hills,

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR. 219

terminal area rather paler ; a large bipupilled black ocellus, broadly ringed

with orange and outwardly margined with black as on upperside; below

the ocellus and on its innet margin the ground colour is somewhat darker.

Hindwing: brown densely irrorated with short white strigsze which become

more intense and conspicuous along the dorsum and postmedian area;

a dark reddish-brown sub-basal band followed by a median band of the same

colour strongly outwardly angled at vein 5 commencing at the costa and

reaching vein 1 just above the tornus; terminal area broadly brown, faintly

striated with white.

Cilia brown, inner hairs white forming a conspicuous white line along the

termen,

Expanse: ¢ gd 2°2"—2:7"; 2 2 2:59"—2:7"; very similar in appearance

to C ortxa, Moore, from which it can be distinguished on the upperside

forewing, by the very much broader orange ring round the ocellus especially

on its outer edge. Underneath by the broader orange ring on the forewing

and on the hindwing by the two very conspicuous sub-basal and median

reddish-brown bands which are almost obsolete in C. oriza; by the denser

and more conspicuous white strige and by the complete absence of the

tornal ocellus. |

Described from four males taken near Suroi, 6,000 feet, in July by Captain

Evans’ and my own collectors and from nine males and seven females

taken at the same place by my collectors in August. Specimens taken in

July were quite fresh and those in August were worn and in bad condition.

LETHE NAGA, Doherty.

The male which has not been described only differs from the female in

lacking the discal white band on the forewing and on the upperside all the

ocelli are usually blind. In rainy-season forms the apical ocellus of fore-

wing is sometimes minutely centred with white. Dry-season forms have the

two upper ocelli on forewing sometimes centred with white and on the

hindwing the ocelli in spaces 2, 4 and 5 are sometimes similarly minutely

pupilled. On the wnderside the basal balf of forewing and the whole of the

hindwing is darker brown; the apical half of the forewing being tinged with

violet. In dry-season forms which are smaller the white band of the

‘female is faintly indicated on the underside by the ground colour being

slightly paler. Females have on both sides of the forewing the white

band at the costal end inwardly produced towards the base; and in the

single fresh specimen before me all the ocelli on the upper forewing

and hindwing with the exception of the costal and tornal ones of the

hindwing are minutely centred with white, in three other worn females

some of these white pupils are obliterated probably through wear.

Expanse: d.s. dd 2°74"—2:9"; w. s. 3d 297"—3'23". Capt. Evans

and my collectors took several males and a few females of the wet-

season form on the Burma Road, Manipur, near the Burma border at low

elevations from September to December ; nearly all the specimens taken

during November and December were badly worn. Dry-season forms were

obtained at the same place in June.

This is a very interesting capture as I believe this species. has hitherto

been known only by a single female, taken by Doherty at Margherita in the

Assam Valley.

It is closely related to Lethe philemon, Fruhstorfer, from Northern Tonkin

and is probably conspecific as stated by Fruhstorfer.

LETHE SERBONIS NAGANUM, 0. Sp.

Under the above name I propose separating the form of ZL. serbonis from

the Manipur and Naga Hills from the typical form from Sikkim. It isa

well marked race and differs from typical serbonzs in being much larger, 2z.,

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIIU,

3"—3:29" against 2:5’— 2°75" as recorded by Bingham and 2°9” as recorded

by de Nicéville. .

Male. Upperside: much darker. Forewing: the post-discal area léss

conspicuously paler than rest of the wing. Underside: much darker; markings

dark red-brown and not light red- brown as in the typical form.

Female. Very similar to the male and only differs on the upperside in

having the post-discal dark band more conspicuous and the area beyond it

paler; the costal and preapical spots more conspicuous. Underside; brighter

and more golden brown.

Both sexes taken during August and September on Kabru Peak,

Manipur, 7,000’ — 8,400’ and males in the Naga Hills at Kirbari, Takabama,

and on the Hill above Kohima at about 7,000’ during the same months.

Although I have obtained a good series of both sexes it is by no means

a common butterfly and appears to be on the wing only in August and

September.

LETHE SATYAVATI, de N.

A female of the dry-season form was obtained on the Barak River,

Western Manipur Hills, in April.

The @ type in the de Nicéville collection caught on May 18th is a

wet-season form. The dry-season form differs from it on the uppersidein being

ereyish-brown and not red-brown and in having the whitish terminal area

much more conspicuous. Underneath the colour is also greyish-brown and

not red-brown and the pale terminal area not so distinctly llacine and the

ocelli not so large.

This isan exceedingly interesting capture as the two type specimens,

taken by Professor Wood-Mason at Sibsagar, have hitherto been the only

ones recorded. The male still remains unknown.

LETHE sIDEREA, Marshall.

The female which according to Bingham is unknown differs somewhat

from the male. Upperside: paler brown than the male. Forewing: cell

and bases of interspaces 3, 4, 5 and 6 darker than the rest of the wing ; this

dark area outwardly well defined and sharply angled at vein 4, followed

by a pale brown transverse band; a preapical row of pale spots in inter-

spaces 4—6 and a diffused pale area in interspaces 7 and 8. Hindwing:

the ocelli on underside showing through more or less as dark spots. Under-

side. Forewing: the dark discal area sharply defined as on upperside but

continued into interspace 2; the transverse pale brown post-discal band as

on upperside but very diffuse on outer edge, followed-by a preapical row

of white spots in interspaces 3—7, the lower spot sometimes absent ; base

of interspaces 7 and 8 pale brown.

Hindwing as in male.

Expanse: 9 9 2°15"—2:23."

Both sexes were obtained by my Native Collectors at 6,000'/—8,400' frou

May to October, both in the Naga Hills and in Manipur. Females were

generaily found higher up than the males.

It is by no means such a rare insect as I previously thought.

LETHE KANJUPKULA, n. sp. (PI. I, Figs. 5,6; ¢, 2).

Male, dry-season form. Upperside: very similar to ZL. siderea in

shape of wings but the colour is greenish-brown and not coppery-brown

as in that species. Forewing unmarked. MHindwing four faint dark spots

in interspaces 2—5, . Underside: dark fuliginous brown. Forewing; a faint

much curved post-discal band, lighter than the ground colour, commencing

at the costa just beyond apex of the cell and ending at the tornal angle.

Three sub-apical dark spots with blurred whitish centres in interspaces

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR. 221

4—6; a fourth spot in interspace 3 indicated by a minute white dot;

a whitish spot at base of interspace 7 above which is another spot in inter-

space § and below it are two spots in interspace 6 anterior to the dark

subterminal spot before mentioned; a fine black terminal line inwardly

defined by whitish streaks in interspaces 2—5 and outwardly defined by

ochreous brown which extends to the apical area. Hindwing: the follow-

ing lilacine highly irregular and broken bands crossing the basal half of

wing ; vtz., a very short basal ; two short sub-basal; another just before end

of cell and another just beyond the cell, broken at interspaces 2 and 3,

filling the base of the former but not entering the latter; these last two

bands bordered by dark brown anteriorly and posteriorly respectively and

joined together by two fine lilacine lines on either side cf the discocellu-

lars; a subterminal row of six black white centred spots encircled with

yellow and an outer ring of lilacine ; the tornal spot bipupilled and those in

interspaces 3 and 4 blurred. A terminal black line outwardly bordered by

yellowish-brown and inwardly by lilacine lunules. Antennz: above brown ;

below ringed with white ; apex reddish.

The wet-season male only differs in being richer brown above and all the

markings below brighter lilacine.

Female, wet-season form. Upperside: paler thanmale. Forewing: a post-

discal rather indistinct yellow macular band, commencing at the costa just

above the apex of the cell and directed, as far as interspace 4, towards the

middle of the termen and then sharply bent down towards the tornus

inwardly bordered with dark brown; two pale yellow preapical spots in

interspaces 4 and 5 above which are three yellowish subcostal streaks.

Hindwing as in male, but spots rather more distinct and faintly encircled

with dusky yellow; subterminal area darker brown; a distinct ochreous

narrow terminal line. Underside: paler than:the male. Forewing: yellow

postdiscal band as on upperside but broader and much more distinct,

inwardly broadly bordered with dark brown; apical area paler than in the

male; subterminal spots as in male, but spot in interspace 3 placed on the

postdiscal yellow macular band and so very indistinct. Hindwing as in

male, but basal half irrorated with violet scales; subterminal spots more

conspicuously surrounded by lilacine towards the apex ; a postdiscal yellow

band between the subterminal spots and the discal dark brown band, most

conspicuous in interspaces 2—4 ; subterminal area near tornus red-brown.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2—2°3"; 2 9 2:37"—2°52". The female is very like that

sex of L. nicetas; the termen is somewhat rounder and on the upperside of

the forewing the discal macular band is not quite so conspicuous. On the

hindwing the spots are rather more distinct. On the underside the yellow

postdiscal macular band is not so broad and the basal half of the hind-

wing is not so densely irrorated with violet scales; the subterminal ocelli

are also larger. It can always be easily distinguished from 2 L. ntcetas by

the shape of the yellow postdiscal macular band on the forewing, above

and below, which in the present form commences at the costa nearer to the

apex of the cell and is directed, as far as interspace 4, towards a point on

the termen nearer the apex than it is in L. nicetas; the shape consequently

appearing very different.

It belongs to the Sinchula group and its nearest allies appear to be JL.

siderea and L. nicetas.

The type, a dry-season male, was taken at Kanjupkul on the western

edge of the Manipur Valley at 6,000 ft. on 4th June; another d. s. male

was taken on Kabru, Manipur, at 8,400 ft. during the same month and

three more males at the same place in July. Nine males and five females of

the wet-season form were taken in the Zulla valley, Naga Hills, at about.

6,000 ft. in October and the beginning of November.

222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

LETHE NICETAS, Hewitson.

Numerous specimens of both sexes were obtained by my native collectors

on Kabru Peak, Manipur, at 8,400 ft. during May and June and again

in August and September. It is double brooded. I believe it has not

previously been recorded East of Sikkim.

LETHE visRAvA, Moore.

A single wet-season male taken on the Burma Road, Manipur, in October

and two dry-season males taken at the same place in June. Not pre-

viously recorded East of Bhutan I believe.

LretHE tyncvs, de N.

A single male obtained on Suroifui, Eastern Manipur Hills, 8,000 it. to

9,000 ft. in August which agrees exactly with a specimen in the de Nicéville

collection as regards markings but whick has the forewing rather more

pointed and the colour undernéath much browner. It may prove to be a

well defined race of ZL. lyncus but I do not like to separate it on a

single specimen. JL. lyncusin Sikkim appears to be very rare and its

occurrence in Manipur is interesting.

LETHE KABRUA, 0. sp. (PI. I, Fig. 7,¢).

Very similar in appearance to L. jalaurida, from Sikkim, from which it

differs in the following respects :—

Male. Upperside: forewing: similar to L. yalaurida, but with a conspicuous

sexual brand of specialized scales from near base of vein 4 to the middle of

vein 1, straight on inner edge and crenated on the outer edge between the

veins. Hindwing: ocelli placed on a ground of similar colour to the rest

of the wing and not ona pale areaas in L. jalaurida, otherwise similar.

Upperside: forewing: similar to LZ. jalaurida, but ocelli in interspaces 4 and 5,

merely indicated by white specks; that in interspace 6 wanting in this

respect, resembling L. moellert. Hindwing: very similar to LZ. yalaurida, but

basal line wanting; the sub-basal line not well defined and distinctly

violaceous; the discal transverse band duller and much broader; ocellus

in interspace 4 equal in size to those in interspaces 5 and 6 and not smaller

as in L. galaurida.

Female. Upperside: similar to male, but wanting the sexual brand on fore-

wing : Underside: the ground colour tinged with ochraceous; otherwise

similar.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2'18"—2°3"; 9 9 2°26"”—2°5",

A large number of males and a fair series of females taken on Kabru

Peak 8,400 feet, in June, July and August. The females are very much

rarer than the males. .

BLANAIDA ARMANDII, Oberthur.

Satyrus armandu, Oberthur, Et. Ent. 11, p. 26, t. 11°56 g (1876).

Neope khasiana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 306.

Neope khasiana, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i., p. 172.

Neope bhadra khastana, Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. X,

325, 1911.

Lethe khasiana, Tytler, J. B. N. H.S., vol. xxi, p. 53.

Blanaida bhadra = khasiana, Evans, J. B. N. H. S., vol. xxi, p. 566.

There has hitherto been some confusion as regards Blanaida khasiana,

Moore, which has been considered by some authors to be a separate species

and by others merely a seasonal form of B. bhadra. It is however

undoubtedly the dry-season form of B. armandit, which is the wet-season

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR.

ee)

form. Elwes was right when he considered khasiana to be a synonym of

armandi, although he did not obtain the two seasonal forms from the same

locality, he obtained two specimens of the d.s. f. = khasiana from the

Naga Hills and a single w.s.f. = armandw from Bernardmyo, Burma,

taken by Doherty. These according to Mr. Elwes only differed from one

another in the wolour of the hindwing and agreed exactly with typical

armandit from China in Leech’s collection, in which both forms from the

same locality were represented. -

On the wpperside the wet-season form has all the markings uniformly pale

yellow and the ground colour of the outer half of the hindwing is

concolorous with the basal half; whereas in the dry-season form it is

nearly entirely bright yellow. On the forewing of the dry-season form

the spot beyond the cell in interspace 3 and the apical spots have a

tendency to become white, the former in the male being small and narrowly

oval in shape, whereas in the wet-season form it is much rounder and

larger. Underside: the dry-season form has all the white markings broader

and on the hindwing the outer half is ochraceous, whereas in the wet-season

form it is pure light brown. The dry-season forms of armandi and bhadra

are somewhat alike above, but below the markings are very different. Both

seasonal forms of armandit can at once be distinguished from those of

bhadra by the characteristic markings in the cell on the underside of the

forewing ; in bhadra the central pale band in the cell is more or less straight,

whereas in armandi itis sharply bent back at its middle at right angles to

base of vein 2. Again in armandi the ground colour underneath is pure

brown, whereas in bhadra it is more or less washed with lilac.

Rare in Manipur where only a few specimens of the wet-season form

were obtained below Kabru Peak at about 7,500 feet in May. Fairly common

in the Naga Hills where numerous specimens of the wet-season form were

obtained at Jakama, Kohima, Takabama and Kirbari at 6,000-7,500 feet

during August and September. In September the dry-season form emerges

and eleven males were taken during that month at Kirbari. A single

fresh dry-season female was obtained at the same place in June. There are

therefore two broods for certain: (1) a summer brood of the wet-season

form flying from May to September, an occasional worn specimen

struggling on till October; (2) an autumn brood of the dry-season form

emerging in September and probably flying into October and November.

The occurrence of the dry-season female taken in June is difficult to explain.

The females are exceedingly rare, and only three were obtained.

MyYcaLEsis aDAMsoNII, Watson.

The dry-season form only appears to have been described. Both Watson

and Bingham mention that there are five ocelli on the forewing underneath.

In the numerous specimens of the d.s.f. that I have examined, I have

only come across one with all five complete, the ocellus in interspace 3

being generally wanting. The ocelli on the hindwing are not always

perfectly formed, the inner ones being often merely indicated by white

specks,

The wet-season form differs considerably on the underside. The outer pale

area is not nearly so conspicuous and is washed with lilac brown. The

forewing has three perfect ocelli in interspaces 2, 5 and 6, those in interspaces

3 and 4 being completely wanting. On the hindwing all seven ocelli are

perfectly formed and larger.

This species has hitherto been considered to be very rare, but it is common

in the Manipur Valley, at the foot of the Range Hills, where I took numer-

ous specimens of both seasonal forms. In other parts of Manipur it is much

rarer and only a few specimens were occasionally obtained at Kanglatombi

224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

at the extreme northern extremity of the valley and at Sebong on the

Burma border.

The d. s. f. flies in March and April and again in November, and the

w, s. f. from June to November.

MYcALESIS ALBOFASCIATA, n. sp. (Pl. II, Fig. 140).

Wet-season form: Male: upperside: dull brown. Forewing witha large

ocellus in interspace 2 almost reaching the middle of interspaces 1 and 3; a

smaller one in interspace 5, both black with white centres and outer fulvous

rings. A glandular patch of raised scales at the middle of vein 1, partially

covered by a pencil of long black hairs on either side of that vein, Hind-

wing plain brown; ocelli on underside sometimes faintly showing through.

A glandular patcl of scales near the base of vein 7, overlapped by a tuft of

whitish hairs originating near the base of the cell. Underside: pale yel-

lowish-grey-brown. Both wings: a double sub-basal rather indistinct brown

line crossing the middle of the cell of the forewing and continued across

the hindwing as far as vein 1, as a single irregular line; a narrow whitish

postdiscal band inwardly well defined and bordered by dark brown and

outwardly diffuse ; a terminal and sub-terminal pale brown line, the latter

being very sinuous. Forewing with a glandular patch of dark scales ona

nacreous area near base of vein 1; ocelli as on upperside but very much

smaller. Hindwing: seven rather small ocelli; the one in interspace 2, the

largest those in interspaces 5 and 6 minute.

Female: very similar to the male but larger. Ocelli on upper forewing

larger than in the male. Hindwing: upperside with one or two ocelli gener-

ally present and well-defined. Underside: similar to male.

Dry-season form: upperside: similar to the wet-season form. Underside:

basal two-thirds, rather darker than outer third; all the ocelli much smaller

and indistinct.

Expanse: 6 fo 1°92"—2°12"; 9 9 2:15"—2:25",

This species which belongs to the Garerts group is closely allied to M.

sanatana from which it can however be easily distinguished by the following ©

differences :—

(1) Ocelli on upperside larger.

(2) Underside: pale yellowish-brown and not dark-brown as in sanatana.

(3) Underside: postdiscal band not tinged with violet.

(4) Upperside, h. w.: the basal tuft of hairs whitish; in sanatana itis

yellowish-brown. | .

The genitalia also differ considerably —

(1) ‘The clasps are longer and somewhat thinner.

(2) The hooks are much longer.

(3) The tegumen is not so stout and ends in a much longer Bud nar-

rower hook.

There are two specimens of this form from the Naga Hills, in the British

Museum over.the label of M. sanatana.

M. sanatana and M. albofasciata do not fly together; the former is found

from the foot of the hills up to 5,000 feet and the latter from 6,000 feet to

8,000 feet.

It is common in the Naga Hills. Four d.s.f. males were obtained at

Phesima in April and many west-season forms of both sexes at Phesima,

Kohima, Takabama and in the Zulla Valley from July to October. It also

occurs at Mao, Manipur, on the Naga Hills border.

MyYcaLEsis EVANSII, n. sp. (Pl. I, Fig. 8, ¢; Fig. 9, 9).

Wet-season form. Male: Upperside. dull brown. Forewing with a large

black ocellus, with white centre and an outer fulvous ring; in interspace 2

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR, . : 225

extending into interspaces 1 and 3; a similar very small preapical ocellus

sometimes present; the pale postdiscal band of underside faintly indi-

eated. Hindwing: uniformly brown, the ocelli on underside sometimes

faintly showing through in interspaces 1, 2 and 3. Underside paler-brown.

Both wings: a sub-basal dark line; a postdiscal yellowish-white broad

band inwardly defined with dark-brown; a subterminal and anteciliary.

dark line, the ground colour on either side of the first being suffused

with violet and between the latter two with yellow. Forewing with

a large black ocellus, white centred and fulvous ringed, in interspace 2

extending into interspaces 1 and 2; a similar but smaller ocellus in inter-

space 5; sometimes two minute ocelli in interspaces 3 and 4 attached to

‘those in 2 and 5. MHindwing with 7 ocelli; that in interspace 2 the

largest; that in interspace 6 rather smaller; that in interspace 3 and the

upper one in interspace 1 smaller and subequal; those in interspaces 5

and 6 and the lower one in interspace 1 minute; all the ocelli as in fore-

wing black with white centres and outer fulvous rings and nearly ina

straight line. o mark on wnderside of forewing not visible on the nacreous

area. A basal tuft of yellowish-white hairs on upper hindwing covering

a glandular patch of dark brown specialized scales.

The female only differs from the male in the upperside being paler and

in the ocellus on the forewing being larger.

The dry-season form differs from the wet-season form in having on the

upperside one small preapical ocellus on the forewing generally present

and two ocelli in interspaces 2 and 3 of the hindwing occasionally present

in the male, nearly always so in the female. Underside: All the ocelli

smaller: those in interspaces 3 and 4 of the forewing always present and

separate and never touching those in interspaces 2 and 5 as in the w. s./.

when present. Terminal and sub-terminal lines narrower and paler; sub-

terminal area paler and yellower.

Expanse: ¢ d 1°7"—1:9"; 29 9 1:98"—2-12.”

This species which belongs to the Calystsme group is. common in the

Manipur Valley where numerous specimens of the d. s. f. were taken in

April. The w. s. f. emerges in June when it is common and flies till

October becoming scarcer as the season advances. A few specimens were

taken at the extreme northern end of the valley at 4,000 feet, where the road

crosses over the watershed between the Imphal and Barak Rivers. All the

other specimens were taken in Imphal itself, mostly in thick scrub jungle.

MyYcaLgEsiIs MISENUS, de Nicéville.

The wet-season form only of this species appears to have been recorded.

Mr. de Nicéville figured a form taken in April and May, 7.c., the dry-

season, which agreed with wet-season forms and he was of the opinion that

only one form of this species existed. The dry-season form, however, is

quite different and differs from the wet-season form just as the d. s. f. of

M. nicotia (= langi de N.) does from its w. s. f,, z.c., in having all the ocelli

on the underside much reduced in size. The sub-terminal area on which

these ocelli are placed is also conspicuously paler. On the upperside

forewing the sub-terminal area is also somewhat paler especially so in

females. .

Eleven gd and six 29 of the d.s.f. were obtained near Sebong,

Manipur, on the Burma border, at low elevations in March and April; and

a single female during the latter month on the Lengba River, Cachar Road,

Manipur ; a single female of the w.s.f. was also obtained at the same

place in July.

I believe this species has hitherto not been recorded further east than

the Khasi Hills.

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

MYCALESIS LEPCHA KOHIMENSIS 0, sp.

The form of lepcha occurring in the Naga Hills and Manipur is sufii-

ciently distinct from the typical form to be worth separating, and I propose

the above name forit. The w.s./. differs in the following respects; the

d. s. f. is almost identical : —

(1) Upperside: white band more distinct, intermediate between typical

lepcha and M. malsara.

(2) Underside: ground colour pure brown with no tinge of red.

(3) Ocelli on underside of forewing in a line with the exception of the

apical one which is bent inwards; in lepcha the ocelli in inter-

spaces 3 and 4 are bent inwards.

(4) Discal band on underside broader, especially near the costa of the

forewing, whereas in typical lepcha it is very narrow.

(5) Cilia grey or whitish; conspicuously so in males. In typical lepceha

they are brown.

It is worthy of note that in the d. s. /. the czlia are brown.

Fairly common in Manipur and the Naga Hills at 4,500 feet and upwards

during the rains. In the spring the d. s. f. flies at about 2,000 feet.

There has been some confusion about the three closely allied forms—WM.

malsara, Moore, M. lepcha, Moore, and M. watsoni, Evans. M. malsara and

M. lepcha have been considered by some authors as representing different

species and by others as races of one another. M. watsoni has only recently

been separated and was placed by Evans as a race of M. lepcha. Watson

probably took all three forms in the Chin Hills but could find no constant

character by which to separate VM. malsara from M. lepcha and recorded

both forms under the name of M. malsara (J.B. N. H. Soc., vol. x.,

p. 642). All three forms occur in Manipur and in the Naga Hills. In the

rains M. lepcha kohimensis flies at 4,500—7,000 feet, but descends in the dry

weather to 2,000 feet; M. malsara and M. watsoni fly from the foot of the

hills up to about 3,000 feet.

I have no doubt whatever that all three forms are perfectly distinct and

good species.

In closely allied forms, where the facies are somewhat similar, the safest

guide is an examination of the genitalia. Fortunately the genitalia of

these three forms are all very distinct from one another.

M. malsara has the apical half of the clasp rather stout and the apex

square and coarsely serrated. Hooks short and stout.

M, watsont has the apical half of the clasp also rather stout, but the

apex is conspicuously hollowed out in the middle forming two rounded

projections on either side, and finely serrated. Hooks longer and thinner.

M., lencha kohimensis has the apical half of the clasp longer and much

narrower; the apex rounded and very finely serrated. Hooks long and

thin as in M. watsont. The tegumen in all three forms also varies in shape

slightly.

In the few specimens of typical M. lepcha from the N. W. Himalayas

that I have examined the apex of the clasp appears slightly squarer, but

otherwise there is no difference in the genitalia and there is no doubt that

the form kohimensis is a race of lepeha.

MYCALESIS MNASICLES PERNA, Fruhst.

A male and three females taken near Sebong, Manipur, in November and

April. I believe this species has previously been only recorded from 8.

Burma and Tenasserim and from the Salwin River, Upper Burma.

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR. 227

MycaLesis MystgEs, de N,

A large series of males and females taken near Sebong, Manipur, in

March and April. It appears to be very local.

ELyMNIAs PEALI, W. M.

A few specimens of both sexes of this rare butterfly were obtained on

the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, and at Sebong, Manipur Hills, in

March and April, and again in September and October. A pair was obtained

at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in March, and a male at the same place in April.

This species has hitherto only been recorded from Upper Assam.

ELYMNIAS PENANGA CHELENSIS, de N.

A few specimens were obtained on the Irang River, Western Manipur

Hills, in February and in October.

THAURIA ALIRIS INTERMEDIA, Crowley.

A large series of both sexes of this beautiful butterfly was obtained at

Sebong, at the foot of the Eastern Manipur Hills, in March and April and

a few damaged specimens in May.

STICOPHTHALMA NOURMAHAL, Westwood.

A large series of both sexes was obtained at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at 6,000

feet during July, August and September; during the latter month, however,

most of the specimens were worn and damaged. The 2 2 remain in good

condition much longer than the ¢ ¢ which soon knock themselves to pieces

flying up and down dense shady bamboo-clad nullahs, A few specimens

were also taken at Takabama, 28 miles east of Kohima, in August.

_ Although not rare, it appears to be extremely local.

This species has hitherto only been recorded from Sikkim, where it is

extremely rare.

STICOPHTHALMA SPARTA, de N.

Several males and two females, possibly dry-season forms, were obtained

by Capt. Evans and my Native collectors at Sebong, Eastern Manipur Hills,

from the end of April to the beginning of June.

The type of S. sparta is in the de Nicéville collection in the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, where I had an opportunity of examining it. The

original figure in the J. A. S. B., vol. 43, is very good excepting that on

the upperside the apical area of the forewing is not pale enough. The type

is either aberrant on an extreme wet-season form. Mr. de Nicéville bought it

from a Telegraph Signaller employed at Manipur, and the exact locality

and date of capture are not known.

The males taken by Capt. Evans and my collectors are somewhat larger

than the type and differ from it in the following respects :-—

(a2) Forewing rather more pointed at apex.

(6) Upperside: the pale area on the outer half of the forewing rather

paler and more extensive.

(d) The ground colour of the terminal area on hindwing slightly

paler. ans ;

(e) The hastate markings on hindwing quite clear and distinct as in

S, lowisa.

(f) Underside: ground colour much paler, of a biscuit colour and not

so reddish.

(g) The ocelli on both wings not so well developed.

228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The female is very similar to the male on the upperside, but the outer

pale area on forewing is much paler and almost white; the hastate

markings on both wings are heavier, appreaching the type in this respect,

Underside: Both wings: markings similar to the male, but the ground

colouris greenish as in S. suffusa 9. Mr. de Nicéville in his original

description states: “In true S. howqua and its named variety the outer

discal line and the submarginal band on both wings are half the distance

apart that they are in S. sparta, and they have six and sometimes seven

ocelli on the forewing, while S. sparta has only five.”

Mr. South describes a form of S. howgua (J. B. N. H. Soc., Vol. XXII,

p. 352), taken by Captain Bailey in the Mishmi Hills, as being intermediate

between typical examples (?) from India (as far as I know the type of

Sparta has hitherto been unique) and var. suffwsa, Leech, from Western

China.

Captain Porter has sent me a single male of a form of Strcophthalma

taken by him on the Dihang River, Abor Hills, in July, which is identical in

all respects with Manipur specimens. The Dihang River is not so very

far from where Captain Bailey obtained his specimen on the Lohit River

in the Mishmi Hills, and therefore it is highly probable that the two speci-

mens belong to the same race. If this is so, the form described by Mr. South

must be identical with specimens from Manipur, which are undoubtedly

S. sparta; for it is highly improbable that two closely allied forms of a

Sticophthalma should be found in Manipur. SS. sparta appears to be closely

allied: to S. lowisa and will probably prove to be a northern race of that

species and not a race of S. howqua as considered by some authors.

AIMONA AMATHUSIA, Hewitson.

Not uncommon in Manipur where many specimens of both sexes were

taken in May and June and again in September and October at Saitu

at the northern end of the Manipur Valley at about 4,000 feet, and on the

Burma Road near Sebong. The butterfly, although not rare, appears to be

extremely local and is found in dense shady nullahs. There are two

broods in the year emerging in May and September, which do not differ

from one another. mona pealiit, Wood-mason, cannot, therefore, be the

wet-season form of amathusia as considered by some authors. It may be

a casual variety or a local race confined to the northern end of the Naga

Hills. Sibsagar, the locality given for it, is an extremely unlikely place for

it to be found, as it is in the plains. 2. pealit was probably taken in the

Naga Hills which adjoins the Sibsagar District.

ENIsPE EUTHYMIUS, Doubleday.

There are three well-marked forms of this species occurring in Manipur

and the Naga Hills,

(1) Typical euthymius of which four specimens were obtained on the

Lengba and Irang Rivers in the Western Manipur Hills; three males in

April and one in July, z.e., in both the dry and wet seasons.

(2) Variety tessellata, Moore, of which three males were taken at Nichu-

guard, Naga Hills, in March and April, and many males and five females

near Sebong on the Burma Road, Manipur, from March to July and again

in November, z.e., during both dry and wet seasons.

(38) A very dark form, which I propose calling melena, of which I obtained

two males at Nichuguard in the Naga Hills in June and October and two

males on the Lengba River, Manipur, in March and April, 7.e., in both the

dry and wet seasons. The above three Mpa y, are very distinct, and none of

the specimens before me intergrade.

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR. 229

Typical euthymius is the palest form, the male of which lacks the straight

black bar near the base of interspaces 2 and 3.

Var. tessellata g is darker with heavier black markings and with a

straight black bar near the base of interspace 2 and 3 on upper forewing ;

the basal half of both wings is also somewhat darker than the outer half.

Var, melena is still a very much darker form; the ground colour is a

richer red on the outer half of both wings and a deep red-brown on basal

half. The black markings are very much heavier, forming on the forewing

a broad black terminal band on whichis a row of quadrate spots of the

ground colour not touching one another. The black band near base of

interspaces 2 and 3 as in fessellata, but broader and carried into the middle

of interspace 1. Underneath also rather darker.

From the dates of capture given, it will be seen that all three forms occur

both in the dry and wet seasons and, therefore, the intensity of the markings

is not due to seasonal causes.

DiscopHoRA DEO, de N.

A single male taken at Nichuguard, Naga Hills, in April.

(To be continued. )

230

ON SMALL MAMMALS COLLECTED IN TIBET AND THE

MISHMI HILLS BY CAPT. F. M. BAILEY. )

OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Through the kind offices of the Bombay Natural History Society

the National Museum has received a small series of Mammals

obtained by Capt. F. M. Bailey during his last expedition to Tibet

and the Mishmi Hills. The set includes several new and interest-

ing forms.

The new Shrew from the Mishmis, Soriculus baileyi, described in

a previous number of the Journal, was also obtained during the

same expedition.

Genus ‘l'ROGOPTERUS.

Capt. Bailey obtained a Flying Squirrel in the Chumbi Valley of

a type quite new to India, but proving to be a member of the

Chinese genus T'rogopterus. My examination of it has resulted in

finding not only that it forms a special subspecies, but that the

Chinese forms themselves need subdivision.

TROGOPTERUS MORDAX, Sp. n.

Size, as gauged by skull and teeth, markedly greater than in

T’. canthipes.

General size no doubt greater than in awanthipes, but no fresh

measurements available, hindfoot upwards of 55 mm. instead of 51.

Colour on the whole much as in 7’. xanthipes, though rather richer

and stronger. Undersurface similarly white washed with ochraceous.

Hands and feet rich fulvous or tawny. Har region more strongly

tufted than in J’. wanthipes, the longer bristles black, the tufts of

short hairs at the base of the ears fulvous. Sides of muzzle fulvous.

Skull similar to that of 7’. canthipes in all essential respects, but

larger throughout, as may be seen by the measurements below.

Bulle very much larger. P* even larger in proportion to the molars

than 7’. wanthopes.

Dimensions of the type, those of an example of J’. wanthipes

following in brackets :—

Hindfoot 58 mm. (61).

Skull, greatest length 62°3 (56-2); condylo-incisive length 56:3

(51); zygomatic breadth 37:7 (84-4); nasals 21 (18°3) x 11:2

(9-4) ; intertemporal breadth 10-6 (12); brain case, breadth above

meatus 28:5 (26°5) ; palatilar length 31 (28-2); length of bulla 14-4

(12:3) ; upper tooth-series 17°2 (15:2) ; length of p* 6:2 (5:4); molars

only 11 (9-8).

SMALL MAMMALS COLLECTED IN TIBET, 231

Hab.—I-chang, Yang-tze kiang.

Type.—Adult male. B.M.No.95. 7.5.1. Presented by Mr. F

W. Styan. Nine specimens examined.

It is to Mr. F. W. Styan’s generosity that the Museum owes not

only its whole series of 7’. mordax from I-chang, but also the [single

specimen from ‘ Peking” representing 1’. xanthipes. The latter

agrees absolutely in size with the figures given by Milne-EHdwards.

This is the Trogopterus of' the Upper Yang-tze Valley and Sze-

chwan, the original 7’. zanthipes having been obtained in Chihli, N.

China by Fontanier, and being represented in the British Museum

by a skin and skull from ‘‘ Peking.”’

Two skins from the Upper Min Valley, Sze-chwan, obtained by

Mr. J. W. Brooke are also referable to 7’. mordaz.

The Chumbi Trogopterus has the long feet of 7. mordax, but its

skull is little or not larger than in 7’. xanthipes. It may be

diagnosed as follows :—

TROGOPTERUS HIMALAICUS, sp. n.

Feet as long as in TY. mordax. Fur thicker. General colour

essentially similar but rather darker. Sides of muzzle and region at

outer bases of ears grey like rest of head, not fulvous. Hands and

feet brown, with fulvous end to the hairs, instead of wholly fulvous.

Tail very thick and bushy, the hairs slaty for their basal three-fifth,

then black and their tips buffy ; but below there are no buffy tips, the

terminal two-fifths of the hairs being deep black.

Skull of the type immature, but sufficiently grown to show that it

would scarcely have attained a greater size than in 1’. zanthipes.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 210 mm. ; tail 283; hindfoot 57 ; ear 32.

Skull, greatest length 56°5 ; condylo-incisive length 51; nasals

18:5; length of mp4 4; molars only 10-2.

Hab.—Chumbi Valley, Tibet. Type from Gautsa, 13,800’.

Type.—Immature male. B.M.No. 14. 6. 24.1. Collected by a

native servant of Capt. Bailey’s, and presented by the latter. -

This western form of Trogopterus is distinguishable from its geo-

graphical ally 7’. mordax by its darker colour and especially by the

diminution or absence of fulvous on its muzzle, ears and feet.

EiPIMYS BRAHMA, sp. n.

Resembling H. fulvescens, Gray, but decidedly larger. Mamme

1—2—6. ;

Fur softer and more woolly than in fulvescens, hairs of back about

10—11 mm. in length, the longer piles 18—19mm. General colour

above near cinnamon-brown, becoming more buffy on the sides.

Undersurface greyish white, the hairs white to their bases on the

throat and middle line of belly and on the chest. Muzzle greyer

2932 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

than black. Eyes surrounded by an obscurely darker ring. ars

of medium size, naked, grey. Hands and feet with the edges of the

metapodials and whole of the digits white, the centre of the meta-

podials brown; pads large; fifth hind toe long, reaching to the

middle of the second phalanx of the fourth. ‘Tail long, finely scaled

(about 15 rings to the centimetre), well haired, slightly tufted at

tip, the terminal hairs about 5 mm. in length; dark brown above,

rather lighter below. Mamme apparently 1—2 — 6.

Skull light and thinly built in proportion to its size. Muzzle

and interorbital region narrow; beading on latter well defined in

frontal region but dying off on parietals. Brain-case smooth, round-

ed, convex above. Front of zygomatic plate as in /ulvescens, nearly

vertical, not projected forwards. Palatal foramina well open, ex-

tending backwards to the level of the front root of m'. Bulle small.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 145mm.; tail 218; hindfoot 28; ear 25.

Skull, greatest length 36-2; condylo-incisive length 32°7; zygo-

matic breadth 17; nasals 13; interorbital breadth 4°9; breadth of

brain-case 15:3; palatilar length 15-8 ; palatal foramina 7-1; upper

molar series 6°4.

Hab.—Mishmi Hills. Type from Anzong Valley. Alt. 6,000’.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No, 14. 6. 24. 2. Collected 8rd

May 1913, by Capt. F. M. Bailey, and presented by him to the

National Museum through the Bombay Natural History Society.

This distinct rat is readily separable from the only species it

resembles, HU. fulvescens, by its larger size, larger tooth-row, and

less ridged skull. Whether it has any relationship to Mus cinnamo-

meus, Blyth (1859), is immaterial, as that name is antedated by

Pictet (1844).

LEPUS o1osTOLUS, Hodgs.

Capt. Bailey obtained two skins referable to L. oiostolus, one Of

them at Chamdokyang, about 150 miles Hast of Gyangtze, im a

country of about the same altitude (15,000') and character as the

latter. This specimen nearly agrees with typical oiostolus in its

general buffy colour. |

The other specimen came from much further to the Nast, where

the country is more forested and at a lower altitude than the typi-

cal region of oiostolus. The hare is consequently somewhat differ-

ent and may be sub-specifically distinguished as follows :—

LEPUS OIOSTOLUS ILLUTEUS, subsp. n

General characters as in true otostolus, but throughout, on head,

ears, and back, the buffy is almost or quite absent, the hairs being

mixed grey and cream colour, or cream-buff, and the general tone

ereyish or olive-grey. Undersurface pale slaty grey, that of otosto- —

SMALL MAMMALS COLLECTED IN TIBET. 233

lus being silvery grey at base, buffy terminally. On the undersur-

face however the chest patch has a suffusion of buffy, as in otostolus,

the rest being pure white. Head grizzled black and pale buffy ;

eye-rings cream-buff. ars essentially as in ovostolus, but the buff

replaced by grizzled blackish except along the terminal third of the

metentote, where there is a buffy edging; fringe of proectote white.

As in ovostolus the rump is slaty grey and the tail thick, bushy,

wholly pure white except for an inconspicuous slaty line proximally

above. Hands buffy above, feet white, the cushions of both below

drabby.

Skull apparently very much as in true otostolus.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 492 mm.; tail 80; hindfoot 117; ear 102.

Skull, greatest length 83°5; condylo-incisive length 73:3.

Hab.—Kang-sar, about 250 miles East of Gyangtze, Tibet. Alt.

10,000'. :

Type.—Immature male. B.M. No. 14. 6.24.3. Collected 12th

August 1915 and presented by Capt. F'. M. Bailey.

The specimen appears unfortunately to be somewhat immature,

but examples of true ovostolus of similar age show the same strong

bufty colour that is characteristic of the adults. In general body

colour this new form somewhat more resembles the L. kozlovi of

still further Eastward, but that species has not the highly char-

acteristic white tail of L. owstolus.

Besides the above new forms Capt. Bailey obtained an example

of Nectogale sikhimensis, de Wint., from Karpo, Tibet, and one ot

Ochotona curzonie, Hodgs., from Nyerma La, 15,000'.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

H. STEVENS, M.B.O.U.

Part f.

Upper Assam politically comprises the subdivisions of Lakhim-

pur* and Dibrugarh in the Lakhimpur district, practically the

tract of country lying north of the 27th parallel of north

latitude encroaching on the adjacent district of Sibsagar and

limited by the indefinite arbitrary frontier line of British juris-

diction which follows the contour of the hills at their base

around the head of the valley; but considered from our stand-

point of Zoo—Geographical Distribution as a northern area of

the Oriental Region enclosing portions of the Himalayan and

Burmese subregions would include several of these hill ranges.

Our knowledge of the hill districts with the exception of the south-

eastern ranges however is very imperfect, and so far as the north

and north-eastern frontier is concerned almost a complete blank due

to several causes. ‘The natural inhospitality and impenetrability of

their forest-covered slopes, the suspicious hospitality of the

various tribes, the stringent restrictions issued by an administra-

tion averse to any transfrontier excursions, and also the lack

of means of communication, combined with the tropical rains

experienced during the south-west monsoon, irrespective of a

considerable local rainfall, which renders the routes traversed 1mpass-

able and restricts a journey of that description to the cold season

when such an undertaking can only be attempted. The numerous

waterways constitute the main physical features of the valley, fore-

most of which is the Bramapootra with its main affluenis, the

Subansiri and the Dihing, other minor rivers emerge through

picturesque and impressive gorges in the hills on the north and

add their quota to its waters. During the period of torrential rains

a large proportion of the land is submerged. ‘The appearance of the

country at this time is a striking contrast to its cold season aspect

when the rivers are at a low ebb and exhibit vast expanses of sand.

The diversified vegetation compensates somewhat for the monoton-

ous level of the alluvial land and the hills which rise in rapid

succession on the northern frontier clothed to their summits in

virgin forest and backed by the snow-capped peaks of higher

elevations afford a pleasing panorama during the cold weather

months when the atmosphere is free from humidity. The deforest-

ation and the opening up of large areas of land by the tea industry

has been in progress many years; each succeeding year also results

* The Post Office designation, North Lakhimpur, is invariably used for this

subdivision.

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NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 235

in a great increase of low-lying land brought under cultivation by

the time-expired immigrant labourer. * Vast tracts of grass,

*‘ chopras, ”’ reed, ‘‘cagri,’”’ ‘“‘ ekra,” ‘‘ nulni” and forest land, Govern-

ment timber reserve and otherwise fortunately yet remain, which in

many quarters might be utilized as sanctuaries for the preservation

of the fauna as well as botanical reserves; and if safeguarded by an

adequate and strict, impartial application of regulations would

prolong and possibly prevent the extermination of some of our

noblest mammalia, a result only too frequently regarded as the

inevitable consequence of the advance of civilization. These

frequent notes are based on data commenced in 1901, made

during residence in the above two subdivisions, inclusive of a five

months’ furlough in the cold season, 1905-6, when a visit was paid

to the Abor-Miri country on the right bank of the Subansiri with

particular reference to distribution, dates of arrival and departure

of migrants, the substantiation of the claims of rare and previously

unrecorded visitants. This list, although containing some 4:70 odd

species makes no pretence at completeness. The claims of strict

priority have been followed out and trinomials used wherever

available, as some slight contribution to stability and uniformity in

nomenclature :—

Breadth of valley 60 miles.

Hlevation of valley, average 430 feet.

Rainfall, average 115 inches.

An average of 140''—180" is general for localities at the base of the

hills on the north, the nearer approach to the hills the more

appreciable is the difference in rainfall.

The photos have been chosen to illustrate the various physical

features of the country though not lacking in pictorial effect.

1. Corvus macrorhynchos levaillantiu, Less. [4|—Jungle Crow.

Corvus macrorhynchus (Oates), F.B.1., Vol. i, p. 17.

Resident, common throughout the whole valley, although occasionally is

found in solitary pairs in outlying localities, generally is sociable, congra-

gating in some numbers, especially during the cold weather months when

its curiosity attracts it alike to the camp of the shikari or the flimsy dwell-

ing of the ryot, anywhere, in fact, wherever it can find sufficient support

in refuse and garbage as nothing comes amiss to its depraved taste.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 29-4-10. A jungle crow seen flying overhead

carrying an egg in its gape. There must be a considerable amount of

destruction done to nesting birds attributable to this marauder. The

pendent nests of the Bayas (Ploceus megarhynchus, Hume, Ploceus manyar

* No apology is surely required for referring to this all-important matter of

special interest to Zoologists, even ina paper of this description. See Nature,’

Thursday, September 9, 1909, p. 317. II Organising Zoology, Opening address by

Prof. A. E. Shipley, President, Zoological Section. The British Association at

Winnipeg, “On the Appalling Waste of Animal Life with its one only result.

{ The original gender of all specific names which appear as adjectives has been

preserved and are treated as names only not as adjectives in connection with the

genera as substantives.

236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

fiarrceps, Less.) are particularly subject to attack. King crows (Dicrurus) also

suffer from their depredations in spite of their aggressive habits ; the ex-

posed popitions of their nesting sites offer an easy inducement to pillage.

Dejoo, 29-5-10. A hugetree in an isolated corner of the garden on

whose branches a pair of “jungle crows had their nest was blown down last

night. Isaw these birds to-day busily occupied rebuilding their new

quarters some short distance away in the Forest.

Silonibari, 20-4-11. I noted a jungle crow feeding on the berries of a

Seleng tree (Sapium baccatum ), possibly a non-paired bird; another pair

were in company with some Green Pigeon ( Sphenocercus apicauda) and a

small species (Treron nipalensis ) on the same tree.

2. Corvus splendens, Vieill. {7 |—House Crow.

Everywhere numerous and obtrusive in its habits. A close attendant

on the ‘“ bawarche ” and his preserves, although not so troublesome as in

more populous districts. Very frequently bamboo clumps are selected as a

nesting site and light tree growth in a secluded part on the sandy “churs”

of the rivers at no great height from the ground is the home of a colony.

Dejoo, 22-12-08. This morning I witnessed the unusual sight of a

band of crows mobbing a kite ( Milvus melanotis) which held one of their

deceased members in its talons. I followed them as far as my vision

allowed but failed to see its termination. From the noise and general

commotion the kite appeared to be in for a rough time as long as it re-

tained its quarry, though it is very improbable that it had met its death

through any action of the kite.

3. Cuissa chinensis (Bodd.) [14]—The Green Magpie.

“ Telpili,” Daphla.

Plentiful in the dense evergreen forests at the base of the hills around

the valley. In North Lakhimpur its range extends over the watershed

into the Abor-Miri hills, where it was noted in the vicinity of the

‘‘changs”’ in February. From November to February it appears to

desert its customary haunts and frequent the more open precincts of cul-

tivation, when it is by no means shy, but more often betraying its presence

by its loud piping call. The few records of its visits to Rungagora in the

plains were always at the end of March or early April, and possibly indi-

cate a local sporadic movement. Three records: 9-8-08*, 26-8-07,

2-9-08*, Dejoo, are rather unusual early appearances, Rungagora, -

21-3-03, a specimen received in the flesh with the terminal portion of crest

feathers light blue and the back similarly splashed in colour. Seajuli,

19-11-11, Thad shot a Green Pigeon (Sphenocercus apicauda) ( Blyth:) in

dense forest and having placed the bird on the fork of a sapling near at

hand was remaining motionless at the foot of the tree awaiting the arrival

of others, when a Greén Pie came within a few paces from me, attracted

by the dead pigeon; it scrutinized my capture and eventually succeeded,

after some probing, to dislodge it.{On the bird falling to the ground, I made

* An Asterisk denotes an observation.

The number in brackets after each species corresponds to Oates’ and Blanford’s

Volumes I-IV : Birds; these numbers might with advantage in the next edition

be tabulated in the index column for the use of correspondents, &c. The generic

and specific name as figuring in these same Volumes, wherever differing from the

adopted nomenclature, is similarly inserted. The field notes in many cases record

trivial and common place incidents, yet are accurate statements of observationsas

actually jotted down in my note-book at the time, and thus may not be without

value. Wherever the monthis given after the locality, it does not necessarily

follow that the species only occurs at that period, unless otherwise stated, but

that specimens have been collected at those localities and those months serve as a

basis for future study.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 237

a more decided movement which put an end to the episode by the Pie’s

departure.

4. Dendrocitta rufus (Scop.) |16].—Indian Tree-pie.

Partial to the more cultivated tracts of the country; often seen in

bungalow compounds. In North Lakhimpur occasionally visits Dejoo at

the base of the hills but only as a straggler.

Maijan, May 1901, ¢92%*; Rungagora, not common, 16-2-02, 9;

Dejoo, 18-2-05 2, 18-2-09* single.

5. Dendrocitta himalayensis (Blyth.) [{18].—The Himalayan Tree-pie.

Common throughout the plains in the Dibrugarh district. Occurs in the

Abor-Miri hills up to 5,000’ altitude at all events. This Tree-pie is the

most generally distributed of the three species.

6. Dendrocitta frontalis, McClell. [19].—Black-browed Tree-pie.

Occurs throughout the plains. In habits if anything less wary than D.

himalayensis. Rungagora, 8-11-01* I noted a pair of these Pies hawking

for winged termites after the manner of King Crows (Dicrurus) from the

tops of some bamboo clumps at evening.

Neither of these two Tree-pies are said to occur in the plains (Oates)

and are regarded as hill species. Their occurrence in the plains of Upper

Assam is no doubt, as in several other cases, due to the close proximity of

the hills and the peculiar configuration of the land hemmed in at the

head of the valley.

Iris reddish-brown ; bill and tarsus black.

7. Parus major cinereus, Vieill. [351].—Indian Grey Tit.

Parus atriceps, Horsf. Oates, F. B. I. Vol. i., p., 46.

Throughout the whole area in cultivated tracts, not in forest.

The sole representative with the exception of P. sultaneus of this in-

teresting genus at low elevations.

8. Parus sultaneus sultaneus, Hodgs. [255].—The Sultan Bird.

Melanochilora sultanea, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 241.

Throughout the plains in evergreen forest and secondary jungle, fre-

quents the tops of the trees, more in evidence at the cold season. Undoubt-

edly a specialized tropical form; a tit both in structure and _ habits,

rightly relegated to its true position in this genus by its original describer

Hodgson. Titadimora, Panitola, Rungagora, Margherita, Joyhing, Dejoo.

9. Aegithalos erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Vig.) [85]—Red-headed Tit.

Atgithaliscus erythrocephalus, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i., p. 50.

Plentiful in the vicinity of the “changs”’ at 4,000’ in March in the Abor-

Miri hills on the right bank of the Subansiri. Partial to secondary scrub

growth in small parties.

10. Paradoxornis flavirostris, Gould. [51].—Gould’s Parrot-billed Babbler,

“But but” serai. Plains Miris.

On the north or right bank of the Bramapootra from Komolabari to the

base of the hills in North Lakhimpur is generally distributed in suitable

localities. Its favourite haunts are dense thickets of reeds ‘ ekra”’ and

“tora” or wild cardamom in “hoolahs” and low-lying ground “ bhils, ”’

and also in the mixed grasses “nulni’” and “lui,” &c., of the “ chopras ‘a

along the banks and bed of the Subansiri and other rivers. Its striking

whistle best represented by the syllables “ phew,” “ phew,” “ phew ” “ phuit”

commencing in a low tone, which is increased in rapidity both in volume

and inflection, gives a certain clue to its presence and is sometimes the

only means of locating its whereabouts, as itis very chary of showing

itself excepting at early morn and before sunset, when they rise to the

2388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

tops of the reeds. They scuttle across the open patches to reach a place of

safety and keep low down close to the ground when under observation.

The noise made by their mandibles as they nibble at the flowers of the

reeds and grasses is distinctly audible, though the birds may not be visible,

Joyhing, Dejoo, Hessamara, Gogaldhubie, Silonibari, Komolabari, Hulmari,

Boduti, Dhunsirimukh, south bank of Bramapootra.

Tris olivaceous brown; bill deep yellow ; tip and culmen of upper man-

dible horny white ; tarsus bluish olive or plumbeous. Dissection of stomach

has proved their food to be chiefly vegetable substances ; seeds of “nul”

grass, larvee, earwigs, &c., found in the flowers and crevices of the various

grasses and reeds. Hessamara, 9-4-05, nest containing two eggs.

ll. Suthora ruficeps atrosuperciliaris, (xodw-Aust. [59].—Austen’s Parrot-

billed Babbler.

Suthora atrisuperciliaris, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 59.

Apparently confined to the north-eastern corner of the valley. Occurs

above Margherita.

12, Psittiparus ruficeps bakeri, Hart. |60]—\Baker’s Parrot-billed Babbler.

Sceorhynchus ruficeps, Oates, F. B. I., No. 60 (part).

Occurs around Margherita. Failed to meet with it in the plains.

18. Lanthocincla ruficollis, Jardand Selby. [62].—Rufous-necked Laughing

Thrush.

Dryonastes ruficollis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 1i., p. 73.

Confined to the plains. Common in every description of scrub and reed

jungle, only frequents the outskirts of forest. In consequence the base of

the heavily timbered hills in North Lakhimpur is the limit of its range on

the north. ;

14. Lanthocincla nuchalis (Godw.-Aust.) | 63].—Ogle’s Laughing Thrush.

Dryonastes nuchalis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 74.

Confined to the north-eastern corner of the valley. Plentiful around

Margherita.

15. Lanthocincla leucolophus leucolophus (Hardw.) |69|.—Himalayan White-

crested Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax leucolophus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 77.

Common alike in forest, both in the hills and plains.

16, Lanthocincla wpectoralis (Gould.) [72]|.—Black-gorgeted Laughing

Thrush.

Garrulax pectoralis, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i., p. 80.

Plentiful in forest throughout the whole area. Occurs over the water-

shed in the Abor-Miri hills.

17. Ianthocinela moniligera (Hodgs.) [73].—The Necklaced Laughing

Thrush.

Garrulax moniliger, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 81.

Its range coincides with the former nearly throughout the plains as

proved by the collection of specimens on both sides of the valley. Appears

to be the most plentiful of the two species.

18. Lanthocincla gularis, McClell. [74)|.—McClelland’s Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax gularis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol.i., p. 81.

Confined to the base of the hills. Probably has a continuous range

around the head of the valley. Equally plentiful in North Lakhimpur and

Margherita. Absent from the plain.

Colouration, juvenis 2-7-04, ¢ ; 25-8-04, Dejoo. Crown black, fringed at

base with rufous, visible portions of wings deep red brown, much richer than

adult, the ashy grey of breast and upper abdomen mixed with rust colour,

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 239

19. Janthocincla rufogularis rufogularis, Gould. [80]. —Rufous-chinned

Laughing Thrush.

Specimens collected in the Abor-Miri hills agree with the typical form.

Found in pairs in February in dense secondary growth. Approximate

elevation 4,000’. J. 7. assamensis, Hart. is evidently the form that occurs

above Margherita. do, 12-2-06, Beni. Lores white, chin merely at tip

rufous, breast suffused ashy, back rich fulvous. tertiaries tipped with

defined white.

20. Lanthocincla. phenicea phonicea (Gould.) [87]. —Crimson-winged

Laughiag Thrush.

Trochalopterum pheniceum, Oates, F. B. I, Vol. i., p. 93.

Abor-Miri hills. The former note applies to this species.

I. p. bakeri, Hart. is the form from the Khasi hills, which probably

extends into our area on the south.

21. Grammatoptila striata austeni, Oates. [102].—Austen’s Striated

Laughing Thrush.

Grammatoptila austen, Oates, F. B. L., Vol. 1., p. 104.

Abor-Miri hills, right bank, Subansiri. All my specimens were procured

in forest along the hillsides on the north of the watershed. Iris red brown ;

bill dark bluish horny; tarsus bluish grey ; soles yellow.

22. Argya earlit (Blyth.) [104].—The Striated Babbler.

Generally distributed, peculiar to heavy grass land and abundant where

found. A series collected at Komolabari (Bramapootra “ churs’”’) and

Hessamara (Subansiri ‘ churs”’). Oates’ notes on this bird’s habits could

not be improved upon. <Argya longirostris is recorded from Sadiya and

Crateropus canorus as occurring to the extreme east of Assam. Inform-

ation is required as to the status of both these birds in Upper Assam. I

was under the impression I saw a party of these latter birds in North

Lakhimpur. 26-12-10, but as no specimens were secured this record lacks

substantiation, otherwise failed to meet with either species.

23. Pomatorhinus schisticeps, Hodgs. [116].—Slaty-headed Scimitar

Babbler.

Occurs throughout the whole district, sparingly in the plains, more

plentiful along the base of the hills and hillsides at low elevations. Found

in scrub growth, frequently in company with JLanthocincla ruficollis in the

plains or amongst the bamboo jungle on the hillsides with Gampsorhyn-

chus rufulus. Solitary instance secured at Rungagora (plains), 18-3-03, ¢.

24, Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, Blyth. [122]. —Coral-billed Scimitar

Babbler.

Parties in February, Abor-Miri hills. The only Scimitar Babbler pro-

cured on the north side of the watershed.

25. Pomatorhinus macelellandi, Jerd. [180]. —McClelland’s Scimitar

Babbler.

Dinjan (plains), 18-1-02, ¢, 2 ; Rungagora (plains), 18-83-03, °.

The only records: the latter coincides with the only record for P.

schisticeps forthe plains; both were secured atthe same time. I am

inclined to think this bird is somewhat locally migratory.

Iris salmon yellow; orbital skin and bare space behind eye plumbeous ;

bill horny, lighter towards tip and lower mandible at base; tarsus light

pinkish brown ; claws light horny.

26. Pomatorhinus hypoleucus (Blyth.) [131].—The Arrakan Scimitar

Babbler.

Plentiful in the north-east corner, Margherita. Recorded for the Daphla

hills. Failed to meet with it in North Lakhimpur. This latter locality is

probably erroneous. .

240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

27. Timea pileata, Horsf. [134]. Red-capped Babbler.

Throughout the whole district in the plains. Confined to reed and grass

jangle in low-lying land and along the banks of rivers.

28. Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Blyth. [137].— White-headed Shrike Babbler.

More plentiful along the base of the hills than in the plains, partial to

bamboo jungle, seen in parties, March searching for food in company with

Drongos, Wood Shrikes (Tephrodornis pelvicus), &c. They do not shun

observation and keep well above the ground.

29. Pyctorhis altirostre (Jerd.) |141]|.— Yellow-eyed Babbler.

Locally distributed in the plains. The “churs” covered with dense grass

in the beds of the main rivers are its favourite haunts, although heavy

reed land and the vegetation on the banks of some of the hill rivers are

eminently suitable: only odd pairs are there to be met. Its note resembles

the syllables “chew,” “chi,” “chi,” repeated several times.

Hessamara (Subansiri), Bhimpoora Bhil (Gogaldhubie), Komolabari,

Dejoo, R. Lilabari. Iris greenish pink or brown; orbital skin greenish

yellow ; bill pale purplish thorny ; upper mandible darkest; tarsus pinkish

horny. Stomach on dissection contained small seeds and vegetable sub-

stance only in one example.

30. Pellorneum mandellu, Blanf. [142].— Mandelli’s Spotted Babbler.

Throughout the plains, more plentifully distributed at the base of hills

on both sides of the valley. It utters a loud pleasing call of two syllables

when searching for food on the ground amongst dead leaves and decaying

vegetation.

Rungagora, occasionally seen in secondary scrub in the cold weather.

Nazira, Sibsagar, calling first week, November 1910. Margherita, numerous

specimens collected, November to February ; Dejoo, February, April, June,

July, December ; Derpai, January. Young bird, 92, taken 28-4-03, Dejoo.

31. Pellorneum palustre, Jerd. [146|— Marsh Spotted Babbler.

Its range and habitat coincides with TJ%melia pileata. Hessamara,

Bhimpoora Bhil, Gogaldhubie, Dejoo, R. Komolabari, Rungagora, R.

Dibru. Its call is the reverse of Pyctorhis altirostre, and is best expressed

in the syllables “ chi,” “chew” repeated in a loud tone.

Iris bright brown; bill horny brown ; base of lower mandible tinged blue ;

tarsus pale horny blue.

32. Pellorneum ignotum, Hume [148]—The Assam Babbler.

Decidedly local, occurs around Margherita.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 10-2-07, ¢, 2 (secured); 20-3-08, g, 2

(secured) ; 27-11-10* two pairs observed.

These records refer to localities a short distance from the base of the

hills in reed and scrub growth in low-lying forest land. |

Iris sienna brown; bill bluish horny; tarsus and claws pale purplish fleshy.

33. Drymocataphus assamensis, Sharpe [152].—Austen’s Babbler.

Possibly locally distributed, extends a short distance away from the

base of the hills in North Lakhimpur, butis decidedly a terai denizen.

Plentiful between the Panchnoi Rh. and Runganuddie (foot of Daphla hills),

also around Margherita. Its occurrence in the plains somewhat doubtful.

One of the few birds to relieve the gloom of the forest depths, hopping in

and about the undergrowth after the manner of a mouse. Note a loud

“tsip ;’’ occurs in pairs. Iris sienna brown; bill horny; tarsus dull fleshy.

34. Corythocichla striatus (Wald.) [154].—The Streaked Babbler.

Apparently peculiar to the north-east corner around Margherita within

our limits.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 241

35. Turdinus abbotti (Blyth) [160].—Abbott’s Babbler.

Locally distributed at the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur.

Secured on half a dozen occasions. Silonibari, Dejoo, Derpai.

Iris ight brown; bill bluish horny ; upper mandible rather darker than

lower mandible; tarsus fleshy horn.

36. Thringorhina oglei (Godw.-Aust.) [162].—Austen’s Spotted Babbler.

Confined to north-east corner, Margherita.

37. Proparus nipalensis (Hodgs.) [163].—The Nepal Babbler.

Aleippe nepalensis, Oates, F, B.I., Vol. i., p. 157.

Throughout the plains and hills around the head of the valley in forest;

everywhere numerous if not conspicuous.

38. Stachyris nigriceps, Hodgs. [169].—The Black-throated Babbler.

Stachyrhis nigriceps, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i., p. 162.

Distributed in the plains and hills, although not common.

39. Stachyris chrysea, Blyth [170|—Golden-headed Babbler.

Stachyrhis chrysea, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 168.

Similar in distribution as S. negriceps. By.no means restricted to a

particular habitat, reeds and similar growth apparently as much to its

liking as the dense vegetation on the hillsides. Margherita, Beni,

Ganditola, Dejoo (Rungagora, not common).

40. Stachyridopsis ruficeps rufifrons (Hume) {173].—Hume’s Babbler.

Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 165.

Sparingly distributed in the plains, plentiful along the terai. This

Babbler undoubtedly replaces the typical form in Upper Assam, although

the latter is recorded for Dibrugarh. Personally I have failed to meet with

it. Margherita, Gogaldhubie, Seajuli, Dejoo, (Rungagora, not common).

41, Mixornis rubicapilla (Tick.) |176].—The Yellow-breasted Babbler.

Mixornis rubricapillus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 167.

Distributed throughout the plains. Partial to light forest growth not

the dense evergreen forests. Feeds on and keeps to the ground when

in thick scrub.

42. Proparus rufigularis (Mand.) [180].—The Red-headed Tit Babbler.

Scheniparus rufigularis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 170.

This Tit Babbler is resident throughout the whole breadth of the

valley from the Daphla hills to the Naga hills. In the hills on the North

Frontier (Abor-Miri country) is displaced by Pseudominla cinerea after

the first low ranges. Strictly confined to undergrowth in the evergreen

forests amongst which it creeps about in parties of six or thereabouts in

the cold season, but later on at the commencement of the nesting time is

found in pairs. P. mandeillit is recorded for the Daphla hills. Personally

I have failed to meet with it at low elevations in these hills; this locality

is probably erroneous.

43. Pseudominla cinerea (Blyth.) {181].—The Dusky Green Tit Babbler.

Stttiparus cinereus, Oates, F, B. I. Vol.i., p. 171.

Confined to the valleys and slopes of the hills on the North Frontier on

both sides of the water shed, although absent from the first few low ranges

found as high as 5,000’ in the Abor-Miri hills. Similar in habits to Proparus

rufigularis, but the parties frequently number a score or thereabouts.

Partial to light open tree jungle and brush wood in forest. Its note is

a low twitter.

44, Pseudominla castaniceps (Hodgs.) [182].—The Chestnut-headed Tit

Babbler.

Sittiparus castaneiceps, Oates, F, B. I., Vol. i., p. 172.

242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Obtained in the Abor-Miri hills. Keeps more to higher vegetation than

P. cinerea always in company with other Babblers and Warblers, whereas

P. cinerea held aloof from other species. In habits very creeper like as it

searched the tree trunks when foraging for food. A small series show a

more decided rufous tinge on back in comparison with East Nepal specimens.

A sufficient character to entitle it to so called sub-specific rank.

45. Rimator malacoptilus, Blyth. [185].—The Long-billed Babbler.

Rangchilla, a spur of Yoloo, north side Abor-Miri hills 4,500’ approxi-

mate elevation, 22-11-06, g, @. This pair of Babblers sprang up at my

feet as I descended the slope and was secured with some trouble, owing to

my close proximity. [In order to avoid damaging them for spécimens lL

had to step back on the slippery ground whilst fixing my attention on

the birds. Fortunately there was very little undergrowth, though the

ground was covered in dead leaves with which their plumage assimilated.

The bills were smeared with soil. Previously recorded only for Sikkim and

Manipur at considerable elevations. Iris brown; Bill, upper mandible

and gape, dark horn lighter towards tip; under-mandible pale bluish horn ;

tarsus pale purplish horn.

46. Turdinulus roberti roberti (Godw.-Aust. and Wald.) {186].—Robert’s

Babbler.

Turdinulus roberti, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 480.

On the North Frontier occurs on both sides of the watershed at the

base of the hills in North Lakhimpur and in the valleys in the Abor-Miri

country. Probably extends around the foot hills at the head of the valley

as it is found above Margherita.

Dejoo, 10-5-07. A nest containing four young was brought in, distance

three miles from the foot of the hills in dense virgin forest. This is the:

farthest limit away from the hills to my knowledge that this Babbler

occurs. Found up to 5,000’ on the north frontier. Difficult to secure, as it

turns over decayed leaves on the ground in your close proximity, calmly

ignoring your presence.

47. Myiophoneus temminckit temmincki, Vig. |187].—The Himalayan

Whistling-Thrush.

Mytophoneus temmincki, Oates, ¥. B. I., Vol. i., p. 178.

Confined to the hill rivers around the head of the Valley. Extends a

short distance into the plains in North Lakhimpur during the cold season.

48. Drymochares hyperythra (Jerd. & Blyth.) [196].—Rusty-bellied Short-

wing.

Occurs fs the terai and extends a short distance into the plains in

North Lakhimpur at the cold season. Records from Gogaldhubie and also

Margherita, in the north-east corner. The following notes give specific

data:—Hessamara, 9-1-05, ¢, secured in reeds; Panchnoi R., base of

Daphla hills, forest nullah, 30-11-05, ¢; Dejoo R., base of Daphla hilis,

forest undergrowth 22-12-07, g* and scrub, January 1911, dg, 2”. ’

Female noted on one occasion only. Haunts undergrowth in forest, thick

secondary scrub and dense thickets of reeds. Quite fearless and in con-

sequence most difficult to secure at such close range in a satisfactory

condition for a cabinet preparation, unless procured without the aid of

powder and shot. Iris hazel-brown ; bill black ; tarsus horny.

49. Drymochares nipalensis (Hodgs.) [198|.—Nepal Short-wing.

Numerous specimens obtained from Margherita. Rare in North Lakhim-

pur ; two records only. A denizen of forest undergrowth. All the males

in my collection from Assam are in similar plumage to the female. The

call of this short-wing is a loud note of a single syllable. Base of Daphla

hills Panchnoi, R., 30-11-05, 9, and Joyhing R., 27-11-10, ¢.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 245.

50. Tesia eyaniventer, Hodgs. |20]].—Slaty-bellied Short-wing.

Tesia cyaniventris, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 192.

Occurs throughout the whole area in forest during the cold season.

Partial to saplings and undergrowth on which it hops up and down, whilst

uttering a high pitched note. Oates makes a great difference in the colour-

ation of the sexes particularly the forehead, crown and nape. My

impression is the sexes are alike. One specimen 10-1-04, 3, which is.

apparently adult, has the crown coloured sap:green without the trace of

any golden tinge; the lower half of orbital ring is white.

51. Testa castaneocoronata (Burton) [202].—Chestnut-headed Short-wing.

Oligura castaneicoronata, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 193.

Descends to the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur during the cold

season. Occurs in the valleys on the north side of the watershed of the.

Abor-Miri hills. Apparently returns to its old quarters on its descent to

the foot of the hills. I noted this prettily-coloured short-wing in the:

almost sunless recesses of the Pobha, a stream which enters the Subansiri

gorge on the left bank ; again the following cold season, 26-1-06, it was in

evidence at exactly the same spot. Itmay yet be found during the cold

weather months farther out in the plains. There was one locality on the

right bank of the Dibra in forest where I was almost positive of seeing it

amongst some brushwood, as I never secured any specimens, this record

lacks substantiation, although there is no mistaking such a_ strikingly

coloured bird if once properly seen. This locality refers toa mile or so.

below Rungagora. Panchnoi gorge, Daphla hills, base, 28-11-05, 2 ;.

Kotur Valley, Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 13-2-06, g, 22-2-06, 3; Seajuli,.

North Lakhimpur, base of hills, latter weeks in November 1911.*

52. Sibia picaonides, Hodgs. [203].—Long-tailed Sibia.

Descends to the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur during the cold

season ; partial to the tall Simal trees (Bombax malabaricum) when in flower..

Flocks sometimes number up to twenty individuals. January and February.

Joyhing, Derpai, Lilabari, Subansiri gorge above Sifloo Mukh.

Iris crimson, occasionally light brown, irrespective of sex; bill black;

tarsus purplish grey.

53. Actinodura egertoni, Gould {211].—Rufous Barwing.

Obtained in February, Abor-Miri hills. Frequents light secondary growth

in forest in parties of six to eight individuals. Colouration of soft parts :

Iris bluish brown; bill dull yellow horny; darker on culmen and tip;

tarsus fleshy horny.

54. Staphidia rufigenis (Hume) | 217].—Hume’s Staphidia.

Occurs in the Abor-Miri hills and the Gorge of the Subansiri (Ganditola,

Virgua stream). Very tit like in their habits; parties sometimes number as.

many as thirty birds, Iris reddish brown; bill horny purple, dark at tip ;

tarsus brownish fleshy ; claws horn colour.

55. Siva cyanouroptera cyanouroptera, Hodgs. [221 ].—Blue-winged Siva.

In North Lakhimpur; descends the gorges to the foot of the hills and

extends a few miles distant into the plains. Partiaito light tree growth

and scrub jungle. Occurs on the other side of the valley at Margherita ;.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills, Gogaldhubie; (Plains), North Lakhimpur, Dejoo-

(Base of hills); Subansiri Gorge; Pobha Mukh.

56. Yuhina nigrimentum (Hodgs.) [225].—Black-chinned Yuhina.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 4,000’ approximate, Feb. 1906. These attractive birds.

- used to frequent in small parties almost daily some tall trees below the

“changs”’ several of which were secured. This Yuhina probably is a bird’

of lower elevations than the other two species of the genus.

244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Iris brown ; bill at base red ; in lower mandible merging into yellow at tip;

upper mandible with above exception black ; tarsus dark yellow ochreous.

57. Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa (Temm.). [226].—The Indian White-

eye.

Common throughout the plains in secondary growth.

58. ILxulus occipitalis (Blyth.) [231].—Chestnut-headed Ixulus.

In North Lakhimpur descends the gorges to the foot of the hills in the

cold season in small parties, but is more plentiful on the north side of

the watershed. Joyhing Gorge, Subansiri Gorge, January; Beni, Abor-Miri

hills, February.

Iris red brown ; bill horny black; tarsus and claws dull olivaceous.

59. LIvrulus flavicollis (Hodgs.) [232].—Yellow-naped Ixulus.

The previous remark applies to this Ivulus, possibly more frequently

met with on the south side of the North Lakhimpur hills than J. occipitalis.

Joyhing Gorge, Derpai, Dejoo, Beni, Abor-Miri hills.

Iris red brown; bill horny; tarsus dull yellow. One bird’s stomach

contained small berries on dissection.

60. Erpornis xantholeuca xantholeuca Hodgs. (234]—The White-bellied

Herpornis.

Herpornis vantholeuca, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. 1., p. 219.

Throughout the plains in the cold season at all events. In evergreen

forest, generally haunts the open spaces through which the sun can

penetrate and where insect food is plentiful im company with Phylloscopi,

Cryptolophas, &c.

61. Leiothrix lutea callipyga (Hodgs.) [235].—The Red-billed Liothrix.

Liothrix lutea, Oates, F. B. T., Vol. i, p. 221.

Procured in dense scrub in February, Abor-Miri hills.

62. Pteruthius melanotis melanotis, Hodgs. [239].—Chestnut-throated,

Shrike-Tit.

Abor-Miri hills. Beni, 16-2-06, ¢. Rungchilla, Yoloo Peak, 21-2-06, d

5,000! approximate elevation.

63. Aigithina tiphia tiphia (L.) [248)}.—Common fora.

Throughout the plains. This Iora is found in cultivated tracts and

secondary growth, partial to “sau” trees (Albizzia stipulata) on the

outskirts of forest.

64, Chloropsis aurifrons (Temm.) [247].—Golden-fronted Chloropsis.

Locally distributed in the plains. Margherita, Likwa Jan; Dangri-

Bramapootra Forest, Komolabari, Dhoolohat.

65. Chloropsis hardwickii hardwickit, Jard. and Selby [249 |.—Orange-

bellied Chloropsis.

Common throughout the plains. More plentiful than C. aurifrons. A note

records this CAloropsis as a fine songster.

66. Irena puella (Lath.) [254|.—Fairy Blue Bird.

Throughout the plains and along the densely forested hills at their

base on the north, possibly somewhat locally migratory, much more in the

evidence towards the commencement of the rains. Dejoo, April, June,

July (August immatures), Rungagora, May (August pair adults).

One record cold season. Panchnoi (base Daphla hills), 24-11-5, d.

67. Mesia argentauris, Hodgs. [257].—Silver-eared Mesia.

Descends to the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur during the cold

season in forest in large parties, frequents the light secondary growth

around the “ changs” in the Abor-Miri country.

68, Minla ignotincta, Hodgs. [258]—Red-tailed Minla,

Minla igneitincta, Oates, F. B. 1. Vol. i., p. 245.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 245

Descends the gorges of the rivers on the north frontier, frequenting

the forest growth wherever the sun can penetrate to what patches the

surrounding rocks give its rays access. Beni, Abor-Miri hills, Dejoo Gorge,

Subansiri Gorge.

Iris pale stone yellow (naples yellow); bill upper mandible and tip of

lower mandible blackish horny; lower mandible greenish horny at base ;

tarsus greenish yellow; soles yellow.

69. Criniger flaveolus (Gould.) [263].—White-throated Bulbul.

Very plentiful throughout the plains. A noisy vivacious Bulbul, found

in parties in forest.

70. Hypsipetes psaroides, Vig. [269].—Himalayan Black Bulbul.

A hill species. Occurs sporadically in the plains during the cold season.

This Bulbul no doubt wanders about the country in parties when the

different fruits are ripe and flowers of their favourite trees are in bloom.

Simal (Bombax malabaricum) when in flower prove a great attraction.

Rungagora (Plains), 20-3-04, 9; Dejoo R., 26-4-08, ¢; Dejoo (base of

hills), 15-2-09*, a party of a dozen or thereabouts and 19-2-09*, a party of

twenty to thirty.

February is a month for local migration with some of the Bulbuls.

71. Hemixus flavala, Hodgs. {272|—Brown-eared Bulbul.

Sparingly distributed in. the plains. Margherita, Panitola, Dejoo,

Panchnoi Gorge, Beni.

In parties in February. A forest Bulbul, not as plentiful as C. flaveolus.

72. Hemixus maciellandi (Horsf.) [275 }.—Maclellands’ Bulbul.

Plentiful in the Abor-Miri hills. One of the noisiest birds around our

camp. A single secured at foot of hillsin North Lakhimpur, Derpai 31-1-06, ¢ ;

its loud notes attracted my attention.

Iris sienna brown; bill: upper mandible horny black; lower mandible

. pale horny ; tarsus pale brownish horny.

73. Molpastes bengalensis (Blyth.) [282 |.—The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul.

A common specie throughout the whole district. A familiar bird every-

where excepting in heavy forest. Odd pairs seen at 4,000! in the Abor-Miri

hills on the north frontier. Dr. Falkiner had a partial albino specimen in

his collection secured at Kharjan.

74 Otocompsa emeria emeria (L.) [288].—The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.

Equally as common as M, bengalensis with a similar distribution. Found

also in heavy forest frequenting the topmost branches of high trees in

parties of a score or so during the cold season.

75 Otocompsa flaviventris (Tick.) [290]—The Black-crested YellowBulbul.

Occurs at the base of the hills plentifully. The farthest distance into the

plains in North Lakhimpur that I have met with this Bulbul is Laluk,

1-38-10, although in Lower Assam I have obtained it at Gauhati on the

Bramapootra, 12-2-1]1, ¢.

76, Sitta cinnamoventris, Blyth. |816].—The Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch.

* Distributed from the base of the hills and over the watershed, on the

north frontier. Failed to meet with itin the plains. Margherita, Grandi-

tola (Subansiri Gorge). Runganuddie Gorge. Beni (Abor-Miri hills).

77. Sitta frontalis, Horsf. [325].—The Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch. —

Throughout the plains, very partial to light forest growth and similar

jungle in the more open beds of the hill rivers. A pair often seen in com-

pany with various Phylloscopi, &c.

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Iris gamboge yellow ; orbital ring orange; bill coral red; tarsus reddish

plumbeous, claws horny.

78. Dicrurus annectans (Hodgs.) [326]—The Crow-billed Drongo.

Two records only, evidently overlooked. Dejoo, 14-4-04, g; 21-7-04, 9.

79, Dicrurus atra (Herm.) [327].—The Black Drongo.

Plentiful along the base of the hills on the North frontier, several

collected around Dejoo, Gogaldhubie. Its distribution is probably through-

out the plains but requires to be worked out more thoroughly with speci-

mens from dated localities.

Rungagora—From the windows of my bungalow overlooking the tea

I saw a King Crow give chase to a butterfly, Stechopthalma camadeva, West,

apparently without success, ‘The Drongo made several darts which

the butterfly evaded by dodging amongst the bushes ; this large and showy

insect measures from 52” to 64” across the wings and is restricted to heavy

forest. This particular insect had evidently lost its bearings and was making

its way towards the forest on the opposite side of the Dibru when my

attention was attracted by the manceuvres of the Drongo. If these oceur-

rences did take place as frequently as some naturalists would have ns

believe to fit their theories. Is it not hkely that those who have the

advantage of actual observations every day of their life would be able to

report many such incidents ? My experience is that instances of birds

attacking butterflies are few and far between.

Dejoo, 9-6-10. This morning whilst watching a pair of King Crows

molest a Serpent Hagle, Sprlornis cheela rutherfordi, | saw one of them actually

settle on the Eagle’s back during its flight and force it to take refuge on

the branch of a dwarf tree amongst some scrub jungle of a “ hoolah. ’

Here the Eagle was subject to repeated buffetings of this pair. Every

assault caused it to duck or shift its head from side to side in a ludicrous

fashion as it evidently was in fear with their persistent harassing,

80. Dicrurus cineraceus nigrescens, Oates, [329],—The Tenasserim Ashy

Drongo.

Merurus nigrescens, Oates, F. B. L., Vol. i. p. 315.

Throughout the plains in the Dibrugarh district.

81. Chaptia eneus (Vieill.} [334]—The Bronzed Drongo.

Plentifully distributed throughout the whole area, frequently|found on ~

vegetation in the vicinity of water. This Drongo is a particularly fine

songster.

82. Dicrurus hottentottus hottentottus (L.) [335 ].—The Hair-crested Drongo.

Chilia hottentotta, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 320.

Throughout the whole area, partial to the outskirts of forest and grass

land interspersed with Simal trees (Bombax malabaricum). These trees

when in flowers prove a happy hunting ground for Drongos of all species.

83. Dissemurus paradiseus grandis (Gould.) [840 part.|-—The Northern

large Racket-tailed Drongo.

Dissemurus paradiseus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 325.

Similar distribution to B. remifer. Rungagora, 5 miles below, on Dibru,

14-3-03. I saw and heard this bird mimicking the calls of the two Cuckoos,

Cuculus micropterus and Hudynamis honoratus in a perfect manner.

Iris red in adults, brown in immatures.

84. Tichodroma muraria (L.) [348].—The Wall-creeper.

Descends the gorges of the hills on the North frontier at the cold seasons,

occurs sparingly, equally suited foraging on the face of a flandslip or

amongst boulders.

Subansiri Gorge, 25-1-05, 9 (Pobha Mukh); Runganuddie Gorge, 10-11-

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 247

05* ; Panchnoi Gorge, 23-11-05, ¢, 25-11-05; Joyhing Gorge, 3-1-05*

Subansiri Gorge, 27-2-06* (Sifoo Mukh).

Iris dark brown ; bill horny black ; tarsus purplish black.

85. LElachura punctatus (Blyth.) [353],—The Spotted Wren.

PanchnoiR., Daphla hills, low elevations, 23-11-05, 9, 24-11-05, ¢.

The above two records extend its range considerably in an eastern

direction and the low latitude is significant, probably migratory to the

extent of descending to lower limits during the cold season. Confined to

Sikkim at high elevations. (Oates.)

86. Pnepyga pusilla pusilla, Hodgs. [857]—The Brown Wren.

Throughout the plains in the cold season at all events, frequents the

undergrowth in the forest and is by no means difficult of approach.

Rungagora, Margherita, (Panchnoi, Dejoo, base of Daphla hills), Beni,

Yoloo, Abor-Miri hills.

87. Aecrocephalus stentorea stentorea (Hempr. and KEhr.) [363].—The

Indian Great Reed-Warbler.

Hessamara, North Lakhimpur, 12-4-05, ¢@.

Secured in heavy reed jungle at evening, single record only.

88. <Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth. [866] —Blyth’s Reed-Warbler.

Dejoo, base of hills, North Lakhimpur. The distribution of this Reed-

Warbler is very imperfectly known, aquatic, procured also in bamboos

adjacent to water in December.

89. Acrocephalus agricola (Jerd.) [369|.—The Paddy-field Reed-Warbler.

In North Lakhimpur occurs at Bhimpoora bhil; Gogaldhubie, Boduti,

Hessamara. Seen taking insects off or near the surface of the water on the

“phil” at Gogaldhubie, first seen on the “ chopras ” or grass lands around

Hessamara, 10-1-05, a totally different habitat; again on 11-4-05 was

particularly numerous, but I failed to meet with it in December that year

in this same quarter.

90. Orthotomus sutoria (Forst.) |374]. The Indian Tailor-Bird.

Throughout the plains in its extreme limits, resident.

91. Orthetomus atrogularis, Temm. (375).—The Black-necked Tailor-Bird.

Occurs at Margherita. Failed to meet with it in North Lakhimpur.

Specimens secured at the foot hills have all turned out to be O. sutorza.

92. Cisticola tytleri, Blyth. [379].—The Yellow-headed Fantailed Warbler.

Equally distributed throughout the whole area of the plains in suitable

ground ; at one time I never expected to find this Fantail Warbler away

from the grass lands. Dejoo, 14-5-08, g* First observed at the foot of

the hills pouring out 1ts feeble notes from the tops of some reeds in one of

the garden “hoolahs.” Dejoo, August 1910. There has been quite an

astonishing increase of its numbers since first seen. It has now firmly

established itself in this garden. 1-5-10. Numbers singing gaily whilst

soaring at this time. 17-8-10. Young about to leave the nest. This year

has seen a prolonged nesting period. All species appear to have been very

prolific or is it that there has been poor success with their first broods ?

Komolabari (Sibsagar) ; Dinjan plains (Dibrugarh). Iris pale sienna brown ;

bill fleshy horny ; culmen dark; tarsus fleshy ; claws horny fleshy.

93. Franklinia gracilis (Fankl.) [882].—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler.

Resident ; distributed throughout the plains.

Failed to meet with F. rufescens after careful observations, Iris ochreous

yellow.

94, Laticilla cinerascens (Wald.) (387 ].—Day’s Long-tailed Grass- Warbler.

948 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Hessamara, North Lakhimpur. A fine series of this Grass-Warbler was

collected hereabouts, it bears a striking superficial resemblance to Prinia

lepda, although of large dimensions, most difticult to obtain amongst the

dense grass and reeds which it frequents. As this means a short range shot,

the usual difficulty arises how to obtain specimens without mutilating the

skin and thus rendering it useless for preparation. December, January,

April.

Iris sienna brown; bill horny back or upper mandible dark

bluish horny ; lower mandible pale bluish horny. Tarsus horny brownish,

plumbeous or brownish slaty horny. These records extend its distribu- —

tion considerably east. The types were secured at Dhubri, Lower Assam.

95. Graminicola bengalensis, Jerd. [888].—The Large Grass-Warbler.

Obtained in the grass lands around Dinjan (Dibrugarh), 22-3-03, 9, and

seen at other localities on the Bramapootra and Subansiri “ churs,” A great

skulker and seldom shows itself. The crest feathers are distinctly

spinous.

96. Megalurus palustris, Horsf. [889].—The Striated Marsh-Warbler

“Tik tiki,” Bengali.

Resident throughout the plains. The vagaries of this Marsh-warbler, as

it rises and descends from and on to clumps of grass or reed jungle utter-

ing a lively trill attract the attention of the most casual observer.

97. Phragamaticola aedon (Pall.) [3893]—The Thick-billed Warbler.

Arundinax aedon, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. 1., p. 398.

Possibly only locally distributed, four, all males curiously, obtained at

Dejoo, North Lakhmipur, in more or less cultivated quarters. 17/20-4-07.

Silonibari, 29-8-11* seen about 6-30 to 7-0 a.m.in the bungalow compound

in the thick hedges and rose bushes, very windy last night, some rain.

This record is apparently on its first descent of a cold weather migrant.

Its song is very feeble.

Iris pale brown; bill, upper mandible, dusky horny, lower mandible fleshy;

tarsus slaty plumbeous.

98. Phylloscopus affinis (Tick). [405].—'Tickell’s Willow-Warbler.

Generally distributed throughout the plainsin the cold season at all

events, partial to light open tree and scrub growth, never found in forest.

Margherita, Rungagora, Hessamara, Derpai, Dejoo. Colouration of soft

parts : Iris brown ; bill, upper mandible pale horny brown, lower mandi-

ble pale horny yellow; tarsus olivaceous horny; soles dingy-yellow. This

last character is well marked.’ :

99. Phylloscopus fuliginiventer (Hodgs.) [409].—The Smoky Willow- Warbler.

Throughout the plains in the cold season, locally distributed owing to

its habits as it is decidedly aquatic. Various weeds sedges and dead brush-

wood along the river banks afford it shelter and suit its requirements:

keeps much to the ground and hops in and about these haunts in pairs.

Plentiful in March, April. Rungagora (R. Dibru). This Warbler bears a

close resemblance to P. fuscata homeyeri, and haunts similar localities.

100. Phylloscopus fuscata fuscata (Blyth) [410].—Dusky-Willow- Warbler.

Plentifully distributed during the cold season as late as the second

week in May. Dejoo, North Lakhmipur, 7-9-08*, 11-9-10*, 28-9-10 Q,

12-5-07, ¢. Numerous records intervening dates-for various widely sepa-

rated localities. Frequents low scrub and bushes. Often takes its food

on ground. It flits rapidly from cover to cover when on the move.

The wing measurements vary somewhat as here given:—No. 235

15-10-03, 3, 2°5"” ; No. 296, 4-5-03, 2 , 2°25”; No. 3458, 29-9-10, 9, 272" —

total length 4°8”, extent 6-8", tail 1° 6", bill -5" ; ; tarsus *9”,

JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats I.’

HG ROO.

SUBANSIRI GORGE, LOOKING UP FROM BELOW PoBHA MUKH.

H. S., Photo.

SUBANSIRI GORGE, LOOKING DOWN FROM HILLs oN RIGHT BANK ABOVE GANDITOLA.

THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

THE LIBRARY

| OF THE

WRIVERSITY CF Vogts

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NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 249

Bill: upper mandible and tip of lower mandible dusty ; inside gape

and rest of lower mandible yellow; tarsus olivaceous dusty; soles yellow.

101. Phylloscopus fuscata homeyert (Dyb.) |410A}.—Homeyer’s Dusky

Willow-Warbler. :

This Willow-Warbler puzzled me for some considerable time until Dr.

Hartert kindly went over my specimens and identified them as this form.

Specimens secured at Rungagora, Komolabari and Dejoo in April; seen

at Silonibari, 1-10-11*, 3-5-11*, 22-5-11*, so that its range is fairly exten-

sive in the plains during the cold season. It is a difficult matter to

discriminate between this northern form and the typical one, particularly

when on the wing. Not previously récorded from within our limits, The

types were described from Tigil in Kamchatka.

Very aquatic, partial to sedgy growth along the banks of streams and

in the beds of “jans” or “nullahs”. ;

102. Phylloscopus maculipennis ( Blyth.) [ 413 |.—Grey-faced Willow-

Warbler.

A single specimen secured in the Abor-Miri country ; Beni, 17-2-06,

2, 4,000‘ approximate.

103. Phylloscopus superciliosa superciliosa (Gm.) [ 417 |.—Crowned

Willow- Warbler. |

Apparently locally distributed. Dibrugarh, 6-11-01, 2; Margherita,

8-11-08, 3.

104, Phylloscopus proregulus newtoni, Gitke. [415].

Phylloscopus proregulus, Oates, F. B. I., vol. i., p. 408.

Frequents the more open parts of the country, partial to light tree and

scrub growth in the beds of rivers; never found in the dense evergreen

forests. Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 16-2-06, 9? ; Gogaldhubie, 16-12-05, 9;

Derpai, 17-1-05, 2; Hersamara, 18-1-05, ¢ ; Dejoo, 19-3-08, 2, and other

records.

105. Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sund.) [429].—Blyth’s Crowned Willow

Warbler.

Acanthopneuste trochilodes, Oates, F.B.1., Vol.i., p. 419. ,

Found in forest amongst the tree tops, not plentiful. .

Rungagora, 13-4-03, 2, and other records. Margherita, 29-11-08, 9.

106. Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus, Swinh. [423].—Middendorf’s

Willow-Warbler.

Acanthopneuste plumbeitarsus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 1, p. 414.

This Willow-Warbler commonly occurs throughout the plains.

Rungagora, 16-9-03, 3; Dejoo, 11/t2-9-10, ¢ g; Silonibari, 30-8-11,

2, also procured at Gauhati, Lower Assam, 12-2-11.

107. Cryptolopha afinis (Horsf. and Moore) {[ 431 ].—The Allied

Flycatcher- Warbler. .

Throughout the plains and occurs in the hills on the north frontier.

Panchnoi, Daphla hills (low elevations), 25-11-05, 9°; Margherita, Dibru-

garh, 3-12-02, g; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 12-2-06, 9 ; Rungagora ; Dibru-

garh, 13/16-3-03, 3.

108. Cryptolopha burkit burkii (Burt.) [433].—The Black-browed

Flycatcher-Warbler.

Throughout the plains in the cold season.

Margherita, 15-11-03, ¢; Dejoo, 26-11-07, ¢, 31-12-08, 3; 15-4-07, 9;

Rungagora, 25-2-04, ¢d.

Tris brown ; bill, upper mandible dusky, lower mandible dull yellow ;

tarsus yellow ochreous.

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

109. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephalus (Anders.) [432].—Anderson’s Fly-

catcher- Warbler.

Cryptolopha tephrocephala, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 423.

A single record only, 14-3-08. R. Dibru, 5 miles below Rungagora

in forest. Possibly the farthest western limit recorded in its range.

110. Cryptolopha xanthoschistos jerdoni (Brooks.) (435].—Brooke’s Grey-

headed Flycatcher-Warbler.

Cryptolopha jerdoni, Oates, F. B. I., Vol.1., p. 425.

Resident, partial to light forest, numerous records for various localities

throughout the plains. Dejoo, 20-7-04, 5, breeding ; 26-6-04, 3, juvenis.

The young bird differs from the adult in its “paler” colouration.

11l. Cryptolopha poliogenys (Blyth.) [4836]—The Grey-cheeked Fly-

catcher-Warbler.

Occurs around Margherita and the most plentiful of all these Fly-

catcher-Warblers in the Abor-Miri hills. A large series collected around

Beni, February 1906. Failed to meet with it in the plains.

112. Cryptolopha castaneoceps (Hodgs.) |4387].—The Chestnut-headed

Flycatcher- Warbler.

Distributed along the base of the hills and in the hills on the north

frontier. One record for the plains.

Panchnoi, Daphla hills, low elevations. 24-11-05, ¢ ; 25-11-05, dg;

R. Dejoo, 18-11-10, ¢.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 4,000 feet approximate, 12-2-06, d ; 20-2-06, ¢ ;

R. Dibru, 5 miles below Rungagora, 13/16-3-03, 9.

113. Abrornis superctliaris, Tickell. [440].—The Yellow-bellied Fly-

catcher Warbler.

Resident under the hills on the north frontier at all events, sparingly

distributed throughout the whole district in suitable localities, apparently

plentiful around Margherita. Rungagora, 13-4-03. 9; Dejoo, 4-7-04, d,

juv. The young bird differs from the adult in its “paler” colouration.

114. Abrornis albogularis, Hodgs. [442}.—The White-throated Fly-

cateher Warbler.

Occurs throughout the plains from North Lakhimpur to Margherita in

forest. Rungagora, 10-1-04, 9; Chota Tingrai, 14-2-04, 3 ; Derpai,

27-1-05, 6; Margherita, November, December, January 1902-03, several

specimens.

115. Horornis fortipes fortipes, Hodgs. [448]—The Strong-footed Bush-

Warbler.

Apparently a cold season visitor to the plains.

Rungagora, Margherita, Ganditola (Subansiri Gorge), Dejoo, Gogal

dhubie. Partial to bracken adjacent te water or interspersed amongst rocks.

Silonibari, 5-9-11*. first arrivals, Dejoo, 13-9-10*.

Iris light brown ; bill dark horny ; tarsus pale horny.

116. Phyllergates coronatus (Jerd. and Blyth.) [454].—The Golden-

headed Warbler.

Possibly restricted to the terai at the foot of the hills and probably

extends around the head of the valley. In North Lakhimpur, first noted

at Dejoo, 19-11-07.* Several times seen in November 1906 on the Rajghur

alli and Khuddam road near Seajuli and secured on the following occa-

sions:—Dejoo, 13/14-12-07, 2 9, 31-12-08, 5; R. Dejoo, 18-12-10, 6;

Joyhing, 6-3-10, ¢; Margherita, 8-11-08, 2, 28-2-03, 9.

A prettily coloured attractive little warbler found in light forest growth,

bamboo “ baris ” and occasionally in dense reed and grass beds in river

‘“ sutis”’ or channels; it has a loud call in comparison with its size.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 251

Iris brown ; bill horny black, edged with yellow at base; tarsus dull,

yellow.

117. Horettes brunnifrons (Hodgs.) [455].—The Rufous-capped Bush-

Warbler. .

Throughout the plains in the cold season partial to thickets of bracken

and reeds in low-lying land and along the banks of the rivers. Dejoo,

13-9-08 * ; Silonibari, 26-10-11 *; first records for these years. Nume-

rous records: November, December, January, specimens secured.

118. Prinia lepida, Blyth. [462]—-The Streaked Wren-Warbler.

Confined to the “chopras” on the sandy “ churs” of the large rivers.

A series secured around Hessamara (Subansiri R.) in December 1905 and

January 1906. Iris-ochreous yellow; bill bluish horny ; tarsus fleshy ; claws

horny.

119. Printa flamventris (Deless.) [463].—The Yellow-bellied Wren-

Warhler.

Resident throughout the plains ; a series secured at Hessamara, Komo-

labari, Rungagora, Silonibari, 13-7-11; nest and four eggs, 16-9-11 four

young.

Iris pale sienna brown, dark ochreous yellow; bill horny black-edged

pale ; tarsus yellowish fleshy, or pale yellowish horny.

120. Prinia inornata inornata, Sykes. [466].—The Indian Wren-Warbler.

Resident throughout the plains. In North Lakhimpur appears to be

the predominant Prinia so far as the number of nests recorded at Dejoo

prove. I have not had a single instance recorded of P. flaviventris nesting

in this garden, whilst at Rungagora, north of Dibrugarh, equal numbers of

both species was the general order.

Iris pale yellowish brown; bill slaty horny ; lower mandible light horny

brown ; tarsus brownish fleshy ; claws horny brown.

‘The various geographical races of this Prinza have been carefully gone

into by Mr. Collingwood Ingram, “ Novitates Zoologice,” Vol. xix., pages 299

and 300. Since his notes have been published, Major H. H. Harington has

further subdivided the form from Upper Burma, as P. 7. burmanica, Bull,

B. O. C., Vol. xxi., p. 111. My specimens judging from the descriptions

appear to be nearest to the typical form.

121. Lantus nigriceps (Frankl.) [475].—The Black-headed Shrike.

Essentially restricted to grass lands and reedy wastes, which accounts

somewhat for want of departure dates. These July and August records

indicate the close proximity of its breeding haunts. The abnormal condi-

tion of the weather evidently being the inducement to descend to the foot

of the hills. No departure dates available. Subject to a wide range in

colouration ; pale individuals are quite apparent on a casual observation.

This species has a harsh chatter common to all shrikes. Dejoo, North

Lakhimpur, 5-7-04, ¢, an unusual date in the rains; 23-7-08*, during a

phenomenal dry spell of weather ina “ hoolah”’. Silonibari, 13-8-11*, heavy

rains in the hills, dirty weather. Dejoo, 18-8-10*, heavy rain night previous,

low temperature, dull morning ; Dejoo, 22-8-07*, during a phenomenal dry

spell of weather ; Dejoo, 25/26-8-10 (one of these records 25-8-10 may refer

to the same bird, 18-8-10, although noted in a separate locality ; the other

refers to a record in a totally different direction, 26-8-10 and most impro-

bable that it should be the same bird) ; 31-8-08*, the bird seen on 23-7-08,

was joined this day by another which took up its quarters some short

distance apart.

122. Lanius schach tephronotus (Vig.). [477].—The Grey-backed Shrike.

Lantus tephronotus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 1., p. 465.

252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol AXITT,

Numerous specimens collected during the intervening months of the cold

season throughout the plains. Aboutits time of departure in April and

May is generally found in odd corners near the forest outskirts, otherwise

a familiar bird near habitations and cultivated tracts.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 30-8-08, ¢, 2*,a pair in low scrub growth

around bungalow, somewhat shunning observation. Silonibari, 25-8-11*;

Dejoo, 7-9-10,* great heat at this time, evidently not much at ease, judg-

ing by its actions and open gape; another seen, 9-9-10*. Komolabari,

Sibsagar, 20-9-04, ¢,2; Dejoo, 16-4-07*, 24-4-10*, last noted, 3-5-10,

cold, wet day; Silonibari, 5-5-11*, seen at two localities, outskirts. of

forest; Dejoo, 7-5-10*, Silonibari, 17-5-11*,; forest clearance, 28-5-11*;

wet at early morn, seen previously, 25-5-11.

123. Lanius cristatus cristatus, L. [481].—The Brown Shrike.

A true cold season migrant. With the exception of one somewhat

doubtful record, 18-2-04, Chota Tingrai, I have failed to meet with this

shrike in the plains proper.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 7-9-08*, first arrivals,

noted daily afterwards, 11-9-10, ¢,* 19-9-07, 3, ; Silonibari, one, 4/5-9-11

3,2.* (female noted, the day previous to the male); Dejoo, 17-4-07,* an

odd bird, 29-4-10*. Noted on intermediate dates as follows: 16-4-10%,

24-4-10*,

124. Hemipus picata capitalis (McClell.) [485]—The Brown-backed

Pied Shrike. ;

Hemipus caprtalis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol.i., p. 472.

Throughout the plains in the cold season ; somewhat sparingly distribut-

ed, Rungagora, Chota Tingrai, Margherita, Gogaldhubie, Beni (Abor-

Miri hills).

lris greenish brown, outer ring dark straw; bill black; orbital ring plum-

beous black; tarsus plumbeous black.

125. Tephrodornis pelvica pelrica, (Hodgs.) [486]—_The Nepal Wood-Shrike.

Occurs throughout the plains, its appearance is somewhat erratic.

Margherita (January), Dejoo, 24-4-03, g; 19-7-04, 9 ; 4-9-08*, a large

party ; Rungagora, 16-2-02, 9 ; 15-3-03, g,92.

Iris olive green, bill dull light horny, tarsus bluish plumbeous claws

horny.

126. Pericrocotus spectosus. (Lath.) [490].—The Indian Scarlet Minivet.

Distributed throughout the plains in the cold weather. Resident under

the hills. Derpai, Dejoo, Gogaldhubie, Rungagora, Beni, Margherita.

127. Pericrocotus brevirostris (Vig.). [495].—The Short-billed Minivet.

Similar distribution as P. speciosus.

In one 2 Dejoo, 15-3-08, the yellow plumage is replaced by orange.

A similar specimen noted amongst a party of normally coloured males

and females on 2-2-10 at Dejoo, Rungagora, Nagaghoolie, Hessamara

Seajuli.

128. Pericrocotus solaris, Blyth. |498].—The Yellow-throated Minivet.

A hill minivet, occurs sporadically in the plains.

Rungagora, 29-12-01, 3; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 7-2-06, @,9.

129. Pertcrocotus rosea (Vieill.) [499]—The Rosy Minivet.

Distributed locally throughout the plains. Rungagora, 29-3-08 gd,

30-83-03 9, 6-4-02 4, 9, Komolabari, 30-4-083 ¢,; Dejoo, 15-4-07

35 3, 18-6-04 3, 22-6-10 9*, 22-3-10 ¢ 2*. Not such a forest Minivet

as the other species.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 255

130. Campophaga melaschistus melaschistus (Hodgs.) [ 505 ].—The

Dark-grey Cuckoo Shrike.

Campophaga melanoschista, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 491.

Probably migratory ; secured at Rungagora, November, January,

February ; Margherita, January, February ; Panchnoi R, base of Daphla

hills, November.

131. Graucalus macei macei, Less. |510].—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.

A partial resident under the hills in North Lakhimpur, much more in

evidence in the cold season, particularly so in the plains. Komolabari,

August 1904 ¢ 9; Gogaldhubie, 15-12-05 2 ; Maijan, April 1902 ¢ 92;

Dejoo, 5-38-09"; a party of eight, 6-9-08 ;* three in the vicinity of bun-

galow, they had been about for some days, very noisy. 22-4-10* ; single

20-7-10,* a single bird, noted again the following months and at the end of

August.

132. Artamus fuscus, Vieill. [512|—The Ashy Swallow-Shrike.

This Swallow-Shrike is a migrant. The following record for March and

April and again in October move interesting data.

Thakurbari, Tezpur, Lower Assam, 15-3-11*, about fifty hawking for food

at evening. Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 5-4-10*; Rungagora, Dibrugarh,

16-4-03, dg; Silonibari, North Lakhimpur, 25-4-11*, half a dozen in palm

tree (Caryota urens, L.). A party seen at Thurbo in the Darjeeling district

on or about 18-4-11*; Komolabari, Sibsagar, 15/25-9-04 @; Dejoo,

North Lakhimpur, 3-10-10*, a pair near bungalow ; Silonibari, Lakhimpur,

5-10-11*, heavy rain about 10 a.m.

I have made no other records for intervening dates, these records cor-

respond to the period when the south-west monsoon bursts and its termin-

ation, they certainly appear to be absent during the months of heavy rain,

though they undoubtedly nest in this area.

133. Oriolous melanocephalus, Li. {521|]—Indian Black-headed Oriole.

“ Hokhi, hoti,’” Assam.

Resident in North Lakhimpur, although not muchin evidence during the

rains, throughout the plains in the cold season.

Rungagora, November, January, February, March ; Komolabari, August ;

Dejoo, February, May, (juv.) July.

Dejoo, 11-5-10*, a pair in evidence, nowadays singles more often noted

possibly nesting in the vicinity, Dejoo, 11-9-10. The male surpasses in

compass the female with his rich liquid notes, though the endeavours of

the female are by no means feeble in this direction, yet the difference

is appreciable. These productions are generally uttered as the male bends

low with the tail outspread to its full extent. This pair had been in this vici-

nity throughout the rains.

134. Ortolus trail (Vigors) [522|.—The Maroon Oriole. bat

Fairly plentiful along the terai of the heavily forested hills in North

Lakhimpur, but nowhere common; Dejoo (December, January, April);

Margherita (August).

Iris naples yellow ; orbital skin plumbeous; bill pale-blue ; tarsus slaty.

135. Gracula javana intermedia, Hay. [524].—The Indian Grackle.

Eulabes intermedia, Oates, F, B. I., Vol. i., p. 511.

Resident under the hills in North Lakhimpur, extends its range into the

plains in the cold season; and although nesting throughout the plains and

at the base of the hills is possibly more plentiful at this latter locality at

the nesting period. It appears tobe a local migrant, as parties are

constantly observed on the move in the cold season. Guijan (Dibrugarh

District), July; Margherita, February ; Dejoo, July, August, November ;

Maijan, April. Dejoo, 20-1-09, I counted thirty hill Mynahs in some

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

scrub jungle adjacent to my bungalow; 3-3-09, parties of hill

Mynahs still in evidence at evening seen hawking for termites. Dejoo and

Joyhing, 11-3-09, still in small numbers; 25-1-10, 1 counted eleven

around my bungalow this morning; 23-4-10, ten flew overhead this

morning in a corner of the garden, calling at the time, eventually

settling in a tall tree in the adjacent forest. Dejoo, 10-5-10, both hear

and see these hill Mynahs at intervals ; Silonibari, 26-2-11, about thirty

in one party flying over the bamboo “baris” near the North Lakhimpur

“* cutcherry.”

136. Saroglossa spilopterus (Vig.) [261].—The Spotted-wing.

Psaroglossa spiloptera, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 1., p. 249.

Found throughout the plains in the cold season. Gregarious, a typical

Starling in its habits, frequents the tops of the forest trees. Margherita,

Rungagora, December ; Dejoo, 21-6-04, 2; Lilabari, 12/13-9-05.

Flocks congregated with Athiopsar fuscus and Sturnia malabaricus on the

branches of the high trees left standing in the “pothar” land used for

rice cultivation.

Dejoo, 24-9-07, large flocks congregated on the bare branches of a

prominent tree in a corner of the garden, 2-10-07, a flock of about four

hundred estimated in a forest clearance intermingled with some few

Sturnia malabarica, they were occupied bathing in a stream and sunning ©

their plumage on some trees alongside; Dejoo, 7-9-08, flocks near the

woodstack in forest clearance, again noted on 13-9-08.

137. Sturnia malabaricus (Gm.) |538].—The Grey-headed Myna.

Distributed throughout the plains.

Resident ; Chota Tingrai (Tinsukia). 18-2-04, observed an albino amongst

a party of normally coloured birds, windy morning, and as they were very

wary gave no chance of a shot.

1388. Acridotheres tristis tristis (L.) [549].—The Common Myna.

Common in the vicinity of habitations.

1389. Athopsar fuscus (Wagl.) [552].—The Jungle Myna.

Throughout the whole district.

140. Sturnopastor contra contra (li.) [555)|.—The Pied Myna.

Similarly distributed to the other common Mynas.

Sturnus menzbiert is recorded by Oates as far east as Dibrugarh.

Failed to meet with it with the exception of one very doubtful

record. More evidence of its status is desirable.

141. Stphia strophiata, Hodgs. [560].—The Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills (north frontier), 7-2-06, ¢ ; Runganuddie

Gorge, base of hills, north frontier, 16-2-09, 3.

Occurs at Margherita, absent from the plains. The Runganuddie record

is the only data available for North Lakhimpur. The exact locality was a

defile on the right bank at the mouth of tae Gorge.

Hartert has dispensed with Oates’ numerous genera for the Muscicapide

and unites Hemichelidon, Siphia, Cyornis, Digenea, Stoparola, amongst others

into one genus Muscicapa. Paleearctic Birds, Vol. i, p. 478.

Stresemann has recently revised this family, Novitates Zoologice,

Vol. XIX, p. 823, and recognizes the following genera which come under

observation in this paper.

Siphia, Erythrosterna, Mucicapula, Dendrobiastes, Digenea, Anthipes, Cyornis.

These generic names are here used.

142, EHrythrosterna parva albicilla (Pall.) [562],—The Eastern Red-breasted

Flycatcher.

Siphia albicilia, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 10.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 255

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 13-9-08, ¢; Immature ; 25-9-08.* Females

plentiful about this time with the exception of the single male previously

recorded, no others of this sex noted, 17-9-07*. Silonibari, North

Lakhimpur, 17-9-11*; Komolabari, Sibsagar, 15/25-9-04, 92; Dejoo,

2-10-10, , 19-10-10*, 9 or g immature; Rungagora, Dibrugarh (Plains),

17-1-04, 9; Silonibari, 17-4-11*, $; Dejoo, 20-4-07, g, several seen, four

days previously. Dejoo, 28-4-03, g, 25-4-10*.

One of the earliest arrivals in the cold season in North Lakhimpur,

after a brief stay, disappear to return with the advent of the rains; mostly

immature birds noted as first arrivals. Iris hazel brown; bill dusky ; tarsus

dusky black.

148. Cyornis cyanea (Hume) [564].—The White-tailed Blue Flycatcher.

Apparently occurs within our limits in the north-east above Margherita.

144. Erythrosterna hodysoni (Verr.) [565]—The Rusty-breasted Blue

Flycatcher.

Cyornis hodgsoni, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 14.

Joyhing Gorge, North Lakhimpur, 19-3-05, ¢. One or two others seen

about the same quarter at this time of year in the stony bed of the river

searching for insect food amongst the boulders.

145. Dendrohnastes hyperythra hyperythra (Blyth.) [566|.—The Rufous-

breasted Blue Flycatcher.

Cyornis hyperythra, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i1., p. 15.

Chota Tinrai, Tinsukia (Plains) 14-2-03 o; Panchnoi R., Daphla

hills, low elevations, 28-11-05 ¢ 2; Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 26-3-10%*,

in bamboo “bari.”

Occurs throughout the plains in the cold season, somewhat sparingly in

forest, Rungagora (Gurrung Jan), occasionally; apparently plentiful at

Margherita.

146. Digenea leucomelanura leucomelanura, Hodgs. [567]|.—The Slatyblue

Flycatcher. .

Cyornis leucomelanurus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 11, p. 16.

Rungagora, Dibrugarh (Plains), 13-12-03, g, 18-4-03, 9; numerous

records and specimens secured on intervening dates. Gogaldhubie,

North Lakhimpur (Plains), 12-1-05, ¢. Throughout the plains in the

cold season ; seen on occasions in low-lying ground covered with dense

thickets of reeds, “tora pat” growth at Dejoo; such localities are its

typical haunts.

147. Muscicapula melanoleuca melanoicuca, Blyth. [569].—The Little

Pied Flycatcher.

Cyornts melanoleucus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 18.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 12-12-07, ¢ ; attracted by its feeble call;

secured at evening during a cold wet spell of weather. Undoubtedly rare,

as this is the only record.

148. Cyornis unicolor, Blyth {574].—The Pale-blue Flycatcher.

Dejoo R. Gorge, higher reaches; Daphla_ hills, low elevations,

4-12-04, 3.

149. Cyornis rubeculoides (Vigors) |575].—The Blue-throated Flycatcher.

Lilabari, North Lakhimpur, 7-9-07*, ¢ ; Dejoo, North Lakhimpur,

11-9-10*, 31-3-07, 3, 2-4-07, 9, 21-4-03, 5, 23-4-03, 2, and other dates for

April 1903, June and July 1904.

Occurs in North Lakhimpur at the base of the hills, much more in evidence

before or at the commencement of the rains at the nesting period. Undoubt-

edly migratory, as it is absent in the cold season; restricted to forest.

256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Va. XAT

150, Cyornis magnirostiis, Biyth. [577|—The Large-billed Blue Fly-

catcher.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills; north frontier, 4,000’, approximate elevation.

8-2-06, 3, single record. ;

151. Netidula hodgsont (Moore) [578].—The Pigmy Blue Flycatcher.

Rare. The following records noted at Dejoo, base of hills, North

Lakimpur, 13-3-05, 3; there had been a week’s heavy rain previously; another

male observed on the following day. 26-11-07, g* (Rajghur). The note

of this Flycatcher is a feeble “tsip”’

Iris brown ; bill black; tarsus and claws pinkish plumbeous horny.

152. Muscicapa melanops, Vig. [579].—The Verditer Flycatcher.

Stoparola melanops, Oates, F. B. L., Vol. 1i, p. 28.

Distributed throughout the plains. Records for Rungagora, February,

March; Dejoo and Joyhing, January, February, March. Apparently absent

during the rainy season or only locally distributed; occasionally seen in

parties as on 26-38-07, Dejoo, when a party of a dozen or thereabouts

noted at edge of some forest. Procured at Gauhati in Lower Assam,

12-2-11, g. Favours the open tracts of country. Often seen in the vicinity

of dwellings.

153. Anthipes poliogenys (Brooks) [586|.—Brooks’ Flycatcher.

Plentifully distributed throughout the plains during the cold season

nesting under the hills. Margherita, November, December, January; Run-

gagora, October, December ; Derpai, January ; Dejoo, December, January,

April, August, September, October. é

Somewhat resembles a robin as it hops over and about fallen stumps

and brushwood in forest, although it generally keeps much above the

ground amongst trees ; it utters a pleasing trill.

154. Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis (Swains.) [592]|.—The Grey-headed

Flycatcher.

Occurs throughout the plains. Margherita, January; Rungagora, Janu-

ary, April; Gogaldhubie, December; Derpai, January; Beni, Abor-Miri

hills, February.

155.. Neltava grandis (Blyth.) [593].—The Large Niltava.

Absent from the plains. Found at the base of the hillsin North Lakhim-

pur in the cold season and probably extends around the head of the valley

as it is plentiful at Margherita.

156. Neltava sundara, Hodgs. [594].—The Rufous-bellied Niltava.

Distributed throughout the plains during the cold season; plentiful at

Margherita, November, December, January, February, March ; Rungagora,

January, February ; Dholong R., foot of hills north Lakhimpur, January.

restricted to forest.

157. Niltava macgrigorie (Burton) [595].—The Small Niltava.

Occurs throughout the plains in the cold season. Margherita, November,

December; Rungagora, November, January ; Dejoo, March; Dholong R.,

North Lakhmipur, January, February.

More partial to mixed heavy reed and grass jungle interspersed with

trees than strictly forest land.

158. Tehitrea paradise affinis, Blyth [599]—The Burmese Paradise

Flycatcher.

Terpsiphone affinis, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. iii., p. 47.

Occurs throughout the plains sparingly, more particularly plentiful at

the base of hills around the head of the valley. This Flycatcher arrives

with the advent of the monsoon. No records available for the cold season

;

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 257

months. Margherita, 5-4-03, ¢; Rungagora, Dejoo, 27-3-05, ¢, 31-5-07,

3d, May, July.

To be met with in parties to the extent of a dozen or thereabouts in

late March and April at the foot of the North Lakhmipur hills.

159. Hypothymis azurea styanit ( Hartl. ) [601 part].—Styan’s Black-naped

Flycatcher.

Hypothymis azurea, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. u, p. 49.

Plentiful at the base of the hills, North Lakhimpur; Dejoo, 2-4-03, 0,

— 24-8-10*, 25-3-07*; numerous records, April, May, June, August; Rungagora,

29-3-03, 2 .

Dejoo, 8-0-08, several in some nurseries, most probably an adult pair

with this year’s brood. No records for the cold season months, which points

to this flycatcher arriving preparatory or at the advent of the monsoon.

160. Chelidorhynx hyporantha (Blyth) [6031—The Yellow-bellied

Flycatcher.

Chelidorhynz hypovantha—Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 11, p. 51.

Descends the gorges to the base of the hills and extends into the plains

during the cold season as far as the Dibru R. at all events. Rungagora,

January, February; Gogaldhubie and Hessamara, December; Derpai and

Poobamukh, Subansiri Gorge, January ; Dejoo, December, January ; Panch-

noi R. low elevations, Daphla hills, November ; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, Feb-

ruary; Harmutty, November. Frequents the tops of the trees in some

numbers in February in company with various Phylloscopi, Beni, 1906.

Oates states the sexes are alike ; males can be distinguished at a glance.

The lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks and ear coverts are considerably

darker in the male, whilst the band on the forehead is also a deeper yellow

tint in this sex.

161. Rhipidura albicollis ( Vieill. ) { 605 ].—The White-throated Fantail

Flycatcher.

Plentifully distributed throughout the whole area.

162. Saxicola torquata stejnegert (Parrot) {610].—Stejneger’s Bush-Chat.

Pratincola maura, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii., p. 61.

All the Bush-Chats in my collection belong tothis eastern form though

S. t. przewalskit, Pleske, is also recorded from Assam. Occurs throughout

the whole tract of country during the cold season, confined to grass lands

and open cultivated places. ‘The August dates noted at the foot of the

North Lakhimpur hills point to the close proximity of its breeding haunts.

Dejoo, 20-8-07*, abnormal atmospheric conditions, very dry August ;

27-8-10, 5 Im.*; 30-8-10, 2 *; 29-8-08, 6 Im. or 9*; next occurrence :—

11-9-08*; 30-8-10, 2*, Silonibari, 31-8-11, ¢ & Q* in different localities ;

Komolabari, 7-9-04, ¢, many collected during the early days this month ;

Dejoo, numbers in evidence after rain, 10-10-10 ; Hessamara, 11-4-05, dg

tungagora, 16-4-03, 5 ; Silonibari, 18 & 19-4-11*, wet morning ; three or

four in a patch of grass land ; Bipuria, 10-4-11*; Dejoo, 25-4-10.*

Other localities—Margherita, Nudwa, Dibrugarh. Failed to meet with

S. caprata, evidence required as to this Chat’s status in Upper Assam if it

really does occur.

163. Saxicola leucura (Blyth) [611]—The White-tailed Bush-Chat.

Pratincola leucura, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. i1., p. 63.

Confined to the grass lands more than S. ¢. torquata, both species may be

found together, although S. /eucura keeps to the outer limits of these haunts.

On the north bank of the Bramapootra noted at the following localities and

‘on these dates:—Hessamara, December, January, 12-4-05, 3 ; Bipuria,

10-4-11*; Pathalipam, 12-1-06, $*; Derpai, 14-1-06, 5 ; Subansiri R. ;

- Boduti, 23-3-09 ¢*.

258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Dhunsirimukh, south bank of Bramapootra, 14-3-11* again on 8-4-11* a

few pairs still in evidence. A few pairs possibly remain to nest in the

plains, but the great majority, no doubt, return to the hills. Their haunts

in the rains if some odd birds do remain are almost inaccessible and in any

case would require the expenditure of much trouble and inconvenience to

satisfy oneself beyond doubt on this score, though some eggs in my posses-

sion are either this or the former chat but most probable S. leucura, and

were taken at Hessamara.

164. Oreicola jerdoni, Blyth [614].—Jerdon’s Bush-Chat.

Resident as a nesting species in North Lakhimpur, occurs throughout the

plains in the cold season. Nagaghoolie, December ; Rungagora, December,

March, 8-4-03, ¢. Confined to reed and grass lands adjacent to the rivers.

165. Oreicola ferrea ferrea (Gray) [615].

Distributed throughout the plains in the cold season when it is often

gregarious to the number of a dozen or thereabouts. Partial to the

outskirts of forest. Margherita, November, December, January, February ;

Rungagora, March; Nagaghoolie, December ; Chota Tingrai, February ; Beni,

Abor-Miri hills, February ; Dejoo, November, December, March.

166. Enicurus maculatus guttatus, Gould. [631].—The Eastern Spotted

Forktail.

Hencurus guttatus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 84.

Occurs on the north side of the watershed only in the hills on the North

Frontier, specimens secured in February. Kotur stream, Beni, Abor-Miri

country.

167. Enicurus schistaceus, Hodgs. |632)].—The Slaty-Backed Forktail

Hencurus schistaceus, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii., p. 84.

Occurs on the north and south side of the watershed in the hills on the

North Frontier, it does not extend into the plains, but is found on both

sides of the valley and probably has a continuous range around the hills

at the head of the valley. Panchnoi, R. Dejoo, R. Joyhing, R. Kotchin

stream, Beni, Abor-Miri country; Margherita.

168. Enicurus immaculatus, Hodgs. [633].—The Black-backec Forktail.

Henicurus immaculatus, Oates, F. B.1., Vol. ii., page 85.

Found throughout the plains. Occurs in jungle streams and the lower

reaches of stony beds of the hill rivers. The only Forktail confined to the

level area. Dejoo R., Joyhing R., Rungagora, Panitola, Margherita.

169. LEnicurus leschenaults indicus, Hart. [634].

Henicurus leschenaulti, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i1., p. 86.

Distributed in the hill streams and rivers around the head of the valley,

extends some miles distant into the plains during the cold season in North

Gakhimpur. This sprightly Forktail occasionally favours the vicinity of a

bungalow in the dry cold weather months, on one such occasion noted

26-9-11, at Silonibari.

170. Microrichla scoulert (Vig.) [637].—The Little Forktail.

Confined to the hill rivers around the head of the valley, odd birds may

be met with on the farthest “gagris” rapids of the North Lakhimpur rivers, ~

as this Forktail is never found away from such haunts: the termination of

the fast flowing water is invariably the extreme limit of its range. The

following records constitute the sum total of occurrences :—

Runganuddie Gorge, 8-11-05, ¢ 5; Dejoo, R. Gorge, 11-12-04, 9;

Runganuddie, Dekajuli, 5-3-10*; Joyhing R., 3-1-05 9; Subansiri Gorge,

Sifoo Mukh, 2-2-06, 9 2; Subansiri Gorge: Ganditola, 26-1-06, 9°.

171. Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.) [638].—The White-capped Red-

start.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 259

Confined to the hill rivers around the head of the valley. In North

Lakhimpur in the cold season occasionally may be found some distance

away in the plains. In April 19038, I noted several about the deep pools of

stagnant water along the Komolabari road, wet weather at this time. In

April 1904 none were to be noted in the beds of either the Dejoo or Runga-

nuddie and must have gone farther back. Two specimens secured, 12th,

13th March 1906, were in process of moult, in one minus the tail, in the

other the crest feathers wanting.

172. Chaimarrornis fuliginosa fuliginosa (Vig.) (646).—The Plumbeous

Redstart.

Rhyacornis fulginosus, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii., p. 98.

Occurs in all the hill rivers at the foot of tke hills around the head of

the valley, absent from the plains. Specimens procured on both sides of

the watershed on the north frontier, 7-11-04, 3 9; Dejoo R., 5-3-05,

2 ; Runganuddie, November to March numerous records.

Dejoo, 27-11-10, a pairof males were vying with each other in their

endeavours at song whilst taking periodical flights at short intervals a few

inches above the fast running water with expanded tails, always returning

to their point of vantage in some overhanging creepers which were partial-

ly immersed in the river.

173. Pheenicurus aurorea leucoptera, Blyth (641).

Ruticilla aurorea, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii, p. 93.

Cold season migrant. Generally distributed in the cold season months

throughout the whole districts of Lakhimpur and Sibsagar and is the

predominant Red-start. Frequents the vicinity of compounds and

cultivated areas on its arrival and is a familiar and welcomed visitant.

North Lakhimpur, P.O. Station headquarters, 28-10-11, ¢*; 30-10-

1911, 6 Q*; Silonibari; Dejoo, 29-10-10, 9*; Dhoolohat, 31-10-10, J*;

Dejoo forest clearance foot of hills, 9-11-08, ¢*; Rungagora (Plains),

13-11-01, g ; Dejoo, 16-11-04, ¢ ; Dejoo, 13-11-04, 2 ; North Lakhimpur,

21-11-05, ¢ ; Dejoo, 12-4-10 2*.

i74. Phenicurus hodgsoni, (Moore.) (6438).—Hodgson’s Red-start.

Ruticilla hodgsoni, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii., p. 95.

Occurs at irregular intervals in the cold season throughout the plains.

These records constitute the whole of the evidence as to its status.

Dejoo, 3-11-08, ¢ * ; Dejoo, 20-11-10, 2 ; Joyhing, 20-11-10, 9 *; R. Dejoo,

18-12-10.* Numerous in the stony bed of the higher reaches of the river,

only females noted at the time ; Dejoo, 4-12-10, ¢*; Rungagora, 3-1-08, 9:

Dholong Mukb, 19-1-06, § *; Derpai, 26-1-06* ; two noted in small patch

of ground surrounded by forest; Joyhing, 23-1-08 ¢ ; Derpai, 27-1-05,<¢ :

29-1-05, 2; Rungagora, 7-2-04, 3; Joyhing, 8-3-11,¢ 9*; Dejoo, 19-3-08, 3;

Nagahoolie, 27-3-04, 3.

175. Pheenicurus ochruros rufiventris (Vieill.) (644).—The Indian Redstart.

Ruticilla rufiventris, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i, p. 95.

A cold season migrant, apparently passing over the district lying at the

foot of the hills on the north frontier at its descent to the plains as with

one exception the sum total of records denote its return at the commence-

ment of the hot weather, procured at Gauhati, Lower Assam, 12-2-11,¢.

Dejoo, 23-3-10, ¢*; wet spell of weather. 26-3-10, ¢ ; this bird was in

a fat condition ; 7-4-08, g*, south side of river; Rungagora, 9-4-03; Hes-

samara, 9-4-05, 2; Rungagora, 11-4-03, ¢; R. Dejoo, base of hills, 16-4-04,

3 3d, inriver bed, base of hills; Dejoo, 18-4-08, ¢; Dejoo, 22-4-103 2*;

Dejoo, 25-4-10, 2 *; Derpai, 14-1-06, ¢ as this locality is at the entrance

of the Subansiri Gorge, this bird may have been a late arrival or spending

the cold weather in these quarters.

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

176. Luscinia svecica robusta (Buturlin.) [647].

Cyanecula suecica, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 99.

A cold season migrant; the following records are the sum total in data

of its appearances :—

Dejoo, 14-9-08* ; Komolabari, 20-9-04, 3; Dejoo, 5-10-08*, an influx about

this date, 8-10-08, numbers noted in scattered ioohititeee ; Dejoo, 9-10-08, 2;

Silonibari, 14-10-11 *; Dejoo, 18-10-10 *, two noted ; Rungagora, 31-1-04,

¢, arare event, female noted a few days later; Dejoo, 5-3-10, 92, two

noted yesterday ; Komolabari, 1-5-03, 3.

Easily overlooked owing to its habit of keeping to the ground, when it

does rise the chestnut markings as it expands its tail in flight serve as a

sure means of identification, partial to grass lands, occasionally haunts

swampy ground covered with rank weeds.

177. Luscinia calliope (Pall.) [650 ].—The Common Ruby-Throat.

Calliope camtschatkensis, Oates, F.B.1., Vol. ii, p. 102.

An irregular cold season visitor to the plains.

Dejoo, 19- 9-07, 2 *; Dejoo, 8-9-08*; Dejoo, 14-11-10*; Rungagora, 9-4-03, g;

Dejoo, 17-4-07, ae erat noted, 15- 4- O07 ; 18-4-07, 3.

Iris brown ; bill dusky, pale at base of lower mandible ; , tarsus pale dusky

fleshy.

178. Luscinia pectoralis tschebaiewt (Przew). [652].—The Tibet Ruby-

Throat.

Calliope tschebarewi, Oates, F.B.I., Vol. i1., p. 104.

Silonibari, 6-9-11 *; Dejoo, 15-9-08, ¢g *; Silonibari, 19-9-11, 9 *;

Dejoo, 21-9-07, S%*; Dejoo, 25-9-10* ; Dejoo, 6-10-07,3. Numerous

occasions noted after this record this month and onwards 8-10-08* ;

Rungagora, very numerous in December and January 1903-4 ; procured at

Hessamara, 28-12-05, g¢; latest dates Hessamara, 13-3-05, 3; Rangegona

24-4-05,°.

The common Ruby-throat throughout this district in the cold

season. During the day it keeps to the ground, only at early

morn the male may be seen uttering its weak yet pleasing trill

from the top of a bush or shrub when its richly coloured throat

is a prominent character, otherwise seldom seen although not

easily disturbed.

Tris brown; bill and tarsus horny black.

179. Tarsiger rufilatus (Hodgs). [654].—Red-flanked Bush-Robin.

lanthia rufilatus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 106.

Procured in the Abor-Miri hills on the north side of the watershed and

at the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur in the upper reaches of the

Joyhing river, 12-2-05, g 19-2-05, 2 ; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 7-2-06,9,

8-2-6, 2, 18-2-06, afe

Frequents the light growth in the beds of the river and around the

“changs” in the hills and does net shun observation as the Blue-throats

and Ruby-throats.

180. Tarsiger hyperythra (Blyth.) [656].—Rufous-bellied Bush-Rubin.

Lanthia hyperythra, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. it, p. 108.

Procured at Beni, Abor-Miri hills, north frontier, 8-2-06,9

9-2-06, 9.

181. , Notodela leucura (Hodgs.) [659].—The White-tailed Bush-Robin.

Throughout the plains in the cold season in forest, also in the dense

bamboo and mixed growth on the hill sides. It feeds a good dealon or

near the ground; when disturbed it flies into the higher vegetation or takes

up its position on a sapling.

JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats II,

H. S., Photo.

‘*Gaari”’ or Rapips, RUNGANUDDIE GORGE.

Haunts of Oinclus pallasw tenuirostris, Microcichla scoulert, Ceryle lugubris guttulata,

Ibydorhyncha struthersu, &c., &e.

H. S., Photo.

LANDSLIP ON THE PancHNoI, DapHtA Foor HILLs.

Haunts of Tichodroma muraria, Alcedo grandis, Ardea insignis, &c., &c.

THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

THe Ligh aay

OF ae

| *

fF Bin eyi eee

NVERSIT ee F Root

hil WW Enoll

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 261

182. Copsychus saularis saularis (li.) [663].—The Magpie Robin.

A familiar resident in the vicinity of habitations and cultivation.

183. <Kittacincla macrourus macrourus (Gm.) |664].—The Shama.

Cittocincla macrura, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. uu, p. 118.

Somewhat sparingly distributed in the plains; more plentiful at the base

of the hills; partial to dense secondary growth; nullahs in forest, Run-

gagora ; two or three occasions ; Margherita, November ; Denpai, January ;

North Lakhimpur, July ; Dejoo, November, March; Gauhati, Lower Assam,

12-2-11, d 3.

It utters some melodious notes resembling the syllables ‘da’ “ di” “di”

“di,” repeated several times and shuns observation.

184. Turdus albocinctus Royle. [672].—The White-collard Ouzel:

Merula albocincta, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 127.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 15-83-08, 2, single record.

Distribution as given by Oates : Himalayas, Hastern Kashmir to Sikkim.

Iris bright brown; orbital skin yellow ochreous; bill dull yellow : tarsus

dirty yellow.

185. Turdus castanea castanea (Gould.) [673].—The Grey-headed Ouzel.

Merula castanea, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. u., p. 128.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills, 4-38-05, ¢, single record; this

bird had been in the vicinity for three weeks.

Distribution as given by Oates: Murree to Sikkim. “Griffith appears to

have obtained it in Assam.” Iris hazel brown; bill dusky yellow; orbital

ring yellow; tarsus dark yellow horny; claws horny.

186. Turdus ruficollis ruficollis, Pall. [675].—The Ned-throated Ouzel.

Merula rujicollis, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 180.

Records for the plains as follows: Rungagora, 5-4-0892; 11-4-03, d;

Pathalipam 6-3-06, ¢ ; Dejoo, 14-3-08, 2 1-2-09.* a

Gregarious in parties to the number of twenty or thirty individuals

though my specimens in most cases, procured at intervals, have been

scattered odd birds. This Blackbird is evidently much more plentiful

in the eastern portion of its cold weather area. During a six months’

sojourn in the cold season months 1911-12 on the Nepai-Sikkim Frontier,

T.r.atrogularis was much more frequently met.

187. Turdus boulboul (Lath.) |676].—The Grey-winged Ouzel.

Merula boulboul, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. it., p 180.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills 31-3-07, ¢; forest clearance,

Seajuli, 25-11-11 ¢. Two records. (previously obtained in the Bhutan

Doars, Oates).

Iris eon t:; ; gape and orbital skin yellow; bill orange ; tarsus dul.

yellow ochre.

188. Turdus ruficollis atrogularis Temm. [677].—The Black-throated

Ouzel.

O. & B., Vol. ii., p. 181.

Merula atrigularis, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 181.

Records for the plains as follows: Nagaghoolie 31-1-04, 2; Margherita,

31-1-04, 9, 17-2-08, ¢; Dejoo, 14-2-04, 9; 19-2-05, ¢.

In North Lakhimpur, if anything, this Blackbird out numbers the typical

form. Stuart Baker, Records of the Indian Museum, Report on Birds of

the Abor Expedition, Vol. viii, p. 278, et. seq., gives his reasons for not

following Dr. Hartert in his treatment of this Blackbird as a geographical

form of T. ruficollis, but considers it a good species, probably the most

correct conclusion, unless interbreeding takes place more frequently than

is generally known.

262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

189. Turdus protomomelas Cabanis [679}|.—The Black-busted Ouzel.

Merula protomomelena, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ui, p. 183.

Margherita, 27-12-02, 3; Derpai, 2-2-05, 3. Observed at Guijan on

R. Dibru in scrub jung'te in cold weather.

190. Turdus obscurus Gmel. [680)|.—The Dark Ouzel.

Merula obscurus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i1., p. 184.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 18-2-05, 2, single record.

All these Ouzels are cold season migrants, which occur at times in parties

up to a dozen or thereabouts, but more frequently odd birds; they are

generally difficult of approach and very shy.

191. Geocichla citrinus (Lath.) [686|.—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, December, April.

My information is very meagre as regards this Ground-Thrush’s status,

probably resident as a resting species at the foot of the hills. Failed to

meet with it in the plains.

192. Monticola erythrogaster ee. ) [690].—The Chestnut-bellied Rock-

Thrush.

Petrophila Par ovasten Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i1., p. 143.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 18-2- 05, 25 single record.

193. Montrcola solitarius solitarius (L.) [692].—The Eastern Blue Rock-

Thrush.

Petrophila solitarius, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 145.

Deroo! North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 4-12-10*,

194. Monticola solitarius cyanus (L.) [693]—The Western Blue Rock-

Thrush.

Petrophila cyanus, Oates, F. B. L., Vol. ii., p. 146.

Descends to the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur at the cold season.

A shy bird in its native haunts, extremely wary in the wild gorges of

these hills, and yet a few miles nearer the plains appears quite at home in

the vicinity of dwellings. A corrugated iron roof of any building seems

to have a peculiar attraction. Also seen at times darting about bungalow

verandahs in quest of insects. An almost complete reversion of its accus-

tomed wiid nature. One was brought in to me by a youth which had

been knocked over with a stone.

Dejoo, 18-9-08,* 25-9-05,* 4-10-07,* 10-11-08 *; Runganuddie Gorge,

14-11-05, ¢; Silonibari, 19-10-11; Dejoo River, 18-12-10, two noted ; Dejoo,

29-12-04, 2; Subansiri Gorge, 27-1-05, 9; Dejoo, 15-3-09* ; Silonibari,

15-4-11*.

Tris brown ; bill and tarsus horny black.

195. Turdus dauma dauma, Latham. [{698].—The Small-billed Mountain-

Thrush.

Oreocincla dauma, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 152

Occurs sparingly in the plains during the cold season.

Rungagora, 8-1-04, J ; Panitola, Dinjan, Lilabari 21-3-05, g ¢.

196. Zoothera marginata, Blyth. {705|.—The Large Brown Thrush.

Occurs in the plains during the cold season, partial to dense reed

jungle along the banks of sluggish streams in evergreen forest.

Margherita, January; Gurrung, January ; Rungagora, January.

197. Cinelus pallasu tenuirostris, Bp. [709}.—The Brown-Dipper.

Cinclus asiaticus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 163.

Confined to the hill rivers on the north frontier, probably extending

around the head of the valley. In the cold season the limits of the fast

flowing water apparently restricts their range. The “gagris” or rapids in

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 265

the wild gorges are their favourite haunts. One of the wariest birds, ita

arrowy flight as it skims a foot or so above the water and the inaccessible

nature of its haunts make it a most difficult task to procure specimens. The

following records have been noted: Panchnoi, November 1905*; R. Dejoo,

higher reaches, 11-12-04*; Runganuddie Gorge, 12-11-05, 2, 3-38-07, ¢ juv.,

8 to 14-11-05,* half a dozen or so pairs; R. Dejoo, 9-4-07, left branch higher

reaches, probably a pair and young; Subansiri Gorge, Sifoo Mukh,

26-2-06 3, juv. Lost two adult birds which were swept down the river,

now in spate all efforts to secure them were to no purpose, although one

hill-man was up to his chest in the seething water. Subansiri Gorge,

second defile between Ganditola and Sifoo Mukh, 29-1-06. Two nests each

containing five eggs placed in niches in the rock a few feet above the water,

only accessible by boat; a third, too high up on the precipitous face of the

rocks on the left bank toreach. In all cases the birds left the nests on our

approach disclosing their situation. This river very often rises many feet

in the cold weather and, in any case, its waters are augmented before suck

rivers as the Runganuddie and Dikrang. Late nesting birds would have

only a remote chance of bringing up their broods.

198. Ploceus baya megarhynchus, Hume. [721]. The Baya.

Ploceus megarhynchus (part.), Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 176.

The distribution of the weaver birds are only imperfectly known

undoubtedly locally migratory, appear to leave the foot of the hills in North

Lakhimpur about the middle of August, the following data record the sum |

total of my observations—Rungagora, 11-4-12*, 28-6-03, g, Chota Jingrai,

15 and 16-2-04, ¢ 2 ; Dejoo, 5-4-10*, 28-5-04, ¢ 2. No records available

for P. bengalensis, possibly overlooked.

199. Ploceus manyar flaviceps, Less. [7231.—The Striated Weaver-Bird.

Ploceus manyar, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 11, p. 179.

Records for Rungagora, 10/14-4-03; Dejoo and North Lakhimpur,

June and July.

200. Munia atricapilla (Vieill.) [726].—The Chestnut-bellied Munia.

Records as follows:—Dejoo, April, May, June, July; Rungagora and

Maijan, April.

201. Munia acuticauda, Hodgs. [727|.—Hodgson’s Munia.

Uroloncha acuticauda, Oates, F. B. I., p. 184.

Numerous records: Rungagora, March, May; Margherita, Dejoo, June

July, August ; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, February.

202. Munia purctulata punctulata (L.) [7386]—The Spotted Munia.

Uroloncha punctulata, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i1., p. 189.

Margherita, March; Rungagora, August, October.

208. <Amandava amandava (L.) [7388].—The Indian Red Munia.

Sporeginthus amandava, Oates, F.B.I., Vol. ii., p. 192.

Particularly plentiful on the vast expanses of “chopra” grass lands adjacent

to the main rivers. Komolabari (Bramapootra), September, a large series

collected ; Hessamara (Subansiri), December, January ; Panitola, Dinjan,

June, December. Occasionally arrives at the foot of the hills in North

Lakhimpur ; Dejoo, 8-12-08. I noted a male twittering whilst in flight over a

“hoolah” under “dhan’”’ cultivation in the garden; the first occasion on

which this bright coloured Munia has come under my observation so far

distant from its accustomed haunts. Nalkatta Road, North Lakhimpur,

26-11-10*. In dhan khets possibly attracted at this time of the year to the

ou‘skirts of the forest tracts wherever cultivation is in progress, but can

only be regarded as a straggler to these localities.

264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

204. Carpodacus erythrina roseata (Hodgs.) [761].—The Common Rose

Finch.

Carpodacus erythrinus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 219.

Occurs on its return to the hills, remains for very brief intervals, its

movements are very erratic, only noted twice on its descent to the plains.

Dejoo, 28-9-10*, a party of four adjacent to bungalow, their call at-

tracted my attention; Silonibari, 26-9-11*, I heard this bird’s call for

two days only, first at early morning and again on the following day at

12 p.m. Dejoo, 3-05 g, a single bird shot out of mulberry tree near my

bungalow. A party of females observed a week later. Rungagora, 30-3-03,

1-4-08, several males secured out of a party which occupied the mul-

berry trees, somewhat wild, left the following day. Three males have the

crown and throat marked with brilliant rose color.

Dejoo, 19-4-07, 3, several about amongst the plantains around the

coolie lines.

@ Iris brown; bill and tarsus plumbeous horny brown.

205. Passer domesticus indicus, Jard.and Selby. {776].—The Indian House-

Sparrow.

Passer domesticus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 236.

Distributed over the whole area in the vicinity of habitations. Both

‘this species and P. montana malaccensis frequently occupy the eaves of the

same dwelling as at Rungagora in equal numbers, whilst at Dejoo,

P. domesticus indicus, was in the minority.

206. Passer montana malaccensis, Dubois. [779].

Passer montanus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. u1., p. 240.

Similar distribution and habits as P. domesticus indicus.

207. Passer rutilans cinnamomea (Gould.) [780].—The Cinnamon ‘Tree-

Sparrow.

Passer cinnamomeus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 240.

A hill sparrow, descends to the plains in North Lakhimpur during the

cold season for a considerable distance as far as Boduti on the Subansiri

(Nov. 1906) at all events. First seen at Hessamara in large parties occupy-

ing the naked branches of some high trees in “ pothar” land, specimens

procured 18-1-05.

Occurs around Beni, Abor-Miri hills, February 1906. Dejoo, 7-10-07, a

party of six or thereabouts in the long grass in the Rajghur, essentially

a grass sparrow ; Boduti, 11-11-07*, in heavy grass land some few miles

from Boduti; Bipuria basti, Boduti, 17-11-10*, in considerable numbers in

the grass lands.

208. Emberiza fucata arcuata, Sharpe. [790].—The Himalayan Grey-

headed Bunting.

Emberiza fucata, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 252.

Dejoo; North Lakhimpur, 25-4-04, gd, 2%.

This date constitutes the only record. A pair located on an open space

of ground, probably on their return to the hills ; heavy rain night previous.

209. Emberiza pusilla, Pallas. [791].—The Little Bunting.

A regular cold season migrant to the foot of the hills in North

Lakhimpur first attracted my notice 25-1-08. Very liable to be overlooked

or confounded with a pipit owing to its sombre colours and similar habits.

Its sharp note more often is a means of identification.

Silonibari, 19-10-11*, a single bird ; Dejoo, 11-11-10, ¢, 2,* inthe garden

amongst the tea bushes. Noted again 9-12-10, and a pair seen 26-12-10, which

had been about for some time. Dejoo, 15-1-09, several of these Buntings

in the pruned tea in Rajghur first day after rain. The year previous they

were found in much the same quarter although they had a preference for

the unpruned bushes.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS:OF UPPER ASSAM, 265

The following records from Dejoo, 9-11-09,* a pair in some scrub growth

along road-side, very familiar and loathe to move, a dull day, 16-3-10*,

a small party of five near coolie lines; 22-3-10*, a pair, heavy rain the day

and night previously ; 24-3-10*, similar locality to previous record, eight or

thereabouts which disappeared next day ; Dhoolohat, 21-3-09, * amongst

tea bushes; Silonibari, 19-4-11, * a party of several individuals, four

counted.

210. Emberiza aureola, Pallas. [797].—The Yellow-Breasted Bunting.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 7-10-08, ¢, single record.

211. Emberiza spodocephala melanops, Blyth. [798].

Limberiza spodocephala, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. i., p. 260.

Generally distributed throughout the cold season, the common bunting

of the plainss, eldom observed at the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur ;

frequents patches of open ground in grass lands precincts of scrub growth

and cultivated tracts. Rungagora, December, January, February, April,

14-4-03, 2 ; Joyhing, 4-12-10*, Dhunsirimukh, 24-38-09, g, 9 ;* Tejoo,

22-3-10, a party of eight to ten on waste ground near river-side, heavy rain

last two days, specimens procured on 26 and 27-3-10. Bipuria, 10-4-11*, in

grass land.

212. Hirundo urbica cashmeriensis (Gould) |805].—The Kashmir Martin.

Chelidon kashmiriensis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 269.

Derpai, North Lakhimpur (entrance Subansiri Gorge), 30-1-05, 9°.

Single specimen only procured. Others noted at same time no doubt

were this Martin.

213. Hirundo nepalensis (Moore) [807].—Hodgson’s Martin.

Chelidon nepalensis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 271.

Recorded first from Pobha Mukh., Subansiri, Gorge, 24-1-05.

Several secured at the time in the evening, dirty weather.

Iris brown ; bill pale horny black ; tarsus white.

214, Riparia paludicola chinensis (Gray) [809].—The Indian Sand Martin.

Cotile sinensis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 273.

Distributed throughout the plains along the sandy banks of the rivers.

Failed to meet with R. 7. riparia probably overlooked.

_ Dr. Hartert treats all the Asiatic forms within Palearctic limits as

subspecies of &. 1. riparia, but considers this Sand Martin is probably a

subspecies of R. paludicola (Vieill. )

215. Chelidon rustica gutturalis (Scop.) [813].—The Eastern Swallow.

Hirundo gutturalis, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 277.

Records as follows: Rungagora, November, January; Dejoo, 5-10-10*,

21-10-04, 9, December. More information required as to its arrival and

departure and status in general.

216. Chelidon rustica tytleri (Jerd.) [815].—Tytler’s Swallow.

Mirundo tytleri, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii, p. 278.

Bhimpoora bhil (Gogaldhubie); North Lakhimpur, 7-1-05, 2; 10-1-05, ¢.

Hawking for insects over the water.

Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; tarsus light horny purple.

217. Chelidon daurica nipalensis (Hodgs.) [822].—Hodgson’s Striated

- Swallow.

Mirundo nepalensis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 282.

Nores recorded and specimens secured as follows :—

Dejoo, 28-9-07*, many hawking to-day, rain previously, 29-9-08*, a pair

during a rainy spell of weather, 5-10-10*, 8-10-07*, in company with

some large Swifts, sp. ? ; 21-10-04 g,, North Lakhimpur ¢, 21-10-05 3g. Siloni-

bari, 2-5-11*, young bird.

Iris hazel-brown ; bill and tarsus black.

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

218. Motacilla alba alba, L. [826].—The White Wagtail.

Rungagora, 1-9-01 *, single bird, 16-9-01*, single bird, one secured,

15-9-01, 6-9-02*; Komolabari, 7-9-04,2; Dejoo, 19-9-08*, two

adults, one-immature ; Margherita, 27-3-03, 9 ; Silonibari, 29-4-11*, two

adults also observed, 22-4-11*, 4-5-11 single bird; several in evidence,

2-5-11. Numerous specimens secured in the intervening cold season

months.

219. Motacilla alba leucopsis, Gould. [827].—The White-faced Wagtail,

Motacilla leucopsis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. 11., p. 288.

Dejoo, 15-9-08, ¢ b, in fat condition ; two others noted on 19-9-08.

Komolabari, 12/25-9-04, gd, ¢. Possibly not quite as common as the

typical form ; the above records constitute the sum total of authentic data.

220. Motacilla alba personata, Gould. [829].—The Masked Wagtail.

Motacilla personata, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 290.

Silonibari, 9-9-11* ; Komolabari, 15/25-9-04, $. The only records.

221. Motacilla alba hodgsoni, Gray. [830].—Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail.

Motacilla hodgsoni, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 291.

Dejoo, 29-9-08, several in evidence. only one procured. Specimens

obtained in December, February, March.

The Pied Wagtails are difficult birds to discriminate unless seen under

favourable conditions. The colour of the back and ear coverts are the

most important characters to note. The above records are somewhat meagre

in consequence of these contensions.

222. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall. [832].—The Grey Wagtail.

Motacilla melanope, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 293.

Cold season migrant at its first descent to the base of the foot hills in

North Lakhimpur is to be seen in the vicinity of habitations when it is

remarkably tame and not easily disturbed. It remains in these haunts for

only a brief period and forsakes these unusual quarters for its accustomed

haunts along the stony beds of the hill streams and rivers. It is then

very shy and difficult of approach.

Lilabari, 5-9-08*, single bird; Dejoo, 6-9-08*, single bird; Silonibari

9-9-11*, single bird and at Dejoo on 17-9-07,2, 17-9-10*, single

bird, 21-9-08, 3, 28-9-07*, single bird, 24-4-03, g, 26-4-08, 9.

223, Motacilla flava borealis, Sund. [8%3].—The Grey-headed Wagtail.

Motacilla borealis, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 294.

Dejoo, 27-3-10* ; Rungagora, 4-5-03.

224, Motacilla flava flava, L. [834].—The Blue-headed Wagtail.

Komolabari, 15/25-9-04, 3; Silonibari, 22-4-11, several, first very hot

day succeeding the rain which had fallen lately will disperse them ; Dejoo,

30-4-10*, several adult birds.

Frequently seen in some numbers amongst the tea bushes foraging on

the newly hold ground, adults seldom met with. Its occurrence seems

somewhat irregular.

225, Motacilla citreola citreola, Pall. [837|—-The Yellow-headed Wagtail. .

Dejoo, 4-3-09*, three immature birds in low land and 13/15-3-03*

several in evidence.

Rungagora, 13-4-03, 2 ; 15-4-03, ¢; Silonibari, 24-4-11* single bird; seen

20-4-11*, a single ; Rungagora, 4-5-0383, 9.

Dejoo, 27-5-07*, single bird in forest clearance, rather wild, extremely

late date and 22-8-10*, a pair of immature birds, never seen again, very

hot weather shortly afterwards, a most unusual early date.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 26

“I

226. Motacilla citreola citreoloides (Gould.) [838].—Hodgson’s Yellow-

headed Wagtail.

Motacilla citreoloides, Oates, F. B. 1., Vol. ii., p. 299.

Rungagora, 8-4-03, 3, 7-4-03, 3, immature; 4-5-0383, 9. Both these

two species are most commonly noted in the plains than under the foot

hills in North Lakhimpur and are moreover in evidence at the latter

localities more frequently on their return migration, very aquatic, imma-

ture birds are separated with ditiiculty from the typical form.

227. Anthus érivialis maculatus, Jerd. [841].—The Indian Tree Pipit.

Anthus maculatus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 304.

Occurs in the plains at the cold season.

Dejoo, 3-10-10*, an influx about this time, single bird first noted

30-9-10 and 26-9-08*. In clearance, forest at base of hills.

Specimens procured at Dejoo, January ; Derpai, March; Rungagora,

April ; 8-4-08, 2 ; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, February ; Margherita, February,

March.

228. <Anthus richardi richardi, Vieill. [845].-—Richard’s Pipit.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 27-1-08, 3, ¢.

229. Anthus richardi striolatus, Blyth. [846].—Blyth’s Pipit.

Anthus striolatus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 308.

Dejoo, 26-9-08*, 28-9-10*, singie bird, 25-12-10; Dejoo, 6-4-08, large

parties in a patch of cleared ground possibly some A. 7. rufulus ; Komola-

bari, 1-5-03, 2 ; Dejoo, 20-7-10*, first occasion noted since last cold season.

930. <Anthus richard rufulus, Vieill. [847].—The Indian Pipit.

Anthus rufulus, Oates, f. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 308.

Dejoo, December, March, May, July, August, specimens secured these

months; Silonibari, July; Rungagora, May.

Tris brown ; bill horny black excepting upper mandible and tip of lower

mandible pale dull yellow ; claws horny.

231. <Anthus roseatus, Blyth. [850]—Hodgson’s Pipit.

Anthus rosaceus, Oates, F. B. I., Vol. ii., p. 311.

Plentiful around Rungagora. One secured 4-5-03 9, occurs also

Margherita; very aquatic. .

232. <Alauda gulgula gulgula, Frankl., [861].—The Indian Sky-Lark.

Dhunsirimukh, south bank. Bramapootra, 15-2-11, 3. Alauda arvensis

is recorded for Assam. My data is insufficient to give the distribution of

these two species with certainty. Itis no uncommon occurrence to hear

Sky-Larks gaily singing in some numbers along the vast sandy grass churs

of the Bramapootra. Noted particularly at Komolabari in February 1907.

233. <Alauda raytal raytal (Buch. Ham.) [866].—The Ganges Sand-Lark.

Procured on the Subansiri at Hessamara, 9-4-05 ¢, and occurs on all the

large rivers in the plains, at times in parties of a dozen or thereabouts.

234, Mirafra assamica, Me. Clell. [870].—The Bengal Bush-Lark.

Resident: Breading during May and June in North Lakhimpur,

although seldom found even in land that is constantly undergoing cul-

tivation. Dejoo, nest containing four fully fledged young, 18-4-08, situated

on ground underneath a clod of earth. Specimens secured at Dejoo, March,

May, August, juvenis; Dhunsirimukh, February; Rungagora, January,

August.

235. Athopyga seherie seherie (Tickell,) [882].—The Himalayan Yellow-

backed Sun-bird.

Resident : The common Sun-bird in the plains. At the commencement of

the breeding season (March) large parties of males at times may be seen

disporting together with gay twitterings and engaged in pugnacious bouts

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

from the confines of a favourite tree. Dejoo, 9-5-07. Nest containing two

eggs situated behind the stumps of a fallen tree in a forest ‘“putti” or

newly cut track. Judging by the large series of dated skins in my collec-

tion the young male has the throat tinged with rose colour in June and

sometimes towards the end of February has not fully assumed mas adult

plumage.

236. Athopyga ignicaudus Hodges (887].—The Fire-tailed Yellow-bacll

ed Sun-bird.

A hill species, observed at Dejoo, foot of the hills, North Lakhimpur, on the

following occasions :—25-3-07*, adult ¢, 28-1-09*; an immature ¢ in

company with White-eyes (Zosterops paepebrosa) and Spider-hunters

(Arachothera magna) searching the flowers on the tea bushes. These records

I regard as of unusual interest as no mistake was made in my identification

although no specimens were secured.

237. Athopyga saturatus (Hodgs.) [890].—The Black-breasted Yellow-

backed Sun-bird.

tesident throughout the plains, more addicted to forest than <A. seherre.

Although strangely enough I secured several females out of a large

party of this sex, about twelve or so, in the grass lands at Hessamara in

December; forest Dibru to Bramapootra, 21-3-02. A pair of Sun-

birds with crest of a decided yellow evidently due to the birds poking their

bills into the flowers and the pollen sticking to’ the damp feathers; for

the moment I took them for something out of the common.

238. Arachnethera magna (Hodgs.) [906].—The Larger Streaked Spider-

hunter.

Throughout the plains, very partial to plantain clumps, particularly plen-

tiful at the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur. Margherita, November,

January, February; Rungagora, December, January; Guijan, March;

Panitola, Derpai, January ; Dejoo, December, May, July.

239. <Arachnethera longirostra (Lath.) [909].—The Little Spider-hunter.

Apparently confined to the north-east corner, occurs around Margherita.

A pair seen near Bozaltoli on the Rungagora-Tinsukia road, 17-7-02; the

farthest limit in the plains and the only occasion that has come under my

observation.

240. Chalcoparia phenicotis (Temm.) [911].—The Ruby-cheek.

Decidedly rare. Locally distributed throughout the district. A sonnel

in April 1903, dense evergreen forest, right bank, Runganuddie; d, 2, 7-2-04

obtained from a party of several individual forest below Rungagora on the

right bank of R. Dibru.

241, Diceum cruentata cruentata (L.) [912].—The Scarlet-backed Flower-

pecker.

Resident throughout the plains. Rungagora, Maijan, April, May, June;

Dejoo, July, August, September, October. |

242, Diceum igqnipectus (Hodgs.) [915].—The Fire-breasted Flower-

pecker.

Procured in the Abor Miri-hills, north frontier. Beni-chang, 8-2-06, 3.

245. Diceum minullum olivaceum, Wald. [917]|.—The Plain-coloured

Flower pecker.

Diceum olivaccum Oates. F. B. T., Vol. II., p. 380.

Apparently resident at Dejoo, base of hills, North Lakhimpur. Four

specimens procured, 6-6-04, 22-6-04, 3-7-04, 22-7-04, probably overlooked

owing to its insignificant size and dull plumage.

( To be continued. )

269

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED

E. Buatter, S.J.

TARE At.

(With Plates LXIV—LXVIII.)

(Continued from page 682 of Volume XXIT.)

HOWEA, Becc.

(After Lord Howe’s Island; Lord Howe lived from 1725-1799).

Howea Becc. Malesia (Howeia) I (1877), 66; Webbia IV

(1713), 156.—Benth & Hook. Gen. Plant. III, 904.—Girisebachia

H. Wendl. & Drude in Linnea, XX XIX (1875), 88,200, t. IV,

f. 1-2.—Kentia Benth. Fl. Austral. VII, 137.

Stem arborescent, erect, annulate. Leaves terminal, regularly

pinnate, slender-petioled, bright green, with a sheath completely

embracing the stem in their lowest part. Segments numerous,

straight, not sigmoidal, 3-sub-5-costulate, acuminate, the upper ones

eradually decrescent, the terminal ones free to the base.

Spadix much elongate, inserted at the nodes of fallen Teages,

rising solitary or 3-6 from one and the same basilar spathe, com-

pressed, marcescent. Floriferous part strongly alveolate or scrobi-

culate, first completely enclosed in its proper spathe which opens

longitudinally. Flowers ternate in the scrobiculi up to the end of

the spadix; the two lateral flowers are male and one of them

provided with a special bract; the female flowers develop long

after the male flowers have fallen. Male flowers : regular; sepals

coriaceous, acutely carinate on the back; petals coriaceous ; stamens

numerous (30-100); anthers linear, basifixed; pistillode O or

inconspicuous. Female flowers: sepals rotundate, cucullate, cori-

aceous; corolla slightly longer than the calyx; petals broadly

imbricate below, ending in a stout point; staminodes 6, small,

dentiform ; ovary with one small cell, placed in the lowest part, ovate-

- elongate, terminated by 3 trigonous, stout, connivent stigmas ; ovule

anatropous, erect from the base of the cell.

‘Fruit symmetrical, mucronate-umbonate at the apex; epicarp

smooth; mesocarp with few fibres; endocarp very thinly woody,

forming a fragile shell to the seed. Seed erect from the base of the

cavity of the endocarp, ovoid, marked on both sides by 5-6 ramifi-

cations of the raphe; hilum small, basilar; albumen homogeneous,

horny ; embryo basilar.

270 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIL,

SPECIES: 2*.

DISTRIBUTION :—Lord Howe’s Island.

CULTIVATION IN HuRoPE.—The species of Howea are ornamental

stove palms. ‘They do well in a compost of loam and peat, in

equal proportions, to which may be added a little silver sand.

They require plenty of pot room, and plenty of water throughout

the summer, both at the roots and overhead. Propagation is

effected by seeds, which quickly germinate in a light sandy soil, if

placed on a hotbed.

When attacked by red spider or thrips, the plants must be

sponged with soapy water.

Leaves 10 feet long and more ............... H. Forsteriana.

Leaves about 7 feet long .................... H. Belmoreana.

HOWEA FORSTERIANA, Becc. Malesia, I (1877), 66; Webbia IV

(1913), 159.—Gard. Chron. Dec. 12th, 1885, 748, and March 17th, 1888, 382.—

Hemsley, Fl. Lord Howe Island in Ann. of Bot. X (1896), 255.—Ricco-

bono in Boll. Orto Bot. Palermo, fase. 3-4 (Dic. 1906), 120 (H. forste-

riana)—Grisebachia forsteriana, H. Wendl. & Drude in Linnza, XXXIX

(1875), 203, t. IV, f. 2. Kerch. Les Palm. 325, t. VII.—Kentia forste-

viana, Moore and Mueller in Mueller, Fragm. Phyt. Austr. VII (1870),

100.—Mueller, Sec. Syst. census Austr. Pl. 201.—Maiden in Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. Wales ex. Gard. Chron. Dec. 24th (1899), 449.—Kentia belmo-

riana (partim?) André in Revue Hort. (1896), 76.—Kentia belmorrana

(partim?) Mueller, Fragm. Phyt. Austr. VIII, 234.—Howea belmoriana

(non Becc.) Bot. Mag. t. 7018.—Kentia australis, Hort. ex Gard. Chron.

(1873), 6 and Dec. 12th (1885), 748. '

NameEs.—English : Thatch Palm; Flat-leaved Palm (according

to Mueller).

German: Forster’s Lord Howe Palme.

DESCRIPTION.—Stem smooth, annulate, rising to the height of

about 60 feet, with a diameter of 13-2 feet. Leaves (of cultivated

specimens) 10-12 feet long ; sheath green, yellowish on the median

line, elongate, much broadened below; but only for a short distance,

and there completely embracing the stem. Petiole stout, about 5 —

feet long, broad near the base, margins very acute, regularly convex

on the lower side, flattened or very slightly concave on the upper;

rhachis flat above in its lower part, with a groove on each side

where the segments are inserted, the flat upper portion becomes

gradually narrower and ends in a very acute angle, the lower side

rounded in its lower part, becoming almost flat in its upper part.

*It has been doubtful for a long time whether the two palms described below

formed one species or two. Beccari has settled the question in his paper: Contri-

butualla conoscenza delle palme, in Webbia Vol. IV (1913) p. 156-168. It is from

this paper that we have drawn our descriptions.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 27

“I

—

Segments very numerous, straight (not falcate), ensiform, slightly

attenuate towards the base, where they are attached to the rhachis

by a rather broad base and have the margins slightly revolute

ending in a very acute point which sometimes is more or less

distinctly bifid, more or less distinctly 3-5 costulate, with the median

rib rather strong and acute and the lateral ones delicate; the lower

surface rather densely covered with minute brown scales which

give it the appearance of being finely punctate; the larger

segments (the median ones) about 3 feet long and 1}-12 inch

broad; the iowest ones are a little straighter, but about as

long as the median ones; towards the apex the segments become

smaller, 1.e., shorter and straighter; the two terminal ones are not

united at the base, more or less one foot long and 1/8-3/5 inch

broad. Spadices infrafoliar; generally several equal .spadices arise

collaterally above the scars of the fallen leaves, all springing forth

from a common membranaceous marcescent spathe; every spadix

about 2 1/2 feet long; peduncular part 2/3-1 foot long, subterete or

slightly compressed, bearing towards the middle or upper third its own

spathe ; the axile floriferous part 14-12 feet long, about as thick

as a little finger, terete, gradually becoming thinner towards the

apex, deeply and very regularly scrobiculate along 6-7 longitu-

dinal series; scrobiculi very deep. Flowers all ternate. In every

scrobiculus one of the male flowers is provided (alternately, now on

one side and then on the other) with one coriaceous, triangular,

acuminate bracteole ; the other flower is generally without a special

bracteole; in the same scrobiculus there are two imbricate sub-

orbicular concave ciliolate bracts surrounding the female flower.

The spathe special to each spadix is thickly cartaceous, covered

with a thin soft greyish indument, and ending in a rigid, 4/5-1 3/5

inch long point; it opens longitudinally at the moment when the

male flowers begin to open.—Male flowers: symmetrical, 2/5 inch

long; the well developed bud ovate-oblong; calyx on the whole

acutely trigonous, about 1/4 inch broad; sepals imbricate, coria-

ceous, concave-cucullate, obtuse, acutely carinate on the back,

very densely barbate-ciliate on the margins; petals coriaceous,

valvate ; stamens very numerous (80-100); anthers linear or linear-

lanceolate, much deformed and unequal on account of the mutual

pressure, basifixed; filaments very unequal, those of the outer

stamens short, those of the innermost even longer than the anthers

and slender; pistillode inconspicuous.—Female flowers globose in

the beginning, then ovate with a short conical obtuse point, a little

smaller than the male flowers; sepals suborbicular, concave-cucul-

late, ciliolate-barbate on the margins, rotundate on the back ; petals

subcordate, broadly imbricate below, with a short point, stout,

valvate, smooth outside; staminodes 6, unequal, dentiform, short,

often confluent; stigmas arcuate, stout.

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Fruiting perianth not at all or very slightly accrescent, broadly

cyathiform, about 4 inch in diameter at the mouth, attenuate below ;

corolla by 4 longer than the calyx, petals with a stout broadly trian-

gular opaque point. Fruit 1 2/5 inch long (including the perianth),

ovate-elliptical, almost equally attenuate towards the two ends,

terminated by the hardened and connivent remains of the stigmas

which form a conical papilla; pericarp broadly corrugate when dry,

only about 1/12 inch thick, with a smooth surface finely but little

distinctly lineolate-venose ; mesocarp consisting of only one layer of

rigid fibres, situated immediately under the epicarp, as to the rest

parenchymatous, almost dry and containing a few thin fibres; endo-

carp very thin, brittle, smooth inside. Seed erect, ovate rotundate

at the apex, or with a slightly conical point, up to 4/5 inch long

and about 4 inch in diameter; ramifications of raphe very distinct ;

albumen bony, white-cerulescent, radiating from a central line;

embryo basilar, situated in the direction of the axis, 1/6 inch long.

Hasitat.—Grows abundantly in Lord Howe’s Island. The

palm prefers the plains or low hills, especially in the neigh-

bourhood of the sea, where the soil is more or less coralliferous

(ex Becc.).

FLOWERING AND FRuITING SEAsON.—In its native land the tree

ripens the fruit one year after the appearance of the flowers.

Beccari tells us on the authority of Riccobono that in the Botanic

Garden of Palermo the male flowers open in the first year, the

female ones in the second, and that the fruit ripens in the third year.

ECONOMIC USES.—For the natives of Lord Howe’s Island the seeds

of Howea Forsteriana as well as of Belmoreana form an impor-

tant article of export.

CULTIVATION IN Hurope.—This palm is extensively grown in

European gardens. It is very ornamental, especially when young,

the leaves being eracefully curved and the petioles with their sheaths

showing a pleasant ereen.

HOWEA BELMOREANA, Becc. Malesia I (1877), 66; Webbia IV

(1913), 165.—Gard. Chron. Dec. 12th, 1885, 748 and March 17th, 1888,

332.—Hemsley in Ann. of Bot. X (1896), 255.—Riccobono in Boll. Orto Bot.

di Palermo, V, fase. 3-4 Decembre (1906), 120.—Grisebachia belmoreana, H.

Wendl. & Dr. in Linnea XXXIX (1875) 202 t. IV, f.1; Drude &

Wendl. in Nachr. K. Gesellsch. Wiss. Goett. (1875), 58; Drude in Bot.

Zeitg. (1877), 636, t. 5, f. 14, 15.—Kerch. Les Palm. 325, t. [X.— Kenta

belmoreana, Moore and Mueller, Fragm. Phyt. Austr. VIL (1870), 99;

Mueller Sec. Syst. Cens, Austr. Pl. 201 (non Fragm. VIII. 234). Maiden in

Proc. Linn. Soc. New 8. Wales, ex Gard. Chron. “Dec. 24th (1898), 449.

NamES.—English : Curly Palm, Belmore’s Howea.

German: Belmore’s Lord Howe Palme.

DESCRIPTION.—Smaller than Howea Forsteriana, stem smooth,

annulate. Leaves about 7 feet long (in cultivated specimens)

“I

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

petiole more or less 12. foot long; rhachis strongly arcuate; seg-

ments numerous, equi-distant, smaller and narrower than in the

foregoing species, tricostulate, sometimes sub-5-costulate, straight

(not sigmoidal), ensiform, very acuminate, with the margins more

or less thickened, slightly attenuate towards the base; the larger

seoments (about the middle of the leaf 2 4-2 $ feet long and about 1

inch broad, lower surface without those small brown scales of H.

Forstervana.

Spadices solitary, 3 4-5 feet long, the florifous part measuring

21-33 feet; the peduncular part slightly compressed with rotundate

margins, delicately reddish-tomentose, 4-3 inch broad. Basilar

spathe membranaceous, dry, marcescent, about 1 foot long, strongly

compressed, with very acute narrowly winged margins, about one

inch broad. Second spathe completely surrounding the floriferous part

and inserted on the peduncular part about 4 foot below the lower

flower, rigidly cartaceous, dehiscent along its whole length, terminated

by arather long point, more or less densely covered with small red-

dish-brown scales, as to the rest glabrous ; sometimes the scales are

confluent and form a very thin adherent indument. The axile

floriferous part of the spadix is more or less furfuraceous-reddish and

finally glabrous, as thick as a little finger, gradually attenuate

towards the end and very deeply scrobiculate, on the whole having

the appearance of the same part in H. Forsteriana, only much lon-

ger; the scrobiculi seem to be more numerous (Beccari found in

the specimens studied that they are arranged in 9 longitudinal

series) ; the bract of the male flower in each scrobiculus is broadly

triangular, subcordate at the base, acute.—Male flowers: oblong, in

the completely developed bud 2/5 inch long, 1/5 inch broad, ro-

tundate above. Calyx acutely trigonous; sepals strongly cucullate,

very acutely carinate, ciliate on the margins. Corolla obtusely

trigonous, in perfectly developed flowers about twice as long as the

calyx; petals oblong, slightly concave; stamens 35—40, almost all

equal, filaments very short and only in a few inner stamens more or

less elongate ; anthers linear, obscurely apiculate with a large con-

nective; cells narrow, laterally dehiscent. Female flowers globular

in bud and, if we are allowed to conclude from the fruiting perianth,

identical with those of H. Forsteriana.

Fruit similar to that of H. Forsteriana, but shorter, ovate-elliptic,

a little more attenuate towards the apex than at the base, finely

striate outside when dry, 13-13 inch long (perianth included),

t-iz inch broad, terminated by the remains of the stigmas

which form a depressed-conical papilla; colour greenish black .

fruiting perianth the same as in the foregoing species. Seed ovate,

2 inch long, 24 inch broad. |

Hasitat.—Lord Howe’s Island, but always on the mountains and

on basalt, never in the coralliferous soil of the plains (ex Beccari).

274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Distinguishing characters of the two species of Howea: (1).

Howea Lorsteriana.

Tall. Leaves 10 feet long and

more; segments patently

arcuate, the largest ones 23-34

feet long and 11-13 inch

broad, very minutely and

densely punctate-squamulose

on the lower surface.

Spadices inserted above the scars

of fallen leaves to the number

of 3-6, collateral, arising from

the same spathe, floriferous

part of spadix 13-12 feet long;

floral alveoli disposed in 7

longitudinal series.

Upper spathe softly grey-tomen-

tose, shortly mucronate at the

apex.

Male flowers: sepals densely

ciliate-tomentose on the mar-

gins; stamens 80-100; anthers

very unequal and angular;

filaments of the outer stamens

short, of the inner ones slender

and elongate.

Fruit ovate-elliptical, 12 inch

long (including the perianth).

Seed ovate-rotundate at the

two ends, ue to + inch long

Howea Belmoreana.

Smailer. Leaves about 7 feet

long; segments in the begin-

ning erect-arcuate on the

rhachis, the largest ones 33-34

feet long and about 1 inch

broad, not punctate squamu-

lose on the lower surface.

Spadices solitary at the nodes,

very long, floriferous part

measuring 21-32 feet long;

floral alveoli disposed in 9

longitudinal series.

Upper spathe more or less co-

vered with reddish-brown

scales, often confluent, as to

the rest glabrous, very long,

mucronate at the apex.

Male flowers: sepals ciliate on

the margins; stamens 30-40;

anthers linear, subequal; fila-

ments all short. 3

Fruit ventricose-ovate or ovate-

elliptical, 14-12 inch long

(including the perianth) and

iz-iz inch broad. Seed

and apout 4 inch in diameter. ovate, rotundate at both ends,

Kmbryo + inch long. 5 inch long and 44 inch broad.

Embryo zz long, ‘(Glan 2) ae

HETEROSPATSHA, Scheff, in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. I, 141,

162. C—

[From ‘heteros’, variable, and ‘spathe’ a spathe ; alluding to the

inequality of the spathes. qe ith as

Benth. and Hook. Gen., Pl. III, II, 906, 51. =

Stem high, unarmed. hee itnin bli

(1) Taken from Beccari.

long-petioled, regnldela

This table will facilitate the identification of the two

species which, for a long time, have been considered to be indentical.

Pirate LXIY.

Journ. BompBay Nar. Hist. Soc,

See

Farman ap:

Heterospatha elata, Scheff., in the Botanic Garden of Calcutta.

ble Lia? Si

OF The

)

i hia | “ j }

ew La = ee ‘ baal lnwin

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 275

pinnatisect, segments numerous, lanceolate, attenuate. towards

base and apex, acuminate, l-nerved, the margins thickened and

recurved at the base, sheath short, fibrous, swollen at the

base.

Spadix decompound, branches stout, branchlets divaricate. Spathes

2, the lower one 2-cristate, the upper one much longer. Flowers

moncecious on the same spadix, spirally arranged, either ternate

and then the central one is female, or binate in the upper part, both

being male, obscurely bracteate and bracteolate. Male flowers

asymmetrical, compressed. Sepals small, subrotund, gibbous at

the base, imbricate. Petals ovate, subacute, valvate. Stamens 6;

filaments filiform, connate at the base, with the apices inflexed :

anthers linear, dorsifixed, bifid at both ends, versatile. Rudimen-

tary ovary columnar, 38-gonous.—Female flowers subequal to the

male ones, ovoid. Sepals reniform, broadly imbricate. Petals slightly

longer, orbicular, convolute-imbricate. Staminodes 6, setiform.

Ovary oblong, 1- locular ; stigmas small, recurved; ovule parietal

pendulous.

Fruit pisiform ; stigmas excentric ; pericarp grumose, not fibrous,

smooth on the inner side. Seed globular, erect, free; hilum basilar ;

raphe elongate, branches descending from the chalaza, reticulate ;

albumen slightly ruminate; embryo-basilar.

SPECIES: 2.

DistRipuTIoN.—Philippines, Solomon Islands? Amboina.

HETEROSPATHA ELATA, Scheff. Ann, Jart. Buitenz. I, 162.

Metroxylon elatwm, Cat. Hort. Buitenz. ex Scheffer, 1. c.

? Areca elata, Hort: ~~ ...°)

? Dypsis elata, Hort. ... >ex Salomon, Palmen (1887) p. 82.

? Hyophorbe elata, Hort.)

Name.—Kalapa outan (Amboina) ; Sagiusi (Visayan language);

Hrhabene Wechselscheide (German).

Description.—Leaves 13 feet long; sheath broad at the base, but

short and fibrous; potiole 5 feet long; segments about 70 on each

side, the longest reaching 3 feet.

Lower spathe three times shorter than the upper one, which

measures 4: feet. Spadix longer than the spathes.

Fruits globular, about 3 lines in diameter.

Hasirat.—Masbate Island (Philipines) at Mabo, Marintor River

(Beccari); Amboina (Schefter).*

*Scheffer says that the plant which he described in the “Ann. Jard. Buitenz.”

is growing in the Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg and is said to have come from

Amboina. Beccari has seen only one specimen cultivated in the Botanic Garden

of Singapore, but has never met this palm in its wildState- Cf. Webbia I (1905),

p- 328.

2. Asecond species, Heterospatha—salomonensis, Becc. Webbia ITI (1910), p. 153-

156, is indigenous in St. George Island (Solomon Islands).

276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

CULTIVATION IN EuropE.—Heterospatha elata is an elegant stove

palm with a graceful spreading habit, and remarkable for the length

of the tapering segments of its pinnate fronds.

It thrives in rich sandy loam and leaf mould, and may be

propagated by imported seeds.

ILLUSTRATION: Plate LXIV shows a middle-sized specimen of

Heterospathaelaia, growing in the Sibpur Botanic Garden. The

photograph was kindly supplied by Major Gage.

ROSCHERIA, H. Wendl. Ilustr. Hort. (1871) t. 54.

(So called after Albrecht Roscher, traveller in southern Hast

Africa, born in 1836 at Ottensen near Hamburg, and killed in 1860

at Hisonguny, a village not far from the Nyassa.

Bak. Fl. Maurit. p. 386. Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 913. ——

Drude, Palmae, in Nat. Pfl. II, 3 p. 69.

Krect slender palms ; stem armed with spines. Leaves terminal,

pinnate.

Flowers moncecious, minute, solitary or in 2-flowered clusters,

one female below and slightly on one side of one male, spirally

arranged on the very slender branches of a compoundly-branching

spadix in the axil of aleaf with a long compressed glabrous peduncle.

Spathes several, smooth, complete. Male flowers: Perianth very

minute. Stamens 6, included, united into a ring. | Rudimentary

ovary a column as long as the stamens, capped by a triquetrous

disk. Female flowers : Staminodes forming a minutely-toothed cup

or O. Ovary I-, rarely 2-3-locular; ovule parietal, pendulous.

Fruit fusiform, 1-, very rarely 2-seeded, stigma subbasilar; peri-

carp thin-fleshy, fibrous; endocarp crustaceous, seed obliquely

ascending, globose or elliptical ; hilum small, orbicular, basilar; raphe

spreading from the base, its branches anastomosing on the side op-

posite the hilum ; albumen loosely ruminate ; embryo basal.

SPECIES—1.

ROSCHERIA MELANOCHATES, Wendl. ex Baker FI.

Maurit. 387.

Verschaffeltia melanochcetes, Wendl. in Illustr. Hort. (1871) t. 54.

Dypsis gracilis, Bory ex Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 181, in nota

sub Dypsis hurtula, et t. 161, f. 5. |

Regelia melanochetes, Hort. ex Salomon Palmen (1887) 111.

Names.—German: Schwarzborstige Roscheria.

French: Latanier Haubaum (ex Baker).

DESCRIPTION.—Palm 15-25 feet high, with many aerial roots

and a stem of 2-3 inches in diameter, with aring of spines when

young below each leaf-scar. Leaves long petioled, 44-7 feet

long, first bifid and then unequally pinnatisect; petiole 14-24 feet

PraTE LXV.

JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

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Garden of Peraden

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, Wendl.,

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Emery Fog * Fak bags

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.

“I

long, smooth, subtriquetrous, grooved down the face with a pale

band running from the top of the sheath down the back of the peti-

ole; leaf-sheath 13-24 feet long, with a few fine black spines rising

from a compressed cushion; blade pale green, 3-5 feet long, 2-3

feet broad; pinne 1-13 feet long, bifid at the apex, with many

primary views 3-1 inch apart, clothed on the underside with

medially-attached scales.

Spadix 2-6 feet long; peduncle elongate, 1-3 feet long, slender,

compressed, 1 inch thick; branches very slender, subsimple,

divaricate, flattened at their insertion. Spathes several, complete,

narrow, compressed, unarmed, the two lower ones persistent, the

upper one deciduous. Flowers pale. Male flowers symmetrical ;

sepals suborbicular, obtuse, concave, imbricate; petals broadly

ovate, subacute, valvate; stamens 6; filaments short, triangular,

acute, united into a short tube, anthers broadly didymous, dorsi-

fixed ; rudimentary ovary obconical-clavate. Female flowers larger

than the male ones, subglobose; sepals subreniform, imbricate ;

petals longer, orbicular, convolutivo-imbricate ; staminodes obscure

or O; ovary ovoid or ellipsoidal, attenuate into a 3-fid conoid stigma.

DISTRIBUTION.—Seychelles, in shaded forests above 1,000 feet

in elevation, common (Kirk, Horne).

Introduced in Indian gardens.

CULTIVATION IN HUROPE.—Roscheria is a slender, erect stove

palm. It requires treatment similar to that recommended for

Pheenia.

ILLUSTRATION.—The specimen of Lvoscheria melanochetes figured

on Plate LXV has been photographed by Mr. Macmillan in the

Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

NHEPHROSPERMA, Balf. f. in Bak. Fl. Maurit. 386.

(From the Greek “nephros”, kidney, and ‘‘sperma”’ seed ;

alluding to the shape of the seed.)

Benth & Hook. Gen. Pl. III, II, 907, 52.—Drude, Palmae, p. 69.

Monececious. Flowers in 3-flowered clusters, one female between

and below two males, spirally disposed and slightly immersed on

the branches. Spadix long-peduncled, simply branching,

axillary. Peduncle compressed. Spathes 2, complete, outer spiny, 3

hairy bracts surrounding the spadix within. Male flowers:

Sepals imbricate ; petals valvate, thickened, thrice as long as the

sepals. Stamens 40-50, included, connate at the base; outer

shorter, with adnate erect anthers; inner with horizontal anthers.

Pistillode undivided. Female flowers: Sepals and petals imbricate.

Staminodes forming a cup with many short, toothed lobes.

Fruit globular, slightly flattened on one side; stigma subapical

on the flattened side; mesocarp fibrous ; endocarp thin, crusta-

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

ceous. Seed ascending, reniform ; raphe spreading from the base

and anastomosing at the apex; albumen densely ruminate; embryo

basal.

Species, |.—Seychelles.

NEPHROSPERMA VAN HOUTTEANA, Balf. f. in Bak. Fl. Maurit.

386,—Oncosperma Van Houtteana, Wendl. MSS.—Areca nobilis, Hort.

ex Solomon, p. 110. .

Name.—German : Nierenpalme.

DESCRIPTION.— Stem 90-35 feet high, 4-6 inches in diameter.

Leaves 5-7 feet long; petiole under 1 foot long, green, smooth;

sheath 14-24 feet long, woolly and sparsely spiny with thin

coriaceous edges; blade unequally pinnate ; leaflets 93-33 feet

long, glabrous ; broad leaflets alternating irregularly with narrow

ones, the latter with a single primary vein ; veins bearing a few

scales towards the base beneath ; terminal leaflets confluent.

Spadix 4-8 feet long; peduncle 3-53 feet; branches 23-34

feet long, compressed at the base. Basal spathe attached to the stem.

Fruit orange-red, about 5 inch long. |

Hasrrat.—Seychelles; not uncommon in open places and by

the side of streams, up to 1,000 feet.

Cunrivation In Eurore.—This species is a very elegant stove

palm. It thrives in a compost of turfy loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Care should be taken not to overpot. When grown with but limited

root room, and plentifully supplied with water, the plants are very

useful for decorative purposes in a young state. |

TuLusTRATION.—We have to thank Mr. Phipson for the

photograph reproduced on Plate LXVI. The young palm grows in

Victoria Gardens, Bombay. ‘To the left there are the stems of two

specimens of Oreodowa regia, whilst to the right, part of the stem

and crown and several spadices of a Fishtail-Palm (Caryota wrens)

may be seen.

VERSOHAFFELTIA, Wendl., Tllustr. Hort. 12, Misc. 9.

(After Ambroise Verschaftelt, Gardener at Ghent, 1825-86.)

Baker, Fl. Maurit. 397 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. HI, ite

908, 50.

Moncecious. Flowers in 8_flowered clusters, one female between

and below 2 males, spirally arranged on the short branches of a

doubly-branched, slightly anplexicaul, slender, drooping spadix

with a glabrous compressed peduncle. Spathes 3. Perianth very

minute, Staminodes forming a ring with 6 short 2-lobed teeth.

Fruit globular ; scar of the stigma subbasal ; mesocarp spongy -

endocarp thick, woody, brittle, with vertical ridges reaching from

base to apex. Seed ascending, globular, umbelicate at the base,

Pratt LXVI

Victoria Gardens, Bombay.

RRA ni

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hisr. Soc.

as:

Bad

isa]

P 3

THE Livan

OF THE

2, BUVERSITY. GF ILUSCIS

es %

. - i

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 279

marked with ridges corresponding to the grooves of the endocarp ;

raphe branching from the hilum and anastomosing freely over the

surface ; albumen deeply ruminate ; embryo subbasal.

SPECIES.—1.

DISTRIBUTION.— Seychelles.

VERSCHAFFELTIA SPLENDIDA, Wendl. in Ilustr. Hort. XII, Misc.

5; Baker, Fl. Maurit. & Seych. 387—Stevensonia viridifolia, Duncan

MSS.—Phenicophorium viridifolium, Hort.—Regelia magnifica, Rollis.—

Regelia majestica, Hort.—Regelia princeps, Hort.

DESORIPTION.—Stem 80 feet high, 6-12 inches in diameter, with

many aerial roots, very spiny when young. Leaf 5-8 feet long ;

petiole 4-1 foot long, pale green, semiterete, grooved down the face,

spiny ; leaf-sheath 24-3} feet long, white granular, spiny ; blade

cuneate, obovate, bright green, 4-7 feet long, 3-5 feet broad, bifid,

the edges deeply incised, the primary veins prominent on both

surfaces, furnished with a few medially-attached scales on the lower

one, each primary nerve bordered by 2 inconspicuous veinlets.

Spadix 3-6 feet long, peduncle compressed, 3-4 feet long ; flower-

ing branches 7-8 inches long.

Fruit 2-1 inch in diameter.

HapitTat.—Seychelles : very common amongst rocks on all islands.

—Cultivated in gardens.

CULTIVATION IN EuRopE.—This species is a noble stove palm. It

grows well in a moisture-laden atmosphere and suffers if the tem-

perature falls too low, or the air becomes dry. The mixture best

adapted for it is a well-drained, fibrous peat, with pieces of charcoal

and turfy loam and sand intermixed. Propagation effected by seeds.

PHGINICOPHORIUM, Wendl. Illustr. Hort. 12, t. 433.

Dune. Cat. Hort. Maurit. 87 (Stevensonia).—Baker Fl. Maurit,

388 (Stevensonia).—Hook. & Benth. Gen. Pl. II, LH, 908, 54.

(Stevensonia)—C. Kch. Berl. Wochenschr. 1859, 401 (Stevensonia).

Monececious. Flowers in 8-flowered clusters, one female between and

below 2 males, spirally arranged on the thick branches of a doubly-

branched, erect, long-peduncled spadix in the axil of a leaf.

Spathes 2; outer persistent, covered with bristles ; inner woody,

deciduous. Male flowers : inner segments of perianth valvate, many

_ times longer than the outer ones. Stamens 15-20, connate . at the

base, included. Pistillode a subulate grooved column. Female

flowers : staminodes forming a shortly-toothed cup.

Fruit a small ovoid drupe, flattened on the side on which the

subbasilar stigma is placed, furnished with a ridge onthe convex

side when dry ; mesocarp thin, fibrous ; endocarp crustaceous, not

grooved. Seed ascending, cordate-ovoid, flattened on the side on

which it is attached ; branches of the raphe spreading from the

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

base and anastomosing near the apex; albumen deeply ruminate;

embryo basilar.

SpeciES.—1.

DISTRIBUTION.— Seychelles.

PHCENICOPHORIUM SECHELLARUM, Wendl. Ilustr. Hort. XII,

433, Misc. 5~—-Stevensonia grandifolia, Duncan, Cat. Hort. Maurit. 87

(name only); Baker, Fl. Maurit. & Seych. 388.—Astrocaryum pictum, C.

Koch.—A. aureo-pictum, Versch.—A. Borsigianum, C. Kch. Berl. Wochen-

schr. 1859, 401.—Azveca sechellarum, Hort.

NaAMES.—Stevensonia (usual name in gardens), Thief Palm.

Latanier feuillé (French).

Grossblittrige Stevensonia (German).

DESCRIPTION.—Stem 40-50 feet high, very spiny when young,

less so when old. Petiole 9-18 inches long, glabrous, pale green,

convex below; leaf-sheath 2-3 feet long, hoary, scaly and spiny ;

blade cuneate-obovate, bifid, oblique at the base, deeply laciniated

down the side, with incised segments; primary veins prominent,

bordered with two secondary veinlets on each side, clothed with

a few medially-attached brown scales beneath.

Spadix 3-6 feet long; peduncle 14-3 feet long, compressed at

the base; branches 1-14 foot long. Lower spathes 15 inches long ;

upper club-shaped, smooth, 2-34 feet long.

Fruit orange-red, 4-3 inch long. Seed } inch long.

HasitatT.—Seychelles: common in all the islands.

Note: J. B, Balfour wants to retain the name ‘‘Stevensonia grandi-

folia” given to this plant by its discoverer (Duncan), and published

by him, though without description. He says: ‘“‘The name Phoe-

nicophorium, subsequently given, and invented for the purpose of

commemorating the disgraceful fact of a specimen of this palm

having been. stolen from Kew by a foreign employé, should surely

be suppressed.”’ ‘The present laws of nomenclature, however, seem

to be in favour of the name given by Wendland.

De Kerchove explains the origin of the name ‘Phcenicophorium ’

in this way : “‘ ... nous devous rétablir la vérité des faits et révéler

la vraie étymologie de ce palmier. M.H. Wendland I’ aurait appelé

Pheemcophorium (de gdotué, dattier, et dosiov, objet volé), par

suite d’un vol commis 4 Kew dans les circonstances suivantes: M.

Ambr. Verschaffelt avait, en 1856, introduit 4 Gand la plante sous

le nom d’Astrocaryum aureo-pictun. Plus tard, M. Wendland

en vit trois pieds cultivés au jardin de Kew sous le nom d’Areca

Sechellarum. Il voulu en acheter un pour les collections de

Herrenhausen. Cette demande ne put étre accordée le jour méme.

Le lendemain, un des pieds avait disparu, et les autorités anglaises

ne purent, maleré leurs enquétes, apprendre ot il etait allé. M.

Wendland eut 4 coeur d’eclaircir ce mystére, et, 4 force de recherches,

ul finit par découvrir que la précieuse plante, volée par un employé

tie LIBRARY

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JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate LXVII.

Young SPECIMEN oF Stevensonia (Phenicophorium sechellarum, Wendl.), growing on Malabar

Hill, Bombay.

Prats LXVIII.

BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

JOURN.

Garden

in the Botani

Wendl

of Peradeniya.

hellarum

(Phencophorium sec

VENSONLA

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 281

de Kew, avait été vendue, aprés avoir passé en diverses mains, 4 M

Borsig, de Berlin, ot M. K. Koch la vit en 1859 et la décrivit sous le

nom d’° Astrocaryum Borsigianum.” De Kerchove de Denterghem.

Les Palmiers. Paris, 1878, p. 124-125.

CULTIVATION IN EuRoPE.—A noble stove palm. <A hot, moisture-

laden atmosphere is necessary. If the temperature is too low, or

if the air becomes dry, the palm begins to suffer. It grows well

in a compost of fibrous peat, pieces of charcoal, and turfy loam and

sand. Perfect drainage required. Propagation. by means of

imported seed.

MYTHOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF STRVENSONIA.

With regard to this palm the natives of the Seychelles narrate

that a bird of gigantic proportions took, after the creation, his

flight towards the sun and as he was flying too fast he lost one of

his feathers. The feather was carried about in space for a long

time and, finally, fell to the ground in one of the islands. There it

found fertile soil and growing roots developed into a magnificent

palm. ‘The leaves of this tree consist of one piece and grow larger

towards the top, resembling thus the feather of a gigantic bird of

bygone times.

ILLusTRATION.—Mr. Millard was kind enough to supply us with

the photograph of a young specimen of Stevensonia growing in

his garden on Malabar Hill. The leaf-sheaths are comparatively

very long and covered with long spines. There is only one leaf in

our picture which distinctly shows the bifid blade of the plant. Cf.

Plate LX VIT.

Plate LX VIII shows a well developed palm of the same species,

taken by Mr. Macmillan in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

Between and behind the leaves the remains of some old spadices

may be seen, whilst in the centre of the crown there is a young

spadix still enclosed in its spathes.

(Lo be continued. )

282

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA, AND CEYLON.

Report No. 15

By R. C. WRovuGHTON.

COLLECTION AAS at NOatos

LOCALITY... 4 ... Kumaon.

DATE Sa PK ... August— March.

COLLECTED SEY" ©... tee Mr GAs Crm

EARLIER REPORTS .. No. 1, E. Khandeish, Vol. XXI, p.

392, 1912; No. 2, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912; NooS))Cutem

Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI, p. 844, 1912;

No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. X XI, p. 1170, 1912; No. 6, Kanara, Vol.

XXII, p. 29, 1918; No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol. XXIT

p. 45, 1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, 1913; No. 9,

Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 283, 1913; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol.

XXII, p. 464, 1913; No. 11, Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913;

No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684, 1918; No. 18, South

Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1913; No. 14, N. Shan States, Vol.

XXII, p. 710, 1918.

The Kumaon Division contains between 5 and 6 thousand square

miles and lies along the Thibet boundary, immediately west of

Nepal. There is a low lying area among the foot hills where the

rainfall is heavy, 80 inches. Passing over the outer range north-

wards this is reduced at once by half. Still further inland in the

form of snow the fall increases again very greatly.

The collection here dealt with was made on a line between

Philibhit (800') and the Pindari Glacier (12,000') to the north of

Almora, that is along the whole western boundary of Nepal.

Mr. Crump has furnished the following notes on the places visited

by him :—

Almora, situated about 30 miles from Naini Tal. Altitude

5,200 to 5,500 feet, is connected with the higher ridges of Simtola

and Kalmatiya to the West. On the Hast and South the Almora

Hill is bounded by the Suwal River and in the West by the Kosi.

For four miles round Almora the hills are bare, but beyond that the

mountains are well timbered. Average temperature of the air 60;

in winter snow falls occasionally but does not he. During the rains

wild hemp, nettles, thistles, wormwood, mint, and wild balsam

flourish. Micaceous schists with outcrops of granite are the prevail-

ing rocks. - The decomposition of feldspar causes the characteristic

boulder looking masses on the hills. (Hxtract from Gazetteer.)

Phurkia is 69 miles from Almora and about 3 miles below the

Pindari Glacier. Altitude 10,700 feet. There is no village or

cultivation. The collection was made on steep and open ground with

a deep and dark soil, clothed with long grass, balsams and stunted

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 283

bushes. Rhododendrons are abundant in large isolated patches ; but

heavy forest ceases a mile or so below. The Pindar River issues

from the Glacier at an elevation of 12,088 feet, and passes some

hundreds of feet below the Phurkia bungalow, the mountains rising

almost perpendicularly from its banks, tower upwards and culminate

in magnificent snowclad peaks of which Nanda Devi (25,660 feet)

is the principal. At Martosi and the Pindari Glacier, some 2,000

feet higher up, vegetation is much more scanty and masses of bare

rock and boulders predominate.

Khati is a small village at 7,650 feet in the Pindar Valley about

1,000 feet above the river. The country here opens out into beauti-

ful expanses of rich grass land, dotted with patches of pine, oak

and bamboo forest forming compact masses of dense cover.

Dharkwni.—A camp was made here on the Pindari side almost at the

top of a pass between the Pindar and Sarju Valleys. There is no

village or cultivation, the whole mountain side being clothed with

the deepest forest of oak, pine and bamboo.

Lwarkhet.—A. large village on the other side of the pass. Nearly

the whole hill side is terraced for cultivation, rice being grown

in the valley below, near the river.

Bageswar is a very large village, 27 miles north of Almora,

altitude 3,143 feet, on the banks of the Sarju River. The valley

broadens here and is irrigated and used for the cultivation of rice,

while rape seed and millets are grown on the surrounding slopes.

My collection was made at a spot some three miles above Bageswar,

having an adjacent cultivation of millets and heavy pine forests

on the slopes above, there is also an abundant undergrowth of

white thorn and in the valley dwarf date palms flourish.

Takula is a small village on the ridge between Almora and the

Sarju River, it is surrounded by heavily wooded slopes, the principal

trees being pines and oak, with a thick undergrowth.

Ratighat, Naini Tal.—A small village at an elevation of 3,800

feet on the road between Almora and Naini Tal. Four large valleys

converge here and the mountains being very steep and heavily

wooded make Ratighat a picturesque spot. Cultivation is very scanty.

Bhowah.—Ahbout eight miles to the East of Naini Tal and

occupying part of the same range. The village lies in a deep

hollow and is surrounded by slopes clothed with dense forest of

Chir Pine and Oak. During my short stay in November the cold

was intense though the altitude is only 5,700 feet.

Sitabani.—Sitabani is situated in the foot hills about twenty

miles W. or S.W. of Naini Tal and-at an altitude of 1,500 feet.

Large forests of Sal are interspersed with tracts of open ground

covered with very tall spear-grass. The ground after sloping

gently from the Himalayas is broken abruptly by a line of low hills

and the depression so formed is a considerable swamp, water

284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

including several hot springs being abundant. ‘This is another

remarkably cold spot.

Ramnagar.—Ramnagar on the R. and K. Railway is roughly 30

miles west of Naini Tal and situated in the Kosi valley at the

junction of the foot hills with the plains. Below the hills cultiva-

tion is extensive, irrigation being carried on by a series of very

fine permanent canals.

My collection was made in the neighbourhood of the town where

the soil is very light and vegetation scant.

The narrow strip of land forming the sub-montane tract or

“ Bhaba”’ runs immediately along the base of the foot hills and

is bounded below by the dense forests of the Terai.

The “‘ Bhaba”’ belt has no surface water, being stony and remark-

ably porous to such an extent that all the rivers flowing from the

hills disappear in subterranean channels to the Terai where they

reappear on the surface.

Dela.—About 8 miles west of Ramnagar. ‘The village situated in

the “ Bhaba”’ is a collection of grass covered huts and is occupied

only during the cold weather when the Hill tribes journey down to

raise crops and feed their cattle returning to the hills again before

the hot weather. The soil appears to be a mixture of clay and sand,

very fine and soft in the river beds or on the roads but elsewhere

firm and crumbling. My collection was made mostly on the flat

near cultivation and a mixed jungle which includes bamboo and

quantities of fig trees.

Jherna.—A village 9 miles west of Delain the “ Bhaba”. The

forest in this neighbourhood is mainly Sal with an abundance of

Fig and Bamboo. The “ Bel” tree is also plentiful and its fruit

resembling the orange is much sought after by Monkeys, Chital,

Pigs, &c. A heavy undergrowth of Ber bushes and en grass

forms excellent cover for animals.

eda Almora District.—A mountain village at an elevation

of 5,600 feet, 30 miles east of Almora and close to the border of

Nepal. The mountains in the immediate neighbourhood are of

easy gradient and attain no great altitude but a few miles to the

east and running north and south lies a great barrier of snow

peaks and glaciers beyond which are Tibet and Nepal.

The forests of Lohaghat contain Deodar, Chir Pines, Oaks and

Rhoderdendhrous water is abundant.

The principal cultivation is Tea also Rice and Wheat.

During this month (February) the rainfall was heavy and several

fall of snow were experienced.

Tanakpur.—About 36 miles south of Lohaghat situated on the

Sarda River immediately below the foot hills.

Pilibhit, Rohilkhund.—The town and district of Pilibhit occupy

part of a flat alluvial plain the soil of which is a mixture of clay

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 285

and sand having when dry a very soft and light appearance but

becoming quite firm after a shower ofrain. A variety of crops are

raised, the principal appearing to be wheat while on the outskirts of

the town large vegetable gardens are general.

Fine Mango groves adorn the town but the surrounding country

is bare of forest.

The collection is a comparatively large one consisting of 65

species, belonging to 48 genera. It was made in a country so near

and so physically similar to Nepal that we could confidently expect

to find in it many forms representing names recorded by Hodgson.

Nor have we been disappointed for already we have been able to

identify 16 forms described by Hodgson or collected by him, wz., a

monkey, three bats, three shrews, two carnivors and no less than

seven rodents ; moreover in not a few other cases, in which we were

in doubt, we can now confidently say that Hodgson’s names cannot

stand. The collection is further interesting in that, to a consider-

able extent, it deals with a Fauna largely differing from any hitherto

dealt with by the survey. This Fauna is linked with the European

by the presence of the vole and Himalayan field mouse, and many

of the bats. The mouse hares belong to a genus characteristic of

and almost limited to the Himalayas. The remainder of the forms

are congeners of those which we have already obtained from Lower

India and Ceylon.

Mr. Crump desires to record his indebtedness for all manner of

assistance, which has enabled him to obtain such good results,

received from the following gentlemen :—

Colonel A. C. Hickley, 1/3rd Q. A. O., Gurkha Rifles.

C. E. D. Peters, Esq., 1.C.S., Deputy Commissioner of Almora.

T. Canning, Esq., Deputy Conservator of Forestry, Almora.

K. A. Smythies, Esq., Deputy Conservator of Forests, Naini Tal.

HE. H. H. Edge, Esqg., Deputy Commissioner, Naini Tal.

E.R. Stevens, Esq., Deputy Conservator of Forests, Ramnagar,

and specially to Major F. Wall, I.M.8., 1/8rd Gurkha Rifles.

Miss K. V. Ryley had already mapped out and partially written

this report before she fell ill and had to leave.

PITHECUS RHESUS, Audeb.

The Bengal Monkey.

(Synonymy in No, 7.)

3 2,91, 2 skulls only, Bageswar, 3,200’; 42, 91, Ratighat,

3,700’; $1, Sitabani, 2,000’; ¢1, 91,2 skulls, Ramnagar,

1,100’; $1, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’; g1,Jerna Ramnagar,

1,500’.

(See also Reports Nos. 7 and 14.)

“ Among the outer ranges this monkey is more abundant than the Saugar

and during the cold weather is found in large numbers upto about 4,000

feet; above this it becomes less numerous but was observed by me as high as

286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

6,000 feet. Monkeys are particularly plentiful in the ‘Bhaba” where I

found them associating sometimes with Saugars. The two species separate

in the evening, in fact when settling down for the night, the monkeys seem

much disturbed by the intrusion of Saugars.

I came suddenly upon a number of monkeys sitting in the open, when

they immediately made off, leaving a young one which though able to look

after itself, remained behind screaming for help. The mother returned

and after carrying her offspring to a safe distance. shook and cuffed

it severely. Ina large colony of Macaques at Ratighat I noticed a wide

variety in the colouring of faces and callosities, ranging from dusky yellow

in immature individuals to brilliant red in old males. ’—C. A. C,

Vernacular name.—(Hindi) Bander.

(2) PReEsBYTIS SCHISTACEUS, Hodgs.

The Himalayan Langur.

1840. Semnopithecus schistaceus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. IX, p. 1212.

1840. Semnopithecus nepalensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. LX, p. 1212.

1888. Semnopithecus schistaceous, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 13.

1¢, Khati, Pindar Valley, 7,650’; 1 9, Takula, 5,350’; 1 9, Rati-

ghat, 3,700’; 1 ¢, Sitabani, 2,000’; 1 ¢ (skull only), Ram-

nagar, 1,100’; 12, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’; 1d, Chapawat,

Almora, 5,200’.

The largest of the Indian Langurs, a very handsome Monkey, distin-

guished from P. entellus by the head being distinctly paler than the back

and the hands and feet hardly darker than the limbs.

‘‘Common in all the heavy forests up to about 9,000 feet, observed at

Takula, 5,500 feet. Not found at Lohaghatin February but is a visitor

later on.”’—C, A. C,

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Gooni.

(3) PreERorus GicaNnTEus, Bruenn.

The Common Flying Fox,

(Synonymy in No. 2),

436,22 9, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13.)

“No flying-foxes observed in any of the places visited in Kumaon.

About 5 miles from Philibhit there is a small colony.”—C. A. C.

(4) RovusErrus LESCHENAULTI, )Jesm.

Leschenault’s Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 11).

19 3 5,19 9@, Tanakpur, Naini Tal, 7,000’.

(See also Report No. 11.)

“There were several thousands of these bats in a long tunnel through

which flowed a canal. The bats, driven towards me by men carrying

lanterns, came on in a mass, their screeches and the beating of their wings

filled the tunnel with an almost deafening noise. I had no difficulty in

filling several butterfly nets with specimens both male and female, most

of the latter being heavy with young.”—C. A. C.

(5) CyNoprEeRus spHINXx, Vahl.

The Short-nosed Fruit Bat,

(Synonymy in Report No. 6.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 287

33d,3 QQ, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 6,9, 11,18 and 14.)

(6) RHINOLOPHUS ROUXI, Temm.

The Rufous Horse-shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1, Dhakuri, 9,000’.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6,9 and 13.)

(7) RuHINoLOPHUS MoNnTIcoLA, K. And.

The Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat.

1905. Rhinolophus monticola, K. Anderson, P. Z. 8., part 2, 1904,

p. 124.

1 3, Khati, 7,600’. 1 9, Almora, 5,300!.

(8) RHINOLOPHUS LEPIDUs, Blyth.

The Inttle Indian Horse-shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

1 2, Ranibag, Naini Tal, 2,500’; 1 9, Philibhit, Rohilkhand

800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7 and 14.)

“The specimen taken at Ranibagh was in company with a few others

and was hunting for insects over a stream. The flight was slow and only

a few inches above the water.’’—C. A.C.

(9) RHINOLOPHUS PEARSONII, Horsf.

Pearson’s Horse-shoe Bat.

1851. Rhinolophus pearson, Horsfield, Cat., p. 33.

1891. Rhinolophus pearsonit, Blanford, Mammalia, No, 149.

1, Lwarkhet, 6,000’.

(10) HiprostpERos ARMIGER, Hodgs.

The great Himalayan Leaf-nosed bat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

736,229, Bageswar, 3,200’.

(See also Report No. 14.)

“These were all shot from exactly the same place. They passed once

every evening over this place, coming out very early and flying at a

moderate elevation, slowly and steadily, the beat of the wings being

regular as with flying foxes. When wounded they were exceedingly

noisy, screaming loudly.’”’—C. A. C.

(11) LyropERMa tyra, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.) ‘

736,35 2 9, Ranibagh, Naini Tal, 2,500’.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18 and 14.)

“A very large colony between the roof and ceiling of the Ranibagh Dak

Bungalow. The colony consists almost entirely of females—a few males

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY,. Vol. XXIII.

were secured but appeared to be immature. All deserted after being

disturbed.”—C, A, C.

(12) PiEecotus HoMocHROUS, Hodgs.

The Long-eared Bat.

1825. Plecotus homochrous, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. XVI, p. 895.

1891. Plecotus auritus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 171.

1 6, Phurkia, 10,700’.

‘“‘This specimen was taken alive. In repose the ears were folded down

the sides of the back, and slightly covered by the forearms. The tragus

pointed directly forward.”’—C. A. C.

(18) Muvrina HUTTONI, Pet.

The White-bellied Tube-nosed Bat,

1872. Harpyiocephaius huttoni, Peters, P. Z.8., p. 711.

1888. Harpyiocephalus leuccgaster, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 202 (partim).

1 g, Khati, 7,650’.

This is nearly a topotype of the species which was described from one of

Capt. Hutton’s specimens obtained in the Dehra Dun.

M., huttoni was placed by Dobson as a synonym of M, leucogaster. M.

Edw., from W. China, but that animal is much larger, having a forearm

of 41 mm. and a skull length (according to the figure) of about 20 mm. as

compared with 37 mm. and 17 mm. in the present species.

It may be here noted that Milne-Edwards’ figures of his two species of

Murina have been wrongly quoted, both in the explanation to the plate,

in his text, and later, by Dobson. Fig. lis M. leucogaster, and Fig. 2 is

aurata, not the converse as stated. (K. V. R.)

(14) PipisTRELLUS MiImMUsS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle,

(Synonymy in No, ].)

1 @, Sitabani, 2,000'; 6 6 gd,4 2992, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 2 ¢ d;

Dela Rarmnagar, 1,500'; 4 ¢ gd, 1 9, Jerna Ramnagar,

1,500‘; 3 3 gd, 1 2, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also all previous Reports except Nos. 4 and 14.)

(15) PIpIstTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.

The Coromandel Pimstrelle,

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 @, Dhakuri, 9,000’; 1, Lwarkhet, 6,000’.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 9, 11, 13 and 14.)

(16) ScororpHinus wrouGHToNI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

1 6, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

* (See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 9,10, 11, 12 and 14.)

(17) ScoropHiLtus KuHLI, Leach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 289

10 6 dg, 32 92, 5 no sex, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 6 dd, 5 2 Q,

2 in al., Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 14.)

“Very plentiful at Ramnagar. Here as elsewhere it is invariably found

in the roofs of houses. Sexes not apart at this season.”’—C. A. C.

(18) Mvyoris DARJELINGENSIS, Tomes.

The Darjeeling Bat.

1855. Vespertilio darjelingensis, Tomes, A.M.N.H. XVI, p. 102.

1891. Vespertilio mystacinus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 211 (partum),

1 g, Phurkia, 10,700’; 1 9,1 inal., Deori, Almora, 5,300’.

I think there can be no doubt that this is the bat taken and named by

Hodgson, described by Tomes and published by Gray. It shows the

characters on which Tomes relies to distinguish it from szligorensis, des-

eribed earlier (in the same place) by him. It is quite possible that, when

a comparative examination can be made, with sufficient material, these

two may be found to be only one species, in which case the latter name

will stand, or even both of them may prove to be identical with the Euro-

pean mystacinus. For the present, however, I think we are on safer ground

in calling it darjelingensis.

(19) MINiIopreRvs FULIGINOSUS, Hodgs.

Hodgson’s Long-winged Bat.

1835. Vespertilio fuliginosa, Hodgson, J.A.S.B. IV, p. 700.

1891. Mintopterus schrevbersi, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 216 (partim).

1 3, Ramnagar, 1,100’.

(20) PacuyuRa, sp.

The Musk Shrew.

13,1 9, Bageswar, 3,200’; 1 9, Takula, 5,800’; 11 ¢4,

12 92, Almora, 5,300 ; 3¢¢6,3 29, Ratighat, Naini

Tal, 3,700’; 1 ¢, Bhowalh, Naini Tal, 5,700'; 10 gd,

142 Soe Ranmagar, 1,100’; 1 ¢, & 9 2, Ranibagh,

2,500’; 3 dd, 3 Q Q, Lohaghat, Almora, 5,300’; 2 36,

3 29, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

This perhaps represents Hodgson’s Sorex soccatus. At any rate it is

closely allied to, if not identical with, the common “ Musk rat ” of India.

“ These shrews appear to be very common at Almora. I frequently

heard their shrill squeaking note in the hedges as I passed by at night.

A few were taken in houses but the majority from gardens and hedges.”—

C.A.C.

(21) Pacuyura micronyx, Blyth.

Himalayan Pigmy Shrew.

1855. Sorex micronyx, Blyth, J.A.S.B. XXIV, p. 338.

1888. Crocidura hodgsoni, Blanford, Mammalia No. 124 (partim).

1 dg, Ratighat, 3,700’.

This is very probably mzcronyx, which was based on two specimens, one

collected by Mr. Stewart at Landour, and the other by my grandfather

Major Wroughton, in the low country of Kumaon. It may prove later to

be synonymous with hodgsont from Darjiling, but even then the name will

stand. It would seem to be quite distinct from the animals which we

have so far labelled provisionally perrotteti.

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

(22) PacHyuRra Hopa@sont, Jerd.

The Himalayan Pigmy Shrew.

1867. Sorex hodgsoni, Jerdon, Mammalia, p. 57.

1888. Crocidura hodgsoni, Blanford, Mammalia No. 124 (partim).

1 ¢, Ramnagar, 1,100’.

This is most probably hodgsont with the description of which it agrees

well enough so far as size and locality go. The colour does not in the

least fit in, but then the description was probably based on a spirit speci-

men, andin any case we do not know to what extent colour has any

diagnostic value in this group.

“This shrew was caught amongst the ruins of a house.”—C.A.C.

(23) CrocipuRA KINGIANA, And.

King’s Shrew.

1877. Crocidura (Cr) kingiana, Anderson, J.A.S.B. XLVI, p. 281.

1888. Crocidura fuliginosa, Blanford, Mammalia No. 126 (partim).

Rei, en. ey. cnutkia, Oro

(24) SorIcuLUs NIGRESCENS, Gray.

The Sikhim Brown-toothed Shrew.

1842. Corsira nigrescens, Gray, A.M.N.H., X., p. 261.

1888. Soriculus nigrescens, Blanford, Marainalin No. 114.

Li}, = burkia, 10; 700! ; A436, "29 2 , Khati, 7,650’; 39 9, Dhakuri,

§) ,000'.

(25) Sonicutus caupatus, Horsf.

Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew.

1849. Sorex caudatus, Hodgson, A.M.N.H., ser. 2. Il], p. 2038 (no

description).

1851. Sorex caudatus, Horsf. Cat. p. 135.

1888, Soriculus caudatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 115.

13,29 9, Phurkia 10,700’; 14, Martoli;1¢, Khati, 7,650’.

(26) FrLix BENGALENSIS, Kerr.

The Leopard Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 11).

1 3S, Khati, 7,600’; 1, Benaik; 1 3, Bhowali, Naini Tal, 5,700’.

(See also Reports Nos. 11 aud 14.)

‘Trapped in dense jungle near a stream. Probably fairly common in

the hills where there is heavy forest, though owing to its predilection for

dense cover it is not often observed. I doubt whether it strays to any

extent, much below the foothills and Terai.””—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Bandaru gd, Biralu 9°.

(27) FELIs AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1g, Khati, 7,600’; 1 ¢, Takula, 5,300’; 1¢, 19, Ramnagar, 1,100’;

13,19, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’; 13, 19, Jerna Ramnagar,

*1,500'; 23 ¢,19, Lohaghat, Almora, 5,600’.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12.)

This is practically a topotype of the species which was based be Gray on

pecimen from: Gangotri in Kumaon.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 291

“ As this is not a difficult cat to trap I should say it is rare in the higher

ranges above Almora. Very common in the “ Bhaba”’ and foothills up to

4 or 6,000 feet. Above this elevation it is seldom met with. This cat

varies in size to a remarkable extent, the average weight being anything

between 8 and 12 lbs. It is not at all uncommon to find imbedded in

their pads, quills of porcupines, they have killed or attempted to kill ; this

gives some idea of the strength they can exert. At Khati, a live kitten

was brought to me which I tried to tame, it remained very savage towards

strangers, but in a week or so would allow me to handle it fairly freely,

and would come to me when called. It purred like a domestic cat and

frequently slept on my bed, but was so destructive to my clothes that I

eventually gave it away.”—C.A.C.

« Vernacular name—(Hindi) Bandaru <¢, Biralu 9°.

(28) VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The Small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

2 3 6, (juv) Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’; 12 , Dela Ramnagar,15,000’.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 12.)

“T could only hear of it in the ‘ Bhaba” where I obtained two

specimens.” —C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Malpusa.

(29) PaRrapoxuRUS NIGER, Desm.

The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1g,19, 1 (skin only) Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 8, 11, and 13.)

“T heard of a Palm Civet which was caught at Phurkia and answered to

the description of this species, but it is probably rather scarce except lower

down where it is plentiful at Philibhit.”—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Kala-Pusa.

(30) Paguma g@rRayI, Benn.

The Himalayan Palm Civet.

1835. Paradoxrurus grayi, Bennett, P.Z.S., p. 118.

1836. Paradoxurus nepalensis, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX, p. 76.

1888. Paradoxurus grayt, Blanford, Mammalia No. 55.

22 2, Naini Tal, 7,000'; 2¢ ¢, Dhakuri, 9,000’; 19, Lwarket,

6,000-; 1 skull only, Naini Tal.

Rather larger than the common Palm Civet or ‘‘ Manuri,” which it very

much resembles in appearance and habits.

“Trapped in dense forest, they must be purely nocturnal, for very few

of the natives recognised my specimens.”’—C.A.C.

(31) Muneos muneo, Gmel.

The Common Indian Mungoose.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 9, Dhakuri, 9,000‘; 1 6, 2 9 9, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 1 ¢, Dela

Ramnagar, 1,500’/;1 ¢.Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’; 1

Tanakpur, Naini Tal, 7,000'; 2 ¢¢, 2 QQ, Philibhit

Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 7, 8,9, 11, and 13.)

“Only observed below the foothills. Very common at Philibhit.”—C.A.C,

292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIU,

(32) Hyazna HYAENA, L.

The Striped Hyena,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 9, Ramnagar, 1,100’.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, and 7.)

(33) Canis InpIcUS, Hodgs

The Common Indian Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 6,12, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 3 ¢ ¢, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’; 1 9

Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’; 14, Champawat, Almora, 5,300’;

4g 3,389 9, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also all former Reports except Nos. 2 and 8.)

“ Does not appear to penetrate far into the higher ranges, it is found in

the Sarju Valley and is common near Almora, and the Bhaba occurs

at Lohaghat and Champarat, but generally above the foothills it becomes

scarce.”’—C. A. C.

(34) CUON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

The Indian Wild Dog.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

19, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 1¢, Lohaghat, Almora, 5,600’; 19, Phili-

bhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 7, and 11.)

‘‘ Owing to the large rewards offered by Government for the extermina-

tion of wild dogs, their numbers have been greatly reduced in the hills, but

they are still fairly plentiful in the Terai and Bhaba.”—C.A.C,

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Ban-kuka.

(35) VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw.

The Indian Fox. ‘

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 $6, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500'; 1 35, Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’;

1g, 192, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’; 2¢, Ramnagar,

1,100’.

‘Common in the Bhaba, does not ascend the hills and as a rule avoids

heavy forest.”—C.A.C.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12.)

(36) VULPES MONTANA, Pears.

The Hill Fox.

1836. Canis vulpes montana, Pearson, J.A.S.B.V., p. 313 (Jan.)

1836. Canis himalaicus, Ogilby, P.Z.S., p. 103. (Oct.)

1838. Vulpes nipalensis, Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H.1., p. 578.

1881. Vulpes aloper, Blanford, Mammalia No. 75.

13, Bageswar, 3,200’; 33d, 19, Takula, 5,300’; 1¢, Dhakuri,

9,000’; 1 (no skull) Lwarkhet, 6,000’ ;2 3 ¢, 29 9, Lohaghat,

Almora, 5,600’; 19, Champarat, Almora, 5,300’.

This animal somewhat resembles the Kuropean Fox.

‘‘ A common fox between the altitudes of 5,000 and 7,000 feet. I did not

observe any in the foothills or Bhaba. This species likes heavy forest, It

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, ' , 293

is rather noisy at night and frequently barks when approaching Carrion”

—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi). Pan dg, Panli 9.

(87). Musrena kaTHiaH, Hodgs.

The Yellow-bellied Weasel,

1835. Mustela (Putorius) kathiah, Hodgson, J.A.S.B. IV., p. 702.

1841. Mustela auriventer, Hodgson, J.A.S.B. X., p. 909.

1841. Mustela cathia, Hodgson, loc. cit.

1888. Putorius cathia, Blanford, Mammalia No. 85.

13,192, Bhowali, Naini Tal 7,000’.

About the size of the Common European Weasel or ‘ Ermine’. It is darker

though brighter coloured than that animal, and lacks the busky black tail

tip; moreover the underside is yellow, often almost orange instead of white,

winter coat like the Ermine.’

“T obtained two specimens from Bhowali where this Weasel appears to

be well-known and from information obtained from natives it has a fairly

wide range.”—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Musk-neula.

(388) Marres FLavicuta, Bodd.

The Northern Indian Marten.

1785. Mustela flavigula, Boddaert, Elench. Anim. p. 88.

1792. Mustela melina, Kerr, An. Kingd. p. 183.

1800. Viverra quadricolor, Shaw, Gen. Zool., Mamm. 1.2., p. 429.

1800. Mustela leucotis, Bechstein, Ueb. nerf. Thiers. II. p. 375.

1834. Mustela hardwickei, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. IV., p. 239.

1842, Galldictis chrysogaster, Ham. Smith, Jard, Nat. Lib. XV., p.

167.

1881. Mustela flavigula, Blanford, Mammalia No. 77

1 3g, Khati, 7,600’; 2 9 9, Dhakuri, 9,000’; 1 9, Takula, 5,300’ ;

1 3d, 1 skin only, Naini Tal, 7,000’; 1 6, Sitabani,

2,000’; 2 3g bg, 1 9, Lohaghat, Almora, 5,600’.

This animal in size and shape closely resembles the European “ Pine

Marten” from which however it is distinguishable at a glance by its black

head, hind-quarters and tail.

Mr. Bonhote examined very closely this group of Martens, and the above

synonymy is taken almost verbatim from his paper (A.M.N.H., VIL., p. 432,

1901). He recognised no less than 6 races. The trans-himalayan one

(d0realis, Radde) is a larger paler animal. The other races are from beyond

the limits of this Survey except perhaps peninsularts, Bonh., from the Malay

Peninsula, which may occur in our Tenasserim Collections. M. gwatkinsi

included by Blanford in his synonymy is now recognised as a distinct

species, its habitat is South India.

“Common from the base of the hills to 9,000 feet alt. and probably found

much higher up. Itis even reported from the Plains through rare low down.

Hunts usually in pairs, but 3 or 4 together are met with. It is an agile

climber but ungainly in its movements when on the ground, the mode of

progression then being a cumbersome gallop with the back highly arched.

At Dhakuri I found four living in a hollow tree, after two had been shot,

the others forsook this haunt.

I have heard and have found how tenacious of life the Indian Marten is.

On one occasion I shot one of a pair at short range, it dropped flat and

994 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

motionless and ten minutes later I found it had disappeared, leaving

a large pool of blood. Two days later, I found this Marten dead more

than half a mile from where it fell to my shot, though it had received a

heavy charge of shot through the liver and stomach.

A native at Takula told me that these Martens frequently killed his

domestic cats.”—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Chitrola ¢, Chitroli 9.

(389) Aonyx CINEREA, Illiger.

The Clawiless Otter.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

2, Naini Tal, 7,000’.

(See also Report No. 11.)

The name was twice misprinted ‘cinera”’ in the synonymy quoted

above.

(40) Lurra tuTrRa, L.

The Common Otter.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

1 and 2 skulls, Naini Tal.

. “Others are well distributed in Kumaon but much time is required to

obtain specimens and the few! trapped, struggled free during the night.” —

C.A.C.

(41) PETAURISTA ALBIVENTER, Gray.

Hodgson’s Flying Squirrel.

1834, Pteromys albiventer, Gray, Ul. Ind. Zool. IL., pl. 18.

1836. Sciuropterus magnificus, Hodgson, J.A.8.B. V., p. 231.

1891. Pteromys magnificus, Blamford, Mammalia No. 229.

656,222, Naini Tal, 7,000’.

A handsome bay flying squirrel with a large number of white hairs on the

back which gives it a grizzled appearance. The face, coloured like the

back, with grey cheeks, serve to distinguish it at once from caniceps, in

which the whole head is drab grey, while nodzlis, the third species from this

region, has a well defined pale line down the back, a character not present

in either of the others.

Very common in the oak forests immediately surrounding the station

of Naini Tal. They must be exceedingly local for in other parts of Kumaon

and searched most carefully for flying-squirrels, but did not see any and

only on one occasion (at Takula) did I hear this animal.

At this season December-January they do not emerge until just before

dark, but their presence may be detected by their pleasant crooning call,

by the quick grating noise of their teeth upon the acorns which form an

important part of their diet, and by the crashing of foliage as the squirrels

alight on trees after a flight. At the end of a long glide they appear to

land against the tree trunks with tremendous force and while in motion

it is usual for them to utter a continuous vibrating noise similar to that

made by a Knife-edge drawn sideways across a plate.

A nest in a hollow tree contained a single young one which was still

blind.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Kat-Kurria.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 295

(42) FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.

The Common Five striped Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 g, Dhakuri, 9,000';6 gd, 4 2 9, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 2 od,

ees Dela Ramnagar, L500 255 4 2.2 Q, Jerna Ram-

nagar, 1,500’; 1 dg, 3 Q ey Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’,

‘“* Common in the ‘ Bhaba’ but does not ascend the hills’’—C. A. C.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 12.)

(43) Tarra InpIca, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

4g 3,429, Ramnagar, 1,100'; 14, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’;

292 9, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

“« T saw no sign of this rat above the base of the foothills’ —C. A.C.

(See also all previous Reports except 3 and 14.)

(44) VANDELEURIA OLERACEA MODESTA, Thos.

The Kumaon Tree Mouse.

1891. Vandeleuria oleracea, Blanford, Mammalia No. 270 (partim).

1914. Vandeleuria oleracea modesta, Thomas, Journ. B. N. H. S.

239646,6 2 Q, Ramnagar, 1,100';1 3, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’;

13, Tanakpur, Naini Tal, 70,000’.

(45) VAaNDELEURIA RUBIDA, Thos.

The Ruddy Field Mouse.

1891. Vandeleuria oleracea, Blanford, Mammalia No. 270 (partwn),

1914. Vandeleuria rubida, Thomas, Journ. B. N. H. 8S. Vol. XXIII, p. 202.

19, Bageswar, 3,200’.

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, GRAY.

The Common Indian Rat.

635,722, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 1 9, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’ ;

4346, 599, Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’; 3¢d 6, 622,

Philibhit, 800’.

Variety with white underparts.

23 ¢,192, Lwarkhet, es ree ee tN aL OOS. Zeer

19, Dhakuri, 9,000';2¢ 5,82 2, Bageswar, 3,200’; hoe ors

ee Takula, 5, 350! ; 4 Gig 4 WY. Almora, 5,300! ;

eres kee Ratighat, DOV! se ch 5 2s OO | Naini Tal,

FL000% 2S. SBOE Ly Bhowali, S100. 1) GLO) Ose Sa Sita-

Dale OO Oates lL. o.O. Ramnagar, 1 100 « prs en ee ESS

Ranibagh; ii , 3 2 9, Dela Ramnagar, 1 500! ; ar tel yee an

Jerna “Ramnagar, E5003 18'S 3, 27 © OS Lohaghat’

5,600’,

There are two points which cannot fail to strike any one, even cursorily,

examining this fine series. Firstly, the dark bellied form alone is repre-

sented from Philibhit, a station on the railway. At Ramnagar, though

this form was taken, the white bellied variety was taken in equal numbers.

296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

From thence onward, even including Naini Tal and Almora,* only the

white bellied form appears in the collection. Secondly, the coloration at

several, especially of the higher, stations, is extraordinarily constant for

each locality, while noticeably differing from that of other stations.

Further in connection with Capt. Lloyd’s paper and conclusions on

the variations of “ Mus rattus’’ (Records, Ind. Mus. III, pt. 1. 1909), it

is most interesting to note that series of (1) the white bellied form of

rufescens, (2) E. vicerex and (3) E. nitedus were taken at Khati, living side

by side and breeding perfectly true, without hybrids, thus pointing to

a full specific difference between the three forms.

When the £. rufescens group in the survey comes to be worked out in

detail, this collection will be of the utmost value. I fear it is doubtful if

the survey will be able to extend collecting to much more of the Himala-

yas : if any member would lay himself out to make a collection represen-

tative of some other district such as this, he would do a most excellent

work.

(47) Hpimys vICEREX, Bonh.

The North Asian Rat.

1908. Mus vicerex, Bonhote, A. M. N. H. XI, ser. 7, p. 473.

1891. Mus rattus, Blanford, Mammalia. No. 272 (partim).

4g 6,32 9, Dhakuri 9,000’; 6¢ 5, 6 Q 9, Khati, 7,600’.

Bonhote described his vwicerev from a specimen taken at Simla. About

a year earlier, Satunin (Ann. Zool. Mus. St. Petersburg, VII, p. 588, 1902)

described a form from Ferghana, Turkistan, whichis evidently very

closely related to, if not identical with, mcerex. We appear therefore to be

here on the southern limit of a North Asian species. |

This form is at once distinguishable from the white bellied variety of

rufescens by its shorter, markedly bicolor tail (dark above, pale below).

(48) Epimys nitipus, Hodgs.

1845. Mus nitidus, Hodgson, A. M. N. H. XV, p. 268.

1891. Mus rattus, Blanford, Mammalia No, 272 (partum).

46,5 2 9, Khati, Pindar Valley, 7,600’; 1 ¢,2 2 9, Lwar-

khet, 6,000/; 27 ¢ @, 33 9 9, Lohaghat, Almora, 5,600’; 2

3 5,3 2 9, Ratighat, 3,700’.

Though closely related to rufescens, this species is recognisable by its

shorter tail and pale blue grey underparts ; this colour effect is produced

by the slate coloured hairs being tipped with white.

“ According to the natives of Lohaghat this is a field rat which comes

near and into villages during the winter. It seems to be fond of rocky

situations and occasionally makes a small collection of nutshells outside

its abode’—C. A. C.

(49) Epimys NIVIVENTER, Hodgs.

The White-Bellied Rat.

1836. Mus (Rattus) niviventer, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. V., p. 234.

1891. Mus niviventer, Blanford, Mammalia No. 280.

2346, 72 2, Dhakuri, 9,000’.

This species is separated from the rufescens group by its bicoloured tail as

well as by skull characters. . nzviventer, which is a grey brown colour

above, has a tail only slightly exceeding the head and body in length.

*'l'hese are European cantonments and there must be a constantly recurring

chance of importing dark bellied individuals from the Railway,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 297

(50) Eprimys FULVEsCENS, Gray.

The Chestnut Rat.

1846. Mus fulvescens, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Nep. p. 18.

1849. Mus caudatior, Hodgson, A. M.N. H. ill, p, 203.

1891. Mus fulvescens, Blanford, Mammalia No. 275.

236, 72 9, Dhakuri, 9,000’.

These specimens are undoubtedly Hodgson’s caudatior, and equally

certainly, are the fulvescens of Gray. Hodgson does not seem to have

published any description, but in any case Gray’s older name must stand.

This is a rather bright coloured, reddish rat, markedly smaller and

ohter than the common Indian Rat; it is specially noticeable on account

of its very long tail which is as much as one-third longer than the head

and body.

(51) Mus sBoopuea, Gray.

The Indian Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

266, 1 9, Bageswar, 3,200; 4 ¢ g,3 2 Q,inal. 1, Almora,

mou; 2 9°O° Sitabani,’’2,0005 "18? dg p12 9 ©, in’al.‘1,

Ramnagar, 1,100/;‘1 ¢, Ranibagh, 2,500’; 6 gd ¢,2 99,

Dela Ramnagar, 1,500';2 ¢ ¢, Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500! ;

53 5,2 2 9, Lohaghat, 5,600’; 1 9, Tanakpur, 7,000’ ;

366,22 9, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 8,000’.

(52) Mus nomourvs, Hodgs.

Himalayan House Mouse.

1845. Mus homourus, Hodgson, A. M. N. H. XV, p. 268.

1891. Mus musculus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 282 (partim).

eee eats 000: 25 5, 19, Dhakuri, 9,000 3 od ¢,

292 9, Almora, 5,300’; 45 ¢, 19, Ratighat; 19, Naini Tal,

7,000’; 1¢, 22 2, Bhowali, 7,000’; 1 2, Ramnagar, 1,100’;

936,72 2, Lohaghat.

This and the following represent two of the three well marked groups

of house mice in India. The hair of the under parts in homowrus is slate

coloured with white tips, giving a general pale, blue-grey effect; in

- this it wost closely resembles the Mus musculus of Hurope. In Afghanistan

and the N. W. Frontier the house mouse is a white bellied one, best known

under the name of bactrianus. The present is probably the “ Himalayan”

form.

Hodgson originally published the name as ‘homoourus’ but’ as he shortly

afterwards published it as above, I think we may strain a point and treat

the first spelling as a misprint.

“A common mouse in the hills, it prefers the neighbourhood of villages

but is also found in hedgerows and in forest.’”’-—C.A.C.,

(53) Mus pustivus, Hodgs.

The Nepal House Mouse.

1845. Mus dubius, Hodgson, A. M. N. H. XV,p. 268.

1845. Mus urbanus, Hodgson, 1. c., p. 269.

1891. Mus musculus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 282 (partim).

13, Ratighat;10¢ 5,152 9, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 19, Jerna,

Ramnagar, 1,500’; 9¢ ¢,102 92, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

There can, I think, be no doubt that this is the animal named dubius

and urbanus by Hodgson, the type of colouration is exactly as in M. manei,

298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

but the present form is much lighter throughout. Should it be found later

on that the two forms cannot be separated the present name must stand

for the whole lot as mane: was not published till 1852. This species under

various names seems to be the house mouse of the ‘ Plains.’

“Common below the hills.”—C.A.C,

(54) LEGGADILLA GURKHA, Thos.

The Nepal Spiny Mouse.

1914. Leggadilla gurkha, Thomas, Journ. B. N. H. 8S. Vol. XXIII, p. 199.

13 (type), Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500'/;1¢, Ramnagar, 1,100’; 19,

Bageswar, 3,200’.

linclude the Bageswar specimen with considerable hesitation. It is

very considerably darker and differsin other ways, but it is avery old

individual, and I am not prepared to establish a new species for it, possi-

bly our Sikhim Collection may throw some light on its relationships.

(55) APODEMUS SYLVATICUS GRISEUS, True.

The Kumaon Long-tailed Field Mouse.

1894. Mus arianus griseus, True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVII, p. &.

1896. Mus arianus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 286 (partim).

205 5,102 9, Phurkia, 10,700’; 13, Martoli.

I place this series under True’s name griseus with some hesitation. A

detailed re-examination of the sylvaticus group as represented in India

will almost certainly result in its being awarded a name to itself. A.

sylvaticus is the common field mouse of Europe.

“Taken on open, rocky ground clothed with long grass and balsam, very

plentiful at Phurkia. I saw no sign of this mouse at lower elevations.”

—C, A.C,

(56) Nesoxkia GRIFFITHI, Horsf.

The Mountain Mole Rat.

1851. Nesokia griffith, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. H. HE. I. L. Mus., p. 145.

1891. Nesokia hardwicket, Blanford, Mammalia No. 294 (partem).

1d, Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’.

The type of Nesokia gr iffithi i is said to have come from “Pushut, Afghani-

stan.” The present specimen agrees very fairly with the description and

with the type, which however was a quite young animal. Some specimens

in the National Collection from Kohat and Rawal Pindi I referred to this

species in my paper of some years back (Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XVill,

p. 740) and with some hesitation I place this specimen also under g77ffitht.

(57) GUNOMYS TARAYENSsIS, Horsf.

The Tarai Mole Rat.

1855. Mus tarayensis, Horsfield, A. M. N. H. XVI, p. 112.

1855. Mus plurimammis, Horsfield, loc. cit.

1855. Mus morungensis, Horsfield, loc. cit.

1891. Nesokia bengalensis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 295 (partim).

496,12 2 9, Bageswar, 3;200'; 7 2 9, Takula, 5,800’.

There is very little in their colour to distinguish these from kok of

Madras.

The three names given above were ascribed by Horsfield to Hodgson,

but as Hodgson had not published them the responsibility for them is on

Horsfield. Luckily the types of all three are in the South Kensington

Museum, and there can be no doubt that the three are the same animal.

Whether all three are also bengalensis, we can only decide when we have

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 299

material from Lower Bengal to guide us. J have compared skulls of the

present series with those representing bengalensis, in the Natural History

Museum and I come to the conclusion, as I did some years ago, (Journ.

B. N. H. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 743, 1908,) that these two species are quite

distinct.

(58) GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.

The Indian Bush Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 2, Bageswar, 3,200’; 1 5,1 9, Sitabani, 2,000’/;1 ¢, Naini

Tal, 7,000’; 43 6,4 299, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500’; 1 9,

Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500'.

This presumably should be the Mus myothrix of Gray ; that name was

based on a mutilated flat skin contributed by Hodgson; its colouring is

much brighter than anything in this series.

‘“* Decidedly rare in Kumaon.’’—C.A.C.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4+, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11.)

(59) Microrus (ALTICOLA) ROYLEI, Gray.

Royle’s Vole,

1842. Arvicola roylei, Gray, A. M. N. H. X., p. 265,

1891. Microtus roylei, Blanford, Mammalia No. 300.

16 6 6,16 2°, Phurkia, 10,700';1¢,22 2, Martoli.

Gray in describing the species gave the type locality as “ India (Cash-

mere) ;’’ his Indian localities however are very often erroneous. A good

deal of collecting has been done in recent years in Kashmir, notably by

Col. Ward, no specimen representing roylei has been found. The

common vole of Kashmir is M. montosa, True (zmitator, Bonhote). Miss

Ryley, who had carefully compared the two species, has left a note on

record here to the effect that ‘ M. roylei is slightly smaller, has a shorter

tail, and has different colouration.”” Dr. Royle, who was Superintendent

of the Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur, and after whom the species was

named, published a book entitled ‘Illustrations of the Botany and other

branches of the Natural History of the Himalaya Mountains and of the

Flora of Cashmere.” (1839.) Though he gave his chief attention to

Botany, he also made a collection of Mammals. Mr. Ogilvy, in an appen-

dix to the above book entitled “Memoir on the Mammalogy of the

Himalaya,’’ wrote a note on the distribution of the Mammals of the

Himalayas, based chiefly on this Collection. He does not mention a

Microtus by name, but refers to an extremely short tailed rat occurring in

the higher Ranges of Kumaon, which it seems to me can be no other than

our present species, and Gray’s type specimen most probably was from the

same locality. The type was originally in spirits, and was skinned out

comparatively recently, it is now in very poor condition, but measurements

and skull characters correspond very fairly with our present series.

“Trapped on the same ground as Apodemus ; both were frequently taken

under the same small rock. In Kashmir I observed that Microtus and

Apodemus were invariably found on the same ground.’’—C. A. C,

(60) Hystrix Leucura, Sykes.

The Indian Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 2, Jerna Ramnagar, 1,500’.

136,229, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

This, no doubt, is Hodgson’s nepalensis (the name was overlooked and

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX111.

should be added in the synonymy referred to above as Journ. Sc. Beng.,

p. 220, 1841), but I cannot see that it really differs from leucura. It is

certainly not the Short-crested Bengal Porcupine.

“Porcupines are distributed throughout Kumaon up to an elevation of at

least 8,000 feet and I found quills at Khati 7,650 feet. I failed to obtain

any specimens from the hills where, from their habit of dwelling among

rocks instead of burrowing as in the plains, they are more difficult to locate

and cannot be dug out. On several occasions I sat up for porcupines at

night, but this is not a very profitable game and needs endless patience.

They are very common in the Terai where, during the hot weather they lie

up for the day in long grass and are put up by elephants when beating for

tiger.

At Jerna I was pushing my way through a tangle of grass which appeared

to have been purposely pushed over to form a network of tunnels. In one

of these I perceived the motionless form of a porcupine, not more than a

yard from the muzzle of my rifle. The expanding bullet entered a little

behind the shoulder carrying away much of the animal’s inside but he went

fully thirty yards at top speed before dropping dead.

At Pilibhit porcupines are exceedingly common near the town and are

doing such immense damage to the potato and other crops that a reward of

Rs. 2 per head is given for their capture ’’.—C.A.C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Sowla.

(61) Lepus rnuFicaupatus, Geoff.

The Common indian Hare,

1826. Lepus ruficaudatus, Geoff., Dict. Class. ch. hist. nat. LX, p. 381.

1840. Lepus macrotus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., p. 1183.

1891. Lepus ruficaudatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 320.

1 9, Bageswar, 3,200’; 1g, Takula, 5,300’; 1g, Ramnagar, 1,100;

13,12, Dela Ramnagar, 1,500; 1¢, Jerna Ramnagar,

1,500/; 23 3, Philibhit, Rohilkhand, 800’.

These specimens must be placed here until we have undoubted rujficau-

datus with which to compare them. Hodgson distinctly states that he has

compared hares from all parts of the Gangetic Valley and could detect no

difference.

‘“Not known above the Valley below Lwarkhet. Only four were seen

between Bageswar and Almora. I am told hares are common near

Almora. Thay are plentiful in the ‘Dhaba’. At LohaghatI saw one at

quite 7,500 feet elevation and saw a few 2,000 feet lower down

but they were always difficult to get a shot at and I failed to

obtain a specimen.’”’—C. A. C.

(62) OcHoTONA ROYLEI, Ogilvy.

The Himalayan Mouse Hare,

1839. Lagomys roylei, Ogiby, Royle’s Ill. Botany, etc., Himalaya, p.

LXIX, pl. 4.

1841. Lagomys nepalensis, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., X., p. 854, p. 816,

1891. Lagomys roylei, Blanford, Mammalia No. 327.

236,629, Phurkia, 10,700’; 35 5,892 9, Martoli.

These Mouse Hares are small tailless animals something like a guinea

pig when seen at a distance. The present species is one of the most sober

coloured of the genus, being all over reddish brown with a whitish band

.across the back of the neck.

“This Mouse Hare is plentiful above Phurkia, only stragglers being

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 301

found below 11,000’. It is found only among rocks and heaps of stones,

making no burrows, but when necessary enlarging hollows under the rocks.

Apparently only one pair of adults inhabits a fairly large area. Mouse

hares are perhaps the most popular and fascinating little animals of the

Western Himalayas, their timid interest in the movements of a traveller

being sometimes the only cheerful incident during marches over boulder

strewn wastes. When approached, a mouse hare generally seeks the

shelter of his particular pile of rocks; a position can then be taken up about

10 yards away, and in time he will reappear, peeping over the top of a rock,

or sitting motionless while deciding whether the intruder is dangerous or

not. Once satisfied that there is no cause for alarm, he becomes bold, racing

over and round the rocks and making rapid springs from one projection

to another, vanishing suddenly and popping up in unexpected places, he

may now snatch a few hasty mouthfuls of grass, with intervals for scratch-

ing his back and washing his face, then in a flash he is gone,’”’—C. A. C.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Mitua.

(63) Muntiacus vAGINatis, Bodd.

The Barking Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1 2, Bageswar, 3,200’.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Kukri.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 6, 7, 11 and 14.)

(64) Rusa unicotor, Bechs.

The Sambhar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 2, Sitabani, 2,000’.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Jereow.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 11.)

(65) NemMornzpvus Gora, Hardw.

The Grey Himalayan Goral.

1825. Antilope goral, Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV, p. 518.

1827. Antilope duvaucelli, H. Smith, Griff. An, Kingd. IV, p. 279.

1907. Urotragus bedfordi, Lydekker, Game Animals, Ind., p. 151.

1891. Cemas goral, Blanford, Mamunalia No. 354.

12, Ratighat, 3,700’.

The latest authority, Lydekker’s ‘ Catalogue of the Ungulates’, following

Pocock, recognises two species of Goral for the Indian Himalaya, viz.,

goral for the Western and hodgsoni for the Eastern. The present specime

comes apparently from the Eastern limit of the species.

Vernacular name—(Hindi) Goer.

302

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES—(continued),

By |

Cart. W. H. Evans, R.E.

11. Thecla mackwoodi, n. sp. Above dark shining brown. A small dark

grey depressed oval patch of modified scales beyond the apex of the cell

on the forewing. Hindwing furnished with two tails and an anal lobe;

outer tail long, inner tail short, about the size of the tail in Zephyrus ;

anal lobe bright orange, outwardly edged by two fine dark lines; ground

colour considerably darkened between the two tails. Outer margin of the

hindwing straight between veins 6 and 3, at which point it is dentate.

Below dull dark brown, not so dark as above; a straight narrow silver

discal band across both wings, which from vein 2 on the hindwing runs

to the dorsum in a distorted line. Two large black spots at the anal angle

of the hindwing, broadly crowned with orange. On both wings internally

silver lined obscure dark marginal markings, which on the forewing are

enlarged to prominent detached spots in interspaces 1 and 2. Expanse

1:5 inches. Caught by Mr. F. M. Mackwood at Maymyo in April 1912.

T. mackwoodt is very different to the only true Vhecla described so far

from India, vz., sassanides, Koll.; Col. Tytler has discovered another member

of this genus at Manipur, but it is quite unlike mackwoodi. T. mackwoodi

is very closely allied to 7. exima, Fixsen, from China, from which it

differs in having the discal silver line below much more prominently

marked and in that the marginal markings towards the outer angle of the

forewing below are much enlarged, a character it shares with Zephyrus

letha, Watson, zha, Hew. and Chetoprocta odata, Hew. The female of

mackwoodt will probably be found to differ from the male in having a

broad orange patch on the disc of the forewing above, as have all the

females of this group of Thecla.

12, lambrix tytleri, n. sp. Ground colour dark brown above. Two large

pale yellow hyaline spots on the disc of the forewing, wz., one at the upper

end of the cell, contracted at the upper edge as in Scobura cephaloides, DeN.,

the second below in space 2; the inner edges of these two spots in line, as

in Scobura cephala, Hew.; the outer edge of the lower spot much nearer .

to the termen, as in Suastus gremius, Fab. Two or three minute yellow

hyaline spots at the apex as in many Hesperiide, and an opaque yellow

spot in the middle of space 1. Hindwing unmarked. Below the pattern

of the hindwing recalls Jambrix salsala, M.; the costa and the apex of the

forewing and the whole of the hindwing are bright ferruginous overlaid with

darker scales; remainder of the forewing black, except the outer portion

near the tornus, which is pale. Spots on the forewing as above. On the

hindwing there are five small silver spots; one in the cell, one on the

middle of the costa in space 7, one beyond the cell in space 5 and two

below, close together, in spaces 2 and 8. Cilia of the forewing concolorous ;

of the hindwing a good deal paler. The female resembles the male, the

ground colour being rather paler and the spots slightly larger. HExpanse

30 mm.

The terminal joint of the palpi is erect, long and slender; the second

submedian vein 38, arises from just before the end of the cell; thus accord-

ing to Watson’s key the insect falls within the genus Jambrix. The

underside of the hindwing bears a considerable resemblance to J. salsala ;

the forewing in bearing only two large discal spots resembles S. cephala.

Several males and one female were obtained by Col. Tytler in the

Naga Hills in September 1913. Type male in my collection; type female

in Col. Tytler’s.

.- NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 303

13. Plastingia tytleri, n.sp. Above dark brown, unspotted; cilia at the

anal angle of the hindwing elongated and orange coloured, this colour

extending but slightly on to the wing ; streaks of yellow hair on the middle

of the inner margin of the forewing and on the hindwing along the inner

margin from the base to well beyond the middle, at the base of the cell

and two small streaks on the disc beyond the cell. Cilia concolorous

except atthe anal angle. Below the entire hindwing, the apex of the fore-

wing broadly and the costa narrowly ochreous yellow ; the remainder of

the forewing black ; on the dise of the hindwing there are some obscure

darker patches. Expanse 30 mm.

Vein 5 of the hindwing is much bent down at the origin and the antennz

are very long ; thus the insect falls in Pirdana or Plastingia, two closely

allied genera. Though in appearance more like a Pirdana, it agrees in the

shape of the wing with Plastingia, the outer margin being short and the

hindwing produced, rather as in /atova, Hew. Above the insect resembles

Pirdana hyela, Hew., but the blue colour is lacking; below, except for the

spots it is like Scobura cephala, Hew. There is a likeness also to a small

Ismene, but the palpi are quite different.

Described from a single specimen in Col. Tytler’s collection and obtained

by him at Sebong, Manipur, in March 1914.

14. Orthopetus mackwoodi,n.sp. Mr. Mackwood recently sent me to

identify several butterflies caught by him in Burma. Amongst them was a

large skipper resembling so far as I know no known species. I was not able

to set it and so close examination was impossible ; it agrees best with

Orthopeetus lalita, Doh, especially as regards shape and size, though quite

different in appearance. It is very dark brown above with a yellow frons.

There is a large hyaline white spot just before the end of the cell of the

forewing and a spot on the costa above it, the latter being placed rather

nearer to the base. There are no other markings and the underside is

exactly similar to the upperside. It differs so from any other species

that there would be no difficulty in recognising it, if caught again. It was

captured at Anisakan, near Maymyo, on March 24th, 1914.

15. Occurrence of Mandarinia regalis, Leech, in Burma. Mr. H. V. Ellis,

D. C. Forests, obtained about a dozen of this interesting species in the

Northern Shan States in April 1914. The butterfly is the size of a rather

large Myclesis, say nicotia, Hew.; the male is black above, shot a beautiful

dark blue in certain lights ; the forewing is crossed by a curved discal band

of bright cyaneous blue; below the ground colour is dull black and there

are the usual ocelli, with obsolete irides and bordered by silvery lines.

The female differs in that the band is narrower and the hindwing is not

shot with blue. In the male the dorsum of the forewing is highly convex

and there is a brush, etc., on the hindwing as in most species of Mycalesis.

Mandarinia differs from Mycalesis in that none of the veins on the fore-

wing are swollen at the base.

M. regalis is the only known species in the genus and was described

by Leech in 1889 from West and Central China, where it is said to be

“local, not plentiful.’ Fruhstorfer in 1906 described baroncsa as a local

race from Tonkin, differing in having the band on the forewing narrower.

The Shan States form agrees with daronesa as regards the width of the

band, but in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera this race is depicted with the band

continued on to the hindwing; if this latter feature is a mistake, no men-

tion being made of it in the text, then the Indian form should stand as

baronesa.

Mr. Ellis is to be congratulated on discovering this interesting addition

to the Indian fauna.

16. Arhopala ellisi, n.sp. During July 1912 Mr. Ellis obtained a long

304. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

series of pale blue Arhopalas at Maymyo, all of which I at first took to be

aberrans, DeN.; I found, however, on closer examination that I could easily

separate them into two groups. Later I had the opportunity to compare

them in Calcutta with De Niceville’s types of aberrans ; one group proved

to be aberrans, but the other group represents a new species which I

propose to call ellst,

The new species is very closely allied to aberrans ; it is slightly larger; ;

in the male the outer black border, which in aberrans consists of a very

narrow line, is a good deal broader, increases in width towards the apex

and has the inner edge rather irregular. There is no difference in the

markings below, but the ground colour except at the bases is very much

paler, in fact practically white.

Several specimens of the dry season were caught by Mr. Ellis at

Pakokku, at 4,000 feet in January 1914, flying in company with aberrans ;

it only differs from the dry season form in having a more washed out

appearance.

17. Further changes in the list of Indian butterflies. (J. B. N. B.S.

XXI 982 and XXII 761). Since No. 9 of these notes was written, Fruh-

torfer has progressed with the Nymphalide in Seitz’s Macro-leydoptera

Indo-australica and Swinhoe has completed Lepidoptera Indica.

The following notes are from the Macro-lepidoptera :—

(1) Stictopthalma camadeva, Wd. Fruhstorfer says that camadevoides,

DeN., is common in the Khasi Hilis. He is wrongas nceviller, Rober, is

the Assam race, while camadevordes is, as far as I know, confined to Upper

Burma and is a very distinct form, which is more than can be said for

niceviller,

(2) Apatura ambica, Koll., is confined to the Western Himalayas ; namouna,

Db., given as the race from Sikkim and Assam ; garlanda, Fruh. as the race

from Upper Burma and the Shan States.

(3) Apatura osteria, Wd., is placed in the genus Eulaceura ; the typical

form is confined to Java and the indian race given as kumana, Fruh.

(4) Apatura parisatis, Wd. The South Indian race is given as atacinus,

Fruh., camiba, M., being confined to Ceylon.

(5) Sephisa chandra, M. Fruhstorfer gives the following forms of females:

The rarest form resembles the male ; atiya has broad white transcellular

and pale blue median spots on the forewing and clear white spots on the

hindwing ; djalia, the commonest form, has the transcellular spots small,

yellowish, the median spots dark blue and the hindwing streaked with blue

on the disc ; veria resembles djalia, but the streaks on the hindwing are

reduced to dots. Fruhstorfer has adopted a completely different system

to that which I followed in naming the forms albina and chandrana in

my list; my names have priority.

(6) Parhestina is replaced by Diagora. Nicevillec, M., is said to be near the

Chinese subviridis, Leech. ‘

(7) $tibochiona nicea, Gray; dry season form viridicans, Fruh.

(8) Abrota ganga, M., jamna, M., probably represents the dry season form;

confinis, Fd., is a separate species from China.

(9) Adolias dirtea, Fab. The typical form is confined to the Malay Pe-

ninsula; the Burmese race is yadectena, Fruh., which is perhaps only the dry

season form of eleanor, Fruh., described from Siam. An albinotic female of

the race khasiana, Swin., is given as dolia, Fruh., and an aberration with the

spots on the hindwing fulvous instead of white, dzteoides, Fruh.

(10) Euthalia cibaritis, Hew., is placed in Tanase a form with narrow

markings is vimaya, Fruh.

(11) Euthalia lepidea, But., is confined to N. E. India, the wet season

form of which is adustata, Fruh. The smaller, paler race from South

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 305

India is miyana, Fruh. The Burmese race with darker grey borders is

sthavara, Fruh. The blue-banded andersoni, But., from Tenasserim, is

placed as a race of flora, But., from the Malay Peninsula.

(12) Euthalia cocytus, Fab., is confined to Siam; the Indian race is

satropaces, Hew.

(13) Euthalia julii, Boug., from the Malay Peninsula is the oldest name

for what we have always called appiades, Men. Appiades is the Sikkim

race of which virescens, Fruh.,is the dry season form. <Adima, M., is the

oldest name for the Assam race and was named froma male with the

blue border obsolete: khasiana, Swin, shows traces of the blue border and

balarama, M., has it fully developed ; sedeva, M., is a female with large white

spots on the forewing. The Burmese race is given as wiphiones, But.

(14) Euthaliajahnu, M. The form from the Karen Hills is intermediate

to jahnides, Fruh, from Siam.

(15) Euthalia kesava,M. The nymotypical form is confined to Assam ;

the Sikkim race is given as arhat, Fruh., and the Burmese race, discispilota

M., of which the dry season form is rangoonensis, Swin.

(16) Euthalia garuda, M., is given from Assam with the dry season form

as mertlia, Swin. Anayama, Fruh., is the race from the N. W. Himalayas

to Bombay ; suddhodana, Fruh., from Sikkim and Bengal; apama, Fruh., is

the Burmese race ; and mertdionalis, Fruh.—diversa, Evans, the race from

South India and Ceylon; acontius, Hew., the Andaman race.

(17) Euthalia vasanta,M. Females with the white band absent are

Sulica, Fruh.

(18) Euthalia jama, Fd., is the Assam race, jamda, Fruh., the Sikkim one

and verena, Fruh., the Upper Burmese form.

(19) Euthalia eriphylae, DeN., is given from Burma and delmana, Swin., as

the race from Assam.

(20) Euthalia apicalis, Voll., is from Borneo and is a race of merta, M.,

from Burma. ;

(21) Euthalia kanda, M., is confined to Borneo and the Burmese race

given as elicius, DeN.

(22) Euthalia anosia, M., is given from Assam to Burma and saitaphernes,

Fruh., as the Sikkim race.

(23) Euthalia binghami, DeN., is placed as a race of mahadeva, M., from

_ Java and represents an extreme dry season form, zichrina, Fruh., being the

wet season form; z2chr2, But., which has heretofore been considered as a

separate species is given as a race of mahadeva flying in Borneo.

(24) Euthalia lubentina, Cr., is confined to China. Indica, Fruh., is the

race occurring in India, North of Bombay, and Burma. Other Indian races

are arasada, Fruh., South India, and psittacus, Fruh., Ceylon.

(25) Euthalia franciae, Gray, flies from Nepal to Bhutan. The form

from Assam and Upper Burma is raja, Fd., of which galara, Fruh., with white

spots, represents the extreme dry season form. <Attenuata, Tytler, must

presumably be sunk as a synonym of raja.

(26) Euthalia gupta, DeN., and goodricht, Dist., are placed as races of

bellata, Druce, from Borneo.

(27) Euthalia sahadeva, M., is confined to Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan;

the Assam race is nadaka, Fruh., and the Burmese one narayana, GrS8.

(28) Euthalia derma, Koll., is placed as a race of the Ceylon evelina,

Stoll; the Burmese race is probably the same as vallona, Fruh., from Siam.

(29) Parthenos cyaneus, M., is given as a separate species as the valve of

genitalia is elongated; the remaining Indian forms are placed as races

of sylvia, Cr.,from New Guinea. Specimens of the Chinese race sylla, Don.,

which has the bases suffused blue green, are found in Tenasserim flying

with typical gambrisius, Fab.

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

(30) Liminitis procris, Cr., is the Northern form, of which chlaena, Fruh., is

the dry season form. The South Indian race is wundifragus, Fruh.

Calidasa, M., from Ceylon is treated as a separate species.

(31) Liminitis trivena, M., Himalayas; ligyes, Hew., is the race from

Kashmir and Kunawur; hydaspes, M., the race from Chitral and Western

Kashmir.

(32) Pantoporia pravara, M., is confined to North Borneo; the Indian

race is acutipennis, Fruh.

(33) Pantoporia larymna, Db., is confined to Java; the Indian race is

stamensis, Fruh.

(34) Pantoporia kanwa, M., is a Java insect; the Indian race is phorkys,

Fruh.

(35) Pantoporia kresna, M., is the Bornean race of the Sumatran reta, M.,

and the name of the Indian race is reta mooret, Fruh.

(36) Pantoporia ranga, M., is confined to North India and Burma, the

wet season form being mahesa, M.; the South Indian race, which differs in

lacking the white submarginal spots on the hindwing is karwara, Fruh.

(37) Pantoporia abiasa, M., is from Java; the Indian race is clerica, But.

(38) Pantoporia selenophora, Koll. The nymotypical form flies in the

Himalayas as far East as Sikkim; the Assam race is bahula, M., which

name also applies to Burmese specimens. Fruhstorfer has seen no speci-

mens from South India but thinks that they are certain to differ from the

Northern forms. ;

(39) Pantoporia zeroca,M. The Burmese form is probably the same

as the Siamese galesus, Fruh.

(40) Pantoporia cama, M. The dry season form is ecamida, Fruh.

(41) Pantoporia nefte inara, Db.; the wet season form is znarina, But.

Asitina, Fruh.,is the wet season form of the race asita, M. For nivifera, But.,

from Mergui the older name is subrata, M., described from a grey brown

female; the orange red variety of female is neftina, Fruh. The Andaman

race rufula, DeN., is treated as a distinct species.

(42) Pantoporia sulpitia, Cr., is from China; the Burmese race is adamsoni,

(43) Neptis hylas,L. -Astola, M., is the oldest name for the prevailing form

in North India. and Burma; emodes, M., is the alpine wet season form

which we have always known as astola, and adara, M., is an

intermediate form. _ Swinhoet, But., is the South Indian race. Varmona,

M., is the Ceylon race, of which disrupta, M., is the extreme wet season

form and kamarupa, M., the dry season form.

(44) Neptis nata,M., is confined to Borneo; the Indian race is eresina,

Fruh.

(45) Neptis nandina, M., from Java has the following races in India;

susruta, M., Hastern Himalayas and Burma ; hampsoni,M., from South India;

clinta, M., from the Andamans, of which mananda, M., is the wet season

form.

(46) Neptis soma, M., is said to differ very slightly from nandina, but

the genitalia are quite distinct ; the markings in soma are always more or

less obscured. The Indian races are soma, M., from the Eastern Himalayas

and Burma of which adipala, M., is the wet season form; kallaura, M., from

South India. The Southern hampsoni and kallaura are easily distinguished,

but the Northern nandina and soma seem to run into one another.

(47) Neptis jumbah, M., is given from India and Burma, with the follow-

ing island races; nalanda, Fruh., Ceylon; amorossa, Fruh., Andamans;

binghamt., Fruh., Nicobars.

(48) Neptis zaida,Wd. The dry season form is paliens, Fruh.

(49) Neptis manasa, M., and xycteus, DeN., are kept separate, but

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 307

Fruhstorfer thinks that manasa may have been described from an aberration ;

in this he is wrong, as I have seen two species of manasa and Oberthur has

recorded others.

(50) Neptis vikasi, Hors. The Sikkim race is given as harita, M., with

pseudovikasi, M., as the wet season form; previous authors have treated

these two forms as separate species. The larger race from Assam and

presumably Burma, which is not mentioned, is swavior, Fruh.

(51) Neptis columella, Cr., is confined to China and the North Indian

race is given as ophiana, M.

(52) Neptis radha,M. Asterastzlis, Ober.,is placed as a race of this species

instead of being referred to narayana, M.

(53) Neptis ananta,M. The dry season form is sztzs, Fruh.

(54) Neptis fuliginosa, M., from Tenasserim, is kept doubtfully separate

from the Philippine ebusa, Fd. Thamala, M., from Merguiis put as a race of

Fuliginosa.

(55) Rahinda is treated as a separate genus. Assamica, M., is placed

as the Assam race of paraka, But.

(56) Cyrestis rahrioides, M., is treated as a distinct species intermediate

between risa, Db., and rahria, M.

(57) Penthema lisarda, Db. The Chin Hill race is given as mihintala,

Fruh ; below dull brown instead of reddish, streaks and cell spots above

larger.

(58) Penthema binghami, Wm., is put as a race of darlisa, M.

(59) Atella alcippe, Cr, ; the Andaman race is andamana, Fruh.

(60) . Calinaga is placed next Hestina in the Apaturidi on account of its

genitalia resembling those of the Apatura group.

The following notes are taken from Lepidoptera Indica :—

(61) In the genus Telicota are placed augias, L., and bambuse, M.

Palmarum, M., is put under Corone and the dara, gola group in Padraona.

(62) Telicota dara, Koll., is confined to the Himalayas and North Burma.

The following dara like species are given ; satra, Fruh., a small dark species

from Ceylon, which Fruhstorfer himself places as a race of tropica, Plotz,

from Java ; mesoides, But., a small pale species occurring throughout the

Indian region ; ottala, a new species described from one pair from the

Karen Hills ; nala, Plotz, from Kulu and Mussoorie.

The splitting up of 7elicota into several genera does not appear to serve

any useful purpose. In facies except for gola, M.and concinna, El., and Ed.

the species are all very much alike. Augias and bambusw (Telicota proper)

bear in the male a broad stigma along the middle of the discal brown band

from vein | to 4, also in the male vein 3 is equidistant between 2 and 4.

Rectifasciata (placed in Padraona) bears a rather similar though very ob-

scure brand along the outer edge of the discal band ; vein 3 is only a little

nearer to 4 than to 2. The dara group has a distinct brand in the male

lying above and along the middle third of vein 1, a feature which appears

to have been overlooked hitherto ; palmarum, gola and concinna have no

secondary sexual characters ; in all these vein 3 is much nearer to 4 than

to 2. The females do not differ structurally in any way. The male brands

can be clearly seen by the application of benzine.

Superficially the genus can be divided into two groups, (1) gola and

concinna having the basal half of space 3 filled in with yellow and (2) the

remainder with a continuous dark brown discal band. The discal band

reaches the costa in the dara group but not in the remainder.

In the dara group Watson in Hesperiidze Indicz (1891) placed three

species, viz., dara, Koll., underside greenish, mesvzdes, But., underside mark-

ings defined with black, pseodomesa, M., underside ochreous and mentions

that Hampson obtained all three in the Nilgiris ; in his key to the Genera

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX

ofAsiatic Hesperiide (J. B. N. H. 8S. IX. 435), he repeated these three

species and again in his account of the butterflies of the Chin Hills (J. B.

N.H.S. X. 681), where he says that his identification may be wrong, but

he is sure that there are three species and also a fourth unnamed, perhaps

Swinhoe’s ottala ; in his list of the butterflies of Myingyan (J. A. S. B.

1897) he gives mesovdes and another species. DeNiceville in the Gazetteer

of Sikkim (1894) and in the butterflies of Mussoorie (J. B. N. H. 8S. XI.

600) gives mesovdes and dara separately : later (J. A. S. B. 1897) he says

mesoides=dara, Klwes and Edwards in their revision of the Oriental

Hesperiidze say that they have examined the genitalia of 18 specimens

and conclude that there is only one species, dara. Swinhoe now asks us

to accept 5 species and quotes Doherty as saying that the genitalia of

dara and meésoides are very different and that the former is greenish, the

latter tawny below.

Until lately I had placed all my 31 specimens over the label dara, but

on reading Swinhoe’s descriptions I set to and examined the genitalia of

all my 23 males and find that I have 5 species, though I have failed to

recognise ottala.

(a) Tropica satra | have from Ceylon and the Andamans. The clasp

ends in a broadly triangular point, thus (\ > very different to the rest

of the group; the tegumen tapers to a blunt point. Itis a small insect

with the yellow discal band confluent on both wings, not separated by

brown veins; the cell of the forewing is yellow with a short central, not

upper, basal brown streak.

(6) Next come two males from Mussoorie and Chitral, which I had

thought were typical dara, but they fall under Swinhoe’s nala, Plotz. On

the forewing the orange spots are small and separated by brown veins ;

the spots in 4 and 5 are projected outwards and completly separated from

the apical and discal series. On the hindwing there is a small spot in 7

and a larger one below in 6, while in the other species of the group there

is rarely one in 6, though usually a spotin 7. The most important diff-

erence isin the cilia, which are of an even length throughout, the long

hairs being very pale yellow andthe short hairs brown; in the other

members of the group the cilia are prominently lengthened at the anal

angle, the long hairs being yellow and the short hairs bright orange. The

genitalia resemble those of the next two species; the claspis thus -

deeply excavated in the middle and sharply pointed at the outer edge;

the tegumen tapers towards the apex, ending in an enlarged knob.

regards genitalia and facies. In (c) the apex of the tegumen is very

wide and usually excavated in the middle ; in (d) it is sharply pointed at

the apex. The clasp in (ce) is shaped thus C\ , the point being sharp.

and curving over towards the tegumen; in (d@) the clasp is the same as in

nala. In (c) the band on the hindwing is not divided into spots by the

veins in either sex and on the forewing the spots in 4 and 5 are usually

jointed to the apical and always to the discal series; in (d) the discal.

band on the hindwing is always divided into spots by brown veins and on

the forewing the spots in 4 and 5 are never joined to the apical and often

not to the discal series especially in the females. I have one specimen of

from Ceylon, the Palnis, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma. In size

and general appearance the two are very similar; the undersides are

extremely variable and do not serve to separate them. From Swinhoe’s

account of their distribution, (c) would appear to be dara and (d) mesoides,

though, as I mentioned above, Iam not sure that Kollar’s dara is not.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 309

the same as Plotz’s nala ; perhaps pseudomassa, But., will turn out to be the

correct name for (c). The type of Butler’s me@soides is a poor specimen.

without antennz from Malacca, and I have a note that the spots on the

hindwing are separated by brown veins. Thus it will be seen that the

nomenclature of the dara group requires a good deal of clearing up.

(e) Lastly, I have a single male caught by me in the Palni Hills at

5,000 feet in September 1909, which at the time I thought might turn out

to be a different species to any I had caught before. The genitalia are

very distinct ; the clasp is more or less evenly rounded at the apex, some-

what like the clasp of satra; the apex of the tegumen is broad and deeply

excavated in the middle. The insect resembles a rather large dara or

meesoides ; the markings on the forewing are much smaller than usual,

rather like those in a female of mesozdes ; on the hindwing the orange band

is not divided by brown veins and there is no spot at the end of the cell;

below the hindwing except at the dorsum is washed over with greenish

yellow of an unusual shade. Apart from the genitalia the differences are

small and I rather hesitate from inventing a name for the insect; how-

ever in case more are ever discovered, palnia will do.

(63) Halpe. Species without male brands, 7.c., astigmata, Swin., masoni,

M., and honore:, DeN., are placed in a new genus Thoressa. Lgena, Fd., 1s

given under the name brunnea M. Separata, M., and knyvetti, El. and Ed. are

not, I think, mentioned. Ornata, Fd., is sunkasa synonym of Pithauria

marsena, Hew. Burmana is described as a new species from Ataran, said

to very like homolea, Hew., but possessing a double spot in the cell; Mr.

Ellis has sent me several specimens of a Halpe from Arakan Yoma and the

North Shan States, which [have come to the conclusion are probably

burmana.

(64) Iton adamsoni is described as a new species from Chindwin; the

female is said to be suffused green blue on the underside.

(65) Parnara is separated into four genera; Baoris for ocea, Hew.,

Caltoris for kumara, M., and its allies; Chapra for mathias, Fab., etc.;

Parnara for guttatus, Br. and Gr., etc.

(66) Parnara oceia, Hew. Dr. Chapman has dissected 14 specimens and

finds that there are four species under the name oceva, viz., oceia, confined to

the Philippines ; Jeechz, El., confined to China ; farrz, M., the common Indian

species ; unicolor, M., from Sikkim and Assam, a species with no markings.

on the forewing.

(67) Parnara onchisa, Swin., is given as a distinct species; Elwes and

Edwards placed the male as = austeni, M., and the female = moolata, M.

(68) Parnara uma, DeN., is said to be nearer Prthauriopsis than Parnara.

(69) Parnara toona, M., is given as contigua, Mab.

(70) Parnara mathias, Fab., midea, Walker, is the desert form from

Turkey to Sind and Cutch. Subochracea, M., is given as a separate species.

(71) Parnara prominens, M., is given as s¢nensis, Mab.

(72) Parnara vaika, Plotz. (— philotas, DeN.,) and flevilis, Swin., are given

as separate species; they are almost certainly dwarfed forms of bada, M.,

and colaca, M., respectively, as is robsonit, DeN. of gremius, Fab.

(73) Gegenes nostrodamus, Fab., is given from Attock, Chitral and Kulu,

and karsana, M., as a separate species from Baluchistan, Sind, Bombay «nd

Kumaon ; karsana is probably the prevailing form in the desert regions and

the dry season form elsewhere.

The following notes are taken from the appendix to Lepidoptera Indica :—

(74) Danais eryx maghaba, Fruh., Sikkim is really from Formosa.

(75) Epinephele wagneri mandane, Koll., Swinhoe records one pair from

Quetta.

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XIII,

(76) Epinephele minoculus, ruh., Kashmir. I can find no trace of this

butterfly elsewhere ; perhaps a variety of cheena, M.

(77) Lethe chandica namura, Fruh., N. W. Himalayas is really from

Perak.

(78) Mycalesis medus turbata, Fruh., Nicobars is mentioned by Fruh-

storfer as the extreme dry season form of the ordinary medus, Fab.

(79) Elymnias malelas ivena, Fruh., Sikkim and Assam is really from

Siam.

(80) Athyma gynea, Swin., A.M.N.H.S. 1896, page 396. I have not at

present access to the original description ; the habitat is given as Burma.

(81) Papilio helena mopa, Roth, Bhutan is really from Buton in the

Phillippines. |

(82) Papilio pitmani leptosephus, ‘Fruh., Burma. A form with red mark-

ings, the locality of which is doubtfully given as Assam. Jordan thinks

that it = bazilanus, Fruh., from the Philippines.

(83) Papilio echo, Ehrman, Canadian Entomologist, XLI, page 85. I

have no access to the original description.

(84) Papilio clytia lanata, Fruh., South India. I can find no trace of

this.

(85) Appias libythes sopara, Fruh., a wet season form of zelmira, Cr.,

which is yellow above, from Assam and Tonkin.

(86) Appias lyncida gelbana, Fruh., Nicobars, a female form, which is

olive green above and with a yellow hindwing.

(87) Appias melania fasciata, Fruh., Ceylon, a wet season aberration of,

paulina, Or., with a black submarginal band on the hindwing below. |

(88) Hebomoia glaucippe aturia, Fruh., Tenasserim, Singapore, a race

with the red colour more extended into the cell.

dll

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR

ALLIES

(LAUGHING THRUSHES, BABBLERS, &c.)

Masor H. H. Harineton, Indian Army.

Part II.

GROUP I—(continued).

Laughing Thrushes.

TROCHALOPTERUM, Hodgson, 18438.

Jerdon,; B.I., 11., p. 42 ; Oates, F.B.I., i., p. 87.

“The following birds differ considerably from Garrulaz, in their

smaller size, more variegated plumage, more rounded wings, and also

in habits; for, though still associating in flocks, they do not keep

close together, but scatter through the brushwood.” (Jerdon.)

“The genus T’rochalopterum, merely differs from the three preced-

ing genera (Dryonastes, Garrulax and Lanthocinela) in having the base

of the bill quite free from all bristles and hairs, the nostrils and

their membrane being free and exposed.”’

“The wing is not more rounded nor is it shorter in those

genera when compared with other parts of the body.”

‘The majority of the Laughing-Thrushes of this genus have a

bright pattern on the wing; but this character is not of much use

apparently as a guide in tracing the affinities with other genera.”

(Oates. )

Mr. Oates also draws particular attention to the fact, that whilst

the majority of Laughing-Thrushes all lay spotless blue or white

eggs, afew of the Trochalopterum lay spotted eggs, and thought

that when the nidification of all were known, those laying spotted

eggs would most probably have to be removed.

Whilst working through this section of the Laughing-Thrushes, I

was struck with the fact, that the bill and shape of the nostril varied

greatly. Some birds having very stout, short, straight bills, with

oval and exposed nostrils, others a more delicate and slightly curved

one, with long narrow curved nostrils. When I made out a list of

the latter, I found that all those, whose nidification is known, lay

spotted eggs, whilst those having short straight bills and oval nostrils

lay spotless blue eggs. I have therefore come to the conclusion that

this group of the Laughing-Thrushes should be divided up into two

or more genera or sub-genera.

Further, [ find that Gray in his ‘‘ Genera of Birds,” 1., p. 225, has

already divided up to the Truchalopterum into two groups. His

‘Pterocyclus,”’ of which I give his definition, practically agrees with my

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

own observations, his name is unfortunately preoccupied, I therefore

should have liked to propose a name in remembrance of Mr. Oates,

who particularly drew attention to the fact that the colour of eggs is”

a great aid to the classification of birds, and more especially in the

Orateropodine.

At present I have only divided up the T’rochalopterwm into two

groups, according to the shape of their bills and nostrils.

KEY.

a. Bill stout, nostrils oval and exposed .. Section I—Tvrochalopterum.

6. Bill slender, nostrils narrow slits .. Section LI—(Pterocyclus.)

Section I.—(TROCHALOPTERUM).

Genus—TROCHALOPTERUM, Hodgson, 1843.

Type— Trochalopterum squamatum.,

Gray’s ‘‘Genera of Birds,” Vol. i., p. 226.

‘¢ Bill moderate with culmen much curved, and the sides compressed to

the tip, which is strongly emarginated ; the lateral margins slightly curved,

and the gonys short and ascending ; the gape furnished with a few long

bristles ; the nostrils lateral, basal, sunk in a groove, with opening anterior,

exposed and rounded.”

The billin this group is short, stout, slightly curved, and not notched

the nostrils oval and exposed ; and no overhanging hairs over the nostrils.

They all lay spotless blue eggs.

Key,

A,—Upper plumage not streaked.

a’, Primaries edged blue and black .. .. IL. squamatum,

b', Primaries edged grey and yellow .. .. DL. subunicolor.

B,.--Upper plumage streaked.

c': A white supercilium .. oak _ .. LT. virgatum.

d', No white supercilium me éé ... T. lineatum.

TROCHALOPTERUM SQUAMATUM, Gould.

The Blue-winged Laughing Thrush.

Lanthocincla squumata, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1835, p. 48.

Trochalopterum squamatum, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 367; Oates, F.

Bs Lit p96.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Add Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills, and the Kachin Hills,

Bhamo District, Burma.

Mr. Oates draws attention to the variation in the plumage of this species,

some birds having the black tail whilst others the bronzed one. 1 think

this must be individual, as I found the same thing in the birds I procured

. in Bhamo Hills, and a pair I shot both were differently coloured.

[It is certainly not the same variation as between G. pectoralis and G.

_monliger, which are perfectly distinct species inhabiting the same locali-

* ties, the former is a good deal bigger than the latter. I have also shot and

- trapped pairs of birds on their nests showing that these variations are

- entirely individual.—KE. C. S. B.]

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 313

TROCHALOPTERUM SUBUNICOLOR, Hodgson.

The plain coloured Laughing Thrush.

(Hodgson). Blyth, J. A.S. B., xii, p. 952 (1848); Sharpe, Cat. B.M., vii., p.

368; Oates, F. B. I. i., p. 94.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim.

TROCHALOPTERUM VIRGATUM, Godwin-Austin.

The Manipur Streaked Laughing Thrush.

Godwin-Austin, P. Z. 8., 1874, p. 46; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 379; -

Oates, F. B. 1., p. 100; Baker, Zdis, 1895, p. 48.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I. |

Hab,—Manipur, Cachar, Naga Hills, and’Chin Hills on the west of Burma,

where it was procured by Col. Rippon on Mt. Victoria, and by Capt.

Venning at Haka, and Mr. C. Hopwood, North Chin Hills.

Stuart Baker says he has found this bird breeding in the higher ranges

close to Manipur. It appears to build a very neat. and compact nest of

the usual type, and generally lays 3 eggs,rarely 2 or 4. These area

pale blue, and measure from 1:08” to ‘98” in length, and from ‘76" to ‘78"

in breadth.

TROCHALOPTERUM LINEATUM.

The Streaked Laughing Thrushes.

TROCHALOPTERUM LINEATUM LINEATUM, Vigors.

The Nepal Streaked Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z.S., 1831, p. 56.

Trochalopterum lineatum, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 377; Oates, F. B. L,,

i, p. 101, Hartert Vog. Pal. i., p. 636.

Oates in F. B. I. draws attention to the differences between birds from

different localities. Dr. Hartert has divided them up into three well

marked geographical sub-species.

This race is noticeable for its more highly coloured upper plumage, and

very rufous under parts. .

Hab.—Nepal.

TROCHALOPTERUM LINEATUM GRISESCENTIOR, Hartert.

The Simla Streaked Laughing Thrush.

Hartert, Vog. Pal. i., p. 636 (1910).

The greyer margins of the feathers much wider, and the streaks on the

upper plumage much paler. :

Hab.—¥rom Hazara W. Himalayas, Kumaon, Simla, and Southern

Kashmir. Also Kohat, the N. W. Frontier, birds from this last locality

seem greyer still than typical Simla birds. Capt. Whitehead informs me

that this sub-species on the N. W. Frontier leaves the higher ranges in

Winter and comes down lower. This is very interesting, and I think if the

wings were examined it might possibly show that birds from these localities

had a longer wing than the more sedantary races.

TROCHALOPTERUM LINEATUM GILGitT, Hartert.

The Gilgit Streaked Laughing Thrush.

Hartert, Vog. Pal.i., p. 636 (1910).

Lower plumage greyer and paler; the shafts whiter and frequently

terminating in,a triangular spot.

Hab.—Gilgit and N. Kashmir.,

314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

TROCHALOPTERUM LINEATUM IMBRICATUM, Blyth.

The Bristly Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax imbricatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xii., p. 951 (1848); Sharpe, Cat.

B. M., i., p. 379; Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 102.

Description, etc.-—as in Oates, F. B. I.

This is nothing but a geographical race of 7. lineatum from its type of

plumage, some specimens being barely separate from 7. J. lineatum from

Nepal,

Section IJ.—(PTEROCYCLUS).

Genus—PrErRocyc.ivs, Gray.

Type—P. erythrocephalum.

Bill moderate, and rather slender, with the culmen gradually

curved, and the sides compressed to, the tip; the nostrils basal, with

the opening large, lunate and partly covered by a membraneous

scale. (Gray, Genera of Birds, 1., p. 225).

Characteristics,—Bill slender, narrow and slightly curved ; compressed

towards the tip, which is slightly hooked and notched; nostrils placed near

the base of the bill, with a large sunken opening, the actual nostril consist-

ing of along, narrow, lunate opening ; a few hairs overhanging the gape;

tail, greatly graduated and longer than the wing; wing, the first four

primaries graduated.

All the birds of this group whose nidification is known, lay spotted eggs.

The Southern Indian birds, I think might be placed in a sub-group by

themselves, they all have a dull plumage, otherwise, from the shape of their

bills and nostrils, and from the colour of their eggs they belong to this group.

Key.

A.—Kither crown, or nape, or both chestnut .. TT. erythrocephalum.

B,—No chestnut on head.

a’, Wings brightly coloured.

a’, Wings chiefly crimson; tail back .. T. pheniciwm.

ba - . “ tail crimson. 1. malnev.

Cn ¥ » bright yellow.

a°®, Tail not tipped with white .. 1, afine:

b®. Tail tipped with white... .. TL. variegatum.

b’. Wings of a dull colour

d°, Breast rufous .. sae Ns .. TT. cachinnans.

e°. » Whitish streaked ashy .. dL gerdons

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCRPHALUM—MELANOSTIGMA.

The Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrushes.

This sub-section falls into two further natural sub-divisions, the first of

which T. e. erythrocephalum {(Vigors) may be taken as the type, has the upper

back and breast conspicuously spotted, and extends from the N. W.

Himalayas, through Nepal, Sikhim and Bhutan to Assam and Manipur,

from thence down the Chin Hills on the West of Burma, and most probably

along the unexplored ranges to the north of Burma to the Bhamo Hills.

The second sub-division of which 7’. m. melanostigma (Blyth) is the type,

have the upper back, neck and breast uniform, and not spotted. These

inhabit the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, extending northwards into

Tenasserim, the Shan States and Karannee

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 315

In the Salween-Mekong water-shed, we have the connecting link between

the spotted and unspotted groups. In the British Museum there are

three specimens of 7’, melanostiyma, collected by Mr. H. N. Thompson,

which have the breast obsoletely spotted, the feathers of the breast also

being edged with pale grey, these as connecting links I think are worthy of

sub-specific rank.

Key,

A,—Back and breast with large dark spots.

a. These spots black.

a‘, No conspicuous grey supercilium.

. Ear-coverts chestnut, hpped black

and white... T. e. erythrocephalum.

6’, Kar-coverts black margined pinkish

white .. . T.e. nigrimentum.

Ear-coverts chestnut like the « crown . T. e. erythrolema.

y conspicuous grey supercilium.

. Ear-coverts chestnut .. .. TL. e. godwint,

. Ear-coverts grey with black shaft

streaks T. e. woodt,

6. Spots on breast and back brown and

lunate in shape .. : ore .. I. e. chrysopterum.

B.—No spots on back or breast.

e. Chin and throat only rufous ¥ Bae (ad a melanostigma.

d. Chin, throat and breast rufous... T. m. ramsayt.

Distribution,—T. e. erythrocephalum (Vigors), N. W. Himalayas to Nepal ;

T. e, migrimentum (Hodgson), Nepal to Daphla Hills, Assam; 7. e.

chrysopterum (Gould), Khasia Hills (only); TZ. e. godwint (Harington),

Cachar and Naga Hills and Western Munipur; 7. e. erythrolema (Hume),

EK. Manipur and Chin Hills; 7. e. woodi, sub-sp., nov., N. Shan States and

probably the Bhamo Hills; 7. m. ramsay: (O. Grant), Karennee ; 7. m.

melanostigma (Blyth), Southern Shan States and Tenasserim ; 7. m. penin-

sule (Sharpe), Malay Peninsula.

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM, Vigors.

The Himalayan Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 171.

Trochalopterum erythrocephalum, Oates, F.B.I., i., p. 89; Sharpe, Cat.

B. M., vii., p. 360.

Description.—As in the F, B, I. breast and neck spotted with black ; fore-

head, crown and nape chestnut; ear-coverts chestnut tipped black and

white; chin and throat black tinged with chocolate ; the underparts much

paler than in any of the other allied races.

“The only variation this bird exhibits is in the colour of the ear-coverts ;

Nepal birds have a great deal of black on the ear-coverts, and the black

diminishes in quantity as we proceed towards the north-west, till on ar-

rival at Chumba the ear-coverts are almost entirely chestnut.” (Oates.)

Distribution—The Himalayas from Chamba to Nepal.

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM NIGRIMENTUM, Hodgson.

The Sikhim Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

T. chrysopterum, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 362.

T. nigrimentum, Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 91.

Description.—As in the F. B. 1. Skee and neck spotted with black; the

forepart of the head dark rufous and the feathers black-shafted ; crown

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

and nape chestnut; sides of the head dark grey; ear-coverts black

margined pinkish white; chin and throat black; the amount of rufous on

forehead varies greatly,

MNstribution.—Sikhim, Butan, Daphla Hills, and possibly Tibet.

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM CHRYSOPTERUM, Gould.

The Shillong Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush,

Lanthocincla chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z. 8., 18385, p. 48.

T. ruficapillum, Sharpe, Cat. B.M., vii., p. 363.

T. chrysopterum, Oates, F.B.1., i., p. 90.

Description—As in the F.B.I. Breast and neck spotted with brown;

forehead, lores and continued back as a supercilium ashy-grey; crown and

nape chestnut; ear-coverts rufous to ashy rufous; chin and throat dark

chestnut.

Distribution.—The Khasia Hills, this sub-species is peculiar to the

‘* Assam back-water. ”

Nesting.—[The breeding reason of this sub-species commences in the end

of April and ceases in the first week of June though a few odd nests con-

taining eggs may be found as late as August. The nest is a wide shallow

cup of moss, roots, vents, grasses and dead leaves, lined with rootlets, fern

rache and tendrils or, occasionally, fine grass. It is fairly well built and

in general appearance much like many thrushes nests. No attempt seems

to be made at concealment and it is usually placed in some tall, thinly

foliaged bush about six feet from the ground, in Pine or Evergreen Forest.

The eggs are generally two in number, sometimes three and very rarely

four. In type of colouration they are like the eggs of ‘erythrocephalum, but

are more boldly marked with a few black, or deep purple red spots blotches

or lines. In a few eggs their markings are very scanty and in some are

more numerous than ever the care with the previous birds’ eggs.

They vary in length between 1°10 x 1°30 and in breadth between 87” and

99”, the average of 50 eggs being 1°22” x 93.”.—E.C.S. B.]

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM ERYTHROLEZEMA, Hume.

Hume’s Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

T. erythrolema, Hume, 8.F., x., p. 153 (1881) ; Oates, F.B.I,i., p. 90.

T. holerythrops, Rippon, Bul. B.O.C., xiv., p. 83. Harington. Bul. B. O.C.,

XXXxill., p. 93.

“Like 7. erythrocephalum, but the cheeks and throat uniform with the

crown ’’—(Hume).

Up to the present only one specimen of this species has been known, the

type which was obtained by Hume near Matchi, Eastern Manipur.

There are, however, numerous specimens of 7’. holerythrops, Rippon, from

the Chin Hills, which agree with the type-specimen of 7. e. erythrolema

in showing no signs of the grey supercilium so noticeable in 7. e. godwint,

Harington, from N. Cachar and W. Manipur. It must have been with

specimens of this subspecies that Col. Rippon compared his birds from the

Chin Hills, and not with the type of 7. erythrolema, Hume, as Col. Rippon

says in his description that his 7. holerythrops is similar to T. erythrolenia,

but has no grey supercilium.

The name 7’. holerythrops is, therefore, synonymous with 7. e¢. erythrol-

ema, Hume.

Description.—As in the F.B.I. breast and neck spotted; forehead

greyish ; entire head, and nape chestnut; no grey supercilium; ear-coverts

dull chestnut ; chin dusky, throat dull chestnut slightly darker than the

head. |

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 317

Nesting.—{A series of its eggs sent me from the Chin Hills agree entirely

with those of the last sub-species, but are somewhat paler in ground colour

in most cases.—E.C.S.B. |

Distribution.—From the eastern ranges of Manipur along the Chin Hills

to Mt. Victoria ; in the northern Chin Hillsit has been procured, both by

Mr. C. Hopwood, who, I believe, also got its nest and eggs; and by Capt.

Venning at Haka.

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM GODWINI, Harington.

Godwin-Austen’s Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

Harington, Bul. B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 92, 1914.

Adult—Similar to 7. e. erythrolema, Hume, from E. Manipur, but differs

in having a conspicuous grey supercilium; the forehead much greyer, and

the underparts less heavily spotted.

This sub-species is intermediate between 7’. e. erythrolema from EK. Mani-

pur and the Chin Hills and 7. e. chrysopterum, Gould, from the Khasia Hills.

It differs from the latter in having well-marked black spots on the neck

and breast, instead of brownish lunar markings, but it resembles the latter

in having a conspicuous grey supercilium,

Hab.—North Cachar Hills.

Type in the British Museum: adult. Hengdan Peak. Colonel H. H.

Godwin-Austen, Coll.

Obs.—T. e. chrysopterum, Gould, is peculiar to the Khasia Hills, from

which locality there are numerous specimens in the British Museum.

Although Gould’s type is labelled ‘“ Hymalayas,” it agrees with the birds

from the Khasia Hills. These have also been described by Blyth as 7’.

ruficapillum, consequently there has been a good deal of confusion over

these two names.

TROCHALOPTERUM ERYTHROCEPHALUM WOODI., subs, nov.

Wood’s Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

Intermediate between 7. e. nigrimentum (Hodgson), from Nepal, and

T. e, melanostigma (Blyth), from Tenasserim. Differs from the former in

having the ear-coverts and sides of the head silvery ashy-grey with black

shaft stripes, instead of black edged with pinkish white; and the spots on

the breast and back triangular in shape instead of roundish. Differs from

the latter in having the neck and breast spotted, and in having no black

coverts to the primaries.

Description.—Lores black; forehead brownish-ashy with black shaft

streaks ; crown and nape chestnut; a short grey supercilium ; ear-coverts

and sides of the head ashy-grey with black shaft streaks; chin black;

throat dark brownish; neck and breast brown tinged with vinous, and

with conspicuous black triangular shaft streaks; back and rump olive green

tinged with rufous on the upper back; tail olive grey edged with green;

wings as in 7. e. migrimentum lower breast and abdomen olive-brown

tinged with rufous; flanks and vent olive.

Wing 107; tail 122; culmen 20; tarsus 37. Type, collected by Capt.

H. Wood, R. E., at Loi-song, North Shan States, Burma, 7th January, and

presented the Museum of the B. N. H. Society. The type has been

presented by the Society to the British Museum.

Obs.—In the British Museum there is a specimen collected by Col.

Rippon, July 1901, in the Kauri Kachin Hills, Bhamo District. This is a

young bird, and most probably of this species, as it is quite distinct

from O. e. nigrimentum, under which name it is catalogued.

T have much pleasure in calling this very good sub-species after Capt. H.

Wood, R.E.

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

TROCHALOPTERUM MELANOSTIGMA RAMSAYI, O. Grant.

The Karennee Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

O. Grant, Bul. B. O. C., xiv., p. 92, 1914.

“ Adult male and female.—Most nearly allied to T. melanostigma (Blyth),

but differing in having the chestnut of the chin and throat continued over

the entire breast and belly, gradually decreasing in intensity towards the

vent. In this respect the present species approaches T. peninsula,

Sharpe.”

‘Tris deep chocolate, bill black, legs pinkish brown.’

Hab.—Karennee, extending to the fine forests in the Salween District.

TROCHALOPTERUM MELANOSTIGMA MELANOSTIGMA,* Blyth.

Blyth’s Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

Blyth, J. A. S. B., xxiv., p. 268 (1855); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vi.,

p. 864; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 92.

Description.—As in the F. B. I. breast and neck unspotted ; forehead,

lores and chin a deep black; a short supercilium ‘grey ; ear-coverts pinkish

grey and black shafted ; crown chestnut contracting to a point on the

nape.

Distribution.—Muleyit Mt., Tenasserim, from here it works northwards

into the Shan States, but not Karennee where 7. m. ramsayz is found.

Note.—The Shan States birds appear to be much greyer than those from

Tenasserim. I have lately seen a pair of skins, in the Society Collection,

collected by Capt. H. Wood, R.E., in the Northern Shan States, these

appear to be very grey with no rufous tinge on the lower plumage. Un-

fortunately I have not been able to compare them with Tenasserim speci-

mens, and therefore unable to say whether they are that sub-species or

distinct.

TROCHALOPTERUM PHENICEUM.

The Crimson-winged Laughing: Thrushes.

This species is represented by three well marked geographical races,

extends from Nepal to Bhutan and the hills north of Assam (7. p.

pheniceum). To the south of the Brahmaputra, in the Garo and Khasia Hills,

and extending to Manipur and the Chin Hills we have T. p. bake. Down

the eastern hills of Burma we get 7. p. ripponi, inhabiting the Kachin Hills,

east of Bhamo, and the Shan States. They alliay very handsome blue

eggs, boldly spotted and streaked with dark reddish-purple.

TROCHALOPTERUM PH@NICEUM PH@NICEUM, Gould.

The Nepal Crimson-winged Laughing Thrush.

Lanthocincla phenicea, Gould, Icon. Av., pl. 3 (1837).

* TROCHALOPTERUM MELANOSTIGMA PENINSULA, Sharpe.

The Malay Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush.

Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 436.

The neck and breast unspotted.

Lores and forehead black; an ashy-grey supercilium commencing from behind

the eye to the nape ; ear-coverts dark brown ; crown dark chestnut continued to a

point on the nape; chin black; throat and the whole lower plumage chestnut

brown.

Hab.—Mts. of Perak, the Malay Peninsula.

Nidification unknown.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 319

Trochalopterum pheniceum.—Sharpe, Cat. B.M., VIL., p. 371, Oates, F. B.L.,

iv, Pp. 93.

Description, ete.—As in Fauna. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.

TROCHALOPTERUM PH@NICEUM BAKERI, Hartert.

The Assam Crimson-winged Laughing Thrush.

Hartert, Bul., B. O. C., xxiii., p. 10 (1909).

Similar to 7. pheeniceum, Gould, from Sikhim.

Differs in being paler both above and below ; with a distinct grey wash

along the middle of breast and abdomen; it is also slightly smaller.

MIstribution.—The mountain ranges south of the Brahmaputra, and also

the Chin Hills, on the West of Burma; two specimens from Mt. Victoria

appear to be nearest to this sub-species.

Nesting.—Nest eggs similar to 7. p. pheniceum.

TROCHALOPTERUM PHG@NICEUM RIPPONI, Oates.

The Burmese Crimson-winged Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum rippom, Oates, Bul. B. O. C., xi., p. 10, 1900; Rippon,

Ibis., 1901, p. 529; Harington, B. N. H. 8. J., xix., p. 114.

“Allied to T. pheniceum from the Himalayas, but differing from that

species in many important points, the crimson of the head is much brighter

and extends to the whole side of the head, the supercilium, forehead, chin

and cheeks, even tinging the throat. The later, together with the

whole lower plumage is greyish-yellow not fulvous and olive-brown. The

whole crown is dark plumbeous and the remainder of the upper plumage

with the wing coverts is olive grey. The tail feathers are not tipped with

orange but more narrowly with ochraceous, the lower aspect of the outer

feather alone being orange.” (Oates).

Wing 3:4; tail 4; Tarsus 1°3 inches.

Nesting.—Fairly common in the Bhamo Hills, Col. Rippon says the com-

monest Laughing Thrush from 4,000-6,000 ft. in the Southern Shan States.

I found several nests in the Bhamo Hills, these were of the usual family

type and the eggs very similar to those of 7. p. pheniceum, and measured

1:01 x ‘75 inches.

TROCHALOPTERUM MILNEI.*

The Red-tailed Laughing Thrushes.

These, the handsomest of the Laughing Thrushes, at present consist of

three well marked races, which inhabit the mountainous districts of China

Yunnan and the N. EH. Hills of Burma. The nidification of one sub-

species is at present known, this is remarkable for laying white eggs spotted

with red. Mr. Stuart Baker informs me that he has received similar eggs

from the Chin hills, so in all probability there is still an undescribed sub-

species in that locality.

* TROCHALOPTERUM MILNEI MILNEI, David.

The Chinese Red-tailed Laughing Thrush.

David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), x1x., Art. 9, (1874); Sharpe, Cat. B- M., vii, p. 372.

“Crown of head and upper parts of a buffy-rufous colour; ear coverts pure

white ; throat and lores black; back olive, with the large feathers edged with a

dark border; rump and upper tail. coverts of a golden-olive tint ; lower part

ashy-olive passing to greenish on the neck; breast, flanks, under tail-coverts

and tidial plumes ; upper surface of the tail bright red, lower surface blackish ;

quills above brilliant and glossy red with the inner neck of the innermost

secondaries white : bill and feet black : iris brown.” (Sharpe).

Hab,—W. Fokien, Kuatin, China,

13°

320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

TROCHALOPTERUM MILNEI SHARPEI”, Rippon.

The Burmese Red-tailed Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum sharpet, Rippon, Bul. B. O. C., xii., p. 13 (1901) ; Haring-

ton, B. N. H. 8S. J., xix.; p. 118, 262d, Ibis, 1914, p.

Similar to O. m. milnei, David. Differs in having the ear-coverts pale

ashy-grey.

Distribution.—The Bhamo Hills, and Keng Tung State, Burma, probable

distribution the mountains bordering N.-E. Burma.

Nesting.—I found this, the handsomest of all the numerous Burmese

Laughing Thrushes, breeding at Sinlum in the Bhamo Hills. The nest is

of the usual type, but the eggs are quite unlike any of the known members

of this genus. Being pure white, spotted either with dark-red or black.

And measure 1°13 x ‘82 inches.

TROCHALOPTERUM AFFINE AFFINE}, Hodgson.

The Nepal Black-faced Laughing Thrush,

Garrulax affinis (Hodgson), Blyth, J.A.S.B., xii., p. 950 (1843)

Trochalopterum affine, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 357; Oates, F. B. L.,

1, p. 94.

Description.—As Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan at high levels. Nothing appears

to be recorded as to its nesting and eggs. In this species the first five

primaries are graduated.

TROCHALOPTERUM VARIEGATUM VARIEGATUM, Vigors.

The Eastern Variegated Laughing Thrush.

Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 56.

Trochalopterum variegatum, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 359; Oates, F.B.1.,

1., p. 95.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Himalayas Chumba to Nepal.

TROCHALOPTERUM VARIEGATUM SIMILE, Hume,

The Western Variegated Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum simile, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408; Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 96.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Kohat, the N.-W. Himalayas and Kashmir.

TROCHALOPTERUM CACHINNANS CACHINNANS, Jerdon.

The Nilghirt Laughing Thrush.

Crateropus cachinnans, Jerdon, Madras Journ., x., p. 7 (1839).

Trochalopterum cachinnans, Sharpe, Cat. B.M., vii., p. 373; Oates, F. B. L.,

1, 7°98.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nilgiris, 8. India.

*Allied sub-species.

O. m. formosa, J. Verr, Nouv. Arch. du. Mus. v. Bull. p. 35 (1869) ; Sharpe, Cat

B. M., vii-, p. 372.

Hab.—Western Szechuen.

+ TROCHALOPTERUM AFFINE BLYTHI, Verr.

Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Parss. IV, Bull, p, 37 (1870); Hartert, Vogl. Pal,

+ p- 633.

” Hab.—Szechuen, China.

TROCHALOPTERUM AFFINE OUSTALETI, Hartert.

Tanthocincla a. oustaleti, Hartert, Vogl. Pal, i., p. 633 (1910).

Hab.—Yunnan.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 321

TROCHALOPTERUM CACHINANS CINNAMOMEUM, Davison.

Davison’s Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum cinnamomeum, Davison, Ibis., 1886, p. 204; Oates on F.

Deeks tes Ps. 08,

I have only been able to examine one specimen of this species, the type,

and it seems to me to be a young bird: more specimens are required to

get the correct description. Otherwise as in F. B. I.

Mstribution (uncertain).—S. India, the hills East of Cannanore.

TROCHALOPTERUM JERDONI JERDONI, Blyth.

The Coorg Laughing Thrush.

Garrulax yerdom, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xx., p. 522 (1851).

Trochalopterum jerdont, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 373; Oates, F. B.L.,

1., p. 99.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution —The Coorg Hills, 8. India.

TROCHALOPTERUM JERDONI FAIRBANKI, Blanford.

The Palni Laughing Thrush.

Blanford, J. A. 8S. B., xxxvii, pt. i1., p. 175 (1868); Sharpe, Cat. B. M.,

vi., p. 374; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 99.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Anamali and Palni hills.

[The nest and eggs of this species have very seldom been taken. A

clutch of eggs received by me from the late Rev. Howard Campbell are

exactly like the eggs of TJ. cachinans, but rather brighter in colour and

more totally marked than any I have seen of that species. They measure

1:06 x 74". —E.C.S.B.]

TROCHALOPTERUM JERDONI MERIDIONALE, Blanford.

The Travancore Laughing Thrush.

Blanford, J. A. 8. B., xlix, p. 142 (1880) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii p. 375;

Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 100.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Travancore,

[The only clutch of eggs yet taken of this bird were obtained by Mr. J.

Stewart on the 10th June 1906 at Achencoil Gap, Travancore. The nest

was a typical Trochalopterum nest placed in a scrubby bush in dense

forest and the eggs are like very brightly coloured specimens of 7’. cachinans,

but more boldly marked than the majority of this latter bird’s eggs and with

the markings much more numerous. They measure '99”x°76", 1:02” x°76"

and ‘98”x°75"”, The texture is close and fine, and there is a considerable

gloss. They are very thrush-like eggs in their general appearance.—

E.C.S.B. |

TROCHALOPTERUM ELLIOTI ELLIOTI*, Verreaux.

Elliot’s Laughing Thrush.

J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. du Mus,, vi., Bull, p. 36 (1870); Sharpe, Cat.

B. M., vii, p. 370; Hartert. Pal. Vog. i., p. 631.

* TROCHALOPTERUM ELLIOTI YUNNANENSE, Rippon.

Trochalopterum e. yunnanense, Rippon Bull. B. O. C., xix., p. 32 (1906)

Hab.—Yunnan, the Yangtze Valley.

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Description.—General colour above earthy brown washed with olive, head

paler; forehead dove-grey; lores dark-brown; ear-coverts pale-brown,

faintly tipped with white, back absolutely tipped dark brown with

white lips; tail ashy, washed with golden green; outer edge of primaries

pale greyish blue; secondaries green; chin, throat, and breast, pale cho-

colate, each feather faintly edge with white; flanks greyish olive ; abdomen

and undertail coverts vinous-brown.

Wing: 95-115 mm. ; tail 145 mm. ; culmen 15 mm.

Distribution —W. Szechuen, Moupin, Chensi, Ta-Tsien-Lou and possibly

Tibet.

TROCHALOPTERUM HENRICI, Oustalet.

Prince Henry’s Laughing Thrush.

Trochalopterum henrici, Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. (7), xii., p. 274 (1891);

Hartert, Pal. Vog. i., p. 632.

Garrulax tibetanus, Dresser, P. Z.1., 1905, p. 54; O. Grant, Bul. B. O.

Os 592004.

Description. Upper plumage greyish olive brown; crown slightly darker,

lores and a patch in front of and behind the eye chocolate ; a short white

supercilium over the eye; ear-coverts dark chocolate; and a broad white

stripe on the cheeks; primaries edged greyish; under parts the same

colour as upper plumage but paler; under tail coverts chocolate.

Wing 110-115 mm; tail 150 mm; culmen 23 mm.

Distribution.—Tibet. It has lately been procured by Capt. F. M. Bailey

at Shoaka, 9,000 ft., in the Mishmi Hills.

GROUP II.

BaBBLERS.

Argya and Crateropus.

Araya, Lesson, (1831).

Oates, F.B.L., i., p. 105.

“The birds of this genus differ from the Laughing Thrushes in many

points of structure. The covering membrane of the nostril is partially

clothed with plumes and the feathers of the forehead and those round the

base of the bill are short, firm and close. Thetailis also relatively much

longer and greatly graduated, each outer feather being only about half the

length of the tail.’ (Oates),

The Argya have a slightly more pointed wing. The first three primaries

being graduated ; the bill is slightly curved, and the nostrils exposed,

with no over-hanging hairs ; rictal bristles very short. They all lay charac-

teristic rich, ‘“verditer blue ” eggs, which are highly glossy and spotless.

Argya and Crateropus have a more Western habitat to the other genera

comprising the 7?meliides, and are found in Africa as well as India ; Burma

appears to be their most Easternly limit.

ARGYA EARLII, Blyth.

The Striated Babbler.

Malacocercus earlii, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiii, p. 869 (1844).

Argya earlit, Sharpe, Cat. B.M. vii, p. 892 ; Oates, F.B.I.1., p. 105.

Description. —As in Oates, F.B.I.

Distribution—Cutch and Indus Valley ; and from the Saharanpur District,

along the base of the Himalayas to Behar; Bengal to Assam and south-

wards from the Bhamo District to Pegu.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 323

I have only been able to examine one specimen from Bannu, this is

smaller and paler than typical A. earli ; also eggs which I have received

from Dera Ismail Khan are decidedly smaller than those I have taken

myself at Bhamo, therefore I think that possibly the Derajat bird may be

found to form a distinct sub-species.

ARGYA CAUDATA CAUDATA,*” Dumeril.

The Common Babbler.

Cossyphus caudatus, Duméril, Drapiez, Class d’Hist. Nat., x., p. 216

(1826).

Argya caudata, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 393.

Argya eclipest (Hume), Sharpe, vii., ¢.c., p. 394.

Argya huttont (Blyth), Sharpe, vii., ¢t.c., p. 394.

Description.—As in Oates, Fauna, B. I.

Distribution.—“ Every portion of India proper, Sind to Bengal from the

Himalayan to the South, probably Palni hills, but exact distribution in

the south at present uncertain. Also the Laccadive Islands where it most

probably has been introduced. ”

ARGYA GULARIS, Blyth.

The Burmese White-throated Babbler.

Chatorhea gularis, Blyth, J. A.S. B., xxiv., p. 478 (1855).

Argya gularis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 396; Oates, F. B.1.,1i., p. 107;

Harington, B. of B., p. 12; id. ibis 14, p. 10.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The dry-zone in Upper Burma. This isa common familiar

bird round Mandalay, being alike common about human habitations and in

jungle. It practically breeds throughout the year, building the usual

babbler type of nest, and lays from 3 to 4 beautiful turquoise-blue’ eggs

which measure ‘88 x ‘68 inches.

ARGYA MALCOLMI, Sykes.

The Large Grey Babbler,

Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. 8., 1832, p. 88.

Argya maleolmi, Sharp, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 398; Oates, F. B. I. i., p. 108.

Descreption.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Peninsula of India from the Punjab to Sind, Rajpu-

tana, the United Provinces down to Mysore and the Nilghiris; to the

eastwards its distribution not yet thoroughly determined.

ARGYA SUBRUFA, Jerdon,

The Rufous Babbler.

Timalia subrufa, Jerdon, Madras Journ. L. 8., p. 259 (1844).

Argya subrufa, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 390; Oates, F. B I.,i., p. 109.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Western Ghats and from Coonoor and Kotagiri on the

Nilghiris up to Khandala near Bombay.

*Allied sub-species.

_ Argya caudata huttoni, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B., xvi-, p. 476 (1847) ; Hartert., Pal

Vog.i., p- 622.

Distribution.—Afghanistan and Baluchistan. (

Argya caudata altirostris, Hartert., Pal. Vog., i. p. 622 (1910), The Persian Gulf.

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

I have examined the type of A. hyperythra, Sharpe, it is one of the

Gould collection, and labelled the “‘ Peninsula of India,” it is certainly

very rufous, but asit is such a very old skin, I think that. this rufous

tinge may possibly have been caused by chemical action, as there are

numerous old skins in the Museum collection of other species; many of

which show rather a dull rufous shade quite unlike that of the newer

specimens.

ARGYA LONGIROSTRIs, Hodgson.

The Slender-billed Babbler.

Pyctorhis longirostris, Hodgs., Moore, P. Z.S., 1854, p. 104.

Timelia longirostris, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii., p. 509.

Argya longirostris, Oates, F. B. I. i., p. 109.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

This undoubtedly as Oates points out belongs to this group and is

quite distinct from the 7?meliine, it also lays blue eggs which almost at

once places it amongst the Babblers. I think, however, that it should have

a distinct genus to itself, on account of its very slender long bill, and the

feathers of the crown being not so stiff, only few feathers on the forehead

having stiffened shafts.

Distribution.—The Nepal Terai, Bhutan, Assam and Manipur. Col. Rippon, ~

Ibis 1901, p. 529, states that he received one specimen from Bampon, 8S. Shan

States. I have carefully examined all the specimens in the British

Museum and cannot find any from Burma. There is, however, a skin

of a Suya, Suya c. cooki, collected by Col. Rippon from Bampon, on the

label which is written in pencil ‘ Argya longirostris,”’ this may possibly

be the bird he refers to. There is no reason why this species should not

be found in the huge expenses of elephant-grass in the Upper Chindwin

District.

Nesting.—| “This bird breeds not uncommonly on the high grass plateaus

in the Khasia_ hills. The nest is exactly like that of the rest of the birds

of the genus; and may be placed in amongst the roots of some tuft of

dense grass, in a bush, or tangle of brambles, or even on an old stump orin

a clump of weeds, or on a broken down wall or bank.

“‘T have been peculiarly unfortunate in getting full clutches of this bird’s

eggs but the usual full clutch will undoubtedly be four.”

"& They are, when freshly taken and blown, a rather exceptionally bright

blue, and many are also paler than is generally the case with Argya and

Crateropi eggs. They measure about ‘90"x:‘70".”—E.C.S. B.]

CRATEROPUS, Swainson, 18381.

Oates, F.B.1.,i., p. 110.

“The genus Crateropus differs from Argya in its shorter tail, which is

about equal to the wing, and in its shorter bill. The tailis also much less

graduated, the outer feathers being about two-thirds the entire length of the

tail. In habits the two genera are very similar, as also in their mode of

nidification, and the colour of their eggs.””—Oates.

The wing is not so rounded as in the “ Laughing thrushes” and the first

four primaries are graduated.

I think the generic name of Crateropus should be restricted to African

birds of this genus which appear to me to be quite distinct from those

from India, and that the name Malacocer cus, Hodgson, be. revived for the

Indian birds of this genus.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 325

CRATEROPUS TERRICOLOR TERRICOLOR, Hodgson.

The Bengal Babbler.

Turdus canorus,t Linn, Syst. Nat. i., p. 298, (1766).

Pastor terricolor, Hodgs, J.A.S., B.V., p. 771 (1836).

ae tw canorus, Sharpe, Cat. B.M., vii., p. 478, Oates, F. B. I.,i., p.

Malacocercus terricolor, Jerdon, B. of I.. ii., p. 59.

Description.—“ Above brownish ashy, paler and somewhat. cinerous on the

head and neck: browner on the back, where the feathers are faintly pale

shafted; quills brown, with outer webs paler and narrowly bordered with

ashy; tail reddish brown, faintly barred, and the outer feathers tipped with

pale whity-brown ; beneath pale ashy-brown on the throat and_ breast, the

feathers very faintly edged and shafted lighter; abdomen, vent, and under

tail coverts pale fulvescent.’’—Jerdon.

Distribution.—Sind and the whole of Northern India, Bengal and also in

Nepal and Sikhim. Where this sub-species meets C. malabaricus, Jerdon, in

the south at present uncertain.

CRATEROPUS TERRICOLOR MALABARICUS, Jerdon.

The Southern Indian Jungle Babbler.

Malacocercus malabaricus, Jerdon, B. of L., i1., p. 62., 1847.

Description.—“ Very like M. terricolor but somewhat darker in colour with

broader and more distinct pale mesial streaks on the feathers of the back,

and especially of the breast the tertiaries are but very obscurely striated,

but the tail is distinctly so.””—Jerdon.

Distribution. The greater part of the Peninsula of India, in the

Carnatic, the N. Circars, the Malabar Coast, the slopes of the Nilgiris, and

the tableland, in suitable places as far as Nagpore and to the latitude of

Bombay on the Western Ghats.’’—Jerdon.

I consider this a very good geographical race, birds from the Nilgiris

being quite distinct from those from N. India; no doubt they grade from

one into the other, and the exact locality where one begins and the other

ends has not yet been determined.

Birds of this sub-species from Coonoor were undoubtedly mistaken by

Oates for C. striatus. (See note. C. g. striatus.)

CRATEROPUS GRISEUS GRISEUS, Gm.

The White-headed Babbler.

Turdus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat., i., p. 824., (1788).

Crateropus griseus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., viil., p. 840; Oates, F. B.I., i., p.

112.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I., I think this sub-species may possibly

have two phases of plumage, one with the head white, and the other colour

red like the back. (See remarks C. g. striatus from Godavery Valley).

Distribution Southern India up to a line from Ellore, Secunderabad and

Belgaum.

7} In the original description of 7. canorus, it is mentioned that the species came

from China, and that it has a white eye-brow and a rufous tinge to the plumage,

this clearly cannot refer to the Indian bird. oe ;

Trochalopterum canorun., Linn. is also referred to in the original. description

in Linn. System Nat., p. 293, 1766, and as the description undoubtedly refers to

this species from China, the. name‘canorus.cannot theref ore be equally applied to

the Indian bird, therefore, Hodgson’s name terricolor, must be used.

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII1

CRATEKOPUS GRISEUS STRIATUS, Swainson. .

The Ceylon Babbler.

Malacocerus striatus, Swains, Zool. Ill., p. 127 (1831).

Crateropus striatus, Sharpe, Cat. B.M., vii., p. 481; Oates, F.B.I1.,i.,p.112.

Description.—As in Oates, F.B.I.

Distribution.—Ceylon.

I have carefully examined all the specimens in the Museum, and cannot

find a single one of C.g. striatus from 8. India. There are, however,

numerous skins of C. terricolor malabaricus, Jerdon, from Ooty and Coonoor

on the label of one, in Mr. Oates’ handwriting, is written stratus and I

think he must have considered these birds to be C. stratus, when he notes

that it occurs in 8. India.

C.g. striatus, from Ceylon is a much smaller bird; and as mentioned by

Jerdon, has a smaller bill. The feathers of the breast are broad in shape,

and brown edged with grey, giving a mottled appearance,

C.t. malabaricus, Jerdon, from Ooty and Coonoor, is a larger bird, with a

much longer and stouter bill. The feathers of the breast are long and narrow,

and brownish in colour, with whitish triangular shaft streaks, which give the

breast a streaked appearance.

While going through the skins of “ C. canorus,’ in the British Museum,

I found the following specimens which are almost identical with C.g.

striatus from Ceylon, and seem to form a connecting link between C.g. griseus

and C.g. striatus. These five skins are all labelled ‘C.canorus,” and are

from the following localities.

¢ January, 1871, Godavery Valley; ¢ 1-4-71, Rajamundry; d

14-1-70, S.E. Berar; 9 19-83-71, Ellore (see Blanford Coll.): 2 27-4-76,

Orissa (Hume Coll.)

Whether these are C. g. striatus, or as I think only C.g. griseus, or still

yet another race I am unable to say, and hope that members in the above

localities will collect specimens of this very common species to settle the

point.

There are also in the Museum specimens of C.g. griseus collected by

Blanford at ‘‘Godavery Valley” and ‘“Ellore” evidently at the same

time as the above, these are all typical skins of C. g. griseus, having the

white head and dark breast, whilst the above mentioned specimens labelled

‘“‘ canorus”’ have the head the same colour as the back. The shape of bill,

colour of wings and tail, etc., are all in these specimens from the above

localities the same, and I think it most improbable that there should

be two sub-species of the same race inhabiting this locality. I also

consider that C. striutus is nothing more than a _ geographical race

of C. griseus or more correctly the latter is a sub-species of the

former.

CRATEROPUS TERRICOLOR SOMERVILLII, Sykes.

The Bombay Babbler.

Timalia somervillu, Sykes, P. Z. 8., 1832, p. 88.

Crateropus somervillii, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 482; Oates, F. B. LI.,

hes) te i a

Description.—As in Oates, F.B.1.

Distribution—The Western Ghats from Tranvancore up to the Island

of Bombay.

I think this is only a sub-species of C, t. terricolor, and most probably

grades into C. t. malabaricus,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES.

“I

CRATEROPUS RUFESCENS, Blyth.

, The Ceylon Rufous Babbler.

Malacocercus rufescens, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xvi., p. 453 (1847).

Garrulax rufescens, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii.

Crateropus rufescens, Oates, F. B. I., 1. p. 114.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Island of Ceylon.

GROUP ITI.

Bapax, David, 1876.

Bill gently curved, not notched, and equal, to the hind-toe and claw in

length; tail considerably longer than the wing, and greatly graduated ;

the outer tail feather falling short of the central pair by more than the

length of the tarsus; wing rounded, the first four primaries graduated, the

fifth longest ; sixth equal to the fourth; rictal bristles very pronounced ;

nostrils, oval, exposed and overhung by numerous hairs; size medium.

This small and interesting genus form a link hetween the true Laughing

Thrushes and Babblers. They only come within Indian limits, in Tibet,

and the Chin and Bhamo Hills, on the North West and N. East of Burma.

Babax lanceolatus lanceolatus, Verreaux. Inhabits Moupin, W. Szechuen,.

and §S. China; and has been erroneously recorded from within Indian

limits.

Babax |. yunnanensis, Rippon. Which is hardly separable from the last,.

is foumd in Yunnan and the Kachin Hills in the Bhamo District.

Babax l. bonavaloti, Ouslalet. Described from So, Tibet.

Babax koslowt koslowt, Bianchi. Tibet.

Babar k. victoria, Rippon. Which is very similar to the last, has at

present only been recorded from the Chin hills on the west of Burma.

Babax waddelli, Dresser. From Tibet.

There are at present only a very few specimens of these species in the

British Museum so that at present it is impossible to decide whether all

these races really exist. The eggs of all known species are a _ spotless.

blue.

BABAX LANCEOLATUS LANCEOLATUS, Verreaux.

The Chinese Babax.

Peterorhinus lanceolatus, T. Verr. N. Arch. Mus., Paris. VI., Bull, p. 36,

1891.

Babax lanceolatus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 352.

Lanthocincla lanceolatus, Hartert, Pal. Vog., i., p. 627.

Description.—As in “ Bhamo Birds,” J. B. N. H.8., Vol. xix p, 115.

Distribution.—W. Szechnen, Moupin, 8. Schensi, China.

The only record I can find of the occurrence of this species in India is

in the J. A. S. B., Vol. lxxi., Part I1., No. 111, 1902.

“ Notes on a collection of birds made by Lt.-Wood, R. E., at Kampalet

Mt. Victoria.”” When Babax lanceolatus is included, this must be Baba.

k. victorie, Rippon, which was described practically from the same locality.

BaBAX LANCEOLATUS YUNNANENSIS, Rippon.

The Yunnan Babax.

Rippon, Bull B. O. C., xii, p. 96 (1905); Harington, B. N. H..S. J.

xix., p. 113 (1909), and Ibis p. 14.

Description SimiJar to B. 1. lanceolatus, Verreaux, but the base of the

bill chestnut, instead of black. I think this is a very poor sub-species,

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

all the specimens of B. J. lanceolatus I have been able to examine have the

cheek stripe a very dark chestnut and not black. There are, however,

some specimens of a Babax at Tring which seem to have a much more

massive bill, these may be the true /anceolatus and therefore distinct

from B. 1. yunannensis I hope some one with more authority than myself

will examine these birds and let us have their opinion.

Note.—The Plate of the B. lanceolatus in Ois. de Chin. has a dark chestnut

cheek-stripe.

Distribution.—Described by Rippon from Yunnan. I obtained it and its

nests at Sinlum in the Bhamo Hills where it is not uncommon. It seems

to prefer the more open hill sides, which are covered with bramble bushes

and bracken, and not to enter the dense secondary growth which most

of the hills are covered with. Its nest is placed near the ground and of the

usual rather massive babbler type. Egg 3 to 4 are a turquoise-blue and

measure 1:06 x ‘8 inches.

BAaBAX LANCEOLATUS BONAVOLOTI, Oustalet.

OusTALET’S BaBax.

The Small Tibet Babax.

Babax benavoloti.—Oustalet, Ann. Scien. Nat. Zool., Paris., xii., p. 271,

(1891).

Lanthocincla l. bonavoloti.—Hartert, Pal. Vog., i., p. 628.

Description. It differs from b. FL. lanceolatus, Verreaux, from Szechuen,

in having the lores and the anterior portion of the cheeks washed with

darkish brown: the throat finely striped and the middle of the breast

compietely covered with stripes. Bill and feet darker and more powerful”’

—Hartert.

“ Tail 183 ? ; wing 115-120 mm”.

“ A second specimen has the dark colouration on the lores and cheeks

less pronounced. Tail 140; wing 110 mm.” ( This clearly must be a dis-

tinct sub-species from size alone).

Distribution.—So, Tibet.

This species has lately been procured by Capt. F. M. Bailey, in the Mish-

mi Hills, at an altitude of 10,000 feet.

BABAX KOSLOWI KOSLOWI, Bianchi.

Bianchi’s Babax.

Aaznakewia koslowi, Bianchi, Bull. Ac. Petersburgh (5), xiii., p. 45 (1905).

lanthocincla koslowt, Hartert, Pal. Vog., i., p. 629.

Upper plumage very rufous : chin greyish, with dark shafts: otherwise

very similar to B. 1. lanceolatus.

Wing 120 m.m,; tail 150 m.m.: culmen 30 m.m.

Hab.—Tibet. Where it has been lately procured by Capt. Bailey.

BABAX KOSLOWI VICTORIA, Rippon.

The Mt. Victoria Babar.

Rippon, Bul. B. O. C., xv., p. 97 (1905) ; Venning, J. B. N. H.S., xxii.

p- 622 (1912).

Description.—Similar to B. 1. lanceolatus, Verreaux, but larger cheek stripe

lack. Length about 11; wing 4; tail 4:8; culmen 1:2; tarsus 1°5 (wing

100 m.m; tail140 m.m.). I have just seen the type of B.k. koslowi, Bianchi,

which is very similar to this bird.

Distribution.—Described by Col. Rippon from Mt. Victoria. S. Chin Hills,

and procured by Capt. Venning at Haka N. Chin Hills, where he also

obtained its nest and eggs. The latter are a paler blue than B. 1. yunna-

nensis, and measure 1'2 x ‘86 inches.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 329

BaBAX WADDELLI, Dresser.

The Giant Tibetian Babax.

Babax waddelli.—Dresser, P.Z.S., 1905, i., p. 54; O. Grant, Bul. B.O.C.,

XV., p. 94.

Lanthocincla waddelli.—Hartert, Pal. Vog., i., p. 628.

Description.—* Upper parts dull ashy-grey, each feather with a broad

central blackish stripe ; the rump slightly less striped than the rest of the

upper parts ; wing blackish brown, most of the feathers externally mar-

gined with ashy-grey ; tail blackish brown; much graduated ; under

parts similar to the upper parts, but somewhat paler and more narrowly

striped ; bill and legs plumbeous, iris dull orange. Wing 134-142 mm;

tail 165 mm; tarsus 42; culmen 35-37.

Note.—This species differs from other members of this family by havin;

a much longer and more curved bill ; and having its tail less graduated.

These differences, I consider, are sufticient to give it sub-generic rank. I¢

has the following characteristics : Bill, longer than the hind claw and toe,

and much curved ; tail longer than the wing, and not greatly graduated

the outer tail feather falling short of the central pair by less than the

length of the tarsus: nostrils, oval, exposed and overhung by numerous

hairs ; rictal bristles well developed ; size large.

Distribution.—Gyantze and Chaksam, Tibet.

Nesting —The eggs are like allother eggs of this genus ; texture smooth,

close, and fine, and the surface with a slight gloss. In shape they are

long ovals but the small end is seldom much pointed. They measure about

1-26" > 92"".

GROUP IV.

AcANTHOPTILA, Blyth (1855).

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 385.

Nothing appears to have been recorded of late about this genus

which contains only one species. Dr. Sharpe, I think, quite rightly, placed

it amongst the Crateropodine, Mr. Oates, however, considered it a War-

bler. It is a very confusing bird as it appears to have two plumages

which Dr. Sharpe considered to be that of the young and the old bird,

whilst Mr. Oates took these two phases to denote seasonal changes and

therefore placed it amongst the Warblers (Sylvide).

To me it appears to be very much more a Babbler than a Warbler, ana

to be intermediate between Aryya and Babar. The colour of its eggs, a

““verditer blue,” is almost sufficient to place it amongst the Craterapodia.

None of the birds in the Museum, which are all very old and worn speci-

mens, have any dates or data of any sort, it is therefore hoped that mem-

bers who may come across this species will collect a suflicient number of

specimens to settle the question.

Characteristics—Feathers of the upper plumage and breast stiff shafted

which when they become worn are quite bristly ; bill fairly long and curved, ©

not notched: nostrils long lunar shaped slits: rictal bristles weak; wing

rounded, the first four primaries graduated, the tail longer than wing, and

graduated.

ACANTHOPTILA NEPALENSIS, Hodgson

The Spiny-Babbler.

Timalia nipalensis, Hodgson, As. Res. xix., p. 182 (1836).

Acanthoptila nipalensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 380; Oates, F. B, L, i.

p. 386.

330. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

Description—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, and probably the Kumaon Terai, and should not be

difficult to procure, so I hope any member so placed will collect a series of

this interesting bird, and if possible eggs, which Hodgson records as blue,

but as far as I can ascertain no authentic eggs are in any collection.

Sub-Family—PomatorHIn#&, Horsfield, 1821.

Scimitar Babblers.

Oates.) GH pl cela.

“In this genus the bill is quite as long as the head, and frequently

much longer ; it is very slender, much curved| downwards and compressed.

The feathers of the forehead are short, rounded and close, but feathers do

not grow on the nasal membrane, which is perfectly bare. The tail is

longer than the wing and considerably graduated, the outer feather being

two-thirds to three quarters the length of the tail.” (Oates).

All the members of this sub-family lay white unspotted eggs, which at

once removes from amongst them the Australian Pomastostomus, which

lay remarkable eggs, quite distinct from any of the 7?meliide. These are

a dark brown, covered all over with numerous curly lines, calling to mind

the eggs of the Bronze-winged Jacana, Metropidius indicus. Here we have

a remarkable case of development along similar lines, some of the Austra-

lian “Scimitar-Babblers’”’ are hardly separable in appearance from the

darker forms of oriental Pomatorhint such as P. horsfieldi, they have the

same style of bill and plumage, and until quite recently were placed in the

same genus and were only separated when the remarkable difference

between the eggs of the Australian and Indian birds were taken into con-

sideration. I may add that this is one of the many examples in which the

coloration of eggs has been a great aid to classification.

The Scimitar-Babblers are very noisy birds, with loud hooting calls, as

well as avery pleasing black-bird like song. They build either untidy

domed nests, or very deep cups, which are always placed on or near the

ground, the eggs as before mentioned are a pure white.

Key for species as in the Fauna of British India.

PoMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS—NUCHALIS.

The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babblers.

This group of Scimitar Babblers is noticeable in having a chestnut

band on each side of the body, extending from thesides of the neck to

the abdomen, is found from the N. W. Himalayas, through Nepal, Sikhim

Butan, Assam tothe Chin Hills, it then re-appears in the Shan States

where it meets P. oltvaceus which has not got this chestnut band on each

side of the body. These two races may possibly interbreed in this

locality as many specimens vary greatly in colour and size.

In P. schisticeps the first three sub-species have the chestnut band

streaked with white, whilst the fourth, (/’. nuchalis) has this band un-

streaked.

P. s. pinwilli (Sharpe), inhabits Simla and the N. W. Himalayas, and

is distinguishable by its smaller size.

P.s. schisticeps (Hodgson) extends from Nepal to Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam,

and Manipur. Birds from the first three localities are noticeable for the

dark colour of the chestnut band, whilst those to the east gradually get

paler, until they merge into next sub-species.

P, s, mearst (O.—Grant). Probably from Assam to the Chin Hills and

Chindwin basis ; birds from these localities have the chestnut band paler

on the whole, but where the range of P. s. schisticeps really ends and that

NOTES ONINDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 331

of P. s. mearsi begins is very hard to determine, the differences being so

slight.

P. nuchalis (Tweeddale) inhabits the eastern side of Burma, being

found in the Shan States, Karennee, and down to the Salween District of

Tenasserim, and also in the Pegu and Thayetmyo Districts. There is one

specimen of a Pomatorhinus from Popa Mt. in the Myingyan District,

which, I think, is referable to this sub-species, it may possibly be distinct.

Key.

A, Chestnut band on each side of body streaked with white.

a’. This band a dark maroon chestnut.

a’, Size small-wing under .. ee PE So: DENURL as

b*. Size larger wing over... oh .. P. 8, schisticeps.

6’. Chestnut band paler af Kee ist a Sh ICEL ESE,

#, Chestnut band not streaked os gh .. P. nuchalis,

POMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS SCHISTICEPS, Hodgson.

Hodgson’s Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler.

P. schistisceps, Hodgson, <A. Res., xix., p. 181 (1836); Sharpe, Cat.,

Deane 4D 41 1 Oates. ad awl... 1,1p, 116,

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Nstribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam and Manipur. Ihave not

been able to examine any specimens from Arracan, whether birds from this

locality are this sub-species or P, s.mearsi at present cannot be determin-

ed.

Mr. Stuart-Baker informs me that he has received two specimens from

Arracan, which he thinks are referable to P. s. mearsi, O. Grant, but that

the differences are so slight, that he doubts that their being of even sub-

specific value.

POMATORHINS SCHISTICEPS PINWILLI, Sharpe.

Sharpe's Slaty-headed Scimitar Labbler.

P. pinwillt, Sharpe, Cat B. M., vii., p. 413 (1883).

P. schisticeps, Oates, F. B. [.,1., p. 116; O. Grant Bul. B. O., cxv., p. 39.

Description.—Similar to P.s. schisticeps. Hodgson, but much smaller.

Mr. Oates acknowledges that Simla birds are decidedly smaller, but says

the size of the wing gradually increases from 3:6 inches in the N. W.

Himalayas to 4:4 inches in Arracan.

Distribution —N. W. Himalayas.

POMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS MEARSB, O. Grant.

Grant's Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler.

P. mearsi, O. Grant, Bul. B. O. C., xv, p. 39 (1905).

Description —“ Most nearly allied to P. schisticeps, Hodgson, but the

general colour above much paler. Crown ashy-brown, not sharply define

from the olive-brown upper parts, but separated in some specimens by a

more or less well-marked rufous collar ; the rufous stripe down the sides

of the neck, commencing behind the ear-coverts, is pale chestnut red

instead of deep chestnut maroon.” (O. Grant).

Distribution.—The western side of Burma along the foot of the Chin

hills, and in the Chindwin basin. Many birds from Assam show a tenden-

cy to paleness, whilst others are as richly coloured as Nepal ones; so it

is very difficult to decide the exact geographical distribution of these two

closely allied sub-species.

3382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

POMATORHINUS NUCHALIS, Tweeddale.

Tweeddale’s Scimitar Babbler.

P. nuchalis, Tweeddale, A. M. N. H. (4), xx., p. 535 (1877), Sharpe, Cat.

_M., vu., 413; Oates, F. B. 1., i, p. 117; Bingham, Ibis. 1903, p. 588.

Description,—As in Oates, F. B. [.

Distribution —Thayetmyo District, Toungoo hills and Karennee, and

the Southern Shan States. Col. Bingham in the “Ibis” notes that birds

from this last locality vary greatly in size and colouration.

POMATORHINUS OLIVACEUS OLIVACEUS, Blyth.

The Tenasserim Scimitar Babbler.

P. olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xvi.,p. 451 (1847); Sharpe, Cat.

5. M..,. vii., p; 4143." Oates, F. B.1., 1., p. 115.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Tenasserim.

POMATORHINUS OLIVACEUS RIPPONI, Harington.

The Shan States Scimitar Babbler.

P. rippont, Harington, Bul. B. O. C., xxvii., p. 9, 1910.

Description.—Most closely allied to P. olivaceus, Blyth from Tenasserim,

but with the general colour of the upper parts olive-brown instead of

rufous-brown; the tail similar in colour to the upper parts (in P. olivaceus

it is much darker, blackish towards the tip and rufous towards the base) ;

the chestnut patch on the sides of the neck somewhat paler; and the bill

usually more slender. Total length about 8-3 inches ; wing 3-4; tail 5-7;

tarsus 0-85.

Mstribution.—The Shan States, Burma.

I believe its nest and eggs have lately been taken by Captain Venning.

PoMATORHINUS HORSFIELDI.

This sub-group has a wide range over the Peninsula of India and Cey-

lon, and extending to Sumatra and Java, it appears to be very subject to

climatic influences, and falls into the following well-marked races :—

(i) In Rajputana, about Mt. Abu and Seoni, we have a very pale race.

P. horsfieldi obscurus (Hume), noticeable for its very pale upper plumage

and total absence of any black on the sides of the breast.

(ii) Inthe Deccan and extending *across to Bombay, Mahableshwar,

Kandalla, and Kanara, and down to the plains of Mysore and Madras, we

have typical P. horsfieldi horsfieldt (Sykes). The original locality from

which this sub-species was described, being the Deccan.

This bird is slightly darker than P. 4. obscurus and has only faint traces

of a black band on each side of the breast. Dr. Sharpe considered that

Syke’s types really belonged to the pale race (P. obscurus). They are

certainly very pale, but when a large series from the above localities are

taken, the differences at once become apparent. Dr. Sharpe seems to

have been inclined to consider these two forms as the same, and to sepa-

rate the more southern form. I consider it best to keep the two distinct,

and to create another sub-species out of the Southern Indian birds, which

are quite distinct from those of Mt. Abu and the Deccan.

(iii) In Travaneore, the Nilghiris, at Ooty and Coonoor, and in the

Pali Hills, we get a very dark, almost melannistic form, for which I pro-

pose the name of C. horsfieldt travancoreensis sub-sp. nov.

(iv) Ceylon is inhabited by P. hk. melanurus, Blyth, which, I think, con-

sists of two well-marked geographical races, which I hope will be recognised

and described by Ceylon ornithologists.

‘

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 333

POMATORHINUS HORSFIELDI HORSFIELDI, Sykes.

The Deccan Scinutar Babbler.

P. horsfieldi, Sykes, P. Z. 8., 1832, p. 89, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 415;

Oates, F. B. 1.,1., p. 119.

Description.—Upper plumage earthy brown, head the same colour as

back; a white supercilium from the nostrils to the nape; chin, throat,

breast and middle of the abdomen white, in many specimens traces of a

blackish line dividing the white of the breast from the upper plumage’

This sub-species is intermediate both in colour and geographical distribu-

tion, between P. h. obscurus and P.h. travancoreensis sub-sp. nov. and is

more nearly allied to the former.

Distribution.—Bombay, Mahableshwar, Khandalla, Kanara, the plains of

Mysore, Madras, and the Deccan,

PoMATORHINUS HORSFIELDI oBscURUS, Hume.

Hume’s Scimitar Babbler.

P, obscurus, Hume, 8. F., 1., p. 7 (1873); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 416;

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 120.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

This sub-species is distinguishable by a total want of a black band

separating the white of the breast from the upper plumage.

Distribution. Mt. Abu and Seoni. More specimens are required to decide

the exact range of this sub-species, especially to the North and East.

POMATORHINUS HORSFIELDI TRAVANCOREENSIS, Sub-sp. noy.

The Southern Indian Scimitar Babbler.

Description.—Upper plumage a rich olive-brown ; head decidedly darker

and with numerous black feathers ; the tail in many specimens being black

at the end ; a conspicuous white supercilium from the nostrils to the nape ;

a line below the supercilium, cheeks, ear-coverts and a band continued down

the sides of the breast, and encircling it black, many of the feathers having

white streaks : chin, throat, breast and centre of abdomen white, flanks and

sides of the body greyish brown.

Some specimens from Travancore, Ooty and Coonoor, are very black on

the heads and tails.

Type in the British Museum from Peermall, Travancore. 8. India.

Surgeon-Major W. Fry., Coll.

Distribution,—Travancore, the Nilghiri and Palni Hills.

POMATORHINUS HORSFIELDI MELANURUS, Blyth.

The Ceylon Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus melanurus, Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi., p. 451 (1847); Sharpe

Cat. B. M., vii., p. 414; Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 118; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis -

1878, p. 132.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Both Sharpe and Wardlaw-Ramsay point out the differences between

birds from the dry and wet zones of Ceylon. Sharpe quotes Legge, who

says that there is a complete “gradation between the most ferruginous

birds, which come from the damp districts of the south, where climate and

heat are combined, to that of the hill birds from the upper zone is very

perfect, a complete sequence being obtainable on going up through the

““ Wilderness of the Peak” from the lowlying portions of Saffragam to the

Horton Plains.’

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

To me there appear to be two distinct sub-species, one a rich rufous

olive-brown, and the other plain olive, and I hope some one better acquaint-

ed with the birds of Ceylon will name and describe them. Between sub-

species there must always be connecting links, and no doubt in a confined

area like Ceylon, these links are more noticeable and easily procurable,

but this is no reason why the birds at the two extremities of the chain

should not be held sub-specifically distinct.

POMATORHINUS FERRUGINOSUS.

The Coral-billed Scimitar Babblers.

This race consists of two nearly allied sub-species.

P. f. ferruginosus, Blyths, having the under parts a dark rich rusty-red,

and the crown of the head black.

P.f. phayrei, Blyth, having the under parts paler, and the top of the

head, the same colour as the back.

PoOMATORHINUS FERRUGINOSUS FERRUGINOSUs, Blyth.

The Neépal Coral-billed Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xiv., p. 597 (1845); Sharpe,

Cat. B.M., vii., p. 422; Oates, F. B. 1., i., p. 120. ‘

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—From Nepal to the Dafla Hills in Assam.

POMATORHINUS FERRUGINOSUS PHAYREI, Blyth,

Phayre’s Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus phayrei, Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi., p. 452 (1847); Sharpe Cat.

B, M., vil. p. 422¢) Oates, #: Bo-1.; 1, p2 124,

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Shillong inthe Khasia Hills to Manipur, and Naga and

Chin Hills (Mt. Victoria).

Birds from this last locality have the upper plumage tinged with green

much more than the typical Assam birds, and the under parts paler.

POMATORHINUS ALBIGULARIS.

These are birds very nearly allied to P. ferruginosus and might be

almost considered a race of that species. I, however, have kept them

separate as the under parts are so very much paler. P. a. albigularis, Blyth,

has the chin and throat white, and under parts tinged with faint rufous

and is found in the hills of Tenasserim.

P. a. marie, Walden, has the under parts pale buff, with no tinge of

rufous and is found in the hills east of Toungoo, Karennee and on Byin-

¢yi mountain.

PoMATORHINUS ALBIGULARIS ALBIGULARIS, Blyth.

Blyth’s Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus albigularis, Blyth, J, A.S. B., xxiv., p. 274 (1855) ; Sharpe,

Cat. B. M., vii., p. 423 ; Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 121.

Description.—As in Oates F. B. I.

Distribution.—The mountain ranges of Tenasserim down to Tavoy.

PoOMATORHINUS ALBIGULARIS MARI, Walden.

Walden’s Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus maria, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4), xv., p. 403 (1875).

Deseription.—Similar to P. a. albigularis, Blyth, from Tenasserim, but

paler, the under parts being a pale buff with no tinge of rufous.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 335

Distribution —Toungoo and Karen Hills, also Byingyi Mt., Yemathin

District, Upper Burma, where it was procured by Mr Oates.

PoMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS, Group.

The Rufous-necked Scimitar Babblers.

Godwin-Austin, J. A.S. B., xliii., Pt. ii., p. 160 and xlv., Pt. ii., p. 75 ;

Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 188; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 129.

This group consists of the smallest Scimitar-Babblers, and has a very

extensive range, from Nepal to China; and falls into four well-marked

geographical races.

Both Seebohm and Wardlaw-Ramsay draw attention to the difference

between birds from China, and those from the Himalayas, but neither

mention the chief difference. Birds from Nepal to Yunnan have rather a

long curved bill, both the culmen and the lower edge of the lower mandi-

ble being curved, whilst birds from China proper have a shorter and stouter

bill, the culmen only being curved and the lower edge of the lower man-

dible being almost straight.

Godwin-Austin also draws attention to the difference between the birds

from the Dafla Hills in Assam, to those from other parts of the province.

This is quite natural, the boundary being the Bramaputra River birds to

the North, z. ¢., from Nepal, Sikhim, Butan and the Dafla hills are iden-

tical and typical, P. ruficollis ruficollis, Hodgson.

Birds, south of the Bramaputra from Khasia hills, Manipur, Naga and

Chin Hills, and Western Yunnan and the Bhamo hills, are paler and more

olive above, and instead of being a distinct brown and white below, are

fulvous and white; and less richly coloured than those from the Himalayas,

the bill also is more slender than in P. r. ruficollis. As birds from this

locality have not been described, I propose the name P. ruficollis baker,

Sub sp. nov. after Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker.

In China we have P. ruficollis stridulus, Swinhoe, from Szechuen and

Fokien.

And P. ruficollis styant, Seebohm, from the Yangtze Valley, China.

Key.

A. Bill average about 20 m.m. (the exposed portion of culmen to tip)

gonys curved.

a. Upper Plumage Ruddy-brown, Lower plumage,

brown and white. P. 1. ruficollis.

6. Upper Plumage Olive-brown, Lower plumage

olive-fulvous and white P. 1. baker.

&. Bill average about 16mm., gonys straight.

ce. Rich ruddy brown above, chestnut brown and

white below. P. s. strvdulus.

d. Pale ruddy-biown above, olive-brown and

white below. P.s. styan

POMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS RUFICOLLIS, Hodgson.

The Nepal rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler.

P. ruficollis, Hodgson, as Res., xix., p. 182 (1856); Sharpe, Cat. B.M.,

Vii., p. 426 ; Oates, F.B.L.,1., p. 122.

Description.—As in Oates, F.B,I.

Birds from Nepali to the Dafla hills have, as stated by Godwin-Austin,

rather stouter feet and legs, and are much richer and redder in colouring

and darker birds.

20°

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX111,

Average wing measurement 10 Nepal birds 80°1 m.m.

eS . ‘3 1). Sikhim 7 7,614 chee

ma) 5 Ne 10 Bhutan &

Dafia 39 82:0 9? 93

and bills 20 m.m.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Butan and Dafla Hills.

In the British Museum there are two specimens collected by the late

A. Anderson from the N. W. Himalayas, these are decidedly smailer and

more rufous below than Nepal birds, and have a wing measurement of

77-78 m.m.; and bills of 17.m.m. (And may possibly be young birds.).

More specimens are required, as it is quite possible that there is a race

of smali P. ruficollis in the Western Himalayas.

POMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS BAKERI,” subs. nov.

Baker's rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler.

Description.—Similar to P. 1. rujicollis, Hodgson, from Nepal differs in

being much paler and more olive-brown ; and instead of being a distinct

olive-brown and white below, are fulvous and white; and are not so richly

coloured ; also have a more slender bill than the northern race.

Types in British Museum No. 400 and No. 86, 10.1.8610 Shillong. Nov.

1877, J. Cockburn, Coll.

Distributcon.—Assam from the Khasia Hills to the Naga Hills and Manipur,

the Chin Hills on the West, and the Bhamo Hills on the N. E. of

Burma, also Western Yunnan.

Note.—There are three specimens in the Museum collected by Capt.

Wingate from Southern Yunnan, these have no signs of streaks on the

breast, but are otherwise like P. 7. bakert, and may constitute another

sub-species.

POMATORHINUS OCHRACEICEPS.

The Slender-billed Scimitar Babdblers.

The following Scimitar-Babblers are remarkable for their very long

slender curved bills. Their range, as at present known, extends from

Assam to Manipur; and the Southern Shan States to Karennee and

Tenasserim.

POMATORHINUS OCHRACEICEPS OCHRACEICEPS, Walden.

Lioyd’s Scimitar Babbler.

Walden, A.M.N.H. (4), xii. p. 487, 1873; Sharpe, Cat. B.M.,vii., p. 417;

Oates, F.B.1., 1., p. 123.

* POMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS STRIDULUS, Swinhoe.

P. stridulus, Swinhoe, [bis 1861, p. 265. ;

Very similar to P. r. ruficollis, Hodgson, but has a smaller and stouter bill; more

highly coloured, being above, avery rich rufous almost cinnamon-brown, below

a rich chestnut brown with white striations.

Bill about 16 m.m. and wing 78 m.m.

Distribution —Szechuen and Fokhien, China.

POMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS STYANI, Seebhom.

Seebohm, bis, 1884, p. 263,

Differs from P, r. stridulus, Swinhoe, in being much paler above and below ;

although being much darker and richer than the longer-billed ‘or P re

" uficollis and P.r. bakert.

Distribution.—Yangtze Valley, China.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 337

Deseription.—As in Oates, F.B.1.°

Distribution.—Byingyi Mountain; Wa-Noi, the Southern Shan States,

Karennee and Tenasserim.

Nothing appears to be known about the nidifection of this species.

POMATORHINUS OCHRACEICEPS AUSTENT, Hume.

Hume's Scimitar Babbler.

Hume, 8. F., x., p. 152 (1881); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 418 ; Oates, F’.

B. I., i., p. 123; Baker, Ibis, 1906, p. 93.

Description.—As in Oates.

Distribution.—Mr. Stuart Baker says ‘“‘ The distribution of these two

forms (P. 0. austent and stenorhynchus) is rather curious, in N. Cachar, |

procured birds which were intermediate in every way.”

Nesting. —According to Mr. Stuart Baker, it builds a deep cupshaped type

of nest, and lays from 3 to 5, pure white, eggs; these are slightly glossy,

and fragile for their size; and measure between ‘89” and °93” in length, and

‘63” and ‘69’ in breadth.

PoOMATORHINUS OCHRACEICEPS STENORHYNCHUS, Godwin-Austin.

Austin’s Seinutar Babbler.

Godwin-Austin, J. A. 8. B., xlvi., p. ii., p. 43 (1877) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.

M., vil., p. 424 ; Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 124; Baker, Ibis, 1909, p. 94.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.— Sadiya in Assam.

Nesting.—Stuart Baker, says this species is extremely rare in North

Cachar. The majority of his specimens were got on lofty ridges of 6,000ft.

In the Lakhimpur District it occurs at a much lower elevations, at about

4,000 ft. The nest and eggs are similar to those of P. 0. stenorhynchus.

The eggs, however, are much larger, and measure between 96” and 1:18

in length and between ‘67” and ‘72” in breadth. The bird appears to lay

from March to May.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYsS.

The Rufous-checked Scimitar Babblers,

In this nearly allied sub-group of the Scimitar Babbler we get a more

plain coloured bird, olive-brown above, and under parts white, either

plain or streaked. They have a much coarser bill than the preceding

species, and were given a genus (Orthorhimus) to themselves by Blyth.

They are all very nearly allied when compared, but those nearest in

appearance are furthest apart geographically. They extend from the

N.-W. Himalayas through Assam to Burma and Yunnan, and down to

Tenasserim.

Commencing from the extreme N.-W. we have:

P. e. erthrogenys, Vigors. In the N.-W. Himalayas, this is noticeable

for having its breast almost pure white, with only faint indications of grey

stripes ; and its flanks deep rufous.

P. e. haringtont, Baker. From Nepal and Sikhim, in this latter sub-

species the breast is pale ashy-grey, streaked with white and flanks deep

rufous. '

P. ec, macellellandi, Jerdon. From Assam and the Chin Hills, has the flank

olivaceous ; the breast white, streaked with dark ashy-brown.

P. e. gravivox, David. From Yunnan and the Bhamo Hills, is very like

the last but has flanks rufous, and the breast streaked with black.

338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

P. e. imberbis, Salvadori. Down the Eastern side of Burma from the

tuby Mines District through the Shan States and Karennee to Tenasserim;

this bird is almost identical with the N.-W. Himalayan birds, only differing

in being smaller. This is a very interesting point in evolution, and we

have the same phenomena (the tendency that the two extremes of a race

have in being much nearer in appearance to each other than to the inter-

vening races) in many other species in different genera—such as in Alezppe.

A. p. brucei, Hume, from Western India, is almost identical with A. p.

phayrer, Blyth, from Tenasserim, although intervening, we have other sub-

species. Pellorneum ruficeps ruficeps, from 8S. India being nearer to Pr.

subochraceum from Lower Burma, than to P. 7. mandellzi or P. r. minus which

intervene. The Burmese Bush-Larks, Quails and Green Pigeons, etc.,

being in some species hardly separable from Madras birds. Many other

cases of similarity between sub-species from the two extremities of the

geographical range of a species could be given, pointing out that given the

same conditions, two races will probably develop along similar lines.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS ERYTHROGENYS, Vigors.

Vigor’s Rusty-cheeked Seimitar Babbler,

Ponmatorhinus erythrogenys, Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 173; Sharpe, Cat. B.

M. vii., p. 430; Oates, F. B. 1.,1., p. 124.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—N.-W. Himalayas, Rawal Pindi to Simla, these birds show

very little trace of grey streakings on the breast.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS HARINGTONTI, Baker.

Baker's Rufous-cheeked Scimitar Babbler,

S. Baker. Bul. B O. C. xxxii, p. 123, 1914.

Description.—The whole chin, throat, and upper breast dark ashy-brown,

the feathers having merely whitish bases on the chin and throat, and white

centres on the breast. The upper parts are also somewhat darker and less

rufescent in the eastern than in the western form.

Instribution.—Himalayas east from Sikhim.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS MACCLELLANDI, Jerdon.

MacClelland’s Scimitar Babbler.

Pomatorhinus macclelland:, Jerdon, B. 1., ii., p. 32 (1863); Sharpe, Cat.

B. M., vii., 'p. 481; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 125.

Description.—As in Oates.

Distribution.—Assam, south of the Bramaputra, Khasia hills, Naga

hills, Manipur and the Chin hills.

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS IMBERBIS, Salvadori.

Salvadori’s Scimitar Babbler.

P. imberbis, Salvadori, Mus. Civ. st. Nat. Genova (2), vii., p. 410 (1889),

Oates, F. B. 1, 1., p. 125. (Footnote) ; Blanford, F. B. L, iv., App. 479.

Almost identical in colouration with P. ce. erythrogenys, from N.-W.

Himalayas, differs in size.

Length about 9°25; tail 3:4; wing 3°4; tarsus 1:45 ; culmen 1°2 inches.

Distribution—In the hills down the eastern side of Burma, from the

Ruby Mines District, through the Shan States and Karannee, to Tenasse-

rim. One or two specimens in the British Museum, show indications of

grey stripes on the breast, and are probably intermediate between this

sub-species and P. e. gravivor.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 339

POMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS GRAVIVOX,* David.

David's Scimitar Babbier,

P. gravivor, David, Ann. Sci. Nat., xviii., art. v., p. 2 (1873), Hartert, Pal.

Vog., i., 688; Harington, B. N. H. 8. J., xix., p. 115.

Very. similar to P. e. macclellandi, J erdon, from Assam differs in having its

upper plumage of a more ereenish tinge, and the stripes on the throat

black instead of grey ; the sides of the body and flanks a rich chestnut

instead of olive-brown.

Distribution.—The Bhamo hills, Yunnan, Schensi, and Kansu, ‘Ching!

Nesting.—I found this bird fairly plentiful in the Bhamo Hills, and

procured its nest, this is an untidy dome-shaped structure placed on the

ground, the eggs measuring 1:07 xX ‘87 inches.

POMATORINUS HYPOLEUCUS.

The Giant Seimitar Babblers.

These three nearly allied forms are giants amongst the Scimitar-Babblers

and almost censtitute a genus by themselves.

Their range at present is not satisfactorily known, but probably extends

from Assam down both sides of the Chin Hills; and from Tenasserim

down the Malay Peninsula.

Three closely allied forms are known.

P.h. hypoleucus, Blyth. From Assam and Manipur and Arracan, P. h.

tickel, Blyth., Tenasserim, P. h. wrayi, Sharpe, Perak Mountains, Malay

Peninsula. :

* A very nearly allied sub-species.

P.g-. dedekensi, Oustalet (1893); Oustalet, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. ser. 7, xii.,

p. 276; Hartert, Pal. Vog., i, p. 638.

Hab.—Occurs in Szechuen and Tibet.

PoMATORHINUS (DRYMOCATAPHUS) RUBIGINOSUS, Walden.

Trichostoma rubiginosa, Walden, A-M.N.H. (4), xv., p. 402 (1875).

Drymocataphus rubiginosus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., ii. v., p. 5600 ; Oates, F.B-I., i

145.

Pomatorhinus rubsginosus, Harington, Bul., B.O.C., xxxiii., p. 46. (1913).

* The only examples of this so-called species are two from Karennee, both in the

British Museum. These are quite young birds, and are very similar to young

examples of Pomatorhinus wmberbis, Salvadori, a species which also first described

from Karennee, and of which there are now numerous specimens in the British

Museum from the Shan States, Burma.”

“The immature tyves of P. rubiginosus, differ from specimens of P. imberbis

of a similar age in having tne upper parts much browner and the breast and flanks

dull chestnut instead of rusty red.”

“The adult of P.rubigiosus still remains to be discovered.” (Harington).

On re-examining these two specimens and comparing them with the young of

P. erythrogenys, 1 find that they agree in colour with the only specimen of the

young of that species available, but both, the specimens of P. rubiginosus, Walden,

and the young bird of P. erathrogenys, differ in the same way from the adults of

these two species, which are so similar in coloration, in having a much more rufous

tinge to their upper and lower plumage, which I think must be caused by chemical

action. Itis most improbable that there should be nearly allied undescribed sub-

species of Scimitar-Babbler in the Karennee Hills, from which locality there are

numerous specimens now available of P. wmberbis.

I therefore consider these two specimens tobe merely the young P. e. imberbis,

Salvadori.

Asthe name rubiginosus, Blyth, is a synonym of P. f. ferrugynosus, Blyth.

Walden’s name, therefore, could not stand in any case.

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

POMATORHINUS HYPOLEUCUS HYPOLEUCUS, Blyth.

The Arracan Scimitar Babbler,

Orthorhinus hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xili., p. 371 (1844.)

Pomatorhinus hypoleucus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 428; Oates, F.B.I., i.,

p. 126, Baker, Ibis 1906, p. 95.

Description.—As in Oates, F.B.I.

Distribution.—As in Oates. And also the Chindwin basin, I have not

been able to examine any specimens from Arracan where the type originally

came from, nor the Chindwin area, where I believe it has been got breeding

by Mr. C. Hopwood.

Nesting.—Stuart Baker says that this bird builds the usual type of nest ;

either domed ora deep cup, and that the eggs are white, and in shape

broad blunt oval, and range in size between 1°25” and 1:20” in length and

*87” and °83” iu breadth.

POMATORHINUS HYPOLEUCUS TICKELLI,” Blyth.

Tickell’s Giant Scimitar Babbler.

Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xxiv., p. 273 (1875); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p:

429 ; Oates, F. B. 1, 1., p. 127.

Description and Distribution.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

“Nests and eggs do not differ from that of P. h. hypoleucus. Four in my

collection measure between 1:16“ and 1:18” in length and ‘96 in breadth.””—

E.C.S.B.]

XIPHORHAMPHUS, Blyth (1848).

“This genus merely differ from Pomatorhinus by its excessively long and

still more narrow bill, Only one species is known.”’—(Oates).

XIPHORHAMPHUS SUPERCILIARIS, Blyth.

Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xi, p. 175 (1842); Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vi, 438;

Oates, F. B. L,1., p. 128.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

T have only been able to examine one specimen from Manipur, procured

by Godwin-Austin on the Konchungbum Peak, this has the breast much

paler, and not rufous, and most probably constitutes a distinct sub-

species.

Ne esting.—* The nest of this bird—is that of all the Scimitar Babblers. It

is made principally of grass and dead leaves, with afew bamboo leaves

where such are obtammable and is either completely domed or semi-domed,

or very deep cup shaped, and placed on one side so that it appears to be

domed if casually examined. As a rule it is placed actually on the ground

in amongst bracken, ferns, or scrub jungle in forests and occasionally I

have taken it two or three feet up in thick bushes or in tangles of jasmines,

raspberries, etc.”’

The eggs from 2 to 4in number are, of course, white, and of much the

same shape and texture, as the eggs of the smaller Pomatorthinus. They

average about ‘96"” x°72".—E.C.5S. B.

*Pomatorhinus hypoleucus wrayi, Sharpe.

Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 437.

Very similar to Pil tickelli, Blyth differs in being much darker; the head dusky

brown, inclining to dark ashy; the tail black instead of rufous-brown.

Hab. —The mountains of Perak, Malay Peninsula.

(To be continued. )

341

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

When the last report was published at the end of May our Col-

lector Mr. C. A. Crump was in the Hazaribagh District of the

Province of Behar and Orissa. ‘Irom thence he moved to Chaibassa

which is in Singbhoom, and though at first the persistent rain was

against his obtaining a good collection, fortunately, some breaks in

the weather enabled him to do well and he has managed to get quite _.

a representative collection together. Mr. Crump, his assistant and

servants all suffered a good deal from malaria which retarded work

considerably. Irom Chaibassa he proceeded to Calcutta both for a

few days holiday and also to try and. obtain some bats, &c., which

are found there. Mr. HK. G. Laird-MacGregor, I.C.S., was good

enough to help him with advice and facilities for collecting whilst

in Calcutta. After a week or two in Calcutta Mr. Crump proceeded

to Midnapur for a camp to obtain a few animals which were particu-

larly required, namely, hares, langur monkeys and porcupines,

Our plans were then that he should go to Orissa and after that to

Southern India, but owing to the desirability of working the

Nepal East Frontier, Darjeeling and a part of Sikkim at an

early date and also to the fact that Mr. Crump has had so much malaria,

it was decided to send him up there towards the end of September.

He is now in Sikkim, where through the kind assistance of

H. EK. Lord Carmichael, permission was obtained from H.H. The

Maharaja of Sikkim to collect mammals in that State.

Mr. Shortridge and Capt. Macmillan arrived at Rangoon in May

from the Tenasserim Coast and left by river for Monywa and

Kindat in Upper Chindwin, where members and others have

kindly given them assistance. From Kindat as the rains were not

very heavy they took the opportunity of the river being in flood to

go up to Homalin. ‘The squirrels are of much interest in this part

of Upper Burma and Mr. Shortridge in a recent letter remarked on

the curious fact that whilst on the one side of the Chin River one

species was found on the other side quite a different variety occur-

red. Mr. Shortridge and Capt. Macmillan hope to get down to

Pegu and Shwegyin at the close of the rains and then to leave for

Assam and the Khasia Hills whence collection are urgently needed

to enable the Upper Burma species to be worked out.

As there is still a large part of Burma to be worked, it is hoped

that they will be able to return there after Assam if-money is forth-

coming to enable the Survey to continue.

Major Mayor, the third Collector, arrived from Ceylon in June and

proceeded to Gwalior, Central India, in July where H. H. the Maha-

raja Scindia had kindly made all arrangements for his collecting tour.

Unfortunately, when War in Europe broke out, Major Mayor being

on the Army Reserve had to rejoin at once and: therefore proceeded

home by the mail steamer of the 15th August.

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Soler

Since the above was in type Mr. Shortridge and Capt. MacMillan

have returned to Bombay on their way to the front. Before leaving

they exhibited their specimens at a meeting of the Society and the

fine series of different squirréls created, much interest. It is to be

hoped that they will return when the War is over to help in com-

pleting the survey.

The accompanying Map will enable members to see at a glance

how much the Survey has done and also how much still remains to

be done.

( MAMMAL FUND.

FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 31st OCTOBER 1914.

aan |

NAMES. | Amount.

| f |

|/Amount previously acknowledged in Journal No. 1, Rs. a. | Ps

Vol Sai, oe 4 ae fs cs ..| 82,762 0 Ona

Burd, Capt. E. .. 7 a oo 20 0; 0

Capper, Major A. Stewart ae bee % et 15 0} O

Delme-Radcliffe, Capt. A. 15 0 0}

‘Government of Central Provinces (2nd Donation). . 2,500 neo

'Hannyngton, F. (1.C.S8. ) Me e tee 3 20 OF: 20

‘Logan, Capt. R. O. ; Ne: ip Ft =! 8 12 | 0

‘Lister, R. S. a i As? bs ee 15 Ua

“McNeill, J. (1.C.8.) = te $. it a8 50 0; 0

|O’Donel, H. V. ik 10 One

The Royal Society, London @nd Donation £10) # 150 0; O

‘Suter, Dr. M. F. be: 40. |, OA

Willi Major th We yinerey. ht oo)" late, Sate 10°). 8) Og

| Ware,tk. (0s9hD. cia Come ot ac ee 10 | 0} 0

Noung. orl one, . be ane cs ee 15 | Onl 8

lsterest Credited by Bank on Cur- 85,641 2a

rent Account up | |

to 38lst October |

1914 4 .. Rs. 363-11-6

Do.. B,P.T. Bonds up to | |

| 3lst October 1914. _,, 282-3-0

Do. Fixed Deposits up to

3lst October 1914. ,, 1,176-15-5 7

1,822 | 18} it

PROMISED.

Government of Bihar and Orissa 5 - ah 1,500 0 dud

Tora Ks. 88,964 | 12) 6

The subscriptions to the Mammal Survey Fuud up to date

amounts to Rs. 85,641-14-7 added to which we have Rs. 1,822-135-11

for interest earned and Rs. 1,500 promised making a total of

Rs. 88,964-12-6. The expenditure up to date amounts to

Rs. 73,002-4-1 leaving a balance in hand of Rs. 15,962-8-5.

. ay

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rocess of being worked by the Collectors.

INDIAN EMPIRE

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345

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. 1—BLACK TIGERS (FELIS TIGRIS).

With reference to Miscellaneous Note No. II in the Journal of the

Society, Vol. XXII, No. 4, I also believe that I once saw a black tiger. In

the autumn of 1895 I was shooting in company with Mr. C, J. Maltby, now

of Harrow-on-the Hill, in the Cardamon Hills of Travancore. I had shot a

bison rather late in the day on a high hill which lay full in view of our

camp. Being unable to do any skinning before dark we left the carcase

and the next morning sent out some hill men to bring in the head. I was

watching their progress through a field glass when I observed a large black

animal basking on a piece of rock; I drew my companion’s attention to it;

he fetched his telescope and almost at once handed it to me with the

remark that the animal was a black tiger ; I myself had already come to the

same conclusion and further observation through the telescope confirmed

me in my opinion. We could now see the hill men suddenly stop as if they

too had observed the animal; the men ultimately continued their advance

by another route and the animal no doubt observing them, got up and went

away. When questioned on their return to camp the hill men stated that

they had seen a tiger and that it had been feeding on the bison. Very

sheavy rain came on that night and when we were able to visit the spot no

foot-prints could be seen.

I may mention that black panthers are not extremely rare in the jungles

of Travancore.

STEWART CAPPER, Masor.

AGAR, 21st July 1912.

No. II.—PANTHER KEPT FROM KILL BY PARIAH DOGS.

Last season when camped at Rojam, a village in Dohad Taluka of this

District, on January 6th I was informed in the morning that a panther had

killed a cow near a Bhil’s house about a mile away. I wentat once te the

spot and found the dead animal, partially eaten, lying in the open, about

100 yards away from the house. The Bhils in those parts do not live in

villages but in separate houses scattered about at short distances over the

country-side.

I had the carcass dragged along the ground to a suitable tree about 50

yards away from the house and a machan built in the tree.

I returned in the afternoon and sat up for the panther. Soon after I

got into the machan two ordinary pariah-dogs came out from the house

and started feeding on the dead cow.

As it got dark, there was no moon, the panther arrived, went to the

original spot where he had left the cow and from there followed up the

trail of the carcass and saw it and the dogs under the tree.

Instead of going on to the kill he lay down to one side about 380 yards

away growling at the dogs. I was then surprised to see that the dogs,

evidently annoyed at being disturbed in their meal did not appear to be

afraid. of the panther but stood just by the kill barking furiously. This

performance went on for an hour or so, the dogs not giving way an inch,

‘and would have contained longer but my Shikari, from the house, called

the dogs off.

- Then after waiting a good long time, the panther came slowly on to the

‘kill. It was quite dark, I turned on the light and fired, he rushed off but

was found dead next morning on the edge of the forest about ; mile

away.

: D. BOURKE, 1.F.s.

‘Gopura, Pancu Manats, July 31st, 1914,

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIIT.

No. HWI.—A RECORD PANTHER.

I send a photo of a panther shot by Alec Murray, Indian Police, in this

district last year (or rather of its skin as this is the only photo Mr. Murray

was able to get) which will I think interest you. The animal measured

before skinning 8’ 72” measured straight between pegs fixed at tip of nose

and tip of tail and as far as Mr. Murray has been able to find out this is

an absolute record. It was shot at Khara, Banda Tahsil, Banda District,

U. P., in April 1913.

On the back of the photo is an outline of the ‘lucky bone’ of this

panther. This bone measures 243” round the outer curve.

I shall be glad to know if the size is a record and to have the photo

back after you have made any use you like of it.

D. R. H. BROWNE,

Executive Engineer, P. W. D.

Banna, U. P., 23rd June 1914.

[ The photograph is not reproduced as it was only the photograph of the

skin and notof the panther. 8’ 73” measured straight certainly seemsto be a

record: It is a pity Mr. Murray did not take separate measurements also of the

head and body and the tail.—Eps., | ,

No. [V.—THE ATIVITUDES AND MOVEMENTS OF THE LARGE

RED FLYING-SQUIRREL—PETAURISTA INORNATUS.

By R. W. G. Hiveston, I.M.S.

(With a plate.)

If we cast a glance over the world of animated Nature we see all living

creatures adapted most beautifully to the varied conditions of their

existence. But the most strange and wondrous of all these adaptations,

and those which most powerfully excite our interest, are the various modifi-

cations by which a small group of any great class of animals becomes fitted

for a sphere of life different from that which the great majority of its

members enjoy. Strange is the structure of those wild sea-birds which live

in equal happiness floating upon the surface of the ocean, chasing their fishy

prey in the depths beneath, soaring in the air above or peacefully resting

on the rocky shore. We wonder not at that host of mammals which live

but on the surface of the earth, that part of the economy of Nature for

which they seem to have been definitely created, but when we see great

groups of them wandering into the domains of other creatures, into the air

or into the sea, we cannot but believe that they are abberant branches of

the great ancestral stock that once occupied the land, and we stand amazed

at the beauty of the adaptations with which Nature has fitted them for

their anomalous existence. The mighty Cetaceans of the ocean are more

astonishing than the greatest Pachyderms of the land, the bat, which lives

a bird-like life in the air, is more surprising than any mammal that walks

upon the earth; and when we see a rodent adapted for movement on the

solid ground, for climbing up the trunks and along the branches of the trees

and for a beautiful gliding motion through the thin air, we are filled with

admiration at the manner in which Nature has formed such a creature for

the different spheres in which it dwells. The Flying Squirrel lives this

three-fold life, on the ground, in the tree-top and through the air.

On the ground (Fig. 1).

Though the solid earth must not be considered as the main centre of

activity in which this species lives, yet it is well adapted for movement on

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc,

Fig. 1. On the ground. Fic. 2. In the tree.

Fig. 3. Through the air.

THE LarcGe Rep Fryine-SquirReL (Petaurista imornatus).

| ; . en “ erat

> 2 Le SY

hw EE

: THE LIBRARY =>

OFTHE = ~=—.

MMIVERSITY OF ILUNGB~ :

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 344

its surface. It advances in a continuous succession of short leaps, the

length and frequency of which vary in accordance with the pace at which

it moves. The average length of each leap is about twelve inches, and the

whole movement is one of sinuous regularity though occasionally a walking

gait is assumed. The pliant body is at each leap flexed and the back is

arched ; the head is raised from off the ground, the eyes are widely opened

the body is propelled forward by a forcible contraction of the hind

limbs and gently alights on all fours atthe termination of each bound.

The claws are elevated by an extension of the toes and this permits the

animal to rest on the soft pads of the feet and prevents the claws from

penetrating the soil and impeding its further progress. During slow motion

the tail is often elevated and curled over the back, thus displaying the

white subcaudal spot which makes the creature almost as conspicuous as the

white tail makes the rabbit when hastening to its burrow. But during any

rapid progression the long bushy tail 1s immediately lowered, prolonged out

behind, rigidly fixed and but very slightly elevated above the surface of the

body. The beautiful manner in which the parachute is folded beneath the

body, when not in use, renders it almost invisible during this movement,

but when the leaps are long and rapid the free margin of the thin membrane

may be seen flapping gently at each spring and may, possibly, to a slight

extent impede its motion and would undoubtedly prevent a still more rapid

progress. And here we seem to see a limit reached in the modification of

an organism for existence under two diverse conditions, as it is evident that

a greater development of this wonderful parachute to attain a freer aerial

motion will hinder the terrestrial motion, and similarly by a lesser develop-

ment the movement on the ground will profit at the expense of movement

intheair. When the attention is aroused or the curiosity excited, all

motion is immediately checked; the animal stands firm, motionless and in-

tent ; the body is often raised or even erected on the hind limbs in the en-

deavour to discover the cause of the excitement ; the expression is fixed and

attentive ; the head is often raised and may be turned from side to side

or directed intently towards the sound or object of its alarm; the eyes are

widely opened ; the ears are elevated ; the skin over the nostrils is wrinkled

and the vibrissz are directed forwards and vibrate slowly as though, like

the wide-open eyes and elevated ears, these tactile hair were of good ser-

vice to the creature in discovering the cause of a distant excitement. It

is, however, improbable that the vibrissae perform any definite sensory

function under such conditions but, since they are most valuable as

tactile organs when directed towards objects with which they can come in

contact and the nature of which they are endeavouring to ascertain, it

seems likely that their movements may be reflexly called into action in the

determination of all causes of excitement, near or distant, even when, as

tactile organs, they could produce no effect. When the body is raised

erect the hind limbs are flexed and the animal sits upon its haunches; the

fore limbs either hang downwards or are extended towards the exciting

agent, as though to grasp it. The parachute is folded and concealed.

The position of the tail is variable but it is interesting to observe that, on

certain occasions, when attention or curiosity is aroused, the tail, which was

either elevated or curled over the back, is permitted to sink gently back-

wards owing to a complete relaxation of the elevatory muscles. Thus the

definite mental concentration of curiosity is associated with a definite

muscular tension of all those parts which tend in any way to the satisfac-

tion of that curiosity and, apparently, also in a definite relaxation of those

parts which are not so connected, for what value the tail could be for suck

a purpose noone cansay. But the external manifestation of interna:

in so gentle and passionless a creature. The

346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

eyes, which in the cruel carnivora soften in love or flash in anger, are lus-

trous, staring orbs, changeless in all passions, motionless in all excitement.

When angered the ears move backwards for protection ; the claws are fixed

and ready to strike the object provoking its resentment; the mouth is

opened and the little teeth are fixed for the attack; the vibrissee move

forward as though to discern the cause of the provocation and the animal

utters a gentle vibrating growl. In the Common Squirrel, when alarmed,

the hairs of the tail are often erected, but this does not seem to occur in

the Flying Squirrel. In fear the ears are again retracted; the head is.

drawn in towards the trunk and the whole body shrinks backwards.

It is recoiling and retreating in its fear when suddenly it turns, scampers

off, springs upon a tree-trunk and scrambles for safety amongst the

branches.

In the tree (Fig. 2).

The ascent of the tree-trunk is rapid and skilful. It consists of a hand-

over hand motion of both fore and hind limbs, though, under favourable.

conditions, the animal may advance by a series of short leaps. The face is

directed upwards; the body flattened and both chin and belly are in close

contact with the tree. The toes are flexed and the strong curved claws.

are bent inwards to grasp the smallest irregularities of the surface, though

they do not penetrate to any appreciable extent ; the parachute is almost

entirely concealed, though at each movement a small angular fold of

membrane is revealed at the junction of the body with the limbs, and when

the animal stretches forwards or backwards, to grasp a distant foothold a

large and irregular expanse of parachute becomes visible which gives to.

the creature a strange and unreal appearance.

But the branches of the tree is the squirrel’s true home, and it is

here that the dexterity of its movements and the remarkable method

of maintaining its balance excite the greatest wonder. On a strong

bough where the squirrel can maintain a firm and secure resting place

its ease of motion and mode of progression resemble closely those

attitudes and movements which are characteristic of the animal when

resting on the solid ground; but as it wanders out among the smaller and

less stable branches or nimbly springs from a swaying perch to a new

position of security, there are called into action fresh attitudes and fresh

movements, all most beautifully adapted to the varying conditions of an

arboreal existence. It rests seated most usually across the branch with

body curved and the hind quarters drawn well forward, so that the hind

limbs, which are flexed, come well up to the fore limbs and grasp the

support almost in the same transverse line ; the fingers and toes are bent

and the curved claws seize the roughened surface; the parachute is con-

cealed save for a narrow white sinuous fold which ‘winds beneath the lateral

aspect of the body ; the head and neck are stretched forward and the tail

hangs vertically down behind. Now this position of the tail may be con-

sidered as almost without exception when the animal is seated in an even

balance on a thin branch; it is not the sole effect of gravity as the whole

organ is under a distinct muscular control; and, moreover, it is a position of

great importance and performs a most definite function in the maintenance

of the bodily equilibrium. For, when the animal is thus resting on a narrow

support there is a comparatively small portion of the posterior part of the

body jutting out backwards over the branch, owing to the haunches and

hind limbs being carried well forward, in order that the latter may advance

to meet the fore limbs. But, on the other, the head, neck and anterior

portion of the body project wellin.advance of the branch in front and there

is thus an excess of weight in the larger projecting fore body above that in

the smaller overhanging hind body, and were it not for some accommodating

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. . 347

mechanism the equilibrium would be unstable. The tail produces this

accommodation for by hanging vertically down behind, it gives to the hind

body that additional weight sufficient to counteract the excess in the fore

body. Were the tail eurlad forward over the back, as occurs when the

animal is resting on a broad and firm surface, then a still additional weight

would be thrown to the front and the balance would be disturbed and at

the same time the elevation of the tail would raise the centre of gravity of

the animal, and this would still further tend to increase its instability. The

tail, therefore, in this position, maintains the bodily balance and does so in

two Ways ; by. the addition of weight to the posterior part of the body and

by lowering the centre of gravity of the animal, both of which tend to the

production of a greater stability. It is interesting to place a captured

squirrel of this species ona smooth cylindrical metal bar into which its

claws cannot penetrate or can scarce obtain a foothold and to observe the

beautiful equilibrium of the body and the great part played in its main-

tenance by the downward prolongation of the bushy tail. It can be

immediately recognised that the position of the tail is not due to the sole

effect of gravity forcing it to hang downwards, but that it is tixed there by

a definite voluntary muscular action and the distinct resistance offered by

the animal towards any artificial attempt to raise the tail from its normal

position cannot be mistaken.

But the function of this organ as an agent for the preservation of the

bodily equilibrium deserves a little further consideration. Should the

animal, when seated on a thin branch, stretch forward its head and fore

body to an unusual degree, then the tail is immediately elevated, the hind

arm of the lever is consequently lengthened and the general equilibrium

directly restored. Should, on the other hand, the reverse movement occur

and the hind quarters of the animal extend abnormally backwards and tend

to overbalance the anterior portion ofthe body, then the tail is immediately

swept forwards beneaththe branch and thus succeeds in recoverng the

balance. In this latter case, it might have at first been considered that the

very characteristic movement of the tail over the back would be equally

efficacious in producing this resalt, but a movement’s reflection will show

that such a movement would primarily be associated with an elevation

and backward prolongation of the tail which would tend to further in-

crease the bodily instability, and it would later, when the tail bacame

curled over the back, bring about an elevation of the centre of gravity

which would add still more to this undesirable result. A lateral inclination

of the body to the. right is counteracted by a gentle movement of the tail to

the left and the converse is likewise true. The whole length of the organ

is under a continuous voluntary muscular control, every tendency to over-

balance in one direction is met with a counterbalance of the tail in the

opposite direction and a uniform equilibrium, beautiful in its physical

simplicity, yet marvellous in its nervous and muscular complexity, is thus

attained. ‘It is instructive to observe a squirrel of this species leaping and

clambering from branch to branch and to endeavour to follow the motion

of the long tail as it sways backwards and forwards, to the right and to

the left, and to recognise that its slightest movement is directed towards

some object, is to attain some end. On occasions the animal may reach

a still more difficult position, where its every effort and all its powers of

balance must be forced into action in order to retain the bodily equilibrium,

and then, as it staggers on its insecure support, the tail is thrown into a

series of rapid and complicated movements which perplex the mind in the

endeavour to follow them. But by no means so easily as by a simple

experiment can this balancing function of the tail be immediately demon-

strated. If in a captured animal the tip of the tail be fastened to the

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

neck so as to compel the former to lie permanently over the back and the

squirrel be placed on a thin branch, it will be seen to make vain attempts

to retain its balance, the tail will struggle with its bonds in the endeavour

to become free and, if the surface be smooth, the animal, though violently

clutching at its foothold, may tumble completely over and cling with its

flexed claws to the undersurface of the branch. As the performer upon

the tight-rope keeps his balance by raising or lowering a long wand which

he holds within his hands so has Nature for the same purpose supplied this

creature with a living and pliant wand and the longer it may be, the more

powerful, accurate and sensitive will be the function it performs until, as

in this species, it becomes longer than the body which it balances and

requires to be coiled away for protection over the back. On occasions the

Flying Squirrel completely inverts the normal position of the body and

hangs hack downwards on to the undersurface of the branch. The tail,

under such conditions, becomes curled round the branch from which the

animal is suspended, and its position cannot but suggest to the mind that

it actually is in use as an organ of support, and indeed it would only

require a slight increase in the muscular tension in order to become so.

Now in this striking attitude we may possibly detect one of the evolutionary

gradations in the development of the prehensile tail, a trace of a gradual

passage from an organ of equilibration to an organ of prehension, from an

organ which in the Flying Squirrel maintains a wonderful balance upon the

tree-top to an organ which grasps the branches and sustains the body even

in so marvellous a degree as is seen in the Cebidee of the New World.

Though descent from a higher to a lower level is peculiarly an aerial

motion yet the animal can well climb face downwards along the trunk of

a tree or, by lowering the fore limbs while still retaining the grasp with

the hind limbs, may allow itself to sink gently from a higher to a less

elevated branch. The descent of the tree-trunk is head foremost; the

body is closely applied to the tree and the mode of progression resembles

a succession of scrambling leaps. The fore feet are somewhat separated

and the claws check the downward motion ; the hind limbs are prolonged

backwards and the outer two or three claws cling into the irregularities of

the surface and sustain the body. The hind feet appear to have under-

gone a partial rotation from their normal anatomical position, for the toes.

which are outermost when seated on the ground, have become innermost

when the limb is backwardly extended during the descent of a tree, but

the movement does not seem to attain its object in complete perfection for

it is usually but the inner two or three claws which meet the surface and

only in very favourable conditions can all five be called into action. The

tail, which if unrestrained by any muscular effort must hang downward

over the animal’s back, is rigidly maintained in an upward perpendicular

position ; the parachute is almost entirely hidden and it is only when the

limbs become widely outstretched that any considerable extent of its

surface appears in view which at times may give the animal a most fan-

tastic shape.

The day is passed in a state of sleep during which the squirrel lies

curled away in a sheltered hole or quiet corner of the tree. The body is

coiled and rests either on its side or belly.: the head is turned down

towards the tail and tucked in between the hind lhmbs which are carried

forwards to protect it on each side and the fore limbs are flexed beneath

the chest. A closely allied species, Petaurista phillipensis, has been de-

scribed as “lying on its back with the legs and parachute extended, a

position it is fond of in sultry weather.’’ I have never seen a similar

attitude in this species and it is possible that a posture adopted for the

purpose of cooling the body by a species which inhabits the tropical forests

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 549

of Central India would not be developed to a like extent in a species which

dwells on the temperate slopes of the Himalayas. But, at times, if dis-

turbed in its sleep, the limbs may be widely stretched apart and the

parachute extended, yet this is only a temporary movement associated

with a sensation of fatigue and one which we see illustrated more frequently

and more fully in many of the higher mammals. In the attitude of sleep

the parachute is almost always concealed except for a wavy white line at

one side of the curled body formed of anintermediate downwardly directed

convexity prolonged at each extremity into a similarly directed concavity.

The thick bushy tail is coiled over the neck or across the head and this

serves to protect the eyes from the glare of the light and to provide a warm

covering to the head.

The attitude adopted when feeding is pretty and characteristic. It sits

with archea body erect upon the hind quarters and grasps the morsel of

food in the fore paws, though it will occasionally take it with the mouth

directly from the ground. Sometimes one paw is used for this purpose and

more uncommonly the food is seized in the hind paws and brought suflici-

ently far forward in them to reach the mouth. The hind limbs are wide

apart; the head is bent down; the ears are moderately elevated; the taal

is directed forwards beneath the body or is often curled upwards over the

head ; the nostrils vibrate ; the vibrissz delicately quiver, the teeth work

rapidly ; the mouth is in continual motion and the animal utters a gentle

lapping sound. The food is clutched in the flexed fingers but is not held

there firmly ; it is undergoing a gradual rotation in the paws so that the

animal is continually biting at a fresh surface and nibbling first one part,

then another part until the whole is consumed.

All these attitudes and movements on the ground and in the tree, the

objects for which they are performed and the emotions with which they are

peculiarly connected, cannot but excite an intense interest in the mind of

any who observe them, but it all sinks to nothing in comparison with that

sense of wonder which we experience when we see this nimble creature

stretch wide its limbs, extend its parachute and glide swiftly through

the air.

Through the avr (Fig. 3).

The movement in the air is the most beautiful to observe but the most

difficult to investigate. It is purely a gliding or volplane motion. The

parachute in no way furthers the advance of the animal by any muscular

activity ; it firstly sustains the body in the air and allows the primary leap

to continue to its full effect, and secondly, owing to the pressure of the

underlying air on the widely extended membrane when the squirrel is

descending obliquely, the animal tends not only to be sustained but to

be thrust forward by a horizontal force in the direction in which it is

moving. Before the primary leap takes place the animal looks steadfastly

at the object towards which it is about to spring ; the head is often thrust

forwards and backwards as_ though undecided at the practicability of the

movement ; the body may at the same time be repeatedly elevated and de-

pressed ; the eyes are wide and staring ; the animal moves well forwards on

to the front of its support and with a sudden jerking motion forcibly stra-

ightens the hind limbs and propels the body swiftly into the air. The limbs

are immediately extended ; those in front are stretched out at right angles to

the body while the hind limbs, though widely separated, are somewhat pro-

longed behind. The outstretched membrane is tense and firm, yet it

inclines to arch upwards before the pressure of the underlying air and this

gives to the upper surface of the animal the appearance of a uniform con-

vexity. The claws project in readiness to grasp their foothold at the

termination of the movement, the head is directed downwards and the tail

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

is rigidly trailed behind. Downwards and onwards it swoops in a beautiful

gliding motion, ever increasing in speed as it draws nearer and nearer to the

lower limits of its “ flight,” when suddenly it seems to swerve; its momen-

tum raises it a few feet upwards; its pace checks and its curved claws

strike inwards and cling into the tree as it reaches its goal in safety. The

tail has been considered to act as a kind of rudder by which the animal

can guide its movements and actually change direction when in the air. I

have never seen the gliding motion take place in any direction but that of a

straight line except in the sudden elevation at the termination of the

“flight.” Moreover it is extremely improbable that Nature would have

provided the animal with a steering gear in the form of an elongated and

cylindrical bushy tail; it appears more probable that it acts as an organ of

balance, for of what value could the similar long bushy tail be to steer the

Common Squirrel which never flies. Just as the tail of a bird cannot act as

a rudder because it is compressed in the wrong direction, so also it is

unlikely that the tail of the Flying Squirrel will possess a steering function

as it is not compressed at all. It has been shown that when the animal

is seated on a branch an excess of weight in the anterior portion of the body

is counterbalanced by an elevation of the tail which increases the leverage

power of the posterior part of the body, and when the Squirrel is gliding

through the air the obliquity of its position produces a considerable depres-

sion of the anterior body which would tend to upset the equilibrium and

cause the animal totopple over were it not that the tail prolonged out

rigidly behind was sufficient to counteract the forward depression and

result in the maintenance of an even balance.

As closely as I could estimate, the square surface of a rather small

specimen, with parachute folded, was 333 sqnare inch and, with parachute

widely extended, reached 116 square inch and this gives to the animal, when

in the air, an increase in square area of three to four times over that which it

occupies when at rest.

The distance over which the gliding motion will carry the animal is very

considerable and Jerdon records a flight which extended to sixty yards.

The Common Squirrel, though possessing not the vestige of a parachute,

will, when performing leaps of any considerable extent, stretch out its limbs

and extend its long bushy tail. This position may possibly support the

animal to a slight extent and may be considered as the first step in the

succession of evolutionary gradations towards the development of a distinct

sustaining membrane which ultimately increases to almost a fourfold degree

the supporting power of the animal.

Nature controls with prudence all the varied parts of her beautiful

dominion. There is no squander, nothing superfluous yet every corner is

amply filled with living creatures marvellously adapted to their conditions

of life. Miles aloft in the blue sky, in the profound depths of the bound-

less ocean, everywhere swarming on the surface of the land can be seen

these wondrous modifications with which Nature has provided all the living

inhabitants of her world. Few creatures play a more lovely part in this

economy of existence than the little Flying Squirrels of our empire.

No. V.—ALTITUDE TO WHICH ELEPHANTS ASCEND.

In the Jilustrated London News of April 18th there is a diagram showing

the vertical distribution of animal life.

Amongst the animals shown, the Indian Elephant is placed at 5,000 ft.

During the recent Aka expedition, we found Elephants on the Butan-

Tibet boundary at a height of 10,200 ft. It would be interesting to know

if they have ever been observed formerly at this height. The elephants

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 351

seem to ascend from the main valley (5,000’) during the hot weather, from

which there was a broad well trodden Elephant path to the ridge above.

I'he whole ridge above 8,000’ is covered with rhododendrons with occasional

pine trees.

Lesser Rhino were found in the main Valley at a height of over 5,000’.

i understand that the Lesser Rhino was observed at considerable eleva-

tion in Burma, but can find no reference to the exact height.

A. L. M. MOLESWORTH,

Suittone, Assam, 7th May 1914. Capt., 1/8th Gurkha Rifles.

No. VIL—COMMENSALISM BETWEEN MONKEYS AND

TSAING AND DEER.

On page 731 of Vol. XXII (No. 4) of the Society’s Journal, mention is

made of Chital and Sambhar being found in close vicinity to herds of

monkeys. The reason given by Mr. ©. H. Johnstone is, I have no doubt,

correct. Quite lately I was out after Tsaing in the Kalka district and got

up to a small herd of two bulls and four or five cows feeding under a wild

mango tree. These trees unlike the cultivated variety assume, propor-

tionately speaking, huge dimensions in Upper Burma. I noticed at the

same time a commotion in the branches high up and using my glasses

detected some 8 or 10 monkeys—the long tailed variety feeding on the

fruit. I had two Burmese trackers with me and having come up to the

herd very quietly I was able to get a very good view and for quite 15 or 20

minutes. The animals down below were moving about freely picking up

the fruit as it fell from above. The bulls had immature heads so I was not

shooting. Laterin the day I came across, I should say, half a dozen other

such trees and underall of them numerous tracks of Tsaing (Banting), Gyi

(Muntjac) and pig. Of course at this time of the year the fruit naturally

falis as it ripens but there can, I think, be no doubt that the presence of

‘monkeys in these trees offers an inducement to deer and other animals to

seek association with them. My Burmese trackers told me that Hsaing

have a special penchant for the fruit of the mango and that till Bamboo

shoots are available it was always possible to get a chance of bagging a

decent Tsaing where these trees were to be found.

W. WALSH.

‘Camp KYANKINYAUNG, 16th June 1914.

No. VIL.—THE BARKING DEER OR MUNTJAC (MUNTIACUS

VAGINALIS.):

Reading up R. Lydekker’s book on the “ Game Animals of India” I came

‘across various statements which are not inaccord with my personal obser-

vations.

For instance this author calls the Muntcacus vaginalis a strictly nocturnal

animal, whereas in the Bombay Ghats I have on frequent occasions seen a

“bekar’ grazing in the open as late 9 a. m. and on one occasion shot a buck

on a grass covered projecting bluff above “ Tigers leap,’ Lonauli, as late

as 10 a.m. where it was feeding. It was however on a somewhat cloudy

day.

The “bekars”’ of the Bombay Ghat also do not seem to shed their horns

regularly in May, as I have shot a buck with old horns in the middle of

June.

Presuming that perhaps the above notes may not be quite devoid of

‘interest.

M. F. SUTER.

Bomsay, 8th August 1914.

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

No. VIII.— BREEDING OF WILD PIG (SUS CRISTATUS).

On 15th April 1914, 1 saw them in copula. On 20th-25th May 1 shot

two sows with 7 and 5 embryos practically fully developed, 7.e., with

all parts of the bodies well distinguishable. The 7 were more advanced

than the 5. One of the 7 was given to Mr. C. A. Crump for the mammal

survey, but the others I did not keep. On 18th July a lot of young ones

were caught, and others were killed. Some were only about one day old, as

their navel strings had not dried up and fallen off, others were two or three

days old and there were others which were anything from 10 to 15 days old.

All these little pigs were marked very similarly to the 5 striped squirrel

(Funambulus pennantit).

On August 5th, I obtained two young females not more than 24 hours

old. These two were very dark as regards their stripes, in fact very like

some of the very dark squirrels (f. pennantii) Mr. Crump send you from

Nirnia ghat.

Whilst beating my men came across a freshly made shelter, showing that

a sow was about to produce, and as a result we were able to trace the soua-

der which was close by, but unfortunately 1 was unable to secure any as

my rifle failed me. On September 11th while out shooting some of my beaters

picked up the body of a squeaker not more than 48 hours old (the navel

wound was not completely healed) which had evidently been killed by a

sow biting a large piece out of its face.

O. A. SMITH, Masor.

HazarispacH District, 19th July 1914.

No. IX.—WILD PIG (SUS CRISTATUS) CROSSING WATER.

This morning just after dawn 1 saw seven pigs cross the Burakar river,

current about 11 miles an hour, point of crossing about 45 to 50 yards wide.

Two were full grown sows ? and five were very small squeakers.

The squeakers followed close behind the two grown up pigs.

O. A. SMITH, Masor,

HazaripaGH District, 17th August 1914.

No. X.—SHAN NAMES FOR MAMMALS FOUND IN THE

NORTHERN SHAN STATES.

Gibbon, Hylobates hoolock . . s .. Wu-Wa.

Langur, Presbytis ay” eu P) ; .. Ling-Kang.

Assam Red Monkey, ? Sema rhesus .. lLing-Leng.

Loris, Nycticebus sp. ? gE: = .. Ling-Lom.

Tiger, Felis tugris .. 7 es .. Hso-Lai-Kai-Kawn.

Panther, Felis pardus ihe 4: .. Hso-Son-Kin.

Tiger Cat, Felis sp. ? 2 .. Hin-Wap.

Panther Cat, Felis bengalensis *; .. Hin-Kuk.

Jungle Cat, Felis affinis .. ce +0 RE

Civet, Viverra xibetha a a8 .. Amnge.

Mongoose ? Herpestes sp. ? a .. Meng-Na-Len.

Wild dog, Canis rutilans .. M .. Ma-Biton.

Jackal, Canis indicus ‘ sa .. Ma-Nai.

Shan Dog, (Domestic) ys a .. Ma-Tai.

Badger, Helictes sp. ? “7 a .. Mu-Ma.

Otter, Lutra sp. ? .. .. Mun or Wun.

Himalayan Black bear, Ursus tor quatus. . Mi-Ma.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

Malay bear, Ursus malayanus

353

Mi-Keng.

Musk rat, Pachyura sp.? .. Nu-Sang-Uga.

Flying fox, Cynopterus sphina? .. Mang-Ku-Law.

Small bats .. Ming.

Flying Squirrel, Petaurista Sp. 2. Sawn Peu.

Small flying squirrel, Secu opterus sp.?.. Sawn Hawk.

Small squirrel, Sciwrus sp. ? Sawn.

Giant squirrel, RS sp. ? Ma-Mai

Jungle rat .. i Nu-Pak

House Rat .. Nu.

Mouse ‘ Nu-Awn.

Water Rat? Nu-Nam.

Large Bamboo Rat, Rhizom, YS Sp. ? Ou.

Small Bamboo Rat, "Rhizomes sp. ? Tawn.

Porcupine, Hystriz sp.? es Men.

Hare, Lepus peguensis Pang-Tai.

Elephant, gees. MALUMUS wa ang.

Rhinoceros , ay on oe Song.

Bison, Bibos gaurus . e M. .. Wo-Leng.

Tsaing, Bibos sondaicus “y 4h. .. Wo-Lam.

Domestic buffalo .. ate a .. Kwai.

Domestic Ox Be te vu aENY 0:

Horse oe Mt Mi ne fe UL

Ass .. , br ud, bi Rr Ave

Mule ‘2 Be Me 2 .. Ma-Law.

Goat oF a ag oe Mt od sek

Sheep a. sig oe at eI BO,

Serow +e Pay ungs

Barking Deer, Muntiacus vaginalis lee Wahine

Hog Deer, AAs porcinus .. Aa? ..' Sat-Hkai.

Thamin, Pongolia eldi a oe Se bongs

Sambur, Rusa unicolor .. ne .. Kwang.

Wild pig, Sus cristatus .. oy, .. Mu-Hton.

Domestic pig % ae o. oo agi hte

Pangolin, Manis sp. ? L ra! ae Lan:

F. 8. GROSH,

Assistant Superintendent,

9th May 1914. Northern Shan States.

No. XI.—FEMALE BLACK BUCK WITH HORNS.

In December last near Nishangara, Terai, I shot a female black buck

with horns. She was with aherd of about 12 others does. I examined her

after I had shot her and found her to be a perfectly normal female in

every respect and also as regards the colour of her coat.

I enclose a photograph of the head. The long horn measures 203 inches

round the curves and is rather loose about 10 inches from the base. I

imagine that in a few weeks the upper part would have fallen off. The

other horn as you seeis broken. ‘The horns have not separated from the

skull as in the case with a buck.

I should be much interested to know whether a case of a female with

horns has ever been brought to your notice before and if so what is the

maximum length of head recorded.

I have never heard of such a case before and asl can find no one else

who has I thought I would write and ask you hoping that you would be

able to give me some information on the subject.

354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

I saw quantities of buck in this district

but none were worth shooting as I never saw

one with a head which I judged to be more

than 17 inches.

A. A. FENN, Lt.,

3, Royal Fusiliers.

Lucknow, 27th January 1914.

[There are several reccrds of female black buck

with horns. In the Society’s Museum there is a

head of afemale with horns, shot near Umballa

on 9th December 1883 by Colonel J. H. Yule.

This head is peculiar in having no definite rings

on the horns but a polished Smooth surface.

In Vol. II of our Journal, p. 9, the late Mr. R.

A. Sterndale figured another head in the possession

of H. H. the Maharaja of Jodhpore. In the Field

for 15th March 1876 there is an illustration of

another female head with horns which was shot at

Ktah, U. P., and sent to Mr. D. Craigie-Halkett.

Besides these three heads, a fourth which is figured

in The Book of Antelopes, Vol iii, p. 14, isin the

Hume Bequest in the British Museum. According

to Mr. Lydekker in the Catalogue of Ungulates

the head come from Gurgaon and the horns “ bend

outwards ana downwards in a homogeneous curve,

the first turn being continued to form a regular

curve.”

The Umballa and the Etah heads are very similar

in shape but in the latter specimen the horns are

ringed just as in an ordinary male animal.

Malformed heads of males similar to the above

photograph are not uncommon and if it had not

been vouched for by Mr. Fenn as a female we

should have taken it for a male which had received

some injury possibly to the generative organs,

resulting in the horns being deformed.—Ebs. ]

No. XII.—TSAING (BIBOS SONDAICUS) FOUND WITH

VILLAGE CATTLE.

With reference to the article from Mr. Hauxwell appearing in Volume

XXI, No. 8, at page 1072 on the above subject the following additional facts

may be of interest. While touring in the Mansi Division on 8rd May 1914

I happened to be within 8 miles of Kyaungle and heard that the wild Tsaing

was again out with the village cattle. Having moved camp next day I

sent out men on arrival to see where he was to be found about 2 p.m. I

was told that he was about a mile away in some paddy fields. I rode out

with two ladies of my party and saw him in a bare dry field with a herd of

about 30 or 40 village cattle. At first we remained on our ponies about 50

yards from him and watched him. Aftera time I rode up closer and watch-

ed for a bit and then dismounted and stood watching him for a little while.

He started feeding towards me and took no notice of me allowing me to get

within 5 yards of him. He seemed to be a young bull carrying horns

about 24” with corrugations for about 6”, was in very poor condition pro-

bably due to his long spell with the village cattle, where the feeding is not

very good, and his living too much exposed to the sun. While I watched

him I noticed that he seemed to be paying particular attention to one cow

and while the cattle were grazing he frequently lay down until the herd

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 355:

moved off, when he stood up and went towards the herd. Three times I

distinctly saw him lower his head and make a sound like a low ‘‘moo” of a

cow. He does not seem to interfere with the other bulls but as soon as a

bull approached the cow he was paying attention to, he merely stopped

feeding and looked at the intruder which sent the latter away pretty quick.

The villagers tell me that when he first appeared among their cattle he was

challenged by the pick of the herd and they fought for half an hour when

the village bull was severely punished, since then he has not attempted to

molest the village bulls, who have generally given him a wide berth.

He had often followed cows in season but so far there has been no ap-

parent result. On enquiry from the villagers as to the reason of this they

informed me that owing to his build and height he could not reach down

low enough for the ordinary Burman cows. Whether this is so or not I am

unable to say. This is the fifth year that he has spent the dry weather

with the village cattle. He is held in great reverence by the villagers who

state that they have been very lucky with their crops since he appeared.

He has never been known to appear before crops have been harvested

except once when the harvest was late and then he was seen once but is

supposed to have gone back to the forests and returned when the harvest-

ing was completed. A buddhist monk who is a bit eccentric endeavoured to

put a bell round his neck this year, in order to reduce the chances of a

strange sportsman shooting the animal by mistake ; he succeeded in getting

within touching distance of the animal and was about to buckle on the bell

rope round his neck when the Tsaing moved away. I saw thismonk and he

assured me that he would yet do this and I can quite believe he will.

I regret very much that I had not a camera with me as I could have got

some very good photos.

T. W. FORSTER,

- . Divisional Forest Officer.

Mansi Division, Kartua.,

2nd July 1914.

No. XIII.—NOTES ON BURMESE TAKIN,

Very many thanks for your letter about the takin and other skins.

I am glad they arrived safely, but I do not feel that I deserve much thanks

for I merely packed and brought them down from Htawgaw; they were

collected entirely by Mr. F. C. Lowis, C. I. E., P. W. D.

As tothe exact locality, it was at the head waters of the Ngaw Chaung,

a tributary of the N’maikka, that they were killed—the takin, that is, the

other skins came from various places in the same region ; all on the Burma

side of the Irrawaddy-Salween divide, roughly lat. 26° to 26° 30' and _ long.

99° 15’. The range varies in height from 11,000 ft. to 14,000 ft. in this

region running like an immense white wall due north and south for

unknown miles. .

I went up with my husband this spring as far as Hpimaw Fort just on

the Burma side of the frontier (lat. 26°) in the course of his official inspec-

tion of Mr. Lowis’ road construction, and as Mr. Lowis himself was not

coming down till the rains we brought down the skins for him.

The Yawyins (or Lissus) hunt takin with dogs, shooting them with

aceonite poisoned arrows when the dogs bring them to bay. Only the old

males stand, the females and youngsters thus escaping.

They are I believe never found below 10,000 ft. but the range is covered

with fairly dense vegetation including dwarf bamboo quite up to that

altitude. : ont

CHARLOTTE T. W. CUFFE.

UpprERFOLD, Maymyo, 27th July 1914.

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

No. XIV.—ABNORMAL SAMBHAR HORNS.

In Volume XXII., page 391, I notice a query and reply about record

Sambhar Rusa unicolor heads; in this connection the accompanying pho-

tograph and measurements of a head I have often seen may be of interest.

Measurements of the above Sambhar shot at Simmaria, C. P., January 7th,

1899, by Mr. B. EH. Carey, 0.8.1., ¢.1.e., now Commissioner, Sagaing,

Upper Burma :—

Right. Left.

Length on curve outside a . .. 423 42

Girth above burr by ar - a 4 ®

Length of browtine from burr .. £ Saath 17%

12 points in all.

C.T. W. CUFFE (MrRs.).

Uprrrroutp, Maymyo, 27th July 1914.

[At page 46 of Vol. II of the Journal will be found a plate figuring two abnor-

mal Sambhar heads which were some 28 years ago in the outer court of the Jeypore

Museum. Mr. BR. A. Sterndale in referring to these heads mentioned their resem-

blance to the Kashmir stag (Cervus kashmirianus) and we think members will

agree that the similarity is also apparent in the head figured above by Mrs. ee

Ds |.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 357

No. XV.—NOTES ON BURMESE SEROWS.

In Volume XXII, p. 296, there appears a most interesting article on

Serows and I send you photographs of two of these queer beasts, also a

water colour drawing of the red one shot by my husband in 1899, which I

painted a few hours later when it was brought into camp. You may notice

the difference in the shape of the nose between the drawing and the photo-

graph; the drawing is correct: the nose was like a calf’s, not like a deer’s.

The other photograph is of a tame serow we had for some time in Toun-

goo. A most quaint beast, very affectionate and extraordinarily tame with

those he knew. He used to insist on coming upstairs and lying on the carpet

beside the piano in my drawing room and he would allow no stranger inside

Height at withers 3/ 14”, length of horns 103”, circumference 5”.

the compound after dark. He hated the natives of India, but was quite

friendly with Europeans or Burmans and his delight to see his former

owner when he came to visit him was quite touching. He was captured as

a kid by an old Burman villager of Thawati atthe foot of the Pegu Yoma,

who thought the dam must have been killed by a leopard after bein chased

by it out of the hills,

“ Amg Bala,” as we called our serow, was most regular in his habits,

he went out to graze at 4a.m. jumping over the compound gate with the

greatest ease and returned on the stroke of 11 to sleep. At 3 p.m. he went

out again, usually first taking his stand on a point of the high bank over-

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

looking the Sittang river which flowed just under the house, whence he

snorted defiance at all comers and then cantered off to feed, sometimes.

inside and sometimes outside the compound as the fancy took him. He al-

ways came back at dusk trotted into his shed and lay down like a dog, first

goat-like dropping on his knees. The strangest thing of all was that he

made friends with my pet leopard and I once actually saw the leopard

stroking his face with his paw, the serow apparently thoroughly enjoying it.

The serow was to have gone home to Woburn, but both he and the leopard

unfortunately died. I afterwards had a baby (female) serow from the

Karen Hills which would not drink cow’s milk unless there was saltin it, but

she also died when about three months old. She was just as tame as a

domestic goat. Both these were almost jet black on the back with pepper

and salt greyish sides and reddish legs.

““Amg Bala’s’” skin is now set up in the Dublin Museum and the skin and

head of the red serow are at Leyrath, in Kilkenny.

CHARLOTTE T. W. CUFFE.

UprrerFoLp, Maymyo, 27th July 1914.

[The above figure isa reproduction of Mrs. Cuffe’s excellent sketch of the Red

Serow. The red Serow is apparently Capricornis sumatraensis rubidus and the

two young ones swmatraensis milne-edwardsi cf Mr. Pocock’s paper in Vol. XXII of

of the Society’s Journal. Eb. |

No. XVI—SEROW, GORAL, ETC.

In Volume XXII, No. 2 of the Journal is a very interesting communi-

cation by Mr. R. I. Pocock on the above-named animals. On the 18th

March 1897 a short paper on the Burmese Serow submitted by me was read

before the Society. From later knowledge I have come to the conclusion

that these animals are distributed more or less throughout Burma and its

frontiers, ¢.c. on most of the hill ranges of high or low elevation which are

forest clad and are in other respects suitable to serow. Not very long ago

a sportsman went from here to a station some 40 miles up the Prome line

and then did a tramp over the low hills not far off where he secureda good

specimen. I have never seen one in the hills to the west of Pegu or Toun-

goo, or in the ranges between the Sittang and the Salween, but have time

and again had ample evidence of their presence in those localities. A

friend secured a young animal in the Toungoo hills which unfortunately

died. They may be met with from the Akyab District right through the

Arakan ranges. They have been obtained in these hills in the Arakhan Hill

Tracts, Thayetmyo, Minbu, Pakokku districts, ete. Judging from the number

of skulls I met with in the houses of Chiefs and villagers in the Northern

and Southern Chin Hills there must have been quite a number. It is well

known that they are present in other ranges in the Upper Province and

Shan States. I can to some extent endorse the statement made by Mr.

G. W. Bird and quoted by Mr. Pocock on page 309. I would not say they

are common, if this is meant to imply that they are very numerous. About

ninety miles from the mouth of the Salween where one of its affluents (Yon-

zalin) runs in from the west; the hills to the east recede while those to the

west grow rapidly less in altitude, and the river enters a more open and

comparatively level country, small isolated limestone hills may be

observed at intervals on both banks and also inland rising abruptly

from the plain. The hills may be single, in groups of two or three

or even constituting a small chain, some are low, none very lofty,

but all with naked jagged cliffs the tops often appearing as serrated

ridges. These hills are invariably difficult to climb so the tops are

I imagine rarely visited by European sportsmen and not often by the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 359

Karen villagers. The rocky ravines are well timbered and afford ample

shade. Certainly on several of these hills as also those up the Ataran

river serow are present, perhaps a couple ona hill or in some favoured

locality afew. To hunt these animals a good bund-o-bust is necessary,

good beaters who will not evade climbing difficult places, and one or two

men acquainted with the habits and haunts of serow to station stops and

place the guns. It is not often one can make such arrangements hence

unless in great luck one may do a good many stiff climbs and then be

disappointed. Prince Henry D’Orleans in his book “ Tonkin to India by

the sources of the Irrawaddy,” on the trip from Hsekou to Khamti more

than once mentions the Nemorhedus or ‘Rock ass’—a very good name

itis. There is no question that serow vary a good deal in colouration,

some being very much darker than others and it occurs to me from Mr.

Pocock’s article that we may have sub-species: rudzvdus as well as sub-

species milne-edwardsi? in Burma.*

With regard to the Burmese Goral my first acquaintance with the skulls

was in 1889-90 in the Northern Chin Hills, where some of the Chiefs had a

number in their collections. It was however not till 1896 that | came on

the animal. I then sent a skull to our museum which was identified as

that of a female Himalayan Goral, Later on, having doubts as to whether

the Burmese animal was the same, I asked a friend in India to shoot one

and send me skin and head—this he did. It was evident then that the

Burmese goral differed. It was not for a long time afterwards that I

obtained other specimens, when it occurred to me that Mr. Lydekker might

like a couple of skins, so 1 sent two home. As faras 1] am aware there is

but the one species in Burma whether found in the Arakan or Shan ranges.

The pursuit of these animals and serow afford the ordinary plains loving

sportsman as much or more excitement than he bargains for.

Budoreas.—In the near future I am hoping to hear of some lucky

sportsman obtaining a Takin and perhaps the Chinese Musk deer

within our frontiers. I believe a herd of Budorcas, probably tebetanus,

has already been seen, and their tracks have been met with more than

once. That they exist on our outlying frontiers has been suspected for

a long time past, skulls in many villages being fairly numerous and

the hill men offering them as presents. The following measurements are of

three Takin skulls from the frontier, probably average specimens.

Takin skulls from N.-L. Frontier, Burma,

beet ath 1 2 3 |

Right Horn mf eS 21") 183" 18 ¢ |

Left Horn .. a; Le 2032” 19" 172" |

Girth AF : eR AL Peel Os! pe |

L.H.112” | 103” 113” |

Widest Span oe e 163” 15” 143”

Between Tips ie, oe 102” | 113" 83" * Tips blunted. |

* The best head I know of in Burma is in the possession of Mr. L. A. Thruston

and was shot in the Chin Hills. |

Measurements—

R ght Horn 10}’

Girth hase 61”

Le t Horn 103”

Girth 6}’

Between tips 5”

360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

I think the Musk deer is certain to be found in the higher hills beyond

Myitkyina. I have seen several skins and tushes which have been brought

down. The owners seemed very proud of them and asked absurd prices.

G. H. EVANS, Cononet.

Rangoon, lst March 1914.

No. XVIL.—NEST OF THE LONG-TAILED BROADBILL ON

ELECTRIC LIGHT WIRE.

As records of the nesting of the long-tailed Broadbill (Psarisomus

dalhousie) appears to have been few, the following note may perhaps be

of interest.

At Mussoorie last hot weather at 5,000 feet elevation, I noticed what

seemed to be a mass of grass suspended high overhead from one of the —

electric light wires spanning a nullah, and, possibly, I thought, lodged there

during a storm. But this year, seeing two of these, one about the same

place on the wire as last year, I mentioned them to Mr. Vincent Mackinnon,

who told me they were the nests of a rare bird.

On June 28th, seeing the pair of birds at the higher of the two nests, I

told Mr. D. Dewar about them, and we next day visited the spot and got with-

in twenty feet of the birds and their nest, and heard the young birdsin the

nest. The old birds, who remained silent, invariably perched on a bough

close to us—sometimes both were there—before going to the nest; and one

remained almost motionless in full view for about fifteen minutes, holding

a green caterpillar in its beak. So we had had an excellent view of the

birds, especially with the aid of field-glasses, the intense black of the cap,

white loreal spot and bright orange-yellow of the throat in contrast with the

green of the body, appearing extraordinarily handsome. The grey patch on

the top of the head was only noticeable from behind.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 361

On reaching the opening of the nest, the bird hangs with the tail pressed

up against the nest. As it flew from the nest and below us, the blew of the

wings and fanshaped tail, and the broad white bar on the underside of each

wing showed up conspicuously.

The lower of the two nests on the wires—last year’s—has slipped down

the inclined wire, and its bottont portion has gone, but the porch seems to

have been on the east side as in this year’s nest.

The higher one, this year’s nest, consists of twigs, fibres and a few leaves—

the last apparently, merely accidental additions. It is about a foot long

vertically and some eight inches across with a porch overhanging the

entrance which is situated about the middle of the side facing up the

nullah.

The topmost portion by which the nest is suspended is in both these nests

very much stronger, and consists of many more twigs and fibres than the

figure on page 1 of Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. U1, would indicate,

and so prevents the nest being turned round or detached by the wind

which would occur, if it were so slender as shown in the figure to which

I refer—and I imagine the figure to have been drawn partly from descrip-

tion after the nest had been detached from its support.

I enclose a copy of a rough sketch made on the spot by me of this year’s

nest.

Last year the Electrical Engineer, fearing the birds might be killed by

current from the wire, had attempts made to dislodge the nest, but as the

birds persisted in building he left them alone. Hach nest hangs from

a lower wire: had either been on a higher one and touched a lower wire

the birds must have been killed.

Apparently nothing but birds could molest a nest, thus suspended from

the lowest of four parallel wires high above the nullah. The nest, contain-

ing at the time either eggs or young birds, has to my knowledge withstood

in the past few weeks two tornadoes, both of which tore off roofs, one but

half a mile from the nest, and flung them like sheets of paper over the

tree-tops.

The collector of the late Mr. P. W. Mackinnon tells me that about

eighteen years ago he first came upon a nest of this bird, suspended from

a bough in the Jumna Valley and brought back the nest and the eggs

which he says were white. Six years later he found another nest, and

again six years ago he found one suspended from a bough in the Brewery

nullah.

The call of the young birds in the nest somewhat resembled the alarm

notes of a very excited pair of black bulbuls, who seemed to be abusing us

freely—probably for being near their nest—and these two looked as if they

had been too occupied with domestic duties to trim their top knots that

morning, for they had a very dissipated, if not ‘dotty’ appearance.

Four very large beaks of an equal number of very small minhas appearing

from uuder a roof near by indicated yet another hungry family.

H. D. PEILE,

Mussoortez, 4th July 1914.

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIL1.

No. XVIII.—BIRDS NESTING AT QUETTA.

Nest of Eared Grebe (Podicipes nigricollis) near Quetta.

It may interest you to know that I have found the following species

breeding here this year. I should be obliged by your letting me know

whether any of these instances are new to British India, as 1 am aware that

vast studies have been made in Indian Ornithology since the “ Fauna of

British India ”’ was published—

Magpie.. Bhs .. Pica rustica.

Red- ‘billed Chough ay .. Fregilus graculus, .

Indian Grey Tit. 4 e. .. Parus cirerus.

Rock Nuthatch . .. Sttta tephronota.

Indian Great Reed Warbler .. Acrocephalus stentoreus.

Moustached Sedge Warbler .. Lusciniola melanopogon.

Eastern Orphean Warbler .. Sylvia jerdoni.

Common Whitethroat \¥ .. Sylvia ernerea.

Sykes’ Tree Warbler... .. Hypolais pallida,

Upcher’s Tree Warbler... .. Hypolais languida.

Streaked Scrub Warbler . .. Scotocerca inqueta.

European Striated Swallow .. Hirundo rufula.

Gray Wagtail .. .. Motacilla melanope.

Hodgson’s Yellow- headed Wagtail. . Motacilla citreoloides,

Brown Rock Pipit ae .. Anthus similis.

Skylark 4 ay .. Alauda arvensis.

Hume’s Short-Toed Lark .. .. Calandrella acutirostris.

Sharpe’s Sand Lark ue .. Alandula persica,

Crested Lark .. me .. Galerita ertstata,

Blue-cheeked Bee-Eater .. .. Merops persicus.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

European Bee-Kater

Common King-fisher

European Hoopoe

European Nightjar

European Swift

Common Indian Swift

Cuckoo ay

Hutton’s Owlet .

Cinereous Vulture

Egyptian Vulture

Lammergeyer..

Allied Grey Shrike

Bay-backed Shrike

Rufous-backed Shrike

Pale-Brown Shrike

Rufous Shrike

Indian Oriole ..

Common Pied Bush- Chat. .

Pied Chat . ays

Isabelline Chat ..

Indian Redstart. .

Western Blue- Rock Thrash

Rock Thrush

Missel Thrush

Red-Mantled Rose Finch .

Desert Finch a3

White-winged Grosbeak

Gold-fronted Finch

House Sparrow

Tree Sparrow

White-capped Bunting

Grey-necked Bunting

Crag Martin

Common Swallow

Common Pariah Kite

Black Kite

Kestrel. .

Indian Blue Rock Pigeon. .

Little Brown Dove

Indian mune Dove

Chukor .

Seesee .. e

Kentish Plover

Little Ringed Plover

Black-winged Stilt

Bittern .

Eared Grebe ey

Indian Little Grebe

Merops apiaster.

Alcedo wspida.

Upupa epops.

Caprimulgus europeus.

Cypselus apus.

Cypselus affinis.

Cuculus canorus.

Athene bactriana.

Vultur monachus.

Neophron percnopterus.

Gypaétus barbatus.

Lanius assimilis.

Lanwus vittatus.

Lanius erythronotus.

Lanius isabellinus.

Lanius phenicurordes.

Oriolus kundoo.

Pratincola caprata.

Saxicola picata.

Savicola tsabellina,

Ruticilla rufiventris,

Petrophila cyanus.

Monticola savatilis.

Turdus viscivorus.

Propasser grandis,

Rhodospiza obsoleta,

Pycnorhamphus carnetpes.

Metoponia pusilla.

Passer domesticus,

Passer montana.

Emberiza stewarte.

Emberiza buchananv.

Ptyonoprogne rupestris.

Mirundo rustica.

Milvus govinda,

Milvus nigrans.

Tinnunculus alaudarius.

Columba intermedia.

Turtur cambayensis.

Turtur risorius.

Caccabis chukar.

Ammoperdix bonhame,

Atgialitis alevandrina.,

Atyialitis dubta.

Himantopus candidus.

Botaurus stellaris.

Podicipes nigricollas.

Podicipes albipennis.

363

You may wonder at this list. I wonder at it myself, but in every case

when identification has been uncertain, the parent has heenobtained. It is

owing to the fact that this country has never been properly exploited

ornithologically, that such unexpected species are found breeding here.

R. METNERTZHAGEN, Captain.

Qtcxztta, July 1914.

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

No. XIX.—NOTES ON DOVES IN THE PUNJAB.

InDIAN RED TurtiE-Dove (Ornopopelia t. tranquebariea).

This species appears to arrive in the Multan and Lyallpur districts about

the end of March and to commence breeding operations during the first

half of April. In Multan it is found in large numbers wherever there are

plenty of trees but I have also found them in scrub jungle where there are

only Jand and Jal bushes. It is an extremely difficult matter to reduce

bird notes to writing so as to be distinguishable but besides the “ sustained

purring coo,” referred to by Mr. Whistler this bird has another very

distinctive note which can best be described as Ooo-0-0-0 repeated ad lib.

The note is very deep and hoarse with the accent on the first syllable, the

last three being very short and following rapidly on one another. Some birds

have a bunch deeper note than others; but whether this is only the difference

between the note of the male and female bird I am unable to say. As

regards their departure, I have no information whatever as for the last ten

years I have never returned to the plains till the beginning of October when

I have always found that they have gone.

Inpian TurtLE-Dove (Streptopelia turtur ferrago).

So far I have never observed this bird in either the Lyallpur or Multan

iistricts. It would appear, keep further north so as to avoid the desert

tracts being a bird of thick forests.

SpotreD Dove (Streptopelia s. suratensis).

Probably avoids the above districts, also in its migrations, as, so far, I have

never observed it. Common about 5,000 feet in Dalhousie.

EKAstERN Stock Piceon (Columba oenas eversmannt).

I have observed this species both in the Lyallpur and Multan districts in

small numbers all through the cold weather during some years, but as a rule

it does not appear till February when it occurs in large flocks up to the

beginning of April. In Multan I have only found it in the vicinity of the

Chenab River and in Lyallpur near the big canal escapes.

Treronine.

I have only once come across green pigeons in Lyallpur, but as I had no

gun with me I was unable to identify the species. I have never observed

them in Multan.

WEDGE-TAILED GREEN PIGEON (Sphenocercus sphenurus).

Common in Dalhousie, Murree and the Galis, but so far I have not

observed it in the plains.

J. LINDSAY SMITH,

MAJorR, M.B.O.U.1.A.

QuETTA, 3rd August 1914.

No. XX.—SHOVELLER IN THE N. W. F. P. IN AUGUST.

I think the following unusual incident will interest you: A brother

Officer and I were out after teal on Thursday last, (27th instant), and we

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 365

came across a full grown female Shoveller in a heavily reeded jhil totally

unable to fly through the fact that all the wing feathers were in moult that

is the quills were about 6 to 8 inches long each with a little tuft of feather

(about 1 inch) just showing.

At first I was inclined to think it must have been bred here, but I doubt

this as the bird was toc brightly coloured, so it must have been a hit bird

which stayed on here instead of flying north in March.

I notice this is a very early year for duck here. I saw a flock of teal on

the river on the 12th, and Pintail and Gadwall and Shoveller on the 27th,

the latter also on 25th.

Another curious thing about the moulting Shoveller is that the “ jhil”

is really a wet part of the grass farm near here and there are no reeds

there at all till about June, the grass is all cut right down by February.

Have Shovellers been ever found breeding in the N. W. F. P. ?.

NowsHERA, N. W. F. P., W.M. LOGAN HOME, Capr.,

29th August 1914. 112th Infantry.

[As far as we know the nearest countries to India in which the Shoveller breeds

are Turkestan and Northern Persia.--EDs.]

No. XXI.—OCCURRENCE OF THE FALCATED TEAL (ZLUNETTA

FALCATA) IN THE UPPER CHINDWIN.

Whilst shooting duck at Thazi Jheel, about 50 miles north of Kindat,

on February 10th, 1914, I obtained a fine male of the above species, the skin

of which was sent to the Society’s museum. The bird was flying by itself

but was following close behind a pack of male pintail which I had had put

up, and with which it had presumably been feeding. I am inclined to

think, however, that there were other falcated teal on the jheel earlier in

the morning, as I saw a small pack of about a dozen ducks which I could not

identify (they passed twice out of shot) and in size and flight they very

much resembled the specimen obtained. I may here note that the male

EL, falcata previously obtained by me at the adjoining Kaya Jheel was shot

on January 15th, 1906, and not in March as stated in Stuart Baker’s book

on the “Indian Ducks.” During two seasons (1911 and 1912), shooting on

most of the jheels in the Lower Chindwin and Sagaing districts, I failed to

meet with £. falcata, and the only other specimen I ever shot was a

solitary female in Aracan, either in 1908 or 1909, the date I think I

’ recorded in my list cf Aracan birds, published in the Society’s Journal,

p. 1220, Vol. XXI.

CYRIL HOPWOOD, 1.F.3s.

Kinpat, 8th May 1914.

No. XXII.—A NOTE ON THE NESTING OF SOME BIRDS

FOUND IN THE MULTAN DISTRICT.

THE GREY-BACKED WarBLER. (Aedon familiarvs.)

The nidification of this species has not so far asIcan find out been

recorded in India, so it may be of interest to ornithologists to know that

itis one of the commonest birds in the Multan and Montgomery “Bars”

during the months of May and June.

366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIT1,

I first noticed the bird at Kamalia near the border of Lyallpur and

Multan districts during May 1912, but could find no nests. Later on the

same month in the same locality I took two nests containing 3 and 4 eggs

respectively. During 1913 and 1914, I found the bird common in almost

every part of the jungle in Multan and took numerous nests. The jungle

as found in Multan and Montgomery is not jungle as generally known, it

is really bush scrub, the bushes being Jand, Van or Jal and Karil or wild

caper, I cannot at present recall their scientific names. The soil is in some

places sandy, sometimes rising in regular ranges of sand hills some 60! or 70!

high, but for the most part it is as flat as a billiard table. In other places

it is what is known as “put’’, a rich loam, on which excellent crops are

grown in the parts brought under cultivation. The Jal and Jand occasion-

ally grow into trees of considerable size but as arule they only average

some 15’ or 20’ in height. It is in jungles such as the above that the Grey-

backed Warbler is to be found and I have taken its nests in all three of

the above mentioned bushes.

In the Jal the branches of which as a rule droop towards the ground the

nest is usually to be found placed between two or three thick branches

when they cross one another, in the Jand and Karil generally up against

the trunk of the tree resting ona thickish branch. I have never seen a

nest over 5’ from the ground.

An interesting feature as regards the nidification is the different types of

nest one finds. In the Jand the nest is small and compact, in the Jal and

Karil large. and loosely put together. From this I strongly suspect that

advantage is often taken of a deserted nest of Molpastes leucotis as his

bird almost invariably buildsin Jand trees in this locality and the nests

are exactly alike. In Karil bushes the nest always resembles that of Argya

caudata which commonly builds in this bush, while in the Jal, the nest is a

large loose structure quite different from the other two and this type of

nest I take to be the work of A. familiaris himself as no other bird with the

exception of doves breed in the bushes. Of course it may be that the bird

suits its type of nest to the bush it builds in, but I do not think so. On

one occasion I found a nest in a Jal bush containing one egg piaced on top

of another nest also containing one egg, addled. Mr. Cumming of the

Quetta Museum tells me he has found this bird in Persia breeding in small

date palms and in holes in walls but so far in Multan I have only found it

in the above mentioned trees, indeed in the areas in which dates are

grown it is entirely absent. Four eggs in the largest clutch I have found

three appearing to be the usual number, which are of the grey type, none

of the red type so far having been found.

THE Lone-TaILeD Grass Warsier. (Laticilla burnest.)

Common in Multan in the tamarish jungles along the Chenab and breeds

during April and May. Nests situated et at the bottom of thick clumps

of tall grass and difficult to find.

Syxe’s TreE-WarsierR. (Hypolais rama.)

Common in Multan along the banks of the Chenab and breeds in the

clumps of grass of which vernacular pens are made, I forget its name. This

grass is cut every year ata height of 2'-6” or so from the ground and the nests

are situated in the middle of these, 18” or so from the ground. They are

very easy to find as the bird if sitting leaves the tuft at once if it is tapped

with a stick in passing. The nest is cup-shaped with rather a long conical

foundation to give it stability I suppose amongst the grass stems, as it does

not appear to be attached to the grassin any way. I found this bird

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 567

breeding in Quetta in rose bushes in July this year when I came up, one

nest I found as late as 20th July. It appears to leave Multan at the begin-

ning of May and for a week or so before leaving invades Cantonments in

considerable numbers.

The nests in Quetta I noticed were not nearly so elongated as the type

built in grass in Multan. Clutch 3 or 4, commonly 3.

Inpian Busu-Cuar. (Pratincola maura.)

Eggs taken on 24th April 1913 in Multan on the banks of the Chenab.

Bird (in immature plumage ) shot and identified by Mr. EH. C. Stuart

Baker. During April and May 1914, I saw several pairs evidently breed-

ing but could not find nests. I also saw several fledglings accompanied by

parent birds. A number of these birds appear to breed in immature plu-

mage as | have seen them on more than one occasion evidently with nests

or young found by their behaviour.

THe Desert-Larx. (Alaemon desertorum.)

Nest and eggs together with male bird brought to me on the 19th April

' 1914. The nest was situated in a Lana bush about 6” from the ground.

Personally I have not met with this bird in this district and so far 1 know

of only one other case of its having been met with. It appears to build

both on the ground and in low bushes.

THE GULL-BILLED TERN. (Sterna angelica.)

This tern together with S. seena, S. melanogaster and S. minuta are found

in about equal numbers breeding on the Chenab at Multan.

I took one clutch of eggs on 20th April 19138, the earliest date I have on

record. Asa rule complete clutches are not found till about 8th May.

Hume was evidently too early on 28th April, wide “ Fauna of British India,”

Vol. LV, p. 812. The other terns breed rather earlier than this species,

S. melanogaster earliest of all. The nest of S. angelica is the usual depres-

sion in the sand. The eggs differ a good deal in colour and markings,

those of the same clutch even being often totally different. The size and

markings are however quite distinctive and they are always easily recog-

nisable.

J. LINDSAY SMITH, Majsor, M.8.0.U., 1a.

Quetta, 3rd August 1914.

No. XXIII.—SMALL GAME SHOOTING IN SYLHET.

The shooting season of 1913-14 in Sylhet was along one. Pintail snipe

were in in the second week of August. The first to be shot that I have

heard of was obtained on the 1]th of that month. I saw many and shot

seven on the 24th. In April there was a large immigration of these birds.

Two parties obtained 166 birds to five guns on the 18th April. I shotmy

last bird on the lst of May and my assistant saw two on the 2nd. I went

over the favourite grounds with a spaniel on the 3rd and there was nota

bird to be seen. Some of these late pintail snipe were extraordinary in

size. I shot five on the 25th April in the Chargola valley which weighed

one pound twelve ounces and two of them were very much larger than the

others. They were mistaken for pigeons when they were first brought to

table. These birds had each 26 tail feathers.

368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

The season for fantail (or common) snipe was a poor one. At no time

during the season were the birds really numerous. I obtained my first

specimen on the 2nd October, a normal date here, and two belated indivi-

duals on the 14th and 26th April respectively. This last bird was shot

near Chargola and was identified by Mr. R. B. Bather as well as by myself.

The other 28 birds obtained that day were pintails.

There was a great scarcity of jungle fowl in many places. As in these

localities no young birds were obtained the theory is held that the early

floods destroyed the young broods and nests. In places where conditions

were more favourable ‘ murghies’’ were very numerous. One tea planter

shot about 100 on his estate. I only shot three, all old cocks.

Kalhj Pheasants seemed pretty numerous in likely places and I obtained

two Polyplectron Pheasants and could have had more if I had wanted them.

Hill Partridges were common but Marsh Partridges seemed to have

suffered from the floods and were hard to find. Isaw avery small partridge

in bamboo jungle which was new to me.

1 got the first golden plovers on the 7th of September, shot some on the

21st of April, and saw a large company of them on the 26th April.

Woodcocks were fairly plentiful in January and about a dozen were

obtained, not more than 100 feet above sea level.

Jack snipe were scarce.

Wood Snipe were said to have been obtained at Marcoli but as they were

not identified by any authority the record is not reliable. They were said

to have been walked up in heavy cover. I went over the ground with a

spaniel but could find nothing but painted snipe.

I shot a green pigeon, which was alone, with a rosy mauve breast which

was new to me.

I obtained the following species of waterfowl :—Pintail duck, spotbill,

gadwall, shoveller, red-headed pochard, golden-eye, white-eye, garganey

teal, common teal, cotton teal, large whistling teal, common whistling teal,

and I saw two species (at least) of geese and some Brahmini Ducks

without obtaining any. I saw teal in August but did not record the date.

I saw garganeys on the 19th April and also two larger ducks too distant

to identify with certainty. Shikaries reported teal on April 29th.

Altogether I shot 22 species of game birds.

W. VAL WESTON.

PRITHIMPASSA, SYLHET, Assam, May 1914.

No. XXIV.—THE CHINESE FRANCOLIN (FRANCOLINUS

CHINENSIS) IN MANIPUR DISTRICT,

A few days ago, while on tour in the extreme south-east of Manipur

valley, I heard the Chinese Francolin (Prancolinus chinensis) calling all over

the foot hills in a small valley leading south out of the main valley, about

two miles south of the village of Pallel. There were also large numbers of

the black Partridge (Francolinus vulgaris) calling all over the hills and the

valley. This is the common partridge of the Manipur valley. That the

bird I heard was the Chinese Francolin I am certain, as I had just returned

from a tour down the Kabaw Valley in Burma where I shot a cock for the

purpose of identification of the species, which is exceedingly common there,

and which I had never seen previously. I identified the bird from the

descriptions given “The Game Birds of India and Asia’ (Finn), ‘Game, .

Shore, and Water Birds of India’’ (Le Messurier) and the “Game Birds of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 369

India, Burmah and Ceylon” (Hume and Marshall), so I think there

can be no doubt that my identification is correct. My reason for

writing is that none of these authorities give Manipur in the range

of this species, and it may be of interest to your readers to know that

it occurs there. I endeavoured to shoot one of the cocks I heard calling in

order to verify the fact of its being the Chinese Francolin, but was unable

to put one up, as the scrub jungle was too thick. But the peculiar call

(which one of Hume’s correspondents so aptly renders “kuk kuk kuich

ka-ka”) makes it impossible that I could have been mistaken, especially as

the Nagas and Manipuris, who were with me, told me that the bird was the

Kabaw urengbi (Kawab partridge). They told me that the bird was not

uncommon in the south of the Manipur Valley and could be heard frequently

in the neighbourhood of Meirang, a village in the south-west of the valley.

J, C. HIGGINS, 1.c.s,

ImpHaL, MAanrpur Strate, 29th May 1914.

No. XXV.—_THE GHARIAL (GAVIALIS GANGETICUS).

Last year (March 1913) while shooting at Ferozpore in the River Sutlej 1

shot a crocodile (Gavialis gangeticus). It was a splendid female specimen,

its measurements are as follows :—

Length from the point of the snout to the end

of the tail.. kg ae ma es .. 9 feet 7 inches.

Girth round the abdomen .. oe Ae .. 98 feet 2 inches.

Skull—z feet 3 inches long with 88 teeth on each side.

The animal was lying on the river bank basking in the sun; it was un-

usually quiet, due, as was afterwards found, to two bullet wounds previously

caused. One of the bullets had broken the skull (the right auditory capsule

and the squamosal bone along with the quadrate), and the second one the

backbone ; the wounds appeared to be some days old and were choked with

sand yet they had not proved of a fatal nature. The animal was shot

underneath the right armpit, the bullet passing through the lungs pierced

the heart but did not come out of the body on the other side.

On being dissected it was found that the belly was filled with the very

much coiled and enlarged oviducts which were full of eggs. The right one

contained 32 complete eggs in the lower part and a large number of unripe

ones in all stages, round some the yolk was being secreted and round other

the shell-membranes had been formed but the shell was not yet formed.

The left oviduct contained 24 complete eggs. The shell in these complete

eggs also was not quite perfect, in some there was a hole at one point or

another, while in others a very thin calcareous layer had been secreted to

complete the gap.

The measurements of an egg are as follows :—

Length 3°6 inches ; breadth 2°8 inches at its widest point.

The shell is rather rough and of a white colour. The shell membrane is

very tough, and forms a perfect bag round the contents; in some cases

where the shell was removed it was seen that the shell membrane was ofan

oval appearance, though perfectly flat at one end.

The air space in the egg is rather large, in some it was more than one-

third of the whole egg.

370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

A dozen eggs were kept in sand to see whether any development took

place but with no success. The skull of the Gharial has been kept in the

museum of the Government College, Lahore, and an egg has been sent to

the Society’s Museum.

BAINI PARSHAD, B.sc.

GOVERNMENT CotLecE, Lanore, May 1914.

No. XXVI.—EXTENSION OF RANGE OF THE CHAMELEON.

The range of Chamaeleon caicaratus as given by Boulenger in the Reptiha

and Batrachia Volume of the fauna of British India, page 232, is ‘‘ Wooded

districts of Peninsular India, south of the Gangetic plain, and Veylon”,

whilst I have frequently come across it at Lahore, Ferozepore, Ludhiana,

Ambala, Jullundur, Mardan, Peshawar. They are often .seen on the trees.

The range of this animal will therefore have to be extended, the Punjab

being added to the above given range.

BAINI PARSHAD, B.sc.,

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, Alfred Patiala Research Scholar.

Lanore, 22nd May 1914.

No. XX VIT.—NOTE ON THE SPINY TAILED LIZARD

(UROMASTRIX HARDWICKII).

I am sending by registered parcel post a specimen of Uromastrix hard-

wickw (Gray) preserved in spirit. The reptile was taken from its burrow

in March 1914 in the Forest of Kala Shah Kaku. It was hibernating at

the time, being quite unconscious and was brought to Lahore in the same

state. On being warmed a little, the reptile became active though only for

a short time, when, owing to the low temperature, it again became quite

senseless. It was kept in a cage for some time, and then killed by chloro-

form. .

The abdomen was opened to let the spirit penetrate. Its very large and

well developed fat body of a yellowish colour can be easily seen.

This lizard is quite common in the Punjab, especially in sandy regions.

I have often seen it in Lahore and its vicinity in Ferozepore, in Ludhiana,

Gujranwala and Kala Shah Kaku.

In this part of India the lizard is known as Salma and is much valued

for the oil in the fat gland which is used as an embrocation.

Moreover, curious as it may seem, the whole lizard, while in a state of

hibernation, is given to horses to eat. It is considered that this renders

them stronger and more hardy.

BAINI PARSHAD, B. sc.,

Alfred Patiala Research Scholar.

Lanore, 25th May 1914.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 3d]

No. XX VIII.—NOTE ON ERYX CONICUS.,

In Major Wall’s article on Eryx conicus in Vol. XXI, p. 2, he mentions a

case of this snake killing a lizard but making no attempt to eat it. A few

mornings ago | watched a conicus with a large garden lizard round which it

had coiled itself. Unfortunately I did not see the beginning of the

encounter, for undoubtedly there had been a fierce struggle before the snake

had got its coils round the lizard, and thus rendered it more or less helpless.

The snake had been severely bitten in three places, all of which were

bleeding, and one bite was so deep that a part of its bowels were protrud-

ing. It was most interesting to watch how the snake avoided the sharp

spines on the lizard’s back, but it had a cruel grip round the lower part of

the body and hind legs, and was doing its best to swallow one of its legs,

but it was eventually obliged to disgorge this. It then tried to get at the

lizard’s head, but here it met its match, for unfortunately for itself the

snake brought its neck within reach of its victim’s jaws wiich promptly

closed on it, biting viciously. The snake after one or two attempts to get

the spiky head into its mouth, suddenly relaxed its coils, and the lizard

shot away, with a broken leg. As far asI could see, in spite of the well

known squeezing powers of Eryx conicus no other damage had been done to

the lizard. While I was examining the lizard the snake, much to my

regret, crawled into a hole. Lryx conzcus is quite common here, but in Gya,

where I examined many snakes, I never saw one. A friend here told me

that he came across a brown snake devouring a squirrel the other morning,

and from his description it could only be Eryx john. Personally during

the two and a half years I have been in this district I have never seen one

of these snakes. ;

FLORENCE POWELL.

Guazipur, U. P., 16th July 1914.

No. XXIX.—EARTH SNAKE ATTACKING A MYNA.

On the 2nd July I witnessed an attack made by an Harth snake (Zrya:

conicus) on a@ Myna (deridotheres tristis). My attention was attracted to

the scene by the clamour raised by several Mynas and other small birds

about the roots of a Nim tree (Azadirachia indica), close to my garden gate.

On approaching the spot I found the matter was somewhat serious. The

crowd of birds melted away and disclosed a hapless Mynain the coils of an

Earth snake. The snake had coiled itself once round the bird’s body and

had gripped its breast with its jaws. The wretched Myna uttered feeble

squeaks now and again, but the snake remained perfectly immovable,

except perhaps for an almost imperceptible tightening of its coil round the

bod

ivetionta have liked to have watched the tragedy to its close, but the

cries of the Myna. its acute distress, the mute appeal in its eyes were

deciding factors in the case and,I determined to save it, if possible. A blow

with my stick was out of the question, as that would have harmed the bird

as well as the snake, so I touched the snake gently with the point of my

cane on the underjaw. This had the desired effect. The snake let go and

rapidly withdrew its head at the same time loosening its coil. The Myna

extricated itself in a second and darted off with a cry of relief. The snake

showed no signs of fear and made no attempt to escape. 1 killed it with a

blow or two of my cane, About one-third of its body was still in the hole

from which it had emerged to capture the Myna. From this I conclude

that the snake made a spring on the Myna from the entrance of its hole.

I did not see the actual attack and cannot say whether the bird was first

seized in the snake’s jaws, but it seems to me that is what must have

3/2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

occurred. From the positions of the snake and the bird it appears probable

that the snake hurled itself at the bird, seized it by the chest and rolled it

over coiling itself round it as it did so.

This is the third time I have found Eryx conicus attacking birds. On the

two other occasions they were in the first instance a hoopoe (Upupa epops)

and in the second a habbler (Crateropus canorus). In both these cases the

snake had succeeded in killing the bird. Lryx conicus evidently lives partly

on ground feeding birds.

G, A. LEVETT-YEATS, 1.8.0.

GuHazipuR, U. P., 19th July 1914.

No. XXX.—ON THE BREEDING HABITS OF ERYX CONICUS.

A snake waskilled in the Prison Garden a few days ago, on the 10th of

June, in the morning, and whilst a convict was bringing it to the gate from

the garden (about 200 yards), he saw a young one coming through the

vent opening of the snake. He pulled it out and he saw another in the

opening and pulled that out too, till five young ones were pulled out. They

were all dead, the convict says, and showed no movement when brought out.

The snake on being seen turned out to be a typical Eryx conicus, 28 inches

long witha 2” tail, and the young ones measured 7 inches to 8 inches.

The snake was dissected and three mature young ones were seen lying inside,

one near the vent opening. I could not make out any eggs. Being a viviparous

snake, it was stitched up leaving the young ones én sztu just as they were

without moving them, so that it could be sent on to you as it was.

Major Wall has an article on Eryx conicus in the Society Journal,

Vol. XXI, No. 1 (81st October 1911).

There he has said that it is not known whether the snake is oviparous or

viviparous and that he had found eggs in a gravid female killed in December.

This specimen is certainly viviparous and interesting in that it may help in

the knowledge of the breeding of the species.

I will forward the snake to you in a few days as soon as it is well

preserved in spirit.

K. G. GHARPUREY, Capt., 1.m.s.

Duouiia, W. KHANDEsSH,

14th June 1914.

No. XXXI.—A REMARKABLE SPECIMEN OF THE WART SNAKH,

CHERSYDRUS GRANULATUS.

A fine example of this curious snake has been recently acquired by our

Society from Bangkok, Siam. Mr. Boulenger in his Catalogue gives the

length of the species as 1,000 millimeters (89 inches). The-specimen now

referred to measures 4 feet 4 inches, has a maximum girth of 7+ inches, and

weighs 4 pounds! Such a fine specimen gives one special facilities for

studying its very curious scales. ‘These are much broader than long, and

about 160 in the neck, and about 138 at the greatest girth. Each scale

is diamond-shaped, and presents three strong keels, which end in free

points posteriorly. The median keel is the most prominent. None reach

the edge of the scales either basally or terminally. These keels give a very

harsh rasp-like feel to the skin. There are no enlarged shields on the head,

the only modified shields being a horseshoe like rostral, and quoit-like shield

around each nostril. There is no enlarged anal shield. The anus is a some

what rectangular aperture. The teeth in the maxilla number 22.

F. WALL, Magsor, f.M.s., F.L.S,

Aumora, U.P., June 1914.

MISCELLANLOUS NOTES,

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No. XXXII.—THE SEA-SNAKE, HY DROPHIS

CARULESCENS (Shaw.).

A CORRECTION.

In Volume XXII of this Jourual, page 63%, I remarked upon a melanotic

specimen of the sea-snake Hydrophis torquatus (Ginther). Since examining

this snake I have had an opportunity of investigating all the sea-snakes in

the Indian Museum and in our Society’s collection, I find the numbers of

the teeth behind the fangs in the maxilla are of the greatest assistance in

identifying these snakes, especially many species that have a very similar

range of costal rows and ventral shields.

I have re-examined the snake referred to and can now very positively

correct my previous identification. The snake is without doubt Shaw’s

cerulescens. I find that the teeth in the maxilla number 15, the usual

number in this species. I have examined the jaws of some 20 specimens

and find these teeth vary from 18 dubiously in one specimen to 17. In 20

other species of Hydrophis I find there are from 10 to 12 teeth in two

species and from 1 to 10 in all the rest. In torguatus (Giinther), vel

diadema (Giinther) there are 8 to 10. In addition I find that the parietal

shields in this specimen do not touch the postoculars on either side, a

feature I drew attention to in my monograph of the sea-snakes and men-

tioned as quite peculiar to this species. This escaped my notice when I

first examined the specimen, or I would not have fallen into error.

EF. WALL, Magor, c.M.z.s., F.L.S., I.M.S.

Aumora, 16th July 1914.

No. XXXIII.—A CASE OF CANNIBALISM BY BUNGARUS

CHRULEUS.

A large krait was killed at dawn; when | first saw it I thought it had eggs

inside, later when I came back from shooting, hours afterwards, on further

examination I found that it had swallowed another snake which on extrac-

tion proved to be another krait. I regret I was unable to save the snakes

entire; so I sent the heads in Boric Lotion for maceration, etc. The big

snake was killed in a Marna Field.—

The measurements were as follows:—

B. ceruleus, 2 B. ceruleus. °

(The Host). (The Guest).

Length a. af ane 3-103" 3/-3!"

y eof Tail 2 oe 62" 5M

» 1st complete white

band from nose .. 1’-0 1/-1"

Anterior, M. B. & P. Ae 15 15

Ventrals a e. i 215 2i1

Subcaudals .. ae a 54 52

A and anal .. Entire Entire

Weight ut ; ki 9°0z. 6 oz.

I fancy the host was killed almost immediately after accommodating the

guest, practically no damage from digestion. The guest was just about to

cast its skin. Guest was swallowed head first and nose of guest was 42

inches from host’s vent.

O. A. SMITH, Masor.

HazaRispacH District, August 1914.

{ In Major Wall’s article on the krait (A popular treatise on the Common Snakes

of India) at p. 720, Vol. XVIII, it will be seen that the food of kraits consist almost

exclusively of other snakes.—EbDs. |

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

No. XXXIV.—REMARKS ON THE SEA-SNAKES IN OUR

SOCIETY’S COLLECTION.

With 2 Plates,

I have lately examined all the species of the sub-family Hydrophinie

in our Society’s Collection, which are as follows :—

Hyprvus praturvs (Linné).

Represented by ten specimens, six of which are small, and not in a very

good state. All are from Madras, or the neighbourhood of Bombay, the

smallest measure 102 and 112 inches respectively. In six specimens

examined the post-maxillary teeth are 8 in one, 9 in three, and 10 in two.

The supralabials and temporals are subject to great variation. Most of

these specimens belong to “‘ variety” Jdzcolor (Schneider), and one such

appears to be an albino, the dorsal band being, hardly discernible. The

lower margin of the dorsal band is festooned behind in one, and this may

be considered a transitional form approaching “variety” maculata (Jan).

One from Bombay exhibits a series of subcostal spots behind, thus agreeing

with the “ variety.” C of Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogue.

Figs. 1 and 2 show two variations. In 1, 1 think, the long shield beneath

the eye is formed by a confluence of the upper parts of the 4th, 5th and

6th labials. In Fig. 2 similarly the shield beneath the eye seems to me

formed by a confluence of the 4th and 5th. The upper part of the 6th

failing to blend with them.

HypDROPHIS CH RULESCENS (Shaw).

There are six good specimens, all adult. One of these is from Madras

and the rest from the coast about Bombay. All are typically rough from

the strong keels on the scales. The teeth in the maxilla are usually 14, in

one 13.

HypRoruIsS MAMILLARIS (Daudin).

Four adult specimens of this rare species are to be found on our Society’s

shelves, and all in excellent preservation. There are usually 4, sometimes

5 entire labials. The 5th and 6th re usually divided or sometimes the 6th

only, and rarely the upper part of the 6th is confluent with the temporal.

The neck is one-third or less than one-third the deepest part of the body

behind in all the specimens, and in the gravid female nearer one-fourth.

The gravid female (unfortunately without any record date of capture)

measuring 2 feet 83 inches, contained three foetuses, and a small infertile

egg. The foetuses, all females, are perfectly formed, and obviously would

have been very shortly born. They measure from 12 to 122 inches. The

head in all is quite black, and the black bands vary from 43 to 56. The

bands in most are complete and discrete or thinly connected below along

the ventral shields behind. At midcosta they are as broad or broader than

the spaces. In the largest specimen the bands are obsolete subcostally

and converted into cross-bars. The teeth in the maxilla are 9or10. Fig.

3 shows the usual arrangement of shields. Fig. 4 (the right side of the

same specimen as fig. 3) shows the upper part of the 6th labial confluent

with the temporal. Fig. 5 shows a confluence between the lower postocular

and the upper part of the 5th labial.

HypropHis coronatus (Gunther),

Two well grown adult specimens are included in the collection, both from

Karwar. ‘they are very typical of the species, which for a marine form

shows unusual constancy in the arrangement of its head shields. The teeth

in the maxilla are 5 in both examples,

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

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HypropHIs GRACILIS (Shaw).

This common species is rather poorly represented. There are but six

specimens, of which one young one is shrivelled and another young one

sodden. There are three good adults, the largest 2 feet 10 inches long:

the smallest specimen measures 13 inches. The head shields show

remarkable constancy in their detail. The post-maxillary teeth are usually

5, in one example 6.

Hypropuis CANTORIS (Gunther).

Not well represented though such a common snake. There is no large

specimen. The head shields are very constant except in the case of

No. 841, where the prefrontals are confluent with the supraoculars, The

teeth in the maxilla usually 5, are in one example 6.

HypropHis Fascratus (Schneider),

There are only two representatives of this common snake, both from

Madras, and it would appear to be far less common on the Malabar Coast

than the Coromandel. Both are adults, the largest 2’ feet 91 inches in

length, and one is specially interesting in that it is a gravid female, but

unfortunately there is no record of the date of its capture. It measure:

2 feet 7 inches. Only two embryos imperfectly developed were found it

abdomina.” The postmaxillary teeth are 5 in both specimens,

HypDROPHIS ORNATUS (Grey).

There are two specimens only of this uncommon snake, one Indian and

one from the Loo Choo Islands. The 5th and 6th labials are divided in

both. One specimen is a gravid female (date of capture not known), and

this contained 3 eggs with notrace of embryos within. One has 40 and

the other 48 dorsal bars fading about midcosta. The maxillary teeth are

10 in one example, 11 in the other.

HyYDROPHIS BRUGMANSI (Boie), .

This common species is but poorly represented, there being but six

specimens, one of which is shrivelled. The black bands from 36 to 44 in

number, dilate vertebrally, and in the older specimens fade about midcosta

to a much lighter hue, still being apparent however. Costally they are half

or even less than half the intervals, and in one specimen there is an almost

perfect series of vertebral spots in the spaces [spiralis (Shaw) |. In most of

the specimens the very deep temporal comes to the border of the lip, in

other words is confluent with the 6th labial. A distinct but small 6th

labial is present in three specimens on one or both sides. The maxillary

teeth, usually 7 in number, are 6 in one example.

HypDRopHis cyanocinctus (Daudin),.

There are 15 specimens of this very common snake. One of these

(No. 851) is specially interesting, in that it is a gravid female, but no

record of its date of capture is available. It measures 4 feet 4 inches, and

contained 9 foetuses, seemingly ready to be born, which I extracted. Four

of these are males and five females, and they vary from 12 to 13 inches in

length. The arrangement of the labials, postoculars and temporals is

subject to great variation in this species, as is exemplitied by the figures

produced. There are usually 5 entire labials, the 3rd, 4th and 5th border-

ing the eye. I regard the 6th and 7th as divided into an upper and lower

376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

part, just as one sees other labials preceding them divided in some speci-

mens. (Vide figures.) Im all the foetuses the bands (55 to 68 in number)

are complete. The first 2 to 5 bands are confluent ventrally, the succeed-

ing ones discrete. All are somewhat dilated vertebrally, and about the

same width as the spaces at midcosta. Insome a light horse-shoe is more or

less distinct on the head, passing anteriorly across the preefrontals, and

posteriorly over the eye through the temporal region. In the adults the

bands taper ventrally or fade at about midcosta, but though the black

fades the bands are usually more or less discernible as such. The post

maxillary teeth are usually 7 in number, sometimes 6, and in one example 8.

Figs. 6 to 11 inclusive are taken from the foetuses extracted from No..

861 and are specially interesting on this account. The parent has the head-

shields. on both sides arranged as in fig. 13. Fig. 6 shows the normal

shielding of this species, the first 5 labials entire, the 6th and 7th divided,

and the 3rd, 4th and 5th bordering the eye. Fig. 7 shows a divided 5th

labial. Fig. 8 shows a confluence of the usual 4th and 5th labials. In

fig. 9 the lower parts of the 4th and 5th labials are united. Fig. 10 shows

confluent 4th and 5th labials and an entire 6th labial. In fig. 11 the 3rd

labial fails to touch the eye, and the upper part of the 7th is confluent with

a lower temporal. Fig. 12 has all the labials from the 3rd divided, and

fig. 13 (the right side of the same specimen) has the 5th divided, but not

the 3rd or 4th. In fig. 14 the 35rd and 5th labials are entire, but not the

4th. Fig. 15 shows a confluence between the upper part of the 4th, and an

entire 5th labial. The upper part of the 7th is joined with a lower

temporal.

As a result of many years’ special study of the Hydrophine, 1 find I can

only recognise as distinct with certainty those species from the Indian seas

that are enumerated,

HybDROPHIS JERDONI (Gray).

Two specimens, one adult and one young, are the only representatives of

this species. The temporal is confluent with the 6th labial as is usual, and

the labials are all entire. The postmaxillary teeth number 9 in the adult.

ENHYDRIS CURTUS (Shaw).

There are 11 examples, the longest measuring 2 feet 8 inches. Most are

juvenile and one in a bad state of preservation. The same variation in the

labials, postoculars and temporals that one sees in £. valakadyn and

H, cyanocinctus is also very marked in this species. The anterior 4 or 5

labials are usually entire, and the 3rd and 4th usually border the eye. In

one young specimen the bands are complete, but in the others the bands are

replaced by bars that disappear about half, or two-thirds down the side of

the body. In adults the bars are less distinct, and less defined. The post-

maxillary teeth are usually 5 in number, less commonly 4 or 3. Fig. 16

shows the normal arrangement of shields. Fig. 17 (the right side of the

same specimen) shows a divided 4 labial and the upper part of the 7th

labial confluent with the lowertemporal. Fig. 18 shows a complete con-

fluence of the 3rd and 4th labials and a confluence of the lower part of

the 6th labial with the 5th labial. The postoculars are also confluent.

ENHYDRINA VALAKADYN (Boie).

Of the 13 representatives the two largest (both females) measure 8 feet

llinches and 4 feet 33 inches. The latter has a girth of 62 inches.- The

postoculars, labials and temporals present very great variations. The sub-

linguals are poorly developed, and when recognisable as such are separated

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by several small scales. The ventrals too are poorly developed, and often

divided, but can usually be recognised as such. The postmaxillary teeth

are usually 3, rarely 2 or 4. Figs. 19 and 20 are from the same specimen.

In fig. 19 all the labials from the 8rd are divided, and the upper part of the

6th is confluent with the temporal. In fig. 20 the 8rd and 4th labials are

normal and entire. Fig. 21 shows the same confluence of the temporal and

6th labial as the last specimen with, in addition, a confluence of the postocu-

lars. In fig. 22 the labial is divided into three parts, the 4th is entire,

and both parts of the 6th complete. Fig. 23 (from the same specimen as

fig. 22) has the 8rd and 4th labials divided, and the upper part of the 6th

partly confluent with the temporal. On both sides the postoculars are

united,

PLATURUS LATICAUDATUS (Linné),

The solitary specimen is from the Loo Choo Islands. It appears to be a

very rare snake in Indian waters, the only Indian records I know of being

the specimen in the Indian Museum from Tolly’s Nullah, Calcutta, recorded

by Sclater, and figured by Fayrer in his Thanatophidia (Plate XiX); and

the specimen in the British Museum presented by General Hardwicke

labelled “ Bengal.”

The specimen is very typical. The costals two headslengths behind the

head are 19, in midbody 19, and two headslengths before the vent 17. In

the reduction from 19 rows to 17, the 2nd and 38rd above the ventrals

coalezce.

The ventrals are 241, anal divided, and subcaudals 40. The maxilla

holds a single (dubiously 2) tooth.

KF. WALL, c.M.z.s., F.1.8.,

i Mason, I.M.S.

Aumora, July 1914.

No, XXXV.—OCCURRENCE O¥ THE SNAKE MELANOPHIDIUM

PUNCTATUM IN THE WESTERN GHATS.

An interesting and valuable addition to our Society’s reptile collection is

a specimen of Melanophidium punctatum taken by Mr. 8. H. Prater at

Talwadi on the Goanese Frontier, a locality which extends its previously

known habitat. The snake is rare. There are six specimens in the British

Museum, all from the Travancore Hills, and I have had one from the

Anamallays. It has never been. recorded before north of the gap in the

mountainous chain which occurs at Palghat. The scale rows two heads-

lengths behind the head are 13, at midhody 15, and two headslengths

before the vent 13. The ventrals are 197 and subcaudals 11 pairs. The

specimen is very typical.

ff. WALL, ¢.M.z.s., F.U.S:;

Mason, I.M.S.

Aumora, 16th May 1914.

No. XXX VI.—NOTES ON A GRAVID ECHIS CARINATA.,

A specimen of this snake recently sent me from Lahore proved to be

gravid. It was killed on the 18th June, and measured one foot two inches.

In the abdomen were four foetuses In membrane, seemingly ready to be

born. It was in an advanced state of putrefaction, and the one fcetus

capable of measurement was 54 inches long.

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The snake is further interesting, in that it bit a cooly in the ankle, and

caused his death 12 hours later, a remarkably brief interval for a fatality

in this species.

F, WALL, C.M.z.8., F.U.S.,

Mason, 1.M.8,

Autmora, 4th July 1914.

No. XXXVII.—RECOVERY FROM BITE OF ECHIS CARINATA.

A large snake bit a native plough-boy in my presence making two distinct

punctures on his ankle. I bound a puggri round the boy’s leg as a ligature

and sent him to my Veterinary Hospital which was only a few hundred

yards off, where the wounds were treated with Pot. Permanganate.

Later my head blacksmith, who is the localsnake doctor, gave the boy

medicine (the root of some tree, dried, rubbed into a powder and mixed

with water).

The boy, while under my treatment, expected to die at any minute, but

immediately after swallowing the local decoction he declared himself

much better.

He was bitten on the 20th, and except for a local swelling is all right

now. He never showed any symptoms of any systemic disturbance.

I daresay the snake was harmless, as I know nothing of snakes. The

natives give the snake a fairly bad reputation, but they always say practi-

cally all snakes are poisonous, so that does not go far much.

Hissar, Punsap, R. BRANFORD,

24th August 1914.

[The snake sent for identification proved to bea large specimen of Hehis cariata,

measuring 223 inches in length—Eps. ]

No. XXXVIII.—A GRAVID LACHESIS GRAMINEUS,

I have lately received from the Andamans a specimen of this viper, killed

at the latter end of May or early June, which contained twelve young

apparently ready for discharge. The parent measured 2 feet 6 inches.

Many of the young had been extracted, but three remained for me to

cxamine. A 6 measured 73 inches, and two 2 9 were both 72 inches

long. In the parent the scale rows were 23 anteriorly and in midbody 17

behind. Inthe ¢ foetus they were 21 in midbody and in both 2 2 23. The

parent was almost uniform pale-brownish in colour, with indistinct greenish

bars posteriorly. Foetuses were dark-greenish with irregular light-brownish

bands, most conspicuous posteriorly and a series of irregular white marks in

the flanks.

F, WALL, c.M.z.s., F.1.8.,

Mason, 1.M.S.

Aumora, 4th July 1914.

No, XXXIX,—HABITS OF THE MASON-WASP.

A mason wasp built 5 cells in my box which she had closed and was at

work on the 6th I removed them, in doing so I broke one and out of curio-

sity counted the number of small grey spiders it contained, there were 98!

Unfortunately I had thrown away the other cells before counting the

spiders, kut imagine the labour not to mention the “death-roll’” among

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 579

spiders. In the six cells there would have been something like 600

spiders.

It is evidently most unusual for them to store so many as in the first

cell I examined—as I have examined some others since and one contained

15—some large and some small—whilst another contained only 3, but they

were very large bodied spiders. A third cell examined had 11 spiders in it.

The speed at which they work is very great. A little after 10 o’clock one

started to make her cell, when I looked again at 3-30 she had not only

finished it but stored it and sealed up the entrance and it was quite dry.

It contained 15 spiders.

F, FIELD.

CamMp via FyzaBaD,

August 1914,

[ The mason-wasp, sent by Mr. Field, is Scekiphron coromandelicum.—Eps, |

No. XL.—_NOTE ON TIGER-BEETLES FROM COORG.

The following Tiger-beetles (Cicindelide) amongst others as yet undeter-

‘mined, were taken during a recent visit to Coorg in May 1914.

Cicindela viridicincta, Horn.—Quite common on one path at Pollibetta,

South Coorg. Only recorded previously from Kanara and Nilgiris in

Southern India and from Chota Nagpur. (Fowler, Faun. India Cicind.,

. 828).

: Cicindela duponti, Dej.—Two specimens from Pollibetta, where it was not

common. A widely-distributed species. (Fowler, /.c., p. 382.)

Cicindela hamaltoniana, Thoms.—Common on a path at Pollibetta, Pre-

viously recorded from Travancore, Mysoreand the Nilgiris. Fowler (J. c.,

p. 891-392) says that it is usually considered a very scarce insect and is

evidently very local, and that it appears to be semi-arboreal in habits. That

it is very local is evident from the fact that I only saw the species on one

portion of a single path which passed between the secondary jungle which

had grown up on an abandoned part of a Coffee Estate. The beetles,

however, were only found on the ground, where they sat with head elevated

at a considerable angle. They ‘are alert and agile, as indeed might be

guessed from the length of the slender legs which are well shown in

Yowler’s figure.

Cicindela hemorrhoidalis, Wied.—Found on paths at and near Pollibetta,

but by no means common. Very active and wary. A widely-distributed

species. (Fowler, /.c., pp. 402-403.)

Cicindela striolata, I11.—Fairly common on paths, both in North and

South Coorg ; seems to exhibit a preference for shady paths. This is also

a widely-distributed species. (Fowler, /.c., pp. 419-421.)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER.

Pusa, Bran, 22nd July 1914.

No. XLIL—NOTE ON CICADAS.

This insect comes out in thousands from the ground, at the bottom of a

tree at Gangtok, elevation 6,000 feet. It emerges from a circular hole,

there being no indieation on the surface of the ground that there is a very

large colony of them underneath, although year after year they emerge in

countless numbers from the same plot of ground, soft yellow clay, with

sand underneath, mixed with the yellow clay, covered with green slime and

3880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. Aa

moss, during the rains. As soon as the larva emergies it hurries for the nearest

tree, piece of timber, or anything to which it may attach itself by its

specially adhesive legs, if I may use the term; for its legs once they grab

on to anything, seem to drill themselves on to the surface, for it wants

purchase, a good hold. Once having fixed itself firmly, the whole body

seems to be in convulsions, it struggles and struggles, and presently the top

of its head splits, and out of the puncture made a brightly yellow grup

emerges, soft and with two white patches on either side of its body, these

are its wings neatly and compactly folded. As soon as it is free from its

shell it seems to vibrate and stretch out its wings like sails are unfurled,

and it is surprising to see the hitherto white patches develop into lovely

gauze wings, soft and gossamer like. These develop and oscillate at the

same time, and within 80 minutes or a little more, the insect that came out

of the ground is now a perfect flying creature, brown in colour with long

wings, perfect in shape and size, and within an hour it has flown away, to

join the thousands that have gone before it. After a few days all have

gone, and only shells, with split heads, remain sticking by the thousand to

the barks of all the trees, or twigs in close proximity to the orifices made

in the ground through which they originally emerged.

They do not come out a few at atime, but when the sun is bright the

whole underground family seem to make up its mind to come to the

surface, and one follows the other, with clock-like regularity. Hach one

makes a hole for itself and does not use the one hole to come out, so the

whole surface of the ground for yards all round is punctured with neatly

drilled holes.

C. H. DRACOTT, c.z.,

State Engineer.

GANGTOK, SIKKIM, 27th July 1914.

No. XLIJ.—THE RAMIFIED ROOTS OF TRAPA BISPINOSA,

ROXB. (WATER-CHESTN UT.)

Professor E. Blatter, S.J., in a previous number* of this journal has

discussed the morphology and anatomy of the organs of Trapa bispinosa,

which are usually known as “pectinate organs.”’ He calls them ramified

leaves. He brings together a large number of opinions pronounced by

different botanists on these bodies. Thus, Bentham and Hocken Buillon,

Wight, C. B. Clarke and De Candolle have called them leave; Roxburgh

and Trimens looked upon them as stipules, while finally Barneoud pro-

nounced them to be roots. They are described as follows by Raimann.+ :—

“WVielfach werden dem untergetauchten Stengelteil B. zugeschrieben,

welche nach Art der Wasserranunkeln in haarformige Zipfel zerschlitzt and

dabei einander gegenubergestellt sein sollen; diese Gebilde sind aber

nichts anderes als Nebenwurzeln mit zahlreichen, 4 zelling angeordneten,

* Volume XVII, pp. 84-88.

+ Engler and Prantl. III.—VII., 225. I owe the following translation of the quo-

tation in German to my friend Mr. 8. L. Ajrekar.

Very often leaves are attributed to the part of the stem which is sunk under the

water. These are supposed to be split into hairlike tips as in the case of aquatic

Ranunculaceae and to be plaeed opposite one another. These structures are, how-

ever, nothing else than secondary roots with numerous simple, hairlike branches

arranged in a 4-lined manner. They originate right and left from every leaf

mark and appear, therefore to be standing opposite. Occasionally long and simple

rootlets also arise in numbers from the same places. %

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 381

haardunnen, einfachen Verzweigungen ; sie entspringen rechts und links an

jeder Blattnarbe und erscheinen dadurch gegenstandig. Mitunter ent-

wickeln sich an denselben Stellen auch einfache lange Wurzelfasern in

Mehrzahl.

Professor Blatter objects to these bodies being called “ Pectinate ” organs.

{ agree with him and | have here designated them as ramified roots instead.

Root caps have been noticed by me in some rosettes. These caps tipped

every ramification, and also the main axis. I further noticed that several

simple or occasionally biramous roots also arose in some cases from the

same nodes which gave rise to the ramified organs.

Every node is provided with a simple undivided leaf of some kind or

other. The ramified structures arise on either side of a leaf or a leaf scar

from the stem. Moreover in position and origin they agreed completely

from morphological as well as anatomical points of view with the other set of

undoubted ordinary simple roots.

Other plants have been known with dimorphic roots. Thus in the

climbing Aroids there are the climbing roots and feeding roots both arising

adventitiously from the stem. Nor are examples of roots with chlorophyll

wanting, if we turn to the classes of Orchids and Lemnas. Finally, the

formation of extensive net-works of roots by aquatics or semi-aquatics is a

matter of common observation.”

In Ipomoea aquatica we get precisely a pair of such ramified roots

restricted to the nodes and situated on either side of the leaf.

H. M. CHIBBER,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Poona,

June 1914,

No, XLIIT.—ON LEAF-FALL.

(With a plate.)

Kerner in his Natural History of Plants + has this interesting observation

on fall of the leaf :— It is also worthy of remark that in some trees the

leaf-fall begins at the end of the branches and gradually proceeds towards

the base, while in others the contrary is the case.” Our local roadside

trees afford interesting subjects of study from this point of view. Here

(Fig. 1) is a Nim tree (Azadirachta indica, A Juss). We find the old leaves to

still occupy the crown while the rest of the tree presents its skeleton in

full view. The contrasting portions are not the base and the end of

branches as observed by Kerner, but the base and the end of the tree as a

whole. The phenomenon is obviously correlated not with any question of

position, whether at base or apex, but with the question of the external

factors surrounding the aerial parts of the entire plant. Insolation and

humidity to which the crown is exposed are different from those to which

the rest of the plant is exposed.

It may be that these persistent old leaves help the new leaves on the

lower part of the plant to come out without any danger from the sun

(Fig. 2). When these new leaves have established themselves, the old

leaves disappear from the crown and are replaced by new leaves which in

turn are protected from scorching by increased humidity brought about by

the vigorous transpiration going on in the rest of the plant.

The Tamarind (Lamarindus indica, Linn). Supplies another interesting

subject for the same study. Here the leaves that persist to the last occupy

* Natural History of Plants by Kerner and Oliver, I, 752-3.

+ Kerner and Oliver, I. 361.

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

the entire base, and the branches higher up which have a northern exposure

Here again the question is not one of base or end of a branch, but

one of exposure of the plant to its surroundings. In this case it is

more difficult to offer an explanation. But the following points may have

a bearing on the phenomenon. The resting and sprouting buds of Tamarind

are well protected by a number of overlapping scale-leaves. The young leaves

are protected by large and red coloured stipules. The cell sap of the plant is

acid, and acidity* is looked upon as affording protection under xerophytic

conditions by reducing transpiration. Thus it appears that new leaves do not

require to be protected as they do in the tree discussed above. The reten-

tion of the leaves towards the base after those at the crown have been

dropped does not appear to afford any advantage to the plant. It is

probably only a question of difference in maturity brought about by diffe-

rences in exposure.

Another interesting point for study in this connection is that of the

season of leaf-fall. In a previous numbert of this Journal I described a

species of Salix from this point of view. With regard to such seasonal

observations it has to be remembered that the seasons are not uniform by

any means all over the Presidency. This causes the same species of plants

to behave differently at a given time in different Districts. Thus in Kanara

the appearance of new leaves may be marked a month or two ahead of the

same phenomenon in northern Gujarat.’ The differences in the time of leaf-

fall and ‘“leaf-renewal”’ bring about variations in the length of period for

which trees remain bare.

H. M. CHIBBER.

AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, Poona,

June 1914.

* Warming—Oecology of Plants, English Edition, 1909, p. 120.

+ Vol. XXII, p. 206.

383

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 9ru JULY 1914.

An “At Home” of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place on the 9th July 1914.

The election of the following 42 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Mr. H. R. Lynch Blosse, I.C.8., Dharwar; Mr. H. M. Hasle-

hust, Belgaum; Mr. A. C. Miller, Belgaum; Lt. G. M. Hutton, Jacobabad ;

Mr. G. Birch, Karachi; Mr. W. J. Curran, Maubin, Burma; Mr. L. W. H.

Young, Kathiawar; Mr. C. Hurth, Bassein, Burma; Mr. G. H. Hodding,

P. O. Kakina, Bengal; Mr. E. W. Carroll, I.F.8., Dehra Dun, U. P.; Mr. A.

J. W. Milroy, I.F.S., Gauhati; Capt. P. J. Gout, Lashio, Burma; Capt. A.

C. Norman, Silchar, Assam; Mr. S. E. Johnston, Toungoo, Burma; Lt. E.

Cecil Smith, Europe; Mr. J. W. Basil Thorns-Roberts, Kindat, Burma ;

Dr. D. Meek, Salgunga, Cachar; Mr. C. H. Waller, Secunderabad. Deccan ;

Dr. H. McCormack, Nahan, Punjab; Mr. R. B. Hewson, Jalna, N.G.S.

Ry.; Mr. L. N. Brown, I.C.S., Larkhana, Sind; Mr. F. W. Sprott, Bombay ;

Mr. R. Lecky, Vizianagram; Mr. J.N. Taylor, Mergui, Burma; Hon’ble

Mr. E. V. Levinge, C.S.I., I.C.S., Government Camp, Bihar and Orissa;

Lt. A. R. W. Tate, Peshawar; Mr. G. C. Cheyne, Prome, Burma; Mr. R. A.

Cochrane, Mogok, Burma; Maharawal Shri Ranjitsinhji, Raja of Baria ;

Mr. fe iierant Pujari, B. Ae Capt. W. G. Hutchinson, I.A., Quetta;

Mr. A. O. Baurle, Bombay ; Mr: R. Donaldson, Sirsa, Punjab; Rev. J. KE.

Underwood, Mandalay, Burma; Mr. J. Elliot, Malappuram; Mr. W. 8.

Lamb, Rangoon; Mr. G. A. Shillidy, Larkhana, Sind; Mr. George Webb

Ware, Kodaikanal; Mr. E. K. Shattock, Madras; H. H. Sir Ranbir Singh,

K.C.8.I., The Maharaja of Jind State; The Principal, Trinity College,

Kandy, Ceylon; and Mr. C. L. Walsh, Kalunga, B. N. Ry.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the

Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. ' Donor.

Mounted heads of 1 Gaur (zbos )

gaurus), 2 Sambar (Rusa unico- | |

lor), 1 Nilgiri Thar (Hemitragus ?|'S. India .. .. (Mr. W. C. Gaye.

hylocrius), 3 Chinkara (Gazella |

bennett). J

Skull of Tsaine (Bibos sondaicus)..|Burma .. .. (Mr. T. A. Hauxwell.

Horn of Indian Rhino (Rhinoceros|Assam .. . ..|Mr. F. W. Gore.

unicornis).

Caracal = .| Waziristan .. Capt. F, L. Hughes.

Palm Covet (Paradoxu "US niger) . .|Baroda .. ..|Mr. W. E. Jardine,

CLUB LCs:

1 Ratel (Mellivora ie

2 Snakes

1 Lizard

S. W. Persia ..|Capt. A. T. Wilson.

1 Otter (Lutra lutia)

Marmot (Marmot ap. ?) Chitral . ..|Capt.H. F. D. Stir-

ling.

Sp ane eee

- 384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

wees ae Ss

Contribution. Locality. | Donor.

ae é : “s

1 Indian Marten (Martes flavigula)|Chitral ..|Major Banks.

1 Wild Pig Skin and 5 Skulls (Sus|Saugor .. {Major Knowles.

eristatus).

|South Indian Marten (Martes|Coorg ../Mr,. F. Hannyngton,

gwatkinst). UC:

Muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) ..\|Raheng, Siam ..|Mr. H. P. Macnagh-

ten.

Scaly Anteater (Manis crassicau-|Baluchistan ..|Mr. F. Ludlow.

data).

Blyth’s Tragapan (Tvagopan |

hes) Tibet _.|Capt. A. L, Moles-

Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa).. {

Blood Pheasant (Ithagenes kuser‘). j

Masked Finfoot (Heliopais perso-

nata).

Nilgiri Wood Pigeon (Alsocomus

elphinstonit).

40 Birds skins

88 Snakes, etc. f

7 Snakes

3 Scorpions \

4 Snakes \

3 Scorpions

_A number of snails !

14 Fish

Minor contributions from Messrs.

G. A. Holding, W. J. Curran, A. E.

worth.

Bassein, Burma ..|Mr. C. EH. Milner.

Castle Rock, Ka-|Mr. R. L. Sinclair.

nara.

Nilambur ..{Mr. A. P. Kinloch.

Dhulia ..|Capt. Gharpurey.

Dr. P. V. Casling.

.|Ceylon ..|Major Ward and Mr.

F. M. Macwood.

.|Muskat ..{Commander Kitson.

Baini Parshad, Robinson, EK. H. Dwane,

Robinson and Major A. S. Capper.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Plate XVI

THE TIBETAN SANDGROUSE (Syrrhaptes tibetanus)

Same 2 natuval size. eet

JOURNAL

OH oieten 9 Plo dw

Bombay Natural History Society.

Fes. 1915. VoL. XXITT. No. 3.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

eC rUART <DAKER Et S., 27.0. M.B.O.U.

Parr XV.

With Plate XVI.

ORDER HEMIPODII.

The Hemipodii, or Bustard Quails, are an order of small birds

which in general appearance closely resemble true Quails, but, as

far as our Indian birds are concerned, can always be identified at a

glance by the fact that they have but three toes, the hallux, or hind

toe being absent. According to some naturalists two genera are

contained in the one family, t.e., Turnicide, the Three-Toed

Bustard Quails of the genus T'urniv, and the Plain Wanderers with

four toes, of the genus Pedionimus, which are confined to Australia.

Other scientists, however, put this latter genus in a separate family,

but, as it 1s not represented in Asia, this point does not interest us.

The nearest relatives of the Bustard Quails are to be found

amongst the Galline, or Game Birds, the Péerocletes or Sand

Grouse, and the two Families Rallide (Quails), and Charadrude

(Plovers), of the order Gralle.

The principal anatomical difference between the Gallince and the

Pterocletes and the present order lies in the formation of the

vertebree. In the two former orders the last cervical and anterior

dorsals are all anchylosed in fully adult birds, whereas in the

Bustard Quail they are free; in the two former, also, the last dorsal

vertebra is united with the lumbar vertibrz to form the sacrum.

In the Galline the sternum has two notches and the same with

Pterocletes, though in the latter the second notch may be much

reduced; in the Hemzpodi there is one deep, long notch only, on

3886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

each side of the posterior border, and the episternal process is

partially perforated to receive the inner ends of the coracoids.

The palate is schizognathous, as in the Gallinw, but the palatines,

pterygoids and basipterygoids are more like those of the Plovers.

The nasals are schizorhinal.

The muscles of the thigh are Galline except that the accessory

femoro caudal is absent; in our genus T'urnia the deep plantar

tendons unite, as in other birds with but three toes, and then the

combined tendons again split up to supply the three toes.

In other respects the Bustard Quail resemble the Game Birds;

the young are hatched covered wtth down, and can run and feed

themselves as soon as they leave the nest.

The eggs are practically invariably four in number, and are some-

what conical, being laid in the nest in the same manner, point to

point, as the Plovers lay their eggs.

Famity TURNICIDAL.

Genus Turnia.

Bill like that of the Galline, but rather small and slender.

The wings are pointed with the first quill longest. Legs and feet

moderate, the latter in some species rather long.

Our Indian species are resident throughout their range, but move

higher up the mountains in the warmer months of the year, and

may also move about locally in certain parts of India under stress

of climatic influences.

Ogilvie-Grant recognizes twenty-one species in the Catalogue of

the British Museum, and twenty-two species in his Game Birds,

where he adds the species Turnix whitehead from Luzon. To these

twenty-two species Grant further adds two sub-species, and of these

twenty-four species and sub-species, five species and one sub-species

are, according to him, represented in India.

As regards the sub-species, they are a matter of no little difficulty,

but as I shall deal with these under the various species, with which

they are connected in detail, further comment is here unnecessary.

The family Z’urnicide is composed of birds of which the female

is the larger, generally the higher coloured, and always the domi-

nant factor in all domestic matters, for, beyond laying the eggs, she

has nothing to do with the rearing of the young.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Breast barred right across with black and

white or quite black... ; . pugnan.

B. age never barred or black in the contre?

1. Central tail feathers lengthened and

pointed and edged with buff; bill dark,

not yellow es si . dussumiert.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 387

6. Central tail feathers neither lengthened

nor pointed and with no buff margin ;

bill yellow... Fe Se ... tankn.

The different species of the Hemipodii have been divided into

species, sub-species, or races, by the majority of naturalists since the

time of Jerdon, who himself recognized three species of the Common

Bustard Quail, viz., Turnix tatjoor from the plains of India, Turniz

ocellatus from the Hills of Northern India, and Turnix pugnax from

Java. The latest authority, Ogilvie-Grant, divides the species

tayoor into two, tavjoor and pugnax, whilst Sharpe in the Hand-List,

and Oates in his Game Birds combine them all under the one name

pugnad.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has dealt very exhaustively with the genus

Turnix in the Ibis for 1889, and he there writes :

‘‘T am convinced that there is only one species (1’. tatjoor)

which ranges through India, Burmah, Malay, Siam and China

to Formosa and the Loochoo Islands, and that the key to the

constant variety in the tone of the plumage is to be found in the

effect of the amount of the annual rainfall in the country which

the birds inhabit. By going through the whole of our huge

series, | find this theory exactly borne out; for where rain is

abundant the prevailing colour of the upper parts is dark

brown, where it is moderate the tone is more rufous, and

where it is small the birds are very bright rufous.”’

With this conclusion, 1.e., that variation in plumage coincides

with variation in rainfall, we shall all agree; the only question to be

decided is whether these variations of rainfall together with other

possible geographical factors cause definite local variations in plum-

age sufficiently constant to enable one to form sub-species. I cer-

tainly agree with Ogilvie-Grant that all the Indian Bustard Quails,

together with the others he mentions, do come under one species,

but it seems to me they can be divided into a certain number of

sub-species, capable of differentiation by plumage as well as geo-

graphically.

It is now generally accepted that the use of the trinomial system

is imperative, and that geographical races, where they can be well

defined, must be described as sub-species. If we also accept this as

_ being the proper course to follow, we find that the Bustard Quail is

a species essentially divisible into certain well-marked races, the

difference between which consists, principally in the amount of

rufous and depth of colouring on the upper parts, and, toa rather

less extent, 1n size.

The British Museum has a magnificent series of specimens of the

species Turnia pugnax, and I have also had the advantage of

examining those in the Calcutta Museum, in addition to a very

great number which have passed through my hands from collectors

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

in various parts in India. A careful study of this material has led

me to the conclusion that there are four well-marked sub-species of

Bustard Quail of the species originally described as pugnaw by

Temminck from Java, a bird which cannot be distinguished from

that found in Ceylon.

Beginning at the extreme east of the range of this species, we get

a bird whose whole upper surface is very richly marked with large

bold bars of black with a considerable amount of deep rufous

colouration in between the bars. Itmust be remarked also that this

rufous is not the same tint as that of the birds of Southern and

Western India, but is deeper and redder, thus giving a very hand-

some appearance to the upper plumage.

As regards size, the bird of this form is about the same as that

from Malay and Burmah, the females have a wing averaging about

3°45'' (=87'6mm.) and the males about 3:10" (=78:6mm.). The

largest female has a wing of 8°56" (=—91-2mm.) and the smallest

one of 3°32" (=84:4mm.).

This race extends from Formosa, through Southern and Western

China by the Hill Ranges into the Shan States, and also into the

Chin Hills further South, whence there are several typical birds of

this race in the British Museum from Karen Nee.

This race should bear the name Zurma pugnax atroqularis, Eyton

1839).

ee the extreme Hast of the range, we find another race

much the same in size, and quite as dark in general colouration ;

but almost entirely wanting the rich rufous on the ary parts, and

also less boldly and richly marked with black.

The dimensions of this sub-species are as follows: the smallest

birds being found in Southern Burmah, and the largest in Sikkim

and Nepal. In the Federated Malay States a huge series of birds

show an average wing measurement for females of 3:50" (—=89-7mm.

and for the males of 3:13'' (=79.5mm.) ; from Burmah they average

respectively 3°40" (86: 4mm.) and 3:09 (=78:5mm.), and from

North-East India they rise again to 5:51'' (=89-9mm.) and 3°24"

(—82:3mm.), the average of the females being reduced by two or

three small immature birds.

This sub-species is found throughout the Federated Malay States

and Siam, the Plains of Burmah and Northwards from Arakan,

through Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Comilla,

Assam, Cooch Behar, the Dooars of North-East Bengal and thence

into Sikkim and the Hills of Nepal. Southwards it is found

throughout the Surma Valley, Mymensingh, Dinajpore, Jalpai-

goori, the Darjeeling District and all along the Sub-Himalayan Terai

as far West as Bettiah. In the extreme West of its range in

Nepal the birds have a certain amount of rufous on their upper

plumage, as would be expected, from the comparatively dryness of

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 389

its habitat; in the same way birds from Pegu and certain of the

drier portions of Southern Burmah also somewhat approach the

South Indian form, but are still, on the whole, nearer to the typical

Burmese form than to the South Indian one.

This race, or sub-species, should be known as Turnix pugnax

plumbipes (Hodgson, 1837).

Directly we get South of the districts named as being the habitat

of Turnie p. plumbipes we come to yet a third sub-species, a decidedly

smaller and very much paler race, typically of a very bright rufous

above, but running from this colour to a pale, almost isabelline grey

in. birds from the extreme North-Hast of its habitat. Asa rule in

this race the under parts are at least as strongly marked as in

plumbipes, but, in addition to being paler and more rufous on the

upper parts, the pale borders to the scapulars and wing coverts,

generally, are far more developed, and there are also more of the

longitudinal pale marks on the back.

In size this bird is at once noticeably smaller than the preceding

sub-species. Calcutta females have a wing of 3:32" (—84'3mm.)

and males of 3:03" (=77:0mm.). Those from North-West, Central

and West India are practically the same, whilst those from South

India have them under 3°20'(=81:3mm.) and 2:93"(—74-4mm.)

respectively.

This form occurs in its Hasternmost limits in and about Calcutta,

and specimens obtained in the Botanical Gardens of that city are

very pale, quite as pale as many Southern Indian birds, but they

are of an isabelline grey rather than a rufous, though one specimen

has this colour considerably developed. From Calcutta it works

Westwards, South of the Indian districts mentioned above, and by

the time Manbhoom is reached we have a typical Southern Indian

pale rufous bird. North and West it stretches away to Oudh and

the North-West Provinces into Bombay, Cutch and Rajputana and

South to the extreme limits of Madras and Travancore, also crossing

into the North of Ceylon.

This sub-species is that which Sykes named tazoor from specimens

obtained by him in the Deccan, and it will therefore stand as

Turma pugnax taiyjoor (Sykes, 1832).

In Ceylon we have yet another race which is, once more, darker

above, approaching very nearly in colouration to the birds found in

China and the Shan States, but it is less rich in general tint, not quite

so dark, and has, in most of the females, a fairly well defined rufous

collar on the nape and upper shoulders. In the numerous specimens

of Southern Indian birds which I have examined, I can find no

trace of this collar in any well-made and complete skin, and the

Ceylon form seems to be exactly the same in every detail as that

which is found in Java and Sumatra, which Ogilvie-Grant has

divided from taijoor as a sub-species, named pugnam.

390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

This sub-species is a considerably bigger bird than the Southern

Indian form, females from Ceylon, Java and Sumatra—all much

the same in wing measurements—having a wing of 3:33" nearly

(—85:'5mm.), and the male one of 3°05'' (=77:omm.).

This form being the one first described will bear the name Turnix

pugnax pugnae (‘Temm., 1815).

Of the whole number of specimens of Bustard Quails examined

by me during the preparation of this paper, I find there are but

three of the British Museum collection which call for special atten-

tion.

The first of these is a bird collected for the Tweeddale Collection

and marked Oudh. No particular locality in that Province is given

and ‘‘Qudh’’ is probably wrong; the hand-writing in which the

locality is written is not the same as that of the other details on the

ticket, and the bird is possibly one from the Nepal Terai, N. of

Oudh.

There are also two birds from the Deccan collected by Sykes, one

of which is his type of tavyjoor, and a third which closely approxi-

mates three from Raipur in the Hume collection. The two former

are exceptionally dark birds for the Deccan, but they are specimens

which had been mounted in the Museum for many years, having

been collected in 1863 and 1864, so that it is extremely probable

that they have got dark and dull coloured, and have lost much of

their red colour. Reds and yellows are the most quickly evaporat-

ing of all colour pigments in birds, and remembering this, there

do not seem to be sufficient grounds to reconsider the sub-specific

value of the colouration of the upper parts. ‘Typical birds

from the Deccan and Raipur are more than usually pale and

red-coloured, and the most that could be said of these three birds

is that they show a connecting link between taijoor and plumbupes,

and on the whole they are nearer typical tayoor than typical

plumbipes. }

Of course, all four sub-species vary inter se to a considerable

extent. Thus we find birds in certain areas in Burmah, such as

Pegu, which are paler, more rufous, and also below the average in

size when compared with typical dark Burmese specimens. At the

same time, when series from various parts of the empire are collected

' and mixed together, there is seldom any difficulty in sorting them

out without reference to their tickets. Southern Indian birds are

very remarkably constant in their colouration, and there is no such

thing as a skin from South of Madras being similar to one from N.-

K. Bengal or Assam. As one works North and East, however, the

colour of the upper plumage deepens somewhat, and the birds grow

a little larger, so that at the extreme limit of range of each sub-

species, specimens may naturally be obtained which are difficult to

define.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA-AND CEYLON. 391

KEY TO SUBSPECIES OF pugnaw.

A—Upper plumage very dark and boldly marked

with black.

a. A rufous nuchal collar on female.

a? Wing about 3:05" ... pugnax. 3g

b? Wing about 3°30" ... pugnaw. 9

b. No rufous collar.

a’ Upper plumage marked with

rich rufous red. |

c? Wing about 3°10" ... atrogularis. 3

d? Wing about 3°45" ... atroqularis. 2

6b} Upper plumage equally dark

but duller and with a paler

rufous, less in extent.

e* Wing about 3°20" ... plumbipes. 3

J? Wing about 3°50" ... plumbipes. 2

B.—Upper plumage pale, a pale bright rufous red

or isabelline predominating over the black.

g? Wing about 3:0"... fayoor. g

h? Wing about 3°25" ... tayoor. 2

The above key i is admittedly a weak one, but this must always be

the case when dealing with sub-species, the differences between

which consist almost entirely in depth and intensity of colouring.

Extreme types when placed close together bear but little resem-

blance to one another, but all sub-species intergrade on the confines

of their habitat, and it is then extremely difficult to say to which

sub-species they belong.

TURNIX PUGNAX PUGNAX (Temm.).

The Ceylon Bustard Quail.

Hemipodius pugnax.—Temm., Pig. et Gall. i, p. 612, 704,

(1815) (Java).

Turnix tavjoor.—Jerdon, B. of I., iii, p.595 (part); Hume and

Marsh., Game B., ii, p. 169 (part) ; Legge, B. of Cey., ili, p. 361 ;

Oates in Hume’s Nests and Hees, 2nd ed., iii, p. 8367 (part) ; Ogilvie

Grant, Cat., B. M. xxii, p. 5380 (part) ; ny Butler, J.B.N.H.S.,

x, p. 313.

at pugnax.—Sharpe, Hand-List i, p. 48 (part) ; “Oates, Cat.

Kiggs, B. M., i, p. 69 (part) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Game B., i, p. 265;

Blanford, Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 150 (part).

Vernacular ee darekee (Ceylonese Tamils) Waltuwa, Pundura-

Waltuwa, Bola-Waltuwa (Cinghalese).

Description, adult female.—Upper plumage dull, rufous-red to

dark, rather brownish grey, the head is usually a trifle darker than

the other parts, whilst the rump and tail coverts may be slightly

paler; feathers of the crown in the centre tipped white, often

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

forming a definite coronal streak, the rufous on either side more or

less barred and spotted with black; lores, supercilia and sides of the

head white with narrow margins or small spots of black;

nape, shoulders and upper back finally barred with black, these parts,

specially the nape, being often much spotted with white; a broad,

well-marked nuchal collar of rufous, sometimes quite unmarked with

other colours, rarely slightly spotted with black and white, on the

lower neck and upper back; lower back, ramp and upper tail coverts

much more boldly barred with black and white marks, either lines

or large spots on the outer webs of the lower back and rump

feathers and the tips of the upper tail coverts; scapulars like the

back, but often a little paler, still more boldly marked with black

and white, the latter predominating. Wing coverts like the back,

but rather paler, the greater and median boldly spotted with buff

and black, the amount varying in individuals, and the buff

on the outer webs often forming a fairly distinct broad bar across

the closed wing: lesser coverts and shoulder of wing less conspi-

cuously barred. Quills brown, not very dark, and bordered on the

outer webs of the primaries with pale buff; primary coverts the

same, but often much freckled or barred with buff; the innermost

secondaries are like their greater coverts, and those nearest them are

tipped pale and barred to a slight extent on the outer webs at their

ends. Below chin, throat and centre of neck and breust, deep,

velvety black; sides of lower neck and breast buffish white to

buff, broadly barred with black, and a few bars extending across the

breast below the black and the barring sometimes continued well

down the flanks; remainder of lower parts rufescent buff to

deep rusty buff, usually darkest on the vent and under tail coverts.

Under aspect of the wing and axillaries dark silver grey.

Colour of soft parts.— Legs and feet slate or leaden grey; bill dark

bluish slate or plumbeous grey, the culmen slightly darker, espe-

cially at the base where it is quite a dark brown; irides white,

occasionally yellowish.

“‘Trides white; bill ight leaden, dusky brown on culmen;

legs and feet pale bluish or fleshy grey, with the joints and

tarsus washed with bluish’ (Legge).

Measurements.—Total length about 5:3'" (=134'6mm); wing

3°33" (=—85°'5mm); tarsus about 1:0!’ (—25:-4mm); bill from

gape about ‘65"' (—16-5mm), and from front about °50'' (—=12-9mm),

tail about 1'' (=25:-4mm). Legge gives the total length as about

6:3" to 6°5'', and the wing as 3:4" to 3°55", but none of the speci-

mens in the British Museum have a wing as large as this latter.

Legge however includes Indian birds in his measurements, and

those from upper India run very large. |

Description, adult male.-—WLike the female, but has the chin white

‘Instead |of black, the breast and foreneck banded black and buff

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 393

like the sides, instead of pure black. As a rule, the markings are

somewhat less bold in character, and the general appearance is duller.

Colours of the soft part.—As in the female, but iris, more often

straw yellow.

Dimensions.— Wing 3:05" (=77:5mm), and other measurements

proportionately smaller than in the female.

Senet oo rUOeOcU owing ate tooo ks tALE. LO Lethe

‘middle toe and claw 0°80''; bill to gape -67"'.”” (Legge).

Young females only differ from the adult in having chin, throat

and upper breast like these parts in the male.

Quite young birds of both sewes have the plumage similar to that

of the adult male, but the black on the upper parts is more plentiful,

though duller; the secondaries are more marked and freckled with

buff or rufous, and the primaries are, perhaps, also rather more

widely margined with the same. The breast is spotted with large

drops of black which, sometimes, are rather arrow head in appear-

ance, or sometimes become broadened into broken bars, but never

form complete bars as in the adult. The variations in tail follows

the same range as that of the old birds.

The nestling when hatched is covered with pale whitish buff on

the lower parts, and dark chestnut buff above. There is a broad

white line from the lores, through the eye to the nape, a dark

coronal streak, almost black, and there are pale buff and black

crescentic marks on the back; the wings have a dark and a pale bar,

and the inside of the thighs are chestnut.

Certain naturalists have claimed that the black throat of the

female is merely a seasonal change, and is lost after the breeding

season. When a bird has as variable a breeding season as the

Bustard Quail has, it is very difficult to assert that such is, or is not,

the case; but the probabilities are all against it. The hen assumes

this black during the process of a moult, and possibly takes two

years before she fully acquires it, but birds may be found in every

month of the year with this black fully developed. Hume obtained

_black-throated females in every month but September and January,

and I have seen such specimens of this or the other sub-species in

these months also.

Distribution.—Ceylon, Java, Sumatra and Billiton.

Legge thus records its habitat within the Island of Ceylon :—

“This Bustard Quail is scattered over most of the open

country in Ceylon, being more numerous in some localities

than in others. In the maritime districts of the Western

Province, including the seaboard from Manaar southwards

to Chilaw, and in suitable localities round the South-West

coast, it is perhaps more common than elsewhere. Again,

in porticns of the Eastern Province where the ground is

sandy and covered with low bushes, it is numerous, as in the

394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

Yala district, where Mr. Bligh writes me it was abundant;

and in the Northern parts of the low country it is found in

old clearings overgrown with grass and shrubs, and also on

open bushy lands on the borders of tanks. It is common in

the Cinnamon Gardens, Negombo, Colombo, and Morotuwa,

and breeds even in public resorts, such as the Circular, etc.,

where there are bushes to afford it the necessary cover.”

Legge did not find it at any great elevations, but I have received

it from nearly 4,000 feet, and doubtless it will be found even

higher than this, provided there is suitable open country.

Nidification.—The nidification of this Bustard Quail is similar to

that of the other sub-species, that of pluwmbipes being described at

length hereafter.

Legge says that in Ceylon it lays “from February till May,

and most likely has another brood later in the year.” As with all

these birds, it is the male which incubates the eggs, and Legge and

Captain Butler both found the cock bird sitting on eggs. Appar-

ently in Ceylon two eggs only are sometimes laid, a number which

is very exceptional elsewhere. The eggs themselves cannot be

distinguished in any way from those of atrogularis and plumbipes

though they average a trifle smaller. eee which I have been able

to personally measure averaged °93"' x °75'' (2°37 x 190mm), and

Legge records their length as it eid -90"' to 98", and the

breadth from °69" to 75".

Hahits.— Writing of the Ceylon Bustard Quail, the author above

quoted, writes that it is—

‘an inhabitant of open scrub, long grass dotted with bushes,

the outskirts of low jungle, cinnamon plantations, and such-

like situations where cover is combined with grass and rank

vegetation. Itis rarely found in damp spots and in fact is

especially partial to sandy soil, which is the driest soil to be

had anywhere in the maritime regions of Ceylon. It is only

when accompanied by their young brood that these birds are

found in coveys; they are generally met with singly, or

two at some little distance from each other; they he close,

and when they rise, either fly back straight over your shoulder,

or dart lke an arrow round the nearest bush, suddenly

alighting when out of reach of danger.”

Legge also refers to their polyandrous habits, which they share

with others of the genus, and describes the way the hens fight for

the possession of the cock. He writes, “they fight hke the common

hen, stretching up their heads and trying to circumvent each other,

pecking out vigorously all the while,’’ and elsewhere he records that

so intent do they become on their fights that he has driven up to

and stopped his carriage within a few yards of a pair fighting by

the roadside, without their taking any notice of him.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 395

The voice of the hen is similar to that of other members of the

family, and their food is also the same, 7.e., half vegetable and half

insectivorous.

TURNIX PUGNAX PLUMBIPES.

The Burmese Bustard Quail.

Hemipodius plumbipes.—Hodg., Icon.,ined. in Brit. Mus., Nos. 126,

127, wd, Bengal Sporting Mag., 1837, p. 346.

Turn ocellatus.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus., As. Soc., 1849, p. 29;

Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 398 (Formosa); Godwin-Aus., J. A. 8. B.,

xliil., pt. 11., p. 174; Jerdon, B. of I., iii., p. 597.

Turme tayoor.—Oates, in Hume’s Nest and Eggs, 2nd ed., iil

p. 367 (part) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii. p. 930 (part); id

Game B., 1., p., 265 (part).

Toernice vs quae. —Gray, Hand-List B., i1., p. 271; Stoliczka, J.

A.S. B., xxxix, pt. 11, p. 388 (part) ; nae and Oates; Str. Feath,

yy Th 178 (Pegu) ; ids, Nest and Eggs, i1., p. 503 (part) ; Hume

and Inglis, Str. Feath., v., p. 45 (Cachar) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B.

Mev tarxait*p. (O84 ; Sharpe, Hand-List i, p. 48 (part) ; Oates, Cat.

Higgs, B. M., 1., p. 69 (part) ; Blanford, Avifauna, Beelieaspeslad

(part) ; Stuart Baker, fui a Neat Eee: Smid, rp: 492 ; : ple oid,

p. 6773; Mears, «bed, are pie9.4 Harington, ibid, xix., p. 3865; 1d,

ibid, xx., p. 377; id., ibid., xx., p. 1011; Venning, sbid, xxi., p. 632;

Hopwood, ilid, p. 1215.

Turna plumbipes.—Blyth and Wald., Cat. Mam. and B. of

Burmah, p. 152 (1875); Oates, Str. Feath., v., p. 164; Hume and

Davis., ibid, vi., pp. 450, 521; Hume, «bid, vili., p. 69; Scully, aid,

p- 850; Hume and Marsh., Game B., ii., p. 177; Gammie, Str.

Feath., viii., p. 453; Hume, Cat. No. 883; Oates, B. of Burmah, u.,

p- 337; w., Str. Feath., x., p. 286; Hume, sbid, xi., p. 310.

Vernacular names.—Timokpho (Leptcha); Tinisk (Bhutia) ;

Ngén (Burmese); Sunsorai (Assamese); Daoduma (Cachari) ;

Inruibuma (Kacha Naga); Vohbubum (Kuki); Purjoh Peyoo-

Kabun (Malay) ; Guske-coone, Vock-coone (Siamese).

Description, adult female.—Similar to the Ceylon Bustard Quail,

but wanting the rufous nuchal collar. It is also a rather darker

bird with more rufous on the upper parts, and the black not quite

so rich or velvety. The under parts are usually paler.

Adult male differs from the female as does the male of pugnaz.

Colours of soft parts.—Same as pugna.

Measurements.—The wing varies in length on an average between

3°40'' (=86:4mm.) for Burmese birds and 3:51" (= 89:Omm. ) for

North-Hast Indian female birds, and from 8:09" to 8:24" respecti-

vely for the males. Hume gives the measurements as follows :—

‘“ Females—length, 5:44" to 6:37"; expanse, 11:0" to 12°5";

wing, 3°0"' to 3°45"; tail from vent, 0:9'letoods?38'1s tarsus,

oe /

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

0:9" to 1:02"; bill from gape 0°68" to 0°78"; weight 1°7

to 2:25 02.”

“ Males—length, 5:6" to 6°25''; expanse, 10:9" to 12:3";

wing, 3°12" to 3:5"; tail from vent, 1:0" to 1*4)’; tarsus

0:95" to 1:12"; bill from gape, 0°7" to 0°81''; weight 1:5

to 2°65 oz.”

I give Hume’s measurements and weights in full, but cannot

understand them, as they are almost exactly contrary to my own

measurements, which, in agreement with other observers and natu-

ralists, shew the female to be a decidedly bigger bird than the male.

Jerdon gives the wing measurement of this form as 3°6"', and says

that the male is smaller.

Distribution.—Federated Malay States and West Siam, the Plains

of Burmah and the whole of the Western and Southern Burmese

Yomas, or Hill tracts ; the North and North-West Chin Hills, Chit-

tagong and its Hill tracts, the whole range of country, plains and

hills, extending West as far as Sikkim throughout Assam and the

Bengal Dooars and Nepal, together with the wetter, better forested

districts at their base, from Mymensingh to Bettiah in Behar where

however it meets the Soutbern form tacjoor and intergrades with it.

Nidification.—They breed practically all the year round, princi-

pally between April and September, and one hen will apparently go

on laying eggs as long as she can find a supply of husbands to hatch

the eggs she lays and to look after her innumerable progeny when

hatched.

Dr. H. HE. Butler, quoting from the German of Huth, tells us

that in 1890, a female Turniw nigricollis laid no less than 8 clutches

of eggs, and from 3 of these young were hatched. It must, however,

be noted that Huth speaks of the female of this species as being

‘“‘a pattern of love, attention and solicitude towards the little chick.”

I have had plumbipes, tanki and dussumieri in captivity, but I

found that though I could keep any numbers of the males together,

I could not keep two females, as they always fought until one was

disabled. Unfortunately I never managed to induce them to breed,

though the hens would drop casual eggs here and there, of which

they took no notice.

Jt is the cock bird. that has to do all the hatching and looking

after the young, and the hen, as soon as she has laid her first set of

eges, goes off to hunt up another male to look after her second, and

so on, until matrimony palls for the season, and she either indulges

in lonely blessedness or joins one or two other ladies who are also

erass widows for the time being.

The male, having hatched the eggs a process which takes about

twelve days, then looks after the young and brings them up, per-

forming his duties in the most admirable manner, feeding, tending

them with the greatest solicitude, brooding them at night and

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 397

fighting for them against ali possible enemies, sometimes, including

their mother, with the greatest bravery.

Whether, when in a state of freedom, having brought up one —

family, he thereupon undertakes the duties of a second it is impossible

to say; but in captivity, when he is the only gentleman available,

the lady generally enforces these duties upon him, at least twice, if

not more often.

As regards the nest, Hume says:

‘Sometimes this species makes no nest at all, and merely

scratches a hollow at the base of, or in the midst of, some

tuft of Sirpatta grass, or occasionally some little dense bush

adjoining or surrounded by long grass. Sometimes it makes

a little pad of rather soft, dry grass, three, or at most, four

inches in diameter, and half an inch in thickness, which it

places as a lining to the hollow.”

‘Generally it does scratch a hollow for itself, but at times

natural hollows or the hoof prints of cattle are accepted and

used, with or without a lining, without so much as a trace of

the lazy little bird’s feet being visible.”

Hume adds an amusing account of how the male is forced,

according to native ideas, by the female to sit on the eggs, and

‘thereafter gives him a tremendous thrashing if ever she

catches him away from these ...an old Moghul Shikari. . .

used to aver that he had often watched the males feeding

near the nest, rush on to the eggs at the sound of the female’s

call, and sit there looking as if they had not left the nest

for at least a week, until the female appeared, walked once

or twice round the nest, and strutted off again, calling voci-

ferously, as much as to say, ‘ Lucky for youit’s all right, my

little friend’ ”’.

Hume in writing this includes all the different forms, and it is

quite possible that his description is. quite accurate in so far as it

refers to the Common Bustard Quail of the Plains.

Personally, though I have seen many hundreds of nests of plumbipes,

I have never seen the eggs laidon the bare ground. Asa rule the

nest is placed just inside scrub, grass, or bamboo jungle alongside

some open piece of ground, and a very favourite place for the nest is

at the edges of the paths used by the hill villagers. These paths are

cleared every year for a width of some 6 to 10 feet, but each rainy

season the grass springs up and covers, more or less thickly, all

but the centre, which is trodden hard by the constant traffic.

Time after time when walking or riding along these primitive

tracks, I have put up the bird from my feet, and looking down have

seen the eges snugly tucked away at the roots of a thick tuft of grass.

In nineteen cases out of twenty, or perhaps even more, the nest

consists of a thick pad of fine grass from 34 to 44 inches in dia-

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

meter, fitting into some natural hollow, deepened, cleared, and made

circular by the birds themselves. In the centre the pad is from 4

to 14 inches deep, and the sides curl up a little with the sides of

the hollow. Often the nest is wedged in amongst the actual roots

of a tuft of grass, the central blades being beaten down or forced

aside to form the requisite space, and the softer parts of the broken

grass helping to form the pad itself. As arule the midribs of the

coarser grasses are discarded, and only shreds from the sides of the

blades used, but now and then one may find a few roots, tendrils,

fern fronds, or other similar materials made use of in the con-

struction of the pad. When made in comparatively thick grass, more

especially where this is sundried or withered, the Bustard Quail

sometimes makes a regular domed nest, though I have never seen

one made as elaborately as that described by Dr. Seth Smith as

being built by Turniw tanki. I think, as a rule, the dome is as

much accidentally as purposely made; the birds get into a tangle

of grass, more or less withered and broken down, and in making

the foundations for the nest pad, they force themselves this way and

that, push pieces of grass to one side or upwards, and thus make a

hollow which they line and over which the tw isted erasses are made

into a dome.

The number of eggs laid is normally four, and this number is

very rarely exceeded, and three eggs, hard set, are just as rarely

found in a clutch.

Jerdon talks of as many as eight eggs being laid in the same

clutch, and Hume says that in thirty nests taken by himself he has

seen two clutches of five and one of six. Jam afraid to say how

many nests I haveseen ofthis bird, but it must be nearer a thousand

than five hundred, yet amongst all these I have known but one

clutch of six eggs—that was brought to me—and perhaps four of

five eggs.

In North Cachar I have seen—not necessarily taken—as many

as a dozen nests in a day, and I worked this district for fifteen

years; after this I was in Dibrugarh five years and in the Khasia

Hills yet another five, and in both places Turnia pugnaw plumbipes

was most plentiful; certainly no year has passed without my seeing

twenty clutches of its eggs.

After this experience it may be safely asserted that clutches of

anything but four eggs are abnormal.

In shape the eggs are generally broad ovals with the small end

pointed rather sharply, and they vary from broad obtuse ovals to

typical, if squat, peg top shaped eggs. The normal egg has a

ereyish white ground colour, sometimes tinged with a suspicion of

yellow or red, and they are covered all over with innumerable dots

and specks of dull yellowish and reddish brown with other spots and

blotches, some sodark as to appear dull vandyke brown or black.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 399

The secondary markings are of pale purple or lavender grey, but are

in most cases almost obliterated by the superior markings.

In some eggs the markings are all reduced to the very finest dots,

in others they are all rather bolder, and in others again the two are

intermixed. In a few the big dark blotches outnumber the smaller

marks and give a more handsome appearance to the egg. Asa rule

the spots, etc., of whatever nature they may be are distributed

thickly all over the egg, but even more so towards the larger end

where they sometimes form a well defined ring or cap, the markings

in which are bolder and darker than elsewhere.

In a few eggs in my collection theground colour is decidedly

reddish, and the markings, which consist of reddish and deep brown,

are very large and handsome, giving the whole egg quite a bright red

tint. ewer still than these, but yet now and then met with, are

egesin which yellow predominates rather than red.

The surface is fine and close, and often has a considerable gloss,

and the shell is very stout for so small an egg. Theinternal skin is

pure white.

_ The average size of the eggs of Turnix pugnax plumbipes is

exactly 1-0" x °82" (==2°54 x 2:08 mm.) and they range in’ length

from 89" to 1:16"' (==-2°25 to 2:°94mm.), and in breadth from :76"'

to *89"' (1-93 to 2°25mm.); the average given is that of 526

egos.

Habits.—This Bustard Quail is found at all heights up to 8,000

feet, and again well out into the plains, but though it is a bird of

more or less open patches of country, it is also essential that such

open country should be interspersed with forest and jungle, and

well watered.

Hume seems to have thought that to a certain extent Bustard

Quails are migratory, moving about according to the season in the

plains and higher or lower in the Hills in the hot and cold

months. In the drier portions of their habitat in the plains, it is

probable they are only to be found after the rains commence,

leaving them again as soon as the winter drought begins to take

effect, but as regards elevation, heat and cold seems to have no

effect, and they may be found at Darjiling at 8,000 feet elevation

all the year round. So also in the North Cachar, Khasia and Naga

Hills they may be found equally numerous all the year, either in

the plains at their foot, or in the higher hills. In North

Cachar I found it quite common at 6,000 feet in December and

January.

It may be found in almost any kind of country other than dense

forest without openings, or, the opposite extreme, sandy open grass

land without anv forest near it. Perhaps it prefers, above all other

kinds of ground, thin grass or scrub jungle, more or less broken up

with bare patches or with cultivation. At the same time, it may be

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

found almost equally often in bamboo jungle or in thin tree forests

which have lots of low grass or other ight undergrowth.

In North Cachar it was extraordinarily numerous, and one could

not go along the narrow village paths for an hour’s walk or round

any field of Hill-rice without putting up several. In the plains I

have nowhere seen them so common as this, and Hume, writing of

the Burmese form, plumbipes in comparison with the Indian form,

tavjoor, Says:

«They seem to me to be more sparsely distributed than is

the Indian bird. Of the latter you might in many places,

with good dogs and small charges, bag by hard work at least

a dozen, and possibly twenty couple in a day, whereas, from

what I know myself, and from what I hear from others, I

doubt if you could anywhere shoot even half the number of

plumbipes, fag as you might.”’

I think, however, there are some places in North Cachar where

one could get as many as twenty couple in a day if any one ever

desired to get them, but, of course, it would be necessary to cover a

lot of country, have some useful dogs to help, and also hold straight.

They are not really as easy birds to kill as one would imagine,

until their waysare learned. ‘They generally get up very close to the

shooter, often at one’s very feet, and they then buzz straight off for

some twenty yards or so, and tumble headlong into the grass again.

They fly at quite a good pace, though perfectly straight, in fact,

very much as a common Quail does; but they are so tiny that if fired

at close, and hit, there is nothing left to pick up, and if time is

allowed for them to get a fair distance, they take advantage of it to

make one of their disconcerting dives into the grass. Many men will

not agree with the dictum that there is no sport in shooting them, as

one has to be very quick to kill these little birds with any certainty,

and, once missed, there is little chance of ever seeing them flushed

again. Where the grass and bushes are extensive, even good dogs

find it a hard job to flush a bird twice; but I think they generally

rise fairly well the first time, though even then not until they are

almost trodden underfoot by the gunner or caught by his dog.

It is a wonderful little runner, and seems to be able to keep

ahead of the fastest dog in grass or bush if the latter tries to follow

it up by scent, and if the dog tries to rush it, it just slips to one

side, and allows the animal to shoot past it. I had a very good

example of this once when shooting some of these Bustard Quail for

specimens in a patch of grass half eaten down by village buffaloes,

and intersected in all directions by small paths and buffalo tracks. I

had two Bhutia dogs with me, both keen sportsmen, with excellent

noses but impetuous temperaments, and the dogs and I had all seen

three or four of these Bustard Quail driven into this patch from

others a few yards away. ‘The patch was not 10 yards wide by 50

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 401

long, yet in half an hour’s bustling we got but one bird, and that I

shot as he raced across astrip of open to another patch. Three or

four times a bird would come out a foot or two into the open and

then double back as one of the dogs came rushing past it.

Although such a little skulker, the Bustard Quail by no means

shuns humanity or human habitation, and is often found in gardens.

of bungalows, scraps or bush and grass round about, and even in

the middle of villages. They are common in tea gardens, and feed

continually within very short distances of women plucking tea, or

men hoeing the ground between the bushes. In many parts of

India they seem to be peculiarly partial to the borders of rough

grass growing at the edges of tanks, and to the softer grass in

Mango topes or orchards. In Sylhet and Cachar I also often found

them in small strips of dry grass land surrounded on all sides by

water and swamp, and we often added one or two to our bag when

out snipe shooting by making a man beat the small pieces of high

grass land dotted about here and there in amongst the rice fields,

It is an excellent article of diet, and Bustard Quail on toast,

though a much smaller, is quite as excellent a morsel as any real

Quail.

In this species, as in all others of the genus, the female bird is

the one which ‘‘ wears the breeks”’ in their family arrangements,

and it is she who fights for the male whom, when fought for and

won, she completely dominates and henpecks. In a wild state, the

hen bird attracts the male to her with a loud booming call,

generally described as a purr or as a cross between a purr and a coo.

Dr. Seth Smith writes of their call:

‘The call note uttered by the Hemipodes seems to be much

the same with all,—a soft booming, which is more or less

ventriloquial. The female utters the note far more frequently

than the male, and I am not sure that he calls at all, but I

believe he does occasionally. This note may be almost called a

‘Coo’; I have frequently mistaken it forthe coo of the Bronze-

winged Pigeon in the distance. Some writers have likened.

it to the distant bellowing of a bull, and the Mediterranean

form, 7’. sylvatica, is known as ‘Torilla’ or ‘little buil’.”

The sound is also not unlike the deep guttural purr, or grunt of

a tiger, and sometimes, when hurrying along a lonely jungle path as.

evening was coming on, it would give one quite a start to hear the

call come soft and deep from just behind. On moonlight nights the

female birds call incessantly during the breeding season, and in the

stillness and darkness their voices sound extraordinarily loud. I

think the bird often mounts on any convenient hillock to ‘“‘ boom ”’,

but she never gets on to a stump or branch. Her attitude when

calling is crouched rather low on the ground with her wings out-

spread on either side and gently quivering.

-402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

The females are very pugnacious at all times, though more

especially so when breeding, and their pugnacity is taken advantage

of by natives of many parts of the country to entrap them. Jerdon

thus describes how the first cousin of this bird, tayoor, is caught in

the South of India:

‘‘ For the purpose a small cage with a decoy bird is used,

having a concealed spring compartment, made to fall by the

snapping of a thread placed between the bars of the cage;

it is set on the ground in some thick cover, carefully pro-

tected. The decoy bird begins her loud purring call, which

can be heard a long way off, and any females within earshot

run rapidly to the spot and commence fighting with the caged

bird, striking at the bars. This soon breaks the thread, the

spring cover falls, ringing a small bell at the same time, by

which the owner, who remains concealed near at hand, is

warned of a capture, and he runs up and secures his prey

and sets the cage in another locality. In this way I have

known 12 to 20 birds occasionally captured in one day, in a

patch of thick, bushy jungle in the Carnatic, where alone I

have known this practice carried on. The birds that are

caught in this way are all females, and in most cases are

birds laying eggs at the same time, for I have frequently

known instances of some eight or ten of these captures, so far

advanced in the process as to lay eggs in the bag in which they

were carried, before the bird catcher had reached his house.”

In North Cachar the Nagas had a somewhat similar way of

catching them. <A hen bird was pegged down by one leg to the

ground by a piece of string about a couple of feet long, and all

round her, at a distance of five feet or so, where the ground had

been partially cleared, were placed inriumerable nooses of goat’s,

or mithun hair tied to inconspicuous creepers.

As soon as the decoy bird settled down, the Naga peter get

behind a bush, whilst 1, when I looked on, one select a tree where

from a few feet above the ground one could see all that took

place. After being left alone for a few minutes, the hen would

preen and clean herself, and presently start booming, at first sitting

up in a semi-erect position, but gradually lowering her breast to the

ground, with out-stretched wings, and blowing herself out with each

boom until she looked like a little feather balloon. As a rule we

had not long to wait before there was an answering boom, and

almost immediately a Bustard Quail would slink up and, if not

caught in one of the outer nooses, would also squat a second or two

and then boom back at her opponent once or twice, after which she

would rush headlong to the fight. As a rule she was caught at once

in the nooses, but sometimes she would escape these and, seizing on

‘the tethered female, engage in a mortal combat. In such cases the

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 403

two birds always seemed so keen on the fight that it was easy to throw

- a cloth over them and secure the wild with the tame.

That the boom is a call to the male as well as a challenge to the

female was shown by the fact that cock birds as well as hens were

sometimes caught. I once saw a male snared, and his attitudes and

modest demeanour as he approached his lady love were most amusing.

There was no cooing or purring on his part, but he slunk up close

to where she was and then squatted in the grass, back to her, and

some six feet away. Here he lay quite still while she boomed away,

bowed, danced, and scraped to him in a perfect ecstacy, yet prevented

from approaching any nearer to him by her tether. At last, seeing

that she would not go to him, the male commenced sidling up to

her, only a few inches at a time, until he stepped into a noose, and

was trapped.

So pugnacious are these birds that they will often continue to

fight in their small cages almost immediately after they are trapped,

and it would be impossible to keep breeding hens together with any

safety.

TURNIX PUGNAX TAIJOOR (Sykes).

The Common Bustard Quail.

Hemipodius tavjoor.—Sykes, P. Z.8., 1832, p. 155 (Deccan)

Bengal Sporting Mag., 1836, p. 171.

Turnia tavjoor.—Jerdon, B. of L., ili, p. 595 (part); Ball, Str.

Feath., ii, p. 428; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B., xlii., pt. ii., p. 250; Butler,

Str. Feath., iv., p. 7 (N. Guzerat) ; David. and Wen., ibid, vii, p. 87

(Deccan) ; Ball, ibid, vii, p. 226 (Ganges to Godaveri); Hume and

Marsh., Game B. ii. p. 169 (part); Vidal, Str. Feath., ix., p. 77

(S. Konkan); Butler, Cat. B. of 8., Bombay, p. 70; Hume, Cat.

No. 832; Ball, Str. Feath., ix., p. 424; David., ibid, x., p. 317

(Khandesh); Davison, ibid, p. 412 (Mysore); Macgregor, iid,

p. 441 (Deccan); Taylor, ibid, p. 465 (Mysore); Macphersow, Str.

Feath., ibid, p. 119; Barnes, B. of Bombay, p. 317; Butler, B. of

Sind, p. 55; Oates, Hume’s Nests and Hggs, 2nd ed., il., p. 367

(part); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii., p. 530 (part); 2d., Game

B., 1., p. 265 (part); Barnes, .J. B. N. H.8., vi.. p. 9.

Turnia pugnax.—Butler, Str. Feath., v., p. 222 (Deesa) ; Fairbank,

wid, p. 409 (Palni Hills); Sharpe, Hand-List, i., p. 48 (part) ;

Oates, Cat. Eggs, B. M., i., p. 69 (part); Blanford, Avifauna B. I.,

iv., p. 150 (part) ; Mosel fai J BaN. HeS., xxi, ps 10L;. White-

head, ibid, p. 168.

Per icular pie TCAs Gundlu, Gundra, Salui-gandra (Hind),

Pured, female, Kalada, male, (Telegu), Kurung-kadik, female, An-

kadik, male, (Tamil) ; Durwa, (Ratnagir’), Karechaki, (Canarese).

Description, adult female.—Differs from pugnazr in being much

paler and much more rufous, many birds appearing, as a whole, to

404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

be a bright, but rather pale rufescent red. The pale fulvous edges

to the feathers of the back, scapulars, etc., are larger and paler,

increasing the pale effect of the plumage, and the under parts are

generally very much paler. The black spots on the wing coverts,

though smaller, are more in the nature of bars than they are in

either of the other three sub-species.

In birds from the neighbourhood of Calcutta, the rufous tint is

replaced by a beautiful pale isabelline, the general tone being even

paler still; the birds from Western Bengal are intermediate between

the two.

Colours of the soft parts.—As in pugnax.

Measurements.—The Common Bustard Quail follows the general

avian rule in being smaller than its more Northern and LHastern

representatives.

The British Museum series—a large one—give an average wing

measurement for females of just 3°25'' (= 82:5 mm.), but the

average is raised by the comparatively large size of some of the

Calcutta birds, which average 3°32'' (84°35 mm.).

Adult male.—Differs from the female much in the same way and

degree as does that of the other sub-species.

Measurements.—The male, as usual, is decidedly smaller than the

female, the Calcutta males average for the wing 3°03" (— 77mm.),

and the others from the Peninsular of India 2:93" (= 74:4 mm.).

Hume’s measurements for this form agree with mine in so far as

they make the male out to be smaller than the female, but his wing

dimensions greatly exceed mine.

‘‘Females—Length, 6:12" to 6°7''; expanse, 11°75" to

12°75''; wing, 3°4"" to 3°7'';' tail from vent, 1-0" to 1:47;

tarsus, 0°95" to 1:12"; bill from gape, 0°7'' to 0°81"; weight,

1-5 to 2°56 02.”

“¢ Males—Length, 5:6" to 6°25''; expanse, 10°75" to 11:7";

wing, 2°85" to 3:1"; tail from vent, 0°9'' to 1:2"; bill from

gape, 0°6'' to 0°72"; weight, 1:5 to 1:9 oz.”

From the above it will be seen that Hume makes out tazjoor to

be as big a bird as pugnaw, but it is rather difficult to say what

Hume exactly included in the two sub-species so that for matters of

comparison his figures are not of much value, though they are,

otherwise, of the greatest interest.

It will be seen from what I have written above that birds from

South-Eastern Bengal are larger than elsewhere, and are also dis-

tinguished by the curious isabelline tint of their plumage. There

is not at present much material from this part of India to work on,

but if further material, when obtained, corroborates what is now

known, the bird will require to be separated subspecifically and

given a new name, as there does not seem to be one at present

applicable to it.

THE GAME BIRDS Or INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 405

Distribution.—The whole of India South of the habitat of pluwm-

bipes down to Cape Cormorin. It is said also to enter Ceylon, but I

have seen no skins which are not referable rather to the true pugnaw

than to tatjoor. It has not yet been recorded from Sind, but I have

recently had it sent to me from the Punjab, where it would appear

to be only a rare strageler.

Nidification.— Not to be distinguished in any way from that of

plumbipes, though, if Hume is correct, this continental form would

appear very often to be contented with laying its eggs in some

hollow without making a true nest. Even in such cases, however,

a rough collection of scraps of grass, etc., are always placed in the

hollow before the eggs are laid.

The season for laying may vary somewhat in different places, but

it may really be said to last more or less all the year round. Scar-

city of food naturally checks breeding so that in the driest portions

of its habitat the driest months of the year will form a gap in breed-

ing operations, and on the contrary when the rainfall is heaviest, the

birds will cease breeding during the height of the rains.

The eggs are exactly like those of plwimbipes and vary to the same

extent, but average a trifle smaller, about -92" (=-2°34 mm.) x

6 Ge (9 1595'mm.).

In Hume’s “Nests and Eggs” Oates gives the average of 30

egos, practically all from Southern India, as -94"' x 0°78" (2°37

x 1:98 mm.); and in the Catalogue of Eggs in the British Museum

he again gives the extremes of measurement, for the same series,

i, € between -8" x J:04'' (== 20°3 x 26:4 mm.); in length

71" to 85" (= 18 x 21°6 mm.) in breadth, but these measure-

ments include the Hastern and Formosan eggs.

TURNIX PUGNAX ATROGULARIS (Hyton).

The Chinese Bustard Quail.

Hemipodius atrogularis.—Kyton, P. Z. 8., 1839, p. 107.

Turnia taijoor.—Oates, in Hume's Nests and Eggs, 2nd ed., ii1.,

p. 867 (part); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M.; xxii., p. 530 (part); @d.,

Game B., i. p. 265 (part).

Turnia pugnaz.—Sharpe, Hand-List, i., p. 48; Oates, Cat. Eggs,

B.M., i., p. 69 (part); Blanford, Avifauna B. I., iv., p. 150 (part).

Vernacular names.—Guske-coone, Nock-coone (Siamese) ; Ngon,

(Burmese).

Description, adult female.—This is the most richly coloured of all

the forms of the Bustard Quails, the upper parts being very boldly

marked with black and deep rufous, the latter of a darker, redder

tint than is found in any of the other sub-species.

The colours of the soft parts are the same as in pugnag.

Measurements.—Females—Wing varying between 3°32" (=84:

4mm.) and 3°56" (91:2 mm.), and averaging 3:45'' (87:6 mm.),

406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

The males as usual are decidedly smaller with a wing of only 3:10”

(==78"0. mm):

Instribution.—Formosa and thence through South and Western

China through the hill ranges and thence into the South-Eastern

Shan States.

Nidification.—Exactly the same as that of plumbipes, and the

egos are not to be distinguished from those of the latter bird.

Habits.—So far as is recorded, there appears to be nothing to

note in the habits of this bird differing in any way from those of its

nearest. relations. It is found alike in the Plains, and certainly up

to 4,000 feet, and probably higher in the mountains. Like the

other Bustard Quails also it keeps much to openings in partly forested

country, and is often found in cultivation and round villages. |

TURNIX DUSSUMIERI.

The Inttle Button Quail.

Hemipodius dussunuert.c~Temm. Pl. Coll., v., p. 454 (1828).

Hemipodius variabilis—Hodg., Bengal Sport. Mag. (1837), p. 340.

Hemipodius sykest.—Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afri., 1. (18388).

Turnie dussumiert.—Blyth, Ibis (1867), p. 161; Gould B. of Asia,

vii., pl. 10 (1869); Hume Str. Feath., i., p. 227; Adam, «id, i.,

p. 888; Ball, bid, p. 428; Butler, ibid, iv., p.9; Fairbank, «hid,

pp. 262, 266; Davis. and Wen., ibid, vii., ». 87; Hume, aid,

pp. 186 and 226; Butler, ibid, p. 186; Ball, ibid, p. 226; Cripps,

ibid, 298; Butler, Cat. B. of Sind, p. 56; Hume and Marsh., Game

B., i., p. 1938; Hume, Cat. No. 835; Vidal, Str. Peathiia seme:

Butler, Cat. B. 8S. Bom., p. 70; Reid, Str. Feath.yx., p. 64; Oates,

ibid, p. 2387; Davidson, ibid, p. 318; Oates, B. Burmah, ii., p. 336;

Hume, Str. Feath., xi, p. 812; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 319; Ogilvie-

Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii., p. 540; Oates, in Hume’s Nests and Hggs,

2nd ed., u1., p. 871; Blanford, Avi. B. I., iv., p. 152; Oates, Game

B.1.,1., p. 11; Ogilvie-Grant, Game B., ii.. p. 278; Lie Mess,

Game 8. & W. B., p. 114; Sharpe, Hand-List, i., p. 48; Oates, Cat.

Eggs, B. M., 1, p.'71; Barnes, J. B. N..H.S., viz, ple

Stuart Baker, ibid, xi., p. 493; Moss King, wid, xxi, p. 101;

Whitehead, ibid, xxi., p. 169.

Turnix sykesi.—Jerdon, B. of I., iii., p. 600; King, J. A. 5. B.,

XXXVll., pt. l., p. 216; Godwin-Austen, ibid, xliii., pt. 11., p. 174.

Vernacular names.—Ginwa Lawa, Chota Lawa, Dabki, Tura

Shima} (Muttra), Libbia (Purnea), Darwi (Ratnagirr), Chinna or

Tella-dabba Gandla (Tehgu), San Gundla (Ooriya), Choto San-sorai

(Assamese), Dao-duma kashiba (Cachart), Inrui-buma gajeba (Naga),

Tutu-butera (Sind), Ngon (Burmese).

Description, adult male and female.—A distinct mesial stripe from

forehead to back of crown pale buff, sides of the crown rufous

brown to brown, generally much mixed with black, whereas the

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 407

mesial stripe is often unspotted and seldom heavily marked; lores,

supercilia and sides of the head white, or buffy white, speckled with

black ; back of the neck ferruginous red to dull ferruginous; back,

rump and upper tail coverts barred black and rufous, the rufous

varying from a bright tint to a dull greyish rufous, and the amount

of black varying greatly in individuals; here and there, more:

especially on the rump, a few of the feathers are very narrowly

margined with whitish, and some of the outer tail coverts have the

outer webs edged with buff; the black is nearly always more

strongly developed on the rump and upper tail coverts than on the

back.

Scapulars, inner wing coverts, and innermost secondaries like

the back, but with broad buff margins to each feather; other wing

covers rufous with a black spot on the outer web, and broad buff

margins, in some birds this buff margin occupying nearly all the

visible portion in the closed wing; bastard wing and primary

coverts grey brown with buff edges; primaries brown, or grey

brown, with buff edges, broad and distinct on the outer, narrow and

sometimes abraded on the inner.

Chin and throat white, centre of breast rufescent, sides of breast

and flanks white or buffy white, with bold drops of black, and more:

or less patches of chestnut; remainder of lower parts white, often

tinged buff and sometimes with chestnut, and the lower tail coverts.

nearly always of this colour.

Colour of the soft parts—

‘Legs and feet vary from pale fleshy white to light lead

colour; the bills from leaden white to lavender or plumbeous 3.

the irides are light yellow to straw white.” (Hume).

‘‘ Legs fleshy white or pale blue grey, bill the same.”

(Finn in “ Indian Field’’).

Measurements.

‘‘ Females—Length, 5:4" to 5:7''; expanse, 9°8" to 10-7" ;

wing, 2°8"' to 3:0"; tail from vent, 1:3" to 1:5''; tarsus, 0° 7

to 0-75"; bill from gape, 0°51" to 0°56"; weight, 1:25 to

1°35 02.”

‘* These measurements, taken frotrt only 6 birds

probably do not adequately represent the limits within w hich

the dimensions of this species vary.’

‘“ Males—Length, 5:2" to 5:4’; expanse, 9°5'"' to 10:5".

wing 2-76" to 2:9"; tail from vent, 1:25" to 1:35''; tarsus,

0-7" to 0-72"; bill from gape, 0°51" to 0°55; weight, irk

to 1-4 oz.” (Hume).

Including the birds in the British Museum, I have obtained

measurements of 34 males and 43 females. The latter have an

average wing measurement of 2:93'' (= 74:4 mm.) and vary in

length between 2°88'' (= 7:31 mm.) and 2:98" (= 7:57 mm.)

408. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

The former, the males, average only 2°57'' (= 5:43 mm.). In

length of wing the longest is 2°80'' (7:11 mm.), and the shortest

2:42" (= 6:14 mm.).

Young bwrds.—

‘In the young birds the whole of the upper plumage is

reddish brown, becoming brighter rufous on the nuchal

region, and indistinctly barred with blackish brown and

spotted with white, especially on the wing coverts and chest.

The latter is paler buff than that of the adult, and spotted all

over with black.” (Ogilvie-Grant).

The nestling in down is not distinguishable from the nestling of

Turn pugnan.

It is quite impossible to divide this little Bustard Quail into

sub-species. ‘Two specimens from Formosa, both females, in the

British Museum Collection can be picked out from the rest by their

rich plumage, as can one from Sambalpur, another from the Deccan,

and yet one more from Hast Burdwan. All these five are, however,

identical, and their distribution over so scattered an area at once

disposes of the question of their difference in colouration being of a

subspecific value, moreover they are closely approached by a few

specimens from Raipur and other parts of Central India.

It is curious to note that specimens from Pegu are rather paler

than birds from other parts of Burmah, just as are specimens of

Turma pugnax, though these latter agree with the dark Malayan and

Eastern form rather than with the South Indian ferruginous bird.

The range of variation in T'urniw dussumiert is not nearly as great

as it is in T'wrniw pugnax, and consists principally in the amount of

black barring in the upper plumage, and the extent of the buff

margins to the feathers of the wings and scapulars. As these are

plentiful, or the reverse, so is the general aspect of the bird itself,

dark or pale. The rufous of the nape and neck does not vary much

in colour, though a good deal in extent, but the rufous of the upper

back is often a more grey brown than a red, and this, of course,

also affects the general appearance considerably.

Iistribution.—This tiny Game Bird is found practically through- ~

out India, as far South as Travancore, from the Southern part of

which I have received two male specimens with their eggs. From

this State it extends North in every direction as far as the Himala-

yas, ascending them to at least the height of 8,000 feet. It occurs

in all the Hill Ranges of Assam, and I have personally often taken

it in the Khasia Hills, Cachar Hills, Naga Hills, and up the Assam

Valley, as far Hast as Dibrugarh and Sadiya. It is also found in

Cachar, Sylhet, Tippera, Chittagong, and the Chittagong Hill

Tracts. Further East it has been obtained by one of my native

eollectors in the Shan States. Oates got specimens in Pegu and

Swinhoe obtained it in Formosa and Hainan.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 409

Doubtless it will be found to occur in all the districts of Burmah,

and through the lower Hill Ranges into Western China.

As regards elevation, it certainly ascends as high as 8,000 feet,

as it has been found above Darjeeling, above Simla, and nearly as

high on the highest peaks of North Cachar, and on the highest

parts of the Nilgherries where, however, it seems to be extremely

rare.

Naturally from certain parts of the country it is debarred by the

heaviness and denseness of the forest, or, on the other hand, by the

dryness and bareness of the plains. To the North-West it, perhaps,

only wanders during the Rains, and in these parts is semi-migratory,

to the extent of moving when, literally, a place becomes too hot to

hold it. Elsewhere it is certainly a resident bird, breeding wherever

found.

Nidification.—With this, as with the other Turnicide, the female

bird is the one who courts the male, and fights with the other

females for him. She is just as pugnacious as her larger relatives,

and, sad to relate, is just as negligent of her maternal duties, and of

her moral obligations. Until she has won her husband, she will

fight for him as if he was the one and only thing she desired in this

life, but her frenzy of love soon dies, and after a very short spell of

wedded life, she leaves the poor little henpecked husband to hatch

the four eggs she has laid, and wanders forth in search of new

adventures and more husbands.

Her purr, coo, or boom, however, we may describe her call, is, I

think, a good deal softer and weaker than that of the bigger Bustard

Quail, but is otherwise of exactly the same description, and is

uttered in the same way, and for the same purpose, 1.e., to call the

male or to challenge another female. Captain Butler told Hume

that its call was—

‘‘a mixture of a purr and a coo, and when uttering it a bird

raises its feathers and turns and twists about much in the

same way as an old cock pigeon ;”’

and he might have added, with the same motive, that is to say, in

order to captivate its mate.

Doubtless this bird, like the others of its genus, breeds more or

less throughout the whole year; but, perhaps, it is not quite so

irregular as the common Bustard Quails. Generally speaking, it

may be said to breed principally from April to October, and more

especially from June to September. The hen must lay several

clutches in the year, for she will go on breeding apparently as long

as she can find husbands to hatch her eggs and bring up her young.

In North Cachar I found this bird called and bred from late in

April to the end of August; but in the Khasia Hills, adjoining

these, she began in early April, and went on until late in Septem-

ber, a difference, doubtless, due to the excessive rainfall in parts

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

of the latter district. Davidson considered it alate breeder, and

recorded :—

‘In Sholapur I got, or had brought to me, four nests, one

on the 17th August, and the others at the very end of Sept-

ember, and I shot a hen in October, 1878, containing one

unshelled egg.

“In the Panch Mahals, I shot a bird containing a perfect

very highly coloured egg late in October.”

Theobald also found them breeding in the Punjab late in August,

and near Deesa Captain A. E. Butler found eggs from the end of

May to the end of August.

In Behar and Bengal, Coltart, Inglis, Hervey and others have

found it breeding during the rains only, commencing at the end of

June and continuing until the end of September.

The nest is similar to, and is placed in the same kind of position

as that of the last bird, and requires no separate description but I

do not think it is so often domed or covered in. I may have seen

some 40 or 50 nests of this bird, all told, but I do not think I have

seen half a dozen of this description.

The number of eggs laid is almost invariably four, and I have

never seen a complete clutch with less, and only four nests with

five eges in them, and never one with six.

The ground colour of the eggs is generally greyish white,

occasionally yellowish white, or still more rarely, with a faint

reddish tinge. The whole surface is closely stippled or speckled ~

and spotted with minute spots of yellowish or greyish brown,

with here and there rather largish spots, and small blotches of

blackish brown, in some cases a rather rich reddish brown. As

a rule, these bolder markings are rather sparse and rather

small, but in a few clutches they are numerous and bold, some of

the blotches being as much as -2'’ in their longest diameter. Most

egos have the superior markings of all kinds fairly equally distributed

over the whole surface, but in some the bolder blotches and spots form

a wide zone or cap at the larger end. ‘The secondary, or sub-surface

marks are of lavender grey or pale purple, and in the shape

of irregular spots and blotches, almost concealed by the surface

markings.

Taking these eggs as a series, they are decidedly more boldly

marked than are those of any of the other birds of the genus except

the Indian Button Quail. In both of these birds clutches of eggs

are not uncommon in which the whole of the surface is densely

marked with comparatively large blotches of deep velvety black,

giving them an unusually handsome appearance. In Karwar this

seems to be the normal. type of egg, and most of my clutches re-

ceived from Western India from Messrs. J. Davidson, T. R. Bell,

and other collectors have been of this type. In Bengal and Behar

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. A411

the two types are about equal, whilst in Hastern Bengal the freckled.

form is that most often seen.

The shape, texture and surface of these eggs differ in no way from

those of the Black-breasted Bustard Quail, though the size differs to:

the extent one would have expected. I have now the measurements

of 42 eggs, and these run in length from -78'' (= 19:8 mm.) to.

*89" (= 22-6 mm.), and in breadth from -63'’ (= 16-0 mm.) to:

"70" (= 17°8 mm.), the average being °84"" (= 21:8 mm.) x °66"

full (= 16-7 mm.).

Halits.—This little Hemipode has rae the same habits, and

frequents much the same kind of cover as the Common or Black--

breasted Bustard Quail. It may be found in any sort of jungle,

except dense evergreen forest, and even into these it wanders a little

way from the wider open cultivation or grass lands. It likes

bamboo jungle, especially that which is composed of small: clump

bamboo, which affords it excellent shelter with but little under--

erowth. It is found in gardens, orchards, patches of sun grass, near:

tanks and ponds, and in the half-trodden down scrub jungle, which

surrounds so many villages in Hastern Bengal. It may also be

flushed occasionally from any kind of crop, such as hill rice, millet,

wheat, or even from various Dahls, standing as high as six feet,.

or from young sugarcane, jute, etc. Undoubtedly, however, its

favourite haunts are fairly wide stretches of sun grass, not necessarily

either very long or very dense, for the little bird seems to enjoy

places where it can run about with ease and freedom.

Jt is an inveterate little skulker, and a wonderful runner, so that

it is an even harder bird to flush than its bigger relative Turnia

pugnaz. So hard is it to seduce to rise, that I have shot over wide

stretches of grass for Florican and other game without seeing a

single bird, though we had close lines of beaters working through

with us; yet, on setting alight this same grass, the fire has forced

a dozen or more of these birds to leave its shelter.

They love basking in the sun in tiny open spaces in the grass,

and I have more than once come across them in some small hollow

scratched in the dust or sand, in the middle of the patch, lying in

luxurious ease half on their sides, with uppermost wing and leg

stretched out, and eyes blinking in self-satisfied enjoyment, until

they rest on the intruder, and then in a second they are off with a

whirr in a headlong flight. But their flight only lasts for a few

yards, and they then pitch suddenly into the grass, or cover, not to

get up again, however closely one may search. I once came across.

a little family party thus sunning themselves in the middle of a

jungle path. I was wearing rubber shoes, and had approached with

complete silence, so that it was not until I had watched them for some

moments that they spotted me and flew off. The young were tiny

things, not half grown, but they flew as fast as the old bird, all

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

pitching within a few yards of where he did, and, presently, I heard

the faint ‘“ cluck-cluck”’ of the anxious parent as he called to his

‘chicks who, doubtless, ran to him at once, for the clucking soon

‘stopped.

The young seem to hatch in ten to twelve days; the Cacharies say

‘ten days, but judging from what Dr. Seth Smith says of its nearest

relations, it is probably twelve. In a very short time they become

wonderfully independent, and when less than a fortnight old, can

fly short distances with ease and celerity, their wings looking dis-

proportionately large in comparison to their body.

Like T. pugnaw they eat both insects and seeds, and they are also

fond of the blades of growing rice, just as it begins to spring up,

for more than once I have taken these from their stomachs. Their

actions while feeding are ludicrously like those of the Domestic

Fowl; they scratch in the soil and bustle about from one likely spot

‘to another, seize an ant or spider with a little run, hop up and catch

a grasshopper on the wing, or turn over the soil and pebbles in

‘search of the insects which harbour beneath them. At the same

time their actions impress one as being very secretive, and they have

rather furtive look as they run about, all their energy never dis-

‘turbing the complete silence.

(To be continued.)

413

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS, F.R.S.

No. IX.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A NEW PIPISTRELLE BAT FROM TENASSERIM.

Among the specimens recently obtained for the Mammal Survey

ot the Bombay Natural History Society by Mr. Shortridge in Tenas-

serim, there occurs a single specimen of the following striking species.

of Pipistrelle :—

PIPISTRELLUS LOPHURUS, sp. n.

A rather large species with a tuft of glandular hairs on the base

of the tail.

Size above the average of the species of this genus. Fur of

medium length, hairs of back about 5 mm. General colour, above

warm bistre-brown, below rather paler than ‘“‘ Prout’s brown,”’ the

hairs both above and below blackish-brown at their bases.

Fur not extending on to the wings above, and below only on the

part close to the body. On the base of the interfemoral above, how-

ever, there is a large glandular patch of hairs, more than half an

inch in diameter, the hairs radiating from a point close to the base

of the tail, where there is presumably some sort of gland; the hairs.

themselves are about 5-6 mm. in length, uniformly brown, and

more or less unctuous or sticky. On the undersurface no trace of

the glandular structure is observable, the usual small triangular area

at the base of the tail covered with normal hairs. ars of medium

size, their anterior base convex, roughened, and with a distinct

fringe of hair; outer margin with a well-marked basal lobe.

Tragus shaped as in P. wnbricatus and its allies, broad, its greatest

breadth opposite the middle of its inner margin; inner margin

concave, outer strongly convex, with a large triangular basal lobe.

Wings to the base of the toes. A narrow post-calcarial lobule. Tip

of tail alone projecting from membrane. Penis skinned in the type,

so that it is doubtful whether it has a bone or not.

Skull stout and heavily built, high, not flattened, nasal notch

very broad. Anterior palatine notch especially broad, broadening out

behind with a straight posterior margin. Posterior palate extended

far back, its hinder margin practically entire, with scarcely a trace

of a median projection. Basal pits about as in P. imbricatus.

Incisors subequal, the inner with a.secondary subterminal cusp,

the outer concave and with outer and inner marginal secondary

cusps; in fact, all very much as in P. wnbricatus. Small

premolar rather large, twice as large as in imbricatus. Posterior

414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

premolar with unusually large inner lobe, which projects inwards

practically as far as m’. Molars with perceptible hypocones. Lower

incisors trifid, slightly overlapping, the series of the two sides

meeting at an unusually sharp angle.

Dimensions of the type, the italicized measurements taken in the

flesh :-—

Forearm 85 mm.

Head and body 56; tail 39 ; ear 14; third finger, metacarpal 33,

first phalanx 13; fifth finger, metacarpal 31, first phalanx 8; lower

leg and hindfoot (c. u.) 21:7.

Skull, greatest length 14:1, basi-sinual length 10:1, zygomatic

breadth 9, interorbital breadth 3:7, palato-sinual length 5:2, breadth of

palatal emargination 2°3, mastoid breadth 7°8, height of brain

case from basion 5:4, front of canine to back of m’* 3:5, front of p*

to back of m’* 3:2.

Hab.—Maliwun, Victoria Province, 8. Tenasserim.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14, 12.1.6. Original number

4762, Collected 5th February 1914 by G. C. Shortridge. Presented

to the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

This well-marked species is probably most nearly related to P.

wumbricatus and its allies, but is at once distinguished by its unique

glandular caudal tuft, its broader skull and its wider palatal

emargination. |

A NEW MURINE GENUS AND SPECIES FROM CEYLON.

Among the collections made in Ceylon by Major E. W. Mayor

for the Mammal Survey are seventeen specimens of a small rat

which proves to be not only anew species but to represent a

special annectant genus, with some of the characters of Mus and

Leggadilla on the one hand, and of the Hpimys series of genera on

the other. It may be called

Ca@LoMys*, g. n.

Molars in proportions as in Mus, in structure as in Hpimys. No

incisive notch or frontal ridges.

Skull on the whole like that of a small delicately built Hpimys.

Face lengthened, brain case of medium size. Supraorbital edges

square, without raised ridges. Front of zygomatic plate evenly

convex, a well-marked masseteric knob present near its anterior

base, as in Mus. Palatal foramina rather short, about as in average

Hpimys, not or barely reaching the level of the front edge of the

molar alveoli. Back of palate level with the posterior margin of

the alveolus of m’*. Mesopterygoid fossa parallel-sided, neither

* The combination of the strictly classical origin and appearance of this name

with its suggestion of the English pronunciation of Ceylon is too attractive to

ibe resisted, even if any pretence of special applicability is a hollow mockery.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 4165

broadened anteriorly nor specially narrowed or roofed in. Bulle of

medium size.

Incisors simple, without trace of the notch on the working edge

characteristic of Mus and Leggadilla. Upper molars in their

respective proportions as in Mus, m* being decidedly longer than m”

and m’ combined. But in structure they more resemble those of

Epimys, both in general appearance and the fact that the inner

tubercle of the first lamina is but little displaced backwards.

Antero-external secondary tubercle on m’ extremely minute,

practically absent and entirely absent on m’.

Hxternal characters not peculiar. Fur fine, liberally mixed with

spines. ars of average size. Hindfoot with the fifth toe reaching

nearly to the middle of the basal phalanx of the fourth ; surface of

sole between pads granulated, behind them smooth; sole with six

distinct elevated pads, the last slightly longer than broad. Mammee

probably 383—2=-10 (there are certainly three, and only three,

pectoral pairs, and as both Mus and Leggadilla, with either three or

four pectoral, have two inguinal pairs, the great probability is

that Calomys has the same number, but they cannot be made out on

the specimens available).

Genotype: CaSLOMYS MAYORI, sp. n.

This genus is of aremarkably central and annectant character,

having nothing in any way special about it, but merely a mixture of

the characters of the other genera, of the group. It is impossible

on the one hand to put the species into any one of the older genera,

and on the other to name any single character peculiar to it.

Even its molars show this mixture, having the relative proportions

of those of Mus, while the structure is more as in Lpimys.

To show its position we may take Wroughton and Ryley’s

synopsis of the Indian genera of Muridet, and, commencing next

below Apodemus, alter it as follows :—

b° Postero-internal cusp of upper molars absent.

a‘. M* longer than m* and m* combined.

a’. Bevelled edge of incisors notched.

Palatal foramina penetrating deeply

between the molars.

a°, Frontal ridges well marked ... Leggadilla.

b°. No frontal ridges ... ad ... Mus.

b°. Bevelled edge of incisors not notched.

.Palatal foramina shorter. No frontal

ridges sts Celomys.

b*, M’ equal to or shorter than m? and m* combined. Incisor

edges not notched. Frontal ridges present.

a. Front edge ... te One &e.

t Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. 1913, p, 20.

416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

CcCELOMYS MAYORI, sp. n.

Size about asin some of the smaller ‘‘Rats,” such as Hpimys concolor,

larger thanin any member of Musor Leggadilla. Fur rather long

(about 10 mm. on the back), fine, profusely mixed with spines, the

latter not very stiff, about 3-} mm. in breadth. Colour of upper

surface uniform mummy brown, hairs tipped with buffy, the spines

greyish white tipped with black. Under surface soiled greyish or

brownish, the hairs slaty with brown or greyish tips. Face rather

darker. Ears of medium length, practically naked, grey. Hands

brown to the metacarpals or basal phalanges, the terminal phalanges

abruptly and prominently white; feet wholly dark brown above, or

the extreme tips of the toes white. Tail ranging from rather shorter

to rather longer than head and body, finely scaled (15-16 rings to

the centimeter), short-haired, not pencilled, dark brown above, white

below, the contrast not very sharply defined.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 98 mm.; tail 102; hind foot 26 (range from

22:5); ear 17. Skull, greatest length 30; condylo-incisive length

27°5 (range from 25); zygomatic breadth 14 ; nasals 12°7; interor-

bital breadth 5; breadth of brain case 12:5; palatilar length 13;

palatal foramina 5:7; upper molar series 4°4.

Hab.—Pattipola, highlands of Central Province, Ceylon, Alt. 6210.’

Type.—Old male B. M. No. 14, 12, 1, 7. Original No. 1088.

Collected 25th March 1914 by Major EB. W, Mayor. Presented to

the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Seventeen specimens, all from the same locality.

‘“‘ Trapped on the summit level,in jungle””—EH. W. M.

Major Mayor is to be congratulated on his discovery of so strik-

ing an addition to the mammal fauna of Ceylon, and I have much

pleasure in connecting his name with it. It is probably a very local

animal, as he did not meet with it elsewhere than at Pattipola.

417

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR

ALLIES

(LAUGHING THRUSHES, BABBLERS, &c.)

Lr.-CoLt. H. H. Harineton, Indian Army.

Part IIT.

Family—TIMELUDA,

“Sexes alike; solitary or occurring in very small troops; not

noisy; legs and feet strong; wings short and rounded; _ habits,

skulking in bushes or on the ground; evading observation; colour

of eggs, with few exceptions, spotted.”’ (Oates).

The above is the only definition I can find which attempts to

define what should constitute membership of the Timeliide, but it

does not cover all the numerous genera, which at present go to

make up this very mixed assembly of small birds. Many of these

have nothing in common, except that they are non-migratory and

consequently have short rounded wings. ult

However Mr. Oates’s definition is very good as far as it goes, and

covers a great number of genera which are thoroughly Timeline

both in structure and in habits. Others on the other hand, are just

the reverse in habits, being gregarious, by no means shy or retiring,

and instead of haunting the ground, frequent trees and _ bushes.

Unfortunately these characteristics are not sufficient to divide the

family, as we find nearly allied species in the same genera differing

ereatly in habits, some being essentially Timeliine whilst others are

the reverse. This being the case in the Alcippe, which contains

birds very similar in structure, colouration, and nidification, but

differing remarkably in habits.

As many of these genera appear to grade into each other and to

be nearly related, I have attempted to group them together. By so

doing, I do not wish to imply that birds so grouped should belong

to the same genus, but to try and show that a relationship appears

to exist, and thereby possibly forming sub-families.

In some of these groups the relationship is well marked, the

grading of one genus into another most noticeable. In others this

is not so apparent, and I am probably wrong in grouping some toge-

ther. I hope, any mistakes I have made in my attempt to sort

out the ‘‘ Ornithological Waste-paper Basket ’’ may be pointed out.

Besides my attempt at Grouping, I have made out a “ Key”

based on that of Mr. Oates in the Fauna.

Note.—1 think something should be done to give suitable English

names to the numerous small ‘“ Babblers’’ which are included in

this very large family.

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

Key.

A.— Wing, short, rounded, and fitting close to the

body ; tarsus long and strong.

a. Tail much longer than the wing.

a’. Shafts of the feathers of the crown soft,

(z.e., not separable from the web).

a’, Wing about 33 times length of tarsus,

bill notched ie we a .. Gampsorhynchus.

6°, Wing about 23 times length of tarsus,

bill not notched. . .. Pyctorhis.

b', Shafts of the feathers of the crown, rigid

and glistening.

e*, Bill stout and black si 4 we. eLamehia,

d?, Bill more slender, and pale coloured .. Dumetva.

b. Tail, equal to, or slightly shorter than, the

wing.

c', Shafts of the feathers of the forehead soft.

e’, Tail greatly graduated, the outer pair of

tail feathers falling short of the middle

pair by more than one inch.

(Bill slender and very straight) .. .. Llaphrornis,

f?, Tail not greatly graduated, the outer pair

of tail feathers falling short by less

than one inch.

a®, Bill stout and straight, rather deeper

at the genys (middle) than at the

nostrils.

a‘, Nostrils long, and protected by an

overhanging membrane.

a>. Rictal bristles very short; nostrils

not overhung with hairs.

a®*, Wing and tail about equal;

underplumage streaked .. Pellorneum.

6°. Tail shorter than the wing;

underplumage not streaked.. Scotocichla.

6°, Rictal bristles well developed;

nostrils overhung with hairs .. Drymocataphus.

e’. Rictal bristles very long and

strong; no hairs overhanging

nostrils .. yh ts .. Gypsophila.

b*. Nostrils, small, oval, exposed, and

pierced in the anterior corner of

the membrane Me aS .. Malacocinela.

(Turdinus.)

6°, Bill stout, culmen gently curved

throughout to the tip; zl deepest at

the nostrils, |

c*, Outer edge of the primaries uniform.

ad’, Nostrils long, and overhung by a

membrane.

e°, Small bristles overhanging the

nostrils; tail less graduated,

outer tail feather less than 4

an inch shorter than middle

pair... A ay .. Alcippe.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES,. 419

d°, Nostrils not overhung with

bristles; outer feather more

than 4 inch shorter than

middle pair .. ; .. Schoeniparus.

. Nostrils, oval, exposed, pierced in

the anterior corner of the mem-

branes 074 . ERhopocichla,

. Outer edge of the primaries cons-

picuously particoloured.

f°. Nostrils not overhung by hairs.

e*. Tail scarcely graduated. (Tail

shorter than the wing.) .. Pseudominta.

F°. The two outer pair of tail feather

only graduated a a OO.

gy. Nostrils overhung with numerous

small hairs. (Tail strongly

graduated.)

y°. Bul narrow; hind-claw as long

as hind-toe Ai . Proparus,

h°. Bill broad; hind-claw not long

as hind-toe m . Lroparus.

ec’. Bill conical and_ sharply ‘pointed,

culmen straight. (Nostrils covered

by a membrane. yi he .. Stachyrhidopsis.

aS einen of the forehead stiff shafted.

gy’. Space round the eye not naked.

d° A conspicuous scale overhanging the

nostril bey +e “e .. Stachyrhis and

Thringorhina,.

f°. Nostrils, oval, exposed, pierced in the

anterior portion of the membrane... Mivornis.

h*, Space round the naked .. wk .. Cyanoderma.

c. Tail very much shorter than the wing. (Upper

plumage squmated.)

e', Bill moderate and straight .. ». Lurdinulus and

Corythocichla.

7’. Bill long and curved : . Rimator.

‘B.—Wing, long, not rounded, nor fitting close to

the body.

d, Wing more than 3 times length of tarsus ., Setaria.

(Malacopterum.)

e. Wing less than 3 times length of tarsus.

gy’. Tail more than twice tarsus a .. Lrythrocchla.

h'. Tail equal to twice tarsus .. -) .. Aethostoma.

(Trichostoma.)

GROUP LI.

GAMPSORHYNCHUS.

This group consists of only one species and its geographical races; and is

‘a most unsatisfactory one to have in the Timelide, both on account of its

size and structure. The colour of its eggs at once precludes it being placed

‘in the Crateropodide, and as Mr. Oates says “ Pending a better acquaint-

ance, their position at present appears to be in the Timeline.”

It has the following characteristics, tail much longer than the wing and

greatly graduated; a powerful hooked bill, and is chiefly noticeable for the

‘adult having a considerable amount of white on the head, which it appears

‘to require two years to assume.

420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

GROUP II,

PyYcTORHIs.

This consists of two well-marked species, and their sub-species, which

appear to form connecting links with the Paradovornithide.

They also have a tailmuch longer than the wings; and a short deep bill

with no notch at the tip.

One species (P. stnensis) consists of birds inhabiting the open country,

and having a flight rather reminding one of a “ Butcher-bird;” the other

(P. altirostris) are birds only found in high grass along river banks. The

eggs of the former are well known, and are some of our most beautiful Indian.

eggs, those of the latter, I believe, have not yet been described.

GROUP III,

- -HLAPHRORNIS,

This group consists of one species, peculiar to the Island of Ceylon, which

in my opinion is undoubtedly a Warbler, showing some affinities to the

African Cisticola; and has only been temporarily included in my list.

It has the wing and tail about equal in length, the latter being greatly

graduated ; a slender longish bill, and the plumage very soft and dense.

GROUP IV.

TIMELIIA,

In this I have placed Yimeliia which consists of one species and its

geographical races, and Dumetia, the last being peculiar to the Peninsula of

India, and consists of three sub-species.

The characteristics of this group are, tail much longer than the wing, and

greatly graduated ; the shafts of the feathers of the crownrigid. In 72melhia

the billis very stout and massive, and intensely black; whilst Dumetia, has

a more slender bill, which is pale in colour. Both species build dome-shaped

nests, which are placed near the ground, and their eggs are white covered

with numerous spots.

GROUP. V.

PELLORNEUM.

I have grouped the following together, Pellorneum, Scotocichla, Drymocata-

phus, and Ehopocichla, they are all thoroughly Timeliine in habits; differing

from the last group, in liaving a shorter tail; and the shafts of the feathers

of the crown soft. The type of eggs of this group, with one exception, are

very like those of the last, in Drymocataphus the eggs are of a totally

different type, being éither a very bright pinkish-red, or dark greenish with

dark brown spots.

GhROoUP VY I

_ GYPSOPHILA.

This group also contains only one species, the habits and nidification of

which nothing appears to be known. Its chief peculiarity is, as in Gampsor-.

hynchus and Acanthoptila, that the adult has a considerable amount of

white on the head, otherwise in structure it appears to be allied to the

Pellorneum group,

GROUP VII.

Matacocincia (Turdinus).

This is only represented by one genus within Indian limits, others are-

found in the Malay Peninsula and Islands. It is thoroughly Timeliine in

appearance and habits, and is characterised by its short tail and oval and

exposed nostrils. The eggs of our only Indian species are very handsome:

and approach in colour some of the <Alezppe.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 421

GROUP Vill.

ALCIPPE.

This is rather a large group, the members of one genus grading into those

of the next; in habits, they range from those which are thoroughly Timeliine,

(Scheniparus), up to the Sivas, which are arboreal in habits. In it I have

placed the following, Scheniparus, Alcippe, Pseudominla, Proparus, Siva and

Inoparus. I have been unable to find any definite characteristics of

this group, the wing and tail are about equal, that is one not conspicuous-

ly shorter than the other, and the bill, small and slightly curved. The

majority build cup-shaped nests and lay highly coloured eggs.

GROUP IX,

STACHYRHIS.

In this group I have placed Thingorhina, [Stachyrhis, Stachyrhidopsis,

Mixornis, and Cyanoderma, Members of the first three genera grades vary

naturally from one into the other, this is most noticeable in the bill, which

ranges from rather a coarse notched onein Thingorhina, to a slender pointed

one in Stachyrhidepsis. The last two differ from the first in the shape and form-

ation of their bills, but show a remarkable resemblance in their colouration

and style of plumage. In habits they are not Timeliine but given to haunt-

ing trees; in nidification the first two are peculiar in being the only two

genera in the Z?mehine which lay spotless white eggs, the other members

ofj{this group all lay white eggs spotted with reddish.

GROUP X,

TURDINULUS.

This is a very compact group consisting of the three Wren-like genera,

Turdinulus, Corythocichla, and Rimator, the last being remarkable for its

extremely long bill. The members of this group are characterised by their

short tails and squmated upper plumage. In habits they appear to be very

Wren-like (Tvoglodytes), haunting hillsides and brushwood, and being

solitary. They all build dome-shaped nests which are placed on or near

the ground, and lay white eggs profusely spotted with reddish-brown.

GROUP XI.

SETARIA.

IT have placed Setaria (Malacopterum), Erythrocichla and <A:thostoma

(Trichostoma) in this group, they are hardly Indian and belong really to the

Malayan Fauna, only coming within our limits in the extreme south of

Tenasserim. Very little has been recorded, about their habits and nidifica-

tion, which might help us to their classification, and from their long wings

and short tarsi, I think, should be removed from amongst the 72meline.

They have the following characteristics, a fairly long wing, which does not fit

close to the body; tail equal to or shorter than the wing, a short tarsus; bill stout,

straight and very strong; rictal bristles extremely long; habits strictly arboreal.

GROUP? 1:

GAMPSORHYNCHUS, Blyth, 1844.

Oates, F. B. I, i., p. 184.

This group consists of one species which is confined to the eastern portion

of the Empire and the Malay Peninsula, and has been divided up into

three sub-species.

Their characteristics are a long graduated tail; short rounded wings, the

first four primaries graduated; a powerful shrike-like bill; and their rictal

bristles well developed. General colour rufous-brown with white heads and

breasts; the young appear to take two years to assume the white and to

breed in the immature stage.

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXHIZ

From their structure they seem to approach the “ Laughing-Thrushes ”

but differ from them in the colour of their eggs, which Mr. Stuart Baker has:

shown in one sub-species are spotted. They differ from all other Timeliides,,.

with exception of Gypsophila, and Acanthoptila, in the young being different--

ly coloured, and in almost the same particulars as in those two genera.

It would help immensely if specimens of this genus were sent home in

spirits, so that they could be anatomically examined, and their true position:

determined.

GAMPSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS RUFULUS, Blyth.*

The White-headed Shrike Babbler.

Gampsorha ynchus rufulus, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xiii., p. 871, 1844; Sharpe,.

Cat., B. M., vii., p. 8386; Oates, F. B. I., p. 135; Baker, Ibis, 1895, p. 53; eed

Ibis, 1906, D. 96 ; ebid, Af B. M. te hake Beas oT Ge} 179.

Deseription.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution —The lower ranges and valleys of Sikhim, Sadiya and

Tippook in Assam ; the Daphla Hills, and Garo Hills; Arracan. (Oates).

I procured two specimens at the Jade Mines in the Myitkyina District of

Upper Burma, these are now in the Society Museum.

Halits and Nestings.—Mr. Stuart Baker is, I believe, the only one who has.

recorded anything about the nidification of this interesting species. In

habits, they appear to go about in parties like Laughing-Thrushes. Their

nests seem to be very untidy, cup-shaped affairs of a shrike-like appearance

which are placed in bushes and saplings. The eggs “have a ground

colour of very pale-yellow stone and the superior markings consist of freckles,.

specks, and tiny blotches of reddish-brown; these are scattered fairly nu-

merously all over the egg, but more thickly towards the larger end, where-

in two eggs they form a pretty distinct ring, and in a third an indistinct.

cup. The secondary markings are of the same character and distribution,,.

but pale lavender and purple grey in colour and measured ‘91” x °67”.” +

GAMPSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS TORQUATUS, Hume.

The Ring-necked Shrike Babbler.

Gampsorhynchus torquatus, Hume, Proc. A. 8. B., 1874, p. 107; Sharpe,,.

Cat., B. M.,. vil., p. 387; Oates, KH. B.I., i, p. 136.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Nothing is known about the habits or nidification of this species.

Distribution.—Toungoo Hills, Karennee, and Tenasserim.

GROUP II.

Pycroruis, Hodgson, 1844.

This genus at present only contains two species and their geographical’

races, and is practically confined to the Indian Empire and Ceylon, one-

species P. sinensis extending into Yunnan and Siam.

They have the following characteristics : a small rounded wing, and long

graduated tail; a short deep bill without any notch; oval and exposed

nostrils and weak rectal bristles.

°F

Nore.

Pyctorhis qracilis, Styan, Ibis, 99. p. 295. Is only a synonym of Moupinia’

pecilotis (Verr.), which I think should be included in this genus.

*GAMPSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS SATURITIAR, Sharpe.

The Malay Shrike-Babbler, .

Sharpe, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 273.

Habitat—Perak. Malay Peninsula.

T_The nest of G. rufulus is not unlike the Shrikes of the Voloc wora group, but

the eges are quite different in character, very like, in fact; Drymocataphus tickelli:

in the Timeliine and Copsychus amongst the Merulide. H.C. 8. i

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 423

Key,

A.—Bill black ; forehead plain rufous.

a. Nostrils yellow .. gs tp *s _P. 8. sinensis,

b. Nostrils black .. ~ Ys .P, s. nasalis.

B.—Bill yellowish-brown ; rananedch blackish Le grey margins.

c. Upper plumage reddish- brown.

a’ Chin, throat and upper breast whitish .. P. a. altirostris.

b! Chin, throat and upper breast grey .. BP. a. griseigularis.

d, Upper plumage eal brown, chin and throat

only white .. me .. P. a. scindicus sub-sp.

nov.

PYCTORHIS SINENSIS SINENsIS, Gm.

The Indian Yellow-eyed Babbler.

Parus sinensis, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 1012 (1788).

Pyctorhis sinensis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 510; Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 117

Description.—As in Oates, F.B. I.

Note.— Birds from dry localities and the plains are much paler than hill

specimens, some of which are very dark and richly coloured.

Distribution —Kvery portion of the Indian Empire, except south of

Moulmein ; it extends into Yunnan and Siam.

PYCTORHIS SINENSIS NASALIS, Legge,

The Ceylon Vellow-eyed Babbler.

_ Pyctorhis nasalis, Legge, A. M. N. H. (5), iii., p. 169 (1879); Sharpe, Cat.,

B, M., vii., p. 512; Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 138.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Confined to the Island of Ceylon.

Key to Sub-species of P. altirostris.

see P. a, altirostris. | P.a. griseigulars. | P. a. scindicus,

Type locahity ..\Thyetmyo, Burma.| Assam .. ..| Sukkur, Sind.

Distribution ..| The Plains of, The Plains’ of] (Probably _ the

Lower Burma. Assam and Up-} Indus basin).

per Burma.

Chin and Throat..| Whitish ..| Ashy grey ..| Whitish.

Upper breast ..| Whitish ..| Ashy grey ..| Pale ochraceous.

Lower breast,, Pale-fulvous ..| Rufous .. ..| Pale ochraceous. |

flanks and abdo-

men.

Reddish-brown, | Reddish-brown, | Fulvous ; reddish-

darkest on the} darkest on the} brown on _ the

wings and tail. | head wings and tail.

Head the same

| colour as the

! | back.

Note,—I can find nothing recorded as to the habits or nidification of any

of the above sub-species. Their distribution is also very imperfectly known,

and as they inhabit dense high grass most probably have often been over-

looked; their distribution is therefore most probably much wider.

Upper plumage. .

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

PYCTORHIS ALTIROSTRIS ALTIROSTRIS, Jerdon.

Jerdon’s Babbler.

Chrysomma altirostre, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p: 22.

Pyctorhis altirostiis, Sharpe, Cat., B. H., vii., p. 512; Oates, F. B. L., i., p.

139.

Desecription.—“ Forehead and a broad stripe to the eye hoary-grey with

black centres ; lores grey; sides of the head and neck greyish-brown, tinged

with rufous, more hoary round the eye; whole upper plumage deep reddish-

brown, darkest on the wings and tail; chin, throat, cheeks, and upper

breast whitish; lower breast, flanks and abdomen ochraceous.” “ Upper

mandible pale horn-colour, lower pinkish flesh-colour ; iris hazel-brown ; eyelid

and orbital skin greenish-yellow; legs and feet pinkish-brown.” ‘“ Length,

about 6:5"; tail, 3:3”; wing, 2:4”; tarsus, °9”; bill from gape, °55” (Oates).

Wing, 57-61 mm. Average six specimens, 60 mm.

Distribution.—Thayetmyo and the plains of Pegu, in Lower Burma.

~~ Habits;—Nothing is known about the habits or nidification of this species,

it is only found in long elephant or kine grass.

PycTORHIS ALTIROSTRIS GRISEIGULARIS, Hume.

Hume's Babbler.

Pyctorhis griseiguiaris, Hume, St. Frs., v., p. 116. (1877) ;Harington, Bull.

B, O20 x xxii p. 47:

Description.—Similar to P. a. altirostris, Jerdon, differs, in having chin,

throat, and upper breast, grey, instead of white; the lower breast, abdomen

and flanks, dull rufous, instead of pale-fulvous.

Wing, 62-64. mm. Average of seven specimens, 63. mm.

“Bill pale horny, nearly white towards base of lower mandible; legs

pale fleshy or orange-brown ; feet darker.”” (Hume.)

Distribution.—Assam, and the Butan Doars.

Four specimens procured by me at Bhamo Upper Burma, in February

and June, and now in the Tring Museum, are very similar to the above,

in having the abdomen dull rufous and breast grey ; but have the throat

white instead of grey, and therefore appear to form a connecting link

between the Assam and Pegu birds. I found these birds very com-

mon in the dense “ Kine-grass”’ around Bhamo, it is probably to be found

inhabiting similar localities throughout Northern Burma.

PYCTORHIS ALTIROSTRIS SCINDICUS, Sub-sp. nov.

The Sind Babbler.

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 513.

It is not always advisable to describe a new species from a single speci-

men, but as the only one, I have been able to examine from Sind, differs

entirely from P. a. greseigularis, Hume, from Assam its nearest geographical-

ly, I think it advisable to give it a name. Dr. Sharpe, in the “Catalogue of

Birds,” notices the difference between the Sind bird and P. alttrostris.

Description.—Similar to P. a. altirostris, Jerdon, from Pegu, differs in

having its upper plumage fulvous, instead of reddish-brown ; its chin and

throat white, breast and remainder of lower plumage ochraceous,

Wing, 65. mm. ; culmen, 12 mm. ; bill from gape, 13. mm.

Type.—In the British Museum.

Habitat.—Sukkar in Sind.

GROUP wit

E1LaPHRornis, Legge, 1879.

This genus contains one species which is confined to the mountains of

Ceylon. Nothing appears to be known about it and to what family or group

it should belong. Mr. Oates placed it amongst the Brachypterygine, but for

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 425

what reasons he does not state. To me it appears to be more nearly allied

to some of the warblers, and until it has been anotomically examined and its

true position determined, afraid it must still remain amongst the miscel-

janeous list of 7imelide.

It has the following characteristics: a long delicate black bill equalling the

hind-toe and claw in length, and perfectly straight; rictal bristles weak; no

hairs overhanging the nostrils; the nostrils long narrow slits, not covered

by a membrane; a rounded wing, the first four primaries graduated; wing

and tail equal, the latter also very much graduated; under plumage not

streaked ; the whole plumage is very soft and approaching the Lusciniola in

texture, in fact the bird looks much more a warbler than a_ babbler.

There is also reason to believe that the young, and possibly the sexes

vary, a very non-Timeliine feature.

It is hoped that members in Ceylon will collect a series of this bird and

also a few specimens in spirit.

ELAPHRORNIS PALLISERI, Blyth.

Palliser’s Warbler,

Brachypteryx palliseri, Blyth, T. A. 8, B., xx., p. 178 (1851).

Elaphrornis pallisert, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vir., p. 517; Oates, F. B. I, 1

p. 191; Hale, Bull. B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 91.

Description.—As in Oates, Fauna, B. 1.

Distribution —Ceylon.

Until recently nothing seems to have been known about the nidification

of this interesting species, which appears to be allied to some African

warblers. Mr. T. P. Aldworth was lucky enough to procure a nest with

parent bird, and has given me the following note. The eggs are most

remarkable, and are intermediate between those of 77zbura and the pale type

of Bulbul. In fact Mr. Stuart Baker has received eggs from Ceylon

reputed to be of this species, but owing to their similarity to Bulbul’s eggs,

hesitated to accept them as authentic, but now thanks to Mr. Aldworth’s

eggs, which agree with those received by Mr. Stuart Baker, all doubt has

been removed. I may add Mr. Stuart Baker has generously given me a pair

of these interesting eggs.

Note by Mr, T. P, Aldworth,

“ Elaphrornis palliseri, Pallisers’ Warbler: found the nest of this bird on

10th April 1911 while it was being built, in a small shrub of the laurel

family ?, at about 3 feet from the ground, situated in a small open patch, in

the dense jungle on the bank of a stream flowing from the Horton Plains to

the Boga-want-alawa valley. The nest which was composed of coarse grass-

stalks, moss, and fine twiggs, lined with skeleton leaves and grass fibres, was

deeply cupped and fairly solid. It was completed on about the 23rd. I took

the two eggs on the 28th, as though I visited the nest on _ several

oceasions, I failed to see any sign of the bird until she had commenced to

sit. From the construction of the nest, I was rather surprised to only get

two eggs, but have since seen two more clutches, belonging to Mr. Stuart

Baker, both of two eggs, so conclude this is the probable normal amount,

moreover, there seems to be little variation among them, as the eggs in each

of these sets were almost identical; of a pinkish-white ground colour,

thickly freckled with purplish-brown, with mauve or grey under markings,

and one or two hair like lines at the larger end.”

GROUP IV.

TiMEtIA, DyMETIA.

This group consists of Timelia and Dumetia Their characteristics are:

tail much longer than the wing, and greatly graduated; the shafts of the

feathers of the crown rigid and glistening.

€

426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Timetia,* Horsfield, 1821.

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p.507 ; Oates, F. B.I.,i., p. 131; Hartert, Nov. Zool.,

vill., p. 59.

This genus consists of only one species, and at present represented by

three geographical races, which extend from Nepal along the Himalayas

into Assam, Burma, 8. China, the Malay Peninsula, and Java.

It holds the proud position of having given its name to what has been

most aptly termed the “ Ornithological Waste-paper Basket,” for into this

so-called family numerous genera have been cast, presumably because they

have been refused admission to other better known ones.

They have the following characteristics: a short rounded wing, fitting

close to the body ; tail much longer than the wing, and greatly graduated ;

the feathers of the forehead stiff, with glistening shafts; bill coarse and

intensely black.

KRY.

— T. p. pileata. T. p. jerdoni. T. p. bengalensis.

Locality .. .. (Java <A si Burma i. ..| India.

Abdomen ..|Pale buff. . ..|Rusty buff ../Fulvous, or dull

buff,

Flanks .. ..|Buff tinged with|Dark olive ..|Dark olive,: sides

olive. of the breast very

grey.

Forehead and su-|Wery narrow — ..|Widerthanprleata.) Broader than jer-

pereiliun. dont.

Grown.) ../Bright chestnut ..|Bright chestnut ..|/Darker than the

other two.

Upper plumage ..\Pale olive-brown....Darker than|Darker than jerdo-

pileata. nt.

Tail “2 ..|Pale, not distinct- Ditto ..|Dark; and dis-

ly barred. tinctly barred.

Wing measure-|*67 mm. to 73/Average of—

ments, mm.” (Hartert).| 13 spec. 64 mm.| 16 spec. 61 mm.

Max. 68 mm. Max. 64mm.

Min. 61 mm. Min. 55mm.

* TIMELIA PILEATA PILEATA, Horsfield, 1821.

The Java Red-capped Babbler.

Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe., xiii., p 151 (1821) ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 507 ;

Hartert, Nov. Zool., viii., p. 53.

Description.— Java birds have abdomen pale buff ; the side of the breast and

flanks buffy-olive, the crown rather lighter rufous, the whole back, rump and

upper tail-coverts much paler and more buffy ; the tail much paler and less dis- ~

tinctly barred.” (Hartert.)

‘‘Wing, 67mm. to 73 mm. (or 2°65” to 2°87’); the males being larger than the

females.”

Habitat.—Java. There are specimens in the British Museum from Siam, Saigon

and Molucca, which are, I think, referable to this sub-species.

» NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 427

TIMELIA PILEATA BENGALENSIS, Godwin-Austin.

Lhe Bengal Red-capped Babbler.

Timelia .bengalensis, Godwin-Austin, J. A. 8S. B., xui., part 2, p. 148

(1872) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool., viii., p. 53; Oates, N. & Eges, i Fe «es

Timelia pileata, Oates, F. 'B. E saya 132 (part).

Desecription.— The form from the Himalayas and Assam is considerably

smaller, much darker above, the tail much darker and more distinctly

barred. The abdomen is of a dirty buff, the sides of the breast and flanks

are deep brownish-olive. This colour extends much further towards the

middle of the breast and abdomen, so that the pale area is much more

restricted.’’ (Hartert.)

“Wing 59 to 61 mm, (2°3” to 2.4").”

Distribution.—Along the lower hills, from Nepal to Sikhim, Bengal,

Bhutan and Assam. |

Habits —Haunts damp low-lying localities. Placing its nest on or near’

the ground; this is composed of grass and leaves, untidily put together

into a loose ball; the breeding season is from April onwards. The eggs

are white profusely spotted with brown, and measure from ‘69” to ‘75” by

55" to ‘6.

TIMELIA PILEATA JERDONI, Walden.

The Burmese Red-capped Babbler.

Timelia gerdoni, Walden, A. M.N.H. (4), x., p.61 (1872); Hartert,

Nov. Zool., viil., p. 53; Oates, N. & Eggs, i., p. 91.

¢melva pileata, Oates, F. B. I., p. 182 (part).

Description. — “ Specimens from Tenasserim are intermediate between

those from Java and Northern India, they have the abdomen much more

rufous, the upper plumage browner, the crown slightly darker, and the

sides of the breast and flanks darker and more olive than the Java birds.”

“ Wing, about 67 mm. (2°65").”” (Hartert.)

Distribution.—The whole of Burma in suitable localities. JI have only

found this species in damp low-lying places in Upper Burma, Oates men-

tions that it frequents gardens in Lower Burma. Its nest and eggs are

the same as the last species.

Jote—Two specimens, now in the British Museum, collected by Lieut.

Vaughan, R. N., in 8. China, are nearest to 7. p. jerdont from Burma, but

are slightly smaller, and have the under parts darker, and a much more

massive bill for their size.

Dumetia, Blyth, 1849.

Oates,-6.-of .B. 11 ., 1., p. 183.

He This genus, which contains two common Indian species, resembles 7?-

melia, very closely in structure, especially in the stiffness of the shafts of

the feathers of the forehead and crown. The essential difference between

the two genera is that in Dwumetia the bill is much smaller, more slender

and of 2 pale colour, and in T%mela larger, deeper, and’ black.” (Oates.)

Mr. Oates in describing D. albigularis points out the differences be-

tween birds from the following localities: “From Mt. Abuand Deesa down

to Mahableshwar the greater number of birds have nearly the whole crown

deep rufous with pale shaft-streaks. In Mysore and the Wynaad the rufous

is restricted to the forehead, the feathers having intensely black shafts,

and all the feathers of the throat having conspicuously black shafts.

Ceylonese birds resemble the Mysore and Wynaad ones, but the throat is

without the black shafts so conspicuous in the latter.””’ On examining the

large series in the British Museum, I find that the birds from the first:

428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

localities are quite distinct from the others, in having the head conspicu-

ously rufous. Birds from Ceylon have the head slightly more rufous than

those from Mysore, but I do not find the black shaft stripes mentioned

by Mr. Oates constant in birds from Southern India, and therefore do not

consider there is sufficient variation to separate the birds from Ceylon

from the Southern Indian species.

The geographical distribution, as far as I can determine, of these species

is aS follows: The southernmost limits of D. hyperythra appears to be a

line somewhere between Khandala on the west and the Godavary on the

east; from here it extends northwards through the Central Provinces, Chota

Nagpur, the United Provinces, up to the hills as far west as Simla, and to—

Darjeeling on the east, wanting in Lower Bengal, but appearing on the

Paresnath Hills. D. albigularis abuensis, sp. nov., inhabits Rajputana about

Mt. Abu and Deesa, down to Mahableshwar, the exact limits at present

uneertain. D. albigularis albigularis, Southern India from Belgaum, south-

wards into Mysore and the Wynaad, and to Ceylon.

Key,

A.—Chin and throat rufous ..

Bie is » white.

a. Forehead only pale rufous

ee Me oo D. hyperythra.

os .. D. alligularis albigu-

larvs.

6. Whole crown rufous, with pale shaft streaks D. albigularis abuensis.

DuUMETIA HYPERYTHRA, Franklin.

The Rufous-bellied Babbler.

Timelia hyperythra, Franklin, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 118.

Dumetia hyperythra, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 515; Oates, F.of B. I. 1.

p. 133.

Description.—As in F. B. I. Birds from the Himalaya foot hills have the .

plumage darker, and the back with almost a greenish tinge.

DUMETIA ALBIGULARIS ALBIGULARIS, Blyth.*

The Small White-throated Babbler.

Malacocercus ? albigularis, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xvi., p. 453 (1847).

Dumetia albigularis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 514; Oates, F. of B. L, 1.,

p. 134.

Description.—Forehead pale rufous ; feathers round the eye white; upper

plumage, wings and tail olive-brown; tail faintly cross rayed; chin and

throat white, the feathers having glistening white shaft stripes; the re-

mainder of under plumage rusty red.

“Tris, birds from Wynaad white, from Ceylon greyish-olive or white; bill,

legs and feet pinkish fleshy ; upper mandible along the culmen tinged with

brown.”

“Length, about 6”; tail, 2:7"; wing, 2:2”; tarsus, ‘75"; bill from gape, °6”

(Oates).”

Distribution.—Southern India |from Belgaum to Mysore and the Wynaad,

and to Ceylon. In habits it seems to be a miniature Argya, frequenting

* Ophrydorms Buttikofer.

Note in the ‘‘ Hand List of Birds”, Sharps, iv, p. 87.

D. albigularis. Blyth.

This has been entered in error, and refers to Setaria albigularis, Blyth, and does

not refer to this “ albigularis.”

The same error has been perpetuated in the Catalogueof Nes's and Egg, Vol.

iv, p. dl.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 429’

scrub jungle and brush-wood, and going about in small parties. Nesting

from Aprilto July, building an untidy dome-shaped nest of grass and leaves’

on or near the ground. And laying from two to four white eggs spotted

with bright red, measuring from ‘66” to °78" by ‘5" to °55",

DUMETIA ALBIGULARIS ABUENSIS, sp. nov,

The Mt. Abu Babbler.

Description.—Similar to D. a. albigularis, Blyth. Differs in having the

whole crown chestnut, instead of the forehead only being a pale rufous;

and under parts much darker.

“Tris, birds from Deesa, dark brown.” (Oates.)

Distribution.—The country round Mt. Abu, Deesa, and down to Maha-

bleshwar I can find nothing recorded about birds from the above localities,

but their habits most probably are the same as the last species.

GROUP V.,

PELLOBNEUM,

This group consists of Pellorneum, Scotocichla, Drymocataphus, and Rhopoci-

chia, 1 am very doubtful about the last, whether it should be in this group

at all, as the shape of its bill approaches that of the Alcippe type.

They have the following characteristics: feathers of the crown soft shaft-

ed; no very great difference between the length of the wings and tail; legs

and feet remarkably strong; and short rounded wings, the first four pri-

maries graduated,

N. 6£.—I think some of the species in this group are at present in the

wrong genera.

PELLORNEUM, Swainson, 1831.

Cinclidia, Gould ; Henipteron, Hodgson.

Jerdon, ii., p. 27; Oates, F. B. I. i. p. 189.

“Bill moderate straight and compressed, and about three-fourths the

length of the head, slightly hooked at the tip, and notched ; the nostrils not

overhung by hairs, and the rictal bristles are extremely short. The wings

and tail are about equal in length; tarsus moderate; feet large; middle

toe lengthened ; laterals barely unequal ; hind toe long ;'claws tolerably curv-

ed.”’ (Oates and Jerdon.) .

“Bill slender, nasal opening linear, rictal bristles short not reaching to

the nostrils ; tail as long as the wing, strongly rounded, about twice and a

half the length of the tarsus, this latter strong at least an inch in length;

toes long and strong; crown more or less rufous, bordered by a distinct

paler eye-brow; lower surface, at least the chest, distinctly striped with

brown.” —Buttikofer, Notes, Leyden Museum, Vol. xvii, p. 75.

This genus has the following characteristics: a short rounded wing ; fitting

close to the body, the first four primaries graduated ; wing and tail about

equal; the feathers of the forehead soft; bill long and straight; rictal

bristles very short; no hairs overhanging the nostrils; under plumage

streaked.

It falls into three sub-groups, the last two are in appearance much nearer’

to Drymocataphus, and I think should be included in that genus.

i, . P. ruficeps.

Are most noticeable for their rufous-capped heads, and under parts boldly

striped with dark brown, giving them a regular “Tit-lark” appearance.

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

‘They have rather long bills which are as long as the hind-toe and claw

together.

N. B.—I think this genus should be restricted to only this species.

ii. P. palustre, Jerdon.

Wants the rufous cap, and has the under parts streaked, hae not boldiy

striped as in the last; the bill is shorter than the hind- toe and claw, the

latter being remarkably well developed. They appear to form a connecting

link between the last and Drymocataphus, and I think, are nearer that genus

than Pellorneum.

ili. P. egnotum, Hume.

Have neither a rufous cap nor a streaked or striped lower plumage, other-

wise in structure very like P. palustre.

N, B.—I think this species should be placed in Drymocataphus.

Key.

A.—Breast boldly striped with dark brown.

a.—Mantle not streaked.

a‘, Crown pale rufous .. wi a .. Pir. ruficeps.

b, a ,, chestnut : a .. BP. 1, subochraceum.

oe " ,, dark chestnut.. iy, Oe Ab |

b.— Mantle streaked.

d', Upper back with dark brown streaks .. P. 7. mandelli.

e. ” ” ” ” ” ”? .. Pir, minus.

B.—Breast streaked brown and greyish-buff .. 2 palustre

C. --Under plumage not striped or streaked.

jf. Breast tinged brownish .. rs .. P. 2. wgnotum.

G. ¥ » - bright rufous “3 .. PL. %. cinnamomeum.

Distribution.—P. 7. ruficeps, Swainson, practically the whole Peninsula of

India, except the extreme South; P.7. granti, Harington, Travancore; P. r.

mandelli, Blanford, from Nepal to Assam, and N. and N.-E. Burma; P. 7.

minus, Hume, Central Burma; P. 7. subochraceum, Swinhoe, Lower Burma ;

a palustre, Jerdon, Assam ; P. 2. ignotum, Hume, Assam ; Pi. cinramomenn,

Rippon, Shan States, Burma.

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS RUFICEPS, Swainson.

The Indian Spotted Babbler.

Pellorneum ruficeps, Swainson, Faun. Bor-Am. Birds, p. 487 (1831);

Sharpe, Cat.,B. M., vii., p. 520; Oates, F. B. L, i, p. 141; Baker, J. B. N.

H. S., viii., p. 186.

Description.—Lores buff slightly tipped with black; forehead, crown, and

nape rufous brown; a pale buff supercilium, and above the eye mottled with

brown ; whole upper plumage olive-brown; tail narrowly tipped with white ;

sides of the head and ear-coverts pale olive-brown or the same colour as the

stripes on the breast; chin and throat white; breast white tinged with buff

and_ boldly streaked with umber-brown ; flanks and under-tail coverts

olivaceous, the latter tipped with white.

Note.—Birds from Western India, Mahableshwar and the Paresnath

Hills are similar to birds from Madras and the Wynaad, but have the

rufous cap very much paler; the sides of the head and ear coverts buff, and

no spots on the side of the head.

Distribution.—The whole of the Indian peninsula, with exception of eatin.

core, as far north as Khandesh and to the Paresnath Hills. Mr. Stuart

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 4381

Baker, in the “ Birds of N. Cachar”, says that it is fairly common in North

and South Cachar, and the nidification the same as P. mandelli,

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS GRANTI, Harington.

The Travancore Spotted Babbler.

P. ruficeps granti, Harington, Bull. B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 81 (1918).

“ Adult male.—Similar to P. rujficeps, Swains, but altogether a much darker

and more richly coloured form. Head dark chestnut; supercilium from

behind the eye pale buff with dusky tips; the feathers on the forehead tipped

with black ; the feathers of the crown pale-shafted ; the whole upper plum-

age, wings, and tail dark olive-brown tinged with rufous, tailnot tipped

white ; chin and throat white; breast white with oblong spot of dark olive-

brown producing a heavily streaked appearance; sides of the breast and

flanks paler olive-brown; irides dark red-brown; bill above black, below

horny-white ; legs, feet, and claws pale fleshy. Length 178 mm.; culmen

18; wing 76; tail 66; tarsus 28.

Hatitat.—Travancore.

Tupe in the British Museum: ¢. Mynall, 10. ii. 77. Hume coll.

Observation.— When examining the series of skins of Pellorneum in the Natu-

ral History Museum, I noticed that a specimen from Travancore was a much

darker and more richly coloured bird than the rest. I pointed this out to

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, who kindly wrote out to the Director of the Travancore

Museum for the loan of any specimens he might have. The Director most

obligingly forwarded five examples of Pellorneum from different parts of

India, and amongst them one from Travancore which is identical in colour

with the one in the National Museum, and shows that the Travancore bird is

undoubtedly distinct from the form found at Coonoor and further to the

north. I have therefore much pleasure in naming this very well-marked

sub-species after Mr. W. R. Ogilve-Grant.’”’ (Harington.)

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS MANDELLI, Blanford.

The Himalayan Spotted Babbler.

Pellorneum mandellt, Blanford, J. A. 8. B., xh, p.ii., p.165 (1844) ; Oates

Be Brel, poi40; Baker, J.BAN..H.S8., viii.,p.18,

P. nepalensis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 518.

Similar to S. 7. rejiceps, differs in having the mantle streaked.

Description.—Forehead and supercilium speckled with black ; lower neck

and upper back streaked with dark brown to black in the centre; and at the

sides, the outer half of the feathers striped with the same colour as the

breast stripes, the inner half striped with whitish-buff ; ear-coverts pale

rufous ; chin and throat white; breast pale buff, heavily streaked with dark

umber-brown, and occasionally a few black stripes at the side of the neck ;

flanks and under-tail coverts olivaceous, latter tipped white.

Note.—Many birds from Sikhim and other localities have the dark mark-

ings on the back wanting, this may be due to age.

Wing: average of 14 specimens, 70 mm.;max.,73 mm. ; min., 67 mm., Males

shghtly the larger.

Distribution.—N epal, Sikhim, Bhutan Doars, Assam, Dibrugarh, Khasia and

Garo Hills, N. Cachar and Manipur, appearing again in the Bhamo District

and extending through the Shan States. In the Museum there are 6

specimens from the Southern Shan States; these have the dark markings on

the mantle, but are slightly larger, average wing 71 mm., max., 75 mm.,

min., 70 mm. and, I think, are referable to this species.

Habits and Nesting.—“ Breeds from April to July, constructing a loose

domed nest of moss, leaves, and fibres on the ground. The eggs three to

four innumber, are white speckled with chocolate or purplish-brown, and

measure ‘87” x ‘67!'.”

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS MINUS, Hume.

The Burmese Spotted Babbler.

Pellorneum minus, Hume, 8. F., 1., p. 298 (1873) and ii., p. 120; Oates, F.

B. I, i., p. 141; Baker, Records, I. M., viii., part (8), p. 268.

P. intermedium, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 519.

This sub-species is intermediate between P. mandelli and P. subochraceum,

having the sides of the neck streaked, but not the brown markings on the

back of the former. There are specimens in the British Museum, from the

Chindwin, Mt. Victoria, Popa Hill, Meiktila and Thyetmyo. This is a broad

belt of country between the habitats of the above two sub-species. There

are also some unsexed specimens in the Museum from the Himalayas and

Assam which have not the brown markings on the back typical of P. mandelli.

These I take to be young birds. There is only one immature specimen of 2.7.

ruficeps from Cachar in the Museum. This has no traces of streaks on the

upper plumage, these are, therefore, most probably only acquired at a later

eriod.

‘ Mr. Stuart Baker in “ Birds of the Abor Expedition” is inclined to

suppress this sub-species, no doubt along the border line of two nearly allied

species intermediate forms must occur. In this case I think P. minus,

Hume, has a very wide range of country, and to be entitled to sub-specific

rank. The distribution of these two nearly allied sub-species is as follows:—

P. 7. mandelli.Nepal to Assam, appearing again in the Bhamo District,

thence to the Shan States.

P. vr. minus.—The Chindwin, Chin Hills to Mt. Victoria, Myingyan (Popa

Hill), Meiktila districts, and Central Burma to Thyetmyo, whence it was

first described by Hume.

Description.—Intermediate between P. 7. mandelli and P. 1. subochra-

ceum, differs from the former in not having the upper back streaked with

dark brown to almost black. Differs from the latter in having the feathers of

the mantle and neck streaked, those of the back having pale brownish

streaks, those of the side streaked with the same colour as the breast

stripes.

Habits The same as those of P. subochraceum and has the same cry of

‘Pretty Dear” often repeated. The nest and eggs also the same, the

latter being slightly larger.

PELLORNEUM RUFICEPS SUBOCHRACEUM, Swinhoe.

The Malayan Spotted Babbler.

Pellorneum subochraceum, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (4), vii., p. 259 (1871);

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii, p. 521; Oates, F. B. Li, p. Q. 142.

Similar to P. 7. ruficeps, differs in having the crown chestnut, and being

slightly smaller, and from mandelli in having the mantle not streaked.

Description.—Lore fulvous white with black shafts; forehead, crown and

nape light chestnut; a broad supercilium to the nape creamy-white to buff,

the feathers immediately above the eye speckled with blackish; ear-coverts

pale rufous buff, with a surrounding darker line ; upper plumage, exposed

parts of the wings and tail, olive-brown ; outer edge of primaries olivaceous

to ochraceous ; tail narrowly tipped with white; chin and throat white;

lower plumage light fulvous, flanks darker; breast and sides of the body

streaked with dark umber-brown; under tail-coverts fulvous with large

central dark markings.

Wing : average of 11 specimens, 64 mm. ; max., 68 mm. ; min., 62 mm. Males

slightly the larger.

Bill, ‘‘ Iris red; upper mandible dark brown, lower yellow at the base,

changing to light brown at the tip ; legs light brownish-yellow.” (Oates.)

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 483

Distribution—Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, Peou, Toungoo, the Karen

Hills. (Oates).

Halits and Nesting.—A noisy little bird, keeping to dense under growth,

and has a monotonous call of “ Pretty dear, pretty dear,’ which it con-

tinuously utters throughout the breeding season. It probably has two

broods during the year, nesting from March till August. Building a flimsy

domed nest of grass and leaves, which is always placed on the ground, and

generally well concealed amongst the fallen leaves. And lays three white

eggs thickly speckled with brown, and measure ‘82" by °62”.

PELLORNEUM PALUSTRE, Jerdon.

The Marsh Babbler,

Pellorneum palustre, Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 300; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii.,

p. 522; Oates, F. B.I.,i. p. 148; Baker, J. B. N. H.S., viii., p. 186.

Description.—As in the Fauna of India, Oates.

Habits.—“ A rare bird here, and unlike the other members of the genus,

never found to my knowledge outside grass land. JI have never noticed

near swamps or marshy land as its name would seem to infer it should be

found.”

Nesting.— “The nest and eggs are indistinguishable from those of

P. ruficeps or mandelli, but are smaller, averaging about ‘87"” by °*64”,”

(Baker, Birds, N. Cachar.)

PELLORNEUM IGNOTUM IGNoTUM, Hume.

The Assam Babbler.

Pellorneum ignotum, Hume, 8. F., v., p. 8334 (1877).

Drymocataphus ignotus, Sharpe, Cat., B. M. vii., p. 556.

Pellorneum ignotum, Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 144; Baker, J. B. N. H. S., viii,

p. 186.

“Whole upper plumage rufescent olive-brown, exposed part of the wings

and tail rufescent, the shafts of the feathers nowhere markedly paler; and

the forehead not differing from the crown; lores and over the eye greyish-

brown ; ear-coverts brown with paler shafts; sides of the neck like the back ;

chin, throat, centre of the breast and abdomen dull white, very slightly

mottled with greyish, remainder of lower plumage olive-brown tinged with

rufous.”

“Tris dark brown; legs and feet light sienna-grey.”’ (Oates.)

, Wing: average of 5 specimens, 57 mm.; culmen, 13 mm.; tarsus, 24 mm.

Distribution. Assam and Naga Hills.

Nest.—A deep cup, sometimes domed, never actually on the ground and

more compactly built, and from 2 to 4 feet off the ground, 2, 3 and 4 eggs laid.

Eggs pale pink freckled with dark brownish-red, Measure *72” to ‘90" by °57

to ‘62”, Very shy and retiring.

PELLORNEUM IGNOTUM CINNAMOMEUM, Rippon.

Rippon’s Babbler.

Drymocataphus cinnamomeum, Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xi., p. 12 (1900);

Harington, J. B. N. H.S., xxi, p. 115; zbzd, Ibis, 1914, p. 11.

Description.— Upper plumage olive-brown, not rufescent; lores and round

the eye ashy-grey ; chin and throat whitish, with arrow lke dark grey ends

to the feathers ; sides of the neck like the back ; breast bright rufous ; whitish

on the abdomen; flanks olive-brown tinged with rufous.

Note.—The only specimen from Mt. Victoria is rather paler rufous on the

breast, and throat not so conspicuously spotted.

434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII, ,

Wing: average of 4 specimens, 55mm., max., 57 mm. min., 55 mm., Culmen,

12 mm. Tarsus, 24 mm.

Distribution.—Shan States, Burma, over 5,000 ft., and Bhamo Hills.

Halits and Nesting.—I only procured one nest containing three eggs of

this species, these are very similar to those of P. egnotum.

Scotocicuta, Sharpe, 1883.

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii, p. 522; Buttikofer, Notes Leyden Museum,

XVIL, p. 94.

“ Bill slender, narrow, nasal aperture linear, rictal bristles extremely

short; tail graduated, nearly as long as the wing; tarsi and toes very long

and stout, the first less than half the tail in length; crown darker than the

back. It differs from Drymocataphus, which it otherwise much resembles, by

the tail being more than twice the length of the tarsus; and from Pellor-

neum, under which it is ranged by Oates, by the dark cap and the absolute

want of dark shaft-stripes on the lower surface.” (Buttikofer.)

This genus so far only contains one species,-which has the following

characteristics: a short rounded wing, which fits close to the body, the first

four primaries graduated; tail shorter than the wing; bill long and

straight, but not as long as the hind toe and claw; rictal bristles very short;

no hairs overhanging the nostrils; and under plumage not streaked. I

think that the following species should be included in this group, as they all

the above characteristics, and seem to be much nearer it, both in appearance

and in description of plumage, than to Drymocataphus, D. capistratus,

from Java, D. captistratoides from Borneo, and D. nigricapatatus from 8.

Tenasserim.

SCOTOCICHLA FUSCICAPILLA, Blyth.

The Brown-capped Babbler.

Drymocataphus fuscicapitlus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xviii., p. 815 (1849).

Scotocichla fuscicapilla, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 528.

Pellorneum fusciciapillum, Oates, F. B. L., 1., p. 143.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I. There are undoubtedly two races, one

from the drier localities which is paler and the other darker form from

damper localities.

Hatitat—Ceylon. I can find nothing definite recorded as to its

nidification.

DryMocatapuus, Blyth, 1849.

Buttikofer, Notes, Leyden Museum, xvii., p. 74 (1895).

“This genus is easily distinguished by the following combination of

characters: Bill slender, nasal aperture linear, rictal bristles wanting or

feebly developed, never surpassing the nostrils, tarsus half the length of

the tail, long, toes large and strong, above the eye a pale superciliary

stripe.”

They have the following. characteristics: a short rounded wing, fitting

close to the body, the first four primaries graduated ; wing longer than the

tail; bill straight, shorter than the hind toe; claw of hind toe long;

rictal bristles well developed; nostrils overhung with hairs; under

plumage not streaked.

Nore,

DRYMOCATAPHUS RUBIGNOSUS, Walden.

Trichostoma rubigniosa, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) xv., p. 402 (1875).

Drymocataphus rubignosus, Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 145.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 435

See Footnote p., 339, Jour. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXIII, No. 2

This is the young of Pomotorhinas e. imberbis.

DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI TICKELLI, Blyth.

Tickell’s Babbler.

Pellorneum tickellt, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xxviii., p. 414 (1859) ; Sharpe, Cat.,

Brow p. Ons 4 Oates, F. B, I., i., p. 146,

Trichostoma NUNUS, Bingham, Da lixee ps1 70)

Description. — Whole upper plumage fulvescent olive-brown ;, the routers of

the forehead paler, and with no tinge of olive; the feathers of the crown

with pale shaft stripes; lores, a very “indistinct eye-brow, and the feathers

round the eye pale fulvous; ear-coverts pale fulvous-brown, with paler shaft

stripes; the sides of the neck the same as the back but paler; chin, throat,

and in a few birds, the centre of the breast whitish; otherwise the whole

lower plumage uniformly ochraceous throughout, darker on the flanks.

“ Bill dusky above, pale flesh colour beneath ; iris reddish-brown ; iegs and

feet fleshy white.’ (Oates).

Wing: average of 14 specimens, 61 mm., max., 64 mm., min., 57 mm.

Females slightly smaller; exposed culmen, 14 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.

Note.—Dr. Sharpe has identified Tiichostoma minus, Hume, as being this

species, there is also one of Col. Bingham’s specimens, so labelled, in the

Tring Museum, from Tenasserim. Col. Bingham found the nest of 7. minus,

and distinctly says that the eggs are white spotted with pink. Mr. Stuart

Baker has also taken the eggs of D. t. teckelli in Assam, these are a pale

green spotted with brown. It is most improbable that this species lays two

distinct tyes of eggs, and I think it will be most probably found that the

birds from Tenasserim are different to those found in Assam. In this last

locality we have also another very closely allied sub-species, D. assamensis,

Sharpe, which also lays greenish coloured eggs spotted with brown. And I

think its most improbable that two so nearly allied sub-species should be

found in the same locality, Mr. Oates gives the Khasia Hills as the habitat

for both these species and 1 should not be surprised if D. ¢. tickella and

D, t. assamensis proved to be one and the same species.

I hope, therefore, that some one more competent than myself will settle

the identity of these birds and their distribution.

Distribution.—Tenasserim, the Pegu Yomas, Karen Hills and Southern

Shan States, Oates also gives the Khasia hills and Munipur.

Nesting.— Bingham, in Oates “ Nest and Eggs,” says, “on the 15th March

I found a little domed nest made of dried bamboo leaves, and lined with

fine roots, placed in a cane bush, a foot or so above the ground. It con-

tained three tiny white eggs, with minute pink dottings chiefly at the larger

end, one egg, however, is nearly pure white. I shot the little bird off the

nest, which Mr. Hume identifies as this species.”’

Stuart Baker, J. B.N. H. §., viii., p. 189, first notices the difference

between his eggs and those described by Bingham, and then describes the

nest and eggs. It builds a domed shaped nest on or near the ground, and

lays 8 or 4 eggs. These have the ground colour a pale oreenish-grey, and

the markings consist of numerous freckles and blotches of pale reddish-

brown. Measuring ‘77" to ‘88” by :58” to °66”.

DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI ASSAMENSIS, Sharpe.

Austin’s Babbler.

Dri SE ak de assamensis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 557 (1883) ; Oates,

jg fp pes STP ic

Ja This species differs from D. tickelli, in having the upper plumage rufes-

cent olive-brown, and in having a longer tarsus.” (Oates.)

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. Re eee!

Description.—Upper plumage rufescent olive-brown, the feathers with pale

shaft stripes; outer edge of the primaries dull rufous; lores pale fulvous;

sides of the neck reddish-buff; sides of the head fulvous with dark mott-

lings; chin, throat and breast fulvous tinged with ochraceous, in some

specimens the throat is faintly mottled; flanks and abdomen dark olive-

brown. |

Distribution.—Khasia hills, Dollah and Sadiya in Assam.

Jote.—There are numerous specimens of JD. tickelli and assamensis from

Assam in the Tring Museum, and I failed to notice any difference between

them.

Nesting.—The nest and eggs seem to be the same as the last species.

DRYMOCATAPHUS NIGRICAPITATUS, Eyton,

The Black-capped Babbler.

Bachyrpteryx nigricapitata, Kyton, P. Z. 8., 1839, p. 103.

Drymocataphus nigricapitatus, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 554; Oates, i., p.

145.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distiibution—The extreme south of Tenasserim. I can find rothing

recorded as to its habits or nidification.

Note.—This species has a conspicuous black cap, and appears to agree

in every particular with Scotocichla, and I think should be placed in

that genus. Its rectal bristles are very short, no hairs overhanging its

nostrils, and wing slightly longer than the tail.

There are also several other so-called Drymocataphus from the Malay

Peninsula and Island which I think sheuld be placed in Scotocichila,

RuHopocicHtia, Oates, 1889.

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 159.

“This genus differs from Aleippe in having the nostrils roundish, exposed,

and pierced in the anterior part of the membrane, and in having a much

shorter tail when compared to the wing. The eggs of the two genera are

also different.” (Oates.)

This genus is confined to Southern India and Ceylon, and forms a con-

necting link between Pellorneum and Alcippe, the shape of its bill being like

the last, whilst its eggs and nidification are like those of the former.

They have besides the above characteristics, the usual short rounded

wing ; bill curved throughout and deepest at the gape, also the bill is wider

than it is deep; no hairs overhanging the nostrils, and rictal bristles well

developed.

Key.

(Oates, F. B. I,. i., p. 160).

a. Crown and sides of the head black .. .. R&R. atriceps.

6. Forehead and ear-coverts only black .. RK. nigrifrons.

ce. Ear-coverts only blackish Mi $, .. 2B, bourdiliont,

RHOPOCICHLA ATRICEPS ATRICEPS, Jerdon,

The Black-headed Babbler.

Brachypteryx atriceps, Jerdon, Madras Journ., L. and §., x., p. 250 (1839). ,

Alcippe atriceps, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 625.

Rhopocichla atriceps, Oates, F. B., I., p. 160.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nilgiris, and West Coast of India.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 487

RHOPOCICHLA ATRICEPS BOURDILLONI, Hume.

Bourdillon’s Babbler,

Aleippe bourdilloni, Hume, 8. F., iv., pp. 399 and 485; Sharpe, Cat.,

B. M., vii., p. 626.

Rhopocichla bourdilloni, Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 260; Ferguson, J., B.N.H.S.,

xv., p. 260 ; Baker, Ibis, 106, p. 101.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Travancore.

Its nest and eggs appear to be the same as the other two sub-species.

RHOPOCICHLA ATRICEPS NIGRIFRONS, Blyth.

The Black-fronted Babbler.

Aleippe nigrifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xviii. (1849); Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

Vil., p. 625.

Rhopocichla nigrifrons, Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 160.

Deseription.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Ceylon.

GROUP VI.

GYPSOPHILA, Oates, 1883.

Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 149.

“The Genus Gypsophila contains one remarkable bird which is confined to

certain limestone mountains in Tenasserim. Its plumage is of the most

extraordinary character, and even in the very large series of this bird in

the Hume Collection affords no clue to its changes. For the present I locate

this genus among the J72meliine, but I feel sure that this is not its proper

place. Its place in the system must remain undetermined until its plumage

from the young to the adult stage is properly understood.

“In structure Gypsophila is close to Pellorneum from which it differs

chiefly in its longer rictal bristles and stronger bill, the upper plumage

is squamated in appearance, owing to the feathers being margined with

black” (Oates). It has the following characteristics: a short rounded wing,

the first four primaries graduated; wing and tail about equal in length ;

feathers of the forehead soft; rectal bristles long and well developed ;

bill straight and as long as hind-toe and claw; no hairs overhanging

the nostrils; in habits, however, it appears to be non-Timeliine being

lively, and not at all shy, in fact appears to be very ‘Thrush-like.

Probably when the colour of its eggs are known its true position will be

determined.

The name Gypsophila is pre-occupied in Botany, and the name Curzonta

has been proposed, but I believe not yet adopted.

GYPSOPHILA CRISPIFRONS, Blyth,

The Inmerock Babbler.

Turdinus crispifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xxiv., p. 269 (1855).

Gypsophila crispifrons, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 561; Oates, F. B. fi,

. 149.

Description As in Oates, F. B. 1.

Distribution.—So far has only been recorded from the central limestone

ranges of Tenasserim. This interesting species is well worth studying, and

it is hoped members station at Moulmein will try and discover its nest

and eggs, besides collecting a series of its skins.

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

GROUP VII.

Matacocinua,* Blyth, 1845 (Turdinus, Blyth).

Turdinus, Blyth, 1844; Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 153.

“The genus Turdinus differs from all the other genera of this sub-

family with stout straight bills in having the nostrils oval and exposed,

not protected by a membrane. As restricted here, it contains but one

Indian species. This has a very short tail.” (Oates).

“This genus is sufliciently distinguished by the following characters :—

Plumage, never mottled on upper surface which is olive-brown; flanks

and undertail-coverts more or less tinged with fulvous; bill short, clumsy

and rather high; nasal aperture oval and placed in front of the nasal groove,

which is covered by a membrane; rictal bristles rather strong, but never

reaching far beyond the nostrils; wing rounded; tail short, not fully

two-thirds of the length of the wing; tarsus and toes long; especially

the hind toe, tarsus fairly two-thirds of the length of the tail and longer

than one-third of the length of the wing.’— Buttikofer, Notes Leyden

Museum, xvit., p. 78.

The above two descriptions of this genus are very conflicting and Oates

points out the distinguishing features, namely, the exposed nostril, which

has no overhanging membrane; and its short tail.

The chief other characteristics are—

A short round wing, fitting close to the body. The first four primaries

graduated; tail shorter than the wing; rectal bristles well developed; no

hairs overhanging the nostrils; feathers of the forehead soft, bill stout

and straight, and fairly long equal to the hind toe and claw; the nost-

rils pierced in the membrane and exposed; no hairs overhanging the

nostrils.

MatacocinLa ABBoTri, Blyth.

Malacocinla abbotti, Blyth, T. A. 8. B., xiv., p. 601 (1845).

Turdinus abbotti, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 277; Oates, F. B. L.,

i, p. 154.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Note.—I found this bird nesting in February in Rangoon, so it possibly

has two broods in the year.

GROUP VIII.

ALCIPPE.,

In this sub-division of the Timeluda, I have placed the following genera:

Pseudominia, Scheniparus, Aleippe, Proparus, Siva, and Lioparus. It includes

birds which are both, solitary and terrestial in habits, and those which are

arboreal and go about in small flocks. I have called it the “ Alczppe” Group,

as that genus may be taken as typical of the whole, half its members being

purely Timeliine in habits, that is shy, solitary, and haunting the ground ;

the others have all the habits of Siva, being sociable, and going about in

family parties, and frequent trees and bushes.

By placing all these genera in one group, I have no wish to do away with

their generic rank, as each genus has its well marked characteristics although

they appear to grade from one into the other. This, I think, may be

probably due to the fact that they are still in a process of evolution, as we

find each species represented by numerous geographical races.

* The following other members of this genus are:---

M. sepiaria, Java; M. minor, Java and Sumatra; M. rufiventris, Borneo;

M. perspicillata, Borneo.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 489

This group has the following characteristics: wing and tail about equal in

length; bill, small, stout, and gently curved; the feathers of the head

ample; plumage soft and dense; and small in size.

PSEUDOMINLA. ( Svttiparus, Oates.)

Has the tail slightly shorter than the wing, and only slightly graduated ;

a very small bill; and no hairs overhanging the nostrils. They are purely

arboreal in habits, and appear to build dome-shaped nests, and lay spotted

eggs.

SCHENIPARUS.

Are small birds very similar to the last, with the same noticeable dark

stripes on the head, but differ in having a longer and graduated tail, a

stouter bill, and are terrestial-in habits. They build dome-shaped nests, .

which are placed on or near the ground, and lay eggs remarkably like those

of the English Garden-Warbler and Black-Cap. They, however, appear to

grade into Aleippe, as S. brunneus, Gould, at first sight can easily be mistaken

as belonging to that genus.

ALCIPPE.

Differs from the last two genera in having the nostrils overhung with hairs,

the majority, however, have the dark stripes on the head. This genus is

peculiar in containing birds very similar in plumage, but differing in habits.

The eggs of all are very highly coloured and vary greatly in marking, one

type is very like the eggs of the Chaftinch and Brambling, and also to the

pink type of Black-Cap. J have, however, never heard of any Alcippe laying

eggs with a greenish or yellow ground colour, and therefore similar to those

laid by Scheniparus, nor any of the last laying the pink type of egg.

PROPARUS.

Is a well defined genus of small birds, which approach Alcippe in appear-

ance, many having the conspicuous dark stripes on the head. Their

characteristics are their small bill, and remarkably long hind-claw. They

are only found at very high elevations, and consequently very locally

distributed.

SIVA.

Were placed by Mr. Oates in the Srbiine, I think the Blue-winged

Sivas ( Cyanuroptera) approaches much nearer, bothin structure and appear-

ance, to Alcippe and Proparus. They are purely arboreal in habits, and lay

highly coloured blue eggs of a finch-like type. They are birds of a very

handsome plumage, and are chiefly noticeable for their tail feathers which

are obliquely truncated.

LIOPARUS.

This genus consist of only one species peculiar to the Himalayas. I have

placed it in this group, but think its position doubtful, as it shows a marked

relationship to Chelidorhynx, Hodgson, ( Yellow-bellied Flycatcher ), Nothing

definite appears to be known about its habits or nidifications.

PsEuDoMINLA, Oates, 1894.

Pseudominla, Oates, Ibis, 194, p. 480.

Proparoides, Bianchi, Bull., B.O.C., xii., p. 55 (1902).

Sittiparus, Oates, F.B.1., 1., p. 171.

440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Minla, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii, p. 606.

As the generic name Stttiparus, Oates, is pre-occupied Mr. Oates has

proposed the above name.

It has the following characteristics: a small rounded wing; legs and

feet stout; non-migratory in habits; tail slightly shorter than the wing and

scarcely graduated, and the feathers of the tail pointed; bill broader

than it is deep; nostrils not overhung by hairs; hind toe and bill equal in

length.

KEY.

a. Head grey, a long black supercilium. ww tails ClRereaE

6, Head chestnut, no black supercilium, size

small, wing 53—57 mm.

a’, Crown dark chestnut fs ee .. Pe, castaneiceps.

6°, Crown light chestnut. 5 ae yess .. Pc. brunneicaudata,

ce. Head dark chestnut, size larger, wing 62—

67 m. oe 3% 3 is vs -Pacrgonois

PSEUDOMINLA CINEREA, Blyth.

The Dusky-green Babbler,

Minla cinerea, Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi. p. 449 (1849); Sharpe, Cat., B.

Sittiparus cinereus, Oates, F.B.1.,1., p.171; Baker, J., B.N.H.S., viii., p. 197.

Lores, and a long supercilium yellowish-white; a black spot in front of

eye, above this a broad black line extending to nape; head crown and nape,

greyish washed with green, each feature broadly tipped black; upper

plumage greyish-green; wings and tail brownish, washed on the outer edge

with the same colour as back. Cheeks yellowish-white tipped with black;

ear-coverts and sides of the neck paler than the back and more greenish ;

chin throat and whole lower plumage yellow, olivacious on the flanks,

Wing, 53—58 mm.; culmen, 10 mm.; tarsus, 23 mm.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim and Khasia Hills.

PSEUDOMINLA CASTANEICEPS CASTANEICEPS, Hodgson.

The Chestnut-headed Babbler.

Milna castaneiceps, Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 38; Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

Vil., p. 698.

Stttaparus castaneiceps, Oates, F.B.1., 1., p. 172.

Description.—Lores and forehead, yellowish-white; crown and nape, a

dark chestnut-brown ; the feathers of the head with pale shaft stripes; on

the fore part of the crown a few feathers have the inner half whitish; a

broad supercilium, and just above and below the eye white; a spot in front

of the eye and a long streak behind, and a spot on the cheek black. EHar-

coverts whitish, upper plumage, birds from Sikhim, Manipur, Chin Hills, are

olive-green tinged with fulvous; birds from the Shan States, and the

Tenasserim, olive-green with no fulvous tinge. Greater wing-coverts

black, winglet white, the earliest primaries edged with greyish-white, the

others and secondaries edged chestnut, tertiaries black edged olive-green;

chin, throat, and breast whitish bordered with fulvous and few in distinct

fulvous spots on the chin and throat; flanks and under tail-coverts oliva-

ceous tinged with fulvous; tail slaty edged greenish on outer web.

Wing, 53—67 mm.; tail, 45 mm. culmen, 9 mm.; tarsus, 22 mm.

Distribution.—Sikhim, Naga, Manipur, and Chin Hills, Shan States and

Tenasserim,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 441

PSEUDOMINLA CASTANHICEPS BRUNNEICAUDATA, *Sharpe.

The Shillong Chestnut-headed Babbler.

Minla brunneicaudata, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 609.

Description.—Similar to P. c. castaneiceps, differs in having head much

paler and more rufous ; the chestnut on wings paler; tail brownish and no

yellow on the forehead. .

Wing, 58—62 mm.; culmen, 10 mm.; tarsus, 22 mm.

Distribution.—Shillong, Khasia Hills.

Numerous specimens in the Museum, from the above locality, all with the

light-coloured head.

Note—This another well marked case of isolation in the “ Assam Back-

water,” birds from the North and East being the last sub-species and

quite distinct.

SCHENIPARUS, Hume, 1874.

Oates, FP. B. 1, i., p. 168.

“With the genus Schceniparus we enter on a group of small birds with

short blunt bills like the Tits, and with very strong feet. Their proper posi-

tion is undoubtedly in this sub-family, both on account of their structure and

their habits.”’

This genus differs fromthe Alcippe in having no hairs overhanging its

nostrils, and in having a strongly graduated tail. Another interesting point

between these two families is that Alcippe build cup-shaped or cradle-like

nests placed well above the ground, and lay eggs of a “Chaflinch” or

“Brambling”’ type, having a pinkish ground colour, and smears and smudges

of a darker pink, and still darker spots; while Scheniparus all build domed

nests on or near the ground, and lay eggs of the “Garden Warbler” type

having a greenish or yellowish ground colour, with smears and smudges of

brownish, with darker spots. They are also essential ground birds and

thoroughly Timeliine in habits. They have the following characteristics: a

short round wing, the first four primaries graduated; wing and tail about

equal, the latter strongly graduated; a stout short bill; nostrils covered by

a membrane, and not overhung by hairs; and rectal bristles weak. They

also have brownish coloured heads with two conspicuous black lines, running

from above the eyes to the nape.

Key.

Scheniparus consist of three species, one S. rufigularis, Mandelli, is con-

fined to Assam and Manipur. Whilst the second S. dubius, Hume, consist

of a number of local races extending from Assam into Burma and China.

The third S, drunneus, inhabiting China, Formosa and Hainan.

a. Chestnut band across the breast .. S. rufigulares.

b. No S. dubius and sub-species.

29 9) 7) ) ”

SCHENIPARUS RUFIGULARIS, Mandelli.

The Red-throated Tit-Babbler.

Minla rufigularis, Mandelli, S. F.,i., p.416 (1873); Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

vil., p. G10.

* PSEUDOMINLA OCASTANEICEPS SOROR, Sharpe.

Sharpe, P. Z. 8., 1887, p, 439.

“Closely allied to M. castaneiceps, from which it differs in its much larger size,

darker olive-brown coloration, and deep chestnut, not orange, edging to the quills.”

“‘Trides dark brown.” (Sharpe-)

Wing, 67 to 62 mm. ; culmen, 13 mm. ; tarsus, 24 mm.

Hatlitat—Malay Peninsula.

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Scheniparus rufigularis, Oates, ¥.B.1., i.,p.170 ; Baker, Ibis, 1906, p. 102.

Description—¥Yorehead, crown, and nape, chestnut ; lores, supercilium, and

immediately above the eye, white ;a conspicuous line above the white super-

cilium to the nape, black; upper plumage, exposed parts of the wings and

tail, olive-brown; outer edge of the primaries fulvous; a ring of white fea-

thers round the eye; ear-coverts blackish; chin and throat white; a cons-

picuous chestnut band across the bottom of the throat; breast whitish tinged

with grey ; flanks olivaceous, under tail-coverts and thighs rufous.

“Legs and feet pale yellowish horny-brown ; bill black. ’” (Oates.) Wing,

53 to 56 mm.

Distribution.—Bhutan Duars, Daphla Hills, Naga Hills, and Manipur.

Nesting and Habits.—Mr. Stuart Baker says that this Tit-Babbler is fairly

common along the foot hills in Assam up to about 3,000 ft. And that it

builds a dome-shaped nest, which is placed on or near the ground, and lays

3 to 4 eggs, which have a pale yellowish ground colour with a faint tinge of

green, the markings consist of clouds, blotches and spots of pale brown, above

these a few dark brown dots and scrawls of a darker brown, and vary bet-

ween,*/0" to-80" ox sb t0 O77,

Kry—S, dubius and sub-species.

——: S. mandelli. S. intermedius. S. dubius. S. genestiert,

Locality, - .-|Assam to the Chin|Bhamo Hills to the/Tenasserim .-| Yunnan and China,

Hills, W. Burma.|; Shan States.

Colour of Head|Dull golden-brown,|Dull golden-brown,|Bright golden-| Dull golden-brown,

and Nape. black edges to} edges of feathers} brown, edges of| which is confined

feathers very con-| only faintly dar-| feathers only| tothe head; edg-

spicuous. ker. faintly darker, ing to feathers

faint.

Sides of the|Distinectly striped,|/Indistinctly striped|Stripes obsolete and| Not striped.

Neck. black and yellow- hidden. ;

ish.

Upper plumage..|Olive-brown .-/Olive-brown ..|Olive-brown, tinged] Olive-brown.

with ochraceous.

Under plumage..|Bujf, .. ee --|Whitish -e «| Whitish Aa ..| Buff.

S. d, dubius, mandelli, genesteirt and intermedius, differ by having a black

and white double eye brow, which is black and grey in the drunneus group.

Note.—S. genestiert has no traces of stripes on the neck.

S. dubius very faint indications, which have to be looked for.

S. intermedius has very irreoular stripes on the side of neck.

S. mandelli stripes very noticeable, also a very broad supercilium

which converge on the back, the feathers of the back often

being edged with back.

Birds from Bhamo are intermediate between S. mandelli and

intermedius, but nearer the latter.

SCHENIPARUS DUBIUS DUBIUS, HUME.

The Tenasserim Tit-Babbler.

Proparus dulius, Hume, Proc. A.S.B., 1874., p. 109.

Minla dubius, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 611.

Scheniparus dubius, Oates, F.B.I., i., p. 168.

Description.—Lores dusky ; forehead, crown, and nape, golden-brown, the

forehead paler; all the feathers of the head having indistinct dark edges; a

supercilium, from just above the eye to the nape, white ; above this a border-

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 448

ing black line also to the nape, where they converge the feathers on the nape

being tipped with black; ear-coverts and sides of the neck fulvous; upper

plumage olive-brown tinged with ochraceous ; tail tinged rufous; sides of the

neck with faint indications of stripes, the inner edge of the feathers, just

below the black and white supercilium, yellowish, the outer edge being the

same colour as the back ; chin, throat, and centre of breast, whitish; sides of

breast tinged with ochraceous flanks olivaceous.

“Legs and feet fleshy ; bill dull black or brown; iris sometimes yellowish-

red, pale yellow, to slaty-pink.” (Oates. )

Wing, 53 to 58 mm. ; culmen, 12 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.

Habits and Nestiny.—As in the Fauna of India.

SCHGENIPARUS DUBIUS MANDELLI, Godwin-Austin.

The Assam , Trit-Babbler.

Scheniparus mandelli, Godwin-Austin, A.M.N.H. (4), xvii. p. 88, 1876;

Oates, F.B.I., i., 169.

Minla mandeili, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 610.

Description.—Similar to S. dubius. Differs in having the feathers of the

head darker, distinctly margined with black; the black supercilium more

pronounced, and the upper-back streaked with black; upper plumage not

tinged with ochraceous, but more olive; sides of the neck distinctly striped,

the outer edges of the feathers being black, the inner rufous buff ; chin, throat,

centre of breast buff; ear-coverts hair brown; flanks olivaceous; and tail

tinged with rufous.

Wing, from 57 to 63 mm., females slightly smaller; tail, 60 mm.; tarsus,

23 mm., culmen, 12 mm.

Legs and feet pale yellowish fleshy-brown ; bill black; iris reddish-brown,

red, and dark red-brown.” ( Oates.) P

Halits and Nesting.—Its habits, nest and eggs do not seem to differ from

those of S. rufigularis.

SCHENIPARUS DUBIUS INTERMEDIUS*, Rippon.

Rippon’s Tit-Babdler.

Rippon, Bull., B.0.C., xi., p. 11; Harington, J.B.N.H.S., xix., p. 117.

*SCHG@NIPARUS DUBIUS GENESTIERI, Oustalet.

; ea genestieri, Oustalet, Bull., Mus., Paris, 1897, p. 210; Grant, Ibis

900, 592, ‘

Scheniparus variegatus, Styan, Bull., B. O. C., vili., 27.

Description.—Similar to S. dwbius. Differs in having the forehead pale rufous,

crown dull golden-brown, with very faint indications of dark edges to the feathers ;

nape and back olive-brown ; the black supercilium not so long and not converging

on the back ; sides of the neck not streaked ; chin, and throat whitish to buff, the

sides fulvous; flanks olivaceous, thighs rufous; ear-coverts hair-brown; upper

plumage and exposed portions of the wings and tail olive-brown, and not tinged

with ochraceous.

Wing, 57 to 63 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.; culmen, 11 mm.

Habitat—Yunnan and China.

SCHG@NIPARUS BRUNNEUS BRUNNEUS, Gould.

Alcippe brunnea, Gould, P. Z.S., 1862, p. 280; Sharpe, Cat., B, M., vii., p. 624;

La Touche, Ibis, 1895, pp. 311, 312, 332 ; cbid, 1898, p. 358.

Alcippe obscurior, O. Grant, Bull., B. O. C., xvi., p. 121 (1906).

Scheniparus brunneus, O. Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 181.

Habitat.—Formosa.

ScHGNIPARUS BRUNNEUS SUPERCILIARIS, David.

Txulus superciliaris, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), xix., Art. 9, p. 4, 1874.

Alcippe brunnea, David and Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 217.

444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

Description.—Similar to 8. dulius. Forehead tinged with rufous; crown,

and nape dull golden brown, feathers with faint darker edges; lores dusky ;

ear-coverts hair-brown ; upper plumage tinged olive, tail rufous; sides of the

neck with faint irregular stripes, outer edge of feathers blackish, inner buffs ;

under parts as in S. dubius.

Wing, 58 to 61 mm.; tail, 60 mm.; tarsus, 24 mm.; culmen, 11 mm.

Birds from Bhamo are intermediate between this species and mandellz in

having irregular streaks on the sides of the neck, otherwise it is nearest to

intermedius.

Habits and Nesting.—I found this little bird fairly common up at Sinlum

Kava in the Bhamo district, its nesting habits and eggs are similar to those

of mandeilt,

Aucippe, Blyth, 1844,

Oates; “Nebo 1.,4., Dp. 06:

This is a very interesting genus, containing birds of very similar plumage,

but totally different habits, which have often been confused.

They fall into two natural groups, one which seems to be losing its Time-

line -habits and approaching Proparus in habits, going about in family

parties hunting bushes and low trees; or still being solitary, have taken on

the roll of Fly-catchers; these have a smaller bill, and more delicate legs and

feet. The other group are strictly Timeliine, being solitary in their habits,

and haunt bushes and undergrowth near the ground; these have a longer

bill, and more powerful legs and feet.

Both have the following characteristics: a small rounded wing, the first

four primaries graduated; wing and tail about equal, the latter only slightly

graduated; nostrils covered by a membrane, and also overhung by hairs;

a stout slightly curved bill, which is as broad as it is deep.

° Key.

(z) Clumen about half the tarsus.. .. The Nepalensis Sub-Group.

(22) » more than half tarsus.. .. The Pheocephala Sub-Group.

A, nepalensis and its allied forms are found from Nepal to Burma, and

from thence down the Malay Peninsula, and also in China and the Islands of

Formosa and Hainan.

Scheniparus superciliaris, O. Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 182.

Alcippe olivacea, Styan, Ibis, 1896, p. 312.

Scheniparus brunneus, La Touche, Ibis, 1905,

** Under these circumstances David’s name of I. swperciliaris should be retained

for the Chinese form, . . . . it is certain that his type specimen came from

Foh-kien, whence we have numerous examples.” (Grant.)

Description.—Forehead, crown and nape rufous, the feathers of the forehead

black tipped ; a broad black line from behind theeye to the nape where they

converge together on the upper back; remainder of upper plumage olive-brown ;

wings tinged with rufous; Jores and round the eye rufous ; ear-coverts pale

fulvous ; chin and throat whitish; breast ashy, whitish in the centre; flanks

fulvous ashy.

Wing, 62 mm; tail, 65 mm.; tarsus, 22 mm.; culmen, 11 mm.

Distribution.—China, Kuatun, Foh-kien, Ichang.

Habits.—Builds a dome-shaped nest, which is very loosely put together, and

placed on the ground. Eggs, ground colour greenish, clouded and blotched with

pale brown, (and from their description seem very like the eggs of S. mandelli),

measuring °84” by 62” to :79” by °62” (La Touche).

SCH@NIPARUS BRUNNEUS ARGUTUS, Hartert.

Proparus brunneus argutus, Hartert, Nov. Zool, xviii., p. 231 (1910).

Habitat.—Hainan.

The Formosa §. brunneus brunneus differs strikingly by its dark undersur-

face, and darker brown upper plumages.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 445

A, pheocephala and its forms extend from Southern and Western India

passing through Burma to Siam and the Malay Peninsula.

The range of these two Groups overlap to a great extent, whenever this

is the case, the former is only found at high elevations in the hills, while the

latter only occurs at much lower levels. From their non-migratory habits,

and their wide and often isolated distribution, both have developed into

numerous geographical races. These, if compared singly, are often hard to

separate, but if series, from different localities, are taken and placed side

by side, the differences at once become apparent. A very interesting feature

in both these Groups is the great similarity between the two sub-species at

either extremity of their geographical areas. We have A. morrisoniana from

Formosa much nearer in size and general appearance to A. nepalensis from

Assam, than the latter has to A. fratercula, from Burma; andin the other

group, A. brucei, from Western India is almost identical with A. davisoni,

sub-sp. nov., from Tavoy and Mergui.

The first bird of this genus to be described was A. nepalensis, Hodgson

(1838), a bird with a conspicuously striped head. The next was A. phwocep-

hala, Jerdon (1844), a bird with no stripes on the head. The following

year (1845), Blyth described A. phayre: from Arracan, and unfortunately

compared it with both nepalensis, and phawocephala, and even went so far

as to consider that the want of stripes on the head of phayre: denotes

that it is probably the young of nepalensis.

‘“‘ All authors have hitherto been satisfied with comparing A. phayrei with

A, nepalensis, two birds which are quite distinct, both in coloration and in

size, and which cannot be confounded under any circumstances” (Oates).

The first Aleippe received by Hume from Burma were from Pegu, which he

presumed to be the same as the one already described by Blyth from

Arracan, and he remarks on the stripes on the head of the birds he had

just received, and considered that Blyth had overlooked this feature.

Later on when Hume received specimens from Tenasserim, he at once

notices the absence of stripes on the heads of birds from that locality, and

this time claims it as a distinguishing feature between these birds and

nepalensis, while instead of there only being one sub-species, there were

three, A, phayret with no stripes on the head from Arracan, A. magnirostis

with a striped head from Pegu, and dA. davisoni, sp. nov., from Tenasserim.

Again when A. magnirostris, Walden, and A. fusca, Godwin-Austin,

were described, both were compared with the nepalensis group.

Nesting.—All the Alcippe seem to build cup-shaped nests which are placed

ina fork, or a cradle-like ones suspended from twigs, placed at no great

height from the ground, and composed of grass and bamboo leaves, lined

with fine grass and fibres. Their eggs are of a very distinctive family type,

being pinkish with numerous smudges and smears of a darker shade

and may.be compared to chaftinches, one, however, A. nepalensis, lays

eggs which seems to be very liable to variation.

(1) The Nepalensis Sub-Group.

These birds are slightly smaller, and have a smaller and deeper bill than

those in the second group; the majority have conspicuously striped heads;

and all with one exception have white rings round theeye. In habits they

are very tit-like, going about in parties hunting the bushes, and often be-

have like fly-catchers; and in India they are only found inthe hills.

A, nepalensis, Hodgson, extends from Nepal to the Chin Hills on the West

of Burma, and has hitherto been stated to occur in other parts of the

province. I have, however, examined all the specimens in the British

Museum and find all the so called mnepalensis from Karennee and

Tenasserim are A, fratercula.

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

A, fratercula, Rippon, occurs in the hills on the Eastern side of Burma, and

has been recorded from the Bhamo Dist. down to the hillsin Tenasserim.

A, yunnanensis, Harington—In the Museum there are a number of speci-

mens collected by Col. Rippon in Yunnan, these are consistently larger

and greyer than d. fratercula, and I think form a good geographical race.

A, peracensis, Sharpe, inhabits the hills of the Malay Peninsula, this sub-

species is noticeable for wanting the white ring of feathers round the eye.

(V.4.—There are also specimens of an Aleippe from the Malay Peninsula in

the Tring Museum which are labelled A. peracensis, these have a decided

ring of white feathers round the eye.)

A, davidi, Styan, Western China; A. huet:, David, Eastern China ;

A, morrisoniana, Swinhoe, the Island of Formosa ; A. cinerea, Oe China;

A, rufescentior, Hartert, ant

(2) The Pheocephala Sub-Group.

These are larger birds than the last, and have a longer and more curved bill;

two sub-species have conspicuously striped heads, and have consequently

been confused with the last group; none have the white ring round the

eye so noticeable in A. nepalensis. They are more Timeliine in their habits,

frequenting the ground and dense under-growth, and the majority do

not ascend the hills to any great height. Their distribution also differs

from the last group; commencing from the South and West we get.

A. pheocephala, Jerdon, inhabits the hills of Southern India.

A, brucei, Hume., Western India up to Khattiwar, the Central Provinces,

and the Parisnath Hills. (This sub-species is quite distinct from the first,

the differences being mentioned by Oates in the F. of B. I.)

A. phayret, Blyth, probably inhabits Assam, Arracan, and Western

Burma. It was first described by Blyth from Arracan, and he particularly

notes that the head is not striped. With regard to the distribution of this

sub-species, I have not been able to examine suflicient specimens from the

following localities so therefore cannot give its exact limits :—

Arracan: the original locality from which this species was described, the

type of which, I believe, is in the Calcutta Museum.

Western Burma: there are two specimens in the British Museum, one from

the Upper Chindwin, and the other from the foot of the Chin Hills; both

these birds are identical. They are very grey above, have no stripes on the

head, and want the rufous underparts of A. phayrec from Assam. From

their distribution, | think, they will be found to be the same as the Arracan

species, and will therefore be A. phayre:, but if the differences noted above

hold good and are considered sufficient to constitute a geographical race,

birds from Assam will be A. fusca, Godwin-Austin.

A, haringtonie@, Hartert: a bird with conspicuous black stripes on the head

is probably found in the whole of North-Eastern Burma. At present has

only been recorded from the Bhamo Dist.; Colonel Bingham’s specimens

from Yatsauk, Shan States, are also referable to this sub-species. In the

“This,” 1903, Col. Bingham notices the difference between his specimens

and birds from Tenasserim, but however, confuses them with <A. Sratercula

of the nepalensis group.

A, magnirostris, Walden: a bird with sooty brown stripes on the head,

specimens in the ‘Museum from Karennee down to about the latitude of

Moulmein. This sub-species also probably occurs in the S. 8S. States and

Siam, as Count Glydenstolpe in his “List of Birds from Siam, 1911, 1912,”

notes that his specimens have striped heads.

I have not been able to examine any birds from Pegu, the original locality

from which Hume received his birds with a striped head. Two specimens

collected by Mr. J. P. Cook in the Thayetmyo Dist. and nowin the Tring

Museum have striped heads, but are very much greyer than any from

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 447

Karennee, and with exception of the stripes on the head are very like the

two above mentioned specimens in the Museum from Western Burma.

A, p. davisoni, sp. nov.: From the south of Moulmein and Mergui and

Tavoy, we get a bird with no stripes on the head, or only very faint traces

of any. ‘These are remarkably like A. brucei from Western India, and as

they cannot be that species I have called them after their collector.

Key to INDIAN SUB-SPECIES.

I. Bill small; a conspicuous white ring round the eye.

a. Chin and throat white; flanks tinged

olivaceous .. .. A. n, nepalensis,

b, No white on chin and throat ; "flanks tinged

ochraceous.

a’, Wing under 66° mm. or 2°6” ¥ .. An. fratercula.

b'. Wing over 66° mm. or 2°6! ye .. A. n. yunnanensis.

II, Bill large; no ring of white feathers round the eye.

c. Head not striped.

ce, Lower back and rump tinged rufous .. A. p. phoocephala.

d'. No tinge of rufous on back or rump.

a°>, Underparts tinged with rufous .. A. p. phayret.

&*. Underparts not tinged with rufous.

a®, Grey of head well defined from back A. p. davisoni.

6°, Grey of head not well defined but

merging into the colour of back .. dA. p. brucet,

d. Head and neck conspicuously striped.

e', Stripes sooty brown ea sis .. A. p. magnirostris,

f'. Stripes intensely black Se .. A, p. haeringtonia.

Distribution.— A. n. nepalensis, i a Nepal, Sikkim, Butan, Assam,

Manipur, Naga and Chin Hills; A. n. fratercula, Rippon, Eastern hills of

Burma, from Bhamo to Tenasserim ; A, n, ancananensis: Harington, Yunnan ;

A.n, davidi, Styan, Western China; A. 7. huet:, David, South China ;

A, n. peracensis, Sharpe, Malay Peninsula, Mt. of Perak; A. x». cinerea,

Blyth, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo; A. x. rufescentior, Hartert, Hainan ;

A, n. morrisoniana, Swinhoe, Formosa; A. p. pheocephala, Jerdon, 5S.

India; -d. p. bruce, Hume, W.andCentral India; 4d. p. phayret, Blyth,

Assam, Arracan, Manipur and W. Burma; A. p. haringtonie, Hartert,

N.-E. Burma; <A. p. magnirostris, Walden, Karennee and EH, Burma;

A, p. davisoni, Sub-p. Nov., Tenasserim.

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS NEPALENSIS, Hodgson,

diodgson’s Alcippe or the Nepal Babbler,

Siva nepalensis, Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 89.

Alcippe nepalensis, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 620; Oates, F. of B. I.,i.,

pel57> Baker, J.,$BUN OBS Si, vin, ps 192.

Description.—A conspicuous ring of white feathers round the eye; head,

neck and upper back ashy-brown with a vinaceous tinge; a dark sooty-

brown stripe on each side of the head and neck extending down to the

back; ear-coverts grey ; back olive-brown; exposed portions of the wings

and tail yellowish-brown; chin whitish, underparts pale fulvous to oliv-

aceous on the flanks.

Bill in the dried skin particoloured yellowish and black.

“Tris, hazel-brown ; bill livid horny; the base of the upper mandible and

a line along the culmen black; legs and feet livid fleshy.”’ (Oates. )

“Length, 5”; culmen, 1mm. ; wing, 2.8”; tail, 2.4”; tarsus, 82. (Oates.)

Distribution. —Nepal, Darjeeling, Butan, Assam, Manipur, Naga Hills, and

the Chin Hills on the Western side of Burma, I have carefully examined all -

448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

the specimens in the British Museum, and the only ones of this species from

Burma are those collected by Col. Rippon on Mt. Victoria ; all those said to

be from other localities in Burma are the next sub-species A. fratercula.

Habits.—I can find nothing definite about its habits. Oates says it feeds

on the ground, but from the habits of its near relatives from Burma and

China, I think this must be wrong. It builds a cup-shaped nest of grass

and bamboo leaves and places it in a bush close to the ground. The

eggs are very variable. Mr, Stuart Baker gives six distinct varieties.

(1) Pure white with minute speckles of purply-pink.

(2) The same with a pinkish ground, but large markings.

(3) The same as the last with pale pink markings.

(4) Ground colour pale to deep salmon, and more or less covered

with blotches and clouds of pink, approaching the eggs of

Pyctorhis sinensis.

5) Gound colour pale pink to white, with spots of deep purple.

6) In a few eggs the markings consist of almost entirely hair-

like lines intertwined with one another.

Measuring: ‘61” to *78” by °48” to °57".

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS FRATERCULA, Rippon.

Rippon’s Alcippe or The Shan State Babbler,

* Alcippe fratercula, Rippon, Bull., B.O.C., xi., p. 11., Ibis, 1901, p. 580.

* ALCIPPE FRATERCULA YUNNANENSIS, Harington.

The Yunnan Alcippe.

Harington, Bull., B.O.C., xxxiii., p. 63. (1913 ),

Similar to A. fratercula, Rippon, but larger; the head and neck of a much paler

grey, the stripes on the head and neck being less distinct or wanting in some speci-

mens; the underparts also are paler and of a more yellowish tinge; bill smaller.

Adult.—A ring of white feathers round the eye, head and neck pale ashy-grey ;

indications of two blackish stripes, one on each side of the nape and none on the

head ; in some specimens these are obsolete or wanting: ear-coverts of the same

colour as the head; back pale olive brown; underparts pale ochraceous, tinged

with olivaceous on the flanks.

“Tris crimson, upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower mandible like the feet

legs and feet livid horn-colour.” (Rippon.)

Culmen, 10 mm. ; wing, 69.

In A. fratercula, culmen, 11 mm.; wing, 62 to 66.

Habitat—Mountains of Yunnan, from 8,00010,000 it.

Observation.—There are several examples in the British Museum from the above

locality collected by Col. G. Rippon.

Type in the British Museum: Adult. Gyi-dzin-shan, east of Talifu, 8,900 ft., 2.

iv.02. G. Rippon coll. (Harington.)

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS HUETI, David.

David's Alcippe.

David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), xix., Art. 9, 1874; Styan, Ibis, 1896, p. 309; La

Touche, Ibis, 1899, p. 185 ; La Touche, Ibis, 1905, p. 29.

Description.—A ring of white feathers round the eye; head and neck a decided

grey ; the stripes on head and neck very faint or wanting ; chin and throat grey ;

upper plumage olive-brown ; flanks and under tail-coverts sandy buff.

Average wing measurement of 4 males, 65 mm. or 2°55//, Max., 69 mm. or 2°7",

min., 63 mm. or 2°47'', Bill 11 mm. or .45.

Habitat.—Fokien Province, China.

Nesting and Habitsx—It seems to be only found in the mountains of China, where

it haunts low-trees and bushes going about in flocks. It builds a cradle-like

nest slung from twigs at no great height from the ground, and lays eggs, having a

pinkish ground colour, covered with darker smudges and smears, with purplish

spots and streaks, in fact very much of the same description as A. phayrei or

pheocephalas

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 449

Description.—A. ring of white feathers round the eye, but not quite so

conspicuous as in A. nepalensis; head and neck ashy-grey; with no vina-

ceous tinge; a well defined blackish stripe on both sides of the head

and neck extending down to the back; ear-coverts grey; back olive-

brown; the exposed parts of the wings and tail yellowish-brown ; or the

same colour as the back ; underparts rich ochraceous, no white on the chin.

“Tris crimson, the legs and bill horn-colour.” Bill all of one colour.

‘Length, about 5.8”; wing, 2.65”; tail, 2.6”; tarsus, .8” (Rippon.) Average

wing measurement of 7 unsexed specimens, 64mm. or 2.5”,max., 66mm. or

2.6”, min., 62 mm, or 2.45”. Billll mm. or .45”,

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS DAVIDI, Styan.

Styan’s Alcwppe.

Styan, Ibis, 1896, p. 310.

La Touche, Ibis, 1905.

Description—A ring of white feathers round the eye; head and neck a light

ashy-grey ; stripes on head and neck wanting or obsolete ; chin and throat grey ;

breast whitish ; flanks and under tail-coverts olivaceous ; upper plumage olive-

brown.

Wing measurement, male, 68 mm. or 2°68’; female, 67 mm. or 2°64!’, Bill 12

mm. or ‘45!/, .

Habitat.——Western China.

ALCIPPE HUETI MORRISONIANA, Swinhoe.

The Formosa Alcippes

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii-, p. 621.

Bill, 10-11mm. or °45’.

Styan, Ipis, 1896., p. 311.

Flanks and i

Swb-species. under-tarl Breast. . Throdte Supercilium.

coverts.

A. nepalensis ... (Olivaceous -..|Light buff «(White .../Very distinct.

A. davidi «+. «ee| Do. Sept ne Mae -(|Grey --.|Very faint.

A. huett + .»-|(Sandy buff ...\|Light vinous| Do. +o. |Faint.

buff.

A. morrisoniad ++} Do. ...|Light sandy buff.|White ...|Distinct.

Distribution —A. davidi , Western China ; A. hueti., Fukien Province; A. morri-

soma, Formosa.

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS PERACENSIS, Sharpe.

Sharpe’s Alcuppe.

Sharpe, P. Z. 8., 1887, p. 429.

Distribution—The mountains of Perak, Malay Peninsula.

‘Male, Irides brown. This bird is common on the higher parts of the hills. It

has a loud and musical song.”

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS CINEREA, Blyth.

Blyth, J. A. S. B., xiii., p. 384 (1849) ; Sharpe., Cat., B. M., vii, pe 622.

Distribution—Malacca, Malay Peninsula ; and Borneo.

ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS RUFESCENTIOR, Hartert.

Proparus nepalensis rufescentior, Hartert, Nov. Zool., xvii. p. 231 (1910).

Habitat.—Island of Hainan

A450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Birds from Tenasserim are slightly smaller, and are inclined to be rufous

onthe wing. Average wing measurement of 6d ¢, 62 mm. or 2.45”., max.,

64mm. or 2.5”., min., 61 mm. or 2.39". Of 4 2 2, 60 mm. or 2.36”., max.,

61mm. or 2.35”., min., 58 mm. or 2.27".

Distribution.—From the Bhamo Hills, through the Shan States and

Karennee, down to Tenasserim, in the hills only. Davison mentions that

he only met with this species (nepalensis ) in the hills of Tenasserim while

A. davisom (phayret ) inhabits the low country.

Hatits.—I found this a very noisy and inquisitive little bird, and not at

all shy and retiring like the great majority of small babblers. ‘Its habits

are those of a Fly-catcher, and it seldom descends to the undergrowth, but

takes up a position and thence makes short sallies in order to catch flies,

precisely in the same manner as the small Fly-catcher do. It is common to

find pairs a little distance apart, frequently uttering their call, which

consist of five notes, and is loud for the size of the bird.” ( Rippon.)

Nest and Eggs.—lts nest seem to be similar to that of A. nepalensis,

those found by me in the Bhamo Hills were composed of either leaves and

grass or moss, and were lined with some kind of red fibre, and measured

4" by 13”, and were placed from two to four feet from the ground. All my

eggs were of one type, having a white ground colour profusely spotted

with rusty red, and measured ‘87” by ‘58” to ‘:77" by ‘57". The eggs of this

species most probably vary inthe same manner as those of A. nepalensis, as

Mr. Stuart Baker informs me that he has received eggs from Burma similar

to those of that species.

ALCIPPE PHHOCEPHALA PHHOCEPHALA, Jerdon,

The Nilghirr Quaker-Thrush.

Thimaha povoicephala, Jerdon, Madras Journ., L.S., xiii., p. 169 (1844).

A, pheocephala, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 622; Oates, F. of B.I., i., p.

158.

Description—Head and neck brownish ashy-grey; ear-coverts hair-

brown ; back brownish olive-brown, tinged with grey on the upper portion,

and with rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; outer edge of primaries

and tail chestnut; chin and throat greyish-buff; breast and under parts

ochraceous buff.

Average wing measurement as 10 specimens, 68 mm. or 2°68”, max.

69 mm. or 2:69", ‘man., 67 mm. or 2:64”, Bill, 14 mm. or °55”.

‘ris slaty-grey ; : legs, feet greyish fleshy, bill horny-brown.” (Oates.)

Distribution.—Hills of Southern India, Nilghiris, Coonoor, the Wynaad

and ‘Travancore.

Note.—This is a very rufous species, and easily distinguishable from birds

of the Western Ghats.

Habits—I can find nothing recorded as to the habits of this species, it

ascends the hills to 5,000 ft., a “height to which none of the others of this group

venture upto.

The eggs are delicate pink with a few large conspicuous smudges of darker

pink, and dark red spots, and hair-like lines of almost black and measure

from '75"' to ‘86” by *58” to *65.”

ALCIPPE PHHOCEPHALA BRUCEI, Hume.

The Bombay Quaker-Thrush.

Alcippe ky Hume, J.A.8. B., xxxix. pt. ii, p. 122 (1870); Harington,

Bull., B.O.C., xxxiii., p. 61 (1918).

“This sub- -species was first described by Fairbank, who forwarded his

description to A. O. Hume. The latter, oor ee does not appear to have

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 451

published it, but refers to the bird from Mahableshwar under the name of

Alcippe brucei, and notes thatitis slightly larger than A. pheocephala.

Oates in the ‘Fauna of India, Birds,’ i., p. 158, also notes that birds from

the Nilghiris and Travancore differ from those found in other localities.

Adult.—Larger and much greyer than A. pheocephala, Jerdon, and lacking

the rufous tinge onthe plumage of the upper parts. Head and neck ashy-

grey, paler, and not so well-defined as in A. pheocephala, and merging into

the colour of the back; upper plumage greyish olive-brown, with no rufous

tinge; outer edges of the primary-quills and tail-feathers light brown instead.

of chestnut; lower plumage asin A. pheocephala. Wing, 70-74 mm.; average

measurement, 72.

Halitat.—Mahableshwar, the Western Ghats from Rajkote in Khattiwar to

Belgaum; the Central Provinces; Pachmari; and the Paresnath Hills,

Lower Bengal.

Type in the British Museum: ¢ . Mahableshwar, 22. iii., 73 (Rev. S. B.

Fairbank). Hume coll.” ( Harington. )

Bill, 4-15 mm.; (note a bird from Rajkote, Khattiwar, is the largest, hav-

ing a wing of 75. mm.)

ALCIPPE PHHCEPHALA PHAYREI, Blyth.

The Arracan Quaker-Thrush.

Alcippe phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xiv., p. 601 (1845); Sharpe, Cat.

BoM. yu..p:. 623; Oates, W: of B.I.,1:, p. 158.

A. fusca, Godwin-Austin, J. A. 8. B., xlv., p. 197.

As there has been a great deal of confusion over the description of this

species, I give Blyth’s original description and note.

Blyth’s Birds of Burma, p. 601.

A, nepalensis, .

Alcipge phayret, Nobis, J. A. 8. B., xiv., p. 601.

“ The present one is most nearly allied to A. porcephala, Jerdon, and

also Siva nepalensis, Hodgson ....But is distinguished by its less rufescent

hue, especially on the tail, and its upper and lower coverts, which are devoid

of such a tinge, or the upper tail-coverts retain it only ina very slight degree.

.... lower parts fulvescent whitish, whitish on the throat and middle of the

belly.” :

“ Haiitat.—Arracan.”’

“Wanting the dark sincipital stripes is probably the young.”

From the above description it is most noticeable that A. phayret has not

a striped head, and also has no rufous tinge on the lower plumage.

Unfortunately there are no specimens of A. phayre: from Arracan in the

Museum, the * type being in the Calcutta Museum. There are, however,

two specimens in the British Museum from the Western side of Burma, one

from Saw in the Pokokko Dist.; and the other from the Upper Chindwin

Dist., where it appears to be common (Oates and Mears, J. B. N. H.S.,

Xviii., p. 80), these are much greyer above than any Assamese birds I have

seen, and also want the decided rufous tinge so noticeable in birds from

those parts, and inmy opinion appear to be much nearer to Blyth’s descrip-

‘ tion than the Assam birds, also geographically they are much nearer to

Arracan, at present it is impossible to say, whether birds from Assam are

A. phayret, or should be A. fusca (the type of which is in the Museum, and

agree with all other specimens from Assam). If the birds from Assam and

. *T have just examined the type specimens of A, phayrei, Blyth, from Arracan,

kindly forwarded by Dr. Annandale for comparison, these unfortunately are very

worn and faded, so that it is impossible to say Ww hether Arracan and Assam birds

are identical. It is hoped that any membersin Arracan will collect and forward

specimens to decide the point. H.H. H. Bombay, 7th March 1914.

452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Arracan are identical, those from Western Burma will require naming.

Mr. Stuart Baker in his ‘‘ Birds of N. Cachar,’” J., B. N. H. S., viii,

p. 198, seems doubtful about his specimens from ‘that. locality, considering

them intermediate between the Burmese and the 8. Indian forms, by

splitting them up into geographical races, I think the variations will be

found to be constant.

Description of Birds from Western Burma—

Head and neck light ashy-grey, merging into the upper back; lower back

_ and rump pale olive-grey ; ear-coverts pale greyish-brown; chin and throat

whitish ; breast pale en flanks tinged with olivaceous.

Wing, sex ? 66mm. or 2 2-6, " Female, 65 mm. or 2°55." Bill, 14. mm.

Description of Birds from Assam—

Head and neck dull brownish-grey, merging into the colour of the back ;

ear-coverts browner ; the remainder of the upper plumage olive-brown ; the

exposed portion of the wings and tail yellowish-brown; chin and throat

greyish; breast and under plumage ochraceous with a decided rufous tinge.

Wing! 3 $d, average 70 mm. (2-75”), [Max. 72 mm., min. 68 mm.];

2 2° 9, 66 mm. (2'6”); 4 unsexed, 68 mm, (2°68”). Bill, 14-15 mm,

ALCIPPE PH0CEPHALA HARINGTONIZ, Hartert.

The Upper Burma Quaker-Thrush.

Hartert, bull bwOs Uy el Os

Description.—Head and neck ashy grey ; two conspicuous black lines on

each side of the head and neck extending down to the upper back where

they converge; ear-coverts light hair brown; back and upper plumage

olive-brown ; outer edge of primaries and tail yellowish-brown ; chin, throat

and underparts ochraceous buff, to olivaceous on the flanks.

Wing measurement of 6 specimens, average 67 mm. or 2°64”, max., 70

mm. or 2°75.”, min., 65 mm. or 2°55." _ Bill, 12-18 mm.

Distribution.—Probably the whole of N.-E. Upper Burma and the

Northern parts of the Shan States. Both Dr. Anderson’s and my speci-

mens were procured in the Bhamo Dist. There are also two of Col.

Bingham’s specimens, from Yatsauk, Shan States, which are referable to

this : species, to which he draws attention in the Jézs, 1903, p. 589.

I only met with this species in the plains near Bhamo itself, and not in

the hills where A. fratercula is very plentiful.

ALCIPPR PHHOCEPHALA MAGNIROSTRIS, Walden.

The Lower Burma Quaker-Thrush.-

Alcippe magnirostris, Waiden, Blyth’s Birds of Burma, p. 115 (1875).

A, phayrui, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 623; Oates, F. of B. I.,1., p. 158.

Description—Head and neck brownish-grey almost ashy, and well defined

from the back; two sooty-brown stripes on each side of the head and neck

extending down to the back: ear-coverts greyish-brown ; remainder of upper

plumage olive-brown tinged with grey on the back ; exposed portions of the

wings and tail yellowish-brown ; throat whitish, underparts ochraceous buff.

Type from Karennee is in the British Museum.

‘Wing measurement of 6 males; average 71 mm. or 2°8”, max., 73 mm. or

2°85," min., 69 mm, or 2°67". Female, 70 mm. or 2'7”, Culmen, 13 mm.

Distribution.—Most probably Siam, S.S. States, Karennee, and $.-E.

Burma to just north of Moulmein.

ptr Stray Feathers, iii., p. 116. ‘ Birds from Pegu.”

““....but in one respect it more closely resembles nepalensis, a point which

appears to have been overlooked, in that it exhibits the same sort of dark

streaks running backwards on either side of the nape that nepalensis does, only

in phayret it is less strongly marked.”

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 453

ALCIPFE PHHOCEPHALA DAVISONI, sp. nov.

The Tenasserim Quaker-Thrush,

Similar to A. magnirostris, from Karennee, but the stripes on the head

are entirely wanting or only very faint indications of them; also very

similar to A. drucec from Western India, but is much darker.

Description.—Head and neck ashy brown well defined from the back;

stripes on head wanting or only faint indications; ear-coverts hair-brown;

chin and throat whitish; under parts ochraceous, flanks olivaceous.

Wing measurement: males, average 71 mm. or 2:8”, max., 73 mm. or

2°85,” min., 68 mm. or 2°68.” Female, 70 mm. or 2:7.” Bill, upper mandible

horn, lower yellowish. Culmen, 13 to 14 mm. or “Iris slaty-grey to slaty-

yellow.”

- Hume, Str. Frs., vi., p. 260 “ Birds of Tenasserim.”

In pointing out the differences between dA. phayret and nepalensis, says,

“‘ Phayret may be distinguished at once from zepalensis by its larger size,

much larger bill, browner ear-coverts, and by the almost entire want in most

specimens, and the comparatively feeble trace in the rest, of the very conspicuous

black sinocipital stripes which characterize nepalensis.

Distribution.—Tavoy, Mergui and to the south, the dividing line between

this sub-species and magnirostris is about the latitude of Moulmein, birds to

the south of this show very little signs of any stripes on the head, ‘and fur-

ther south none whatever.

Habits.—Occurs throughout the province, only in the low hills.

Nests within a few feet of the ground at low elevations, eggs in the

Museum (phayrei from Tenasserim) are pinkish-white, blotched and streaked

with reddish-pink, and with faint spots of purple. Measuring ‘68” to ‘78”

by °53” to ‘59”,

(To be continued.)

454

A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN SWANS.

E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.8. anp M.B.0.U.

(With a Plate.)

In-1897 when writing a series of articles on ‘ Indian Ducks

and their Allies,’ it was very doubtful what species of swans had

been obtained in India, but I then accepted records of Cygnus

musicus, CO. bewreki and 0. olor, Of these, however, the second had

to be shat as Blanford showed that the head and feet,

hitherto supposed to have belonged to this species, were really those

of musicus. ‘Ten years later, in 1908, when these articles to which —

I refer, appeared in book form, there were therefore only two species

of swans, 1.e., musicus and olor, the Whooper and the Mute Swan,

which had been authenticated as having occurred in India. Since

then a great deal more information has been obtained on the

occurrence of swans in that country and, in addition to this,

Alpheraky has described a new Hastern form under the name

jankowskw; it seems, therefore, desirable to again examine the

question of what swans have occurred in India and at the same

time it may be useful to summarise all information up-to-date and

give a key to the species. The correct name for Cygnus musicus is

Oygnus cygnus, and will be used hereafter in this article.

Key to the Species.

A.—Lores and triangular patch between forehead and gape

yellow or orange yellow, never black. No knob at base

of bill.

a. Yellow on bill extending right up to

the nostril and sometimes still

further towards tip of bill wee CYGNUS.

b. Yellow never reaching to nostril and

generally confined to somewhat

circular patch on base.

a. Bill longer, broader but less

high at the base in compa-

rison. Serrations on bill

hardly visible when closed. Jankowski.

6. Bill shorter, not so broad but

comparatively high at base.

Serrations visible along

~ whole length of bill when

closed samme . bewichi.

B.—Lores and triangular ee black. A knob at |

base of bill in adults.. one mF wv» OOS

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Sl a ti ed eee

(Half Nat, size.)

BEWICK’S SWAN. C. bewickt.

ALPHERAKY’S SWAN. C. jankowskiv.

THE WHOOPER. C. cygnus.

THE MUTE SWAN. C. olor.

cArh

wee

em >

sree.

Chat ah

- igs

: ? ¥

d as »

J r' F

F f

_ .

P .

‘

‘ a3 by aay

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ae)

q z

TTY OF (LUimais

; i

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le Ly!)

A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN SWANS. 455

CyGNus cyGNus (Linn.).

The Whooper.

Anas cygnus.—Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 122 (1758); ibid, 1, p. 19

(1766); Lath. Ind. Orn. 11, p. 893 (1790).

Cygnus ferus.—Briss. Orn. vi, p. 292; pl. xxviii (1760) ; Cygnus

‘ musicus, Bechstein, Gem. naturg. Vég. Deutschl. iii, p. 880, pl. 35

(1809); G. R. Gray, Cat. Mamm, etc. Coll. Hodgs. 1846, p. 144;

Brooks, P. A. 8. B., 1872, p.63; Hume, Str. Feath. vii, pp. 106,

107, 464; viii, p. 114; id. Cat. No. 944 quat. Hume & Marsh.

Game B. Ind. iii, p. 47. Plate (1880); Salvadori, Cat. B. M.

XXvii, p. 27 (1895); Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H.S. xl, p. ii (1897);

Blanford, ibid, p. 306 (1898) ; Aitken, tbid, xiii, p. 362; Crerar,

ibid, xv, p. 716 (1903); Cumming, ibid, xvi, p. 697; Makin, Ibis,

1906, p. 3898; Annandale, ibid, p. 612; Buturlin, thd, p. 737;

Thomson, ibid, 1907, p. 511; Buturlin, hid, p. 651; Stuart Baker:

‘Indian Ducks and their Allies,” p. 12 (1908); id, J.B.N.H.S.

XVlll, p. 704 (1908); ad, wid, xxi, p. 274 (1911).

Cygnus bewickiimHume & Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii, p. 51 (in

eres) (1880); Stuart: Baker, J.-B. N.'Hs 8. 'x1,-p..14 Gn \err.)

(1897) ; Salvadori, Cat. B. M. xxvu, p. 29 (1895) ; (part specimen

Sa MVire2*)

Oygnus cygnus.—Sharpe Hand.-L. 1. p. 207.

Description.—Oygnus cygnus can be discriminated from the other

swans which have yellow lores by its much greater size when adult,

the wing being never under 22°5'’ (570 mm.) and generally

a good deal more. The bill is not only actually, but is also com-

paratively longer in adult birds, being very seldom as little as

3°79" (100 mm.) and generally well over 4'' (102 mm.). In

shape also it differs greatly, the upper outline running almost

straight from the tip to the base at forehead, which is, comparative-

ly, not nearly so deep as in bewicki. In colouration the yellow on

the base of the bill in the ‘“‘ Whooper”’ extends right down to the

upper corner of the nostril and open beyond this; the outline

between the yellow and black is generally very ragged, the colours

running into one another though not fusing into an intermediate

tint.

The serrations in the upper mandible in the closed bill are not

visible when looked at from one side.

Occurrences in India.—(1) Head and feet now in the British

Museum ; obtained in Nepal by Hodgson, 1829. (2) Head and feet

in the Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum, shot by General

Osborn on the Beas River, Punjab, 6th January 1900. (38) A skin

in the same Museum presented by Mr. J. Crerar and shot by him

in Larkhana District, Sind, on the 3lst January 1904. (4 & 5)

Two heads in the Bombay Museum presented by Col. Magrath and

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

shot by Mr. M. Donlea out of a herd of seven, on the 10th Decem-

ber 1910, near Dera Momim, on the Kabul River.

Distribution.—The whole of Northern Europe and Africa extend-

ing to Japan and Greenland. Burturlin gives its most Northern —

breeding range as Verkhore-Kolymsk, 65° 44’ N., South, it ex-

tends in Winter to Southern Hurope, Asia Minor, Persia, India

and China.

CYGNUS BEWICKI.

Bewick’s Swan.

Oygnus bewicki.—Yarrel, Trans. Linn. Sec. xvi, p. 453 (1830);

Hume, Str. Feath. vu, pp. 107 & 464 (1878); Hume & Marsh.

Game-B. ii, p. 51 (part) plate (1880); Salvadori, Cat. B. M.

xxvii, p. 291 (1895); Stuart Baker, Jour. B. N. H.S. xi, p. 14

(1897); Blanford, ibid, p. 8306; Sharpe, Hand.-L. 1. p. 207 (1899);

Buturlin, Ibis 1907, p. 651; Stuart Baker: ‘Indian Ducks and

their Allies” p. 12, 1908, id, J. B.H.N.S. xvii, p. 754—8

(1908); id, ibid, xxi, p. 273.

Cygnus minor.—Keyserling & Blasius, Werbelthiére, pp. 6, xxxii

and 222 (1840); Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. 8. xi, pl. i. (1897).

Description.—Of the swans with the yellow lores, Bewick’s Swan

is the smallest, seldom having a wing exceeding 21", indeed Butur-

lin gives the greatest measurement of any bird measured by him

as 20'' (520 mm.). The bill is strikingly shorter than that of

cyqnus, being seldom, if ever, over 3°75" (94°2 mm.) but is,

on the other hand, comparatively much deeper at the base measur-

ing up to 1:72" (43:6 mm.), the diminution in depth, from

forehead to tip, is also much more abrupt, so that the upper outline

presents a concave appearance. ‘The serrations on the upper

mandible in the closed bill are visible over about two-thirds the

total length of the bill. In colouration the yellow is restricted to

a portion of the base above, and never touching the nostril and is

nearly always well defined from the black in a clean, curved line

enclosing the higher extremity of the hollow in which the nostril

is placed and thence extending back along the margin of the upper

bill to the gape. The feet also are much smaller, the tarsus

generally being less than 3°80" (96:5 mm.), whereas in musicus

it is generally over 4°2'’ (106:7 mm.) and Buturlin gives the

smallest of his series of the latter bird as 4°4"' (115 mm.).

Occurrences in India.—(1) Skin now in Bombay Natural His-

tory Society’s Museum obtained by Mr. B. L. McCulloch of the

Indian Police at Jacobabad in Sind, on the 2nd December 1907.

(2) A skin of a female in the same Museum shot by Major P. C.

Elliot-Lockhart near Mardan, on the N.-W. Frontier, on the 30th

December 1910.

A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN SWANS. 457

Distribution.—Over Northern Europe and Asia as far Hast as the

Lena Delta, extending in some numbers as far West as Great

Britain. In winter it extends South into Central Europe and

South Russia as far as the Caspian and in Asia as far South as

Persia, Northen India and Central West China. The records of its

appearance in South-Hast China and Japan probably generally refer

to the next bird, jankowskit.

CYGNUS JANKOWSKII.

Alpheraky’s Swan.

Cygnus bewiehr jankowski, Alpheraky—Priodai Okhata (Nature

and Sport), Russia, September 10th, 1904.

Cygnus jankowsku, Buturlin, Ibis, 1907, p. 651.

Deseription.—Buturlin (in loc cit) writes: ‘It is altogether larger

‘than C. bewicki, while the yellow of the bill is somewhat more

developed, but the best diagnostic character is its much broader

bill. Fully adult examples of C. bewichi have the maximum

breadth of the bill 28—30-5mm., exceptionally reaching to 3lmm.,

but then this specimen has the bill from the eye 122mm. long.”

The breadth of the bill is a good character generally but, as a

matter of fact, the type of bewicht in the British Museum has the

bill at its broadest part no less than 32mm. wide and another bird

obtained by Yarrel at the same time has it 31-7mm._ As will be

seen, however, from Gronvold’s excellent plate the shape of the

bill is different to that of bewichki although the distribution of colour

is the same. The upper margin of the bill in jankowski is almost

as straight as it is in Cygnus cyqnus and does not show a concave

line as in bewicki, the bill is also much longer in proportion to the

depth and the serrations in the closed bill show for three or four of

their number. The yellow also appears to be considerably darker

and more orange in tint than it is in either cygnus or bewickh, In

the only specimens I have seen it is also noticeable that the black

runs as a narrow line round the forehead.

Alpheraky treats this swan as a sub-species of Bewick’s Swan, but

‘I see no reason why we should not give it full rank as a species.

Buturlin obtained a large series and in the Lena Delta the two

birds were actually breeding in the same area, yet here they acquire

not an intermediate form as we should expect, but are all indivi-

dually referable to either Alpheraky’s or Bewick’s Swans. Nor

does Buturlin say anything to show that he found individuals of

the two forms pairing together.

Undoubtedly some large bewicki are as big as small jankowskit,

but even these appear to be distinctly referable in other respects to

one or the other form.

Occurrences i India.—(1) A skin in the Bombay Natural

History Society’s Museum shot by Mr. Hornsby, on the 2nd January

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXIII,

1911, at Tubi, Campbellpur. The orange tint in the bill of this

bird was very distinct when first seen by me in August in 1911.

Distribution.—‘ Breeds in the tundras of Hastern Siberia from

the Lena Delta eastward.” ‘‘ During migration it is met with as

far West as Dzungaria” (Buturlin.) It extends South during

winter into Central Asia and, as above, into India and China,

whence I have seen a skin collected by LaTouche. Probably the

majority of reported occurrences of bewicki in China and Japan

should refer to this species. A swan seen by Major Harington

near Maymyo, in the Shan States, may have been of this species.

CYGNUS OLOR.

The Mute Swan.

Anas olor—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, p. 502 (1788); Latham,

Ind. Orn. 11, p. 884 (1790).

Oygnus olor.—Vicill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist Nat. ix, p.37 (1817);

*Scully, Stray Feath. iv, p. 197 (1876); Blanford, Stray Feath.

vii, pp. 99, 100, 101 (1878), Hume, Stray Feath. vii, pp. 101, 106

(1878) ; zd, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. (1878), p. 1388; Hume and Mar-

shall, Game B. Ind. iu, p. 41, plate (1880) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds

B. M. xxvi, p. 35 (1895); Stuart Baker, J. B. N.H. Soc. xi, p.

16, plate (1897); Sharpe, Handl-L. 1. p. 209 (1899), Cumming,

J ABsiNs He Socxvin progr

Cygnus unwint.— Hume, Ibis 1871, p.413; Blanford, Stray Feath.

vii, p. 100 (1878) ; Hume, Stray Feath. vii, p. 104 (1878).

Cygnus sibilus. Hume, Stray Feath. vii, p. 105 (1878).

Cygnus altwmi.cHomeyer, Hume, Stray Feath. vii, p. 105

(1878).

Cygnus sp. Blanford, Stray Feath. vii, p. 100 (1878); Hume,

Stray Feath. vii, p. 104 (1878).

Description.— When adult this swan can always be distinguished

at a glance by the knob at the base of the bill, but at all ages it can

be determined by the black lores.

Occurrences in India.—(1) Skin in British Museum, shot by

W. Mahomed Umar, January 1857, in the Shah Alum River, Punjab.

(2) Two young birds shot by Captain Unwin on the Jubee Stream,

North-West Provinces, January 1871. Skins in the British

Museum. (8) Three birds, the skin of one of which is in the British

Museum, shot by Mr. E. H. Watson in the Sewan District of

Sind, on the 12th February 1878. The same year many more were

seen and in five cases a pair were shot, but no skins preserved. In

June of the same year out of a flock of these birds, one was shot

by Major Waterfield and one by Mr. D. B. Sinclair, and on the 7th

July the latter gentleman saw another swan in the Gulabad Jheel,

* ‘Tam not certain that I have correctly identified the species. No specimen

was preserved,—J. 8.”

A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN SWANS. 459

near Peshawar. (4) In 1900 Mr. Jones of the Indo-European

Telegraph Co. shot two swans out ofa herd of nine on January 10th.

(5) Inthe Karachi Museum there is the skin of a bird, which was

captured by Mr. Cumming, platelayer, after it had injured itself

against a telegraph wire. ‘his was on the 13th January 1900 and

the bird formed one of a flock of eight. (6) Two swans were captured

in nets by natives on the 6th February 1900 at Sita Road station.

(7) At Boston on the Baluchistan Frontier four swans were shot by

a Mr. Matthews, platelayer, early in February 1900. (8) In the

same year Mr. J. Crerar, 1.C.8., shot one about the middle of March

on the Manchur Lake, Sind. (9) At the end of March the same year

ten swans were seen and repeatedly fired at by Mr. Vivien on the

Laki Lake. (10) On the 27th April 1900 a swan was shot by

Mr. Wragge, platelayer, at Metong, about 12 miles from the Indus.

(11) In the same year Major-General Egerton saw a herd of

swans at Kandian on the Indus. (12) In the end of March 1910

Capt. H. O’Brien obtained one at Nowshera. (13) Mr. P. Lord

shot one on the R. Sohan, Punjab, on 26th January 1911.

(14) In 1911, on 6th February, Mr. L. C. Glascock shot one near

Lahore.

Distribution.—“‘ Denmark and South Sweden, South Russia,

valley of the Danube, Transylvania and Greece, and passing the

Northern Shores of the Caspian to Turkestan and Mongolia, wan-

ders in the Southern portions of the Caspian occasionally in the

extreme North-West of India and in the Basin of the Mediter-

ranean”? (Salvadori).

460

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Report No. 16.

By R. C. WRovuGHTON.

COLLECTION os Pa (NS TL

LOCALITY ia, ... Dry Zone, Central Burma and

Mt. Popa.

DaTE 38 ... July-October 1913.

COLLECTED BY ..: ... Mr, G..C. Shortridge.

Harzier Reports. No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p. 392,

1912 : No. 2, Berars, Vol. XX, p. 820, 1912; No. 3, Sutil

Vol. XXI, dD. 826, 1912; No.. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI,

944, 1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXL p. 1170) siete We

6, Kanara, Vol. XXII, p. 29,1913; No.7, Central Pre-

vinces, Vol, XXII, p. 45, 1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII,

p- 58, 1918; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 283, 1913; No.

10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913; No. 11, Coorg,

Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913; No..12, Palanpur Vale aeeeee

p. 684, 1918; No. 13, South Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700,

1918; No. 14, Shan States, Vol. XXII, p. 710, 1913; No.

15, Kumaon, Vol. XXII, p. 282, 1914.

This collection represents the Fauna of the Dry Zone of Upper

Burma, and the local Fauna of Mt. Popa. This Dry Zone is

represented roughly by the Districts of Shwebo, Lower Chindwin,

Mandalay, Pakokku, Myingyan, Sagaing, Kyaukse, Meiktila,

Minbu, Magwe and Yamethin. It covers about 35,000 square

miles, and occupies the whole basin of the Irrawady, between the

Arakan Yomas and Chin Hills on the West and the Shan Hills on

the East, from about 20° to 23° North Latitude.

The whole of this area may be classed as ‘ plain country ,’ with a

scanty rainfall of about 25 inches, except on its outer edges where

the climatic conditions are modified by the surrounding hily

country. The thermometer ranges from 105° in May to 55° in

December. With the exception of the neighbourhood and slopes

of Mt. Popa, the jungle consists almost entirely of dry scrub

growth, the only tree of any value being the Acacia catechu,

yielding the ‘cutch’ of commerce. Mt. Popa is an isolated

volcanic peak, rising abruptly from ‘the surrounding plain, in the

middle of the Dry Zone. It reaches a height of close on 5,000 feet

and as was to be expected the climatic conditions are considerably

modified on its wooded slopes.

The following notes on the Soare visited are furnished by

Mr. Shortridge :—

Mandalay City. — Population 183, 816. The Head-quarters of the

District and Division of the same name. Situated on the Hast

bank of the Irrawady, about 21° 50' North and 96° 6' Hast. The’

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 461

Capital of the old Kingdom of Burma between 1856 and 1885.

The old City, now known as Fort Dufferin, forms part of the

Cantonment. With the exception of Mandalay Hill, the country

is flat. The trees round the City, which have been planted, consist

of Tamarinds, Mangoes, Figs and other shade trees.

Mingun, a village containing many ruins, on the West bank of

the Irrawady, about 11 miles above Mandalay, in the Sagaing

District. Along the bank of the river is a narrow populated strip

of flat country, thickly studded with Tamarinds, Mango and Fig

Trees, Cocoanut Palms and Plantain Gardens. Behind this is a

range of hills rising to above 1,000 feet covered with thick low

scrub. ;

Kyouk Myoung, on the West bank of the Irrawady, in Shwebo

District, about 45 miles above Mandalay. The rainfall is rather

heavier here than round Mandalay and the typical scrub is higher

and thicker. The banks rise slightly from the river, but there are

no hills, the whole country being flat or undulating and largely

under rice cultivation. A few Hog Deer and Thamin are said to

occur in the neighbourhood. Blanford notes that this place was

visited by Fea.

Ngapyinim, a small village, exactly opposite the last, on the Hast

bank of the river. The country differs from that on the West bank

in being more hilly and broken. The jungle also is much higher

and contains patches of bamboos. Except along the bank of the

river there is no cultivation. T'saine and Porcupines were

observed in the district.

Mount Popa.—An extinct volcano, 4,962 feet in height, rising

abruptly out of the plain and surrounded by dry, open country for

at least 50 miles in every direction. Situated in 20° 56’ North by

95 °16' East, in Myingyan District, in the centre of one of the most

arid parts of the Dry Zone. The mountain is more or less conical,

its summit being covered with grass. The upper slopes and inside

of the Crater clothed partly with temperate evergreen Forest, and

partly with Gardens, which are replaced on the lower slopes by dry

deciduous forest mixed with bamboos. On account of its height ~

Mt. Popa catches a heavy rainfall, so that the Climate and Vegeta-

tion are quite distinct. from those of the surrounding country.

According to the Gazetteer (1908) barely 50 years have elapsed

since Hlephants, Rhinoceros, Sambhar and Tigers occurred in the

Forests of Mount Popa, but they have now entirely disappeared.

Serow have been shot more recently, but the local villagers state

that none have been seen for some years. In the evergreen forests

on the higher slopes the trees are covered with thick moss, ferns

and orchids, while in places the ground is carpeted with bracken

and masses of pink and white balsam, over which were seen hover-

ing numbers of black and yellow Ornethoptera. The principal

462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

crops grown on Popa are Indian corn, plantains, sweet potatoes,

custard apples, guavas, rice and sesamum, the two last chiefly on

Popamyo plateau, on which the village of the same name is situated

at between 2,000 and 3,000 feet altitude, the descent to the plains

from this point being steep and precipitous.

Pagan, an ancient ruined City, the Capital of the Burmese

Empire, about the years 750-1280 A.D. Situated at 21° 10' North

by 94° 53' Hast on the left bank of the Irrawady, towards the South-

West of the Myingyan District. The most noticeable feature is

the thousands ot Temples and Pagodas, most of which are in ruins,

and which afford shelter for countless numbers of Bats. It is

situated in one of the driest and most barren parts of the dry belt.

The chief vegetation is low prickly scrub cactus and milk bush,

with a few Tamarinds and Acacias dotted here and there. The

district is said to-be more dry and arid than formerly, owing to its

denudation of trees. ‘The country round is almost flat, with the

exception of the Taywindaing range of -hills, which rise about 10 |

miles inland and stretch in a south-easterly direction, forming a

short, narrow line of rocky peaks, some of which rise to a

height of over 1,000 feet. The ground is very poor, the chief

crops grown locally being early sesamum, ground-nuts, pulse and

jowar. .

The Collection contains 1,090 specimens, but of these, 32, contri-

buted by local Members of the Society, are from the Shan States,

or other areas beyond the scope of this Report, and I have dealt

with them in an appendix. ‘The remaining 1,059 specimens belong

to 55 species in 38 Genera.

The most notable fact in connection with the Collection is the

discovery of the two new species, viz., Millardia kathleence, Thos.,

and Leggadilla shortridgei, Thos. So far as I am aware neither

of these Genera have before been found Hast of Assam. Besides

these there are more than 20 forms whose names appear for the first

time in the records of the Survey.

fatufa gigantea was described from Assam. The National

Collection contains specimens from Siam, and even as far south as

Hainan, and quite recently has received specimens from Myitkyina

(Capt. A. W. Kemmis, 1908), Katha (Col. C. EH. Nichol, 1911,)

Madaya Forest, 55 miles N. of Mandalay (C. 8. Barton, 1914), and

finally it has been recorded by Miss Ryley in the Shan States

Report (No. 14) as occurring there. On the other hand Ratufa

melanopepla has been recorded from some of the islands of the

Malay Archipelago, from the whole of the Malay Peninsula and

from Tenasserim, and here we have it from Mt. Popa. The

distribution of these two species throughout their habitats is

thus sketched out and there is little doubt that our Upper Chindwin

and Pegu Collections will support this view.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 463

There is a somewhat similar problem in connection with Lepus

peguensis and Lepus siamensis, but unfortunately there is a link

missing. ‘This Collection shows that pequensis occupies the Valley

of the Irrawady up to at least 22°, and this is confirmed by some

specimens in the Natural History Museum collected by Maj. H.

Harington ‘“ N. of Mandalay.” No hare is, I believe, known south

of Rangoon. As mentioned further on, Major Harington collected,

“near Bhamo,”’ a series which is closely allied to, if not identical

with siamensis. Unfortunately the Shan State Collection contained

no hares. Will some local members help in this matter by sending

some of the Northern and Southern Shan States hare or hares ?

On the whole there does not appear to be so much difference

between the Fauna of Popa and that of the surrounding country as

might have been expected. The closest affinity of this mountain

Fauna seems to be with that of the Shan States. The Tupaia,

Sciwropterus, Menetes are all identical with those found in the Shan

States, and each of them is a local variation of a southern Pegu

form. We have nothing among the specimens from the plain

country with which to compare them, which is natural enough in

view of the absence of suitable forest except on Popa. It is true

that Sciwrus ferrugineus is essentially a Pegu species, but it is also

found in’the Shan States (see Appendix). ‘The large majority of

the Bats included in the Collection are from the plains, but this is

due to the ruined Pagodas of Mingun and Pagan, and not to the

effect of climatic conditions. Jt may however be noted that all the

Scotophilus kuhli are from Popa, while all the Scotophilus

wroughtont are from the plains, they have however, in former

collections, so often been received together from the same place

that but little importance can be attached to their present separa-

tion, any more than to the curious monopoly enjoyed by Mandalay

in Rhinolophus fuluus and by Ngapyinin in Sciwrus phayrev.

Specimens received from members as follows :—

Sagaing District ... Major F. C. Owens.

Magwe District ... J. P. Cook.

Lower Chindwin ... G. W. Dawson, I.C.S. and 8. F. Hop-

wood, I.F.S.

Pyawbwe ... we Capel KW. Venning.

Pyinmana ... oe ewlogeridce.

Pakokku ... ... Major C. E. Bowen.

Mandalay ... ... Capt. 5. Pershouse.

are included in the main ‘report, while the following :—

Woshan States) <2 \ JR. Cook.

S. Shan States ... Capt. F. KE. W. Venning and J. P. Cook.

Myitkyina District... Capt. F. E. W. Venning.

Maymyo ... eae bel, Cel He ob Cand ee

Cook.

464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

‘Chin Hills ... ... S. F. Hopwood, I.F.S. and Capt. W. J.

Massy.

Thayetmyo... oR BS each, RGIS

Thaton ue .. KR. V. Littlewood.

are dealt with in the Appendix.

The detail in which the Survey is now being carried out is, I

believe, already a strain on the finances available, and any more

‘intense’ collecting is quite out of the question ; it is clear therefore,

if the results of the Surveys are to be supplemented, and linked up,

it can only be done by the exertions of local residents. I venture

to offer the above-named gentlemen my best thanks, and to express

a hope that they will continue to take an interest in the Mammal

Fauna around them and to help forward the study of them.

PITHECUS ASSAMENSIS, Mc. Cl.

The Himalayan Monkey,

1839. Macacus assamensis, Mc.Clelland, P. Z. 8., p. 148.

1840. Macacus (Pithex) pelops, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., IX., p. 1218.

1888. Macacus assamensis, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 4.

P 1. Mingun.

2 5. Mt. Popa.

“Plentiful on Mt. Popa. Occurring inthe Dry zone on both sides of the

Irrawady, but apparently rare away from jungle or hills. Though a typical

Macaque in its habits, and occasionally to be found around village gardens

and crops, this species does not seem to have become semi-tame in habits

like rhesus and sinicus of India. The species seen by Anderson near

Yenangyaung, on the Irrawady, about 30 miles to the south of Popa, was

undoubtedly this species. Bare skin on face of all specimens obtained

dusky, never red.”—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—Myarx (Burmese), LING-KUN-LENG or LINGIHKUNG

(Shan).

PRESBYTIS, sp.

There is a single specimen of Langur, collected by Mr. G. W. Dawson,

included inthis collection. The skullis missing. The animal was obtained

in Yin, Lower Chindwin. Our collection from Chindwin may later enable

a name to be put on this specimen at present I prefer to leave it unnamed.

PRESBYTIS PHAYREI, Blyth.

Phayre’s Leaf Monkey.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

GO, 4a. Mite apa,

(The specimens and remarks under this species in Report No. 14 are

referable to the next species.)

“Fairly plentiful on the higher slopes of Mt. Popa, which is, withowt

doubt on account of the physical conditions of the country, the northern

limit of the range of this species to the east of the Irrawady, further north

and on the Shan Hills it is replaced by P. darbet, further south the water-

shed of the Sitang River probably divides the two species. Tbe Burmese

Leaf Monkeys differ in many of their habits from the Indian Langurs, they

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 465

are less noisy and conspicuous and rarely frequent cultivated districts,

being almost exclusively forest dwellers”’—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—MyavuKk-HGENYO or MyaUK-MYET-KWIN-BYU (Burmese).

* PRESBYTIS BARBEI, Blyth.

Barbes Leaf Monkey.

1847. Presbytis barbei, Blyth., J.A.S.B., XVL, p. 734.

1888. Semnopithecus barbei, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 22.

6 1,921. Kyouk Myoung.

“Pairly plentiful around Ngapyinin, opposite Kyouk Myoung, probably

wanderers from the Shan Plateau, which is not far from the river at this

point. It will probably not be found on the Irrawady below Mandalay,

where the country becomes too open, though how far south barbe: extends

in the Shan States still remains to be shown. Though superficially very

like phayrei, the hair on the crown is not directed backwards but radiates

from a point above the forehead. There is no crest. In life the triangular

pale patch round the mouth is present in both species, but the actual white

hairs are more conspicuous in éarbet. The pale ring round the eye in

phayret is almost white, giving the appearance of a pair of spectacles, while

in barbet this ring only extends over a semicircle on the inner side of the

eye; the distinction is lost in dried specimens.”—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—MyavKk-HGENYO or MYAUK-MYET-KWIN-ByU (Burmese),

Line-Kane or Line-mun (Shan.)

ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTI, Desm.

The fulvous Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

6 1. Mingun.

oe ls 207 Ragan,

(See also Reports Nos. 11 and 15.)

“A large colony was found in‘an old Pagoda at Pagan, where they

roosted in company with Taphozous kachhensis. This animal differs from

Cynopterus sphina in being a cave or temple dweller, while the latter is

generally found in the heads of Palm trees, though occasionally found

under the eaves of houses.”’—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—Linzwal (Burmese also used for the Flying Fox.)

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl.

The Southern short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3, toe Pagan.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 9, 11, 18, 14 and 15.)

“These Bats were observed in very large numbers around Mandalay,

during the Mango season. It was found at Pagan, as usual, in the crowns

of Toddy Palms and at Mingun both in Palms and under the eaves of

Verandahs.”’—G.C.S8.

Vernacular name—Linzwal (Burmese).

* The specimens from the N. Shan States (Report No. 14) were in error referred

to phayrei instead of barber.

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII1.

RHINOLOPHUsS LEPIDUS, Blyth.

The little Indian Horse-Shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 6.)

5.10, (9°31, in’al, 12.) Pagan:

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7 and 15.)

“Some very large colonies of this Bat were found at Pagan roosting

inside Pagodas and caves”.—G.C.S.

Vernacular name—LiInuHNo or Linno (Burmese for all insectivorous

Bats).

HIPPOSsIDEROS LARVATUS, Horsf.

Horsfield’s leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

3 6, 2 8. Mingun.

3d 2,9 2. Kayouk Myoung.

3 4. Mt. Popa.

3 8. Pagan.

1 (no skull) Yin, L. Chindwin. (Collected by G, W. Dawson,

I.C.8.)

(See also Report No. 14.)

“ Kxisting often in enormous numbers throughout the Dry Zone, where

they roost in Pagodas and caves.”—G.C.S.

HIPPOSIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The bi-coloured leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

13, 2 1l,in al. 8. Mandalay.

4, 9 3,inal,2. Mingun.

1, 9 1. Mt. Popa.

2, 2 6,inal. 4. Pagan.

(See also all former Reports except Nos. 1, 2, 4, 11 and 15.)

“Very plentiful. Twice found resting in Porcupine burrows,’—G.C.5.

Oy Oy Oy O,

MEGADERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff,

The Malay Vampire Bat,

(Synonymy in No. 5,)

3d 1, 2 3. Kyouk Myoung.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 11.)

‘Apparently rare. A small colony found roosting in an old Pagoda,”—.

G.C.S.

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought,

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

(See also all former Reports except Nos, 4 and 14.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 467

PIPISTRELLUS, sp.

6 1. Kyouk Myoung.

Mr. Thomas, who has examined this specimen, informs me that it

differs from the others, which I have classed as mimus, ‘by its unicuspid

inner upper incisors and slightly larger brain case, but in so difficult a

group I do not venture to describe it without examining further material.”

ScOTOPHILUS KUHLI, Leach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 1,9 4,1. Mandalay.

3 2,21. Kyouk Myoung.

64, 2 10. Mt Popa.

(See also Reports Nos. ], 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 15.)

“ Very plentiful every where—roosting in Caves,Temples, and occasionally

the hollow branches of trees.”—G.C.S.

ScOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos,

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Cre Lia kin ein .

3 5, 2 3. Pagan.

3 1. Mandalay.

1 (no skull) Ngazun, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens.)

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 15.)

“Plentiful but not quite so widely distributed as kuhli. The colonies

when found are very large in old Pagodas, but they are occasionally found

in rather sma{ler numbers hiding in the crowns of Palm trees.’”’—G.C.S.

MINIOPTERUS FULIGINOSUS, Hodgs.

Hodgson’s long-winged Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 15.)

G61. Mingun.

(See also Report No. 15.)

“A single specimen obtained inside a Pagoda at Mingun.% I? could not

ascertain if this species was plentiful as Miniopterus is very [difficult to

identify on the wing.”’—G.C.8.

TaPHOZUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.

The Cutch sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

obi Y Tas ) Pagan:

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 8, 9, 10 and 12.)

“Numerous colonies ‘were found inside old Pagodas at Pagan. The

gular sac is present in both sexes of this species, though more fully

developed in the males, which latter, like those of longimanus and sacco-

loemus, have a circular gland below the sac.”—G.C.8.

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIIT.

TAPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The long-armed sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

gd 1. Mandalay.

6.8, 216." Pagan. :

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12.)

“ Very plentiful in Pagodas at Pagan,”—G.C.8.

TaAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

¢ 22. Mingun.

og 14, 2 5. Pagan.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10.)

“Very plentiful in Pagodas at Pagan and Mingun. Like other members

of the Genus, appears early on the wing and flies high. The Emballonuride

generally have a very cffensive smell.”—G.C.S.

TUPAIA BELANGERI SIccATUS, Thos.

The Burmese tree Shrew.

1888. Tupaia ferruginea, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 102 (parti).

1914. Tupaia belangeri siccata, Thomas, A.M. N.H., 8. xiii, p. 243.

36 5, 9 3. Mingun.

9 2. Ngapvinin.

dg 1. Kyouk Nyoung.

2 2. Pyawbwe, Yamethin Dist. (Collected by Capt. F. E. W.

Venning).

& Bye! 13824 MiePopa,

g 1. Pagan.

Dr. Lyon recently published a Monograph of the Tree-Shrews (Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 1—188, 1913). Still more recently Mr. Thomas took

up the question of the relationship of Tupara belangert and Tupaia chinensis.

Agreeing with Dr. Lyon, he came to the conclusion that belangert and

chinensis cannot be maintained as separate species, and the latter represents

the Yunnan form of belangert, which is itself a Tenasserim form. In the

course of his examination, Mr. Thomas found that, while apparently dis-

tinct, the form from the Dry Zone of Upper Burma had no name and he

accordingly named it “ siccatus.”” The present fine series supports entirely

the view taken by Mr. Thomas. The series in the Shan States

collection, provisionally rankel as “chinensis”, by Miss Ryley, belong to

this species.

‘“Plentiful and apparently evenly distributed throughout the dry belt.

Generally most numerous around villages where trees have been planted,

when it may easily be mistaken for Sciwrus pygerythrus. Although diurnal,

Tree Shrews also move about a good deal in the evening and are often

caught in traps set over night. In adults of both sexes there is a narrow

well defined gland on the throat around which the hairs radiate. During

life this gland has a slight smell of Civet, otherwise the arimal has no

perceptible odour.’”’—G.C.S.

Vernacular name—S HIN-zwi (Burmese),

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 469

CrocipURA FULIGINOSA, Blyth.

Blyth’s Shrew.

1856. Sorex fuliginosus, Blyth., J. A. S. B., XXIV, p. 362.

1888. Crocidura fuliginosa, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 126.

6 1. Mt. Popa.

This 1s almost certainly Blyth’s fuliginosus, with the description of which

it agrees. The type of fuliginosus was from Pegu. This is a most valuable

acquisition and will be most useful when the group comes to be worked out.

PacHyuRa (? ).

1. Ngazum, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens.)

A single specimen without skull. It is impossible to deal with it, it may

even be an immature individual of the Common Muskrat.

FreLis parpus, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

2 2. (1skull only). Mt. Popa.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 9, 11, 13 and 14.)

“Plentiful on Mt. Popa, as it apparently is throughout Burma”’.—G.C 5.

Vernacular name—Tuir or Kya-tuir (Burmese), Hso-so? (Shan).

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

g 2. Mt. Popa.

(See also all former Reports except Nos. 2, 8, 9, 13 and 14.)

“* Apparently not uncommon on Mt. Popa.’ —G.C.8.

Vernacular name—KYAUNG-BA.

FELIS BENGALENSIS, Kerr.

The Leopard Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

1 (no skull), Pakokuk (collected by Maj. Bowen).

(See also Reports Nos. 11, 14 and 15.)

Vernacular names—Tuit-cyuk (Burmese), Hen-wap (Shan).

FELIS TEMMINCEI.

The Golden Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

® 1, 1, (skulls only) Pyinmana. (Collected by C. B. Mog-

eridge).

(See Report No. 14.)

“Not heard of at Mt. Popa. Skins of above specimens seen and identi-

fied.”—G.C.S. .

470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

VIVERRA MEGASPILA, Bl.

1862. Viverra megaspila, Blyth. J. A. 8S. B., XXXI. p. 331.

1888. Viverra megaspila, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 47.

1 (no skull)—Allagappa, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C.

Owens.)

Vernacular name—KyAUNG-MYENG-KWETt (Burmese), HEN-HAWN or

AMNGE (Shan).

In Size and shape this animal is quite like 7”. zibetha, but it has a longer

muzzle. It is at once distinguishable from zdetha however by its colour

pattern, which is large dark spots on a light ground, especially on the

posterior half of the body. The black rings are usually united by a black

line along the upper side of the tail.

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1. Pakokku (Collected by Major Bowen).

gd 1. Mt. Popa.

1, Allagappa, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens.)

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15.)

Vernacular name—KYAUNG-MYIN or KYAUNG-MYENG.

PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODI'IUvS, Pall.

The Malayan Palm Civet.

1778. Viverra hermaphrodita, Pallas, Schr. Sang, III, p. 246.

1822. Viverra musanga, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII, p. 252.

1888. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 52,

3 5, 92. Mt. Popa.

3 3, 2 5. Mingun.

9 4. L. Chindwin. (Collected by G. W. Dawson, I.C.8.)

2 (skulls only) Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. O. Owens.)

This species differs from ‘nzger,’ the common palm civet of India, in

having a quite distinct marking of stripes on the back. Schwarz some

time ago described (A. M. N. H., VI, p. 230, 1910) a species “ vicinus”

from Assam much resembling the present form but with the ground colour

“oolden yellow.’”’ Some of the younger specimens in this series show a

yellowish tinge but nothing approaching golden yellow.

“ Apparently plentiful throughout the Dry Zone, identical with mzger in

its habits.”—G. C.S.

Vernacular name—KyauncG-wuM-Palk (Burmese).

Canis 1npicus, Hodgs.

The Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

o 2, Mt aeopa.

lL. Magwe. (Collected by J. P. Cook.)

(See also all former Reports except Nos. 2, 8 and 13.)

‘“‘Pairly plentiful and apparently widely distributed in Burma, although

not so frequently heard as in India. Well known round Mt. Popa,

Mandalay, Mingun and other parts of the Dry Zone, also ascending the

Shan Plateau to around Maymyo, where they used to be hunted, and

extending thence, though not in large numbers, as far East as the

Salween.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names—TsoUNG-KKWE or KHWE-A (Burmese).

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 471

CuoN RUTILANS, Muell.

The Malay Wild Dog.

1839. Canis rutilans, 8. Mueller, Verhandl. Zool., p. 27.

1888. Cyon rutelans, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 7].

Tqe fet. Mt. Popa.

“This specimen, which had only 10 mammee, was run down and killed

by a village dog, a thing most unlikely to occur with its larger Indian

congener, although adult, it only weighed 19 lbs. This species hunts in

packs like dukhunensis, but, owing to its small size, is much less destructive

to large game, its ordinary prey is probably Barking Deer, Goats, Hares or

other comparatively small animals ’’.—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—Taw-KHWE (Burmese), Manat (Shan),

HELICTIS PERSONATA, Is. Geoff.

The Burmese Ferret Badger.

1834. Meloyale personata, Geoffry, Bel. Voy. Zool., p. 137.

1888. Helictis personata, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 88 (partim),

Sri, SSS. Mt. Popa,»

Skull 1. Legyi, Sagaing. (Collected by Major F. C. Owens.)

The ‘ Ferret Badger’ is a very expressive name for this animal. It is

coloured uniformly brown but for the characteristic white markings on the

face, and a line from the forehead to the middle of the back. The terminal

portion of the tail is also white.

Blanford recognises only two species, v2z., orientalis, described from Java,

and the present species, which Geoffry described from “the neighbour-

hood of Rangoon, in Pegu.’’ Bonhote however who studied the genus in

1903 came to the conclusion (A. M.N. H., XII., p. 593) that there are two

well marked groups in the Genus characterised by the size of the teeth,

viz., the large toothed western forms and the small toothed forms from

Borneo, Formosa and China. In the first group he puts four species, v7z.,

nipalensis from India, personata from Pegu, ortentalis from Java and pierre:

from Cochin China.

‘“‘ Apparently widely distributed in the dry belt but nowhere plentiful.

A ferret-badger is known to occur around Maymyo, one having been killed

there by hounds. Two of the specimens, although nearly full grown, were

found in the same burrow with an old female which was still suckling them.

Three individuals which were kept alive for a short time were not aggres-

sively savage, and would allow themselves to be handled, though when

irritated they would snap at and hang on to anything like a true badger.

Although in habits this animal resembles the skunks it has no offensive

smell of its own and apparently mimics no other animal here as its congener

orientalis certainly does in Java.” —G.C.8.

Vernacular name—KYAUNG-U-KYIN or KyauNnG-v-G@y1 (Burmese).

LutTRa MAcCRODUs, Gray.

The Smooth Indian Otter.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

1 (no skull) Sagaing. (Collected by Major F. C. Owens.)

(See also Report No. 7.)

“Otters are said to be plentiful on the Upper Irrawady and Chindwin.”

—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—Hpyan (Burmese), Moun (Shan).

472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

SCLUROPTERUS PHAYREI PROBUS, Thos,

Blyth’s Flying Squirrel,

1891. Sciuropterus sagitta, Blanford, Mammalia, No, 235 (partim).

1914, Sciuropterus phayret probus, Thomas, Journ., B.N.H.S. Vol. XXIII.

Deh,

do 20, 9 14. Mt. Popa.

“Very plentiful on Mt. Popa, at an altitude of about 3,000 feet. Being

nocturnal and entirely arboreal and too small to be readily seen even on

moonlight nights, and having no loud distinctive call, it is often very

difficult to know when Sciuropterus occurs in a district. The present speci-

mens were all caught by day inside hollow trees at some distance from the

ground, not in dense forest but in partly cleared jungle around cultivation.

They probably feed in such places, partly at least, on custard apples,

guavas and other cultivated fruits.’”—G.C.S.

Vernacular name—SHIN-PYAN (Burmese),

BELOMYS, sp.

ola Mt. Popa,

1. Yin, Lower Chindwin. (Collected by G. W. Dawson, I.C.8.)

‘‘One specimen was caught on Mt. Popa in the same locality as 8c. ph.

probus ;it was probably a straggler from the heavy forest higher up the

mountain.’’—G.C.S.

RATUFA MELANOPEPLA, Mill,

The Tenasserim Giant Squirrel,

1900. Ratufa melanopepla, Miller, Proc. Wash. Ac. Se. II., p. 71.

1891. Sciurus bicolor, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 240 (partim).

Bi: 452 Bl) Ma. Popa.

19 (no skull) Yin, L. Chindwin. (Collected by G. W. Dawson,

1,C.8.)

This squirrel is very like gigantea, 2.c., entirely black above and _ entirely

buffy yellow below, but it is easily distinguishable at sight by the fact that

gigantea has the upper side of the forearm black, while in melanopepla

the yellow underside extends over the upper for a certain portion of the

forearm, between the wrist and the elbow. The present series is very

regular and averages considerably larger than typical me/anopepla from

Trang (just beyond the Tenasserim border). In the National Collection

there are however specimens from other parts of Tenasserim which are

nearly ‘or quite” as large as these, so it will be safer to class these as

melanopepla until we have representatives from Pegu, &c. Itis a surprise

to find this species here where one would have rather expected giyantea.

“Local and not very plentiful on Mt. Popa, only occurring in the heavy

evergreen forest near the top of the mountain.’”’—G.C.S.

Vernacular names—SH1N-NGAPAW-ANI or SHIN-NIGYI (Burmese), Mamat

(Shan),

SCIURUS FERRUGINEUS, F. Cuv.

The Burmese bay Squirrel.

1829. Sevurus ferrugineus, F, Cuvier, Mamm. pl. COXXXVIII.

18380. Scturus keraudrein, Lesson, Cent. Zool. pl. 1.

1891. Sceturus ferrugineus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 242.

35, 96, Mt. Popa.

A squirrel a little more than eight inches long with a tail slightly longer.

The whole animal is bay in colour except the feet which are black and the

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 473

tail tip which is white. These jast two characters serve to distinguish it

at once from the allied Siam form, cinmnamomeus, Temminck.

This is one of a group of squirrels which varies greatly in their colouring,

ranging from jet black to pure white. Ina paper on the group published

in 1908 (A. M. N. H., IL, p.3893) I pointed out the difference (noted

above) between it and cinnamomeus of Siam. The present series quite

confirm the result I then arrived at.

“On Mt. Popa this species only occurred in the thick jungle on the

higher slopes of the Mountain. Seen from a distance in a tree it appears

black, the white tail tip showing up conspicuously.”—G. C. S.

Vernacular names—SHIN-NGAPAW or SHIN-NI-GALE (Burma).

SCIURUS PYGERYTHRUS JANETTA, Thos.

The Irrawaddy Squirrel.

1832. Setwrus pygerythrus, Geofiry, Mag. Zool, Cl. 1.

1891. Setwrus pygerythrus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 248 (partim).

1914. Sciurus pygerythrus yanetta, Thomas, Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXIII,

p. 203.

3 5, 2 4. Mandalay.

pris, 2 li Mingon:

3 3, 2 5. Kyouk Nyoung.

36 1,9 4. Pyawbwe.

Oy Oc ba eOpe.

dil. Pagan.

)

Yin, 8S. Chindwin. (Collected by G. W. Dawson, I.C.8.)

ScluRUS PHAYREI BLANFORDI, Blyth.

Phayre’s Squirrel,

1855. Sctwrus blanfordi, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., XXXI., p. 333.

1891. Scturus pygerythrus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 248 (partim).

310, 295. Ngapyinin.

Mr. Thomas has kindly examined this series as well as those in the Shan

States Collection and the following are his conclusions.

“It would appear from this series (1) that the Upper Burma representa-

tives of S. phayret are distinguished from the typical form by their greyer

and less buffy general colour, and (2) that the prominence of the dark

lateral bands on the belly is influenced by season, the bands being strong

in examples in fresh pelage and nearly or quite disappearing as the fur

becomes worn.

Although the seasonal series is not complete round the year, there seems

a strong probability that the types of S. dblanfordi, obtained at Ava in

October 1861, without any trace of stripes represent a seasonal phase of

this species and I therefore use that name for them.”

Will some member who has access to Ava work out this conundrum ?

MENETES BERDMOREI DECORATUS, Thos.

Berdmore’s Squirrel.

1891. Sciurus berdmoret, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 258 (artim).

1914. Menetes berdmoret decoratus, Thomas, Journ. B. N. H. 8., XXIII,

p23. Ss Ya 2 Te. Mi Popa:

A small squirrel, rather larger than the common palm squirrel, with a

sharply pointed head. There are 5 distinct black stripes on the back.

Between and outside the outer pair of these on each side is a white stripe.

“ Occurring on Mt. Popa among rocks and stones, that are surronnded

by thick scrub, and often close to cultivation, up to 4,000 feet. Very shy,

A74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

running into holes and crevices at the slightest sound or movement. It is

essentially a ground squirrel, seldom, if ever, ascending trees, though by no

means confining itself to open country.’’—G. C.S.

Vernacular name—SHIN-BAYGAYA (Mt. Popa villagers).

VANDELEURIA DUMETICOLA, Hodgs.

Hodgson’s Tree Mouse.

1845. Mus (Vandeleuria) dumeticola, Hodgson, A. M. N. H., XV., p.'268.

1891. Vandeleuria oleracea, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 270 (partim).

3 1. Mt. Popa.

‘‘ Probably more plentiful than it appears to be. It is nocturnal and

arboreal, and is rarely trapped,’’—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name—NGaPyaw-cuHwet. (Mt. Popa.)

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

Variety with white underparts :—

3 5, Q 2. Pagan.

Go 12, Ovo; Mt. Bopa.

Q 2. Ngapyinin.

6 1,21. Kyouk Nyoung.

3 6, 2 6. Mingun.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 14 and 15.)

The dark bellied form, which unfortunately at the beginning of these

reports I labelled as ‘7ufescens,’ is here apparently entirely absent, as is

noted by Mr. Shortridge in sending in his Collection. True rattus, 7z.e., the

English ‘Black Rat,’ has practically deserted Britain and is now the

‘Sailor Rat,’ and with the improvement of communications has spread all

over the world. As we go Hast we seem to be getting into an area where

the white bellied form is indigenous, and vattus a mere tourist. To me the

evidence seems to be collecting that the original form of the species

rattus was a white bellied one, and that its earliest home was in Malaya.

Vernacular names—CHwET, CHwET-wUM-BYU (Popa).

Epimys concotor, Blyth.

The little Burmese Rat.

1859. Mus concolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B., XXVIII., p. 295.

1891. Mus concolor, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 273.

Ole Mingui:

¢ 1. Kyouk Nyoung.

3 28/7 SYST s Mt. Popa’

¢ 3. Pagan.

A small rat with the colouring of the common European house mouse.

its mammary formula of 2 pectoral + 2 inguinal on each side, “making 8 in

all” is most characteristic.

Blanford records it from Moulmein, but not North of 20°.

“Probably distributed throughout the Dry Zone. Very plentiful in

Popamyo Village, about half way up the Mountain, where it was very

much more plentiful than rufescens, although that species occurred in

normal numbers. It seems to be especially a house rat, seldom being

trapped far from habitations. Not so carnivorous as rufescens. At Popamyo

no animal matter seemed to be touched by them, though they were very

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 475

destructive to everything else. Very active, living largely in the roofs

of houses. Said to be subject to bubonic plague equally with 7wfescens.”’—

G.C.S.

Vernacular name—CHweErT-MweE (Popa).

LEGGADILLA SHORTRIDGEI, Thos.

Burmese Spiny Mouse,

1914, Legyadilla shortridgei, Thomas, Journ., B.N.H.S. XXIII, p. 30.

3g 4. Mingun.

Ge 19,.7°18) Mt. Papa;

6 2.0 Pagan.

“Very plentiful on Mt. Popa among rocks and around cultivation.

Trapped at Mingun in Prickly Pear thickets.”—G. C.S.

Mus MANEI, Kel.

The Common Indian House Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5).

Ogl, wePagan. ;

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 28 and 14).

There is only a single specimen in this collection, so for convenience I

place it under the name hitherto used for all but the specimens from

Kumaon. The present specimen however differs somewhat from true manei

in colouring, and may very well be an imported musculus.

“ Appears to be much more local or scarce than it was on the Shan

Plateau, possibly it is crowded out by Lpimys concolor, where that species

occurs.” —G. C. 58.

Mus nitiputus, Blyth.

Berdmore’s Mouse.

1859. Mus nitidulus, Blyth., J.A.S.B., XXVIII, p. 294.

1891. Mus nitedulus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 285.

g l. Pagan.

Mace yuo, GOLt. .Bopa,

g l. Mandalay.

“ Fairly plentiful on Mt. Popa in rocky country and around cultivation

although out numbered by Leggadilla and Mus booduga.”’ —G. C. 5S.

Mus soopuaga, Gray.

The Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

¢ 29, 2 29. Mt. Popa.

1 (flat skin) Ngazun, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens).

(See also all former Reports except Nos. 3 and 14.)

These seem to average a shade larger in body measurement than true

booduya from S. India, but the hind foot measurement does not show a

corresponding increase.

“Swarming on Mt. Popa, especially in the cultivated lands round

Popamyo. Probably widely distributed throughout the dry belt but like

many of the small rodents abnormally plentiful on Mt. Popa.”—G. ©. 5S.

Vernacular name—CHWET-GALE (Popa).

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXi1I.

GUNOMYS sp.

Thanks to specimens from Tenasserim (received later than these) I am in

a position to say that these are not G. varius. Thos. So far as I can judge,

neither are they bengalensis. As our knowledge of that species however is

based on very imperfect material and as undoubted specimens may be ex-

pected in the Bengal Orissa Collection, I prefer, for the moment, not to

give a specific name to this series. Both in skull and body proportions

these are markedly larger than any Jenyalensis that L have ever seen.

¢ 2. Mingun.

o 8, 9°10, Juv. Se Mit Pond.

Sls Pagan,

“Living in burrows close to houses, &c., like other Indian Bandicoots.

Plentifui in Popamyo Village and possibly in most towns and villages

throughout the Dry Zone. At Mingun an individual was trapped inside a

hollow tree about 8 feet from the ground.”’—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names—Taw-cHWET (Popa), Myr-cuweEtT (Pagan).

MILLARDIA KATHLEEN#, Thos.

The Burmese soft furred Field Rat.

1914. Millardia Kathleene, Thomas, Journ., B.N.H.S. XXIII, p. 29.

3 8, 29 6. Mt. Popa.

o 2386.0 Pagar:

‘“Plentiful at Pagan, especially in hedges around cultivation, also occur-

ring around Popamyo Village where it was much less nnmerous—nocturnal.”’

—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name—LE-cHwEt (Popa).

RHIZOMYS CASTANEUS, Blyth.

The bay Bamboo Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

15, 9 14. Mt. Popa.

1 (flat skin) Ngazun, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens).

(See also Report No. 14.)

“Occurring round every camp visited, both in dry and damp, open and

forest localities. Particularly numerous on Mt. Popa, where its mounds

were observed almost at the top of the mountain. Jhizomys evidently

breeds before coming to its full size. The very large specimens were not at

all plentiful, yet the more plentiful medium sized ones were evidently

breeding and to all appearances adult. I doubt if these rats often come

above ground except for mating or migrating purposes. The mounds on

Mt. Popa were much larger than those made by the small species on the

Shan Plateau.”

Vernacular name—Pwe (Burmese).

. Mingun.

ACANTHION BRACHYURUM, L,

The Malay Porcupine.

1758, Hystriv brachyura, Linneus. Syst: Nat: 10th Ed. p. 57.

3 2,21. Mt. Popa; 2. Allappa, Sagaing (collected by Maj.

F. C, Owens.)

I had identified these as H. bengalensis, Blyth. They were neither

leucura nor hodgsont, it seemed to me therefore that they must be bengalen-

sis, which I had never seen but with the description of which they agree

| MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 477

quite fairly. On going more fully into the matter (on receipt of specimens

from Tenasserim) it became evident that the proper name for them was

undoubtedly as above. It seems to me probable that when a specimen

of true bengalensis becomes available it will prove to be an Acanthion.

“ Plentiful on Mt. Popa. Porcupines are frequently gregarious as shown

by collections of earths with many entrances at Popa and Ngapyinium.

Weight of a large female 30 lbs.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name—Puyv (Burmese).

LEPUS PEGUENSIS, Blyth.

The Pegu Hare.

1855. Lepus peguensis, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XXIV, p. 471.

1891. Lepus peguensis. Blanford, Mammalia, No. 322.

g1. Mingun.

34, 2 15. Mt. Popa.

1. Ngazun, Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens).

2. Lower Chindwin. (Collected by G. W. Dawson, I. C. §.).

This is a very regular series and agrees closely with Blyth’s description.

From the Bengal Hare (ruficaudatus) it is at once distinguishable by its

black tail and white feet. Its near neighbour to the Hast is stamensis in

which the feet are not white. There isin the National Collection a small

series of a Hare, taken by Major Harington beyond Bhamo, which is cer-

tainly not this species. lt is to be regretted that the Survey failed to

obtain the Hare of the Shan Plateau.

‘Very plentiful in cultivated ground on the slopes of Mount Popa and

apparently widely distributed throughout the dry zone, but not always in

large nambers. Occurring to at least as far North as Mandalay and

Shwebo. A hare occurs on the Shan Plateau, fairly plentiful between

Maymyo and Lashio and probably extends to the Salween.”—%, C. 8.

Vernacular name—Yown (Burmese).

MuNTIACUS VAGINALIS, Bodd.

The Barking Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 2).

ole Mingun:

92. Ngapyinin.

Olay 2. Mt.2opa:

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 5, 7, 11, 14 and 15).

“ Plentiful everywhere where there is sufficient cover. Barking Deer go*®

about singly or in pairs and appear never to be gregarious, though there is

no doubt that females are more numerous than males. Im contrast with

their habits in 8. India, where in scrub jungle they are replaced by the

Four horned Antelope, in Burma the Barking Deer is abundant every-

where, both on the hills and in the plains, in tree Forest and among low

open scrub.”—G. C. 5.

Vernacular name—Gyi (Burmese).

(?) Sus oristatus, Wagn.

The Indian Wild Boar.

1 juv. (Skull only) Sagaing. (Collected by Maj. F. C. Owens).

Vernacular name—Taw-wet (Burmese) Mv, (Shan),

478 - JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Manis aunita, Hodgs.,

The Eastern Pangolin,

1836. Manis aunta, Hodgson, J. A. 8S. B., V., p. 234.

1891. Manis aurita, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 400 (partim).

32. Mt. Popa.

In dealing with Manis crassicaudata in Report No. 3, I pointed out that

the names pentudactyla and brachyura belonged to the Formosan Pangolin.

It is possible that that form is identical with the Nepal-Sikkhim one auwrita,

which apparently extends unchanged into, at any rate Upper Burma.

These specimens are certainly awwta and I adopt that name for them

leaving the question as to their identity with the Chinese Pangolin to be

settled later.

“Said to be uncommon on Popa, but probably occurring in suitable

localities throughout the dry belt. They are nocturnal, but, when migrat-

ing from one district to another, it is not uncommon for Pangolins to travel

by day. Skins are occasionally brought into Mandalay Bazaar for sale as

medicine to the Burmans and Chinese.’’—G, C. 8.

Vernacular names—THIN-GWE-GYyAaT or '‘THENG-U-JAH (Burmese), Lin

(Shan).

APPENDIX,

1. Hipposideros arnuger, Hodgs. The great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat.

3 2. Gokteik, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

2. Pipistrellus mimus, Wrought.—The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle,

1.—Maymyo, Collected by J. P. Cook,

3. Scotophilus kuhli, Leach.—The Common Yellow Bat.

3 1,921. Hsipaw, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook,

4. Pachyura hodgsoni, Blyth.—The Himalayan Pigmy Shrew.

1. Hsipaw, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

5. Petaurista lylet venningt, Thos.—Venning’s Flying Squirrel.

1891. Pteromysy gunnanensis, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 230 (partim).

1914, Petaurista lylet venningi, Thomas., Journ. B.N.H.S. Vol. XXIII,

DG.

3 l. Kalaw, 8. Shan States. Collected by Capt. F. E. W.

Venning.

6. Seturopterus spadiceus, Blyth.—The Pigmy Flying Squirrel.

1847. Scturopterus spadiceus, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B, XVI, p. 867.

1891. Seturopterus spadiceus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 236.

gd 1. Maymyo. Collected by G. B. H. Fell, C.LE., LC.S.

Sciurus ferrugineus, F. Cuv.—The Burmese Bay Squirrel.

d 1. Lawksawk, S. Shan States. -

2 1. Gokteik, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

Scrurus atrodorsalis shant, Ryley.—The Shan Squirrel.

Bae

g 1. Maymyo.

l. Hsipaw, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

3 2,2 1. Kalaw, S.Shan States. Collected by Capt. Venning.

9. Sevurus phayret blanfordi, Blyth.—Blanford’s Squirrel.

6 1,21. Hsipaw, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 479

10. Dremomys rufigenis adamsoni, Thos.—Adamson’s Squirrel.

1891. Sevurus rufiyenis, Blanford. Mammalia, No, 244 (partim).

1914, Dremomys rufigents adamsonit, Thomas., Journ. B. N. H. 54.,

Vol. XXITT, p. 25.

2 1. Kalaw, S. Shan States. Collected by Capt. Venning.

91,1. Maymyo. Collected by J. P. Cook.

A small squirrel, about 7 inches long, with a tail a couple of inches less.

Grizzled black and yellow, with markedly red cheeks, the under parts white,

except the midrib of the tail, which is red, like the cheeks. The chin is

much whiter than in true rufigents and the hairs of the inner sides of the

thighs are white to their bases instead of being partially slatey as in the '

Southern form. The specimens ranked as rufigents by Miss Ryley, in the

Shan States Report (No. 14) belong also to this subspecies.

ll, Epimys rufescens var.—The Common Indian Rat.

12. Bandicota sp.

go 1. Thaton, Tenasserim. Collected by R. Y. Littledale.

13, Muntiacus vayinalis, Bodd.—The Barking Deer.

1 juv. Hsipaw, N. Shan States. Collected by J. P. Cook.

The above specimens, though included in this collection, belong to the

Fauna of the Shan States, dealt with by Miss Ryley in Report No. 14.

Out of these 13 names no less than 7 do not appear in that Report. Of

these latter there are two (Nos. 9 and 10 above) which are names modified

as the result of further examination and they apply equally to the speci-

mens mentioned in Report No. 14. The remaining 5 are additions to our

list of the Shan Plateau Fauna—lI believe it has always been the hope of

the organisers of the Indian Mammal Survey (it certainly has been mine)

that besides its direct results, it would stimulate the interest of Members in

the Mammal Fauna of their Districts, and thus result in its being supple-

mented by their exertions. The above List, I venture to think, illustrates

how much remains to be done, and how much can be effected by local

private effort, after the Survey has passed on from any given District.

The following specimens, also included in the present Collection, belong

to areas, whose Fauna has not yet been collected by the Survey.

l. Felis tagris, L. The Tiger.

1. Mogoung, Myitkyina Dist, Collected by Capt. F. E. Venning.

Felis pardus, L. The Panther.

1. Kamaing, Myitkyina Dist. Collected by Capt. F. E. Venning.

3. Felis affinis, Gray. The Jungle Cat.

1 (no skull). Thayetmyo. Collected by F. B. Leach, I.C.S.

4. Felis bengalensis, Kerr. The Leopard Cat.

2, (no skulls) Thayetmyo. Collected by F. B. Leach, LC.S.

Mr. Leach’s two skins represent two types of colouring, one is normal

bengalensis (?) the other, with confluent spots and streaks is Hodgson’s

pardochrous. Can Mr. Leach or any other Member throw any light on the

question whether these are mere individual variations, or represent distinct

species (?) the above two specimens were taken at the same place on the

same day.

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Aonyr cinerea, Illig. The Clawless Otter.

61. Upper Chindwin. Collected by S. F. Hopwood, I.F.S.

6. Sciurus ferrugineus, F. Cuv.—The Burmese Bay Squirrel.

1. Pegu Yomas. Collected by J. P. Cook.

Epimys bowerst, And.—Anderson’s Rat.

1878. Epimys bowersi, And. An. Zool. Res., p. 304.

1891. Epimys bowersi, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 276.

2. Kindat, Chin Hills. Collected by 8. F. Hopwood, I.F.S.

481

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY),

i. R. BELL, 1.F.s8.

(Continued from page 103 of Volume XXIII.)

Part XVII,

(With Plate G.)

Norse ON THE PIERID&.

In regard to the coloured pictures of the butterflies belonging to the

family Pieridez in plates 1, J, K, and L, there is little to be said. They

are, generally, very good indeed. The following might be noted :

Leptosia xiyphia.—P1, I, figure 58. Is very good, except that the white is

not pure enough on the upperside, the brown has too much of red in it.

Delias eucharis.—P1. I, figures 59, male; 59a, female. It is the same with

this again: the brown has too much red everywhere and the yellow of the

underside is not clear enough.

Anapheis mesentina.—P1. I, figures 60, male; 60a, female. The male is

very good except that the brown is not black enough; the yellow of the

underside of the hind wing in the female is too red-soiled.

Huphina phryne.—P\. I, figures 61, male; 6la, female. The male is too

yellow on the upperside ; it should be pure white. The female is better but

the anal margin of the upperside of the hind wing is too yellow; the under-

side of hind wing is too soiled, the yellow is not clear enough.

Iaias pyrene.—P1. J, figures 65, male; 65a, female. In the female figure

the underside is too red in tone, the markings are browner; the upperside 1s,

perhaps, also, not clear enough, the base of the costa of fore wing is too red.

Ixias marianne.—P1. I, figure 62, male; Pl. J, figure 654, female. The

male is very good. In the female the broad border of the hind wing on the

upperside is not black enough; the base of fore wing on the upperside is not

clear enough grey. There has been a mistake made here evidently, for the

artist mistook figure 650 for a form of the female of J. pyrene.

Catopsilia—P1. L, Here the yellows and whites of the uppersides are

good, being pure and clear; however the yellows of the undersides of

figures 72a, b and 73a are again too red.

Terias.—P1. K, figure 69, Terizas leta, is too red altogether both above

and below; the same might be said about 70a, but it is the usual fault of

the process.

Pareronia hippia.—P1. I, figures 63, male; 63a, female. Here the male

upperside is not clear enough blue, the veins are not black enough ; the

female underside is too red.

The figures of Colotis, Pl. J, figures 6u, 67a and 68, as well as those of

Hebomoia glaucippe, figures 66, male, 66a, female on the same plate are very

erfect.

In the description of Colotis eucharis should be added that the male

upperside fore wing has the veins in the immediate vicinity of the orange

apical patch sometimes touched with black so as to form a more or less con-

tinuous inner black edging ; that the orange patch at apex of fore wing in

the femaleis sometimes wanting, its place being taken by the white ground-

colour. In the female the inner black bordering to this patch is always

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

curved which distinguishes it at once from the female of C. etmda, with

which it might easily be confounded, this border being always straight i in

this latter species; also the preapical black spot (often a short bar) on

upperside of hind wing is much more oblique than in etrida female, pointing

towards the end of cell instead of straight downwards towards the outer

disc of wing asin that species.

It has been said, under Pieris brassice, that no records of the earlier

stages are known and that it is somewhat doubtful whether it is a Plains in-

sect or not. This has elicited, from Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Govern-

ment Entomologist of the Agricultural Department at Pusa, the. inform-

ation that the butterfly has been reared in the Plains at Pusa and that “ it

occurs within about 100 miles of the Himalayas in EKastern and North

Bengal, Pee the United Provinces and the Punjab.”

Family—LycNIpD&,

This family of butterflies is composed of small to medium sized insects of

which many are some shade of blue on the upperside, the males being gene-

rally brighter coloured than the females; some species are brown, others

opper coloured, black, green (none in these papers however) or white and

are often banded, striped, mottled or suffused. They all have the great

advantage to classification or recognition of invariably being marked alike

on the underside in both sexes whatever the difference in colour of the

upperside so that there is little difficulty in connecting the males and

females of any particular species. The shade of the underside ground-

colour may differ somewhat but the markings never.

A,—Hind wing without tail or lobe of any sort, (see

Pl. H, fig. 56).

a. Underside white, silvery white or light grey.

a‘, Size 1:5” to 2”: male upperside with

the ground-colour orange-red, the fe-

male with the ground-colour white .. Cwuretis (Pl. H, fig.

56 3, 56a 2.) (17).

b', Size smaller: at most 1°36".

a’, Upperside blue, at least towards

bases of wings, underside white

spoted with black (in akasa, Horsf.

there is very little blue sometimes:

rer is more greyish) . . Lycenopsis. (4)

*, Upperside dark brown or black

Pic any blue; underside white

or sreyish-white, spotted with

brown or black.

a®, Underside, fore wing: pure

white with the cell unmarked.. Neopithecops. (1)

6°. Underside, fore wing: greyish-

white with a single, dark dot

in the cell *. .. Megisba. (8)

This represents the untailed form of Megisba ; for

the tailed form see under C. The amount of blue on

the uppersides of Lycenopsis varies with the species :

in the females it is always confined to the bases of the

wings and there is always a large, white, discal area.

b, Underside some shade of brown as ground-

colour, often very light.

a’, Underside, both wings: brownish-

white crossed by numerous, transverse,

darker brown strigze a .. Spalgis. (2)

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES or tag PLAINS or INDIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE G.

Figs. 41, 41a, Jamides bochus ee

A2, 42a, ¥ celeno Ba

A3, 43a, Nacaduba atrata ee

44, 4Aa, Catachrysops strabo Gai ee

45, 45a, ‘Tarucus plinus oh ae

46, 46a, Castalius rosimon oy eee

47, 47a, mi decidia dé? ae

48, 48a, Polyommatus beeticus g @

iy HOY Talicada nyseus 3

50, 90a, Catachrysops cnejus oe ae

O1, ola, ‘Tarucus theophrastes ore

02, 52a, Aphneeus vulcanus S °

Pou RAL TDOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PAS Ss

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourty pe.

+ i he

i : es

#* ‘e

. a

: : .

‘

}

‘

itta tan sy % ys

‘ \ t ; -}

Sn, lee &P

Ae wt:

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 4838

b', Underside, both wings: with no such

strigee : with spots, bands, &c.

a’, Underside, hind wing: with three

subbasal dots, often black: one

subcostal, one in base of cell, one

towards inner margin: all in a row.

a°®, Underside, fore wing: with a

postdiscal band formed by two

parallel, white lines enclosing

a strip of ground-colour .. Azanus, (6)

6°, Underside, fore wing: with a

series of postdiscal, generally

dark-brown or black spots

between veins (in Chilades tro-

chilus, Frey. this series is more

or less band-like, light, but

each spot is dislocated from

the other to form a band-like

series with step-like margin).

a*, Underside, hind wing:

with a postdiscal series of

well separated spots; un-

derside, fore wing: with a

white-circled dot. just be-

low costa between the

mark on_ discocellular

veinlets and the postdis-

cal series of spots (this

costal dot ‘is wanting in

Zizera otis however) wa Lazera’ (5)

b*, Underside, fore wing:

with no such dot, hind

wing : the postdiscal series

of spots band-like, oad

lar’, Chilades. (7)

bo’, Underside, hind wing : with no

such dots ; only whitish lines form-

ing transverse bands Ae Nacaduba. (11)

This Nacaduba includes only the one species N.

noreia, Feld, which has no tail to the hindwing. For

the tailed species, see C of this key.

_ &.—Hind wing with a short tvoth or projection

at ends of veins 1, 2, 3 showing merely as a pro-

jection in the fringe round the margin in L.

emolus, Godart a . Lycenesthes, (9)

('’.—Hind wing with a little Greate tail a “ati

of vein 2 on margin (see PI. G, fig. 49).

a, Upperside : ground-colour uniform black

with hinder half of wing orange... tame . tcodd. (bin Ge Le,

49). (8)

5, Upperside: ground-colour white, brown or

some shade of blue, generally with black or

brown border of varying width and, in

certain species, black spots.

a’, Fore wing underside: cell unmarked

inside the discocellular borders.

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

a2. Underside, hind wing: 3 subbasal

spots: one subcostal, one near inner

margin and one between these and

generally, a fourth below centre of

costa, one or more of which may be

black. In Zveres the spot near inner

margin may be very indistinct.

a>, Underside, hind wing: witha

postdiscal series of spots, al-

ways darker than the light-

grey ground-colour, distinct

and more or less separated,

rarely in a shape of a band,

the end one on inner margin

always punctiform ;

6°, Underside, hind wing: with a

postdiscal band, more or less

broken with the end of it on

inner margin elongate, not

punctiform; the band darker

than the light brown ground

colour .. 3 a

6°. Underside, hind pies with no

such spots . ;

. Underside, fore wing : with the cell

ae Ey inside the discocellular streaks.

a’. Underside, fore wing: with a single

dot only in ‘cell

This is the tailed form of Megisba malaya, Hors. :

the tailess form of the same species will be found

under A of this key.

6°, Underside, fore wing: with a band

across cell formed by a strip of

ground-colour included between

white lines.

a>. Underside, fore wing: the

band across cell not continued

below bottom margin of cell ..

The band across cell is really formed by two

parallel ‘brown’ ground-colour lines on a patch of

whitish suffusion in this case.

b> Underside, fore wing: with

the band across cell continued

across the whole wing, formed

by parallel, white lines on the

brownish ground-colour

The tailed form of Nacaduba come here; 2.e., all

except N. noreca, Feld. which is under A.

ec’, Underside, fore wing: witha short

or long streak in cell from base

along its top edge.

a>, Underside, hind wing: the

whole surface more or less uni-

formly covered with dark dots,

lines and bands on the white

or yellowish ground-colour

. Everes. (10)

Catochrysops. (13)

. Jamides. (12).

. Megisba. (8).

Lampides. (16).

Nacaduba, (11).

Tarucus, (14.}

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 485

6°, Underside, hind wing: with a

complete discal band of un-

sullied white ground-colour

from inner margin to, at least,

just before apex “4 . Castalius, (15).

The ground- colour of the upperside in males of

Tarucus is concolorous, slatey-blue in theophrastus,

F,, and plinius, F.; dark-brown or blackish in ananda,

de N. In Castalius the ground-colour is white with

broad black borders and, in rosemon, F., a blue border

to the black. The females in both genera have the

ground-colour white like the males in Castalius, in

Tarucus unlike.

D,—Hind wing: lobed or nearly so at anal angle

and with only one tail (see Pl. H, figs. 54, 54a,

55, 57, 57a.).

a. Hind wing: the tail feathery, long as hind

wing ; colour deep velvety black on upper-

side in male with the tail cream-coloured

brown in female, the tail white .. . Bindahara, (38).

6, Hind wing with the tail broad and nearly

half as long as wing; colour of both sexes

alike, golden-yellow or orange-yellow with

broad black border .. et Versuri newiarura (Pl. i, fag.

55) (34).

ce. Hind wing: tail broad and much shorter

(see Pl. H, figs. 57, 57a). Colour on the

upperside brilliant blue, with or without

black border: blue, purple or brown in

the female, with black border.

In Surendra, Iraota, Mahathala there are little

points at the ends of the veins above the tail but

these cannot be called tails.

a, Hind wing: costal margin (look at

the underside of wing) before apex pro-

duced upwards to form a ar

tooth ne .. Mahathala. (20).

b', Hind wing: costal margin even.

a’, Hind wing: the tail at end of

vein 1 broader than a thread, the

point at end of vein 2 in TIraota

sometimes quite long.

a®*. Underside: variegated with

grey and white on a rich

chocolate ground which may

shade into brownish towards

outer margin .. a% .. Iraota. (18).

6°. Underside: plain brown, ru-

fous, &c., at most dark or

blackish suffusion in places,

the only distinct marking

being a narrow, straight, line-

like fascia from apex of fore

wing curving to inner margin

of hind wing; this fascia may

be obsolescent sometimes .. Amblypodia. (21).

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

6?, Hind wing with the tail at end of

vein 2.

a>, Both wings, underside:

marked with distinct bands .. Arhopala. (22).

6? . Both. wings, underside:

marked with lines, not bands.. Surendra male. (19).

d, Hind wing: the tail thread-like, at end of

vein 2.

a’, Fore wing, underside: with a narrow,

discal band with straight margins from

. before middle of costa to, or near to

inner margin before tornal angle, of

even width throughout : less than 2mm.

in width at costa : . Rapata, (36)

6. Fore wing, underside: the band over

2mm. at costa, the margins more or less

dislocated sometimes.

a’, Upperside: rich red (male) or fine

earth-brown (female), with broad,

black border, always without sign

of discal white or orange patch .. Deudorix, (35)

6°. Upperside: colour dark slate-blue

bright metallic blue (males) or

brown, suffused towards. base of

wings with slate-blue or bright blue

(females); with orange or white,

discal patch on fore wing sometimes. Virachola. (Pl. H, figs.

54, 54a.) (389).

#.—Hind wing with anal, lobe and two tails. (see

Pl. G., figs. 52, 52a; Pl. H, figs. 53, 53a)

a. Hind wing: the tails feathery, long and

tibbon-like and white.

a’. Hind wing : the outer tail three times

as long as the inner (the outer as long

or longer than the hindwing) expanse

of insect over 1:5” . Cheritra (37).

6‘. Hind wing : the outer tail only half as

long as inner tail (the longer hardly as

long as the wing) ; expanse of insect 1:2" Zeltus. (30)

6. Hind wing: the tails ordinary, broadened,

not long nor white .. : . Surendra female. (19)

This is the female of Surendra male nate D; the

female is brown on the upperside.

ce. Hind wing: with outer tail at least thread-

like, of ordinary length, the other never

e very long.

a’. Underside, fote wing: the cell quite

immaculate.

a’. Underside, both wings: white with

brown markings; a subbasal dot

below costa of hindwing .. .. Chhiaria (28)

6*. Underside, both wings: silver,

white, clear grey or rather light

creamy brown, quite immaculate

up toa thin, postmedial, dark line.

(P1.°H, figs. 58, 53a).

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 487

a®. Underside: creamy-brown with

an indian-red, thin line to

both wings postmedially ; the

wales have a lobe on the

inner margin of fore wing

upon which, underneath are

two tufts or pencils of hair,

one above black and directed

outwardly, the lower one at-

tached to the edge of lobe

being light ochreous ; the male

upperside is bright metallic

blue, the female light sky-blue,

both with a wide black apex

to forewings .. ae .. Creon, (24).

6°, Underside: silver or clear,

pearly-grey with a dark, post-

medial line at least to hind

wing; the males with the in-

ner (hinder) margin of fore

wing convex at middle and,

underneath, bearing a tuft of

black hairs; the upper margin

of hind wing bears also a large,

glandular patch of scales at

base of subcostal nervure.

The males and females’ are

similar to Creon as regards

colouration of uppersides .. Pratapa, (25).

e*°. Underside: pure chalk-white

as far as a postmedial line on

both wings (¢xdra, Moore), or

a Clear light grey with a thin,

dark, postmedial line at least

to the hind wing; males

bright, brilliant, metallic-blue

on the upperside or’ sky-blue

(like female: jehana, Moore) ;

females are brown ( indra,

Moore) or light-blue .. .. Lajuria (Pl. H#., figs

53, 53a.) (26).

6’. Underside, fore wing : the cell marked

with transverse bands or spots which

are continued across wings.

a. Underside: the transverse bands centred ,

with silvery scales .., oe 4 .. Aphneus (Pl. G, figs.

52, 52a). (27).

6. Underside: the transverse bands or spots

thinly edged with white ys . Zezius male. (23).

The female of Zezius will be found under co she i is

light blue on the upperside, the male being dull cop-

per red.

F, Hind wing with lobe and three tails which are

not very long and rather broad .. . Thaduka., (29).

G. Hind wing with no lobe, or lobe very small and

three thread-like tails,

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

a. Upperside: ground-colour dark brown; the

underside: variegated inside a postmedial,

white band profusely with white and black

lines on an orange ground .. vhs . Rathinda. (31).

6. Upperside: ground-colour blue or brown

(brown only in one species: Horaga viola,

Moore).

a’, Underside, fore wing: brownish-yellow

with a broad, white, transverse, discal

fascia to both jwings.i.20!)...6..64 0.8 Horaga. (383)

b' Underside, fore wing: with no fascia ;

wings traversed by bands, complete

or broken.

a. Underside: the bands edged with silver.. Catapacilma. (32)

b. Underside: the bands edge with white.... Zeziws female. (23)

This section G contains butterflies with the lobe to

the hind wing very small or entirely wanting ;it is

easily distinguishable in Zezzus, is very small in Horaga

and is quite negligible in Rathinda and Catapecilma.

The male of Zezius with only two tails is in E of this

key.

1. Genus—NEOPITHECOPS.

Only one species, dark purplish-brown; paler on

the disc; sometimes, in the dry season, with white,

discal patch ; underside white, with black markings.

Size: 0.6" to Lays aes © 6 oh ese ek ieee eee zalmora.

The larva is normal, green in colour; the pupa

normal, green or pinkish-brown blotched darker. Food-

plant: Murraya pentaphylla of the Rutacee ; feeding

upon the flowers generally ; larva attended by ants.

2, Genus—SPpa.ais.

One species only. Colour dull brown, darker to-

wards apex, generally with a white patch on disc of

fore wing ; underside grey-brown with many darker

strige, Size%"0°8" tole teres 2. cee ee eee epius.

The larva and pupa are normal in shape but the

larva covers itself over with the dry skins and cottony

fluff of the Coccide or scale insects among which it

lives and upon which it feeds; it is one of the very

few insectivorous larve known amongst the butter-

flies in India; it is certainly the only one known that

will under no circumstances eat vegetable food.

3. Genus—MazcIsBa.

Contains only one species, in appearance very like

Neopithecops zalmora, Size: 0.9"to 1:3" ........5 malaya.

The larva and pupa are unknown as is also the

foodplant.

4, Genus—LycANopPsIs.

There are five species occurring which may be met

with in the Plains or hill stations of the Bombay

Presidency.. The commonest by far, however, is puspa.

A, Undersides in both sexes with the markings

thin or small.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

a. Male and female similar: the upperside

fore wing white with broad, black border

both with blue only at base. Size: 1:1”

REN eee ee RATE EN CM Se ns ee akasa.

b. Male and female: upperside dissimilar;

blue in the male; the females distinguished

as under :—

a’. Upperside of male dull indigo-blue ;

the female with white discal patch

to fore wing. Size: 1°34” to 1:52”.... albidisca,

b', Upperside of male uniform dark pur-

plish-blue ; that of female bluish-purple,

paler outwards. Size: 1°25” to 1:40”... limbata.

B, Undersides in both sexes with the markings

prominent and coarse.

a. Underside slightly bluish-white, the veins

very slenderly black. Size: 1:28” to 1:36".. puspa.

b. Underside opaque chalk-white, the veins

concolorous. Size: 1°42" to 1°45" ........ hilacea.

The shape of the larva and pupa of puspa is normal,

but the former is covered with minute, white,

star-topped hairs ; the colour is generally green; the

pupa is pinkish with darker blotching. The food-

plant is always leguminous: Cylista and others.

5. Genus—ZIzERA.

A, Fore wing, underside: a dot in the middle of cell.

a. Expanse : over 1°25” mm. Upperside, male :

light-blue, silvery in certain lights; female,

brownish black, sometimes purplish at base

Orawingssmsizel lO! taik Qe wie ees 38 maha.

b. Expanse: under 0°75”. Upperside, male,

violaceous blue; female, pale satiny-brown.

pe 2 feeb UO anaes Slt cv iene 9 # ete lystmon.

B, Fore wing, underside: cell immaculate.

a. Fore wing, underside: a spot on costa just

before the discocelullar veins. Size: 0°8” to

Me eta eR aR TANT hee es ee hc ag es gaika

6. Fore wing, underside: no such spot. Size:

Beet TS OE DS a ges? a heel an arn a ots.

These are all Plains species and somewhat weak

fliers. They are generally found flying near the

ground, amongst grass, &c. The larva and pupa

are normal, though both are rather thin, the former

being flower-feeders and vary, therefore, in colour.

LIysimon feeds on Acanthacee; gaika and otis upon

Leyuminosea, mostly Vetches. The larvee are attended

by ants at times.

6. Genus—AZANUS,

A, Fore wing, underside: a black dot in the middle

earn cell. «.Sizectd eye aIes a ae jesous.

BL, Fore wing, underside: no dot in cell.

a. Underside: greyish-brown with, on the

hind wing, a conspicuous, transverse, sub-

basal series of four black spots. Size:

BRON) © als ola 4g we ea ctwca ls minty soy § ubaldus.

489

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

6. Underside: greyish-white with, on the hind

wing, these spots only slightly traceable.

Size: 1! to LL Nei. \, senikte ete nee eee uranus.

These are true butterflies of the Plains, never,

seemingly, being found anywhere in jungles. They

are all blue on the uppersides in the males and

brown in the females. Ubdbaldus has, in the male, a

patch of specialized scales on the disc of the fore-

wing ; wranus is probably only a seasonal form of it.

Larvee and pupze normal. The foodplantis Acacia

indica, a species of the Plains. The larve are attend-

ed by ants.

7. Genus—CHILADES.

A,—Hind wing, underside: with a row of, at least

three, nearly marginal, perfectly round, black

ocelli sprinkled with metallic scales, often an

ochreous patch near tornus. Size: ‘07” to 1” .. trochilus,

#4,—Hind wing, underside: with no such ocelli.

Size: 1:10" to 1:26” .. .. baius.

Laius is blue on the upperside i in the male, in the female only at the base

of the wings generally ; trochilus always dark silvery brown.

Larve of both species normal as well as the pupz. ‘The larve of laius

feeds on limes, of the other on Heliotropum (Scrophulariacee) and Legu-

minosee : vetches, and are attended by.ants as a general rule.

8. Genus—TALIcaDA.

Only one species. Size: 1:30” to 1:60” .. .. nyseus (Pi. G, fig. 49).

A not uncommon insect though somewhat local.

Larva and pupa normal; foodplant: Bryophyllum calycinum of the

Crassulacee ; the larva feeds inside the fleshy leaves and is sometimes

attended by ants.

9. Genus—LYCANESTHES.

A.—Hind wing, underside: with a white-ringed well

defined dark spot near base below the costa.

Size: 1:1” to 1:25" . ng .. lycenina,

4.—Hind wing, underside: no such spot. ‘Size: t Fai

to 1:3” ‘ .. emolus.

Both these butterflies are hill species and may possibly be met with at

the Hill stations on the Western Ghats.

Larvee and pupeze normal. Larve attended by the common Red Ant

(Gcophylla smaragdina, F.). Foodplants: Wagatea spicata and Acacia

pennata for the former; Cassia, Saraca, Heynea trijuga and Nephelium Litcht

for the latter.

10. Genus—EvEREs.

Only one species, found everywhere, most common-

ly away from jungles. Colour blue of some shade,

occasionally nearly completely brown in the female

on upperside. Size: 09” to 1:2” “i: .. argiades,

Larva and pupa normal, , Foodplant: Laguminosee.

ll. Genus—NACADUBA.

A.—Expanse under 1” a a .. ardates,

5.—Expanse over I|”,, a 3 oe . atrata! (Pia aes

“pe | 43 $, 48a.)

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 491

The colour of the males upperside is dark slaty-purple, the female dark

brown with the disc whitish, suffused with blue in both species; the

undersides are light brownish with darker bands defined by whitish lines, of

ardates the ground-colour is sometimes fawn.

Larvee and pupze normal, the former attended by ants. Foodplants:

Acacia in the case of ardates, mainly the flowers being eaten ; Lmbelia

robusta for the other.

12. Genus—J AMIDES.

A,—Upperside: brilliant blue in the male, paler

and not brilliant in the female; both wings with

a brown border. Size: 1:25" told” .. en uchis.*\ CEL, Grae jig,

41 3,41laQ.)

B,.—Upperside: pale bluish-white in both sexes,

with darie-brown borders: Siz62rL! to 1-67 s |... celeno,. : (Pl... Gy figs.

42.3, 4209.)

There is niteinee species, like celeno but with a wash of brilliant blue

over the white, called elpzs, found in the hills of Western India: the larva

feeds upon cardamoms. Both bochus and celeno are Plain species.

Larve and pupz normal; attended by ants occasionally. Foodplants :

Leguminosee, generally the flowers.

13. Genus—CaATACHRYSOPS.

A,—Fore wing, underside : a dot on costa between

discocellulars and’ postdiscal band of spots.

BiZe LOO Ha. a Ss = Se St B00a Ll. Gy 19S

443, 44a.)

B,—Fore wing, underside: no such dot on costa.

a. Hind wing upperside: two distinct black

ocelli just inside margin near tornus.

Size: 1” to 1:3” =! “re im ., onejus. (Fl. G, figs.

503, 50a.)

6. Hind wing, upperside: only one of these

ocelli cistatiet, ara es Wculits Size: 0°9” to

ea Ee dane. 2. pandava.

Are all three common Plain insects, nae are found also in the jungles

and hills. The first two are light-greyish on the underside, pandava rather

dark brownish; upperside in the males of the first two is pale violet or pale

purplish, of the females brown, the disc in strabo female being whitish, the

base shot with blue in the females of both species; upperside of male

pandava lavender-blue, female like that of cnezus.

Larve and pups normal, attended by ants generally ; foodplant: Legum-

nosee, such plants as Butea frondosa, Acacia, &c., generally, the flowers being

eaten; but the larvie of strabo are found on other things also. Figured on

Pl. II, figs. 21, larva 21a, pupa of enejus.

14, Genus—Tarvucvus.

A,—Underside of hind wing: a continuous line

bordering the terminal row of spots on the

inside.

a. Underside, hind wing: the terminal row of spots

all metallic blue. Size: 0°8” to to 1:20” .. theophrastus. (Pl. G,

Jigs. 513, 5la 9°.)

6. Underside, hind wing: the terminal row of

spots dark brown. Size: 0°8” to 1:2” sme EDULIS ot Lae Ce put OOS,

45 3, 45a 2.)

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

#.—Underside of hind wing: no continuous line

bordering the terminal row of spots. Size: 0°8”

to 1:2" ‘ .. ananda.

The two first species ¢ are found averywhors: in the Plains and in the hills,

in the jungles and in the dry, waste places of India, being rarer, however,

in the jungle tracts. Ananda is a hill species, plentiful in Kanara. The

males of the first species are pale purple to violet-blue on the upperside ;

of the second dark violet; ananda is deep-purple with the spots showing

through from the underside; the females of the first two are blackish-brown

with white discal markings, both wings shot with blue towards the base,

to a greater extent in theophrastus than in the other; female ananda is

suffused over the whitish disc with brown and is also shot with blue towards

base.

The larvee and pupe are quite normal and are greedily attended by ants,

generally of the genus Cremastogaster; so much are these insects necessary

to the comfort of theophrastus and ananda, indeed, that the genus of the

foodplant seems to be of little importance as long as the ants are there.

Plinius has been bred on flowers of Aldizzia and Sesbania; the other two on

Rhamnace (Zizyphus) and other plants, such as Mistletoe, Jasmine, &c.

15. Genus—CastTALIUS.

A.—Hind wing, underside: outer margin with

a lunulate black line and no regular row of

black spots inside it. Size: 1:1 to 1°35” a Aen (EL. Gee figs.

73,47a 9.)

4.—Hind wing, underside: outer margiv with no

lunulate black line but a regular row of black

spots instead of it.

a. Hind wing, underside: with a single row of

black spots inside the marginal one. Size:

sdf ton 250 oe we ee .. ethion.

6. Hind wing, underside : with three rows of

black spots inside marginal row. Size: 1:1!

to 1°35” :% on . s4 .. rosimon. (Pl. G, figs.

46 3, 46a 9.)

These butterflies are really not separable from Tarucus. All but rosimon

are hill insects, dectdia being, however, found sparingly in the Plains.

The males are like the females in colouration as a rule; ethion male differ-

ing from its female by having a blue edging to the broad black border,

differing also from both sexes of decidia in this. Both species differ from

rosimon by the broader, more even-edged black border to wings and by not

being shot with blue at the base.

The larve of all are normal; so are the pupx ; they are all attended by

ants. The foodplants of the species is generally some species of Zizyphus

of the family Rhamnacee.

16. Genus—LAMPIDES.

Only one species. Size: 1:25" to 1:40” vs ‘baticus. (LL GS jigs.

48 3, 48a Q.)

A widely distributed insect, found throughout the Old World. Male:

violet-blue above with a minutely frosted appearance; female upperside,

brown with, sometimes, bluish sprinkling towards bases of wings. Under-

side pale greyish or brownish ochreous with bands.

Larva and pupa normal. Foodplant: Leguminosee of many kinds; the

flowers being eaten. Larva is attended by ants.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 493

17, Genus—CurRETIS.

A, Underside: white, not silvery. Size: 1:25” to

1:4” 4 ea <i P co, thettsl (Fla i, Figs.

56 3, 56a 2.)

B. Underside: silvery-white, Ea tonaek ean

with black dust. Size: 1:8” to 2” te OULte:

Thetis may be found anywhere; dulis is more or less confined to the hill

tracts and jungles. The males of both are dark glossy cupreous-red,

females white, both with black borders.

The larvee and pupze are abnormal, never attended by ants; see

Introductory part of these Papers, paragraph 2 0n page 29 (14) of Vol.

XIX, Part 1 of the 15th April 1909 of this Journal. The foodplants are all

Leguminosee. See Pl. II, figs. 28, larva ; 28a, pupa.

18. Genus—Iraota.

Only one species. Size: 1:5” to 2” .. timoleon.,

Male upperside deep metallic-blue with broad black border, female same

blue but not metallic, also with border.

Larva and pupa normal, attended by ants sometimes. Foodplant

Ficus indica, the common Banyan: the young shoots and tender leaves.

19. Genus—SuURENDRA,

Only one species. Size: 1°55” to 1°62” .. .. quercetorum.

Male purplish-blue, broad black border; female brown. This is a hill

insect, never, as far as information goes, found in the plain country.

Larva flattened with segments "3 and 4 somewhat prominent ; pupa

normal; attended by ants. Foodplant: Acacia cesia and pennata.

90. Genus—MAHATPALA.

There is only one species. Size: 1°6” to 1:9” .. ameria,

he insect is said to have been captured in Calcutta and, for that reason,

it is mentioned here. Nothing is known about its transformations.

21. Genus—AMBLYPODIA,

Only one species. Size: 1:6” to 2” E 2 ARLE,

Males, upperside deep purple with narrow black border to wing. Females

have the disc brighter blue from base, outer area dark-brown, or the whole

wings dark-brown. Underside of various shades of brown, red-brown or

ochreous. prasad

Larva of the type of Surendra rather, but deeper, narrowed in after-part

so as to resemble a shoe in outline, oily yellow-green with electric-blue

longitudinal bands ; pupa normal, stout ; never attended by ants. Food-

plant : Olax scandens. See Pl. II, figs. 22, larva; 22a, pupa. t4 e «

This is not a Plains butterfly but may possibly be met with in the hill

stations of the Western Ghats.

22, Genus—ARHOPALA.

A, Size large: 2” to 2:5",

a. Fore wing, underside: markings blurred

and indistinct to a large degree, the spots

in the cell only recognisable as such by

their borders of white ut os .. centaurus, (Pl. H,

figs. 57 3 ,57a2.)

6. Fore wing, underside: the markings clear

and well defined, the spots in the cell

darker than the ground-colour a .. amantes,

B. Size smaller: 1:4” to 1:7” 3 es .. Ahewitsont,

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

These are our brightest ‘ Blues”, and the largest; the males are very

brilliant, with narrow black borders to wings, the females less so with

broad black borders. They are very powerful fliers and difficult to catch.

Hewitsoni is not found in South India, the other two are, though amantes is

apparently confined to the hills.

The larve are much flattened, the pups are normal; the two first

species are much attended by Red Ants: Ctcophylla smaragdina in the

nests of which the, pupation often takes place. The foodplants are,

generally, Terminalia tomentosa and paniculata of the Family Combretacee ;

but, the ants seemingly being necessary to the health of the larvee, these

latter have been found also on Xylia dolabriformis and other Leguminosee

as also on Layerstremia of the Lythracee. See Pl. Il, figs. 23, larva ;

23a, pupa.

93. Genus—ZESIUS.

Only one species. Size: 1:3” to 1:9” a .. chrysomallus.

The male is pale cupreous-red with outer margins brownish, the female,

larger, is brown shot with blue at base of wings.

The larva is abnormal, of the shape of Arhopala but with the front and

’ hinder segments dilated into teeth; pupa normal; attended constantly by

Red Ants, without which the larva will not live in health; pupation

nearly always in the ants’ nest. Foodplant: generally Combretacee.

The larvee are regular cannibals, eating each other and the pupze whenever

they get a chance.

24, Genus—CreEon,

One:species. Size: 1:2” to 1:5" .. ; .. cleobis,

A hill species. The. larva is somewhat abnormal, being in shape like

that of Amblypodia; the pupa is attached by the tail, the anal segments

being lengthened and broadened out at the extremity like a horse-shoe for

the purpose, and stands out free from the support. Foodplant; Loranthus

generally L. scurrula.

25. Genus—PRATAPA,

One species. Size: 1:2” told” .deva.

Also a hill species. The larva is like that of ‘Creon above and so is

the pupa. There is another butterfly which occurs in-Kanara but is very

rare even there, which has a larva and pupa very like this species, namely,

Ops melastigma. It is larger than P. deva and has a large black stigma on

the disc of the forewing on the upperside; it is brown-creamy in colour on

the underside.

Another species, known as Tajuria argentea, Aur.,is also found in

Kanara but it is a Pratapa, not a Tajuria, having the same velvety larva,

not a naked one las in the latter genus. The larvae of Creon and Pratapa

are pink-brown, as is also that of Ops, while that of argentea is green.

26. Genus—TaJuRIA,

A, Underside: the outer half of both wings

brown, separated sharply from the _ pure-

white basal half... Size:.1:4” to 1:8” .. wmdra,

B,. Underside: whole surface uniform.

a. Hind wing, underside : with metallic greeny-

blue scales on black tornal spots and _ be-

tween them. Size: 1:2”-1°8"., in ee cippus. (Ply yee

53d, 58a 2.)

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 495

6. Hind wing, underside: with some light blue

scales between the spots, never metallic.

size :-1'2"-1°5" ; .. jehana.

The males of indra and cippus are > deep metallie-blue on the upperside,

the female of the former is dark-brown, of the latter light-blue with broad

black border ; both sexes of jyehana are rather like the female of cippus :

light-blue.

The larvz are ofthe same type as those of Camena, so are the pups ;

and, like those, are hardly ever attended by ants; the foodplant is also

Mistletoe. See Pl. II., figs. 28, larva; 23a, pupa.

97. Genus—APHNAUS.

A, Hind wing, underside: with the subbasal band

quite regular and entire, never broken; colour

upperside: brown with orange markings.

Size : 0°8” to 1°5” Ar A aa .. vulcanus. (Pl. G, figs.

52g ,52a 2.)

B, Hind wing, underside: with the subbasal band

broken, generally into three spots, never

regular or entire.

a. Fore wing, upperside: very dark slaty-blue

in male, or dark-brown in female, bordered

broadly with black, the markings of under-

side showing dimly through, though never

yellow. Size: 1:2” tol: gr ; . lohita.

The dry-season form of this has been designated ordinarily as a dif-

ferent species: A. concanus.

b. Fore wing, upperside: pale lilacine-blue in

male, pale-brown in female, with broad

darker border ; markings of underside show-

ing through much paler. Size: 1:1” to 1:5”. Jilacinus.,

ce, Fore wing, upperside: brown with large tri-

angular orange patch before apex, reaching

the costa, markings of underside showing

through on it as black spots and bands.

Size: 1°35” ae a Pop tcl iS.

A, elima is probably the “dry-season form of

this, being much paler underneath both as to

ground-colour and markings.

d, Fore wing upperside and hind wing: chiefly

orange, markings of underside showing

through as black spots and bands through-

out. Size: 1-1-6" ; .. Aypargyrus.

All but lohita and typical ictis are Plains butterflies, these two being

chiefly confined to the hills. They are all very fast fliers and cannot be

mistaken for any other Lycenid owing to the generally bright undersides,

always with metallic scales bordering the bands.

The larve are abnormal, with tubercles ; pupze normal ; much attended

by ants ; the foodplant is chosen, indeed, on account of the ants.

28. Genus—CHLIARIA.

A,—Fore wing, underside: a dot inside the costa

above middle of cell. Size: 0°9" to1:2” .. .. othona,

B,—¥ore wing, underside: no such dot. Sizes LL!

to 1:3" .. nilgrrica,

These are both hill species. “ Othona male is sky-blue on the upperside ;

the female is dusky brown with the hinder third of the hindwing suffused

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

with grey. Nlgirica male is reddish-brown, glossed with purple in some

lights ; the female is dull smoky blackish.

The larva of othona which is the only species bred, is of normal shape

except that it has a pair of well-separated, short tail-points ; it is generally

red in colour. The pupa is normal. The foodplant is Orchids, the most

common being Cottonia, rides crispum and Rhynchostylis, the flowers

generally being eaten. Ants sometimes attend the larve.

29, Genus—THADUKA.

One species. Size: 1°6”’ to 1:9" .. multicaudata.

Male and female alike on the upperside: ‘brilliant azure-blue, bordered

broadly black.

Larva arrhopaline; pupa normal. Foodplant: Trewia nudifiora of the

Euphorbiacee. The caterpillars are gregarious.

30. Genus—ZELTUS.

One species. Size: 1:2” to 1:5” si .. etolus.

This is not a butterfly of the Plains. The male is black with long feathery

white tails; the female is brown with similar tails. Transformations

unknown.

31. Genus—RATHINDA.

One species. Size: 0°95" to 1:3” .. .. amor.

Not a Plains species either ; though it may be found on the borders. It

is sure to be found in all hill stations.

Larva abnormal with long, dorsal and lateral, fleshy processes; pupa

like that of Tajuria, Creon, &c. Foodplant: Ivora, Croton, Blachia, Loran-

thus, &c., &c. See Pl. Il., figs. 27, larva ; 27a, pupa.

32. Genus—CaAaTAP@CILMA.

One species only. Size: 1:1” to 1:4” .. elegans.

Male, upperside: dark violet-blue ; female, pale violet-blue, the first bor-

dered narrowly black, the second broadly.

Larva and pupa normal ; very much frequented by ants. Foodplant:

Terminalia paniculata of the Combretacee.

33. Genus—HoraGa.

A,—Underside, both wings: with a broad white,

oval fascia crossing them. Size: 1:15” to 1°35” .. onyx.

B.—Underside: a white spot on on the fore-

wing. Size: 0°0"'to 1”- .. : . .. viola.

Both hill species, found in Kanara. Transformations unknown, at least

for the Bombay species.

34. Genus—LoxuRA.

Only a single species. Size: 1:25” to 1:8” .. atymmus. (Pl. H, fig.

55.)

Upperside florid orange to saffron-yellow with fuscous margins to

wings.

Larva and pupa of the type of Pratapa; attended by ants. Foodplant:

Dioscorea pentaphylla, one of the Yams.

35. Genus—DeruUDORIX.

One species. Size: 1:4" to 2” © .. epyarbas.

Male dark orange-scarlet on upperside ; ; “female fuscous-brown ; both

with a broad, dark brown border to wings. A fast flier.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 497

The larva is somewhat of the type of Pratapa but has the anal segment

flattened slantingly ; pupa normal. Foodplants: Pomegranate, Connarus ;

the larva living inside the fruits and feeding there ; occasionally visited by

ants.

36. Genus—RAPALA.

A.—Upperside, both wings: scarlet; female brick-

red, with black borders. Size: 1:3” to 1:6" = .. melampus.

B.—Upperside, both wings: blue in both sexes.

a. Underside, both wings: with postmedial

band narrow: under mm. Size:1:1” to

1:5" tH abe hs ay .. schistacea,

6. Underside, both wings: with the post-

medial band broader: over mm. Size:

Sid hk a A gy ds .. Orseis.

These last two are very like each other, the male of the first is dark

slatey- blue on the upperside, the disc of hindwing shot with brilliant blue:

in some lights; the female is purple-blue. Orseis male has the upperside

dark brown, glossed with dull indigo-blue; hindwing not shot; female

lighter blue. They are all fast fliers, fond of flowers.

Larva abnormal, being tuberculate-toothed; the pupze are normal.

Foodplants: Leguminosee, Rhamnacee, Combretacee, the flowers being eaten.

The larve are sometimes attended by ants. See Pl. II, figs. 24, larva ;

24a, pupa.

37. Genus—CHERITRA.

One species. Size: 16" to 1:8" ay . jaffra.

A hill species, very common, however, where it occurs. It is very fond

of the flowers of species of Lea of the Vitacece.

Larva abnormal, shape of Pratapa but with teeth along dorsal line ; the

pupa is also like that of Pratapa, freely suspended or fixed by tail only.

The foodplants are Cinnamon, AXylia, Ivora, many trees, the young leaves.

being eaten. See Pl. II, figs. 25, larva; 25a, pupa.

88. Genus—BINDAHARA.

One species. Size: 1:2” to 1:6” i 2. SUugriva.

Male dark velvet-black on the upperside ‘with the latter half of the

hindwing margined somewhat broadly brilliant dark-blue; the tails cream-

coloured. The female is brown, the margin of hindwing ’ white where the:

male is blue; the tails pure white. The males are fond of Lea flowers also

like Cheritra.

Larva like that of Deudorix exactly, feeding inside fruits of Salacia

pupa normal ; both occasionally visited by ants.

39. Genus— VIRACHOLA.

A.—Upperside; brilliant light-blue with broad,

black border; often a discal, orange spot on

fore wing in the male, white spot always

present in the female in the same place. Size:

1:4" to 1:9” for male, 1°8” to 2:8” for female .. perse,

B.—Upperside: dark violet-blue or violet-brown,

the female with an orange discal Pas on fore-

Wing) size: 1'5".to 2". .. tsocrates,

Large rapidly flying butterflies, fairly common everywhere.

Larva like those of Deudoriv, feeding in fruits of the same kind ;.

f. dumetorum, Tamarind, even Nusvomica.

(Vo be continued.)

498

NOTE ON FERNS COLLECTED AT PACHMARHI, C.P.

R. J. D. Granam, Economic Boranist, C.P,

General.—The following note is the result of collecting tours

made in October 1911, May 1912 and June 1914. The object of

the tours was to collect ferns for the Public Gardens, Pachmarhi.

So successtul were the collections yielding from a comparatively

small area the large number of 41 species that it has seemed worth

while placing the results on record. ‘T’he absence of any records of

the Cryptogamic Flora in the Central Provinces furnishes an additional

excuse for publishing the note. At the same time the hope is

‘expressed that the present list may form the starting point ofa

detailed survey within the limits of these Provinces of this most

interesting and graceful group of plants.

Situation.—Pachmarhi, the summer residence of the Local

Administration, is situated in 22° 28' N. and 78° 26’ E. on a plateau

in the Mahadeo Hills of Satpura Range. ‘The town gives the

name to the plateau and surrounding country, the area extending

to 23 square miles of which 12 square miles are occupied by the

plateau. The elevation of the plateau is roughly 3,500 ft.; the

encircling hills rise in places to 4,500 feet while the ravines descend

at least 1,000 feet. Pachmarhi is reached by a road 32 miles long

running to the south from Piparia station on the main line between

Itarsi and Jubbulpore.

Topography.—The plateau surrounded by its higher hills from

which, however, it is separated by deep ravines, is somewhat cup-

shaped. ‘The deep and wild ravines which radiate from all sides

contrast sharply with the parklike plateau where grassy vistas

among trees of Shorea robusta, Geertn., Terminalia tomentosa, Bedd.,

and Hugenia jambolana, Lamk., present a very homelike aspect. It

is to the ravines or khuds that one must turn in the search for

ferns though very xerophyllous forms occur on the plateau itself.

So narrow are the khuds in places with their wall-like sides tower-

ing to a height of over 1,000 feet that the sun reaches the depths

for but a few hours, minutes in some places, daily. Running at the

foot of the khuds are perennial crystal streams which with the half

shade furnish the moisture necessary for a natural conservatory.

No adequate description of the grandeur of the scenery can be

conveyed in a few lines. ‘Those who have not been privileged to

see the glories of Pachmarhi may glean a faint idea of the reality

from the first chapters of ‘‘ The Highlands of Central India.”

Geology.—The rock is a sandstone of enormous thickness known

as the Pachmarhi sandstone belonging to the Mahadeva group of

the upper Gondwana series. The thickness has been estimated at

NOTE ON FERNS COLLECTED AT PACHMARHI, U.P. 499

8,000 feet. The strata have a dip of 100° to the North. The

sandstone is readily denuded hence the formation of the character-

istic ravines which start abruptly from the edge of the plateau with

a sheer drop of anything up to 1,000 or 1,500 feet.

Climate-—The highest temperature recorded is 104° F. in June,

the lowest 30° F. in December. The average day temperature in

the cold weather is 71:3° F., dropping at night to 47°5° F. In

the hot weather the average maximum is 93°1° F. and the minimum

7o'l° F. In the ravines the temperature is more uniform. ‘The

rainfall is heavy averaging 77 inches annually. The rains com-

mence early in June and continue into October.

Notes of the Kern Flora.—As mentioned above, the full glory

of the ferns is to be seen in the shady moist-ravines. There the

beautiful tree ferns Cyathea spinulosa, Wall., Alsophila glabra,

Hook., and Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm., flourish, the first raising its

feathery crowns to a height of 15-20 feet. On the banks where

the soil has collected are the humbler but not less graceful herba-

ceous species. Growing onthe gravelly margins of the streams

are clumps of the Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis, Linn.) while on the

- half submerged rocks Acrostichum lanceolatum, Hook., finds a home.

In the spray of the water falls Maiden Hair (Adiantum capillus-

veneris, Linn.) flourishes, while on the higher levels occur Nephro-

legs cordifoha, Bak., and Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott., protected in

the less humid conditions by their cuticularised fronds. On the

more open stretches where gravel and sand have been deposited

Hquisetum debile, Roxhb., a horse tail pushes its rhizomes, contrasting

strangely in its rigid xerophyllous stems, with its hygrophyllous

relations. Psilotum triquetrum, Sw., flourishes in places in the

cracks in sheer walls, justifying its xerophyllous structure by the

places where it finds a home.

Amongst the rocks on the plateau the commonest ferns, the Silver

fern, (Cheilanthus farimosa, Kauff.) and Adiantum caudatum, Linn.,

the Strawberry maiden hair, so called from its runner-like fronds.

The hypogeal parts of both are annual, the former is further

protected in the dry positions in which it grows by the silvery

coating of hairs on the under surface of the leaves and the habit of

rolling its leaves in the dry season with the dorsal surface upper-

mest, the latter by a covering of hairs and its prostrate habit.

Adiantum lunulatum, Burm., being without these protections exists

only in the wet season. Nephrodiwm edoratum, Bank., is a graceful

fern with annual fronds, the half-exposed rhizome being protected

by a thick covering of chaffy scales. Lygodiwm pinnatifidum, Sw.,

is an interesting climbing fern, the annual leaves being heavily

cuticularised. The hardiest fern of. all is Polypodiwm lneare,

Thumb. var. simplex, Sw., whose simple, almost leathery, leaves roll-

ed from the margin with the cuticularised ventral surface outwards

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

persist even in the hot weather. Selanginella proniflora, Bak., is a

delicate plant in shady places while S. rupestris, Spring., found not

very far from Pachmarhi is interesting because of its habit of roll-

ing up into a ball in the dry weather. Placed in water the balls

unfold into green rosettes. Lycopodium cernuum, Linn., is a grace-

ful little marsh plant resembling a miniature fir tree found at

Pagara a few miles from Pachmarhi.

In conclusion I have to express my thanks to Mr. M. S.

Ramaswamy, Officiating Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Sibpur, Calcutta, for comparing and verifying the names

of the ferns included in the list.

List oF VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS.

Order Filtces.

Sub order ... Gleicheniaceee.

Gleichenia linearis, Linn.

Sub order ... Polypodiaceee.

Tribe ... Cyatheee.

Cyathea spinulosa, Wall.

Alsophila glabra, Hook.

Tribe ... Davalliese.

Davallia tenuifolia, Sw.

Davallia strigosa, Sw.

Tribe ... Lindsayese.

Lindsaya ensifolia, Sw.

Tribe .... Pterideze.

Adiantum lunulatum, Burm.

Adiantum caudatum, Linn.

Adiantum capillus-veneris, Linn.

Cheilanthus farinosa, Kauff.

Pteris quadriaurita, Retz.

Tribe. ... Blechnez.

Blechnum orientale, Linn.

Tribe ... Asplenie.

Asplenium esculentum, Presl.

Asplenium latifolium, Don.

Asplenium heterocarpum, Wall.

Actinopteris dichotoma, Bedd.

Tribe '... Aspides.

Aspidium amabile, Bl.

Nephrodium calcaratum, Hook.

Nephrodium calcaratum, var. sericea, Bedd.

Nephrodium calcaratum, var. falciloba, Bedd.

Nephrodium cochleatum, Don.

Nephrodium sparsum, Don.

Nephrodium odoratum, Bak.

NOTE ON FERNS COLLECTED AT PACHMARATY, C.P. 501

Nephrodium cicutarium, Bak.

Nephrodium extensum, Hook.

Nephrodium molle, Desv.

Nephrolepis cordifolia, Bak.

Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott.

Tribe ... Polypodiese.

Polypodium multilineatum, Wall.

Polypodium obliquatum, BI.

Polypodium lineare, Thumb. var. simplex, Sw.

Tribe ... Acrostiches.

_Polybotrya appendiculatum, Sw.

Acrostichum lanceolatum, Hook.

Sub order... Osmundee.

Osmunda regalis, Linn.

Sub order... Schizeaceee.

Lygodium pinnatifidum, Sw.

Sub order... Marattiaceee.

Angiopteris evecta, Haffm.

Order Hauisetinece.

Sub order... Equisetaceze.

Equisetum debile, Roxb.

Order Ln, copodinece.

Sub order ... Lycopodiacez.

Lycopodium cernuum, Linn.

} Psilotum triquetrum, Sw.

Sub order... Selaginellaceze.

Selaginella ruprestris, Spring.

Selaginella proniflora, Bak.

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERESTING BUTTER-

FLIES FROM MANIPUR AND THE NAGA HILLS.

Lieut.-Cou. H. C. TyTLer, 17TH INFANTRY.

PART 11,

Subfamily— Nymphaline.

KULEPIS LISSAINEI, n. sp. (Pl. I, Fig. 4 ¢).

This belongs to the Marcea-Meghaduta group and may possibly be the

dry-season form of the latter, but as I failed to take it in the wet-season

it is better to keep it distinct for the present. From marca, which I only

know from Seitz’s figure, it differs on upper forewing in having the spot

beyond the cell much larger and the spots on the black terminal border

quite separate with their zmner edges even and outer edges conical. In

marcea it is not so, the spots are continuous forming a greenish band, the

outer edge being straight and the znner edge forming a row of rounded or

conical projections. On the hindwing the subterminal black band is much

narrower and there is a terminal row of black spots somewhat as in megha-

duta, but which is quite wanting in the figure of marcea. The anal angle

has two black spots placed on the green colour, whereas in marcea only one

spot is shown placed on a pinkish ground. In size it differs greatly being

very much smaller.

From meghaduta, which I also only know from Seitz’s figure, vol. ix, pl.

135a, it differs in being much smaller and less heavily marked. The dusky

area on upperside near base of forewing and along vein 1 of hindwing is

entirely wanting. On upper hindwing the terminal black line, broad and

distinct in meghaduta, is much reduced and entirely wanting at the apex.

The subterminal spots so well marked in meghaduta are also much reduced

near tornal angle and obsolescent or entirely wanting near the apex.

Underside: ground colour pale yellowish green. Forewing costa, except

near apex and termen, broadly chocolate ; a similar subterminal chocolate

band outwardly margined with blackish; a subcostal band as on upperside

commencing at the subterminal band and continued along vein 4 and lower

edge of cell to just below base of vein 2, and joined to the costal chocolate

band by a similar band along the discocellulars, both margined with black.

Hindwing: a submarginal band edged with blackish from costa to tornus ; a

subbasal similar band continued along vein, and joining the submarginal band

a terminal narrow chocolate band, rather paler towards the apex, inwardly;

margined with small rather obsolescent black spots; and finally a small

black spot on dorsum on the inner edged of the submarginal band.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2:52—2°73”".

Sixteen males taken near Phesima, Naga Hills, at about 6,000’ at the end

of April, May and the beginning of June.

APATURA SORDIDA, Moore.

Rather common in the Manipur valley where numerous specimens of both

sexes were taken more or less throughout the summer and autumn. A

single specimen was also obtained on the Silchar Road in October. It is

extremely local.

APATURA SORDIDA NAGA, sub-sp. nov. (Pl. I, Fig. 3d).

Male. Upperside: very similar to the typical form but the wings are of

somewhat different shape. Forewing: termen not so emarginate; Macular

NOTES ON SOME NEW AND INTERE

BUTTERFLIES FROM MANIPUR A}

THE NAGA HILLS. :

EXPLANATION oF Puate LL,

Fig. 10.—Apatura florencie, Tytler. 9.

11.—Apatura manipuriensis, n. sp. ¢.

ais es Nae eae

‘ 13 Sopa curvifascia, n. o on 3

e 14.—Mycalesis albofasciata, n. sp. ae : oa

» Llo.—Abisara At nnavenen sp. 3 a ye

4 16.—Achalarus aborica, nySpase ay

» 17.—N eocheritra fabronia, de N. bs

9 io os $9 a eg.

BOMBAY NAT: HIST. SOC,

D. Bagchi & A. Chowdhari, del.

Butterflies of Manipur and the Naga Hills.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS, 503:

band pale yellow and not pure white as in typical form. Hindwing: termen

round and not emarginate near tornus; tornal ocellus not ringed and very

indistinct. Underside: rather greyer than typical form with a distinct

golden sheen along terminal area. Forewing: a bluecentre to the ocellus.

and cell closed by a brown bar. Hindwing: the discal brown band very

concave near the costa and the white spots outwardly further placed from

the discal band than in typical sordida.

Expanse: ¢ 2°45—2°9",

A single @ was taken at Yakama, Naga Hills, at about 6,000’ in June ;

three ¢ ¢ at the same place in September and seven more in October.

A, very distinct and well marked race which apparently flies at a much

higher elevation than the typical form which in Manipur flies at about

2,600’.

The specimen of A. sordida recorded by me from the Naga Hills, J. B. N.

H. Soc., vol. xxi, p. 56, is probably referable to this race. I am unable to

compare it as I left it behind in England.

APATURA ULUPI, Doherty.

A single male of this rare butterfly was taken by Captain Porter on the

Dihang River, Abu Hills, in June, and is now in my collection.

APATURA FLORENCI&, n. sp. (Pl. II, Fig. 10 2).

Female. Upperside: both wings termen rounder than in the male ;.

ground colour dusky green. Forewing: outer half dark brown; no spot.

in cell, markings otherwise placed as in male but pale creamy yellow in

colour with the exception of the submarginal spot in inter space 2 and the

marginal line near the tornus which are tinged with darker yellow.

Hindwing: markings as in male but bases of interspaces 5 and 6 not.

paler than rest of the wing. Underside: both wings pale silvery bluish

green. Forewing: no pale diffuse spot in cell; markings otherwise as.

in male but almost pure white in colour; the discal spots and those placed

beyond the cell inwardly margined with dark purplish black. Hindwing:

markings as in male but discal band straighter.

Expanse: 2 9 2°85—38:08".

Q Variety albopunctata, n. v. Upperside: the spots are all white with no

tinge of cream colour. .

The female is very rare and only six specimens were obtained in August

and September at about 6,500’.

The males are not so rare as I thought, though very local, and many

specimens were taken near Jakama in the Naga Hills during July, August

and September and a few at Kirban and Takabama where I had not

previously met with it.

This species will, I think, prove to be a race of A. ulupi, Doherty.

APATURA MANIPURIENSIS, n. sp. (Pl. II, Figs. 11,12; 5 @.)

Male. Upperstde: both wings smoky brown with hyaline very pale

markings, slightly tinted with mauve reflections, and almost devoid of

scales in places. Forewing: termen deeply excavated at its middle; cell

and base of interspaces 2 and 8 hyaline dusted with pale brown scales;

a brown streak, sometimes divided in two, in the middle of the cell and

another similar streak closing it; a broad hyaline post median area, almost.

reaching the termen, inwardly sharply defined and outwardly diffuse bearing a

large black spot in interspace 2, a very small and indistinct spot sometimes

in interspace 3 and a large brown diffuse patch in interspace 1; a

preapical pale spot in interspace 6; and finally a brown terminal band,

broadest in interspaces 2 and 8. Hindwing: basal half hyaline tinted

with very pale mauve and slightly dusted with brown scales near costa.

504. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

forming an indistinct band as far as lower edge of cell; outer half brown,

traversed by a pale pellucid violet tinted band composed of lunules, rather

pointed outwardly near costal end; an indistinct dark spot in interspace 2;

and lastly a dark terminal waved line. Underside: pale silvery mauve;

hyaline markings as on upperside; brown markings much paler and greatly |

reduced becoming obsolescent in the subterminal area; a black spot in

interspace 2 of forewing and a similar spot in interspace 2 of hindwing

centred with bluish white and encircled by a yellow and a pale brown ring ;

inner half of both wings defined by a narrow pale brown line commencing in

interspace 6of forewing and continued to dorsum of hindwing ; a post discal ;

broad pale brown band, commencing in interspace 1 of forewing and

continued to near tornus of hindwing; a subterminal area of the ground

colour, broad on the hindwing, narrower on the forewing, where it merges into

the postdiscal hyaline area; and finally a pale brown terminal line.

Female. Upperside: somewhat similar to the male but nearly entirely

brown. Forewing: termen not so deeply excavated; a pale whitish narrow

discal band composed of contiguous spots which are pellucid in interspaces

4—6; apical area of cell and interspaces 2 and 3, as far as the discal white

band, darker brown; a pale subapical hyaline spot; an indistinet black spot

in interspace 2; and a subterminal rather indistinct pale lunular band

outwardly bordered with dark brown. Hindwing: a discal whitish band,

dusted with brown and rather indistinct near dorsum, and pellucid in

interspaces 6 and 7; a dark spot in interspace 2; a subterminal pale lunular

band and a terminal dark band as in male. Underside: ground colour

pale buff brown. Forewing: a white discal band as on upperside inwardly

sharply defined and bordered by dark brown, outwardly somewhat diffuse ;

a preapical pale pellucid spot in interspace 6; ocellus in interspace 2 as in

male; a diffuse pale brown patch in interspace 1 outwardly bordered with

lilac ; and lastly a terminal pale brown line. Hindwing: a white band as

on upperside inwardly sharply defined and bordered with dark brown,

outwardly difluse and bordered by a rather broad pale brown band bearing

an ocellus similar to the male in interspace 2 and some pale marks in

interspaces 3—6; a broad subterminal area of the ground colour suffused

with mauve near the tornus and apex; and lastly a terminal waved pale

brown line. Eyes hairy.

Expanse: 6d 2°78—3:2"; 2 3:1".

Described from 15 ¢ ¢ and 1 @ taken at the foot of the hills near

Sebong Manipur, on the Burma Road, in April. They were found by my

Native collectors flying in adeep shady nullah. I sent the collectors back

to the same place in May, but they did not see one again. The insect

appears to be single brooded and is either very rare or extremely local.

It belongs.to the subgenus Lulaceura, Moore, hitherto represented within

Indian limits by a single species, osteria, Westwood.

EURIPUS FUNEBRIS, Leech.

A single male was taken by my Native collector at Yakama, Naga Hills,

at 5,000 ft. in July 1911, and three: more at the same place, during the

same month, in 1912.

Capt. Evans to whom I sent a figure for identification writes: “The

Memnon like Nymphalid is Eurpus funebris, Leech, described from Omeishan,

very rare. Your figure and description agree exactly with Leech’s figure, etc.,

in “ Butterflies of China.” A form of it has recently been described from

Formosa in the Lntomologist.”

The butterfly is certainly very rare in the Naga Hills. I had collectors

at Yakama all through July this year, especially to look for this insect but

they failed to come across it.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 005

ABROTA GANGA, Moore.

A single female was taken by Capt. Porter on the Dihang River, Abor

Hills, in July, which differs from Bingham’s description and figure and from

Seitz’s figure in having all the pale markings more suffused with dusky

green, with the exception of the discal band on the hindwing which is

almost white and very narrow.

SYMPHZDRA DIRTEA, Fabr.

Three forms of d¢rtea occur in Manipur and one in the Naga Hills, wz.

typical dirtea, Fabr. Occurs at Sebong, Eastern Manipur Hills, where

several specimens were taken from March to July.

Var. termedia, n. v.is an intermediate form connecting dirtea and

khastana, Many specimens were taken at Sebong, Eastern Manipur Hills,

on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, and at Nichuguard, Naga Hills,

from March to October.

Var. khasiana, Swinhoe: typical specimens were taken on the Irang

River, Western Manipur Hills and near Sebong, Eastern Manipur Hills, in

March and April, and again in October.

I do not think the difference in facies is due to seasonal causes as all

three forms fly together on the Eastern Manipur Hills and varieties inter-

media and khasiana fly together on the Cachar Road, Western Manipur

Hills. In the Naga Hills var. zntermedia only was met with.

DoPHLA DURGA SPLENDENS, sub.-sp. nov.

A single male taken near the foot of the Hills on the Ukral Road, about

28 miles east of Imphal, in July at about 3,000’ differs considerably from

typical forms I have in my collection from Sikkim and the Abor Hills.

Upperside: white discal band on both wings broader ; forewing otherwise

similar.

Hindwing: the black margin to both edges of the white discal band

broader and more distinct: the blue border beyond outer edge of discal

band composed of a complete serves ofwell marked lunules with the outer

edge well defined; in typical durga from Sikkim and Assam this blue band

is only formed into distinct lunules near the costal end; the tornal half

always having the outer edge even and rather diffuse ; terminal detached

blue lunular streaks very distinct. Underside: basal ground colour purer

blue and not so tinged with green; all the markings broader and more

distinct ; the subterminal area marked with large black lunules which are

towards the apex of both wings very markedly outwardly pointed; ter-

minal bluish white patches more prominent. Somewhat larger than typical

forms before me.

Expanse: ¢ 4°52!

This appears to be a very distint race of D. durga.

DorpuHia cuRVIFascia, n. sp. (Pl. II, Fig. 13).

Male and female. Upperside: bronzy olive green somewhat similar to that

of D. nara, but of a much more bronzy tint. Forewing: apex acute;

termen nearly straight; cell with a medial and apical pair of short trans-

verse black sinuous lines, the former extending into interspace 1 forming a

circle and a black dot below; the space between the two pairs of dark

lines paler than the ground colour; a postdiscal transverse band of spots as

in D. sahadeva but much smaller; the spots in interspaces 2 and 3 sullied

with the ground colour; a preapical pair of pale almost white spots in

interspaces 6 and 8 below which is a pale yellowish green area, commencing

in a point in interspace 5 and ending on the dorsum filling the outer half of

interspace 1 and inwardly broadly bordered with dark blackish green; a

506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

subterminal narrow dark band from costa to middle of interspace 2 and a

similar terminal band broad at the apex and ending in a point at the

tornus. Hindwing: a conspicuous curved pale yellow band commencing in

interspace 7, broadening out in interspaces 6 and 5 and ending in a point in

interspace 38, inwardly sharply defined and outwardly diffused; a dusky

black subterminal line, broadest at the costal end, between which and the

discal yellow band the colour is much brighter than the basal half; termen

bordered with dusky black and separated from the subterminal dark band

by anarrow band of the ground colour, except near the costa where it joins

it. Underside: olive green; the base of forewing and nearly the whole of

the hindwing tinted with blue. Forewing: markings in cell as on upperside :

a short streak below base of vein 2; a tranvserse series of white spots as on

upperside, inwardly bordered with black; preapical spots and subterminal

dark line as on upperside, but the latter narrower and better defined and

ending in a large dark purplish black spot in interspace 1; the middle of

interspace 2 and outer two-thirds of interspace 1 dusky purple. Hindwing:

a circular black mark at base of interspace 7 ; a short curved streak at base

of interspace 6, another straight black mark at base of interspace 5; two

narrow black lines across the cell and two more on either side of the dis-

cocellulars ; a curved discal band as on upperside but paler and narrower and

continued into interspace 2; both edges defined sharply with olive green ;

a subterminal olive green narrow line, sometimes forming detached linear

spots in the male.

Antenne black. Hyes dark brown. Palpi pale olive brown above,

whitish below. MHanstellum pale green. Body dark bronzy green above,

bluish grey below, somewhat darker in the male.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 3'1—3:2"”; 9 2 3:43:57". Five males and three females

of this rare butterfly were taken in August and September, during the past

three years, at Yakama and Phesima in the Naga Hills at about 7,000’—

8,000’ and a single male on Kabur Peak, Manipur, 8,400’ in August.

This very distinct species can be at once distinguished from its nearest

allies D. nara and D. sahadeva by the conspicuous and continuous curved

band on the hindwing.

Capt. Evans in vol. xxii. of the Journal, p. 282, mentions a Dophla,

secured by Mr. Ollenbach in the Khasi Hills, as referable to this species.

I have not seen the specimen he refers to but I doubt this being so ; the

forewing of D. curvifascia is certainly very like that of D. sahadeva, but

besides the spots being smaller, the spots in interspace 2 is very diffuse and

not clearly defined as in D. sahadeva. The hindwing however is very

different to D. duda 9. The colour is bronzy green, whereas in duda Q

itis very dark olive green; the discal band in duda is white outwardly

bordered with blue; in cwrvifascia it is yellow and not bordered with blue

and has the edge of the band on underside showing through. The band is

moreover of a different shape being much hollowed out in the middle; in

duda it is only slightly curved.

DoPHLA SAHADEVA, Moore.

There are two well marked forms of the female which do not seem to

intergrade :—

(a) A pale form with three spots on hindwing; this is the prevailing

form.

(6) A larger and darker form; forewing rather more outwardly pro-

duced at apex; spots more elongated and slightly tinged with

very pale blue. Hindwing: Upperside: only two spots near

costa. Underside: discal spots distinctly bluish; the termen

also is squarer at vein 4.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 507

The two forms placed side by side appear very different but undoubtedly

belong to the same species.

Dorutua iva, Moore.

Three males and a female of this rare butterfly were taken by my Native

collectors at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at 6,000 ft., in July, August and Septem-

ber.

Dopuua TAooANA, Moore.

Two males in perfect condition taken on Cachar Road, Manipur, at the

end of April or beginning of May.

This is a very interesting capture as it has previously not been recorded

further north than the Hills of Lower Burma.

EvutHatia cocytus, Fabr.

Several males taken at Sebong on the Burma Road, Manipur, in March,

April, October and November. I believe this species has not been recorded

so far north before.

EUTHALIA SEDEVA, Moore.

Both £. sedeva and £. apprades occur in Manipur but do not fly together.

EE, sedeva is confined to the Western Manipur Hills and £. appiades to the

Eastern Manipur Hills.

FE, adima was not met with.

KUTHALIA JAPROA, n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. 22 3).

Male. Upperside: dark olive green. Forewing: Cell paler green than the

ground colour and crossed by two dark broad bands; a subterminal row of

white spots with diffused edges inwardly bent at interspace. Hindwing:

a very indistinct broad discal band of slghtly paler colour with

iridescent greenish reflections somewhat brighter towards the tornus;

a subterminal row of pale spots as on forewing but closer to the termen,

large and white towards the apex, small and pale green towards the tornus ;

dorsum very pale green. Underside: bluish white with iridescent green

reflections; two black broad bars crossing cell of forewing; a similar

bar crossing cell of hindwing at its middle and a black spot near its

base and another at the base of interspace 7; a very broad dark discal

band, commencing in interspace 2 of forewing and continued to near

tornus of hindwing where it ends in a point, purplish black on

forewing and suffused with greenish reflections on the hindwing; its

inner edge very dark and sharply defined in interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 7;

inner edge below this and entire outer edge much paler and very diffuse ;

the subcostal area of forewing and subterminal area of hindwing suffused

with iridescent green; a subterminal row of pale spots on both wings as on

upperside but not so distinct becoming obsolescent towards the tornus; a

terminal dark area narrow on the hindwing becoming broader towards the

apex of the forewing.

Antennz dark brown above and below; club below yellow brown.

Body dark green above; greyish bluish white below.

Expanse : 3°42”,

A very distinct species ; its nearest ally appears to be Luthala francie

which, however, is quite different.

A single specimen was taken by my Native collector above Phesima, Naga

Hills, at 6,000’ in a nullah below Japro Peak.

508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

BHAGADATTA AUSTENIA, Moore.

Only the wet-season form appears to have been described. The dry-

season female differs from the wet-season female in being larger. Upperside:

paler brown; post discal and subterminal bands much paler ; subterminal

Junules on forewing conspicuously whiter and on hindwing iu one specimen

outwardly bordered with white. Underside: ground colour paler ; brown

markings darker.

Two females obtained near the Lengha and Irang Rivers, on the Cachar

Road, Manipur, in April and May.

Many males and five females of the wet-season form were obtained at

Kirbari, Naga Hills, at about 6,000’ from July to September. It is by no

means a common butterfly.

BHAGADATTA AUSTENIA PURPURASCENS, Sub-sp. Nov.

Under the above name 1 propose separating the form of austenia which

occurs in the Abor Hills, and which differs from Naga Hills specimens in

having on the upperside of the males the ground colour strongly suffused

with purple ; and in having the subterminal lunules, in both sexes, from

apex of forewing to interspace 3 much whiter and more distinct. Under-

-side: the markings in both sexes are darker and stand out more clearly.

Female. Upperside: as in typical form. Underside: as in male.

The intensity of the purple suffusion is somewhat variable ; five out of my

eight specimens have it more marked than the other three. In the typical

form this suffusion is only faintly discernible and sometimes absent ;in no

‘specimens before me is it nearly as intense as in any of the Abor Hills forms.

Kight males and a female were taken by Captain Porter on the Dihang

River, Abor Hills, at about 3,000’ in June and July and kindly presented

by him to me,

ATHYMA LARYMNA, Doubleday.

Five males and a female were taken near Sebong, Manipur, in March and

July respectively.

This is an interesting capture, for although Westwood recorded it from

Northern India, de Nicéville thought this to be probably incorrect and did

not include it in his “ Butterflies of India.” Bingham gives its habitat as

the Malayan Subregion, extending into Tenasserim.

NEPTIS NEMORUM PHESIMENSIS, sub,-sp. nov. (Pl. III, Fig. 24).

Very close to NV. xemorum, Ch. Oberthur, but differs from the original

figure in the “‘ Etudes de Lépidoptérlogie comparée, ” pl. viii, fig. 3, 1906, in

having on the underside all the brown markings much darker with a purplish

black tinge. Forewing with yellow markings very similar. Hindwing : the

median yellow band much broader; the post median brown band also

slightly broader and the terminal broad yellow area consequently narrower,

which moreover is not bordered inwardly with dark brown as in the typical

form. Interspaces 6 and 7 nearly entirely suffused with purple.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 2°45—2:6".

Eighteen males were taken by my Native collectors from the middle of

May to the beginning of June, in a nullah near Yakama, Naga Hills, at

about 6,000’.

NEPTIS KIRBARIENSIS, n. sp. (Pl. LI, Fig. 19d).

This may possibly be a race of N. cydippe, Leech, from Central and

Western China, but from Seitz’s figure of which it differs in the following

Tespects :-—

Upperside : yellow markings much paler and bufiy yellow slightly darker

mear the edges. Forewing : preapical and post median spots much larger.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 509:

Hindwing : discal band much broader, narrow at dorsum broadening out at

its middle. Underside : markings lighter. Forewing very similar but spots.

in interspaces l-a@ and 1 large and joining on to spot in interspace 2 ; mark-

ings almost white with a pinkish tinge. Hindwing : discal band white with

a pinkish tinge and much broader especially so towards costa, outer edge even

and not broken at vein 6 ; the brown area below it confined towards the

middle where it is outwardly produced as vein 4 crossing the white subter--

minal band ; subterminal band white and much more distinctly marked.

A single male was taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at 7,000’ at the end of:

June.

Expanse: ¢ 2°78".

NEPTIS ASPASIA, Leech.

A single male of this species was taken by my Native collector at Kirbari,.

Naga Hills, at about 7,000’ in June.

lt differs from Seitz’s figure of aspasia on upperside forewing in having the-

preapical yellow spots larger and the dorsal spot also larger, the lower one

being inwardly produced as far as the dip on angle in the dorsum. On the

hindwing the median band is much broader; subterminal band paler and

also slightly broader. On the underside the hindwing differs in having the-

subterminal pale violet band half as narrow; vein 7 and base of veins 6 and

8 lined with violet.

NV. aspasia is a Chinese insectand has not previously been recorded from

within Indian limits although recently a single specimen has been recorded

by South as having beentaken by Captain Bailey at Rima in 8. E. Tibet.

close to the Mishmi Hills border. (J. B. N. H.S., vol. xxii, page 357.)

NEPTIS ANTILOPE, Leech.

Two males and two females were obtained at Kirbari, Naga Hills, at.

about 7,000’, in June and July.

These specimens differ from Seitz’s figures as follows :—

Upperside: spots in interspaces 2 and 3 of forewing larger and squarer

as in NV. melba, Evans; in the figure they make one rather small round spot.

Underside : Forewing : preapical spots separate, the lower one white ; subter-.

minal dark narrow line continuous, reaching the costa; oblique dark brown

band reaches right across the wing from the costa to the middle of the

termen, in the figure it stops short of the subterminal dark line leaving the

terminal area unmarked. Hindwing: discal band whitish, narrow at the

dorsal end and broadening out towards the costa, in the figure of antilope it.

is the reverse, being widest at the dorsal end and narrowing towards the

costa ; the dark post discal band is chocolate outwardly tinted with yellow

with a violet band in its centre; in the figure of antilope it is quite different.

There is also a terminal dark line which is wanting in the figure. The Naga

Hills form may prove to be a western race of N. antilope.

NEPTIS NARAYANA NANA, de N,

A single male taken at Kirbari, Naga Hills, 7,000’in September. It.

agrees very well with a specimen in the de Nicéville collection. _

Ab. naga, n. a single male of what appears to be an aberration of nana

was taken at Kohima, Naga Hills, at 7,500’ in August. It differs from the

typical form as follows :—Upperside : Forewing: all markings white except.

the preapical spots which are outwardly yellow. Hindwing: discal band

white except near the costa where it is tinged with yellow; cell streak on

forewing broader. Underside: Hindwing: the double subterminal band.

broader end indistinct ; the terminal violet band also very indistinct.

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

NEPTIs NAMBA, nN. 8p. (PI. III, Fig. 20d).

Very near to N.ananta from the Naga Hills but differs constantly, in

oth sexes, in being much darker above and below.

Female. Upperside: all the markings conspicuously broader and darker

than in 9 ananta for the Naga Hills. Underside: darker, otherwise similar.

Expanse: ¢ 6 2:35—2'7"; 92:8."

This form is readily distinguished from NV. anantaby its much darker

yellow bands on the upperside and by its richer brown red on the under-

side. It flies at the foot of the Hills; whereas N. ananta flies at a much

higher altitude ; in the rains NV. ananta is found at 5,000—7,000 ft. and in

the cold weather it descends to about 2,600 ft.

Many males and one female were taken by my Native collectors at Mi-

chuguard in the Naga Hills and on the Burma and Cachar Roads in Mani-

pur from March to October. ‘Two males were also received from Mr. Antram

taken near Silchar. The seasonal forms do not apprecially differ.

In my notes'on Naga Hills butterflies, J. B. N. H.S., vol. xxi, p. 61,

I erroneously recorded this species as the wet-season form of NV. ananta;

it is, however, perfectly distinct.

RawHInDA PaoNna, n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. 23).

Male and female. Upperside:—black with rather pale yellow markings.

Forewing: a yellow streak in cell broadening out at apex, almost reaching the

base of vein 5 and bordered by that vein for some distance and ending in a

point on vein 4; base of interspace 3 filled with yellow; a preapical row of

contiguous spots in interspaces 5, 6, 8 and 9, the upper one minute and

sometimes wanting; two subterminal yellow spots in interspaces 1 and 2,

well separated from one another; the lower one small extending into

interspace l-a and reaching the dorsum; the upper one large extending

across the interspace and just entering interspace 3. Hindwing: a broad

yellow discal band from dorsum to vein 7; a narrow subterminal band of

the same colour irrorated with fuscous scales, obsolescent towards costa.

Underside: Forewing: dull black slightly tinged with brown red; yellow

markings as on upperside but rather larger; costa at base, apical area and

terminal area towards tornus yellowish ; asubterminal chestnut line commen-

cing at the costa well before the apex and ending at veinl. Hindwing: costal

interspace yellow at basal half; a broad antemedian yellowish green band

streaked with chestnut and outwardly bordered with black towards the

dorsum; a yellow discal band broadening out towards the costa; its outer

edge broadly bordered with black; a broad postmedian greenish yellow

band divided by a narrow chocolate line of detached streaks; a narrow

pale yellow subterminal line violet towards the apex and outwardly bordered

by a narrow dark chestnut line; a greenish yellow terminal band outwardly

edged towards the apex by a narrow anteciliary purplish line.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 1°:82—1°88"; 29 9 1:97—2:22".

Two males and two females were obtained by my Native collectors at

Kirbari, Naga Hills, at about 7,000’ in June and-July.

CHERSONESIA RAHRIA RAHRIOIDES, Moore,

A few males obtained at the foot of the Naga Hills, near Nichuguard, in

‘October and November. A few males and a female obtained at Sebong,

Manipur, in October and April, and a female on the Irang River, Cachar

Road, Manipur, in February. The males taken in October show great

variation in size and depth of colour. Bingham places this form as a race

of C. risa, Doubleday, but I think there is no doubt that it is a perfectly

distinct species.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 511

SYMBRENTHIA SILANA, de N.

Seven males and two females of the w.s. f. were obtained at Kirbari

Naga Hills, at about 6000’ ‘in July, August, September and October.

Thirteen males of the d.s. f. were obtained near Sebong, Hastern Manipur

Hills, and on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, at low elevations in

February, March and April. This very distinct species can at once be

distinguished from S. niphanda on the upperside by the much broader yellow

markings and on the underside by (1) all the dark markings appearing very

much darker; (2) the much broader band of the ground colour separating the

subterminal cones from the terminal markings; (8) the very irregular

anterior edge of the terminal lunules in interspaces 2 and 3.

S. stlana is considered by some authors to be a race of S. niphanda and by

others to be the d.s. f. of that species. 1 believe it is undoubtedly a good

species. I have a single d.s.f. of S. niphanda taken at Phesima in the

Naga Hills in April which only differs from the w. s. f. in having the cones

on the underside of the hindwing half the size and the pale discal band

rather broader.

The d.s. f. of S. selana only differs from the w.s.f. in being rather smaller

and in having the rufous bands on the upperside if anything slightly

broader. On the underside the green of the subterminal cones on the

hindwing is carried on to the forewing, being distinct in interspaces 8 and 4,

less so in 2,5 and 6. On the upperside hindwing there is also sometimes a

distinct fine reddish terminal line.

The type which is in the de Nicéville collection has the cones and lunules

on the underside of the hindwing metallic blue, but it is aberrant in this

respect, the remainder of the specimens in the collection and all my

specimens have it very dark dlwish-green.

CIRRHOCHROA AORIS, Doubleday.

An hermaphrodite of this species was taken by Captain Porter on the

Dihang River, Abor Hills, in June, and kindly presented by him to me.

The left pair of wings and left foreleg are male in character whilst the

tight pair of wings and right foreleg are female. I have not examined the

genitalia very carefully but they appear to be male.

CALINAGA ABORICA, n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. 21).

Male. Upperside black with pale cream coloured markings. Forewing:

two narrow pale streaks, irrorated with fuliginous scales, occupying basal

half of the cell and joined together towards the base ; the lower streak the

longer of the two; two short contiguous similarly coloured streaks, placed

one above the other, towards the end of the cell, between which and the

bases of veins 3 and 5 are two more very indistinct pale spots; a broad pale

streak, bifurcated at its outer half, in interspaces 1, commencing at the base

and extending well beyond the base of vein 2, the lower portion the longer ;

a long narrow pale streak at base of interspace 4; a discal row of narrow

pale streaks in interspaces 2—6; a subterminal row of pale cream spots in

interspaces 1—6, interspace 1 having two spots; and lastly a terminal row of

very indistinct spots in interspaces 1—4. Hindwing: a broad pale streak in

cell, commencing at the base and not quite reaching the end, the outer two-

thirds bifurcated and dusted with fuliginous scales, the upper portion a little

longer than the lower; two pale streaks dusted with fuliginous scales at base

of interspaces 4 and 5; a discal row of pale spots in interspaces 1—3 and 5—7,

the first very small and indistinct, those in interspaces 5 and 6 long and

linear ; a subterminal row of large pale spots in interspaces 1—6; basal half of

interspaces 1-b and l-a pale cream; dorsal half of wing densely covered with

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

long grey hairs. Underside: pale markings as above but much broader and

distinct; the subterminal row of pale spots on hindwing continued into

interspace 1-3.

Body above black, sides of body at junction of the forewings red; wnder-

neath black, red near base of hindwings.

Antennee black ; eyes brown.

Expanse: ¢ d 3°5—38'62",

Two males were obtained by Captain Porter on the Dihang River, Abor

Hills, in June and July, and kindly presented by him to me.

Its nearest ally appears to be C. saka, Moore, with the figure of which it.

agrees in having the white area in basal half of cell, forewing, divided by a

black streak ; but differs in the following respects :—

Upperside: much darker. Forewing: cell almost entirely black with only

faint traces of white ; discal spots smaller; base of interspace 1 pure cream

colour. Hindwing: white area in cell very restricted and distinctly divided ;

the lower portion not as long as upper portion; all the markings smaller:

interspaces l-a and 1-4 not entirely white, the outer halves being black.

Thorax above black, the red hairs being confined to the sides of the body ;

the lower discocellular of cell of hindwing distinctly concave and not

straight, ending at the junction of veins 3 and 4 and not above it.

It is quite different to C. davidis, from Western China, of which I have

two specimens before me.

Family—NEMEOBID i.

DopONA DEODATA LONGICAUDATA, de N.

A single female taken at Gaspani, Naga Hills, 1,500' in October is very

close to Bingham’s figure of longicaudata, F. of B. 1. Butterflies, vol. 1, p.

488, fig. 88, which is probably a wet-season form.

A male taken on the Cachar Road, Manipur, in December, and a female

taken near the same place in November agree with deNicéville’s type; a

female taken with the above female has the white bands broader and agrees

exactly with Elwes’ figure of D. deodata from the Karen Hills; P.Z.S.,

1891, Plate XX VII.

D, longicandata is certainly a race of if not typical D. deodata itself ;

specimens of the latter in the de Nicéville collection have the white bands,

which are somewhat variable in width, rather broader than the dry-season

form of longicandata and are probably extreme dry-season forms.

TAXILA HAQUINUS FaAscrIAtTA, Moore.

Occurs not uncommonly near Sebong at the foot of the Eastern Mani-

pur Hills from February to April. A pair were also taken at the same

place in October. I have taken this form at the foot of the Lushin Hills

near the Cachar border.

ABISARA ATTENUATA, n. sp. (Pl. Il, Fig. 156).

This may prove to be a race of Abisara atlas from Java. It differs from

atlas in having the discal band much narrower and curved inwards at the

costa, in atlas it curves outwards at the costa.

A single specimen was taken on the Barak River, Western Manipur Hills,

in March.

ABISARA ECHERIUs, Stoll.

Numerous males and three females, and which agree almost exactly with

specimens in the Indian Museum ticketed echerius ‘from China, were obtain -

ed near Sebong in October, November and January.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS, 5138

A, angulata, Moore, which occurs abundantly in the Manipur Valley is a

very different looking insect and will prove to be a good species and nota

race of echerius.

Family—PAPILIONID,

PAPILIO DOUBLEDAYI CACHARENSIS, Butler.

Not uncommon on the Barak and Irang Rivers in the Western Manipur

Hills. Dry-season forms were taken from February to April and wet-

season forms from July to October, P. cacharensis appears to have been

described from the wet-season form; the dry-season form which has all the

white markings much larger is almost identical with P. doubledayz,

PAPILIO KABRUA, DN. 8p.

Very close to P. polla, de N. and P. latreillet, Don., from the former it

differs in the following respects :—

Male. Forewing: proportionately, broader, in this respect resembling P.

latreille:. Hindwing: white spot in interspace 5 on both sides much smaller ;

cilia between tornus and apex of vein 3, at apex of tail and at apex of

vein 5 black and not vermilion red, in this respect again resembling P.

latreille:, The outer edges of the white spots on the hindwing almost

straight and not deeply excavated as in P. polla.

Female. Forewing: similar in shape to that of P. polla 2. White spots

on hindwing as in male but outer edges even straighter; cilia black as in

male.

From P. latreidle: $ it differs on the hindwing in having an additional

large white spot in interspace 5 and the spot in interspace 4 completely

filling the base of that interspace. On the upperside there is no trace of a

subterminal white spot in interspace 6; this spot is also generally wanting

on the underside but is sometimes present.

Expanse: $464”; 9 9 4:5— 5°36".

A single male taken at Yakama, Naga Hills, at about 7,000 ft. in June and

nine females taken in Manipur at 5,000—8,400 ft. in May and June.

PaPpiLio pouta, de N,

Two males taken at Saitu, Manipur, in May and a female at Poona,

Naga Hills, at 8,000 ft. in June. Both this species and P. kabrua appear to

be single brooded and are only on the wing in May and June.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 5:28—5'7"; 2 5°36.”

PAPILIO CRASSIPES, Oberthur.

Seven males and one female were obtained in the Western Manipur

Hills at about 3,000 ft. in March and June and two males at the head of the

Manipur valley at 3,300 ft. in July and September, also two males at

Nichuguard, Naga Hills,in April.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 446— 4:94"; 95:3”.

PAPILIO ALCINOUS IMPEDIENS, Rothschild.

Many males and several females of a form of P. alcinous which agree

fairly well in the Seitz’s figure of P. ¢mpediens, Rothsch., were taken by my

Native collectors near Kohima in the Naga Hills during May and the

beginning of June at 7,000’ ; and three males in the Zulla Valley in June.

Many of the specimens were unfortunately badly damaged and _ probably

fresh specimens will be found flying at the beginning of May.

I am unable to say without comparison with the type whether the present

form is typical P. zmpediens or is another race of the variable P. alcinous..

514 JQURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

The male only differs from Seitz’s figure of anpediens in having only. one

small red spot at the tornal angle on upper hindwing instead of four large

spots. The female is very pale brown with all the spots complete as in

Seitz’s figure of the male but larger and pink incolour. It is quite distinct

from P. pembertont, Moore.

Expanse: ¢ ¢ 4:22—4:98" ; 9 9 5:3—5'6".

PAPILIO SLATERI, Hewitson.

Occurs commonly at Nichuguard in the Naga Hills in March and April.

Many males were taken on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in

March and a few in April. A few males and a female were also taken near

Sebong on the Burma border in March. These latter specimens differ

slightly from the forms taken on the Irang [iver and at Nichuguard

in having on the underside of the hindwing a terminal and a subterminal

row of linear spots, the latter well removed from the termen and quite

separate from the terminal row. In the Irang River and Nichuguard

specimens there is only a terminal row of spots sometimes very distinct

and often completely absent.

PAPILIO PARADOXUS TELEARCHUS, Hewitson.

A single specimen of the rare Q mimicking the 9 of EZ. muleider and

several ¢ d were obtained on the Irang River, Western Manipur Hills, in

March and May.

PapiLio JANAKA, Moore.

Two males were taken by Captain Porter on the Dihang River, Abor

Hills, and kindly presented by him to me. This is an interesting capture

as it has not previously been recorded further east than Sikkim. Rothschild

thought that this form and P. bootes would probably mix with one another

in Bhutan, Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 336. The Abor Hills form is however un-

doubtedly typical and so specimens from intermediate localities will also

probably be typical.

PAPILIO MIXTA, N. Sp.

Under this name I record a form closely allied to P. bootes and P. yanaka.

The male agrees with P. janaka in having four white discal spots on the

hindwing and in the tornal red spot being conspicuous; it agrees with P.

bootes in lacking the subterminal series of red lunules in interspaces 3, 4

and 5, in one specimen there is a trace of a lunule in interspace 4, on the

upper hindwing; and on the underside in the basal red area not being

continued along the dorsum of the hindwing. The female is like the male

but has the discal white spots larger and has additional red lunules in in-

terspaces 3 and 4.

Three males were taken at Yakama, Naga Hills, at about 6,000’ in May

and two females on Kabru Peak, Manipur, 8,400’ in June.

Typical P. janaka occurs in the Eastern Himalayas from Sikkim to the

Abor Hills. Typical P. bootes occurs in the Khasia Hills. P. mixta, Mihi,

occurs in the Naga and Manipur Hills.

As far as is known these three forms do not intergrade in the above

given localities. Typical P. janaka and typical P. bootes however are also

said to occur and fly together in the Western Himalayas and are recorded

by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Tehri Garhwal “J. B. N. H. S., vol.

x1, p. 593.” Mr. Hannyngton records P. janaka from Loharkhet in Kumaon

“J. ‘9 N. H.S., vol. xx, p. 361,” but does not mention whether it is typical

or not,

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM THE NAGA HILLS, 51!

no |

A third form from the Western Himalayas was taken by myself at

Loharjang in Western Garhwal, at 6,500’ in May, which does not agree with

either typical P. janaka, P. bootes, or with P. mixta, Mihi, and which I

propose naming P. kala.

P, KALA, n. Sp.

Male. Upperside; onthe hindwing there are three white discal spots in

interspaces 2, 3 and 4, both above and below, and there is a subterminal

series of red lunules in interspaces 1—4 asin P. janaka but smaller; the

tornal one does not coalesce with the admarginal one as it sometimes does in

that species. Underside: the hindwing agrees with P. dootes in having the

red basal area confined to the base and not produced along the dorsum as

in P. janaka. It differs from both P. janaka and P. bootes in having the tail

completely black and not spotted with pinkish white as in those two species

resembling in this respect P. bootes nigricans, Rothsch.

P. jganaka, P. mixta, mihi, and P. kala, mihi, will probably prove to be

conspecific with P. dootes,, which in the Eastern Himalayas, in the Khasia

Hills, and in Manipur and the Naga Hills has developed into well marked

and constant forms whilst in the Western Himalayas it is still inconstant

and is represented by three distinct forms, v2z., typical janaka, bootes and

kala, mihi.

PAPILIO KRISHNA, Moore.

A single ier taken above Yakama, Naga Hills, in May. It is much rarer

in these Hills than it is in Manipur. It appears to be single brooded.

PAPILIO ARISTEUS ANTICRATES, Doubl,

Several males of this form were taken in March at Sebong in the Eastern

Manipur Hills and in the Kabor Valley, Burma, about fifteen miles from

Sebong, flying with P. aristeus hermocrates, which was the prevailing form

occurring somewhat commonly.

P. akisteus HERMOCRATES, Felder,

A single male was taken at Nichuguard in the Naga Hills, in May, where

the prevailing form P. aristeus anticrates occurs commonly in March and

April.

LEPTOCIRCUS MEGES INDISTINCTA, Tytler.

Occurs rather rarely in the Manipur Hills. Several females which differ

in no way from the males were obtained in the Naga Hills, This sex appears

to be exceedingly rare.

TEINOPALPAS IMPERIALIS, Hope.

Occurs very commonly in the Manipur Hills at high elevations. A few

females were taken on Kabru Peak from May to July. The spring females

are somewhat smaller than those taken in the rains.

Family—PIERID.

PIERIS BRASSICA, L,

During the years 1911 and 1912 | only obtained a single male in Manipur ;

but during the present year 1913 this butterfly simply swarmed in my

garden from March to May; the caterpillars doing great damage in the

kitchen garden. The walls of my bungalow were favourite ‘places for the

caterpillars to pupate on and hundreds of pupee could: be seen hanging from

them in sheltered spots.

(To be continued.)

516

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED

HE DLATIERE 4,

Part XIT.

(With Plates LXIX—LXXIV.)

(Continued from page 281 of this Volume.)

ACANTHOPHCGNIX, Wendl. in Fl. des Serres, t. 181.

(Etym.: From the Greek “acantha,’ a thorn or prickle, and

‘* phoenix”’, a palm.

Balf. f. in Baker, Fl. Maurit. 384; Mart. Hist, Nat. Palm, III,

174, t. 154, 155, fig. 1 (Areca erinita) et 176, t. 154, 105, fig. 2

(A. rubra excl, descript. et ic. fruct) Benth. and Hook. Gen, “PL.

ARERR hci he nia

Palms of moderate height, armed, caudex stout, antlate. Leaves

terminal, equally pinnate, with complete, basal, spiny sheaths ;

midrib grooved on each side above attachment of the pmne;

pinne strongly: reduplicate, many-nerved, with scales and fine

bristles on the undersurface; midvein with a few bristles on the

upper surface.

Flowers moncecious in spirally disposed 93-flowered clusters,

slightly immersed in the branches of a twice-branching slightly

drooping spadix, the female flower below and between two males.

Spathes two. Male flowers asymmetrical, trigonous-compressed..

Sepals small, orbicular, carinate, imbricate. Petals obliquely ovate

or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, valvate. Stamens 6 or more, exsert-

ed, filaments free, elongate, cylindric, acute at the apex, incurved ;

anthers linear-oblong or globose, dorsifixed, versatile. Pistillode

elongate-conical or 2-3-fid. Female flowers smaller, broadly ovate.

Sepals ovate-orbicular, concave, broadly imbricate, petals as long as

the sepals, orbicular, striate-nervose. Staminodes obscure. Ovary

obovoid-oblong, straight or curved, 1-(or 2-3-) locular; stigma —

subapiculate, ovule parietal, pendulous.

Fruit small, globose or oblong, terete or compressed, stigmas

lateral or subbasilar ; mesocarp thin fibrous; endocarp subcrustaceous.

Seed oblong, ascending, laterally slightly compressed; branches

of the raphe spreading from the hilum, and anastomosing on the

opposite side of the seed; albumen homogenous; embryo basilar.

SPECIES.— About 4,

DISTRIBUTION.—Mascarene Islands.

Fruity globose 4.6 ate eeeee) ere ee oe A. rubra,

Front oblong-eylindric.- ee orem ae A, nobilis,

JouRN. Bompay Nat Hist Soo.

Verschaffeltia splendida, Wendl.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 517

ACANTHOPHENIX RUBRA, Wendl. in Fl. des Serres, XVI.,. 181;

Baker Fl. Maurit and Seysh, 385.— Areca rubra, Bory Voy., I., 306; Willd.

Spec., Pl. IV., 596, n. 9; Poir. Encycl. Suppl. I., 441, n. 10; Spreng. Syst.

Veg., IL., 139, n. 8; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, TI., 180 (excl. descript

fructus).— Calamus verschaffeltia, Hort.

Name.—Palmiste rouge (French).

Rote Dornen-Areka (German). |

DESCRIPTION.—Stem 60 feet high. Leaf 6-12 feet long; petiole

glabrous, 2-4 inches long ; leaf-sheath 24-44 feet long, thickly cover-

ed with long brown-black spines; pinne slightly glaucous beneath.

(Young plants have dark-green leaves with red veins).

Spadix 23-3} feet long; peduncle 6-10 inches long, like the

lower part of the branches armed with straight spines; branches

stout, subtended by linear-lanceolate bracts; spathes 14-24 feet

long, with a few straight spines on the inside near the base.

Perianth reddish-brown.

Fruit globose, 4-2 inch in diameter, with a prominent ridge ex-

tending from the stigma to the base.

Hasitat.—Mauritius, rare, Bourbon. Cultivated in gardens.

CULTIVATION IN EuropeE.—A very elegant stove palm. It

requires a light sandy soil and a temperature of 65°—80° in

summer, and 55°— 65° in winter. Propagation is effected by

seeds only, which germinate best in a moist bottom heat, and a

well decomposed compost of one part loam, one of peat, one of

leaf-mould, and the remainder of sand. They may be left in this

soil for two or three years.

ACANTHOPHGNIX NOBILIS, Benth. and Hook. f. in Gen, Pl. III,

II, 898, 832—Deckenia nobilis, Wendl. in Gard.Chron., 1870, p. 561; Balf, f.

in Baker FI. Maurit.

Names.—French : Chou palmiste. German : Vornehme Dornen-

Areka.

DESCRIPTION.—80-120 feet high, 10-14 inches in diameter.

Leaves 9-14: feet long ; petiole 1 foot long, pale green, smooth ;

sheath 3-6 feet long, usually spiny ; leaflets hairy beneath, bristly

on both surfaces when young ; midrib yellow.

Spadix 2-6 feet long, shortly peduncled, slightly amplexicaul ;

branches very slender, pendulous ; peduncle vertically compressed,

much thickened at the base. Spathes 2, complete, seldom over 1

foot long, densely covered with flexuose yellow black-tipped spines.

Male flowers.— Perianth minute, the inner segments ovate, acute,

valvate. Stamens 9, connate, equal in length to the inner

segments ; anthers globose. Pistillode and angular trifid column.

Female flowers.—Segments of perianth imbricate. Stamens repre-

sented by a minute-toothed cup.

Fruit oblong-cylindric, 4} inch long, $ inch thick, black. Stigma

subbasilar ; mesocarp fibrous ; endocarp crustaceous. Seed erect ;

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1IL.

raphe with 3-5 branches which ascend from the hilum and then

spread over the surface ; albumen homogeneous ; embryo erect,

basilar.

Hapirat.—Seychelles.

GARDENING.—Acanthophenw nobis is an elegant spiny palm —

with pinnated leaves and linear pointed leaflets, which are grace-

fully drooping at the point. ‘There is an illustration of this palm

in Gard. Chron., 1870, p. 561. The palm had first been called.

Deckenia by Wendland in honour of Baron von der Decken, the,

African explorer. It should not be confounded with Deckeria, a

synonym of the American genus Iviartea.

ILLUSTRATIONS.— We reproduce on plate LXIX a group of Ver-

schaffeltia splendida, Wendl., growing in the Botanic Gardens of

Singapore. Mrs. Burkill was kind enough to take the photographs.

The description of this species appeared in ovr last issue. .

Plate LXX shows a fine specimen of Acanthophenw nobilis,

Benth. and Hook., photographed in a jungle of the Seychelles

Islands.

ONCOSPERMA, Bl. in Rumph., t. 82, 103.

(Etym.: From the Greek “ oncos,” a tumour, and “ sperma,”

seed, alluding to the shape of the seed.

Mart. Hist. Nat, Palm. III, 112, t. 150, 1538, f. 4, 6 (Areca

horrida). Meissn. Gen. Pl. 355, Comm. 266 (Kepplerca).—Griffith

Palms Brit. Ind. 157, t. 233 B. C. (Areca, sect, Huoplus).—

Scheff. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., I, 139, 159, t. 29, f. 3 et t. 30.—

Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, I, 895, 28.—Linnea 39, 186.—

Hook., Fl. Brit. Ind., V1, 414.

Trunk tall, prickly, stoloniferous. Leaves terminal, equally

pinnatisect, segments equidistant or sub-fasciculate, ensiform, acumi-

nate, entire at the apex ; rhachis furfuraceous ; sheath elongate.

Spadix short-pedunculate, simply or twice branched, unarmed or

aculeate ; spathes 2, complete, as long as the spadices, caducous,

ensiform, coriaceous, unarmed, or aculeate, the inner one bicristate. |

Flowers sessile, spirally crowded on the branches, the upper solitary,

male, the lower ternate, a female between two males. Male flowers

asymmetrical, trigonous compressed. Sepals small triangular-

rotundate, acute, imbricate at the base. Petals obliquely ovate,

acute or acuminate, valvate. Stamens 6-12 ; filaments short, straight

or incurved at. the apex ; anthers linear, erect. Pistillode collumnar,

split at the apex. Female flowers much smaller than the male,

obliquely globose. . Sepals unequal, rotundate, gibbous at the base,

broadly imbricate. Petals slightly “longer, orbicular, convolute-

imbricate. Staminodes minute, 6. Ovary broadly and obliquely

ovoid, 1 or 3-locular, stigmas minute ; ovile parietal, pendulous.

Pratr LXX.

JoukN. BomBay Nat, Hist. Soc,

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 519

_ Fruit small, globose ; stigmas lateral or subbasal ; pericarp

rumose or subfibrous, endocarp thinly crustaceous. Seed globose

or subglobose ; raphe broad ; albumen deeply ruminate ; embryo

near the hilum.

SPECIES.—About 6.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tropical Asia.

CULTIVATION IN Hurope.—-Stove Palms. They grow best in a

compost of two parts loam, one of peat, and one of sand. A liberal

supply of water is required. Propagation is effected by seeds or

suckers.

ONCOSPERMA FASCICULATUM Thw. Enum. 328 (1864). Hook,

Fl. Brit. Ind., VI., 415. Trimen, Fl. Ceylon, IV, 323; Scheff. in Ann. fard.

Buitenz., I, 160.—Caryota horrida, Moon, Cat. 64 (non Willd.).

NameE.— Katu-Kitul (Ceylon).

Description.—Trunk 30-50 feet high, 5-6 inches in diameter,

copiously armed with long, flexible, black, compressed spine, base

thickened, stoloniferous. Leaves 8 feet long; leaflets 12-18 inches

long, 1- 13 2 inch proad, fascicled, lanceolate, caudateacuminate, tips

drooping, scurfy beneath ; rhachis scurfy ; petiole spinous towards

the base, sheath 24 feet, spinious, scurfy.

Spathes sparingly scurfy, unarmed, inner 2-crested. Spadix 2

feet long, unarmed, paniculately branched; peduncle very stout,

branches drooping. Male flowers + inch long, densely imbricate ;

sepals very small; petals acute, striate; stamens 9; filaments short,

broad, fleshy ; anthers linear. Female flowers scattered, 4+ inch in

diameter. Sepals thick, forming a broadly 8-lobed cup; petals

hardly longer than the sepals, coriaceous, broader than long.

Fruit globose, 4 inch in diameter, black or purple, like large

black currants.

Hasirat.—Ceylon. Steep forests in moist region, 1-5,000 feet ;

rather common. (Hndemic in Ceylon.)

Flowers in February and March.

ONCOSPERMA HORRIDUM, Scheff. in Natunrk. Fijdsch. Ned. Ind.,

XXXIT, 189; Ann., fard. Buitenz, I, 159. Areca horrida, Griff. in Cale.

Fowm. Nat. Hist., V, 465. Palms Brit. Ind. 158—233C; Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm, IIT., 312. Hook., Fl, Brit. Ind., VI., 515. Areca mibune, Mart., Hist.

Nat. Palm, 173, t. 150, f. 4.

NAME. -_Bhyass (Malay Peninsula); Bijass-Palme (German).

Description.—Trunk 30-40 feet high, sending off stolons at the

base, annulate; spaces between the rings much armed. Crown

rather thin, Leaves 14-16 feet long, 5 feet broad, spreading in every

direction. Sheaths leathery, 2 feet long, much armed. Petiole

bearing leaflets nearly from the base, green, stout, flattened at the

base, compressed at the apex, otherwise trigonal, covered with brown

irregular scales, armed throughout, but specially underneath, with

black-brown flat not very strong spines. Pinnules 2-3 feet long,

520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

alternate or subopposite, very narrow, subulate-acuminate, coriaceous,

dark-green, above keeled along the centre, with 2 lateral plaits

on either side, spreading or oblique; a few scales attached by the

middle extend along the central vein underneath.

Spathes 2 complete, acutely margined, coriaceous, armed with

brown-black spines, outer 1-14 feet long, of a greenish colour outside

when mature, yellow and polished inside, inner cuspidate. Spadix

axillary ; peduncles stout, yellow, flattened at the base, much armed

on the spaces between the insertion of the spathes, above these

unarmed; branches 1-2 feet long; pendulous, flexnous, about equal,

2 or 3 times branched or simple. Male flowers: sepals 3, imbricate,

carinate, submembranous; petals 3, valvate, subulate or almost

setaceo-acuminate; stamens 6, sagittate; pistillode rather large of

3, sometimes 2, imperfect carpels. Female flowers : sepals imbricate,

roundish-cordate ; corolla conical in the bud; staminodes 6; ovary

of 1 large complete carpel and 2 incomplete ones; no style; ovule

anatropous, parietal.

Fruiting spadix: branches 2-4 feet long, pendulous, without

spathes, each suffulted by a coriaceous acuminate broad-based _bract ;

fruit sessile, spherical, 3?-1 inch in diameter, purplish-black,

surrounded at the base by the perionth, oblique, the true apex being

indicated by a mammilla on one side near the middle; epicarp

coriaceous; fibres very few, endocarp membranous, seed round,

attached by a broad base, whitish-brown, reticulate with white veins,

hilum large; albumen horny, deeply ruminate.

Hasirat.—Malacca; common in densely wooded valleys and

ravines, at Ching, and on wooded hills, at Laydang Soobubi, but

rare; in woods at the base of Battoo Bakar; Borneo (Griffith) ;

Sumatra.

NotE—This species is very nearly allied to the species, O. filamen-

tosum, and seems to differ from it only by its larger fruit which

reaches up to one inch in diameter.

ONCOSPERMA FILAMENTOSUM, Bl., Rumphia, IL, 97, t. 82, 103;

Hook., f. Fl. Brit. Ind., VI, 414.—O. cambodianum, Hance. in Journ. Bot.

Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., V., 463, et in Palms Brit. Ind., 157, t. 232 B—

A, nibung, Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 173, 311,t. 153.—Areca nibung,

Griff., ex. H. Wend, 1. in Kerch. Palm, 231. Keppleria tigillaria, Meissn.

Gen. (1842) 355.—Oncosperma tigillaria, Ridley, Fl. Singapore in Journ.

Asiat. Soc. Straits, 8. No. 33 (1900) 178.—-Areca spinose, Hort.

NameEs—English: Nibung Palm.

German: Nibungpalme.

Jav.: Hrang, Handiwung, Liwung, Gendiwung.

Malay.: Nibong. According to Ridley, the natives of the

Malayan Peninsula distingiish several formes under

the names of Lenau, Ibas or Ibu and Nibong Padi.

JouRN. BomBpay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Derren

To left: Karu-Kirun (Oncosperma fasciculatum Thw.).

To right ; Nrsuna Patm (Oncosperma filamentosum B.).

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 521

DESCRIPTION.—Stem 30-80 feet high, distinctly annulate, armed

with long black spines, stoloniferous. Crown thick, graceful.

Leaves pinnate, 10-12 feet long, drooping ; petiole roundish, armed,

very scurfy upwards; leaflets about 2 feet long, conduplicate at the

base, acuminate, pendulous, coriaceous, many veined, principal keel

above excentric, ferruginous scurfy, underneath bearing’ scales

attached by their middle.

Spathes boat-shaped, two-keeled, of a stout texture, outer green,

covered here and there with whitish-ferruginous scurf, armed on the

back especially about the keels; inner almost unarmed, more scurfy,

velvety. Spadices arising from the axils of fallen leaves; peduncle

slightly armed; branches many, long, undulato-flexuous, lower ones

divided, upper simple. A rudimentary bract at the base of the lower

one. Flowers crowded, one female between two males, or in pairs, one

male and one female, the former more advanced. Male flowers:

sepals subeordate, cuspidate, keeled; petals 3, valvate, coriaceous,

suddenly acuminate into subulate bristles, spreading; stamens 6,

filaments short, stout, cohering slightly with the petals, anthers

large, sagittate, obtuse; pistillode rather large, white, of 3 carpels

which are distinct nearly from the base. Female flowers with a

broad incospicuous bract; sepals imbricate, suborbicular, concave,

fleshy, coriaceous ; petals larger, imbricate; staminodes 3 or none;

ovary roundish, of the size of a small pea, 1-celled; style none.

stigmas 3, connivent; ovule appense pendulous.

Fruiting spadix: branches 1-2 feet long, pendulous, purplish-

sanguineous, with an articulated appearance; berry spherical, ,+,

inch in diameter, surrounded at the base by the perianth, marked

towards the apex on one side with an areola, bearing in the centre

the remains of the stigmas ; endocarp fibrous, thin ; seed appense just

below the areola; albumen horny, deeply ruminate ; embryo oblong-

conical, basilar.

Hasirat.—Singapore ; common, Tanglin, Changi; Johor ; Malacca;

Pringgit and near the town; Cochin China; Borneo. Cultivated

in India.

Uses.—‘‘ The wood of the nibong is used for many purposes, in

building for flooring, bridges and such like, also for pig spears.

Sharpened spears of it are driven into the ground in lalang at such

an angle that the point is about the level of the breast of the pig.

The spears are pointed towards the garden to be protected from the

wild pigs and quite concealed in the grass; when the pigs invade the

garden the natives startle them by shouts and other noises, the pigs

rush out and are impaled on the spears.’’ (Ridley.)

InLustratTion.—Mr. Macmillan has kindly supplied us with

the photograph reproduced on Plate LXXI. The left-hand

groups consists of O. jfasciculatum and the one to the right of

O. filamentosum.

522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

HYDRIASTELEH, Wendl. and Drude in Linnzwa, XX XLX, 180,

190, 208.

(Ktym.: From the Greek ‘ hydria”’ a water vessel or fountain, and.

‘stele’, a column, in allusion to the tall stems growing near springs).

Benth. Fl. Austral, VII, 138—F. Muell. Frag. Phytogr. Austral.,

VII, 101, 102.—Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, Il, 385,5.—

Bailey Annusl. Fl, V, 1673.

Stem straight, high, slender, unarmed, annulate. Leaves terminal,

pinnatisect, segments alternate, linear, preemorse-dentate at the

apex ; rhachis laterally compressed, convex on the back; petiole

concave. Spadices shortly and broadly pedunculate, simply branch-

ed, branches elongate pendulous, obtusely quadrate ; spathes 2, com-

plete, deciduous; bracts and bracteoles forming an obscure cupule.

Flowers moncecious, pale yellow or greenish, disposed in decussately

opposite areolee, three together, the central one female; bracts and

bracteoles obsolete. Male flowers asymmetrical, compressed. Sepals

minute, acute, scarcely imbricate. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acumi-

nate, valvate. Stamens 6, filaments short, subulate ; anthers linear,

erect, basifixed. Female flowers much smaller than the male, sub-

globose. Sepals reniform, imbricate. Petals slightly longer, orbi-

cular, convolute-imbricate. Staminodes obsolete. Ovary globose

or ovoid; 1-locular ; stigmas 3, minute, sessile patulate depressed ;

ovule ingerted above the middle of the cell, pendulous.

Drupe small, elliptic, smooth or ribbed; stigmas terminal; peri-

carp fibrous ; ; endocarp thinly orustaceons, Seed ellipsoidal, erect,

free, hilum iaterall: albumen equable ; embryo basilar.

SPECIES—3.

DistRIBUTION.—Tropical northern coast of Australia.

HY DRIASTELE WENDLANDIANA, Wendl. and Drude in Linnea,

XXXIX., 209; Bailey Queens FI., V., 1673.—Kentia Wendlandiana, F. Muell,

Fragm., VII, 102 ; Benth Fl. Austr., VII., 138.

NameE.— Wendlands Nymphen-Palme (German). |

Description.—A_ tall palm. Leaves many feet long, segments

numerous, unequal, the longest 14 foot long, the upper ones con-

fluent at the base, all or most of them jagged or toothed at the apex.

Spadix of numerous slender pendulous spikes of about 1 foot, the

common peduncle very short, broad and thick, marked with the

scars of the spathe and of two outer bracts, the primary branches

very thick, the rhachis of the spikes slender, the notches very little

immersed. Female perianth (fruiting) about 2 lines in diameter ; the

segments all very broad, the inner twice as long as the outer ones.

Fruit ovoid or globular, when dry about 4 lines in diameter

and longitudinally striate with prominent ribs, succulent when

fresh with athin endocarp. Seed erect, with an oblong oblique basal

hilum, the testa free from the endocarp, the albumen not ruminate.

Piatt LXXII.

JouRN. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 523)

Hasirat.—N. Australia: Liverpool River, Queensland, Cape

York, Cape Sidmouth.

CULTIVATION IN EuRopE.—A stove palm. It grows ina compost of

loam and peat, in equal proportions ; a little silver sand may be added.

They need plenty of pot room, and a liberal supply of water throughout

the summer, both at the roots and overhead. The imported seeds ger-

minate quickly in a lght sandy soil, if placed on a hotbed, young

plants grown from seeds do well in the drawing room. ‘The first

leaves are deeply bifid and show already the preemorse-dentate tips.

ank Mr. Phipson for the photograph

of Hydriastele Wendlandiana, reproduced on Plate LXXII. The

specimen may still be seen in Victoria Gardens, Bombay.

RHOPALOSTYLIS, H. Wendl. and Drud in Linnea, XX XIX,

Revete lef. 2s

(Etym.: From ‘rhopalon”’, a club, and ‘‘stylos,” a pulleys 2

alluding to the club-shaped spadix. ) ;

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 172, t. 151, 152 (Areca) et 312

Kentia sajida).—Hook f. FI. Nov. Zev l; t. 59, 60, (Areca).—

Drude Bot. Zeitg., 1877, 637, t. 6, f. 18-21" Bot. Mag., t. 5139,

5735 (Areca).—Benth. ad aN) Gen. Pl..Ut; 11,890, 16.

Unarmed low palms, stem annulate. Leaves terminal, equally

pinnatisect; segments numerous, equidistant, narrowly ensiform,

acuminate, margins at the base recurved, not thickened; rhachis on

the concave side furfuraceous ; petiole very short; sheath elongate.

Spadices short, patent, with avery short and stout peduncle;

branches subflabellate, dense-flowered ; spathes 2, complete, oblong,

complanate, the lower one 2-winged; bracts subulate at the apex ;

bracteoles squamiform. Flowers monzecious on the same infrafolia-

ceous or iastigiately branched spadix, spirally disposed, ternate with

the median one female, or the upper ones solitary and 2-nate male,

with bracts and bracteoles. Male flowers asymmetrical, trigonous-

compressed, Sepals subulate-lanceolate, scarcely imbricate. Petals

obliquely ovate, acuminate, valvate. Stamens 6, filaments subulate

filiform, inflexed at the apex ; anthers linear, dorsifixed, versatile.

Pistillode columnar. J'emale flowers smaller than the male, trigo-

nous-globose. Sepals rotundate, concave, broadly imbricate.

Petals smaller scarcely exserted, cochleate at the base, broadly

imbricate, suddenly narrowed into triangular valvate tips... Stami-

nodes obsolete. Ovary ovoid, 1-locular; stigma sessile, 3-fid, the

trigonous segments erect; ovule parietal.

_ Fruit ellipsoidal, smooth, umbonate by the terminal stigma ;

pericarp fibrous; seed ovoid-oblong or ellipsoidal, erect, free, the

broad hilum reaching from the base to the apex; albumen equable ;

embryo basilar.

SPECIES— 2.

§24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

New Zealand, Norfolk Island.

DISTRIBUTION.

Flowers purplish lilac, drupe oblong... . BR. sapida.

Flowers white, drupe globose ra ... RR. baneri.

RHOPALOSTYLIIS SAPIDA, H. Wendl. and Drude in Kerch, Palm,

255; Cheesma New Zeal, Fl., 740.—Kentia sanida, Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.

III, 312; Drude, Palmee in Nat. Pflanzenf., IL., 3,73.—Areca sapida, Soland,

ex Forst. Plant, escul, 66; Ferd., Bauer Illustr. plant, Norfolk, t. 179, 180,

202, 203, in Museo Caes. Vindobon asservatz ; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, ILI,

172, t. 151, 152; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel., 157; A. Cunn., Precur. n. 298 ;

Raoul, Choix, 40; Hook., f. Fl. Nov. Zel., I, 262, t. 59, 60. Handb., N. Z.

Fl, 288; Bot. Mag., t. 5189. Areca banksvi, Allan Cunn. MS.

NameE.—Nikan Palm (English); Schmackhafte Nikan Palme

(German). }

DESCRIPTION.—Stem rather slender, smooth, 10-25 feet high, 6-9

inches in diameter, rarely more. Leaves 4-8 feet long; rhachis

clothed with copious lepidote scales; leaflets very numerous, 2-3

feet long or more, 1-2 inches broad, linear-ensiform; midrib and

main veins covered with lepidote scales; margins replicate at

the base.

Spadix 1-2 feet long, much and closely branched, glabrous ;

spathes 2 or 3. Flowers very densely crowded, purplish-lilac.

Drupe 4 inch long, elliptic-oblong, bright-red.

Hapitat.—New Zealand. North Island, abundant in forests

throughout; South Island, in low land districts not far from the

coast as far south as Banks Pennisula and Hokitika, rare and local ;

Chatham Islands sea-level to 2,000 feet. (The Nikau-palm is the

most southern member of its order).

FLOWERS.—From January to April.

Usres.—The unexpanded central bud and the very young spadix

are both edible, and were formerly eaten by the Maoris, and even

by European settlers.

RHOPALOSTYLIS BAUERI, H. Wendl. and Drude in Bot. Zeitg.,

XXXV (1877) 638; Cheesem, New Zeal. Fl., 740.—Kentia bauer, Seem., FI.

Vit., 269; Cheesem., in Trans, N. Z. Inst., XX (1888), 174.—Areca bauer,

Hook. f. in Dlustr. Hist., XV. (1868), 575; Bot. Mag., t.5735,—Areca sapida,

Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norfolkicee 26 (not of Soland)—Seaforthia robusta, Rollis

(accord. to Salomon, Die Palmen).

NameE.—Norfolk Betel Palm (English); Bauers Nikau Palme

(German). |

Description.—Larger and stouter than the foregoing species,

sometimes attaining a height of 50 feet and a diameter of over 12

inches. Leaves larger and more numerous, 6-9 feet long, pinnate ;

rhachis beneath, costa and nerves at back of the pinuls sparingly

clothed with furfuraceous scales. Pinnales close-set, two feet long,

13 inch broad, stiff, acuminate, usually 3-nerved, ribbed and plaited ;

rhachis triangular towards the base, convex above.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 525)

Spathes 8-10 inches long, white, narrow-oblong, acuminate, flat

at the back, 3-4 inches across. Spadix axillary, but, owing to the

falling away of the leaf as soon as the spathe is ready to open and

the flowers are fully formed, only flowering when infra-axillary,

horizontally patent from the stem, 1-3 feet long, sparingly branch-

ed; branches stout, devaricating, white in flower, green in fruit.

Flowers crowded, white, nearly 4 inch when expanded. Outer

perianth-seement broadly ovate in the female, narrower in the male,

inner oblong, acute.

Drupe nearly globose, 3-2? inch in diameter, scarlet, shining.

Hasirat.—Kermadec Islands: Sunday Island, abundant from

sea-level to the tops of the hills (1,500 feet). Originally discovered

in Norfolk Island.

CULTIVATION IN EuRoPE.—'This and the foregoing species are orna-

mental stove-palms. They thrive well in a compost of loam and peat,

in equal proportions, to which a little silver sand may be added,

Plenty of pot room, and a liberal supply of water, both at the roots

and overhead, are essential. The seeds germinate quickly in a light

sandy soil, when placed on a hotbed. These palms are liable to be

attacked by Red Spider or Thrips; in that case the plants must be

sponged with soapy water.

Dammer says that R. bauert and R. sapida are hardy drawing-

room palms which are best kept cool in winter. . baueri some-

times stands several degrees of frost on the Riviera. In its original

home ft. sapida is, for some time of the year, exposed to frost and

snow without taking harm. Salomon has observed that in winter

this palm thrives much better at 4.2-46° F. than in a higher or lower

temperature. Care should be taken, however, not to place the

palm too far away from the ight. In summer the plant will do

well in the open garden.

To distinguish f. baueri from R. sayida the following points of

difference should be noted :—

f. bauere. Re. sapida.

Greater height and longer

leaves.

Leaflets of the regularly pin-

nate leaves more horizontal and,

compared with their length,

broader than those of R. sapida.

Leaflets more erect and com-

paratively narrower.

Leaves more reflexed at the

top thanin RR. bauer.

Flowers purplish-hlac.

Fruits bright red, elliptic-

oblong.

Flowers white.

Fruits scarlet and more spheri-

cal.

526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

CYRTOSTACH YS, Bl, Rumph., IT., 101, t. 120.

(From the Greek ‘“cyrtos,” curved, bent, and “stachys,” a

spike; in allusion to the curved spikes of flowers).

Mart., Hist, Nat. Palm., 316.—Kunth Enum., Pl. III, 641.

Bentinckia.—Walp. Ann., IIT, 647.—Mig. Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl., 589

(Areca erythropada).—Scheff. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., 138, 159—

Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. III, II, 892, 20.

Stems slender, caespitose, annulate. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets

linear-lanceolate, acuminate, unicostate.

Spathes 2, complete, caducous. Spadix intrafoliar, shortly

peduncled, broadly paniculately branched ; branches 1-2 feet long,

stout, spreading ; flowers in spirally disposed clusters of 3, a female

between 2 males.

Male flowers symmetrical; sepals orbicular, imbricate; petals

valvate ; stamens 12-15, exserted ; anthers short, versatile ; pistillode

bifid. Female flowers: sepals orbicular; petals longer, broadly

imbricate, tips valvate; staminodes forming a membranous cup;

ovary narrowly ovoid; stigmas subulate ovule; pendulous from the

tip of the cell. | 7

Fruit small, ovoid; stigma terminal. Seed adherent to the

endocarb, elobose hilum apical ; albumen equable ; embryo hapila®

SpEctEs.—About 3

DISTRIBUTION _—Malayan.

CYRTOSTACHYS LAKKA, Becc., Ann. Jard. Buitenz. II, 141;

Hook., Fl. Brit. Ind., V1, 414, C. Lakka, var. singaporensis, Bece. 1. c.

Ridley Mat. F1. Malay. Penin. 11, 149.

NameEs.—Enelish: Sealing wax Palm.

German: Gruben Rendapalme.

Maiayan: Pinang Rajah.

Description. —A slender tall soboliferous palm; stem 12-15 feet

high, 3 inches in diameter, olive-green, smooth except for the node,

internodes 6 inches long. Leaves 4-5 feet long, erect, pinnate ;

petiole 6 inches long, red; sheath 2 feet long, red; leaflets linear

with long points, about 25 pairs, dark-green above, glaucous beneath,

18 inches long, 14 inch wide; rhachis red.

Spadix long, deflexed, green, finally red, with about 25 branches.

Spathes broad oblong, Ghrved Flowers spirally arranged, 1_ female

between 2 males. Male flowers: Sepals ovate, green edged red ;

petals longer, ovate, green stamens 11 (12 or 15) ; filaments slender,

bases adnate to the pistillode, longer than the petals, white; an-

thers small, oblong ; pistillode thick ; styles 3, base thickened and

narrowed upwards, shorter than the stamens. Female flowers:

Sepals broadly rounded ; petals ovate, much larger, green; ovary

globose ; stigmas short, thick, recurved, brown.

E LXXIII.

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 527

Drupe small, obovoid, 2 inch long by about } inch in diameter,

black, base scarlet; pulp thin. Seed ovoid, + inch long; albumen

equable ; embryo basilar.

HapiTat.—Singapore : Kranji, Jurong; Pahang: near Pekan;

Selangor: Klang; Perak: Teluk Anson (ex Ridley); Borneo.

Cultivated in India.

Notre.—0. lakka is very near the next species, C. renda, which

has an ovoid fruit abruptly constricted and a globose seed.

CYRTOSTACHYS RENDAH, Bl. Rumph II, 101, t. 120;Kth. Enum.

Pl. III, 641. Sheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. I, 126, 159; H. Wendl, in

Kerch. Palm, 242; List of Palms in Kew Rep., 1882 (1884), 55.— Bentinckia

renda, Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 316; Miguel, Fl. Ind. Bat., III, 42 et

Prodr. Fl, Sum, 254; Walp. Ann., III, 467, V., 812.—<Areca erythropoda,

Mig. in Joun.'vot. neerl. 1, p. 6, et Prodr. Fl. Sum. 253, et 589.— Ptychosder-

ma coccinea, Hort. Lugd. Bat., Cat. pl. hort. bot, Bog. (1866) 69; Mig. De

Palm, 24.—Pinanga purpurea, Hort. Bog. in Mig. Prodr. Fl. Sum. 590.

NameEs.—Pinang rimbou, Pinang rendah or rende, Pinang Lem-

pianw (Sumatra); Sealing-wax Palm (Knglish); Rotstammige

Renda-Palme (German).

DESCRIPTION.—A gregarious palm. Stem above 30 feet high,

eraceful, smooth, annulate. Leaves 6-6 feet long (excluding the

leaf-sheath) fecrebcont: pinnatisect : petiole about 6 inches long.

Segments narrow lanceolate, the longer ones 28 inches long, 2

inches broad, acuminate ; te terminal segments shorter, bidentate

or shortly bifid, or subobtuse.

Spathes: 2 complete, 2 incomplete. Flowers crowded, 1 female

between 2 males. Stamens 12-15. Ovary unilocular, 1-ovuled,

sometimes the rudiments of a second or third loculus are found ;

ovule pendulous from the tip of the cell; stigmas subulate.

Fruit ovoid, at the apex abruptly apiculate, 2/5 inch long, + inch

broad. Seed round, about 1/5 inch in diameter, adherent to the

endocarp ; hilum apical ; albumen equable ; embryo basilar.

HaApBiTaT.—Sumatra.

CULTIVATION IN EuropeE.—This and the foregoing species are

stove-palms. They grow in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf soil,

in equal parts, with a liberal addition of sand. When they are fully

grown, they prefer about two-thirds of loam and some rotten cow-

manure. ‘The seeds germinate in a compost similar to the one

mentioned, when they are placed in a moist gentle heat.

ILLusTRATION.—Plate LXXIII shows a fine tuft of Sealing-wax

palms (Cyrtostachys rendah) in the Botanic Gardens of

Peradeniya. The photograph was taken by Mr. Macmillan.

PTYCHOSPERMA, Labill. in Mem. Inst. Paris, 1808, IX, 253.

(Etym.: From the Greek ‘“ ptyche,” a fold or winding, and

“sperma,” seed; alluding to the ruminated albumen.)

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

R. Br. Prod. 267 (Seaforthia).—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 182,

t. 128, 129.—Benth. Fl. Austr., VII, 141 (Ptychosperma, sp. n. 4)—

Seem. Fl. Vit., 272, t. 82.—Scheff. Ann. Jard. Buitenz. I, 120, 1385,

154— Wendl. and Drude in Linn. XX XIX, 183, 215.—Becc. Males,

1, 47, 99 (excl. sp.).— Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, IT, 891, 18.

Stem erect, slender, high, unarmed. Leaves terminal, equally

pinnatisect; segments linear or from the base towards the apex

dilate, preemorse membranous, many-nerved, thickened on the

margin, recurved at the base, the terminal ones confluent; rhachis

trigonous, thin; sheath elongate.

Spadix paniculately branched; spathes 2, complete, caducous ;

bracts and bracteoles squamiform. Jf lowers moncecious, spirally

arranged, ternate, the median one female, or the upper ones solitary

and 2-nate male, all with bracts and bracteoles. Male flowers

symmetrical, ovoid or oblong. Sepals orbicular, carinate on the

back, gibbous or rotundate, broadly imbricate. Petals ovate or oblong,

acute, valvate. Stamens 20-30, fasciculate, filaments short or

elongate ; anthers oblong or linear, attached on the back or towards

the base, versatile, Pistillode styliform. Female flowers often

smaller than the male, subgloboses. Sepals reniform or orbicular,

broadly imbricate. Petals slightly longer, orbicular, convolute-

imbricate, at the apex valvate or subvalvate. Staminodes 8 or

more, minute. Ovary oblong or ovoid; stigmas 38, short sessile ;

ovule parietal pendulous. : 7

Fruit ovoid or ellipsoidal, sometimes rostrate, terete or sulcate

1-locular; stigmas terminal; pericarp thick, fibrous ; endocarp thin

or crustaceous and smooth; seed erect, ovoid or oblong, terete or,

deeply 5-sulcate ; hilum reaching from the base to the top ; branches

of raphe obliquely descending; albumen more or less ruminate;

embryo basilar.

Specius—About 17.

DistripuTion.—Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, _ tropical,

Australia, islands of the Pacific Ocean.

CULTIVATION IN Evropr.—EHlegant stove-palms. They grow best

in fibrous loam, leaf mould and sand. Perfect drainage and a liberal

supply of water are essential. Propagation is effected by seeds.

PTYCHOSPERMA ELEGANS, Bl. Rumph., I1.,118 ; H. Wandl. in

Bot. Zeit., 1858, 346; H. Wandl. et Drude in Linnewa, XXXIX., 215;

Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., I, 121, 122, 154. Benth. Fl. Austr., VIT.,

141. F. V. Muell. Fragm., VIII., 222, et Syst. Cens. Austr., Pl. 120; Becc.

in Bull. Soc. tose. ort., 1883, 108; H. Wendl. in Kerch. Palm, 254, Becc.

Illustr. di ale. Palme nel Giard. Bot. di Buit. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit., II.,

87. Bot. Mag., 7345.— Ptychosperma seaforthia, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat., III, 21.

(non Scheffer); B. Seem. in Journ. of Bot., L, 68. Seaforthia, elegans, R. Br.

We include also those species on which Beccari (Ann. Jard. Buitenz., II,9091)

founded the new genera Balaka, Coleospadix and Normanbya—See also Webbia, 1

(1905) p. 299-362.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 529

Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl., 267 (1810). Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 4961 (tantum quoad

fig. 9,10, 11. Spreng. Syst. Veg., II., 623; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, IILI.,

181, 313, t. 105, 106, 109; Kth., Enum. Pl. III. 189.—Wandl. Ann.,

IIl., 462, V. 809.

NameE.—Zierliche Faltennusspalme (German).

Drscription.—A rather slender palm. Leaves 64 feet long,

recurved, regularly pinnatisect ; rhachis semi-lunar, in cross section ;

leaflets 2 feet long, 1-3 inches broad, linear, tip very obliquely

truncate and toothed, bright green, paler beneath; sheath 18-24

inches long, 6-7 inches broad.

Spadix 12-18 inches long, inserted below the leaves, very shortly

peduncled, broadly triangular, repeatedly divided into strict branch-

lets; peduncle compressed; branchlets slender, terete. Flowers

sessile, ternate, a female between 2 males, protandrous; towards the

end of the branchlets glomerules of 2 male flowers only, and close to

the apex single male flowers are developed. Male flowers regular,

elongate, obtuse, 4 inch in diameter; sepals orbicular; petals

oblong, obtuse ; stamens 25-30, exserted during the time of flower-

ing; filaments erect; anthers versatile, deeply bifid at the base,

bilobed-obtuse at the apex, broadly linear; pistillode well developed,

ovate at the base, attenuate into the filiform style, about as long as.

the stamens. Female flowers globose-oval or ovate-conical, very

small; sepals and petals largely imbricate ; staminodes 3-6, dentiform

minute, some being sometimes larger than the rest; ovary ovate,

attenuate at the apex, not perfectly symmetrical, 1-celled; stigmas 3,

triangular, acute; ovule parietale, marked with 5 distinct depressions

which represent the furrows of the ripe seed.

Fruit seated on the aurescent calyx, # inch long, oblong,

crowned with the stigmas; pericarp fleshy ; mesocarp finely fibrous;

endocarp finely membranous, strongly adherent to the seed. Seed

globose, with 3 deep longitudinal furrows, and 2 more superficial

ones ; albumen much ruminate ; embryo basilar.

HasitatT.—Northern and Eastern Coasts of tropical Australia, and.

some of its outlying islands, from Sandy Island in lat. 259 S. to

Cape York in lat. 119 N.

This palm was discovered by Sir Joseph Banks during Cook’s

first voyage in 1770, at the mouth of the Endeavour River.

Usres.—In Queensland the stems are used for the rails of fences.

The small stems used sometimes go under the name of ‘ Moreton

Bay Canes.” The leaves are used by the aborigines for water

baskets (Maiden).

LOXOCOCCUS, Wendl. and Drude Linn., 39 (1875), 185.

(From the Greek “loxos,” oblique and ‘‘coccos”’ kernel, berry.)

Bot. Mag., t. 6358. Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl. III, II, 888,

18.

5380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi, XXIII.

Trunk tall, erect, cylindric, annulate; leaves pinnatisect, leaflets

linear, obliquely truncate, reduplicate- pli¢ate.

Spathes 2, cymbiform. Spadix infrafoliar, monoecious, branched

Flowers ternate, mostly in clusters of a female between 2 males

spirally arranged round the branches. Male flowers: sepals 38

orbicular, imbricate petals 3, much larger, ovate, valvate; stamens

9-12; filaments very short ; anthers subversatile, pistillode minute,

ovoid. Female flowers smaller than the male, subglobose; sepals

orbicular, broadly imbricate, persistent; petals ovate, broadly

imbricate, tips valvate, staminodes obsolete; ovary 1-celled, stigmas

3, minute, ovule parietal.

Fruit subglobose, cuspidately beaked ; stigmas, terminal; endosp-

erm ruminate ; embryo subbasilar.

Species—1. Endemic in Ceylon.

LOXOCOCCUS RUPICOLA, Wendl, and Drude in Linnwa, XX XIX, 185

(1875) ; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag., t. 6358.—EHtychosperma rupicola, Thaw. Enum.

328, C. P, 2732.—Caryota mitis (?), Moon, Cat. 64.—Kentia rupicola, Bull.

ex Salomon, p. 78.

Names.—Dotalu (Ceylon) ; Felsen-Krummnuss (German).

DeEscripTion.—Trunk 30-40 feet high, 4-5 inches in diameter,

dull green, base swollen, soboliferous. Leaves about 10, 6-8 feet

long, 3-4 feet broad, spreading; petiole 1-14 feet long with a short

ereen sheathing base; leaflets 12-20 pairs, rather distant, spreading

and decurved, sessile, linear, tip obliquely truncate and notched,

bright green above, glaucous and sparsely furfuraceous beneath,

terminal one or two pairs confluent.

Lower spathe 12 inches long, narrowly cymbiform, coriaceous,

pale-brown, dotted with peltate furfuraceous scales. Spadix 12

inches long, triangular in outline, coral red, quite smooth ; peduncle

short, stout annulate; branches erecto-patent. Flowers blood-red,

male flowers about 4 inch in diameter; filaments stout, equalling

the linear anthers, pistillode minute, trifid. Female flowers ovoid ;

ovary obliquely ovoid ; ovule pendulous.

Fruit about 2 inch in diameter, smooth, blood red; sarcocarp

fibrous.

Hasitat.—On cliffs and rocks in the moist region of Ceylon, from

1,000-5,000 feet; rather common. (Hndemic in Ceylon.)

FLOWERS in February.

Usres.—The seed is used for mastication with betel, like that of

the Arecas.

CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—An elegant stove-palm. It thrives in a

compost of loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal —

addition ofsand. When it is fully grown, loam should constitute

about two-thirds of the compost ; some rotten cow-manure may be

added. Propagated by seeds. These require a compost similar to

the one mentioned and must be put in a moist gentle heat.

Pruate LXXIV

Loxococcus rupicola, Wendl. & Dr., in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 531

This is a most attractive palm from its graceful habit and_ its

coral-like inflorescence. Seeds of this plant were sent to Kew by

Dr. Thwaites, Director of the Botanical Gardens of Peradeniya and

it flowered for the first time in the Victoria House at Kew in

February 1878.

ILLUSTRATION.— We reproduce on Plate LXXIV the photograph

of a young specimen of Lowococcus rupicola from the Botanic Garden

of Peradeniya. The photograph was taken by Mr. Macmillan.

(To be continued.)

532

A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT BY CAPT. F. M.

BAILEY IN §S. E. TIBET DURING 1913,

Capt. W. H. Evans, R. E.

(With a Plate and a Map.)

In 1913 Capts. Bailey and Morshead succeeded in traversing a

previously unexplored tract of country in 8. H. Tibet. A full’

account of their journey will be found in the proceedings of the

Royal Geographical Society ; the following brief narrative and the

map will, however, help in explaining the localities mentioned in

the list of butterflies.

Leaving the Mishmi country and the valley of the Dibang river

in the middle of May, they travelled through the country east of

the Tsang Po ( Dibhang) arriving at Kapu on that river on

June 5th. Thence they travelled down the river as far as Runchen-

pung and then up again to Lagong (June 19th), where the Tsang

Po pierces the main range, which separates India from Tibet. Above

Lagong the route along the river is impassable except during the

winter month and accordingly the travellers struck north over the

Su La (June 28rd) into the valley of the Po Chu. They spent

several weeks exploring the Po Chu and its tributaries, the Ygrong

Chu and the Rong Chu, eventually crossing the Nyama La (July

18th) and reaching the Tsang Po again at Pe (July 13th). From Pe

they went down the Tsang Po as far as Pemako Chung (July 21st)

aud then back again to Pe (Aug. 4th). The course of the Tsang Po

was followed up as far as Shu (Aug. 18th) where a slight detour to

the south over the Kongbo Nga La (Aug. 18) was found necessary ;

a second detour over the Putrang La(Aug. 28th) was made later.

At Tsetang (Aug. 29th) the Tsang Po was left for good and

the explorers struck south up the Yarlung Chu and over the

Yartotra La (Sept. 2nd) and then over the Pu la into the

valley of the Subansiri (Sept. 4th). They went down the Char

Chu for four days and then up the Karpo Chu over the Kumba La

into the basin of the Tsang Po: thence over the Kongmo la

(Sept. 12th) into the Tsari Chu valley, another branch of the

Subansiri. The Tsari Chu was followed down as far as Migyitun

(Sept. 18th), whence they re-entered the Char Chu Valley via the

Tanga La (Sept. 21st): this valley was left at Charme (Sept.

22nd) and the Nye Chu [Sept. 26th), entered via the Le La.

They went down the Nye and Chayul valleys as far as Drotang

and then up the Chayul Chu, called the Loro in its upper reaches,

into the Loro Napko Chu. On October 2nd they left the basin of

the Subansiri by the Pen La and proceeded via the Tulung La

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BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT INS. E. TIBET, 533

and the T'se La down to Dhirang (Oct. 12th) on a tributary of

the Bhoroli river. This tributary was followed to its source

and, crossing the Se La, they reached Tawang on October 16th.

After exploring the Nyamjang Valley and the upper waters of the

Nye and Loro rivers they travelled through Eastern Bhutan and

reached Dewangiri in Assam on November 13th. It may be

noted that ‘‘Chu” means river and ‘“ La” pass in Tibetan.

Captain Bailey had previously taken a considerable interest in

butterflies as may be seen from Mr. South’s paper on the butterflies

caught by him in 1911 in 8. EH. Tibet and the Mishmi Hills (J. B.

N. H. 8S. XXII. 345 and 598). The country traversed in 1911

lies to the east of that dealt with in this paper and his two journeys

have succeeded in practically linking up the fairly well-known dis-

trict, Chumbi Valley, Gyangtse, with Western China (Szechuan).

About 2,000 butterflies were obtained in 1918 belonging to nearly

200 species.

From a natural history point of view, the country traversed may

be divided into five well-marked districts :-—

A.—-The Lower Tsang Po Valley, known as Pemako, below the

gorge where the river breaks through the main range, also the

country to the east towards the Mishmi Hills, May 15th to June

23rd. A densely wooded district with a heavy rainfall, elevation

3,000 to 7,000 feet. Here the greatest number of species were

obtained, as might perhaps have been expected. The fauna resem-

bled that of Upper Assam, showing a transition more or less to that

of Western China. Of the 102 species captured the following may

be noted as of especial interest :—

Hrebia narasingha, M.

Hulepis narcaea, Hewt.

Lethe armandu, Oberth.

Ypthima methorina medusa, Leech.

Calinaga davidis, Oberth.

Gonepteryx amintha, Blanch.

B.—The Po Chu Valley, district Pome, June 23rd to July 13th,

well wooded with a moderate rainfall; elevation 7,000, passes up to

14,300 feet. This proved an interesting country, as, though the

Po Chu is a tributary of the Tsang Po, the two valleys are separated

by snowy ranges. As compared with the Lower Tsang Po district,

a marked change is noticeable in the fauna and all the 64 species

obtained were palarctic; of these the following were of interest :—

Pararge thibetana albicans, South.

Argynms paphia and gong.

Four Aporias.

A large form of Lyceena pheretes.

Two Pamphilas. |

Three Hrebwas.

5384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Melitcea sindwra jezabel.

Cyaniris oreas.

Celenorrhinus thibetana. :

Augiades bouddha, Mab.

O.—The Upper Tsang Po Valley, July 13th to end of August;

elevation 8,500 to 11,000 feet, passes considerably higher. ‘The

lower portion of this district, between Pe and Pemako Chung was

similar in character to the Po Chu Valley; higher up the country

was more like the dry barren mountainous region to the south, which

was traversed later. 43 species were obtained, many of which had

already been captured in the Po Chu Valley, while others were

obtained in the next district.

The following species were not encountered elsewhere :—

A variety of one of the Po Chu LHrebias.

Aphantopus hyperanthus.

Argynms rudra and jamadeva.

Gonepteryx alvinda.

Zephyrus bieti, icana and suroia, Tytler.

Apatura wis bietr.

Hyporion lama.

Eiveres wn.

D.—The mountainous country lying around the upper waters of

the Subansiri between the Tsang Po and main range, which separates

India from Tibet, September; elevation 11,000 to 16,000 feet. A

dry barren country, which produced only 24 species, closely resem-

bling in character the butterflies obtained in the Chumbi Valley and

round Gyangtse; those of interest were :—

Vanessa urticce chinensis.

Argynms eugena rhea and gemmata genia.

Colias cocandiea.

A new species of Lyccena.

Meliteea didyma agar.

A new species of Cyaniris.

Zephyrus duma.

fj,—The densely wooded country about eastern border of Bhutan

within the watershed of the Bhoroli river, October; elevation 5,000

to 8,000 feet. Most of the 80 species obtained belong to forms

found commonly in Sikkim, the only butterfly of any interest being

Hrebia annada polyphemus. After October but little collecting was

done.

a Danais melanea, Cr. A single male at Dewangiri, 1,500 feet, Nov.

oth,

2. Danais tytia, Gray. 2 $ and 3 2 inthe Lower Tsang Po district,

the Po Chu Valley, at Dhiran and Dewangiri.

3. Euploea mulciber, Cr. 2 & at Dhiring, 5,000 feet, October.

4. Pararye masoni , Elwes. 1 9, Migyitun, 10,000 feet, Sept. 15th.

BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT IN S. E,. TIBET, 535

5. Pararge thibetana albicans, South. 82 specimens mostly in the Po

Chu Valley at 7,500 to 10,500 feet in June and a few along the Tsang Po in

July between Gyala and Kongbo Nga La, 9,000 to 12,500 feet.

They agree with Mr. South’s description of the single specimen obtained

by Capt. Bailey on his former trip (J.,B.N.H.S., xxii., 346).

6. Rhaphicera satricus, Doubl. 1 ¢, Po Chu valley, July 7th, 8,000 feet.

7. Satyrus pumilus bicolor, Stdg. 20 specimens at the end of August

and in the beginning of September, 13,000 to 16,000 feet, on the Tsang Po

between Kongbo Nga La and Tsetang, on the Yartotra La and in the Char

Chu and Karpo valleys.

8. Satyrus loha, Doherty. 13 specimens mostly males at 6,000 to 8,000

feet in October and November between Tawang and Kyeri near the

Bhutan border.

9. Satyrus loha chumbica, M.9 males between Pemako Chung and Kongbo

Nga La on the Tsang Po in August, 7,500 to 12,500 feet. 8 females in Sept-

ember in the Karpo Valley and at Migyitun at 10,000 to 12,500 feet. In

many of the males the band was quite yellow, especially on the underside.

10. Satyrus saraswati, Koll. 11 worn specimens in the neighbourhood of

Dhirang about the middle of October at 6,000 feet.

11. relia pomena, n. sp. (see plate ). 56 specimens, including one pair

in copula, mostly in the Po Chu Valley, a few at Lagong and Pemako

Chung on either side of the gorge where the Tsang Po breaks through the

main range; June and July, 4,500 to 9,600 feet.

Above dark velvet brown, as in shallada, Lang ; a small apical ocellus on

the forewing, single pupilled and narrowly ringed with obscure fulvous; a

similar subanal ocellus on the hindwing, the fulvous ring of which is elong-

ated outwardly and beyond there is an obscare fulvous area continued

along the margin to vein 3. Below the forewing is bright fulvous except

for a narrow brown area sprinkled with white scales beyond the apical

ocellus; this area is continued narrowly along the outer margin and bears

inwardly a dark line in addition to the terminal dark line ; the inner

margin somewhat broadly, the costa and base narrowly dusky; the apical

ocellus as above but the fulvous ring lighter and more clearly defined.

The hindwing dark brown overlaid with whitish scales; an anal ocellus in

space | similar to the apical ocellus on the forewing and above a series of

postdiscal prominent white spots in spaces 2 to 5; an ill-defined irregular-

brown discal and a similar, but more obscure, subbasal line ; dark subterminal

and terminal lines as on the forewing. Female as male; above the apical

ocellus is better defined and surrounded inwardly to the end of the cell and

below to vein 3 by a fulvous area, prominent in some specimens and obscure

in others; below the tone is brighter and all the markings are more clearly

defined. The outer margin in both sexes is straight. In the male there

is an obscure patch or modified scales on the central third of the forewing

extending from the dorsum to the costa. Expanse 24 inches. Types in

copula, Tongto, 7,500 feet, June 380th.

The new species most nearly resembles shallada, Lang, and is sufticiently

characterised by the straightness of the outer margin and the presence of

the subanal ocellus on the hindwing.

12. Erebia pomena shuana, sub-sp. n. (see plate). 32 speciensm along

the Tsang Po between Timbe and Kongbo Nga La, 10,000 to 12,500 feet,

August 5th to 18th; mostly at Shu.

Closely allied to pomena. The apical ocellus on the forewing is three

times as large and the white pupil is very prominent ; in the female there is

5386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

occasionally a second minute pupil. The fulvous anal area on the hindwing

is more extensive and much lighter, usually confluent with the ring of the

ocellus. Below paler and all the markings wider. EHxpanse 24 inches.

18. Erebia phyllis gyala, sub-sp. n. (see plate). 28 specimens including one

pair 7m copula, late June to early August, 8,000 to 11,000 feet; a few in

the Po Chu Valley and the bulk at Pe on the Tsang Po. Also a single

aberrant specimen a good deal higher up the river at Tsa near Rongchakar,

12,000 feet, August 28th. .

Differs from phyllis, Leech in the following particulars. The ocellus on

the forewing above is bordered with bright fulvous; on the hindwing there

is a subanal ocellus set on a fulvous area, which is extended upwards

along the margin; rarely this ocellus is absent and the fulvous area is

restricted. On the hindwing below there is an irregular sub-basal and

discal narrow brown line, often prominent and occasionally obsolete ; the

discal band is often bordered outwardly with dull yellow patches. There is

nearly always asubanal ocellus and the white spots above may be prominent

or obsolete. -

This race is very near znconstans, South (J., B. N. H.S., xxi1., 350) and

only differs in the presence of the subanal ocellus on the hindwing ; speci-

mens without the ocellus cannot be separated from inconstans.

In the single female from Tsa the apical ocellus is inwardly bordered by

the fulvous area, but this area does not extend below the ocellus ; below the

bands on the hindwing are very prominent and in addition there is a sub-ter-

minal band ; the white spots are clearly defined but very minute, and the

anal ocellus is absent.

14. Frebia tsirava, sp. n. (see plate). 10 males in the Po Chu Valley and

one at Pemako Chung on the Tsang Po, 7,500 to 9,000 feet, June 30th to

August 7th.

Closely allied to, if not a race of, annada, M ; smaller, about the size of

oriza, M. Above it is very similar to typical annada, but the fulvous area

below the ocellus is rather more developed, while the ocellus itself is smaller

and more rounded. Below the looped band is absent from round the

ocellus on the forewing ; the hindwing bears a single small subanal ocellus,

while the dorsal and outer margins are broadly covered with closely set

white scales, leaving only a broad rectangular,dark-brown costal area.

15. Erebia annada polyphemus, Oberth. A worn male at Tawang, 8,000

feet in October.

16. Erebia narasingha, M. 7 3, Lower Tsang Po. 3,000 to 6,000 feet, June

4th to 19th.

17. Aphantopus hyperanthus luti, sub-sp. n. (see plate). 54 specimens at

9,000 to 10,000 feet on the Tsang Po between Pemako Chung and Tu,

July 17th to August 13th.

Above dark-brown with white cilia, bearing 3 ocelli on the forewing and 2

on the hindwing with narrow but well defined dull yellow irides, as in the

form ocellatus. In specimens from the Amur and Corea, the ocelli are pro-

minent in the female but tend to obsolescence in the male. Below rather

pale, brown obscurely dusted over with white, especially on the hindwing

where the veins are finely white ; the ocelli as on the upperside but with

broader brighter yellow irides ; on the hindwing there is an additional

ocellus in space 5, with often a small one adjoining it above, also a small

ocellus in space 1. The ocelli above are usually pupilled and below always

so. Very near ocellatus, differing conspicuously in the paleness of the

colouring on the underside.

BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT INS. E. TIBET, 537

18. Zipetis scylax, Hewit. Two males on the Lower Tsang Po, at 3,000

feet early in June.

19. Ypthima newara, M. 42 specimens on the Lower Tsang Po and in

the Po Chu Valley, also one at Pemako Chung, at 3,000 to 9,000 feet in

June and July ; a single specimen at Dhirang, 5,000 feet in October.

They agree best with the eastern race sarcaposa, Fruh, of which I have

specimens from Manipur. They may, however, be referable to chinensis,

Leech, which does not seem to be specifically distinct from newara.

20. Ypthima baldus, Fabr. 1 3, Dewangiri, 1,000 feet, November.

21. Ypthima affectata, Elwes and Edw. 22, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet,

June,

22. Ypthima methorina medusa, Leech. 4 specimens on the Lower

Tsang Po, 3,000 to 8,000 feet in early June. Agrees as to races with the

Indian persimilis, El and Ed, but is smaller and with the wings rounded.

23. Ypthima sakra, M. 69 specimens, 4,500 to 9,000 feet, mostly on the

Lower Tsang Po, the Po Chu Valley and one at Pemako Chung, May to July,

a few at Dhirang in October. They agree best on the whole with the Sik-

kim form, true sakra, but many are inseparable from the eastern race

austent, M. In most of the specimens the subterminal dark areas on the

underside are obsolete.

24, Lethe dyrta, Fd. 1 3, Dhirang, 5,000 feet, October.

25. Lethe confusa, Aurivill. 106, Dewangiri, 1,000 feet, November.

26. Lethe verma, Koll. 8 $, Lower Tsang Po, 6,000 feet, June and

Dhirang, 5,000 feet, October.

27. Lethe sidonis, Hewit. 18 specimens, 5,500 to 10,000 feet; mostly in

the Po Chu Valley, June and July ; near Tawang, October ; single specimens

at Migyitun, September and on the Lower Tsang Po in June.

28. Lethe visrava, M. 1 3, 4,500 feet, Lower Tsang Po, June.

29. Lethe nicetas, Hewit. 29, near Dhirang, 6,000 feet, October.

30. Lethe insana dinarbas, Hewit. 2 ¢, Lower Tsang Po, 5-6,000 feet,

May and June.

31, Lethe brisanda, Den. 3 3, Lower Tsang Po, 5-6,000 feet, June.

32, Lethe serbonis, Hewit. 1 dj near Pe, 9,400 feet, on the Tsang Po on

August 2nd and aQ near Dhirang, 7,000 feet, Oct. 10th.

33. Lethe chandica, M. 1 dry season 3.

34, Lethe distans, Butl. 1 dry season J.

35. Lethe scanda, -

36, Lethe bhairava, M.6<¢.

37. Lethe guinthal, de N. 16.

38. Lethe sinorix, Hewit. 1.

39. Lethe sura, Doubl.1¢.

40. Lethe pulaha,M.1<6.

41, Lethe armandii, Oberth. 23, dry season form,

42, Lethe yama yamoides, M. 1.

Nos. 33—42 all obtained on the Lower Tsang Po, 3—7,000 feet, in June.

43. Neorina hilda, Westw. 1 5 near Dhirang, 7,000 feet, October.

44, Mycalesis mestra, Westw. 13, Lower Tsang Po, 6,000 feet; June.

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

45. Mycalesis suaveolens, de N. 43, Lower Tsang Po and Po Chu Valley

5—8,000 feet, June and early July.

46, Mycalesis uisenus, de N. 1d ; Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

47, Melanitis phedima bela, M. 1 g dry season form.

48, <Anadebis himachala, M. 5 specimens. —

49, Clerome eumeus assama, Westw. 23.

50. Thaumantis diores, Westw. 1 Co.

51. Discophora tullia zal, Westw. 16.

52. Enispe euthymius, Doubl. 13.

53. Enispe cycnus, Westw. 19.

54, Hulepis doton centralis, Roth. Sch. 43.

55. Eulepis eudamippus, Doubl. 1.

Nos. 48—55 all obtained on the Lower Tsang Po, 3,000—/7,000 feet in June.

56, Hulepis narcae, Hewit. 255 Lower Tsang Po, 2,600—5,000 feet

early in June.

57. Apatura iris biett, Oberth. One pair on the Lower Tsang Po, below

Pe at 9,000 feet at the end of July and early in August.

58. <Apatura parisatis, Westw. 53 on the Lower Tsang Po, 3,000_

feet in June.

59. Euthalia france, Gray. 13, same locality as last.

60. Luthalia phemius, Doubl. 1 3, Dewangiri, 1,000 feet, November.

61. Euthalia telchinia, Ménét. 19, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

I identify the specimen as telchinta with some doubt. It is dark-brown

above, the outer areas beyond the cells being abruptly paler, but darkening

slightly again towards the apex of the forewing and the outer margin of the

hindwing. On the forewing the outer edge of the dark area is bent inwards

at vein 2 and runs obliquely to the anal angle; there are two obscure pale

bands in the cell and a discal row of similar spots near the bases of spaces

2—4, Beneath, the ground colour is pale olive-brown, the basal half of the

hindwing being dusted with bluish white ; there are the usual markings in

the cells and a discal and subterminal band on both wings, the discal band

on the forewing being much broken ; the white spot in 2is very large and

prominent, those above it small and inconspicuous ; the apex of the fore-

wing is tipped with white.

_ 62. Laminitis austenia, M. 3 don the Lower Tsang Po, 2,600 to 4,000

feet in June. The specimens were typical.

63. Leminitis danava, M.1<¢.

64. Liminetis daraxa, Doubl. 33.

65. Liminitis dudu, Westw. 1.

66. Pantoporia asura, M. 16.

Nos. 63—68 on the Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

67. Pantoporia jina, M. 23, Lower Tsang Po, 5,500 feet, June and 1d,’

Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

68. Pantoporia opalina, Koll. 4¢, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June,

Po Chu Valley, 7,500 feet, July and Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

69. Neptis hylas emodes, M. 24 specimens at 3-4,000 feet, on the Lower

Tsang Po in June, also near Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

70. Neptis yerburyi, Butl. 4 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 6,500 feet June,

Po Chu Valley, 8,000 feet, June, and Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

71. Neptis sankara, Koll. 1g, Po Chu Valley, 8,000 feet, July.

72. Neptis zaida, Doubl. 1 5 Lower Tsang P35, 3,000 feet, June. Differs from

typical specimens in that on the upperside there is no trace of the discal

streak extending into space 2 and that the underside is a good deal darker.

73. Neptis vikast harita,M.3 3 and 19, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June,

of the wet season form pseudovikasi, M.

74. Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd. 3 3, Lower Tsang Po and Po Chu Valley,

3-7,000 feet, June and July.

75. Junonia orithyia, L. 16 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, June, and near

Dhirang, October, 5-8,000 feet.

76. Junonia hierta, Fab. 1 3, Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

77. Junonia athtes, Johan. 1 ¢, Nyamjang Valley, 8,000 feet, October.

78. Vanessa cardui, lL. 3 3, Po Chu Valley, 9,000 feet, June; Pe, 10,000

feet, July; Nyamjang Valley, 8,000 feet, October.

79. Vanessa indica, Herbst. 5 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 5,500 feet,

June; Dhirang and Nyamjang Valley, 5,500-7,000 feet, October.

80. Vanessa canace, Johan. 1 3g, Lower Tsang Po, 7,000 feet, June.

81. Vanessa cashmirensis, Koll. 11 specimens, Dhirang, Tawang and the

Nyamjang valley, 6-10,000 feet, October.

82. Vanessa urtice chinensis, Leech. 12 specimens; a few worn speci-

mens in the Po Chu Valley, 8-10,000 feet, July; afew at the Pe on the

Tsang Po, 10,000 feet, July ; the remainder in the high country, south of the

Tsang Po,.12-15,000 feet, September.

83. Vanessa ladakensis, M. 28 specimens in the high country south of

the Tsang Po, 14-16,000 feet, September.

84, Vanessa c-album thibetana, Elwes. 2 3, Po Chu Valley, 7,000 feet,

July, and Karpo Valley, south of the Tsang Po, 12,500 feet, September.

85. <Araschnia prorsoides dohertyi, M. 2 &, Po Chu Valley, 7,000 feet,

July, and at Rongchakar on the Tsang Po, 9,000 feet, July.

86. Symbrenthia hypselis cotanda, M, 2 specimens, Lower Tsang Po

3-6,000 feet, June.

87. Argynnis hyperbius, Johan. 9 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 3-5,000 feet,

May and June; Dhirang, 5,000 feet, October.

88. Argynnis chidreni, Gray. 6 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 4-7,000

feet, June ; Po Chu Valley, 7,000 feet, July ; Dhirang, 7,000 feet, July.

89. <Argynnis paphia megalegoria, Fruh. One pair Po Chu Valley, 7,000

feet, July. Very like the typical paphia, L., but larger and more brilliantly

coloured.

90. Argynnis laodice rudra, M. 4 3, 0n the Tsang Po between Pe and

Tu, 9-10,000 feet, July and August. The specimens are intermediate

between samana, Fruh, from W. China and rudra from Assam; smaller and

paler than rudra, though not so much so as samana ; below no green at the

apex of the forewing, therein resembling samana; the sub-basal brown band

on the hindwing broad as in rudra.

91. Argynnis adippe jainadeva, M. 46 specimens on the Tsang Po

between Gyala and Tu, 9-10,000 feet, July and August, Rather paler than

typical jainadeva, but not so pale as the Ladak race pallida, Mihi.

540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

92. <Argynnislathonia tssea, Doubl. 24 specimens, Lower Tsang Po and

Po Chu Valley, 7-10,000 feet, June and July ; Tawang, 10,000 feet, October.

93. _Argynnis clara manis, Fruh. 8 specimens in the high country south

of the Tsang Po, 10-15,000 feet, September.

94. <Argynnis gong, Ober. One worn female, Po Chu Valley, 10,000 feet,

July.

95. Argynnis gemmata gena, Fruh. (see plate), 24 specimens at 12-16,000

feet in the high country south of the Tsang Po in September; in several the

silver colouring on the underside is replaced by yellow, and this variety may

be called fulva, nov.

96. <Argynnis eugenia rhea, Groum. (see plate). 42 specimens caught at

12-16,000 feet at Lu on the Tsang Po and in the high country to the south

in August and September.

These two species are very similar in general appearance. In genta vein

10 is emitted at the end of the cell, thus it falls in true Argynnis, while rhea

appertains to Moore’s genus Joloria, as this vein is emitted well beyond the

cell. I would, however, remark that this feature is of little value from a

generic point of view, as in clara, Blanch, the vein is emitted well after the

end of the ce]l and in the race manzs, Fruh, just after that point. In the

gemmata group, which includes eugenia and altissima, the pattern of the

hindwing below does not vary appreciably ; in gemmata. But, and its dwarf

race genia the silver spot at the centre of the costa is more or less upright

and square in shape, also the cinnamon red areas are broad and prominent:

in altissima and eugenia the spot mentioned is sloping and the red areas are

indistinct. Genia, if my identification is correct, is remarkable in that the

marginal black band, prominent in the other allied species, is absent and

the cilia are concolourous with the groundcolour. <Altisstma appears to be a

good species; vein 10 arises just after the end of the cell; the forewing

is sharply pointed and the outer margin straight below that point; all the

silver markings on the underside are narrow and elongated, while the

black spot near the base of cell 2 on the forewing above is placed nearer

the outer margin than in the other species of the group. ugenia, Ever-

sman, is a species flying from South Siberia, through West China and

Tibet to the Himalayas; vein 10 arises well beyond the end of the cell,

its origin being equi-distant between that point and the origin of vein 9;

in the nymotypical Northern form the large silver spot crossing the end of

the cell on the hindwing below is quite short; in the Tibetan race rhea,

described from Amdo, it is elongate as in gemmata. Mackinnoni, de N., from

the Himalayas, is, I am convinced, a race of eugenia and has nothing

to do with altissima; it hardly differs from rhea, but the cinnamon red

areas below arerather more prominent and the cilia above are concolourous

with the ground colour instead of being whitish.

97. Melitea sindura jezabel, Oberth. 102 specimens in the Po Chu Valley

and on the Tsang Po between Gyala and Du and just beyond the Kongbo

Nga La at 10-13,000 feet in July and August. The specimens appear to be

nearest to jezabel from Eastern Tibet. Above dark, the outer band

strorgly developed ; below very brick red, the forewing often without any

discal markings. Specimens I have from Gyantse are very similar

differing only in the lesser development of the outer discal band on the

forewing above. Both are very different from the small dull Chumbi Valley

form stkkimensis, M. and are nearer to balbita, M. from Kashmir, though

smaller.

98. Melitea didyma agar, Oberth. 57 specimens mostly on the Tsang Po

between Gyala and Lhapto at 9-13,000 feet in July and August and a few

JourN. BomBpay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Tsirava

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Sick

Morsheadi

Houangty shoka Plastingia tytleri lambrix tytleri |

TR ee career

TIBETAN BUTTERFLIES.

yee LIBRARY

QF THE

WIVERSITY GF ALUNGIS

BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT INS. E. TIBET. 541

in the Karpo Valley to the south at 12-14,000 feet in September. There

seems no justification for separating ayar from didyma. Capt. Bailey’s

specimens are practically identical with Seitz’s figures of agar; in many

of the females there is a good deal of the orange ground colour showing

through.

99. Pseudergois wedah, Koll. 3 specimens on the Lower Tsang; Po at

5,000 feet in June and at Dhirang, 5,000 feet, October.

100. Calinaga davidis, Ober. 1 3, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

101. Lrbythea celtis lepita, M. 37 specimens on the Lower Tsang Po and

in the Po Chu Valley, 4-8,000 feet, June and early July.

102. Hyporion lama, Leech. One specimen at Gyala on the Tsang Po

at 9,800 feet on July 17th. The single male obtained agrees closely with

lama, but the two upper spots of the ferruginous sub-marginal band

are white and divide discal spots on both wings which are more developed.

The underside is a replica in every way of the upperside, but the

ground colour is dark ferruginous; there is a pale yellow spot in

the cell of both wings and the white spots of the upperside are developed

into a continuous well defined sinuate band across both wings; the outer

margins are paler.

103. Dodona dipea, Hewit. 6 specimens, Lower Tsang Po and Po Chu

Valley, 3-8,000 feet, June and early July.

104, Dodona eugenes, Bates. 5 specimens in the same localities and at

Dewangiri, 6,000 feet, November.

105. Dodona ouida, M. 6 3, Lower Tsang Po, 7,000 feet, June.

106. Dodona adonira, Hewit. 7 3, Lower Tsang Po, 3-6,000 feet, June.

107. Stiboges nymphidia, Butl. 2 g and 1 9, Lower Tsang Po, early

June, 3-6,000 feet.

108. Papilio aeacus, Fldr. 1 g, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

109. Papilio varuna astorion, Wd. 1 3, Dhirang, 7,000 feet, October,

110. Papilio philoxenus polyeuctes, Doubl. 2 3, same locality.

111. Papilio machaon sikkimensis, M.% 3, Po Chu Valley, 11,000 feet,

June and 1 ¢ on the Tsang Po near Tu, 10,000 feet, August.

112. Papilio helenus, L. 3 S.

113. Papilio chaon, Westw. 1.

114. Papilio jyanaka, M.1 6.

115. Papilio protenor euprotenor, Fruh. 1 Q.

116. Papilio rhetenor, Westw. 1 3.

117. Papilio polyctor triumphator, Fruh. 2 3.

Nos. 112-117, Lower Tsang Po, 3-6,000 feet, June.

118. Papilio polytcor yanesa, M. 1 3, Nyamjang Valley, 7,000 feet,

October.

119. Papilio krishna, M.1 CS.

120. Papilio glycerion, Gray. 6 specimens.

121. Papilio eurous sikhimaca, Heron. 6 specimens.

122. Papilio cloanthus, Westw. 16.

123. Papilio bathycles chiron, Wallace. 10.

124, Papilio sarpedon, L. 12.

Nos. 119-124, Lower Tsang Po, 3-6,000 feet, June.

542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISIT’,, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

125. Parnassius epaphus sikkimensis, Elw. 108 specimens on _ the

Putreng La and the passes to the south of the Tsang Po, August and

September, 14,500 to 16,300 feet. Amongst them several virgin females.

126. Parnassius imperator intermedia, Rothsch. 32 specimens on the

Konghbo Nga La and the passes to the south of the Tsang Po, August

and September, 14,500 to 16,300 feet. This race is quite different in

appearance to the very distinct yellow race augustus, Fruh. from the

Chumbi Valley; the ground colour is pure white and the black dusting of

the nymotypical form is absent.

127. Delias belladonna lativitta, Leech. 11 specimens in the Po Chu

Valley and at Pemako Chung on the Tsang Po, 7-9,000 feet, July.

128. WDelias belladonna ithiela, But. 6 specimens, Lower Tsang Po,

3-6,000 feet, June. ;

129. <Aporia hippia, Brem. 65 specimens, Po Chu Valley and on the Tsang

Po between Gyala and Pe, 7,500-10,500 feet, June and July.

180. Aporia hieti, Oberth. 12 specimens, Po Chu Valley, 11,000 feet, end

of June ard early July.

131. Aporia delavayi, Oberth. 10 specimens in the Po Chu Valley and on

the Tsang Po below Pe 8,000-9,500 feet, end of June to early August.

132. Aporia agathon, Gray. 22 specimens, Lagong on the Lower Tsang

Po and the Po Chu Valley, 5-8,000 feet, end of June and early July.

133. Aporia larraldec melania, Oberth. 2 g andl Q in the Po Chu

Valley and at Pemako Chung on the Tsang Po, July, 10,000 feet.

The specimens obtained were more or less intermediate between melania

and paracraea, de N. below as paracraca, above as melania: harrietae, de N.

from the Bhutan Frontier, of which as faras I know only the type pair

exists in the Calcutta Museum, is also very close. The variation in larraldet

seems to be very similar to that in agathon and possibly many of the

so-called races are really only varieties of the pale nymotypical form.

134. Prerts brassicae, L. 5 specimens between Dhirang and Tawang at

5-10,000 feet in October.

135. Pieris canidia, Spar. 50 specimens, in all the districts traversed

at 4,800 to 13,000 feet.

136. Pieris melete montana, Verity. 26 specimens, Lower Tsang Po and

Po Chu Valleys, 5-8,000 feet, June and July; Dhirang and the Nyamjang

Valley, 6,000 feet, October. All the specimens belonged to the large Eastern

race ; there was nothing approaching the dark Chumbi Valley form melania,

Rob.

137. Preris chumbiensis, de N. 1 2 on the Nyama La, 14,500 feet, July

12th. The markings are wider than usual, but the species is very variable.

138. Huphina nadina, Lucas. 4 ¢ of the dry season form, Dewangiri,

1,500 feet, November.

139. <Appias indra, M. 2 3, Lower Tsang Po, 3-5,000 feet, May and June.

140. Appias lalage, Doubl. 34 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 5,000 feet, May

and June and at Dewangiri, 1,500 feet, November.

141. Gonepteryx amintha, Blanch. 6 specimens, Lower Tsang Po and

the Po Chu Valley, 5-7,000 feet, June and July.

142. Gonepteryx alvinda, Blanch. 19 specimens between Pe and Shu on

the Tsang Po, 9-10,000 feet, July and August. I have identified this species

BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT INS. E. TIBET. 543

from Seitz’s figures and very brief description; they do not, however, differ

from the specimens caught by Capt. Bailey in 1911 and identified by Mr.

South as aspasia. Men. (J. B. N. H. S. xxii. 603). -Alvinda appears to differ

from the Indian zaueka, M. in that the outer margin of the hindwing is not

crenulate between the tail at the end of vein 3 and the anal angle.

- 148. Colias berylla, Fawe. 10 specimens in the high country south of

the Tsang Po at 14-16,000 feet, in September. All the specimens very

worn. Jerrylla seems to connect motiwm, Ober. with ladakensis, Fd. The

females obtained were pale yellow like the males.

144, Coltias cocandica, Ersch. (see plate). 7 specimens caught with derrylla

and a few at Lu on the Tsang Po, 14,000 feet, August. I leave the correct

name to a Colias expert.

145. Dercas lycorias, Doubl. 8 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, 5,000 feet,

May and near Dhirang, 7,000 feet, October.

146. Terias laeta, Bdl. 2 3, Nyamjang Valley, 6,000 feet, October.

147. Terias silhetana, Wallace. 1 3, Dewangiri, 1,500 feet, November.

148. Terias hecabe, L. 7 specimens, Dhirang and Nyamjang Valley,

6-7,000 feet, October.

149. Cyaniris marginata, de N. 1 3, Lower Tsang Po, 4,000 feet, June.

150. Cyaniris albocerulea, M. 2 3, Lower Tsang Po, 4-7,000 feet, June.

151. Cyaniris dilecta, M. 1 ¢, Dhirang, 6,000 feet, October.

152. Cyaniris argiolus jynteana, de N. 15 specimens, Lower Tsang Po

and Po Chu Valley, 4-8,000 feet, May and June; also near Dhirang and the

Nyanjang Valley, 6,000 feet, October. One of the specimens obtained in

the first-named locality is quite different to the remainder, it resembles

coelestina, Koll, in having the black border on the forewing above narrow,

but widening at the apex, but the cilia are prominently chequered with

black at the ends of the veins and there is an indistinct pale discal patch;

below the spots are arranged as in the avgiolus group, the spots on the fore-

wing are, however, linear, that in space 3 being oblique, while the spots on

the hindwing are large, prominent and rounded, 5 that in space 3 being pro-

duced outwardly.

153. Cyaniris oreas, Leech. 8&0 specimens mostly in the Po Chu Valley,

7-8,000 feet, June and July; afew at Migyitun, 10,000 feet, September

and at Tawang, 8,000 feet, October. The Migyitun specimens averaged a

_ good deal smaller.

154. Cyaniris morsheadi, n. sp. (see plate ). 64 specimens on the Tsang

Po between Gyala and Lapso, 9-14,000 feet, July and August; also a few

between the Khamba La and the Kongma La, south of the river, 12,500

feet, September.

Male dark-blue above, a good deal darker than is usual in this genus; the

black border very broad, rather broader than in transpecta, M., of uniform

width, curved round somewhat at the apex of the forewing: costa of the

forewing very narrowly black, the costa and inner margin of the hindwing

dusky. Below the pattern is exactly similar to that in the argiolus-oreas

group ; all the spots are small and rounded, everywhere complete: on the

hind wing there is a greenish tinge increasing in intensity towards the base. In

the female the blue colouration is very dark and restricted to a large patch

in the middle, the rest of the forewing being black ; there is black spot at

the end of the cell; the hindwing is uniform black with an obscure deep-

blue sheen towards the base. Size intermediate between coelestina and

544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

huegeli, M. The species is evidently a member of the argiolus group and

may be easily recognised by the broad black outer margin in the male.

155. Lycena younghusbandt, Elwes. 2 ¢, Yartotra La, 16,000 feet,

September. ,

156. Lycena semiargus annulata, Elwes. 6 specimens, Yarlung Valley,

13,000 feet, early September.

157. Lycena lanty, Oberth. 1 ¢, Po Chu Valley, 8,500 feet, July. The

specimen is very worn and the identification is in consequence rather open

to doubt.

158. Lycena stoliczana,Fldr. 43 specimens. A few in the Po Chu Valley,

10,500 feet, July ; the bulk on the T'sang Po between Tu and Rongchakar,

August ; a single female in September at 12,500 feet between the Khama

La and the Kongma La, Extremely variable.

159. Lycena luana, n. sp (see plate). 6 specimens at Lu, 15,000 feet,

August 19th; on the Putrang La, 16,300 feet, August 25th ; on the Gyemo

La, 15,000 feet, Sept. 4th ; on the Le La, 12,000 feet, Sept. v8rd.

Male above very dark-brown obscurely powdered with white, more espe-

cially so towards the outer margin; cilia broadly pure white, with a minute

terminal black spot at the end of each vein ; in the female the white dusting

is obsolete. On both wings there is a prominent white spot at the end of

the cell, which in some males on the forewing is extended inwards along

the sub-median vein as a narrow streak to one-third distance from the base.

Forewing below base to half way between the end of the cell and the margin

very pale plumbeous, beyond cream white ; the inner edge of the white area

is parallel to the margin as far as vein 4 and then is bent inwards to the

costa; on this area there is a similarly bent ferruginous line which is pro-

minent towards the costa and nearly obsolete towards the inner margin: a

prominent white spot at the end of the cell. Hindwing, extreme base pale

greenish white, followed by a ferruginous area to well beyond the cell, which

is again followed by a broad cream white area as on the forewing: on the

ferruginous area there are a number of large white spots, wz., 4 basal, one at

the end of the cell and a row of 5 on the disc, the lower ones being adja-

cent to the pale outer area; cilia as above. Eyes smooth. The upperside

of the female has been described above. Below the hindwing resembles

the male; the forewing may be described as pale silky plumbeous, with the

following portion cream white, viz., a spot in and another at the end of the

cell, the outer margin broadly and a discal row of contiguous spots bent

inwards in the middle and increasing in size towards the costa. Size of

Lycena iris, Stdg.

A very distinct little species, with no near ally that I know of; above

there is a general resemblance to Seitz’s figure of Lycena astrarche ab

artaxerxes, Fab. but below I know of nothing at all to compare it with.

The antennz are white below and alternately black and white above;

venation as in Cyanirvs,

160. Lycena pheretes, Hbn. 5 g and 1 2 mostly in the Po Chu Valley

and few at Gyala on the Tsang Po, 9-10,500 feet, July and early August.

This may turn out to be a new race of pheretes. It resembles in appearance

lehana, M., but differs remarkably in size, being even larger than true phere-

tes, more as stovczana, Fd. Forewing pointed as in aszatica, El.; on the

upperside of the hindwing there is a prominent row of black sub-marginal

spots, which other forms of pheretes do not appear to possess. Below the

markings are very variable, but do not differ from those prevailing in other

forms. The female is dark-brown with some very dark indigo blue at the

bases. If a new name is needed, I propose major.

BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT IN 8, E. TIBET, 545

161. Lycena asiatica, Elwes. 25 specimens at 12-16,000 feet; a few on

either side of the Putrang La, late in August, and the bulk in the high

country south of the Tsang Po in September.

162. Zizera maha, Koll. 22 specimens on the Lower Tsang Po and in

the Po Chu Valley, frane and July, 4-8,000 feet; also a few near Dhirang,

6,000 feet, October. Many of the specimens are referable to opalina, Pouj.

163. Everes argiades dipora, M. 1 3S Dhirang, 6,500 feet, October.

164. veres ton, Leech. 17 specimens on the Tsang Po between Pe and

Tu, 10,000 feet, early August.

165. Orthomiella pontis, Klwes. 1 3, Lower Tsang Po, 5,500 feet, June

166. Polyommatus boeticus, L. 1 ¢ at Tu on the tgs Po, 10,000 feet,

August and 1 Q, Dhirang, 6, 500 feet, October.

167, Zephyrus dura, Hewit. 1 2 in the Char Chu Valley at 12.000 feet

in September. A somewhat surprising capture.

168. Zephyrus surova, Tytler. 1 @ in perfect condition at Pemako

Chung on the Tsang Po, 9,000 feet, July 23rd. The butterfly has hitherto

only been found at Suroi Fui in the Manipur district. This remarkable

bright metallic blue female is not difficult to identify.

169. Zephyrus hiett, Oberth. 7 specimens between Gyala and Tu on the

Tsang Po, 9-10,000 feet, middle of July to middle of August. Rather

larger than usual; the orange spots on the disc of the forewing in the

female are smaller than usual.

170. Zephyrus twcana. M. 1 @, near Tuon the Tsang Po, 10,000 feet,

Aug. 10th. Agreeing well as regards the upperside with typical zcana from

Kulu, but below there is no ferruginous tinge at all; the ground colour is

rather pale brown and the bands dark-brown while the silver lining to the

discal bands is very obscure.

171. Ilerda viridipunctata, de N. 1 3g Lower Tsang Po, 5,000 feet, June

and 1 ¢ Nyamjang Valley, 6,000 feet, October.

172. Ilerda mooret, Hewit. 23 specimens mostly in the Po Chu Valley and

on the Tsang Po between Pe and Dokar, 9-10,000 feet, June and July also a

few between Dhirang and the Nyamjang Valley, 6-8,000 feet, October.

173. Chrysopanus phleas, L. 83 specimens, a few in the Po Chu Valley

at 8-10,000 feet, June; the majority on the Tsang Po between Pemako

Chung and Shu, July, and in the high country to the south in August,

12-15,000 feet, afew at 7,000 feet in the Nyamjang Valley in October.

Very similar to the European form.

174. Arphneus lohita, Horsf. 1 ¢, Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

175. Arhopala rama, Koll. 3 specimens, Po Chu Valley, early July,

7-8,000 feet.

176. Rapala nissa, Koll. A male in the Po Chu Valley, 8,000 feet, end

of June and a female at Pemako Chung, 9,000 feet, July. The specimens

differ somewhat from the typical form in that the orange areas above are

enlarged and below the ground colour is darker than usual.

177. Chlaria kina, Hewit. 2d, Lower Tsang, 5-7,000 feet, early June.

178. Celenorrhinus pyrrha,de N. 19, Lower Tsang Po, 4,000 feet, June.

179. Celenorrhinus leucocera, Koll. 12, locality as last,

180. Celenorrhinus pulomaya, M. 2 specimens, near Dhirang, 6,500

feet, October.

546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

181. Celenorrhinus thibetana, Mab, 4 specimens in the Po Chu Valley,

8,000 feet, end of June.

182. Tagiades pralaya, M. 23 Lower Tsang Po, 3,000 feet, June.

183. Pamphila dieckmannt, Greser. 3 specimens, Po Chu Valley, 8-9,000

feet, early July.

184, Pamphila houangty shoka, subsp. nu. (See plate). 16 specimens mostly

in the Po Chu Valley and a few on the Tsang Po between Pe and Tu, June

and July, 8-10,500 feet. j

Above as houangty, Oberth, but the black markings enlarged, the lower

discal spot on the forewing being extended to the inner margin. The hind-

wing is black bearing the following yellow spots, a medium sized one in the

middle of the cell, with a small one on the costa above it nearer the outer

margin, a discal row of 3 spots, of which the upper one: is very large and

has outwardly beyond it on either side a small spot near the margin.

Below the markings are as above, but those towards the apex are obsoles-

cent ; hindwing as above, but the black ground colour is overlaid with

yellow brown, only differing very slightly in shade from the yellow mark-

ings. Rather larger than houangty. Houangty is yellow with black mark-

ings, while shoka is black with yellow markings.

185. Ochus subvittatus, M. 3 specimens, Lower Tsang Po, early June,

3,000 feet.

186. Sebastonyma dolopia, Hewit. 1¢, Lower Tsang Po, 4,000 feet,

June.

187. Notocrypta feisthamelii, Bdv. 16, Lower Tsang Po, 4,500 feet,

June.

188. Augiades bouddha, Mab. 9 3, Po Chu Valley, 7-9,000 feet, end of

June and early July.

189. Halpe homolea, Hewit. 7 5 andl 2, Lower Tsang Po, 3-5,000 feet,

June.

190. Halpe aina,deN, 1 9, Lower Tsang Po, 5,000 feet, June.

191. Parnaraaurociliata, Elwes and Edw. 3 ¢, LowerTsang Po, 5-6,000

feet, June. The specimens work out to aurociliata by Elwes and Edwards’

key ; the fringes are bright yellow, but otherwise the description does not

altogether agree. On the forewing there is a single spot in the cell against

the lower edge; a discal row of spots in spaces 2 to 4, that in 2 quadrate,

that in 8 also quadrate, but half the size, that in 4 minute and rounded; the

usual small apical spots in 6-8 ; no spot in | a.

192. Parnara calaca,M. 2 9, near Dhirang, 6,000 feet, October.

Note.—I have taken the opportunity to figure two species, of which I have

recently published descriptions, vz.—

Lambriz tytleri, Evans, and Plastingia tytlert, Evans, from Manipur.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

H. STEVENS, M B.0.U.

( With a plate.)

ADDITIONS AND Errata to Parr I,

82.4. Bhringa renifer (Temm.) [339].—The Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo.

Resident throughout the who le areain forest. It is no unusual occurrence

in ones’ rambles in the dense evergreen forest to come upon a pair of

these Drongos in company with a large and varied assortment of small

birds, Warblers, Babblers, &c., in such a quarter that allows of the pene-

tration of the sun’s rays. The whole surrounding vegetation is then alive

with movement and twitterings. It can be seen to what purpose and how

beautifully nature has adapted the seemingly extraordinary development

of the elongated tail feathers with the spatulate extremity to serve asa

rudder during its aerial dives within a confined and obstructed space.

Both this and the next species are strictly forest Drongos though occa-

sionally frequent the outskirts of the forest.

ERRATA AN! ADDITIONS TO PART t,

Page 235, line 19, for fragmentary 7vead frequent.

238, ,, 11, from the bottom, for nearly read near ally.

OU spas I-45 Xf » for McClell read [McClell. |

241, ,, 12, for Hodgs. read Blyth.

242, ,, 32, for Mytophoneus read Myiophonus.

246, ,, 4, for 14-4-04 read 14-6-04.

249, ,, 1, for dusty read dusky.

249, ,, 2, for dusty read dusky.

253, ,, 17, for move read prove.

253, ,, 34 add June.

254, ,, 14, for 21-6-04 read 21-7-04.

255, ,, 23, for Chota Tinrai read Chota Tingrai

257, ,, 20, for Poobamukh read Pobhamukh.

260, ,, 1, for svecica read suecica.,

262, ,, 6, from bottom,for Gurrung, January read Gurrung Jan.

263, ,, 16, from bottom, for purctulata read punctulata.

264, ,, 14, from top, for ¢ read Q.

266, ,, 10, from bottom, for hold read hoed.

268, ,, 24, for Arachnethera read Arachnothera,

268, ” 30 ” ” ”

268, ,, 9, from bottom, for iqnipectus read ignipectus.

Parnr fT

244, Pitta nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.) [927].—The Blue-naped Pitta.

Occurs throughout the plains in the cold weather at all events. Margherita,

December, February, March; Rungagora, January; Dejoo, 4-6-10, a pair

attracted my attention with their whistling notes, a few days later Pittas

were much in evidence in some scrub jungle close by the bungalow,

245. Pitta cucullata, Hart. '935).-—The Green-breasted Pitta. |

Rare resident at foot of hills in North Lakhimpur ; Dejoo, single record

for adult, 24-5-L7, 2, taken on nest containing four eggs ; the latter smashed

owing to falling timber when clearing the forest.

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Dejoo, 11-8-04, 2 juv., occurs also at Margherita. Failed to meet with it

in the plains. Iris dark brown ; orbits plumbeous ; bill black ; tarsus fleshy

plumbeous.

246. Serilophus rubropygia (Hodgs.) [943].—Hodgson’s Broadbill.

Resident, though possibly local migratory, occurs throughout the plains

in evergreen forest and well wooded cultivated tracts, generally in small

parties. It would be no difficult matter to decimate a party of these Broad-

bills as they are loathe to be dispersed when fired at, even at close range ;

they have a sweet whistling call.

Margherita, November ; Rungagora, February, March ; Dejoo, December ;

Seajuli, November ; Dhoolohat, October ; North Lakhimpur, July, August.

247. Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson.) [944].—The Long-tailed Broadbill.

Resident, it keeps to the dense forests in pairs at the breeding season,

eregarious in parties to the extent of a dozen or more in the cold season

when it frequents any open scrub growth or land interspersed with

trees in the vicinity of habitations, then extremely familiar, very partial

to bamboo “ baris ” or jungle interspersed with bamboos.

Joyhing, 20-9-08, a large party flew into the verandah porch of the

Doctor’s bungalow. Suchan incident is not a particularly uncommon occur-

rence. Reported on other occasions similar such cases.

Dejoo, 4-1-09, a party noted at early morning: the jerking of their tails

was most noticeable. Silonibari, 31-8-11, a small party, four to six birds,

parents and young ? attracted my attention with their plaintive whistling ;

21-10-11, in evidence about now, noted in the garden; a few days

previously also seen in scrub growth along trolley line.

Rungagora, April ; Dejoo, December, January, February, (July, August,

immatures). Iris light stone brown ; orbits yellow; bill green ; tip of upper

and lower mandible light blue, lower mandible orange-yellow ; tarsus pale

green, claws horny,

248, Picus striolatus, Blyth. [948].—The Little Scaly-bellied Woodpecker.

Gecinus striolatus, Blanford, F.B.1., Vol. iii., p. 20.

Resident on the “north bank,” right bank of the Bramapootra at all

events in the wide expanse of open grass and reed land adjacent to

the main rivers interspersed with Simul trees (Bombax malabaricum),.

Komolabari, 1-13-9-04, ¢ ; Boduti, 1-11-07, g.*

As might naturally be expected in a heavily forested region the wood

peckers are well represented and by no fewer than ten species irrespective

of the two Piculets.

249, Picus oceipitalis Vig. [950].—The Black-naped Green Woodpecker.

Gecinus occipttalis, Blanford, F.B.I., Vol. iii., p. 22.

Plentifully distributed throughout the whole district.

250, Preus chlorolophus chlorolophus, Vieill. {951].—The Small Himalayan

Yellow-naped Woodpecker.

Gecinus chlorolophus, Blanford, F.B.1., Vol. ii., p. 23.

Commonly distributed, more partial to the open tracts of country.

251. Chrysophlegma flavinucha ( Gould.) [955].—The Large Yellow-naped

Woodpecker.

Locally distributed throughout the whole district. Oates’ numerous

genera in this family, Preide, are retained though so much sub-division is

probably quite unnecessary.

252, Gecinulus grantia (McClell.) [958]—The Northern Pale-headed

Woodpecker.

JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats III.

JER PS Hey ee eodee

GURRUNG JAN, Forest StreAM oFF R. Dipru, RunGcacora, DIBRUGARH.

Haunts of Asarcornis scutulata, &c., &c.

H, S., Photo.

SUBANSIRI ‘‘ CHURS,’’ HESSAMARA, LAKHIMPUR.

Haunts of Laticilla cinerascens, Oreicola jerdoni, Saxicola leucura, Asio flammeus,

Acrocephalus agricola, &c., &c.

THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

fate Live AR

OF IME

NMIVERSITY GF. LLLUNGIS

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 549

» Locally distributed. In the Dibrugarh district specimens secured at

Limbuguri, Bozaltoli; Tinsukia, in bamboo jungle. Failed to meet with

it in North Lakhimpur.

Iris brown; bill whitish-blue; orbital skin grey; tarsus plumbeous

green ; claws bluish-horny.

253. Dryobates mace macet ( Vieill.) [967].—The Fulvous-breasted Pied

Woodpecker.

Dendrocopus macit, Blanford, F.B.1., Vol. iii., p. 39.

The Common Pied Woodpecker in all descriptions of forest and open

wooded country.

254. Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs.) |978].—The Red-eared Bay Wood-

pecker.

Locally distributed in the plains. Rungagora, 10-1-04, 9, secured, one

of a small party. Observed'in the vicinity of Beni; Abor-Miri hills,

North Frontier.

255. Micropternus phaioceps phaioceps, Blyth. [983]—The Northern Rufous

Woodpecker.

Plentifully distributed throughout the whole district.

256. Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus ( Tickell.) [992].—Tickell’s Golden-backed

Woodpecker.

Commonly occurs in all well forested areas.

The vivid colours of this handsome woodpecker are particularly notice-

able when in flight across any open space in the forest and its loud harsh

call further attracts attention.

257. Hemilophus pulverulentus (Temm.) [996].—The Great Slaty Wood-

pecker.

Only locally distributed in the plains, Rungagora, forest right bank of

Dibru R. More plentiful in the heavy forest of the foot hills in North

Lakhimpur, occasionally occurs in small parties of six to eight. or there-

abouts.

@. Iris dark brown; bill bluish-white; black on culmen and tip

of both mandibles; orbits plumbeous; tarsus bluish-plumbeous; claws

horny.

258, Picumnus innonunatus imnominatus, Burton, [1001].—The Speckled

Piculet.

-Occurs throughout the plains although not as plentiful as S. ochracea,

259. Sasia ochracea, Hodgs. [1002].—The Rufous Piculet.

Similar distribution as P. 2. imnominatus, equally suited in reeds,

bamboo, secondary scrub and dense swampy forest.

260. Lynx torquilla gaponica, Bp. |1003]—The Eastern Wryneck.

Iynx torquilla, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 78.

A cold season migrant. The below records constitute the earliest arrivals

and the latest departures, numerous records intervening dates during the

cold weather months. Frequently flushed from off the ground in low open

scrub or land under tea cultivation, unobtrusive in its habits and does not

shun observation. Earliest arrivals—Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 7-9-08%*,

9-9-08*, 11-9-08, ¢., 17-9-07* ; Silonibari, N. Lakhimpur, 14-9-11* ; forag-

ing on ground, seen two days previously, only to-day was able to make

certain of identification; Komolabari, Sibsagar, 20-9-04, 9 ; Rungagora

Dibrugarh, 5-10-02, 2, 20-10-03, 3, probably earlier arrivals overlooked.

Latest departures—Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 18-4-08, ¢ 2*, male only

550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

secured ; Rungagora, Dibrugarh, 10-4-02, 27-3-02, g, 27-35-03, 2; Dejoo,

North Lakhimpur, 15-3-09 *.

261. Megalema marshallorum marshallorum, Swinh. [1006].—The Great

Himalayan Barbet.

Restricted to the hill regions. The Daphla, Abor-Miri Hills and Naga

hills above Margherita.

Derpai, base of hills, entrance to Subansiri Gorge, 20-11-05, 9, this

specimen was watched by Mr. Lindsay Alexander and seen to be molest-

ed and eventually killed by crows during the day. An examination on

dissection showed a dislocated neck. This incident was no doubt prompt-

ed by similar jealousies after the manner that crows peck an invalid or

injured member of their fraternity to death or otherwise take at a disad-

vantage some unoffending stranger, with this exception unknown at the

foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur. Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 7-2-06,

observed in parties of a dozen or thereabouts.

262. Thereiceryx lineatus lineatus (Vieill.) [1009].—The Lineated Barbet.

Generally distributed throughout the plains.

263. Cyanops asiaticus astaticus (Lath). {[—1012]. The Blue-throated Barbet.

Common throughout the plains. Dejoo River, upper reaches, 5-4-07;

procured a specimen with nape back and breast splashed with red.

264. Cyanops cyanotis (Blyth). [1016].—The Blue-eared Barbet.

North Lakhimpur, approximate distance five miles from base of hills,

3-6-04, od, 25-6-04, o; otherwise no other records available. More

evidence as to the status of this Barbet in Upper Assam is desirable.

265. Cyanops franklint franklini (Blyth). [1017]—The Golden-throated

Barbet.

A series collected on the north frontier in the Abor-Miri hills where it

was comparatively numerous.

266. Xantholema hematocephalus hematocephalus (P.U.S. Mull.) [1019].—

The Crimson-breasted Barbet.

Plentiful in the plains on the grass lands sparsely interspersed with

trees, chiefly Simal (Bombax malabaricum), absent from the heavy forests.

Maijan, Dibrugarh; Komolabari, Sibsagar: north bank of the Brama-

pootra, Dejoo, 8. 3- 10* ; ‘Silonibari, 4-8- 11, These two latter records are

somewhat doubtful as no ’ specimens were secured. In any case it must be

arare bird at the foot of the hills in North Lakhimpur. Observed at

* Tezpur, Lower Assam, in February.

267. Coracias affinis, McClelland. [1023].—The Burmese Roller.

Commonly distributed throughout the plains. A familiar object to the

most casual observer. Often to be seen hawking for winged termites when

they emerge at evening in company with Drongos and Bulbuls, such an

occasion noted at Dejoo, 5-12-10.

268. Lurystomus orientahs calonyx, Sharpe. {[1025].—The Broad-billed

Roller.

Eurystomus orientalis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 107.

Locally distributed throughout the plains, more partial to the heavily

forested tracts than Coracias affinis, and plentiful at the base of the hills.

Margherita, North Lakhimpur, Guijan to Digiltarung (Plains), Dibrugarh.

269. Merops orientalis birmanus, Neum. [10261—The Burmese Bee-eater.

Merops viridis, Blanford, F. B. [., Vol. iii., p. 110.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 551

Essentially restricted to the grass lands in the plains interspersed with

patches of light forest or scattered trees. Dinjan to Panitola, Dibrugarh

20-12-03, 2 ; Komolabari, Sibsagar, 1-15-9-04, a series collected.

270. Merops philippinus philippinus, L. |1027].—Blue-tailed Bee-eater.

Occurs throughout the plains though migratory and locally distributed.

Rungagora (Plains) five miles below on R. Dibru, 16-3-03*, hawking for

food at evening dusk, Rungagora, Dibrugarh, 6-4-02*; Maijan (Plains),

Dibrugarh, April 1901; Rungagora+(Plains), Dibrugarh, 6-7-03, 3; Dejoo

(Base of hills), North Lakhimpur, 3-6-10*, several noted in the “ hoolahs”’

in a quarter of the garden a dayor so before the burst of the south-west

monsoon; Dejoo, 26-6-08. Dhoolohat, 2-7-11, possibly noticed some few

days previously although no note made at the time; Dejoo, 5-7-04, 9,

13-7-04, $ 2, 16-7-04, 3, Sb juv., 8-7-10*, in some numbers in the

“hoolahs” in garden, 4-9-08, 9 ; Silonibari, 4-9-11, stillin evidence and

again on 17-9-1] adults noted; 30-9-11, wet weather at the time; Dejoo,

17-10-04, g ad. dad.; Silonibari, 18-10-11, single; Dejoo, 23-10-10, numbers

congregated in the light scrub growth on the left bank of the Dejoo R.

near the Runganuddie at the Mukh enlivening the air with their whistling

and gyrations. Is this preparatory to migration ? Bipuiia, Bodutird,

31-10-10, numbers congregated in the grass lands at dusk; all appearances

point to a migration; Bipuria, 7-11-10, about seventy estimated in one

party in grass lands hereabouts.

From the above records it appears this Bee-eater gradually recedes from

the forest regions to the open grass country in the plains towards the cold

season as I have no dates available for the terai for November and onwards

until their arrival the following year in June or July. Undoubtedly nests

in North Lakhimpur specimens procured in July lack the elongate middle

pair of tail-feathers and are birds of the year.

271. Melittophagus swinhoec (Hume.) [1030].—The Chestnut-headed Bee-

eater.

Evidently a migrant and locally distributed, occurs in North Lakhimpur

generally in pairs, never abundant, records noted at commencement and

termination of rainy season.

Khakoi R., North Lakhimpur, 21-3-05, 2; Dejoo, about 20-4-03* ;

Dejoo (Hinni, Jan.), 3-6-10*, a day or so before burst of monsoon ;

27-6-08*, a pair in forest (Rajghur) ; 14-9-08*, a pair; 17-10-04, ¢.

272. Nyctiornis athertont (Jard. and Selby.) [1031].—The Blue-bearded

Bee-eater.

Resident along the tract of country at tue base of the foot hills,

Rare in the plains. Rungagora, 18-11-01, single record ; Margherita, Decem-

ber, January, February, March; Dejoo, January, July, 29-8-08, a Bee-

eater which had hung around my bungalow, close to a jan or stream

to-day was hawking for food within a few feet of my window taking repose

in a small tree close at hand, familiar to a degree. Dejoo R. higher

reaches, (Daphla hills low elevations ), 18-12-04, 3.

273. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura, Reichenb. [1033]—The Indian Pied

Kingfisher.

Ceryle varia, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. i., p. 119.

This Pied Kingfisher is a familiar object on all the rivers in the plains.

Many such a little episode as the following may be seen any day pre-

paratory to the nesting period, frequently at such times three birds may

be seen in company, probably two males vieing fora female. Rungagora,

R. Dibru, . 12-1-02. To-day I was a witness of some evolutions of a pair

of Kingfishers. A seated bird perched on a reed parallel to the water

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

was subjected to repeated buffetings by another bird which made incessant

oblique darts through the air. First on one side and then from the

opposite side, coming as near to the stationary bird as possible, causing

the latter to reverse its position with each change of direction of its

assailant: the exuberance of its spirits was manifest with a rapid flapping

of its wings although no noise was audible with the exception of the

usual sharp pipe.

274. Ceryle lugubris guttulata, Stejn, [1034]—The Himalayan Pied

Kingfisher,

Ceryle lugubris, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 121.

Confined to the rivers around the head of the valley, occurs at low eleva-

tions to the limit of the fast flowing water as it enters the plains. Very

wary and difticult to procure ; each pair of birds if more than one pair

haunt the same river have their allotted beat.

Joyhing R., Dejoo R., Panchnoi R., Kola Pani; Dholong R., Khakoi

R., Runganuddie and Subansiri in North Lakhimpur.

275. Alcedo ispida bengalensis, Gm. [1035],—The Indian Common King-

fisher.

Alcedo ispida, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 122.

Generally distributed throughout the plains, occurs along the banks of

forest rivers and streams, although more plentiful in the more open parts

of country. A large series secured in the vicinity of Komolabari, Sibsagar,

can be picked out at a glance from specimens from the forest tracts by

their pale coloration.

276. Alcedo beavani beavani, Wald. {1036].—Beavan’s Kingfisher,

Plentifully distributed throughout the plains.

Eggs taken 19-6-04*f{at Dejoo.

277. Alcedo grandis, Blyth. [1038)}.—Blyth’s Kingfisher.

Occurs in North Lakhimpur at the foot of the hills in the gullies and

deeply shaded fast flowing streams, restricted to a very few miles beat.

Panchnoi, Daphla hills (low elevations), 22-11-05, g, 23-11-05, g,, 24-11-05,

2 ; Dejoo R., 11-12-04, g,¢ ; 1-1-05, g ; Khakoi, R., 21-3-05, g¢, strangely

enough only one female secured.

It has an arrowy flight and in consequence is very difficult to procure on the

wing and when at rest settles in the dense vegetation well out of observation.

Iris brown; bill black, red at gape, lower mandible. in female palehorny

orange-red; tarsus pale coralred; claws reddish-horny, middle claw darkest.

278. Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.) [1040].—The Indian Three-toed Kingfisher.

Rare in the plains. One seen Paropara Jan., R. Dibru, cold season 1902.

Dinjan,. 28-4-01, ¢, killed against tea house window. In North Lak-

himpur is more in evidence at the commencement of the rainy season and

onwards. Apparently somewhat migratory as no cold season records are

available.

Dejoo, April and May 1910, noted on numerous occasions as it flashed

past uttering its sharp note; 9-5-07, nest in “teelah” a few feet from

ground level in dense forest ; 10-5-07, another nesting site inside hollow tree

stump in same forest

Dejoo, several specimens procured, June (11-6-04, 9), July and August

(6-8-04, @); Silonibari, 27-4-1] * , 4-5-11 * , 22-5-11 *,

279, Rhamphaleyon gurial (Pearson) sub. sp. ? (1043).—The Brown-headed

Stork-billed Kingfisher.

Pelargopsis gurial, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. iii, p. 129.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 553

Generally distributed throughout the plains on “bhils” or forest streams

“jans ”’, R. Dangari, Digiltarung, Gurrung Jan, Rungagora; Bhimpoora

bhil, Gogaldhubie.

Dejoo (In North Lakhimpur plentiful), Komolabari.

280. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.) [1044].—The White-breasted King-

fisher.

Haleyon smyrnensis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 182.

Plentifully distributed throughout the plains.

281. Halcyon pileata (Bodd.) [1045].—The Black-capped Kingfisher.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 7-4-04. Recorded, Journal, B. N. H.Socy.,

Vol. xvi., p. 154. It has not occurred since. As this Kingfisher occurs in

Upper Burma, the inference to be drawn is that its appearance ought to

take place more frequently than it actually has done as it appears to be

addicted at performing sporadic movements.

282, Halcyon coromanda coromanda (Lath.) |1046].—The Ruddy Kingfisher.

Callialcyon lilacina, Blantord, F. B. 1., Vol. iti., p 134.

Sparingly distributed throughout the plains.

Rungagora, 7-8-02, a specimen brought in alive which had been caught in

the Dinjan tea-house; several captures of Kingfishers reported to me from

the same quarter and under similar conditions,

Dejoo (base of hills), North Lakhimpur. Forest clearance, 10-6-07, ¢,

one of a pair which had a nest containing young about fifty feet above the

ground ina huge Poma tree (Chickrasia tabularis), At the time I was not

aware that this was a breeding bird as the remaining bird was unable to

repel the buffetings of some Paroquets, Paleornis fasciatus ; the nest was

eventually deserted owing to these miscreants dislodging the young birds.

283. Dichoceros bicornis (Li.) [1051].—The Great Hornbill.

Occurs throughout the plains, more plentiful at the foot hills, a denizen of

lofty forest trees and in consequence difficult to secure. The noise made

by these birds is daily produced in an almost exact representation by the

“ paniwallah ”’ as he returns with his tins of water balanced on his “ sangra’”’

to the cook house, an operation which has misled me to believe these

Hornbills were passing overhead on not a few occasions, 26-2-09*.

Dejoo to Silonibari forest, fourteen D. bichornis in two relays, ten in front

and four behind, making for the forest.

Dejoo, 22-4-08*, this morning I came suddenly on three pairs in some

huge trees adjacent to the seed nurseries, they bounded up and along the

thick branches with rapid though ungainly hops, some were within

gunshot before taking flight.

3.Iris crimson-red; bill: upper mandible gamboge yellow merging

towards tip into orange-red, lower mandible pale horny yellow merging

towards tip into yellow; upper surface of casque orange-red; basal half

of culmen and front black; base of lower mandible black ; orbital skin

and tarsus dark olive; claws horny. @. Iris pearly white.

284, <Anthracoceros albirostris afinis (Hutton) [1053, part]—The Large

Pied Hornbill.

Anthracoceros aliirostris, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 145.

The Common Hornbill of the plains. Occasionally seen on the ground

in forest, disturbed several of a small party partaking of the over ripe

berries that had fallen. Drepai, 26-1-06.

6. Iris reddish-brown; tarsus greenish-plumbeous.

285. Rhytidoceros undulatus undulatus (Shaw.) (1054]—The Malayan

Wreathed Hornbill.

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Very uncommon in the plains at all events around Rungagora, though I

have seen odd single birds in the forest between the Dibru and the

Bramapootra in the cold season.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 30-3-10, at this time numerous pairs crossing

and recrossing the garden at early morning and most noticeable generally.

Silonibari, June 1911, not a day passes without some seen over-

head, singles, pairs and small parties. Silonibari, 6-8-11, to-day whilst

observing one ‘of these hornbills pass overhead I was struck by

the absence of noise which is invariably accompanied with their

laboured flight. Jt was raining at the time with a very dense

atmosphere. Would this fact not be accounted for by the damp state of

the bird’s plumage, the feathers of the under wing coverts deadening the

noise? They generally keep well out of gunshot range, it sometimes

happens that hey cross at a lower altitude than usual, if they see

any person in their course they strike out in another direction as soon

as they realise there may be danger asl have witnessed. Not much in

evidence in the cold season, possibly sedentarys Specimens secured

around Dejoo, June, July, August, September (juvenis). ¢. Iris reddish-

brown; orbital skin reddish-purple ; gular skin chrome-yellow; bill pale

greenish-horny, at base purplish red; tarsus greenish black ; claws black ;

tranverse band across gular skin black.

286. Ptilolemus austent (Jerdon) [1060].—Godwin-Austen’s Hornbill.

Confined to the forest around Margherita, probably best treated as a

sub-species of tickelli. ‘The generic names in general use for the Hornbills

have been retained but are in need of revision.

287. Upupa epops saturata, Lonnberg. [1066.]

Upupa epops, Blanford, F. B. L, Vol. iii.

Irregular cold season migrant, numerous records for cold season months,

the following dates constitute the earliest arrivals and latest departures :—

Dejoo, 2-9-10 *, not in evidence some days later probably due to an

unexpected spell of hot weather. Rungagora, 17-9-01, ¢*9, female

only secured, a pair observed a few days previously although date not

recorded at the time.

Silonibari, 16-9-11, ¢ Q2*; on the 23-9-11 at 5:30 a.m., there were five

Hoopoes in company under the window of my room unconcernedly foraging

in the sandy soil of the compound with evident success.

Dejoo, 19-9-08* ; Rungara, 25-4-01; Joyhing, 24-4-10*; Dejoo, Ae

Rungagora, 8-4-02, ¢ 9?*, 8-5-02*; Silonibari, 24-4-11,¢ 2*; a pair

observed on 17-4-11, possibly same birds. One bird caught and released

20-4-11, its feathers sodden with rain.

288. Upupa epops indica, Reich. [1067].—The Indian Hoopoe.

Upupa indica, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. ii1., p. 161.

Reported occurrence of a Hoopoe during “ the vains” had often been men-

tioned, but no specimens forthcoming, it was only on the arrival of this

visitor that I was able to satisfy myself a resident bird did occur; the

secured specimen settling this point without doubt.

Silonibari, North Lakhimpur, 6-8-11, 3, first seen on 30-7-11; 30-9-11%,

there was a fine adult under my bungalow window this morning in

company with a bird of the typical form: the latter seemed to be the

master of the situation to its annoyance ; it was on one of these occasions

when I had the opportunity of seeing its crest expanded, there was

the decided richer tone of the rusty colour compared with U. epops saturata,

the white wing bars also exhibited a more pronounced rufous tinge.. A

dirty wet day previous and heavy rain last night.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 555

289. <Apus affinis affinis, Gray. [1073].—The Common Indian Swift.

Cypselus affinis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 168.

Specimens collected. Joyhing, 12-2-05, 3,3, agree with East Nepal

birds. Length of wing, 5:4” and 5:2”, outer retrices ‘2 longer than

middle pair and are referable more to the typical form, trusting to these

measurements than to A.a. subfurcatus. Some records of Large Swifts seen

as follows may have been 4. pacifus. Rungagora, 1-6-02, single bird

hawking for insects at evening over the Dibru R. in company with Sand

Martins. I noticed a peculiar flapping of the wings on flight and the

marked difference between the length of primaries and secondaries. It

passed repeatedly within a few feet of my head and constantly was

dipping into the water.

Dejoo, common, July and August. Rajghur, 27-8-10, numbers hawking

within gunshot range, bright morning, heavy rain clouds over the hills.

Dejoo, 19-4-07*; Silonibari, 2-9-11.* Two large Swifts flying fairly high

during heavy rain, low temperature, several seen also on 25-9-1]*.

290. Tachornis batassiensis batassiensis (Gray) [1075].—The Palm Swift.

Rungagora, 16-1-02*, 9-4-0383, ¢; Dejoo, 1-1-05, 9, 2—4-7-04,3 gd.

These Swifts attach their nests to the large overhanging leaves of the

Toko Palm (Livistona jenkinsiana) in compounds, very frequently almost

within hand reach. Other favourite positions are the projecting eaves of the

thatched roofs of the bungalows. The Rungagora bungalow was in much

request in this respect. Atevening they sally out in quest of food with

lively twitterings and arrowy flight.

291. Collocalia unicolor fuciphaga (Thunb.) [1082].—The Himalayan

Swiftlet.

Collocahia brevirostris, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 177.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 4-3-10, several procured during a dull after-

noon, numbers were hawking for food at high and low altitudes.

292. Caprimulgus macrourus ambiguus, Hart. [1093, part].

Caprimulgus macrurus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 188.

Rungagora, 8-11-01, 3 9 2 ; Dejoo, 21-7-07, 3 ; 12-9-08, ¢ ; 24-6-10,

@ juv.; 5-11-08, 3, shot at 12-30 p.m. midnight in the centre of the

clean trodden path which had its alignment past my bungalow at full moon,

almost as daylight.

Rungagora, September 1902, one night during this month whilst near

Kamptigwali on my walk home from Dinjan a nightjar alighted on one

of the fence posts, on the high road allowing me to approach within two

arms’ lengths before taking flight. Quite a common occurrence to have them

flying about the bungalow compound after sunset. Ihave seen them dash

under the verandah porch, very frequently alight a few paces in front of one

on the path and as one strolls along flap leisurely to another position

a few paces farther away, again to be disturbed and actin a similar

manner.

293. Caprimulgus indicus indicus, Latham. [1095.|—The Jungle Nightjar.

Dejoo, 12-2-05, 3, single record only.

Lyncornis cerviniceps possibly has been overlooked. I have a note against

this Nightjar. First weeks in September, Dejoo, North Lakhimpur; but

as no specimens were secured this record lacks substantiation.

294. Batrachostomus hodgsoni hodgsoni (G. R. Gray) [1097.|—Hodgson’s

Frogmouth.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 1-1-05, 2. This bird was brought in alive

from the hills by Daphlas.

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Iris pale stone; bill brownish-pink, tip dark; tarsus similar coloured to

bill; claws dark. Stomach contained small coleoptera sp.? remains.

295. Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould) [1101.|—The Red-headed Trogon,

Resident: Extremely plentiful in the plains in forest tracts,

Margherita, January, February, March, December; Rungagora, December,

January, March; Dejoo, July, August ; Beni, Abor-Miri hills, February.

296, Cuculus canorus telephonus, Heine. [1104,part]—The Hastern Com-

mon Cuckoo.

Cuculus canorus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 205.

Personally I have never heard this bird call in North Lakhimpur although

undoubtedly authentic reports of rare occurrence however have reached

me. The following records refer to immature birds which strange to say

have been much more in evidence in my experience than adults. Dejoo,

9-04, ¢; 5-9-08 ¢, 380-8-08, 15-9-04, 3, 92; 28-10-04, 2; Rungagora,

14-4-01, adult, 8-10-08, juv;. Silonibari, 8-5-11*; 15-8-11*, adult single ;

8-9-11*, single immature at close quarters attracted my attention whilst it

demolished some larva.

297. Cuculus micropterus micropterus Gould. [1107].—The Indian Cuckoo.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 30-7-08, ¢, juv.; 10-4-10*, first time heard

calling this year at west corner of garden; Silonibari, 10-4-11, first time

heard calling this year. They continued to call up to 16-5-11 again, heard

on the following dates :—20, 22 and 29-5-11, latter date in morning, 25-6-11,

13-7-11, and 23-8-11, these two last dates must be unusually late.

In North Lakhimpur announces its arrival in April with its melodious

eall, towards the end of June there is a lull and the bird is not much in

evidence, silent more or less at egg laying time, seldom seen as it has a

decided preference for the thick scrub growth on the forest outskirts.

298. Cuculus sparverioides, Vig. [1108|—The Large Hawk-Cuckoo.

Hierococcyx sparvertoides, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. iii., p. 211.

Occasionally occurs throughout the plaius and sparingly at the foot of

the hills in North Lakhimpur.

Dinjan, Dibrugarh, 4-1-02, ¢; Panitola, Dejoo, 17-9-07, 2 ; Dejoo,

3-3-09*, partial to thick secondary growth, chiefly feeds on larve

and grubs. gad. Iris dark yellow ; bill greenish-horny, upper mandible

dark; gape and orbits light yellow ; tarsus bright yellow ; claws light horny.

Q juv. Iris pale stone brown ; orbits greenish ; gape yellow ; bill, upper

mandible dusky black, lower mandible greenish-yellow ; tarsus dark ochre-

ous yellow.

299. Cuculus fugax nisicolor, Blyth, [1110.]—Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo.

EMierococcyx nisicolor, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. ii1., p. 214.

One record only. Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 16-6-04, 9, probably over-.

looked.

300. Cacomantis merulinus querulus, Heine. [1113]—The Rufus-bellied

Cuckoo.

Cacomantis merulinus, Blanford, F.B. I., Vol. 1ii., p. 218.

Dhoolohat, North Lakhimpur, 20-3-09*; Dejoo, 23-2-11*, calling after rain;

26-3-10*, uttering the first two or three notes incessantly both throughout

the day and at night; a day or so elapsed before its full vocal powers were

attained ; rain previously.

Nalkatta Rd., North Lakhimpur, 2-4-10, 10-30 p.m., several whistling at

full pitch, but one only able to emit hoarse notes at each endeavour; 9-4-10*,

I heard evidently this same bird in the identical quarter on the followirg

Saturday, very little perfected in its call.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 557

Rungagora, 11-4-03, d, 2-8-03, ¢ juv., 27-10-03, d juv., 24-1-02*, at

roadside.

Dejoo, 15-4-07, 3 ad., 17-4-07, ¢ ad., 21-4-07, ¢, 2 juv., 27-5-07, 3 ad.,

28-11-10, 9, 26-8-10*, corner tree close by bungalow, as. silent nowadays

as it is noisy at the mating season.

Dejoo, 24-11-08, on this unusual date I heard the first few notes of

this Cuckoo at early morn and located an adult bird in the Fish-Tail Palm

(Caryota urens, L.) at the entrance to the compound.

Evidently resident. Only occasionally calls at the beginning of July,

equally at home during a dry moonlight night, the drenching downpours

of the blackest night or midday, heat nothing seems to damp its ardour as it

pours forth its monotonous notes, which fall in the scale with the preci-

sion of tonic solfa modulations.

$ adult. Iris venetian red; sometimes with a whitish outer ring;

orbital skin yellowish-dusky or lobster red; gape and inside mouth salmon

red or lobster red; bill blackish-dusky horn, base of lower mandible

reddish ; tarsus yellowish-ochreous ; claws horny black. Q immature. Iris

dull brown; bill dark horny witha blotch of dusky on lower mandible ;

tarsus dull yellow ; claws black horny.

301. Penthoceryx sonnerati (Lath.) |1114].—The Banded Bay Cuckoo.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, a series secured as follows :—27-8-08, ¢ ad.;

°20-8-08, ad.; 26-8-08, 2; 13-9-07, 2 juv. Q juv.; 6-9-08, ad. observed ;

21-8-08, adult.

Dejoo, 1908, this Cuckoo has somehow replaced C. merulinus this

season, numerous young birds in immature dress in evidence, whereas last

season the former bird was the most plentiful. No further data to report.

I fail to account for this most unusual appearance, making due allowance

for the bird having been overlooked although a look out was kept in future

years no more evidence came to hand.

302. Chrysococcyx maculatus (Gm.) [1116],—The Violet Cuckoo.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, first secured, 4-6-04, 3; 20-4-07, two pairs,

one male secured; 26-7-07, 2*, in Poma tree near Rungagora lines.

Silonibari, 17-9-11, 2 *, which I failed to secure, its rosy head first attract-

ed my notice, also its method of feeding, evidently occupied demolishing

a larva or some grub.

3, 4-6-04. Iris red-brown; orbital skin red; bill orange yellow at base

and gape red, tip dusky; tarsi olivaceous purple.

6, 20-4-07. Iris red brown; orbital skin and gape waxy red; bill

yellow, tip dusky ; tarsi olive green, stomach contained remains of

Coleoptera sp.? These Cuckoos kept up a sweet twittering in the overhang-

ing trees along trolley line and were exceedingly tame.

308. Surniculus lugubris dicruroides (Horsf.) [1117]—Drongo Cuckoo

Surniculus lugubris, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 228.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 20-4-03, ¢, secured in dense evergreen forest

foot of hills, almost impenetrable undergrowth.

Dejoo, 15-4-07, 33 16-6-04, 2 2; 26-38-10, noted for the first time call-

ing this year, heard againa few days later; Bipuria, 10-4-11, in some

numbers along the road to North Lakhimpur.

Silonibari, 17-9-11, still in evidence, I shot one of a pair although failed

to secure it as a mass of creepers a great height up the trunk of the tree

prevented it falling to the ground, silent at this time of the year. Its call

resembles the syllables whistled as “phew” “phew” “phuit” in an ascend-

ant scale.

Iris brown; bill black ; tarsus plumbeous ; soles similar pale plumbeous,

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

304. Coccystes yacobinus (Bodd.) [1118].—The Pied-crested Cuckoo.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 25-9-10, a single immature bird in change of

plumage, secured in some low-lying ground. Failed to meet with it before

or since this date.

305. Coccystes coromandus (L.) [1119].—The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.

Rungagora, 15-10-03, 9; Dejoo, Rajghur, 20-4-07, pair.*

As a rule keeps to the dense undergrowth, in consequence seldom seen

and difficult to arrive at its true status in the district,

306. Eudynamis orientalis honoratus (L.) (1120).—The Indian Koel.

Eudynamis honoratus, Blanford, F. B. J., Vol. iii., p. 228.

Migratory in Upper Assam, evidently resident in Bengal as noisy anyway

in this latter province in January as it is on arrival in Assam and during

the later rainy months, possibly on migration extends up to the head of the

valley in the plains before spreading out towards the hills as my dates

around Dibrugarh denote earlier arrivals than in North Lakhimpur

although fifty odd miles farther up the valley.

Polasbari, Bengal, 25-83-09, calling ; Goalundo, Bengal, 17-1-11, calling ;

Rungagora, 30-3-08"*, first arrivals, 4-4-02*; Silonibari, 10-4-11*, calling ;

North Lakhimpur (station), 16-4-10*.

Dejoo, 9-5-07, first heard this year ; 26-5-05, d ; Komolabari, 1—13-9-04, 9° ;

Dejoo, 14-9-08, a young Koel flew overhead followed by some crows, C,

splendens and settled ina tree behind the bungalow to which the crows

came on and fed it ; the Koel making a feeble attempt at cawing.

307. Rhopodytes tristis tristis (Less.) [1123]|—The Large Green-billed

Malkoha.

Resident throughout the plains, particularly plentiful at the base

of the hills. Generally found in thick secondary growth, although several

of my specimens have been obtained at some heights from the ground, but

in these cases the heavy creepers and parasitic growths on the trees gave

the birds the incentive to forage for food, they hop on and about the

creepers with occasional flicks of their long graceful tails.

Rungagora, November, December, March; Dejoo, January, March, June,

specmins secured these months. Iris brown; orbital skin and cere

dirty crimson; bill light emerald green; tarsus plumbeous green; claws

dark horny.

308. Centropus sinensis sinensis (Steph.) {1180].—The Common Coucal.

Common throughout the plains, A denizen of scrub and secondary

growth.

309. Centropus bengalensis (Gm.) [1133].—The Lesser Coucal.

Throughout the plains. In North Lakhimpur possibly more plentiful

than C. sinensis under the hills where it frequents similar haunts although in

the plains this is essentially a grass land coucal as noted around Rungagora.

310. Paleornis torquatus (Bodd.) |11388].—The Rose-ringed Paroquet.

Plentifully distributed throughout the plains. Immense flocks of Paroquets

darken the air at times during the cold weather when on the wing. Their

arrowy flight and harsh chattering call is familiar to the most unobservant.

Their presence however when at rest unless located on the naked branches of

decayed trees is by no means easy to detect as the green plumage assimilates

with the dense foliage of the evergreen forest,

311, Paleornis cyanocephalus rosa (Bodd.) [1140]—The Eastern Blossom-

headed Paroquet.

Paleornis rosa, Blanford, F, B, I., Vol. iii., p. 252.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 559

Plentiful in North Lakhimpur at base of the hills.

Specimens collected during June, July, August, evidently resident.

312. Paleornis schisticeps finschit, Hume, [1142].—The Burmese Slaty-

headed Paroquet.

Paleornis finschit, Blanford, F. B. I, Vol. iii., p. 254,

Occurs around the north-eastern corner of the Valley, Margherita, and

extends into the plains as far as Panitola. (Chota Tingrai, Tinsukia.)

14-2-04, 2.

313. Paleornis fasciatus (J. L. 8. Miller). [1145] —Red-breasted Paroquet.

Commonly distributed throughout the plains.

314. Loriculus vernalis vernalis (Sparrm.) [1150].—The Indian Loriquet.

A single 2, 3-6-04, secured some few miles south of Dejoo, North

Lakhimpur, and a pair seen on the Bodutti Rd. near the station of North

Lakhimpur in the cold weather 1906, constitutes the total available evid-

ence.

reddish-orange; tarsus orange ; claws horny.

315. Phodilus badia badia (Horsf.) [1154].—The Bay Owl.

Photodilus badius, Blanford, F. B. \., Vol. iii., p. 268.

Occurs sparingly in the plains. Dibrugarh, 19-11-04, ¢, two records

for North Lakhimpur only; Pathalipam, Dejoo, 17-11-08, ¢.

316, Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan.) [1157].—The Short-eared Owl.

Asto accupttrinus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 271.

Hessamara (Subansiri churs), 31-12-05, gd, secured in bright sunlight

about 10 a. m. after having been flushed several times from the scanty

scattered clumps of grass growing hereabouts on the sandy “churs’’, Until

this specimen was actually in my hand I took it for Tyto (Strix) candida

which undoubtedly occurs in Upper Assam though I have failed to secure

it through lack of opportunity to work the grass lands more thoroughly and

to the best advantage.

317. Strix indrant newarensis, Hodgs. [1160].—The Himalayan Brown

Wood-Owl.

Syrnium indrani, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 275.

Silonibari, latter days in April 1911, a youngster was taken out of a huge

hollow tree which was felled at the forest clearance. A rigorous search

failed to locate another. The adult parents were seen several times

afterwards in the vicinity of their home. This bird was kept alive and in

December had almost assumed the adult plumage noted at the time as a

gradual change, not by a month as in Huhua nepalensis, The dark irides

and its large size misled me into thinking that the specimen was no other

than H, nepalensis. This fact combined with the dangerous policy of taking

things for granted might have ended this interesting record as the bird in

the careless hands of others died during my absence and the skin was not

preserved; it was only when I was in camp on the Nepal frontier

that I secured a young Huhua nepalensis, that the thought immediately

crossed my mind that the former bird was no other than S. indrani newaren-

sts ; aS this Owl keeps to the almost impenetrable yirgin evergreen forests

at the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur it is small wonder it had escap-

ed my notice for such a long period.

318. Ketupa zeylonensis zeylonensis (Gm.) |1164]—The Brown Fish-Owl.

Plentiful in all well-watered localities, nocturnal, yet in the dense forest

tracts interspersed with sluggish streams “ jans” emerging from the “bhils”

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

may be seen at day time roosting in the dense foliage on the alert, Gurrung

Jan, R. Dibru, 26-1-02*. R. Dibru, cold season 1903, sex ? Panitola, 17-3-02,

¢;Silonibari, 24-4-10, 9. Ketupa flavipes may occur in the hill rivers;

this Owl is the largest of the genus, in colour a rich tawny, until actual

specimens have been secured. It is impossible to say definitely. A.

zeylonensis reaches the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur at all events.

Fish Owls observed April 1907. KR. Dejoo*., Subansiri Gorge, January

1905,* possibly were K. flavipes.

319. Ketupa ketupa (Horsf). [1166].—The Malay Fish-Owl.

Ketupa javanensis, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iii., p. 288.

Common in the forest streams which emerge into the Dibru.

Rungagora, 16-3-02, ¢. Cold season 1903 sex. ?, 31-1-04, 2 ; Dejoo,

North Lakhimpur, 5-3-11, 2. A Malay species, in allprobability generally

distributed throughout the plains in Upper Assam. Iris bright gamboge

yellow ; cere light green ; bill bluish-horn dark on culmen; tarsus bluish-

fleshy ; claws dark horny.

320. Huhua nipalensis (Hodgs.) [1170]|.—The Forest Eagle-Owl.

An adult procured at Derpaiin broad daylight after it had made an

attack on some fowls, by Mr. Lindsay Alexander, September 1907.

16-4-08, a solitary breast feather picked upin new clearance, Rajghur,

Dejoo.

14-10-07*, whilst coming through a “ Putti” forest track on my return

from Silonibari to Dejoo on the high land, one of these Hagle

Owls allowed the elephant to approach right underneath the branch of a

tall tree on which it was resting affording a truly impressive sight of this

large handsome Owl. This would be about 4 p.m. in good light. It was in

no hurry to take flight either and winged its way on doing so very leisurely;

the dark irides were very prominent. As this Owl has a similar habitat to

Syrnium indrant newarensis it is a most difficult matter to obtain speci-

mens and as it cannot be numerous if indeed it is not actually rare very

little information is forthcoming of its status in the district.

321. Otus spilocephalus (Blyth.). [1175].—The Spotted Himalayan Scops

Owl.

Scops sptlocephalus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol.iii., p. 295.

Occurs on both sides of the valley at the foot hills.

Margherita, January, February, March; Dejoo, February, March.

Joyhing, 9-2-09, a shot specimen received in flesh in an emaciated condi-

tion covered with parasites. A previous example found dead in the Gorge

of the Runganuddie, some distance fartber up than this specimen seems to

show the prevalence of some disease amongst these owls.

Iris pale yellow; bill and tarsus dull horny pink.

322. Otus bakkamena lettta (Hodgs.) [1178].—The Himalayan Collared

Scops Owl.

Scops bakkamena, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 297.

Rungagora, 18-2-02, 9; Margherita, 17-1-03, @.

The status of O. giu and this species is very imperfectly known owing to

insuflicient data. Occurs. On the plains, failed to get any specimens in

North Lakhimpur where O. spilocephalus is the prevalent form. One record,

Dejoo, 24-11-07*, lacks substantiation. The Scops Owls have a preference

for the verandah railings of one’s bungalow much to the consternation of the

servants who regard their visit as unlucky and their presence as an ill omen.

323. <Athene brama brama (Temm.) [1180}].—The Spotted Owlet.

Confined to the more open tracts of country. Specimens secured at

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 561

Maijan near Dibrugarh, April 1901, records from no other localities. Possibly

overlooked, although my own personal impression is that Upper Assam is

the extreme limit of its range in one direction.

324. Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides (Vig.) [1183|.—The Large Barred

Owlet.

Commonly distributed throughout the whole area.

Margherita, December, January, February ; Rungagora, December,

March, August ; Dejoo, January, August, juv. Its habit of perching in

exposed positions and its fights in broad daylight sometimes leads to its

destruction by large accipitrine foragers.

325. Glaucidium brodier brodiet (Burton) [1186}.—The Collared Pigmy Owl.

Occurs in the plains though not plentiful. Panitola, Hessamara, 25-2-08,*

along roadside roosting in the reeds at mid-day ; 8- ie UGgre

Margherita,

February, March.

326. Ninox scutulata burmanica, Hume. [1187, part]|.—The Burmese Brown

Hawk Owl.

Ninox scutulata, Blanford, F. B.I., Vol. iii., p. 309.

Generally distributed throughout the plains, invariably found in forest

in the vicinity of water. Gurrung, Jan., R. Dibru, 21-1-02, @ ; R. Dibru,

Digiltarung, cold season 19038, 3; 26-1-02, 92 ; Dejoo, 27-8-08, g Juv.

327. Pandion haliaétus halaétus (L.) [1189}.—The Osprey.

R. Dibru, 5 miles below Rungagora, 9-3-02, ¢. The river at this locality

forms eddies of fast flowing water, an unusual trait for this sluggish river

and was choked with snags,

Gogaldhubie, Bhimpoora bhil, 15-1-05, 2 ; Hessamara, Subansiri, 8-1-06,

6 ; Nagaghoolie, Dibrugarh, cold season 1901, a pair had taken up their

quarters in a bhil near at hand, and appeared quite at home on a forest

covered patch of land in the centre of the bhil. It only required a slight

stretch of the imagination to bring to one’s memory their island homes on

Loch Arkaig and Loch an Eilean and picture the similarity. Dejoo, 19-9-08*,

flying high ; Joyhing, Runganuddie, 4-6-10,* rather an unusual date, a single

Osprey passed overhead as I crossed the river, taking a swerve when right

over head ; Dejoo, 10-10-10*, I noted an Osprey hovering over a small jan in

the garden this morning, it was possibly intending to settle with a view to

demolish a fish that it held in its talons, the arrival of a king vulture

(Otogyps calvus) resulted in its hurried departure when it gave utterance to

some squealing notes. It was quickly lost to view as it made off in the

direction of the Runganuddie.

328. Otogyps calvus (Scop.) [1191].—The Black Vulture.

Generally distributed in the plains although only odd birds and pairs

mixed up with the common vultures are usually seen at work demolishing

decaying carcases.

Rungagora, 5-3-0v. Iris pale yellow ochre ; tarsi pinkish-yellow.

329. Gyps tenwrostris, Hodgs. [1195].—The Himalayan Long-billed Vul-

ture.

The common vulture in the plains. These vultures often choose at Dejoo

some Fish-tail Palms (Caryota urens, L..) to congregate after a heavy gorge.

As these trees stand at the entrance to the compound, one has to give

them a wide berth as the droppings come down in small showers.

330. Pseudogyps benalensis (Gmel.) [1196].—The Indian White-backed,

* Vulture.

562 JOURNAL , BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII, .

Occurs in North Lakhimpur fairly frequently ; one secured at Dejoo,

21-8-05, 2. It requires no slight exercise of one’s will power even if

blessed with a strong stomach to tackle the preservation of any vulture,

in particular if the thermometer is registering a high reading. The

amount of persuasion exercised and baksheesh promised for native assist-

ance makes it also a thankless task and some time has to elapse before the

skin is presentable for the cabinet.

331. Ictinaétus malayensis, (Reinw). {1210].—The Black Hagle.

Occurs at all events in the lower ranges of the hills on the north frontier,

but unknown even at the base of the hills or in the plains. A pair observed

beating over a bare ridge in the vicinity of Beni, Abor-Miri country in

February 1906 during a particular wet and cold month. In the ‘Sikkim

hills it is about the least shy of all the larger accipitrine birds and is by

no means restricted to forest as it may often be noted leisurely foraging

over the sparsely wooded gullies and cultivated slopes, almost invariably

in pairs.

332. Spizaétus nipalensis (Hodgs.) [1213].—Hodgson’s Hawk-Hagle.

Chota Tingrai, Tinsukia (Plains), 15-2-04*, Dejoo, North Lakhimpur

(base of hills), left bank Runganuddie, 30-11-08, ¢ ; Silonibari, North Lak-

himpur, 7-6-11.* Both in morning and in the afternoon I had a good view

of this fine Eagle ; breast feathers heavily blotched. A pairof crows (C. mac-

rorhynchus) kept it in close attendance to its evident annoyance.

These records constitute the whole data available. It also occurs

around Margherita. Dr. Falkiner had a live specimen at Panitola for

several years obtained when a youngster from this latter locality.

338. Spilornis cheela rutherfordi, Swinh. [1217|.—The Burmese Crested

Serpent-Hagle. .

Spilornis cheela, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. iii., p. 357.

Common throughout the plains, a familiar object of bird life in the

landscape, not confined to any particular class of country excepting deep

forest, appears almost oblivious to its surroundings when seated on a tree

stump or naked branches of an isolated tree.

P¥Rungagora, 9-3-02, 9, in very pale, almost white plumage; R. Dibru,

Rungagora, 16-3-03, 3, in normal dark plumage ; North Lakhimpur, 8-8-04,

2, in normal dark plumage; Derpai, 16-3-06, 2, in normal dark

plumage ; Dejoo, 14-8-08, J, throat pure white ; breast white faintly streaked

with dark centre lines; abdomen pale ; crown and nape white, each feather

with a dark bar. Dejoo, 2-10-08, 3, in normal dark plumage; 11-08 sex ?

very pale plumage; breast white almost devoid of markings; crown, nape

and throat white streaked in places.

Dejoo, 31-8-08, ¢ ; 18-9-08, 9, 2-10-08, 9 ; 15-10-08, 3; 31-10-08, 9; all

in normal dark plumage.

334, SLutastur teesa (Franklin) ? [1220].—The White-eyed Buzzard-Hagle.

These two records undoubtedly refer to a Buzzard-Hagle as no specimens

have been secured: the species cannot be determined beyond all doubt. I

have been mistaken on many occasions in being led to believe immature

specimens of Haliastur indus were Butastur sp. until the bird was actually

in my hand.

Dejoo, 8-10-10 *, 12-5-08*, similar to a Kestrel in its movements though

more laboured, eventually soared up to a great altitude and was lost to view.

335, Haliaétus leucorypha (Pall.) [1223],—Pallas’s Fishing-Eagle,

The common Eagle on the banks of all the large rivers, the Bramapootra

in particular and on various large sheets of water “bhils” throughout the

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM, 563

plains. Birds in all stages of plumage make it somewhat difficult to discri-

minate though the white band across the middle of the tail is a sure means

of identification in adult plumage. On several occasions seen to attempt

to seize Duck and other water birds.

336. Polioaétus ichthyaétus (Horsf.) [1226|].—The Large Grey-headed

Fishing Eagle.

Generally distributed throughout the plains in all well-watered localities.

Joyhing, Runganuddie; Dejoo, Runganuddie, 15-8-08, 2; 16-9-08, 4;

Gogaldhubie, Bhimpoora bhil, 8-12-05, 3; 16-12-05, $; Komolabari, Brama-

pootra; Rungagora, R. Dibru, 29-12-01, 9; 14-2-04, 9. Immature birds

are liable to be confused with the previous species until actually in the hand

for comparison.

337. Polioaétus humilis major, “Moye and Wigl. [1227].—Fishing Eagle.

Polioaétus hunulis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 371.

By no means as plentiful aeuck! ichthyaétus, occurs on the Dibru.

Rungagora, 28-11-03, 9.

338. Halastur indus indus (Bodd.) {1228]—The Brahminy Kite.

Unequally distributed in the plains. In some localities rarely seen and

only at certain periods, partial to haunts in the vicinity of water.

Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie, 8-12-05, 9 (512); 19-12-05, 2 (611);

20-12-05, ¢ (4547); Hessamara, 10-4-05, ¢ (513); North Lakhimpur,

15-6-04, 2 (455); Dejoo, 15-9-08, 2 (833); 31-10-08, g (468) ; 11-08 sex ?

(408); 18-11-08, 2 (8290).

No. 455. First plumage. Iris dark hazel; bill bluish-black ; tarsi dull

olive yellow ; claws black.

No. 833. First plumage. Iris pale brown; tarsi greenish-yellow ; claws

black.

Nos. 408 and 511. Immature plumage second stage. These specimens

on the back in places show the ruddy tinge of the adult; head and breast

uniform pale sandy red with faint centre stripes.

No. 513. Adult. Iris stone brown; bill green and bluish-horny; cere

yellow: orbital skin and gape greenish-yellow; tarsi dull yellow; claws

black. A greatrelief to the Miris of the “ gaon” adjacent to which this bird

had taken up its site was its dispatch and heralded with much shouting as

it had taken a heavy toll of their fowls.

339. Milvus melanotis, Temm. and Schleg. [1280]|.—The Large Indian Kite.

Commonly distributed throughout the plains, apparently replaces M.-

govinda in Upper Assam.

Dejoo, April 1903, a small party Teentedi in the bamboos, heavy rain at

this time ; Rungagora, 8-12-03, 2 ; 10-12-08, 2 ; 15-12-03, 9; Gogaldhubie,

7-12-05, Q; North Lakhimpur, 21- i] -05, 3d; Dejoo, 25-9-08, Aas 14-9-08*, a

pair in ‘the vicinity of bungalow first appearance this cold season ; 23-9-10

I noted three this afternoon; they appeared to have come up the valley

with the advent of heavy rain; the next morning were in evidence roost-

ing ina large tree about a hundred yards from bungalow ; Silonibari,

9-9-11* and on 11-10-11,* four to six birds seen.

At times during the rains they have been reported to congregate in

vast numbers although I have no personal observations on this point. I

have seen them probing for earth worms in parties of six to eight individu-

als on cleared ground after rain. Allthe above records are cold season

data, apparently absent at other periods of the year.

340. LHlanus caeruleus (Desf.) [1232].—The Black-winged Kite.

Komolabari, Sibsagar, 1—13-9-04, ¢; Hessamara, Subansiri, 9-4-05, 2;

28-12-05,*2; 29-12-05, ¢.

564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

see to Bordeobam, North Lakhimpur, 24-2-08*, noted on two occasions

‘‘pothar ” and grass lands.

Beis, 25-6-08*, an immature bird; breast tinged with fulvous,

seen on 27-6-08* which possibly was the same bird.

North Lakhimpur, 9-1-09*, in flight over polo ground.

Pohumara, North Lakhimpur, 11-11-10*, three to four miles south on

Bodutti road hovering gracefully over “pothar” land. Its efforts at

hovering may not be as perfect or sustained as the Kestrel, yet this Kite

is a most interesting and beautiful addition to the landscape.

Silonibari, 11-4-11*, a pair ; 6-5-11*, 19-8-11*, a splendid bird preening

its feathers whilst perched on a stake in a portion of the garden allowed

me to approach within a very few yards; there was a strong breeze

blowing and as it rose it soared up to a considerable elevation; the sun

threw ‘its white tail feathers into prominence a fine sight heightened by

the atmospheric conditions ; the heavy black clouds which enveloped the

hills gave warning of the close proximity of a thunderstorm. Silonibari,

8-9- 11, a single bird probably immature.

This Kite is essentially restricted to the vast expanses of grass along

the sandy banks of the rivers. The above notes of its occurrence at various

times at the base of the hills are therefore of interest.

Again

341. Circus macrourus (Gm.) [1233].—The Pale Harrier.

Circus macrurus, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iii., p. 381.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 14-2-09, @ ; 23-4-07, 9*; 27-408, 2°;

3—4-5-10, 2 *

These three records in April and May probably refer to this Harrier,

it not, certainly C. cyaneus, as no specimens were secured it is impossible

to say to what species they refer with absolute certainty as identification

of these Harriers on the wing is a difficult matter.

Colouration of soft parts in female. Iris deep brown; cere greenish ;

bill blue black ; tarsus pale yellow ; claws bluish-black.

342. Currcus eyaneus (L.) | 1235|.—The Hen-Harrier.

Dejoo, 15-9-08, 9*; 26-10-08, 9@*; 13-11-10, 9*; 9-1-09, 9*; Runga-

gora, Dibrugarh, 24-1-04, 2 ; 26-1-04, ¢; Dejoo, 14-11-09, 2 ; Pathalipam,

North Lakhimpur, 2-3-09, ¢ ; Kamptigwali, Dibrugarh, 7-3-04, ¢ ; Dejoo,

7-3-09, 2; North Lakhimpur, station limits, 16-4-10, 9*; Rungagora,

Dibrugarh, 23-4-02, 9 *; Silonibari, 29-4-11, 2*; Dejoo, North Lakhimpur,

26-10-08. lI came across a female at work dispatching the remains ofa

Hoopoe on my rounds this morning,

Dejoo, 7-2-09, I noted two females beating the ground in a most

systematic manner, almost impossible for anything to escape as they had

both taken their positions at different heights, the one following also. in

the wake of the other.

Dejoo, 9-2-09, Hen Harriers, females at all events are to be seen

hovering over the tea and so occasionally engaging in bouts of combat

as next day I noted two with another hawk careering in hot pursuit after

each other.

Colouration of soft parts in adult male: Iris golden yellow ; in immature

male, iris pale yellow; cere bluish-yellow; bill dark horn; tarsus dull

yellow ochreous ; claws black. In one adult female, iris bright yellow;

cere and eyelids similar; bill horny black; gape greenish-yellow; tarsus

orange yellow; claws black. Another adult female : iris stone brown; cere

greenish; bill blue black; tarsus deep yellow; claws bluish-black, and: a

female also has the iris light stone brown; cere and orbital ring yellow

with a green tinge; tarsus ‘pale yellow ochre.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 565

The advent of these Harriers: the adult males in their pure white and

grey plumage with a rapid graceful flight as they beat the ground in search

of food is a charming sight and as true harbingers of the eagerly desired

cold weather are always welcome. The presence of these marauders is

duly announced by Bulbuls and Mynahs who create a general commotion

and quickly betake themselves to any light jungle affording a retreat when

they survey the flightof their dreaded enemy from the tops should they

pass at a safe distance. A near approach and they drop into the inner

denser foliage. There appears to be no lack of food to supply their wants

judging by the numbers which visit the plains during the cold season,

Hoopoes fall an easy prey and pay a heavy toll in consequence.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 15-2-09, Harriers evidently have certain

chosen spots when disposing of their captures. I noted this day the

red feathers of the male Minivet (Pericrocotus brevirostris), tail feathers of

Bulbuls (Utocompsa emeria), (Molpastes bengalensis) and Trogon (Harpactes

erythrocephalus) at one such place. Cvrcus cyanens is apparently the com-

mon species. There is no reason why C. pygargus (L.), Montagu’s Harrier,

should not occur although I have failed to get any specimens.

343. Cireus melanoleucus (Forst.) [1236].—The Pied Harrier.

Bodutti, North Lakhimpur, 18-1-11, ¢*, passed me ata remarkably

close range, so intent was it quartering the ground in search of food. North

Lakhimpur, station limits, 20-3-09,¢*, beating over the Polo Ground.

Harmutty, North Lakhimpur (base of hills), 22-3-09, 3*.

North Lakhimpur, station limits, 7-4-08,¢%*, frequenting the open

ground by the cutcherry.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 20-7-08,¢*, passed overhead flying in the

direction of Harmutty over the heavy forest at the base of the hills, quite

out of its usual habitat.

Silonibari, 31-7-11 , 9 *, a beautiful adult manceuvring at the top end of

the garden identified by its small size and dark plumage. A_ dirty

afternoon, a heavy shower fell shortly afterwards.

~ Dejoo, 24-9-10, $*, undoubtedly on arrival from higher elevations,

morning very wet, north wind blowing, observed beating over the garden.

Silonibari, 3-10-11, 2*; presumably this species seen again 9-10-11.

Dejoo, 11-10-10, 9*, very dark bird, 25-11-07, ¢* ; 25-12-10, g*.

More addicted to wide open expanses of grass lands, although it may be

seen beating over damp marshy ground, seldom seen in the forest tracts

at the base of the hills. The above records are thus deemed worthy of

note. Resident: yet it can only be regarded thus in a partial manner as it

is undoubtedly most plentiful in the cold weather months.

344, Circus eruginosus (L.) [1237|.—The Marsh Harrier.

Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie.

7-12-05, 6, crown and throat rufous with a few dark streaks; man

somewhat light, other rest of plumage dark brown. Wing 16:25".

9-12-05, 3, crown rufous with dark markings ; mantle and breast rufous

mixed with dark blotchings. Wing 16".

Iris stone brown; cere bluish-yellow; bill horny black; tarsus dingy

yellow; claws black.

20-12-05, 3, crown rufous with a few light streaks; throat and breast

white mixed with heavy brown pblotchings, mantle somewhat rufous.

Wing 17°75".

6-12-05, 2, crown dull yellowish-white feathers abraded ; throat similar ;

breast somewhat rufous otherwise in dark plumage; mantle slightly

blotched rufous. Wing 17”.

Iris dark brown; cere pale yellowish’; bill black horn, bluish at base ;

tarsus dirty yellow; claws black.

566, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

8-12-05, 2, crown rufous streaked; throat rufous; upper breast some

light blotches otherwise in dark plumage. Wing 16:5".

12-12-05, 2, crown and nape dull yellowish-white feather abraded ;

throat similar ; breast blotched with brown and white, remainder of plumage

dark. Wing 16”. The sexes are practically identical in size. Locally

‘distributed owing to its propensity for well watered tracts. A common

bird in some of the large “bhils ”’ in North Lakhimpur.

345. Buteo ferov (S. G. Gmel.) [1239]—The Long-legged Buzzard.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, molested by two Jungle Crows and driven

out of the trees near the Tea house jan, at the time put down as Pernis

eristatus. Securedon 29-11-10 and proved to be a ¢. Wing 16°5", length

21”, Iris warm stone grey; cere greenish-yellow; gape yellow; bill

black, bluish towards base; tarsus olivaceous yellow; claws black. This

specimen is remarkably pale but agrees with a similar example from

Afghanistan inmy collection. This locality is considerably east of its range

as given by Blanford. (Sikkim).

346. Accipiter badius poliopsis (Hume.) [1244, part.|.—The Burmese Shikra.

Astur badius, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 398.

Rungagora, 4-7-08, ¢ ad. (149); Komolabari, ]—13-9-04, ¢ ad. (135).

Dejoo, 23-7-04, ¢ juv. (140); 2—3-5-10 *; 2-8-04, 9 juv. (141) ; 5-8-04,

3 juv. (189); 15-9-08, 2 ad. (828); 10-8-07, ¢ juv. (151); 21-10-08,

No. 149. Shot with a Sparrow (Passer montanus) in its talons which

it had taken out of a tree a few yards from the bungalow at mid-day.

This series shows all the characteristics in plumage from the immature

stage to adult. ¢ ad., No. 140, iris crimson; dg immature, No. 151, iris pale

yellow.

347. Lophospizias trivirgatus rufitinctus (McClell.) [1246, part].—The Large

Crested Goshawk.

Lophospizias trivirgatus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 401.

Rungagora, 29-12-01, ¢ juv. (195), very pale specimen, sparsely blotched

on breast; Dejoo, 25-4-03, dg ad. (159), iris golden-yellow ; 24-7-04, ¢

juv. (198); 12-9-08, 3 juv. (201) ; 8-l-11, d ad. (3541) ; Derpai, 27-1-06, ¢

ad. (156).

No. 195. Iris light yellow; cere and orbital ring yellow; bill: lower

mandible blue black, upper mandible black; tarsus dull yellow; claws

blackish-horn.

No. 156. Iris orange ; cere and gape greenish yellow ; orbital skin yellow ;

bill black ; tarsi dark yellow ; claws black.

No. 3541. Iris deep gamboge: cere greenish-yellow ; orbital skin and

gape greenish-yellow; bill bluish at tip, base black, lower mandible pale

nluish ; tarsus ochreous yellow ; claws black.

This series shows all the characteristics in plumage from the immature

stage to adult. Somewhat unusual that no females have been secured.

Beni, Abor-Miri hills, 5-2-06", as we were about to pitch our camp in

some forest adjacent to the “ changs”’ we disturbed this hawk in possession

of a partridge Arboricola rufigularis which it had almost picked bare and

dropped at our approach.

348. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis (Tickell) [1247, part].

Accipiter nisus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 402.

Rungagora, Dibrugarh, 6-4-03, ¢, No. 137, immature in abraded

plumage ; 26-1-04, ¢, No. 136, immature ; 28-2-04, ¢, No. 4548, immature ;

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 2-12-10, ¢, No. 3473, adult.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 567

As all these specimens were of a very pale phase in plumage and suspected

of being referable to some eastern form, I submitted this small series

along with a supposed 4. nisus melanoschistus from the Nepal-Sikkim Frontier

to Dr. Hartert who kindly promised me a report on them when dealing with

the Sparrow Hawks for his “ Palearctic Birds.” Under cover of a letter,

17-2-14, while stating that the latter bird is undoubtedly melanoschistus.

No. 8473 belongs to the race “ nisosimilis.”” The adults of these two forms

are very distinct but it is not always possible to distinguish the young

birds only melanoschistus would occur in the summer while nisosimilis would

be by far the commoner bird in winter. Iam of the opinion that both

the young males from Rungagora, Dibrugarh, are “4.x. nisosimilis and not

melanoschistus,”’

Notre.—No, 3473. Wing 85", iris gamboge yellow ; cere greenish-yellow ;

ae uae black, at base blue; tarsus deep ochreous yellow; claws

black.

This Sparrow Hawk had its quarters in the vicinity of the bungalow and

was shot with a sparrow in its talons which it had taken out from the

verandah at evening.

No females secured, Accipiter affinis, Gurney, and possibly other

eastern forms as Accipiter virgatus confusus, Hart., may occur. No specimens

of these two Sparrow Hawks have however been obtained.

349. <Aecipiter gularis (Temm. and Schleg.) [1248, part. |—Sparrow-Hawk.

Rungagora, Dibrugarh, 7-4-01, ¢, No. 184, in adult plumage ; iris

golden yellow ; cere pale lemon yellow; bill leaden grey, black at tip ;

tarsus yellow.

Dr. Hartert identified this specimen as this species. Blanford makes

gularis a synonym of virgatus. Hartert treats it for the present as a good

species though it might be a sub-species of A. virgatus but not of dA. affinis.

350. Pernts cristatus elliotti, Jerdon. [1249].—Crested Honey-Buzzard.

Pernis cristatus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iii., p. 406.

Rungagora, 15-4-01 2 (19), Mokalbari (Dibrugarh), Dejoo, 12-4-08,

S (16); 15-8-08, 9 (18); 2-10-08, 2 (17).

No. 19. Iris golden yellow; bill blackish-horn; gape and base of lower

mandible bluish tinge ; tarsus dull yellow.

Nape and head extremely light and rufous; the breast suffused with a

ruddy tinge especially the under tail coverts, strize almost obsolete

except on upper breast. Wing 17”,

No. 16. Iris red brown; bill, dark horn upper mandible, bluish-dark

horn lower mandible; tarsus duil yellow ochreous; claws dark, stomach

and gape contained remains of insects, flies and honeycomb, wing 15:5”,

very dark plumage ; upper breast without any white markings.

No. 17. Wing 16’. Breast and abdomen crossed with white markings and

heavily blotched.

No. 18. {ris golden yellow in somewhat similar plumage to No. 16,

though somewhat abraded and white markings more in evidence. This

bird had hung about in the vicinity of the Factory buildings for some

days previously, it had been shot at onthe Saturday previously, heavy

forest a few miles away, yet these Buzzards seem very partial to the

vicinity of habitations.

Dejoo, 12-10-07,* a pair beating over the grass lands in Rungagora,

portion of garden.

Dhoolohat-Silonibari, 29-1-10,* a fine adult bird at rest in tree on road

side.

Dejoo, 3-5-10,* a single bird beating over the Rajghur, cold, wet day

_ 11-10-10,* a single noted.

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Silonibari, 14-6-11, one flew overhead into the “ Bansbari ” on the

Dhoolohat road.

Equally distributed throughout the plains. The above data exhausts all

the available evidence as to its status.

' 351. Baza lophotes (Temm.) [1251].,—The Black-crested Baza.

Rungagora, 25-8-02, forest path beyond Wattijan in the direction of

Digiltarung. I had a splendid view of three of these Bazas as they passed

overhead from and to the trees on each side of the track. I againsaw them

on a future occasion some distance in the forest. This record refers to the

only locality where these beautiful birds have come under my notice.

352. Baza jerdont ( Blyth.) [1252].—Blyth’s Baza.

Dejoo (Rajgur forest), North Lakhimpur, 15-9-07, 9.

Total length 17:7" ; wing 12”; tail 8:5" ; bill 1:2”, tarsus 1°65”.

Iris pale golden yellow; cere and “base of lower mandible pale

bluish; bill horny black; gape dull bluish; tarsus china white; claws dark

blackish-horny ; stomach contained remains of vivid green insects,

Mantids, Blattids, Coleoptera sp.? and a large green larva of a Sphingid sp.?

Insect remains were found in gullet also.

This specimen agrees fairly closely with the description of immature

birds in Blanford, otherwise the median gular stripe is present and a white

bar on the tail below the coverts.

Dejoo, 2-2-09*, observed a pair of accipitrive birds in recently felled

forest clearance, their flight was an alternate rapid beating of the wings and

’ then a gliding movement in a direct line with motionless outstretched wings.

In size about Lophospizias trivirgatus but showing a patch of white on the.

Trump or upper tail coverts, they eventually settled on some high trees

Surrounding the clearance. I have every reason to believe these birds to be

this species.

Silonibari, 8-6-11, bright sunny morning, an accipitrive bird soaring in

circles with an occasional rapid beating of the wings, white patch on rump,

very prominent; the locality was in heavy forest, seen from a clearance as

the bird made these movements over the tops of the trees.

353. Falco peregrinus calidus, Lath [ 1254, part |.— ?

Falco peregrinus, Blanford, F.B.1., Vol. iii., p. 413.

Peregrines have been seen on several occasions at Rangagora and Lilabari

in particular, it was quite impossible to identify them on the wing owing

to their rapid flight. A single bird seen at rest on the branch of a huge tree

at the foot of the hills at Dejoo on 4-5-08 was no doubt referable to the

true Peregrine and also a pair of birds which had their headquarters in a

Poma tree (Chickrasia tabularis) at the ghaut Dejoo in the cold weather

of 1904-5; these birds used to sally out over the river at morning, but

failed to put in an appearance the next cold season: one seen crossing the

polo ground, North Lakhimpur, 9-1-09.

Falco peregrinator Sundev. Probably occurs, until specimens are actually

secured, no satisfactory solution is possible of its existence.

354. Falco severus Horsf. [1261.]—The Indian Hobby.

Derpai, North Lakhimpur, 13-1-06, 9 ad. (177 );15-1-08, 2 ‘immature

(826); 6-8-08, ¢ immature (825).

“Other records from Derpai, Panitola, Rungagora where these Falcons

used to frequent some lofty trees adjacent to the Post Office.

Dejoo, 16-12-04*, a pair noted in high tree in Rajghur; 3-9-08*, a rather

light coloured specimén ; 5-9-08*, a single bird hawking at evening over

the Factory buildings ; 13-8-08*, observed i in clearance located on a tree the.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 569

Peregrine was wont to frequent; 27-10-08*, a male passed overhead low

down but travelling at a great speed; 30-10-08, this evening I saw a Hobby

snatch up a small bat when on the wing and as it flew around took repeated

digs with its beak at it whilst held in its talons, after some time had elapsed

it took its departure with every indication of finishing its repast at leisure.

Dejoo, 12-2-09*, a pair frequenting the naked branches of the lofty trees

surrounding the nurseries, completely secure out of gun shot range.

Dhoolohat, 4-6-11*, at evening a single bird dashed past the bungalow.

These records constitute the sum total of occurrences.

355, alco vespertinus amurensis, Radde. [1262]}.—The Eastern Red-legged

Falcon.

Erythropus amurensis, Blanford, F.B.1., Vol. iii., p. 424.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 27-10-08, four of these lovely Falcons seen

hawking around the lofty trees surrounding the nurseries on the Rajghur,

eventually settled on the naked branches of a high tree when three of

them afforded me a truly grand view as they were busily engaged preening

their feathers in the bright sunlight. Next day they had disappeared.

This Falcon noted on 3-5-10, Dejoo, soaring over Rungagora portion of

garden cold wet day, certainly not. &. severus but as the specimen was

not secured this record is uncertain.

356. Falco tinnunculus tinuunculus L. [1265].—The Common Kestrel.

Dejoo, 25-9-08*, hovering over a portion of garden, dull and windy

afternoon ; 26-9-07*, first appearance noted this cold weather; 27-9-10%*,

a pair hovering afforded a particularly fine sight; Silonibari, 8-10-11*,

another observation recorded for 10-10-11, possibly the same bird or pair

of birds ; Dejoo, 18-10-10*, hawking with Rollers this evening for food; ¢ Q,

1-11-08; 3 dg, 21-11-05; 3, 14-12-04; Rungagora, Dibrugarh (Plains,) 9°,

30-1-04.

Dinjan, Dibrugarh, 9, 7-4-01; Silonibari, 11-4-11*, a pair observed ;

Dejoo, 3, 7-4-03, 19-4-10* ; located in a small tree from which it was sally-

ing out in search of food, a bright morning, 25-4-10* ; Silonibari, 27—29-4-11,

a single bird which had its quarters hereabouts, I noted it settle on the

tea; Dejoo, 3-5-10*, hovering over a portion of the garden, a miserable

day, cold and wet with harsh wind coming in gusts from the north ; 5-5-10*,

a single bird observed in another locality from that of the previous record

although it might have been the same bird; 9-5-07*, two pairs still about.

Silonibari, 28-7-11* ; Dejoo, 2-8-08*, noted as a most unusual occur-

rence ; 27-8-10*, circling over a portion of the garden about 3-30, hot

afternoon.

357. Faleo tinnunculus saturatus (Blyth)? [1265, part}.—The Indian

Kestrel.

Falco tinnunculus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. ii.,’p. 428.

The last three records above almost certainly point to the resident bird,

Falco tinnunculus saturatus, Blyth, but as no specimens have been secured

from May to October it is only conjecture though the above July and

August dates are significant.

All my specimens evidently are the typical form.

I have to thank Dr. Hartert for checking my identification of the above

series of secured specimens,

358. Microhieraxr melanoleucus (Blyth.) [1268].—The White-legged Fal-

conet.

Resident: Occurs frequently around Margherita and occasionally in

North Lakhimpur.

Joyhing, 12-9-05*, whilst driving past some coolie lines, perched on a

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

small tree adjacent to the road side a beautiful male Falconet was occupied

demolishing the remains of a Sparrow. Never in all my experience did I ever

recollect such a case of absolute fearlessness as it was perched only a few

feet above my head, even the first attempt to procureit by a youth with his

bow and arrow failed to dislodge it and it was only ata second fruitless

attempt that it flew off with a sharp shriek and dropped its quarry.

Sabati, Nov. 1905*, a single noted in the bare branches of a tree at

garden edge.

Joyhing, 16-4-07*, one flew overhead at evening near the Doctor’s

bungalow.

Dejoo, 15-2-09*, a pair reported to me by an intelligent native Sirdar as

having been seen in the forest jungle surrounding the nurseries.

Silonibari, 13-9-11*, whilst at the woodstack this afternoon I noted

numbers of swallows busily engaged hawking for food around the stack.

When there was a sudden dart in amongst their numbers, on turning round I

noted one of these Falconets carrying away a swallow to an adjacent bare tree

stump about fifteen yards from the trolley line, as the top of its quarters

could only be about twenty feet from the ground and it was quite uncon-

cerned.

Thad an excellent opportunity of studying its methods as it commenced

by digging its bill into the head of its victim occasionally preening its own

feathers and giving itself a slight shake as it was drizzling rain at the time.

(Lo he continued.)

571

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

As was announced in the last number of the Journal, three of the

Society’s Collectors have left the Survey and gone home to the

War. The remaining Collector, Mr. C. A. Crump, alone carries on

the work of the Survey and is at present collecting in Sikkim,

where he had just gone when the last report was written. He has

- been working round Gangtok but reported Mammal life to be scarce

there, though he was able to secure good series of voles and mouse

hares. . After collecting round Gangtok he worked north to Chun-

tang on the Lachen road finding animals much more plentiful and,

which is most encouraging, he is securing help from the natives.

Between the 10th and 13th December, over 40 specimens of some

16 kinds were collected or brought in. The Sikkim collection will

be of very great importance and help in determining, along with

that from Kumaon, the numerous species described by Brian Hodg-

son, many of which are only known by the old and faded types in

the British Museum.

We would appeal to members all over the country to assist in

keeping the Survey going till the War is over and we can, if possible,

get our other collectors back. Much valuable work can be done by

sending in specimens from districts already collected in, which were

not recorded in the report dealing with that district and a list of

which can be sent to anyone. Also by sending in any skins

(measured in the case of animals up the size of a hare) with skulls

from districts not yet worked. From certain districts topotypes (7.e.,

specimens collected in the locality where the original type or speci-

men from which the first description was taken, came from) are very

much wanted and a full list of these can be had from the Honorary

Secretary. The following may be mentioned as examples of some

of the topotypes wanted :—Indian Wolf and Indian Fox from the

Deccan, the Sind Hare from Sukkur, the Desert Fox from Rajputana

and Salt Range, Jungle Cat from Mussoorie, the Common Mongoose

from Kashmir, Leopard Cat from Lower Bengal, Phayre’s Leaf

Monkey from Arrakan, Horsfield’s Flying Squirrels from Rangoon.

For some time the Common Indian Hare has been much wanted

from Lower Bengal to enable many of the hares, obtained in the

various collections to be properly worked out. Our Collector,

Mr. Crump, when in Calcutta in the rains made a short excursion to

obtain specimens but: was unsuccessful and as he had to go to Sikkim

was unable to try again. Now, however, through the kindness of

Mr. Laird-MacGregor we have received a specimen of the common

hare from near Calcutta, where the specimen from which the original

description was made came from. With the help of this specimen

various common hares obtained by the Survey will be able to be

properly worked out. A series of specimens from Lower Bengal

is still however much to be desired.

. Poel

REVIEW.

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD.

EDITED BY

Dr. A. SEITZ.

Vou. I1.—PaLt@artic RHopatocePa. Vou. LX.—InpDo-AUSTRALIAN

RHOPALOCERA (PART) Lonpon, WittiamMs AND Noreatsz, 1908-1913.

In 1906 Dr. Adalbert Seitz of Frankfort commenced the heroic task of

publishing a comprehensive work on the macrolepidoptera of the world in

collaboration with the best known entomologists. His aims were conciseness,

a low price, as far as possible a figure of every form and finally rapidity of

publication.

The work is divided into two main divisions, vz., Fauna Palearctica and

Exotica. Fauna Exotica is further sub-divided into three sections, w7z.,

Fauna Americana, Indo-Austalica and Africana. Division I and each

section of Division II are each being issued in four volumes, wz., Rhopa-

locera, Sphingide and Bombycide, Noctuwde, Geometride. A volume on

morphology, etc., is to follow. Thus the work will be completed in 17

volumes, each 13” x 10”. Itis being issued in parts, each part ordina-

rily containing 8 pages of letterpress and 2 plates; the price per part of

Division I is one shilling and of Division IL one and six pence. It is

stated that Division I and each section of Division ITI will each contain 100

parts, but this estimate is likely to be exceeded. Students of the macro-

lepidoptera of India will require the whole of the Fauna Palearctica (Div.

T) and section If, Fauna Indo-Australica of Div. II.

Volume I, Rhopalocera Palzearctica, was commenced in October 1906

and completed in January 1910 in 47 parts. It contains 380 pages of text

and 89 plates. The authors are Dr. Seitz for Papilios, Danaine, most

of the Satyrine, Arginnis, Melitea, Nemeobide and Lycenide; H.

Stichel for Parnassius, Morphide and most of the Nymphalide; J. Rober

for the Pieride; G. Hiffinger for Hreia; and P. Mabille for the Hes-

perude.

Of Volume IX., Rhopalocera Indo-Australica, the first number appeared

in May 1908, but the second didnot follow until two years later. Since

then publication has been rapid ; 88 parts containing 704 pages of letter-

press and 139 plates have been published dealing with the Papilonide,

Pieride, Danaine, Satyrine, Morphine and most of the Nymphalide.

Except for the Papilios, which have been written up by Dr. K. Jordan, the

remainder of the work has been dealt with by H. Fruhstorfer.

The “‘ Macrolepidoptera of the World” does not profess to be an ex-

haustive treatise, but a concise book of reference for all the named species

and races and, with the aid of the plates, it affords a rapid means of identi-

fication. The general arrangement does not differ from what we are all

used to. The race system is, however, elaborated ; this is a more rational

treatment than that adopted by Moore, Swinhoe, etc., and its further

elaboration may be looked for in the future. For ready reference the

name of the genus is given at the top of every page and the names of the

various species, races, etc., in the margin. Concise descriptions are given

of the families, genera, species, etc., and of the earlier stages, were known,

the idea being that with so many figures long detailed descriptions are

unnecessary. One could have wished for more detail, but this would of

course have increased the size of the work. There are no long lists of

REVIEW, 573

references, a familiar feature in most books on insects, nor is much atten-

tion paid to synonymy. There is an excellent index at the end of each

volume and after each family a list of species, etc., with a reference to the

original description. The plates also aim at conciseness and do not

profess to be artistically arranged ; the figures are placed as close together

as possible, in most instances half the upper and half the underside being

depicted; at the head of each plate is given the name of the genus dealt

with and under each figure the name of the form represented. The figures

are excellent and compare most favourably with those to be found in the

most expensive works on natural history. Owing to the rapidity of publica-

tion several errors have crept in, but these are corrected from time to

time. The work is being published in German and translated into English

and French; the English translation might perhaps have been better done,

as in some cases the meaning is rather obscure.

Mabille’s treatment of the Palearctic Hesperiide by means of keys to

the species in each genus is admirable; one could have wished that the

same method had been adopted for such difficult genera as Lycena, Erebia,

Argynnis, Melitaea and Parnassius. Jordan’s section on the Indo-Australian

Papilios is excellent and brings up to date Rothschild and Jordan's mono-

graph on the Papilios of the old world.

Fruhstorfer has split up many of our Indian species into races. Though

no doubt he is justified in this course, yet it would have been more con-

vincing, if he had mentioned the extent of the material on which he had

based his deductions ; in some cases 1t would almost appear asif he had

not even seen the form to which he has assigned a name. He describes

the genitalia of many species and has used this feature to some extent as

a basis for classification ; by this means he has cleared up several doubtful

points, which have always puzzled entomologists.

It may safely be said that the aims of the author have been fully attain-

ed. Having regard to the conditions set forth it is difficult to say how

the work could be improved on; its price is most reasonable and within

the means of nearly every collector. We wish it the success that it

deserves.

Vou. I1.—PaLzarctic BoMBYCES AND SPHINGES. VoL. X.—INDO-AUSTRA-

LIAN BoMBYCES AND SPHINGES. Vou. XI.—INDO-AUSTRALIAN

NoctruiFoRM PHALZENZ.

Of these volumes only part of Volumes X and XI have been received, but

Vol. Il is complete in itself both as regards text and plates. This latter

volume comprises the Palearctic Bombyces and Sphinges, of which the

former are defined as “all the Heterocera which do not belong to the

Sphinges Noctuids, Geometrids and Micros,” so that itis perhaps unfor-

tunate that the first family described here called the Zygenide should

really belong to the Microlepidoptera, and the same criticism will apply to

the Psychide, Cosside (which should be the twenty-sixth family cited, and

not the twenty-fifth, as stated) andthe Agerude. The term “ Bombyces,”

as indicating any natural group of moths, is obsolete and only reminiscent

of the worst traditions of the nineteenth century, and the sooner its use is

abandoned, the better. In the present case,for example, the Zyganide

are placed in close proximity to the Syntomide, with which they have

nothing in common except a slight superficial resemblance ; to the expert

such a method of arrangement matters little, but the amateur is likely to

conclude that proximity in arrangement indicates real affinity, an idea

which he will have to unlearn later and perhaps with difficulty.

The sections on separate families are written by various authors and are

followed by an alphabetical list of species with references to the original

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

description of each one. As is inevitable under such a system, the sections

are unequal in value, some (such as those on Zygaenide and Sphingide by

Dr. Karl Jordan) being very well written and others hardly of the same

quality. Dr. Seitz himself deals with the Syntomide, “ Arctude,”’ Noto-

dontide, Megalopygide, Limacodide, Heterogymde and Cosside. He is

perhaps an expert on Butterflies but we may be pardoned for suggesting

that his views regarding Moths must not always be taken too seriously.

His ideas of the limits of the Arctiade, for example, seem very hazy and

will doubtless undergo revision after further study. The student of Indian

Moths will note that Perinola longirostris (here placed in the Noline) is

really a Meridarchis and belongs to the Carposinide (Tortricina). The

Hypsine are here given as a sub-family of the Arctiade, but it is unfor-

tunate that the only species included should be Eligma nareissus, which 1is

really a Noctuid, whilst Argina and Nyctemera, which are really Hypside,

are relegated to the ‘“ Micractune” and Nyctemerine respectively. The

name Micrarctia is here published, by the way, as a new generic term, and

various new generic and specific names are brought forward in this and

other volumes of the work under review ; we do not consider that a popular

book of this nature is the proper place for the publication of such names.

Dr. Seitz’s ideas regarding the limits of species are generous to say

the least. He appears to suppose (Vol. II., p. 73) that Utetheisa pulchelloides

is merely a form of pulchella, although it is structurally quite distinct.

In Vol. X. also Dr. Jordan unites various species of Heterosia (e.g., magni-

fica, virescens and cingala) which cannot be regarded as conspecific in the

usual sense of the word “species.”

Misprints are unavoidable in a book of this nature, but they are usually

obvious. A curious word, however, is ‘chrysalisses,’ Vol. II., p. 375,

line 5, from bottom), evidently intended for “ chrysalides,” though this

seems an unfortunate term to apply to Algeriad pupe.

Volumes X and XI, dealing respectively with the Indo-Australian

‘‘Bombyces and Sphinges” and Noctuidee are incomplete and the recent

death of Mr. W. Warren, who was employed on Vol. XI., will probably delay

the completion of the work, presuming that this survives the War at all.

This book is likely to be useful to the Lepidopterist in India, who is

usually rather isolated from an adequate entomological library, provided

that he realises that Dr. Seitz’s volumes form only a preliminary introduc-

tion and provide in many cases merely indications of the affinities of the |

species which he wishes to identify. We do not wish to decry the book,

which is excellent so far as it goes and distinctly good value for money.

The coloured plates are good and provide recognizable figures of the

normal forms of the insects depicted ; but the amateur will thereby be apt

to be misled into supposing that every specimen which he obtains can be

determined by the figures given—a hopeless task in such genera as

Zygena, Iithosia and Hepralus.

These volumes should find a place on the entomological bookshelves of

the numerous scientific institutions (e.g., Agricultural Colleges and Uni-

versities) which exist in India and will there be useful to those whose

interests lie in the study of Moths.

Fauna Palaearctica, Vol. 1,379 pages and 89 coloured plates, Royal 4 to, £3.

Vol. 2, 480 pages and 56 coloured plates, £ 2-5-0, to be completed in 4 Volumes,

not sold separately.

Fauna Indo-Australica to be completed in 155 parts at 1/6 per part n paper

covers. Vol. 9, 10 and 11 in issue.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. L—VITALITY OF INDIAN WOLF (CANIS PALLIPES).

I shot a large male wolf as he was galloping past me and hit him in the

abdomen, a little in front of the off stifle joint and blew out his intestines.

On being hit the wolf stopped and snapped at and bit off all his remaining

intestines except about 2 feet of the commencement which is attached to

the stomach.

He then trotted off into a series of nullas for about 300 yards, but I

turned him towards a big sandy nulla which he tried to cross to get into a

patch of sugarcane. Some villagers turned him and he made several rushes

at them open-mouthed while they were doing so. He then trotted down the

nulla (my second shot missed him and the third shot cut the skinon the tod

of his head without in any way damaging the skull) got up on to some open

land and again crossed the nulla, and when he reached the other side was

brought down by a villager striking him across the back with a lath:. In

all he travelled, after being hit, at least half a mile and probably would have

gone very much further. I weighed him on arrival in camp and found (after

losing all his intestines and a certain amount of blood) that he weighed

452 lbs.

As he was a large wolf his measurements may be of interest. Head and

body 34°5”, tail 13”, ear 4:5", hindfoot 8°35”.

The skin and skull (No. 3/1913) have been presented to the Mammal

Survey.

HazanisacH District, 27th July 1914. O. A. SMITH, Masor.

No. H..—EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON BLACK BUCK.

In a recent issue of the Journal I noticed an article on this subject which

entirely agrees with my observations when in Peshawar in 1910. Iwas at

the time attached to the Royal Warwichshire Regiment, who had a couple of

fine Bucks as their regimental pets. One was rather a savage tempered

brute and used to give considerable trouble on parade. When the question

of improving his temper by the medium of castration cropped up, there was

some demur on the subject, as the general opinion was that rather akin to

the case of Samson’s locks would be that of the Buck’s fine black coat

after the operation. However some ultra-flagrant act of violence towards

his keepers settled his fate, andit was hoped that his fighting days were

over. Now each year during the hot weather the bucks’ coats used to

change to a dull-brown and the beautiful glossy black did not re-appear till

the cold weather.

But on this occasion the gelt buck’s coat changed to a very beautiful

fawn colour, and when winter came round it did not re-assume the fine

distinctive colour of the normal buck. The above facts can be corroborated

by any of the regiment who were in Peshawar at the time.

CO. BR. PITMAN,

27th Punjabis.

Tank, N. W. FE, P., 17th September 1914.

No. 1II.—FURTHER NOTES ON WILD PIGS,

On lst October 1914, I shot a boar near Nathua Maran, Viewed from

behind it appeared to be absolutely destitute of hair either on the body or

BIG JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

on the crest; close examination however showed that its hair, including the

crest, was not more than about | inch in length. This is very unusual, as I

have seen a lot of wild pig both stuck and shot. The pig did not appear to

be suffering from mange or any other disease. I wonder if any other

member has ever come across a similar case ?

Last April I shot a boar which was somewhat bare about the body, but

had a lot of hair on its back and a very big crest. The animal first

mentioned was about 5 years old and measured as follows: snout to base

of tail (straight) 47”, tail 12”, height 28”.

According to the natives of these parts there are two varieties of pig,

which can be recognised both in the wild and the village pig: first variety

is called Baseelwa, second variety Moonar. The differences are as follows :—

Baseelwa have a very long skull with long snout and are thin and not

broad. The Moonar has a short skull with a short suffy snout and is

stouter and very broad. There are no differences in colour or height, but

the pregnancy in the Baseelwas is said to last for six months, while that of

the other variety 1s a month less.

I send this note as another member has brought to notice that two

varieties are noted in his district and also because one of the wild pig skulls,

(female), which I presented to the B. N. H.S. Mammal Survey was very

elongated.

O. A. SMITH, Masor.

HazARIBAGH District, lOth October 1914.

No. 1V.—NOTE ON A STRANDED GREAT INDIAN FIN WHALE

(BALAANOPTERA INDICA) AT RATNAGIRI,

(With a Plate.)

A whale was washed ashore at Dhabool, 97 miles south of Bombay. It

was first noticed on Wednesday morning, llth December and I saw it on

Saturday afternoon, the 14th. The Customs Karkun informed me that the

animal was lying on its back stomach upwards, but when I first saw it the

carcass had turned half over on to itsside. It was only visible at low tide,

being under water when the tide was in. I took the following measure-

ments :—

Total length (tip of snout to tip of flukes) .. 41 ft.

Tip of snout to angle of mouth 3 ee

Do. to blowholes a a . Sts

Length of flipper . bia ig .. GY

Width of flipper at base. i <p see

Hye to flipper 4s, o. AA5M

Base of tail to oe ta end of dorsal fin a Set

Dorsal fin height . a a ys .. Bee

,, base jue He bis oe | Us

Flukes tip to tip .. Mme 5

Breadth from notch of flukes to angle with body. 2/-0”

The animal was too far decomposed for any accurate idea of the actual

colour to be obtained most of the epidermis having pealed off, but such as

was left was slate grey in colour, while the flippers were very much darker

almost black. The inside of the mouth was a dirty yellowish-white. The

Karkun, who saw the animal when it was on lying on its back, said that the

stomach was whitish, while he described the sides as greyish-black and the

mouth parts pink.

The sides presented a fluted appearance with parallel lines running along

the flanks beginning well behind the flippers and terminating close to the

mouth. The animal was a male,

Geta vag

ME BRAY

Beene

‘SNAPRIZIA 7B popurasys (YATE ‘vorpur viazdoumjog ) oTRY MA UL URIPUT yeory

*kJBIDOG AUOJSIH

jeunzen Aequiog ‘jeuunor

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 577

During my stay at Dhabool several hundreds of villagers, both from the

coast and inland, came to see the animal. They regarded it as a god, calling

it *‘‘ Massa Dev,” meaning fish-god. The local Fakir had established

himself well to the windward of the carcass, several incense sticks were

burning in front of it, more I think with a view to the gentleman’s own

comfort than in homage to the deity. A sheet was spread out in leu of

a collection bag and it was covered with copper coins and also offerings

ef rice and cocoanuts. I noticed that a great number of these people were

Mahomedans. The prevailing idea among them was that treasure of

considerable value could be got by cutting open the stomach of the animal.

This was believed not only by the common folk but even by the Govern-

ment clerks.

S. H. PRATER,

Bompay Naturat History Socrery’s Musrvum,

5th December 1914.

From time to time whales are stranded or washed up at no great distance

from Bombay, and these are reported to the Society by the Customs officials,

though so far we have not been succcessful in getting to the spot-before the

animal has become decomposed and lost its colour. The colour of our large

Indian Fin Whale is still unknown, but perhaps some member situated on

the coast may be fortunate enough to see a freshly stranded specimen and

record notes on it. The specimen recorded above is apparently an imma-

ture great Indian Fin Whale (Lalenoptera indica) as this whale grows to 80

to 90 feet, according to Blanford. There is, however, at least one other

species of Balenoptera, which has been recorded from the Indian region, wiz.,

B, edeni, but thisis said to be a smaller species and is only recorded from

the Bay ‘of Bengal.

As was already reported in the Journal, Vol. XVII, a whale was washed

ashore at Bassein, a little north of Bombay, in the spring of 1906,

which was said to be 63 feet in length, but it was not reported to the

Society till nearly a week after stranding. In January 1911 another was

reported at Viziadrug, near Ratnagiri, and to examine this specimen

Mr. Crump, who had just joined the Society as Mammal collector, was sent.

On his arrival he found that nothing remained but the head and some of

the larger bones ; he was however able to secure some baleen. This whale

was reported by the Customs Karkun there, to measure about 70 feet from

nose to tip of tail ina straight line. Mr. Crump made a number of sketches

and took measurements of the bones lying about.

In August 1912 a large Fin Whale was stranded at Ratnagiri, which was

reported to be 61 feet in length. The colour above was said to be “dark

grey in places almost black’ and on the sides “lighter than on the top

. with well defined stripes below the flippers.”’ The underside was “light

grey in places almost white,” while the tail and flippers were ‘ almost black.”

A photograph of this whale was forwarded and is here reproduced.

Quite a number of whales seem to have been stranded about this time

and the remains of several of them were washed up on the Ratnagiri coast.

Much valuable information in regard to the different species of Whales

would have been secured if it had been possible to preserve some of the bones

of these whales. It is, however, impossible to keep such large bones in the

Society’s rooms; and as there seems to be no prospect of a Natural History

Museum in Bombay, it will be a long time before the species of Fin Whales

found on this side of India can be satisfactorily determined.

N. B. KINNEAR.

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

No. V.—AN UNIDENTIFIED ANIMAL IN SOUTH MALABAR.

Can any Member throw any light on the following extract from a paper

by Blyth (J. A. S. B. XXVIII, p. 286, 1859 ) ?

“Some time ago, Mr. Baker asserted in a communication to a sporting

periodical his belief that a real Mole existed in his neighbourhood.

(Footnote.—“ Going through the hills, I often come upon a small black

velvet-coated creature dead, with the head bitten off. The paws are

precisely like those of the English Mole, with a similar tail; the whole a

finger’s length and about an inch thick. It would be curious to know what

kills this animal and whether it be a true Mole, as I think it.”’)

He now writes :—‘“I have since had three specimens of the Mole brought

to me, but all too far gone for preservation; they were perfectly black with

white belly. Moles they certainly were.”

It is unfortunate that the skulls were not preserved, or even the entire

skeletons in spirit; but I trust ere long to receive examples from Mr.

Baker, as a Yalpa from 8. India would be a very unexpected discovery ;

though, as stated in the sequel, we possess the 7. Jeucura, nobis, from the

hilly region bordering on the valley of the Sitang river in British Burma,

where co-existing with a JTupaia and a Hylomys. (Footnote.—In a subse-

quent letter, Mr. Baker remarks: “ With the assistance of the hill-

people we contrived all kinds of springes, trap-falls, &c., in order to catch

the smaller animals; but we could not manage a common Mole-catcher’s

trap, and I was fairly beaten by a digyer whose runs reminded me of

those of the Mole at home. He seemed to beat us by his mining, perhaps

however by the numerous ramifications of his burrow.”’)

Blyth’s correspondent was the Rev. H. Baker, Junr., of Mundakyum,

Alipi, Southern Malabar.

The ‘burrows’ in Mr. Baker’s second communication were no doubt

those of Gunomys kok, the common Madras Mole-rat, but the mysterious

alimal he mentions in such detail is still unknown.

R. C. WROUGHTON.

British Museum (Naturat History),

Lonpon, 8.W. November, 1914,

No. VI.—THE WHITE-BROWED BUSH ROBIN (LANTHIA INDICA)

IN THE N. W. HIMALAYAS—A CORRECTION.

In Volume xxii, page 795 of the Journal, the late Mr. P. T. L. Dodsworth

recorded the occurrence of Janthia indica in the N. W. Himalayas

and quoted meas confirming his identification. Some time afterwards

Mr. B. B. Osmaston wrote to me asking if I was quite sure of the identifi-

cation as he himself had once recorded a specimen, which he afterwards

discovered to be Larvivora brunnea! After some delay I learnt that the

specimen was in Mr. A. Jones’s collection and he, at my request, forwarded the

specimen. On re-examination I find the skinis, as Mr. Osmaston suspected,

Larvivora brunnea, and I therefore take this opportunity of correcting the

record. ‘

Mr. A. Jones has kindly presented the specimen to the Society.

N, B. KINNEAR,

Bompay Naturat History Soorzry’s Museum,

lst December 1914.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 579

No, VII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE MARTIN (CHELIDON

URBICA, L.) IN THE PUNJAB.

On the evening of 16th May this year in the midst of a dust-storm at

Hissar I observed two birds flying in a northerly direction, which were

clearly House Martins (Chelidon urbica, L.). About an hour later near the

same spot I observed a third Martin following the same line of flight and

succeeding in shooting it. The specimen which was a female, fat and

moulting, has been compared with English specimens andis an undoubted

example of the typical British race.

HUGH WHISTLER, m.s.0.v.,

Indian Police.

Sirsa, Hissar District, Punsap,

17th October 1914.

No, VIJIL—VULTURES FEEDING AFTER SUNDOWN,

In a recent number of the Society’s Journal, a member shooting in the

Gir Forest noted that kills had to be covered with branches on moon-light

nights (as far as I can remember), otherwise the vultures fed during the

night and picked them clean. In regard to the preceding, what happened

last night (9th December 1914) may be of interest. My old pony died on

the night of 8th December of tetanus, so I decided to let the body be

picked clean by vultures and to burn the bones.

The body was put out on an open piece of ground about 250 yards from

my tent, and the vultures came in due course.

A little before sunset there were then about 100 birds round the body.

I asked the villagers ‘how soon will the vultures clear off to roost and

leave the body,” as I wanted to sit up in case a leopard came. Their reply

was “the only birds that will go are those that have already filled them-

selves, the others will remain and go on feeding all night.” I pointed out that

it was a dark night. Their reply was “that doesn’t matter, they won’t

leave that body until it’s picked clean.”

So I didn’t sit up over the body. At intervals 1 went outside and

heard the screeching of the birds as they fed on the body, and this con-

tinued until moon-rise when they were disturbed by a leopard who

dragged the body away a short distance.

I personally did not previously know of this habit of the ordinary

vulture (griffon ?). I saw no red-headed vultures near at sunset. The

moon was first day of the last quarter.

O, A. SMITH, Masor.

HazaripaG, 10th December 1914.

No. IX.—NESTING OF THE HOBBY (FALCO SUBBUTEO,

Linnazus) NEAR SIMULA, N. W. HIMALAYAS, WITH SOME

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GENUS FALCO

AND ALLIED SPECIES.

As the breeding of this Hobby within Indian limits is of somewhat rare

occurrence, I venture to give an account of a nest which I found on August

the 16th.

This nest was in a deodar forest, at an elevation of 6,000 feet and with-

in 2 miles of Simla. I may here remark that this, or another pair of

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Hobbies. have probably bred in the vicinity in former years, because the

friend who accompanied me on my second visiton August the 22nd assured

me that two years ago, and in the immediate neighbourhood of this wood,

‘he saw five birds, probably the old birds with their young perched on trees.

In June this year I had pointed out to him a Hobby when he at once

suggested that this was the bird he had seen. I told him it was impro-

bable that they bred this side of the snows, but I think now he was

correct in his assertion.

The situation of the nest I found was on three horizontal branches and

4O feet up a deodar (C. deodara). It was an oblong in shape, measuring

approximately 12” x 10” by 23” in depth with a central depression of 2

inches. The nest was composed entirely of fine twigs which did not

-exceed the diameter of an ordinary pencil.

There were three young in the nest about 16-18 days old. I was

attracted by their cries which closely resemble those of the kestrel (7.

alaudarius). At the same moment I saw one of the old birds leave the

nest.

Sitting down I watched their proceedings during a vigil of two hours,

and had repeatedly the pleasure of seeing the parents bring food which

must have consisted of small insects (chiefly beetles, judging from a pellet

disgorged by the young one I took in the hopes of rearing it), though they

occasionally indulged in flesh diet (vde remarks infra). The old birds brought

food at intervals of 10 to 15 minutes, their approach being heralded by

the hungry cries of their brood. As the parent bird alighted on the nest

the young greedily rushed to secure the tit-bit which was always carried

in the feet. The duration of these visits lasted but a few seconds. The

food being disposed of, a hasty glance round and the parent slipped quietly

off, mounting to feed in mid-air 500 feet above the level of the nest.

When food was secured the bird dropped with marvellous velocity to the

nest, After some time I ordered my climber to go up and bring one of

the young ones down and also to lift the remaining two to ascertain if by

any chance there was an addled egg. Immediately he extended his hand

over the side of the nest, the young Hobbies threw themselves on their

backs presenting their claws and open bills, at the same time making as

much noise as they were able.

While the intruder was at the nest one of the old birds was perched on

the top of a tree, 50 yards away, answering the young but otherwise

making no demonstration—behaviour which compares unfavourably with

that of a kestrel (7. alaudarius), which, while I was taking its eggs, had

to be kept off by throwing stones.

On August the 22nd, a friend accompanied me to see how the young

Hobbies were progressing. On our arrival one of the old birds was sitting,

with its breast towards us, on the side of the nest, remaining there quite 5

minutes. Giving my friend the glasses I asked him to describe the bird as

he saw it. He said “ it is like a small shahin” (/. peregrinator), (a bird

well known to him) “ with heavy black markings on the underparts.”

After the parent had departed, I told the climber to go up when he

reported the tworemaining young ones dead. These I ordered him to

throw down. On examination one proved to be partially eaten ; the crop

of the other contained portions of a small bird.

Torrents of rains (about 8 inches being registered) had fallen since my last

visit, probably to the undoing of the young Hobbies.

The disappearance of the young birds of prey from their nests is not an

uncommon occurrence and this instance leaves little doubt, but that the

parents, though they may not have killed them, sometimes, at least eat

‘them.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ) 581

Probably the nursery of these Hobbies had originally been built by

crows (C. macrorhynchus) and had been altered to suit the requirements of

the former, the members of this genus rarely, if ever, building an entirely

new nest but simply effecting a few structural alterations.

In the Fauna B. I., Aves, Vol. iii, page 417, Blanford remarks in

reference to the nesting economy of the shahin (. peregrinator) “ the

nest of this falcon, a mass of sticks,” &c. This is by no means invariably

the case, de the Journal, B. N. H.S., Vol. XXII, No. 3, page 629, wherein

the late P, T. L. Dodsworth records the taking of two eggs of this falcon,

“the eggs were reposing on the bare ground.” Moreover, three eggs of

this species which I took this year also rested on the ground. These

remarks also apply, I think, to the kestrel (7. alaudarius), the merlin

(4. regulus), the peregrine (F. peregrinus) and the luggar (F. jugger).

When the eggs of any of the above are found iz nests, it will usually be

found that the falcon has taken possession of the deserted home of some

other species. Whether the red-headed merlin (4. chicquera) differs in

these habits would appear to be a moot point. Certainly in one instance,

at least, I once found the eggs of this species in an old nest, probably that.

of Corvus splendens,

A. EH. JONES.

Simua, September 16th, 1914.

No. X.—THE CUCKOO (CUCULUS CANORUS) IN THE

CENTRAL PROVINCES.

With reference to your footnote in the above article, I could show you a

skin of the common Cuckoo shot at Nagpur in June. Cuckoos are

regularly heard here in that month, but both the specimens which I shot.

were males. Comparing these with a male taken on the Darjeeling

Himalayas, they are decidedly smaller, the latter exceeding them by about

an inch in the total length. The wing measurements are 8°75" and 8°8”

as compared to 9” in the hill bird and the undertail coverts of the C. P.

specimens are rather irregularly banded with black.

E. A. D’ABREU, r.z.s.

THe Museum, Nacrvr,

9tnr March 1914.

No, XI.—THE RED TURTLE DOVE (GENOPOPELIA T.

TRANQUEBARICA),

In reply to the query in Misc. Note, No. XVII, Vol. XXIII, No. I, the

following dates may be of interest. The flocks of males in Chanda, C. P.,

were noted on the 22nd April 1913 and on the 24th March this year. I

saw a male in Dera Ismail Khan where they are rare.

I found this dove fairly well distributed throughout the Chanda District,

where it was breeding during April—a nest O/2 with fresh eggs was taken

on 8th April 1913 and a pair were observed building on the 19th of that:

month.

ann NycWi iP, Oo RaSe BITTMAN,

15th September 1914. 27th Punjabis.

No, XII.—THE LESSER FLORICAN (SYPHEOTIS AURITA,

Lato.) IN THE PUNJAB.

The Lesser Florican is so seldom met with beyond Delhi in Upper India

that the following records may be of interest. On 21st July last my

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

attention was attracted by an unknown black and white bird which was

standing and occasionally jumping into the air, in a grass field on the

Government Cattle Farm at Hissar. It was shot and proved to be amale.

The stomach contained grasshoppers. Other specimens were seen in the

grass lands of the Cattle Farm Bir by Mr. Blanford, 1.c.v.s., as follows :—

8th August, one, probably a male ; 23rd August, a male; 6th September,

male and female found separately. One of these latter specimens is

believed to have been seen again on 24th September.

HUGH WHISTLER, .B.0.0v.,

Indian Police.

Sirsa, Hissar Dist., PuNJaz,

17th October 1914.

No. XIII.—HABITS OF THE KALIJ PHEASANT.

It may be of interest to note that on 30th ultimo I came across a cock

Kalij Pheasant (G@. horsfie/di) looking after a flock of young a few days old.

I saw no sign of the hen, though I watched the cock for several minutes.

Probably she was absent looking for food. The cock was very aggressive

and ran around demonstrating, often coming within 10 yards of me. The

chicks were hiding in the leaves, one within a few inches of my feet.

H. W. A. WATSOR:

Mocox, Burma, 6th April 1914.

No, XIV.—EGRET FARMING IN SIND.

With reference to Mr. Birch’s interesting article on this subject I should

like to mention one or two points which appear to require further elucida-

tion. Ihave heard a good deal about Egret farming lately, and though

never having seen an Egret farm myself I have interested myself in the

subject and have endeavoured to gain as much information as possible

regarding the methods followed in collecting Egret plumes.

As a rule the so-called Egret farms are situated in localities difficult to

access in the hot weather, and so far | have never met a EHuropean official

who has,seen one except in the cold weather.

All officials, however, whom I have questioned on the subject, have told me

that the birds they have seen are kept for breeding purposes, but the only

evidence they had to support their statement was that the owners of the

farms had told them so.’

On several occasions I have observed natives catching Egrets by means

of decoy birds that had their eyes sewn up by means of a feather passed

through the eyelids. These birds were placed in a spot frequented by

Egrets and not being able to see, remained where they were put down.

The ground round about being strewn with loops any birds that alighted

near them stood a very good chance of being entangled. On one occasion

last year also I saw some 50 or 60 birds being despatched by rail, every

one of which bore evidence of having had their eyes sewn up, some were

quite blind with their eyelids so swollen that they could not open them,

while in others, though they could open their eyes, one could distinctly see

where the eyelids had been pierced. I questioned the man in charge of

them, and at first he told me that the birds were for breeding purposes and

that he plucked their feathers every year and sold them to a “Sahib” at

Rs. 18 per tola, but eventually he allowed that they were decoy birds being

> —— ae

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 5838

sent to a “Sahib” on the Sutlej. Before, however, I could find out any

more, his “ better-half’’ turned up and slanged him roundly for giving the

show away. Now my ideas on the subject are that the feather traders,

knowing it to be illegal to destroy Egrets for their feathers, keep these

decoy birds in more or less humane surroundings during the cold weather

when they are likely to be visited by European officials and have invented

the story regarding their breeding in captivity, and all the evidence I have

obtained on the subject goes to prove my theory.

Mr. Birch states in his article that there was ‘ample evidence to indicate

that the birds breed freely” but he does not state the nature of his

evidence. Did he himself see the old birds sitting on eggs or young and

were the photographs reproduced taken by himself? It seems extraordi-

nary that the birds should assume breeding plumage four times a year,

when I believe many birds do not assume breeding plumage at all in

unnatural surroundings. Ina natural state Egrets commence breeding at

the very earliest in June, and the majority not till July, did Mr. Birch

himself see them breeding in March or was he only told so ?

Again Mr. Birch does not state at what time of the year he visited the

farms, it would be most interesting to know this. Asif he himself saw the

birds breeding in March and took the photos himself his statements require

no further confirmation, but if he did not see the bird sitting himself and

did not himself take the photographs I am afraid without further confirma-

tion his article is of little use from a scientific point of view.

It would be a dangerous undertaking to legitimize the feather trade at

present, as even though Egret farming could be carried out on the

lines stated by Mr. Birch in Sind, there are still a large number

of birds slaughtered for their plumes all along the Indus, Chenab

and Snutlej rivers and should the trade be legalized those who

collect the feathers by slaughtering the birds would take full advantage

of the law, and it would be next to impossible to convict them of

obtaining their feathers in an illegal manner. Other species of birds also

would suffer by the removal of the restriction, as it would be quite im-

possible to breed several of the species whose plumes are sought after

profitably in confinement ; and even should it be possible to breed all birds

in captivity for the sake of their plumage, why should the vanities of the

female sex be pandered to at the expense of the wretched bird whose lot

in confinement, even under the most favourable circumstances, is wretched

as compared with that of his kind at large.

The above remarks are not intended to cast any reflections on Mr.

Birch’s article, but I do consider that, in order to remove all doubt on

the subject Mr. Birch should state whether he actually saw the birds

incubating eggs himself and whether he himself took the photographs, as

it would be a very simple matter to place young wild birds in the aviaries

during his visit there.

J. LINDSAY SMITH, Magsor, M.B.0.U., I.A.

Quetta, 2rd August 1914.

De,

[On showing the above note to Mr. Birch he replied as follows :—“'The photo-

graphs printed in the Journal were all taken on swrprise visits to different farms.

Plate A. at a place 7 miles from Rohri on the bank of the Western Nara; Plate B

at a village 6 miles from the town of Larkana; Plate C. at Rahuja on the Sukkur

Canal, a place 3 miles from Sukkur. The first two photos were snapshots taken

by myself. I had to secure the help of a professional photographer to take Plate

C.,as my Kodak was not large enough to get an interior view ; but I visited this

farm myself also. The other photos sent to you which were not published were

taken by ine personally.”—Eps. | :

584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

No. XV.—COTTON TEAL (NETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS)

IN KASHMIR.

You may be interested to learn of the occurrence of the cotton teal in a

region so far removed from his usual habitat as this is. On Monday on the

great Holdra jheel, about 6 miles from here in the first shoot of the season,

I killed what appears to be a young male, though the dark ring below the

neck is absent. I showed it to Col. Ward who had no note of a former

occurrence in his “ Birds of Kashmir.” He is having it skinned and if

you wish it I will send you the skin. Curiously enough the boatman who

was out with me seemed to know the bird which he called a “ Noora,”’ but

he had never seen it before in the shooting season. The bags per gun made

on Monday varied from 60 to 168 (7 guns) chiefly teal and whiteyes, but

there were some mallard and a few gadwall, also a Wigeon. Some pintails

and a gaggle or two of geese were seen.

F. J. MITCHELL.

SRINAGAR, 14th October 1914.

No. XVI.—MALLARD BREEDING IN THE KARACHI ZOO.

A pair of Mallard caught at Pithoro, Sind, in February 1914, produced 6

ducklings towards the end of June in the Zoological Gardens, Karachi, to

the surprise of a good many people in the locality. Two out of the six

have since died, but the remainder (892 2,1.) are still flourishing and

have at the time of writing assumed their full plumage. There are no signs

whatsoever of any cross having taken place. The parent birds escaped

from the Duck Pond and constructed their nest in a dense bamboo thicket

on an island in the middle of the Large Pond reserved for Storks, Geese

and Pelicans, The nest was not discovered until after the hatching had

taken place.

I am not aware that the Mallard, Anas boscas, has been known to breed

(even in captivity) in the plains of India before, hence I thought a short

note on the occurrence might be of interest.

F, LUDLOW.

Karacui, 28th September 1914,

No. XVII.—MARBLED TEAL ON THE N. W. FRONTIER.

I think it may be of interest to you to know that I shot a 9 Marbled

Teal (M. angustirostis) this afternoon, about 9 miles west of the Cantonment

ona small jheel near the Kabul river. I have never heard of or seen

this duck in these parts before, I do not know whether it has been often

recorded from N. W. Frontier ?

W. M. LOGAN HOME, Capr.,

NowsuHeEra, N. W. F. P., 12th Infantry.

11th October 1914.

No. XVITI.— NEW GAME BIRDS FROM THE N.,-E. FRONTIER.

In the last Number of the Bulletin British Ornithologists Union, Vol.

XXXV, p.18, Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker described a new Blood pheasant as

Ithagenes tibetanus. This species differs from the lately described kusery

in being much paler below and the crimson being confined to the breast.

. The lores are crimson instead of black and the supercilium instead of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 58

being black and crimson is pure crimson. The black gorget is much

restricted compared with that of kuser?. The other species described is

Tragopan blythi molesworthi, which differs from the typical blythi in being

much darker above, the red on the breast being more confined and the

whole underside much paler. Both these specimens were collected by

Capt. Molesworth on the borders of Tibet and the N.-E. frontier and pre-

sented to the Society.

No, XIX.—OCCURRENCE OF NAIA BUNGARUS (Scutze)

IN THE PUNJAB.

According to Dr. J. Ewart in the “Poisonous Snakes of India” (1878), the

king cobra therein described as Ophiophagus elaps has three varieties

which he says are distributed as follows: “The first variety (the olive-

green one) is found in Bengal, Assam, the Malayan Peninsula and Southern

India (Fayrer); the second (brownish-olive) in Bengal (Fayrer) in the

Philippine Islands and perhaps in Burma (Gunther); and the third

(uniform brownish-black} is found in Borneo (Fayrer). W. Theobald in

the “Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India” (1876),

describes it as Naja claps and says “that it inhabits India, Burmah and the

Tenasserim Provinces.” Dr. Boulenger in the “Fauna of British India,

Reptilia and Batrachia ” (1890), says that it inhabits ‘Southern India,

Orissa, Bengal, Assam, Burma, the Andamans, Siam, the Malay Peninsula,

Java, Borneo, Sumatra - and Philippines.” While Major Wall in “ The

Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions” (1913), gives

the distribution as “it is found throughout our Indian dominions (with the

exception of Ceylon and I believe Western Rajputana, Sind, and the Pun-

jab (?); in suitable localities, that is in jungles or their vicinity. It occurs

in hilly regions up-to an altitude of 7,000 feet and in the plains in their

vicinity.” The query mark after Punjab indicates that Major Wall is

rather doubtful as to the occurrence of the hamadryad or king-cobra in the

Punjab. Recently, however, I obtained a specimen from the forest on the

banks of the River Ravi near Lahore. Also there is a specimen in the

museum of the Government College, though no locality is given as to where

the specimen was taken. The form thus apparently occurs in the Punjab.

BAINI PARSHAD, Bs. sc.,

Alfred Patiala Research Student.

ZootogicaL LaBoraTORY, GOVERNMENT

CoLtLEGE, Lanore, 8th October 1914.

No. XX.—A NEW PENTHEMA FROM BURMA.

(With a plate.)

Among other butterflies caught by me in the Tharrawaddy District of

Lower Burma is a Penthema, allied to darlisa M., but unlike any form

hitherto described. The differences between it and darlisa seem greater

than those between darlisa and lisarda, Db., and if these forms represent

two distinct species the new one should representa third. I propose to

call this new form yoma.

Penthema yoma nov. sp.

Description.—Upperside of forewing differs from darlsa chiefly in that

the straw coloured streak in interspace la is absent, or only just indicated

at the posterior angle. Further, the spot in interspace 4, of the post

discal series is considerably out of line with the rest. This character is

26 :

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

present in darlisa, but is not so marked in lsarda, the two series are

almost parallel. For the rest, the spots are in the same positions, and are

of the same colour and size as those of darlisa. The black ground colour

is similarly glossed with blue.

Hindwing.—Basal area uniform black, there being sometimes just a

dusting of straw-coloured scales in the apex of the cell. The straw-colour-

ed internorvular of the discal series streaks are broad and clavate, herein

differing from both darlisa and lisarda. They might almost be said to form

a band traversed by the black veins. These streaks are followed by a

sub-terminal series of spots, more or less hastate in shape and as broad as

‘the interspaces; the postdiscal series, common to all forms of darlisa and

lisarda is absent, the discal streaks extending to the position these spots

should occupy. All these markings are pale straw-coloured, as in dariisa.

Underside.—Ground colour as in darlisa, that is apex of forewing and all

the hindwing rufous brown, the basal area of the forewing darker, not

rufous. Streaks and spots as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax

and abdomen as in darlisa.

Expanse.—110-125 mm.

Halitat.—Pegu, Yoma, Tharrawaddy District in Lower Burma. Described

from two specimens from the above locality, caught in April 1909 and May

1912, in heavy jungle. Elevation 200 to 1,500 feet. One was taken feeding

on the skull of a recently killed serow.

The type specimen, which I take to bea male, has been deposited in the

British Museum.

These two specimens were the only Penthemas I gotin four years’ collecting

in Tharrawaddy. It does not seem as if either darlisa or lisarda flew with

it. On the other hand a single Penthema I have fromthe Arakan, Yoma,

Henzada District, to the west is isarda while on the east, at Pathichaung

in the Toungoo District at the foot of the Karan Hills, darlisa occurs. It

therefore seems likely that the present form is peculiar to the forests of the

Pegu Yoma, which forests are isolated from those to east and west by big

rivers (Sittang and Irrawaddy) and their plains.

As to whether the form now described should be regarded merely as a

race of darlisa, it can be understood that a form represents a race of

another when its markings are those of that other, either partly absent or

reduced or increased in size [e.g. binghami race of darlisa|. But in the

present case while the basal markings are entirely gone from the hind-

wing, this being apparently a change in the direction of darlisa, the discal

markings are even more prominent than in /¢sarda, while there is no sign at

all of the postdiscal series of spots, common to both those forms, not even

of their being joined to the discal streaks.

DeNicéville (Vol. ii, page 144), Bingham (Vol. i, page 890), and Evans,

(Journal B. N. H. 8., Vol. xxi, page 580), all show three species of

Penthema ; lisarda, darlisa, and binghamt. Seitz, at page 463 of Vol. iv,

gives two species from India, sinking Jbinghami as a race of darlisa.

He also raises mihintala as a new race of lisarda from the Chin

Hills of Upper Burma and gives two other races of darlisa, but all the

forms he describes have the markings constant throughout, though reducing

in size, and none resemble the present form in the least.

In the accompanying plate the upper figure is P. lisarda from the Teesta,

the two central figures are P. yoma and the lower is P. darlisa from the

North Shan States. The last named does not quite agree with Bingham’s

figure, and may not be typical.

EK. V. ELLIS, 1.r.s.

Lyme Recois, Enetanp, 7th October 1914.

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

1. Penthema lisarda, Db. 2 & 3. Penthema yoma, nov. sp.

4, Penthema darlisa, M.

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 587

No. XXI—A NOTE ON ARGYNNIS CASTETSI,

Argynnis castetsi, Oberthiir, which occur only in the Palni Hills in

South India, is usually considered to be a well differentiated race of the

widely distributed Argynnis hyperbius, Johanssen. It differs from the

type form mainly in that the female, as regards colour and markings, re-

sembles somewhat the female of such a species as Argynnis aglaia and in

consequence the striking sexual dimorphism exhibited by hyperbius is

wanting.

In April 1912, owing to the kindness of Mr. Y. Evershed of Kodaikanal,

who forwarded ova of castetsi to Ceylon, I was given the opportunity of

comparing the larvee of the two races, and somewhat to my surprise found

that they could be easily separated. A brief description of a full grown

larvee of A. hyperbius from Ceylon is as follows :—

Head.—Black ; ovalin shape with a pronounced frontal furrow or de-

pression ; on each side of the furrow on the vertex of the head is a conical

prominence bearing a stout spine hair; number of small black hairs are

scattered over the whole surface.

Thoracic and abdoninal regions.—The ground colour of the body is velvety

black with the exception of a broad dorsal stripe which is fulvous red.

On each side of the thoracic segments is a pair of black spiny processes,

one process being situated to the side of the dorsal line and the other

supra-spiracular in position. On the abdominal segments there are two

pairs of spiny processes situated as on the thoracic segments and also a

third pair, each process being sub-spiracular in position. These abdominal

processes are red or fulvous red tipped with black.

The legs are black but the “suckers” of the prolegs are red as also are

the anal valves. [The length of this specimen was 38 mm. |

A. hyperbius. A. castetst.

The larvee of A. castetst resembles that of hyperbius in general structure

but differs constantly in the following particulars :—

(1) the red dorsal stripe is entirely absent ;

(2) the processes on the abdominal segments are pink ;

(8) the form is somewhat more slender.

The most reliable character is the presence or absence of the dorsal

stripe which appears at a very early age, at once distinguishing hyperlius

from the allied form.

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

I have been unable to discover many descriptions of the larve of A.

hyperbius from India but it appears that the forms from the more northern re-

gions of the country always possess the red dorsal stripe. The imagines of

hyperbius from the Nilgiris are to some extent intermediate between the type

and castetst but the larvee is not apparently described. Until this has been

done it is perhaps unwise to venture any remarks on the possibility of

A, castetsi being a good species. Taking into account however the marked

features of both imago and larve it would appear, that a A. castets: has a

better right to be considered a fine species than many other geographical

races, and on the whole it seems that the burden of proof should rest with

those who would consider it only a form of hyperbius. It is, however, very

desirable that the larvic of the Nilgiri form should be described since the

Indian races of this Argynnid seem to be on the border line between

distinct species and mere local forms, and as such likely to assist in the

solution of several perplexing problems.

An attempt was made in Ceylon to interbreed the two forms but it was

unsuccessful mainly I believe owing to the experiment being carried out in

too hot a climate. This experiment is well worth repeating if the oppor-

tunity occurs, as the results from a fertile pairing would be of the greatest

interest. In this connection it may be mentioned that the ova and larvee

of A. hyperdius are not hard to find on the food-plant Viola patrinis D. C.

if the small and sickly-looking plants are searched. In Ceylon healthy and

vigorous plants were seldom productive, an observation also made by

Mr. Evershed in India.

T. C F. FRYER, m.a., F.£.s.

Lonpon, October 1914.

No. XXIJ1.—THE BEDA WEED (NILE LILY) EICHHORNIA

SPECIOSA, Soins.

Mr. R. Grant Brown, 1.C.8., the Deputy Commissioner, Bassein, Burma,

wrote in September 1913, asking if we could give him any information of

the best method of suppressing the ‘“ Nile Lily” which, he said, was the

name of a plant which had appeared in the delta in the last few years and

was blocking up the waterways, and enclosed copies of correspondence on

the subject.

Mr. M. Laurie, M.V.O., I.C.8., Commissioner, Irrawaddy Division,

enquired in July 1913 what happened to the Beda weed during the months

of heavy rainfall and to report on the state of affairs on the lst September

19138.

In reply, the Deputy Commissioner, Bassein, said that from reports

received from Sub-Divisional and Township Officers of the Kyonpaw Sub-

Division it appeared that the navigable channels were all free of the weed

on the lst of September, though a good deal of it remained in backwaters

and along the edges of streams, where it was entangled in bushes. The

Sub-Divisional Officer, Bassein, has not yet reported, though a reminder

was sent to him on the 8th of August and others since,

Beyond setting free the weeds which have become entangled in bushes

and allowing them to be carried away by the current, Ido not at present

know of any measures which are likely to be useful in preventing a recur-

rence of the nuisance next year. In this district no unpaid labour has

been exacted from the villagers and no attempts have been made to

construct booms, though I should have been inclined to experiment with

these had it not been for the fact that the experiment has, I understand,

been tried in other districts. It seems probable that the conditions in

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 589

districts where booms have been made and a large amount of labour

exacted from the villagers are now the same as they are here; that is, such

labour would in this district (though not perhaps in others) have been

useless so far as the future is concerned, while I do not think it likely that

it would have assisted navigation in anyway at the time it was undertaken,

What seems most needed now is to ascertain (2) the habits of the plant,

and (6) the successful measures, if any, taken for its suppression in other

countries.

As to (a) I have been able so far to get no information locally. I have

asked the Director of Agriculture whether he can help me. It has been

the practice in some parts to take the weed up on shore, but there is at

present nothing to show that this will prevent its propagating itself in the

river at the beginning of next rains, and it may even do harm.

As to (b) I have received information from various sources that large

sums have been spent in combating the weed in North Australia, America,

and other countries; and as to this also I have asked the Director of

Agriculture whether he can obtain any information for me. Until such

information is obtained, or the success of the experiment already under-

taken in the delta established, it seems highly undesirable that any money

should be spent in combating the weed or that villagers should be forced to

undertake labour which may be useless.

The Deputy Commissioner, Bassein, in September 1913 enquired from the

Director of Agriculture, Burma, as to the habits of the Beda weed (said to

be called the “Nile Lily”), which is now blocking the waterways of the

delta. I have made some enquiries regarding the seeds and the manner

in which it is propagated, but have so far failed to elicit anything of value.

In some parts of the delta it has been the practice to induce the villagers

to drag it up on to the bank. It seems quite possible that this work may

be useless and may even aggravate the evil.

I am informed that large sums have been spent in combating the weed

in North Australia, America, and other countries. If this is the case, it is

highly probable either that some effective way of keeping down the weed

has been discovered which could be used in Burma, or that all measures

tried have proved to be useless. Information as to the methods used would

be very valuable; in the latter, it would probably be useless to go on

spending money for the labour of villagers in attempting to suppress the

nuisance. In this district all attempts to suppress it have been abandoned

for some months, and the waterways are now clear, the weed having been

carried away by the current.

The weed is not mentioned in the Dictionary of Economic Products, which

includes a number of pests.

Mr. A. M. Sawyer, Assistant Botanist, forwarded the following note on

this weed :—

“This is the Lichhornia speciosa, Solms, the most persistent and trouble-

some of tropical weeds. It propagates itself by means of seeds and suckers

both of which are light and driven by the wind. It is already a terrible

curse in Florida, Java and Australia. In Ceylon a special law—the “ Water

Hyacinth Ordinance’’—was passed in 1909 against its importation and culti-

vation. Last year, at the request of the Executive Engineer, Pegu, I was

deputed to inspect the Pegu Canal and the Jn near the village of Thanat-

pin which were then full of the weed. The conclusion arrived at by us was

that the most efficient, though expensive, method of dealing with it would

be to cut it into sections and drag these out by suitable steam-tugs into the

strong current of the river or even into the sea itself as is now regularly

done with the ‘‘Sud” in Egypt, Florida and elsewhere. As the plant

flourishes chiefly in stagnant fresh-water, this method is the only one con-

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

sistent with efficiency and therefore economy, that can be suggested for

trial in places where the weed is already thick enough to be cut and

dragged out in fairly large masses. In places where it is not clumped

together, it may be collected and either dragged into the current of streams

to be carried out to sea or thrown on to bamboo rafts or into boats to

be subsequently heaped upon the shores of the waters it infests and there

completely burnt, when dry enough, if necessary, with the aid of an inflam-

mable material like Ye-nan or Crude Kerosine Oil. As the plant easily takes

root and grows well on moist earth, burning it is one of the safest means of

destroying it. Thus dragging out to sea and burning are the only two

efficient methods of dealing with the weed; and either is now practised

wherever it prevails.

The weed is spreading rapidly in the country ; and it is high time now

that prompt and systematic measures and co-operation were enlisted in

attempts to its extermination, even, if need be, aided by the law.”

EDITORS.

591

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18rH OCTOBER 1914,

An “At Home” of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place in the Society’s Rooms on the 13th October 1914.

The election of the following 29 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Mr. V. H. T. Fields-Clarke, I. F.8., Kindat, Burma; Mr. A.

8S. V. Acott, J.C.S., Sukkur; Capt. C. Harvey-Kelly, Karachi; Capt. A.

Marshall, Quetta; Sahebzada Sardar Mahmed Khan, Larkana; Mr. J. C..

Curry, Sukkur; Mr. A. C. Robinson, Sukkur; Mess Secretary, 13th Raj-

puts, Agra; Mr. H. Hisenhofer, Lampong, North Siam; Lt.-Col. C. Stuart.

Prince, I.A., Lucknow; Mr. C. J. Hall, Travancore; Dr. Wm. Mowat,

Peermade, 8.I.; Mr. L. Price, Travancore; Mr. H. L. Cruttwell, Cuttack,

Orissa; Mr. W. H. A. Webster, Kyankse, U. Burma; Mr. H.G. Stokes,

C.1.B., 1.C.S., Madras; Maharana Shri Jorawarsinhji Partapsinhji, Raja of

Sunth, P. O. Sunth-Rampur,.Rewa Kantha; Maharaj Kumar Shri Vijay-

sinhji of Rajpipla, Nandod, via Ankleshwar; Mr. Chas. J. Hodgkins, Dera.

Ghazi Khan; Mr. Baini Parshad, B. Sc., Lahore; Mr. H. G. Gruer, I.C.S.,.

Chanda, C. P.; Mr. N. Padmanabha Panikkar, Trivandrum; Mr. J. B.

Norman, Champaran; The Registrar, University of Punjab, Lahore; Mr. F.

EK. Sharp, Rajkot; Mrs. Reddoch, Rangoon; Capt. HE, G. Colvin, The Re-

sidency, Indore; Mr. E. H. N. Lowther, Calcutta; and Mr. A. H.

Marshall, Rohtak, Punjab.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the.

Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

{

2 Takin Skins and Skulls) Burmo-Chinese | Mr. Lowis.

(Budoreas taaicolor), 2Golden Frontier.

Cats (Kelis tenvmincki), 1

Panda (4lurus fulgens), 2%

Flying Squirrels (Petaurista|

sp.) 1 Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys

sp.) |

1 Himalayan Serow (Capricor-| Kumaon ..|Col. H. C, Tytler.

nis), 1 Goral (Nemorhedus

goral), 1 Mouse Hare (Ochotona

roylet).

1 Desert Foxes ( Vulpes leucopus),, Hissar, Punjab ..| Mr. C. EK. Branford.

1 Jungle Cat (Felis affinis), 1

Jackal (Canzs indicus).

—

Langur (Presbytis phayret) ..|Burma .. ro Mir. He Ce Purkigs

font

Slender Loris (alive) (Zorts) Bombay docks ..| Mrs. Watson.

lydekkerianus).

5 Hedge hogs (alive) (Erinaceus|; Ahmedabad ..{Mr. R. H. Heath.

mucropus).

2 Do. do. ep baroad . 4, ..|Mr. W. E. Jardine.

592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Contribution, Locality. Donor.

3 Sclater’s Monals (Lophopohrus| Burmo-C hine se} Mr. Lowis.

sclatert), 5 Silver Pheasants} Frontier.

(Genneus sp.), 3 Blood Pheas-

ants (Ithayenes kusert), 1 Tem-

minck’s Tragopan (7rayopan

temminckt), 1 Bamboo Partrid-

ge (Arbicola rufogularis), 1

Imperial Pigeon (Carpophaga

ensignis griseicapilla. )

Several Bird Skins 3 ..| Nilambur ..| Mr. A. P. Kinloch.

{9 Bird skins and 1 Snake ..|Fyzabad .. ..|Mr. F. Field.

1 Fledgeling Hobby. .. (o\eimla was ..| Mr. A, E. Jones.

|1 Swift (Chetura indica) ..|Mt.Abu.. — ..|Mr. T. R. Livesy. .

1 Night Heron (Nycticorav nycti-| Bombay .. ..| Mr. Counsell.

{ corax.)

2 Checkered Water Snakes, 2) Andamans oo Mir. ey ae

Kraits, 2 Green Pit Vipers.

Krait and 1 Tree Snake ..|}Shwebo .. ..| Mr. W. Walsh:

3 Snakes, 4 Rock Lizards, 3)Chilas_. . |Capt. C. T, Daukes.

Skinks.

2 Snakes Fe Se ..|Hissar .. ..|Mr. C. E. Branford.

6 Snakes, 2 Frogs and_ 1}Bangkok, Siam ..| Dr. Malcolm Smith.

Skink.

4 Lizards and several Insects.| Nasik .. ..| Mr. N. B. Kinnear.

Moths and Butterflies ro) uadak be ..| Major Kirby.

Minor contributions from Mr. C. H. Dracott, Capt. Sheppard, Mr.

Rigby, Mr. C. Fisher, Mr. 8. H. Prater, Capt. A. Wilson, Capt. Ghar-

purey, Major Browne, Mr. Gordon-Ralph and Dr. Bayley de Castro.

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JOURNAL |

OBL iE

Bombay Natural History Society.

May 1915. VoL. XXIII. No. 4,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Part XVII,

With Plate XVII.

'TTURNIX TANKI TANKI.

The Indian Button Quail.

Turnia tanki.—(Buch. Ham.) Blyth, J. A. S. B., xii, p. 180

(1843) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis (1889), p. 466 ; Oates, in Hume’s Nests

and Eggs, 2nd ed. i., p. 370; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii,

p. 544; Blanford, Avifauna, B.I., iv, p. 153; Oates, Game Birds

of India, i, p. 63; Sharpe, Hand-List i, p. 49; Oates, Cat. Eggs,

B.M.,i, p. 72; Le Mess, Game, 8. and W. B. of Ind., p. 115;

Oglivie-Grant, Game B., ii, p. 278; Seth Smith, J. B. N. H. S.,

xvii, p. 288; Whitehead, hid, xx, p. 969; Moss King, wid, xxi,

p. 101; A. EH. Osmaston, tid, xxii, p. 544.

Hemipodius joudera.—Hodg., in Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 85; EH. A.

Butler, B. of Sind, etc., p. 56.

Turnia dussumieri.—Blyth, Cat., p. 256; Jerdon, B. of Ind., in,

p- 599; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B., xliii, pt. 11, p. 174.

Turnia joudera.—-Gray, Cat. M. and B. Nepal, p. 129 (1846) ;

Ball, Str. Feath., iv., p. 286; Butler, ibid, p. 8; Hume, iid, p. 225;

Butler, ibid, v., p. 231; Ball, ibid, vii, p. 226; Butler, Cat. B. of

Sind, p. 56; Hume and Marsh., Game B., 1i, p. 187; Butler, Cat. B.

of S. Bomb., p. 70; Reid, Str. Feath., x, p. 64; Davidson, sid,

p. 318; Davison, wid, p. 412; Macgregor, whid, p. 441; Terry, ibid,

p. 479; Taylor, ibid, p. 479; Barnes, B. of Bomb., p. 318, id, J. B.

ot..o., vi., pt. 1.

594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Turnia albiventris—Hume, Str. Feath., i, p. 310; ad, bid, ii,

p. 281; id, ibid, iv, pp. 279-293; id, Cat., No. 834 ter.; Hume and

Marsh., Game B., ii, p. 199; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M., xu, p. 445;

Blanford, Avifauna, B.I., iv, p. 154; Oates, Game B., i, p. 66;

Sharpe, Hand-List, i, p. 49; Le Mess, Game, 8S. and W. B. of Ind.,

p. 115; Ogilvie-Grant, Game B., 11, p. 280.

Vernacular names.—Lowa (Upper India), Pedda dabba gundla

(Telequ). In most places the natives do not distinguish between

this bird and the Common Bustard Quail.

_ Description: adult female.—F rom forehead to nape barred buff and

brown, with indications, sometimes well defined, of a buff mesial

stripe; nape, neck, and extreme upper back bright ferruginous red :

remainder of upper parts, including inner wing coverts and inner-

most secondaries, greyish brown, occasionally an almost vinous tint,

profusely barred with fine wavy lines of deep brown or dull

black, giving these parts a vermiculated appearance, remaining wing

coverts buff or brownish buff with a broad sub-terminal drop or

short bar: inner secondaries like the back, and those next them

more or less freckled with rufous near the tip, and with black and

buff on the outer web near the tip, primaries, outer secondaries and

primary coverts greyish brown edged with buff on the outer webs,

edge of shoulder buff. Below from chin to upper breast reddish fer-

ruginous albescent, and often pure white on chin and throat, and of

the same colour on the upper breast as on the neck, these parts

forming a broad collar : remainder of lower surface buff, deepest on

the breast and flanks, and sometimes almost pure white on the centre

of the abdomen ; the breast next the collar in the centre, the sides

of this and the rest of the breast and flanks nearly as far down as the

thighs with large, round or crescentic spots of black.

Females, adult but not so old, as that above described, have the

mesial line more strongly marked, the sides of the head are often

much marked with rufous, and the black barring is very broad and

prominent : the whole of the upper parts are much more heavily

spotted and barred with black: the scapulars, and sometimes the

back also, have drops of buff, succeeded by black on the outer webs

of the feathers, sometimes becoming buff streaks on the former ; the

inner secondaries and the wing coverts are a purer buff, and the

black drops or bars are far more numerous; the inner secondaries

also as a rule have a good deal of rufous mixed with the vermicula-

tions. Below, the colour is much like that in the description already

given of the older female, but the grey-brown colour of the back

often encroaches on the sides of the breast, the black markings are

more numerous, and are occasionally mingled with pale buff spots.

The chin and throat are nearly always paler, and almost, if not quite,

white, and the buff of the belly is whitish, the centre of the abdomen

being often pure white.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 595

Colours of the soft parts.—Bill, fleshy white, greyish white, or pale

plumbeous, always with a yellowish tinge at the base, and sometimes

darker and brownish on culmen; legs and feet yellow fleshy or fleshy

grey, sometimes with a tinge of orange; claws the same ; irides straw

colour or white, probably always white in old birds.

Measurements.—-Length about 6°5'' (= 165 mm.), tail about 1:5”

from vent (= 38-1 mm.), tarsusrather under 1:0"" (25-4. mm.), bill

at front about *5'' (—=12-7mm.), and from gape about °7''(—=17:8mm.).

The wing in a series of about 40 birds (including the so-called ali-

ventris) varies from 3:10" (= 78-7mm.) to 3°52" (= 88-9mm.) with

an average for tanki of 3:43" (= 87-lmm.), and for albiventris of

3°16" (= 80°2mm.), though some of the tanki females are smaller

than the largest albiveniris.

Mr. D. Seth Smith has a most interesting article on this Bustard

Quail in the Avicultural Magazine of 1903 (pp. 317 et seq.), and

from what he recordsit would really appear that the nuchal red

collar is only assumed by the female during the breeding season.

He says :— |

“Tt will be seen from the coloured illustration that appears

with this, that in Zurniw tanki the rufous nuchal collar is a

very well marked feature of the female, and my two examples

of this sex, when obtained on the 24th of October last, were

in perfect full colour. However, as the winter approached,

they commenced to moult, and the collar was completely lost, the

plumage becoming apparently similar to that of the male,

though I did not handle the birds to examine them minutely.

The two females at this time exactly resemble some specimens

in the series at the Museum, which are labelled immature, but

which, I am now led to suppose, are really adults in winter

plumage. Another fact which tends to prove this conclusion

to be correct is, that a young female whose history I am about

to relate, had developed a perfect rufous nuchal collar, at the

age of six weeks.

“‘In March the females gradually regained their rufous collars.”’

Adult male.—The adult male is similar to the first stage adult

female, but entirely wants the chestnut collar, the centre of the

breast is a paler, duller rufous buff, and the general appearance of

the upper parts is less bright, though the vermiculations are larger,

in places becoming almost bars.

The younger male resembles the second stage of female described

but has no rufous collar. The colours of the soft parts are the

same asin the female, but the bill is said to be brown on the

culmen and atthetip. J have not noticed any difference myself

between the bills of males and females.

Measurements : males.—Length about 6:0" (= 152:4mm.); tail

from vent about 1:3’ (= 33:0mm.); bill at front about °45!'

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

(= 11:4mm); and from gape about 65'' (= 16:-5mm.); tarsus a little

over °8"’ (= 20°3mm.); the wing in a series of about 25 birds varies

from 2°82" (= 71:6mm.) to 3°12"' (= 79:2mm.), and there is one

bird sexed as male in the Museum Collection with a wing of 3-30"

(= 83:8mm.); excluding this, the average wing measurements for

tanki is 38:06" (= 77-7mm.), and for albiventris 2-94""( —73-7mm.),

though, as in the females, the largest albiventris is bigger than the

smallest tanki.

“Quite young females have the nuchal collar very indistinctly

shewn, and are plentifully spotted with white, and the feathers of

the upper part are profusely barred with dull black. The white and

buff markings of scapulars, and inner quills are almost entirely

wanting, being represented only by a few pale spots on the outer

webs of the quills and coverts. ‘The primaries are margined and

freckled with dull rufous on the outer webs, and the other second-

aries have a pale margin and blackish sub-margin to the outer webs

which are much freckled with dull rufous. The under parts are

duller than in the adult, and are less boldly spotted with black -and

rufous.

The nestling closely resembles that of Turnix pugnax pugnasx

already described.

Hitherto Turnia albwentris from the Nicobars and Turniz blan-

ford: have both been treated as good species, but after a very

careful examination of all the material at my command, I cannot

discover any difference between 7’. tani and 7’. albiventris upon

which it is possible to make the one a different species or even sub-

species to the other. ‘The alleged differences according to Ogilvie-

Grant between the two are as follows :—

1. Albiventris is smaller, having a wing of 3°2" as against

3°4"" in tank.

2. It retains the rufous feathers in the back in old age.

3. It has the nuchal collar wider, and of a deeper

rufous.

4. Albiventris has the upper parts blotched and vermiculated

with black like blanfordi, and the markings of the head like

tank.

Blanford gives the following differences between the two :—

1. Tanki.—Adults retain much of the black and rufous

barring and mottling on the dorsal feathers.

2. The feathers on the side of the crown are black with

rufous edges in albiventris.

3. The collar in the female albwentris is much darker and

broader than in tanki.

Thus, Blanford only adds one more difference, that of the head,

to the differences alleged by Ogilvie-Grant. We have therefore five

alleged differences to deal with.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 597

In the British Museum we have seventeen females of T’urnia tanks,

and eight of the supposed 17’. albiventris for purposes of examination,

and I have also examined birds from other collections.

1. As regards size, I find that the average wing measure-

ment of tanki is 3:43" for the female, and 3:06" for the males,

whilst that of alliventris is 3:16'' for females, and 2:94!’ for

males. At first sight this would seem to prove that the two

are separable as sub-species on account of size, an examination

of individuals, however, disproves this. Thus, in the small

series of eight aliiventris in the Museum Collection, I find two

birds with wings of 3:30" and 3:20'', and in the series of

seventeen tanki there are four with wings of 3:30" or under,

of these one has a wing of only 3”, and is possibly wrongly

sexed, but there is yet another with a wing of only 3:15”.

Thus, with two small series containing birds which overlap in

size to such an extent, it is impossible to accept an average

difference of measurement as sufficient grounds for division into

species or sub-species unless there are other and better differ-

ences with which to support it.

2. As regards the nuchal collar, [ must premise my remarks

by pointing out that some of the adult birds in the British

Museum series labelled tanki have their necks so injured that

the red collar has practically disappeared; on the other hand,

of the seven adult albiventris, no less than five have their necks

drawn out and so arranged that the width of the collar is

exaggerated. The other two if compared with the best

specimens of ¢tan/i will not be found to differ to any appreciable

extent in width. As regards colour, it would also be easy to

select two tanki to put with these two albiventris so closely

resembling each other in this respect that no one could name

them except by chance.

3. As regards the colouring of the upper parts, I consider

this only individual; thus, there-is a specimen of tanki from

Allahabad ( No. 89.5.10.445 ) which has more rufous on the

back than any specimen of albwentris. Again, there are many

specimens of young tank? which have the back as much mottled -

with black as the young albiventris have. Therefore, the only

difference left as regards the colouration of the sback is the

allegation that albiventris never assumes the vermiculated un-

blotched appearance of tanki. But this stage of plumage

appears only to be assumed by very old females, and is quite

exceptionable. In the Museum Collection I find only two such

specimens of tanki and of the many hundreds of these birds

which have passed through my hands, 1 do not think that I

have seen half a dozen birds in this, so-called, adult female

plumage. With the few albwentris available for examination,

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

it cannot be said that we have enough material to lay it down

as a demonstrated fact that albiventris does not ever assume this

plumage.

4. Next we have Blanford’s assertion that in albiventris

‘‘the feathers on the sides of the crown are black with rufous

edges’ and the attendant inference that this is never so in

tankt. ‘This again is an individual character and the specimen

of tanki from Allahabad, to which I have already referred,

will be found to have this phase of plumage quite as strongly

marked as it is in most of the specimens of alhiventris. Again,

if we examine the head of specimen No. 89.5.18.129, an

albiventris from the Nicobars, we shall see that this bird has

far less black on the head than the majority of tank.

I think, therefore, upon consideration of the points of difference

brought forward, and a very careful examination of the skins

available, there are not sufficient grounds to justify the Nicobar

bird being named even as a sub-species, far less to make it a good

species.

Distribution.—The Indian Button Quail is found over practically

the whole of India, but it does not, apparently, occur in Ceylon.

Hume received specimens from South Travancore, I have had

specimens sent me from near Tinivelliin the extreme South of

Madras, and also specimens from Mysore, whence it had not pre-

viously been recorded. In the North-West it straggles into the

Punjab, but probably only during the rainy season; it is found

throughout Bombay and the North-West Province, and thence Hast

everywhere as far as Calcutta. In the furthest North-East it extends

throughout the Assam Valley to Dibrugarh and Sadiya, but South

of the Brahmapootra Valley it is replaced in most parts by Turniw

blanfordi, though a specimen from Tippera in the Hume Collection

is nearer 7’. t. tankt than T'. t. blanfordi. I never came across it

either in the Cachar Hills, Khasia Hills or Surma Valley, and I

think I may say, it does not occur there. It ascends the Hills to a

considerable height, for it has been found in the Nepal Hills up to

4,000 feet; Finn found it in Darjeeling at over 6,000; in native

Sikkim it has been obtained up to 7,500 feet (in the month of

June) and inthe Travancore Hills and Palnis up to 4,000 feet ;

finally, it occurs commonly in the Nicobars and also in the

Andamans.

Nidification.— Wherever the Indian Button Quail is found, it

breeds, but there is curiously little recorded, so far, as to its habits

in this respect in a wild state.

Hume records eggs taken on the 15th of J uly and 26th of August,

and there are others in the Hume Collection in the British Museum

taken on the 29th of April, and one in June. From Bengal and

Behar I have eggs taken in May and June, but the normal months

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 599

are July, August and September, Dibrugarh in July and August,

Gaohati, May and June, and Tezpur, June. There appear to be no

records of its breeding in any of the cold weather months from

November to March, and it would really seem as if this Hemipode,

unlike others of the genus, except 7’. tanki blanfordi, really had a

regular breeding season, commencing as arule with the break of

the rains in the middle of June, and continuing until early October.

The few nests I have personally seen were just like those of the

Common Bustard Quail, and like that bird’s, the nest is sometimes

roughly domed, sometimes a well made pad, and sometimes a rather

meagre affair of grass and roots in some natural hollow.

The nest is placed in much the same sort of position as is that

of its relations already described, but I think it adheres more

closely to grass-land for nesting purposes, and also it likes grass

which is rather thin and scanty with ample room to run about in.

All Hemipodes, in India at all events, are very easy birds to

keep in captivity, and some Aviculturists at home have also been

very successful with these birds, and have obtained much informa-

tion of great interest as to their polyandrous habits.

Mr. Seth Smith in the article, to which I have already referred,

gives a most interesting account of this bird’s breeding habits in

captivity :-—

‘“‘The pair,” he relates, “as a rule, keep fairly close together,

but otherwise appear to take very little notice of one another.

As the days lengthened they seemed to become somewhat

interested in a certain corner. The hen would sometimes

squat in this corner with her breast on the ground and her tail

pointing upwards, and made a peculiar soft clucking noise.

The cock would then go and take his turn in the same corner,

the hen having moved out. At this time, the hen would often

be seen rocking her body backwards and forwards in a

peculiar manner, but I saw nothing approaching actual nuptial

display by either sex, in fact, they seemed to regard one

another almost with indifference, except when I threw a meal-

worm to the hen, when she would generally (though not

always by any means) hold it in her bill, and stretching out

her body, remain motionless, glancing sideways at the male,

until he ran up and took it. Probably she actually called him,

though I could detect no sound. At any rate, she presented

tit-bits to him, precisely the same way as he, later on, present-

ed food to his chicks.

“Just as the males of other Gallinaceous birds will pick

up dainty morsels and gallantly present them to their wives,

here we have a case in which the order is exactly reversed, the

females, most unselfishly, presenting the most attractive

morsels to their husbands.

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

“On April 24th a slight nest of hay was observed in the

above mentioned corner, and on the following day I discovered

one egg in the nest. On the 27th a second egg was laid, and

a third on the 28th, on which day the male began to sit, and,

although the nest was in a perfectly open place, and I was

obliged to disturb him each morning as I went to feed the

birds, he continued his task in a most praiseworthy manner,

and, on May 10th, hatched all three eggs, incubation having

been completed in the incredibly short space of twelve days.

‘‘ From the day she laid her third egg, the female appeared

to take no notice whatever of the nest, and even when the

young were hatched, apparently ignored the presence of both

her mate and offspring. In fact, I found that she ate most of

the food that was provided for the chicks, and so shut her in a

separate place.

“The little cock took the greatest care of his charges,

brooding them most tenderly, and attacking any living crea-

ture, including myself, that might approach them too closely.

He would pick up minute insect’ and hold them in his bill

until the chicks came and picked them from him, and, for the

first day or two, the chicks, so far as I was able to observe,

never picked up food for themselves.”

As with all other Hemipodes the full clutch of eggs laid is four,

and | have never seen a greater number than this or a smaller

number, which showed signs of incubation.

The eggs, except in size, agree in every detail with those of

Turnia tarjoor tayoor, but on the whole are possibly rather’ more

boldly coloured. The specimens with big, bold blotches are

decidedly common, though the majority are merely profusely stip-

pled and speckled with reddish or greyish brown, with a few quite

small dots and spots of black or blackish.

The Museum eggs vary between °85'’ (= 21:6mm.) and :9”

(= 22°8mm.) in length, and are :75'' (= 19:0mm.) in breadth.

40 eggs, including the above 7, of which I have the measurements,

vary in length between °82'’ (=20°8mm.) and -95" (—=24-1mm.)

and in breadth between :71'' (—=18:0mm.) and :81"’ (=20°6mm.),

and they average °88" x °76" (==-22°3 x 19-2 mm.).

Habits.—The Indian Button Quail frequents much the same

kind of country as does the Black-breasted Bustard Quail and the

Little Button Quail, but is, on the whole, even less fond of dense

forest than are these birds, and prefers grass lands to bush jungle,

though often found in the latter. It also frequents all kinds of

crops, from the lowest to the tallest, such as sugarcane when dry,

and the young jute before it has been flooded. Nowhere, that I

have heard of, can this bird be said to be common, and one. or two

in the course of a long day’s shooting is all that is usually met with.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 601

Perhaps the most favourite haunt of this little Button Quail is thin

thatching grass on the edge of dry cultivation. Hume’s experience

was much the same as mine, for he says that in the North-Western

Provinces, Oudh and the Central Provinces, he found them much

wedded to grass, but he adds that he has known several flushed out

of patches of grass half an acre in extent. ‘Tickell, writing of this

bird, records that it is

‘found scattered about here and there throughout Bengal

in. open, sandy, bushy places in and about jungles or fields and

dry meadows in cultivated country ; frequently in low gravelly

hills of Aunkur (nodular limestone).”’

So also Jerdon.

‘This species is found in open grassy glades in forests or

jungles, both on the plains, and more especially in the hilly

countries, and is also found in grass jungles throughout Bengal,

and the countries to the Hastward. It is always seen singly, |

in patches of long grass or thick cultivation, flying but a short

distance, and is very diificult to flush a second time.”’

It is an even greater skulker than the Bustard Quail, and though

like this bird in manner of flight, it is not so strong or noisy on the

wing, and drops even more quickly into cover. Hume says that

‘it rises only when you are about to step on it with occa-

sionally alow doubie chirp, barely audible to my ears. . . It

elides bee-like through the air for a few paces, just skimming

the waving tops of the grasses, and drops suddenly as if para-

lysed, almost before you can bring your gun to the shoulder.”

They feed both on grain, grass seeds, green shoots of crops, etc.,

and on insects, more especially ants. Their flesh is not bad to eat,

though rather dry unless very fat. Tickell, however, considers them

“most delicious, and when in good plight as fat and delicate as an

ortolan.’’ Hume, on the other hand, ‘always found them insigni-

ficant, dry, insipid little things.”

TURNIX TANKI BLANFORDI.

The Burmese Button Quail.

Turn blanfordt.—Blyth, J. A. S..B., xxi, p. 80 (1848);

Blyth and Walden, B. Burma, p. 151; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M.,

xxi, p. 542; Blanford, Avi., B. I., iv, p. 155; Sharpe, Hand-List,

i, p. 49; Oates, Game B. Ind., i, p. 68; Le Mess, Game, 8. & W.

B. Ind., p. 115; Ogilvie-Grant, Game B., li, p. 277; Stuart Baker,

J. B.N. H. S., xii, p. 493; Seth Smith, «sid, xvii, p. 238;

Harington, ibid, xix, p. 365; id, ibid, xx, p. 877; Hopwood, ibid,

xxi, p. 1215.

Turi maculosa.—Apud Gray, Hand-List, B., ii, p. 270 ; Hume

& Dav., Str. Feath., vi, p.452; Hume, Cat. No. 834 bis.; Hume

602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

and Marsh., Game B., ii, p. 183; Bingham, Str. Feath., ix, p. 196;

Hume, tbid, p. 208; Oates, B. Burma., ii, p. 83385 ; Hume, Str. Feath.,

mI, p. ola.

Vernacular names.—Negon (Burmese), Dao-duma gajao (Cachari),

Iniruibuma ghéhérta (Naga).

Description, adult male and female.—

‘“‘ This is but a little more than a large race of 1’. tanki, but,

besides their greater size, adults are distinguished by being

darker and by retaining a larger amount of black barring on

the back; the sides of the. crown too are darker. In

immature birds the pale edgings to the dorsal feathers are

conspicuous.” “Blanford.)

Colours of the soft parts—In the male the bill is pale horny

brown, with a tinge of yellowish flesh colour or yellowish at the

base of the maxilla, and on the mandible, tip and apical half of

culmen a darker brown; legs, feet and claws yellowish, in some

cases rather fleshy, and in some a more distinct Chinese yellow.

Irides white.

In the female the bill is paler and more yellow; according to

Hume “lower mandible, gape and base of upper mandible chrome

yellow.” .

Hume gives the measurements of two birds as follows :—

“* Male.— Length, 6:5"; expanse, 12:0" ; tail from vent, 1°5";

wing, 3°62"; tarsus, 1:0''; bill from gape, 0°75"; weight,

2°25-0z.

“ Hemale.— Length, 7:0" ; expanse, 13:5"; tail from vent,

1°5"; wing, 4°12"; tarsus, 1:05"; bill from gape, 0:75"%

weight, 2°75-02.”

Oates gives the measurements as being :-—

‘“ Length, 6°5''; tail, 1:6"; wing, 3°5”; tarsus, 0:9"; bill

from gape, 0°75''; the female is much larger, the wing

reaching to nearly 4” in length.”

I have now examined a comparatively large series of this sub-

Species, including 21 males and 25 females in the British Museum

Collection, and I cannot find that any of the alleged differences in

colouration between tanki and blanfordi mentioned by Blanford

hold good.

It is quite true that as a body the Hastern form is darker than

the Western, but individuals can be obtained in either sub-species

to agree with specimens in the other.

There is, however, so great a difference in the size of the two

birds that this is quite sufficient in itself to constitute the Eastern

and Western forms as good sub-species.

The average length of wing in 7. t. tankiis 3:43'' (—87-1mm.)

whereas in 1’. ¢. blanfordi the same average measurement is no less

than 3-93'' (=99-8mm.), a full half inch difference. The same

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 603

measurements for the males are 3:06!’ (=77:7mm.) and 3°53"

(—89-6mm.) respectively.

Even in these two sub-species, however, certain individuals

approach one another in size, though they do not overlap as the

different forms of pugnax do. Thus the largest tanki has a wing of

3°52" (=88-9mm.), whilst the smallest blanfordi, a bird from Chefu,

has a wing of 3:64"' (=9-24mm.).

Oates, in the “ Birds of British Burmah”’, writes :—

‘The plumage of both is identical ”’

and Hume remarks :—

‘So far as plumage goes, both these species and joudera (tankt)

are inseparable. At any rate, nine out of ten variations in

tint, amount and extent of markings, etc., in this species

(blanfordi ) can be exactly matched in specimens of joudera

and vice versa.”

Distribution.—The Burmese Button Quail extends throughout

the whole of Burmah as far South as the South of Tenasserim

through the Shan Hills, Siam, China, throughout the West and

South, as far as Manchuria in the extreme North-Hast and from

Burmah to N. E. India.

Within our limits it is found throughout Burmah, Shan States,

Chin Hills, Lushai Hills and thence through the Chittagong Hill

Tracts, Hill Tippera, and N. Cachar Hills into the Khasia Hills.

It is also found in the Plains districts of Chittagong, Comilla,

Sylhet, and Cachar, though a bird collected by Tickell in Tippera

was a true 7’. tanki tanki. In the Naga Hills also the typical form

takes the place of blanfordi and the Cachar Hills and Manipur seem

to be the limit of the latter to the North-West.

Nidification.—Needless to say, the hens are polyandrous, or

bigamistic would be better, as they only have one husband ata

time, though the time is very short.

As a general rule, the nest and eggs of Turniw t. blanfordi cannot

be distinguished from that of 7’. p. plumbipes but probably on the

whole is not so well and compactly built, not so well finished off,

and not so often domed. Moreover, twice I have taken its nest in

open bamboo jungles, at the foot of one of the clumps, well hidden,

but the nest consisting of little more than a pile of the leaves and

roots of bamboos in a hollow in amongst the roots.

In the Khasia Hills the birds frequent the great open grass plains

so common in these hills, and will seldom, if ever, be found in the

Pine Forests or evergreen jungle in the wetter nullahs. Their

nests also therefore will be found almost exclusively in grass, though

on rare occasions one may be found in a stony ravine with bush

jungle in it.

If a clutch of hard set eggs is found, the vicinity should always

be carefully searched for another nest as the hens directly they have

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

laid the fourth egg of one clutch, obtain another male and again

start laying. The eggs take less than a fortnight to hatch, but

before one set of chickens are ready to appear, she is generally

laying again, and as a rule, somewhere quite close to her first

clutch.

The regulation number of eggs is, of course, four, and as regards

appearance and size there is nothing to add to the description of

the eggs of TZ’. pugnax plumbipes trom which it is impossible to

discriminate them, though the eggs of Blanford’s Button Quail

average much larger. I have one clutch which averages 1:08" x -86"

(= 25:6 x 23°8. mm,), another 1:15" x -92" (==-29-3 x 25°3 mm.),

and a few others about the same. The average is 1:02" x :83"

( =25:°9x 23:1 mm.). ‘This sub-species, unlike pluwmbipes, does,

however, seem to have a definite breeding season, and in Cachar

and the Khasia Hills they commence breeding at the end of April,

and continue until the end of August, a few extra energetic hens

continuing to lay as late as the end of September.

There is very little on record about this form of Button Quail,

but, of course, its habits differ in no way from those of the other

sub-species.

Davison, as quoted by Hume, says :—

‘‘T have always found this species about gardens or in the

immediate vicinity of cultivation, but it is very rare, being

only occasionally met with, and always singly or in pairs. It

is hard to flush, and only flies a short distance before again

dropping, but it then runs a considerable distance before halt-

ing, and thereafter hes very close. It feeds like other Quails

in the mornings and evenings, lying hidden during the heat of

the day. On cloudy or rainy days it moves about all day. I

do not know the call of this species.”’

Oates writes about this bird to much the same effect :—

‘This Quail is invariably found about gardens in the jungle

singly or in pairs. I have shot it also in bamboo jungle where

there was an undergrowth of grass. It is less common on the

hills than in the plains. On the whole this is perhaps the

most abundant and universally distributed of all the Quails of

Burmah, but nowhere will enough be found together to

furnish sport.”

In North Cachar the Burmese Button Quail is almost common,

and they are also to be found in some numbers on the Khasia Hills,

but everywhere else in India it is a comparatively rare bird, and—

contrary to Oates’ experience—everywhere it appears to be much

more rare on the plains than on the hills. It ascends to a good

height, and in N. Cachar I came across it at Laisung and Boro

Ninglo, both villages with much scrub and grass land between them

and the forest, at elevations of about 5,000 feet. A Khasia also

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 605

trapped me a specimen, a male on its eggs, on the Shillong Peak,

which is about 6,000 feet. As a rule, though, in both these

districts the birds do not wander much over 4,000 feet, and only as

high as this in the hot weather.

In N. Cachar I found it occasionally in grass lands or in bamboo

jungle with light undergrowth, but, more often in the dense secondary

growth, which grows very rapidly on all deserted ex-cultivated land.

Out of such jungle I got several of these birds when beating for

Jungle Fowl. On the wing it is impossible to discriminate between

the Button Quail and the Bustard Quail, so that until I had picked

the bird up, 1 could never say which it was. As arule they would

just fly across the path where I stood awaiting the beaters, and then

make their headlong dive into the jungle on the far side. Being then

loaded with big shot, it was useless firing, but the beat over, I would

sometimes have the jungle again beaten, and then my gun being

loaded with No. 10, would often get a shot as the small birds

footed it, at racing pace, across the open. As arule I found I had

bagged a Bustard Quail, but every now and then one of these would

be picked up. |

My own impression is that the Burmese Button Quail is not hard

to flush the first time he is disturbed. True, he does not get up

until you are almost on him, and if not approached within a few

feet, or even inches, will remain quietly where he is, and not rise

at all. But he does not run at first, and if approached near enough,

he always rises and goes away on the wing, but once he has again

dropped, he will run great distances and refuse to rise unless

absolutely forced to do so. Generally, indeed, if compelled to pass

over small open spaces, he will do so on foot in preference to taking

to flight.

On one occasion, when waiting for a leopard which used to come

and drink at a pool near my house, I was enabled to watch the

actions of a cock bird and his three chicks for some time. I was

seated on the ground in a comparatively open space in some thin

bush jungle which grew round a Cachari village, and shortly after

dawn, a cock Button Quail came down to drink, leaving his little

family a foot or two behind him whilst he came down to the edge

of the pool. The young, which were two or three days old, did

not drink, but as soon as the little cock had had his fill he came

back and began busily turning over and scratching up the sand

apparently hunting for ants. He was so close to me that 1 could

distinctly hear him now and then give a little “‘ chuck,’’ whereupon

his children gathered round him, and he would then present one

with some insect or other article too small for me to see what it was.

As far as I could watch the young ones—they were so quick and

restless that they were hard to follow—they picked up nothing

themselves, except once, when their parent took them toa heap of

606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

dried cow droppings, and here they seemed to be feeding them-

selves with something. After feeding for about half an hour,

during which they were in and out of sight amongst the bushes, the

cock settled down within a couple of yards of me, and gathered his

chicks under him, but an unfortunate movement on my part at this

moment sent parent and chicks skurrying away into the under-

growth, and I saw no more of them.

They are principally seed and vegetable eaters, but undoubtedly

take ants and other small insects as they come across them, and a

tame bird I had for a few weeks ate gentles and spiders greedily.

The call of the Burmese Button Quail is, to me, indistinguishable

from that of the Bustard Quail, and I could never tell which bird

was calling unless they were afterwards put up and shot. They

were far less common than the Bustard Quail, and presumably the

females cannot meet as often as the hens of that species do, but,

when they do come across one another, they fight just as freely.

Two hens were once brought to me in camp, in a little split

bamboo basket, and the two continued to fight at intervals all day

until I eventually released them, one on either side of my hut,

whence they boomed defiance at one another until sunset.

(To be continued.)

—2' 7 inte, tall

607

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

No. X.

A.—TuHE InpIAN BATS ASSIGNED TO THE GENUS Myotis.

OLDFIELD THOMAS.

( Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In connection with the naming of certain bats obtained during

the Bombay Survey by Messrs. Shortridge in Tenasserim, Crump in

N. India and Mayor in Ceylon, I have re-examined all the members

of the Myotis group, and made some preliminary notes on_ their

characters and nomenclature; and these | now venture to publish,

imperfect as they are. Practically nothing had been done in this

direction since Dobson’s Catalogue of 1878, as the publications of

Anderson and Blanford were so entirely based on that as hardly to

represent any material advance in knowledge.

To begin with I would suggest that as a matter of convenience,

the sub-genus Leuconoe, containing the large-footed members of the

group, should be recognised as a full genus, thus dividing one of the

largest and most difficult genera of Bats. Not only is there a

difference in the size of the foot, but there are even differences in

habits between the groups, while the skull of Leuconoe has a more or

less characteristic shape, which shows that the group is a natural

one, difficult as it is to define. The best account of it is that in

Mr. Miller’s synopsist of the Huropean species of Myotis, where the

characters of the three species of Leuconoe, dasycneme, capaccinii, and

daubentoni are placed in contrast with those of the ordinary mem-

bers of Myotis.

I.—MYoOTIS PROPER.

Myotis myotis group.

Of this group of large grey species, the Indian representative is

M. blythii, Tomes, of which the Museum contains the type (skin

- and skull) from Nusserabad (Boys), the type of Vespertilio africanus,

Dobs. from unknown locality, and a male in spirit from Simla re-

cently presented by Mr. P. T. L. Dodsworth.* Itis probable that

M. dobsoni, Trouess. (V. murinoides, Dobs.,) is also a synonym of

M., blythii.

Myotis formosus group.

Examples of the handsome M. formosus are in the Museum

from Nepal (Hodgson) (type); Mussoorie (Hutton) ; Dharmsala

t Cat. Mamm. W. Europe, p. 168, 1912.

* See Journ., Bombay N. H. Soc., 1914, p, 740,

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

(Bombay N. H. Soc. ) and Lake Palti, Tibet. Also from Formosa

(Swinhoe). M. rufo-niger, Tomes, from the Yang-tze is still more

richly coloured, smaller, with smaller teeth and a differently shaped

skull.

A species which appears to be allied to M. formosus, though without

the characteristic coloration, is the following :—

Myotis sicarius, sp. n.

General size as in M. formosus, but the wing-bones longer. Lars

about as in formosus, much smaller than in blythi or dobsont, inner

margin convex below, nearly straight above ; tip narrowly rounded

off; outer margin slightly concave above, convex below, with a

narrow basal lobe. 'Tragus rather short, its inner margin straight,

outer margin slightly convex, the broadest part near the base of the

inner margin; basal lobule large rounded.’ Wings from the meta-

tarsus near the base of the toes. Calcar reaching about half-way

towards the tail-tip ; a narrow post-calcarial lobule present.

Colour dark-brown above and below, the extreme tips of the

belly hairs whitish. Wing-membranes uniformly translucent

brown.

Teeth exactly as in M. formosus, the small middle premolar simi-

larly crowded inwards above and in the tooth-row, though crushed

below. In M. blythu the small premolars are uncrowded both above

and below. In M. dobsoni the “first upper premolar is very small,

scarcely visible from without, and not much larger than the second,”

a condition which does not occur in any Myotis 1 have seen, and

possibly abnormal.

Dimensions of the type (not quite fully adult ):—

Forearm 53 mm.

Tail 46; ear on inner margin 13-5; tragus on inner margin 5:3;

third finger, metacarpus 46-5, first phalanx 12:5; tibia 21; hind

foot 10:2.

Skull, front of canine to back of m’ 6:7; front of p* to back

of m’* 4:6.

Hab.—Northern Sikim.

Type.—Immature skin in spirit, B. M. No. 91.10. 7. 56, collect-

ed by L. Mandelli. Presented by W. T. Blanford.

The specimen on which this species is founded was in Mr. Blan- *

ford’s collection, but was never definitely determined by him. At

one time it was supposed to be M. dobsont, but is distinguished from

that animal (which probably equals M. blythiv) by its much shorter

ears and feet, and such other characters as distinguish it from the

M. myotis group, to which M. dobsont was said to belong. From

M. formosus it is at once separated by the absence of the ‘“‘ dead-leaf ”

pattern.

eee

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 609

Myotis peytoni, Wrought.

A very distinct species, characterised by its considerable size

(forearm 45-46 mm., skull length 17-18) and the crushing in of its

middle premolars, both above and below. It shows no approxima-

tion to Leuconoe either in foot or skull.

Myotis muricola, Gray.

Not so common a bat as has been supposed, three out of the four

synonyms assigned to it by Blanford being really referable to the

mystacinus group. V. (Pternopterus) lobipes, Peters, from Arakan

is alone correctly placed under muricola.

The skull is broader and more solidly built than in the mystacinus

eroup, and the teeth, especially the canines, are heavier, and the

posterior of the two small premolars is more crowded inwards.

There is a narrow post-calcarial lobule.

Bats referable to muricola occur from Kashmir through the

Himalayas and down further India to Borneo and Java.

Myotis amboinensis, Peters’s ‘‘ Vespertilio adversus var. amboinensis”’ t

not mentioned in Dobson’s Catalogue, is a larger ally of M. muri-

cola found in Celebes, Buru, Amboina and Ceram.

Myotis mystacinus group.

To this group are referable quite a number of the names which

have been applied to the smaller Indian members of Myotis. Thus

siligorensis, Tomes, darjelingensis, ‘Tomes, caliginosus, Tomes, blan-

fordi, Dobs., nipalensis, Dobs., and moupinensis, M. Edw., all seem

to be assignable to this group.

How many Indian species there are in it I am not at present

able to determine, but all may be distinguished from the European

mystacinus by the deeper and more sharply defined notch on the out-

side of the ear. ‘There appear to be at least two distinguishable forms,

one with low brain case and the canines of normal size, about as in

mystacinus, and the other with a high crown and the canines much

reduced, especially below. For the first the earliest name is cali-

ginosus (syn. blanfordi and perhaps nipalensis), and for the second

siligorensis (syn. darjelingensis), both represented by their types in

the British Museum.

Bats of this group have as yet only been found along the moun-

tainous regions of N. India, not in the South, nor in Ceylon.

IJ.— LEUCONOE,

The genus Leuwconoe is richer in Indian species than has been

supposed, and I find that five different forms may be recognised.

Blanford includes four species, but one of these!is the European

+ MB. Ak. Berl., 1£66, p. 400.

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

M. daubentoii, whose occurrence in India is extremely doubtful, and

he gives separate headings to J. longipes and L. megalopus, which I

believe to be identical.

On comparing a co-type of the first of these with the actual type

of the second (B. M. Nos. 76. 3.10.4 and 73.4. 16. 1), I find

that they are similar in all respects and should undoubtedly be

united. The name should be L. longypes, Dobs., as I agree with

Blanford that Blyth’s Myotis theobaldi must be set aside as in-

determinable.

The types of the latter are lost, and the measurement of the foot,

«7 in.” does not agree with that in JL. longipes, nor, without

knowledge of how it was taken, or with what exactitude, can it be

fitted to any other species.

The Indian species of Leuconoe may be distinguished by their

skulls as follows :—

A. Skull length 16 mm. or more. Breadth

of brain case over 8 mm.

a. Middle premolar crushed inwards, less

than one-third the size of p’.

Ceylon, Java. Me . LL hasselti.

b. Middle premolar not or little crushed

inwards, at least two-thirds the size

of p’.

a’. Larger, brain case less swollen, p.°

about two-thirds the area of p.'

Bombay- 2..: LL. peshwa.

iy Smaller, brain case more Sahos

p nearly equal top’. Tibet, Formosa. L. taiwanensis.

B. Skull length 15 mm. Breadth of brain

case 7° 4 mm. Andamans. . LL. dryas.

C. Skull length 14 mm. Breadth a hears

case 7 mm. Kashmir. ne ... LL. longipes.

Leuconoe hasselti, Temm.

Six skins from Kokopeetchie, Eastern Province, and A’ Pura,

Northern Central Province, Ceylon, obtained for the Survey by

Major Mayor are indistinguishable from authentic Javan specimens

of L. hasselti in the British Meseum.

There is also in the Museum an immature spirit specimen obtain-

ed in Ceylon by Dr. Ontdaatje in 1888.

Leucmnoe peshwa, sp. n.

A medium sized dark coloured species allied to L. horsfieldi. Size

rather larger than in horsfieldi. Fur fine and velvety; hairs on

shoulders rather less than 7 mm. in length; on hind back

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 611

4mm. Colour above dark sepia brown, darker than in Ridgway ;

extreme tips of dorsal hairs white, giving an inconspicuous hoary

powdered effect. Undersurface pale brown, becoming greyer on

belly and greyish-white in inguinal region. ars rather short, not

quite reaching the tip of the nose when laid forward; their inner

margin evenly convex, outer slightly concave above, convex below,

with a small outer basal lobe. ‘Tragus not long, its inner margin

straight, its tip rounded, outer margin convex, with well marked

outer basal lobule. Wings to the side of the metatarsus about

halfway between ankle and base of the toes. Length of foot going

about once-and-a-half in that of the tibia. Calcar fairly long with

well-defined tip, practically no postcalcarial lobe.

Skull very similar to that of L. horsfieldi, but larger throughout,

and the brain case more inflated in the frontal region. Middle up-

per premolar about two-thirds the size in cross-section of the

anterior one, slightly drawn inwards, but not completely invisible

from the outside. Below, the corresponding tooth is three-fourths

the size of p’, and stands quite in the tooth-row.

Dimensions of the type :—

Forearm 40 mm.

Skull, greatest length, 16°2; condyle to front of canine, 14°];

basi-sinual length 11-6 ; front of canine to back of m*, 5:9; front of

p to back of m* 3:5.

A spirit specimen measures :—

Forearm 40 mm.

Head and body 55; tail 87; ear (inner margin) 13; tragus on

inner margin 5°5; tibia 16 ; hind foot 10-6, calcar 14-6.

Hab.—FPoona, Bombay. Alt. 2,000°.

Type—An adult female; skin, B. M. No. 0. 9.16.1. Original

Number 181. Collected 17th August 1900 by R. C. Wroughton.

Another female in spirit.

This species is representative of and closely allied to the Javan

horsfieldi, Temm., but is browner, more heavily built, with thicker

limbs and larger skull. JI have been able to compare it with the

very fine series of horsfieldi, obtained at Tasikmalaja, Java, by

Mr. Shortridge during the Balston Expedition. Bornean specimens

which may be considered as representing L. carimate, Miller, have

the skull more like that of L. peshwa, but have markedly shorter

fur.

Leuconoe tatwanensis, Arnb. Chr. L.

A specimen recently obtained from Lake Palti, Tibet, proves

quite similar to two co-types of the above Leuconoe from

Formosa.

Lake Palti is comparatively so near the Indian frontier that I

think i+ advisable to include the species in these notes.

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Teuconoe dryas, K. And.

Myotis dryas, K. Anderson, Ann. Mus. Genov. (3) III., p. 37-

1907. Andaman Island.

Teuconoe DP Micboh Dobs.

Syn. Vesputilio meqalopus, Dobs. (see above).

Besides the characters detailed by Dobson and Blanford, L. longi-

pes 18 at once distinguishable from its allies by the small size of the

skull, only 14 mm. in length and 7 mm. across the brain case.

B.—Some NOTES ON THE VIVERRINE GENUS Hemigalus.

BY OLDFIELD ‘THoMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Among the specimens obtained for the Survey by Mr. Shortridge

in the extreme south of Tenasserim are two adult examples of the

handsome banded Viverrine on which the genus Hemigalus (com-

monly misquoted as Hemigale) was founded, thus adding to the

Fauna of British India a genus not hitherto known to occur there.

Hlsewhere Hemigalus ranges over the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (in-

cluding the Pagi Islands) and Borneo, but does not extend into Java.

On looking into the question of the proper technical name of the

animal I find that it has almost always been known by the wrong

specific name, in addition to the erroneous use of Hemigale for

Hemigalus. .

From the synonymy which follows it will be seen that the

commonly used name hardwickit was invalid from the first, having

been previously used for another animal, that the next author who

wrote about it—Jourdan—used no Latin specific names, though he

gave the genus name Hemigalus, and that therefore Gray’s name of

derbuanus is the first available, and should accordingly be used.

Hemigalus derlianus, Gray.

Viverra hardwicku, Gray, Spic. Zool., pt. Il., p. 9. 1830

(Malacca) nec Viverra hardwichi (misprinted hardwichii), Less.

Man. Mamm., p. 172, 1827.

Hémigale zébré, Jourd., C. R. v., p. 442, Sept. 1837 (no Latin

specific name).

Pardoxurus derbyanus*, Gray, Charlw. M. N. H., L., p. 599, Nov.

1837 (no locality).

Paradowurus (?) zebra, Gray, 1. c., Nov. 1837 (based on Jourdan’s

specimen)

Paradoxurus derbianus, Gray, P.Z.S., 18387, p. 67 (pub. Jan. 22,

1838—see P.Z.S., 1893, p. 437). (Malay Peninsula.)

Vwwerra borer, Miill., Tijdschr. Nat. Ges., v., p. 144, 1838.

(S. E. Borneo.)

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 6138

Hemagalus or Hemigale hardwickei auctorum.

“The spelling of the specific name may be taken as Gray first

wrote it—for the P.Z.S. of June, 1837—as this was the spelling

he afterwards used, even though it was not the first published. The

derbyanus may be looked upon as a misprint, corrected by its

author.

The original H. derbianus was said to be from the Malay Penin-

sula, and on comparing the type (B. M. No. 55.12. 24. 540,

received from the Zoological Society’s Museum) with two examples

from Johore and Malacca, I find that it agrees remarkably with

them in the character of its markings. On the other hand, the two

Tenasserim specimens, quite like each other, show a considerable

difference from the Malay examples both in pattern and in certain

cranial characteristics, and may be looked upon as representing a

special subspecies.

Hemigalus derbianus imeursor, subsp. n.

Size as in true derbianus. Ground colour of back rather lighter

and more silvery. Dark markings of nape and shoulders broad,

well defined and continuous, those of true derbianus being very

much broken up; the longitudinal bands continuous with the

transverse shoulder bands and only broken by the median light

band, which has a small band crossing it on the withers. Other

markings apparently as in derbianus.

Skull in general as in derbianus, but the bulle larger and more

swollen anteriorly, not running forwards to a point, but nearly as

broad in front as behind, and forming a rounded oblong instead of

a round-cornered triangle.

Teeth rather small; canines slender; inner lobe of p* much less

developed than in any of the other available specimens of the genus.

Dimensions of the Type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 520 mm.; tail 393; hindfoot 85; ear 37.

Skull, condylo-basal length 99; zygomatic breadth 46-5; palatal

length 52°5 ; front of canine to back of m* 39:5; p' 62 x 3:6;

De eeoae DO.

Hab.—S. Tenasserim. Type from Bankachon, Victoria Province.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 14, 12. 8. 115. Original

number 4723. Collected 13th January 1914 by G. C. Shortridge.

Presented to the National Museum by the Bombay Natural History

Society.

The differences in the colour pattern, the size and shape of the

bullee and the development of the inner lobe of p* together seem to

indicate that the Tenasserim form is subspecifically distinct from

that of the Malay Peninsula. Whether the Bornean form—which

would have the name boiei—should also be distinguished from der-

bianus I am not at present able to say.

614

NOTES ON THE INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR

ALLIES

(LAUGHING THRUSHES, BABBLERS, &c.)

Lr.-CoL. H. H. Harineron, Indian Army.

Part IV.

Family—TIMELUDZ.

Group VITI—(continued).

Stva, Hodgson, 18388.

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 207.

“Siva are birds of handsome plumage. The bill is about half the length

of the head, gently curved and notched; the rictal bristles are long, and

the nostrils are covered by a membrane; the head is crested. The tail-

feathers are very peculiar, the ends being obliquely truncated, and only

the two outer pairs are graduated, the other four pairs being of equal

length.” (Oates.)

Their wings are roundish, the first three primaries graduated, and the

4th, 5th and 6th equal and longest; wing and tail about equal in length ;

and they have no hairs overhanging the nostrils.

Their range is along the Himalayas, through Burma and Assam to China

and the Malay Peninsula.

Key.

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 208.

a, Primaries edged, orange .. .. SS. strigula and sub-species.

b 7 5 blue ae .. SS. cyanuroptera “

Siva stRicuLa, Hodgson.

Stva striguia, Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 89; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii,

p. 638 ; Oates, F. B. 1., 1., p. 208.

Siva strigula and sub-species.

Description.—Lores spotted black and white; a ring of yellowish-white

feathers round the eye; forehead and crown orange-brown with an olive

tinge ; upper plumage slaty-green ; middle tail feathers basal half chestnut-

red, the end black, tipped white; the others with an increasing amount of

yellow on the outer web and tipped yellow, the outermost nearly all yellow;

primary coverts black ; primaries and secondaries black, outer edge orange

at the base, changing to yellow at the ends; tertiaries, chiefly slaty-grey

on the outer webs, black on the inner, and tipped with white; ear-coverts

speckled greyish to speckled blackish; chin orange ; throat white tinged

with yellow, and with cresentic black cross bars; a narrow moustachial

stripe, and a patch on each side of the head, black ; remainder of under

plumage yellowish tinged with olive, olivaceous on the flanks.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 615

“Upper mandible dark brown ; lower light greyish-brown ; legs and feet

grey ; iris dark reddish-brown.” (Hume.)

Birds from Simla are much lighter above than the Sikhim ones.

Birds from the Western Himalayas to Darjeeling have the black at the

end of the two central feathers from 23 to 35 mm. in extent from the.

whitish tip. Sides of the head greyish. Wing, 68-69 mm. Culmen,

12 mm.

*SIVA STRIGULA CASTANEICAUDA, Hume,

Hume’s Stva,

Stva castaneicauda, Hume, Str. Feathers, v., p. 100 (1877); Sharpe,Cat.,

B. M., vii., p. 639; Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 209.

I do not think this a very good sub-species nor does its geographical

distribution lead one to expect this. Oates gives it as from Bhutan,

the hills east of Toungoo, and Tenasserim. I find that birds from the

following localities vary as follows :—

Bhutan and Assam.—Sides of the head darker than the Himalayan

birds, the black at the end of the tail from 14-23 mm. in extent. Wing,

68-69 mm. Culmen, 12 mm.

Chin Hills.—Sides of the head similar to the Assam birds; wing and

culmen also the same ; the black at the end of the tail 18-19 mm.

Yunnan and the Shan States.—Sides of the head darker than the Assam

and Chin Hills birds ; wing and culmen the same; the black at the end of

the tail 10-16 mm.

Tenasserim.—Sides of the head the same as the last; the black at the

end of the tail 15-20 mm.

SIVA CYANUROPTERA and sub-species,

Key (i).

A.—Under plumage vinous grey.

a. Upper plumage light ochraceous .. .. S. ¢, cyanuroptera,

b. * 5 olive-brown, tinged fulvous. S, ¢. wingatet.

B.— Under plumage white.

c, Forehead blue, indistinctly striped.

a' Upper plumage fulvous olive-brown .. S. ¢. oates?.

b! i A dusky olive-brown .. S. c. sordida.

d. Forehead brown, with obsolete stripes S. c. sordidior.

* §, STRIGULA MALAYANA, Hartert.

Hartert, Nov. Zoo., ix. (1902), p. 567.

Differs from S. strigula from Nepal and Sikhim as follows. The crown is-not so

bright orange-brown, but is duller, darker, more olive-brown. The chestnut colour

on the central rectrices extends over about 5/6 of the inner and 4/5 of the outer

webs, and the next two pairs are more or less chestnut on the inner webs. The outer

pair of rectrices, instead of being yellow with a black base, are biack with the tip yel-

low for about 1 cm. and the outer and inner webs bordered with yellow, except at

the base. In most of these characters the new Malayan sub-species agrees with S.

strigula castaneicauda. It differs, however, from both §. strigula and S. s. casta-

neicauda in its sombre colour; the under surface being yellowish-olive, only an ill-

defined central Jine remaining orange-yellow. The undertail-coverts are dull

yellowish-olive, instead of yellow. The crown is dark olive-brown.

Wing, 68-69; tail, 70-72; tarsus, 26; bill, 113 m.

Habitat.—Malay Peninsula,

616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Kry—(il).

— cyanuroptera. wingate. oatest. sordida. sordidtor.

Locality .-|Himalayas to|/Yunnan, ByingyiMt. ..|Tenasserim ..|/The Malay

the Chin} Bhamo Hills, Peninsula.

Hills. and Shan

States.

Colour of the|lGrey, with ajGrey with a|White. o. | White. ..| White. Si

under parts, vinous tinge. | vinous tinge,

Upper plumage.|Bright ochrace-|Olive-brown Olive-brown Dusky earthy;/Dull sooty-

ous. withafulvous| withafulvous| brown. brown.

tinge. tinge.

Head .. ..|Blue, stripes|Blue, stripes/Blue, stripes |Blue, stripes/Sooty-brown,

very distinct.| very distinct.] indistinct. indistinet. banter obso-

ete.

Wings .. ..|Primaries edged|Primariesedged|The edging of The same asjoatest.

dark blue, the} dark blue, the} the primaries

secondurtes secondaries and seconda-

edged light edged light ries the same,

blue and blue but not) adark blue.

tipped white. tipped with

white.

SIVA CYANUROPTERA CYANUROPTERA, Hodgson.

Hodgson’s Blue-winged Siva.

Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 88; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 640; Oates,

VERT. pag)

Description.—Lores, round the eye, anda short supercilium, white; feathers

of forehead and crown, with black shafts and whitish edges, the whole

washed with blue, some specimens show the white markings on the forehead

more distinctly than others, which have a very blue appearance ; nape blue ;

the stripes above the eye more pronounced and bluer; upper-back tinged

with bluish or lavender-grey ; lower-back, rump, and upper tail-coverts

bright. fulvous tinged with ochraceous, brightest on the rump and upper

tail-coverts; middle tail feather slaty-grey, edged with blue on the outer

web, a subterminal black band and tipped with white ; the next four pairs

of feathers with outer web blue, the inner margined with white ; the outer-

most pair margined black and entirely white on the inner web; primary

coverts black; winglet cobalt-blue, and tipped white ; primaries cobalt-blue

on the outer web; secondaries pale blue on the outer web,and tipped white ;

tertiaries black on the inner web, and fulvous changing to lavender-grey on

the outer edge, and tipped white ; chin, throat, breast, ear-coverts and sides

of the head, vinous-grey; flanks darker and tinged with buff; under tail-

coverts white. Wing 62-64 mm., tail 68 mm., tarsus 25 mm., culmen 12

mm.

Note.—Birds from the Chin and Naga Hills are slightly larger than

Himalayan ones, and are much bluer on the head, and have much less

white on the inner webs of the tail feathers, and more fulvous on the ter-

tiaries. Wing, 65-70 mm.

“Bill, grey-horny, brownish about the nostrils, and the base of the lower

mandible, yellow; iris, brown; feet, fleshy.” (Oates.)

Distribution.--The Himalayas from Naini Tal to Assam, Manipur, the

Naga and Chin Hills.

Habitat and Nesting.—{The blue-winged Siva builds a nest which isa

small, neat edition of that of Liothrix lutea; that is to say it is a small cup

made of leaves, grasses, moss and roots, lined with very fine roots and fine

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 617

grasses usually of a very dark colour. The majority of nests are found

placed in bushes low down, not more than four or five feet from the ground

but others may be taken quite high up in tall trees. Wherever it is placed

the nest is well hidden, in this respect being very unlike that of the Liothrix

which likes its nest to be seen by all the world. For this reason in some

places, such as the Khasia Hills, although the birds are equally common

only one nest of Siva may be found to ten or twenty of the Liothrix.

In number the eggs vary from 2 to 4, the latter number being most

exceptional, two perhaps the most common. The normal egg is a bright

pale green-blue in ground colour much the same as that of the Song Thrush,

and the markings consist of a very few specks and dots of black or, more

rarely, brown or red brown, about the larger end. This type of egg is like

that of many of the finches of the Propasser group. Other eggs are much

paler in ground colour, some indeed practically white and some of the

largest egés of this type or much like small, glossless, eggs of Minla and

Liothrix, but the texture is always softer and less glossy.

In shape they are rather regular ovals, very little compressed towards the

smaller end.

They average in size about ‘70" x °52.”.—E. C. S. B.]

Siva CYANUROPTERA WINGATEI, O. Grant.

The Yunnan Blue-wing Siva.

Siva wingater, O. Grant, Bull., B.O.C., x., p. 38 (1900); zed, Ibis, 1900,

p. 598; Ingram, Nov. Zool., xix., p. 290.

Description.— “Intermediate between S. cyanuroptera and sordida, resembles

the former in the colour of its upper plumage, but is a more olive-brown

tinged with fulvous, instead of ochraceous; and differs from that species

and resembles sordida in not having the quills of the wing, either white

tipped or white margined.” In the type the winglet is not tipped with white,

but this does not hold good with all specimens from Yunnan and the Shan

States. Under plumage as in cyanuroptera, a vinous grey.

Wing, 66 mm.; tail, 65 mm.; tarsus, 24 mm.; culmen, 13 mm. (Type).

Distribution.—This is a very good sub-species, and has a very extended

area; being found from Yunnan to the Bhamo Hills, and the Shan States ;

birds from the south and the neighbourhood of Fort Stedman show very

little signs of striping on the head.

[1 have eggs from the Shan States presumably of this sub-species. They

are exactly like the blue type of cyanuroptera already described—HE.C.S.B. ]

SIVA CYANUROPTERA OATESI, Harington.

Oates’ Siva.

Bul b.0°C., xxxiil., p. 62 (1913),

Description.—“In the British Museum there are three specimens of a

Siva collected by the late EH. W. Oates, on Byingyi, an isolated hill of 6,200

feet, situated on the edge of the Shan Plateau ( ‘Ibis,’ 1894, p. 481).

These three birds are quiet distinct from S. sordida, Hume, from Tenasse-

rim, of which there is only one specimen, the type, in the British Museum.

The other specimen, from Karennee, which has been referred to that species,

differs in the colour of its head.

Adult.—Intermediate between S. c. wingate:,O. Grant, from Yunnan and

S. c. sordida, Hume, from Tenasserim. It resembles the former in the colour

of its back and upper plumage in general, being of an olive-brown tinged

with ochraceous on the rump, but differs from that species in having the head

almost entirely dull blue, showing only faint indications of stripes, which

are so conspicuous in S. c. wingate:, It resembles S. ¢. sordida in the colour

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

of its under plumage, which is white, while in S. c. wingatei these parts are

pale grey with a vinous tinge.

Habvitat._Byingyi Mountain.

Type in the British Museum: Adult. Mt. Byingyi, iii., 94. “E. W. Oates’

coll.” (Harington).

SIVA CYANUROPTERA SORDIDA,* Hume.

The Dull Siva.

Siva sordida, Hume. St. F., v., p. 104 (1877); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p.

641; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 210.

Description.— Resembles S. C. cyanuroptera. Differs in having the back,

scapulars, wing-coverts, and the outer edge of the tertiaries earth-brown,

not ochraceous ; the winglet is not tipped with white, nor have the quills of

the wings either white trips or white margins ; the blue portions of the plumage

are much duller.’’ (Oates.)

“Lower mandible, legs, feet and claws whity-brown; upper mandible

darker, but still pale brown; iris creamy-white.” (Oates.)

There is only one specimen, the type, from Tenasserim, in the Museum,

this has the whole under plumage white instead of vinous-grey, the upper

back washed with dusky blue, and the inner web of only the outermost tail

feather white, the others only tipped with white. The secondaries edged

the same colour as the primaries, and not pale blue. Type, male: wing,

62 mm.; tail, 68 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.; culmen, 14 mm.

Habitat—Muleyit Mt., Tenasserim.

Lioparus, Oates, 1889.

“ Tioparus differs from Scheniparus and Sittiparus (Pseudominla) by

having numerous hairs overhanging the nostrils, and from Proparus by its

long rictal bristles, which reach nearly to the tip of the bill, by its broader

bill, and by its smaller hind claw, which measures much less than the hind

toe.” ( Oates.)

It has the following characteristics: wing not particularly rounded, the

first three primaries graduated ; wing and tail about equal, the two outer tail

feathers only graduated; nostrils, oval and exposed, and not covered by a

membrane ; bill small and broad; nostrils overhung by numerous small hairs;

rictal bristles well developed; hind toe longer than bill.

Lioparus cHRYSUs, Hodgson.

The Golden-breasted Lioparus.

Proparus chryseus, Hodgson, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., p.84 (1844).

Alcippe chryseus, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 627.

Tioparus chryseus, Oates, F. B. I., p. 174.

Description.—Lores, forehead, crown, nape, dull black; a ring round the

eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts, silvery grey : back, dark ashy with a faint olive

tinge; rump and tail-coverts tinged greenish; tail blackish; outer edges of

basal two-thirds of tail edged orange ; wings blackish, the outer edge of first

primaries yellow, inner black; secondaries broadly margined with orange

and tipped with white ; inner web tertiaries margined white; chin blackish ;

throat silvery ashy brown; remainder of under plumage bright orange-

yellow.

*SIVA CYANUROPTERA SORDIDIOR, Sharpe.

Sharpe, P. Z. S., p. 488, 1887, zdid, P. Z. S., p. 276, 1888.

Wings. 59-62 mm.; tail, 75 mm.; tarsus, 23 mm.; culmen, 13 mm.

Habitat.—The mountains of the Malay Peninsula.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 619

Bill, plumbeous ; legs, pale fleshy ; iris, brown (Jerdon); wing, 50-54. mm.;

tail, 50 mm.; culmen, 9 mm.; tarsus, 23 mm,

Distr ~bution. —Nepal to East Naga Hills and Manipur.

Proparus, Hodgson, 1841.

Fulvetta, David & Oustalet, Ois. Chin., p. 220 (1877.)

Proparus, Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 173.

These are a very distinct group of small birds, which only occur at high

elevations, and are consequently very local in their distribution. They

extend along the Himalayas, from Simla to the higher ranges of Manipur

and Burma, and into Yunnan, China and Formosa.

Proparus have the following characteristics: a short rounded wing, the

first four primaries graduated ; wing and tail about equal, the latter. era-

duated, and in some species rounded at the tips, and in others pointed; a

small compressed bill; nostrils covered by a membrane, and overhung by

numerous small hairs, and short rictal bristles ; particularly long tarsus,

and a hind claw as long as the hind toe; plumage remarkably soft and

dense ; the outer edge of the wing feathers brightly coloured.

In habits they appear to be remarkably Tit-like, going about in small

parties, hunting trees and bushes for insects. The nesting of two species

only, I believe, have been recorded, the nest being a compactly made cup of

grass and leaves, felted with moss, and thickly lined with hair and placed

in bushes about four feet from the ground. The eggs are a pale green

with sepia markings.

“ Fill-Tits”” is a misnomer for this family, as they have nothing in com-

mon with the True Tits (Parine), and therefore I propose the name “ Fulvetta.”

We have adopted many other Latin names such as ‘“‘Alcippe, Siva,” etc., as

there are no English ones which are applicable.”

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Proparus.

Harington, B. B.O.C., xxxiii., p. 59.

A.—A white supercilium,

a. Har-coverts chestnut or brown.

a’, White supercilium commencing above

the eye.

a>, Crown reddish-brown, bordered on the

sides of the occiput with black .. P. v, vinipectus.

6*, Crown dull chestnut, bordered on the

sides of the Aa ao with reddish-

brown .. : SEP AD. CUsten?.

61, White supereilium commencing "at the

base of the bill . vs A ey Late rUppons:

6. Ear-coverts black. .. a “ic whe: Oe Otetr

B.—No white supercilium.

ce. Crown chestnut.

ec. Crown bright chestnut, indistinctly bord-

ered with black on the sides .. Lv, ruficapillus.

ad‘. Crown dull chestnut, distinctly bordered

with black on the sides, .. P.v. sordidior,

d. Crown grey, tinged with pinkish. -brown ; ;

mantle brown. bee ae .. LP. v, etnereiceps.

e, Crown brown.

c? Mantle brown, like the crown.

a®?, Rump brown or tinged with olive.

a*, Outer webs of inner primary and

secondary quills deep black .. ££. guttaticollis.

620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

6%, Outer webs of inner primary and

secondary quills reddish-brown .. P. striaticollis.

6? Rump dull ochraceous-orange. )

c*, Area in front of the eye pale pinkish-

brown; flanks and sides of the

belly dull em bro at ek like

the rump .. . PP. manipurensis.

d'. Area in front of the eye blackish ;

flanks and sides of the belly dull

brownish-orange, paler than the

rump .. P. formosanus.

d’, Mantle dark chestnut, contrasting with

the brown of the crown. = ak, feeniua

Distribution.—Proparus vinipectus, Hodgson, Simla, Nepal, and Sikhim; P.

austent, O.-Grant, Japvo Peak, Naga Hills ; P. manipurensis, O. Grant, Owen

Kulno ‘Peak, Manipur Hills ; P. ripponi Harington, Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills,

Burma; P. sordidior, Rippon, Yunnan, E. of Talifu; P. dzetz, Oustalet, S. and

W. Yunnan; P. rujicapillus, Verreaux, Kansu and N. W. Szechuan, China ;

P. cinereiceps, Verreaux, Kansu and N. W. Szechuan, China; P. fucatus,

Styan, Ichang, China; P. striaticollis, Verreaux, N. W. Szechuan; P. gutta-

ticollis, La Touche, Kuatun, Fohkien, China; PP. formosanus, O. Grant,

Formosa.

PROPARUS VINIPECTUS VINIPECTUS, Hodgson.

Hodgson’s Fulvetta.

Siva vinipectus, Hodgson, Indian Review, 1838, p. 89.

Alcippe vinipectus, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., p. 619.

Proparus vinipectus, Oates, F. B. 1.,1i., p. 173.

Deseription.—Lores, dusky; forehead, crown and nape, reddish-brown,

a broad white supercilium from just above the eye to the nape, bordered

above by a black line on each side of the head which converge together

upon the upper back. Back brown with a vinous tinge; rump, wing and

upper tajl-coverts ferruginous; tail brown washed with rusty-red on the

outer webs; primary coverts chestnut; the earlier primaries edged with

bluish-grey ; the others edged with black, secondaries ferruginous on the outer

web; ear-coverts and cheeks like the crown; chin, throat and upper breast

whitish with dusky streaks, sides of the breast like the back but paler;

abdomen and under tail-coverts dark fulvous. “ Bill and legs fleshy brown,

iris dark brown to pale ochre; legs and feet livid.”’

Average of eight specimens, 58 mm., max., 60 mm., min., 57 mm. Females

slightly the smaller ; tail, 54 mm.; culmen, 10 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.

Distribution.—Simla, Nepal, Sikhim and Darjeeling.

Note.—Birds from the Western Himalayas (Simla) show a want of markings on

the throat, and have the head more brightly coloured, whether this is seasonal or not,

it is impossible to say from few specimens in the British Museum.

PROPARUS VINIPECTUS AUSTENI, O,. Grant.

Grant’s Fulvetta.

Proparus austent, O.-Grant, Bull., B. O. C., v., p. 3 (1895); zd, Ibis, 1896,

p. 61; Blanford, F: B. 1., iv., App., p. 479:

Description.—Similar to P. vinipectus, differs in having head dull chestnut

and the stripes on the head reddish-brown; chin and throat white; feathers

on the throat white with reddish-brown spots. Wing, (Type) 60 mm.; tail,

53 mm.; culmen, 9mm. _ Bill in dried skin intensely black.

Hahtat.—Japvo Peak, Naga Hills, Assam.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 621

* PROPARUS VINIPECTUS RIPPONI, Harington.

The Chin Hill Fulvetta.

Proparus rippont, Bull., B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 59 (1918).

Description.—Adult: Similar to P. austeu, O. Grant, but differs in having

the white supercilium commencing at the base of the bill, and not above

the eye ; the ear-coverts chocolate-brown and of almost the same shade as

the head, instead of very dark brown contrasting with the head. Culmen,

9 mm. ; wing, 51-55; tail, 54.

Halitat.—Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills, Burma.

Observation.—There are numerous examples of this bird, collected by

Colonel Rippon, in the above locality.

Type in the British Museum : Adult, Mt. Victoria, 19,iv., 04. G. Rippon coll.

* PROPARUS VINIPECTUS BIETI, Oustalet.

Oustalet’s Fulvetta.

Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. (7), xii. p. 304 (1892).

Lores and a conspicuous supercilium to the nape white ; the feathers in front of

the eye speckled with brownish ; above the supercilium two black lines on each side

of the head to the nape ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and side of the head black, the cheeks

edged posteriorly with dark chocolate ; forehead, crown, nape and upper back dark

earthy-brown with a vinous tinge ; lower back, rump and tail coverts ferruginous ;

wings and tail as in vinipectus ; chin and throat white; breast vinous grey ; abdomen

and flanks tinged olivaceous.

Average wing of eight specimens, 59 mm., max, 61. mm., min. 57, mm, fail,

55 mm.; culmen, 9 mm.

“Tris, light yellow, bill horny colour. Legs and feet pale fleshy.” (Rippon.)

Distribution.— South and West Yunnan. The ‘‘ Hand List” gives Ta Tibet

Tsienlou as a habitat.

PROPARUS RUFICAPILLUS RUFICAPILLUS, Verreaux.

Verreaux’s Fulvetta.

Siva ruficapilla, Verr.. N. Arch. Mus. VI, p. 37 (1870).

Fulvetta ruficapilla, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 629.

Lores and forehead ashy grey ; crown and nape chestnut ; back vinous ashy ;

rump and tail-covert bright ochraceous ; tail brownish; outer webs the same

colour as the rump; the outer webs of the earlier primaries bluish-ashy, the later

ones margined with black ; primary coverts the same colour as the rump, a ring or

white feathers round the eye; ear coverts pale vinous-brown ; chin and throat

white with indistinct greyish stripes ; breast vinous ashy; flanks and abdomen

bright fulvous. Female, slightly duller in colouring. Wing: male, 57 mm.; female,

51 mm.; tail, 52 mm.; culmen, ¥ mm. ; tarsus, 24 mm.

“Tris hazel, bill light brown-yellowish at the base, feet and claws obscure grey.”

Sharpe.

: Eb Onine, West Szechuen and 8. Chensi. The only two specimens in the

Museum are from Kan-su.

Note,—The tail feathers of this species are pointed.

PROPARUS RUFICAPILLUS SORDIDIOR, Rippon.

Rippon’s Fulvetta.

Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xiii., p. 60 (1903).

Similar to P. ruficapillus but duller.

Lores, and in front of the eye greyish, a white ring round the eye ; forehead,

crown and nape, dull chestnut ; a black stripe on each side of the head, with an

indistinct greyish supercilium below ; ear-coverts greyish-brown ; back olive-

grey ; rump fulvous; outer edge of tail feathers the same; chin and throat

greyish with indistinct stripes; breast vinous-grey ; flanks and abdomen pale

fulvous ; outer edge of first primaries bluish-grey, inner black.

Wing, 53-57 mm.; culmen, 9 mm.; bill, brownish ; tail, 54 mm.; tarsus, 22 mm.

Legs and feet light flesh. Bill brown, darkest on culmen.

Habitat.—Yunnan, China, Gyi-dzin-shan. east of Talifu,W. Yunnan, 9,100 ft.

622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Tol. XXIII.

+ PRoPARUS MANIPURENSIS, O. Grant.

The Manipur Fulvetta.

Proparus manipurensis, O. Grant, Bull., B. O. C., vol. xvi., p. 128.

Differs from venipectus, in having no conspicuous white supercilium.

PROPARUS CINEREICEPS, Verreaux.

The Grey-headed Fulvetta.

Habitat.—China, W. Szechuan, S. Shensi.

The only two specimens in the Museum are from S. Kansu.

PROPARUS STRIATICOLLIS, Verreaux.

Siva striaticollis. Verr, N. Arch. Mus., vi., p. 38 (1870).

Fulvetta striaticollis, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 629.

Description.—I have not been able to examine a specimen of this species so

quote Dr. Sharpe’s description.

“Upper parts of the body olive-brown, becoming greyish on the neck, marked

with blackish stripes on the head and nape; lower surface of body silk grey, striped

with blackish on the throat, and with an olive shade on the flanks ; lores black ;

tail greyish, slightly rounded ; wings brown edged with ashy grey on the remiges,

with black on the secondary quills, and with olive on the tertiaries. Iris yellowish-

white ; bill brownish-grey on the upper mandible and whitish on the lower one; feet

and claws grey.’ Total length, 4:8” ; tail, 2-5” ; wing, 2:5”; tarsus, 9”; bill front 2°5”.

Habitat.——Moupin, W. China. (Sharpe).

PROPARUS GUTTATICOLLIS, De La Touche.

De La Touche, Bull., B. O. C., vi-, p. 50 (1897).

Description.—Similar to P. striaticollis.

Lores, and round the eye and ear-coverts greyish ; forehead, crown, nape and

back brownish ; an indistinct darker stripe on each side of the nape ; rump tinged

with fulvous; tail brownish with darker outer edges; wing, earlier primaries

bluish-grey, later black, chin and throat greyish-white with greyish-brown stripes ;

breast vinous grey ; flanks pale brown.

Wing: male, 57 mm.; female, 53 mm., tail, 53 mm.; bill intensely black, 9 mm.,

tarsus, 24 mm.

Habitat-——China, N. W. Foh-kien, Kuatun.

+PROPARUS FORMOSANUS, O. Grant.

Proparus formosanus, O. Grant, Bull., B. C., xvi, p. 120 (1906.)

Wing, 55 mm.; culmen, 9 mm.; tail, 54 mm.; tarsus, 25 mm.

Habitat.—Mt,. Morrison, 9,000 feet, Formosa.

PROPARUS CINERICEPS FUCATUS, Styan.

Styan., Ibis, 1899, p. 295.

Similar to P. cinericeps, Verreaux. ;

I have not been able to examine any specimens of this sub-species.

P, cinericeps. P. fucatus.

Head oy, Kae oo Grey: Earthy brown.

Back us Hy ave Rufous. Dark chestnut.

Rump, flanks and under-

tril coverts es wus Olive. Bright rufous

Habitat.—Ichang, China.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 623

_ Area in front of eye pale pinkish-brown ; forehead, crown, nape and upper

back pale brownish with a vinous tinge; a conspicuous chocolate coloured

stripe on each side of the head to upper back; lower back, rump, and tail-

coverts dull ochraceous orange: the outer edge of the earlier primaries

bluish-grey; the later edged black; primary coverts ferruginous, tinged

olive; tail brown; the outer edge same colour as back; chin and throat

whitish suffused with vinous, spotted with brownish-red ; breast vinous-

grey ; abdomen and flanks dull ochraceous orange, like the rump.

Note.—This interesting little bird has its nearest ally in P. formosanus,

O. Grant.

Hatitat.—Owen, Kulno Peak, Manipur Hills, 8,000 ft.

Four specimens collected by Godwin-Austen.

Wing, 50-56 mm.; culmen, 8 mm.; tail, 47 mm.

GROUP IX.

STACHYRHIS.

In this group I have placed the following: Thringorhina, Stachyriis,

Stachyrhidopsis, Mixornis, and Cyanoderma.

It consists of a large number of birds, the great majority of which do not

occur within Indian limits. Ifthe whole group are examined together they

grade almost imperceptibly from one into the other, so much so that it is

impossible to draw the line between Thringorhina and Stachyrhis, many

members of the latter being of the same size as those of the former. Of

the smaller Stachyrhis, of the S. chrysea, Hodgson, type, although being

structurely similar to the S. nigriceps, type, differ greatly in size and color-

ation, and I think should be placed in a genus by themselves, as they are

being continually transferred from Stachyrhis, to Stachyrhidopsis, and back

again. .

Stachyrhis and-Thringorhina are remarkable for being the only Timeliude

which lay spotless white eggs; and have the following characteristics: tail

slightly shorter than the wing; feathers of the forehead stiff; rictal bristles

short, and no hairs overhanging the nostrils; a stout conical bill, the cul-

men curved throughout, and hooked at the tip; and the nostrils covered by

a prominent overhanging membrane.

S. chrysea and sub-species are very much smaller than the above,

with a finer bill, and have a very bright plumage in which golden-yellow

predominates. They generally lay spotless white eggs, occasionally spotted

ones are found.

Stachyrhidopsis is remarkable for its sharp conical bill, both the culmen

and the lower edge of the lower mandible being quite straight, and not

hooked as in the last two genera. They also lay spotted white eggs.

Mixornis has a very marked resemblance to the last in coloration

and style of plumage, its bill, however, is quite different, being gently

curved, and the nostrils oval and exposed with no covering membrane.

Cyanoderma is noticeable for its naked orbital skin round the eye. It

lays spotted eggs, but I can tind nothing recorded about its habits or nidifi-

cation.

THRINGORHINA, Oates, 1889.

Oates, F.B.I., i., p. 155.

“The two birds for which the above generic name is proposed, in addi-

tion to a peculiar style of coloration, are characterised by the very large

operculum over the nostril. The bill is very strong, with the culmen gently

curved throughout, and the rictal bristles are weak. The feathers of the

forehead harsh to the touch.” ( Oates.)

They also have a short rounded wing, fitting close to the body; the tail

sborter than the wing ; and no hairs overhanging the nostrils.

624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The nidification of only one species appears to be known, this builds a

domed nest and lays spotless white eggs. In fact its nest and eggs are

similar to those of Stachyrhis, and I think, is one very good reason for

combining the two genera.

Distribution.— T. oglu, Godwin-Austen, Assam; 7. guttata, Tickell,

Tenasserim ; 7. striolata, S. Mull., Sumatra; 7’. thoracica, Temm., Java.

THRINGORHINA OGLII, Godwin-Austen.

Austen’s Spotted- Babbler.

Actinura oglu, Godwin-Austen, J., A.S.B., xlvi., pt. 11., p. 42 (1877).

Actinodura ogli, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 467.

Thringorhina oglit, Oates, F.B.1., 1., p. 156; Baker, Ibis, 1906, p. 100.

Description—As in the F.B.I.

Distribution.—Appears to be a very rare bird confined to the higher ranges

of the Naga Hills, Assam. The nidification has been described by Stuart

Baker, and shortly, it appears to build a large domed nest, and lays three

pure white eggs, measuring from ‘86 x ‘63 to ‘91 x ‘62 inches.

THRINGORHINA GUTTATA, Tickell.

Tickell’s Spotted-Babdler.

Turdinus guttatus, Tickell, Blyth, J., A.S.B., xxvii., p. 414 (1859).

Stachyrhis guttata, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vil., p. 535.

Thringorhina guttata, Oates, B.I., i., p. 155.

Description—As in F.B.1.

Distribution—From Muleyit Mt. to the extreme south of Tenasserim.

Another rare bird of which nothing appears to be recorded.

STACHYRHIS, Hodgson, 1844.

Oates, F.B.1.,2.. p. LOL

Very similar to Thringorhina, but not quite such a massive bill. This genus

is represented within Indian limits by two species, and their sub-species,

S. nigriceps and 8. chryswa. The latter, I think, should be placed in a

genus by itself.

Distribution.—S. n. nigriceps, Hodgson, Nepal, and Sikhim; S. x. coltartz,

Harington, Assam, south of the Bramhaputra, the Naga and Chin Hills, the

Bhamo Hills, Burma; SS. 2. davisoni, Sharpe, Malay Peninsula, and

probably from Tenasserim up to the Shan States; S. . lavata, Bonaparte,

Sumatra; S. x. borneensis, Sharpe, Borneo; S. n. natunensis, Hartert,

Natuna Island.

Colouration.—The feathers of the lores and forehead black tipped with

white or hoary grey ; those of the crown and nape, black or grey, edged

with white, giving a striped appearance; in full plumage a conspicuous

supercilium of black or dark sooty-brown feathers, edged with grey above

and below ; ear-coverts brownish; cheeks white ; chin and throat, black, black

and white, or grey; the whole upper plumage olive-brown ; the exposed

portions of the wings and tail inclined to rufous ; lower plumage from

fulvous with a yellowish tinge, to rusty-orange.

STACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS NIGRICEPS, Hodgson.

The Nepal Black-throated babller.

Stachyrhis nigriceps, Hodgson, Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 83 (1844) ; Sharpe,

Cat., B. M., vii., p. 532 ; Oates, F. B. L., i., p. 162.

Description.—Lores and forehead black and white ; chin and throat grey

formed by the feathers being a dark grey or black edged with white, giving

a slightly mottled appearance ; ear-coverts golden-brown. Wing, 58 to 62

mm.; bill, 15 mm. Bill, lower mandible yellowish, upper horn-coloured.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Darjeeling.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 625

STACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS COLTARTI, Harington.

The Assam Black-throated Babbler,

Harington, Bull., B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 61 (1918).

Description.—Adult: Similar to S. nigriceps, Hodgson, from Nepal, but

differs in having the throat very dark grey or black; in S. nigriceps the

feathers are dark grey edged with white, producing a striped appearance.

The measurements are the same as those of S. nigriceps. |

Habitat.—Dibrugarh, Assam; the Naga and Chin Hills, and the Bhamo Hills.

Birds from the Shan States and Tenasserim have the throat light ashy-grey,

as in 8S. davisont, Sharpe, from the Malay Peninsula, with which they appear

to be identical.

I have named this sub-species after Dr. H. N. Coltart, who has collected a

number of specimens at Margherita, Assam.

Type in the Tring Museum: 2. Margherita, 4, xii. 01. H. N. Coltart coll.

* STACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS DAVISONI, Sharpe.

The Tenasserim Black-throated Babbler.

Stachyrhis davisoni, Sharpe, Bull., B. O. C.,i., p. 7 (1892).

Description.—Chin and throat ashy grey, and not black and white; lores

and forehead hoary grey ; ear-coverts hair brown ; superciliary streak sooty-

brown to black, upper plumage tinged with green.

Bill intensely black, bluish below.

Distribution.—The Malay Peninsula, and probably up to Karennee, one

specimen procured at Thandunng (now in the Tring Museum) is, I think,

referable to this sub-species.

Note-—Birds from the Shan States appear to be this sub-species, but differ

slightly as follows: upper plumage with a decided rufous tinge; the chin and

throat pale ashy ;ear-coverts golden-brown; superciliary streak black with

white edges to the feathers and very conspicuous.

Bill bluish to black below, intensely black above.

STACHYRHIS CHRYSZA.

Colouration.—Lores and in front of the eye, black to yellowish ; forehead

golden to pure yellow (in chrysea and chrysops and binghamt, a short mousta-

chial streak black); ear-coverts greenish-yellow to the same colour as the

head, and slaty-green in binghami; crown and nape bright golden yellow to

OS PRISM re AS SAI elle as SIN as See ee Male ot WP eo:

* STACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS LAVATA, Bonaparte.

Bp. Consp., i. p- 217 (1850); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 534.

Lores grey ; head sparingly streaked with white; chin and throat grey ; bill black,

Distribution.—Sumatra,

STACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS BORNEENSIS, Sharpe.

Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 449.

Wing, up to 64mm.; bill, 15 mm., and intensely black.

Distribution.—Borneo.

S. NIGRICEPS NATUNENSIS, Hartert.

Hartert, Nov. Zool., i, p. 470 (1894),

Distribution.—Natuna Island.

The following other species of Stachyrhis have been recorded :—

S. melanothoraz, Temm., Java.

S. poliocephala, Temm., Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

S. grammiceps, Temm., Java.

S.nigricollis, Temm., Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

S. leucotis, Strick, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

gS. maculata, MalayPeninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

S. banjakensis, Richmond, Banjak Island, Sumatra.

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

dull greenish-yellow, with black streaks; upper plumage and exposed part

of the wings, bright olive-yellow to slaty-green ; tail greenish-brown washed

with yellow on the outer webs; lower plumage bright yellow to dull yellow.

Distribution.—Stachyrhis chryswa chrysea, Hodgson, Nepal, Sikhim,

Assam, and also Kachin Hill, East of Bhamo; S. ¢. assemilis, Walden, S. Shan

States and Karennee; S. c. chrysops, Richmond, Malay Peninsula and

possibly Siam and the Mekong watershed; S. c. binghami, Rippon, the

Chin Hills; SS. c. bocagit, Salvadori.

* STACHYRHIS CHRYS#A CHRYSHZA, Hodgson,

The Nepal Golden-headed Babbler.

Stachyrhis chrysea, Blyth, J.A.8.B., xiii. p. 379 (1844).

Stachyrhidopsis chrysea, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 601.

Stachyrhis chrysea, Oates, F.B.1.,1., p. 163. |

Description.—Lores and a streak to the eye black; forehead bright

orange, feathers of the head distinctly striped with black in the centre;

throat from a rich orange to an orange-yellow (birds from N.-H. Assam and

Naga Hills brightest); ear-coverts greenish-yellow.

Mistribution.—Nepal, Sikhim to Assam, and the Kachin Hills.

STACHYRHIS CHRYSA ASSIMILIS, Walden.

The Burmese Golden-headed Babbler.

Stachyrhis assimilis, Walden, Blyth’s Birds Burma, p. 116 (1895).

Stachyrhidopsis assimilis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 602. Oates, F. B.L., i.

Description.—Similar to chrysea, but no black streak in front of the eye;

lores greenish-grey ; the stripes on the head indistinct and blurred ; upper

plumage greenish-olive to slaty-green; under parts dull yellow. Birds

from the Shan States and Muleyit Mt., Tenasserim, show indications of a

black streak in front of the eye and so tending towards chr'ysops.,

“* Above cinerous olive-green. Feathers of the head yellow with brown

central streaks, cheeks and ear-coverts, pale brown tinged with yellow.

Entire under surface dilute yellow. Quills, brown edged externally with pale

yellow. Rectrecies, cinerous-brown tinged with olive-green. Wing, 1:92".

Blyth, Birds Burma, p. 116.

Karennee: Male: iris, black; billlavender, pink at base of mandible,

legs brownish-yellow, feet greenish. Female: iris brown, bill dark plumbe-

ous, pink at base of mandible; legs light greenish-brown.” (W.R.)

There are four specimens in the British Museum from Nepal and Assam,

these are probably the ones referred to by Oates, they are old and faded

® STACHYRHIS CHRYSHA CHRYSOPS, Richmond.

Richmond, Proc, Biol. Soc., Washington, xv., p. 157 (1902).

This seems to be very near S. chrysea. All the specimens in the Museum are

from the Malay Peninsula, and are marked as that sub-species,

Description.—Lores and a black moustacial streak, and under parts like

S. chrysea; upper plumage like assimilis; the markings on the head not so

distinct as in chrys@a. Worn specimens are exactly like assimilis from Burma,

One bird from Loi Pang Nan, 8, 8, States near the Mekong, is exactly like the

Malay specimens, as this locality is on the borders of Siam, it is probably that sub-

species.

STACHYRHIS CHRYSHA BOCAGII, Salvadori.

Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 602, foot-note.

‘ Above, greenish-olive ; head yellowish, the crown streaked with dusky ; lores

dusky ; undersurface of body yellow, the throat brighter, the sides tinged with

green ; wings and tail dusky ashy grey,the outer margins of the feathers greenish-

olive; bill and feet dusky ; iris chestnut.

Total length, 4°3”; bill, 45”; wing, 2”; tail, 1°75’; tarsus, 66.” (Salvadori). .

Halnitat,—Mountains of Sumatra.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. — 627

skins with no data, and look very like assimilis from Karennee, but show

the black stripe in front of the eye and are in my opinion nothing but

faded specimens of chrysea.

Distribution—Karennee and the 8. 8S, States bordering Karennee, and

Byingyi Hill.

STACHYRHIS CHRYSHA BINGHAMI, Rippon.

The Chin Hills Golden-headed Babbler.

Stachyrhis binghami, Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xiv., p. 84.

Similar to chryswa, differs in having ear-coverts slaty-green ; upper

plumage as in assimelis; under parts dull orange to dull yellow; the black

streak in front of the eye present.

Distribution.—Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills.

STACHYRHIDOPSIS, Sharpe, 1883.

Oates, F. B. 1.,i., p. 164;0. Grant, P. Z. 8., 1900, p. 476; and Ibis, 1907,

p. 183; Rothschild, Bull., B. O, C., xiv., p. 8.; Hartert, Nov. Zool.,

Xvli., p. 282.

‘This genus differs from Stachyrhis in having the culmen perfectly

straight, and in laying spotted eggs.”’ (Oates.)

They have the following characteristics :a short rounded wing ; wing and

tail about equal in length; the feathers of the forehead soft and not

harsh as in Stachyrhis; the bill, small, conical ; the upper edge of the upper

mandible and the lower edge of the lower mandible quite straight, (very

similar to that of the Goldfinch); bill not notched; rictal bristles very

short; and no hairs overhanging the nostrils, which are protected by

a covering membrane,

In style of plumage they are very similar to Mivornis, and consequently

may be confused with that genus, they can however be easily separated by

their bills. In Mevornis, the nostrils are oval and exposed, and the culmen

curved, whilst in this genus, the nostrils are covered by a membrane, and

the culmen perfectly straight.

The members of this genus build retort shaped nests, of bamboo leaves

and grass, which are generally well concealed in overhanging tufts of grass.

They lay white eggs more or less spotted with reddish-brown.

This is a very confusing genus of small birds which extend from the

N. W. Himalayas to China and the islands of Formosa and Hainan, and

also into Burma and the Malay Peninsula.

Kry to SPECIES.

a. Crown rufous to chestnut; chin not black.

a‘, Throat yellowish - Sis se . ruficeps.

6. Throat whitish .. ay. .. SS. rufifrons.

6. Crown fulvous; chin black . .. 8S. pyrrhops.

( For easier comparison I have tabulated the differences between the

geographical races of S. ruficeps and S. rujifrons.)

Distribution.—S. pyrrhops, Hodgson, Himalayas, Murree to Nepal; S.

ruficeps ruficeps, Blyth, Sikhim and Nepal; S. rujficeps bhamoensis, Harington,

Bhamo and Shan Hills; S. rujficeps davidi, Oustalet, Kwang-tung, Foh-kien,

Foochoo, Hunan, Szechuen, China; SS. ruficeps precognitus, Swinhoe,

Formosa; 8. ruficeps goodsont, Rothschild, Hainan; S. rujifrons rufifrons

Hume, Pegu, Shan States, and Tenasserim, Burma; S. rujifrons ambigua,

sub-sp. nov., Sikhim and Assam; _ S. poliogaster, Hume, Malay Peninsula.

Note.—S. sulphura, Rippon, Bull., B.O.C., xi., p. 11 (1900); Harington,

Bull., B.O.C., x xxiii., p. 63 (1913), is not a Stachyrhidopsis, but Mixtornis

gularis rubricappillus, this name therefore becomes a synonym of that species.

628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

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NOTES ON INDIAN. TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 629

STACHYRHIDOPSIS PYRRHOPS, Hodgson,

The Red-billed Babbler.

Stachyrlis pyrrhops, Hodgson, Blyth, J., A. S. B., p. xiii, p. 879

(1844).

Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops, Sharpe, Cat., B.M., vii., p. 600; Oates, F.B.I.

i; Dp: LED.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution —The Himalayas, Murree to Nepal.

STACHYRHIDOPSIS RUFICEPS and RUFIFRONS,

S. ruficeps and its allied races extend from Nepal eastwards along

the foot hills of the Himalayas to Assam and Burma, and from thence into

China and the Islands of Formosa and Hainan.

The first of these to be described was S. rujiceps, Blyth, i847, from

Darjeeling. In the original description Blyth first compares it with

S. pyrrops, a bird with a black chin, he then gives description as follows:

“chin and middle of throat white, with slight black central streaks to the

feathers ; the rest of the upper parts plain olive, and of the lower whitish,

with a fulvous tinge on the side of the neck and breast. Blyth, J., A. S. B.,

1847, p. 452.

The above is almost an exact. description of what at present is con-

sidered S. rujfifrons, Hume, originally described from Pegu, Burma, but

stated to occur in Sikhim and Assam.

Birds of the above description also occur in the Sikhim Hills, Butan

Duars, and Assam, and are evidently birds of low elevation.

The true S. ruficeps from Sikhim and Nepal is a very different bird,

having the chin and throat yellow with black shaft stripes, breast and under parts

a decided yellow and upper plumage green, the rufous of the head extending

well over the nape.

Jerdon, 1863, also mentions the white chin and throat, but states “ under-

parts fulvous, or dall oil yellow or pale ferruginous,”’ and I think must

have been confusing the two species, as S. rujifrons, Hume, was not

described until 1898, and much later than this was stated to occur in

Sikhim.

Since writing the above, on my way through Bombay, I have been

able to examine both of Blyth’s types of 8S. ruficeps, from

Darjeeling. These were kindly forwarded for my inspection by Dr.

Annandale from the Calcutta Museum. Both these specimens are very

faded, but fortunately the rufous cap on the head is quite conspi-

cuous, and extends well over the nape, so that there can be no doubt

that they are what are now considered to be 8S. rujficeps, and not S.

rufifrons which I considered possible from both Blyth’s and Jerdon’s

description.

However 8S. rujfifrons, Hume, from Pegu, differs materially from the

so-called specimens from Darjeeling and Assam, for the latterI propose

the name SS. rufifrons ambigua, sub-sp. nov.

As both S. ruficeps, and 8S. rufifrons and their geographical races (or

sub-species) occur in the same localities, they must be distinct species,

(and not the one a sub-species of the other), The former being found at

higher elevations than the latter, which appears to be a bird of the plains

and low foot hills. |

More and fresh specimens of these confusing little birds are required to

enable us to form a complete idea of their distribution.

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

* STACHYRHIDOPSIS RUFICEPS RUFICEPS, Blyth.

The Nepal Red-headed Babbler,

Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., 1847, p. 452; Sharpe, Cat., B.

M., vii., p..598 ; Oates, F. B. I, i., p. 164.

« Allied in form and size to S. pyrrhops, Hodgson, J. A. 5S. B., xiii., p. 379,

but having the crown light ferruginous, and the chin and middle of the throat

white, with slight black central streaks to the feathers; rest of the upper

parts plain olive, and of the lower whitish, with a fulvous tinge on the sides of

the neck and breast.

Length of wing two inches and an eighth, and of tail an inch.”

“From Darjeeling.’”’» (Blyth).

“« Description.—Crown of the head light ferruginous, the rest of the upper

plumage plain olive; chin and middle of the throat white, with faint black

streaks ; the rest of the lower parts whitish, with a fulvous tinge on the sides of

the neck and breast, or, throughout of dull oil-yellow or pale ferruginous,

darkest on the breast, and fading, and becoming dusky towards vent.”

‘Nepal, Sikhim and Khasia Hills.” Jerdon, Birds of India, w., p. 22

1863).

The above two descriptions are very misleading, so I give the following,

taken from the large series in the British Museum :

Lores, bright yellow, crown and nape bright rufous chestnut, the feathers

slightly lengthened, and so forming a conspicuous reddish cap to the head ;

the feathers of the forehead with very indistinct black shaft streaks. Upper

plumage olive-brown with a decided rufous tinge. Chin yellowish with

decided black shaft streaks. Lower plumage a dirty yellowish-buff, and

olivaceous on the flanks.

Bill, horn-coloured ; wing, 54—58 mm.

STACHYRHIDOPSIS RUFICEPS BHAMENSIS, Harington.

The Bhamo Red-headed Babbler.

Stachyrlidopsis bhamensis, Harington, Ann. and Mag. of N. H. Ser., 8

vol. in, p. 240 (1908) 2.0.5. N, Hp. sie. Die hse

* Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps davidi, Oustalet.

S. davidi, Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris., 1899, p 119.

S. sinensis, O.-Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 184

“Nearest to S. precognitus, Swinhoe and S. ruficeps, Blyth, but the back grey-

ish-olive, and breast and abdomen ashy, not yellow.” (Oustalet).

Habitat.—Szechuen.

“Crown light chestnut, Which does not extend over the nape, and without

black shafts to the feathers ; upper parts cold greyish-olive,; throat yellowish ;

middle of breast and belly pale whitish-olive, and flanks greyish-olive.”

(O.-Grant.)

Habitat.—China.

Note--I cannot find any difference between the numerous specimens from

China, therefore S. sinensis, O.-Grant, will be asynonym of S.davidi, Oustalet.

Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps precognitus, Swinhoe.

Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 310.

Habitat.—Formosa.

Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps goodsoni, Rothschild.

Rothschild, Nov. Zool., xvii., p. 232.

Habitat.—Hainan,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIUDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 631

Description—* Adult male. Resembles S. stnensis, Grant; (S.7. davidt,

Oustalet) in having the light chestnut on the head confined to the crown

and not extending over the nape, but may be easily recognised by its much

larger and more massive bill. It differs in having faint black shaft-streaks

to the feathers of the forehead, the throat less yellow, much the same

colour as the breast, which is a dull greyish-olive, and the sides of the

head and neck grey instead of yellowish.” (Harington).

“Total length, about 4°6 inches; exposed part of the culmen, 0°5; wing,

21% tail, 2:2; tarsus, 0'8.”’

“Adult female. Similar to the male. Wing, 52-55. mm.

INnstribution.—The Bhamo hill tracts, and Southern Shan States. The

nesting has been described by me in the Journal. The eggs are a pure

white with a few pale red spots and average ‘65x ‘52 inches,

STACHYRHIDOPSIS RUFIFRONS RUFIFRONS, Hume.

Humes’ Babbler.

Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons, Hume, Str. Frs., iii., p. 479 (1873) ; Sharpe, Cat.,

B. M., vii., p. 599; Oates, F. B. I, 1., p. 165. .

“ Closely allied to S. rujiceps, but smaller, wing 1°9”, bill at front :05”,

tarsus 0°67". The rufous of the, head duller, and not extending

to the occiput. Upper surface wanting the strong greenish-olive tinge,

and the lower surface wanting the oil yellow tinge of rujficeps.”” (Hume.) »

Note.—The type isin the British Museum, it is an immature and badly

damaged specimen, fortunately Mr. J. P. Cook collected three birds in the

Pegu Yomas, the locality from which the type was procured, these are now

in the Tring Museum, and from which I have taken the following descrip-

tion.

Lores, white with black tips to the feathers ; crown, dull rufous, which is

confined to the crown ; the feathers have faint indications of black shaft-

stripes ; chin and throat, white with black shaft-stripes ; whitish on the

breast ; flanks and abdomen, a rich tawny buff; upper plumage greyish olive.

Wing: 49, 50, 50 mms.

STACHYRHIDOPSIS RUFIFRONS AMBIGUA, sub-sp. nov.

Similar to S. 7. rufifrons, Hume, from Pegu, differs in having the lores

yellow instead of white; in having the feathers of the forehead conspicu-

ously black shafted ; chin, whitish and not contrasting with the remainder

of the lower plumage ; breast and under parts, pale fulvous and not a rich

tawny buff.

Bill, light fleshy ; irides, light brown; legs, fleshy. Wing: males, 53-54 mm.,

females, 51-5% mm.

Type in the Tring Museum. Coll. EH. C.S. Baker, Gunjong, N. Uachar,

26th Dec. 1895.

Distribution.—Probably Sikhim, Butan Duars, Assam, Naga Hills and

Manipur. Birds from Margherita, N. Assam, appear to be slightly smaller

than N. Cachar specimens.

Stachyrhidopsis poliogaster, Hume, 1880.

Stachyrhis poliogaster, Hume, S. F., ix., p. 116 (1880).

Stachyrhidopsis poliogaster, Sharp Cat-, B.M., vii., p. 599.

Stachyrhis poliogaster, Oates, F. B. I, i. p. 161.

Habitat.—“ Gunong Pulai, near southern-west extremity of the Malay Peninsula.”

There is only one specimen known, the type, which is labelled “* Cyanoderma

poliogaster.”’ To me this appears to bea young bird of the S. rujifrons, Hume

type, and may possibly be that species, of which there are very few good speci-

mens. *

632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Mixornis, Hodgson (1842).*

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 166.

“The genus Mizxornis differs from all the other genera of slender-billed

Timeliine in having the nostrils oval, exposed and not covered by a scale

or membrane as in the others.” (Oates).

They have besides the following characteristics, a short rounded wing,

the first four primaries graduated; wing and tail about equal in length;

the feathers of the forehead soft; bill slender and slightly curved; rictal

bristles weak ; and no overhanging hairs over the nostrils.

There is an extraordinary resemblance in the coloration of Mzzxornis and

Stachryhidopsis ruficeps, both having rufous caps; yellowish under parts,

and striped throats, and have consequently been often confused. The dis-

tinguishing feature between these two genera being their bills, in Mixornis

this is slender and slightly curved, and the nostrils exposed, while in

Stachyrhidopsis, the bill is conical, the upper and lower edges of the mandi-

bles straight, and almost the same description as in the Goldfinch, and the

nostrils covered by a membrane.

Mixornis extend from the foot-hills of Nepal to Assam and Burma, and

from there into Malayana and the Islands; within Indian limits we have

two geographical races which gradually pass from one into the other.

MIxoRNIS GULARIS RUBRICAPILLUS, Tickell.

Motacilla rubricapilla, Tickell, J, A. S. B., i1., p. 576 (18383).

Mizxornis rubricapillus, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 578; Oates, F. B. L, i.

p. 167.

Stachryhidopsis sulphurea, Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xi., p. 11.

Miaornis gularis rubricapillus, Harington, Bull., B. O. C., xxxui.

“Female 5 inches, eyes reddish hazel; bill and legs pale horn; crown of

head rusty; feathers of the nostrils, over the eye, auriculars and sides of

the neck, pale yellowish green; upper parts olive; throat and breast pale

yellow shafted black.” (Tickell).

Description.—“ Extreme point of forehead and the lores yellow with black

shafts, continued back as a uniform yellow supercilium; crown pale fer-

ruginous, blending on the nape with the olive-green of the upper plumage

and sides of the neck; ear-coverts dull yellow with pale shafts; centre of _

breast and abdomen plain yellow; remainder of lower plumage dull ashy

yellow.” The upper plumage wings and tail have a decided rufous tinge.

Birds from Sikhim, Bengal and the Butan Duars have very little rufous

on the head, which is almost uniformly the same as the back, with only

a slight rufous wash on the forepart of the head ; under parts very dull.

Birds from Assam are a little more rufous on the head, but under parts

dull yellow. ‘Iris reddish hazel; bill horny ; legs pale horny.”

Birds from Burma have the forehead and crown bright rufous; and

under parts bright yellow. “Iris a sickly white.”

Wing 57-61 mm.; tail 54 mm.; culmen 13-14 mm.!; tarsus 20 mm.

Distribution.—Chota Nagpore, Sikhim to Assam, throughout Burma and the

Shan States to Tenasserim, it does not ascent the hills to any great height.

(Lately recorded from Bengal in Journal).

Habits and Nesting—In Burma, I have found it very partial to bamboo

jungle, and essentially a plains bird, not ascending the hills to any great

*Outside Indian limits, there are numerous races of this genus, which extends as

far as the Philippine Islands.

M. flavicollis, Bp., Java; M. frigida, (Hartl.), W. Sumatra; M. prillwitzi,

Hartert, Kangean Islands; M. everettei, Hartert, Natuna Islands, M. woodi,

Sharpe, Philippine Islands; M. javanica, Cab., Java; M. montana, Sharpe,

N. W. Borneo; M. erythronota, Reichenow, Java.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 633

height. Although nesting near the ground, it seems to have lost its Timeliine

habits, and appears to feed entirely in trees. It has a very monotonous call

or Chuk, Chuk, Chuk,” which it seems to utter throughout the day. The

breeding season commences in March, the nest, an ‘untidy dome shaped

affair of bamboo leaves and grass, is either placed i in the bamboo clump, or

small bush near the ground. "2, 5, and 4 eggs are incubated, these are white

spotted with rusty red chiefly at ‘the larger. end.

Note. —Stachyr ~dopsis sulphurea, Rippon, Bull, Be O. C1; xi, pe TE (1900).

“The specimen so named by Col. Rippon is not a Stachyridopsis, but an

example of Mzvrornis gularis rubricapillus, Tickell. The name therefore

becomes a synonym of that species.” (Harington.)

MIxoRNIS GULARIS’ GULARIS, Rafiles.

Motacilia gularis, Raftles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 312 (1820). |

Mixornis gularis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 576; ; Oates, F. B. Ley pales

Description. —Similar to M, rubr icopillis, differs i in having a more beawticn

tinge on the back; chin, throat and breast boldly striped with black; crown

dark chestnut ; wings also a dark chestnut.

Iris, pale red-brown ; lower mandible and orbital skin, pale blue; rest of

bill bluish-brown ; legs and feet greenish-brown.

Wing 58-62 mm.; bill 14-16 mm.; tail 57 mm.; tarsus 20 mm.

Dstribution.—S.Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

CYANODERMA, Salvadori (1874).

Very similar in characteristics to Stachyris, differs from that genera in

having the skin round the eye naked, and of a bright colour, only one species

just comes within Indian limits.

Distribution.—C. erythropterum, Blyth, S. Tenasserim to Sumatra and

Borneo ; C. fulvirenter, Richmond, Banjak Island, N. W. Sumatra; C. dzcolor,

Blyth, Borneo, Labuan.

CYANODERMA ERYTHROPTERUM, Blyth.

The Red-winged Babbler.

Timalia erythropterum, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B., xi, p. 794 (1842).

Mixornis erythropterum, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii, p. 580.

Cyanoderma erythropterum, Oates, F. B. L.,1., p. 166.

Description—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution—As above. I can find nothing recorded as to the nesting

habits of this genus.

TURDINULUS Group. ‘

In this, I have placed Corythocincla, Turdinulus and Rimator, all of which

are remarkable for their extremely short tails.

They all have the following characteristics : a short rounded wing, and an

extremely short tail; and upper plumage more or less squamated.

Key.

A, Bill long and curved : os Rimator.

B. Bill moderate and straight oF Turdinulus.

Turpinutus, Hume (1878).

Turdinulus, Hume, (1878); Oates, F. B. I, 1., Ne 176.

Con -ythocichla, Sharpe, (1883); Oates, EF. B. 1, i., p. 148; O.-Grant, Ibis,

1897, p.58; Hartert, Nov., Zool., ix., p. 564; ’ Battikoter, Notes, Leyden

Museum, xvii. Pepe LAs

“Small; bill slender, compressed on the anterior half, nostrils covered

by a membrane, nasal aperture split-shaped, and placed along the

6384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

bottom near the front of the membrane; tarsi and toes long, the first more

than half the tail, which is very short, giving, together with the rounded

wing, the bird a very ball-like appearance, much reminding of Troglodytes ;

rictal bristles short ; plumage mottled above and below, the feathers of the

back with white or pale fulvous shaft-streaks ; ruamp-plumes unstriped, very

long and fluffy ; superciliary streak and triangular spots on the tips of the

wing-coverts and inner secondaries white or pale fulvous.” (Buttikofer).

Both Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and Dr. Hartert agree in uniting Turdinulus

and Corythocichla in the same genus; they have the same characteristics,

except in the former the tail is extremely short, the exposed portion of the

tail extending barely half aninch beyond the tail coverts, while in the

latter they extend about an inch.

Their wings are short and rounded, fitting close to the body, the first

four primaries graduated ; tail much shorter than the wing ; upper plumage

squamated ; bill straight; rictal bristles weak; no hairs overhanging the

nostrils ; nostrils slits, with no actual overhanging membrane.

AMENDED KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TURDINULUS.

(Cf. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis 1896), p. 58.,

Harington, Bull. (B. O. C., xxiii, p. 45.)

I, Tail extending more than 1 inch beyond the

upper tail-coverts. (Corythocichla.)

A. Feathers of the middle of the throat white or

grey, each with a median greyish-black streak.

a. Tips of the wing-feathers white.

a'. Sides of the breast and flanks chestnut.

a... Wings, Go .mm.’and 1nder! ee ee T. brevicaudatus

brevicaudatus.

oY Wing over Oo. 0i1Ls o..4, og al eae Oe T. b, venningt.

6’, Sides of the breast and flanks reddish-

Olive-DrOWD ss. aan oe a Oe ee ee T. 6. leucostictus.

6. Tips of the wing-feathers buff; sides of the

breast and flanks reddish-brown ........ T. b. striatus.

If. Tail extending less than half an inch beyond

the upper tail-coverts. (Turdinulus.)

B. Feathers of the middle of the throat white or

whitish-buff, with a triangular black spot

at the end of each. Tips of wing-feathers

white.

c. General colour of plumage brown, washed

with rufous, especially on the sides of the

breast and aianks 47) .ciee: eee ee T. roberte robert.

d, General colour of plumage dark brown ;

sides of the breast and flanks dark olive-

DEOWZ) Wicd teas Mee deo eis or MLE ss T. vr. guttaticollis.

C. Feathers of the middle of the throat uniform,

devoid of black streaks or spots,

e. Middle of throat white.

ce’, Sides of the neck spotted with black and

white; breast reddish-brown boldly

striped (with wititove teas cats. eae etme T. epilepidotus

eprleprdotus,.

d', Sides of the neck spotted with black and

buff; breast buff, margined with reddish-

brownish, producing a squamate appear-

UGE) 7a at one sol acy co ak ST I = a coe sae nt eens T’. e. exsul.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELUDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 635

e’, Sides of the neck spotted with brown and

buff; breast with brownish-buff edges .. T.e. grant.

J. Middle of throat buff.

J’. General colour of plumage brown, washed

with rufous, especially on the sides of the

Ries: SC heN ks. i540 ee oR eee T. e. dawson.

g’. General colour of plumage dark brown,

sides of the breast and flanks dark olive-

BEGIN oh aes 3 itv Wiss Dee eens 4 ealnae T. e. baker.

Geographical Distribution.

(Corythocichla).—(1) T. 6. brevicaudatus (Blyth), Tenasserim; (2) 7. 6.

venningi, Harington, Shan States and Yunnan; (8) 7.0. lewcostictus (Sharpe),

Perak, Malay Peninsula; (4) 7. 6. striatus Walden, Assam and Munipur,

(Turdinulus)—(5) T. r. roberti G, Austen, Khasia, Garo Hills, N. Cachar,

Lushai Hills, Manipur, and Naga Hills; (6) 7. r. guttaticollis O.-Grant,

Mishmi and Miri Hills, Dibrugarh, Assam; (7) 7. epilepidotus epilepidotus,

Temm, Java and Sumatra; (8) 7. e. evsud Sharpe, Borneo; (9) 7’. e. grantz,

Richmond, Siam and Malay Peninsula; (10) TZ. e. davisont O.-Grant,

Tenasserim ; (11) 7. e. dakert Harington, Shan States, Burma.

TURDINULUS BREVICAUDATUS BREVICAUDATUS, Blyth.

Blyth’s Wren-Babbler.

Turdinus brevicaudatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xxiv., p. 272 (1855).

Corythocichla brevicaudata, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 592; Oates, F. of B.

Ere psc:

Description. Whole upper plumage and sides of the neck olive-brown ;

the feathers everywhere margined with black except on the rump and upper-

tail coverts; tail rufescent; wings olive brown; the coverts and all the

quills, except the earlier primaries, tipped with a small white spot; lores, a

short supercilium, cheeks and under the eye deep ashy; ear coverts the

same; but tinged with rufescent; chin and throat ashy white, streaked

with dark brown; breast and lower plumage ferruginous, paler on the

centre of the abdomen, darker on the flanks, vent, and under-tail coverts,

which latter are tipped paler.” (Oates.)

“ Legs, feet, and claws, pale-brown to pale fleshy brown ; upper mandible

very dark brown, lower plumbeous to pale plumbeous; iris, deep brown, red-

brown, cinnamon-red.’”’ (Oates.)

“Length about 5°5"; tail 1:7”; wing 2:4”; tarsus 1”; bill from gape 8”. ”

Distribution Muleyit Mt. and the hills of Tenasserim. Nothing much

seems to be known about its habits, except that it inhabits the rocky

portions of the hills, and seldom flies if it can help. Nothing appears to be

known about its nidification, which is probably similar to that of 7’. b. striata.

TURDINULUS BREVICAUDATUS VENNINGI, * Harington.

Venning’s Wren-Babbler.

Harington.—Bull., B. O. C., xxxiii., p. 44 (1918).

* TURDINULUS BREVICAUDATUS LEUCOSTICTUS, Sharpe.

Sharpe, P. Z.8., 887, p. 438.

Similar to 7’. b. brevicaudatus, differs in having no tinge of rufous below, but

ashy-grey, also the same above, feathers tinged with grey with darker edges,

wing spots white.

Wing 63 mm.

Habitat.—Perak, Malay Peninsula.

“Frequents the undergrowth usually in pairs, and has an unusually loud

song for such a small bird.” (Sharpe.)

636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Description Adult.—Similar to Turdinulus brevicaudatus, Blyth, from

Tenasserim; but differs in being much larger and in having the upper

plumage greyer, the breast dark rufous, the abdomen the same colour as the

breast, and the flanks dark brown.

In T. brevicaudatus the breast is pale rufous, the abdomen creamy-buff

and the flanks tinged with olive.

Wing measurements :—

T. b. brevicaudatus. 10 examples. Wing 60-65 mm. Average 63 mm.

T. b. venningt. 15 examples. Wing 65-74mm. Average 68 mm.

‘“Trides red, bill dark brownish-horn, paler beneath, the legs and feet

fleshy-brown.” (Venning.)

Habitat.—The Southern Shan States, Burma, and Yunnan.

There is one specimen collected by Colonel Rippon in the Salween Valley

(presumably in Yunnan), 2,800 to 3,000 feet.

“T have the eggs of a Turdinulus from the Southern Shan States which

are presumably of this sub-species. They are exactly like those of 7’ 0.

striatus hereafter described and measured 84” x 62".” E.C.S8. B.

TURDINULUS BREVICAUDATUS sTRIATUS, Walden.

Walden’s Wren-Babbler.

Turdinus striatus, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4), vii., p. 241 (1871).

Corythocichla striata, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 593; Oates, F. of B.I.,1.,

p. 148; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H.S., viii., p. 179.

Description.—Similar to T. brevicaudatus, “Differs in having the sides of the

head brown instead of deep ashy, and in having the breast and lower

plumage brown slightly tinged with rufous, instead of ferruginous; the

spots at the tips of the wing-coverts and quills are less distinct, and are

fulvous, and not white.”

Length about 5”; tail 1.8”; wing 2.3”; tarsus 95”; bill from gape

8”. (Oates.)

Distribution.—The Khasia, Cachar and Garo Hills, Manipur and Dibrugarh

in Assam, both N. and 8S, of the Brahmapootra.

Habits—Stuart Baker gives a very good description of the habits and

nidification of this bird in the Journal. Shortly these are, it rarely

makes use of its wings, but moves about quickly on its feet, it builds an

almost domed nest of leaves and moss, lined with the same, which is in-

variably placed on the ground. The eggs, of which four appears to be the

full complement, are white, freckled with pinkish red spots, with under-

lying pinkish purple markings; and measure from ‘78” to ‘83” by ‘59" to °62',

TURDINULUS ROBERTI ROBERTI, Godwin-Austen.

Austen's Wren-Babdbler.

Pnoepyga roberti, Godwin-Austen and Walden, ibis (1875), p. 252.

Turdinulus roberti, O. Grant, Ibis (1896), p. 55; Blanford, F. B. I. iv.,

App. P., p. 480.

Corythocichla squmata, 8. Baker, J. B. N. H.S., xiii., p. 408.

Description.—Upper plumage brown with a rufous tinge, each feather pale

centred with: darker edges, giving a mottled appearance; supercilium

buffish-white ; feathers of the middle of the throat white, with a triangular

black spot atthe end of each feather; sides of the throat ferrugineous ;

breast olive-brown with broad white shaft stripes, giving a very striped

appearance ; flanks olive-brown tinged with rufous; vent and under-tail

coverts bright rufous; wing coverts and wing feathers tipped with white.

Wing measurement, 55 mm.

Distribution.—The Cachar, Manipur and Naga Hills.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 637

Habits—‘“Robert’s Babbler is to be found in some numbers, though no-

where, I imagine, commonly, in the higher ranges bordering on the plains

of Assam. The nest and eggs are exact counterparts of those of Corythoci-

chla striata in everything but size. Three seems to be the ordinary number

of eggs laid, though sometimes as many as four are found, and about

equally often only two are found.” ‘ My eggs average ‘71” by :56” and vary

in length between °80” and ‘67” and in breadth between ‘53” and °58".

(Baker, Ibis (1906), p. 106).”

TURDINULUS ROBERTI GUTTATICOLLIS, * O. Grant.

Grant’s Wren~Babbler.

T. guttaticollis, O.-Grant, Ibis. (1895), p. 432, 2b¢d (1896), p. 57.

Description.— Very similar to T. 7, robertz. differs in being darker and

browner above ; and lacks the rufous on the sides of the breast and flanks ;

also there is very little rufous on the cheeks.

Wing measurement; 55 mm.

Distribution.—The Hill Ranges N. and S. of the Brahmapootra in eastern

Assam. There are two specimens in the Museum collected by Dr. Coltart

from Margherita, Assam, which are undoubtedly this sub-species.

Habits —“ The habits and nidification are exactly like those of T. rodertz.

The bird is a skulker, creeping about the undergrowth and bushes much like

a wren and never taking to wing unless forced. Itis found singly or in pairs

and never in flocks like other Timeliinz, in fact in every way it is very wren

like habits, nidification, flight and general appearance. HE. C.S. B.”

* TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS DAVISONI, O. Grant.

Davison’s Wren-Babbler.

O. Grant, Bull., B. O. C., xxv., p. 97.

“ Kasily distinguished from 7’. e. ersud (Sharpe), to which it is most nearly

allied, by having the cheeks and side of the throat washed with rust colour,

(note, as in rodertz), and under parts more olive-brown, much less suffused

with rufous, and distinctly streaked with whitish.”’

Measurements as in evsul,

Distribution,—Tenasserim,

* TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS EPILEPIDOTUS, Temm.

Description.—Similar to T. r. roberti, throat unspotted white, cheeks white

spotted with black breast olive-brown, with white shaft-stripes giving a very

streaked appearance

Distribution.—Java and Sumatra.

TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS HAINANUS, Hartert.

Hartert, Nov- Zool., xvii, p. 230 (1910).

Like Turdinulus, r. robert.

Habitat—The Island of Hainan.

TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS EXSUL, Sharpe (1888),

.exsul, Sharpe, Ibis (1888), p. 479.

Habitat,—Borneo.

TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS GRANTI, Richmond (1900).

Turdinulus granti, Richmond, Proc. U. §, Nat. Mus,, p, 320 (1900); Thumii

(Hartert), Nov, Zool. ix., p. 564; Grant, Bull., B. O. C., xxv., p. 97.

Similar to 7. e. exsul (Sharp), Borneo. Throat unspotted white, under paris very

much paler, the feathers of the centre of the breast having white centres giving

avery pale appearance below. Wing, °55 mm.

Distribution.—Siam and Malay Peninsula.

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

TURDINULUS EPILEPIDOTUS BAKERI, Harington.

Baker’s Wren-Babbler.

Harington, Bull., B. O. C., xxxiii., p. (1918).

Adult. Similar to 7. e. davisont (O. Grant) from Tenasserim ; but differs in

having the under parts not suffused with rufous, and in having the upper

plumage much darker. The differences are very similar to those between

T. roberti ; (Godwin-Austen), from the Naga and Manipur Hills and Cachar,

and Turdinulus robertt guttaticollis, O. Grant, from the Miri and Mismi

Hills, and the Dibrugarh District of Assam.

Measurements, the same as 7. e. davisont.

Habitat.—The Southern Shan States and Karennee, Burma.

Type.—In the British Museum.

Rimator, Blyth (1847).

Oates, E..B. 14.5 p41 76.

“ In this genus the bill is slender and as long as the head; the culmen

is curved downwards and the tip of the bill is barely notched; the rictal

bristles are short; the nostrils are open ovals. The tail is less than half the

length of the wing and slightly rounded.” (Oates.)

RIMATOR MALACOPTILUS, Blyth.

The Long-billed Wren-Babbler.

Blyth, J., A. Ri B., xvi., p. 155 (1847); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 594 ;

Oates, F. B. gL vee 175; Baker, Ibis, 1909 p. 104.

Deser iption. Liye in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Sikhim, Manipur and Cachar Hills.

Nidification._-It appears to build an untidy domed nest on the ground,

laying four eggs. The ground colour a faint pinkish-white, the markings

rather profuse. at. the large end, consisting of specks and blotches of reddish

brown, measuring from °‘84"--81" x °60"-'62",

SETARIA Group.

These are birds I know personally nothing about, only having examined

and gone through the specimens in the British Museum. Setarza and

Atthostoma appear to me to be non-Timeliine in every way ; on the other

hand rythrocinchla seems to have a_ relationship to Malacocinhla

(Tardinus). I can tind nothing recorded about the nidification of these

genera, there are, however, two eggs of Malacopterum ( Ophrydornts)

albigularis, in the Museum, these are a pale spotless blue and thoroughly

non-Timeliine.

These three genera have the following characteristics: stout straight

bills ; extremely long rictal bristles; long pointed wings; a short tail and

weak legs and feet,

SETARIA, Blyth (1844).

Sharpe, Bull., B. O. C., xii., p. Ae Sharpe, Hand List of Ce iv., p. 38.

Malacopter “um, Oates, E. Beak; , p. 150.

Dr. Sharpe gives the above ites name for Malacopterum, Eyton, which

is already occupied.

“This genus is remarkable for its lengthened wings and, in consequence,

its comparatively short tail. The plumage is soft and silky. The two Indian

species of this genus appear to be more arboreal in their habits than any of

the preceding genera, and to have somewhat. of the deportments of Bulbuls.

The rictal bristles are very conspicuous on account of their length.”

(Oates.)

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 639

Biittikofer—Notes—Leyden Museum, xvii., p. 101.

“Bill long and rather stout, not fully as long as the head, as high at the

nostrils as it is broad; nasal aperture oval and placed in front of the nasal

groove ; rictal bristles long, reaching beyond the nostrils; tail considerably

shorter than the pointed wing, but three times as long as the tarsus, which

is remarkably short, not more than an inch in length ; toes rather short and

weak in proportion to the tarsus.”

The chief characteristics of this genus are given by Dr. Biittikofer, namely:

a pointed wing, and remarkably short tarsus and weak feet. These

characters are total foreign to the Timeline, whose characteristics are

a short rounded wing, and large and strong legs and feet. Besides the

above, Setariva have powerful straight bills, with a few overhanging hairs

over the nostrils and long well developed rictal bristles.

SETARIA MAGNA MAGNA,* Eyton

The Red-headed ‘Tree-Babbler.

Malacopterum magnum, Eyton, P. Z. 8. (1839), p. 103; Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

vii., p. 565; Oates, F. B. I, i., p. 151. .

Description“ Forehead and crown bright ferruginous, the anterior fea-

thers black-shafted and the posterior ones faintly edged with black ; lores and

a broad supercilium grey; the middle of the feathers whitish; the whole nape

black ; ear-coverts fulvous-brown with pale shafts; the whole upper plum-

age olive-brown, tinged with ferruginous on the rump, which colour also

suffuses the upper tail-coverts and the outer webs of the tail feathers;

cheeks mottled grey and white; chin, throat, and upper breast white,

streaked with grey ; remainder of lower plumage greyish-white.”’

‘Legs, feet, and claws, blue, varying from pale plumbeous to pale

small blue ; upper mandible dark horny brown, lower mandible and often

the edges of the upper plumbeous blue, fading to bluish white at the tips ;

iris carmine to orange red.”

Length about 7”, tail 3”, wing 3:5”, tarsus 9”, bill from gape 1”.

Distribution —The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down the

Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.

Habits and Nesting.--I can find nothing recorded about its nidification.

‘This bird hunts about trees and bushes in pairs and small parties, seldom |

or never descending to the ground.” (Oates.)

SETARIA MAGNIROSTRIS, {| Moore.

The Brown-headed Tree-Babbler.

Setaria magnirostre, Oates, F. B. I., vol. 1., p. 151.

Turdinus magnirostris.—Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vol. vii., 547.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The extreme south of Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula,

and Cochin China.

* SETARIA MAGNA CINEREA, HEyton.

Malacopterum cinerewm, Sharpe, Cat. B.M.,p. 565.

Bill black, the mandible whitish lead colour ; legs and feet pale pinkish

lead-grey ; iris, Indian red. Length 6”, culmen 65, wing 3, tail 25, tarsus

8. Female slightly smaller.

Distribution—Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra.

TSETARIA AFFINIS, Blyth.

Malacopterum affine, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 5€9.

Lores and a short streak to the eye whitish ; forehead, crown and nape dark

browhish to black, upper plumage dark fulvous brown, tinged ashy on upper

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

AETHOSTOMA, Sharpe (1902),

Sharpe, Bull., B. O. C., xii., p. 54 (1902).

Trichostoma, Blyth.

Oates, F. B, I, 1., p. 153.

Dr. Sharpe proposes the above name for this genus, Trichostoma, being

already occupied.

This genus is very nearly allied to Setaria, and is nota true Timeliida,

having a fairly long wing, which does not fit close to the body, and is not

probably strictly arboreal, and for these reasons should be removed

from this group. It has the following characteristics: Wing long, the

first four primaries graduated; tail shorter than the wing; tarsus

not particularly long; bill short and straight; rictal bristles very

long.

back and rufous on rump ; upper tail-coverts chestnut ; feathers of lower back

dense and long, concealing a few whitish feathers just above the tail coverts ;

exposed portions of wing like back, tail dark-brown, outer edges tinged chestnut;

chin and throat white faintly streaked with grey, sides of the neck and ear

coverts ashy, breast whitish washed with brownish-grey, abdomen and under-tail

coverts whitish ; flanks brownish-grey. “Legs dark or bluish lead-colour : iris

bright brown or dark raw sienna: bill bluish lead-colour, the culmen darker. ”

(Sharpe.)

Length 6°2’’, culmen ‘65", wing 2°8”, tail 2°8/’, tarsus °85”. (Sharpe).

Distribution.—Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

TOPHRYDORNIS ALBIGULARIS, Blyth.

Malacopterum albigularis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 568.

Setaria albigularis, Oates, Cat., Birds Eggs, iv., p. 38.

Ophrydornis albigularis, Bittikofer Notes, Leyden Museum, xvii., p- 101.

Lores and a conspicuous streak over the eyes white, forehead, crown and nape

dark sooty brown to dull black ; upper plumage dark umber brown, tinged with

ashy on the upper back and rufous on rump and urper-tail coverts; exposed

portions of tail and wing, same as middle of the back, a dark umber brown ; ear-

coverts like the crown ; chin and throat white, a paleashy-grey collar from the

sides of the neck across the breast, abdomen whitish tinged with greyish-buff on

the flanks ; and under-tail coverts pale fulvous.

‘‘ Bill black ; legs leaden grey ; iris bright red or crimson. Length 5°6”, culmen

*6,"' wing 2°95!', tail 2°2,’’ tarsus. 8// ” ~ sib to FLUE

Distribution.—Malay Peninsula, Borneo. LOLI [4407.1 %0T

The two eggs of the Malayan White Throated Babbler, inthe collection are

of a blunt oval form, glossy, and of a spotless pale greenish-blue. They measure,

respectively, ‘75! x 53’ and °75" x 52’, Klang, Malay Peninsula, W. Davison

(Hume, Coll.). I cannot find any account of the nesting of this species, the eggs are

however, of a quite un-Timeliine character.

TOPHRYDORNIS MELANOCEPHALA, Davison.

Malacopterum melanocephalum, Davison, Ibis (1892), p. 101.

Similar to O. albigularis.

“‘ Lores dirty white ; forehead, top of head and nape, dull black, cheeks and

ear-coverts grey, ear coverts pale shafted; Back, rump and upper tail-coverts

olive-brown, suffused most strongly so on upper tail coverts with rusty : tail

feathers brown like the upper back, margined with a rusty tinge on the outer

webs, none of the tail feathers with any trace of white or paletipping. Lower

surface white, the feathers of the breast suffused with grey, forming a feather

band, with grey continuing down the flanks.”

Only one female secured. ttt

Length 6-45, wing 3°0, tail 3°1, tarsus 9, billfrom nape 8.7=-"---

Habitat—Mouth of Timeling river. Pahang, E. Malay Peninsula.

Note.—Have not been able to examine this species.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 641

AETHOSTOMA ROSTRATUM, Blyth,

Blyth’s Babbler,

Trichostoma rostratum, Blyth, T, A. 8. B., xi, p. 795 (1842); Sharpe,

Cat., B. M., vii., p. 562; Oates, F. B. L.,i., p. 153.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Nothing appears to be known about the habits of this bird.

Distribution. Extreme south of Tenasserim, extending to Sumatra and

Borneo.

ERYTHROCICHLA, Sharpe (1883).

Buttikofer. Notes Leyden Museum, xvii., p. 98.

Bill long and strong, rather broad at the base, nasal aperture linear ;

rictal bristles long and rigid, reaching beyond the nostrils; tail much

shorter than the wing.

I may be wrong in placing Erythrocichla in this group, as it appears to be

more a ground bird and has a distinct likeness to Malacocthla abbotti.

ERYTHROCICHLA BICOLOR, Less,

The Ferruginous Babbler.

Brachypteryx bicolor, Less., Rev. Zool. (1839), p. 138.

Erythrocichla bicolor, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii., p. 551 ; Oates, F, B. I.,i.,

p. 152.

Description.-—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution. Extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down the Malay

Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.

Family.—Nibiide,

Sexes similar ; nostrils exposed ; habits strictly arboreal ; size medium

(Yuhina Group small) ; wing moderately long ; legs and feet not particular-

ly strong.

Mr. Oates in the Fauna of India includes in his Sibimnze a large number

of genera which have nothing muh in common with each other. I have

divided up the family into two sub-families, Sidune and Yuhine.

Siltine,

I think this should only contain, Svdza, Lroptila, and possibly Actinodura

and Ivops, these last two show a marked affinity to the Trochalopterum

in the colour of their eggs,

Vuhine,

I have placed the following genera together, Yuhina, Irulus, Staphidia, and

Herpornis, they appear to form a connecting link between the <Alcippe and

the Lioptila. They, however, differ greatly from the latter in size and ap-

pearance, as well as in nidification.

SIBIIN 4

Have the following characteristics: wing, long and not rounded, the first

four primaries graduated, the fifth and sixth equal and longest ; tail long

(short in Ivops) and graduated ; legs and feet moderate ; bill narrow and

slightly curved ; habits purely arboreal ; eggs various in colouration.

The true Sthiine are strictly arboreal in habits, many going about in

large family parties, and during the breeding season are extremely noisy.

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

They all appear to build their nests at a considerable height from the

ground. Whilst the “ bar-wings ” (Actinodura) build nests of a Laughing-

Thrush type at no great distance from the ground.

Srpia, Hodgson, (1836).

Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 195.

“The genus Sibia contains but one species, which is remarkable for the

extraordinary length of its tail. This is twice the length of its wing, and

greatly graduated. ”

“The bill is shorter than the head, curved down and slender and the

nostrils covered by a large membrane. The rictal bristles are moderate

in length.” (Oates).

SIBIA PICAOIDES PICAOLDES,* Hodgson.

The Long-tailed Sibia.

Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., viii., p. 88 (1839) ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii. 201 ;

Oates, F. B. I, i., p. 195.

Description.-—As in Oates, K. B. I.

Distribution—Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Manipur, Chin Hills,

Myitkyina Dist., Shan States and Tenasserim, Burma,

Lioprita, Blyth (1847).

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 195.

“‘ Tioptila only differs from Sidra in the length of its tail; in the shape of

bill, nostrils and wing, they are similar to that genus.

Key, as in Oates, F. B. I.

Our knowledge of the nidification of this genus is still very incomplete,

some appear to lay eggs of a very Thrush-like (Meruline) type, whilst others

are recorded as laying pale spotless blue eggs.

LIovTILLA CAPISTRATA CAPISTRATA, Vigors.

The Black-headed Stbia,

Cinclosoma capistratum (Vigors), P. Z. 8. (1831), p. 56.

Sibia captstrata (Sharpe), Cat., B. M., vii., p. 408.

Inoptila capistrata (Oates), F. B. L.,i., p. 196.

Description.—As in Oates, F.B. 1. .

Distribution.—The Himalayas frdm about Naini Tal to Sukhim and Bhutan.

LIopriILaA CAPISTRATA PALLIDA, Hartert.

The Pale Sibia.

Hartert, Kat. Vog. Senekenb Mus., p. 21 (1891) ; Blanford, F. B. I., App.

Vol. iv., p. 481.

Description.—Similar to L. capistrata. Differs in being very much paler,

both above and below; the breast being almost pinkish instead of bright

rufous.

*SIBIA PICAOIDES SIMILLIMA, Salvadori.

Salvadori., Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov., xiv., p. 232, 1879; Sharpe, Cat:, B. N., vii,

p. 402.

Description.—Similar to S..p. picaoides, Hodgson. “ Differs in having flanks

browner than the throat, which is slightly slaty-grey ; vent and undertail

taverts dull whitish ; wing spot smaller and oblong, about half the length of

corsus.” Sharpe. ;

‘Habitat.—Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 643

Both Dr. Sharpe and Mr. Oates note the paleness of birds from the N.-W.

Himalayas.

Distribution.—N .-W. Himalayas from Hazara to about Simla.

LioprILa GRACILIS, McClell.

The Grey Sihia.

Hypispetes gracilis, McClell, P. Z. S. (1839), p. 159.

Malactas gracilis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 400.

Lioptila gracilis, Oates, F. B. I., i,. p. 197.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Khasia and Naga Hills, Manipur and Chin Hills,

Burma.

LIOPTILA MELANOLEUCA MELANOLEUCA, Tickell,

Tickell’s Sibia.

Sibia melanoleuca, Tickell, Blyth, J., A. S. B., xxviii, p. 413 (1859.)

Malacias melanoleuca, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 405.

Lioptila melanoleuca, Oates, F.B. I.,i., p. 198; Bingham, J., A. S. B., Ixix.,

Part u. (1900); Rippon, Ibis (1901), p. 533.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution. Muleyit Mt. in Tenasserim, it then re-appears in the Shan

States, being found along the central range up to Loi-San-Pa, and from

here it again appears in the Ruby Mines District. Birds from this last

locality seem to me to be much darker than those from Tenasserim, and are

very like L. m. castanoptera, with the exception of the wing-coverts, which

are chestnut in that species.

LIOPTILA MELANOLEUCA CASTANOPTERA, Salvadori.

Fea’s Sila.

Malacias castanoptera, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), vii., p. 863

(1889).

Inoptila castanoptera, Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 199.

Description as in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution Karennee and the western ranges of the Shan States up to

Kalaw. It must meet the last species LZ. melanoleuca, in some parts of their

distribution, and the two species inter-breed, as there is a specimen in the

British Museum of Z. melanoleuca which shows traces of. chestnut on its

wings.

LIoPTILA ANNECTENS ANNECTENS, Blyth,

Blyth’s Sibia.

Blyth, J.A.S. B., xvi. p. 450 (1847); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii, p. 80;

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 199.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Sikhim, Khasia, Naga and Chin Hills and Manipur.

LIOPTILA ANNECTENS SATURATA, Walden.

Walden’s Stha.

Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 352; Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 199.

Description.—Similar to L. annectens, differs in having the back a rich

deep chestnut.

IMstribution.—The eastern hills of Burma, Bhamo Hills, Shan States and

Karennee.

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

LIOPTILA ANNECTENS DAVISONI, * Hume.

Davison’s Stbia.

Hume, St. Frs., v., p. 110 (1877) ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 80; Oates,

By Budi pee:

Description.-—“ Like L, a annectens, Blyth, but with the back and wing

coverts black; and the rump and upper tail coverts mingled black and deep

ferruginous maroon.” (Hume).

Distribution.—Muleyit, Mt. Tenasserim.

LIoPILA PULCHELLA, }Godwin-Austen (1874).

The Beautiful Sibia.

Sibia pulchella, Godwin-Austen, A. M.N. H. (4), xiii., p. 160 (1874).

Malucias pulchella, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 407.

Inoptila pulchella, Oates, F. B. 1., 1., p. 200.

Description,—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Naga and Daphla Hills, Assam.

Sub-family.—AcTINODURINZ,

Have the following characteristics : wing rounded and fitting close to the

body, the first four primaries graduated, and the wings conspicuously barred

black and chestnut ; the tail greatly graduated ; the bill stout and gently

curved ; no hairs overhanging the nostrils which are covered by a mem-

brane ; numerous long hairs on the chin and throat.

This sub-family consists of two genera, which only differ in the length

of their tail.

a. Tail considerably longer than the wing... Actinodura.

b. Tail slightly shorter than the wing...Jvops.

ActinopurA, Gould (1836).

Oates, F. B. I., i, p. 201.

“In <Actinodura the bill is rather slender, about half the length of the

head; the nostrils are covered by a very large membrane, and the rictal

bristles are long and distinct. The tailis considerably longer than the

wing and greatly graduated.” (Oates).

Key.

a. No white ring round the eye. A. egertonz and sub-species.

6. A conspicuous ring of white feathers round the eye.

a. Crown the same colour as the back. A. 7. ramasyt.

61, Crown tinged with rufous. 4.7. radelifter.

Distribution —A. egertoni egertoni, Gould, Nepal, Sikhim, Daphla Hills,

Shengorh Peak ; A. e. khasina, Godwin-Austen, Khasia, Naga, and Manipur

Hills ; A.e. rippont, O.-Grant, Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills, andthe Bhamo Hills ;

A. ramsayt ramsayi, Walden, Southern Shan States and Karennee; 4.7,

radcliffei, Harington, the Ruby Mines District, Burma ; A. soulier. Oustalet,

W. China and Yunnan.

* LIOPTILA DESGODINSI, Oustalet.

Oust. and David. Bull. Soc. Philom, Paris (7), i-, p. 139, 1877; Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

vii. p. 406.

Occurs in Yunnan, where several specimens were procured by Col. Rippon

+ LiopriILA AURICULARIS, Swinhoe,

Swinhoe, Ibis, 1864, p. 361 ; Sharpe, Cat-, B. M., vii., p. 405.

Habitat.—Formosa.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 645

Key of Actinodura egertont and sub-species.

(O. Grant, Ibis. 1907, p. 186.)

A e. egertoni, Gould. | A. e. khasiana (G. A.) | A. e. ripponi, O. Grant.

Forehead,

Dark chestnut extend-| Rufous, not extend-| Rufous, usually not

ing on to crown. ing beyond eye. extending beyond

Crown. eye.

Darkish-grey. Light ash-grey. Darkish-grey.

Back.

Reddish olive. Ochraceous. Greyish olive.

Middle tail feathers.

Dark bars, usually} Dark bars, usually; Dark bars, usually

very faint. distinct. distinct.

Distribution.

Nepal, Sikhim, Daphla| Shillong, Naga and} Mt. Victoria, Chin

Hills, Shengorh Khasia Hills, Mani- Hills, (and the

Peak. pur. Bhamo Hills.)

These three forms may be easily separated by the colour of their back.

ACTINODURA EGERTONI EGERTONI, Gould.

The Nepal Bar-wing.

Gould, P.Z.S. (1836), p. 18 ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 463 ; Oates, F.

Boe rp. cur:

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim and Daphla Hills.

ACTINODURA EGERTONI KHASIANA,~ Godwin-Austen.

The Shillong Bar-wing.

Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B., xv., Part ii., p. 76 (1876); O. Grant, Ibis,

107, p. 186.

Description.—As in Key.

Distribution.—Shillong, Khasia aa Naga Hills, Manipur.

ACTINODURA EGERTONI RIPPONI, O. Grant.

Rippon’s Bar-wing.

O. Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 186; Harington, J.B. N.H.S., xix., p. 118 ; Ibis

1914).

Description.—This differs from <A. egertoni, Gould, in not having so much

chestnut on the fore head ; andthe back a greyish-olive instead of reddish-

olive.

I procured what I considered to be this sub-species at Sinlum in the

Bhamo Hills, some birds however appearing to be nearer to A. e. khasiana,

Nesting.—This has been described by me in the Journal, the eggs resem-

bling those of A. e. khastana, being a beautiful pale hive marked with

numerous bold spots and curls of a chocolate brown.

Distribution.—Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills and the Kachin Hills, E. of

Bhamo. i

* Actinodura souliet, Oustalet.

Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, (1897), p. 164.

Distribution—W. China and Yunnan.

(I have not been able to examine this species.)

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

ACTINODURA RAMSAYI RAMSAYI, Walden.

Ramsay's Bar-wing.

Walden, A. M. N. H. (4), xv., p. 402 (1875) ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii.,

p. 464 ; Oates, F. B. 1L.,1., p. 202 ; Rippon, Ibis, 1897, p. 2, zb¢d, Ibis, (1901)

. 533.

: Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I., in which, however, there is no mention

of the conspicuous ring of white feathers round the eye.

Habits—‘‘ The habits of this bird are very like those of Lzoptila castanop-

tera ; it hops rapidly from branch to branch, frequently uttering its call.

The call of L. castanoptera is three notes in the minor in a discending scale,

preceded by a flourish; that of A. ramsayzis the same without the flourish.”

(Rippon).

Nothing yet has been recorded about the nesting of this species which is

fairly common in the hills to the east of Taunggyi. Col. Rippon states

that it breeds in April.

Distribution.—The Southern Shan States and Karennee.

ACTINODURA RAMSAYI RADOCLIFFEI, Harington.

The Ruby Mines Bar-wing.

Harington, Bull., B. O. C., Cl. xiii., p. 9, 1910.

Description.— Differs from A. ramsayi (Walden) in having the fore-

part of the head and crest darker ferruginous, the general colour of the

upper parts ochraceous, instead of cinereous olive-brown, and the throat,

breast, and the sides of the body rich ochraceous: the abdomen is

conspicuously white, and the feathers of the throat have rather conspic-

uous blackish shaft-streaks. Iris brown; bill dark brown; legs pale

brown. ’

Total sass about 9:7 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 3°6, tail 5:0, tarsus

1-2,

Habitat, othe only specimen procured as yet, is the type, which was

shot by Major H. Delmé-Radcliffe in the Ruby Mines District, Upper

Burma.

Ixops, Hodgson (1844).

Oates, F. B. L.,i., p. 208.

“ The genus Jrops resembles Actinodura, but has the tail rather shorter

than the wing, and the tail feathers less graduated.” (Oates).

I can find nothing recorded as to the nesting of this genus, except that it

is said to build a saucer-shaped nest, the eggs most probably will be like the

Actinodura.,

Key.

a,—Chin and throat the same colour as the breast.

a. Throat and breast not striped .. I. n. nepalensis.

5, striped.

a. Throat and breast greyish with

dark stripes . .. I. n, daflaensis,

6°, Throat and breast rufous with chest-

nut stripes .. .. 1. n, waldent,

6,—Chin and throat chestnut, breast olive-grey . . I. morrisoniana,

Distribution.—l. n. nepalensis, "Hodgson, Nepal, Sikhim, Butan; J. x,

daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, Daphla Hills ; I.n,. waldent, Godwin- Austen, Naga

Hills; I. 2. poliotis, Rippon, Chin Hills ; ; I. morrisomana, O. Grant,

Formosa.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMEL1DES AND THEIR ALLIES. 647

IxXOPS NEPALENSIS NEPALENSIS, Hodgson.

The Hoary Bar-wing.

Cinclosoma nipalensis, Hodgson, As. Res., xix., p. 145 (1836).

Actinodura nipalensis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 466.

Ixops nepalensis, Oates, F. B. L., i., p. 2038.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution—Nepal, Sikhim and Butan. Birds from Sikhim appear

to be more rufous on the abdomen than the Nepal ones; more specimens

are required from this last locality, as Hodgson’s specimens are very worn,

and I believe some of his localities are doubtful, as he collected both in

Nepal and at Darjeeling.

Ixops NEPALENSIS DAFLAENSIS, Godwin-Austen.

Austen’s Bar-wing.

Actinodura daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, A. M.N. H. (4), xvi., p. 340 (1875).

Actinodura daflaensis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 467.

Ivops daflaensis, Oates, F. B. L., i., p. 204.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Daphla and Miri Hills.

IxoPs NEPALENSIS WALDENI, Godwin-Austen.

Walden’s Bar-wing.

Actinodura waldent, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. (1874), p. 46; Sharpe, Cat.,

B. M., vil., p. 465.

Ixops waldeni, Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 204.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Dstribution.—Japvo Peak; there are also 3 specimens from the Naga

Hills and Manipur ; these are more rufous below and show very little tract

of streaking on the breast or low parts.

Ixops NEPALENSIS PoLIoTIs,* Rippon.

Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xv., p. 97. ;

Very similar to J. waldent, Godwin-Austen. Differs in having head

darker, and crest darker edged with grey; ear-coverts ashy, instead

of silvery-grey.

I do not consider this a good sub-species, and can see very little differ-

ence between it and J. waldeni, of which there are only two specimens from

the type locality. In fact there is much more difference between JI. waldeni

from Japvo Peak, of which there are two specimens, and the same species

from Manipur and Naga Hills, of which there are three very poor speci-

mens, than between typical J. waldeni, and JI. w. poliotis, from the Chin

Hills, of which there are numerous specimens in the British Museum.

YUHIN.

Have the following characteristics: wing and tail about equal; the first

three primaries graduated; the head fully crested, the feathers of the

crown lengthened; the nostrils.overhung with hairs.

* IXOPS MORRISONIANA, O. Grant.

Actinodura morrisoniana, O. Grant, Bull, B. O.C., xvi., p.119 (1906); Ibis

(1907), p. 185.

Distribution —Mt. Morrison, Formosa.

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII, i

Key. :

a,—Bill slender and gently curved.

. Upper plumage not green 46 as of ne

as green .. ‘fe .. Herpornis.

b. mete stout and straight.

Tail square .. = it oe .. Lrulus.

on Tail graduated... = .. Staphidia,

Yuuina, Hodgson (1836),

Oates, F. B. L., i, p. 211.

“In Yuhina the bill is about two-thirds the length of the head, greatly *

curved and sharply pointed; the frontal hairs and the rictal bristles are

well developed, and the nostrils are covered by a large membrane. The

head is fully crested. The tail is rather short and perfectly square.”

Oates).

The wing is roundish with the first three primaries graduated, the fourth

and fifth equal and longest ; wing and tail about equal in length.

This genus is found along the Himalayas from Garhwal, to Assam and

Burma, and thence into China.

They build flimsy cup-shaped nests and lay very highly coloured eggs, a

pale blue green with numerous brown spots.

YUHINA GULARIS GULARIS, Hodgson.

The Strtpe-throated Yuhina,

Hodgson, As. Res., xix., p. 166 (1886); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 631;

Oates, F. B. L.,i., p. 211.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Butan, Naga and Manipur Hills,

YUHINA GULARIS YANGPIENSIS, Sharpe.

Sharpe’s Yuhina,

Sharpe, Bull., B. O., xiii., p. 11.

Description.—Similar to Y. gularis, Hodgson, differs in having upper

plumage olive-brown instead of fulvous-brown, tail-coverts a very much

paler olive tinge than the back ; the crest brown tinged fulvous instead of

aclear brown. Measurements as in Y. gularis.

‘Legs and feet orange, upper mandible black, lower horny.” (Rippon).

The type is from Yangpi, Talifu road, 5,800 ft., Yunnan. There are

several similar birds collected by Col. Rippon from Mt. Victoria, Chin

Hills. The birds from Naga hills are probably this sub-species which i 18

very hard to separate from ie gulares.

YUHINA OCCIPITALIS, Hodgson.

The Slaty-headed Yuhina.

Hodgson, As. Res., xix., p. 166 (1836); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii, p. 638 ;

O ates, F. B. 1., 1., p. 212.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim and Butan,

YUHINA DIADEMATA AMPELINA, Rippon.

Rippon’s Yuhina,

Rippon, Bull., B. O. C., xi., p. 12.

Harington, J., B. N. H.S., xix., p. 119; 2did, Ibis, 1914, p. 18.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 649

Description.—Similar to S, diademata, Verr, but darker especially on the

crown and throat. Measurements the same as diademata,

Distribution.— Yunnan and the Bhamo Hills (originally described from

Warabum, E. of Bhamo and not S. Shan States, as entered on label of

type specimen.)

Nesting and Habits.—“It is very Tit-like in its habits and notes, and

continuously raises its crest and so reveals the conspicuous white patch at

the back of its head. I found several nests during April at Sinlum, Bhamo

District, these were all placed between the upright stems of wild raspberry

bushes, from 3 to 4 feet from the ground, and were very flimsy affairs, made

entirely of some black roots. The eggs, of which two seem to be the usual

number, are very like small editions of Copsychus saularis, being of a

greenish-blue ground-colour profusely spotted, more especially at the larger

end, with amber-spots. Average of seven eggs = ‘76x60, largest = ‘80 x ‘60

smallest = ‘75 x ‘58,

YUHINA NIGRIMENTUM NIGRIMENTUM,* Hodgson.

The Black-chinned Yuhina.

Polyodon nigrimentum, Hodgson in Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 82 (1844).

Yuhina nigrimentum, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 633; Oates, F. B. I., 1, p.

212.

Description—As in F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Himalayas from Sarawal to the Dafla Hills, the Naga

and Manipur Hills.

Ixuius, Hodgson (1844).

Oates ei.By 1.5 1., ps216.

“ Txulus resembles .Yuhina in every thing except the shape of the bill,

which in Jvulus is shorter, deeper, and more curved at the tip.’ (Oates).

They have the following characteristics : wing more or less rounded, the

first three primaries graduated, the fourth and fifth equal and largest ;

tail and wing about equal; rictal bristles weak; a few hairs overhanging

the nostrils; and head crested.

They range from the N. W. along the Himalayas into Assam and Burma,

and from thence to China.

Key.

Oates, EB. 1.)1., p. 217.

A,—Nape white... : aa <i .. I. occipitalis.

B,—Nape without any white.

al, <A distinct collar round neck.

a?, A rusty yellow collar on hind neck .. .. Lf. flarvicollis,

b?. A bright chestnut collar on hind neck i Loft harterty:

b'. Wo collar.

e?. Crown and back brown iy. ae .. Lh. humilis.

d?, Crown brown, back greyish .. si og lah, Caxks.

IxvLvus occrPitaLis, Blyth.

The Chestnut-headed Ivulus.

Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J., A. 8. B., xili., p. 987 (1844).

Ivulus occipitalis (Sharpe), Cat., B. M., vii., p. 613; Oates, F. B. L,i., p. 217.

*YUHINA NIGRIMENTUM PALLIDA, De La Touche.

Rickett and De La Touche. Bull., B. O. C., vi-, p. 50.

Description.—Larger than Y. nigr imentum, Hodgson, Wing upto 59 mm. in Y,

nigrimentum wing up to 55 mm. The underparts not fulvous, but greyish-olive.

Habitat —Kuatun, China.

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Description —As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Himalayas, from Nepal to the Daphla Hills.

*TXULUS FLAVICOLLIS FLAVICOLLIS, Hodgson.

~The Yellow-naped Ivulus.

Yuhina flavicollis, Hodgson, As. Res. xix., p. 167 (1836).

Ivulus flavicollis, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 612; Oates, F. B.I., 1.,

. 218.

5 Description.—“ Above obscure, with a slaty tinge; cap pure rich brown ;

cheeks and nape paler; back of the neck rusty yellow, continued in a collar

round the sides and front of the neck, and thence spread over the lower

surface of the body and diluted often to white; Chin, throat, and

moustache dark brown; remiges and rectrices internally dusky; the

primaries edged externally with white on the outer webs, and all pale

internally on the inner; lining of wings white ; sides of body shaped with

brownish; legs yellowish fleshy grey; bill fleshy brown; irish brown;

head crested; size 53”; ‘Nepal.’ (Hodgson).

Birds from Simla—

Are very pale in colour, the collar showing traces of white at the sides

The tertiaries conspicuously tipped with white.

Birds from Naini Tal—

The same but tertiaries not tipped with white.

Birds from Nepal to Bhutan—

The same pale coloured collar.

Birds from Mt. Victoria—

Almost similar to those from Nepal.

Birds from Assam—

Almost identical with I. r. harterts, collar a rich chestnut.

Distribution—The Himalayas from the Sutlej Valley to Bhutan , appearing

again in the Chin Hills; birds from Assam have a very chestnut collar

and are the next sub-species.

IxXULUS FLAVICOLLIS HARTERTI, Harington.

The Chestnut-naped lrulus.

Harington, Bull., B. O. C. xxxiii., p. 62 (1918).

Description, Adult: Similar to I flavicollis, Hodgson, from Nepal, but differs

in having the crest of a darker and richer brown; the collar of a deeper and

brighter chestnut, and the back of a much darker olive-brown. In J. flavi-

collis the collar is pale rufous.

Hahitat.—The Bhamo Hills and Trans-Salween Shan States, Burma.

Type in the Tring Museum: No. 232. 2. Sinlum, Bhamo, 25-4-08.

H. H. Harington coll.

Obs.—Birds from Assam are almost identical with examples from Burma ;

those from the Chin Hills (Mt. Victoria) approach nearer to J. flavicollis

from Sikhim.

* Ixulus flavicollis baileyi, S. Baker. Bull. B. O. C., xxxyv, p. 17, 1914

“General plumage paler than in I. f. flavicollis and the white sharp lines extend-

ing over the whole of the upper parts instead of being confined to the scapulars and

upper back ; car-coverts pale grey instead of pale bronze brown as in TI. f. flavicollis

and the brown of the crown and crest much paler and duller, with pronounced pale

shafts to the feathers.

Habitat.—Mishmi Hills. |

[The above was published after Maj. Harington’s paper was in type and it has

not been possible to add this new race to the key.—Eds. |

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES. 651

This is a very common little bird up at Sinlum-kaba in the Bhamo Hills.

It has not been recorded from the Southern Shan States, but re-appears on

the Salween-Mekong water shed in Keng-Tung State.

I found its nest at Sinlum, this was cradle-shaped and composed of

moss. The eggs are identical with those J. f. flavicollis, that species is said

to either build a cradle-like nest or place its nest on the ground.

IxULUS HUMILIS HUMILIS, Hume.

Davison’s Lxulus.

Irulus humilis, Hume, St. Frs., v., p. 106 (1877); Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

vii., p. 614; Oates, F. B. 1.,1., p. 218.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

DMstribution.—Muleyit Mt., Tenasserim.

IxULUS HUMILIS CLARKII,* Oates.

Oates’ Ixulus,

Oates, Bull., B. O.C., iii., p. 41 (1894); Ibis (1894), p. 481; Blanford,

F. B. L., iv., App., p. 481; Bingham, Ibis. (1903), p. 591.

Description—As in F. B. I.

A rare bird at present, only recorded from Byingyi, an isolated hill

of 6,200 ft., situated on the edge of the Shan Plateau, where it has been

obtained both by Mr. Oates and Col. Bingham. It possibly extends into

Karennee.

“T found this bird very common on Byingyi, in small parties, searching

the blossoms of small trees for insects.” (Oates, Ibis, 1894.)

SrapHipia, Swinhoe (1871).

Staphidia have the following characteristics: wing the jirst three primaries

graduated, the fourth and fifth equal and longest; wing and tail about

equal in length, the latter greatly graduated ; nostrils overhung by hairs;

rictal bristles short and weak; head crested.

Key,

A. A distinct chestnut collar ................ S. torqueola.

B. Collar indistinct or wanting.

a’, Crown and nape bright chestnut ...... S. everett.

b+, Crown rufous, nape same colour as back.. S. castaneiceps.

e1, Crown dark grey, a white supercilium .. S. rufigenis.

d', Crown dark-brown, no white supercilium S. strata.

STAPHIDIA CASTANEICEPS, Moore.

The Chestnut-headed Staphidia,

Ixulus castaneiceps, Moore, P. Z.S. (1854), p. 141.

Staphidia castaneiceps, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 616; Oates, F. B. 1,

beg woe alin

Description,—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Garo, Khasia, Naga, Manipur and Chin Hills.

Nesting.—(See J., B. N. H. S., vol. viii).

' * TXULUS ROUXI, Oustalet.

Oustalet, Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 186.

Habitat.—W. China and Yunnan.

652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

STAPHIDIA STRIATA RUFIGENIS, Hume.

Hume’s Staphidia.

Ivulus rufigenis, Hume, St. Frs. v., p. 108 (1877); Sharpe, Cat., B. M.

vii., p. 617; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 206; Rippon, Ibis, 1901, p. 533.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Sikhim, Bhutan, and hill ranges of Assam. Also said to

occur in the Shan States. I think that all the Staphidia procured on the

eastern side of Burma are the next sub-species, S. s. striata, as a specimen

of mine from the Bhamo Hills, and those in the B. Museum from the Shan

States are all very similar, and much nearer to S. s. striata from Karennee

than to S. s. rufigenis from Sikhim.

Nesting.—Baker, Ibis, 1906, p. 110, says it builds in holes of banks,

making a nest of moss and leaves. lined with fibres. The eggs are whitish

spotted brown, and measure ‘58 to ‘57 x ‘50 inches.

STAPHIDIA STRIATA STRIATA, *Blyth.

Tickell’s Staphidia.

Ivulus striatus, Blyth, J., A. S. B., xxviii., p. 413 (1859).

‘Staphidia striata, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 617; Oates, F. B. I., 1., p.

206; Bingham, Ibis (1903), p. 590; Harington, Ibis (1914), p. 14.

Oates is not very clear in his description of this species, never having

seen it. Fortunately there are several specimens now available both in the

British Museum and at Tring. To make matters more certain Mr. O.

Grant kindly procured Count Salvadori’s specimen for me to compare

with mine. This bird is said to be identical with Fea’s birds from

Tenasserim.

Description.—“ General colour above dull olive-brown; head darker with

a greyish tinge, in some specimens a sooty-brown. The feathers of the head

mantle and back with white shaft stripes. Ear-coverts dull chestnut,

sides of the neck faintly tinged with the same. Wings and tail the same

colour as the back but darker. The three outer tail feathers broadly

tipped with white, under parts dull greyish-white. Length about 5, wing

2°37 inches and tail the same.” °

~+In fact S. strata is very similar to S. rufigenis, but has the head browner ;

and the grey supercilium with rufous band above wanting, and has an

indistinct rufous collar at the back of the neck.

The ear-coverts seem to vary from a dull chestnut to a bright chestnut

similar to S. rufigenis.

Distribution. Originally described from Tenasserim, has since been

procured at Thandoung near Toungoo, where it is fairly common; and at

Byingyi. It no doubt occurs in suitable localities along the eastern

hills in Burma up to the Bhamo District.

Nesting.— Builds a mossy nest lined with fibres, which is placed in a

hole of a bank or cutting eggs similar to S. rufigenis. The Hon. Mr.8. M,

Robinson informs me in a letter, that he found this little bird very common

* STAPHIDIA TORQUEOLA, Swinhoe.

Swinhoe, A.M.N. H.( 4), p. 174 (1870); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 615.

Distribution —W. Fokien, China.

STAPHIDIA EVRETTI, Sharpe,

Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 447.

Distribution.—N,. W. Borneo,

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES.AND THEIR ALLIES, 653

up at Thandoung im the Shan States, where he found several nests. It

appears to be very partial to nesting in certain favourable spots, many nests

being found close together. Also that they seem to desert their nest for

no apparent cause, as he found many nests deserted containing 2 and

3 eggs.

Herpornis, Hodgson (1844),

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 219.

“In Herpornis the bill is nearly as long as the head, slender but well bent

down at the tip; the nostrils are covered by a few frontal hairs, and the

‘rictal bristles are strong; the head is crested ; the wing is rather long and

pointed and the tail perfectly square.”

The plumage green. (Oates).

HERPORNIS XANTHOLEUCA, Hodgson.

The White-bellied Herpornis.

Erpornis xantholeuca, Hodgson, J., A. S. B., xiii., p. 380 (1844).

Herpornis cantholeuca, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p.636; Oates, F. B, L., i.,

p. 219.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Himalayas, Nepal to Assam, Cachar, Manipur, the whole,

of Burma, and extending down the Malay Peninsula.

I can find nothing recorded as to its nidification, although its eggs have

been taken.

Family—LiotTRicHID&.

Sexes dissimilar; habits arboreal ; size small; bill short; wing and tail

about equal.

This sub-family consists of a collection of small birds only having the

above points in common. Dr. Sharpe has removed a great number of

genera, which were included by Mr. Oates; I think the following should

also be removed, Cutia, Pteruthius, Hilarocichla, and possibly Myzornis, only

leaving the following three genera, which are true Timeliiide, Mesia,

LInothrixz and Minla.

LIOTHRIX, Swainson.

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p., 221.

The genus Liothriz consists of one species, and its two geographical races,

and is characterised by its forked tail, the feathers of which are bent out~

wards,

LiotHRIxX LUTEA CALIpyeus, * Hodgson,

The Indian Liothrizx,

Bahila cailipyga, Hodgson, Indian Rev. (1838), p. 88.

Liothrix lutea, Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 644. Oates, F. B. L,i., p. 221,

Description—As in Oates, F. B. I.

* LIOTHRIX LUTEAS LUTEAS, Scop.

The Chinese Liothria.

Sylvia lutea.—Scop Del. Flor et Faun Insule, iie, p. 96 (1786).

Liothria lutea, Seebhom, P. Z. §., 90, p. 343.

Habitat.—China.

654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

The sub-specific name lutea belongs to the Chinese race which differs from

the Indian, in having the tail more forked, and a decided red patch in the

middle of the primaries, very similar to that of M. argentaurs.

Distribution.—The Himalayas, Simla to Bhutan, the Assam Hills, and

possibly the Chin Hills, also in the Bhamo Hills, where I procured it.

Mesi1a, Hodgson (1838).

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 244.

“The genus esta contains two species, one of which is found within our

limits. The coloration of this genus is very pretty.”

“In Mesia the bill is stout, about half the length of the head, slightly

notched near the tip, and with the culmen curved ; the nostrils are covered

by a peculiarly shaped membrane, and the rictal bristles are strong. The

head is sub-crested; the wing rounded ; the tail very slightly graduated,

and the foot strong.” (Oates).

MESIA ARGENTAURIS, Hodgson.

The Silver-eared Mesia.

Mesia argentauris, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. (1838), p. 88 ; Sharpe, Cat., B. M.,

vii., p. 642; Oates, F. B. I.,i., p. 244.

Description—As in F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam and Manipur, the

Bhamo, Shan States and Karennee down to Tenasserim.

Minza, Hodgson (1838).

Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 245.

“The genus Minla, as I restrict it, contains one Indian bird of pleasing

plumage, found on the Himalayas and on some of the hill-ranges of

Assam.”

“In Minla the bill is slender, curved, notched and pointed. The head

sub-crested, the wing rounded, and the tail, which is as long as the wing,

slightly craduated. ” (Oates).

MINLA IGNEITINOTA, * Hodgson.

The Red-tail Mania.

pert Ind. Rev. (1838), p. 33; Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 606; Oates,

PAB Meri:

Descr Soe ies in Oates, F, B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Manipur, the Naga Hills, and

Bhamo Hills.

Myzornis, Hodgson (1843).

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 233.

“Tn Myzornis the bill is slender and nearly as long as the head,

distinctly notched, with the culmen gently curved, the nostrils are

longitudinal and covered by a membrane; the rictal bristles weak. The

head is not crested, but the feathers of the crown somewhat lengthened.

The wing is round; the tail is about two-thirds the length of the wing and

slightly rounded, and the tarsus is long and slender.” (Oates).

* M.jerdoni, Verreaux-.

Verr. Noav- Arch. Mus., vi., Bull., p. 38 (1870).

Habitat.--Szechnen, W. China.

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 655

Myzornis PYRRHURA, Hodgson.

Hodgson, J., A. 8. B., xii., p. 984 (1843); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vil., 635 ;

Oates, F. B. I., i., p. 238.

Description—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution—Nepal and Sikhim. Nothing authentic appears to be

recorded about its nidification.

Curia, Hodgson (1836).

Oates, F. B. I., 1., p. 222.

The genus Cutia is remarkable for the great development of the tail-

coverts, which reach nearly to the tip of the tail. The genus contains

only one species, both sexes of which are very handsomely coloured.”

(Oates).

This is most certainly a non-Timeliine species, and I think should be

removed from the family. Nothing appears to be recorded as to its habits

and nidification, which might throw some light as to which family it

should belong.

CUTIA NEPALENSIS, * Hodgson.

Hodgson, J., A. 8. B., v., p. 774 (1836); Sharpe, Cat., B. M., vii., p. 646 ;

Oates, F. B. 1, i., p. 222.

Description—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution —The Himalayas from Nepal to the Daphla Hills, the

Assam, Manipur, Naga, Chin Hills, and Shan Hills to Karennee.

Note.—Birds from Mt. Victoria Chin Hills are very much paler above,

and not so heavily barred on the flanks, the tail-coverts also much paler.

PTREUTHIUS.

Oates, F.B.I.,i., p. 223.

“The bill is about one-half the length of the head, strongly hooked at the

tip, and with the margins sinuated ; the rictal bristles are weak. The

nostrils are oval and partially covered by the frontal bristles, which are

well developed. The feathers of the crown are somewhat ample, but they

do not form a crest.” (Oates.)

“The wing is rounded, the tail is about two-thirds, the length of the wing

and slightly rounded, and its coverts reach to the middle of the tail. The

tarsus is strong and smooth.” (Oates.)

The Shrike-Tits are most certainly non-Timeliine, and I think should be

placed near the Wood-Shrikes (Zephrodornis), whom they resemble, in

structure, habits, and nidification, only differing in the sexes being dis-

similar in plumage.

Key as in F. B. I.

PTREUTHIUS ERYTHROPTERUS, Vigors.

Lanius erythropterus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. (1831), p. 22.

Pteruthius erythropterus, Gadow, Cat., B. M., viiil., p. 113; Oates, F. B.,

1., p. 224.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution—The Himalayas, Hazara to Assam, Manipur, Naga and

Chin hills.

| * CUTIA CERVINICRISSA, Sharpe.

P. Z. S. (1888), p. 276.

Habitat. The mountains of Perak, Malay Peninsula.

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Jol, XXIII.

PTERYTHIUS HRALATUS HZRALATUS,* Tickell.

Tickell’s Shrike-Tit.

Tickell, J.,A.S.B., xxiv., p. 267 (1855) ; Gadow, Cat., B. M., viii., p.

114 ; Oates, F. B. 1., 1., p. 225.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Hills on the eastern side of Burma from the Myit

Kyina District down to the Malay Peninsula.

PTERUTHIUS MELANOTIS MELANOTIS, Hodgson.

The Chestnut-throated Shirike- Tit.

Hodgson, J., A. S. B., xvi., p. 448 (1847) ; Gadow, Cat., B. M., viii., p.

117; Oates, F. B. I., 1, p. 226.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Himalayas, Nepal to Assam, Manipur.and Naga Hills.

PTERUTHIUS MELANOTIS INTERMEDIUS, Hume.

Hume’s Shrike-Tit.

Allotrius intermedius, Hume, 8. F. V., p. 112 (1877).

Ptererythrius intermedius, Gadow, Cat., B. M., viii., p. 117; Oates, F. B.

Liitiiw. Bazi.

Description. —As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—The Eastern hills of Burma from Bhamo to Tenasserim.

PTERUTHIUS XANTHOCHLORIS XANTHOCHLORIS, Hodgson.

The Green Shrike-Tit.

Hodgson, J., A. 8. a , Xv., 1, p. 448 (1847) ; Gadow, Cat., B. M., viii., p,

118 ; Oates, F. B. L, Dp. 227.

Description. —As in Gates. FF. BT:

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim.

PTERUTHIUS XANTHOCHLORIS OCCIDENTALIS, Harington.

The Simla Shrike- Tit.

Harington, Bull., B. O. C., xxxiii, p. 81 (1913).

Description.—“ Similar to P. x, wxanthochloris, Hodgson, but the male

has the crown and nape pale ash-grey instead of blackish. In the female

the head is greenish, with a wash of grey instead of dark grey. ”’

‘‘Mr. Oates has already drawn attention to the fact that birds from

Nepal and Sikhim have the head much darker than those from the N. W.

Himalayas.” (Harington).

Distribution.—The N, W. Himalayas.

* P. eralatus ricketti, O. grant.

Bull. B. O. C., xiv., p- 92.

Habitat—South China, Kuatun, Foh-kien and 8S. Yunnan.

Also the following are recorded :—

P.cameranoi, Salvadori, Sumatra.

P. tahanensis, Hartert, Malay Peninsula.

P. flaviscapus,(Temm) Java.

P.enobarbus. (Temm) Java

NOTES ON INDIAN TIMELIIDES AND THEIR ALLIES, 687

* PTERUTHIUS XANTHOCHLORIS HYBRIDA, Harington,

The Chin Hills Shrike-Tit.

Harington, Bull., B. O.C., xxxiii., p. 81. (1913).

Description.—Intermediate between P. x. pallidius, David, from China

and P. w, sxanthochloris, Hodgson, from Nepal, having the white ring

round the eye of the former, but the grey of the head confined to the

crown and nape, and not extending on to the upper back as in the former

species. The colouration of the under parts is similar to that of P. x.

vanthochloris.

Habitat. —Mt. Victoria Chin Hills.

HiLaRocicH1a, Oates (1889).

Oates, F. B. 1.,1., p. 243.

Mr. Oates has separated off this species from the other Shrike-Tits.

(Pteruthius) on account of its longer tail. But why he should have

called it a “ Laughing Thrush,” and thus taken a very good generic name,

which would have been most useful in dividing off the Garruiaz, is difficult

to say.

HILAROCICHLA RUFIVENTER, Blyth.

Pteruthuis rufiventer, Blyth, J., A. 8S. B., xi., p.18 (1848); Gadow, Cat.

B. M., viii., p. 115; Oates, F. B. I.,1., p. 248.

Description.—As in Oates, F. B. I.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Naga and Chin Hills.

_ * P, X, PALLIDUS, David and Oustalet.

David, Ois. Chini, p. 215.

Habitat.— Poh-kien and Yunnan.

Differs from P. «x. «xanthochloris, in having a white ring round the eye,

the grey of the head confined to the nape, and the flanks greenish-yellow.

658

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNZUS.

BY }

EB. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.8., M.B.0.U.

(With 3 Plates and 2 Maps.)

Since 1890, consequent upon the opening up of Burmah and the

adjacent States, more especially the Eastern Chin Hills, Shan States,

and other districts in the Hast and North-Hast, a great number of

skins have been obtained of both Kalij and Silver Pheasants,

species which had hitherto been represented in Museums by very

few specimens. [’rom time to time, as these skins came to hand,

many species were described as new, generally upon single speci-

mens only, and sometimes upon mere fragments. In regard to

some of the species thus named, the receipt of further material has

rendered naturalists, including those responsible for the new names,

doubtful as to the specific value of the alleged differences.

In 1909, Professor Ghigi attempted a revision of this genus in

Mem. Acad. Scient. Bologna, pp. 133-174, and in this article ac-

cepts twenty-four species as good, besides describing a large number

of individuals as hybrids. It is self-evident, however, that, at least

in some cases, Ghigi had not before him the actual specimens upon

which he discourses. ‘Thus he dwells upon the supposed differences

between Gennceus jonest and Genneeus ruppon, although these two

so-called species are described, by Oates and Sharpe respectively,

from one and the same skin.

Further, we find that in some cases members of the same brood

have been divided into two or more species, whilst in yet other in-

stances the cock and hen of a pair of birds have been considered to

be different, possibly owing to the fact that at the time they were

named, the conditions under which they had been shot were not

known to the namer.

It appears therefore that a further revision of this beautiful genus

is urgently required. Before, however, considering in detail which

of the very numerous forms hitherto described as species are really

entitled to this rank and which are, on the other hand, merely sub-

species, hybrids or individual variations, it may be as well to consi-

der briefly the genus as a whole, more especially in reference to the

way in which these variations may have arisen.

The genus Gennceus includes the birds generally known by the

trivial names of Kalij and Silver Pheasants, and is one which gives

a most interesting and, at the same time, exceptional insight into

Nature’s evolution of species and sub-species.

Amongst the pheasants we are considering, there appear to be

three dominant types, the principal characteristics of which seem to

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT.HIST. SOC. NO |

(& son ets

BA etal, Re 3

gGpur

EQ albocristatus

Ea melanonouns

GS horeheldi

Ha nycthemeras & rippont

lineatus

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& ? edwardst

Bale &Danielsson,Lt&

MAP SHEWING DISTRIBUTION OF

SPECIES OF GENNAEUS.

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A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNZEUS, 659

‘be connected with certain well-defined geographical and climatic

factors.

'# The first type is that of the Kalij Pheasants, in which black on

the upper plumage is the prevailing tint in the males; secondly, we

have the birds of the lineatus, or Burmese Silver Pheasant, group,

in which the upper plumage is grey, this tint being obtained by fine

lines and vermiculations of black and white; and, thirdly, we have

the nycthemerus or Chinese Silver Pheasant group, in which white

-greatly preponderates over the black.

There are thus three well-defined and constant forms to be found

in three equally well-defined areas, but between these three forms

and in intervening areas we come across numerous others, more or

less stable, which link them together.

An examination of the country inhabited by the three principal

forms shows that the following geographical and climatic factors

appear to be the ones which are mainly instrumental in the deter-

mination of the characteristics peculiar to each species.

Thus we find that the black and very dark birds inhabit areas of

dense forest at comparatively low elevations where there is a heavy

rainfall, and which are therefore well provided with rivers, lakes and

swamps. Next we see that the grey birds inhabit hills of moderate

‘height covered with mixed forest, bamboos and grass lands, and

with a moderate rainfall. Thirdly, we obtain the white birds only

in hills and plateaus at a considerable elevation where the grass-

covered and open country exceeds in extent the forest, and where

the rainfall is light or even scanty.

We thus have it demonstrated that great humidity and heat, w vith

its constant tropical growth of vegetation, induces black in the

plumage of the birds of this genus, whereas the coldness of the

higher mountains combined with a drier atmosphere and its conse-

«quent thinner forests and more open grass lands induces white.

These four factors, temperature, humidity, elevation, and vegetable

growth, we shall find, therefore, are the principal ones governing

not only the differentiation of the species, but also of the inter-

mediate sub-species. An examination of the maps accompanying

this article will show how this reasoning is borne out, and will

make it easier to understand.

It would seem very probable that in this genus the oldest form is

_horsfieldi, a species which has established itself over a very wide

area, extending from the West of Assam right away to. the North-

‘West of the Shan States, wherever the valleys of the rivers afford it

sufficient heat, humidity and cover. To the West we find it re-

placed by certain other forms, albocristatus, leucomelanus and mela-

nonotus, birds which are very similar in general appearance, but

with more white in the plumage of those which ascend to higher

elevations. The differences in rainfall and vegetation are not,

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII..

however, in nearly so great a contrast as they are in the further

Kast, hence the differences in plumage are themselves less startling..

To the South the extension of horsfieldi appears to have been

very gradual, and the variations between the extremes of type, that

is to say, between the black Kalij in the North and the grey Silver

Pheasant in the South-East, have in some areas become practically

constant and well-defined, and may, therefore, well rank as sub-.

species. Thus we have cuviert, a very dark bird with a small

amount of white vermiculation on the upper plumage, which acts.

as a sort of buffer state between horsfieldi and other forms in the

South and Hast which more nearly resemble the true Silver

Pheasants. This form extends from Arakan round in a rough

horse-shoe to the North-West Shan Hills.

South of this as the Hills get higher and drier in the South

Arakan Yomas, we get a paler bird, which is very close to lineatus,.

but is darker, and still shows signs of the white banded rump typi--

cal of true horsfieldi. This form has been named oatesi by Ogilvie-

Grant, and is sufficiently constant in colouration throughout the

Southern Arakan Yomas to deserve sub-specific rank. Hast of the-

trrawaddy River we get into a region of higher hills with a smaller

rainfall than on the West, and accordingly we here come on a yet:

paler form which has lost all trace of the barred rump, contrasting’

with the rest of the upper plumage. This is the true lineatus, and

it is almost entirely confined to the Pegu Yomas running North and

South between the Sittang and Irrawaddy Rivers.

Extension further South seems to have practically stopped at this.

point, and there then appears to have set in a new movement:

extending North and Hast.

That this extension in the Hast. has not proceeded Southwards.

from the Himalayas simultaneously with that on the West is shewn

by the fact that the greatest contrast between any two forms is that.

shown between nycthemerus and horsjfieldi, which practically meet

one another in the extreme North-Hast of the Silver Pheasants’

habitat. Moreover, from the birds on the East we find that all

trace of the barred rump so typical of horsfieldi has been eliminated,

whereas this feature exists in all birds down the West Coast, and

does not totally disappear until the true lineatus is reached.

Another feature which would seem to prove that extension has.

been South and then again North and Hast is shown by the fact.

that hybrids are far more numerous on the extreme North-Hast, at

the point of contact between nycthemerus and horsfieldi than they

are anywhere else. Had extension commenced working down the

Kast, then hybrids would have disappeared in some intermediate:

form, or have become established as a definite sub-species.

Working North and East, we find the amount of white still

gradually increasing in extent, until in the North we come to the

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNEUS. 661

true nycthemerus and in the Hast to whitehead’, magnificent birds in

which the upper plumage at a slight distance appears to be pure

glistening white. These birds, as we should expect, inhabit the

highest elevation, and the most open country of all the Silver

Pheasants.

In the country between these two birds and lineatus exist nume-

rous varieties and forms, though it is here rather more difficult than

in the West of Burmah to define many areas in which we can say

that such and such a type will constantly be found to the exclusion

-of others.

To the Hast of the Pegu Yomas and across the Sittang River we

have a dark bird, little whiter on the whole than lineatus, but with

the character of the markings considerably altered, the fine vermicu-

lations in that bird giving place to well-defined, though narrow, bars

-or lines of white and black. As regards the male of this form, it

is diflicult to distinguish it from the form of Silver Pheasant found

to the due North of the range of lneatus, though it is on the whole

darker, but the females are quite different, the underparts being red

in lineatus and its Northern form, and almost black in this bird. It

is therefore worthy of distinction as a sub-species, and will stand as

sharper.

To the Hast we pass through intervening forms which have been

-called beli, annamensis and edwards to whiteheadi. The last bird is

mainly white, being distinguished at a glance by the great width

and boldness of the few black bars on the tail and upper plumage.

The intermediate forms between whiteheadi and sharpet are distin-

guished by the fact that they have far more white on the long

feathers at the sides of the upper breasts, a few of their feathers

being pure white, a feature which obtains only in these two

forms, and in whiteheadi. The female of annamensis is like that

of horsfieldi with the tail of lineatus. Beli and annamensis only

differ in depth of colour, and it is doubtful if both are worthy

of separation as sub-species; more material is required to settle

this point.

I have not been able to examine the type of ‘edwardsi,” but it

will almost certainly prove to be different to either belt or annamen-

sis, if these are themselves different to one another, but, if it is the

same, edwardsi having been described in, 96 will have priority over

the other names.

Further, due North, practically from latitude 21°, we have the

multitude of so-called species named by Oates inhabiting the South

and North Shan States. These different species, however, have

often been named from specimens inhabiting the same place ; some-

times, indeed, as in the case of atlayi and rufipes, from birds of the

same flock, and it is quite impossible to recognize as valid the

numerous names Oates has given.

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI1,.

Roughly speaking, as we work North and Hast, the birds become:

more and more white in plumage, and possibly also get a longer

tail, but the whitest of those which Oates has named jonesi and

Sharpe rippont are, in a few cases, quite indistinguishable from a

specimen of nucthemerus from as far Hast as Fokhien. It is there-

fore with some hesitation that I have given sub-specific rank to the

very white birds with long tails which are found in the extreme

North-East in the inter Salwin-Mekong District. As regards the

birds inhabiting the Ruby Mines and country North, South, and

Hast thereof, I consider that. there are not at present grounds to

differentiate more than one sub-species which will be Oates’ rujipes,.

that name having priority amongst those not given to birds which

are palpably hybrids.

_ Before, however, leaving this area, it is necessary to refer to the

fact that we here find some birds with dark greenish and horn

coloured legs, though the vast majority have them red. Oates has.

deemed this sufficient ground for differentiation into species, but

it appears to me that the dark legs are due either to a throw

back or to direct hybridization. Birds which cannot be other-.

wise distinguished, and which live at the same elevation, in

the same forest or grass land, and shot on the same day, have in

some cases had red, and in others dark coloured legs, and in

one instance a fine male was shot which had one leg red and one

dark horny green.

We must also remember that round this North-Eastern area a.

further complication in evolution has arisen, for, whilst the majority

of birds have been extending due South from the normal habitat

of horsfieldi, others have been extending South-Hast towards the

Northern Shan States and here the Hastern extension meets that

which has worked first South-East, and then North-East. Moreover,.

here also the extreme Eastern limit of the typical black horsfieldi

runs into the areaoccupied by the typical white nycthemerus. ‘True,

these two species normally occupy areas of quite different elevation

of country which contrast greatly with one another in their main

characteristics, but all pheasants are great travellers and wanderers,

and the numerous birds shot shewing self-evident signs of being

hybrids prove that interbreeding does go on between the two species,.

due either to the one species wandering above, or the other

descending below, its normal habitat.

In the second line of extension which has pushed from West to

Kast, the forms attained to pass through cwviert, to which I have

already referred, to a very well-defined form, williamsi, inhabiting a

tract of low and moderately high hills in the inter Manipur-Chind-

win and Irrawaddy District. This. form is a parallel evolution to:

that of oatest on the South, but whereas some climatic factor has.

induced tiny bars and vermiculations in the South, in the Hast a.

_ JOURN. BOMBAY NAT.HIST. SOC. NO2

Nii}

\Gennaeus h. horsfieldi

” cuvtert

* wilkamst

nycthemerus rufipes

ss rippons

lineatus oatest

- li

" sharpei

nycthemerus nycthemerus

Bale & Danielsson L@

MAP TO SHEW DISTRIBUTION OF SUB SPECIES OF

GENNAEUS IN BURMAH & ADJOINING DISTRICTS.

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A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNZEUS. — 663:

somewhat similar grey tone has been evolved with the assistance of

much broader bars and streaks of black and white.

The above then shows roughly how in the triangle containing

Assam, the Northern Shan States and Tennasserim, certain species

and sub-species of Pheasants have answered to the demands of evolu-

tion. But in addition to these which dre worthy of specific and

sub-specific rank there are a great number of specimens in Museums.

which shew by certain well-known signs that they are but hybrids,

and many others which cannot with certainty be assigned to any

recognized form, for every area inhabited by a species or sub-

species, is surrounded by another area in which the governing factors

are themselves intermediate, and are not sufficiently strong to

determine to which species or sub-species the birds inhabiting it

shali belong.

Where also the change in the characteristics of a country is very

abrupt, in consequence of which two very different forms of

Pheasant closely approach one another, at this point of contact there

will be found a comparatively large number of specimens which are

the result of hybridization pure and simple rather than of the

gradual formation of a new sub-species.

In the Shan States man has proved a recent additional factor in

the differentiation of form. He has cultivated highlands which

were originally under forests, but has then deserted this cultivation

and left behind him wide extents of grass. In some cases he has

thus adapted the country to such birds as seek the open, and in

others he has driven the forest-loving birds into valleys and pockets

so small that the surrounding forms are gradually, by constant

hybridization, exterminating all signs of their origin.

This I have little doubt is the main cause, together with the

fact that here three streams of extension meet, why we find such a

curious medley of forms in the North-Western Shan States.

Finally, before leaving the consideration of the genus as a whole,

it is necessary to emphasize two facts, first, that individual variation

in both species and sub-species is very great, and, secondly, that alter-

ations in plumage occur at every moult until the birds are two or

three years old. In the male birds, these variations occur princi-

pally in the depth of the black and tone of its gloss, the width of

the black and white markings, and, to a lesser degree, in their

disposition and character. In females the differences consist

principally in the general tone, varying from chestnut to duli grey

brown, and in the breadth and darkness of the markings on the

lower plumage ; the tails in this sex perhaps vary more than the rest

of the plumage and are sometimes almost a chestnut red, some-

times a dull brown, and sometimes well stippled or barred with

darker marks. ‘To work out the variations and assign to each a

cause or an age is not possible with the material at hand, but

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

undoubtedly from what I have personally learnt from long residence

in their country, it would seem that young birds are more chestnut

than old ones, and that young cocks are brighter, darker, and

more boldly marked than hens which they, otherwise, closely

resemble.

It will be seen that in the following pages I admit altogether

only eight species of this genus, Genneus, together with eight sub-

species as follows :—

Species. Sub-species.

albocristatus.

lewcomelanus.

melanonotus.

horsfieldr Py. se Cuvier.

williams.

lineatus ae ae oatest.

sharpet.

nycthemerus ... eed rippont.

rupipes.

annamensis.

belt.

(edwards.?) ... me (edwardsi ?)

whiteheads. ;

swinhoir.

As regards the sub-species, these are somewhat arbitrarily allotted

to certain species, as in many cases they are half-way between two

extreme forms, so that it is impossible to say to which they are

nearest. This is especially the case in regard to sharpei, annamensis

and belt. In general appearance these three are very closely allied

and would at first sight appear to be sub-species of one and the same

bird, and they might with equal reason be all placed under either

nycthemerus or lineatus. Indeed the two latter might almost equally

correctly be placed as sub-species of whiteheadi, a Pheasant inhabit-

ing Hainan, an island far to the East of them, for they show a

striking affinity to this bird in their white breast plumes. The

present arrangement seems, however, to be on the whole the most

convenient, and as all classification is, or should be, made entirely

on the grounds of convenience, it is probably therefore the most

scientific.

Of the species admitted lewcomelanus alone is at all doubtful, and

this bird may be considered by some people to be only a sub-species

of albocristatus. Of the sub-species I consider ripponi and cuvieri to

be rather weak, whilst of beli, annamensis and edwardsi two may

have to be suppressed when more material is available.

Mr. EK. W. Oates, who was responsible for the naming of the

greater number of Silver and Kalij Pheasants which have been given

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HIST. SOC:

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JOURNAL,

H. Grénvold, del.

G. nyctheremus.

liniatus.

G. horsfieldi.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAZUS. 665

specific rank, admitted no less than 36 species as good, not even

eliminating jonesi, which, as I have already shown, he named

from the same skin as that which Sharpe had already named

rippons.

Ogilvie-Grant, in Allen’s Naturalists’ Library, which was publish-

ed in 1895, recognizes 8 species and 3 sub-species, but at this time

material teh comparison was scanty and even in the British Museum

there was but little to work on.

Professor Ghigi, in the article to which I have alluded, gave

specific rank to 24 species, and finally Sharpe, in his ‘‘ Hand-List,”’

has only allowed 16. The Hand-List, however, was also published

as far back as 1899.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A, Crest white... Wy ig oy ... albocristatus.

B. Crest black.

a. Upper plumage black, feathers pale edged

and rump barred, breast white ... . leucomelanus.

b. Upper plumage black without pale edges

and no bars on rump; breast white ... melanonotus.

c. Upper plumage black and rump ee

barred with white; breast black.. . horsfieldr.

d. Upper plumage eee formed by tiny vermi-

culations and bars of white and black ... lineatus.

é. Upper plumage almost white with sparse

narrow bars of black.

a’. Tail with narrow bars of black; side

feathers of upper breast streaked with

white ... ... nycthemerus.

i. Tail with broad bands of black ; side

feathers of upper breast pure white ... whiteheads.

jf. Scapulars crimson bronze ... wh ... swinhoir.

KEY TO SUB-SPECIES OF Horsjfieldi.

A. Upper plumage glossy black, rump boldly

barred black and white contrasting

strongly with back e horsfieldi.

B, Upper plumage with very fine Catal

tions of white, but rump with bold bars

contrasting strongly with back . cuvrert.

white, giving a general grey appearance,

rump barred black and white and con-

trasting distinctly but not ace, with

back ay. A iy ... williamst.

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

Key TO SUB-SPECIES oF Jineatus.

Upper plumage vermiculated equally

throughout with fine black and white bars. lineatus.

B. Upper plumage vermiculated with fine black

and white bars but rump showing traces

of broad bars and contrasting with back... oatesi.

C, Upper plumage narrowly barred or lined

throughout with white and black, no

contrast between rump and back ... sharper.

KEY TO SUB-SPECIES OF Nycthemerus.

A. Sides of neck pure white.

a. Wpper parts almost pure white with very

fine and sparse lines of black. A very

long tail . nycthemerus.

b', Upper parts rather : more marked with black ;

tail equally long in most cases . -+, TUPPOMA.

B. Sides of neck finely vermiculated with

black.

c. Upper parts more boldly marked with

black and white, but the white still pre-

ponderating. Feathers at side of upper

breast sometimes streaked with white but

never pure white . rufipes.

d’, Upper parts still more boldly marked with

black and white bars in about equal

proportions; feathers at sides of upper

breast white or nearly so.

Gommealery ¢ oc: igh cp cnt 1. annamensis.

by. “Darker... ~ 4 ony .». belt.

? edwardsi.

GENNAUS ALBOCRISTATUS.

The White-crested as

Phasianus albocristatus, Vigors, P. Z. S. (1830), p. 9; Gould,

Cent. B. Himalaya, pls. 66-67 (text) ise 2).

Phasianus hamilton, Gray, in Griffith, ed. Cuvier, ui. p. 27

(1829) ; id. Tl. Ind. Zool., i, pl. 41 (18380).

Huplocomus albocristatus, Hutton, J. As. Soc. Beng., xvii,

pt. 2, p. 698 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 244 (1849).

Huplocamus albocristatus, Adams, P. Z. S. (1858), p. 499 ;.

Elliot, Monog. Phas., ii, pl. 18 (1872); Hume and Inglis, Str.

Feath., v, p. 42 (1877) ; Hume, Str. Feath., vii, p. 429 (1878);

Hume and Marshall, Game bee a LUA IA yuk (1878).

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNZUS. 667

Huplocamus albicristatus, Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs,

iu, p. 413 (1890).

Gallophasis albocristatus, Mitch., P. Z. S. (1858), p. 544, pls.

148, fig. 1 and 149, fig. 3; Jerdon, Birds Ind., iii, p. 532 (1868) ;

Hume, Nests and Kggs, Ind. B., p. 526 (1873) ; Marshall, Birds’

Nests Ind., p. 58 (1877).

Genneeus alboeristatus, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii,

p. 298 (1893), id. Hand-List, Game B., i., p. 258 (1895).

Genneus allrcristatus, Oates, Man., Game B., i, p. 324 (1898) ;

Blanf., Fauna. Brit. Ind., iv, p. 89 (1898); Oates, Cat. Eggs, B.

M.,1i, p. 54 (1901); Rattray, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 663:

(1905); Ghigi, Mem. Acad., Bologna (6), v, p. 145 (1908);

Macgrath, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xviii, p. 298 (1908); ‘Pine

Martin,” J. Bomb..N.-H. Soe.; xixppl/796 (1910).

Type.—In Indian Museum.

Description, adult male.—Crest white; head and upper parts:

black, upper back with white shafts and narrow pale edges; lower

back, rump and upper tail coverts with white bars; lower parts.

brown, almost white on the long lanceolate feathers of the breast..

Legs pale horny.

Adult female.—General plumage reddish brown, paler below; very

faintly vermiculated throughout with blackish. Central tail feathers

generally rufous or rufous brown with fine pale vermiculations,

other rectrices almost black.

Distribution.—Along the Himalayas, from the Indus on the West

to Nepal on the Hast, possibly entering it for a short way in the

extreme Hast as far as the Gogra.

During the breeding season, this Pheasant is often found at great

heights up to 10,000 feet,well into a comparatively dry, cold climate

with hght forest and much open country. ‘To this doubtlessis due

the extent of white obtaining on the upper plumage. In winter it

is found between two and five thousand feet.

GENNAUS LEUCOMELANUS.

The Nepal Kalyy Pheasant.

Phasianus leucomelanos, Lath, Ind. Orn., i, p. 635 (1790).

Huplocomus leucomelas, Hodgs., in Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 85

(1844).

Gallophasis leucomelanos, Gray, Gen. B., ii, p. 498 (1845) ;.

Hutton, J. A.S. B., xvii, pt. 2, p. 694 (1848).

Huplocamus leucomelanus, Hume, Str. Feath., vil, pp. 428-429"

(1878); Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind.,1., p. 185, pl..(1878)..

Gallophasis leucomelanus, Scully, Str. Feath., viii., p. 345 (1879).

Genneeus leucomelanus, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii,.

668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

p- 300 (1893); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 262 (1895) ; Oates,

Man., Game B., i, p. 329 (1898); Blanf., Fauna. Brit. Ind., iv, p.

90 (1898).

Genneus leucomelanos, Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), v, p.

145 (1908). |

Description: adult male.—Similar to the White-crested Kali

but having the crest black and the white on the upper parts less in

extent and less conspicuous.

Female.—Cannot be distinguished from that of albocristatus.

Distribution.—Nepal, from the foot of the hills up to about 6,000

feet, ascending as high as 9,000 feet.

This bird is exactly intermediate between albocristatus and

melanonotus, approaching the former more nearly than the latter, for,

in birds from the extreme West of its range, the crest will often be

found to be brownish, and the extent of white more than normal,

and again albocristatus in the Hast of that bird’s range, instead of

having the crest pure white, sometimes has it a pale brown. Some

naturalists might, therefore, consider it a sub-species of that bird, but

taking into consideration the great extent of country over which the

colouration is quite constant, I retain it for the present as a species.

GENNEUS MELANONOTUS.

The Black-backed Kalij Pheasant.

Phasianus muthura, Gray in Griffith’s ed. Cuv., 1, p. 27 (1829).

Gallophasis muthura, Gray, Gen. B., ii, p. 498 (1845).

Luplocomus melanonotus (Blyth), Hutton, J. A. S. B., xvii, pt.

2,p. 694 (1848) (Darjeeling); Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 244

(1849).

Gallophasis melanoxotus, Mitchell, P. Z. 8. (1858), p. 544, pl. 149,

fig. 2; Jerdon, B. Ind., ili, p. 534 (1863); Hume, Nests and Hggs,

Ind. B., p. 527 (1873); Marshall, B. Nests Ind., p. 59 (1877).

Huplocamus melanonotus, Hume and Inglis, Str. F., v, p. 42

(1877).

paises melanonotus, Hume, Str. Feath., vii, p. 429 (1878).

Huplocomus melanonotus, Hume and Marshall, Game Birds,

India, i, p. 191 (1878); Oates, ed. Hume, Nests and Hggs, iii, p.

415 (1890).

Genneeus muthura, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxi, p.

301 (1893); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6)-v, p. 145 (1908).

Genneeus melanonotus, Ogilvie-Grant, Handuiaee Game B., 1,

. 263 (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game Birds, i, p. 33] (1898) ; Blanf.,

Pani Brit. Ind., iv, p. 91.(1898) ; Oates, Cat. Eggs, B. M., i, p. 5A

(1901).

Description: adult male, The whole upper plumage glossy black,

the feathers with white shafts.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. 669

The Female.—Similar to that of lewcomelanus and albocristatus.

Istribution.—From the extreme West of Sikkim and over the

ereater part of Western Bhutan. Generally speaking, it is not a

bird of the highest elevations, being found between 1,000 and 4,000

feet, but ascends commonly up to 6,000, and sometimes as high as

9,000 feet. In the cold weather months it may be found occasion-

ally as low down as the foot of the hills where the broken ground

meets the plains.

GENNAUS HORSFIELDI.

The Black-breusted Kalij Pheasant.

g Plate i,.No..1;” 9 Plate in, No.1,

Gallophasis horsfieldii, Gray, Gen. B., ili, p. 498, pl. exxvi (1845).

Euplocomus horsfieldi, Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 244 (1849).

Huplocamus horsfieldi, Hume and Inglis, Str. Feath. v, p. 42

(1877); Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind., i, p. 198, pl. (1878);

Fasson, Str. Feath., ix, pp. 2038-205 (1880); Hume, Str. Feath., xi,

p. 303 (1888) ; Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs, iii, p. 416 (1890).

Huplocomus cuviert, Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind., 1, pl. only

1878).

hme horsefieldi, Hume, Str. Feath., vii, p. 429 (1878).

Genneeus mearsi, Oates, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) v, p. 164 (1910).

Genneeus prendergash, Oates, J. B.N. H.S., xvii, p. 10 (1906);

Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 144 (1908).

Genneeus batemani, Oates, J. B. N. H. S., xvii, p. 11 (1906);

Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 145 (1908); Harington, J.

Bomb. N. H. Soc., xx, p. 877 (1910).

Genneeus horsfieldit, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p. 302

(1893); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 269 (1895); Blanford,

Fauna. Brit. Ind., iv, p. 92 (1898); Oates, Man. Game B., i, p. 334

(1898); id. Ibis (1903) p. 102 ; Oates, Cat. Eggs, B. M., i, p. 55

(1901); Stuart Baker, J: Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xvii, p. 971

(1907); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 144 (1908); Haring-

ton, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xix, p. 309 (1909).

Description : adult male——A black bird with the feathers of the

lower back barred and edged with white. In a few individuals there

are faint, yet quite distinct, signs of white fringes to the feathers

of the mantle, and in others, though this is most unusual, there are

indications of this fringe on the innermost tertiaries and their

coverts. The width of the white fringes to the rump varies greatly

in individuals from the same brood, as does the extent to which

these bars extend up the lower back.

In young males of the second year, a certain amount of brown

vermiculation is often found on the tail feathers, and on the outer-

most primaries. Generally also, the gloss on the plumage appears to

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

be more green, or even purple, in very old males, and more blue in

the younger birds. Some young males of this and other species of

the family retain a brown or rufous tint on the white portions of the

feathers in their first spring moult (vide Oates’ type specimen of

willamst). |

Adult female.—The upper plumage varies from a pure olive brown

to a rich chestnut brown, the feathers with pale edgings. In some

cases these pale borders are very pronounced, and in afew they are a

very pale buff or practically white on the scapulars, tertiaries, and

greater wing coverts. Below, the breast varies from a dull grey

brown, with paler and more grey margins to the feathers, to a rich

bright rufous brown, with strongly marked paler borders.

The tails vary considerably ; in some specimens the two central

tail feathers, in others four, and in a few six, are chestnut or

chestnut mottled with brown. A few specimens in the British

Museum marked 9, but in all probability really ¢ , have the under

plumage much darker, almost a blackish brown, with pronounced

shaft stripes, which occasionally become V-shaped. ‘The variations

recorded do not depend in the least upon locality; birds both ¢

and 9° from the one district, Balisera in Sylhet, show the greatest

divergence, so great indeed that from this one small area, a cluster

of tea gardens, Oates has named no less than four species, 72.¢.,

horsfieldi, obscurus, wickhama, prenderqasti.

Distribution.—The area shown as inhabited by this bird is colour-

ed green in Map No. 1, and may, roughly speaking, be said to

extend from the East of Bhutan down the Cachar, Sylhet, Chitta-

gong and Arakan sub-maritime and lower hill regions as far South

as, Akyab. It then extends Hast through Assam, N. and 8. of the

Brahmapootra, as far as the 99° long., and is found in the larger

river valleys, extending considerably South into areas, the higher

parts of which are inhabited by other species or sub-species. Down

the Manipur River, it has been obtained as far South as Falam, on

the Chindwin down to its junction with the Yu River, and probably

still further down stream. On the Irrawaddy typical specimens

have certainly been got as far South as Sinkan below Bhamo, and

there is also a doubtful record from Zowchaun.

It is probably found in the valleys of the Upper Chindwin and

Oyu, as there is a specimen in the B. M. from Tazone to the N. of

these valleys which Oates himself admits is a pure horsfieldi.

The following types and other specimens in the British Museum

Collection ticketed under other names are all horsfieldi.

Genneus mearst.—Type of species ¢ No. 78, Oates’ Coll. Nanywa. This

is a young bird but is a quite typical horsfieldc; the alleged difference, the

blue shown on the feathers of the rump, is one of age and condition only,

and Oates’ type of mearsi is exactly like specimen No. 89.5.13.580 of the

B. M. Coll. from the Khasia Hills and other specimens from Bhutan.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. 671

3 No. 22, Oates’ Coll., Cachar. A quite typical horsfieldi from Cachar ;

the tail is a long one, and the central rectrices are slightly vermiculated,

@ not uncommon occurrence in young birds.

Genneus batemant.

3 Oates’ Coll. No. 101, Myitkina, type.

3 2, Oates’ Coll. Nos. 36 and 110, Myitkina.

3 No. 149 is also a true horsfieldt,

Genneus prendergasti.

3 Oates’ Coll. No, 158, Paletwa, Arakan, type. A young but quite typical

specimen of forsfieldi, The rump feathers in this specimen are fringed with

rufous instead of white, but I have seen this same character in young birds

throughout Assam.

3 do Nos. 75, 76, 77, Oates’ Coll. Balisera, South Sylhet.

No. 166, Akyab, N.-W. Arakan.

Nos. 160-1, N.-W. Arakan.

Curiously enough, although Oates calls all these prendergast:, none of

them have his alleged distinguishing characteristic of a rufous fringed rump.

Genneus davisoni.

3 Nos. 63 and 67, Oates Coll. Kamaing near Nanywa.

No. 96 has a tail longer than the average, but exactly equal

to Oates’ No. 22, which he calls mearsz, and I have myself shot birds with

even longer tails in Cachar.

2 No. 97, Oates’ Coll. Sinkan, Bhamo. Thisis a typical young male

horsfieldi,

Genneus wickham.

3 No. 82, Oates’ Coll., Balisera, South Sylhet.

3 Nos. 81,90; @ 84, 88, near Fort White.

g No. 28; -¢-No,73i,, Cachar.

Genneus obscurus.

S Nos. 64, 66, 68, 70,74; 2 71, Oates’ Coll., Kamaing.

Q No. 72, Oates’ Coll., Jade Mines (Kamaing).

All these are quite typical horsfieldi. The differences alleged by Oates

to exist between the females of this species and horsfieldi are non-existent,

and the type of his 2 odscurus is, almost feather for feather, exactly the

same as a female from Margherita in Assam. Itis a common occurrence

for the female of horsfieldi to have from 2 to 6 of the central rectrices

tufescent.

Genneus cliffordi.

3 No. 146, Oates’ Coll., Myitkina.

2 Oates’ Coll., type o 1910.7.5.102(2 107). This appears to be a

young male horsjieldz. }

Genneus lineatus.

3 Mus. Coll., No. 80.1.1.3330, Arakan.

The following specimens, which have been accorded specific names, are

all hybrids :—

Genneus batemant = horsfieldt > rufipes.

3 B. M., No. 1902.11.9.8. Shot by Captain Nisbett near Sadon.

Almost a pure horsfieldi, but showing by the white stippling on the outer

scapulars that it has a cross of rujfipes in it.

3d No. 108, Oates’ Coll., Myitkina = UNE Ls > rufipes.

horsfieldr

Genneus wickhamt = horsfieldi x curierd.

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

3S Oates’ Coll., No, 1910.7.5.74. Falam, near Fort White, type.

d Oates’ Coll., No. 78, 15 miles N.-W. of Fort White.

Genneus cliffordt = horsfieldi x williamsi.

3d Oates’ Coll., No. ? Myitkina.

Genneus davisont = horsfieldi x williams.

o B.M., No. 76.4.7.155 type.

In addition to the above, there are the below mentioned hybrids in the

B. M. not named :—

= horsfieldi > rufipes.

No. 1902.11.9.8. Shot by Captain Nisbett near Sadon.

No. 1902.11.9.9. Do. do. do.

No. 1905,1.25.244. Do. do. do.

No. 1905.1.25.245. Do. do. do.

No. 1905.1.25.246. Do. do. Punkhan.

=horsfieldt x rufipes.

No. 1902.11.9.9. Shot by Captain Nisbett near Sadon.

No. 1905.1.25.247. Do. do. Punkhan.

Genneus ommaneyi=horsfieldt > rufipes.

Oates’ Coll., No. 102, Myitkina, near Sadon, killed by Captain Clifford in

the same place as three other specimens said to be of this species.

No. 92, Oates’ Coll., No. 1910.7.5.102.

No. 100, Oates’ Coll., No. 1910.7.5.105.

No. 52, Oates’ Coll. Shot by Major Evans.

All these birds shot in exactly the same place vary very considerably

from one another, and all show distinctly that they are hybrids. At this

point, Myitkina, where the habitats of rujfipes and horsfieldi adjoin, the

hybridization which occurs has some very startling results.

GENNAZUS HORSFIELDI CUVIERI.

Cuvier’s Kalyy Pheasant.

é Plate 11, No; 1:

Lophophorus cuvieri, Temm. Pl. Col., v, pl. 10 (1820). /

Huplocomus cuviert, Sanderson, Str. Feath., viii, p. 493 (1879).

Ewplocamus cuvieri, Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind., i,

p. 202 (1878); Oates, Str. Feath., iii, p. 343 (1875); Oates, B.

Bumah, ii, p. 318 (1883) (part).

Huplocamus lineatus, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 244 (1849)

a).

: oes obscurus.—Oates, Ann. Mag. Hist. (7) xiv, p. 283

(1904); Oates, J.B. N. H.S., xvi, p. 112 (1904); Ghigi, Mem.

Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 143 (1908). '

Genneeus cuviert.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p. 303

(1893); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 271 (1895); Blanf., Fauna

Brit. Ind, iv, p. 93 (1898) ; Oates, Man. Game B., i, p. 345 (1898) ;

Oates, Ibis (1903) p. 103; Ghigi, Men. Acad. Bologna (6)

v, p. 142 (1908); Hopwood, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xxi, p. 1214

(19a2);

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PALL

H. Grénvold, del.

Sharpet. Rufipes.

Cuviéri. Oatesi. Williams.

Fb we \\ \

emery oF LLG

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. » 4638

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta, No. ?

Description : adult male.—This bird differs from horsfieldi in having

numerous small white bars to the back, scapulars and wing coverts,

making the general appearance of these parts a very dark grey,

rather than black as in that bird. At the same time, the contrast

between the broad white bars of the rump and the rest of the upper

plumage is very striking.

From oatesi it differs in having the white of the upper parts less

prominent, it is in fact exactly intermediate between horsfieldi and

oatesi, as the latter bird again is intermediate between cuviert and

lineatus.

Kemale.— Cannot be distinguished from that of horsfieldi.

Distribution.—G. h. cuvieri extends from a little North of Akyab

in a narrow line along the lower hills of Northern Arakan up to

near Falam and Fort White and. West of the Manipur River about as

far North as latitude 24-75°. .Onthe Hast of the same River it runs

North along the foot of the hills, past the South of the Logtak Lake

and.thence North-East to Tazone and Hast to Nanywa and Kama-

ing, and thence South again over a considerable tract of country as

far South as the 24° latitude. It is with a great deal of hesitation

that I have admitted this sub-species to its present rank, and it is

evidently one which is still not far advanced in evolution, as

throughout the area it inhabits, the number of specimens obtained

which show unmistakeable signs of hybridization is very large.

It is a sub-species forming the intermediate link between h.

horsfieldi and three other sub-species. Thus, on the South-

West it comes between that bird and oatesi, then on the West

and North-West between horsfieldi and williams, and finally,

on the North-East of its range between horsfieldi and rujfipes.

Throughout, however, this long, narrow stretch of country we

get birds which show no signs of hybridization, and which agree

perfectly with the type of bird described by Temminck, but the

position of the country it inhabits, 7.¢., low hills just above the usual

habitat of horsfieldi and just below that of the other sub-species, is

one into which incursions of other forms from above and below

must be constantly occurring. Weshould, therefore, expect to find

that even if the climatic conditions are such as to render some

modification of colour probable, the confined width of country

occupied would make hybridization with the adjoining forms very

frequent.

The original type of cuviert came from Arakan.

Oates’ obscurus, type g , Oates’ Coll., No. 1910. g 7.5.102 appears

to be nothing but cwvier?, and might well have been the original of

Temminck’s picture of this bird. The 9 as already noted is a

3 horsfieldr.

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The following specimens in the British Museum have been wrong-

ly named by Oates, and are really only cuvert :—

Genneus davisoni.

Nous. 82, Oates’ Coll., Tawnglon, 20 South of Kawlin.

Genneus obscurus.

3 No. 1902.11.9.10. Wela, 14 miles North of Wunthu.

Genneus prendergasti.

6 B.M. No. 86, Oates’ Coll., Tiddim.

Genneus wickham.

3 3 Nos. 79 and 80, Oates’ Coll., Fort White.

GENNAUS HORSFIELDI WILLIAMSI.

Wilhams’ Kaly Pheasant.

3 Plate ii, No. 5,

Genneeus wilhamsi, Oates, Man. Game B., i, p. 342 (1898) ;

Oates, Ibis (1903), p. 104; Oates, J. Bomb. N.H. Soce., xviii, p.

86 (1907); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 142 (1908).

Genneus turnert, Finn, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Ilxix, p. ii.,

p. 146 (1901).

Genneeus macdonaldi, Oates, Jour. Bomb. N. H.8., xvii, p 10

(1906) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 142 (1908).

Genneus ommaneyt, Oates. ? type in B. M.

Type g, B. Mus., No. 197.11.30.9, Kalewa.

Description : adult male.— Williams’ Silver Pheasant is a sub-species

intermediate between cuviert on the North and West and rujipes

on the East, and is an evolution on somewhat parallel lines with

that of oatesi which comes hetween cwviert and lineatus in the South

and West. In the present sub-species, however, the black and white

markings of the upper plumage are distinct bars and lines rather than

vermiculations, though both bars and lines may be very fine. The

general aspect of the upper plumage is a grey, the black and white

markings being about equal in extent. The rump and upper tail

coverts contrast quite strongly with the rest of the upper plumage,

the feathers here being broadly fringed with white, preceded by one

broad and one less broad band of white, the rest of the bars of the

feather being vermiculated. Occasionally fine bars instead of broken

vermiculations extend to the base of the feather. The variations

are not due to age, as birds still retaining feathers of the first

plumage have these parts finely vermiculated practically throughout,

whilst others have them equally barred. The crest is black. The

under parts are black, showing broad white lines or striz on the

sides of the breast and flanks in varying degree.

The female cannot be invariably distinguished from that of

horsjfieldi, but is on an average, paler and more rufous, more especially

on the rectrices.

=P)

“I

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS,

Distribution.— Williams’ Silver Pheasant has a very well-defined

range, being confined to the moderately high hills lying between the

Manipur, Yaw, Oyu and Irrawaddy Rivers, and occurring, as a

strageler only, as far South as latitude 21° in the Minbu District

and as far North as Homalin and Tammu. It appears to be most

abundant between latitudes 22° and 24° and longitudes 94° and

96°, though it also occurs in some numbers about the lower hills

round Fort White. Normally it is not a bird of very high eleva-

tions, and it is exceptional to find it above 4,000, its principal

haunts being from 2,000 to 3,000 feet.

The following so-called species have been so named on incorrect

or insufficient ground, and must be considered synonyms of

wilhamsi.

Genneus macdonaldi=williamst,

Type No. 128, Oates’ Coll. B. M., 10.24.17.1910, described by Oates, B.N.

H. Journal, vol. xvii, p. 10; shot by P. Wickham on Mount Victoria at

6,000 feet.

Although found at an unusual altitude for this sub-species, this particular

specimen agrees with birds which Oates himself calls williamsi from

Pakokku and the Lower Chindwin obtained at 2,000 feet and under. Oates’

type is an exceptionally fine old bird, with enormous spurs, and the inner

webs of the primaries white without mottling. This however is only a sign

of full maturity, and is found similarly in specimens of welliamsi, cuvier¢

and horsfieldi of equal age.

Oates’ type is exactly matched by a bird which Oates himself calls

ommaneyt from Kyouk Myoung, B. M. Coll., No. 1913.5.9.1.

Genneus ommaneyi=williamst.

Type B. M. Coll., 1910.10.24.16, Loungshe, Pakokku.

This bird was obtained in the extreme South of the range occupied by

williamst, and somewhat approaches oatesi in having the markings on the

upper back very fine and narrow. It might possibly be considered by some

a hybrid between these two sub-species, but takinginto consideration the

great variation in the width of the marking on the upper plumage of williamsz,

I prefer to keep it as a synonym of this bird. It is well matched by other

specimens from Monywa and Kalewa in the centre of the area inhabited

by this Pheasant.

dB. M. Coll., No. 1913:5:9°1.

GENNAUS' LINEATUS.

The Burmese Silver Pheasant.

oe .rlate.2, figs 2.;)-) Ou Platesin, fig. 2.

Phasianus lineatus, Vigors, Phil. Mag. (1831), p. 147.

Genneeus lineatus, Oates, Str. Feath., v, p. 164 (1877);

Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p. 304 (1893) ; id. Hand-List,

Game B.,i, p. 272 (1895); Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., iv, p. 92

(1898) ; Oates, Man. Game B., i, p. 8351 (1898); Oates, Ibis (1908),

p- 100; id. Cat. Eggs, B. M., i, p. 55, pl. vi, fig. 5 (1901); Ghigi

Mein. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 140 (1908).

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Phasianus fasciatus, McClell., Calcutta Jour., N. H., ii, p. 146,

pl. ii (1842).

Gallophasis lineatus, Hume, Str. Feath., 1, p. 482 (1874).

Huplocomus lineatus, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 244 (1849)

art).

: papi ne lineatus, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 525

(1873); Hume, Str. Feath., 11, p. 165 (1875); Fielden, Str. Feath.,

iii, p. 168 (1875); Hume and Marshall, Game Birds Ind., p. 205,

pl. (1878); Hume and Davison, Str. Feath., vi, p. 486 (1878);

Anderson, Zool. W. Yunnan, ii, p. 669 (1878); Bingham, Str.

Feath., ix, p. 195 (1880); Oates, Str. Feath., x, p. 236 (1882);

Oates, Birds, Burmah, ii, p. 316 (1883); Oates, ed. Hume, Nests

and Kegs, ii, p. 416 (1890).

Lophophorus cuviert, Hume, Str. Feath., ii, p. 166 (1875).

Nycthemerus lineatus, Blyth and Walden, Cat. Mammals and

Birds, Burmah, p. 149 (1895).

Huplocamus cuviert, Oates, B. Burmah, ii, p. 318 (1883) (part).

Type ?

Description : adult male.-—The whole upper spite aa with the

exception of a black crest, very finely vermiculated with black and

white. In some birds these vermiculations are somewhat bolder

and better defined than in others, but in no case do they develop

into regular bars. Below the whole plumage is black with long

white streaks to the feathers, widest and best defined on the flanks

and sides of breast. The outer webs of the central rectrices are

more or less white.

The rump is marked like the rest of the upper plumage, and does

not contrast with it.

Adult female.

centres to the feathers of the nape and mantle, and everywhere

faintly stippled with brown; below bright rufous chestnut with

broad white centres to the feathers.

The tail is pale rufescent, more or less stippled and barred with

black on the outer webs of ehe feathers, the outer tail feathers are

generally a rather rich dark chestnut barred with white,.the white

bars margined above and below with blackish. Sometimes the chest-

nut is pale and yellowish, and the richness in colour generally

varies greatly individually.

Distribution.—The Burmese Silver Pheasant is found through-

out the Pegu Yomas between the Irrawaddy and the Sittang, and

across the extreme South of the latter River, East into the Moul-

mein District, as far South as Moulmein and Muleyit Mountain.

Northwards it is found at least as far as the Thazi-Taungyi Road

and from Fort Stedman it appears to extend in a narrow line as far

Hast as the neighbourhood of Kengtung. It has not however been

procured between Fort Stedman and Kengtung, and its appearance

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENN ZEUS. 677

at this latter place may prove to be abnormal. It appears to be

found up to and sometimes above 5,000 feet, but its usual habitat

would appear to be somewhere between 2,500 and 4,000 feet.

There is a specimen in the British Museum received from the

Hon. the East India Company’s Collection, labelled “Bhutan Hima-

layas’” g No. 44.9.4.3. This of course is an incorrectly given

locality.

The following birds also appear to be wrongly labelled :—

d No. 67.6.13.2, Arakan, Zoological Society’s Coll.

¢ No. 67.12.12.1, no data, probably same as above.

GENNAUS LINEATUS OATESI.

The Arakan Silver Pheasant.

& Plate i, fig. 3.

Genneus oatest, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p. 306

(1893) ; id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 277 (1895).

Gennceus oatest, Oates, Man., Game B., i, p. 348 (1898) ; Oates,

Ibis (1903) p. 103; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 141

(1908).

Types g B. M. Coll. 82.1.20.70, Arakan lat. 19, January 1872,

and 9 B. M. Coll. 1.1.35.79, Arakan, 1880.

Description: adult male.—Intermediate between Genneeus horsfieldi

cuviert and Genneus lineatus lineatus, nearer perhaps to the latter

than the former. The markings on the upper plumage are very

fine and give the same unicolored appearance as is seen in true

lineatus at a distance, but when seen close by, the vermiculations are

found to be bolder and more defined. ‘There is still sufficient

indication of the barring on the rump to make this part of the upper

plumage contrast with the rest, and in one specimen from Thazi-

Taungyi the barring is quite strongly developed. ‘The flanks and

sides of the breast and lower neck have broad white shaft lines, and

the central rectrices are broadly white on the outer web.

The female.—Differs from that of horsfieldi and cwviert in having the

whole tail above and below irregularly barred with pale dull rufous.

Of the three specimens in the B. M. Coll., two have the rectrices a

dull pale chestnut brown, and the third has them a chestnut rufous.

In each case the central rectrices are somewhat paler and more

rufous than the rest, but not sufficiently so to cause a contrast as

occurs in horsfieldi in similar cases. The type female has no pale

strize on the upper parts, but is-redder than most female horsjfieldi,

the others have these tiny central strize to the feathers, but are

otherwise more like normal females of that bird. All have pale

central strize to the feathers of the neck, breast and upper flanks,

similar to, though less pronounced than in the females of lineatus.

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII],

Distribution.—Oates’ Silver Pheasant inhabits an area of low hills

in Arakan from the sea coast to the Irrawaddy River as far North

as Minbu, but does not apparently ascend the hills to any great

elevation, and though stragglers may be found up to 5,000 feet, it

keeps normally to between 1,000 and 3,000 feet. In the extreme

South of Arakan it is very rare, and does not come down near the

sea coast except when the hills also come right down to this. There

are very few skins of this sub-species in collections, and it is there-

fore difficult to define its area. In the dry zone of Arakan there are

no Pheasants, and this may, with some differences which exist in the

country North and South of Minbu, account for the constant

difference in type between williams and oatesv.

The only five specimens named oatesi in the British Museum Col-

lection are all from the area restricted to this sub-species, and are

all correctly named.

GENNAUS LINEATUS SHARPEI.

Grant’s Silver Pheasant.

Ow Wilate a Nomwa:

Genneus sharper.—Oates, Man. Game B.,i, p. 357 (1898); Oates,

Ibis (1903) p. 101; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 140

(1908).

Type g, B. Mus., No. 189.5.10.17038, Dargwin.

Description : adult male.—This sub-species is nearer to lineatus

than to any other, but it is also the first of the Northern forms to

show the transformation of the vermiculations into bold lines of

black and white, quite different in character from the duller toned

barring of the Western forms. ‘The whole upper plumage is barred,

or perhaps one should say lined, throughout with black and white,

the lines much about the same in width, but the black, if anything,

predominating, some birds looking very dark. The black under

parts are very freely marked with white in bold longitudinal streaks

on breast and flanks, especially on the sides of the upper breast, far

more so even than any of the whiter forms in the North, and show-

ing a distinct approach to the Annam birds which again run into

the Hainan whiteheads which has the feathers here pure white.

Adult female.—Similar to that of lineatus but at once easily

distinguished by having the lower parts a smoky blackish brown

instead of bright chestnut brown; the feathers are however streaked

with white throughout as in that species.

The tail is more like that of the female of rujipes, with very bold, —

richly marked outer tail feathers, though the central rectrices are

like those of lineatus. |

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAZEUS. 679

The only three specimens of females in the British Museum Col-

lection were all collected on Muleyit Mountain, whence no male bird

had yet been obtained, and I was extremely doubtful as to accepting

them as proved females of the male bird which Oates called sharpev.

I have now, however, a pair of birds which I owe to Mr. J. P. Cook,

shot together, so that I have no longer any hesitation in giving

sharpet sub-specific rank. Except for the bold white marking on

the flanks, the male sharper is very like the darkest specimens of

rufipes which Oates named atlayi, but it is darker still than these

birds with narrower bars on the upper plumage and wings.

Distribution.—The type was obtained from Dargwin at an eleva-

tion of some 2,500 feet, and it has also been procured at Thandoung

and Papun. ‘The three females were taken in Muleyit about 3,500

feet, and the pair of birds sent me were shot near Rahang, N.-H. of

Muleyit.

Its range is probably the Salwin Valley from about the 17° of

latitude as far North as Karennee, and it will also probably be found

to extend West and Hast to the Sittang and Me Wung Rivers, res-

pectively, in so far as the country suits it. Its stronghold, however,

will probably be found to be the higher ranges of the Bree Country

in the North and Muleyit in the South.

It is difficult to advance any theory as to why the duller ver-

miculated upper surface of the plumage of the Western forms should

here be in gradual course of transformation to bolder lines of black

and white, but it is possible that such a colouration is more protec-

tive in open sunlit country than it would be in the soft grey shades

of thin forest.

GENNZUS NYCTHEMERUS.

The Chinese Silver Pheasant,

é Plated eno, Plate mi, fic.,6:

Phasianus nycthemerus.—Linn, 8. N., i, p. 272 (1768); Lath,

Ind. Orn., 1, p. 631 (1790).

Euplocamus nycthemerus.—J. HK. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., ii, pl. 38,

fig. 2 (1834) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 244 (1849).

Huplocamus nycthemerus.—Gould, B. Asia, vii, p. 17 (1859).

Genneeus nycthemerus.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p

307 (18983); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 277 (1895) ; Oates, Cat.

Eggs, B. M., i, p. 55 (1901); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p.

138 (1908); Ingram, Nov. Zool., xix, p. 270 (1912).

Type ?

Description: adult male.—The upper plumage white with narrow

longitudinal lines of black, finest and very often broken on the neck

and back, and broadest, though still much narrower than the white,

on the wings and outer tail coverts and tail feathers; two, and

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXILI,

sometimes four, central tail feathers pure white and greatly length-

ened ; sides of neck pure white, the frecklings often absent even on

the nape just behind the crest. Below black, the feathers of the

sides of the breast barred, or lined, black and white.

The. number of bars and even their alignment varies in almost

every individual, and this species shows well how utterly useless was

Oates’ attempt to divide species of Silver Pheasants according to the

number and alignment of the markings on the wing feathers.

Adult female.—Upper parts olive brown with the crest somewhat

* darker. While lower surface varying between olive grey-brown

to. pure grey-brown, the greater part of abdomen and flanks and

under tail coverts powdered with minute white specks, rather larger

and more definite on the under tail coverts than elsewhere.

Tail very long as in rippont. Legs red.

Distribution.—* South China, Fokien, Chinkiang ” (Grant). The

Chinese Silver Pheasant appears to be found from latitude 28° to

about latitude 22° on the Western watershed of the Salwin, but not

in the lower lying country adjoining the river between 22° and 24°.

GENNAUS NYCTHEMERUS RUFIPES.

The Ruby Mines Silver Pheasant.

gd Plate 11, fig. 4; 9 Plate ii, fig. 4.

Genneus rufipes, Oates, Man. Game B., i, p. 362 (1898);

Oates, Ibis (1903) p.97; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 189

(1908).

Genneeus atlayi, Oates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) v, p. 162

(1910).

Genneus grant, Oates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) v, p. 168

(1910); 4

Genunceus assimilis, Oates, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi,

p. 114 (1904); Oates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv, p. 286

(1904); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 141 (1908).

Genneeus elegans.

Genneeus affinis, Oates. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi,

p. 231 (1903); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) vy, p. 143

(1908).

Type 3, B. Mus., No. 96.1.15.1, Mogok, near Ruby Mines.

Description : adult male.—Whole upper plumage barred black and

white, the latter greatly preponderating, so that the general impres-

sion given by the bird at a distance is that it is nearly white above

and black below. Legs red.

Female.—General colour above rich olive brown, crest darker and

tail very richly barred and mottled with deep chestnut and blackish

brown, the outer tail feathers darker than the central ones. Under

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATES hit

Feathers from the breasts of females of

1. Gennivus horsfieldt. Dr Goltnmeaus: SG sharpe.

4. G. nycthemerus riufipes. 3. G. swinhoei. 6. G. an. nycthemerus.

Cake

kes

WER

OORT Oe bane has

| RESET OF RLIRIRS

aS Se

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. 681

parts rich blackish brown, the feathers marked with bold concentric

bars of rich fulvous, not with longitudinal strie as in lineatus.

Legs red.

Distribution.The area inhabited by this sub-species may be said

to be the inter Irrawaddy-Salwin District from about 26-50° latitude

N. to about 21:50° or rather further South.

It will be seen that the area occupied by this sub-species is very

much greater than that inhabited by any other, but, at the same

time, it is a well-defined area between two big rivers, the Irrawaddy

and the Salwin, on the West and East; whilst on the South it is to

a great extent divided from sharpei by the dry area from Mandalay

and Maymyo on the North to Meiktila and Taungyi on the South,

in which Silver Pheasants appear to be very rare.

The extent to which rufipes must be held to absorb other species

named by Oates and others is a question which has given me infinitely

more need for thought than the consideration of the whole of the

other forms put together. In the area which I now claim holds but

one good and one doubtful sub-species, Oates and others have

named the following thirteen species :—G. rufipes, jonesi, rippont,

atlayi, assimilis, elegans, granti, affinis, haringtoni, andersoni, nisbettn,

crawfurds and nycthemerus.

At first sight, this would seem to show that I must be wrong in

admitting but two sub-species, but a careful analysis of the position

will possibly prove my contention to be right. In the first place a

glance of the Map No. 2 will show that throughout the wide area

over which this bird, rufipes, is distributed, there is no very large

river to check distribution, and with the other sub-species we find

that, almost invariably, rivers form the boundaries which divide one

from another. It is true that along the valleys of some of these

boundary rivers another species, horsfieldi, is to be found at the

lowest altitudes, but still we have a definite boundary to the hills

which prevents access, except in exceptional cases, from one area to

another. But in the area occupied by rufipes, there is no crossing

of such boundary, and therefore there is only one other cause which

would check the spread of a species, or sub-species, viz., a sudden

alteration in the elevation of the country and a corresponding

change in climate and vegetation. There is, however, no change ot

this character in elevation, and the bird spreads accordingly. At

the same time, the South centre of the area marked on the map as

being the habitat of this bird is much drier and lower, and here,

accordingly, the bird has not yet been obtained.

An examination of all the material obtainable proves that even

in the area occupied by rufipes, the same laws that have in other

parts of Burmah evolved species and sub-species are in force here also,

in consequence of which we find that, on an average, the whitest

birds are to be found on the highest, most open plateaux and

682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

mountains on the extreme North-East and East, and the darkest on

the more heavily forested, damper and lower mountains on the

South-West.

The variation in elevation and climate is, however, not nearly so

great between these two extremes as it is in most paris of this

country, so the parallel differences in plumage are also less well-

defined. Again, when one sorts out specimens according to

locality, it is found to be impossible to define to which sub-species

any one locality shall be allotted, and the more specimens one

obtains, the more difficult is it to name them.

For instance, there is the Ruby Mines District from which we

have no less than six so-called species, 1.¢., rujipes, atlayi, assumilis,

elegans, haringtoni and nisbettr. Again, we can narrow down some

of these species in many cases to yet smaller areas. Thus, rufipes

and atlayi, both specimens named by Oates himself, were shot by

Captain Atlay on the same day at the same place, fifteen miles Hast

of Mogok. From Mogok itself we have specimens of rufipes,

atlayt, elegans, and assimilis, the same from Kyatpin and other

places.

Oates has laid considerable stress on the fact that some of his

species have red and some of them yellowish horn, or dull greenish

horn coloured legs.

It is necessary, therefore, to examine this point carefully. Our

four admitted species which bound this area have their legs

coloured, thus : horsfieldi, dark coloured legs with no tinge of red, a

colour which is retained in the legs of its sub-species williamsi

and cuviert. Inneatus also has dark legs, as has its sub-species vatest,

but when we examine the sub-species lineatus sharpet, we find that

though it has not red legs its legs are described by field naturalists

as yellowish horn or light horn. Thus it would appear as if some

climatic influence were already at work turning the colour of the

legs to a lighter and krighter hue. The two species whitehead? and

nycthemerus both have brilliant red legs, and, as we should expect,

the sub-species nearest to them, rujfipes, beli and annamensis have also

red legs.

Why then should elegans and massimilis have yellow legs? The

reason I believe is merely this, that the colour is due to a throw

back to the original type horsfieldi, or is due to direct hybridization

with this bird, although the cross may not be a recent one or

apparent in other ways.

Of atlayi there are six specimens in the British Museum Collec-

tion, all of which have yellow legs and four of which are in general

colouration very dark birds. All these specimens of atlayi are from

Mogok and Khaben, the most Western portion of the range of

rufipes, and nearest to, and therefore most liable to hybridization

with, horsfeldi wilhamsi. Moreover, Mogok is close to the valley

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. 683

of the Irrawaddy, and it is quite possible that the cross may have

even been with a specimen of horsfieldi itself.

As regards elegans, of the eight specimens in the Museum

Collections, seven were collected in the Ruby Mines District, and

one at Loimai in the Southern Shan States. In these cases the

yellow legs are due to the causes already mentioned with the

exception that in the case of the Loimai bird the throw back would

be to lineatus or the cross, if due to hybridization, with the same

bird.

It appears to me that Oates found within the Ruby Mines

District a form of Silver Pheasant which varied very. greatly in

depth of colouring, birds from the same locality and sometimes from

the same flock showing the extremes of variation met with. Then

at the same time and from the same locality he got dark birds with

red legs and pale birds with red legs, and also both forms with

yellow legs. He accordingly divided the red legs from the yellow

legs, and these two divisions again into dark and light birds, after

which he gave them four names.

The darker red-legged birds he called atlayi and the paler rufipes,

whilst of the yellow-!egged birds he called the paler elegans, and two

somewhat darker specimens assimilis.

A bird with one yellow and one red leg he has called rujipes.

It is quite incredible that four sub-species can exist in the same

area at the same elevation, and I have no alternative but to reduce

assimilis, elegans and atlayi to synonyms of rufipes.

Before leaving this question of variation and hybridization, it

may be well to quote the remarks made by Major Nisbett in a letter

to Major Harington :

«This bird was shot at a spot near Sadon, where the two

streams meet before flowing down to the Irrawaddy, and where

‘“‘T can conscientiously say I never got two birds alike.”

Of the remaining so-called species, haringtoni, nisbettr, andersona,

crawfurdi and grant, all bear distinct signs of hybridization.

Haringtoni and andersoni are exactly like one another, and both show

in the unequal marking on the upper plumage that they are the

result of hybridization. Orawfurdi is merely a synonym of anderson,

and granti, though a paler bird than haringtoni, shows very similar

marks of the hor'sfieldi cross.

The following specimens are all Gennceus nycthemerus rufipes :—

Genneus atladt.

1. B.M., No. 1910.7.5.17, Ruby Mines ; type of species.

2. ‘ ,, 1910.7.5.20,15 M. E. of Mogok. Shot together with

rufipes, No. 1910.7.5.5.

3. Fr », 1910.7.5.18, Ruby Mines.

A, iy go LOLO.FDO 5 5

at NWS! J910'7'5.01-22, KHaben. Ruby Minds.

684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXITT,

Genneus elegans.

B. M., No. 1910.7.5.30, Taung-ping, Ruby Mines; type of species.

| yy 7.5.84-5, Kyatpin, Ruby Mines.

\ py 705.81-2, Ruby Mines.

7cOcbo Mogok.

CON OR w dO

39 3?

Genneus assimilrs.

: \s. M., No. 1910.7.5.24-5, Ruby Mines; type of species.

The following specimens are all hybrids :—

Genneus haringtoni=G. nycthemerus rufipes >horsfieldi. Type.

Genneus andersoni=G. n. rufipes >horsfieldi.

This bird is exactly the same as the specimens called haringtont by Oates.

(Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.)

Genneus granti=G. n. rufipes>horsfieldi.

3S Nisbett’s No. 8 in Oates’ Collection.

Eee } ¥ ” 19 ee ” ”

Both these birds were shot by Nisbett at Puntun, S.-H. of Sadon. They

are the birds mentioned by Oates as being his types of the species,

although he has not noted this on the labels.

All three of these so-called species, haringtoni, andersoni, and

granti are hybrids between rujipes and horsfieldi ; they vary somewhat

inter se, but the nycthemerus cross is the dominating one, especially in

granti. Hybridization is shown distinctly by the patchy colouration, and

it is most interesting to note that in all these hybrids the barring of

the rump in contrast to the rest of the upper plumage is distinct, though

faint. In fact here in the extreme North-East of the Silver Pheasant’s

habitat hybridization has evolved a specimen very much like a pale

cuviert or dark oatest in the West.

All these hybrids are red-legged birds.

Genneus nisbetti = G. n. rufipes >horsfieldr,

Type Oates’ Coll., No. 99.

This species is named from the remnants of a skin only, and it is not

easy to say whether it is a specimen of rujfipes pure and simple, or a hybrid,

but traces of unevenness in the marking incline me to the latter opinion.

Genneus lineatus, Museum No. 1900.12.12.946, shot on the Eastern

frontier of Bhamo, is a hybrid between nyctheremus rufipes >horsfieldt.

GENNZUS NYCTHEMERUS RIPPONI.

The Yunnan Silver Pheasant.

Genneeus ripponi, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C., xiii, p. 29 (1902);

Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 189 (1908).

Genneus jonesi, Oates, Ibis (1908) p. 97; Ghigi, Mem. Acad.

Bologna (6) v, p. 189 (1908).

Description: adult male.— Differs from nycthemerus rufipes in being

still whiter above with finer and fewer lines of black, in having the

whole of the sides of the neck pure white rather than white finely

vermiculated with black, and in having generally a longer tail.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNAUS. 685

Adult female.-—Appears to be like that of nycthemerus rather

than that of rujfipes, though birds on the West and South-West of

the inter Salwin-Mekong District somewhat approach the latter bird.

The tail of the female is longer on an average than that of rujipes.

Distribution.—The district lying between the Salwin and Mekong

Rivers as far South as the 20° latitude, where it meets sharper.

It is only after long consideration, and, even then, with some

hesitation that I accept this form as a sub-species.

The type of rippont was a bird sent by Oates to Sharpe, who

separated it from other forms under this name, and thea returned the

skin to Oates who, unaware that Sharpe had named it, again sepa-

rated it as jonest, so that the one skin is the type for the two species.

There is no doubt that if we make two geographical groups of the

Silver Pheasants inhabiting the lrrawaddy-Salwin and the Salwin-

Mekong Districts, it is easy to say that the one group differs from

the other on an average in the respects already mentioned, but at the

same time, it is equally undoubted that from the second named

group one can easily pick out individuals matching rufipes on the

one side, and again nycthemerus on the other. Thus a specimen—

B. M., No. 97.9.2.1 — shot 20 miles Hast of Keng-tung is exactly

like a specimen of true nycthemerus shot at Fokhien. I do not

think that nycthemerus rufipes and n. ruppont are the same, but I feel

doubtful if I am justified in dividing rippont from nycthemerus itself.

There are nine specimens of rippont in the British Museum

Collection and a good series of nycthemerus from China and, as the

average of the nine specimens of the former bear out Sharpe’s

diagnosis as a whole, I retain vippona for the present, but if more

material shows that the affinity to true nycthemerus is closer still,

then rippont must become a synonym of that bird.

The whole of the British Museum specimens, with one exception

from Yunnan, have been obtained from the Southern Shan States,

from Keng-tung to Moukmai, but I have seen one other specimen

from the Northern Shan States and another from Yunnan which

both are referable to this sub-species.

Although the range of this bird appears to run into that of sharper,

I have seen no specimens which appear to approach sharpe: more

closely than rujipes or nycthemerus. This may be due to sharpei

keeping to lower levels than ripponi, but it certainly lends some

strength to the contention that ripponi is entitled to rank as a sub-

species.

GENNEZUS NYCTHEMERUS BELI.

Oustalet’s Silver Pheasant.

Genneeus beli, Oustalet, Bull. M. Hist. Nat. Paris, iv,

258-261 (1898) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 140 (1908).

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Types in Paris Museum brought from Annam by Monsieur Bel.

Description: adult male.—Very similar to sharpei, but perhaps

somewhat more boldly marked and with the black rather more pro-

nounced on the wing feathers in comparison with the upper plum-

age. It differs principally from sharpei in having far more white

on the feathers of the sides of the breast under the shoulders of the

wing (carpal joint), in this respect showing its affinity to G. white-

headi whiteheadi. The black lines on the wing are very broad and

prominent.

Adult female.— Above, olive brown, practically without vermicu-

lations and with no white markings. Tail rufous, inclining to

chestnut on the outer feathers and vermiculated with narrow bars of

dark brown. Below, paler olive brown with pale shafts and more

rufescent under tail coverts.

DNistribution.—Annam. ‘The only specimen in the Museum is one

of some birds reared in the Menagerie of the Paris Museum, the

types having been brought from Annam by Monsieur Bel.

Much more material is necessary before it is possible to say

whether beli and annamensis are separate from one another.

GENNZUS NYCTHEMERUS ANNAMENSIS.

The Annam Silver Pheasant.

Genneeus annamensis, Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. O. C., xix,

p. 13 (1906) (Bali, Annam) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v,

peilsve 190s) Fe

Description : adult male.— Ditters from beli in the same way that

sharper differs from rujfipes in being an altogether darker bird with

narrow white and broader black bands, this being especially notice-

able on the wings and tail.

Female.—Like that of beli.

Distribvtion.—Annam ‘ Hills behind Mhartrang”’ (Dr. J. J.

Vassal).

GENNAZUS WHITEHEADI.

Whitehead’s Silver Pheasant.

Genneus whiteheadi, Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis (1899), p. 586 (Hainan);

Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 188 (1908).

Types in British Museum.

Description: adult male-—Crest and whole lower parts black.

Sides of neck and shoulders white, the feathers with a narrow line

running round the feather, following its contour about 5mm. from

the edge; this line gets broader as it gets lower down the back,

whilst in the wings the feathers are finely edged with black, and

have the next black band as much as 8mm. wide. Central tail _

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNZUS. 687

feathers white, the next pair, or two pairs, white on the outer

web and barred with wide semi-longitudinal bands of black about

12mm. broad.

Adult female.—Above, bright rufous brown, blackish brown on

the shoulders where the feathers are broadly centred with white ;

elsewhere finely vermiculated with dark brown; tail rather more

chestnut, especially on outer feathers. Below, nearly white, each

feather broadly margined with blackish brown; chin and throat

dirty white, and centre of abdomen and vent dull grey, showing

only faint signs of dark edgings.

Distribution.— Hainan.

GENNAZUS SWINHOII.

Gould’s Silver Pheasant.

Huplocamus swinhow, Gould, P. Z. 8S. (1862), p. 284; Swinhoe,

Ibis (1868), p. 401; Gould, B. Asia, vii, p. 16 (1864); Swinhoe,

Ibis (1865), pp. 358, 538; (1866) pp. 1338, 308, 404; (1867)

pp. 232, 409; P. Z. 8S. (1871), p. 899; Hlliott, Monog. Phasian.,

li, p. 25 (1875).

Genneeus swinhow.—-Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p. 309

(1893); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 278 (1895); Oates, Cat.

Higgs, B. M., i, p. 56 (1901).

Description: adult male.—Head, with exception of short crest,

neck and under parts with all but central rectrices black ; short crest,

back of lower neck, upper back and central tail feathers white ; lower

back and upper tail coverts black; fringed with brilliant deep blue

glass: scapulars purple bronze; wings black, the coverts egged with

metallic green.

Adult female.—A rich rufous brown above, finely barred with

black and feathers of mantle with broad rufous centres bordered and

barred with black; central tail feathers the same as the back with

narrow bands of whitish and black. Below, chin, throat, and sides

of head and neck pale dull cinereous with still paler shaft stripes ;

remainder of lower plumage rich fulvous brown, almost chestnut on

breast, the feathers margined and marked with lines of black.

Distribution.— Formosa.

GENNAUS EDWARDSI.

Hdward’s Silver Pheasant.

Genneeus edwardsi, Oustalet, Bull. Mus., Paris, ii, pp. 316-317

(1896).

Type in Paris Museum.

Description: adult male.—* Piles crista decumbente alba, vix nigro

maculata ornato, dorno, pectore, abdomineque splendide nigro

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

cceeruleis, tergi plumis caudaque tectricibus limbo nigro decoratis,

alarum tectricibus eeno-viridi colore nitentibus, limbo nigro ante

apicem ornatis, cauda nigrante, fere pluna, pennis gradatis, capitis

lateribus nudis, rubris, paulo carunculatis, rostro corneo, basi nigra,

pedibus rubris.”’ (Oustalet.)

J have not been able to examine this bird, the only existing

specimens of which are two adults, one young male, and some

fragments which are in the Paris Museum. Judging however from

the description of its white crest and blue-black back, etc., it is an

entirely different species to any other.

Distribution. —Kuang-tri, Annam.

The following is the synonymy of the various hybrids which have

been described as species :—

GENNAZUS WICKHAMI.

Genneeus wickham, Oates, Man. Game B., ii, p. 495 (1899);

Oates, Ibis (1903), p. 102; Ghigi, Men. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 142

(1908).

GENNAUS CLIFFORDI.

Genneeus clifford, Oates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv, p. 284

(1904); Oates, Journ. B. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 113 (1904); Ghigi,

Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 144 (1908).

GENNAUS DAVISONI.

Genneus davisont, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii,

p. 304 (1898) ; id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 271 (1895).

Finn, J. As. Soc. Beng. (2) Ixix, pp. 145-146 (1900); Oates,

Ibis (1903), p. 105; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6) v, p. 142

(1908).

GENNAZUS HARINGTONI.

Genneus harington, Oates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), v, p.

162 (1910) ; Harington, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xx, p. 377 (1910).

GENNAUS ANDERSONI.

Lulocamus anderson, Elliot, P. Z. 8. (1871), p. 187; Anderson,

Birds, Yunnan, p. 670, pl. iii (1878); Hume and Davison, Str.

Feath., vi, p. 437 (1878); Hume and Marshall, Game Birds, Ind., i,

pl. (1878); Anderson, Zool. W. Yunnan, ii, p. 678, pl. li (1878);

Oates, Birds, Burmah, ii, p. 319 (1883); Finn, Bull. B. O. C., viii,

p. 45 (1899).

Nycthemerus andersoni, Blyth and Walden, Cat. Mamm. and

Birds, Burmah, p. 149 (1875).

A REVISION OF THE GENUS GENNEUS., 689

Genneeus andersont, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., xxii, p.

306 (1893); id. Hand-List, Game B., i, p. 276 (1895); Oates, Ibis.

(1903) p. 95; id. Man. Game B., i, p. 8337 (1898); Blanf., Fauna

Brit. Ind., iv, p. 94 (1898); Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna(6) v, p.

140 (1908); Ingram, Nov. Zool., xix, p. 270 (1912); Harington, J.

Bomb.N HS. xx, p:.377.(1910).%

GENNAUS NISBETTI.

Genneeus nisbettt, Oates, Ibis, (1903) p. 99; Ghigi, Mem. Acad.

Bologna (6) v, p. 140 (1908).

GENNAZUS CRAWFURDI.

Phasianus crawfurdi, Gray, in Griff. ed. Cuv., ili, p. 27 (1829).

_Huplocamus crawfurdi, Hume, Str. Feath., vi, pp. 437, 521

(1878) ; id. xi, p. 803 (1883).

690

INDIAN WOOD-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS

(SECOND CONTRIBUTION.) 7

JOSEPH ASSMUTH, S. J.

The first paper on this subject was published in September 1913

(B.N. H. J. Vol. XXII, No. 2, pp. 372—384).. Since that time

I have made two more long collecting excursions—one to Chota

Nagpur during October-November 1913, the other to South Canara

and Mysore during April-May 1914—and several short ones to

Gujerat, the Bhor Ghats, etc. They have brought to light some

new facts regarding our Indian wood-eating Termites,» a summary

of which I publish in this paper. I have again to thank most

cordially the Agents of the G. I. P., B. B. & C. I., and M. & 8) My

Railways, for their liberal grant of passes without which it would have

been impossible to carry on my researches. I am also under great

obligations to the Chief Engineer, P. W. D., Sind, and to many

members of his staff for sending me a great number of specimens

of Termites as well as damaged wood. If this example of co-oper-

ation would be more generally imitated by others, our knowledge of

Indian noxious White Ants would soon be much nearer completion

than it is now. Lastly I beg to tender my heartfelt thanks to all

the many others who have in any way assisted me in my-~ studies,

especially to the Jesuit Fathers of the Calcutta and Mangalore

Missions.

I propose to give in the following lines short notes first on the

noxious ‘Termites already mentioned in my preceding paper, then

on some new kinds not previously recorded, and finally to add a few

general observations bearing on the question of wood-destroyers.

Leucotermes indicola, Coptotermes Hevmi (besides one or two other

species of this genus), and Odontotermes [ec are “ the most im-

portant wood-destroyers ; Termites in houses...will in a large majority

of cases be found to belong to one of these kinds.”’ So I wrote in

my first article (1. c., p. 374). I have now, after my latest investi-

gations, come to the conclusion that this statement may be more

precisely and correctly expressed thus: Termites doing damage in

buildings to timber or, in fact, to any wooden structure found in

them, belong in all cases to one of the abovenamed kinds, and to no

other. I have examined a very large number of Termite-infested

habitations in the Provinces of Bombay, Bengal, Madras, Behar

and Orissa, and I did not in a single instance come across any but

the said three species.

‘These Termites are, of course, also seen feeding on all sorts of dry

wood away from houses and even in forests, just like the rest of the

INDIAN WOOD-DESTROYVYING WHITE ANTS. 691

wood-destroyers ; but if it is a matter of Termites doing damage in

any kind of building they are certain, according to my experience, to

belong to one of the just mentioned genera.

This showed itself most strikingly in the case, of Odontotermes

Fece in Chota Nagpur, where this species abounds. I examined

dozens of its nests in garden, field and forest, and in every case—I do

not remember a single exception—I found colonies of Microtermes

associated with it. But in buildings such a companionship was

never noticed; there Odontotermes Fee held the field alone in the

beams of walls as well as in the rafters of roofs.

I add a few of the more important localities where I took speci-

mens of the wood-destroyers under discussion: Leucotermes found

in Calcutta, Mangalore, and in villages of South Canara near the

range of the Western Ghats; Coptotermes in Calcutta, Mangalore,

and Ranchi; Odontotermes Fece in the lastnamed places, and also

in the Ghats of South Canara up to an elevation of 3-4,000 feet.

To sum up: of the various kinds of wood-destroying T'ermites

in India only three appear to have adapted themselves to live in

buildings’ and feed on wood contained in them; these three occur

almost everywhere throughout the Peninsula. This is of special

interest, because on the one hand our wood-eating species are on the

whole fairly numerous, and on the other the respective Termite

Faunas of Northern, Central and Southern India exhibit consider-

able variety. .

Special mention must here be made of Sind, for I am not quite

sure whether the above statement is applicable to this Province as

well. Of the many specimens taken in buildings and otherwise I

have received from Sind, none belonged to. either Leucotermes or

Odontotermes Hece. Coptotermes was taken ,in different . places,

but the kind most often sent to me was Microtermes. It. would

therefore seem that the two firstnamed forms are not represented

in Sind, whereas the last genus is far more often met with than in

other parts of India, and has even acquired the habit of attacking

timber in houses. But details are as yet too scanty to allow of any

definite opinion on this head. I hope to settle the. matter as soon

as I get a chance of visiting Sind at some future time.

The peculiar custom of Microtermes of living. associated with

other ‘l'ermites has already been mentioned. I often found Mtero-

termes colonies in the mounds of Odontotermes. obesus, in the nest

area of Odontotermes Fee, etc. With regard tothe latter “ com-

pound nests,*’, I..came always to the conclusion—after careful

examination of the feeding figures and fillings—that the attack on

wood on which the Termites were seen feeding, had been started by

1 Cp. the similar habit of the true Ants Prenolepis longicornis (Aitken,

Tribes on niy Frontier, p. 51; Wroughton, this Journal Vol. vii., p.41), and

Plagiviopis longipes (Wroughton 1. c. p. 385).

692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII

Odontotermes Fece ; Microtermes was a later arrival which had occu-

pied portions of the tunnels and galleries of the “host” and was

now continuing the work of destruction in company with the latter.

So far I have only once succeeded in finding—at Ranchi ( No. 447

of my collection) —a colony of Muicrotermes living by itself alone,

with no other kind of Termites anywhere near it. This gave me

the long looked-for chance of getting exact details of the feeding

figure of this White Ant; for when I discovered the nest, the

workers were busily engaged upon destroying a board of dealwood

lying on the ground. Almost the whole of the lower as well as portions

of the upper surface of the board was covered with crusts of dark

earthy material, much in the same fashion as with Odontotermes Fee,

except that in this case the material employed for construction was

not so coarse-grained as with the latter species. After removing the

earthy crust or cover, the feeding figure became clearly apparent.

As the most striking feature one should note the non-coherence of

the holes eaten into the wood. One gets the impression that every

individual had set to work quite independent of the rest. The

result of this way of proceeding is an abundance of sporadic holes

scattered irregularly all overthe wood: some of them deep, some

shallow, some long, some short, etc. Most of the holes are found to

extend along the soft veins of the wood; a few of them however cut

right across the veins, and in this case everything—hard as well as

soft portions of the wood—is destroyed. I observed also tunnels

constructed completely inside the wood which did not reach the

surface at all; but the greater part of the feeding area was superficial.

Hence it appears that Microtermes when attacking wood acts in

some respects like Lewcotermes (feeding along the soft veins, and

inside the wood), in others like Odontotermes [ece (destroying soft as

well as hard portions of wood, feeding on the surface, building

covers of earthy material). But taken as a whole the feeding figure

of Mucrotermes is so characteristic that it cannot easily be mistaken

for another. I hope it will be possible to give a photograph of it

in one of the subsequent numbers of the Journal.

In addition to the kinds spoken of in the preceding pages I

came across several new wood-destroyers in different localities. It

will be sufficient for the purposes of this paper to mention them but

briefly. They are of minor practical interest since they do not in-

fest houses, but are either forest dwellers or else occur so rarely that

the damage they do is insignificant.

I begin with a rather remarkable wood-destroyer of the Hutermes

tribe’ . Colonies of this Termite were abundant in certain

forests of the Western Ghats, east of Mangalore, up to about 3,000

feet above the level of the sea. It was somewhat of a surprise to

+ For a picture of an Hutermes soldier, see fig. 10 on pl. 1 of my first paper :

the Double-formed Fine Termite.

INDIAN WOOD-DESTROVING WHITE ANTS. 693

me to find Hutermes among the noxious White Ants; for all the

species of it I had so far been able to observe were quite harmless

creatures feeding on bits of dry grass only. Yet there could be no

doubt about the destructive tendencies of this South Canara species :

every piece of wood—trunks of fallen trees, withered and broken off

branches, twigs, and the like—lying abouton the ground in the

neighbourhood of a nest, were attacked, not by a few, but by hun-

dreds or even thousands of individuals. They were certainly the

most active and voracious wood-destroyers I had ever met. Their

nest is a ‘‘ carton nest ’’, a large football-like structure hanging high

up in a tree and crammed full of an astonishing number of Termites.

The live tree however on which the nest is situated they never

touch ; they build covered tunnels down the trunk to the ground,

where they devour whatever wood they can find.

A new and apparently very rare species of Odontotermes was

taken, feeding on wood, at Khandala and Calcutta. The likeness

of the soldiers of this kind to those of Coptotermes is remarkable:

they have nearly the same brown-red head, the same porcelain-white

abdomen, the same milky-white secretion when irritated (for des-

cription of Coptotermes, see preceding paper, p. 377). But the

tooth on their left mandible leaves no doubt that they belong to the

genus Odontotermes. Moreover their two-sized workers, with black-

ish abdomen, are recognised at a glance as members of this tribe.

New species of Microcerotermes were observed at Mangalore and

Navoor, a viilage at the foot of the Ghats about 50 miles east of the

former place. More interesting, from a purely scientific point of

view, was the discovery of a colony of Cryptotermes at Bangalore,

probably the first representative of this genus recorded from the

Indian Continent. The nest had been constructed in a dried up

stump of a branch of a live Ficus tree.

The question has often been put tome: What about the occur-

rence of wood-destroying Termites in mountainous districts? My

observations in the Ghats of South Canara and Mysore have con-

vinced me that, in the said region at least, none are found higher

up than 3-4,000 feet above the level of the sea. I have, indeed,

taken White Ants on the very top of the Kudre Mukh mountain,

v.é., more than 6,000 feet high ; but they were of the harmless Capri-

termes kind. The task of removing dry wood and thus making

room for fresh growth which is so effectively carried on by wood-

eating White Ants in the lower parts of the Ghats, has, in the ex-

tensive forests covering the heights above 4,000 feet, apparently

devolved on larvae of various kinds of Coleoptera ( Buprestidae,

Longicornia, etc.). Nearly all the pieces of dry wood I examined

up there showed signs of attacks of beetle larvae; these signs are so

characteristic that they cannot be mistaken for Termite feeding

figures.

694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXI111,

I add a few remarks referring to the moot point, whether

Termites destroy live plants‘and trees. I can only repeat what I

wrote in my previous paper (l.c.p. 3881, foot note): none of the

wood-destroyers I have seen feed on live plant tissue. . Wherever

I came across green plants or trees infested by Termités—-and I have

examined a good many—JI could always’ ascertain that’ only dry

and decaying portions of wood, or else mosses and lichens growing

on the surface of the bark, were being devoured by the White

Ants ; where the live tissue began, the tunnels and burrows of the

Termites ceased. =

I am glad'to be able to quote in confirmation of my ‘views the

opinion of Mr. A. V.d. Poorten, a Ceylon planter of large ex-

perience in cocoanut, etc., cultivation, whose acquaintance I made

last May. In the course of our conversation he told me—quite un-

solicited on my part—he was convinced that White Ants never

started an attack on healthy trees. Where he had found them

feeding on trees, the first injuries could, as a rule, be traced to some

other cause; the Termites had put in their appearance only later

on to complete the destruction of the already diseased portions of

the tree.

The following significant fact may throw some light on the

belief of many people in India that Termites destroy live plants.

During the last two years insects labelled “‘ White Ants, very in-

jurious to crops’, were sent to me from three different places, viz.,

Ranchi, Ahmednagar, and Anand (Nos. 422,108, and 596 of my

collection). Hxamination of the specimens received showed how-

ever that none of them were White Ants, but all belonged to a

species of light-brown or yellowish genuine Ants (ormicide) of

the Dorylus tribe. This Ant may well be mistaken for a Termite

by a casual observer.

Until, therefore, convincing evidence to the contrary is produced

I hold that the Termites of the Indian Continent—of others I have

no practical experience—are innocent of the damages to crops or

live plants so often attributed to them. Either the plants were

already diseased when falling a prey to the White Ants, or else the

culprit is not a “‘ White Ant,” but a “real Ant.”

695

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Report No, 17.

By R. C.. WrouGuHton.

COLLECTION ake iT ONO: DZ:

LOCALITY Os .. SS. Tenasserim,

DATE ae ... December 1913-April 1914.

COLLECTED BY .. ..: .. Mr. G. C. Shortridge.

EARLIER REPORTS... ... No. 1, East Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p.

392, 1912; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXT,-p. 820, 1912; No..3,

Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol, XXTI,

p. 944, 1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI,:p.:1170, 1912 ;

No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII,’ p. 29,1913; No. 7, Central

Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1918; No. 8, Bellary, Vol.

XXIf, p. 58,1913; No.9, Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 283,

1918; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXIT, p. 464, 1913; No. 11,

Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913; No. 12, Palanpur, Vol.

XXII, p. 684, 1913; No. 13, South Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p.

700, 1913; No. 14, N. Shan States, Vol. XXTI, p. 710,

1913; No. 15, Kumaon, Vol. XXIII, p. 282, 1914; No. 16,

Dry Zone, Central Burma and Mount Popa, Vol. XXIII,

p. 460, 1915.

The present collection represents the fauna of the most Southern

portion of the Province of Burma. The area covered by it lies

between 10° and 13° 30' N. Latitude, corresponding with the

Mergui District of Tenasserim. This District is a long narrow

strip, bounded on the West by the Bay of Bengal, and on the Hast

by Siam. In its Northern portion the Tenasserim River runs

_southward down the centre, separated from the sea by a mountain

range, whose highest point is the peak of Myinmoletkat (6,800 ft.)..

The rest of the District is low-lying broken ground, a good deal of

which is covered by the Sea at high tide, and a large amount of the

remainder is liable to be flooded during the rains. The total area

is 9,798 square miles, and the population about 10 to the square mile.

The average rainfall is 163 inches, and. the temperature ranges

between 93° and 68°. Practically the District, except about 140

square miles of cultivation and perhaps a similar area of old

‘“« Toungya ’’clearings, is under dense forest of which nearly 1,000

square miles is mangrove.

The following are descriptions of the actual camps visited, as fur-

nished by Mr. Shortridge :—

“« Victoria Point.—Situated at the extreme South of the District:

Surrounding country hilly, with no flat country in the immediate

neighbourhood. The land around the township has been more or

less cleared, and these clearings, being now covered with grass,

give the place a somewhat barren appearance during the dry

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

season. Quite a short distance inland, however, the usual evergreen

jungle commences.

Bankachon.—A very small Malay village (Bankasun of Davison),

composed of about twenty houses, situated at the high tide limit of

one of the many small creeks that flow into the Pakchan River, about

17 miles inland from Victoria Point. With the exception of one

or two rubber plantations, this is the only populated spot between

the Point and Maliwun. The country is partly flat with mangrove

swamps on the Pakchan side of the village. On the other side the

hills, that run along the peninsula, here reach a height of less than

1,000 feet. With the exception of a little cultivation round the

village, the surrounding country is under dense evergreen jungle.

Maliwun.—A. small township, at the head of a creek flowing into

the Pakchan. It owes its present existence chiefly to the Burma

Development Syndicate, which owns a large rubber estate, and the

Kyuli Tin Mines, about four miles further inland. The surround-

ing country, owing to old ‘Taungya’ clearings, now under grass,

has amore or less open, park-like appearance, which is however

again surrounded by evergreen jungle, similar to that round

Bankachon. |

Victoria Island.—A small island, about 2 miles off Victoria

Point. Rough, hilly country, but not rising to more than 200 feet.

Covered with the dense evergreen jungle that is characteristic of all

the islands of the Mergui Archipelago. A visit of only 2 days was

paid, but when the Archipelago is worked later on, a longer camp

might well be made.

Mergua Town.—Head-quarters of the District, on an island in the

Delta of the Tenasserim River, only separated on one side from the

main land by a narrow creek. Situated in Latitude 12° 26' N., Lon-

gitude 98° 36' EH. Itis protected by the hill island of Pataw, which

helps to form a good natural harbour, and farther out by a ring of

islands, including King Island, the largest in the Mergui Archipelago.

Population about 12,000. Around the town the country is largely

under cultivation, including the ‘Crown’ and several other Rubber

Kstates. The remainder of the Island is covered with mangrove

and scrub jungle.

Tenasservom Village.—Situated in Latitude 12° 6' N. and Longitude

J9° 3" K., atthe confluence of the great and little Tenasserim Rivers,

45 miles up stream from Mergui. The village, which now contains

barely 100 houses, is on low ground, surrounded by fruit orchards,

on the site of the ancient city of Tenasserim, which for several

hundred years was the principal port of Siam, and the gateway of

the most direct route to the Far Hast. There are still remains of

the old walls, enclosing an area of about 4 miles. The city is said

to have been founded in 1373, and was conquered and destroyed by

the Burmese in 1759. The surrounding country is covered with

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 697

secondary growth jungle, and is shut in by hills which rise to up-

wards of 1,000 feet.

Thaget.—The Tenasserim Hevea Rubber Estate, on the Tenas-

serim River, about 60 miles above Mergui. It is accessible by

launch at all seasons. The area of the Estate is 5,000 acres, of which

about 800 acres have been cleared and planted. The average rain-

fall, 100-110 inches, is strikingly less than that near the coast, or

even as far inland as Tenasserim village, where it often exceeds

200 inches.

Tagoot.—About 75 miles up the Tenasserim River, a tin mining

district, it is surrounded chiefly by bamboo jungle.

Banlaw.—Ahbout 55 miles up the great Tenasserim River. <A

small village on the North bank, surrounded by fruit orchards.

Flat country, paddy fields, and scrub jungle.”

In all 1,024 specimens were obtained, of which 4 are missing or

have not been sent to me. ‘l'wenty-eight others are from places out-

side the area dealt with in this Report, these will be found listed in

a supplement. The remaining 1,000 specimens belong to 64 species,

in 52 genera.

A feature of this collection which causes surprise is the almost

complete absence of the really small mammals (exclusive of the

Bats). One Pigmy Shrew and the specimens of Chiropodomys are

the only ones which can be placed in this category, even the ubi-

quitous Mus booduga is unrepresented. The constant flooding of

such large areas, as reported by Mr. Shortridge, is possibly toa

certain extent responsible for this fact. Chiropodomys is an arboreal

animal, which would be less inconvenienced by floods than Mus,

Leqgadilla, &c., but it is probable that large areas of heavy conti-

nuous forest is unsuited to the welfare of the smaller types of

mammals.

Of the 64 species recorded, more than 40 or 2/3 of the whole are

new to our Survey Lists, three are quite new and have been des-

cribed by Mr. Thomas on an earlier page of this Journal. (Vol. xxiii,

pp. 205, 413, 612).

Of the species recorded in this Report, all the true Monkeys; the

Bat, Emballonura monticola; Gymnura and Galeopterus among the

Insectivores ; Arctictis and Hemigalus among the Carnivores ; and the

Rodents, Hpimys vociferans, H. validus, Gunomys varius, and the

bush tailed porcupine (A. macrourus) are at or very close to their

Northern limit.

Mr. Shortridge records the following notes on animals which he

failed to meet with though they have been recorded from this region.

“ Pithecus arctoides.—I could get no information of any kind of

a stump-tailed Monkey in the District.

Pteropus.—Said to be plentiful, especially at Mergui, at certain

times of the year.

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

(If any Member would obtain a series of these they would be a

most valuable acquisition. There are three species, one or more of

which might be found hereabouts, viz., 1: Pt. hypomelanus geminorum,

Mill: from 8S. Twin Islands; 2. Pt. intermedius, K. And., from

Amherst,.the type of which is the only specimen known; 3. Pt.

lylei, K: And:, a dwarf species from 8. Siam.)

Felis pardie: Li.—Plentiful round Victoria Point, a considerable

proportion of specimens being melanistic.

Vernacular name.— RIMAU-BINTANG (Malay, Bankachon).

Felis sp.—A cat, known as KUCHING-JALANG, is said .to occur

rarely round Bankachon ; this may be L’. vivertinan |

Prionodon maculosus, Blanf.—I could get no information about

this animal, though a. specimen’ has been recently recorded from

Siam, near the Tenasserim boundary.

Cwon rutilans, Muell:—Said to be very rare in the Diatriet:

Vernacular name.—S1@aLa, or SRIGALA (Malay, Bankachon).

Arctonyx sp.—The Hog-badger appears to be very rare.

Vernacular name.—KHWE-HTU-WET-HTU (Burmese) ; MAMBARANG

(Malay, Bankachon).

Lutra sp.—Otters are said to be fairly numerous inland, but near

the Coast and on the lower course of the Tenasserim River they

are rare or absent.

Ursus torquatus, Wagn.—Has occasionally been shot by residents.

Vernacular name—BRUANG-OURANG (Malay, Bankachon).

Ursus malayanus, Raff.—Probably more plentiful than torguatus.

Vernacular name—BruanG (Malay, Bankachon).

ilephas.—Elephants were seen round Bankachon «and

Maliwan.

Vernacular name—GaJA (Malay, Bankachon).

Rhinoceros sondaicus, Cuy.— Ft eftd

Vernacular’ name—KYANT-sIN (Burmese) ; Bape ee

(Malay, Bankachon).

Tapirus, indicus,-Cuv.—Said to be rare round Victoria Poinite:

Mr. C. B. Hall tells me that he once found the remains of one, that

had been killed by a tiger, near his state.

Vernacular name—GaJa-MENA (Malay; Bankachon).

Bibos gawrus, H. Sm.—Said to be plentiful round Maliwun.

Vernacular name—SLADANG, or SaLaDANG (Malay, Banka-

chon).

Bibos sondaicus, Muell.—Said to occur 40 miles inland from

Victoria Point. )

Vernacular name—Sapi-LuMBoo (Malay, Bankachon).

Capricornis, sp.—Serow are said to exist on the Hills north of the

Tenasserim River.

Manis javanica, Desm.—Said to be uncommon.

Vernacular name—TANGILING (Malay, Bankachon).”’

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 699

Mr. Shortridge records his special obligation to the following

gentlemen :— - :

Mr. G. P. Andrew, I.C.8., Dist. Commissioner.

Mr. C, E. Fisher, Inspector of Police, ‘placed the local Police

boat: at my disposal on many occasions, a very considerable help in

a country where there are very few means of transport.”’

Mr. R. Lamb, Estate Manager at Maliwun under the Burma

Development Syndicate, “‘ put me up and gave me every assist-

7) -

ance.

Mr. C. F. S. Bilbrough, the owner of. Victoria Island, ‘has pro-

mised to help in ‘every possible way when a more exhaustive survey

of this Island is undertaken.”

Mr. J. Taylor, Manager of the Hevea Rubber Estate at Thaget,

*“* gave me every help.”

(Before going on to my detailed report, I would venture to point

out that if any of our members resident in these parts could and

would obtain more specimens of the Pipistrel obtained by Mr.

Shortridge at Maliwun, such would be most valuable.)

(1) Hytopartses tar, L.

The White-handed Gibbon.

1771. Homo lar, Linnaeus, Mantissa, App., p. 521.

1888. Hylobates lar, Blanford, Mammalia No.2.

3617, 2 10, Bankachon;. ¢1, Tenasserim; g1, 92, Thaget.

H, lar much resembles H. hoolock except for its white hands and feet.

Blanford says of its. colour “‘ occasionally much variegated”’, but in_ the

present series the specimens are either jet black or fulvous, with a darker

shade on the back, the latter much predominating.

“Very plentiful around Victoria Point. Although not avoiding the

neighbourhood of habitations, Gibbons hardly ever leave the forests

and are probably seldom destructive to ground crops. They are parti-

cularly noisy in the early mornings and evenings. The calls of all

Gibbons have a certain resemblance to each other, consisting in the case

of this species of a series of rapid whoops, ascending and descending

through several octaves, rather resembling a siren and are amongst the

most striking and musical sounds to be heard in any tropical jungle. They

are nearly always gregarious, going about in parties of about a dozen;

where they are numerous, several parties may sometimes mingle together

temporarily, but I have never seen flocks of a hundred or more as reported

by Blanford. H. lar is exciuded in Davison’s list of Mammals from Banka-

chon.”

Weights.— ¢, 162 lbs:, 9,15 lbs.

Vernacular name—Mawa (Malay, Bankachon).

(2) PirHECUS FASCICULARIS, Raffles.

The Crab-eating Monkey.

1822. Stmia fascicularis, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., XIII, p. 246.

1825. Macacus carbonarius, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. XXXII.

1831. Macacus aureus, Is. Geoffroy, Voy. Bel. Zool., p. 58.

700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

1888. Macacus cynomolgus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 9.

G1, Victoria Island; 21, Bankachon; ¢1, Mergui ;¢3, 29,

Tenasserim; 55, 23, Thaget; ¢2, Banlaw.

This Macaque is not strikingly different from the common “Bengal

Monkey” except in its far longer tail, which is scarcely shorter than the

combined head and body, while in the Indian Monkey it is less than 2 that

length. In size the two are identical.

Blanford recognises that ‘‘cynomolgos” of Linnaeus is a totally different

animal but retained the name for convenience, which is of course inadmissi-

ble. He includes in his synonymy the name zrus proposed by F. Cuvier in

1818. Bonhote dealt with the matter in 1903 (Fascic. Malay 1, p. 4) and

showed that z7ws was based on a Senegal Monkey and that the earliest

name for the Malay-Tenasserim long tailed Macaque’ is fascicularts of

Raffles. Later Dr. Elliot in his Review of the Primates, 1913, p. 229,

revives 7rus as aname fora Burma-Malay Macaque ‘with black feet’ (a

character originally postulated by Cuvier) but, though some specimens

seem to have somewhat darker feet, I have found no Oriental Macaque with

black feet in the National Collection. I have therefore followed Bonhote,

Miller, &c., in adopting the name fascicularis. This monkey seems to vary a

good deal in colouring, but these variations would seem to be individual

and perhaps even seasonal. These variations account for the names

carbonarius and aureus in the synonymy given above.

“ Although extremely plentiful where it occurs, this species is here

entirely confined to the neighbourhood of Mangrove Swamps along the

Sea-shore, and the banks of rivers. Its chief habitat is along the edges of

tidal creeks where at low tide it feeds on molluscs, crustaceans and other

marine animals. It was so local round Victoria Point that, although

swarming along the banks of the Pakchan River, it was not once seen near

Bankachon only a few miles away from the River.

Weight.— 9 , 103 lbs.

Vernacular name.—Kra (Malay, Bankachon.)”’—G. C. S.

(3) PirnEecus apustus, Mill.

The Malay pig-tailed Monkey,

1888. Macacus nemestrinus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 8.

1906. Macaca adusta, Miller, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XIX, p. 559.

3 38, 94, Bankachon.

About he, size of, or rather smaller than, the « Bengal Monkey ’ but more

stoutly built. Dark brown in colour. In nemesirinss from Sumatra there

is a broad black stripe down the centre of the back which is obsolescent or

entirely wanting in the Malay animal.

Miller distinguished adustus (Type locality Champang, Tenasserim) from

nemestrinus, which was named by Linnzus from Sumatra, by the almost

complete absence of the dorsal black stripe and by the black annulations

present on the hairs of the back. There are also skull differences and the

male canines are less developed than in nemestrinus.

“ Plentiful, although not to the same degree as H. lar and P. obdscurus.

Like other Macaques, this species is very variable in size, and there is also

a considerable difference in size between the sexes. During life the eye

orbits in adults are bluish. Gregarious, and when occurring in numbers

around villages it is said to be very destructive among rice fields, The

cheek pouches of most of the specimens obtained were full of rice. This

species is very often seen in confinement.

Weight.— 3, 18 lbs.; 2,10: Ibs.

Vernacular names, — Beue Bruu-tana (Malay, Bankachon). ’—G.C. 5S.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 701

(4) PresBytis opscurvs, Reid.

The Dusky Leaf-Monkey.

1837. Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, P.Z.S., p. 14.

1888. Semnoptthecus obscurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 24.

35, 2912, Bankachon ; ¢2, Tenasserim ; 61, Thaget.

This is a dark coloured Langur. Brownish black above, paler on the

shoulders and forearms, tail silver-grey. Under side, hind limbs and crown

of the head greyish-white, hands and feet black.

In his synonymy Blanford says Reid gave no description but this is in-

correct. The full passage referred to is as follows :—‘“ Mr. James Reid

exhibited to the Meeting, and characterised as new, under the name

obscurus, a dark-coloured monkey, from the Society’s Collection, belonging

to the Genus Semnopithecus. The locality of the particular specimen before

the Meeting was unknown. ” This is technically a‘ good’ description if

the name can be assigned, on reasonable evidence, to the animal in

question. (There are two specimens in the National Collection, either of

which might be the type, but I have failed, in spite of careful enquiry, to

obtain any history which would connect either of them. with Reid’s speci-

men.) However in the following year Martin, Superintendent of the

Museum of the Zoological Society, published a Monograph of the Genus

Semnopithecus (Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., IJ, p. 484) in which he in-

cludes ‘ S. obscurus, Reid.”’ He says: This Species was lately described

as new atthe scientific meeting of the Zoological Society, 1837”, and

gives an unmistakeable déscription of the present animal. There can

be no doubt that the present animal is Reid’s obscurus and the name must

stand on his authority.

“ Almost as plentiful as H. lar, but a much less noisy animal. Its alarm

note is almost like that of a Macaque, and quite unlike the curious hoot of

the Indian Langurs. It is rather shy and keeps well within the thickest

jungles.

The white orbital regions and the pinkish-white round the mouth are as

in phayrei, except that the orbits are not bluish but rather dead white, and

do not surround but extend in semi-circles round the upper and outer

margins of the eyes only. The area round the mouth is also less clearly

defined, being often mottled round its edges. The hair on the crown,

though long and very silky, does not form a true crest. The newly born

young are bright golden yellow in colour, in rare cases this colour is

retained through life.

Weight.— 3, 194 lbs., 2, 19 lbs.

Vernacular names.—Lutrone, Lurone-1asoo (Malay, Bankachon).”

—G.C.8.

(5) PRESBYTIS FEMORALIS KEATII, Rob. and K1.

Keat’s Leaf Monkey.

1830. Semnopithecus femoralis, Horsf., App., Life of Sir T. S. Raffles (no

description).

1833. Semnopithecus femoralis, Martin, Charlesworth’s Mag., N. H., II,

. 436.

1876. Rea si ehaoie neglectus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays. Bas., XII, p. 47.

1888. Semnopithecus femoralis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 25,

1911. Presbytis neglecta keatii, Robinson and Kloss, Journ. Fed. Mal.

St. Mus., IV, p. 174. .

3g 38, 9 y Bankachon.

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

A black-brown Langur, with the inside of the thigh, in a narrowing line

down the inside of the hind leg, to the heel, pure white.

“Apparently not at all plentiful—possibly only just extending into

Tenasserim—and rather shy. Thefacial area is very small and quite unlike

other Burmese and Indian Langurs. The mouth has the usual pinkish-

white area but the orbital region, though pale, is dusky flesh colour and

not a conspicuous feature. The two radiating centres on the forehead are

hardly visible during life, though very noticeable in dry skins.

Weight.— ¢, 153 “lbs., "9 , 142 lbs.

Vernacular name. vet KOKA (Malay ? Bankachon.)”—G.C.S.

(6) NycriceBus covcane, Bodd.

The Slow Loris,

1785. Tardigradus coucang, Boddaert, Elench. Anim., Vol. I., p. 67.

1812, Nycticebus bengalensis, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. , XIX, p. 16d:

1867. Nucticebus cinereus, Milne Edwards, Nouv. Arch.du. Mus. IIL, p. i.

1888. Nycticebus tardigradus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 26.

61, Mergui.

Thomas has shown that the tardigradus of Linnaeus refers to the Cey-

lonese Slender Loris. The next oldest name is coucang, Bodd. The name

was given to Pennant’s ‘“ Tailless Maucauco”’ from Bengal. Wehave no

specimen of a Bengal individual but when such is available, if it prove to be

distinct from the Tenasserim animal, the latter will have to take the name

cinereus, M.Edw. I have compared this specimen with one of the co-types of

cinereus and cannot detect any difference.

This is a pretty little animal about 12 or 13 inches long. It has prac-

tically no tail. The hair is long, soft and curly. The colour is a warm

erey, washed more or less over the whole upper side of the body with rusty.

There is a narrow dark line from the base of the tail forward to the crown;

at that point lines branch to the ears and eyes.

‘Apparently fairly well known on Mergui Island. Very savage, growling

like a cat when approached and always Tréady to attack any thing placed

near it. Except for its rather slower movements very similar in general

habits to the Slender Loris.

Weight.—3} lbs.””—G.C.8.

(7) Rovsetrus LESCHENAULTI, Desm.

The Fulvous Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

35, 26, Tagoot.

(See also’ Reports ‘Nos. 15*and:16.).

(8) CyYNopreRvs BRACHYOTIS ANGULATUS, Mill.

The Matay- Short-nosed Fruit Bat..

. 1839... Cynopterus brachyotis, Miller, Tigd:Nat. Gesch., V., p. 146.

1891. Cynopterus brachyotis, Blandford, Mammalia No. 139;

1898. . Cynopterus angulatus, Miller, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., p. 316.

o1, Victoria Point; .j 2, Q8, Bankachon; ¢4, 922, Tenasserim.

This, Bat differs from Cyrtopten ws sphine, the common Fruit Bat of India,

rather in size than in colouring. The fore’arm is shorter and the ears

relatively smaller.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 703

* Plentiful, roosting by day on the under sides of palm and plantain

leaves, sometimes singly or in pairs, but more usually in small colonies.

Vernacular name,—K1awa (all small bats) (Malay, Bankachon).”—G.C.8.

(9) EonYCTERIS SPELAEA, Dobs.

Dobson’s Long-tongued Fruit Bat.

1871. Macroglossus spelaeus, Dobson, Proc. A. 8. B., pp. 105, 106. -

1891. Honycteris spelea, Blanford, Mammalia No. 144.

All, 27, Tagoot.

This bat rather resembles Rousettus, but is more warmly coloured,

above and darker below, but. is at once separable from any of that genus

as wellias from Cynopterus, by the absence of a claw on the index finger.

“* Plentiful in a cave near Tagoot, in company with other small Fruit

Bats and Emballonuride.’’—G.C.S.

(10) MacroeLossus MINIMUs soBRiINus, K. And.

The small Long-tongued Frut-Bat.

1810. Pteropus minimus, Geoffroy. Ann: Mus: d’ H. N. XV. p. 97.

1891.. Carponycteris minima, Blanford.: Mammalia. No. 143. |

1911. | Macroglossus minimus sobrinus, K. Andersen, A.M.N.H. VIL. p. 642,

1 (juv.)..Bankachon.

The specimen is too young for confident identification. Dr. Andersen in his

Catalogue of the Chiroptera» (p.. 761) writes “ Itis probably this form which

has been recorded in literature from Tenasserim.” Ihave therefore ranked

it under that name.

(11) Nyoreris savanica, Geoff.

The Javan Long-eared Bat.

1813. Nycteris yuvanicus, Geoffroy, Am. du. Mus. XX., p. 20.

~ $1, 91, Bankachon,

This Bat somewhat resembles a Megaderm, especially in its very large

ears and the presence of both a nose leaf and a tragus, the latter however.

is very'small. Blanford does not include this species in his Fauna but

quotes Dobson to the effect that it had been found in the Malay Peninsula

and Java. (Mammalia, p. 295.) It is the only species found in the Oriental

Region, all the rest of the Genus being African. These so far as I cam

discern are the first specimens taken within Indian limits.

“A single pair were driven out of a porcupine burrow in thick evergreen

forest by one of my ferrets.”—G.C.S.

(12) RuINoLoPHUS LUCTUS, Temm.

The Malayan Great Horse-shoe Bat.

1835. Rhinolophus luctus, Temminek, Mon. Mamm,, II., p. 24.

1842. Rhinolophus morto, Gray, A. M. N. H., X., p. 257.

1891. Rhinolophus luctus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 145 (partim).

Q1, Bankachon.

Dr. Andersen has.recognised perniger, Hodgs., as a separate species and

has established Jbeddome: to represent the North Indian (Himalayan)

and the South Indian forms respectively.» All» three are included by

Blanford under the name ductus. It isa large, black Rhinolophus, with, a

large and complicated nose-leaf. °

704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIIT,

“This specimen was found roosting by itself during the day in thick

foliage. All allied species hitherto found were in hollow trees, caves or

wells, but always singly or in pairs.”—G.C.8.

(18) RHINOLOPHUS TRIFOLIATUS, Temm.

The Trefoil Horse-shoe Bat,

1835. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Temminck, Mon. Mamm., II, p. 27.

1891. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 147.

@ 2, Bankachon.

This would seem to be a rare Bat. It is of medium size and a pale

colour; the nose leaf, though proportionally large, is not so complicated as

in luctus, with which it is fairly closely related.

‘“‘ Both these specimens were found by day, roosting in thick foliage”.—

G.C.S.

(14) HrpposipERos FULVUS, Gray.

The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

9.1, Bankachon; g 1, Q 3, Tenasserim.

(See also former Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14 and 16.)

“This species was found roosting by itself, inside a house’”’.—G.C.S8.

(15) HipposipERos Larvatus, Horsf.

Horsfleld’s Leaf-nosed Bat.

1824. Rhinolophus larvatus, Horsfield, Res. Java pt. VI.

1824. Rhinolophus vulgaris, Horsfield, 1, c.

1824. Rhinolophus deformis, Horsfield, 1, c.

1824. Rhinolophus insignis, Horsfield, 1, c.

1891. Hipposiderus larvatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 165.

3 14, 2 Y,in al. 4, Bankachon.

A medium sized Hipposideros, with 8 supplementary leaflets in the nose

leaf, as in dukhunensis. Like fulvus it is most variable in colour; in the

present series thete are specimens which are quite brown, while others

are flaring ochraceous rufous, and there are others of intermediate shades.

It is markedly larger and stouter than dukhunensis.

“ Found swarming in the shafts of the Kyuli Tin Mines near Maliwun.”—

G.C.S,

(16) MrcapERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff.

The Malay Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1, Victoria Point; ¢ 1, Bankachon.

(See also Reports Nos, 6, 11, and 16.)

“Only two specimens were obtained, both found roosting, singly, inside

verandahs.”—G.C.S.

(17) PuipistRELLUS LoPHURUs, Thos.

The Tuft-tailed Pipistrel.

1915, Pipistrelius lophurus, Thomas, Journ., B.N.H.S.,Vol., XXIII, p. 413.

d 1, Maliwun.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 705

This species is described by Mr. Thomas on an earlier page.

The most striking outwardly visible character is the tuft of hairs ona

gland at the base of the tail.

“This was the only Pipistrel observed during the whole of my stay at

Victoria Point.”—G. C. 8.

(18) ScotropHILus wrouGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

3 3, 2 6, Tenasserim Town ; ¢ 1, Pyinmana. T,. A. Hauxwell,

Bi adl ipatre p

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16.)

“ Found roosting in company with 7’, longimanus.”’—G. C.S.

(19) TyLonyctTERJs pacHyPus, Temm.

The Club-footed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

31, 23, Bankachon ; ¢ 2, Thaget.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 11 and 14.)

“‘ Not observed to be plentiful. Bats, especially the early flying Vesper-

tilionide, were by no means so plentiful as might have been expected at

Victoria Point.”—G. C. 8S.

(20) Myoris muricoua, Gray.

The Wall Bat.

1841. Vespertilo muricola, Hodgson, J. A.S. B., X, p. 908 ‘no description).

1846. Vespertilio muricola, Grey, Cat. Mamm. Nep. Thib, p. 4.

1891. Vespertilio muricola, Blanford, Mammalia No. 212.

$1, Tenasserim.

Mr. Thomas, who has kindly examined this Bat, furnishes the following

note :—

‘“‘ This specimen has the posterior of the two small premolars more inter:

nal than usual, not visible externally. But examples from Selangore

(Butler) and Java (Shortridge) agree with the type from Nepal, so that the

variation does not seem to be geographical.

It may be noted that the type of M. stligorensis, Tomes, (with which M.

darjelingensis, in the absence of a type, may be synonymized) proves to be

the species with extraordinarily small canines described by Dobson as

Vespertilio nepalensis.

V. caliginosus, Tomes, and V. blanfordi, Dobs., as exemplified by typical

specimens, both appear to be referable to M. mystacinus. Should the Indian

form of this Bat prove separable from the European, the former of these

names would be applicable to it.””—O. T.

‘“‘ A fairly early flier, apparently seldom leaving the shelter of trees,’”’—

G;,C..5;

(21) EmBaLLonurA MONTICOLA, Temm,

The Malay Sheath-tailed Bat.

1839. Emballonura monticola, Temminck, Tijd. & Nat. Gesch., V, p. 25.

1891. Emballonura semicaudata, Blanford, Mammalia No. 217.

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

1898. Emballonura peninsularis, Miller, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil., p. 323.

6 29, 219, in al. 12, Victoria Point; 91, Bankachon.

This small bat at first sight looks like Pipistrellus ceylonicus, but the tail is

much shorter than the interfemoral membrane, from which only the extreme

tip of it protrudes, this distinguishing it from its near relation Taphozous.

The type locality is Java.

Mr. Thomas, who has most kindly compared these specimens, gives me

the following note for the Report :—

“These specimens, like those referred to in 1909 (Thomas & Wroughton,

Journ., Fed. Mal. States Mus., Vol. 1V., p. 110, 1909) represent Miller’s

E. peninsularis, but as further comparison fails to reveal the slightest

difference between them and representative examples of JL. monticola

from Java, I now use the earlier name.

This is the most northern record of the genus Lmballonura, Mr. Mailler’s

examples of LE. peninsularis having come from Trong’’.—O. T.

“A colony of from 100 to 150 was found in a small rock cave, among

some boulders, in the bed of a small hill stream, in thick evergreen forest

about 4 miles from Victoria Point. A few specimens were observed around

Bankachon. It is an early flier andits flight is very like that of a Pipistrel.

Weight of 6 specimens—1}2 ozs.’”—G. C_S.

(22) TapHozous MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The Black-bearded Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

64, Tagoot.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 16.)

“Taken in a cave near Tagoot, where it was the least plentiful of several

species found there.”—G.C.S.

(23) TapHozous LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

33, 920, Tenasserim Village.

(See also Reports Nos. 7, 8, 9, 12, and 16.)

(24) CHOEREPHON PLICATUS, Buch.

The Indian Wrinkle-lipped Bat.

1800. Vespertilio plicatus, Buchanan, Trans. L. 8. V., p. 261.

1824. Nyctinomus tenuis, Horsfield, Zool. Res. Java.

1830. Dysopes murinus, Gray and Hardwicke, III. Ind. Zool.,1., pl. 1.

1891. Nyctinomus plicatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 226.

3 27, 216, in al. 25, Tagoot.

The type locality of this Batis “Puttahaut,in Bengal”. It generally

resembles Nyctinonus trayatus, like which it has the upper lip vertically

wrinkled, but the tail is longer and more than half of it extends beyond

the interfemoral menibrane. C. plicatus, however, is easily recognised by

its bicoloured underside, the throat being brown while all the rest of the

underside is washed with white contrasting strongly with the throat colour.

“Found in swarms in a cave near Tagoot, in company with several other

species, all of which it outnumbered considerably.”’—G. C.S.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 707

(25) TuPAIA BELANGERI, Wagn.

The Tenasserim Tree Shrew.

1841. Cladobates belangert, Wagner., Schr. Saug. Supp. II, p. 42.

1842. Tupaca peguanus, Lesson, Nouv. Tab. Mamm., p. 93.

1888. Tupara ferruginea, Blanford, Mammalia No. 102.

62, Victoria Point; $7, 36, Bankachon; 35, $2, Tenasserim

Village; ¢2, Tagoot; ¢4, d1, Banlaw.

The type locality of T. ferruginea is Sumatra, it belongs to a section of

the Genus with two pairs of mammae, whereas the present animal has three.

T. belangert was first taken at Sirilam near Rangoon; it differs chiefly in

colour from chinensis, And. (Kakhyen Hills) and seecata, Thos. (Dry Zone

and Shan States) and these latter must both rank as geographical races of

belanger?.

“Tree shrews were no more numerous here than in the almost treeless

portions of the Dry Zone; there, however, they frequented chiefly the trees

planted round the villages.

Weight.—4 4-5; ozs.

Vernacular name—Tvupati-Tana (Malay, Bankachon),”—G. C. 8.

(26) GyYMNURA GYMNURBA, Raffles.

Raffies’s Gymnura,

1822. Viverra gymnura, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., XIII, p. 272.

1827. Gymnura raffies:, Horsfield and Vigors, Zool. Journ., III, p, 248,

1888. Gymnura raffiest, Blanford, Mammalia No. 109.

36,3 8, Bankachon.

This animal was first described under the specific name gymnura by

Raffles. Later Horsfield and Vigors established a new genus to receive it

which they called also Gymnura and changed the specific name to raffiesi.

For this latter however there was no authority, hence the species must

stand under the name I have given it above.

This animal is perhaps most like a Bandicoot, but the snout is much

elongated. The head, shoulders and about half the back are white with a

varying admixture of black hairs. (There is a black streak over the eye

varying in size and intensity in various individuals.) The whole of the

rest of the body and limbs is black. The tail is naked, black at the base,

white towards the tip. The head and body measure 12 to 14 inches, the

tail 9 to 10 and the weight is from 2 to 23 lbs.

“ Quite plentiful round Bankachon but extremely local. The habits of

Gymnura when known make it a fairly easy animal to look for.

Ait Bankachon they frequented the neighbourhood of the small

forest streams, which flow from the hills into the Pakchan river,

but apparently only near their sources, before they entered the Mangrove

Swamps and became tidal. Their tracks, which were never at any distance

from water, were very easy to find, being most numerous up and down

the sandy, half dry beds of these streams. As arule, most small mammals

seem to prefer the edges to the sodden, dark interior of evergreen forests,

but the tracks of Gymnura were only found where the streams flowed

through the very depth of the jungle. Their hiding places were some-

times among the overhanging roots of trees near the stream, or else in holes

like those of bandicoots, which had evidently been excavated by

themselves.

When caught alive Gymnura is extremely savage, and bites at anything

within reach with an accompaniment of snarls and growls. Two of my

ferrets were pitted against one of these animals, the Gymnura, although

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

disabled when brought in, held its own for a considerable time, its skin,

which is very loose, affording a very poor hold for the ferrets, which

received several severe bites. The stormachs of two specimens examined

contained remains of cockroaches, crickets, beetles, various larve, and

a millipede, besides some vegetable matter, consisting of one or two small

leaves which had been swallowed entire and the remains of a few small

berries.

They are apparently not easily trapped, the present specimens were

caught by means of snares, set in their runs and outside their burrows.

While possessing a most objectionable smell, it does not possess the

power of ejecting it, as in the Skunk.

During life the long hairs of the back form a narrow compressed crest

running from the head to a little beyond the shoulders, and the flattened

white hairs have a peculiar soapy feeling. Tail distinctly compressed

laterally. The snout is a very sensitive organ and is constantly being

twisted about. Ears and bare portions of snout are pink. The villagers of

Bankachon value the bones of this animal as medicine.

Weight.—24-3% lbs.

Vernacular name.—Tixkos-antoo (Malay, Bankachon).”—G. C. 8.

(27) Pacuyura Sp.

Shrews.

» 81, Gag elersni:

‘‘Obtained in the native bazaar, Mergui Town.”—G. C. S.

(28) PacHYURA NUDIPES, Bl.

The Burmese Pigmy Shrew.

1856. Sorex nudipes, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., XXIV, p. 34.

1888. Crocidura perrottett, Blanford, Mammalia No. 125 (partim).

31, Banlaw.

This name was established by Blyth ona specimen from Mergui. The

skull of the present specimen seems to give slightly larger measurements

than those of specimens which we have called perrottet: and hodgsoni, for

example the inner lobe of m? measures in antero posterior diameter 0°9 mm.,

while in the other species itis 0°7 mm. I have therefore adopted the

name nudipes as at any rate geographically fitting it.

‘Taken in thick jungle, close to Banlaw village.”—G. C. 8S.

(29) GALEOPTERUS PENINSULE, Thos.

The Malay Flying Lemur.

1888. Galeopithecus volans, Blanford, Mammalia No. 133.

1908. Galeopterus peninsula, Thomas, A. M. N.H., IL, p. 303.

65, Bankachon.

In 1908 (A. M. N. H., L, p. 252). Thomas dealt with the nomenclature

of the whole of the Flying Lemurs, putting them in two Genera, wz.:—

Galeopterus represented by the Sumatran form temminckii, Waterhouse,

and Cynocephalus represented by Lemur volans, L. from the Philippines.

Later in tke same year (1. c. II., p. 303) he separated the Malayan

Galeopterus from temmincki under the name peninsule.

This animal seems to bear the same relation to the Tupaias as Petaurista

does to the smaller squirrels. It measures about 24 inches in length over

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 709

all, of which from one-fourth to one-third is tail. It has membranes join-

ing the fore and hind limbs, reaching to the wrist and ankle. Moreover

the toes of all four feet are webbed right up to the claws which are sharp

and curved, like miniature tiger claws.

“Probably fairly numerous, but not at all an easy animal to find except

on moonlight nights, when they may be occasionally seen gliding from

tree to tree like a flying squirrel. During the day they hide, often in

hollow trees or among thick foliage, always at a considerable distance from

the ground, when they are most difficult to find, their matted fur exactly

matching the bark of a tree.

Except in flight, their movements are quite unlike those of Flying Squir-

rels; they move about slowly like a Zorts and appear to be considerably

hampered by their parachutes. The tail, like that of some bats, is usually

kept more or less curled up under the body.

There is a gland near the root of the tail, situated in a shallow pouch,

which in adults is bright orange in colour and rather sticky, but there is

no perceptible smell. During life there is a distinct suffusion of green,

especially on the back and upper side of the parachute, which almost

disappears when the skin becomes dry. I have remarked a somewhat

similar phenomenon in some Tupaias.

The contents of the stomach were entirely vegetable, and appeared to

consist of leaves, there were no seeds, nor traces of any kind of fruit.

Ears amber yellow, iris rather ight brown.

Weight.—23-33 lbs.

Vernacular name.—Tupai-KarBA (Malay, Bankachon).”—G. C. 58.

(30) Fernis tieRis, L.

The Tiger.

1766. Felis tigris, ., Syst. Nat., I., p., 61; Blanford, Mammalia No. 29.

6 1, Bankachon.

“ Plentiful in Southern Tenasserim. dg, 7th February 1914, weight 382

Ibs., length between pegs 83 feet. Length of head and body 1,800 mm,; tail

920, hind foot 365, ear 124, height at shoulders to tip of foot 1,035, girth

behind shoulders 1,215, girth in front of hind quarters 1,085, girth of neck

705. Tigers are believed to run smaller in Tenasserim than in India and

although this specimen would not be above the average for an Indian

individual, it is considered very large for these parts.

Vernacular name.—Rimav (Malay, Bankachon)”—G. C.S.

($1) Feris BENGALENSIs, Kerr.

The Leopard Cat.

( Synonymy in No. 11. )

3 2(juv.), Bankachon; 921, juv.1, Mergui Town.

( See also Reports Nos. 14, 15 and 16),

(32) FE xis.

Domestic Cat.

2 1, Victoria Point.

“This specimen was shot in thick jungle near Victoria Poins, and had

possibly run wild. In colour it resembles a number of domestic cats

observed in the District.

Vernacular name.—Kucuine (Malay, Bankachon).’’—G, C. 8.

710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

(33) VIVERRA ZIBETHA, L.

The Large Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

32, 92, Bankachon; ¢ 1, d 1, Thaget.

‘‘Plentiful, like all the Civets, it is very easily trapped.

Vernacular name (for all Civets)—Musane (Malay, Bankachon).”—G.

bret

(34) VIVERRA MEGASPILA, Bl.

The Burmese Crvet.

(Synonymy in No. 16.)

91, Victoria Point; 92%, Tenasserim.

‘‘ Very similar in general appearance to V.. zibetha, except that its head

is more massive and has a swollen appearance about the muzzle. It does

not smell nearly so strong of Civet as zbetha. I have never seen any

species of Viverra climb a tree, though no doubt well able to do so if they

chose.

Weight.— 9, 19 lbs.” —G. C. S.

(35) PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS, Pall.

The Malayan Palm Cvvet.

(Synonymy in No. 16.)

61, Bankachon; 1, Mergui; 34,92, 1, Tenasserim.

“Plentiful around villages, hiding by day in the roofs of houses.

Weight.— ¢, 54-6 lbs.”—G. C. 8.

(386) PAguMa LEUCOMYSTAx ROBUSTA, Mill.

The Tenasserim White-whiskered Palm Civet.

1888. Paradoxurus leucomystax, Blanford, Mammalia, p. 114.

1906. Paradoxurus robustus, Miller, Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash, XIX, p. 26.

338, 22, Bankachon.

The species P. leucomystax outwardly closely resembles P. grayi, but

it has a striking white patch on the face, between the eye and the ear,

which differentiates it at a glance.

“Very plentiful inland from Victoria Point, seeming to be even more

numerous than P. hermaphroditus. In common with all species of Para-

doxurus, this animal is a great ratter, but unlike the small Felide, it is

seldom particularly destructive to poultry.

Weight.— ¢, 123 Ibs.; 9, 93 lbs.”—G, C. 8.

(37) _ARCTOGALIDIA LEUCOTIS, Horsf,

The Small-toothed Palm Civet.

1881. Paradoxurus leucotis, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm., p. 66.

1877. Paradoxurus prehensilis, Sclater, P.Z.S., p. 681.

1888. Arctogale leucotis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 56.

$2, 92,in al. 38, Tenasserim.

An animal of the ordinary Palm Civet type, of a pale brown colour with

central dorsal stripe (dark brown) and a row of spots of the same colour

on each side of it. The tail is long and thin, coloured like the back at its

base gradually darkening to that of the dorsal stripe. The type locality

is Tenasserim.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 711

“These specimens were shot by moonlight in trees round Tenasserim

Village. Thoroughly arboreal and in appearance a typical small sized

paradoxure, but more slender and lightly built. The stomachs of speci-

mens examined contained remains of squirrels. Though no doubt to some

extent frugiverous, all the Palm Civets live largely on squirrels and are a

considerable factor in keeping down the numbers of squirrels which are so

destructive to the Cocoanuts.

Weight.—43 lbs.” —G. C.S.

(88) HEMIGALUS DERBIANUS INCURSOR, Thos.

The Banded Palm Civet.

1880. Viverra hardwickii, Gray (preoccupied).

1837. Paradoxurus derbyanus, Gray, Charl. M. N. H., I., p. 579.

1837. Paradoxurus zebra, Gray (1. ¢.).

1838. Viverra borer, Mueller, Tiddsch. Nat. Ges., V., p. 144.

1888. Henugale hardwickei, Blanford, Mammalia, p. 117.

1915. Hemiyalus derbianus incursor, Thomas, Journ., B.N.H.S., XXII,

p. 613.

About the size of P. hermaphroditus. It has close, short fur of a buffy

grey colour marked with a black longitudinal stripe running from each ear

backwards, to meet a broader transverse band across the shoulders.

Behind are 4 or 5 more broad transverse black stripes on the back, the

tail also being banded black. It has in fact the same colour pattern as

Prionodon maculosus but Hemiyalus is twice the size of that animal.

“Apparently not atall plentiful. The Malay villagers at Bankachon

had no name forit. It has absolutely no smell. Tongue very rough,

much more so than in other small carnivores. Probably one of the most

active of all viverrine animals, and without doubt largely arboreal. When

caught alive it is very savage and growls like a cat.

Weight.— J, 4-5 lbs.”—G. C. 5S.

(39) ARCTICTIS BINTURONG, Rafiles.

The Cat Bear.

1822. Viverra binturong, Raffles, Linn. Trans., XIII, p. 253.

1888. Arectictis binturong, Blanford, Mammalia.

2 (no skulls), Tenasserim.

“These two skins were obtained by natives near Tenasserim Village.

lt seems to be an uncommon animal and was not recognised by many of

the inhabitants.”—G. C. 8S.

(40) MaRrrEs FLAVIGULA PENINSULARIS, Bonh.

The Malay Marten,

1888. Mustela flavigula, Blanford, Mammalia No, 77 (partim).

1901. Mustela flavigula peninsularis, Bonhote, A. M. N.H., VII, p. 346.

Q 2, Bankachon.

Bonhote dealt with this group of Martens in 1901 (1. c.) He distin-

guished the present form from true jlavigula by its naked soles; its pale

colour across the shoulders distinguishing it from the more southern form

(Sumatra, Java, Borneo).

“These two specimens were shot together high up in a tree in thick

forest. Without doubt more or less diurnal, as these specimens were

evidently hunting. Although not unpleasantly strong, they had the

characteristic polecat smell.

Weight.—44 lbs.

Vernacular name.—-BANGBONE (Malay, Bankachon).’”’-—G. C. 8.

712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXi11,

(4]) PEravurista TAYLORI, Thos.

Taylor's Flying Squirrel.

1914. Petaurista taylori, Thomas, Journ., B. N. H.8., XXIII, p. 205.

3 1 (no skull), Bankachon.

This animal is related to P. yunnanensis (cf. Blanford, Mamm. No. 230)

and P. candidulus, Wroughton, especially to the latter. It is a fairly

uniform chestnut all over, the strong grizzling of white, so characteristic

of candidulus, is limited to a small area on the centre of the back and to

the forehead. The base of the tail, unlike that species, is coloured like

the back and the black tail tip is almost or quite absent.

“Flying Squirrels often collect in numbers within a small area, often in

a single tree in fruit, and although they can move about in a tree fairly

actively, they do not travel much when a good feeding place has been

found. Usually they keep up their peculiar call intermittently through the

night, but here they were never heard calling and we were unable to find

any of their feeding trees.

Vernacular name.—Kusune (Malay, Bankachon).”—G. C.8.

(42) ScrvuroprerRvus (HYLOPETES) BELONE, Thos.

Malay Pigmy Flying Squirrel.

1908. Seiuropterus (Hylopetes) belone, Thomas, A.M.N.H., IL., p. 305.

¢ 1, Bankachon; ¢ 1, 9 1, Tenasserim Village; d¢ 8, 9 3,

Banlaw.

Sciuropterus belone is very close to S. spadiceus from Arakan, and would

probably have been lumped with it had Blanford had to deal with it.

“Plentiful in native fruit gardens.”—G. C. 5.

(43) RatTUFA MELANOPEPLA, Miller.

The Tenasserim Giant Squirrel,

(Synonymy in No. 16.)

g 1, Victoria Point; ¢ 1, 2 2, Bankachon; d 1, 9 1, Mali-

wun, d 1, 2 2, Thaget.

I dealt to some extent with the distribution of this species in my last

Report. From here southwards it is found (varying somewhat locally) all

through the Malay Peninsula and the nearer islands of the Archipelago,

the representatives of the genus in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo (with their

surrounding islands) belong to other species.

‘Fairly plentiful, but more difficult to obtain in thick evergreen

jungle than in the deciduous forests further north, asin other places

these squirrels evidently get rusty coloured during the hot season.

Weight.—3-4 Ibs.

Vernacular name,—Tvupai-Nanpone (Malay, Bankachon)”—G.C. S.

(44) Scilurus EPOMOPHORUS DAVISONI, Bonh.

The Burmese Epaulet Squirrel.

1891. Scturus caniceps, Blanford, Mammalia No. 249 (partim).

1901, Serurus enomophorus davisoni, Bonhote, A.M.N.H., VII, p. 2738.

3 4, 2 2, Victoria Point; ¢ 16, 2 25, in al. 2, Bankachon ;

S 5, 95, Tenasserim Village; 2 2, Tagoot.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 718

Bonhote in his paper (].c.) limited the range of Se. concolor to the

southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and gave the name of epomophorus

to the form of it referred to by Blanford as having “the sides of the neck

and flanks rufous”. In davisont these rufous patches have faded to a

“yellowish tinge’”’. The type locality is Bankasun, where it was taken by

Davison ; the bulk of the present series are therefore topotypes.

“Very plentiful everywhere, both around habitations and inthe thickest

forest. A thickset rather clumsy looking squirrel. Wherever there are

plantations this squirrel destroys large numbers of cocoanuts, by drilling a

circular hole in the side and extracting the contents.

Weight.—10-14 ozs.

Vernacular name.—Tvupai (Malay, Bankachon),.””—G. C. 8.

(45) MENETES BERDMOREI, Blyth.

Berdmore’s Squrrel,

1849, Sciurus berdmore:, Blyth., J. A. 5S. B., XVIII, p. 608.

1891. Sciurus berdmoret, Blanford, Mammalia No. 258.

33, Bankachon; ¢$1, Thaget; 21, Banlaw.

“ This species spends most of its time on the ground, occasionally it may

be seen running along railings or up and down slanting or broken bamboos,

but never at any distance from the ground. At Bankachon it is said to be

often found on the edges of rice fields, around Maliwun it was occasionally

seen running across tracks and among long grass, and bamboo scrub,

especially in the early evenings, but I have also seen it in the thickest

forest. It is very like Tupaia in its movements, hiding at the smallest

noise and not readily making a second appearance.

Weight.—7} ozs.

Vernacular name.—QuvauH (Malay, Bankachon).’’—G.'C. 8.

(46) TAMIOPS MACCLELLANDI BARBEI, Blyth.

The Striped Burmese Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

¢ 21,213, Tenasserim Village ; $2, Thaget; ¢ 8, 211, Banlaw.

““ Completely arboreal. I have never observed this species actually on

the ground. Common around villages on the Tenasserim River but not

observed further south. More plentiful in native fruit gardens than in

jungle.

Weight.—13-2 ozs.”—G. C. 8,

(47) HapaLomys Loneicaupatus, Blyth.

Berdmore’s Rat.

1859. Hapalomys longicaudatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., XXVIII, p. 296.

1891. Hapalomys longicaudatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 269.

361, 21, Bankachon.

This rare ratis distinguished from all other. Oriental Muride by the

presence of a triple row of tubercles on the lower molars. It is about

the size of FE. rufescens, has a very long tail, four, toes on the front feet,

and the great toe of the hind-foot flattened, with a broad flat nail, instead

of a claw.

714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

“These specimens were discovered, while hunting for Chiropodomys

among bamboos. They were found inside hollow bamboos at some distance

from the ground. Not plentiful and probably entirely arboreal.

Weight.— d 3} 0zs.; 2383 ozs.’—G.C. 5S.

(48) CHIROPODOMYS PEGUENSIS, Blyth.

The Burmese Tufted-tailed Tree Mouse.

1859. Mus peguensis, Blyth, J. A.S., XXVIII, p. 295.

1891. Chiropodomys gliroides, Blanford, Mammalia No. 271 (partim). —

329, 2 21, in al. 4, Bankachon.

Blyth first described a member of this genus, which, from its resemblance

to the common European Dormouse, he named gliroides. The type, a rather

damaged specimen, was from Cherrapunji. Four years later he described

peguensis from Schwegyen. There are no specimens (other than in spirits)

of gliroides for comparison. As however Blyth reprinted his description of

gliroides when giving that of peguensis 1 do not feel justified in ignoring the

name peguensis which geographically must belong to these specimens although

lam unable to specify the differences between the two species. I therefore

propose the name peguensis for Burmese specimens at least until Assam

specimens are available for comparison.

Chiropodomys closely resembles Vandeleuria, but is more stoutly built and

has the terminal 1-3 of the tail furnished with long hairs almost forming a

tuft, and has the hallux and rudimentary pollux armed with a flat nail

instead of a claw. Its mammary formula is 0-2-4.

“Very plentiful around Bankachon wherever there were bamboos.. They

never got into traps, even when set among bamboos, but were easy to find

as they hid by day, generally singly, occasionally a female and two young,

inside the hoilow joints of dead kamboos, through one side of which they

had bored a circular entrance, about two inches in diameter.

Weight.—3-1 0z.”—G. C. 8. |

(49) EHpimys sunirer, Mill.

The Malay Spiny Rat.

1900. Mus surifer, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 148.

2? 1891. Mus yerdoni, Blanford, Mammalia No. 279 (partim). .

37, 912, Victoria Point; ¢3, 21, Victoria Island; 426,

924, Bankachon; d1, 92, Thaget.

I have entered Mus jerdont of Blanford’s Mammalia in the synonymy

above, but I very much doubt if Blanford ever saw a specimen of this

species. Hxcept somewhat in colour and in its spiny coat surifer does not

resemble jerdoni. It is a large stoutly built rat, with a tail, at most, slight-

ly longer than the head and body. When in new coat it is a bright

ochraceous colour, modified a good deal by darker colouring in the back.

“Very plentiful, especially in thick evergreen jungle.

Weight.—4-51 ozs., specimens from Victoria Island averaged more, 5-8

ozs.’—G. C, 8.

(50) Erimys JERDONI, Blyth.

The Bicoloured Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

d1, Victoria Point; ¢1, 92, Bankachon.

I place these specimens under jerdont pending receipt of topotypes from

Sikhim, they agree fairly with the individual placed under this name by

Miss Ryley in the Shan State’s Report.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 716°

(51) Epimys RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Variety with white underparts—

3d 26, 2 22, Victoria Point; ¢ 4, 2 2, Victoria Island; ¢ 8,

Village; ¢ 3, 2 3, Thaget; 5 14, 2 8, Tagoot; 21, Banlaw.

( See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 14, 15 and 16).

“ Plentiful everywhere, particularly around houses or near cultivation.

The average tail measurements were considerably less than in specimens

from Upper Burma, being often less than that of the head and body

(although one or two individuals No. 4392, ete., from Victoria Point—.

probably recently imported specimens—had tails of the normal length).

The mammary formula is not always constant, it not being at all uncommon

to find uneven numbers-—this irregularity was always noticed in the pectoral

mamme,

Weight.—33-52 02.

Vernacular name—Tixos (Malay, Bankachon) (all rats and mice).’”—

GeGar:

(52) Epimys concotor, Blyth.

The Little Burmese Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 16.).

34, 21, Victoria Point; gl, 91, 9 (not sexed) Maliwun.

362, 25, Tenasserim Village; ¢3, Thaget.

‘“‘ Plentiful in the township of Maliwun and Victoria Point, apparently

not occurring in the forest village of Bankachon. Entirely a house rat.

Weight.—14 ozs.”—G. C. 8.

(53) Epimys vocirerans, Mill.

The Long-tailed Malay Spiny Rat.

1900. Mus vociferans, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XIII., p. 158.

33, 21, Victoria Island; $2, 91, Bankachon.

A large rat, (head and body nine inches) with a very long, bicoloured

tail (14 inches), Ochraceous colouring resembling that of surfer, fur very

much less spiny than in that species.

“Plentiful on Victoria Island, the specimens were trapped on rocky

ground, in thick forest, close to running water. Those from Bankachon

were obtained in similar situations.

Weight.—9-12 ozs.”—G. C.S.

(54) Hprmys vauipus, Miller.

The Large Malay Rat.

? 1891. Mus bowersi, Blanford. Mammalia No. 276 (partim).

1900. Mus validus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 145.

Sit, poly) Thageb:

The type locality is Trong. Though somewhat closely resembling

Anderson’s bowerst externally, it is, as Miller points out, an entirely dis-

tinct species, its closest known relative being apparently infraluteus, Thos.

from Borneo.

716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Blanford gives Karennee and Tenasserim in the distribution area of

bowersi, but so far we have no evidence of its having been taken so far

south. It is possible the M. bowersi taken by Fea were the present animal.

« Qccurring in bamboo jungle around Thaget, but apparently not at all

plentiful. omen OAR)

(55) GunoMys varius, Thos.

The Malay Mole Rat.

1908. Gunomys varius, Thomas, A. M. N. H., XX., p. 204.

1891. Nesocia bengalensis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 295 (partim).

g1, 21, Mergui.

The type locality is Penang.

“Very plentiful on Mergui Island, especially in native bazaars and

around stoves.’”—G. C. 8.

(56) RuizomMys CINEREUS, Macecl.

The Large Bamboo Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)

35, 212, Tenasserim; 53, 21, Thaget; ¢2, 92, Banlaw.

“Very plentiful on the Tenasserim River. Always found in bamboo

jungle, the roots of which plant they seem to feed on exclusively, and

around which they make their burrows. Although frequently burrowing

from one clump of bamboo to another, they do not travel to the same

extent underground, nor make the same long, mole like, tunnels with

frequent mounds of earth, as the smaller species of Rhizomys.

Weight.—6-8 lbs.

Vernacular name.—DEKKAN (Malay, Bankachon),”—G.C. 5S.

(57) ACANTHION BRACHYURUS, L.

The Malay Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 16.)

d1, 21, skull only 1, Bankachon; ¢2, Tenasserim.

It seems to me possible, and even probable, that when we obtain

authentic specimens of Hystrix benyalensis, (there is no specimen in the

National Collection) we shall find it is identical with or closely related to

the present animal. ‘ Acanthion’ has been generally treated as neuter but.

this is wrong, the Greek word is masculine.

“Quite plentiful, destructive when they get amongst rubber planta-

tions. The few porcupine earths observed were single burrows, no colonies.

were found.

Weight.— ¢ 32 lbs.; 2272 lbs.

Vernacular name—Lanpak (Malay, Bankachon).”—G, C. S.

(58) ATHERURUS MACROURUS, L.

The Malay Brush-tailed Porcupine.

1765. Hystrix macroura, Linneus, Syst. Nat., p. 77.

1801. Aystrix fasciculata, Shaw, Gen. Zool., IL., p. 11.

1891. Atherura macrura, Blanford, Mammalia No. 318

3 1, Bankachon.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 717

Somewhat resembling the ordinary porcupine, but lacking all signs of a

crest, and having a comparatively long tail, ending in a brush or tassel of

modified spines.

“ Fairly plentiful everywhere, though less so than <Acanthion. A colony

exists in a semi-tame state on Mergui Island, where they are fed and

protected by ‘Hypongyis’. Apparently quite similar in habits to Hystrix

and Acanthion.

Weight.—9 lbs. (immature).

Vernacular name—LANDAKKECHIL (Malay, Bankachon).”—G, C. S.

(59) TraguLus napvu, F. Cuv.

The Large Malay Chevrotain.

1822, Moschus napu, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 329.

1891. Tragulus napu, Blanford, Mammalia No. 373.

¢ 18, 2 11, Bankachon.

Geographically these should be the J. canescens of Miller but differ so

markedly in several characters from his description that I prefer to retain

the older name.

The Malay Chevrotain closely resembles the Indian Chevrotain in form

and size, but differs altogether in colour. Above it is a buffy-brown with a

well marked black stripe commencing on the crown and running down the

back of the neck. Below it is white, with two diverging and broadening

dark stripes, which run backwards down the throat till they meet a some-

what paler collar at the base of the throat.

“Practically swarming, equally with ravus, in the jungles round Banka-

chon, but not occurring further north, on the Tenasserim River. They are

easily caught in numbers by means of spring snares set in gaps of an

artificial ‘brake’ of cut brushwood, constructed for the purpose. It is

however impossible to make a big bag by shooting, as they are so skulking

in their movements that it is difficult to get a sight of them without an

organised beat. Although chiefly nocturnal, I have occasionally seen

animals of both these species crossing a track in the daytime, a thing

never witnessed with meninna, in Southern India.

The sharp tusks possessed by the males, which are considered to be

poisonous by the natives of Java and 8. India, are perhaps used as a

defence against small carnivores, when caught they did not try to use

them however, but merely kicked and struggled like a rabbit. When

caught they will often scream like a hare, and frequently died suddenly in

their struggles to escape from a net.

The throat gland in both species was always covered with a clear, rather

sticky substance, that exuded in small beads, it was however quite odour-

less. In adults these glands are often much swollen. The female is the

heavier.

Weight,.—-8-12 lbs.

Vernacular name.—Napvu (Malay, Bankachon).”’—G. C. S.

(60) TRaGULUS KANCHIL RAvUS, Mill.

The Inttle Malay Chevrotain.

1891. Tragulus gavanicus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 372.

1902. Tragulus ravus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV., p. 173.

dg 14, 29, Bankachon; 91, Mergui; 91, Thaget.

Miller's 7. savus was based on specimens from Trong. They are dis-

tinctly paler than Sumatran specimens but there is considerable variation

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. PAE

in all the characters. I prefer to rank them as a geographical race of

kanchil.

Blyth’s 7. fuscatus and 7’. pelandoc, based on stuffed specimens without

locality, are impossible of determination.

This animal much resembles the last in all but size, 7. napu being very

much the larger.

“Very plentiful round Victoria Point but more local and much less

numerous further north, on the Tenasserim River. Identical in habits

with napu.

Weight.—4-5# lbs.

(61) Munrtiacus GRANDICORNIsS, Lyd.

The Tenasserim Rib-faced Deer.

1891. Cervulus muntjac, Blanford, Mammalia No. 362.

1904. Cervulus muntjac grandicornis, Lydekker, Field, CIV, p. 780.

¢1, Bankachon; ¢3, 92, Tenasserim; ¢3, 923, in al. l,

Thaget; 62, 91, (skull only) Banlaw.

‘Plentiful everywhere, but especially so in the bamboo jungles round

Thaget.”’

Vernacular name.—Kisane (Malay, Bankachon).’”—G. C. 8.

(62) Rusa unicotor, Bechs.

The Sambhar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

Ol, Tenasserim; 91, Thaget; 2, Banlaw.

(See also Reports Nos. 11 and 15.)

“Tn adult Sambhar of both sexes, the lower part of the throat always

appears to be bare, while in the centre of this bare area there is a small

spot always more or less inflamed. The absence of hair is probably due to

the animal rubbing its throat against trees on account of the irritation

caused by this curious disease or parasite, it certainly has not the

appearance of a gland.

Vernacular name.—Rvusa (Malay, Bankachon).’’—G. C. 8.

(63) RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS, Cuy.

The Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros,

1817. Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuv., Regne An. 1, p. 240; Blanford,

Mammalia No. 336.

1854. Rhinoceros crosset, Gray, P. Z. 8., p. 251.

1873. Ceratorhinus niger, C. blythi, Gray, A. M. N. H., XI, pp. 357-360,

ple,

2 1, near Bankachon.

“ Measurements of sp. 4714, 9, shot near Bankachon, 17 miles inland

from Victoria Point, Southern Tenasserim, 7th January 1914.

(L) Extreme length—tip of nose—up and down horns to tip

OL tail 27 a ay rs "e a .. 3,265 mm,

(2) Tip of nose to root of tail—up and down horns .. 2,600

(8) Tip of nose to root of tail not up and down horns .. 2,520

(4) Length of tail aa se ee Be ie OUD

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 719

(5) Hind foot—from hock to HP of longest nail .. .. 420 mm.

(6), Mare’. a SAREE OD 5,

(7) Length of head— —tip of nose to between ears—up and

down horns ~ POOF las,

(8) Length of head—tip of nose between éars-—not up and

down horns Es a oe Ve OoUlae,:

(9) Height from shoulder to tip of longest tae ha: Magen bee 13

(10) Height of withers to tip of longest toe a MELOSO se

(11) Length of anterior horn—around front curve 130 rr

(12) Girth of neck—half way between head and shoulders. 1,095,

(13) Girth behind shoulders .. ay wy, M YE VETS ales

(14) Girth in front of hind quarters .. ey oS Fac OU wee

(15) Gurth of fore foot .. ~ ge th ae en L000 Br

(16) Girth of hind foot M .. 838 A

(17) Girth of fore leg half way above the knee aes 5 HE

(18) Girth of hind lee half way above hock. ‘3 5 ri) Oe Car ee

Iris, dark brown.

Insides of ears, lips, lower throat, and under part around limbs tinged

with dull flesh colour.

General colour slate black, although appearing lighter during life owing

to a thin and probably permanent coating of dry mud.

Skin folds not very marked though easily felt, particularly on the

shoulders. Tail very much compressed laterally at end.

(For full particulars of the shooting of this rhinoceros, see Miscellaneous

Note No. VI).

Vernacular name.—Kyan-cuHyaw (Burmese), Bapax-ryia (Malay

Bankachon).”—G. C, 8.

(64) Sus supatus, Mill.

The Tenasserim Wild Pig.

1891. Sus cristatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 374 (partim).

1906. Sus jubatus, Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 746.

3 3, 2 1, Bankachon.

This undoubtedly represents Miller’s S. jubatus. The type of that species

was from Trong, Lower Siam, but out of 13 specimens examined by him all

but two were from Tenasserim. Blanford in his remarks (l.c.) says “ Ac-

cording to Blyth the Tenasserim wild pig is a much smaller form than

S. eristatus of India.” The present is no doubt the animal referred to. I

can find no specific difference between the ‘red’ and ‘black’ specimens.

All are immature, and from the material here available the only possible

conclusion is that the colour is an age or sex character or partly both.

“Wild pigs are plentiful inland from Victoria Point. Around Maliwun

two varieties are recognised both by resident Europeans and Natives.

Vernacular names.—BaBi or BaBi-uTaNn (Malay, Bankachon).”—G. C. 5S.

SUPPLEMENT.

The following, included in this Collection, belong to the Dry Zone fauna

dealt with in the last Report :—

1. FELis aFFINIS, Gray.

5230, Tagyigin, Gudalin; 5231, Yin, Rani (Dist. Commissioner, Lower

Chindwin).

720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

2, VIVERRA ZIBETHA, L.

5228, Yin, Rani Township (Dist. Commissioner, Lower Chindwin).

3. PaRADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS, Pall.

5226, (Dist. Commissioner, Lower Chindwin).

4, CANIs 1Inpicus, Hodgs, ;

5227, Kontha Jungle, Yin (Dist. Commissioner, Lower Chindwin).

5. PETAURISTA CANDIDULUS, Wrought.

5205, Paga, Neni (Dist. Commissioner, Lower Chindwin).

6. Ratura MELANOPEPLA, Mill.

5036, Myingyan (D. G. Robertson, I.C.S.).

OS eh ep

5232. Skull of an old boar from the District Commissioner, Lower Chin-

dwin. It would be interesting to know if it is indubitably that of a Wild

Pig, it seems to show considerable differences from cristatus on the one

hand and jubatus on the other.

The following from the Arakan Yomas and Chin Hills belong to an area

from which I hope later we shall obtain collections.

1. Presbytis phayre, Bl., 5037. Arakan Yomas (K. V. Eddis, I. F.S.).

2. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Pall., 4727, Chin Hills (Capt. W. I. J.

Massey).

3. Mungos urva, Hodgs., 5254, Chin Hills (Capt. Massey).

5. Scirus locroides mearsi, 4726, no skull, Chin Hills (Capt. Massey).

6. Epimys spp., indeterminable, 4667, 4668, 4669, no skulls, Chin Hills

(Capt. Massey).

7. Rhizomys sp., 4666, no skull, Chin Hills (Capt. Murray). This is

probably R. badius.

The specimen No. 5253 is Capricornis milne edwardsi, David. It is from

the N. Shan States, 50 miles East of Maymyo and belongs to the fauna

dealt with in Report No. 14.

Finally the following are from Central Burma where our Collectors have

not yet worked :—

Scotophilus wroughtont, Thos., 5256, Pyinmana (T. A. Hauxwell, I.F.S.).

Myotis (Leuconoe) adversus, 5252, Rangoon.

Felis temminckt, Vig. & Horsf., 5255, juv., no skull, Pyinmana,

“ad 5 i

* ty ~

Ta, Sen ne

a vy . ‘

Jes Oe, ; ;

| Je o

Oe ae i 7s = i _— i a

avai Roe ie. bot Sure 1a

JougN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate LY.

‘¢CaGRI”? AND ‘*NouL,’’ HESSAMARA: SUBANSIRI ‘‘ CHURS.”’

Haunts of Paradoxornis flavirostris, Pyctorhis altirostre, Pellorneum palustre,

Drymochares hyperythra, &c., &c.

CLEARANCE IN VIRGIN Forest, BASE OF DapHitA Hitts, NortH LAKHIMPUR.

THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM.

H. STEVENS, M. B. O. U.

Part m1 with Plate Iv.

359. Crocopus phenicoptera phenicoptera (Lath.) [i271].—Bengal Green

Pigeon.

Occurs sparingly in the Dibrugarh district. No records for North

Lakhimpur. Specimens secured around Rungagora in December, January,

April, June. The plumage of this family isa beautiful example of har-

monious blending of diverse colours and an excellent case of protective

coloration.

360. Treron phyaret phayre (Blyth.) [1273)|.—Ashy-headed Green Pigeon.

Osmotreron phayrei, Blanford, F. B.1., Vol. iv., p. 8.

Osmotreron pompadora phayrei, Baker, Indian Pigeons, p. 27.

Very plentiful in the plains; the common Green Pigeon around Runga-

gora, specimens collected in August, October, December, January. Green

Pigeon after the nesting season “flight” in considerable numbers to and

from their favourite trees when the berries are ripe. The local sportsmen

amongst the planting community take advantage of this habit and take up

positions in the open spaces they are wont to pass over particularly at

late afternoon and evening ; as they fly with great rapidity and dip when

leaving and rise when approaching the forest, they afford excellent shoot-

ing. Before sunset they delight in roosting amongst the foliage of the

topmost branches. So well does their plumage assimilate with their

surroundings, it is only with the greatest difficulty they can be located.

It is a pleasing sight to hear and see these birds when feeding as they

hustle each other for the possession of the coveted berries.

Iris blue, outer ring pale red or pink; orbital skin plumbeous; bill light

blue, at base dark ; tarsus pinkish-red ; claws horny.

361. Treron bicincta bicincta (Jerdon.) [1278].—The Orange-breasted Green

Pigeon.

Osmotreron bicincta domvillit, Baker, Indian Pigeons, p. 49.

Sparingly distributed in the plains, plentiful at the base of the hills in

North Lakhimpur. Specimens collected at Rungagora in June. Dejoo,

Jane and July; North Lakhimpur, April. It has a pleasing low subdued

eurgling note. In first week in June numbers would come at morning and

evening to a Seleng tree (Sapium baccatum) adjacent to bungalow. Iris

blue, outer ring pink; bill pale blue; tarsus deep reddish-mauve; claws

dark horny blue.

362. Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) [1281].—Thick Billed Green Pigeon.

Occurs at the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur. No records for the

Dibrugarh district in the plains. North Lakhimpur, June; Joyhing, May.

Iris pink with an inner ring bluish-brown ; orbital skin pea-green or emerald

green ; bill: basal half dark coral red or waxy red, rest of bill pale horny

green or greenish-yellow; tarsus, coral red, or lake red; claws horny with

dark markings.

363. Sphenocercus apicauda (Blyth.) [1282].—Pin-tailed Green Pigeon.

Sphenocerus apicicauda, Blanford, F. B.I., Vol. iv., p. 16.

Plentiful at the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur and commonly

occurs.in the plains during the cold season. Specimens secured at Rungagora

722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Sic

in February, March (Avril, 6-4-02, very numerous), June; Dejoo, June,

July ; Seajuli, November.

Iris blue, outer ring ight red or pale brown; orbital skin light purplish-

blue or light blue; bill light blue at base, tip greenish-horny ; tarsus

bright red ; claws horny.

364. Carpophaga enea (i.) [1284].—Green Imperial Pigeon.

Plentiful throughout the whole district. Rungagora, December, January ;

North Lakhimpur, July ; Seajuli, November ; Silonibari, 14-7-11*, numbers

crossing between the forest tracts.

365. Carpophaga insignis insignis, Hodgs. [1286]._Hodgson’s Imperial

Pigeon.

Plentiful at the base of the hills in North Lakhimpur. Specimens secured

in June. Large parties frequent their favourite trees when the berries are

ripe. Iris greyish-white ; orbital skin pale grey; bill fleshy red, horny at

tip ; tarsus reddish-mauve ; soles dull yellow; claws horny.

366. Chalcophaps indica (L.) [1291].—Bronze-winged Dove.

Occurs throughout the plains, invariably found near water in forest both

in the hills and plains, sometimes occupies secondary scrub growth intersect-

ed with dusty paths about which it delights to pick up and forage for

different seeds.

Iris brown ; bill: basal portion reddish-plumbeous, other portion light ver-

million or reddish-horny ; orbital skin plumbeous red; tarsus purplish-red

or dark red, gradually deepening into plumbeous red at claws, the latter

horny.

367. Columba puniceus, Blyth. [1302|—Purple Wood Pigeon.

Alsocomus puniceus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 38; Baker,

Indian Pigeons, p. 176.

Fairly plentiful in the plains, probably locally distributed, occurs at

times in small parties in forest. A nest containing a single egg taken out

of a low tree on 29-6-03, Rungagora. Parent birds secured, also obtained

in November.

Iris greyish-white ; orbits grey brown; bill reddish-plum, pale at tip;

tarsus and claws purplish-lake ; soles whitish-brown.

368. Streptopelia turtur ortentalis (Latham) [1304].—Rufous Turtle-Dove.

Turtur orientalis, Blanford, F. B. 1, Vol. iv., p. 40.

Common throughout the plains, partial to forest clearings, and the forest

along the banks of the rivers. Rungagora, December, January; Dejoo,

July.

369. Streptopelia suratensis suratensis (Gm.) [1307].—Spotted Dove.

Turtur suratensis, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iv., p. 43.

Extremely common and familiar everywhere in cultivated tracts.

370. Streptopelia tranquebarica tranquebarica (Herm.) [1311].—Red Turtle-

Dove.

(Enopopelia tranquebarica, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 47.

Extremely locally distributed, possibly migratory. The following localities

and dates are the only available records :—

Panigaon: Komolabari, North Lakhimpur road, latter end of April 1903,

a pair seen. Rungagora, 1-6-04, ¢; 6-6-0838, od; 7-6-0383, ¢; a single

occurrence at Dejoo, base of hills, and reported once from Joyhing.

371. Macropygia tusalia tusalia (Hodgs.) [1812].—The Bar-tailed Cuckoo

Dove.

Descends the gorges of the hills on the north frontier in North Lak-

himpur at the cold season, extends into the plains sparingly. One secured

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 723

in a forest glade opposite Gurijan, right bank R. Dibru; Rungagora,

26-1-02, ¢ ; Laluk, Bodutti, North Lakhimpur road, 11-2-10*; Dejoo-

Silonibari forest track “ putti’’ near the former place, 12-2-10.*

372. Pavo cristatus cristatus Linn. {1324]—Common Peafowl.

Recorded by Blanford as inhabiting the whole Assam valley to Sadiya.

In Mangaldai and above Gauhati in Lower Assam apparently yet occurs

in fair numbers. Its present status in Upper Assam is very obscure. No

reliable records even at secondhand. In all probability almost extinct.

Mr. J. Lindsay Alexander recollects a pair occupying the precincts of

Bordeobam many years ago. This Peafowl is of course well known to the

Assamese by their name of “ Moir.”’ Should it still exist in Lakhimpur the vast

expanses of grass land interspersed with Simal near the Bramapootra and

on the Majuli in Sibsagar should be its most likely remaining strong-hold.

373. Polyplectrum chinguis (Miller) [13827].—The Grey Peacock-Pheasant.

Extends along the base of the hills on both sides of the valley though

only occupies the level land, a very short distance from the hills, where the

dense vegetation coupled with the broken ground, afford it all the desired

protection. It does not however reach beyond the foot hills nor over the

watershed on the hills on the north frontier. Reported at Margerita as

extending into the plains on this south side as far as Hookunpukri. In

North Lakhimpur occurs as far out as Laluk. Its call may be described

by the syllable “ hu” rapidly repeated in a loud tone about seven times.

They are more frequently heard than seen as it requires infinite patience

and toil to get anywhere near them in their almost impenetrable haunts.

374. Gallus gallus (L.) [1828].—The Red Jungle-fowl.

Gallus ferrugineus, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iv., p. 75.

Plentiful throughout the whole district. In North Uakhimpur its

numbers apparently vary with the years. A dry period at the time of

nesting seems favourable to an increase in their numbers, specimens

secured at Rungagora, March; Dejoo, May, July, October* , November*

and December (Young birds secured in July); Gogaldhubie, December ;

Seaguli, November; Dejoo, 15-5-07*, female with chicks in forest ;

Komolabari to North Lakhimpur, 19-9-11, hens cackling along this road

in the adjacent forest.

375. Genneus horsfieldi (Gray) [1839].—The Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant.

Throughout the whole plains in forest and extends over the watershed

in the hills on the North Frontier, Margherita, Rungagora, Dejoo,

Beni, Abor-Miri hills, Panchnoi, Daphla hills low elevations. ¢ : Iris light

brown; orbital skin bright crimson ; bill greenish-horny ; tarsus slaty grey

or bluish-slaty.

376. Bambusicola fytchii Anders. [13852].—The Western Bamboo-Partridge.

Occurs above Margherita in the north-east corner of the valley.

377. Excalfactoria chinensis (L.) [13854].—The Blue-breasted Quail.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 11-12-07, 2 ; 19-4-10*, flushed from low land,

August 1910 in heavy grass on roadside ; 14-9-10, ¢%*; Silonibari, 18-7-11,

3d 2*; 6-9-11*, on roadsides ; 12-9-11*, adults with two chicks. Some-

what overlooked. Resident as a breeding species, sparingly distributed ;

the above records are from gardens at the foot of the hills.

378. Coturnix coromandelicus (Gm.) [1356].—The Black-breasted Quail.

No specimens secured but a large Quail seen on the following occasions

could only have been this species if not Coturnix coturnix, L:—

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 13-2-08*, two pairs; 17-4-08*; 2-3-10*, single.

724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

379. Arboricola rufogularis rufoguiaris Blyth. [1363].—Blyth’s Hill

Partridge.

Arboricola rufigularis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 126.

Occurs in the Daphla hills and Abor-Miri hills on the North Frontier.

Specimens secured in January and February.

Iris red-brown ; bill black; tarsus salmon red ; claws horny.

380. <Arboricola atrogularis Blyth. [1365].—The White-cheeked Hill

Partridge.

Arboricola atrigularis, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. iv., p. 127.

Throughout the plains and extends up the lower ranges or foot hills of

the Daphla and Miri country on the north frontier. Replaced on the

watershed and in the valleys on the north by A. rufogularis. Its distribu-

tion as given by Blanford, Assam; south of the Bramapootra, is consider-

ably extended.

381. Francolinus gularis (Temm.) [1576].—The Swamp Partridge.

“ Hoi Koli” Miris of the plains, Assam.

Confined to the “churs” adjacent to and in the beds of the large

rivers. Komolabari, Dibrugarh, Gosaigaon; Dunsirimukh, Bramapootra ;

“caori’” Hessamara, Subansiri. Frequents the heavy grass ‘ chopras ”

and reeds, and roosts in these latter haunts from about eight to twelve feet

from the ground. Bill black; iris crimson; tarsus orange yellow; claws

horny.

382. Turnix pugnax (Temm.) [1382].—The Bustard Quail.

Resident: commonly occurs throughout the plains. Dejoo, February,

April, May, September. Dejoo, February 1909, to be met with in numbers

in the short grass along the road sides in the garden. My dogs have

become quite experts in ferreting them out, but never manage to catch

any. I never remember seeing such a quantity, but it is a plentiful bird at

most times. Their eggs are constantly brought in when cultivation is in

progress. Iris stone white in birds of the year, 10-8-11.

Numerous clutches of three and four eggs taken in April, May, June and

July.

383. Rallina superciliaris (Eyton) [1595|.—The Banded Crake.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 31-5-10*, this morning a pair of these Crakes

were located in a “jan” or stream in the garden. My arrival took them

by surprise as: they were only a few feet away. One took to wing

and settled a short distance off in the water again, whilst the remaining

bird scurried along the weeds at the water’s edge eventually swimming in

true rail fashion when it afforded me a fine display of its upper chestnut

coloration. Several attempts to locate this pair later on in the day were

made without success. The day previous was very hot, rain had fallen at

early morning: perfect ideal conditions for water birds. Not previously

recorded for Assam.

384. Limnobenus fuscus (L.) [1398].—The Ruddy Crake.

Amaurornis fuscus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 170.

Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie, 11-1-05, ¢, secured at early morning

when a dense fog hung over the water in the heavy reeds along the banks of

the “bhil’’; Dejoo, 22-5-10*, one crossed the road a few yards ahead between

some ‘hoolahs”’ or swampy recesses in the garden. These two occurrences

constitute the only records, probably overlooked owing to its skulking

habits. Iris vermillion red; orbital skin salmon red; bill dark olive,

upper mandible and tip of lower mandible dark; tarsus salmon red; claws

pale horny black.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 72

385. <Amaurornis phenicura chinensis (Bodd.) [1401].—The White-breasted

Water-hen.

Amaurornis phenicurus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 178.

One of the most common Water-hens, to be found everywhere through-

out the plainsin marshy or low-lying ground. Clutches of five and six eggs

taken in May, June and July. Iris red-brown ; bill sap green ; frontal shield

red or greenish brown; tarsus dark yellow or yellowish-olive ; claws horny.

386. Gallinula chloropus orientalis, Horsf. [1402].—The Eastern Moor-hen.

Gallinula chloropus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 175.

Equally as common as A. phenicura, but is more confined to the open

sheets of water ‘“ bhils” and streams “ jans.”’

Iris red ; bill orange red; tip yellow; tarsus green with a tinge of yellow

and red above joint.

387. Gallicrex cinerea (Gm.) [1403]—\The Water Cock.

Distributed in suitable localities throughout the plains.

Dejoo, 3-12-08, 9*, actually flushed out of grass on road during a dry

spell of weather. Fulica atra must undoubtedly occur though I have

personally overlooked it.

388. Porphyrio poliocephala (Lath.) [1404]—-The Purple Moor-hen.

‘‘ Kham serai,’”’? Assamese.

Specimens collected at Bhimpoora bhil (Gogaldhubie) in North Lakhim-

pur, no doubt occurs on the most of the large “bhils.’’ Iris red brown;

bill reddish horny of various depths; tarsus pale pinkish-horny.

Heliopais personata (Gray) has been recorded in recent years from Upper

Assam.

389. Megalornis antigone antigone (L.) | 1409)|.—The Sarus.

Grus antigone, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 188.

Recorded by Blanford “eastward as far as Lakhimpur in Assam.” Mr.

J. Lindsay Alexander was well acquainted with this crane and the Assamese

know it by the name of “Khur-sang’’. Repeated enquiries and every

opportunity made use of on frequent journeys up and down the Subansiri

from Dhunsirimukh to Boduti have failed to produce any satisfactory

evidence of its occurrence though the “serang” led me to understand it is

seen at times on this river’s banks.

390. Sypheotis bengalensis (Gm.) [1417]|.—The Bengal Florican.

More plentiful in Lower Assam, several seen near Tezpur, February

1910. In the upper limits of the province confined to the vast

expanses of grass land, particularly on the north bank of the Bramapootra

in the vicinity of Sadiya (Lali Chopra), one secured at Rungagora, 29-2-04,

2. Records from Nokhroy, Panitola, Kharjan, but only a very few birds

turn up at these localities on odd occasions.

391. Lsacus recurvirostris (Cuv.) [1419].—The Great Stone Plover.

“ Baligura,’ Miris of the plains, Assam.

Confined to the sandy beds of the large riversin the plains. Rungagora;

R. Dibru, rare, 3-12-03, single, 8-2-04, 2 ; Hessamara, Subansiri, 7-1-06, 2;

Boduti, 13-1-11, several pairs seen together. Mr. J. L. Alexander found a

clutch of two eggs near Derpai on the Subansiri on 23-10-05, which hatched

out on 13-11-05. Two clutches of two eggs, each found at Hessamara on

the Subansiri, 28-12-05. In one case incubation fresh, in the other inclined

to be hard set. This river rises at an earlier period than some of the other

rivers which have their source in the nearer ranges probably due to its

waters being augmented with the melting snows. This factor may account

for the various waders and terns which nest in its bed accommodating them-

726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

selves to these conditions and it is not affected to the same extent with

local cold weather rain. Sudden rises are however known at this period and

point to rain inits higher limits. At such times a slight increase in its level -

above its normal cold weather condition plays havoc with nesting birds.

392. Gilareola lactea, Temm. [1427].—The Small Indian Pratinéole.

Commonly occurs on the Runganuddiein North Lakhimpur and no doubt

on many of the other rivers. In May it frequents the stony patches in the

bed of the river, as it debouches into the plains, for nesting purposes, some

seen flying at a high altitude this evening. Dejoo, 14-11-10, a slight rise

in the river is quite sufticient to cause a considerable loss of their eggs as

they lay their eggs at no great distance from the water. Two birds

secured on 8-5-04 contained eggs in oviduct.

398. Metopidius indica (Lath.) [1428|.—The Bronze-winged Jacana.

Plentifully distributed in all swampy localities throughout the plains.

394. Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scop.) [1429 ].—The Pheasant-tailed Jacana.

Apparently only locally distributed. Seen and procured at Bhimpoora

bhil; Gogaldhubie ; North Lakhimpur, January 1904, a few pairs only.

Several seen on a bhil near Komolabari ; Sibsagar, November 1911.

7-1-04, 3g. Iris hght brown ; bill and tarsus pale olive green.

5395. Sarcogrammus indica indica (Bodd.) [1481].—The Red-Wattled

Lapwing.

Rungagora, R. Dibru, 5-12-03, 2. Recorded Journal, B. N. H. Socy., Vol.

xv., p. 529. This Plover has not been met with since.

396. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth.) [1434].—The Grey-headed Lapwing.

Confined to a few favoured localities during the cold season. Bhimpoora

bhil, Gogaldhubie, specimens secured in December. Kharjan _bhil,

Dibrugarh.

Iris pinkish-brown ; bill chrome yellow ; terminal half black ; orbital ring

and wattle yellow ochreous ; tarsus similar.

397. Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.) [1485].—The Indian-Spur winged

Plover.

Throughout the plains, frequents both the sandy flats of the sluggish

rivers in the plains as well as the stony beds of the hill streams when it is only

by its loud call and conspicuous black patches of its plumage visible on

rising that it betrays its presence; it has a Lapwing flight. During moon-

light nights often to be disturbed from off the roads and open portions of

land at some distance from its accustomed haunts when it rises with its

usual piercing call. R. Dibru, January ; Bramapootra, Komolabari, Septem-

ber ; Subansiri, Hessamara, January; Runganuddie, Dejoo, 7-1-11, a single

and two pairs at evening. R. Dejoo, higher reaches, two youngsters running

amongst the stones early April 1907. Iris dark brown ; bill black ; tarsus

dark slate (legs reddish-black ? Jerdon).

398. Pluviaks dominicus fulvus(Gm.) {[1489].—The Eastern Golden Plover.

Charadrius fulvus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 284.

A cold season visitor, immense parties seen at Gogaldhubie, Bhimpoora

bhil, remarkably tame, November 1904.

Panitola Polo Ground, 14-1-02, g ; Gogaldhubie, 16-12-05, ¢, 2 9;

Dejoo, 27-8-05, 3, one of six which put in an appearance on the “maidan”

during a phenomenal wet spell; 30-9-07*, five, first appearance; North

Lakhimpur, Polo Ground, 3-10-08 *, several seen in all probability have been

down some days, heavy rain at the time.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 727

399. Charadrius dubius, Scop. [1447].—The Little Ringed Plover.

Aigialitis dubia, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 241.

Occurs on all the rivers throughout the plains and on other large sheets of

water in the cold season.

R. Dibru, February, March (April, 15-4-03, 2); Bhimpoora bhil, Gogal-

dhubie, December; Subansiri, Hessamara, December ; Runganuddie, Dejoo,

May, 6-5-04, ¢ ; 31-12-05, 3. Iris brown; orbital ring yellow; bill black;

tarsus dull yellow ochre.

400. Charadrius placidus, Gray. [1449],—The Long-billed Ringed Plover.

Agiatitis placida, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 244.

Procured on the Dibru, Rungagora, 21-12-01, 2 Q.

Runganuddie, Dejoo, 7-7-04, ¢, a most unusual date in the rains;

10-9-08, 2, 7-1-11, ¢ d, others observed at different dates over a period

of several years.

Iris brown; orbits vellow; bill black; tarsus pale pinkish-yellow ; claws

black.

Both these Ringed Plovers are cold season migrants.

401. Recurvirostra avocetta, L. {1452].—The Avocete.

R. Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 7-11-04, ¢. Not recorded by Blanford for

Assam. Iris brown; bill black ; tarsus slaty blue.

402. Ibydorhyncha struthersi, Vigors. [1453].—The Ibis-bill.

Ibidorhynchus strutherst, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 249.

* Puggah”’, Hill Miri.

In North Lakhimpur, at the cold season, to be met with in the beds of the

hill rivers and streams, as far as the limits of the fast flowing water, as they

are partial to the “ gagris” or rapids; occur in pairs or small parties of six to

eight individuals ; when disturbed they go through the jerky neck move-

ments in a similar manner to most waders and utter a loud wild piping

whistle before taking flight which possibly only means a short distance

covered with expanded wings half skimming and running over the stony

eround. On their arrival these Ibis-bills are extremely tame and loath to

leave the river bed by doubling back, they generally fly ahead until the

upper confined limits of the river are reached when they have to retrace

their flight overhead of necessity ; they keep however away from the

heavily forested banks. Towards the middle of March they recede into

the hills, anear approach thenis a difficult matter. They are adept

swimmers in the shallow rapid water and a wounded bird will endeavour

to dive when pressed.

Blanford’s remark: “ descending almost to the plains in winter” is nearer

the mark than Dresser who states ‘wintering in the mountains in spite of

the cold.”

R. Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 4-12-04, ¢ 3, 9; Runganuddie, Dejoo,

11-12-04,2, ¢; Joyhing, 1-3-09, ¢; R. Dejoo, higher reaches, 18-12-10, 6,

a pair seen; Runganuddie Gorge, 16-2-09 *, a pair; none in evidence on the

Runganuddie, 2-4-05; they probably depart the previous month.

R. Dejoo ghaut, mid-day, 31-12-10*, a pair seen; Sifoo or Sifloo R.

Subansiri Gorge, 25-2-06*, a small party; Borburi Rapids, Subansiri,

Gorge, 2-2-06*, a party of six. Records also from Pathalipam and Derpai

on the Subansiri. Dirga R. above Seajuli and Joyhing R.

Iris crimson, also brownish-crimson occasionally ; bill deep coral red or

purplish-red ; tarsus pale lavender mauve shading lighter towards toes,

pinkish-grey or mauve tinged ochreous; claws black.

Jerdon’s description of the coloration of the soft parts wherever they

disagree with those of a competent observer such as Blanford or Godwin

728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

Austen—it is interesting to compare with these—ought to be expunged in

a future edition of the Fauna Volumes as they are invariably wrong and

misleading.

403. Numenius arquata (L.) sub-sp.? |1454]—The Curlew.

Silonibari, North Lakhimpur, 5-9-ll, 7-45 a.m., my attention was

drawn to the well-known cry of a Curlew overhead. A single bird

flying high in a south-westerly direction, sky clear. Commonly seen in the

Sunderbuns, Bengal, January 1911.

404. Trtnga hypoleucos, L. [1460].—The Common Sandpiper.

Totanus hypoleucus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 260.

Plentiful along the sandy stretches of the rivers in the plains, although

more partial to the stony beds of the hill rivers during the cold season.

One record, Runganuddie, North Lakhimpur, 8-5-04, 3, is a late date.

Tris dark brown ; bill greenish plumbeous horny ; tarsus greenish-yellow

ochre ; claws horny.

405. Tringa glareola, L. [1461].—The Wood Sandpiper.

Totanus glareola, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iv., p. 261.

Never as plentiful as the next Sandpiper, yet commonly occurs in all

suitable localities during the cold season.

406. Tringa ocrophus, L. [1462|.—The Green Sandpiper.

Totanus ochropus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 262.

Possibly the commonest Sandpiper. Everywhere abundant in marshy

ground. The following dates of arrival and departure are worthy of record:—

7-9-11*, Silonibari, four individuals ; again 11-9-11*, a single bird ; 17-7-10*

Dejoo, single bird in a “ hoolah” in the garden.

Iris brown ; bill dark olive green or dusky green; blackish at tap; tarsus

light olive green or dingy green.

407, Tringa stagnatilis (Bechst.). [1463]—-The Marsh Sandpiper.

Totanus stagnatilis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 263.

This miniature Greenshank has been obtained at Bhimpoora “bhil”

in North Lakhimpur in December and January.

408. Tringa nebularia (Gunner.). [1466].—The Greenshank.

Jotanus glottis, Blanford, F. B. L., Vol. iv., p. 266.

Commonly occurs throughout the cold season alike on marshy ground and

along the beds of the rivers, at times in small parties of eight to twelve

individuals, in general wary, yet this habit varies with the locality as when

located on the “sutis” or backwaters of the sluggish forest rivers are

usually easy of approach. Its wild call is quite a distinctive feature of the

bird life along the river banks. Dejoo, 24-9-10, single bird, flying very

wildly, cold wet morning.

Iris brown ; bill dark olive brown, darker at tip; tarsus yellowish green.

409. Erolia temminekwt (Leisl.) [1474].—Temmincks Stint.

Tringa temminckt, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 275.

Occurs on all the rivers througbout the plains at the cold season.

R. Dibru, December, January, March (April, 16-4-03, ¢); Subansiri,

Hessamara, January ; Derpai, February ; Runganuddie, Dejoo, January. Iris

brown or olive brown; bill olive green, dark towards tip; tarsus olive yellow

or olivaceous green ; claws black.

410. Scolopax rusticola, L. [1482].—The Woodcock.

Occurs sparingly at the cold season in the plains. Gurrung Jan Runga-

gora, 26-1-02, ¢; Dibrugarh, 21-1-06, 9; Silonibari, 6-1-10*, camped

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 729

this evening against the forest. A woodcock came sailing down irom the

hills at no great height from the ground and settled in the garden; it had

been a cold dreary day and it was too late to institute a search.

411. Gallinago gallinago gallinago (L.) [1484]—The Common Snipe.

Gallinago celestis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 286.

Rungagora, January, March,: April, 6-4-02*; Bhimpoora “ bhii”’,

Gogaldhubie, December, January ; Dejoo, 20-8-10 *, a single bird flushed

from low-lying ground in garden.

Dhoolohat, 12-3-11*, eight put up in the garden at mid-day from one

quarter ; Silonibari, 25-4-11*, a single bird ; 7-9-11 *, 13-9-11*, four large

Snipe disturbed time 7-40 a.m. These observation records refer to this

Snipe or Gallinago stenura. As no birds were secured it is of course impossi-

ble to say with certainty which species. At Bhimpoora “bhil” on hot days

these birds could almost be knocked over witha stick so lazily do they

rise and in such plentiful numbers although, owing to the swampy nature

of the ground, they are almost ungetable. The Jack-snipe Limnocryp-

tes gallinula has been reported to me on a few occasious. None have

been personally obtained.

412. Gallinavo stenura (Bp.) [1485].—Pin-tailed Snipe.

Dejoo, 28—29-8-05, 2 @ first arrival of half a dozen birds on the

maidan in bad wet weather. |

R. Dibru, 18—16-3-03, several secured. Numerous records for interme-

diate dates; occurs in the stcny beds of the hill rivers more frequently than

G. gallinago.

Iris dark brown; bill brown, black at tip of both mandibles; tarsus

bluish slate ; claws black.

413. Rostratula capensis (.) [1488].—The Painted Snipe.

Resident ; as a breeding species at the base of hills in North Lakhimpur.

Dejoo, North Lakhimpur, 13-6-10, this afternoon during a shower of

rain a pair of Painted Snipe passed over the road and settled in a

“hoolah” on one side. Eggs taken in this quarter in a slight depression

on the ground, 24-6-10, clutch of three, 4-7-10, clutch of two, in both cases

incubation fresh; Silonibari, 27-7-10, youngster secured.

414, Larus ichthyaétus, Pall. [1489]—The Great Black-headed Gull.

Joyhing, Runganuddie, 12-3-05, three adults in summer plumage, one

gd and 2 secured. Iris dark brown; orbital ring waxy crimson; bill deep

yellow orange, latter half with a transverse black mark across both man-

dibles ; tarsus dirty chrome yellow.

*415. Larus brunneicephalus, Jerd. {1491].—The Brown-headed Gull.

Commonly occurs on the Bramapootra.

416. Sterna seena, Sykes. [1503].—The Indian River Tern.

Occurs on both the rivers and large ‘“‘bhils” although absent from the

sluggish rivers in the forest tracts. Nests on the Subansiri at Hessamara

where eggs have been taken.

417. Sterna melanogaster, Temm. [1504].—The Black-bellied Tern.

Similarly distributed as S. seena. Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie, 15-1-05, 3

17-12-05, 92, have the crown and breast to lower tail coverts black. ¢

15-1-05, has the crown streaked with black and the lower parts white which

cases do not agree with Hume who states “the winter plumage is not assumed

to December, and is then only retained for about two months,” at least so

far as these localities are concerned. Eggs taken at Hessamara on the

Subansiri.

730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X_XIITI,

Iris brown; bill orange yellow, terminal portion dusty ; tarsus orange red ;

claws black.

418, Pelecanus philippensis, Gm. [1523]|—The Spotted-billed Pelican.

Occurs in any suitable expanse of water, commonly seen on the Brama-

pootra and other large rivers. Subansiri below Boduti, 13-1-11, numbers in

various stages of plumage; Bhimpoora “bhil,’’ North Lakhimpur, specimens

also secured near Dibrugarh, 8-12-02, 9 . Buri bhilin forest near Digiltarung,

10-1-04, 3.

419, Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) sub-sp.? {[1526].—The Common Cormorant.

Occurs on all the large rivers in the plains although not so commonly as

the next P. fuscicollrs.

R. Dibru, a “suti’’? or channel five miles below Rungagora, 9-3-02, adult,

white patches on sides of head, neck and flanks very “prominent, Subansir1

below Boduti, 1-38-10, numbers in small parties.

420. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Steph. [1527].—The Indian Shag.

The common cormorant on all the rivers; at certain times of the year,

they roost in immense numbers amongst the rocks in the Gorge of the

Subansiri, noted such an occasion, 18-1-06, and Bhimpoora bhil in North

Lakhimpur in the cold weather in parts is black with these Water Crows as

they are somewhat rightly named by the “ Dhoms ”’ or fishermen.

Iris green ; gular skin yellow; bill horny, darker on culmen ; tarsus black.

421. Phalacrocorax javanicus (Horsf.) [1528].—The Little Cormorant.

Similarly distributed throughout the plains although is more frequently

seen singly and in small parties.

422, Plotus melanogaster (Pennant.) [1529]|.—The Indian Darter.

More partial to sluggish forest streams and slow flowing rivers than the

other Cormorants, but is plentifully distributed over the whole area.

423. Ibis melanocephalus (Lath.) - [1541]—-The White Ibis.

Confined to the low sandy banks of the large rivers. Subansiri below

Boduti*, 2-11-07, 15-1-11, noted in small parties on both occasions, commonly

occurs farther down the valley. In March 1909 noted as plentiful between

Mangaldai and ingrighat on the Bramapootra in parties up to two dozen or

thereabouts.

424, Ciconia nigra (L.) [1547].—The Black Stork.

Only locally distributed. Two large Black Storks seen on the Dejoo R.,

18-12-10, were possibly this Stork, if not Xenorhynchus asiaticus, as they

would not allow of a near approach, this record is uncertain. Komolabari,

18-11-11*, four seen together in SEN wath several Duissura episcopus

which were near at hand.

425, Dissura episcopus (Bodd.) |1548.|—The White-necked Stork.

vlentifully distributed in all well-watered areas.

426. Xenorhynchus asiatica (Lath.) [1549].—The Black-necked Stork.

Occurs on the large rivers in the plains, sluggish forest streams and

large expanses of water, although is somewhat locally distributed. R.

Dibru, backwater or “suti”, five miles below Rungagora, 16-3-03, 9, one of a

small party which had its headquarters hereabouts; Bhimpora bhil,

Gogaidhubie, 13-1-05, 9, 16-12-05, ¢, 23-12-05, 9; Dhunsirimukh, Brama-

pootra, 6-12-09, twelve of these storks a short distance below this ghat at

scattered intervals; this number is the most ever seen at one time

together ; 15-1-11*, several pairs in company with Garials on the Brama-

pootra at close range to the river steamboat; Derpai, 16-1-06,* one rose

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 731

from a “pookri” at the foot hills, a favourite haunt of Buffalo. Iris bright

yellow; bill black, inside dirty red; tarsus salmon red.

@, 18-1-05. The gullet of this specimen contained 2 fish 10” in length.

This bird was one of a party of six to eight individuals which frequented

Bhimpoora bhil.

427. Leptoptilus javanica (Horsf.) [1551].—The Smaller Adjutant.

Sparingly distributed in suitable localities.

Khuddom, North Lakhimpur, 28-11-04, sex undetermined ; Bhimpoora

“phil”, North Lakhimpur, 19-12-05, ¢ ; Dejoo, 18-10-08, ¢; 17-11-10*,

counted twenty-four this evening flying leisurely in a westerly direction.

L, dubius possibly occurs, although no personal observations available to

prove its existence. 6: Iris pearl white; orbital skin and gular patch

continued to ears cabbage red; neck yellow ochre, lower portion cabbage

red; bill horny yellowish, dirty at base; tarsus black as if coated with a

limy wash.

428, Ardea purpurea manillensis (Meyer.) [1554].—The Eastern Purple

Heron.

Ardea manillensis, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 381.

Locally distributed throughout the whole district, frequents the dense

reed vegetation along the banks of the sluggish rivers and ‘bhils” and

generally roosts in companies. Iris light yellow; orbital skin yellow green:

bill and tarsus yellow, olive and green.

429, Ardea cinerea, L. [1555].—The Common Heron.

Plentifully distributed; although frequents the dense reed thickets of the

“bhils”, is more partial to the open expanses of water and tanks or

“»pothar” land under water. In the cold season collects in some numbers

along the sandy stretches of the large rivers as noted on the Subansir1

below Boduti, 138-1-11, left bank in particular. Tinsukia, 20-2-02;

Gogaldhubie, 6-1-05, g. Iris yellow; orbital skin, gape and cere greenish-

yellow; base of upper mandible to beyond nostrils pale blue; lower

mandible slightly similarly tinged, remainder of bill dirty yellow; culmen

black, yellow line carried to tip under lower mandible ; tarsus greenish

yellow; claws horny.

430. Ardea insigmis, Hodgs. [1557].—The Great White-bellied Heron.

Confined principally to the rivers at the base of the hills on the north

frontier; during the cold season it extends into the plains, odd birds seen

at rare intervals at this period on the Gurrung Jan, right bank river Dibru;

Rungagora in heavy forest, the farthest distance from the foot hills that

have come under observation although the sandy banks of the Subansiri

from Boduti to Dhunsirimukh are invariably also frequented by this Heron

at this time, noted on one occasion, 2-11-07. Observed on the upper

reaches of the Panchnoi, Daphla hills; Dejoo R., Runganuddie ; Dholong

R., on several occasions; solitary and wary, seldom taken by surprise

excepting when a sharp corner of some of the stony beds of the minor streams

is negotiated it is then suddenly disturbed at very close range. This

Heron as it stands motionless on a rapid of the fast flowing water when the

rivers are in spate and the atmospheric conditions are anything but cheer-

ing adds a touch of wildness to the impressive character of its surroundings.

Joyhing, Runganuddie, 3-12-10, 3. Iris dull ochreous yellow; loral skin,

orbital ring and base of lower mandible greenish ; bill, upper mandible

and inner margin of lower mandible blackish-slaty, tip of lower mandible

underneath greenish-ochre, remaining portion mussle grey; tarsus black

with horny patches ; claws black.

732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Pathalipam, Subansiri, 19-12-10, 9, adult. Iris pale ochreous yellow ;

bill bluish-black, tinged greenish at base, underneath lower mandible pale

horn ; tarsus and claws black.

431, Lgretta intermedia intermedia (Wagl.) [1560].—The Smaller Egret.

Herodias intermedia, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 886.

Specimens secured on the Dibru (March) and at Bhimpora bhil in North

Lakhimpur (December) out of large parties, probably is generally distribut-

ed. Iris and bill yellow ; tip of bill dusky in non-breedivg season. LEyretta

alba and E. garzetta, both possibly occur but the Egrets have been neg-

lected. EH. garzetta may also have been overlooked as it can easily be con-

fused with Bubuleus coromanda in non-breeding plumage which also is

almost pure white though odd specimens at times show a trace of orange-

buff markings in particular on the crown ; the only safe character whereby

the two species may be distinguished when not available for comparison is

the bill of the former which is black at all seasons.

432, Bubuleus coromanda (Bodd.) -[1562)|.—The Cattle Egret.

Tinsukia, “‘ pothars ” (Plains), April, also 31-10-02, 3, numbers seen stalk-

ing over the swampy ground evidently feeding on various Odonata with

outstretched neck and much flapping of the wings apparently, also with success

although a dragonfly on the wing is no easy capture. No doubt other winged

insects were also in demand. Specimens in white non-breeding plumage

secured in the cold weather at Margherita and Komolabari.

433. Ardeola grayt (Sykes) |1565].—The Pond Heron.

Extremely common in low-lying land throughout the plams. These Herons

are an excellent example of protective coloration as they squat with closed

wings amongst the vegetation ; the contrast when they rise and show their

white feathers is startling.

434. Butorides striata yavanica (Horsf.) [1567].—The Little Green Heron,

Butorides javanica, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 395.

Confined to the banks of the rivers, equally suited to the clear swift flow-

ing waters of the hill rivers or the turbid sluggish rivers in the plains.

This little Heron is an adept at crouching amongst the stones and skulking

in the dense vegetation although it is anything but wary.

435. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.) [15681.—The Night Heron.

Nycticorax griseus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 897.

Occurs in the vicinity of Dibrugarh at all events, though the fact of not

having specimens from other localities is more than likely due to its being

overlooked.

436. Gorsachius (Gorsakius) melanolopha (Raffles) |1569].—The Malay

Bittern.

Lilabari to Pathalipam (Rajghur), North Lakhimpur, 9-10-07, ¢.

Dejoo (Rajghur), North Lakhimpur, 24-5-08, 3, (3032), breeding.

Parent bird shot off nest which contained four eggs, average size

2"x123", in color dirty yellowy white, hard set, and in one example

chipped with the chick on the point of emerging. Nest originally found

on the 12-5-08 was placed on the branch of a light tree overhanging

a small stream in forest about 20’ in height from the bed of the stream

and was a flimsy piled up structure of thin twigs. It was quite impossible

to examine the nest without climbing up the tree and at great difficulty

lopping off the heavy branch overhanging whilst my man made a feeble

attempt at supporting some of the weight with a forked sapling whilst it

was gradually drawn towards me. During this time the rain fell in torrents

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF UPPER ASSAM. 738

as only it can during the south-west monsoon in Assam. My plight and

mental condition at finding the eggs hard set after all our trouble can be

well imagined.

No. -3032. Iris greenish-yellow ; orbital skin bluish-grey ; bill dusky with

light edges under the lower mandible ; tarsus greenish-dusky.

437. Ixobrychus sinensis (Gm.) [1571].—The Yellow Bittern.

Ardetta sinensis Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 401.

Rungagora, 13-5-01, gd, 28-5-03 ¢. Iris yellow; tarsus greenish-yellow.

Apparently not as common as J. ciznnamomea.

438. ILvobrychus cinnamomea (Gin.) [1572 ].—The Chestnut Bittern.

Ardetta cinnamomea, Blanford, ¥. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 402.

Rungagora, 4-6-03, 2; 25-6-03, 2 ; 4-8-0383, ¢; 5-8-0-5 ¢; North Lakh-

impur, 11-6-04, ¢; Gogaldhubie, 13-1-05, 2. Evidently generally distribut-

ed although much more in evidence at the rainy season.

439. Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.) [1573]—The Black Bittern.

Equally distributed in all suitable well-watered localities; commonly

seen by day in its retiring haunts. Rungagora, Komolabari, Dejoo.

440. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (u.) [1574].—The Bittern.

Dejoo, 11-6-10, a pair of large Bitterns passed overhead this morning

to eventually settle in an adjacent ‘‘ bhil’’. No specimens have been secured,

but this record is most probably referable to this species.

441. <Anser anser (L.) [1579].—Grey Lag Goose.

Anser ferus, Blanford, F.B.I., Vol. iv., p. 416.

Bramapootra, fifteen miles below Sadiya, 12-3-08, sex P

+4 Lali camp, cold season, 1904, sex ?

Tinsukia, 30-10-02, a specimen in flesh sent in by the late Dr. Gregorson.

North Lakhimpur, 7-11-08%*, a long line of Geese passed over the club house

about 5-30 p.m. flying very low in the direction of the Runganuddie,

evidently had just dropped down to the plains.

Dejoo, 22-38-10, a dark coloured Goose, flying high, eventually descending

in the direction of the Runganuddie, passed overhead, calling at intervals.

Subansiri between Bodutti and Dhunsirimukh, 13-1-11, numbers of Geese in

evidence ; the orange colour of the tarsus particularly attracted my attention.

Subansiri below Bodutti, 9-11-10, noted a party of about thirty pass

slowly down the river.

Some of these records may refer to other species of Geese as my op-

portunities to secure specimens have been only limited.

The Grey Lag is undoubtedly the Common Goose in Upper Assam. Seen

on occasions coming down the Subansiri Gorge, a single, 31-1-06, and has

been shot at Pathalipam and Joyhing. The usual difficulty is experienced

in getting sportsmen to even preserve the bills and tarsi so that our

knowledge of the distribution of these birds increases very slowly.

442, Sarcidiornis nielanotus (Penn.) {1584].—The Nukta.

Sarcidiornis melanonotus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 423.

Komolabari, Sibsagar, 18-11-11, a few Nukta seen hereabouts on a “ bhil ;”

adjacent to the North Lakhimpur road.

443, Asarcornis scutulata (S. Miill.) [1585|.—The White-winged Wood-

Duck.

Confined to swamps, “bhils,” streams in forest, “jans”’ and “ pokris,”’

occasionally occurs in the upper reaches of the hill rivers in North

Lakhimpur.

734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Rungagora, Gurrung Jan; Paropara Jan.; R. Dibru, Digiltarung ; Buri

phil, Derpai ; Laluk, 10-4-11*, Joyhing, R. Dejoo, 20-1-09,* four Wood-

Duck passed overhead in a corner of the garden adjacent to the “bhils,”

Dejoo, 10-8-08* ; Rungagora, 23-2-02 ; Gurrung Jan in deep ~ forest.

Observed five together, generally seen in singles and in threes. The differ-

ence in weight is not confined to one sex, shells similar to what occur at

the bottom of the “jans”’ found in the gullet of one bird. Its call is an

unmistakeable long drawn “‘ honk.”

Rungagora, 2-02, 9 ; 10-83-08, 2, od; 17-38-02, 9, iris orange; bill

dark yellow and freckled with dull dusky spots ; nail light horny; tarsus

orange yellow; claws horny ; 3-4-03, ¢; 5-4-03, ¢ ; bill orange yellow

spotted with black ; nail slaty horny streaked dark; tarsus dull yellow

with bright yellow spots. 13-1-04, d, iris red orange yellow, weight 6

Ibs. 52 0z. 18-1-04, 2, iris red orange yellow, weight 4 lbs.; 380-1-04,9,

weight 3 lbs. 15 oz. ; 30-1-04, J, weight 4 lbs. 123 oz. in poor plumage.

The weight of other males ran as follows: 5 lbs. 10 0z., 5 Ibs. 9 0z., @ Ibs.

1 oz.

444, Afr galericulata (.)—The Mandarin Duck.

R. Dibru, two miles below Rungagora, 2, secured out of a small party

of mixed sexes. A single female seen farther down the river the following

week was probably a winged bird.

Recorded Journal, B. N. H. Socy., Vol. xiv., p. 626.

The Mandarin Duck, of which the handsome drake is now so well known

as an ornamental species, has not again been met with since the above

occasion.

445. Casarca ferruginea (Pall.) [1588}.—The Ruddy Sheldrake.

Casarca rutila, Blanford, F. B. f., Vol.iv., p. 428.

Common on all the large rivers, occasionally occurs on some of the large

expanses of water as Bhimpoora bhil in North Lakhimpur. Blanford’s notes

on the habits of this, the well known Brahminy Duck, could not be improved

upon.

446. Dendrocycna javanica (Horsf.) [1589]—The Whistling Teal.

Confined to the sluggish rivers, occurs generally in small parties.

447, Nettopus coromandeliana (Gm.) [1591].—The Cotton Teal.

Resident : equally distributed in all suitable localities. Mokalbari,

Komolabari, Bordeobam, Gogaldhubie; in the cold season in large parties

on the ‘ bhil.”

Anas boscas, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 435.

R. Dibru, Rungagora, 16-12-03, 92; Bhimpoora “bhil’’, Gogaldhubie,

9-1-05, 2, 8-12-07, 3.

®. Iris brown; bill yellow dappled and stippled with black; tarsus

salmon red,

449, Anas pecilorhyncha haringtom, Oates [1593 B].—The Burmese

Spotted-billed Duck.

Anas pecilorhyncha, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 436 (part).

Dibru, suti or backwater, six miles below Rungagora, 14-3-03,2, many

seen at same time (ten in all counted).

Gogaldhubie, 7-12-05, d, others secured on other occasions at Bhimpoora

bhil.

Apparently generally distributed, undoubtedly replaces A. p. pecilorhyn-

cha in Upper Assam.

Subansiri, below Bodutti, 15-1-10, numbers seen on right bank.

NOTES ON bok BIRDS OF GPPER ASSAM.

“I

we)

450. Eunetta faleata (Georgi.) [1594]—The Baikal Teal.

Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie, 8-12-07,), others probably overlooked

although the males could hardly be done in a like manner.

2. Tarsus olivaceous slaty.

451. Anas strepera, Li. [1595|.—The Gadwall.

Chaulelasmus streperus, Blanford, F. B. J., Vol. iv., p. 440.

Cold season, migrant, one of, if not the commonest duck in the district.

Bhimpoora bhil, December, January, March. Dejoo, 25-9-10, single,

flying overhead. Dejoo, Kopatula Jan, 5-11-08, 9, in company with

a Common Teal @Q (Anas crecca). The Gadwall had been in evidence

for some time in the “ jans” in garden.

452. Anas crecca crecca, L. [1597]|.—The Common Teal.

Nettium crecca, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 448.

Rungagora, (October, 14-10-03, 2), January, March; Bhimpoora “ bhil,”

Gogaldhubie, December, January, February.

Occurs commonly throughout the plains in the cold season.

453. Anas penelope, L. [1599].—The Wigeon.

Mareca penelope, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 445.

North Lakhimpur, 25-3-05, 3. Possibly occurs frequently on the open

rivers though overlooked.

454, Dafila acuta (.) [1600]—The Pintail.

Bhimpoora bhil, Gogaldhubie, December, February; North Lakhimpur,

22-10-10, a party of fifteen flew over the club house at a low elevation.

When disturbed Pintail fly very high and keep well out of gunshot range.

455, Anas querquedula, L. [1601].—The Garganey.

Querquedula circia, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iv., p. 449.

Locally distributed, occurs sparingly at Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhim-

pur; this Teal is generally found with A. crecca at the edge of the shallow

water of this “bhil’’.

456. Spatula clypeata (l.) [1602].—The Shoveller.

Locally distributed, partial to small “bhils” in open country generally ;

once secured in forest on the Likwa Jan between the Bramapootra and the

Daneri R., 7-11-03, 9; and also on the Subansiri R. opposite Hessamara,

11-4-05, g adult, procured at early morning on the bank, heavy gale the:

night previous, which may have accounted for this duck in this unaccus-

tomed haunt. Mokalbari, Dibrugarh.

457, Nyroca rufina (Pall.) ‘'1604).—The Red-Crested Pochard.

Netta rufina, Blanford, F. B. 1., Vol. iv., p. 456.

Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhimpur, January ; Tinsukia, March.

458. Nyroca ferina ferina (L.) [1605.|—The Pochard.

Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhimpur, January.

459, Nyroca nyroca (Gild.) [1606.]—The White-eyed Duck.

Nyroca ferruginea, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 460.

Likwa Jan, Forest between Bramapootra and Dangri R., 7-11-03, ° ;

Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhimpur, December, January.

460. Nyroca baert (Radde.) [1607.|—The Eastern White-eyed Duck,

Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhimpur, 13-1-05, 2 ; 23-12-05, 9.

461. Nyrocafuligula (.) [1609].—The Tufted Duck.

Tinsukia, cold season, 1902, 9°.

736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

462. Mergus merganser comatus, Salvadori [1613].—The Goosander.

Merganser castor, Blanford, Vol. iv., p. 469.

Occurs on all the open large rivers in the cold season.

Bramapootra, Lali Mukh, 6-1-02, ¢.

Subansiri, Hessamara, three miles below, 31-12-05, ¢; on the 28-12-05%*,

seen to the number of twenty or thereabouts sporting in the river;

7-1-06, 2°; Dhulong Mukh, Subansiri, 14-1-06, 9 ; Subansiri Gorge,

26-1-06, 2 ; Dejoo, Runganuddie, 1-3-09*, still in evidence. d, iris reddish-

brown or brown ; tarsus bright orange vermillion red, salmon red or pale

fleshy red ; bill, culmen black, sides of upper mandible rosy pink or dark

red.

463. Colymbus cristatus cristatus, L. |1615],—The Great Crested Grebe.

Podicipes cristatus, Blanford, F. B. I., Vol. iv., p. 478.

Tinsukia, April 1903, 92 ; Bhimpoora bhil, North Lakhimpur, 7-4-05, ¢ ;

Sissi, main channel of Bramapootra, 23-2-08*; seen on the Subansiri

at Hessamara, 12 ?-4-05 and reported from Derpai by Mr. J. L. Alexander.

This Grebe depends more on its expert diving capacities than its

power of flight on the wing when in danger.

464. Colymbus ruficollis albipennis (Sharpe) [1617].—The Indian Little

. Grebe.

Podicipes allipennis, Blanford, F. B.I., Vol. iv., p. 475.

Tinsukia, 21-2-02, 3; Bhimpoora “bhil,” Gogaldhubie, January.

Iris yellow; bill orange yellow; upper mandible horny at tip, at base

lemon yellow; tarsus dull green, brown on upper surface.

He cist ANY

ag THE

QiVERSITY OF ILLINGTS

JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate LXXy.

CaLaPpa Pat (Actinorhytis calapparia, W. & Dr.), growing in the

Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

737

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED.

K. Buatrer, 8.J.

Part XIII.

(With Plates LXXV—LXXIX).

(Continued from page 531 of this Volume.)

ACTINORHYTIS, Wendl. and Dr. Linn., 39 (1875), 184.

(From the Greek “ actis,” ray, and ‘ rhytis,” a fold.)

Bl. Rumph. IT, 68, t. 100, fig. 2 (Areca)—Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm. III, 313 (Seaforthia)—Miq., Fl. Ind., Bat. ITI, 20

(Ptychosperma)—Scheff Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., I, 122, 136,

156, t. 22, 23.— Griff, Palms Brit. Ind., 150, t. 230 B.—Benth.

and Hook., Gen. Pl. ITI, IT, 889, 14.

High slender columnar unarmed palms, strongly annulate.

Leaves terminal, equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceolate,

acute, obliquely dentate at the apex, thickened on the margins,

recurved at the base; rhachis and plano-convex petiole furfuraceous.

Spadix short-pedunculate with flexuose pendulous branches;

spathes 2, complete, complanate, caducous, the lower one elongate,

2-cristate. Flowers monoecious on the same infraroliaceous spadix,

the lower ones ternate with the median one female, or the upper

ones male, solitary and binate, all with bracts and bracteoles. Male

flowers minute, asymmetrical. Sepals orbicular, compressed-carinate,

concave, broadly imbricate. Petals 3, ovate, thickly coriaceous,

subequal, valvate. Stamens 24-30. Female flowers much larger,

ovoid. Sepals 3, reniform rotundate, broadly imbricate. Petals

slightly longer.

Fruit large, roundish-elliptic; remains on stigma vertical; peri-

carp thick fibrous. Seed large, round, or elliptic; raphe densely

branched ; albumen ruminate.

SPeciES.—1.

DistrisuTion.—Malay Archipelago.

ACTINURAYTIS CALAPPARIA, W. & Dr. in Linnxa, XXXTX (1875),

184.—Pinanga calapparia, Rumph. Amb., I, 28. Valent. Amb., III, 185.—

Areca calapparia, Bl. Rumph., II, 68, t. 100, fig. 2.—Seaforthia calapparia,

Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 313.—Ptychosperma calapparia, Miq. F1., Bat.,

III, 20.—Areca cocordes, Griff., Calc, Journ, Nat, Hist., V, 454. Palms Brit.

Ind., 150, t. 230 B.

738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

NameE.— Pinang Punowun (Malay); Calappa Palm (English).

Description.—Stem 40 feet high; crown dark green, ample.

Leaves pinnate ; petiole scurfy, plano-convex ; lamma 8-9 feet long,

4-41 broad, in outline lanceolate-acuminate ; pinne 2 feet long, 13-

14 inches broad, linear, acuminate, unequally bipartite shining,

very smooth, uppermost inequilateral, sub-erose at the top; central

vein and 5 others forming as many heels above, the central under-

neath bearing scales attached by the base.

Spadix ascending altogether green, branches stiff, stout, above

flexuose-torulose owing to niches in which the flowers are lodged.

Spathes 2. Lower flowers: 1 female between 2 males, upper males

in pairs. Male flowers small; sepals imbricate, carinate, hard, much

shorter than the corolla, margins sub-membranous, denticulate,

inner rather the longest. Corolla valvate, hard, tripartite io the

base; petals oblong-lanceolate, sub-obtuse. Stamens 24-30, in

bundles, anthers linear-sagittate, pistillode small, subulate or none.

Female flowers: sepals and petals imbricate with very broad bases.

Staminodes 3 or none. Ovary large, white, oblong, 1-celled, sub-

compressed, divided at the apex into 5-cuneate, subrecurved lobes,

each with a line of stigmatic tissue along the central line of the

inner face; ovule 1, attached nearly along its whole length.

Fruiting spadix spreading; branches angular, thickened at the

base. Fruit pendulous from its weight, ovate, size of a duck’s egg,

surrounded at the base by the perianth, at the apex presenting the

3 styles; colour orange-yellow; pericarp thick, firm, of yellow

cellular tissue and longitudinal fibres, which are more numerous

towards the putamen. Putamen thin, hard, crustaceous. Seed 1,

erect; tegument thin, shining, light brown; albumen densely

horny, much ruminate ; embryo basilar.

Haprrat.—Malay Archipelago.

ILLUsTRATION.—Plate LX XV shows a fully developed specimen of

the Calappa Palm growing inthe Botanic Garden of Peradeniya. At

the base of the leaf-sheaths an unexpanded spadix may be seen

whilst a little lower down at least four fruiting spadices are visible.

The photograph was taken by Mr. Macmillan.

PTYCHORAPHIS, Becc., Males, 1; 58, cf. Beccari in Ann. Jard.

Bot. Buit., II, 90 ; Males, III, 109; Webbia, I (1905), p. 327.

(From the Greek “ ptychos,’’ folded, wrinkled, and “ raphis, ”

needle, pin.)

Stem slender, annulate. Leaves pinnatisect, leaflets narrow,

caudate-acuminate. 7

Spathes 2, complete, caducous. Spadix infrafoliar, paniculately

branched. Flowers spirally disposed, male only towards the tips of

“Cae

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JOURN. BomBAYy Nat. Hist. Soc. PATH lxeavile

Ptychoraphis augusta, Becc.

THE. PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 739

the branches, a female between 2 males towards the base. Male

flowers symmetric; sepals suborbicular; petals valvate; stamens 6 ;

anthers versatile; pistillode conical or columnar. Female flowers

bibracteolate ; sepals rounded, concave; petals longer, tips valvate ;

stamens 4-6; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3, triangular, acute; ovule

parietal.

Fruit small, ovoid, stigmas terminal. Seed ovoid, obtuse, deeply

grooved along the long, lnear hilum, albumen deeply ruminate ;

embryo basilar, oblong.

Species.—3, Malayan.

Leaflets 2-3 feet long ha .. P. augusta.

Leaflets about 1 foot long... ... LP. singaporensis.

PTYCHORAPHIS AUGUSTA, Becce., in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., IT,

-90 ; Males, L{I, 110.— Areca augusta, Kurz., .. in Journ. Bot., 1875, 331, t. 170.

DESCRIPTION. very tall, 80-100 feet high, 1 foot in

-diameter. Leaves 8-13 feet long; leaflets numerous, 2-3 feet

long, sessile, narrowly linear, acuminate, 3-costate; petiole very

‘short ; rhachis flat above, furfuraceously tomentose.

Spadix decompound, 24-34, feet long. Male flowers: bracts

broad, smooth; sepals broadly ovate; petals oblong, obtuse. Fe-

“male flowers: sepals and petals nearly alike, concave, imbricate.

Fruit 1 inch long, elliptic-oblong, scarlet. Seed oblong.

HasiTat.—Nicobar Islands, frequent, in woods in Kamorta.

ILLUSTRATION.— We reproduce on Plate LXXVI a midde-sized

specimen of Ptychoraphis augusta.

The right side of the background is occupied by a grove of coco-

nut palms. We have to thank Major Gage for the photograph.

_ _PTYCHORAPHIS SINGAPORENSIS, Becc., in Ann. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz., II, 90, t. 196; Males, III, 109; Hook, Fl. Brit. Ind., VI, 4183 ;

Ridley, Fl. ’ Malay Penins. 1 if 148. —_ Pty yohosperma singaporensis, Bece.,

Males I, 61.—Rhopaloblaste singaporensis, Hook., f. in Gen. Pl. If, 892.—

Drymophloeus senyaporensis, Hook., f. Kew Gard. Rep. (1882) 1884, 56.

Names.—In Singapore: Rintin, Kerintin. German: Singapore-

Runzel-Areka.

Descrirtion.—Stem slender, 6-12 feet. high, 14 inch in diameter,

soboliferous, black, ringed.

Leaves pinnate; petiole nearly 5 feet long, blade 4 feet, leaflets

very many, alternate, narrow linear acuminate, 8-12 inches long,

4 inch wide, 3-nerved, upper shorter, midrib beneath scaly ; rhachis

scurfy.

Spadix slender, deflexed, about 1 foot long, about 5-7 branched

from the base; spikes moderately slender, } inch thick, rhachis olive

green (according to Ridley), rusty furfuraceous (according to Fl.

740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX1I1.

Brit. Ind.). Spathes sword-shaped, apex rounded, convex outside,. «

broadly channelled inside, winged, inner spathe shorter, narrower,

not winged, woolly. Flowers in pairs numerous and close, a male

and a female together, or females only at base, males at tip. Male

flowers : sepals ovate orbicular, petals larger, ovate, acute, } inch long,

white or yellow. Stamens 6, filiform, white ; anthers small, oblong,.

dorsifixed. Pistillode large, conic. Female flowers with a transversely

oblong bract. Sepals ovate, truncate, gibbous, green, petals shorter,.

ovate, acute, green. Pistil obovoid. Stigwas minute, triangular.

Drupe nearly 2 inch long by i+ inch in diameter, ovoid or

elliptic-ovoid, red, pulpy, tip conical, slightly excentric. Seed free,

elliptic-ovoid, rounded at both ends, 2 inch long, grooved on one

face, branches or raphe descending to the base; albumen ruminate.

Hasirat.—Singapore: Sanglin, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang,.

Toas, Kranji; Johor: Gunong Pulai; Dindings: Sumut (ex Ridley)

: cultivated in India.

Usns.—The stems which are quite black make beautiful walking

sticks (Ridley).

DICTYOSPERMA, Wendl. & Drude Linn., 39, 181.

(From the Greek ‘“dictyon,” a net, and “sperma,” seed; in

allusion to the raphe of the seed forming a loose network).

Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, IIT, 175, t. 154, fig. 2, 3 (Aveca )—Baker,.

Fl. Maurit., 383.—Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind., 32, 183:

(Ptychosperma albwn)—Benth. & Hook, Gen. Pl. ITI, II, 890, 1.

Unarmed, of moderate height ; leaves equally pinnate ; petiole with

a complete basal sheath; pinne strongly reduplicate at the base,

l-nerved; with afew scales beneath; the terminal pinnee confluent.

Monececious. Flowers in spirally disposed 3-flowered clusters on

the branches of a simply subfastigiately branched spadix, the female

flower between and below two males. Male flowers: inner seg-

ments of perianth valvate, thickened, ovate-oblong, acute; stamens.

6, included ; pistillode a terete column, shorter “than the stamens.

Female flowers : seements of perianth imbricate ; staminodes form-

ing a ring with 6 linear teeth.

Fruit olive-like, persistent; scar of the stigma exactly apical ;.

mesocarp fibrous; endocarp slender, crustaceous. Seed attached

to the endocarp on one side throughout its whole length; raphe

forming a loose network ; albumen ruminate ; embryo subbasilar.

SPECIES.—9.

DisTRIBUTION.— Mascarine Islands.

CULTIVATION IN EuRoPE.—Stove palms. A compost of loam,

peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal addition of sand

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE LXXVII.

Dictyosperma Album, Wendl. var. aureum Balf. f., in the Sibpur Botanic Gardens.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 741

suits them very well; loam should preponderate to the extent of

about two-thirds; when fully developed, some rotten cow-manure

may be added with advantage. The seeds should be sown in a

similar compost and kept:in a moist, gentle heat. The greatest

enemy of this palm is dry warm air. Dammer has found that the

plants do quite well in a cool room during winter. Young speci-

mens get easier accustomed to the air of a room than older ones.

They require much water. ‘he Dictyospermas are great favourites

on account of the beautiful colouring (red, yellow) of the leaf-stalks

and nerves.

DICTYOSPERMA ALBUM, Wendl., in Linnea XXXIX, 181; Balf.,

f.in Baker. Fl. Maurit & Peych, 384. Drude Palme, 75.— Areca alba,

Bory Voy., I, 306; Willd., Spec. Pl. IV, 596, n. 8; Poir, Encycl. Suppl. L.,

441, n. 9; Spreng, Syst. Veg., II, 139,n 7; Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, III,

175, t. 154, 155, fig. 2.—<Areca borbonica, Hort.—Sublimia palimicaulis,

‘CCommers. Mss.—Ptychosperma album, Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned.

Ind., 32, 183.

NAMES.

Weisser Netzsame (German).

Palmiste blanc, Palmiste commun (Trench).

DESCRIPTION.—A. very variable plant. Stem 40-50 feet high,

8-9 inches in diameter, dilated at the base. Leaves 8-12 feet

long ; petiole semiterete, 6-18 inches long, grooved down the face;

leaflets 24-3 feet long, 2-3 inches broad, lanceolate, acuminate

cuneate at the base, widely reduplicate, with one prominent median

nerve, and 3 lateral, secondary nerves on each side, all bearing a

few medially attached scales, especially towards the base of the

leaflets ; veins and margins of leaflets green or reddish.

Spadix 2 feet long, with a very short, often tomentose peduncle;

branches erect or slightly reflexed, 6-18 inches long, very zigzag

when young ; flowers often distichous at the base of the branches ;

spathes 1-14 foot long. Inner segments of male perianth 4 inch

long, three times as long as the outer. 7

Fruit ovoid-oblong, pointed, about 4 inch long, purplish.

HasiraT.—Mauritius, common ; Seychelles, not indigenous,

Bourbon.

DICTYOSPERMA ALBUM, Wendl., var. aureum, Balf. fil. in Baker

Fl. Maurit. and Seych., 384— Areca aurea, Hort.

NameEs.—Goldfarbiger Netzsame (German).

Palmiste bon (Irench). |

DESCRIPTION.—Stem about 80 feet high, smaller and more

‘slender than in the type.

Leaves 4-8 feet long; petiole 8 inches long; leaf-sheath 1-2 feet

long; pinnee 14-2 feet long, 1 inch broad; secondary veins scarcely

visible. ,

Branches of the spadix rigidly erect, 9-11 inches long. lowers

half the size of those of the type.

: *

742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Fruit cylindrico-conic, $-? inches long. Young plants bright

orange. 7 |

Hasirat.-—— Rodriguez, common. |

InLustTrATION.—The beautiful specimen — of Dictyosperma thie |

var. awreum reproduced on Plate LXXVII, grows in the Sibpur-

Botanic Gardens, and its photograph was kindly supplied by Major

Gage.

ARCHONTOPHGNIX, Wendl. & Drude, in Linnea, XXXIX,.

182, 1O0@2 Ie sort eo:

(Etym : From the Greek ‘“ archon”, ruler, king, and ‘ phoenix’,

palm, in allusion to their majestic aspect and their relationship.)

Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm, II, 181 (non. t. 105, 106, 109 uti habent,

Benth. & Hook, Gen. Pl.).—IF. Mueller, Frag. Phyt. Austr., V, 47,

t. 43, 44 (Ptychosperma).—Benth., Fl. Austr., VII, 141 (Ptychos-—

perma, sp. n. 2, 3).—Bot. Mag., t. 4961 (Seaforthia, excl. fig. 9, 10

11).—Benth. & Hook, Gen. Pl. III, I, 889, 15.—-Bailey, Queensl.

Fl., V, 1674.

Stem high and slender, columnar, unarmed, strongly annulate..

Leaves terminal, equally pinnatisect, forming a dense crown;

segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, or bidentate at the apex, the

margins recurved at the base; rhachis convex on the back, carinate-

on the upper side; petiole canaliculate on the upper side; sheath

elongate, cylindric.

Spadices shortly pedunculate, thrice divided, branches and branch-.

lets flexuose, slender, pendulous, glabrous; spathes 2, complete,

elongate, complanate, caducous; bracts semilunar; bracteoles per-—

sistent. Flowers moncecious, spirally arranged, ternate, the median

one female, or solitary and binate males, bracteate and obscurely

bracteolate. Male flowers asymmetrical. Sepals 3, small, triangu-

lar, rotundate, carinate, imbricate. Petals 3, ‘obliquely ovate-oblong,

subacute, valvate. Stamens 9- 24; Alamenee slender, connate at the

base, inflexed at the apex; anthers dintean bifid at the aise: dorsifixed, :

versatile. Pistillode styliform. Female flowers smaller than the

male, subglobose. Sepals 5, orbicular, convolute-imbricate. Petals.

similar, but smaller. Staminodes 6, subulate, or ovary trigonous--

ovoid, 1-locular ; stigmas 3, minute, recurved ; ovule parietal.

Fruit small, globose-ellipsoid, umbonate by the subterminal stig—

mas; pericarp fibrous; endocarp very thin. Seed erect, closely

adhering to the endocarp, smooth; hilum lateral, elongate; bran—

ches or raphe reticulate ; albumen deeply ruminate ; embryo basilar.

SPECIES :—4. | |

DisTrisuTion.—Tropical and subtropical, Hast Australia.

JoURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats LDXXVIII

ALEXANDRA Pato (Archontophenia Alexandre, W. & Dr.).

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 743

CULTIVATION IN KuRopE.——A genus of elegant stove palms. The

species thrive best in fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand. Thorough

drainage and an abundant supply of water are important points in

their culture. Propagation is effected by seeds.

Leaf-segments glaucous on the underside ... A. alewandre.

Leaf-segments green on both sides ... ... A. cunninghami.

ARCHONTOPHGENIX ALEXANDRA, W. & Dr., in. Linnea,

XXXXIX, 212 ; Bailey, Queensl. Fl., V, 1675—Ptychosperma alerandre,

F. Muell, Fragm. Phyt. Austr., V, 47, 218, t. 48, 44; Benth., Fl. Austr.,

VII., 140.

Names.— Alexandra Palm (English.)

Alexandra Herrscherpalme (German). Bayt

DescriptTion.—A tall palm, stem attaining 70-80 feet. Leaves

several feet long; rhachis very broad and thick, glabrous or slightly

scurfy; segments numerous, the longer ones 14 foot long, 4-1

inch broad, acuminate and entire or slightly notched, green above,

ashy-glaucous or white underneath.

Spathe 14 foot long. Panicle when open above 1 foot long

and broad; much branched, the rhachis more or less angular and

flexuose, the notches scarcely immersed. Male perianth 2-3 lines

long; the inner segments very often oblique, pale coloured; the

outer segments about 1 line long, slightly imbricate. Stamens

usually 9 or 10, but varying from 6-14; filaments very short.

Female perianth about 2 lines long, the segments all broad, and

about equal in length.

Fruit ovoid globular, 7-9 lines long.

Hapitat.—Queensland: Rockingham Bay, Mackay, and many

other tropical localities (Bailey).

ILLusTRaTION.—Plate LXX VIII represents two elegant, slender

stemmed specimens of the Alexandra Palm. Photograph by Mr.

Macmillan in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

ARCHONTOPHG@NIX CUNNINGHAMII, Wendl. & Drude, in Lin-

ne, XX XIX, 214 ; Bailey, Queens]. Fl., V, 1675—Seaforthia elegans, Hook,

Bot. Mag. No. 4961, excl. fig. 9, 10, 11 (not of R. Br.)\—Ptychosperme

Cunningham, Wendl. & Drude, in Bot. Zeitz. (1858), 346; Benth., Fl.

Austr., VIZ, 140.

Names.—English: Cunningham’s Seaforthia.

German : Cunningham’s Herrscherpalme.

DEscRiPTiIon.—Stem attaining a height of 60 feet, erect, slender,

annulate, dark green, almost glossy, crowned with a spreading tuft

of beautifully pinnate leaves. Leaves 8-10 feet long, petioles

sheathed at the base. Leaflets numerous, narrow-lanceolate, spread-

ing, 1-14 foot long, several of them unequally bifid at the apex, one

segment being much longer than the rest.

744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Spadices below the bases of the leaves, fleshy, dull pale-lilac, each

surrounded by 2 spathes, drooping, much-branched. Flowers many

scattered, some male, some female. Anthers of male flowers rather

oval-oblong than linear. Female flowers with the rudiments of 6

stamens at the. base.

Fruit like A, alewandree.

HapiTaT.—Queensland: Sunday Island; Rockhampton; N. 38.

Wales: Illawarra, Woolongong. .

ILLUSTRATION.— Visitors to Bombay will at once recognize the

spot in which the palms shown on Plate LXXIX is growing. We

wish to draw attention to the dense fruiting spadices arising from

the base of the leaf-sheath. Mr. Phipson has personally taken the

photograph.

(To be continued.)

Poathm DXXiXx

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

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LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN.

Lr.-Cor, H. DELME RapbcuiFFE, F.Z.S.

(Royal Welch Fusiliers).

Compiled with reference to the Fauna of British India “ Birds” by Oates

and Blanford. The number in brackets after the English name is that of

the species in the Fauna.

There is no doubt that more species will be added to this list in future,

especially amongst the warblers, chats, wagtails, larks, swifts, owls, and

hawks of which this I am sure does not give a complete list. Additions too

will be made among the plovers, gulls and other sea-birds from the coasts of

Baluchistan.

FamMILty: Corvip&.

1. Corvus corax.—The Raven. [1],

Very common at all seasons. Many frequent the Cantonments at

Quetta. This species breeds in the Baluchistan Mountains. Capt. (now

Lt.-Col.) Marshall, Royal Garrison Artillery, in his Notes mentions that he

found a nest with fresh eggs on March 24th. I saw half-fledged young

birds near Killa Abdullah and Shela Bagh in May 1912. There are several

Specimens in MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

2. Curvus umbrinus —The Brown-necked Raven. [2].

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, though I never

observed this species in summer. I obtained a fine male specimen at

Samungli near Quetta on November 14th, 1911, and presented the skin

to the Bombay Natural History Society, and shot another good specimen

in my garden in Quetta in November 1913.

3. Corvus frugilegus.—The Rook. [5],

Frequents the Quetta Valley in flocks during the cold months of winter,

but I never observed it in summer. It certainly does not breed in Balu-

chistan. There are two specimens in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

4, Corvus monedula.—The Jackdaw, [9].

I have occasionally observed this species in cold winter months, inter-

mingled with the flocks of Rooks frequenting the Quetta Valley, but never

observed it at any other time of year. There isa specimen of this

species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

5. Pica rustica—The Magpie.

Common in Baluchistan at all seasons, specially in the higher valleys,

where it breeds. It is very common at Ziarat, 8,000 feet above sea-level

and breeds in the Juniper Forest there. Marshall mentions finding a vest

with 3 fresh eggs on May 15th. In winter it comes down to the Quetta

Valley, and I have seen a few in Cantonments there. I shot a fine male

specimen at Ziarat in June 1912. There is one specimen shot at Pishin,

in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

6. Graculus eremita.—The Red-billed Chough. [29].

This species frequents the Quetta Valley in flocks in the cold winter

months, In summer it is only found in the higher mountains. Nests with

746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

young were found on Peel Mountain near Kach in May 1913 by Lieut.

Shepheard, Essex Regiment, when the Regiment was in Camp near Kach

for training. There are ? specimens of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta. I have been told that the yellow-billed Chough has

been observed in Baluchistan, but this requires confirmation. No specimen

has to my knowledge been obtained.

7. Parus atriceps.—The Indian Grey Tit. [31].

Common in summer in the higher mountains of Baluchistan, where it

breeds. JI saw many young birds in the nesting plumage at Ziarat in June

and July. In winter it is common in the Quetta Valley, frequenting the

gardens and orchards. There is a specimen of this species in the Mac-

Mahon Museum at Quetta.

8. Agithaliscus leucogenys.—The White-cheeked Tit. [37]

Common in the higher mountains of Baluchistan in summer. I saw many

young birds in nestling-plumage in June and July at Ziarat, and obtained

one specimen. I never observed it in the Quetta Valley.

9. Lophophanes melanclophus.—The Crested Black Tit. [44].

Common at Ziarat in summer, and breeds there. I saw many young

birds in nestling plumage in June and July. I obtained 2 specimens, one

in adult, and one in nestling plumage at Ziarat in June 1912, 1 never

observed it in the Quetta Valley.

CRATEROPODID.

10. Tvrochalopterum lineatum.—The Himalayan Streaked Laughing

Thrush. [99].

Frequents the bushy nullahs in the higher mountain valleys near Ziarat,

though not in large numbers. I obtained a specimen, which I presented

to the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, in June 1912, near Ziarat, and I feel.

sure that it breeds there.

il. Myiophoneus temmincki.—The Himalayan Whistling Thrush. [1871].

Frequents the mountain streams in Baluchistan, and undoubtedly breeds

in their neighbourhood. I saw apair, which must have been nesting close

by, several times in the Sandeman Tangi near Ziarat. Several were shot

in 1913 by Capt. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers, and 3 of his specimens

are in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

12, (285).

Frequents the gardens and orchards in the Quetta Valley during

summer, but not in large numbers. I think it certainly breeds there. It

stays fairly late in the year, and I obtained a specimen in my garden in

Quetta in November 1918. There are two specimens of this species in the

MacMahon Museum in Quetta. I believe this species migrates to lower

valleys, perhaps even to the plains of Sindh, during January, February and

March. It appears to return in April.

SITTIDA,

13. Svtta tephronota.—The Eastern Rock Nuthatch. [322].

Very common about the valleys of Baluchistan, where there are running

streams, and these birds build their curiously-shaped nests of mud against.

the rock-faces, and stick feathers, often of bright colours, on| the outside,

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN, 747

apparently for ornament. I found many of these nests in the Hanna

Valley, shaped like a large ball, with a tube leading intoit. The birds.

build up the mud, when quite soft, and when sun-dried it gets like a

sun-dried brick, J1 obtained one specimen near Urak in April 1913.

CERTHIIDE.

14. Certhia himalayana.—The Himalayan Tree-Creeper. [341].

Common at Ziarat, at 8,000 ft. and more, and it certainly breeds there in

the Juniper Forest. I saw birds in nestling plumage there inJuly. Ihave

also seen this species in the Quetta Valley in winter.

15. Tichodroma muraria.—The Wall-Creeper. [848].

Found throughout Baluchistan in the mountains, wherever there are

rocky wall-faces, and it must, I think, breed there. Several specimens were

Shot in 1912 in the mountains near Quetta by Captain Meinertzhagen,

Royal Fusiliers. There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

SYLVIIDA,

16. <Acrocephalus stentoreus.—The Indian Great Reed-Warbler. [363).

Not uncommon in the Quetta Valley along the bed of the Lora River,

where it also probably breeds. I obtained a specimen in young plumage in

my garden in Quetta in August 1915.

17. Lusciniola melanopogon.—The Moustached Sedge-Warbler. [377].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but one was

shot in 1913 by Captain Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers, and I saw this.

specimen in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

18. Hypolais rama.—Sykes’ Tree-Warbler. [394].

Fairly common in the Quetta Valley in summer, and it breeds there in

gardens and plantations. 1 found several nests and took one with 4 eggs

on June 5th, 1913, in the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta. 1 also shot the

cock bird, and sent the skin to the Bombay Natural History Society. This

species migrated to the plains during winter. The nests are pretty little

cups placed low down in bushes, often in a rose-bush or tamarisk bush.

19. Sylvia jerdont.—The Eastern Orphean-Warbler, [3991.

I found a small colony of this species near Kahan on the road from

Kach to Ziarat, on July 10th, 1913, and obtained one specimen, which I

sent to the Bombay Natural History Society. I think this species must

breed in the locality mentioned. It has a very sweet and powerful song.

20. Sylvia minuscula.—The Small White-throated Warbler. [403]. .

I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Marshall

speaks of small flocks of these birds occurring on migration in April.

There is one specimen, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum

at Quetta.

21. Phylloscopus tristis——The Brown Willow Warbler. [407].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but

Marshall states that he shot one in February in his garden, and there are

748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

three specimens, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at

Quetta. | .

22. Phylloscopus indicus—The Olivaceous Willow Warbler. {408}.

Fairly common in the neighbourhood of Ziarat, at 8,000 feet and up-

wards, in summer, and there can be little doubt that it breeds there. It

has a peculiar note, which sounds like: “Chick!” “Chick!” “Chick! ”

repeated frequently and monosyllabically, and it is very restless in its

habits. I obtained a specimen at Ziarat on July 6th, 1913, and sent it to

the Bombay Natural History Society. In winter it migrates to lower

elevations. —

23. Acanthopneuste nitidus.—The Green Willow Warbler. [421].

A Willow Warbler was shotin Quetta Cantonments by Major Marshall in

1912, and I sent the skin to the Natural History Museum, South Kensing-

ton, where it was identified as this species. This was, I think, in October,

and I observed others during the cold months of the year. I believe,it to

‘be a fairly common winter visitant, but I never observed it in summer.

24. Scotocerca inquieta.—The Streaked Scrub-Warbler. [445].

Common throughout Baluchistan in the low, thorny scrub bushes on the

Mountain sides. It is a permanent resident all the year round and breeds

in the scrub bushes. It is remarkable for its restless habits and for the

peculiar way in which it constantly jerks its tail over from side to side. I

obtained an adult specimen shot by Major Marshall in 1912, and shot a spe-

cimen in nestling plumage myself at Ziarat, at about 8,000 feet in July 1913.

LANIID.

25. Lanius assimilis—The Allied Grey Shrike. [470].

Occurs in various parts of Baluchistan but is nowhere common. I

obtained an adult specimen, shot by Major Marshall in 1912, and sent

to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it was

identified as this species. It breeds in the Valleys between Kach

and Ziarat, and on July 10th, 1913, I shot a young male specimen in nestling

plumage about half-way between Kach and Kahan. I sent the skin of this

specimen also to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it

also was identified as this species. There is one specimen of this species

in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

26. Lantus fallax.—Finsch’s Grey Shrike. [471).

T have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Oates, on

page 461 of Vol. I, of the Birds of India, states that Blanford obtained a

specimen at Gwadar in Baluchistan, and there is a specimen in the Mac-

Mahon Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species.

27. Lanius vittatus—The Bay-backed Shrike. [473].

Occurs in Baluchistan, but is, I think, no where numerous. It remains

only during summer and migrates to lower-lying regions in winter. It

breeds in Baluchistan. On June 19th, 1913, I found a nest of this species

about 8 feet from the ground in a wild olive tree in the Galbraith Spinney

near Quetta. I shot both the old birds, and took the 4 eggs. The

female with the eggs and nest [| presented to the MacMahon Museum at

‘Quetta, and the male I sent to the Natural History Museum, South Ken-

sington,

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN, 749

28. Lantus erythronotus.—The Rufous-backed Shrike. [476].

Very common in Baluchistan in summer, and it breeds in the gardens

and plantations. I found four nests in my garden in Quetta in 1913. On

June 19th, 1913, I shot a fine male in the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta,

and this specimen I sent to the Natural History Museum, South Kensing-

ton. This species seems to be very rapacious, and I, several times, saw one

of them with a young sparrow it had killed. They appear only to eat the

brain and then spit the body on a thorn and leave it. This species only

remains in the Quetta Valley from early in April till the end of August, and

then migrates to lower elevations. There are several specimens in the

MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

29. Lanius isabellinus.—The Pale-brown Shrike. [479].

Common in Baluchistan during summer and undoubtedly breeds there.

I saw several in the neighbourhood of Ziaratin 1913 in July. Several

specimens were shot by Capt. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers in 1913,

and there is a specimen in the MacMahon Museum, at Quetta.

30. Lanius phenicuroides,—The Rufous Shrike. [480].

Common in Baluchistan during summer and like the foregoing species,

undoubtedly breeds in the valley, between 6,000 and 8.000 feet above sea

level. 1 obtained a specimen at Ziarat on July 9th, 1913, the skin of which

I sent to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where it was

identified as this species. Several specimens were shot in 1913, by Capt.

Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers, and there is a specimen in the Mac-

Mahon Museum at Quetta.

ORIOLIDA,.

31. Orvolus krundoo—The Indian Oriole. [518].

Occurs in Baluchistan in the summer months, and breeds in the valleys,

but is nowhere common. On May 25th, 1912, I found a nest with 4 eggs,

only slightly incubated, in a willow tree, about 18 feet from the ground, in

the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta. I shot both the birds, and sent the

skins and the eggs to a friend, who collects. There are 3 specimens of this.

species in the Macmahon Museum at Quetta.

STURNIDAE.

32. Pastor roseus—The Rose-coloured Starling. [528].

Common in Baluchistan. In summer it frequents the higher mountains

and valleys, and I think it certainly breeds there. I shot a female at

Ziarat at about 8,000 feet, on July 8th, 1913, and it had obviously been

sitting on eggs. Several specimens were shot by Capt Meinertzhagen,

Royal Fusiliers, during 1913, During the coldest months this species

migrates to lower elevations. There are 4 specimens in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

33, Sturnus humi.—The Himalayan Starling, [529],

I several times observed flocks, in the winter months, of a small species.

of Starling, in the Quetta Valley. I believe they were of this species.

Marshall states that he shot one or two specimens of this species in March

and April,

750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

34, Sturnus menzbiert,—The Common Indian Starling. [532].

I have frequently observed this species in the. Quetta Valley in flocks in

the winter months, but obtained no specimens. There are three specimens

of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

35. <Acridotheres tristis—The Common Myna. [549].

In July and August 1912, I observed some small flocks of this species in

the Quetta Valley, but I do not think it is anywhere a permanent resident,

or that it ever breeds in Baluchistan, except perhapsin the low-lying por-

tions adjacent to the plains of India. There are two specimens of this

species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

MuvsICAPID®.

36. Musicapa grisola.—The Spotted Fly-catcher. [557].

Common in the Juniper Forests at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and higher. It cer-

tainly breeds there as I saw many birds in nestling plumage there in June

1912 and July 1913. tm winter it migrates to lower and warmer regions.

37. Stphia parva.—The European Red-breasted Fly-catcher. [561],

Frequents the Quetta Valley in April and in October, evidently during

its migration. It is not seen during winter or summer, and I do not think

any ever remain to breed in Baluchistan, but that they all pass on north-

wards for breeding. I saw this species frequently in my garden in Quetta

during April and October. There are four specimens of this species in

the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

38. Terpsiphone paradist.—The Indian Paradise Fly-catcher. [598].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but have

been informed by several competent observers that it occasionally frequents

the gardens and orchards, and has been found breeding at Ziarat and

elsewhere. There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

TURDID.

39. Pratincola caprata.—The Common-Pied Bush-Chat. [608].

Common in Baluchistan during the summer. It breeds in all the valleys.

I found a deserted nest with one egg in it in a hole in a bank on the road

leading from Quetta to the Brewery in May 1912. In winter it migrates to

warmer regions. I obtained a male specimen near the Galbraith Spinney,

2 miles out of Quetta, also in May L912. There are three specimens of this

species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

40. Pratincola maura,—The Indian Bush-Chat. [610].

Common in the higher valleys of Baluchistan. J saw many at Ziarat in

the summer at about 8,000 feet, and it undoubtedly breeds there, as 1 saw

young birds in nestling plumage in June 1912 and July 1913. In winter

it migrates to warmer regions. There is one specimen in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta. ‘ P

41. Saxicola picata—The Pied Chat. [618]. |

A summer visitant arriving in end of March and leaving in October. It

breeds in all the valleys. Marshall records having found nests of this

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 751

species in April and May in holes among rocks. In winter it migrates to

warmer regions. I obtained two specimens in 1912. There is one specimen

of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

42, Sazicola capistrata.—The White-headed Chat. [619].

I have observed this species occasionally, but it is nowhere common in

Baluchistan, and I obtained. no specimens. Marshall records having shot

a specimen of this species in February near Sibi.

43. Saaicola opistholeuca.—Strickland’s Chat. [620].

I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is a

specimen, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

44. Savicola barnest.—Barnes’ Chat. [622].

Occurs in Baluchistan, but is never common. On November 15th, 1913,

Capt. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers, gave me a fine male specimen

just shot by him, and he got several other specimens the same day, all

males. He saw no females. There is one specimen in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta, said to be of this species.

45. Saxicola finschi.—-Finsch’s Chat. [622A].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan but in 1912,

Major Marshall, Royal Garrison Artillery, brought me a specimen just shot

by him, which I skinned and sent to the Natural History Museum, South

Kensington, where it was identified as this species, I came across no other

specimens of this species, nor did I hear of any others being obtained,

while I was in Baluchistan.

46, Saarcola rsabellina,—The Isabelline Chat. [625].

Common in Baluchistan from March to October and breeds there.

Marshall records having found several nests with young birds in April, in

holes in the ground, 2 feet or more in. This species migrates to warmer

regions in the winter months. There are three specimens of this species in

the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

47, Sazicola desertt.—The Desert Chat. [626].

Occurs in Baluchistan during the winter months, but is, I think, never

common. Most frequently seen in March. Ido not think it breeds in

Baluchistan. There is one specimen, said to be of this species, in the

MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

48, Saxicola montana.—Gould’s Chat. [627].

_ IT have neither observed nor obtained any specimens of this species, but

it must be found in various parts of Baluchistan, vide note by Oates on

page 79 of Vol. II, regarding this species.

49, Saxicola chrysopygia.—The Red-tailed Chat. [628],

I frequently observed this species in the Quetta Valley during October

and November. I never obtained any specimens, but I believe several

were shot in 1913 by Capt. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers.

50. Ruticilla erythronota.—Eversmann’s Redstart. [642).

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, arriving in

‘October, and leaving at end of March. I shot a fine male specimen on

January 22nd 1912. There are 6 specimens of this species in the

MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

51. Ruticilla rufiventris.—The Indian Redstart. [644].

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, and like the

foregoing species, is found all over Baluchistan from October to March,

but in the higher valleys only in summer; and it certainly breeds at 8,000

feet and upwards, as | saw young birds in nestling plumage at Ziarat in

June and July. There isone specimenin the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

52. Cyanecula suecica.—The Indian Blue-throat. [647].

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months. I saw one in

my garden as late as April 10th, but obtained no specimens. There are

three specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

53. Daulias golzi—The Persian Nightingale. [649].

I only once observed one of these birds in the wild state, and that was in

my garden in Quetta in October 1913. ‘These birds are frequently kept in

cages in the Quetta Bazaar by natives, as they are beautiful songsters.

These are all said to come from Kandahar. There is one specimen of this

species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

54. Merula atrigularis.—The Black-throated Ousel. [677].

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months, leaving in April

and not returning until November. It is often seen in flocks. I shot a male

specimen on January 22nd, 1912, in the Woodcock Spinney near Quetta.

There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

55. Petrophila eyanus——The Western Blue-Rock Thrush. [693].

Fairly common in the higher valleys of Baluchistan in summer. I observed

a good many, including birds in nestling plumage, between Kach and Ziarat

in June and July. Marshall records finding a nest with 4 fresh eggs in April.

There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

56. Monticola saxatilis—The Rock Thrush. [694].

Ihave not personally observed this species in Baluchistan. Marshall

records shooting a female of this species in January and a male on 25th

April. There are two specimens said to be of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

57. Turdus viscivorus—The Missel Thrush. [695].

Fairly common in the Juniper Forest at Ziarat, at 8,000 feet and upwards

in summer, and | think it undoubtedly breeds there. IL observed them fre-

quently in June and July. Comes down into the lower valleys in winter.

58. Tharrhaleus atrigularis—The Black-throated Accentor. [716].

A winter visitant only, in Baluchistan, as far as the lower valleys are

concerned, though, I believe, I saw some at Ziarat in the summer; but I am

uncertain of this, as I did not obtain any specimens there. I obtained a

male specimen in my garden at Quetta on November 23rd, 1918. There is

one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

Marshall records shooting a specimen near Quetta in January.

PLOCEIDZ.

59. Ploceus manyar.—The Streaked Weaver-Bird. [723].

On July 17th, 1918, I saw a male and female of this species at Samungli,

4 miles west of Quetta, but having no gun with me at the time, I could

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 758

not shoot them. I believe, however, that these two birds must have

escaped from cages in the Quetta Bazar, as I never saw or heard of any

others being seen in the wild state, nor did ! eversee any nests, which they

invariably build in the country they frequent.

60. Sporeginthus amandana,—The Indian Red Munia. [738].

I frequently saw small flocks of this species in the Quetta Valley in late

autumn, and in November 1911 I shot 2 females out of a flock in my

garden, but did not get a male. There are four specimens of this species in

the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

FRINGILLIDA.

61. Pycnoramphus carneipes—The White-winged Grosbeak. [748].

This species is common in summer at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and upwards,

in the Juniper Forest, where it undoubtedly breeds. I shot amale anda

female at Ziarat in June 1912, and gave the skins to the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta. In winter this species descends to the lower

valleys.

62. Propasser grandis.—The Red-mantled Rose-Finch. [757].

Common in summer in the higher valleys about Ziarat, at 8,000 feet and

upwards where it certainly breeds, as I saw birds in nestling plumage in

June and July. Ishot a male specimen at Ziarat in June J912, and gave

the skin to the MacMahon Museum at Quetta. In winter this species

descends to the lower valleys.

63. Rhodospiza obsoleta.—The Quetta Rose-Finch. [764A].

Common throughout the Quetta Valley where it breeds. J found a nest

with young birds in a garden in May 1912. I obtained a fine male

specimen in the Galbraith Spinney near Quetta on May 30th, 1912. There

are 4 specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

Marshall mentions that Hume’s Hawfinch is found in Baluchistan. In

this, think, he was mistaken, and that the bird he referred to was really

“Rhodospiza obsoleta.”’

64, Carduelis camiceps—The Himalayan Goldfinch. [767].

Common in the Quetta Valley during the winter months. In summer

it ascends to the higher valleys, and is common at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and

upwards, and, I think, must breed there, though | did not succeed in

finding any nests. I obtained three specimens in my garden in Quetta in

November 1913 There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

65. Metoponia pusilla—The Gold-fronted Finch. [771].

Common in summer at Ziarat, where it also breeds, as I saw many young

birds in nestling plumage in June and July. Ihave seen this species in

the Quetta Valley, even in winter. J shot a male at Ziarat in July 1913.

There are two specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at

Quetta. This species is very common in Baluchistan and other parts of the

North-West Himalayas.

66. Fringilla montifringilla—The Brambling. [774]. °

Common in Quetta during the cold months of winter, when it is seen in

flocks in the gardens and spinneys. They arrive early in November, and

754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXITI,

leave early in March. I shot a male in my garden in Quetta in November

1913. There are three specimens of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

67. Passer domesticus.—The House Sparrow. [776].

Very common in Baluchistan at all seasons. It breeds in the eaves of

houses, in banks, and in trees, etc. I shot several specimens at Quetta at

different times of the year. There are two specimens of this species in the

MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

68. Passer hispaniolensis—The Spanish Sparrow. [778].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but was in-

formed by Mr. J. W. N. Cumming, Secretary, Baluchistan Natural History

Society, that he had obtained several specimens in Baluchistan near Quetta.

69. Passer montanus.—The Tree-Sparrow. [779].

Common in Baluchistan at all seasons. It breeds in the eaves of houses,

in hollow trees, etc. I shot several specimens, at different seasons, in my

garden at Quetta.

70. . Petronia stulta.—The Rock Sparrow. [782].

I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but it un-

doubtedly occurs in Baluchistan. There is one specimen of this species

in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

EMBERIZIN &.

71. Emberiza leucocephala.—The Pine Bunting. [792].

I occasionally observed this species in flocks in the Quetta Valley

during the winter months, but I never obtained any specimens. There

are three specimens of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

72. Emberiza stewartt.—The White-capped Bunting. [793].

Common during the Summer months in the higher valleys of Baluchis-

tan. I found it common at Ziarat at 8,000 feet and upwards in July and

June of 1912 and 1918, and found a nest with young birds in it in the

latter half of June. I obtamed a good male specimen on June 24th, 1912,

at Ziarat. |

73. Emberiza stracheyi.—The Eastern Meadow Bunting. [794].

Ihave never observed this species myself in Baluchistan, but it

undoubtedly occurs there. In the MacMahon Museum at Quetta, there

is one specimen, said tu be of this species.

74. Emberiza buchanani—The Grey-necked Bunting. [795].

I shot a male specimen of this species on August 21st 1915 at Samungli,

6 miles from Quetta. I never say any other specimens of this species,

but Marshall states that it is common in the hills in April.

75. Emberiza luteolaa—The Red-headed Bunting. [800].

I saw several specimens of this species, early in July 1913, between Kach

and Ziarat, and have no doubt that it breeds in that locality. Marshall

states that he saw’ this species at Khelat. I think it is rather local in its

distribution, and I never observed it in the Quetta Valley. There is one

specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN,

“J

76. Emberiza striolata,—The Striolated Bunting. [802].

I have not personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but Marshall

states that it is not rare in the hills in summer, and probably breeds there,

as he saw them at the end of June.

HIRUNDINID&.

77. Chelidon urbica.—The Martin, [804],

I have occasionally observed Martins in the Quetta Valley, which I

believe were of this species, but I never obtained a specimen. Marshall

records that he shot one, which he identified as of this species, and gives its

measurements as follows, viz: length 57 in., Wing 43. in., Tail 22 in.

78. Ptyonoprogne rupestris—The Crag Martin, [810],

Common throughout the mountains of Baluchistan, where it breeds,

though I personally never found any nests, but Marshall records finding

nests in May and June with young birds in them. I have taken the nest

of this species in Ladak.

79. Hirundo rustica.—The Swallow, [813].

Very common in Baluchistan in summer. It arrives in March, and

migrates to warmer regions again in October. It breeds in the Quetta

Valley in May, and it is quite a common thing to see these birds flying in

and out feeding their young in their nests, built in the native shop-fronts

in the main street of the Quetta Bazaar. during April and May. There is

one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

80. HMirundo smithit.—The Wire-tailed Swallow. [818].

Found sparingly in the Quetta Valley in summer, migrating to warmer

regions again in the winter. Ithink it must certainly breed in Baluchistan,

though I never found a nest, though I often saw the birds.

81. Hirundo rufula.—The European Striated Swallow, [824].

I occasionally observed a species of Striated Swallow in Baluchistan,

which I believe was this one, but I never obtained a specimen. Marshall

records that Hirundo nepalensis, Hodgson’s Striated Swallow is fairly

numerous round Quetta in summer, and that he found a nest. Perhaps he

was right, but I took the species of striated swallow seen in the Quetta

Valley to be Hirundo rufala, but it is impossible to determine this, without

obtaining specimens.

MorTaAcILLIDz,

82. Motacilla alba.—The White Wagtail, [826],

Common in the Quetta Valley from October to April, but none are seen

there in summer. There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta. .

88. Motacila personata.—The Masked Wagtail. [829].

I occasionally observed this species in the Quetta Valley in winter, and

also at Ziarat at about 8,000 feet in June and July, and I think it must

certainly breed there, though I did not find any nests. It appears to be

nowhere common at any season.

756 JO URNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

84. Motacilla melanope—The Grey Wagtail. [832].

I observed this species occasionally in the Quetta Valley in winter, but

obtained no specimens. I think it probably breeds in the higher valleys.

There is one specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

85. Motacilla borealis —The Grey-headed Wagtail. [833].

I occasionally observed this species in the latter half of March and early

in April in the Quetta Valley, but obtained no specimens. There is one

specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

86. Motacilla beema.—The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail. [835],

I have not personally observed this species, but there appears to be

no doubt that it visits Baluchistan during its winter migration. There is

one specimen in the MacMahon Museun, said to be of this species.

87. Motacilla feldeggi.The Black-headed Wagtail. [836).

I saw several specimens of this very handsome and distinctly-coloured

little Wagtail near Tarin Shahr, about 2 miles north of Quetta, in

November 1912, and also in other localities in the Quetta Valley. This

species like several other Wagtails, only passes through Baluchistan in its

winter migration, and does not stay to breed. Those I saw in November

had very black heads, though Oates says the head is black in summer

plumage.

88. Motacilla citreoloides—Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail. [838].

I frequently observed this species in the Quetta Valley during the win-

ter months, but especially in the months of migration, October and March,

I do not think it ever breeds in Baluchistan. I obtained two specimens,

shot by Major Marshall, Royal Garrison Artillery,in November 1912. It is

possible that Motacilla citreola may also pass through Baluchistan, but in

winter plumage it is difficult to distinguish it from M. citreolides.

89. <Anthus trivialis—The Tree-Pipit. [840].

This species is occasionally to be seen in the Quetta Valley during the

winter months, but I do not think it is ever common anywhere in Baluchis-

tan, nor does it, I think, ever stay to breed there.

90, Anthus similis—The Brown Rock-Pipit. [844].

This species is common at Ziarat, at 8,000 feet and upwards in summer

and certainly breeds there. Marshall records finding a nest with young

birds on May 11th. I obtained no specimens, but several were shot in

1915, by Capt. Meinertzhagen, Royal Fusiliers. I frequently saw this

species in the hills round Quetta, but never in the Quetta Valley itself.

It appears to migrate to lower’ elevations in winter, but of this lam not

quite certain.

91. Anthus rosaceus.—Hodgson’s Pipit. [850].

At Ziarat in June and July I frequently observed a Pipit, which I

believe to have seen this species, but as I obtained no specimens I was

unable to make certain of this. The birds, I saw, were certainly breeding

at about 9,000 feet. | )

92. Anthus spinoletta.—The Water Pipit. [851],

I have not perscnally observed this species in Baluchistan, but I believe

it habitually passes through Baluchistan on migration. There are 2 speci-

mens, said to be of this species, in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF BALUCHISTAN. 757

93. Oreocorys sylvanus.—The Upland Pipit. [853].

I have never personally observed this species in Baluchistan, but there is

a specimen, said to be of this species, and shot at Quetta, in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

ALAUDIDA.

94, Alaemon desertorum.—The Desert Lark. [854).

Found sparingly throughout Baluchistan at all seasons and certainly

breeds there. I saw one in the winter of 1911-12 in the Quetta Valley,

and 1 obtained a fine male specimen in the Upper Zhob Valley in April

1891.

95. Melanocorypha bimaculata.—The Eastern Calandra Lark. [859].

Frequents the Quetta Valley in summer and I think breeds there,

though I never found a nest. There is one specimen in the MacMahon

Museum at Quetta.

96. Alauda gulgula.—The Indian Sky-Lark. [861].

Common in Baluchistan, and certainly breeds there. Marshall records

that Alanda arvensis is common in the Quetta Valley. I think it is prob-

able, that both species are common as they are so much alike as to be

almost indistinguishable one from the other.

97. Calandrella acutirostris—Hume’s Short-toed Lark. [861].

Common in the Quetta Valley, more so in winter than in summer, but

1 think it probably breeds in Baluchistan. I obtained a good specimen

on August 7th, 1913, near the Nar reservoir, west of the Hunna Valley,

and about 6 miles from Quetta. Marshall records that Calandrella brachy-

dactyla is common round Quetta in the winter, so I think that probably

both species are common.

98. Galerita cristata,—The Crested Lark. [874].

Very common in Baluchistan at all seasons, and breeds there. I found

many nests, one found on May 11th, 1912, had 5 eggs in it which I took. I

shot the male bird near the nest, and preserved the skin. There is one

specimen of this species in the MacMahon Museum at Quetta.

99. Ammomanes phenicuroides.—The Desert Finch-Lark. [878].

Common throughout the foot-hills stretching from the mountain ranges

into the open valleys of Baluchistan, at all seasons of the year. It also

certainly breeds in Baluchistan, though I never succeeded in finding a

nest. Jl obtained a specimen of this species above the Staff College, and

below Kitchener Hill, about 3 miles from Quetta on August 7th, 1913.

758

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Owing to the War and the departure of our three collectors

Mr. Shortridge, Capt. Macmillan and Major Mayor for the front we

have not much progress to report in this Journal.

Mr. Crump—the only remaining Collector—has completed his

work in Sikkim and amongst those who have rendered him great

assistance, mention must be made of Mr. R.S. Lister and Mr. C. H.

Dracott, C.E., of Gangtok. Both of these gentlemen and also

Mr. H. Stevens are carrying on the work and are obtaining speci-

mens for us. After finishing Sikkim, Mr. Crump collected at

Darjeeling on the Hastern border of Nepal. He then descended to

Kurseong and Siliguri and is now at Jalpaiguri where his tour will

end, as he is leaving India to proceed to Hngland to join the

Army.

We feel sure that members whilst regretting the circumstances

which have taken all our trained collectors from the work of the

Survey, will understand and applaud the spirit which they are

showing. Much as we desire to complete the Mammal Survey of

India and Burma we know that members will recognize with us

the fact that the War must come before the Survey. We hope

that when the War is finished our collectors will return to complete

the Survey.

As we had some of the skinners on our hands we thought it

advisable to continue the work on a small scale and therefore in

December we sent Mr. 8. H. Prater, the head assistant in our

Museum, on an experimental trip to the Koyna Valley, Satara

District, to collect Mammals. Mr. Prater was away about a month

and 20 days and made an interesting collection of about 420 speci-

mens. On his return, as he was anxious to continue the work, we

sent him in March to the Upper Sind Frontier. Mr. Prater went

first to Jacobabad and Kashmir. After collecting there’he left for

Sukkur and Khairpur State. He then proceeds to larkhana

and after that comes South to Hyderabad (Sind) and Karachi.

Up to date Mr. Prater has obtained some 500 specimens in

Sind.

The Society also received an offer of the services of Mr. R.

Shunkar Narayan Pillay to collect Mammals for them in Travan-

core and Southern India and we decided to avail ourselves of this

opportunity as specimens from S. India are desirable for com-

parison with those from Ceylon. Mr. Pillay commences work in

May.

The following list of Mammals which are urgently required is

given in hopes that members resident in any of the districts

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 759

mentioned will try and collect specimens and so help to carry on

the Survey while our collectors are at home. This list does not

mean that other kinds of Mammals are not wanted but only that

the ones mentioned are specially required at the present time.

Any specimens other than those mentioned will be most acceptable

and useful. The specimens may be made into flat skins but the

sex and date of capture should be noted. The skull should be kept

and numbered to correspond with the skin and only roughly cleaned

and dried :—

South India.—Indian Wolf, Fox, Hedgehog, Flying Squirrels,

Muntjac.

Malabar.— Malabar Civet Cat, Fishing Cat.

Hastern Ghats.—Tree Shrews.

Bombay Presidency.—Indian Wolf, Hedgehog, Tree Shrew,

Hare, Muntyjac.

Deccan.—Indian Wolf, Fox, Wild Dog, Porcupine.

Dangs.—F lying Squirrel, Large Indian Squirrel.

Rajputana.— Desert Fox, Wolf, Desert Cat, Porcupine.

Punjab.— Desert Fox, Wolf, Hares, Hedgehogs.

North-West Provinces.— Wolves, Foxes, Hares, Porcupines.

Kashmir.— Mungoose, Marmots, Foxes.

Central India.— Wolves, Hares, Muntjac.

Central Provinces.—Muntjac, Tree Shrews.

Bengal.— Wolves, Foxes, Porcupine, Wild Pig.

Sunderbunds.—-Muntjac, Leopard Cat, Porcupine.

‘Lower Bengal.—Hares, Muntjac, Leopard Cat, Foxes,

Porcupine. ,

Behar and Orissa.— Wolves, Porcupines, Hares, Tree Shrews,

Muntjac.

Singbhoom.—F lying Squirrel.

Assam.—Flying Squirrel, Pallas’s Squirrel, Himalayan

“Monkey, Muntjac.

Goalpara.— Hoolock.

Cherripungi.Bamboo Rat.

Burma.—Hares, Flying Squirrels, Wild Dogs.

~ Arakan.—Bamboo Rat, Flying Squirrels.

Rangoon.—F lying Squirrel.

Pegu.—Hare, Ferret Badger, Mungoose.

If members are unable to obtain any of the above animals them-

selves perhaps they will let others know what skins we are in want

of.

760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXILI,

To give members some idea of the results achieved by the

Mammal Survey we give below a list of all the species described

through the work of the Survey. This list contains (1) specimens

collected by the Society’s collectors, (2) specimens collected by

members and sent in through our collectors, (3) specimens already

of the Survey specimens.

It should be kept in mind that the results of the Survey are not

merely to be judged by the number of new species described

but also by the additions to our knowledge of distribution,

variation, &c.

When the Volume on Mammals in the Fauna was written many

species were, and in some cases are known only, from very few

specimens. ‘This has led to a want of clearness in some descrip-

tions and the unnecessary massing or dividing of certain species.

Since the above Volume was written new species have been describ-

ed from time to time and some of them the collections of the

Survey have shown cannot hold good.

CIVETS.

Banded Palm Civet .. Hemigalus derlianus incur- Bankachon, Tenasse-

sor. rim,

MUNGOOSES.

Pale-grey Mungoose .. Mungos mungo pallens ., Palanpur.

Small yellow Mungoose.. Mungos auropunctatus hel- Deesa.

vUs.

Bats.

The Obscure Bat .. Kerivoula crypta .. Shimoga, S. India.

Tuft-tailed Pipistrelle .. Papistrellus lophurus .. Maliwun, Tenasse-

rim.

Northern Dwarf Pipis- Pipistrellus mimus glaucil- Multan.

trelle. lus (3).

Peyton’s Bat .. Myotis peytoni .. Gersoppa Falls, Ka-

nara.

2 Myotis sicarius (3) .. N. Sikkim.

Leucone peshwa (3) .. Poona.

The Greater Indian Rhinopoma kinneari .. Cutch,

Mouse tailed Bat.

SQUIRRELS.

Vassal’s Flying Squirrel. Petaurista annamensis (3). Bali, S. Annam.

Taylor’s Flying Squirrel. Petawrista taylori (2) .. Bankachon, S. Tenas-

serim. .

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Venninge’s Flying Squir- Petaurista venningi (2)

rel.

Blyth’s Flying Squirrel. Sciwropterus phayrei probus,

Sciuropterus phayret laotum

(3).

Coorg Giant Squirrel .. Latufa indica superans

The Black-shouldered RKatufa india centralis

Giant Squirrel.

Irrawaddy Squirrel . Sciurus pygerthrus janetta.

N. Shan States Black- Sciwrus atrodorsalis shani-

backed Squirrel. cus.

Sciurus sladeni midas (3)..

ruber (3) ..

99 9}

» bartont (8).

» solutus (8).

rufigenis adam-

Adamson’s Red Cheeked Dremomys

Squirrel. sont.

Yunnan Red Cheeked Dremomys rufigenis orna-

Squirrel. tus (3).

Berdmore’s Squirrel . Menetes berdmoret decora-

tus.

Menetes berdmoret mocre-

scens (3).

Menetes berdmorei consula-

res (3).

Funamnbulus wroughtoni

Coorg Jungle Squirrel ..

Mice and Rats.

Wroughton’s Tree Mouse. Vandeleuria wroughtont

Sandy Red Tree Mouse.. Vandeleuria oleracea spa-

dicea.

Vandeleuria oleracea mod-

esta, °

Vandeleuria oleracea rubida

Kumaon Tree Mouse

Ruddy Tree Mouse

761

. Kalaw, 8. Shan States.

Mt. Popa.

Laos Mts., Siam.

. Watekolli, Coorg.

yori,

Hoshangabad,

Oak;

Mandalay.

Gokteik,

States.

Myitkyina.

Lonkin,

Dist.

Uya R. U. Chindwin.

Homalin.

Kalaw, U. Burma.

Shan

Myitkyima

Yunnan.

Mt. Popa.

Bali, Annam,

Bangkok.

. Srimangala, Coorg.

. Patal, Surat Dist.

Lunawa, Palanpur.

Ramnagar, Kumaon.

Bageshwar, Kumaon.

Flower’s Tree Mouse Vaudeleuria sybylla (3) ., Siam.

The Northern Field Leggadilla dunni (3) . Ambala.

Mouse.

The smaller Ashy Spiny i cindrella , Cutch.

Mouse.

Phillips’ Spiny Mouse .. +s phillipse . Nimar.

Coorg Hill Spiny Mouse. a grahami . Wokoli, 8. Coorg.

Coorg Lowland Spiny - hannyngtont .. Makut, 8. Coorg.

Mouse.

Burmese Spiny Mouse .. Ss shortridger . Mt. Popa.

Grey Spiny Mouse + surkha . Vijayanagar, Bellary.

: bahadur . Karwar, Kanara.

Mysore Spiny Mouse . stva . Sivasamudram, 8. My-

sore.

Nepal Spiny Mouse ‘ gurkna . Jerna, Kumaon.

’)

Burmese Field Mouse .. Mus cooki

Mayor’s Rat

Coelomys mayore

. Gokteik, N. Shan Sta-

tes.

. Ceylon.

762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

MAMMAL FUND.

FURTHIR LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 30TH APRIL 1915.

Vol. XXIII.

Bell) Tickles;

Forsyth, Dr. Wm.

LeMesurier, H. P.

Name. Amount.

Rs Ae aE

Amount previously acknowledged in Journal No. 2

85,64L 14 7

100 ee

5 Aart

15 re Bl

85,762. “LOSaee

INS. FA, eins

Interest credited by Bank on current

Account up to 3lst March

1915 7 ay .. 40413 8

7 B. P. T. Bonds up to 3lst

March 1915.. y ie ARTO ad) oie

+ Fixed Deposit up to 3lst

March 1915 st Jet £1200 ban

PROMISED.

FEDERATED Matay States GOvERN-

MENT § 1,000= iz ay: Sotho ay (OO

GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR AND Orissa... ,, 1,500

2043 18 6

3250 ,.0 0

91,056 8 O

The subscription to the Mammal Survey Fund up to date amounts to

Rs. 85,762-10-7 added to which we have Rs. 2,043-13-

5 for interest earned

and Rs. 3,250 promised making a total of Rs. 91,056-8-0. The expenditure

up to date amounts to Rs. 77,320-14-4, leaving a balance in hand and

invested of Rs. 10,485-9-8.

763

REVIEWS.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN HILLS.*

There is a great want of a book on the Common Birds of India with

popular descriptions of the different species. Mr. Dewar’s new book on the

“ Birds of the Indian Hills” to some extent fills this want as far as the

Himalayas and the Hills of Southern India are concerned. It is true a

number of the birds described are also found in the plains but on the other

hand many aré not mentioned which are common there, but for these the

enquirer can refer to EKha’s “ Birds of Bombay.”

Part I.—Starts with a general chapter on the habitat of Himalayan birds.

Mr. Dewar then gives a list of the Common Birds he observed in Kumaon,

taking that district as representative of the Western Himalayas. This is

followed by an account of the birds noted in the Eastern Himalayas, but

descriptions are only given of those species not mentioned in the previous

chapter. There are some short chapters on special birds such as the Black

Bulbuls, the Spotted Forktail, the Great Himalayan Barbet, &c., all of

which Mr. Dewar has something interesting to tell about.

Part I1.—Consists of a list of the Common birds found in the Nilgiris,

made chiefly round the Hill Stations of Coonoor and Ootacamund and

should enable the visitor to name most of the birds seen in the garden or

during the course of a ramble. For the benefit of visitors to the Palni Hills

a list of the common species is included in Part III. This, however, unlike

the other lists, is not made on Mr. Dewar’s personal observations, but is

based on a paper by Dr. Fairbank written some 40 years ago in Stray

Feathers. With these four lists we can safely say that the visitor to the

Himalayas or South Indian Hills should be able to recognize most of the

more conspicuous birds likely to be met with. In some cases however the

observer is bound to be disappointed in not finding a particular bird but it

is impossible in a popular book to mention al] the species. The fact whether

a bird is common or not and should be included in such list as Mr. Dewar’s

is difficult to decide as it depends to a great extent on the powers of obser-

vation of the observer, still we think Mr. Dewar has made a very good

selection.

+ INDIAN FOREST INSECTS.

“ Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance, Coleoptera,” is the title of a

recent work by Mr. E. P. Stebbing, late of the Indian Forest Service. Mr.

Stebbing, it may be mentioned, for some years occupied the position of

Zoologist in the Forest Research Institute at Dehra Dun. The author in-

forms us in the preface that the chief aim of the book is the study of the

Insect Fauna of the Indian forests from the economical standpoint. Presum-

ably this volume is the first instalment of a series as it deals only with the

Beetles.

The book as it is published is too large for easy handling and the paper is

of that shiny sort which is so trying to the eyes when there is a strong light

upon it. It would have been better had it been of the ordinary quarto size,

published in two parts. The print is, however, very clear and good and

the illustrations are excellent. Many of these latter, particularly the figures

of the insects themselves, have been published before in various places ; many

* Birds of the Indian Hills, by Douglas Dewar, London, John Lane, 1905, six

shillings net.

+ Indian Forest Insects, by E. P. Stebbing. Published by order of His Majesty’s

Secretary of State for India in Council, London. Price fifteen shillings.

764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

of them are new; they are all remarkably good likenesses of the originals

and will therefore be of considerable value for identification purposes. The

enlarged pictures of the smaller insects appertaining to the families Platy-

podide, Scolytide, Curculionide, Bostrychide and others will be very useful

for ease of reference to enable future enquirers to recognize known enemies

of forests and to distinguish between them. The photographs of wood

sections, trunks of trees, &c., showing the style of damage done by these

enemies in India ought also to be of considerable worth.

It would have enhanced the value of the book if Mr. Stebbing had a

systematic key to the different families and sub-families mentioned in it.

They are not numerous and it would not have been difficult to do so. It is

the same with the genera and species dealt with. The descriptions of the

perfect insects, grubs and pupz are very meagre and will, in the majority

of cases, be useless for identitication purposes but this objection is, to a

great part, mitigated by the excellent figures, where these are given.

There is a goodly number of insects mentioned of which only a damaged

specimen unfit for identification has ever been obtained by the author, there

are some even of which only the grub has been seen. These might have

been omitted without anything being lost. There is also a good deal of

unnecessary repetition.

On the whole ‘Indian Forest Insects” is a book which, if it does not go

very far towards filling an empty gap in Indian forest literature, we must

recognize as a very laudable effort towards supplying a distinct want. And,

as such, we should welcome it. It is but a beginning ; in the words of the

author, “a pioneer intended to indicate to others the lines upon which further

study of the subject should proceed.” At the best of times the number of

students of these forest zoology matters is limited and, up to date, there have

not been many works of reference to help them on their way; such as exist

besides are written in French and German requiring a more or less intimate

knowledge of those languages for their perusal. There may of course be Eng-

lish translations but, even then, they would not be of much use; Indian and

European conditions being so different that most of what is written in them

would have only a limited application out here. So Mr. Stebbing is to be

congratulated on having made a beginning; and, considering the difficulties

that always present themselves in beginnings, in having done so with con-

siderable success, notwithstanding the imperfections from lack of material

and information inherent in all new ventures of the sort. Perseverance and

courage deserve recognition and we have evidence of both these in the pre-

sent work.

Therefore, as a stimulus to the study of forest insects and their ways,

this book is of considerable value. Asa work of real, practical utility, it

will, we fear, have little scope. And thisis due to two causes, both of

which are outside the author’s influence. One is dependent upon the state

of forests management in general out here in India, the other is attributable

to the paucity of imsects mentioned. The prescriptions for dealing with

insect pests could never be applied on any large scale owing to the expense

entailed, the difficulty of obtaining sufficient labour at the proper time in

most localities, the want of establishment and the ignorance of the people.

They could be carried out only in plantations and in isolated forests of

limited extent where effective supervision is possible and the means of

transport are always at hand. Such conditions exist only in comparatively

negligeable areas. The other cause can only be removed by years of

entomological study. Although numbers of insects are known to the

systematic scientists there are still very many that are not; and, except for

the life histories and habits described for certain beetles in Mr. Stebbing’s

present book, little has been published, because little is known of their ways,

———e

REVIEWS. "65

inter-relations and influence upon forests. Most of the life histories, even,

that we find in the book are incomplete and will have to be confirmed and

amplified before they can serve any useful purpose. Some 480 Coleoptera

are enumerated as of forest importance. Of these some 56 have been

described by the author personally and five others bear his name. Of the

first number some will be found, we think, to have very little to do with

damage to forest growth either directly or indirectly as, for example,

Hydrophitide, Silphide, and Tenebrionide.

On reading through the book somewhat hurriedly and with the further

disadvantage of not having existing notes to refer to at the moment, we

may mention various points that occur to us in connection with what is

written therein. Under “Damage done to Roots” on page 12, Phassus

malabaricus and other Hepialidw or Ghost-Moths have been omitted; they

are well known root-borers and sometimes do much damage to Tema

orientalis in Bombay. Another species damages plants of the genus Stro-

bilanthes. It is more than probable both attack more important species as

well and their extraordinary fertility would point to their being enemies

to be feared where they occur. Duomitus ceramicus also attacks fig trees of

many species (page 14). Under ‘ Damage to Buds” it may be noted that

weevils bore into and breed in many of them. Under that to “ Inflores-

cences”’ the damage done by butterfly larve of the lyczenid genera Virachola

and Rapala which occur all over India might have been mentioned. The

imagines of the former lay their eggs on the flower and the larvee resulting

live in the fruit which they completely destroy ; the larvee of the latter eat

flowers. Both exist sometimes in large numbers. The statement advanced

tentatively at the bottom of page 31 about the generations of parasitic in-

sects has much support in fact. In many cases we know that the genera-

tions of host and parasite are equal in number and each of practically equal

duration. On page 40 the dArdela larva is mentioned, seemingly as some-

what exceptional in that it feeds on the bark of more trees than one. The

fact is not exceptional at all. There are very few larva of Lepidoptera that

are confined to one single foodplant and, we may therefore infer, few

coleopterous larvee either. Hundreds of instances could be adduced

proving this. In fact we imagine that it will be found eventually that the

number of insects that are confined to a single species for their food are

very few in number.

This fact that the foodplants of all msects may be varied—willbe one of

the chief difficulties of preventing or combating attacks on forests by such

enemies; and when we consider that there is hardly a forest in India

outside the pine and sal areas that do not contain dozens of species, all

mixed up together, of timber-trees, climbers and creepers and useless soft

woods that are as often as not closely related to each other, the difficulties

can well be imagined by the most uninitiated. Take, for example, the case

of the teak-pest, Pyrhausta macheralis, that occurs sometimes in such

numbers as to skeletonize every leaf on every teak tree in tracts of 200

miles in length by 50 in breadth. Itis called the Teak Defoliator. But

the larva—itis the larva that does the damage—feeds upon any member of the

botanical family Verbenacee and, may be, upon other plants as well; it would,

therefore, be a very difficult problem to devise any practical means to

combator prevent attacks even in an isolated area, let alone in an extensive

teak forest. On page 50, this very insect is said to pupate on the ground

and, on the next page, we are told that the best way to destroy it is to

fire the forest; the prescription may be all right for a small area where the

fire can be kept under absolute control and where conditions of the ground-

cover lend themselves to such control but, ordinarily, such a method would

be out of the question and its application over an extended area would

766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

surely be fraught with far more disastrous effects than could possibly accrue

from the attack of the pest. Besides, Pyrhausta macheralis larve do not

by any means all pupate on the ground. They do so under webs on the

leaves themselves, and the moth emerges before these fall ; or in crevices

in the bark of the trees, and that at all heights. We might mention that

pupe of Hyblea, mentioned on the same page, are also found, as often as

not, in cells made on the leaves.

On page 63, at the top, we find the statement that a large species of

Elater is found in dead Xylia trees and the fact is mentioned in connection

with wood-boring beetles. We do not know any wood-boring beetles belong-

ing to the Flaten de though a number of them live in decaying, nearly rotten

wood; there is a very largespecies which lives in Tamarix in Sind, where it is

predaceous upon a prionid larva.

Anthia sexguttata mentioned on page 173 will kill and eat anything it

can master. It 1s not, generally, a forest species, however; being far com-

moner on black cotton soil in the plains and open places than in forests.

Many larve of the malacodermatous fireflies (page 180) feed upon snails, and

a large one we are acquainted with will demolish four of considerable size in

a single day; so that they might be considered to be of some use to plant-

life in destroying one of the enemies thereof. elionota prasina (page 217)

attacks Terminalia paniculata and T’, belerica in the Bombay Presidency, as

well as other trees. dA propos of the Family Cantharide (page 246) nothing

is mentioned about the interesting life bistories of which several have been

fully described by Fabre and others. The species are seemingly all parasitic

and their hosts are bees, wasps or grasshoppers of different kinds. The

eggs are generally laid in the earth, in little pits made for the purpose,

which are afterwards filled up by the mother-beetle and then left to them-

selves. Aftera time each egg gives birth to a curious, extremely, active, little

larva, known as a timangulin from its legs each ending in three claws. These

run about on the surface of the ground or climb up into flowers, ete., until,

in the latter case, they meet a bee, into the hairs of whose body they

can fasten; or, in the former case, until they can burrow into a nest of some

particular species of wasp or into the egg-chamber of some grasshopper.

The bee carries the little larva away with if to its home where the latter

gets on top of an egg, which has been laid on the honey. It sticks to this

egg until it has fully consumed it, carefully avoiding contact with the liquid ;

then it changes into a comparatively formless grub of a quite different

shape, adapted to float. Consuming all the honey thus, it changes into a

pseudo-pupa, then into an active-looking larva again and, subsequently, into

a true pupa before emerging as a beetle. The bees selected are, as far as is

known, such as make nests in the earth. The development follows the same

sequence in the case of larve that burrow into the egg-nests of locusts.

Mylabris* will probably also burrow as triangulin into the soil though it is

not known upon what eggs it feeds. Cissites (page 249) is found in the

larval state in nests of species of Xyloccpa in India. Whether the eggs are

laid actually in the borings made by the bees; or whether they are laid in

the earth as in other species, giving birth to similar active larvee which climb

up into flowers from which the bees rifle the pollen to make their honey, is

not known. It would be interesting to know. It is probable that the genus

Xylocopa generally is subject to attack by both the species of Cuvssites men-

tioned as, in Sind, testaceus was found in the borings of a different species to

latipes. The fact that the beetles of the genus Cantharis (Epicauta) are

found in great numbers 1n one spot will, we think, be found to depend upon

the insect upon which they prey existing there in large numbers combined

* Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher in ‘‘Some South Indian Insects” just published

notes that Mylabris sp. actually does this,

REVIEWS, 767

with an equal period of development for the individual beetles. It has been

observed that many species do occur in enormous numbers together here in

India though we cannot, off-hand, remember their names. We remember,

however, to have seen hundreds and hundreds of perfect insects of Ctssites

debyt of all sizes crawling about the ground in Khandesh in the year 1902—

all in one place, in the month of April.

Estigmena chinensis (page 254) is also found in Bombay where it is

extremely common in the bamboo jungles, attacking, as mentioned, Dendro-

calamus strictus. The bamboo is, however, so plentiful that its depredations

are of little consequence. Its habits are as stated by Mr. Stebbing. The

genus Crtocerts affects Lilies to a great extent; Cryptocephalus eats the

leaves of many different trees. The larvee are soft grubs and the latter lives

in hard, spherical or ovoid cocoons while the former covers itself with a

soft covering of its own excreta. There is a Haltica (page 261) that is very

common in Bombay in the hills in forest country; it frequents hot nalla-

beds and feeds on the leaves of Homonoiariparia and Salia ichnostachya. It

is sometimes found in such numbers that the underside of every leaf of the

thickets of bushes in spaces of 100 sq. yards is absolutely covered with them.

The species is known but, in the absence of notes, cannot be given here.

Aspdomorpha sanctecrucis, like others of the genus, will be found on all Con-

volvulacee, on the underside of the leaves on which the larvee feed. These

larvee are of the ordinary form, with processes, and an upturned, fan-shaped

brush of excreta shading theback. Sthenias grisator (page 377) attacks the

branches of Chloroaylony swietenia, the Satinwood tree, in Bombay, ringing

them as described, so that they fall to the earth; branches of nearly an inch

in diameter are thus killed and much damage done to young stool-shoots.

Larinus ? sp. (page 411). This is probably the same beetle as the one

described, by Dr. Heller of the Dresden Museum in the year 1902, from

larvee and beetles procured in Khandesh. The name is again wanting in

the absence of notes. Cyrtotrachelus (page 440). There is a species of this

occurring commonly in the south of Bombay which is probably the same as

longipes that attacks bamboos; also another one, black in colour.

Now we come to the prece de resistence of the book—chapters XX and

XXI, treating of the family Scolytide, These chapters are really good and

nearly altogether original: descriptions, life-histories, parasites and all.

And Mr. Stebbing is to be particularly congratulated upon having brought

the study of so many species of small insects of all but exclusively forest

importance to so advanced a stage. He enumerates 76 species—some of

them, it is true, not complete as to identification or description, but these

are in the large minority—of which he has discovered and described no less

than 44 himself. The treatment of this family alone justifies the publica-

tion of his work in the present form and affords ample evidence that he

made good use of the time he was able to devote to entomology in India.

There are two misprints in the book; one on page 16, line 7 from the

bottom where Jrstria is a mistake for Biston; the other on page 18 where

mangifere should read mangifera in the second line.

768

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. IL—NOTES ON THE HABITS AND COLOURATION OF

THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON (HYLOBATES LAR, L.).

Blanford notes that H. lar is said to drink by scooping up water with its

hand, but all the specimens I have seen in confinement drank in the ordinary

way by putting their lips to the water.

The brown form was the most numerous in this District, only about one

in ten being black, while none of the very pale or bright yellow varieties

were observed. In Zav, black individuals may be either males or females,

but as Blanford notes, in ‘hoolock’ black males and brown females

appear to predominate. In Western Australia male red kangaroos

(Macropus rufus) are normally red and the females greyish-blue, the

females however are very frequently red, and the males may occasionally

be blue. Towards the North-West the ‘blue doe’ entirely disappears, both

sexes becoming similar in colour. It is just possible that the variable colour-

ation of the gibbons may be analogous in a still more irregular degree.

But I think there is little doubt that the black individuals that occur both

in this species and ‘hoolock’ are melanistic, and that brown is the normal

colour in both sexes. The white eyebrows in ‘hoolock’ and the white

circle, hands and feet in Jaz being, like the tail tip of an Australian

opossum, characters that are not affected by melanism.

It may be noted that the black varieties of both the grey and ring tail

opossums are most plentiful in the thick coastal belt of South-Western

Australia, while even the common grey kangaroos are distinctly darker

within that tract. In India the panther is without doubt most frequently

melanistic in the forest, especially the evergreen forest regions, black panthers

being in the Peninsula extremely rare away from the thick jungles that clothe

the Western Ghats—much of which is evergreen, they become more numer-

ous however tothe East of Bengaland still more so in the evergreen tracts of

Tenasserim and the Malay countries. The forest dwelling gibbons are

possibly affected in the same way as the panther, while the black forms of

Ratufa occurring to the East of Bengal, Ceylon and the extreme South

of India may have originated in a similar manner though in this case the

changes have become specific. What influence evergreen forests can have

in encouraging melanism it is difficult to say, but it may have something to do

with the much greater darkness or the constantly moist atmosphere and

greater rainfall. At all events I believe that for some unknown reason

there is a distinct tendency for many Indian mammals to become melanistic

in evergreen forest areas, especially as the Malay countries are approached

where the forests are entirely evergreen.

G. C. SHORTRIDGE,

Rancoon, 1914.

No. II.—THE WHITE-BELLIED FLYING SQUIRREL

IN GARHWAL.

I see in report No. 15 of the Mammal Survey a note on Petaurista albi-

venter in which it is stated that this species is exceedingly local.

above is hardly correct. Presumably Garhwal is not included in the

writer’s interpretation of Kumaon, but it adjoins it and if P. albiventer is

common here it must be common there.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 769

In Garhwal this squirrel is very common, I should say wherever forest of

Q. incana and Q. dilatata abounds, though it is local to the extent that it

moves about wherever its food happens to be, which I believe is principally

acorns.

A month ago I camped in a forest at 8,000’ which was simply swarming

with them—eating acorns of the above two species and as I had never

before shot one I shot three, all males.

I took their measurements if they are of any interest to you—

Total length to end of tail without hair .. 32! 30" 322"

Tail only without hair. . i: iy) a kOe PEA O ap si

Weight in lbs. .. 938 Qa 22

I kept the skins and two skulls and if you thought the above of sufficient

interest and that there should be any doubt as to its correct identification

J could send a skin and skull for you to see though I could not do so for

some months as I sent away ace skins in a box to Naini Tal to await my

arrival.

In Naini Tal there is eine species of flying squirrel, grey all over as

far as I remember and less than half the size of P. albiventer.

A. HE. OSMASTON.

Camp via PauRI, GARHWAL,

25th December 1914.

[The Society’s collector only collected in Kumaon, principally in the eastern

part. Mr. Osmaston has sent a skin which is certuinly P. albiventer. The smaller

species is probably Sciwropterus fimbriatus, but no specimens were obtained by

Mr. Crump.—EDs. |

No. III.—NOTES ON TIGERS IN TENASSERIM.

In the tiger, recorded in the Tenasserim Report, a porcupine quill was

found, nearly four inches long, entirely embedded in the back of the head.

Poreupine flesh appears to be very attractive to tigers and panthers and

the scattered quills of examples that have been killed and eaten are quite

frequently found in the jungle. I have also occasionally found remains of

pangolins which were probably killed by the same animals. It is curious

how unsuspicious tigers become where they are not much shot. In the

present case a half grown buffalo had been killed and in the course of the

following day the carcase was entirely stripped by vultures, nothing but

the skeleton being left. WhenIl arrived I found that the bones had been

gathered together, tied into a bundle with rope and dragged nearly a

hundred yards to the foot of a clump of bamboos in which a “machan”

had been built. The buffalo had been in open “ Taungya” country and

there was no other cover for several hundred yards with the exception of a

belt of low scrub. The tiger came to the kill at about 5 p.m. and dropped

to a lethal bullet which entered the neck at an angle and smashed the far

shoulder blade. On another occasion near Bankachon two hurricane lamps

were left on the ground, as the moon was rising late, one on either side of

a kill, in order to keep the tiger away during the early part of the night.

When the tiger arrived, however, it dragged the kill away, evidently taking

no notice of the lamps.

G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

_Rancoon, 1914,

770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

No. IV.—ALTITUDE TO WHICH ELEPHANTS ASCEND.

In your current issue Capt. Molesworth asks if elephants have ever before

been observed at 10,200 ft. elevation. Though I have never seen them

myself, a number of people who know the Kalimpong district have told me

that elephants are frequeatly seen on Rechila at high elevations and the

following note in the margin of my copy of the “ Fauna of British India”

may be of interest. The book originally belonged to the late Mr. Tinne of

the Forest Department and the note is in his handwriting :—

‘They (elephants) go at all seasons of the year to the top of Rechila and

Sathila in British Bhutan, 10,060 ft., to feed on the Maling bamboo (drun-

dinaria racemosa) and I think, to escape the mosquitoes and other pests in

the Dooars. I have found fresh tracks at most seasons of the year, even

through 2 ft. of snow in April 1907 when the season was unusually late. As

the approach to the summit is extremely steep they must have a regular

track, probably crossing from side to side of the Neora (Narchu) river.

From the tracks they appear to wade into the ponds found at 9,200 ft.

but not extensively. They probably also graze on the small grassy mead-

ows which cap Rechila where bamboo and rhodadendron grow.”

EK. 0. SHEBBEAREH, 1F.s.

JALPAIGURI, BENGAL, 15th December 1914.

No. V._THE GREAT PAMIR OR MARCO POLO’S SHEEP

(OVIS POLI).

‘‘Ye emperors, kings, dukes, marquises, earls, and knights and all other

people desirous of knowing the diversities of the races of mankind, as well

as the diversities of kingdoms, provinces, and regions of all parts of the

Kast, read through this book, and ye will find in it the greatest and most

marvellous characteristics of the peoples especially of Armenia, Persia,

India and Tartary, as they are severally related in the present work

by Marco Polo, a wise and learned citizen of Venice, who states

distinctly what things he saw and what things he heard from

others. For this book will be a truthful one.” So wrote Rusti-

giela, a citizen of Pisa, at the dictation of Marco Polo, in A.D. 1295,

both being then prisoners of war in Genoa. In A.D. 13824, Marco

Polo lay upon his death bed, being then some 70 years of age, and was ex-

horted by his friends asa matter of conscience to retract what he had

published, or at least to disavow the parts that were fictitious. He then

said that so far from having exaggerated, he had not told one-half of the

extraordinary things of which he had been an eye-witness. This claim has

been fully substantiated by every traveller who has traced the footsteps of

the great Venetian, but to this day little more is known of Marco Polo by

the majority of my countrymen, than that his name was given to the great

sheep which is the subject of the present article, and his travels are placed in

the same category as those of Sir John Mandeville, and de Rougemont.

Yet those travels contain all that is known about an empire that once

extended from the Black Sea to the Pacific, and from the Arctic into Burma.

The tide of its conquests spent its force among the myriads of China and

India, and it is now hard to realise that in the 18th and 14th centuries

there was a destructive force at work in Northern Asia, which might have

exterminated the entire population of Europe.

In the course of his journey from Persia to Pekin, Marco Polo crossed

the mountain range that lies between the head-waters of the Oxus and the

City of Kashgar. “ Here, between two ranges, you perceive a large lake,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 771

from which flows a handsome river, that pursues its course along an exten-

sive plain, covered with the richest verdure. Such indeed is its quality

that the leanest cattle turned upon it would become fat in the course of

ten days. In this plain there are wild animals in great numbers, parti.

cularly sheep of a large size, having horns three, four, and even six palms

in length. Of these the ‘shepherds form ladles and vessels for hold-

ing their victuals; and with the same materials they construct

fences for enclosing their cattle, and securing them against the wolves,

with which they say the country is infested, and which likewise destroy

many of these wild sheep or goats. Their horns and bones being found

in large quantities, heaps are made of them at the sides of the road, for

the purpose of guiding travellers at the season when it is covered with

snow. For twelve days the course is along this elevated plain, which is

named Pamir; and as during all that time you do not meet with any

habitations, it is necessary “to make provision at the outset accordingly.

So great is the height of the mountains, that no birds are to be seen near

their summits; and however extraordinary it may be thought, it was

affirmed that from the keenness of the air, fires when lighted do not give

the same heat as in lower situations, nor produce the same effect in dress-.

ing victuals.” Carlyle remarks that the traits which were noticed by

Julius Ceesar among the Gauls, were to be found among the French at the

Revolution. At the present day near the head of the Taghdumbash Pamir

is a camping ground called Kukturuk. Thence a river flows the entire

length of that Pamir. Ten miles below Kukturuk close to the left bank of

that river is a sheepfold, and it has pleased the Kirghiz who constructed

that sheepfold to make its walls entirely of the horns of Ows pol: twisted

in among large boulders. This is good evidence of the truth that Marco

Polo wrote.

The Pamirs can easily be reached from Europe by means of the Trans-

Caspian railway, but I know nothing about this route.

The only other practicable way of reaching the Pamirs is from India.

There are two feasible routes, via Gilgit, and wa Leh and Yarkand. How-

ever the Leh route is so long and the passes open so late in the year, that

it would really be waste of time for any sporstman to attempt to shoot on -

the Pamirs unless he has obtained permission from the Government of

India to travel wa Gilgit. The shorter journey is also infinitely more

beautiful and interesting than the longer one.

I regret to say that game on the Taghdumbash Pamir is now very scarce

indeed. The game list comprises Ovis poli, ibex, wolves, bear, and snow

leopard, and the two last are so rare as scarcely to count, and although

I travelled all over the Pamir, I only saw one decent herd of ibex, which

was in the Paik Nullah. I calculate that on June Ist, there would

be 200 head of Ovis poli on the Pamir, of which 50 would be in

the nullahs round Kukturuk, 50 in the ‘Paik Nullah and 100 in the

Kunjerab. Itis an interesting fact that two miles of the head of the Kunjerab

Nullah are in British territory, so that poli is a permanent resident of our Empire.

The record poli head is 75 inches, and the sportsman is allowed to shoot 4

heads. However he will be most fortunate if he shoots a single head of 50

inches, and I would not hesitate to shoot anything of 45 inches. I myself

only secured a single head of forty inches in 5 weeks, and only missed once,

so that itis open to ask whether the game is now worth the candle. On

the other hand my companion got two heads of over 45 inches in ten days,

and heads of 50 inches are stillto be had. ‘The reason for this is obviously over-

shooting. Guns are not much in evidence in the summer, but the winter is the

shooting season for the Kirghiz and one sees skulls literally by the hundred

that one would give anything to possess as a legitimate trophy. Indeed one

772 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

need only visit the Pamirs to understand how a species becomes extinct.

My own opinion is that about 20 out of those 200 heads will be 45 inches

and over. The rest will be immature males as it is a singular fact that

scarcely a female lives on the Taghdumbash. This separation of the sexes is

a peculiarity which polt share with the Tibetan antelope and markhor, but

among markhor the sexes at least occupy the same valley. My 40 inch

polt weighed 237 lbs., stood 45 inches, and was 81 inches in length, of which

4 inches was tail. The colouris a sort of bluish-fawn, with a good deal

of white, which rather gives him away. They frequent the grassy slopes at

the very heads of the valleys, right under the glaciers. Their senses of

sight, smell and hearing are most acute, and although the ground on which

they live is not usually difficult, they generally frequent open spaces, where

it is hard to approach within less than a quarter of a mile. Like all hill

game they are best stalked from above if it 1s possible to manage it. They

generally feed until 10 a.m. when they lie up until 4 p.m., usually on the

feeding ground unless they have become suspicious. I never saw them

singly, but a herd may be anything from 4 up to 20, and often consisted en-

tirely of small heads. When scared they go up hill, and although their

tracks are obvious enough, they travel so far that it is not worth while to

follow them. One should leave one’s camp as soon as it 1s light enough to

see, as it is easier to stalk them when they are feeding than when they are

lying down. One always rides a yak until one has seen one’s game, and

hillmen' have such keen eyesight that it is rare to jump a herd. When one

has sighted the herd it is most difficult to tell the size of the heads. The

horns are so pale in colour as to be almost invisible and look smaller than

they really are. A 40-inch head makes approximately a full circle, and

anything better than that is worth shooting. They have a habit of digging

shallow pits to keep out of the wind, but are cute enough to keep their eyes

above the ground level. When at rest the various members of the herd graze

in all directions, and they graze up wind, so always seem to feed away from

one. The Paik Nullah, where I first went, seemed to me particularly un-

favourable for stalking, owing to the large open spaces and lack of ravines.

The Kukturuk nullah is easy stalking ground, but 1 saw next to nothing

there, though a previous sportsman had missed a big head. Jf I had my

choice now, I would take the Kunjerab, as the ground is fairly good for

stalking, and there is enough ground and enough gamé for ten days shoot-

ing, whereas one would have scared all the game out of the Paik Nullah or

Kukturuk in less than a week.

W. B. COTTON, 1.c.s.

Basti, U. P., 287d November 1914.

No. VI—THE ASIATIC TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS

(RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS, Cvuv.).

As far as I have been able to find out Rhinoceros sumatrensis and

sondaicus occur in Southern Tennasserim in about equal numbers, and

the many enquiries I have made seem to show that both species are equally

well known to the natives, while they appear to exist in the same situ-

ations and to be similar in habits, although in the Dutch Indies I was

always told that sondaicus was much more of a mountain animal than

sumatrensis. Besides the Rhinoceros I shot I have only heard of two other in-

stances of a Rhinoceros being shot near Victoria Point by a European, one of

these specimens, of which I have seen the skull, was sondaicus obtained some

years ago by Captain McCormick, a former planter in the district, butitis only

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 778

too well known that they are persistently hunted by Siamese and Chinese

shikaris, who shoot them over water holes during the dry season for the sake

of the valuable medicinal properties they are supposed to possess, which with-

out doubt accounts for their scarcity, the thick jungles and comparatively

sparse population where they still exist being probably the only things

that have prevented their extermination long ago. One Siamese shikari

near Victoria Point is said to have accounted for stvteen Rhino, probably a

very high percentage of those existing in the whole district. The contin-

ued watch a native shikari is able to keep over the water holes throughout

a considerable area must cause tremendous destruction among these

animals and a dead Rhino is said to be worth Rs. 1,000, a fortune to most

shikaris. Unfortunately, as in other places, although game laws are

enforced strictly enough among Europeans, they are quite unable to cope

with the secrecy with which a native is able to carry on his hunting, and

although there may not be a large number of guns in the district, if there

is only one in a village it is idle to suppose it is not at the disposal of

any one who wants it.

The Chinese, Burmese and Siamese preserve practically every part of a

Rhinoceros. The horns, hoofs, blood, urine, hide and even the intestines

being dried and afterwards converted into various medicines.

Rhinoceroses are said to occasionally swim from the mainland to some

of the islands near the coast, but which species, or whether both, do it I

have been unable to find out. I have been told that once as many as

eight were seen together on one of these islands, but this must have been

a very exceptional instance, as in addition to their scarcity 1 believe them

to be rarely, if ever, intentionally gregarious, going about as a rule in pairs

and possibly often wandering about singly, although a pair will probably

keep in touch and meet in the course of the night.

For its size a Rhinoceros does not leave a big track although easy to

follow owing to the pits made in the ground by their toes. I had many

opportunities of following and observing Rhinoceros tracks both at Banka-

chon and Maliwun. The usual thing is evidently for a pair to frequent a

district for a month or so, and then to move off somewhere else, their move-

ments being probably affected by the water-supply. They apparently do not

care for clear running streams and are said only to visit the low ground

during the hot season when their drinking pools in the hills have dried up.

Where there are plenty of well beaten tracks ‘ wallows’ will occasionally be

found which besides being drinking places are used for rolling in, owing

to which habit they are always covered more or less thickly with a coating

of mud which probably serves as a protection against mosquitos. Two

‘wallows’ found were quite small, more or less ovalin shape, about 8 feet by 6

and full of stirred up mud, one near Maliwun had evidently been much

used and deserted quite recently having probably got too dry. Tracks led

off in all directions, the surrounding jungle was very thick and the tracks pre-

sented the appearance of large tunnels, while the trunks of standing and fallen

trees and even the undergrowth for several hundred yards in every direction

were white with dry caked mud, which had been rubbed off by the constant

passing backwards and forwards of atleast a pair of these animals.

The track made by a Rhinoceros is quite different to that of an Elephant.

Where an Elephant will break a path a Rhinoceros will make a tunnel, even

creepers three or four feet from the ground stretching across their path will

not be broken but burrowed under.

They are evidently largely ground feeders, a number of large citrous fruits

resembling oranges, merely bitten in half and swallowed, being found in the

stomach of the specimen shot. With the exception of these, the stomach

contained green vegetable matter, probably the fallen leaves of the same tree.

774 JOURNAL , BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

They may also feed on bamboos, butin their feeding places there is not the

same amount of broken down vegetation as there is where an Elephant has

been feeding.

On January 7th, two Gurkhas and I who had been doing a lot of hunting

in the district, although not previously succeeding in finding any fresh

Rhino tracks, came upon some that were evidently more recent than any

thing else we had seen. We followed them for a few miles going slowly as

in several places we came to where the animal had evidently been feeding as

the tracks would circle about and cross themselves in every direction.

Towards evening, as we were about five miles from camp, I decided to camp

where we were for the night and follow on again next morning, half hoping

that something would turn up during the night, as besides Rhino we had

noticed tracks of Elephant, Sambur and Pig. It must have been well

after twelve, as the moon which was very small had almost set and we

had turned in having given up hopes of seeing anything that night, when

we were awakened by a series ot loud snorts which we at once guessed must

be from a Rhino, that sounded quite close, although when first heard they

were probably over a hundred yards off. The animal must have scented us or

been suspicious of something from the very first, though as there was no wind

it was quite unable to locateus. Ifit had done so it might have made straight

off, instead of which it began making a series of short rushes, crashing into

trees and altering its direction so often that it was difficult to tell if it was

gradually coming our way or not; between each rush it would become quite

silent for several minutes, probably listening, and then start off in some

new direction, at one time we were able to locate it exactly, as the

path a short distance away was partly under water and we heard the

splashing as it crossed this spot, but although so close there was so

little light that we were unable to see anything and for a short time

it apparently increased its distance from us. It is astonishing how quietly

even a Rhino can move when it chooses, as at last without any warning

it suddenly crashed out of a bush almost on top of us. As the moon had

almost set it was impossible to see the sights of my rifleso Iwas de-

pending on a shot gun loaded with lethal bullet and dropped him at 7 paces

with a lucky shot in the head, which smashed through the zygomatic

arch and into the skull, the bullet being afterwards found inside the brain

in about a dozen pieces, several of the circular steel discs used in the cons-

truction of the bullet having entirely detached themselves from the lead

covering.

Several hours later when we had turned in for the second time we were

awakened in exactly the same manner by a second Rhino, the snorts how-

ever coming this time from another direction, the moon had been down for

some time and it was impossible to see a yard. This animal did not rush

about like the first one but came along the track and had just crossed that

part which was under water, when it must have either seen some movement or

scented the dead Rhino, as it turned suddenly without the slightest

warning and bolted, crashing through branches and hitting its feet

against stones and tree trunks as it went, making as much noise as an Hle-

phant, and on getting about a hundred yards away, it started squealing in

a most extraordinary manner, the noise very much resembling that made by

a dog caught in a trap.

The next day we found a ‘wallow’ afew hundred yards off which the

tracks we had been following evidently led to.

The meat was most excellent, very like beef and remarkably tender,

and not at all coarse or stringy like that of a sambur or a bison.

G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

Ranaoon, 1914.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 77!

No, VII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BARKING DEER (MUNTIACUS

VAGINALIS) AND A FEW OTHER ANIMALS IN

KATHIAWAR.

I notice in Report No. 10 of our Society’s Mammal Survey of India,

that it is stated by Mr. Crump, the Collector, that the Barking Deer is

found in the Gir, and that one evening he heard one barking (vide page

471, Vol. XXII, No. 3, of the Journal),

I am quite ‘confident that Mr. Crump must have been mistaken, for at

different times, I have camped for weeks together in the Gir, where [ was

continually wandering through every nook and corner of it, but I never

came across, or even heard, of a Barking Deer. I have also spent many

weeks in the Girnar, the Barda Hills, and the Tanga or jungle country

around Chotila to the north and west of Rajkot, but everywhere, the

deer in question, was conspicuous by its absence.

The Four-horned Antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis) which in the local

vernacular is called Guntdda (not Gunt/a) is common enough in the Gir,

but the bucks rarely carry more than the two posterior horns. The latter

are also to be found in the Girnar and the Barda Hills, but are compara-

tively scarce in both these localities.

Mr. Crump also remarks that he was unable to obtain any information

regarding the Ant-eater (Manis crassicaudata). They are exceedingly

scarce, but are to be found in Kathiawar. I only saw one during the

17 years I was there, which was brought to me by a local Wagri at

Rajkot.

Another animal of which Mr. Crump was unable to obtain any informa-

tion, is the Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus jubatus), Ihave never heard of

one in the Gir but it is hardly the kind of country they prefer. The only

localities where I have heard of their ever having been seen or shot, are

inthe Tanga country extending from Than under Lakhtar, eastwards

through Chotila, Chobari Babra, right away across Jasdan Somnath, to

the neighbourhoods of Vinchia and Tasdan. Mr. 8. A. Strip of Wadhwan

Camp shot one some 20 miles or less south of Wadhwan. The only live

ones I saw during my sojourn in Kathiawar were two which I helped to

spear in the neighbourhood of Rajkot where they had undoubtedly

wandered from the districts I have already mentioned.

L. lL. FENTON, Lisvr.-Cot.

Marsu Hatt, Souru Motrton,

N. Devon, 237d November 1914.

No, VIII.—THE BALEEN OF THE GREAT INDIAN FIN-WHALE

(BALA.NOPTERA INDICA).

In the last number of the Society’s journal mention was made of a whale

(Balenoptera indica) which was stranded at Viziadrug in the Ratnagiri Dis-

trict. Mr. Crump, as was mentioned, was sent to obtain measurements of

this whale but unfortunately it was toofar gone for him to obtain any. He

however brought back a number of blades of baleen and the accompanying

block is a photograph of some of these blades. The largest blade measures

about 26” in length, the bristles being about 7” more and the breadth at the

base is about 9” and in colour it was bluish-black. Numerous illustrations

of the baleen of different whales have been published but we have not

access to any at present except the one which appeared in Mr. Orjan Olsen’s

paper on the newly described 8. African whale (Balenoptera brydet), Bry de’s

whale, in the P.Z.8., 1913, p. XII. This plate shows that the bristles of the

776 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

common Rorqual (Balenoptera borealis) are very different to those of B. brydei,

in the former the bristles are comparatively short and much curled while

in the latter they are longer, thicker and quite straight. In the accompany-

ing block it will be seen that in this respect the baleen of BL. zndica resembles

much more closely that of B. brydet than B. borealis. In shape also the

baleen of B. zndica seems to resemble that of B. brydei, Mr. Olsen suggests

that on account of the coarseness and shape of the bristles of B. brydet “it

would hardly be possible with its imperfect straining apparatus to keep

back such small crustaceans as the Calanide which form the principal food

of B. borealis.” He also mentions that the food of B. brydet consists chiefly

of fish, usually a variety of the herring, but that it also takes small

sharks and one Captain reported to him the finding of 15 large penguins

and a gannet in the stomach of a Bryde’s whale.

N. B. KINNEAR.

Bomsay, 30th March 1915,

No. [X.—THE ORANGE-BELLIED CHLOROPSIS IN THE

KATHA DISTRICT, U. BURMA.

I saw a pair of these birds, which I afterwards shot, in a tall tree in ever-

green and bamboo jungle 2,000 ft. up in the hills some 20 miles east of

Wuntho station, Katha district; they were apparently feeding on insects

among the leaves and my attention was drawn to them by the twittering

whistle they were making, very similar to that of the other chloropsis. I

have not seen any more of this species. Harington records this bird as

occurring in the Upper Chindwin, but he does not mention it in his Bhamo

lists.

C. K. MILNER, 1.F.s.

SHweEso, 20th January 1915.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ifet'

No. X.—THE KING VULTURE (OTOGYPS CALVUS) IN SIND.

I found the nest of the King Vulture to-day. The bird was sitting on it.

1 hunted her off and found a young bird in the nest. The nest was built in

the top of a small dead babul tree about 35 feet from the ground. The tree

was close to an old bed of the river Indus, in which there was still some

water. It was in the Murid Rais forest of the Hyderabad Division. “

My reason for communicating the above is that Murray (Vertebrate

Zoology of Sind) says of this bird, “ said to breed on inaccessible cliffs from

January to April”, and Barnes does not seem to have found a nest in Sind.

K. G. OLIVER,

Dy. Conservator of Forests.

Karacui, March 17th, 1915.

[Many of the statements in Murray’s Vertebrate Zoology of Sind are not to be

relied on. Dr.Jerdon in his Birds of India wrote that this species “is said to

usually breed on inaccessible cliffs” and though this statement was hardly correct

it was copied into the “‘ Vertebrate Zoology of Sind,’ The King Vulture nearly,

if not always, nests in trees, sometimes even on bushes where there are few trees.

In the Hastern Narra the King Vulture was not uncommon as a breeding species

in Doig’s time.—EDs. |

—

No. XI.— WOODCOCK (SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA) IN THE

EASTERN GHATS.

The enclosed photographs will no doubt interest you.

The birds were shot at Salabam, which is situated on the Eastern Ghats,

at an elevation of about 4,000 ft., Lat. N. 18°-10’, Long. 82° 45’, on 26th

February by Mr. L. T. Harris, 1.0.8.

He was just about to photograph a little pool in the jungle when his peon

called his attention to the woodcock and he hastily exchanged the camera

for his gun, and was lucky enough to get it.

P. H. ARBUTHNOT,

Vizacapatam, 5th March 1915. 1

[ We are unable to reproduce the photograph of the Woodcock. There are few

records of Woodcock on the Eastern Ghats so this note is of considerable

interest.—EDs. |

No. XII.—SNIPE IN LOWER BURMA.

A few notes on the Snipe season in Lower Burma during the year 1914

might be of interest. The season was very poor. According to my diary,

there appears to be a steady decline since 1909-10, these two years having

been excellent. In 1913, birds, especially “ fantail,’ stayed very late.

On the 80th November I got 26 couple, in two short outings in December

28 couple, and at the beginning of 1914, on the 24th January, a couple of hours

produced 26 couple ; my last few snipe (5 couple) being shot as late as 10th

April. I saw 3 or 4 birds on the 26th April, but lost the one I had managed

to get in thick jungle. Towards the end of August birds started arriving,

rather later than usual, as the 13th might be taken as average for the last

seven years. Owing toa record rainfall most of the grounds were under

water, and on the few higher situated fields birds were few and very wild.

I believe only one good bag of 514 couple was obtained by one gun, on the

778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

11th October near Ledaunggan, when mostly pintail, but also a few fantail

were found plentiful on the banks of certain little creeks near the Poozoun-

danag Creek. \

Sundry “late” grounds, which invariably are good in December, are

still too wet, even at time of writing, but another fortnight’s sun should

dry them up sufficiently, and probably a few small bags will be obtained

then.

I saw, and obtained, several Swinhoe’s Snipe (G. megala), though on the

whole they are rare; I am inclined to believe that they show a decided

penchant for jungle grounds. The last I shot, 26th December, was obtained

near Palon, about 50 miles up the Prome Railway line, on the edge of a

large jheel (Hlahamahget-su), situated in the middle of thick jungle, and 1

obtained here also, on that day, a Wood-Snipe (G. nemoricola); this latter

species is also none too plentiful here, being only the second that I have shot

during the Jast ten years. I once saw another, but missed. Jack-snipe are

still rarer, | fancy, as I have only seen one, which I got near the Poozoun-

danag Creek on the 14th September 1910.

In my mind I am quite certain that, given favourable conditions, snipe

breed in Lower Burma occasionally, though I have not yet succeeded in

finding a nest. J have however shot on several occasions early in the

season quite young birds with plumage not sufliciently developed to enable

them to travel any distance; besides, these young birds were in excellent

condition, whereas the first arrivals in August are invariably on the “light”’

side. I have not kept any skins, but shall make a point of keeping one or

two (provided I come across them) this year, and forward them to you in

proof of my argument.

K. O. BLOECH.

Ranaoon, 20th January 1915.

No. XIII.—THE COMPARATIVE WEIGHTS OF FANTAIL AND

PINTAIL SNIPE.

The question of the comparative weights of Fantail, Gallinayo celestis and

Pintail Snipe, G. stenura was recently under discussion. My experience of

these in Southern India is that the Pintail appears to be the bigger bird. One

man said that the authorities (he referred to the Fauna of British India )

on the subject did not bear this out. I find that in Hume and Marshall’s

“Game Birds” the average weight of both sexes of Fantails is given as

4:2 oz. (Vol. III, p. 369) while that of Pintails is given as 4:06 oz. (Vol. III,

p. 356).

Curiously enough on the former page there is a note from a Mr. J.C.

Parker in which he gives weights which makes out the Pintail to be on the

average l oz. heavier than the Fantail. Mr. Hume, however, does not seem

to have been much impressed.

Jerdon’s Birds of India, Vol. III, p. 675, gives the weight of Fantails as

ranging from 32 to 5 oz. but gives no weight for Pintails. The weights

given in Vol. IV, pages 287 and 290, of the Fauna of British India are said

to have been taken from Hume and they agree with those given.

Finally on pages 549 and 579 of Volume XX of the Bombay Natural

History Society’s Journal, the weights are given as from Hume.

It would be interesting to find out if this difference in weight varies with

different localities. I have been weighing these birds recently, and the

average weight of 1385 Fantails comes to 3'513 oz. while that of 472 Pintails

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 779

comes to 4:014 oz. The birds have been weighed on return home about

5 p.m. generally in groups of four on a parcels balance which can be read

to about } oz.

The average weight throughout the season will also be ascertained to see

if there is much variation.

R. F. STONEY.

Mapura, S. Inpia, 18th January 1915.

No. XIiV.—GHARIAL, GAVIALUS GANGETICUS, AND PORPOISE,

PLATANISTA GANGETICA, CATCHING IN THE INDUS.

I do not know whether any account of the Gharial (long snouted Croco-

dile) catching people of the Indus has ever been published, but in case it

may be of interest I send you an account of an experience I had a few

days ago.

Knowing that I wished to see the tamasha, my men sent for some Kehals

to my camp on the bank of the river. About 300 yards away was a sand-

bank at the down stream end of which the Kehals staked some nets, these

did not show above water, were only some 2 or 24 feet deep and did not

seem to be particularly strong ; two Kehals then went and concealed them-

selves some little way up stream. Notvery long after, one by one, 3 gharials

came out to sun themselves on the sandbank. After waiting in vain for

a little for more to come the two Kehals showed themselves and the gharial

darted into the water, the Kehals raced up and seized on their nets

and hauled out two of the three, small ones, but they assure me that their

nets will hold the very biggest.

I was also told of their method of catching porpoises which I did not

attempt to see for myself. The modus operand: is as follows:—A_ spot

where the water is about 4 ft. deep and the current not strong is selected

and a platform is erected. At sunset the fisherman takes his post on

the platform accompanied by a tame otter and armed with a casting

net, a stake and a live fish—the stake is fixed at a convenient distance

from the platform and the fish is tethered to the stake. The tame otter

seeing the live fish cries for it and it is allowed to go into the water but not

to reach the fish. According to the Kehals the porpoise hears the otter

call or smells it and comes to help in its fishing—it then sees the tethered

fish and, losing all caution in its anxiety to get to the fish before the otter,

makes a dash and gives the fisherman the opportunity to cast his net over

it. This sounds a good fisherman’s story but they assure me that success

is by no means infrequent.

R. M. LOWIS, Lr.-Cot.

Dera GHAzI Kuan, January 1915.

{| Hume in Stray Feathers, Vol. 2, says that he was told in the Punjab that the

otter vas tied to a post in the water and that the porpoises were caught as they

came to attack it! Later he found that this story was made up and an intelli-

gent Mhor told him that when a herd of porpoises were located at night, a tame

otter was made to work the water, like a dog, and drive all the fish towards the

bank. The porpoises seeing the fish dash at them and are caught by men stand-

ing in the water with a special kind of net.

Any member in the Punjab or Sind who has seen porpoises caught might send

us a note for the Journal, as no first hand account of their capture has as far as

we know been published.

The Society also is much in want of skeletons and skulls of this porpoise-—EDs. |

780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

No. XV.—NOTE ON THE ‘MUGGER’ CROCODILUS PALUSTRIS;

CONTENTS OF THEIR STOMACHS, FOLKLORE, Erc.

The following are the records of the contents of the stomachs of two

specimens shot in the Bilaspur District, Central Provinces.

A small specimen 4/-5” long inhabiting a Jheel contained the following :—

32 Water Beetles, Cybister confusus.

15 Giant Water Bugs, Belostoma indicum.

4 Opercula of Ampullarva.

14 Paddy grains.

16 Small stones.

A large specimen 10’-8” long (tail docked) inhabiting the Twlsua Nuddy

and which was shot in the afternoon, only contained the following :—

1 Large Frog, Rana tigrina.

6 Large stones.

12 Small stones.

The weight of this latter specimen was about 440 lbs. and it was with

some difficulty taken out of the water while still alive by means of bill-

hooks, bamboos, ete. After it was safely landed, the natives engaged in the

process fell to discussing crocodiles in general; they alleged that these

reptiles swallowed one stone every year and thus the age of a specimen

could be ascertained by the number ef stones found in its stomach. They

also believed that after the creature has reached maturity the tail gets

shorter year after year by the casting off of one of the vertical blades at

the distal end of the tail. They said that there used to be a very old

individual in an adjoining stream which had only two vertical blades left.

It was venerated by the villagers near its haunts because it had never

attacked a human being. It was subsequently killed by a Gond with his

bow and arrow. It is worthy to remark that a large number of muggers

one sees have their tails docked. Young specimens with complete tails

have about 19 upright blades while some large adult ones have only 8 or 10.

They said that the villagers in the vicinity would be greatly pleased to

hear of the destruction of this crocodile as the larger specimens were in the

habit of drawing their cattle into the water while they went to drink. A

crocodile, they also remarked was not one to let go its grip once it got

hold of anything and while this specimen was being drawn ashore they

warned each other to keep at a respectable distance from its mouth. This

nuddy they alleged was full of muggers and through fear of them, fishing

in it was out of the question.

EK. A. D/ABREU, F.z.s.

Camp, Bitaspur District, C, P.,

21st January 1915.

No. XVI.—THE THORNY TAILED LIZARD.

Those who reside in the arid and sandy plains of the Punjab must have

observed and become familiar with the lizard depicted in the photograph,

which is that of Uromastix hardwicker.

There are seven species of this lizard, which are found inhabiting North-

ern Africa and South Western Asia and unlike other lizards are clearly

distinguished by the fact that the front teeth, instead of being small and

conical, are in the adult large and united into one or two broad cutting

teeth, separated from the cheek series by a gap. They are externally easi-

ly recognised by the absence of any crest along the back, or of folds or

pouches in the neck, and by their short tails covered with well defined rings

of spiny scales. Their heads are short and round, the body depressed, and

the apertures of the ears exposed.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 781

As each Doab of the Punjab rivers is taken up for irrigation and comes

under cultivation, this lizard is found to disappear, and the following notes

of personal enquiry and observation may be of interest to those who are

familiar with this Agamoid.

The Punjab species (Uromastix hardwickei, called in Punjabi “Sanah, ”’

Hindi “Sanda” ) is found in the dry and rainless tracts of Baluchistan and

Upper India. The rings of the spiny scales on the upper surface of the tail

are separated from one another by rows of smaller smooth scales and are not

in juxtaposition as found on the tail of the Arabian species. The lateral

spines are largest, while those on the upper surface are small. This, as

will be seen, is necessary in order that it may defend itself from

the attacks of snakes. The small scales on the body are uniform and

smooth. The colour appears to conform to the locality in which it is found ;

in many specimens examined on the Lower Bari Doab Canal, Montgomery

District, Punjab, the back was generally covered with a network of black

marks on a ground of yellowish coloured skin. Some were light and sandy

in colour, others darker and slightly green. But all were marked witha

typical spot on the front surface of the thigh. They are generally slow

in their movements, but when frightened and making for their holes can

get along fairly fast. In size, out of 21 specimens caught within one hour,

none were over 15 inches, while the Arabian species grows to 18 inches

and over. In the plains of the Punjab these lizards are generally found

in slightly elevated spots where they would not be liable to be inundated

by rainfall, and large numbers are to be found in certain localities that are

suitable to them for food." There are a certain class of low class Indians

who eat this lizard and hunt it systematically.. These people can distin-

guish between the male and female by the length, shape and size of the

tail, and in no case were they found to err. One specimen said to be a

female being opened out was found to contain 15 eggs init. They appear

782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

to be absolutely harmless and are not known to attack or bite people when

captured. They live entirely on vegetable matter, and are supposed not-

to drink water. During the spring and monsoon seasons, at the time when

they are most active, they live on grass, and feast on the flowers and fruits

of the Karir tree (Capparis aphylia), on the bean of the Jand tree

(Prosopis spiciyera) and the pelu or fruit of the Wan tree (Salvadora persica)

all indigenous trees of the Punjab.

Just before the winter season sets in, and generally by the end of the

monsoon season, they have grown very fat, and acquire two long strips of

fat, which are to be found inside, along the whole length of the body

on both sides along the back bone. This fat apparently supports

them during about four months of extreme winter weather when they

hibernate. On their reappearance in the early spring they are very lean,

there is little or no fat left, and they are not hunted much till after

the laying of eggs they have fattened somewhat. They live in holes

singly, which they excavate for themselves. They appear in spring to

meet, pair and separate. The females are said to lay white eggs in their

burrows, about the size of that of a dove, but perfectly round. Several holes

examined had their orifices almost parabolic in shape. The major dia-

meter being about 24 inches and the minor 1j inches. One or two of their

tunnels when excavated showed that they go down 42 to 5 feet below the

surface and zig zag at right angles and backwards making it difficult for an

enemy to attack them. One hole from which a lizard was extracted was as

shown below in plan.

ae owe STU Pe ee ee Pree See

7 >}

Z ple tL eee 4

=f a

oe 7

pis rh

vo a

ee hel

/ re

i /

Lovey

| j

| |

{ r

} q

} 4

\ Tit. PiWid. Wht: Ok epee ind kee Choe. Ack Sa haniinas

\ Entrance

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 783

The end was 43 feet below the surface and the length of tunnel was 9

feet and the slope averaged 2 to l.

The Indians (sweeper caste) who hunt these lizards for food say that

the meat is excellent and sweet like chicken, and this must be so as they

are purely vegetarians.

Indians either dig it out of its hole, or if water is obtainable they pour

it in till the lizard is forced through suffocation to come out. These two

methods are troublesome and laborious and the more scientific operations

related below are resorted to by these Indians who have observed and

hunted the lizard for centuries. Generally after having had his feed, the

lizard gets into his hole and lies just inside near the surface. In the fore-

noon the mouth of the hole is open while he is basking in the sun and in

the afternoon and evening he lies near the mouth, covered lightly with

earth thrown up with his front feet. The hunter if we may so call him,

while approaching does not even allow his shadow to fall on the lizard, but

advances stealthily, without shoes, lest the slightest noise should be con-

veyed through the medium of the earth, which is a good conductor of

sound. For if such occurs, the lizard will disappear at once to the bottom

of his hole. He holdsin both hands the handle of a mallet and when he

has reached the correct striking distance suitable to his length of arm

and mallet, he strikes so precisely and with such practised and assured

aim that he smashes in the tunnel just behind the lizard burying it in

pulverized earth.

Having made it impossible for the lizard to turn and retire backwards

into its hole, he feels about in the earth and seizing it with his hand draws

it forth.

To keep it alive till it is required to be eaten, the spine near the junction

of the tail with the body is dislocated. When it is necessary to kill the

lizard the method adopted is to place the thumb nail at the junction of the

neck and spine bone, and by pressing back the head cause it to snap, which

causes instantaneous death.

The mallet, called by the Punjabi Indians “ Dharemna,” is generally 15

inches long with its upper diameter 5 inches and lower one 3 inches.

The length of the handle has however to be regulated to suit the height

of each operator, and this is fixed in each case by making the length,

including mallet, from the ground to the waist of the person for whose

use it is meant.

Man is not the only enemy of this harmless creature, for snakes are

also found to be very fond of attacking it. When a lizard hears the rustle

of a snake it turns round and keeps 3 or 4 inches of its tail outside of the

mouth of its hole. Stiffening its tail, it shakes it violently in a lateral

direction. The snake attacks but is hurt by the side spines of the tail,

which are hard and thorny and rip its mouth. After one or two futile

attempts the snake, thinking discretion to be the better part of valour,

retires defeated from the conflict. If the snake once gets into the

hole before the lizard can get his tail outside he can swallow him with

ease, because when once seized inside by the head the lizard can do

nothing to help himself. The Indians having observed the method of

defence adopted by the lizard have turned their knowledge to good account.

In the rainy season when snakes are plentiful they take a small broom made

of twigs and, coming gently near the hole of the lizard they make a

rustling noise on the ground. The lizard mistaking it for that of a snake

turns and protrudes his tail, which is at once seized. It can not, however,

be pulled out in this way as it holds on with great strength and

tenaciousness. <A lizard is known to have had its tail pulled off and yet not

letgo. The Indian, however, does not use force. Having a firm grip of the

784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

tail he introduces a stake sharpened at one end in the form of a,crowbar,

and levers the lizard out by pressure from beneath.

After killing the lizard as related before, in order that he may clear the

internals, the Indian tears open the body on the underside, near one of its

armpits, making an opening large enough to allow him to extract the sto-

mach, liver, heart, and entrails, &c. This done, they place them with their

backs downward one above the other in a vessel, and pouring in enough

water to cover them properly, they boil them well, and then clean the

scales and spines off, but do not take off the skin. It is then cut into pieces

including the tail, but the four paws and head are rejected. The tail is

considered a delicacy. The pieces are then washed and cooked with

some clarified butter (ghi) and curry massalas along with any fat that the

lizard may have had in it. After this has cooked for sometime, and when

nearing completion, some milk made from flour and water is poured in into

the vessel and the whole cooked till the grease separates. The wheat flour

milk makes a rich gravy in combination with the fat of the lizard.

The fat found in the body of the lizard is also taken out, and boiled down

in a vessel over a fire. The liquid obtained thus is of a bright yellow colour,

and does not freeze in an Indian winter. It is used medicinally and

fetches a high price with Indian Hakeems who use it as a cure for impot-

ence. It is administrated by rubbing on the stomach, spine and thighs or

eaten with bread and sugar. It is said to taste nice. On account of its

heating properties it is reported to be very effective in Rheumatism, Gout

and other similar pains and aches.

As an instance of the antiquity of the practice of lizard eating, it may

be noted that Firdousi mentions it in his Shahnama over 900 years ago.

He says:—“ The Arabs by drinking the milk of she-camel and eating

lizards have made such progress that they now aspire to the throne of

Persia.”

KK. HOME PURVES.

Monteomery, oth December 1914.

[We are indebted to Mr. V T. Janson for the excellent photograph of this

lizard reproduced in the above note. The lizards were sent down alive by Mr.

Home Purves and have been living in the Museum for some months. They are

extraordinarily tame and placid and permit themselves to be handled without any

objection or attempting to bite. If placed on their:backs they will lie sometimes

for some minutes with their legs in the air without endeavouring to move.—EDs. |

No. XVII.—NOTES ON SOME SNAKES FROM SIAM.

T have recently sent specimens of the following snakes to the Society’s

Museum, and the accompanying notes upon them may be interesting.

Trirlinopolis nuchalis.—The only previous record of this snake is, 1

believe, one specimen in the British Museum, from Toungyi, Southern

Shan States. There are also two specimens in the B. N. H. 8S. Museum

from Mansi, U. Burma. They were identified by Lt.-Col. Wall but have not,

as far as I know, been recorded.

I have recently procured two more specimens. ‘They were caught in the

province of Ratchaburi, some two miles east of the Tenasserim border, in

tall evergreen jungle, at an attitude of 770 metres. In lepidosis they

agree in every way with Mr. Boulenger’s description. (Cat. of Snakes,

Vol. I, page 419.)

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 785

The d>tails of my two are as follows.—No. 1. (sex undetermined, owing

to damage). Total length, 458 mm. tail 53. Costals 15 throughout, the

median scales faintly keeled on the posterior part of the body. Ventrals

141. Subcaudals 24.

Colour (in spirits). Above light purplish-brown, most of the scales edged

with black so arranged across the back as to present a series of fairly well-

defined circular or oval rmgs. Below whitish, freely speckled with black,

and with large, black, rectangular spots, placed laterally. A black arrow-

headed mark upon the nape, beginning at the frontal shield, and a pale

chevron behind it. Most of the head scales edged with black. Chin and

throat white.

No.2. o. Totallength 458 mm, tail 47. Dorsal keels more strongly

marked than in No. 1. Ventrals 132. Subcaudals 24.

Colour. Light pinkish-brown above, the black edging to the scales form-

ing posteriorly fairly, welldefined cross-bars. Belly only sparely sprinkled

with black. The rectangular spots become crescentic in shape in the post-

erior half,

Dendralaphis subocularis—Previously recorded from Bhamo, in Upper

Burma (the types), and from Eastern Siam, one specimen, collected by

the Pavie Mission to Indo-China. I have had 4 more specimens from

widely separated parts of this country, namely, Den Chai (near Phrae),

Sriracha Koh Lam (a small island near), and Bangtaphan. Only the first

named locality is of any altitude, the other three places being on

the sea.

The total length of my largest was 600 mm. the tail forming 170 mm.

Costals 15-15-11 (counted by Lt.-Col. Wall’s method). Ventrals 168-158-165-

165. Subcaudals 76-95-90-94. Temporals 2+2 ; supralabials, 8 in two speci-

mens, the 5th entering the eye, 7 in the other two specimens, the 4th

entering the eye.

Colour (in life), Above, bronze-brown, becoming greenish-brown upon the

tail, the colour ending abruptly 14 costal scales above the ventrals. Belly

pearly-white; beneath the tail, pale metallic citrine. A dark band passes

along the outer margin of the belly, occupying the lower half of the last row

of costal scales and the adjacent part of the ventrals. It is almost jet black

in one specimen, very indistinct in the other three. Another black band

passes through the eye on to the neck where it breaks up into short cross-

bars and disappears. ips white. Interstitial skin anteriorly pale

-blue. In three of the specimens, the vertebral scales upon the neck are

yellow.

Dryophis prasinus. var. flavescens—Mr Bowden Kloss of the Federated

States Museums informs me that he took the first specimen of this colour

variety at Trang, in the Siamese portion of the Malay Peninsular. I have

recently procured two more from localities near Bangkok.

The first specimen, an adult, was of a bright chrome yellow above (still

brighter, I am informed in life) in the anterior two-thirds of its body, turn-

ing toa pale fawn posteriorly. Below yellowish-white. No flank line.

Chin pure white. The interstitial skin was alternately black and white, as

is usual with this species.

The second specimen, a half grown one, which I kept alive for some time,

had the yellow colouring faintly tinged with green in the fore part of

the body and with brown in the hinder part. Belly pale yellow anteriorily,

yellowish brown posteriorly. Tongue and iris yellow. A minute black dot

at the margin of each ventral shield in the anterior two-thirds of the

body. Interstitial skin, alternately black and yellow, except across the

vertebra: region, where the yellow became white.

786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Another specimen of this snake, caught in the same locality as No. 2, was

of a dirty cream colour throughout, with tongue and iris to match. The

interstitial skin however retained its usual black and white pattern, and this

fact, I think, would entitle it to rank as a colour variety, and not as a case

of albinisim.

Imay add that from the localities where the above specimens were

caught, both the green and the grey forms of this snake are to be

found.

Callophis maculiceps—A new colour variety. This snake although not

common in Siam, appears to be widely distributed about the country. Of

the 9 specimens which I have examined two have been so distinct in their

markings that they are entitled to rank as a new colour variety, which is as

follows :—Above, light yellowish-brown, without the usual series of small

dorsa] dots, but with a conspicuous black vertebral line running the whole

length of the body and tail. The usual tail bands are present. Head and

neck black, with a pale yellowish line along each upper lip, interrupted

below the eye. Belly coral pink. Tail below, more or less thickly spotted

with black.

This variety is similar to the var. univirgatus of Callophis maclellandi, and

the same title would be suitable for it.

Of the remaining seven specimens, six have the usual series of small black

dots down the back and do not differ from the recognized descrip-

tion, except that they have in addition a very faint, dark, vertebral

line.

The other one is intermediate between the two forms, and has both the

dots and the vertebral line well marked.

Mr. Boulenger in the Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum and in

the Fauna of the Malay Peninsula, gives the number of ventral shields in this

species as varying from 205-247. None of my specimens showed so many.

They ranged from 173-198.

Lt.-Col, Wallin his supplementary characters of idenfitication (Poison. Terr.

Sn. Brit. Ind.) says: Anterior sublinguals touch 4 infralabials. This only

occurred in one of my specimens and on one side in another. In all the

others 5 were in contact.

Hydrophis klossi.—Previously known from a single specimen taken at the

mouth of the Selangor River, Federated Malay States. During the last

fifteen months, I have received 7 more specimens, six of them from the

mouth of the Tacheen River, at the top of the Gulf of Siam, and one from

the river Menam, above Bangkok. The latter was found no less than

50 kilometres from the sea, and almost beyond the limit of brackish

water. It was. caught in the month of May, when the river would

be at its lowest level, and the salt water therefore extending furthest

inland.

My specimens did not entirely agree with the type description (Mauna of

the Malay Peninsula, Reptilia und Batrachia, p. 190) and Mr. Boulenger,

in reply to those which I sent to the British Museum, wrote “I

have compared your Hydrophis with the type of H. klossi, and although

there are differences, I think they must be referred to the same

species,”

Details of my seven are as follows :—Total length of the longest, a @,

1090 mm., tail 115. The greatest thickness of the body is in its third

quarter. Rostral shield variable as regards height and breadth, portion

visible above equal to 3 to 3 the internasal suture. Frontal as long as

broad or longer than broad, never as small as in the type specimen, not as

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 787

small as the supraoculars. One pre—and one postocular. A single large

anterior temporal. Supralabials 5 (in one a small 6th might be counted by

some), 3rd and 4th entering the eye, 2nd largest and in contact with the

prefrontal. Sublinguals, posterior pair present in six specimens, absent in

one, when present separated by a scale. Marginals present on one side in

one specimen, after the 3rd and 4th infralabials. Costals anteriorly 23-27,

at the greatest diameter of the body 33-38, imbricate, smooth or keeled

anteriorly, with a short or complete keel posteriorly. Ventrals small but

distinct, less than half the breadth of two adjacent costals, seldom divided

up, 361-395.

Colour (in life). Pale grey above, merging into yellowish below, and

with dark grey annuli, as broad above as below in the fore-part of the body,

twice as broad above as below in the hinder part.

Two of my specimens caught in December and January respectively con-

tained 2 eggs each, without any trace of embroyo.

Enhydris hardwickti—tIn the last number of the Journal there is an

article upon the Sea-snakes in the Society’s Museum. No mention is

made of Enhydris hardwickii, and I presume, therefore, that the Museum

has no specimens. I send four, two ¢ and two Q.

This species is exceedingly common at the head of the Gulf of Siam,

infinitely more common than Lnhydrina valakadien, judging by the number

of specimens I receive. They are caught in the nets at the fishing stakes

some two miles from the mouth of the Tacheen river, and during

the fishing season, which extends from October to March, I can rely

upon getting 20 or 30 specimens any day I care to ask for them. They

are sent up tome alive and will live for a time in fresh water, but

their ceaseless efforts to escape tire them out and in about two weeks

they die.

The difference in the sexes in this species is well marked, the males

being characterized by the stronger keels upon the scales of the back and

sides and by the pronounced tubercles upon the belly. In some old males

these latter are very well marked and become veritable spines of consider-

able length. Another point of difference which so far seems to have

escaped observation is the number of scales round the body, which is less in

the ¢ than inthe 9. Inthe former it varies from 23-27 in the anterior

part of the body. to 26-31 in mid-body, in the latter 29-36 in the anterior

part of the body to 33-42 in mid-body. The ventrals are very small and.

frequently absent altogether so that it is difficult to form a true count.

There are, however, less in the ¢ than in the 9.

Ancistrodon rhodostoma.—This viper has been recently shown to be widely

distributed throughout Siam, and in certain places to be fairly common.

It has been found as far North as Muang Fang, near the Southern Shan

States, and may therefore ultimately be found to enter into the fauna of

Burma.

Of the Asian Crotalinz, only one, I believe, namely Lachesis monticola is

so far known to be oviparous (vide Journal of this Society, Vol XV., p.

729). The accompanying photograph, therefore, is interesting, as showing

that Ancistrodon rhodostoma has also this habit.

The event took place in captivity, but the period of incubation is un-

known. The mother had been caught ten months before, and had shared her

cage with two others for nine months. It is therefore probable although

intercourse was never witnessed that it took place in captivity, although 1]

should state also, that as her two companions are still alive, their sex is not

yet definitely known.

788. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

The eggs 13 in number, were deposited on the night of September Ist,

and the mother was found in the morning to have assumed guard over

them in the attitude shown in the photograph, nor did she, as far as I am

aware, ever leave them to take anything during the whole period of incuba-

tion. I have never seen these snakes drink anything, so that the want

of water would be no great privation on her part. In her own sluggish

way, she strongly resented any interference with her progeny, and for

fear of causing her to desert her eggs, and so bring this interesting

occurrence toa premature end, I did notattempt to examine them in

detail.

On October 11th, she was dislodged from her post by a falling branch,

and did not attempt to regain it, but lay beside her eggs. On the follow-

ing day she left them entirely to eat a mouse and the same night cast her

skin, returning afterwards to her original spot. Whether or no this was in

order to continue her guard, I cannot say, as these snakes have the habit

of selecting a corner in their cage, to which they usually return time after

time, unless disturbed in any way. Six days later, that is 47 days after

deposition of the eggs, the first young one appeared and four more followed

within 48 hours. Of the remainder, three were shrivelled and dead, and

the others did not seem to have sufficient strength to break their envelope.

The mother took no notice of them. The young as soon as they emerged

were extremely lively, “rattling” their tails with great vigour, and striking

out viciously if interfered with. In length they varied from 148-162 mm.,

and in colouration did not differ in any way from the adults. I could find

no trace of a foetal tooth.

The eggs had the usual soft, white, parchment-like covering and were

bound very firmly to each other by some glutinous substance. Those I

measured were about 22 mm. broad by 30 long.

One other record of the breeding habits of this viper was told me by a

European working in a locality where they are fairly common, He killed a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, . 789

large one inthe month of July and about “30 eggs came out when he cut

her open.” This is no doubt an overestimate of the number, but the head

which he sent me in confirmation of his story is considerably larger than the

head of my female which laid 13 eggs.*

With regard to the poison of this snake, it is not considered by the

country people, in those localities where it is well known, as being fatal to

human life, and the observations and experiments which | have been making

during the past year with specimens in captivity fully bear out this

statement.

MALCOLM SMITH, m.z.0¢.s., L.R.c.P.

BaneKox, January Ist, 1915.

No. XVIII. BULL FROG AND RAT-SNAKE.

A large bull-frog (Rana tigrina) captured in the act of swallowing a

young rat-snake (Zaocys mucosus) has recently been presented to the

Madras Museum from Kayenkulam in Travancore. The frog has succeeded

in swallowing nearly three-quarters of the snake which has a total length

of 344 inches. There appears to be no reason to doubt the statement of

the donor who captured the two animals in the exact condition in which

they now exist.

B. SUNDARA RAJ,

Zoological Assistant, Madras Museum,

Manpras, January 1915.

No. XIX.—* FISHING WITHOUT A FISH HOOK,”

Several of the small mountain torrents and large rivers in Sikkim are

full of fish at certain seasons of the year, generally in March, April, May,

September and October; and during these months, specially during March,

April and May, and late in February, when the water is clear, one often

sees the young Paharia and the Lepcha, too, catching fish and getting a fair

bag in a very primitive way ; no hook is used, only horse hairslip knots or

nooses one on either side of the bait which always consists of a couple

of grubs tied star wise in the centre. These grubs or worms are got from

underneath the bark of the silk cotton tree, the ‘“Simal”, and are evidently

the young of some borer who is partial to the Bombar. These soft

grubs have black heads, and yellow and white bodies; and when adroitly

tied form a very attractive looking bait ravenously eaten by a certain class

of fish, the Snow Carp for instance, also a large fish weighing sometimes up

to 8 lbs. called in Paharia “ Asla”. The Carp is generally got in small

mountain torrents, and the “Asla” in bigger rivers, like the Teesta in

Sikkim and the Amachu in Bhutan, or Torsa in the Dooars. Last year while

camping on the Amachu in Bhutan, in February, I saw two Paharias, fishing

with jointed bamboo rods, cotton lines, and horse hair nooses ; therods had

three joints, the lines were ordinary sowing cotton four ply neatly twisted

and fairly strong. At the end of the line was a foot of horse hair with two

circular nooses, the bait being in the centre of the two. ‘Six inches below

the bait were several strands of horse hair, all the hair being white, and to

one strand was fastened a small smooth pebble picked up in the stream.

While casting the line, this pebble often came off as it was not a permanent

* This female has since died. She measured exactly 800 mm. in total length.

790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII.

fixture, nor intended as such. It was merely a weight to help in casting the

line, also to cause the bait to sink to the bottom of the stream, or nearly to

the bottom. It was only fastened by one single hair, as the fisherman

explained that if it was a permanent fixture it would catch against the

rocks and boulders at the bottom of the torrents and streams, which

flow very fast indeed, and break his line or else would aid a fish by adding’

extra unnecessary weight to his frail line. Once a fish isin one of

the nooses, and starts struggling and fighting, the pebble breaks or

slips away, being only temporarily held by a single hair. It has done

its work in sinking the bait and taking it along the bed, it is not

required once a fish is firmly held. Even if it sticks between two boulders,

when there is no fish caught, a slight jerk soon frees the line and the

pebble remains, for the hair fastened to it breaks, as was intended.

Experience has therefore taught them that a permanent lead is not

required and rightly so. The length of line used was about 50 feet,

the one I send you is that length. No reel is used, but the line is wound

round a flat 6” x38” board having an opening along one side, through which

the left hand fingers are passed. The Paharia is very dexterous in his

use of this primitive piece of board, itis as you will observe shaped to

a cutting edge, so that the line slips off it easily when he is playing a

fish. When he wishes to haul in the line he simply pulls it in, in long

loops and works it back again on to the flat piece of board very cieverly.

In casting he does not cast in the usual sense of the word, but swings

his line backwards a bit, by a sidelong pendulum-like movement throws it

out, the pebble at the end of the line helping him very considerably, and

once the line is out on the swing, he lets out a lot of it, and is able thus to

drop his bait at any place he wants to, and a good distance out too. The

long rod generally used also helps him to throw well out in a stream if

necessary. He always casts in a rapid or fast flowing water not very

deep, and not in a pool, or deep fairly still water. 1 saw several fish

caught, and caught some myself but could not play them so well as the

Paharia did, not being used tothe tackle. He got one over 4 lbs. in

weight and it was a little devil, showing great fight. It went down stream

as hard as it could go and the Paharia went withit jumping from boulder

to boulder with astonishing dexterity; keeping his rod perfectly horizon-

tal for the first few’ minutes, then he played it very successfully and

landed it about 2,000 feet below the place he caught it, as I measured

the distance with my tape. The time taken was about 20 minutes, for, as

he explained, he had to tire out the fish properly, as he could not take any

liberty with his frail line. _This 4 lbs. fish was held just below the gills

by the noose on the right hand side; the noose on the left was not out of

shape at all, being perfectly circular and complete. Fish are held in various

ways, some round the neck, some by the tail, some by the snout, and some

even by one fin only. I have seen them held by all these parts. One

Paharia assured me he had got two fish at the same time once, Snow Carp,

and I can imagine this quite possible for in one or two streams you cannot

pull them out quick enough with an ordinary fish hook, using “ atta,” or

worm bait, they are so ravenously hungry and numerous. The bait once

put on properly in the centre of the nooses is. used over and over again, in

fact for a whole day’s fishing, as no fish can ever swallow or eat it up, it is

so well fixed and they never get properly atit. Many fish slip away from —

the nooses even after they have been played for some time and this is but

natural, as they are so slippery and wriggle themselves free ; but not many

escape that are held round the neck ; on an average about one in three get

away and slip through. This you can always tell as the size of the noose

that held it comes out of the water much smaller than the others. The

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 791°

marvellous thing about these nooses is that even in a roaring torrent they

never lose their circular shape, or become ineffective through the action of

water on them while immersed ; one seldom has to readjust them.

The recurring trouble or bother is in replacing the small round smooth

pebble which so often gets detached, and lost, sometimes in the water and

sometimes while casting. The rod and tackle I brought in from Bhutan

were shown by me to a Captain and Mrs, York, of Hutton Hall, Marston, at

the Woodlands Hotel, Darjeeling. He was travelling sight-seeing in India

and was a great fisherman and his evident keen interest in the primitive

equipment for fishing without a hook was so great, that I made a present to

him of the tackle, but the rod is with me.

C. H. DRACOTT, c. £.,

State Engineer, Sikkim.

Ganator, 6th March i915,

No, XX.—THE BUTTERFLY ARGYNNIS CASTETSI IN

TRAVANCORE.

With reference to note No. XXI on page 587 of Volume XXIII, No, 3

on Argynnis castetst, it is a mistake to restrict the occurrence of this butter-

fiy to the Palni Hills in 8S. India as it is just as common on the Kannan

Devan Hills, commonly known as the High Range of Travancore,

The Palnis run East to West from near Dindigal to the Travancore frontier

at Pambardi Shola. They are divided by the Neutral Saddle into the Lower

and Upper Palnis. The Lower Palnis are East and the Upper Palnis, West

of the Saddle. A. castets: has been reported from the Upper Palnis, but it

would be interesting to learn the dividing line on the Hast, where it ceases

to occur. There is no reason why it should not be found on Perumal Mallay

which is on the Lower Palni side of the Neutral Saddle. The Western

Ghauts run from near Cape Comorin in the south without a break to the

Palghaut gap on the North. At the Pambardi Shola frontier of Travancore

the Palnis join the Western Ghauts at that part of the latter called the

High Range. Onthe Palnis the rainfall is less and the plateau country

less rugged than on the High Range of Travancore, and the change is quite

definite and apparent at Pambardi Shola. The Travancore valleys are

deeper and the summits of hills and the elevated plateaus higher than on

the Palnis and there is more forest.

The rainfall increases the further west one goes from the Palnis. The

heaviest rainfall on the latter occurs in the N.-E. Monsoon during the

months of October, November and December, while on the High Range the

period of heaviest rainfall is in the 8.-W. Monsoon in June, July and

August.

I have taken Argynnis castetst on the Kannan Devan Hills at 4,500 feet,

where the rainfall is about 300 mches per annum, and frequently exceeds

that amount in certain years. I have seen it also on Aneimudi mountain

8,837 feet altitude. In this vicinity the hills become the British Annam-

allays and there is no reason why this butterfly should not extend over them

as the character of the country remains the same for some miles. It alters

further west in Coimbatore District into practically unbroken forests of

very large timber. That country is being opened up into Coffee, Tea and

Rubber Estates, which will probably mean the introduction of the food plant

of the caterpillar from the surrounding hills, and with this the butterfly is

likely to follow. The Palghaut gap between the Annamallays and the

792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII,

Nilgiris is not so wide as to make it impossible for the winged insect to cross,

so that it is curious if it does not occur on the Nilgiris, the climate of which

approximates to that of the Palnis.

If the butterfly is not found on the Annamallays, it would be another

interesting point to ascertain the exact point where it ceases to exist in that

region, and the cause, which is not apparent to one who like myself knows

the country well, though I have not had the opportunity of chasing butter-

flies further than the Kannan Devan Hills.

I see Bingham (Fauna of British India Series) mentions a Nilgiri form,

and “ 2 Typical as described from Trichinopoly,” this cannot mean that the

insect occurs at Trichinopoly, which is the headquarters of Father Castets,

8. J., (after whom the butterfly was named), who works in St. Joseph’s

College in that town.

AYLMER Ff. MARTIN.

BanGALoreE, March 1915.

No. XXI.—THE “MOON-MOTH” AS A PEST.

This beautiful wild silk moth-—“ Actias selene, Hub.” popularly known

as the moon-moth—is one of those insects not commonly met with in numbers.

It might, therefore, be interesting to note that recently at the Agricultural

College, Coimbatore, this insect has been so numerous as to become a pest.

A number of trees, Odina wodiar, four to five years old, growing in front of

the College were literally denuded of almost every leaf by Actias larvee.

Photographs show one tree completely defoliated with a few cocoons

attached to the bare branches and another partially damaged. A few of

these stout and gaudily coloured caterpillars first appeared on some of

these trees in October last and I.did not then suspect that this rare

insect would again appear in such numbers as it did later. The second

brood of caterpillars was observed on these trees in December and very

recently by about the middle of February the third set of caterpillars ap-

peared. This last brood of worms was sufliciently numerous to do a con-

siderable amount of damage to the young Odina trees. Many of these are

bare and completely leafless while a few others have been almost skeleton-

ised. On the soil around some of the badly attacked trees was seen a thick

layer of excrement pellets almost resembling sheep’s dung. The large flimsy

and dirty yellow silken cocoons are found attached in numbers to the lower

portions of the stems of the trees close to the soil though a few are found

attached to branches and enclosed by a few leaves. <A detailed account of

the life history of this insect as studied at Mussoorie is given by Hutton

(see—Cotes’ account of the Wild Silk Moths of India—Indian Museum Notes,

Vol. II, No. 2-1891); but it may be noted here that the time occupied by

each stage in the life history of the creature differs in this locality as com-

pared with that at Mussoorie. This is naturally due to the climatic varia-

tions between a place along the Himalayas like Mussoorie and one in the

plains of South India. This insect has been noted to feed on various

plants such as Xanthorylum acanthopodium, Cedrela paniculata, Corearea

nepalensis, etc., etc. Ihave found it once or twice before on the Moringa

tree (Moringa pterygosperma) in Saidapet, Madras, but only one or two

caterpillars at a time and these moths were till now preserved as rare speci-

mens for the collection. Thwaites has noted it feeding on Odina wodiar

(see Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon). I+ will be interesting to learn if any

of the readers of this Journal have noted this insect on any of these plants

in such numbers at any time.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 793°

This is evidently one of those insects which occasionally depart from their

normal course of life and assume the more important role of pests when the

circumstances happen to be favourable. What the circumstances were in

this case itis not possible to assert with any accuracy. Odina wodier’ is,

of course, not a plant of any great economic importance but we would

certainly be surprised if one day the insect appears in numbers on an useful

plant like ‘Moringa’ which happens to be one of the insect’s alternative

food plants. In conclusion, it need hardly be stated that examples like this

often give us warnings of what possibilities there are among insects and

make us keep an eye also on all general insects instead of confining our

attentions solely to the known depredators of the insect world.

T. V. RAMAKRISHNA AIYAR, B.4A.,F.£.5.,F.z.8.,

First Assistant to the Govt. Entomologist, Madras.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

CoIMBATORE, 9th March 1915.

{We have been unable to publish the photographs,—Ebs. |

No. XXII.—THE SWEET ARECA NUT, ARECA CATECHU

vaR DELICIOSA.,

PRELIMINARY NOTE.

The authors in describing the species Areca catechu L.in the Flora of

British India, Vol. V, page 406, do not mention the astringent taste of the

seed. The ordinary betel nut has a very astringent taste when tasted raw

(before boiling), the amount of tannin and glucosides being over 14 per

cent. (Lewin. iiber Areca catechu, &c.). The present variety is fairly sweet to

eat and is further distinguished by the fact that the emdosperm is much

lighter in colour and softer. On account of the latter character, it becomes

pulpy and does not lend itself to the treatment which the areca-nut under-

goes before being sent to the market. The cultivators find it a loss to pro-

pagate these plants and it only grows occasionally in the areca gardens. The

plant bears the same type of fruit year after year and has to be ranked as

a distinct variety. 1 propose the name var. deliciosa on account of its

pleasant taste.

Areca catechu L. var deliciosa ; Tree 40 to 80 feet high with leaves and

flowers similar to those of Aveca catechu, fruit slightly smaller about 1 inch

in diameter, remaining green even when nearly ripe, endosperm pale

white in colour, soft when ripe, percentage of tannin much less.

Distribution :—Occasionally met with in the areca gardens in the Western

Ghats of Mysore.

M. K. VENKATA RAU,

Sr. Asst. Mycologist.

BANGALORE, 8th March 1915.

No. XXIII.—NOTES ON CUTCH AMMONITES.

VI.—The Habye Hills,

In previous notes I have shown how the rocks which compose Cutch have

roughly speaking been crinkled into three folds, with axes running Kast and

West, in parallel lines. ‘The first line (from the South) occurs 30 miles North

of the Gulf of Cutch ; the second line, 16 miles North of the first; the third

794° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXIII,

line 30 miles North of the second, forming the “islands” of Putchum,

Kareer, &c., in the Runn. The first line I have sketched as it occurs at

Ler, Fakirwadi, Bharasar and Sumatra. The second line has been illustrated .

by its exposure at Keera Hill, to which I now add the exposure in the_

Habye Hills. The third line must wait a bit.

SEQUENCE oF CuTcH AMMONITE BEDS.

The inset table shows the Oomia beds (NEOCOMIAN).

sequence of the Ammonite

beds in Cutch. The“ Sub- Ketrol beds (KiMERIDGE).

Anceps beds” are an ad-

dition of my own to the Dhosa Oolite (OxrorDIAN).

usually recognized list; for

there seems to me to bea Athleta beds (CaLLovIAN).

distinct type of rock coming

up from below the Anceps Anceps beds (CALLOVIAN).

in which I have found no

Anceps fossils: yet it lies Sub-Anceps (CaLLoviAN).

much above the Macroce-

phalus beds. A fossilmuch Macrocephalus beds (CaLLOVIAN).

like Waagen’s Pertsph, Per-

dagatus seems its charac- Putchum beds (Barn).

teristic.

LLLITTLLLLLLL LL LLL LLL A

KHAS FILLS

North-East of Bhuj, some 12 to 15 miles away, rise the Habye Hills, a

chain 9 miles long and two miles wide, tapering somewhat suddenly at

both ends before diving down again below the level of the plain. Their

highest points are about 800 feet high. To explore them the village

of Habye, once the site of Cutch’s capital, makes a good head.quarters.

It lies on the south side of the hills, 24 miles from their east end. As

you approach the hills from Bhuj, you cross the ridge of the Khas hills

which consist of cold yellow and brown sandstone slabs, guiltless of

Ammonites. They dip south and are scarped on the north front; probably

at one time they extended further north and formed a sheet covering the

whole of the Habye Hills. Climbing down the scarp, you find yourself in

a flat valley some two miles wide stretching up to the base of the Habye

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 795

Hills, These latter come up in sheets of rock sloping up to the north-

folding over at about 1} mile from the base, and slanting down at a steeper

angle to the fields which fringe the Runn. The valley is drained by a

largish stream with many tributaries from the hills on either side—which

runs east and curves round the eastern end of the Habye Hills, proceeds

N. to the village of Lodai and loses itself inthe Runn. It is however only

a monsoon river: by February only a few tricklets are moving.

Nature has been hard at workon the hills with her chisels of rain, wind,

cold, &c. The whole mass is seamed and scarred with very deep nullahs

which almost from their commencement on the summit have cut deep down

into the surrounding beds of rocks, leaving ravines with the strata exposed

in cliffs, The topmost ridge consisting of the earliest strata is scored and

bent by these agents, it runs for a hundred yards or so and falls into a

ravine to rise again further on.

The first thing to do is to decide your geological footing. This is not

difficult. Riding along the cart-road along the south edge of the hills, you

will probably notice an Ammonite fragment here and there lying among

the yellow slabs. ‘ Hullo’ you say: ‘that’s the duplicate of a Samatra

‘ Athleta’,, Sure enough it is. It differs somewhat from Waagan’s ilius-

tration, but itis more akin to that than to any other Peltoceras which he

gives, and it is on the same level, for further search reveals other Athleta-

bed species. -Harpoceras dynastes is here: also the big flat plate-like fellow

which is remarkably like Waagen’s illustrations of Aberrans and of Congener.

This species is a marked feature of the Athleta beds along Fakirwadi Ridge.

A stroll along this same slope of rock later revealed two <Aspidoceras

ponderosum and also a new Lytoceras—of which more later.

Now along the Fakirwadi Ridge, at Ler, at Samatra, the Athleta beds are

all soft—hollowed away by rains. Here the ridge is of hardstuff—tough

yellow slabs with some layers of rounded stones like huge artichoke roots.

Still it is all Athleta: on the tops of the ridge was a Harp. dynastes

embedded in a slab. And the scarp on the other side of the ridge shows

the thickness of the Athleta beds to be here about 70 feet. As you pass

eastwards along the cartroad you will see a darker rock protruding in places

on your right. Examine this: you will find it to be Dhosa Oolite with

great round Stephanoceras (transiens and polyphemus, as far as I can

judge) embedded. And further east still where the curve of the strata

round to the N. begins, the slab rocks which here form the base of the hills

are of D. O., studded with the water worn discs of Asp. perarmatum, Steph,

transiens, Nautilus, &c., all old D. O. friends. An excellent specimen of

Per, rota was also found. Ina nalla a short way within D.O. rocks there

lay a large flat pancake-like Phylloceras with apparently no furrows, but this

may have come down from inner beds.

1=D. O. 4=Sub-Anceps, 7=Grey barren rock,

2=Athle 5=Grey mollusc belt. 8—Macrocephalus,

3=Ancep Perdagatus (?) belt.

796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

Having established the D. O. and the Athleta beds, one not unnaturally

looks to see if the Katrol beds are at all in evidence. The place they should

occupy is just outside the D. O. beds—but here it is all the wide sandy

nulla, which would seem to have eroded all the outcrop of the katrol

layers. Considering how tough and hard the katrol beds along Fakirwadi

exhibit themselves, one would have thought the nulla would have left

several ridges outstanding: but from Habye for some distance east and

west there are no signs of katrol strata. Howeverfrom near the village of

Jihadi—two miles west—a man brought me several Ammonites of distinct

katrol era: and I found katrol beds on the north east side of the hills near

Lodai tank. Looking towards the range from this latter tank, you see a

cluster of low flatly rounded knolls, coming down close to the tank.

Hxamine their broken debris—and you will find katrol fossils. One is just like

the common Bathyplocus in its earlier stages: and one is an Oppelia (?) with

faint spiral furrow along the middle of the whorls—just such a one as I

found in sandy nodules at Yala Khawas in the Fakirwadi katrols. Other

fragments bear out the identity of the beds. One might guess that when

the Habye hills were squeezed up into their anticline, these knolls were

squeezed up as well. I had no time to examine the mass of them—but

their facies seemed much the same all over. So we may now consider it

proved that we have got exposed here the usual sequence—so far: viz.,

Katrol, D, O., and Athletas.

To give a logbook of expeditions would be of little interest. I will

confine myself chiefly to the easiest ascent which I struck. Ride along

the cart road from camp eastwards till the road dips down into the big

nulla of the Khaswali River—just where the melon patches are being culti-

vated. Here on your left there emerges, through a cutting in the D. O. and

Athleta ridges, a small stream. Looking up through the gap, you see the

ground rising ineasy slopes up to the crest of the main central ridge about

amile away. Follow the nulla upwards.

Your first ridge is D. O.: the second, Athleta: the third is a long gradual

slope of 300 yards. Itis Anceps. Ammonites are rare—but the nulla

shows great quantities of marbled crimson slabs—marbled with the white of

shells. (There are too a great many slabs of a tough bluish-white stone

crammed with molluscs but these come from a bed someway higher up.)

One Ammonite fragment looks like Per. gudjinsirensis which ‘grows’ in

Fakirwadi Anceps: there are plenty of belemnites, pectens and other

molluscs. The dip of all these strata is, I should guess, about 15/°. The

“false conglomerate ” which occurs under Anceps beds in the Ler Hamundra

section also occurs here, coming up just where in my opinion the line

between Anceps and Sub Anceps beds may be drawn. Then come hard

dark-brown slabs of rock—full of molluse life—rhynconella, pectens, etc.,

also an Ammonite of the Perdagatus type, found in the same bedsin the Ler

Hamundra Ellipse. Also a hollow-backed Nautilus—possibly kumagunensis.

(1 might here add that hollow-backed Nautili occurs also in Athleta beds and

in D. O. Waagen’s hollow-backed one was only from Macrocephalus strata.)

Descend the Falus of the Sub Anceps scarp, and you will find the light

bluish white slabs—of which many fragments have been carried down the

nulla—lying in situ. They form a great sheet, coating the succeeding hill :

I found only one Ammonite here—one of the Perdagatus type and from its

beautiful preservation and clearness I longed to find more —but time

forbade. Towards the summit of this knoll—whose lower part these slabs

cover—the grey fades away into yellow brown rocks which rise into a ridge.

Sitting down for a rest on its summit, one noted the protruding edge of an

Ammonite—which when duly hammered out of its environment showed some

affinity with the Ancep’s family. The inner whorls had the large spine like

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 797

that of Per. rehmanni at the furcating of the ribs: but the outer whorl had

lost all spines. Unfortunately the specimen was only partial, and much

corroded. Some slabs on the top of the ridge were coated thickly with

clusters of a diminutive blue white shell, straight, tubular, tapering. I

found the same on the summit of a knoll in the Ler Hamundra Ellipse.

I cannot find any sign of this species in Zittel’s Palaeontology Text Book.

The sides of this knol], which is the limit of the Sub Anceps beds, slope

down to nullahs: and from underneath the knoll beds, there sweeps up the

great grey mass of rock which proved so damping in the Ler Hamundra

Ellipse. At this point the strata of these barren grey rocks does not seem

to be so thick as they are three miles west. There they are of perhaps 200

feet thickness: here perhaps only 50 feet. The ever-handy nullah shows

them in profile. They run sloping up at the same angle as the outlying

strata, but as they come more east, they dip round in an easy curve so

that they shut in the whole central core of the hills. This central core

runs in a light yellow ridge, over topping the fallen-away husks of the

barren grey sandstone. It is yellow with dried grass: its matter is dark

crimson of which patches appear here and there.

Now this core is the exciting part of the whole thing: the main hope

with which I started for these hills was that of finding golden oolite here.

The books make no mention of the golden oolite of Keera existing here:

but by the usual sequence of rocks, it should be here. The specimens

described by Waagen as coming from this neighbourhood were only ten in

number, 8 of which were fromthe D. O. ‘The existence of a Nautilus

kumagunensis seems to have puzzled him: and the finding of a Steph.

dimerum (a Macrocephalus species) is located as “N. W. of Lodai’—which

would be out in the Runn. If the previous explorers had negotiated the

central core of those hills, the solution would have been found. The

central ridge is of the Macrocephalus age. After much prowling over the

small broken crimson cubes of the summit, an Ammonite—much like Steph.

diadematum was discovered. Other specimens gradually followed—one and

all repeating the form and features of the Stephanoceras of Keera Hill.

To say that this or that specimen is a Dimerum or Grantanum is not allowed

until one has more of the types available for comparison, but I have no

hesitation in believing that these crimson beds were being deposited in the

seabed at the same time that the golden oolite and shales of Keera were

being laid down. The Stephanoceras which I have found resemble the

following of Waagen’s list :—Diradematum, Chariense, Macrocephalum, Sub-

trapezium, Dimerum, Grantanum, and also Arenoswm (which latter Waagen

places in D. O. beds).

Now I had no time to explore the north side of the ridge. From the

summit, by the Jhakle temple, one could see a very deep nulla side running

north, cutting deep down into the strata of the beds a very short distance

north of the summit of the anticline. Such a nullah should (if the ground

is not faulted) reveal the section of the beds to a good depth below this

crimson Macrocephalus stratum. There are said to be deposits of black

marble just about there: none of these beds so far examined on the south

side of the anticline show any traces of marble. Nor have I explored the

west end of the hills—beyond discovering once the rise of Katrol beds

(dipping W) some way from the west end of the main mass of the hills.

From a distance one can see that the main yellow ridge (yellow with grass)

runs persistently to well nigh the west end of the mass. Hence these

notes do not profess to give anything like a complete account of the hills.

Yet as they may be of use toa scientist who may desire to thoroughly

exploit the Cutch Ammonites, I send them as they stand.

The Lytoceras of the Athleta beds referred to above is only the fragment

798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

of a large whorl with sutures to the end. There are no traces of cremula-

tions. The striae-like ribs are numerous and close, rather more pronounced

on the periphery and on the inner curve than on the sides. The Athleta

beds also produced two Lichinolampas fragments and several large bits of

coral. The corals were in nullahs and may have been washed down from

beds higher up the hills and therefore of earlier deposit.

J. H. SMITH.

Buus, Feb, 25th, 1915.

. PROCEEDINGS, 799

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 4ru MARCH 1915.

An ‘At Home’ and Meeting of members and their friends of the Bombay

Natural History Society took place i in. the Society’s Rooms on the 4th

March 1915.

The election of the following 39 new members since the last Meeting was

announced :—Mr. Bernard Triggs, Rutlam ; Mr: W. T. Saxton, Ahmedabad ;

Mr. H. M. Drummond-Hay, Ceylon; Lt. 0. M. Ingoldby, R.A.M. C.,

Jullunder; Mr. G. E. Shaw, Mungpoo; Mr. C, D. Mclver, Satara; Mr

S. C. Mustafi, Cooch Behar; Mr. EK. A. Sitzler, Shwegyin ; Mr. B. Breslauer

Bombay ; Mess Secretary, 2nd Q.V.O. Sappers and Miners, Bangalore; Mr,

L. F. Hirst, Colombo; Mr. F. C. Lowis, Myitkyina; Mr. F. Goodyear,

Bombay ; Revd. A. G. Rondano, 8.J., Mangalore ; The Honorary Secretary,

Frere Hall (Municipal) Library, Karachi; Mr. T. Gilbert, Dharwar; Mr.

J. Makeig-Jones, Champaran; Mr. H. Unge-Froren, Lohardaga; Mr.

H. Montgomery, I.C.8., Shikarpur; Mr. Chas. R. Major, Kawkareik; Mr.

H. T. Mayo, B.A., Karachi; Mr. C. A. Phillip, Calcutta ; Lt. EH. A. Glennie,

R.E., Manora, Karachi; Mr. Alfred Hay, Bangalore ; Mr. R. Marrs, Bombay ;

Mr. Nand Kumar Tewari, B.Sc., Lucknow; Mr. P. J. H. Stent, I.C.S.,

Saugor, C.P.; Mr. M. H. F. Swete, Papun, Burma; Mr. Norman Wilks,

Bombay ; Mr. R. V. Argyle, Dharwar;The Mess President, 46th Punjabis,

Nowshera; Mr. R. R. O’Hara, Henzada; Mr. M. W. Clifford, L.F.S., Dehra

Dun; Mr. M. Mahommed Abubakr Khan, Dadon, Aligarh; Mr. G. C,

Gooding, Calcutta ; Mr. G. C. Shannon, 1.C.8., Bijapur ; the District Medical

Officer, Burma Railway, Insein, Burma; Mr. J. Hezlett, I.0.8.; Mr

He Es ‘Alling, Bombay.

ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE.

The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present

year :—President, H. E. The Right Hon’ble Lord Willingdon, G.C.LE. ;

Vice Presidents—Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL. B. ; Revd. F. Dreckmann,

S.J. ; and the Hon’ble Mr. Justice N. C. Macleod; Managing Committee :—

Revd. J. Assmuth, 8.J. ; Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S.; Mr. T. R. Bell,

LF.S.; Mr. C, L. Burns ; Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S. ; Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans,

C.1.E., F.L.8.; Major W. H. Evans, R.E.; Prof. G. A. Gammie ; Mr.

F. Hannyngton, 1.C.8.; Mr. G. 8S. Hardy, I.C.S.; Mr. N. B. Kinnear ; Lt.-Col.

K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.) ; Major W. G. Liston, C.I.E., 1.M.S.; Mr. F.

M. Macwood ; Mr. J. McNeill, 1.C.S8.; Dr. A. Powell; Mr. E. L. Sale, LCS. ;

Mr. R, A. Spence ; Lt.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.8.; Mr. John Wallace,

C.E.

Honorary Secretary :—Mr. Ww. S. Millard ; Honorary Treasurer:—Mr, L.

H. Savile.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the

Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. | Locality. Donor.

South Indian Marten (Martes Coorg .. ..| Mr. F. Hannyngton,|.

gwatkinst). tise

Head of Muntjac (Muntiacus|Near Karjat ..) Mr. Nash,

vaginalis),

800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIII.

Contribution. Locality.

Stump tailed Macque (Pthe-

cus arctordes).

Chinese Tufted Deer NN AE BR

Takin Skins (Sudoreas) :

Golden Cat (felis temminckz)..

David’s Weasel (Putorzus)

ies oe Ses — 7

: (Incomplete.)

Striped Weasel (Putorus strigidor- Paletwa, Burma. .

sus)

LeNilgaive ae tear

2 Blackbuck at

1 Chink head (all mounted) .. | |Ferrozepore

Also horns and skulls of 6 ¢

Blackbuck and 7 Chink and

2 young Gavials (mounted.)

Desert Cat (Felis ornata)

. {Karachi .,

Small Indian Civet (Viverricula|Malabar Hill

malaccensis).

‘Trade skins of Shaw’s Cat (Felis|Borders of Ladak

and HK. Turkis-

shawiana).

tan.

Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus). , |Tibet

1 Desert Fox (Vulpes leucopus). .

1 Jungle Cat (Felis affinis) pre

2 Imperial Sandgrouse (Ptero-

cles arenarius).

E Young Wild Dogs (Cuon dukhu-|Banda, U. P.

nensis) (presented to Victoria

| Gardens),

Large Pig Skull (Sus

and 1 Bat.

4 Sloth Bear Skulls (Welursus ursi-|Various ,.

| nus) some Butterflies, Moths,

| Beetles, Snakes, Bats and Birds’

| Eggs and Nests.

| Golden Cat (Kelis temminckt)

cristatus) |Garhwal .,

1 Turnstone (Arenaria interpres).. {Manipur .

1 Young Comb Duck (Sareidiornis |Dhar, C, I.

melanonotus.)

2 Avocets (Recurvirostra avocetta),,|Uran

Young falcated Teal ‘(Hunetta|Roorkee ..

JSalcata).

4 Birds . {Katha District

3 Tragopans (Tragopan satyr a)

1 Pigeon Sikkim

4 Moth Cocoons, Spe is.

1 Water Rail (Rallus ‘aquaticus) Chakrata

and a number of Butterflies.

.|Mr. F. C. Lowis.

.| Capt. Lamott.

Mr. J, Mi aoc

..| Mrs. Sanders Slater.

.| Mr. C. H. Dracott.

.| Mr. H. Whistler.

.|Mr. G. B. F. Muir,

_|Mr. A. E. Osmaston.

.| Mr. C. R.S. Pitman.

.|Mr. J. C. Higgins,

.|H. H. The Maharaja.

.| Mr. C. KE. Milner.

.| Mr. C. H. Dracove

.| Major R. W. Burton.

Donor.

Mr. W.S. Thom.

bertson.

Mr. A. Canning.

LG, Re

Mr. M. R. Leonard.

Poe Se

PROCEEDINGS. 801

Contribution. | Locality. | Donor.

Raven (Corvus corav) and Buzzard |Punjab .. ..|Mr. A. E. Jones.

(Buteo ferox).

Nutcracker skin (Nucifraga multi-|Chitral .. . «| Capt. Ri Dy O. Hill,

punctata).

Wood Owl (Syrnium indrant) ..|Ahmednagar ..|Mr. E. A. Doran,

C. 1. E.

2 Snakes gy mh .. (Ootacamund ..| Mr. A. Descubes.

Cobra swallowing a wolf snake|Coorg .. Vi Mirae Se Sprobty:

(Lycodon aulicus).

8 Snakes

VES aS 220 Castlerock ..| Mr. R. L. Sinclair.

1 Leech iG pe

3 Bats

6 Frogs Ae Bt

A Onion oles i ; Madras .. ..| Dr. J. Henderson.

4 Spiny tailed lizards (Uromastix |Montgomery ..|Mr. E. Holme Purves

hardwickit) (alive).

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Messrs. E. Comber, Counsell, N. A. Masani, Carl Meyer, R. J. Boyd,

W. S. Millard, H. R. Hume, Dr. Suter, Mr. Cope, Assistant Surgeon

Mewand, Mr. A. E. Currie, Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Capt. R. D. O. Hill, Messrs.

C. H. Dracott and D. Dewar.

SPECIMENS SENT IN FOR THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Contribution. | Locality. Donor.

The Upland Hare (Lepus hypsidus),|Tibet & Sikkim ..|Mr, C. H. Dracott.

Crab eating Mongoose (Mungos

urva), Pallas’s Cat (Felis manut),

Golden Cat (Felis temminckz),

Panda (Alurus fulgens).

)2 Jackals (Canis indicus) ..|Multan .. ..|Major Lindsay

Smith.

il Jackal (__,, Ses) .. |Rawalpindi .. (Mr, Fo Tod.

| Hare (Lepus peguensis) ../Taungdwingji ..|Mr. F. C. Purkis.

|1 Hare (Lepus ruficaudatus) ..|Midnapur Dist. ..|Mr. A. Burrugh.

| 1 Albino Blackbuck (Antilope cer-|Ahmedabad ..(Mr. R. H. Heath.

vicapra).

THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1914.

Mr. L. H. Savile, the Honorary Treasurer, in presenting the accounts for

the year ending 3lst December 1914, said :—

The opening balance at the beginning of the year was Ks. 2,198-5-10 and

the closing balance Rs, 2,394-6-3 shows a profit of Rs, 196-2-5 on the year’s

working.

802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIII,

The expenditure during the year amounted to Rs. 45,172, which is

Rs. 9,488 more than last year, the receipts however are Rs. 45,368, an in-

crease of Rs. 9,605 over 1913. This large increase in the expenditure and

receipts is principally due to money paid out on “Snake Books”, “ Pigeon

Books” and. “ Wood-destroying White Ant pamphlets,” the expenditure on

which amounted to Rs. 6,752 and the receipts Rs. 9,530 which accounts for

a large portion of the increases referred to.

The total amount received in subscriptions including arrears and those

paid in advance for 1915-16 and for Life-Membership amounted to Rs.22,403

which is considerably less than the 1913 subscriptions which amounted to

ts. 24,142,

The amount received by entrance fees was Rs. 1,480 which represents 148

new members as against 72 resigned—a nett increase of 76 members.

The amount paid this year on the Journal account was Rs. 20,362. This

includes a large number of extra plates which had to be paid for at an

enhanced price but which were found to be necessary on account of the

demands for extra journals on account of the continually increasing number

of members. The value of new plates paid for 1914 but not as yet utilized

amounts to Rs. 2,603.

The accounts as above stated show that the Society is in a sound financial

position but in order to maintain the valuable work now being earried on it

is necessary that the number of members should continue to increase.

MAMMAL SURVEY FUND.

The opening balance of this fund was Rs. 14,848 and the closing balance

Rs. 14,860 so that the expenditure and receipts during the year very nearly

balanced. During the year Rs. 25,332 was received in donations to which

adding interest on investments made the total receipts for the year as

Rs. 25,949. The expenditure during the year was Rs. 25,937 or slightly

less than last year which is due to three out of our four collectors

having temporarily relinquished their posts towards the end of the year

in order to go on active service.

On account of the temporary absence of three collectors the work of the

Survey will be to a large extent in abeyance but the money collected is all

invested and with the interest received will be available to continue the

Survey as soon as the war is over.

ee -$

iti i TR PRY

TEE ‘LIGRARY

OF THE

RRIVERSITY OF ILLinaTs

THE

TOUR NAL

OF THE

Bowpay Naturat History Soctery.

EDITED BY

w.S. MILLARD,

R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR,

VOL, XxTITt, NO. 5.

Containing Title Page ; Contents of Vol. XXIII ; Alphabetical List

of Contributors; List of Plates; Index of Illustrations ;

Errata and Addenda; List of Office-Bearers; List of

-Members; Statement of Accounts for 1912-14; New

Generic terms proposed in the present Volume

(XXIIT) ; and Index of Species.

Date of publication, 30th September 1915.

Price to Non-Members ... o ies woe LSS,

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY,

NOTICE TO THE BINDER.

The contents of this Number should be arranged in - the

_ following order, when Volume XXIII is being bound :—

Title Page Me ide ... Frontispiece. |

Contents of Vol. XXIII Jebes}

List of Contributors

List of Plates ... To follow the frontispiece in

this order. tas

List of Illustrations

Errata and Addenda

List of Office-Bearers ...

List of Members

Accounts for 191d and 1914 ... At the end of the Volume

‘ ; in this order.

New Generic terms proposed in

the present Volume, (XXIII).

Ree eee ee

Index of Species

Butterflies of Manipur and Naga Hulls.

Explanation and Plate with figures 1 to 9 to be bound in

facing page 218. 3 |

Explanation and Plate with figures 10 to. 18 to be bound in

facing page 902.

The Game Birds of India.

Plate of Button Quail to be bound in facing page 593.

Palms of British India.

Plate LXIX -—to be bound in facing page ol7.

Pree kgnecas' . 7 BLS,

Lhe ee acs : , 20.

UNE ee ek BOO

GR RTT ee " 526.

TX XT poe. 8805

The Explanation of Plate G. in Index to be substituted for

that opposite the plate on page 482.